THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR April 6, 1917 November 11, 1918 ''Let us have faith that right makes might; and in that faith let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it." ABRAHAM LINCOLN. To the National men who died on the field of battle; To those who gave up their lives in camp, or in war service of any kind; To the National women who went overseas as nurses; To our soldiers, sailors, aviators and doctors; To all of our Red Cross workers; To the men and women of the Chemical Warfare Service; To those who helped develop and produce the X-Ray and Vacuum Tubes; To all who contributed, by research or special investigation, what they could towards the winning of the war; To all who worked and gave money for War Relief; To those who became "godparents" to French war-orphans and soldiers; To those who made or sent special "comforts" for soldiers; To our war gardeners; To those who "bought bonds till it hurt," those who bought their quota of War Savings Stamps, and those who gave time and energy to the conducting of these campaigns; To those who helped ferret out spies, sabotists, slackers .and alien sympa- thizers; To those who used their legal or accounting talents in war service; To those who co-operated with the Fuel, Food and Railroad Administra- tions; To all of those who responded so splendidly and unreservedly when called upon for War Service of any kind, THIS VOLUME IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED Copyright, 1920, by General Electric Company (First Edition June, 1920) CONTENTS Page PREFACE 9 PART I MILITARY SERVICE RECORDS 1 1 The Army Forces 21 The Naval Forces 105 The Air Forces 1 24 Our Army and Red Cross Nurses 137 Roll of Honor 1 47 PART II WAR ENGINEERING, DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH 161 The Story of the Chemical Warfare Service 167 Chemical Warfare Service Problems and Methods 185 Activities of Glass Technology Department 227 The Story of the X-Ray Tubes and Vacuum Tubes 229 War Activities of Nela Research Laboratory 259 War Work of the Engineering Department 279 War Work of the Chemical Laboratory ; 296 War Work of the Standardizing Department 297 PART III WAR RELIEF AND EDUCATIONAL WORK 299 War Study Clubs 301 The Sock League 307 Red Cross Centers within National 311 Nela Fund 323 PART IV MOBILIZING OUR DOLLARS 337 The Liberty Loans 340 War Savings Stamps 348 The Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. Campaigns 350-352 War Chests 353 Nela Fund 358 "Children of the Frontier" 359 Miscellaneous and Summary 364 PART V VARIED FORMS OF WAR SERVICE 365 War Gardens at the National Properties 367 Miscellaneous Forms of War Service 370 INDEX.. .381 PREFACE " The shouting and the tumult cease The captains and the kings depart." 'Kipling. The World War has passed into history. While it lasted, and particularly during 1917 and 1918, when America was an active participant, it was the one subject uppermost in the minds of a hundred million Amer- icans. The vast industrial army of this country became a part of the war machine, and the incandescent lamp industry, until the war was won, subordinated the making of lamps to the performance of its share as a unit in the industrial army. In order to provide a permanent record of the part played by the National Lamp Works of General Electric Company, this volume has been compiled. Every effort has been made to insure accuracy in the text, and yet it may be that, owing to the wide scope of the subject-matter, an occasional error in name or date or an occasional omission in giving credit where credit is due, will be found to exist. If such is the case, the errata have crept in despite the most painstaking efforts to detect and eliminate them. Some of our war-heroes have been exceedingly reticent, or diffident, about telling their stories for publication. The record of war service along technical and develop- mental lines, contained in the following pages such as the National's contribution to the development of the gas mask- would have been impossible without the extensive labora- tories and capacious industrial organization centered at Nela Park. There were, of course, thousands of large, well- organized enterprises throughout the country, rendering quick and specialized aid in America's emergency. What the National did, was typical of such organizations, in general. If the National excelled in any one respect, it was, perhaps, in having taught its people to co-operate and harmonize their efforts. No better statement of the value of this "pull-together" spirit can be given than is contained in the following para- io THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR graph from one of the war-letters issued by the Administration Department at Nela to all Departments and Divisions: "The allies will win this war, but how soon they will win will depend upon the amount of effort which is put into winning and that, in turn, depends upon the effort of each one of us. We are likely to think of the small amount which each one can accomplish and forget the great force which results from combined effort." May the same spirit of co-operation for the common good, which animated America in the world-struggle, be found in her homes and her industries forever! A REDUCED FAC-SIMILE OF THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD CONFERRED UPON THE NATIONAL LAMF- WORKS PART I MILITARY SERVICE RECORDS The story of the part played l>y employees of the National Lamp Works who were directly associated with the Military or Naval establishments of the United States or her allies during the Work! War. The Parting of General Pershing and Marshal Foch American Doughboy Band Playing Yankee Airs in Pans Theodore Roosevelt Chas. K. Hughes Adjutant Gen. Sherrill Rear Admiral Usher General Hovle Admiral Gleaves New York Bids Godspeed to the yist Regiment MILITARY SERVICE RECORDS A PANORAMA OF THE NATIONAL'S MEN AND WOMEN IN SERVICE. A complete history of the World War would have to do justice to the mightiest and most appalling efforts ever made by man in the organized destruction of life and property; it should also describe fully the unprecedented efforts at war-relief made by nurses, surgeons, and supporting organ- izations. No man, were he to live a million years, could write down every detail of heroism. We have here attempted merely to rough-sketch the part which the men and women of the National Lamp Works played in the gigantic struggle. Our personal conceptions of the war vary. To some of us it took on a sordid aspect, for we personally participated in battles and skirmishes and were eyewitnesses of much that was revolting and brutal. To other of us, it was merely a period of conscientious endeavor, for we were far from the scenes of death and devastation. Yet even we were a part of the vast war-machine that made a victorious culmination possible, and to every one of us it was a time fluctuating with moments of intense anxiety, outbursting waves of pa- triotism and solemn obligation to duty. The National's obligation was large, and in no finer way is the richness of her contribution manifested than in the fact that from her doors five hundred and ninety-seven men and women went out to offer themselves in the armed forces of trie land, sea and air; in the service of the American Red Cross and in miscellaneous civilian branches of govern- ment war service. According to our best information, four hundred and sixty-six National men were directly associated with the military establishment of the United States, while eight enlisted in the armies of our allies. The Navy and Naval Reserves drew eighty-three, the "devil-dog" Marines enlisted seven, while twenty-eight showed their preference for the "ethereal regions" by serving the air forces. To help fill the need which their country had for relief workers, five women enlisted in the ranks of the American Red Cross, all 14 'I'n E N PHI \\OKI ,i) \\'M< of them serving overseas. Mention should he made here, also, of those who enlisted in technical units of the army, doing experimental research and production work, such as was done in the Chemical Warfare Service (Development Division). The accomplishments of these men, together with a complete account of the various facilities placed at their disposal by the National organization, are separately treated in Part II, pages 167 to 227. At home, too, was radiated the spirit of service, for those employees to whom was denied the privilege of serving directly in the military establishment, gave themselves readily and unselfishly to auxiliary work. The story of the relief work is told in Part III, pages 301 to 336 of this volume, while the National's activities in Liberty Loan drives and other fund- raising campaigns are related in Part IV, pages 339 to 364. Figures are sometimes more interesting than words. It is pleasing to note that of the five hundred and ninety- seven National men and women in the service, fully 43% were .detailed to overseas. The branches of the National which reported the largest number of men going overseas were the Ohio Division, Warren, Ohio, and the Engineering Department, Nela Park. Twenty-three men from Ohio Division sent in reports for this book, of whom fourteen, or 57%, had served overseas, one being in the American Army of Occupation. The Engineering Department, with thirty-three men reporting, had sixteen, or 48%, who had either been overseas or were stationed in foreign waters. Other divisions or departments which had several men across were the Niles Glass Works with twelve, the Lamp Equipment Division with eight and the Operating De- partment with eleven. Upon the signing of the armistice, twelve National boys marched with the Allied Armies of Occupation into Germany. Twenty National To the weary soldier the sound of taps Lads Make the means the close of a day well spent and Supreme Sacrifice the approach of a promising tomorrow. But for twenty National men in service, taps marked the approach of their last day on earth. Seven of these lads made the supreme sacrifice on the field of battle, three died from the effect of wounds, two met accidental death, while eight died from natural causes in the camp hospitals THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 15 in this country or abroad. The National organization feels a solemn pride in the twenty gold stars in its service flag, for they were men who served their employers dependably in everyday life and their country faithfully in time of war. The list of those who gave their all while in the service follows. The service records of these men can be found by turning to the pages indicated. 1. John Stewart Allen, from wounds, October i2th, 1918. Returned Lamp Inspection Department. See page 25. 2. Enoch Edward Brooks, pneumonia, April 3rd, 1918, Camp Merritt, New Jersey. Niles Glass Division. Page 73. 3. George Charles Clancy, in action, October 9th, 1918. Euclid Glass Division. Page 76. 4. Robert Temple Coughlin, accidental, October I7th, 1917, Camp Sheridan. Cleveland Wire Division. Page 76. 5. James Wilbur Doll, pneumonia, November loth, 1918, in France. Loudon Glass Division. Page 63. 6. Jesse Sales Gardner, bronchial pneumonia, October 7th, 1918. Ohio Division. Page 58. 7. Clarence Hammell, in action, September 26th, 1918. Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. Page 60. 8. Edward Franklin Hartman, influenza, October I2th, 1918, at Belmont Road Military Hospital, Liverpool, England. St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division. Page 94. 9. Datzel Frederick Hitchcock, accidental, December 7th, 1918, at sea. Engineering Department. Page 112. 10. Joseph Raymond Ingram, pneumonia, October 2nd, 1918. Camp Sherman. Loudon Glass Division. Page 100. 11. Francis Lee Judd, in French Hospital, December i7th, 1918. Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. Page 60. 12. Frank Joseph Kearney, in action, September i2th, 1918. Niles Glass Division. Page 71. * 4 13. Noble Calvin Lintz, in action, July 2ist, 1918. Detroit Miniature Lamp Division. Page 75. 14. Michael O'Donnell, in action, date unknown. Operating Department. Page 21. 15. Leslie Willard Parker, influenza, November 2gth, 1918, at Cleveland Marine Hospital. Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division. Page 119. 16. Harry Edward Peffer, in action, July i4th, 1918. Niles Glass Division. Page 68. 16 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 17. James Edward Sullivan, pneumonia, October gth, 1918, Camp Sherman. Niles Glass Division. Page 62. 1 8. Ray Leland Swartz, in action, September 29th, 1918. Ohio Division. Page 55. 19. Harmon Edward Whiteman, from wounds, November 8th, 1918. Niles Glass Division. Page 64. 20. William A. Wilcox, pneumonia, December, 1918. Euclid Glass Division. Page 77. Another death which occurred among National's service men was that of Lewis Comiskey of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works. Although the end came after Mr. Comiskey was discharged from the army, we feel that since he had been out of military life such a short time mention should be made of him at this point. His service record will be found on page 52. " Though love repine, and reason chafe, There came a voice without reply, ' ' Tis man's perdition to be safe When for the truth he ought to die.' " Battle The story of the National's heroes would not be Scarred complete without special mention of those who Veterans were wounded or gassed while exposed to enemy fire. More detailed information as to the degree of their injuries can be learned by referring to the pages indicated. This list would undoubtedly have been much longer had every man filed a complete record of his service. 1. Harry E. Baldauf, Euclid Glass Division. Page 60. 2. James Burns, Niles Glass Division. Page 73. 3. Joseph Cardinale, Providence Base Works. Page 81. 4. Fred Colcord, Oakland Mazda. Page 93. 5. Leroy C. Doane, Ivanhoe-Regent Works. Page 41. 6. Nicholas V. Duff, Returned Lamp Inspection Depart- ment. Page 24. 7. Roy H. Evans, Miniature Lamp Sales Department. Page 23. 8. Carmelo Fotte, Providence Base Works. Page 72. 9. Arthur D. Gibbs, Niles Glass Division. Page 71. 10. Fred S. Gregory, Ohio Division. Page 56. n. Roger F. Hartman, Puritan Refilled Lamp Division. Page 86. 12. George B. Hayman, Cleveland Miniature Lamp Divi- sion. Page 59. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR '17 13. William G. Hilling, Cleveland Wire Division. Page 73. 14. Herbert C. Masonbrink, Lamp Equipment Division. Page 74. 15. Joseph S. Merrick, Loudon Glass Division. Page 69. 1 6. George M. Nibeck, Euclid Glass Division. Page 61. 17. William McLure Rosborough, Shelby Lamp Division. Page 47. 1 8. William Ross, Credit Department. Page 27. 19. T. Harold Sankey, Operating Department. Page 21. 20. Francis J. Savage, Nela Press. Page 27. 21. David Stambler, Puritan Refilled Lamp Division. Page 55. 22. William F. Steinhurst, Loudon Glass Division. Page 69. 23. Frank C. Williams, Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division. Page 99. There were among National's service men four on whose breasts were pinned medals awarded by the .United States Government, or the governments of our allies, for heroism on the field of battle or exceptional services rendered in in- dustry during the Great War. These four include Nicholas V. Duflf of the Returned Lamp Inspection Department (see page 24), who was awarded the French Distinguished Service Medal for bravery in the Argonne drive; David Stambler of the Puritan Refilled Division (mentioned further on page 55), the Croix de Guerre for meritorious service at Chateau- Thierry; Horace W. Beck, Jr. of the Columbia Lamp Divi- sion, whose service record will be found on page 54, the Croix de Guerre, and Colonel F. M. Dorsey of the Lamp Develop- ment Laboratory, the Distinguished Service Cross for work done as Chief of the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. Besides these men Walter Sturrock of the Engineering Department, referred to on page 126, was cited by General Pershing for "exceptionally meritorious and conspicuous services." Service In fulfilling their duties "National" men saw service in Many in many different countries and territories. From Climes within the borders of their own land they went to serve in the trenches along the frontiers of France, in ravished Belgium, along the shores of the Mediter- ranean and in the hills of sunny Italy. Some traveled among the foothills of the snow-peaked Alps, others journeyed to i8 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR little Serbia or crossed the Pacific to the balmy islands of Hawaii. Many did duty in the North Sea, while in the Dardan- elles, too, were National representatives. Six listed themselves in the Canadian Army and served with the daring which was characteristic of that splendid body. One served with the British, while one allied himself with the plucky Serbians against the common foe. In going over the data available for this volume it was found that the National was represented in thirty-six Amer- ican Army Divisions, and in the American Lafayette Esca- drille (aviation). Among the overseas combatant divisions which contained lads from the National Lamp Works were the ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, joth, 3 ist, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, 37th, 4 2nd, 77th, 78th, 79th, 8ist, 82nd, 84th, 86th, 87th, 88th, 89th, and 9 ist. The overseas depot divisions, 4ist, 76th and 83rd, were well represented, as were also the nth, I2th, i4th, i6th, and 2oth divisions, which were in training in the United States when the armistice was signed. Several of the above mentioned overseas combatant divi- sions were particularly active, the ist taking part in the Mont- didier-Noyon defensive and the offensives of Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne; the 2nd Division partici- pated in the same three offensives and in the defense of Aisne. The 26th took a prominent part in the three major drives just mentioned; the 28th Division, besides being instrumental in the defense of Aisne was active at Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne and Meuse-Argonne, while the 37th Division, which contained more National men than any other army division, aided in the offensives of Meuse-Argonne, Ypres-Lys and St. Mihiel. The deeds of the other divisions are just as worthy of note, for it cannot be said that the men of any one division were more capable or more deserving of praise than the lads of any other. All played the part allotted to them nobly and had the opportunity presented itself the Yanks who never aimed a rifle at a Hun would have rendered an account just as brilliant as did those who were marched to the front lines. In narrating the experiences of National men we have deemed it advisable to separate the Army, Navy and Air Forces. Under each of these headings the National is taken up by the following sections: THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR FRANCO-AMERICAN OFFENSIVE 19t8 The darkest areas are those most often fought over by the Allies. 10 10 M PRINCIPAL BATTLE AREAS ON THE WESTERN FRONT Published by Courtesy of The Independent 2O THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 1. General Offices and Laboratories. 2. Sales Divisions. 3. Manufacturing Divisions. The purpose of the Military Service Chapter of this vol- ume has been to describe the war service rendered by men and women who were in the employ of the National Lamp Works at the time of entering service. Information was solicited from these persons only. However, as a few men, who were not employed by the National organization until after their return to civilian life, voluntarily contributed the record of their experiences, we have been glad to interweave their stories among the rest. One naturally wishes that every fellow in khaki, blue or kilts had engaged an expert photographer to accompany him in the service, so that we might be well supplied with photos, both personal and landscape. But as Uncle Sam's Army Rules decreed that all photographic paraphernalia should be left at home we are consequently made to suffer. Many men were fortunate enough to secure casual snapshots of themselves but in some cases these pictures were not clear enough to be reproduced in an engraving. This will account for the omission of a few of the prints which our friends were kind enough to submit for this volume. Some of the photographs reproduced in this volume were, as will be noted by the captions, supplied by National Lamp men and women who were in service, or had relatives "over there." A majority of the remaining photographs of general interest are from Underwood and Underwood, New York. W. Carroll Keenan William Allsopp Myron J. Bechhold Horace M. Hitch Crawford G. Nixon George H. Smith Wilbur M. Johnson Frank J. Wishon Cormine Dipietro Carl C. Walker John Komick Herschel R. Gilbert Roy H. Evans Bradford Whiting Charles C. Linerode John S. Allen Walter L. Warren Charles E. Savage PhiHp Cress Louis B. Allen Nicholas V. Duff THE ARMY FORCES GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES THE INFANTRY The Infantry asserted itself among the General Offices and Laboratories as the greatest employer of men. Approxi- mately 19% of those entering service from this section of the National were in infantry regiments of the Regular or National Armies. Among these Robert F. Baker of the Engi- neering Department had a unique experience, for he informs us that he enlisted three times. We observe, however, that he was discharged but once. Bob's first duty was along the Mexican border in 1916, and when war broke out with Germany he re-enlisted as a private in the i45th Infantry of the 37th Division, stationed at Camp Sheridan. His overseas partici- pation consisted of nine months' service, engaged in holding sectors at Baccarat, St. Mihiel and Avocourt and in the Meuse-Argonne and the two Ypres-Lys offensives. He was discharged May 8th, 1919, with the rank of first lieutenant. The Operating Department was represented in the Infantry by several men, six of whom were across. Among them was W. Carroll Keenan, a member of Company C of the 33 ist Infantry, 83rd Division, which trained at Camp Sherman. "Cal" was overseas for eight months, stationed at Le Havre, Montargis, La Suze, Noyon, Chemire, Bourdons, Le Mans, Brest and several other places. He was discharged February 8th, 1919, and returned to Nela. Walter R. Mattern was also with the 33ist Regiment and had a similar service record, while T. Harold Sankey was drafted October 2nd, 1917, and sent to Camp Sherman. He was assigned to Company M of the 23rd Infantry and later transferred to Camp Pike, Arkansas. Sankey arrived in France July 7th and on October 2nd, while participating in the action along the Champagne Front, between Rheims and Verdun, fell into a shell-hole and suffered injuries to his back and left knee. Upon discharge from service, Sankey returned to the Operating Department. Among those making the supreme sacrifice was Michael O'Donnell, who was employed by the Operating Department as a laborer. He was inducted September i8th, 1917, and 22 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR assigned to Company K, Jjist Infantry. After training at Camp Sherman he was sent overseas in December, 1917. We were unable to learn the details of his death, except that he died a soldier and a hero on the field of battle. Brothers Laurence Rossington of the Publicity Department, From hailing originally from Blighty, couldn't resist Blighty the call from across the Lake, and on August 26, 1916, joined the 2415! Battalion of the Canadian Scottish Borderers. He was later transferred to the 48th Highlanders. Laurence's army training was received at Wind- sor, Ontario, Canada, and West Sandling and Witley, England. He also saw service in France but, being sworn to secrecy by the Canadian Government, he refused to discuss any of his personal experiences. Rossington upon receiving his dis- charge July nth, 1919, was employed by the Engineering Department. Laurence's brother Wallace, of the Large Lamp Sales Department, who termed himself the "Pocket Hercules" with his 106 pounds avoirdupois, enlisted May 2ist, 1917, in the 4th Divisional Signal Company of the Canadian Army and was transferred to the 2nd Eastern Ontario Infantry Regiment, and still later to the Royal Canadian Engineers. Wallace was more talkative than his brother, and told the following story on himself. Going on sick call one day, he was asked by the medical officer, who Wallace admits was a fine veterinary surgeon, what his physical trouble was. Upon getting this information, the officer exclaimed, "But, my man, if you had this trivial ailment in civil life you wouldn't come to me, would you?" to which Rossington said he replied indignantly, "No, sir! I'd go to a real doctor!" Rossington ranked as regimental sergeant major and was discharged March Jist, 1919. William Allsopp of the Equipment Development Depart- ment, a Blighty by birth, a wood pattern maker by trade, and an infantryman by selective service, was inducted May 24th, 1918 and assigned to Company A, ist Infantry Replace- ment Regiment at Camp Gordon but was later transferred to Camp Sherman. He was discharged January 22nd, 1919, ranking as sergeant. George E. Hathaway of the Nela Re- search Laboratory was inducted November I2th, 1917, and ordered to Camp Sherman. He was placed on the roster of THE INFANTRY GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 23 Company C of the 33 ist Infantry. George was afterwards transferred to Fort Leavenworth and from there to Camp Meade, meanwhile being assigned to a signal officers' training school where he ranked as sergeant. ''''Zero Hour'- On the list of those wounded in action was Evans Describes Roy H. Evans of the Miniature Lamp //. Sales Department. Entering service May 25th, 1918, he was sent to Camp Gordon where he was assigned to the 9th Company of the ist Replace- ment Regiment. He trained there until July 1510 when his outfit was transferred to Camp Merritt and prepared for over- seas. Seven days later his regiment embarked for France, sailing on the English steamer Carmania, with a convoy of twenty- four ships. The Carmania docked at Liverpool, England, on August 3rd and August 9th, under cover of darkness, the regiment was transported to Le Havre, France. An eight-mile hike brought them to Camp Sinvic, where they remained overnight. The following day the men were loaded on those long-to-be-remembered French cars marked 8 CHEVAUX ET 40 HOMMES (8 horses and 40 men). After travelling three days and three nights, the boys arrived at St. Aignan, where a large classification camp was located. At this camp the ist Replacement Regiment was divided, Roy being transferred to Company A of the 39th Regiment, 4th Division. On September 26th, 1918, after many weeks of instruction in throwing bombs and hand-grenades and in bayonet and gas drill he had his first taste of trench life in the Argonne Forest. The following day he went over the top, and on the 29th he was wounded in the left thigh by a machine-gun bullet. Due to bad roads and heavy traffic, it was eighteen hours before he reached an evacuation hospital. After three days in Base Hospital No. 53, twenty days in Base Hospital No 20 at Chatel-Guyon, and in hospitals at Savaney, he was declared unfit for further service, due to "drop foot," and was returned to the United States. On December i6th he landed at Newport News, Virginia, and was discharged from service at Columbus Barracks, Columbus, Ohio, February 3rd, 1919. Evans describes a Yank onslaught in the following words : "The noise and the fury reached its crescendo, or most deafening climax, in the last few minutes before the 'zero hour.' 24 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Zero hour was 5:30 A. M., and we had been instructed that at this time we were to go over the top. At five o'clock the first faint signs of dawn began creeping through the mist and fog that hung low over the ground, and at 5:15 we were ordered to stand to. We lined up in the trench, made the straps on our light packs more secure, adjusted our equipment, pulled in our belts a couple of notches and waited for the zero hour. This is the period of most painful expectancy, and many anxious eyes followed the minute hands on illuminated watches. The noise sounded as if the gates of hell had opened up. At last, 5:30! the zero hour had come. At a given command we all scrambled up and out and over the top, yelling like madmen. Forward we went it was a sight to carry with you to the grave swarming like a multitude of bees from a great hive. Out and on and over the top we went." Continuing, he says: "We kept pushing ahead for the next two days over hills, through wee small towns and through woods and ravines. Day and night long lines of prisoners and of stretcher bearers carrying wounded filed to the rear. Airplanes fought overhead and crashed to earth. Observation balloons came down in flames. Machine-guns spit and artillery roared. At times we literally had to hack our way through the jungle of woods growths. At times it was like playing hide and seek, as very few Jerries could be seen. They were like will-o'-the-wisps, here, there and everywhere, concealed in underground dug- outs and trees, always with an eye on you but you couldn't see them." France Awards Among the wounded and medal wearers D. S. Medal was Nicholas V. Duff of the Returned Lamp to Duff Inspection Department. Inducted May 24th, 1918, assigned to the 59th Infantry of the 4th Division, securing his preliminary training at Camps Gordon and Merritt, Duff was sent overseas where he took part in the action at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel and in the Ar- gonne. In the Argonne drive he was wounded in the right leg by shrapnel, but recovered sufficiently to resume his place with the regiment. Late in September he was again overtaken by misfortune, this time being so severely wounded by machine- gun fire that the vision of his right eye was affected. We are happy to record, however, that his services did not go un- Upper Photo Nela Operating Building. Middle Photo Administration Building. Lower Photo Sales Building. John A. Walsh Theodore S. Jewell Altamont S. Barker Laurence Rossin^ton Wallace Rossington William Ross Thomas J. Cunningham Robt. F. Baker George F. Smith Thomas L. Weir Charles L. Holm George F.. Hathaway Herbert W. Ellis Lincoln J. Tefft THE INFANTRY GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 25 rewarded, for Duff was given the French Distinguished Service Medal for his valorous deeds in the Argonne. Louis B. Allen and John Stewart Allen, twin brothers, were born September 26th, 1893. On May 25th, 1918, both were inducted and sent to Camp Gordon, where Louis was attached to Company I of the 28th Infantry, ist Division, and John to the 29th Company of the 3rd Infantry Replacement Regi- ment, and later to Company M, the 1 8th Infantry, ist Division. On September 25th, 1919, Louis was discharged from the Army at Camp Meade; but John lies where he fought and died in France. Embarking for overseas July 22nd, 1918, Louis Allen of the Operating Department landed in Cherbourg, France. His part was taken in the defense of Saizerais sector, the St. Mihiel offensive and the Meuse-Argonne drive, October ist to October I2th, 1918. On December I3th, 1918 Louis marched with the Army of Occupation into Germany and remained in that country until August I5th, 1919. He landed at Hoboken September 4th and was discharged at Camp Meade September 25th, 1919. John Allen, who was employed as a lamp inspector by the Returned Lamp Inspection Department, went to France with the ist Division. For a time he was located south of Toul and on August 4th, 1918, his Regiment was transferred to the Seizanes sector, subsequently moving to the Vaucouleurs area and Sevigny. From September I3th to September i6th he was in the St. Mihiel sector and proceeded from there to Bois-la-ville. It was in the Argonne drive, in which he took part from October ist to October nth, that Allen was wounded several times, and gassed. On October I2th, 1918, he died from the effect of these wounds. He was buried in the American Cemetery at Froides, Chateau-de-Salvange, France. Harold C. Boulton of Company C, 329th Infantry, 83rd Division, saw overseas service with that body and was sta- tioned in the training area of Yvre La Polin, France. Boulton narrated the following conversation as taking place between an American negro who had just arrived overseas, and a coal-black Algerian. The American darkey, having addressed the Algerian and receiving no reply, could not understand why the latter did not answer, and believing him to be a newly-arrived American soldier exclaimed pitifully, "Partner, a6 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR you don't mean to say you-all done lost yo' speech already?" Boulton upon returning from service was employed by the Glass Technology Department. George F. Smith of the Chemical Laboratory was drafted September 3rd, 1918, into the 34th Company, 9th Training Battalion of the I58th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman, but was later given an indefinite furlough to teach chemistry in the Student Army Training Corps at the University of Michigan. John Komick of the Operating Department re- nounced his allegiance to the German Emperor that he might fight for his adopted country. Komick was drafted October 3rd, 1917, and served at Camps Sherman and Lee. He was attached to the 25th Company, 7th Training Battalion, and later to the 9th Company, 3rd Battalion, being discharged December 3ist, 1918. Drafted September 7th, 1917, John L. Eddy of the Operating Department was sent to Camp Sherman and attached to a supply company of the 33ist Infantry. He went overseas with the 83rd Division, sailing from Montreal, Canada, June 6th, 1918. Upon his arrival in France, Eddy was transferred to Company I of the H2th Infantry, 28th Division. He saw action at Thiaucourt, where he went over the top twice and brought back prisoners each time. After eleven months overseas he was ordered home, and was dis- charged May I7th, 19.19. Another infantryman was Edward du Bois Stryker, Jr., who enlisted in July, 1915, in the 7th New York National Guard. The 7th Regiment was later known as the io7th Infantry and Stryker was on its roster for three years. For a time he served along the Texas border and was then detailed to Camp Wadsworth, Spartanburg, South Carolina. Stryker was later employed by the Engineering Department. Others in the Infantry were Ira Talbott of the Equipment Development Department, who was drafted September 3rd, 1918 and served three months in the i6th Company, 4th Training Battalion, I58th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman; Carmine Dipietro of the Operating Department who was inducted July 24th, 1918, and attached to the 2nd Provincial Regiment, I56th Depot Brigade at Camp Jackson, South Carolina, and Fred C. Kathe who was transferred from the Student Army Training Corps detachment at Michigan Agricultural College to Company I, 2nd Battalion of the THE ARTILLERY GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 27 Central Infantry Officers' Training School at Camp McArthur, Waco, Texas. He was in the service from October 2nd, 1918 to December 2nd, 1918. Upon being released Kathe was employed by the Lamp Development Laboratory. Three Nela Press boys in the infantry were William E. Schroeder, Paul Catano and James F. Savage. Schroeder was drafted May 24th, 1918, and sent to Camp Gordon where he was with the 2jrd Company of the ist Replacement Regi- ment. Other camps at which he served were Upton, Merritt and Sherman. He was discharged as a private, ist class, May ijth, 1919. Catano, who was employed by Nela Press as a press feeder, was in an infantry regiment but information concerning his army service is not available. Savage was drafted September 29th, 1917, and assigned to the 5th Train- ing Battalion at Camp Sherman. He was transferred to the 348th Infantry, 8yth Division, at Camp Pike but went over- seas as a replacement. He eventually entered the ranks of Company A, 2jrd Infantry, 2nd Division, and participated with that outfit in several actions. Besides being wounded in the heel by a machine-gun bullet while taking part in the Argonne Drive, Savage suffered the effects of a German gas attack. ARTILLERY Field Artillery. Curiously enough, some men wanted to look into something bigger and more destructive than an Army Springfield and consequently enlisted in the various branches of the artillery. Among this number were five Nela boys who enlisted in the I35th Field Artillery, namely Alta- mont S. Barker of the Engineering Department, Fred I. Sheppard of Statistical, William Ross of Credit, Lincoln J. Tefft of Administration and Rudolph T. Bard of Nela Press. Barker enlisted April 2jrd, 1917, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, Alabama. After landing in France he was in the following engagements: Marbache sector, Lorraine, October 2nd to October igth, 1918. Troyon sector, St. Mihiel Front, October 2oth to No- vember 8th, 1918. Thiaucourt, November gth to November nth, 1918. Rudolph Bard enlisted April I2th, 1917, and was attached 28 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR to Battery C. He attained the rank of sergeant and was in these actions: Marbache sector, Lorraine, October I2th to October 23rd, 1918. Troyon sector, St. Mihiel, October 28th to November 8th. Thiaucourt sector, November 9th to November nth. Sheppard, Ross and Tefft were in Battery F, iJ5th Artillery, and participated in the same engagements as Barker and Bard. Ross was the only unfortunate man, being slightly wounded while under enemy fire in the Marbache sector near Pont-a-Mousson. All five were discharged from the Army April nth, 1919, and returned to Nela. Lieutenant Sidney Caswell, whose service record is to be found on page 42, commanded the firing battery to which Ross was attached. Concerning Ross, Caswell wrote: "The night that Bill was wounded, our position near Pont-a-Mousson was being very heavily shelled by 210 m. m. guns. The Germans continued this shelling for seven hours, making the position quite uncomfortable. "Ross was telephone operator in the telephone dugout. Very early in the evening our communication was cut off and Bill endeavored on several different occasions to re-establish communication under heavy shell fire. Later we had a direct hit on the telephone dugout, the shell getting about fifteen men, among them being Ross. We had to pull him out and I ordered him to the rear. In spite of the fact that he was very badly wounded and could hardly talk, he wished to stay at the position. "On another occasion, when he was not in a fit condition, I visited him at the hospital and he begged me to take him back to the front, which of course was impossible at that time. "Ross displayed unusual heroism during the entire time he was at the front." Corwin T. Kirkpatrick enlisted May 28th, 1918, in the 4th Field Artillery Regiment and was located at Camp Shelby, Mississippi; Camp Logan, Texas; Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and with the American Expeditionary Forces from October 28th, 1918 to January 28th, 1919. Before going overseas he was transferred to the 8jrd Regiment and while in France was a member of the Guard of Honor to President Wilson when the latter landed in Brest for the first time. On being discharged THE ARTILLERY GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 29 from the Army February I9th, 1919, Kirkpatrick was em- ployed by the Equipment Development Department. Inducted October 5th, 1917 as a private, Charles L. Holm of the Engineering Department, after eleven months' Army training, was promoted to second lieutenant of artillery. He reported at Camp Taylor, Kentucky, early in October, 1917, and was assigned to Company C of the JO9th Field Signal Battalion. He was later transferred to Camp Jackson and after a period of training at that camp was detailed over- seas. Holm arrived in France July 5th, 1918, and from July loth to September I5th was at the Saumur Artillery School, where he was commissioned and assigned to the 31 2th Field Artillery. Crawford G. Nixon of Standardizing Department, upon entering service July 8th, 1918, was attached to the 5th Company, 2nd Battalion, I54th Depot Brigade, at Camp Meade, Maryland. He had been on duty there but a short time, however, when he was transferred to the artillery station at Camp Taylor, Kentucky. At the time of his discharge from service Nixon had attained the rank of second lieutenant. A TASK WITH A REAL "PUNCH" To IT Coast This branch was represented by Edward N. Horr Artillery of the Engineering Department, who enlisted as a second lieutenant, October 26th, 1917. He was detailed as an instructor in orientation and heavy artillery gunnery. Ed used to take keen delight in watching a brig- adier-general and four colonels hit the "punch" in a dry state, but does not say whether he was always an onlooker or at times may have been the sixth member of the party. At any rate Horr took great pride in the fact that he was not dis- charged from the Army. He "resigned" January loth, 1919, after attaining the rank of captain. Heavy Ray B. Griffing enlisted July I7th, 1918, and was Artillery assigned to Battery E of the 38th Regiment. He trained at Fort Hamilton, Camp Stuart and Camp Wads worth where he was promoted to sergeant. On Nov- ember nth, 1918, Ray was in mid-ocean on his way to France and was very disappointed that he could not at least have put foot on foreign soil. Upon his discharge from the Army, Griffing was employed by the Lamp Development Laboratory. 30 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR MACHINE-GUN Enlisting February 2ist, 1918, in the Western Ontario Reserves, Joseph A. Molloy of the Operating Department received his preliminary training at Queens Park, London, Canada. He was then sent to England where he secured additional intensive training at Bramshott and Seaford. On August 1 7th, 1918, he arrived in France. Meanwhile he had been transferred to the jrd Canadian Machine-Gun Battalion, with which outfit he experienced all the thrills of his active service. On August 2oth, Joe was marched to the front line and on the following day took part in the battle of Arras. Other engagements in which he saw action were the battles of Queant Drocourt, Bourlon Woods, Cambrai and Valenciennes. He returned to Nela upon being discharged from the Canadian Army March 29th, 1919. ENGINEER CORPS Carl C. Walker and Charles Elmer Savage, being con- nected with the Engineering Department at Nela, thought it sound logic to join the Engineers. Elmer's "hunch" was a very good one, as will appear presently. Enlisting April joth, 1917, in the H2th Regiment of the 37th Division, he spent several months at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and Camp Sheridan, Alabama; after which he went overseas, seeing action at Meuse-Argonne, St. Mihiel, Scheldt- Ypres, Ypres-Lys and in the Baccarat sector. Savage must have enjoyed his trip immensely, for his letters home always dealt with the humorous side of the life. For example, he gave us the following con- versation overheard between two negroes. They were dis- cussing the U. S. and U. S. N. A. buttons. Said the one, "What's the U. S. N. A. stand for anyway?" Retorted the other, "Say, Nigger, you mus' be ignorant. That means Uncle Sam's Nigger Army." Savage was discharged April i6th, 1919. Carl Walker entered service May nth, 1917, with Com- pany B of the 1 1 2th Engineers and trained at Fort Sheridan, Illinois; Camp Sheridan, Alabama, and Camp Lee, Virginia. He was discharged February I2th, 1919, being at that date with the Central Records Office of General Headquarters. Monroe J. Fried of Nela Press also enlisted in the ii2th Engineers and was assigned to Company B. His training was received at Camp Willis, Ohio; Fort Sheridan, Illinois; The First American Flag to fly over a German Fort across the Rhine Fort Ehrenbreitstein (Photograph furnished by Lieut. Wilber Johnson) There were Play Hours as Well as Work Hours U. S. Mail for the Army of Occupation arriving at Coblenz, Germany, in U. S. Mail Cars (Photograph furnished by Lieut. \Vilber Johnson) Doughboys of the ist Division cross the Moselle River into Germany THE SIGNAL CORPS GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 31 Camp Sheridan, Alabama, and Camp Lee, Virginia. Fried had the distinction of being one of the first National men to enlist, entering service June 29th, 1916, at the age of forty-three years. He was discharged April I9th, 1919. Frank J. Wishon, an Operating Department patriot, enlisted February ijth, 1918, and was assigned to Company B of the 37th Regiment of Engineers which trained at Fort Myer, Virginia. Overseas, this regiment operated with the ist Army and took part in the following actions: Aisne-Marne offensive, July 26th to August 6th, 1918. St. Mihiel offensive, September i2th to September i6th. Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to November nth. Before coming back to us again, Wishon had the pleasure of crossing the Rhine with the Army of Occupation. He was in Germany from November 26th, 1918 to January 9th, 1919. Part of this period was spent in Coblenz. SIGNAL CORPS Wilber M. Johnson, a cinematographic engineer with the Engineering Department, enlisted August 27th, 1917, in the Second Officers' Training School at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, where upon completion of his course he was commis- sioned a second lieutenant in the Signal Corps. He was then assigned to the joSth Field Signal Battalion of the 8jrd Division at Camp Sherman. Upon arriving overseas this battalion operated with the Third Army Corps and Wilber was detailed as radio officer. It was his duty to keep open the lines of communication between the field and general head- quarters, and in this capacity he participated in the offensives of Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne and Meuse-Argonne. From De- cember I4th, 1918 to July 9th, 1919, Johnson was with the American Army of Occupation. Incidentally, he celebrated the Fourth of July in Berlin. Sergeant, ist class, Herbert W. Ellis, an electrical en- gineer of the Engineering Department, was inducted January 2jrd, 1918. He was ordered to Fort Leaven worth, Kansas, and assigned to Company G of the Second Depot Battalion. Ellis had one year's service in France, being located in Tours where he was doing equipment engineering work in the Telephone and Telegraph Division of the Office of the 32 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Chief Signal Officer of the American Expeditionary Forces. He returned to the United States in June and was dis- charged July 3rd, 1919. AMMUNITION TRAIN The only Nela man attached to this service was Walter L. Warren of the Engineering Department. Inducted March 29th, 1918, he was sent to Camp Sherman and assigned to Company F of the joSth Ammunition Train, 8jrd Division. A few months later Walter sailed for France, where he saw action with the 32nd Division at: West Meuse, September 26th to October 2nd, 1918. Bois de la Grande Montaigne, October 4th to October joth. East Meuse, November 9th to November nth. The 308 th Regiment also operated for a short time with the 29th, 89th and 9ist Divisions, but saw no action while working with these divisions. MOTOR TRANSPORT CORPS Not all of the active military work was done overseas and it remained for a few Nela men to carry on their indis- pensable part in this country with Motor Transport units. Myron J. Bechhold of the Operating Department was in- ducted September 3rd, 1918, and sent to Camp Sherman. After a short stay with the 3Oth Company, 8th Training Battalion, I58th Depot Brigade, he was transferred to a transport unit at Camp Jessup, Georgia. Rudolph L. Nusker was also located at Camp Jessup, having been transferred from the Student Army Training Corps detachment at Toledo University. Upon being discharged from service April 5th, 1919, he was employed by the Equipment Development Department. Henry Herrman of the Credit Department was the other Nela man in the motor transport service. He enlisted June I5th, 1918, and was discharged January ist, 1919. CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE One of the important branches of the service which men from the General Offices of the National entered was the Chemical Warfare Service. Their work here was extremely essential and required unceasing effort. The pages of Part II (Chemical Warfare Service) are evidence of the sterling war record of Colonel Frank M. CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 33 Dorsey. At the time he was loaned to the government by the National Lamp Works, Mr. Dorsey was Chemical Engi- neer of the Lamp Development Laboratory. He was chosen by the government as one of the men best fitted for the task of perfecting materials needed in the manufacture of gas masks. He played his part well because he possessed, to quote a staff officer who worked side by side with Colonel Dorsey, "technical ability, courage and tremendous driving energy." Colonel Dorsey eventually became Chief of the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. The first month of the United States' participation in the war, Mr. Dorsey's principal interest was concentrated on the then serious problem of developing a satisfactory absorbent for the gas mask. By November, 1918, however, his duties as Chief not only consisted of the supervision of the work at the Defense Section of the Development Division at Nela Park but also placed him in charge of the manufacturing development division of the American Uni- versity, and the development work at Midland, Michigan, at Hastings-on-Hudson and at the ijist street Laboratory, Cleveland. He was also acting as technical advisor for the defense work at Astoria, Long Island. J. Fred Donovan, manager of the Equipment Develop- ment Department, concerning whom more detailed information is to be found on page 226, received a captaincy in the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service in October, 1918. His commission was the merited reward for the valuable service he had rendered the Government for many months as a civilian worker. On August loth, 1918, Mr. J. Roy Duff, manager of the Chief Accounting Department, severed his connection with the National Lamp Works that he might accept a com- mission as captain in the Chemical Warfare Service. Further reference to Mr. Duff's service may be found on page 186. Edwin J. Haefeli, a glass worker with the Lamp Devel- opment Laboratory, was inducted as a government civilian employe August 24th, 1917, and assigned to the Gas Defense Division. In September, 1917, while stationed at the government arsenal at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., he per- formed a very commendable bit of work. Seeing the dire need for chemical apparatus at that plant, he voluntarily worked three days and three nights without sleep until he had pro- 34 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR duced the equipment needed to test material used in gas masks. On December 8th, 1917, he was transferred to Cleve- land, where he supervised the work of installing glass-working equipment in the Gas Defense Laboratory at Nela Park. He was released from government service February iyth, 1919. Ralph B. Thomas was drafted October jrd, 1917, and assigned to Company G of the 353rd Infantry, 89th Division, at Camp Funston, Kansas, but was soon transferred to the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. He was connected with the Cleveland branch of the Edgewood Arsenal and later with the Development Division Laboratory at Willoughby, Ohio. Upon being discharged February 5th, 1919, he was employed by the Lamp Development Laboratory. Marvin Pipkin took a position with the same Department upon returning from service. He had enlisted in Jacksonville, Florida, November 5th, 1917, in the Gas Defense Department, as a private. He was posted at the Laboratories at Nela Park for some time, where he attained the rank of master engineer, senior grade. Upon being discharged from the Chemical Warfare Ser- vice, May 23rd, 1918, George E. Inman took employment with the Lamp Development Laboratory. Conrad Peterson enlisted in the Ordnance Department but was transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service, Cleve- land. He was located at the Defense Laboratory, East 13151 and Taft Ave., at the Nela Park Defense Laboratory, and later the Development Division, Willoughby. He was em- ployed by the Lamp Development Laboratory upon being discharged from service. Joseph A. Wei ton of the Glass Technology Department was drafted September 5th, 1918, and sent to the Syracuse Recruit Camp where he was assigned to the io2nd Company, 25th Battalion. He was later transferred to a casual company at the Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, Maryland, where he was posted until discharged from service December 27th, 1918. Herbert J. Morgenstern of Standardizing Department was inducted September 4th, 1918. After serving in the depot brigade at Camp Sherman for a few weeks he was transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service. Elmer H- Beckman of the Chemical Laboratory, in the performance of his duties as chemist, became thoroughly convinced that all the righting ORDNANCE GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 35 was not done in the trenches, for he found his work to be arduous and not always free from danger. Dale C. Hughes of the Lamp Development Laboratory was engaged from May ist, 1917 to June i8th, 1918, as a civilian worker in the development of gas masks and was located in the chemical laboratories at Nela Park. On June 1 8th, 1918, he received a commission as first lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps, but being familiar with Chemical Warfare problems was transferred to the Gas Defense Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. Dale was ordered to the Astoria Cantonment at Astoria, Long Island, where he was located until discharged from the service February 2 ist, 1919. Upon returning to the National he became Secretary of the Manu- facturing Committee. Others in this service 'were Glen F. Boruff, Walker J. King and Kenneth G. Reider. Boruff was located at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, and later at the Astoria Arsenal, Long Island. He was employed by the Lamp Development Labo- ratory upon being discharged February 24th, 1919. King was stationed at the American University, Washington, D. C., being discharged April i6th, 1919; later accepting a position with the Chemical Laboratory. Kenneth Reider of the Glass Technology Department enlisted May 25th, 1918, in the Medical Corps but after some time at Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, was transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service and located at the Edgewood Arsenal Laboratory, Cleveland, and later at the Development Division Laboratory at Wil- loughby, Ohio. He was discharged December I9th, 1918, ranking as sergeant. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT Many men were connected with the Ordnance Depart- ment at Washington, D. C. and at various camps. George H. Smith of the Engineering Department was inducted January 1 6th, 1918, and assigned for active duty at the United States Arsenal at San Antonio, Texas. George also saw service in the office of the Chief of Ordnance, Washington, D. C. and at the Proving Grounds, Aberdeen, Maryland. He attained the rank of second lieutenant. Charles C. Linerode of the Auditing Department enlisted January 25th, 1918, in the Supply Division of the Ordnance 36 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Department and was commissioned a second lieutenant. Charley informs us that his most interesting experiences were "getting into the service, and being discharged." Thomas L. Wier of the Operating Department was detailed with an ordnance supply squadron which outfitted divisions for overseas duty. He enlisted July ist, 1918, and was stationed at Camps Gordon, Georgia; Sheridan, Alabama; Raritan, New Jersey, and Sherman, Ohio. Tom was discharged March ist, 1919. Horace M. Hitch of Statistical Department was in the Cost Accounting Branch from September iyth, 1917 to June 25th, 1919, while Leslie P. Tyler was in the Ordnance Machine-Gun School at Camp Hancock, Georgia, and later the Light Mobile Repair Section. He was hoaorably discharged March 3Oth, 1919, and entered the employ of the Equipment Development Department. I*.. Irving i H. Gerlach of Bulb and Tubing Department enlisted in the Ordnance Department of the Army in August, 1917, as a Cost Accountant. In 1918, he was promoted to the position of Accountant in Charge of the Government work at the Symington Bros. Machine Corporation, of Roch- ester, N. Y., which position he held until the first of 1919, when he was made Assistant Supervisor of the Rochester district comprising the entire state of New York, excepting New York City. He held this latter position until March of 1919, when he was honorably discharged. Thomas J. Kavanagh was honorably discharged Septem- ber 1 5th, 1919 from the Ordnance Department, Washington, D. C., with the rank of first lieutenant, and employed by Equipment Development Department. MEDICAL CORPS Only three men from Nela Park, Dr. Percy W. Cobb, Leroy F. Price and George D. Sligen, were in medical units. Dr. Cobb, a physiologist with Nela Research Laboratory, was commissioned a captain in the Medical Corps April I7th, 1918, and reported at Camp Hancock, Georgia, where he was on duty until July i3th, 1918. He was then detailed to the Medical Research Laboratory, Hazelhurst Field, Min- eola, Long Island. At the date our volume went to press Dr. Cobb was located at Mitchell Field, Garden City, Long Island. LeRoy F. Price, who was in charge of photometry work in the Engineering Department, was inducted September AMBULANCE GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 37 5th, 1918. He was assigned to the Medical Corps and spent his entire army period at Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, with the 7th Battalion. George D. Sligen of the Auditing Department was with a medical supply detachment and spent considerable time af Debarkation Hospital Number 51 at Hampton, Virginia. He was also detailed during his Army career at Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky and Camp Stuart, Virginia. AMBULANCE UNITS John A. Walsh of Equipment Development Department enlisted August i6th, 1917, in Section 548 of the Ambulance Service and was ordered to report at Camp Crane, Allentown, Pennsylvania. He was later transferred to the Ordnance De- partment and assigned to Camp Hancock, Georgia. He left the United States August i4th, 1918, as Sergeant, Third Heavy Mobile Ordnance Repair Shop. He arrived at Brest, France, August 26th and proceeded to Libourne, Gironde, the heavy artillery training center. On October 28th, Walsh was assigned to the First Army Artillery. The signing of the armis- tice prevented his reaching the front lines. He sailed from Bordeaux, France, April 24th, 1919, arriving in New York May 6th. On May 23rd, he was discharged at Camp Sherman, and on June 2nd, received a belated commission as second lieutenant of Ordnance. William J. Kavanaugh of the Engineering Department entered Packard Ambulance Unit 55, June i6th, 1917, and was located at Camp Persons, Allentown. S. A. T. C. Eleven boys were affiliated with the Army through the Student Army Training Corps. They were: 1. Lowell M. Keister, Jr., Realty Department; Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 2. Coursen W. Sponsler, Bulb and Tubing Department; Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. 3. Gunner B. Nystrom, later of Equipment Development Department, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio. 4. Wayne G. Henderson, Chemical Laboratory; Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 38 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 5. Gerald H. Coleman, later of the Chemical Laboratory; Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 6. John Belford, Engineering Department; University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 7. Donald Burdette, Engineering Department; Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 8. Jos. Glasser, Engineering Department; Kenyon Col- lege, Gambier, Ohio. 9. John Rice, Engineering Department; St. Ignatius College, Cleveland, Ohio. 10. Ralph Curth, Nela Research Laboratory; Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 11. Erwin E. Lehmann, Standardizing Department; Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. Theodore S. Jewell of the Operating Department and Charles D. Spencer, who was later employed by the Glass Technology Department, were both in the service of the Quartermaster Corps. Jewell was located at Camp Sherman until discharged October 2oth, 1918, while Spencer served at Camps Jackson and Sevier, being discharged January Jist, 1919. Lamp Inspector Bradford Whiting of the Returned Lamp Inspection Department, upon entering service became a fireman. He was inducted August 5th, 1918, and sent to Camp Hill, Newport News, Virginia, where he was attached to the 326th Company, Fire and Guard Detachment. He was hon- orably discharged August 28th, 1919. In December, 1917, Eugene W. Commery left the employ of the Engineering Department to accept a position as assist- ant physicist with the Bureau of Standards at Washington, D. C. His task pertained to the testing and approving of military searchlights, trench signal lamps, signalling flares and acetylene generators for field work. Commery remained with the Bureau of Standards until April ist, 1919, resuming at that time his work with the Engineering Department. Sidney C. Caswell Horace W. Beck Douglass M. Wood William McLure Rosborough John H. Gage Robert C. Hennecke William H. Pindell Joseph J. Rick Raymond Perry Ralph Nash Andrew J. Brown Frank E. Kopecky Howard Sotzen Lester W. Lyons Lance C. Ballon Charles C. Doty Russell P. Askue Perry M. Frear THE ARMY FORCES SALES DIVISIONS The service which the men in the Sales Divisions of the National rendered was varied and interesting. Every branch of the service was represented, ten men fancying the Infantry, four the Engineers, two the Chemical Warfare Service, seven the Artillery, and so on through the different branches. Forty-five men in all went from the Sales Divisions and about eighteen of these had crossed the sea before the Germans saw the folly of their efforts. THE INFANTRY Lance C. Ballou, a salesman with the Bryan-Marsh Division, Central Falls, was a member of the distinguished 26th Division. Being commissioned a second lieutenant in the lojrd Infantry at the time of his enlistment May 8th, 1917, he trained with his regiment at Camp Bartlett, West- field, Massachusetts. He embarked with his outfit and upon arriving in France was soon marched to the front where he saw action at Chemin-des-Dames, Toul, Chateau-Thierry and St. Mihiel. From October, 1918 to January, 1919, Ballou was attached to the Aviation Section, where he received training as an aerial observer. At Ease, Frank R. Kopecky, who in civil life was a southern Men! representative for the Shelby Lamp Division, was a "rookie proper" when he reached Camp Pike, July 25 th, 1918. Outfitted in army shoes, size I4EE, and an olive drab uniform four sizes too large for his slender frame, he recalled the days he spent as a rookie at Nela Camp when he was initiated into the mystic waters of the swimming pool. Upon standing retreat he 4O THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR had his first taste of army entertainment, for the bugler ran out of breath and Kopecky with the other newcomers consid- ered this a cause for much jollification. We must admit, however, that Frank was diplomatic, for rather than take a chance at being reproved for disrespect to a superior he saluted a Y. M. C. A. officer. As to his military service, Kopecky trained at Camp Pike, Arkansas, and Camp Dodge, Iowa, being discharged from the army January 8th, 1919. The twelve General Orders were troublesome at times, as William C. McGrath of the Columbia Lamp Division can testify for a lad in his company. One night while resting in the guard house between reliefs, McGrath noticed the Officer of the Day approaching. The guard at the post, for- getting the proper way to recognize and advance the officer, exclaimed: "Halt! Who is thy?" McGrath was drafted September 4th, 1918, and discharged December i7th, 1918. He entered service in St. Louis and was sent to Camp Mac- Arthur, Texas, where he was placed with Company D of the jrd Replacement Battalion. He was later transferred to Camp Funston, Kansas. Walter E. Trittipo of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works en- listed May ijth, 1917, in the First Officers' Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison and upon completing the course was commissioned a captain of Infantry. He was assigned to the 1 58th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman, where his duties consisted of training and equipping raw recruits. He was dis- charged July 1 5th, 1919, holding at that date the rank of major. Russell P. Askue, who prior to entering service was Advertising Manager of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works, was assigned to the 4ist Company, nth Battalion, i59th Depot Brigade at Camp Taylor. During the influenza epidemic at that camp, Russell was detailed as stretcher bearer with an ambulance unit. He observes that the names of the other members of the crew were Oxley, Minks and Fox and that the job was a beastly one. He was soon transferred to the Central Officers' Training School at Camp Pike, Arkansas, where he was stationed at the close of hostilities. Upon leaving the army, he was employed by the Publicity Department. Ralph C. Nash of the Peerless Lamp Division was in- ducted April ist, 1918, and assigned to the 33ist Infantry of the 83rd Division at Camp Sherman. He was later trans- ferred to the officers' training school at Camp Taylor. Upon Doughboys Watching an Exciting Game Can the Reader Guess? (Both photographs supplied by M. S. E., Hollis Townsend) Loading Bread for Soldiers' Rations Rheims in Rums Ruins at Chateau-Thierry THE ARTILLERY SALES DIVISIONS 41 the completion of his course he went overseas with the 32ist Field Artillery as second lieutenant. Drafted in September, 1917, William A. Wallace, a born Scot and a Yankee doughboy, was sent to Camp Grant where he was stationed for several months with Headquarters Company of the 343rd Infantry, 86th Division. Upon arriving in France, Sergeant Wallace was attached to Headquarters Company of the 4th Provisional Regiment and located at Le Mans. Prior to entering the Infantry, Wallace was chief clerk at the Sunbeam Incandescent Lamp Division. Captain William H. Pindell, Jr., a Sterling salesman, was commissioned upon completing the course at the First Officers' Training School at Camp Lee, Virginia. He was assigned to the yth Company, 5th Provisional Regiment, at Fort Myer, Virginia, and later commanded the 48th Ma- chine-Gun Battalion of the i6th Division. Pindell was dis- charged December 5th, 1918, after being on duty at Camp Gordon, Camp Perry and Camp Kearny. William F. Hanneman of the Bryan-Marsh Division, Chicago, was drafted September 5th, 1918, and entrained for Camp Grant where he was attached to the I5th Company, 2nd Regiment, i6ist Depot Brigade. He was discharged from the Army March 3rd, 1919, and accepted an appoint- ment as Army Field Clerk at Camp Grant. THE ARTILLERY Field To Lieutenant Leroy C. Doarie, known among Artillery his friends as "Tiny," with his six feet, three inches of manhood, goes the honor of being in several major actions engaged in by the American troops. Enlisting May I5th, 1917, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to Battery D of the iO3rd Field Artillery, 26th Division. He went to France the first of Sep- tember, 1917, and on February ist, 1918, was along the front line trenches, where he was stationed for ten months. During this time he saw action in the following sectors: Chemin- des-Dames, Toul, Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, Verdun and Argonne. He was wounded in the leg by a high explosive shell and spent six weeks in the hospital. Regarding this experience, Tiny wrote from France: "At about four in the morning the Huns landed six shells near our Post of Command, which consisted of a piece 42 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR of canvas stretched across a rope. These shells knocked out three of our telephone men, and myself. One man was rather seriously injured, but the rest only slightly shaken! My leg felt as if someone had hit me in the shin with a good sized club. It didn't bother me much, so I went along until after eight o'clock before the doctor caught me. The Doc shipped me off", much to my disgust but, as usual, he was right. At the first hospital they took an X-ray and found some splinters or something. Anyway, they found an excuse to slice me open along the shin-bone from the ankle to about half-way to the knee and I haven't walked since. They sewed me up yesterday and told me I ought to be out in a couple of weeks that is walking around. Wasn't it rotten luck to get knocked out of that pretty job of Hun-chasing? The fellows that got part way over before they stopped something, say that our artillery simply chewed the German's fortifications to pieces. I hope I am back again before it is too late to get a crack at Metz." Tiny's wish came true, for he returned to the front before the armistice was signed. It must be said that Tiny remained very faithful to his friends on this side of the water, sending them many interesting letters. For example, a few lines written before going to the front: "I wish you folks would write me some news about the war. We don't get much about it over here, except the little sham battles that we play at every day. We have been prom- ised a Christmas present of practice in the gas chambers and shooting gas shells at dogs, but that hasn't any thrilling appeal to me. The only thing that surprises me is that they don't call for volunteers to take the places of the dogs." After being at the front for some time, he writes: "When I am at headquarters I have a room in a wooden shack and it is very comfortable, but at the battery position we live in dugouts about twenty feet underground and the quarters are extremely cramped for one of my architecture (six feet, three inches). But I'd rather be bent double from living in a hole in the ground than get bent double by a Boche cannon and then get put in a hole." Doane was discharged April i5th, 1919. The i35th Field Artillery drew Sydney C. Caswell of Nela Specialties Division. He enlisted July 3Oth, 1917, and was assigned to Battery F. After training at Camp Sher- THE ARTILLERY SALES DIVISIONS 43 idan, Alabama, he went overseas, being located for some time at Camp De Souge, Bordeaux, France. Sid was promoted to first lieutenant and saw action at St. Mihiel, Marbache and Meuse-Argonne. Perry M. Frear, also of Nela Specialties, enlisted in the Second Reserve Officers' Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, August 27th, 1917, and received a commission as second lieutenant. He was assigned to the igth Field Artillery, 5th Division, and before going overseas was stationed at Leon Springs, Texas, and Camp Upton, Long Island. Upon reaching France, Frear spent six weeks on the Western Front during the months of July and August, 1918. What's in Lieutenant Andrew J. Brown of the New York a Name? Federal Miniature Lamp Division began service October 3rd, 1917, with the 31 8th Field Artillery, 8 ist Division, at Camp Jackson, and was later transferred to the 35th Field Artillery, I2th Brigade, I2th Division, at Camp McClellan, where he was on duty as regimental sub- sistence officer, regimental exchange officer and in charge of the Officers' Mess and Officers' Club. "Joe" tells this one on himself. The second day in camp his name was confused with that of an illiterate's and he was transferred to a company of illiterates and put on duty driving four mules to a refuse wagon. Brown confesses that he soon proved his normal mentality and was again placed in good standing. Another artilleryman was Clyde W. Scharringhausen, who was employed as a stock clerk with the Columbia Lamp Division. He was drafted July 23rd, 1918, and attached to Headquarters Company, 2gth Regiment, at Camp Funston, Kansas. He was discharged February 4th, 1919. John H. Gage of the Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Divi- sion enlisted August 24th, 1917, in the Second Officers' Training Camp at Fort Niagara, New York. He successfully completed the course and was commissioned a lieutenant of Field Artillery. His first assignment was at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, where he remained until called for overseas. In France "General" Gage was located at Camp Valdahon and Camp De Souge. Philip J. Bauman was called to the army August 2ist, 1918. After some time at Camp Zachary Taylor with the 38th Company, I59th Depot Brigade, he was transferred to Camp 44 Knox, Kentucky, where he was on the roster of Battery D, 67 th Field Artillery Regiment. When discharged December 2 ist, 1918, he was employed by the Ivanhoe-Regent Works. Howard J. Tait, also of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works, was inducted May 24th, 1918, and sent to Camp Gordon where he was with the 3rd Company, ist Infantry Replace- ment Regiment. He was transferred to Camp McClellan, Alabama, and still later to Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, where he attended the Field Artillery Training School. At the date of his discharge, December 6th, 1918, he ranked as regimental sergeant-major. COAST ARTILLERY Lamp Salesmen Two Chicago Bryan-Marsh boys, Walter Make Creditable Hall and Douglass Wood, had similar Records experiences. Both enlisted, and both were commissioned lieutenants in the Coast Artillery. Each was stationed for a time at Fort Monroe, later met overseas and participated in the same sectors. Hall enlisted May I5th, 1917, in the First Reserve Officers' Training Camp at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and was transferred to the officers' training camp at Fort Monroe, Virginia. He was commissioned a first lieutenant August i5th, 1917, and on the 7th day of September embarked at Hoboken for France. Arriving at St. Nazaire, September 2oth, he was assigned to the Heavy Artillery School at Camp de Mailly, where he was on duty until December. Hall was then trans- ferred for duty with the 5 ist Regiment of Coast Artillery until March, 1918. Subsequent points in Hall's service record were : (a) Army Artillery Headquarters, First Army, March, 1918 to June, 1918. (b) 5 ist Coast Artillery, Toul Sector, June, 1918. (c) Duty L'Ecole de Telemetrie d'Artillerie, American Section, June to September, 1918. (d) Promoted to captain, September, 1918. (e) Commanding Officer, ist Provisional High Burst Ranging Section, Verdun sector, October to No- vember, 1918. (f) Duty Heavy Artillery School, November, 1918. (g) With Battery F, 641(1 Coast Artillery Regiment, December, 1918 to March, 1919. Ready to Fire (Photograph furnished by Private William Ross) Near Verdun (Photograph furnished by Lieut. Wilber Johnson) Entrance to a Dugout (Photo furnished by Private William Ross) Near Chateau-Thierry Hill 204 in the Background (Photo supplied by Miss Laura E. Moore, S. R. C.) THE ARTILLERY SALES DIVISIONS 45 Walter sailed from France February loth, 1919, and was discharged from service at Camp Grant, Illinois, April 2nd, 1919. Douglass Wood entered the Second Reserve Officers' Training Camp, August 27th, 1917, and received his com- mission as second lieutenant at Fort Monroe, Virginia. He left for overseas immediately after being commissioned, and upon arriving in England was stationed at the American Rest Camp, Morn Hill, Winchester, from January ist to January nth, 1918. On January I2th he crossed the Channel to Le Havre, France, and was assigned to the Heavy Artillery School at Camp de Mailly. The following month was taken up with a tour of observation and instruction along the French Fourth Army front, north of Chalons-sur-Marne. On March I3th "Doug" was assigned to Battery "A," 5jrd Regiment of Heavy Artillery, and was on duty with that outfit until April 6th, 1918, when he was assigned to the 5ist Field Artil- lery Brigade of the 26th Division as Intelligence Officer on the staff of Brigadier-General Lassiter and later Brigadier-General Dwight E. Aultman. From April 7th to November nth, 1918, Major Wood, as he later became, was occupied in the following operations: (a) defence of Toul sector, April 7th to June 28th. (b) defence of the Marne, from Hill 204 to west of Torcy, July loth to i8th. (c) offensive, "Second Battle of the Marne," July 1 8th to August 4th. (d) reconnaissance and preparation for the St. Mihiel offensive, last week in August and first week in September. (e) Intelligence and Assistant Operations officer, Aisne Grouping, Army Artillery. (f) Meuse-Argonne offensive, October I7th, 1918 to Nov. nth, 1918; headquarters Fifth Army Corps under command Major-General Charles P. Sum- merall, Artillery Section, Brigadier-General Ault- man. Remained with this organization. Wood was discharged April I2th, 1919. Mr. G. E. Summerhayes, who was assistant to the sales manager of the Duplex Lighting Works, was called in October, 1918, and assigned to Battery E of the joth Regiment of Coast Artillery. He was stationed at Camp Eustis, Virginia. 46 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR MACHINE-GUN On December ist, 1918, a new sales department of the National Lamp Works was organized. It was known as the Duplex Lighting Works, and in its personnel were several ex-service men whom it is a pleasure to consider as being National men in the war. Among this number, in addition to Mr. Summerhayes, just mentioned, was its Assistant General Manager, Guy P. Norton, who was a member of the Machine-Gun Company of the 23rd Regiment, New York Guards. He enlisted in the summer of 1918. Raymond Perry of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works was commissioned a first lieutenant of Infantry after completing the course at the Second Officers' Training Camp. He was assigned to Camp Sherman and transferred to the 322nd Machine-Gun Battalion, with which regiment he went over- seas. Perry was discharged April 24th, 1919. Marvin L. Moran was drafted and assigned to the Machine Gun Company of the 77th Infantry, i4th Division, at Camp Custer, Michigan. Upon being discharged from service, January lyth, 1919, he was employed by the Michigan Bryan- Marsh Division. ENGINEER CORPS The Sales Divisions established an unique record in that every man enlisting in the Engineer Corps saw service overseas. John C. Murray, stockman for the Buckeye Lamp Division, enlisted July i4th, 1917, with the H2th Engineers Upon reaching Camp Sheridan, Alabama, he was assigned to Company E. On July 5th, 1918, Murray landed in France and two weeks later the H2th Regiment was moved to the Alsace-Lorraine sector, where it held the lines until September i4th. Other engagements in which Murray took part were: Argonne offensive, September i4th to September 23rd. Thiaucourt, St. Mihiel sector, October ist to October I2th. Ypres-Lys, ist and 2nd offensives. On November nth, 1918, Murray was at Synghen, Belgium. Charles C. Doty of the Buckeye Division had an inter- esting army life. He was drafted April 29th, 1918, and assigned to Company F, 3o8th Engineers, at Camp Sherman, where he was stationed until May 27th. On June 4th he sailed for THE TANK CORPS SALES DIVISIONS 47 France aboard the steamer Kyber, landing at Liverpool, England, June i6th. Arriving in France, another month was spent in further preparation for duties at the front. His regiment left Chaugey for the front on July 25th and then began Doty's participation in the following battles: Aisne-Marne offensive, July 28th to August 6th, 1918. Oise-Aisne offensive, August i8th to September 9th. Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to November nth. The morning of December ist, Doty arrived at Oldsdorf, Germany, and on December i4th, he crossed the Rhine at Urnietz. He remained with the American Army of Occupation until May ijth, 1919, returning to the United States aboard the French liner La Savior. Inducted September 2ist, 1917, Joseph J..Rick of the Sterling Division was sent to Camp Grant, Illinois, and assigned to Company A of the 3iith Engineers, 86th Divi- sion. After eleven months' training at Camps Grant, Pike, Dix, Merritt and Upton, Rick was sent overseas where he was on duty for six months in England and France. He had meanwhile been transferred to Headquarters Company of the 345th Infantry, 8yth Division. Rick was discharged February 3rd, 1919. TANK CORPS William McLure Rosborough, when the United States declared war with Germany, was southern manager for the Shelby Division and had his office in Atlanta, Georgia. Rosborough applied for a commission in the Engineer Reserve Corps and was granted a ist lieutenancy. He was called to active duty on September 2nd, 1917, and was or- dered to the Second Engineers' Training Camp at American University, D. C., where he remained on duty six weeks. He was then assigned to the General Engineer Depot, Wash- ington, D. C. In February, 1918, while he was acting as assistant to Col. W. H. Rose, Commanding Officer, he was allowed to transfer to the 65th Engineers (the Tank Detach- ment of the Engineers). After a month in Washington where he was on duty with Colonel H. G. Ferguson, Tank Corps organizer, he was ordered to Company C, 3oist Battalion, THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Tank Corps. He joined his organization at Camp Meade and one month later was on his way to the other side. The joist arrived in England early in April. The entire outfit was detailed under British instruction at Wareham, England, until August, moving from that center to the port of debarkation at Havre, France. Here they remained but a few days before entraining for the front. At Bapaume they took over and added to the equipment of the loth Battalion, British Tank Corps, until it had reached a strength of forty- eight of the heavy tanks known as English Mark 5 and Mark 5*- "Rosie" went into action in the Second Battle of Cam- brai on the morning of Sunday, September 29th, 1918, ex- periencing in this engagement the thrills of action, wounds, capture, escape and all the lurid thoughts and fears which must necessarily possess the mind of one who, alone on hos- tile terrain and without means of protection, roams and suffers for two days and two nights. The army objective in this drive was the tunneled por- tion of the St. Quentin Canal midway between Cambrai and St. Quentin. It was a four-mile stretch and was strongly fortified, being a part of the renowned and "unbreakable" (?) Hindenburg Line. The American line at this date was approx- imately four kilometers west of this point. According to the plan of advance, Rosie's platoon of five tanks, posted near the town of Ronssoy, was directed to form a part of the second wave of the attack, following up and assisting the infantry of the 27th Division of the American troops. At zero hour (5:40 A. M.), Lieutenant Rosborough gave the tank commanders the order to advance. Due to darkness and climatic conditions the attack was not carried out as organized and before seven o'clock, after advancing a distance of less than two miles, the tank in which Rosie was riding became separated from the other four tanks of his platoon and got considerably in advance of the infantry as well. Besides Lieutenant Rosborough, the tank on which our interest centers contained a second lieutenant and ten enlisted men, one of whom was killed shortly after the advance was begun, being struck by an anti-tank rifle bullet which had penetrated the tank. The terrain in this vicinity was moderately hilly and from a depression down which ,the huge caterpillar was crawling, THE TANK CORPS SALES DIVISIONS 49 it was possible to observe the enemy trenches as they zig-zagged away up the slopes. Some of them contained only a few men and the machine gunners fired on these as their tank crossed over. But finally, as one trench was approached, it was seen that it was strongly held by German machine gunners farther up the hillside. So the tank crossed it and began nosing along behind it, meanwhile pouring machine-gun and six-pounder fire into the enemy. At this point a German field piece, con- cealed in a hedge at the crest of the slope, took a hand in the game and scored a hit, but got it down in the running gear where it did no material damage. The crew recognized the danger, and immediately turned their attention to this more formidable enemy, but he was so located that he got in another shot before those in the tank could maneuver into a position from which to fire upon him effectively. This last shot was well aimed. It penetrated the tank armor at the front of the machine and exploded in the midst of the crew. The engine was put out of commission and five men were killed. The remaining six were all wounded but were able to get out of the tank and into a shell .hole. Rosie, besides being wounded in the right wrist and left shoulder was badly burned on the hands and face by a gasoline blaze. They re- moved the large first-aid kit from the tank as well as two machine-guns with which to protect themselves should the enemy attack, and lay in waiting all that day, giving one another first aid and wondering what their fate was to be. Their position was serious because the trench which they had been firing upon was only about three hundred 50 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR yards away and was between them and their own troops. Rosie decided that the safety of his men depended upon getting back to the American lines and summoning help. Starting out alone, he crept from shell-hole to shell-hole, taking a roundabout course in order to avoid detection. Finally, having gone as far as was prudent in daylight, he waited for darkness and then started again. Soon afterwards he came upon a group of wounded Yanks who informed him that an American machine-gun crew had set out a short time before in the direction of the tank. Desirous of overtaking this party and of effecting the rescue of his men, Rosie turned back again. In the darkness it was hard to distinguish friend from foe, and the machine-gun that he was headed for was firing spasmodically as temporary halts were made. Obviously, he was in no little danger of being mistaken for an enemy. At last, edging his way around an angle in the trench to which he had trailed the machine-gun, he saw faintly silhouetted against the sky, two unmistakably German helmets. Thinking that possibly he had not been observed, Rosie slipped into a small ammunition dug-out to await developments. Captured These came only too soon. He had barely For a Few hidden himself when a third German filed Minutes past, said a few words to the other two, and then retraced his steps. When directly in front of Lieutenant Rosborough , he stopped and drew his pistol. Realizing that resistance was worse than useless, and believing his only hope for safety depended upon giving himself up and feigning injuries more serious than they were, Rosborough stood up, explaining to his captor that he was in dire need of aid. Unheeding his plea and making no effort to search him for possible weapons or valuables, the three Germans started to march Rosie off in the direction of their rear. His only hope lay in attempting to break away and escape in the darkness. Rosborough The Hun who led the way was short of stature Escapes in and Rosie, as if unable to advance unaided, the Night ' placed his left hand upon the German's left shoulder. The German did not resent this, so he brought his right hand to his captor's right shoulder, mean- while watching for a place where some friendly shell had battered THE TANK CORPS SALES DIVISIONS down the side of the trench sufficiently to help him get away quickly. He had not gone far when the opportunity came. Giving the leading Boche a sudden thrust forward, he jumped over the parados and was swallowed up by the night before his enraged captors could make a move to stop him. Hours elapsed. Finally, after much wandering about between the German lines, Rosie succeeded in getting back to his tank, only to find the second lieutenant and his men gone. Weary, and unprotected from the rain which had been falling all night, Lieutenant Rosborough secured rations from the tank and in the early hours of Monday morning dug himself in under the battle-scarred old hulk. Here he rested all that day and the next night, hoping that on Tuesday he would be sufficiently recuperated to make his way to the American lines. He was awakened Tuesday morning by voices coming from the direction of a plane, which had been shot down not far from the tank. Still weak and slightly shell-shocked from his experiences of the past two days and nights, he crawled out 'and got up into the wreck of his Juggernaut. He could see the strangers but was unable to tell positively whether they were friends or foes. They wore the helmet-covering and the blouse peculiar to the Australians but still Rosie was not firmly convinced that he should show himself. He did not know that pressure on each side of his position had made the Germans evacuate the whole area, and he did not propose to take chances on being captured again. Once more summoning his strength, he left the tank and crept from shell-hole to shell-hole until within hearing dis- tance of the group. Meanwhile, a few of the onlookers had rambled off in the direction of the tank and as they were retracing their steps passed the shell-hole in which Rosie lay. Convinced that he was in friendly hands, Lieutenant Ros- borough made himself known to a surprised and welcoming group of Australians who gave him medical attention and brought him to an American first-aid station. He was removed to a hospital at Rouen, where he met his second lieutenant. The latter and his men had given Rosie up for dead and had set out to work their way through the German lines. Fortunately, they had escaped capture and 52 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR had arrived within the American lines early Monday morning. From Rouen, Rosie was removed to a hospital in London where he was under treatment until December ist, 1918, when he rejoined his battalion in France. He returned to the United States in March, going to Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D. C., to have shrapnel removed from his left shoulder. Upon being discharged in July, 1919, he joined the Engineering Department. The National laments the death of Lewis Mark Comiskey, which occurred nine days after he had been discharged from service. Lewis was born August 26th, 1899, in Chicago, Illinois, and at the time he entered service was employed by the Ivanhoe-Regent Works. He applied for enlistment in the Marines, Aviation and Tank Corps and was called October 26th, 1918, in the latter branch of the service. Com- iskey was assigned to Company A, 34Oth Battalion, which was mustered in at Camp Polk, Raleigh, North Carolina. Lewis was later transferred to Camp Greene where he was attached to the 72nd Company, 1 8th Training Battalion of Infantry. While Comiskey was stationed at Camp Greene the armistice was signed and he was soon sent to Camp Grant to be mustered out. He received his honorable discharge January 2nd, 1919, and died January nth. Comiskey's life was an exemplification of true and stanch American principles. He enlisted at the age of nineteen years and would have been in service earlier had his brother, who was with the American forces in France, not insisted that his duty was at home. In his death we lost a "one hundred per cent American." GAS REGIMENT Among those on the roster of a gas regiment company was Joseph J. Hannemann of the Bryan-Marsh Division, Chicago. Entering service February 25th, 1918, he was as- signed to Company E of the First Gas Regiment at Fort Myer, Virginia. Upon landing in France, he was detailed to the front, where he saw action at: St. Mihiel, September I2th to September i5th, 1918. Argonne Forest, September 25th to October i8th. Meuse-Argonne, October joth to November iith. Unfortunately Hannemann gave us none of his experiences, but as he participated in three big offensives we know his THE SIGNAL CORPS SALES DIVISIONS 53 overseas period must have included a great many thrilling moments. SIGNAL CORPS The one National salesman in this branch of the service was Robert C. Hennecke of the Federal Miniature Lamp Division, Chicago. He was voluntarily inducted June 28th, 1918, and sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he was detailed with the i5th Service Company from June 28th to July 2jrd. He was then transferred to Company B of the 2i4th Field Signal Battalion at Camp Custer, Michigan, where he was stationed until .discharged from the Army January 2jrd, 1919. Bob rose to the rank of sergeant, ist class. CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE Two men from the Sales Divisions enlisted in the Chemical Warfare Service. Walter H. Weeks of the Bryan-Marsh Division, Rhode Island, enlisted August ist, 1918, in the Research Division and was located for some time at American University, Washington, D. C. He later passed an examination for a commission as first lieutenant in the Motor Transport Corps and was about ready to leave for overseas duty when the armistice was signed. Walter was discharged December ist, 1918. Howard Sotzen of the Shelby Lamp Division enlisted July 3 ist, 1918, in the Defense Division and was commissioned as second lieutenant. He was located at the Offense Laboratories in Cleveland until discharged, January 9th, 1919. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT Fred C. Laufketter of the Fostoria Lamp Division en- tered the Ordnance Department October 8th, 1918, with the rank of production engineer in the St. Louis District. He was kept busy with the task of increasing shell production. Under his jurisdiction were contracts amounting to nearly two hundred million dollars. As a reward for his work he received from the Government a Loyal Service Medal and a Certificate of Loyalty. QUARTERMASTER CORPS Benjamin H. Hoerlein of the Buckeye Lamp Division was a sergeant in the Quartermaster Corps, having enlisted 54 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR in Chicago, Illinois, December igth, 1917. Ben was located at Camp Johnston, Jacksonville, Florida, and later at Eberts Field, Lonoke, Arkansas. MEDICAL UNIT Lester W. Lyons of the Sunbeam Division enlisted in the Medical Corps at Fort Jay, Governor's Island, New York, December loth, 1917. After spending some time in the Stores Distribution Department, he was transferred to the Base Hospital at San Juan, Porto Rico. He was later assigned to Camp Las Casas where he was made sergeant. Lyons was discharged April 3Oth, 1919. AMBULANCE Columbia Lad One of the medal wearers of the National Earns Croix Lamp Works was Horace W. Beck, Jr., of de Guerre the Columbia Lamp Division. He enlisted November 5th, 1917, in St. Louis, in the Ambulance Service and upon arriving at Allentown, Pennsyl- vania, was assigned to Section 516, with which outfit he went overseas. Beck took part in the following engagements: (a) Alsace defensive, February nth to April 2nd, 1918. (b) Soissons-Noyon defensive, April I2th to April 2oth. (c) Somme defensive, April 26th to August 7th. (d) Somme offensive, August 8th to August nth. (e) Oise-Aisne offensive, August 28th to September i8th. (f) Oise-Somme offensive, October 13 th to November 9th. As a reward for his brilliant and heroic conduct under fire, he was awarded on February i4th, 1919, the Croix de Guerre and a citation covering the periods from August 9th to September I5th and from October loth to November 4th, 1918. Beck was discharged April 25th, 1919. These men ti-ere among those who died for thtlr Country Harry E. Peffer Jesse S. Gardner Ray L. Swartz Robert T. Coughlin Harmon E. Whiteman Edward F. Hartman Enoch E. Brooks James E. Sullivan George C. Clancy Clarence Hammell Herbert L. Anderton Arthur J. White Uhl M. Smith Theodore G. Chadwick Charles Jones Robert Jones Clarence Clark Leo Lucas Frank C. Williams Herman Glave John H. Ziegler John F. Cannon David Stambler THE ARMY FORCES MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS The Manufacturing Divisions gave by far the largest number of men to the war from the National and fully 45% of those going into service went overseas, participating in some of the most gruesome and significant engagements fought during the entire conflict. Six of these men were killed in action; two died from the effects of wounds; one met death in an accident, while eight died from natural causes. THE INFANTRY One of the most notable of National's heroes was David Stambler of the Puritan Refilled Division. This lad, nineteen years of age, measuring but five feet, four inches in height, en- listed on May 2 ist, 1917, in Company H of the iO4th Regiment, 26th Division. After a period of infantry training at Lynnfield, Massachusetts, he was sent overseas where he served fourteen months, six of them at the front. He saw action with the 26th Division at Soissons, Toul, Seichprey, Apremont and Chateau- Thierry. It was in the battle of Chateau-Thierry that he was so badly wounded as to be crippled for life. For his heroism and devotion to duty in this battle he was decorated by the French Government with the Croix de Guerre. Young Stambler was a hero among heroes, for his regiment was the first American regiment decorated by a foreign country. Ray Swartz Another hero and a man who died fighting Meets Death for his country was Ray Leland Swartz in the Argonne of Ohio Division. Enlisting in the 5th Ohio National Guard, he first saw duty along the Texas border during the Mexican trouble in 1916. From there he was sent to Camp Sheridan, where he was promoted to ser- geant. He went overseas with the i45th Regiment of Infantry, 37th Division, and while playing his part in the action in the Argonne Forest on September 29th, 1918, he was hit between the eyes by a machine-gun bullet and instantly killed. The death of Swartz was a sad loss to his comrades and the following letter, written to Ray's mother by his 56 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR former commander, shows the high esteem in which the lad was held: "Your letter in regard to the death of your son fortunately came to me as I am now in command of Company D. I joined Company D at Camp Sheridan and there first became acquainted with your son. From then until his death he was my platoon sergeant, always faithful, always dependable and a strong and popular leader of men. ''For a whole month Sergeant Swartz was in sole command of a platoon on our first trench occupation against the enemy. He carried himself with credit and held the confidence of his men in danger. "In the Argonne battle, our first offensive, he was my invaluable aid in cheering and inspiring the men and in his aid to the wounded. Our platoon advanced the farthest objective of the first day and held it over night. The next day we advanced farther forward, making our total gain on the Germans about ten miles. It was on the third day, while advancing under terrific machine gun and artillery fire, that your son was killed. He was not over a foot from me when he was hit by the bullet of the machine gun. He said, 'Lieutenant, I am hit', very calmly. I asked him 'Where?' and he said 'pretty high.' He died a few minutes later. "We have never ceased to miss this sterling, brave, indomitable Sergeant. "The Chaplain, Charles Funnell, remembers having found the body and says that he gave him an honorable burial. "I hope this letter will be satisfactory to you. I am very much in sym- pathy with you, his mother. He died for a great cause; he died a man, a soldier respected and honored; he died a hero in the service of the great American army. Sincerely, W. H. STEWART, Lt. Inf., U. S. A." Fred S. Gregory, another Ohio Division employee, like- wise served along the Mexican border with the Ohio National Guard and was l,ater transferred to Camp Sheridan with the i45th Infantry, 37th Division, eventually landing in France. After a period of training at Illuod, France, his regiment was ordered to the Alsace-Lorraine, Baccarat sector, where they occupied trenches for eight weeks, moving on September 26th to a sector near Verdun. Here on September 26th they entered the Argonne Forest drive. They were located at this point until October yth, when they were removed to the St. Mihiel sector at Thiaucourt, where they held the lines until October 2oth. Once more were they moved, this time to a sector west of Thielt, Belgium, where on October jist they began another offensive. On the same day Gregory was wound- ed and taken to British Expeditionary Force Hospital No. 8. He remained there until December nth, 1918, when he was THE INFANTRY MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS 57 removed to the United States Hospital No. 37 at Dartford, Kent, England. On January 2oth, Gregory sailed for home. Upon being discharged from service he took employment with the Pitney Glass Division. From Mexico Thomas J. Molloy of the Nela Lamp Division to France was another boy who saw strenuous service. Enlisting in 1916, in the i45th Infantry, he was for a time along the Mexican border, but finally reached France, where he saw action in the following engagements: (a) Baccarat sector, August 4th to September i6th, 1918. (b) Avocourt sector, September 2ist to Septmber 25th. (c) Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 25th to Oc- tober ist. (d) St. Mihiel sector, October yth to October i6th. (e) Flanders offensive, forcing crossing of Lys and Escaut Rivers, October jist to November 4th. (f) Flanders offensive, forcing crossing of Escaut River at Lyngem, November 9th to November nth. Anthony S. Greisen of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division entered service with Company D of thej52nd Infantry, 88th Division, and was transferred April 6th, 1918, to Com- pany H, I32nd Infantry, 33rd Division. After training at Camps Dodge, Iowa, and Logan, Texas, he sailed for France. Among the engagements in which Greisen took part were the following: (a) Occupation of Vaden Line with the jrd Corps, British Expeditionary Force, June 2jrd to August 23rd, 1918. (b) Amiens sector, attack on Hamel Woods, July 4th. (c) Verdun sector, west of the Meuse, September 8th to September 25th. (d) Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to Oc- tober 2oth. (e) Offensive of Troyon-sur-Meuse sector, October 25th to November nth. The 33rd Division, to which Greisen was attached, claims to be the only Division that fought with the English, Austral- ians and French. It also served in five armies and eleven Army 58 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR corps. Greisen was one of the twelve National men with theArmy of Occupation, wintering in Luxemburg. Upon receiving his discharge from service May 26th, 1919, he returned to his former position as foreman in the Basing Department at Minnesota. Another infantryman was Edward P. Brennan of the St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division. He enlisted July 24th, 1917, and trained at Camp Doniphan and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Going across with Company L, ijSth Infantry, 35th Division, he participated for five nights and five days in the Argonne drive, besides holding lines in four other sectors at various times. He witnessed and suffered many hardships, and although engaging in several trench raids was never wounded. While active in the Vosges sector, his company had forty-two cas- ualties in one night's operations. Brennan was discharged May i2th, 1919. Among those dying while in the service was Jesse Sales Gardner of Ohio Division. He was born in Bristolville, Ohio, November i4th, 1896, and at the time of his induction, August 29th, 1918, was employed in the assistant superin- tendent's office, where he was doing clerical work. He was sent to Camp Zachary Taylor and attached to the I9th Company, 5th Training Battalion, I59th Depot Brigade. On September 28th Gardner was transferred to Battery A of the 6yth Field Artillery at Camp Knox, West Point, Ken- tucky, and a few days later was taken ill with influenza. He was brought back to Camp Taylor, October 2nd, and died five days later at the base hospital, of bronchial pneumonia. His body was interred in Oakwood Cemetery, Warren, Ohio. Leland R. Ensign, a coil bender with Ohio Division, was mustered into Headquarters Company of the 33ist Infantry, 83rd Division, at Camp Sherman, January 22nd, 1918. He arrived in France June 24th, 1918, and was sent to the vicinity of Chaumont, where the regiment was kept in reserve for four weeks. Ensign was afterwards sent to a signal school and returned to his company as a signal in- structor. Herman H. P. Marshall of the St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division entered the army September i8th, 1917. Upon reaching Camp Funston he was assigned to the 354th Infantry, 89th Division. Arriving in France, he was transferred to a trench THE INFANTRY MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS 59 mortar platoon of the i4 Ii |j }'S I 3 Hi i rlllil ^ !! ?i?l >0 i^ j 5 ^" 4 * c i |j j J* v{ 5! jj? >^? ^r V ( T s * jfl < i; iiil IK s > JC X Is* * 5 ! Hjl ^ . .V u * s g 5 m ^ T - ** s 5 t s ^ 5 a ii hi - ^5* s * Hs 2 *S I 9 i U? Mj!! ui 5 ! cS all ^ !' J> |||, 1 I > 5 b >i i . ^ ** 5 *t sH ^ i }C TT ?* I ^ > : *I! ^|n 1 $ > jon eet/t H s h } r 2 S 3 1 If 1 i! i, ^ 5? ^s ^ * 2 > l *4 s u jj 3|l | H k 5 Is, > Sj .V ' i %: * > 3fr ] > v . {'5f"s-"^ S ' ' ' m ffiiim i li IM "i' f I s I | II N !! tL i 5 ' ^ ju L irau $R ^ *sJ I 3 ft!-.- - 1 m s X 1 . * ^ I* ' : ifii tS& i88 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR These problems ranged from the design of small pieces of special plant apparatus to a complete plant lay-out such as that at Willoughby. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION SECTION This section consisted of three men, Lieut. L. R. Westbrook (in charge) and Sgts. Beckett and Hartley. The work of this section had to do with the making of chemical engineering calculations, the censoring of outgoing reports, the procurement and distribution of technical information, and the maintenance of the technical files in the Headquarters library. Due to the urgent need for speed in chemical warfare work, there was a natural tendency for those in charge of different technical investigations to report the results of these investigations in a hurried and consequently inaccurate manner. Largely through the agency of the Confidential Infor- mation Section, it was possible for the work of the Development Divi- sion to be reported clearly and accurately to other Divisions in the Service. The Headquarters officers are shown in the accompanying photograph. DEFENSE SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Preliminary In the first phases of the charcoal development work at Nela, Period the investigation was carried on by the following men loaned from the Lamp Development Laboratory, the work being under the personal supervision of Mr. Dorsey: D. C. Hughes, Walter Ibele, W. J. King and. Arthur Gather. For this work, Room 104 in Building 314 of the National Lamp Works was fitted up as a laboratory. The story of the work accomplished during this preliminary period of investigation, though highly important as to results obtained, can be told very briefly. In beginning the development of an absorbent charcoal, the first obvious step was the determination of the most suitable form of raw material. A preliminary survey of the available literature on the subject showed that whereas the ability of various charcoals to absorb gases had been utilized, namely, willow charcoal in medicinal work and cocoanut charcoal in the production of high vacuums, still no data was at hand to show the exact relationship between the relative absorptive values of charcoals obtained by carbonizing different woods. In addition, though it was known that the carbonization schedule affected the absorptive value, or activity of the re- sulting charcoal, the information available indicated only that carboniza- tion at temperatures above 650 C. gave a less active charcoal than car- bonization at lower temperatures. The first work at Nela Park, therefore, was concerned with the distillation of all the more common woods by a definite schedule, the temperature being 625 C. This work, beginning about May 15, 1917, was performed by Mr. Dale C. Hughes under the direction of Mr. Dorsey. Some 300 distillations were made, and the ab- sorptive power of the resulting products tested against chlorine gas. The direct result was the adoption of cocoanut hulls as the standard raw material for the production of absorbent charcoal. Probably no individual engaged in any of the work on carbon put more self-sacrifice and devotion into his work than did Mr. Hughes. Originally connected with the Lamp Development Laboratory of the National Lamp Works, he worked as Mr. Dorsey's right-hand assistant from May, 1917 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 189 to April 1st, 1918. Later he had complete charge of the experimental carbon plant at Toledo, Ohio. In August, 1917, when Mr. Dorsey was sent to Astoria, Mr. Hughes was placed in complete charge of all the work at Nela Park. On April ist, 1918, he was transferred to the Astoria plant, co-operating with the other men engaged in the carbon work there. About the first of June he was commissioned as First Lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps, and in July he was transferred, with the same rating, to the Chemical Warfare Service. His work from this time until February 21, 1919, when he received his discharge, consisted of further experimental work on carbon, and the application of the experimental results to carbon manufacture. In connection with the above-noted results, considerable confusion was first experienced in the matter of judging the absorptive value of a given charcoal. This value was at that time given in terms of the time re- quired for penetration by chlorine gas, but as yet the method for making the test had not been standardized. As a consequence, the absorptive effi- ciency of a given charcoal as determined at Nela Park would not check with values obtained on the same material as tested at other government stations. The Nela Park organizations, therefore, undertook the development of a standard procedure for testing charcoal on the basis of chlorine gas. This work was largely performed by Messrs. Ibele and King. A satisfactory procedure was evolved, but just at this time it became apparent that chlorine as a gas warfare weapon would soon be superseded by phosgene and chlorpi- crin. This necessitated a shift from chlorine to phosgene and chlorpicrin in the matter of testing the serviceability of experimental canister charcoal. A method evolved by the Bureau of Mines, and based upon the use of chlorpicrin as the test gas, enabled a very accurate determination to be made. However, the Bureau of Mines procedure required entirely too long a period of operation for use in a laboratory where a large number of such tests had to be made daily. This "long method" was accordingly modified by Mr. King. The resulting "accelerated method," after certain later improve- ments, was ultimately adopted in this country as the standard procedure for testing the activity of the canister charcoal. About June 30, 1917, work was begun by Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Hughes on the determination of the proper carbonization schedule for cocoanut hulls. A schedule was first evolved on a laboratory scale at Nela Park, and then the investigation was transferred to the plant of the Erie Street Gas Works, Toledo, Ohio, for large-scale experimentation. Here, through the kindness and courtesy of Mr. Henry L. Doherty, who for many years had been a highly valued friend and customer of the National Lamp Works, and the operators of the Toledo Company, a bank of unused gas retorts was loaned for the experimental work, Mr. Doherty personally assuming all the expense involved. Mr. Doherty also turned over his entire Toledo gas laboratory to Mr. Dorsey for a full week. Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Hughes spent a large part of the next six weeks in Toledo. The final schedule as worked out at Toledo became the standard carbonization practice in the production of absorbent charcoal, and was used at the Astoria Plaint through- out the course of the war. During the progress of the work at Toledo, the Research Laboratory of the National Carbon Company had developed on a laboratory and semi- 190 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR plant scale a procedure for increasing the activity, that is "activating," the charcoal coming from the ordinary qarbonization retorts. This procedure, called the "Air Activation Procedure," consisted essentially of reheating the charcoal in a current of air at 300 to 350 C., thus burning out the hydrocarbon impurities. The cocoanut charcoal obtained at Toledo was found to respond readily to this treatment. Large-scale apparatus for the continuation of this development at Nela Park was ordered, but before this apparatus was received, the demand for canister charcoal became acute. Consequently this equipment was shipped to Astoria, where the Nela Park organization assisted in the installation of the complete equipment for carbonizing cocoanut hulls and air-activating the charcoal so obtained. Assistance was also rendered in the initial operation of this plant, the first drum of activated charcoal being shipped September 24, 1917. During the installation of the Air Activation plant at Astoria, it became evident d*ue to the increase in the charcoal program that there would be a shortage of cocoanut hulls. The Nela Park Laboratory, therefore, began a search for a substitute. This work was done largely by Mr. Hughes. The initial tests were made on the basis of air-activated material. However, during the progress of this investigation, work by the National Carbon Company demonstrated the apparent advantage of superheated steam over air as the oxidizing agent in charcoal activation. The final tests on cocoanut' hull substitutes were accordingly made on the basis of steam-activated material. The result of this investigation led to the later adoption at Astoria of the "mixed" charge, mixtures of cocoanut and various fruit pit charcoals being activated together. It was just at this time that the Steam Activation procedure, as evolved by the National Carbon Company, was turned over to Mr. Dorsey for large-scale development work. At this point begins the story of the Nela Park Gas Defense Detachment. GAS DEFENSE DETACHMENT By November i, 1917, Mr. Dorsey had completed the installing at Astoria of equipment for the production of absorbent charcoal by the Air Activation process and was ready to take the new steam treating process developed by the National Carbon Company, and work out the different difficulties arising in putting it on a commercial production basis. Although Mr. Dorsey had several assistants from the National Lamp Works working under him, the development of the steam treating process demanded a much larger personnel. Major Bradley Dewey, then officer in charge of the Gas Defense Service, agreed to furnish Mr. Dorsey with the required personnel of chem- ists and engineers for carrying on the new development work, and the National Lamp Works generously agreed to pay all costs for the work done at their plant. On November 14, 1917, Sgt. T. M. Rector, later Lieutenant, arrived in Cleveland with ten men. On November I5th, Lieut. J. R. Silver, Jr., was transferred from the National Carbon Company to take charge of the new detachment. Thus begins the history of the Nela Park Gas Defense Detachment. One of the garage rooms of the National Lamp Works was taken over the morning of November i5th. Sgt. Rector was designated to plan, equip, THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 191 and organize a laboratory for the necessary chemical control work. Privates were set to work at once assisting the carpenters in partitioning off the room. Sgt. Rector went to Pittsburgh and brought back as baggage the apparatus needed. One week from the morning that the garage was taken over, the laboratory was turning out tests on charcoal. At the same time work was started on the design of the first commercial-size unit. The charcoal development work divided itself along two separate paths the development of a commercial process for manufacturing charcoal, and the development in the laboratory of control tests and research work. Due to his experience in plant work, Lieut. Silver was in direct charge of the former, and Sgt. Rector, on account of his laboratory experience, was in charge of the latter. The organization of the detachment proceeded as the work expanded and as new men arrived. When first put into operation, the laboratory had a personnel of five men, consisting of Sgt. Rector in charge, assisted by Privates John P. Cheever, L. W. Larsen, J. A. O'Calla- ghan and Andrew Carsten. When the first furnace was started, the plant organization consisted of Lieut. Silver in charge, assisted by Privates Kean, Etter, Markovitz, Uhl, Thompson and Gair. Although Major Dewey had kept his promise to Mr. Dorsey and sent him chemists and engineers, he seemed to have forgotten that such poor human beings had never been educated to War Department rules and regulations. Before many days had elapsed, unknown War Department orders began to drift in, and it was necessary to get a stenographer to keep the records, etc. For this purpose, Private Pipkin was "drafted," in spite of his protests that he was a chemist and not a stenographer. In spite of the hard work of the C. O. and Pipkin, it was necessary to send out an S. O. S. call to Washington for a real, skilled-in-paper workman. This S. O. S., for the time being, could not be answered and Pipkin continued to bear the burden of the office routine. On December jth, Sgt. Frank Dobe reported for duty, in answer to the S. O. S. above noted. From this date on, most of the burden of solving military red tape orders rested on Sgt. Dobe's shoulders and to him belongs most of the credit for the fact that the Nela Park detachment was never "in Dutch" with Washington. Men were being sent to this station daily, and as a man's ability was proven for either laboratory or plant work, he was shifted so that his ability could be best utilized. On December iyth, Pvt. Keese reported for duty, having been in- ducted into the service for his ability as a draftsman. As constant changes in the design of the furnace required a man for designing alone, Keese spent most of his time in keeping designs up to date and in drawing up proposed changes. On January i6th, Sgt. G. M. Rollason reported for duty and shortly afterward was designated to serve as Mr. Dorsey's special assistant. Much of the development work from this time on was due to suggestions of Rollason. On January 25th, Pvt. Gracey joined the detachment and, due to his previous business experience, was immediately assigned to assist in the purchasing of materials and the keeping of accounts. Gracey gradually took over all work relative to the expenditure of money and the ordering and shipping of materials. Throughout the entire first five months this station was run twenty- four hours per day, seven days a week. Men often worked seventy-two 192 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR hours straight. The work was hard and tedious, and only by the entirely unselfish efforts of each individual man was success attained. The specific object of the investigation at Nela, as before noted, was to develop, to a large-scale production basis, the steam process for the acti- vation of charcoal, as evolved by the National Carbon Company organiza- tion. This process consisted essentially in exposing charcoal, obtained by carbonizing cocoanut hulls, to steam at a temperature ranging from 850 C. to 1000 C. until the required density reduction was obtained. The average time of treating was one hour, using a steam-charcoal ratio of about one to one by weight. The problem now to be solved was a difficult one. For the sake of heat conduction, it was essential to use a metallic installation. At the same time, no furnace tube had as yet been developed with a demonstrated ability to withstand the conditions proposed. One large manufacturing concern, when approached on the subject, declared that the thing was impossible. The successful answer to this problem at Nela Park represented a real engineering feat. No attempt will be made to give a detailed account of the development of this furnace, or "Dorsey Treater" as it is called. It is a very interesting, but at the same time a very long story. This particular investigation at Nela Park began in November, 1917, and continued until November, 1918. In all, nine furnaces or units were erected and operated. It so happened, however, in February, 1918, while the Nela organization was still experi- menting with Unit Number 4, the canister charcoal situation became so acute that it was deemed inadvisable to await the development of a more perfect process. Unit No. 4 was giving fairly satisfactory results, so, in March, the Nela organization began assisting in installing at Astoria ten units of this type. The investigation was continued in Cleveland and, through the results obtained from Units Nos. 4 to 9 inclusive, certain modifications in designs and operation were evolved for the benefit of the Astoria plant. The basic principle embodied in Unit No 4, however, was never really changed. A brief description of this unit will be sufficient in an account of this nature. Unit No. 4, the unit adopted at Astoria, consisted of a vertical nichrome tube 7 feet long by 7 inches inside diameter, set in the middle of a combustion chamber of firebrick, and heated by surface combustion with natural gas. The charging device consisted of two slide valves so arranged that charcoal could be introduced into the tube without allowing the escape of gases or the access of air into the tube. Similar valves were provided for the lower or discharge end. Suction was applied to the top and bottom of the tube in order to draw off the water gas formed in the reaction. The introduction of steam in such a manner as to give the proper distribution had required considerable experimentation, and in fact in Unit No. 4 the problem of this steam distribution had by no means been solved. In Unit No. 4, however, the steam was introduced by means of two-inch pipes perforated with l^-inch holes. These pipes brought the steam into the tube in two places, one just above the hottest zone in the furnace, and the other about 18 inches to 20 inches above the first. The tube was to be filled with charcoal brought to the proper tem- perature, and the superheated steam admitted. As the finished product " 3 = d) O' Q The G-25 Absorption Apparatus which was used to determine the Absorption Value of different Forms of Charcoal Dorsey Treater Number Four, Used for the Large-Scale Steam Activation of Charcoal THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 193 was discharged below, new material was charged into the top of the furnace. This material, as it travelled down the tube, gradually heated up until it reached the upper steam zone. The partial activation received here was to be completed by the second activation treatment received when the material passed the second or hottest zone. At least thirty runs were made with this furnace, and it was found that under normal operating conditions, charging 40 pounds of charcoal per hour, an activated charcoal could be obtained having very satisfactory absorbing qualities. Certain modifications were made in the unit when installed at Astoria, but these were all of minor character, the principal design of the unit being retained. In the development of the steam activation process, Mr. Test of the Cleveland Wire Division of the National Lamp Works was loaned to Mr. Dorsey by Mr. Benbow to assist in the development of furnaces using surface combustion as a heating medium. The efficiency of the various units used in the development of activated charcoal is due to the splendid efforts of Mr. Test. As stated above, the investigation was continued at Nela Park, and other furnaces were erected. An account of the results obtained from these furnaces is given in later pages. While the development of the Dorsey Treater was progressing in the plant, the laboratory side of the investigation was being well cared for by the men to whom this duty had been assigned. When first put into operation, the personnel of the laboratory consisted of five men, with Sgt. Rector in charge. From this nucleus the laboratory force grew until, on the first of March, 1918, a total of seventeen men was on its staff. At this time Lieut. Silver, then Commanding Officer of the Detachment, was transferred to Astoria, and Sergeant Rector was commissioned ist Lieutenant, and given the position of Commanding Officer. This necessitated reorganization of the laboratory personnel. Sergeant Cheever was placed in charge of the operation of the control laboratory, and Sergeant O'Cal- laghan was given direction of the activities involved in the research work. This arrangement was in force for about two months, when it was deemed expedient to turn over all the laboratory work to Sergeant O'Callaghan, thus making Sergeant Cheever available for plant work. At the time of the organization of the Chemical Warfare Service, the laboratory had a force of twenty-six men engaged in research and control work. In connection with the development of the steam treating process, one of the first tasks facing the control laboratory was to produce a method of testing charcoal which would be quick and accurate. Mr. Dorsey's lab- oratory was using the "accelerated method," which took about one-fifteenth of the time required by the "long method." The details of this method, however, had not been as yet perfected. Under the personal direction of Sergeant O'Callaghan, the apparatus was improved and its operation rapidly standardized. The unreliability of the various methods in use at other laboratories and the apparent advantages of the Nela Park method brought it to the front when a conference was called in January for the purpose of adopting a standardized procedure for uni- versal use. The Nela Park method was adopted at this conference, and, from that time on, was used at all laboratories of the Defense Service. 194 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Later, with the development of other absorbents, it also became necessary to modify the existing procedures for testing charcoal against phosgene and arsine. In following up the plant development work, a large number of these control tests were required. In fact the control laboratory was one of the busiest spots at Nela Park. The first research work undertaken in the laboratory was to determine under what conditions one gas is replaced by another in the charcoal. This work was performed by Private Etter, who was the first man to be put on work of a purely research nature. The results obtained were interesting but never attained to any practical application. During the latter part of January, 1918, research work was started on impregnating charcoal with various compounds, the fdea being to increase its neutralizing power for such gases as arsine, cyanogen chloride, etc., which had not been used by the Germans as yet, but against which it was believed we should be prepared. No results of any importance were obtained in this respect until later in the year, as will be noted. While the charcoal impregnation work was just beginning it became quite evident that research work was being handicapped through the lack of laboratory facilities. The numerous control tests necessary for checking up the experimental steam treating furnace had been increasing in number, and the control work was practically utilizing all the floor space of the labo- ratory. So, early in February, another laboratory, to be used exclusively for research work, was built and equipped. This laboratory was completed by the end of the month and an increased impetus was thereby given to work on research problems. One of the first discoveries to come from the new laboratory was the fact that the activity of charcoal for phosgene could be enormously increased by the introduction into it, under certain conditions, of hydrated manganese dioxide. This development was due to the work of Pvt. Marvin Pipkin. It was later shown that other related metallic hydrates would perform the same function to a greater or less degree. It was also afterward shown that the efficiency of the impregnated charcoal was due to the water held and not to the hydrate itself. This led to accurate determinations of the effect of water on the absorption of gases by charcoal. Another development arising from the results on impregnation with metallic hydroxides was the discovery by Pvt. Lawrence W. Larsen, that charcoal impregnated with ammonia gas and afterwards evacuated, had its capacity for absorbing arsine enormously increased. The increase in many cases was more than one hundred per cent. This discovery would undoubtedly have gone into production but for the fact that the laboratory soon turned out an absorbent equal to "Larsenite" in arsine absorbing power and much superior to it with regard to phosgene, namely, "Ran- kinite A." In the work on Rankinite A, the research laboratory thus returned to its earlier work on impregnated charcoals. It soon became apparent that in this material the research laboratory had made a very promising dis- covery. All the men available were shifted upon the new problem. At the time of the formation of the Chemical Warfare Service, Rankinite A was being made at Nela Park in fifty-pound batches. Its later development THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 195 proved to be one of the big achievements of the Defense Section of the Development Division. However, the only thing we are allowed to divulge about Rankinite A is the fact that the name is a composition of the names of the two men largely responsible for its discovery, Pvts. Randolph and Pipkin. In addition to the independent investigational work performed in the laboratory, a great deal of co-operative work was done in connection with plant development. Both the research and control laboratories had been constantly at the disposal of the development department to work out any details as requested. A large amount of data on the flow of gases in the treater unit and of thermo-chemical data on the chemical reactions involved was the product of the research staff. Plant development and research men were continually interchanged between the two departments, whenever such changes were to the advantage of the work and to the men themselves. On March i, 1918, Lieut. Silver, who up to this time had been Com- manding Officer of the Nela Park Detachment, was transferred to Astoria, L. I., for the purpose of supervising the installation and operation of the new steam-treatment process, as then developed. Lieut. Silver's work was thereupon turned over to Lieut. Thomas M. Rector. The detachment at this time consisted of thirty-five men and two officers, divided into two approximately equal divisions, one division devoted to the plant develop- ment work, and the other to laboratory research and control work. In August, when the Nela Park Gas Defense Detachment was transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service, as the Defense Section of the Development Division, the personnel of the detachment had been increased to about eighty officers and enlisted men. At that time Lieut. Rector was transferred, and the command passed first to Captain Guy Cowan, and, a month later, to Capt. O. L. Barnebey. TRANSITION FROM GAS DEFENSE TO CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE On June 28th, Lieut. T. M. Rector left his post and duties as Command- ing Officer of the Nela Detachment to assume duties at the Long Island Laboratories of the Gas Defense Service in New York City. He was suc- ceeded in command by Lieut. J. R. Silver, Jr., who had just returned for duty in Cleveland. Lieut. Silver, however, was only technically in command of the detachment, being engaged at this time on work in the Offense Department. The actual executive duties were performed by Sgt. J. A. O'Callaghan. The detachment was just at this time in the process of re-organization, being transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service. As a result of the trans- fer, the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service was formed. Under this new organization the old Gas Defense Service Detachment became the Defense Department of the Development Division, Chemical Warfare Service. The commissioned and enlisted personnel was increased rapidly at this time. The enlisted personnel increased from 35 men in June to' 80 men in July. The commissioned personnel was increased far more in proportion. Of the original Gas Defense Detachment, the following men were com- missioned as Second Lieutenants in the Chemical Warfare Service Gracey, 196 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Dobe, Rice, O'Callaghan, Cheever and Weber. The following civilians were also commissioned as Captains O. L. Barnebey, R. G. Cowan, Edward Bering. M. B. Cheney was commissioned First Lieutenant. By the original plan of organization, Capt. Cowan was scheduled to act as commanding officer of the Department, but due to a change in plans he was transferred to the Experimental Plant. In his stead, Captain O. L. Barnebey was made commanding officer of the Defense Department, with Lieut. M. B. Cheney second in command. During this brief and somewhat unsettled period, July 1st to August ist, the organization had materially changed. When Lieut. Dobe was trans- ferred to Headquarters to act as Adjutant for the Development Division, the army paper work and personnel record suffered for a time until the duties were finally assigned to Supply Sergeant Laubenstein. When Lieut. Gracey was transferred to the Experimental Plant, the duties of purchase and procurement were taken up by Lieut. L. V. Weber. Later Lieut. Weber was transferred to the Zanesville Detachment, where he worked in connection with the operation of the Dressier Tunnel Kiln. He was succeeded in his responsibilities by Regimental Supply Sergeant H. M. Miller, assisted by Sgt. C. A. Humel. Sgt. Miller had been identified with the Defense Department for almost a year, and in that time he had acquired a thorough understanding of all business requirements of the Department, and of the more or less complicated relations of the War Section to the National Lamp Works. In the drafting room, Sgt. Keese was with the Department for over a year and a multitude of drawings bear his initials. Sgt. Krafft and Pvt. Salisbury were also identified with this work. When the Defense Department of the Development Division was definitely established on August ist, the organization was headed by Capt. O. L. Barnebey, with First Lieut. M. B. Cheney as his assistant. The work of the department was divided into separate sections for the different problems and processes being developed. These sections were in the immediate charge of various men, as is explained later in detail. However, Capt. Barnebey kept in very intimate touch with every problem in progress, and in most cases was very active in working out all the details. To do this meant that he had to be on the job every minute of the day, and some of the men would be willing to vouch that this last statement is literally true. Lieut. Cheney, right-hand man to Capt. Barnebey, was later made Commanding Officer of the Defense Detachment at the plant of the Amer- ican Encaustic Tiling Company, Zanesville, Ohio, where the Dressier Tunnel Kiln was adapted for the activation of carbon. It should be stated here that while the organization was divided into small units working on the various problems, there had at all times been the closest co-operation among the men. Any man who was especially adapted for some special problem in another department promptly lent his entire knowledge to that work. In this way the technical knowledge and man-power of the departments was always utilized to a maximum of effi- ciency. SL UARfAia SERVICE Upper Photo The 6-52 Absorption Apparatus used to determine the Absorption Value of Charcoal for various Impregnated Compounds. Lower Photo The Research Laboratory of the Defense Section, Development Division. Upper Photo The Control Laboratory which was used in the Devel- opment Work on Methods for Testing the Absorption Value of Charcoal. Lower Photo The 6-25 Testing Boards used in the Control Laboratory. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 197 RESEARCH LABORATORY Previous to the time of the organization of the Development Division, the Research Laboratory had a staff of only six or eight men and their activities were confined to laboratory problems and the work was conducted entirely on a laboratory scale. In the new organization, the method of hand- ling problems and the nature of the problems themselves were changed and the efforts were directed entirely toward commercial development. Because of the nature of these new problems above mentioned, the personnel was greatly enlarged until there was at one time a maximum of thirty men engaged in research work, Lieut. J. A. O'Callaghan being in charge. The facilities of the Research Laboratory were correspondingly increased at this time to satisfy the needs of the larger organization. The problems of the Research Laboratory were so varied that any comprehensive survey of the work done is impossible here. Several problems on which a very extended study was made deserve special mention. These problems can be summarized under the following titles: 1. The development of an impregnated charcoal suitable for the absorption of all war gases and a method for its manufacture. 2. Development of the Steam Lift Furnace for the activation of carbon. 3. A study of the effect of humidity on the activity of charcoal. 4. Development of a substitute for cocoanut charcoal for absorption purposes. 5. Possibilities of the utilization of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and mixtures of these gases as activating agents for carbon in steam treater. 6. The effect of pressure on absorptive capacity of charcoal. 7. The removal of salt from peach and apricot pit charcoal. 8. The production of briquettes for carbon fines and various binders. 9. Microscopic studies of various absorptive charcoals. 10. Special studies conducted in a small horizontal gas-fired treater (a modification of the Dressier Tunnel Kiln). The Research Laboratory was not, of course, independent of the rest of the organization in handling these problems. It enjoyed the hearty co- operation of all parts of the organization. As fast as research developed, it was adapted to plant operation. CONTROL LABORATORY The control laboratory was well equipped for the control of all plant and research operations. The analytical control laboratory was directly in charge of Lieut. J. P. Cheever, assisted by Sgt. T. C. Smith and Sgt. R. E. Selkirk. In this laboratory considerable work was done in the devel- opment of analytical methods, especially those for testing the absorptive value of charcoal. Mr. E.J. Haefeli, whose services were given by the National Lamp Works to the department for the duration of the war, aided greatly in the work of the construction of apparatus by his expert glass- blowing ability. He also materially aided the Gas Defense Plant at Astoria, L. I., by his work there. In fact, testing boards made by him were sent all 198 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR over the country. Almost all the chemists of the Department at one time or another had an opportunity to work in this laboratory. When the Zanesville Detachment was formed, Lieut. Cheever and Sgt. Smith established a model control laboratory in record time. Supervision of the Nela analytical laboratory was performed by Sgt. Selkirk until the close of the activities of the Department. PLANT ACTIVITIES In the plant itself, a large number of interesting developments were realized in connection with the activation of charcoal. Compression Based on the preliminary work performed at the Forest Retort Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis., by Dr. L. F. Hawley Development and Mr. Ernest Bateman, there was built in the Defense Department a semi-plant-size unit which was called the Hawlite Compression Retort. This unit was designed to accomplish car- bonization of wood waste which had been previously briquetted at high pressure. The carbonization was carried out at relatively low temperatures and the briquetted material which was being carbonized was subjected to pressure during the entire process of carbonization. The experimental work performed in .the Defense Department at Nela was directed by Dr. Hawley personally. He was assisted by Sgt. W. H. Watt and Sgt. A. T. Cowley. An elaborate series of experiments was performed with this unit, carbonizing briquetted material and woods of various kinds. The possibility of using this method of treatment of wood and wood waste to produce charcoal in case of shortage of other material for activation purposes, was proven to be very good. In connection with this work Mr. Bateman carried on a study of the activation of carbon by means of carbon dioxide with results analogous to those obtained at Nela Park. Dorsey Lieut. W. W. Rice was directly in charge of the later devel- Treater opment of the Dorsey Treater. Sgt. ist-Class D. W. Rose Development was his assistant in this work. Under Lieut. Rice's direction, there were constructed five Treater Units (Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) in an effort to improve the Dorsey Treater as developed by the Gas Defense Detachment, from a standpoint of durability, ease of operation and quality of product. With Unit No. 5, a composition graphite tube was used in an effort to replace the more expensive nichrome. The use of this type of tube was abandoned by reason of its low heat conductivity. Unit No. 6 was another nichrome furnace. This furnace was run at a higher operating temperature in an effort to secure a higher quality of product. A better quality product was obtained but the temperature was so intense that the life of the in- stallation was limited to a few days of continuous operation. Unit No. 7 was the first unit to be entirely free from gas pockets and the various troubles arising from them. This unit marked the first real step toward the elimination of the operating difficulties that were experienced in all previous installations. However, this was done at the expense of the The Dorsey Treater Number Nine the Latest Type of Vertical Steam Activator Developed at Nela Park Upper Photo The small Experimental Electric Furnace Developed for the Steam Activation of Charcoal. Lower Photo Wedge Furnace No. i, which was the first Horizontal Activator Developed. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 199 chlorpicrin activity of the material produced. The relatively low chlorpicrin activity of the material produced in this unit was found to be due to the very uneven vertical temperature distribution, caused by the withdrawal of all the gases incidental to the process of reaction from the bottom of the furnace. In Units Nos. 8 and 9 progress was made in the further elimination of the operating difficulties, in the improvement in the vertical temperature distribution and subsequent increase in the chlorpicrin activity of the product. Unit No. 9 represented the very latest type of vertical steam acti- vator developed at Nela Park. It was nearly free from all mechanical defects, as well as from operating difficulties. It was the opinion of this department that this unit represented the best that was obtainable with this particular type of steam activator. The Dorsey Treater had been a pet of the Defense Department. There was never a time in the life of this department when there was not a treater of this type either in construction, operation or in the process of being dismantled. Electric The work of developing an electric furnace suitable for the Furnace activation of charcoal was in charge of Lieut. Wm. D. Van Development Arnam. Lieut. Van Arnam came to the Defense Department from Midland, Mich., where he had been stationed as a civilian doing experimental work in connection with mustard gas manu- facture. He was commissioned just before his arrival at Nela Park. He was assisted in this work by Master Engineer Atwell, Sergeant R. G. Lafean and Sergeant C. A. Teeple. The problem of developing a satisfactory electric furnace for the acti- vation of charcoal was one of the most difficult experimental processes that the organization encountered. The work was in reality a pioneer investigation and was undertaken to find out if the carbon activating process could be more rapidly brought about at a temperature of 1500 to 1600 C. The advantage of an electric furnace over the ordinary furnace for heating any kind of material lies in the higher temperature that it is possible to obtain with such an installation. In attempting to fulfill the temperature requirements, much difficulty was encountered in securing suitable refractory material. Charcoal offered a very high resistance to the passage of the electric current and required a large power input which necessitated the installation of special electrical equipment, i. e., switches, transformers, bus-bars, etc. It was necessary to conduct an extensive experimental study to establish the adaptability of commercially obtainable, suitable refractories. An extended study of the varying resistance of various types of charcoal had to be made also. Several units were erected for the activation of charcoal. The experimental results obtained seemed to prove quite conclusively that the high temperatures were not desirable for the activation of carbon, and hence no adaptation of the electrical resistance principle was employed on a commercial production basis. 2oo THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Wedge The development of the Wedge Furnace design was directed Furnace by Mr. Utley Wedge, Consulting Engineer from Philadelphia, Development Pa., in co-operation with the Department. Part of this work was performed at Nela Park and part at Philadelphia. Mr. Wedge, a furnace man of wide experience, was assisted throughout all the work by Sgt. ist-Class W. G. Randolph. In the performance of the original work, much credit is also due to the careful working out of detail by Sgt. Andrew Kars.ten, Pvt. R. K. Carleton and Sgt. James Burns. All the carbon activation experience of the department was available for this work and the facilities were utilized until the completion of the first design. Under Mr. Wedge's direction, a small unit known as Wedge Furnace No. i was erected. This installation was a departure from any carbon activator then in use. The purpose of this work was to find out if carbon while flowing mechanically over a series of hearths could be activated by steam in the presence of the furnace gases. Inasmuch as the hearths in this furnace were horizontal, a rabble system was used to give movement to the charcoal charge. To work out the data on flow of carbon over inclined hearths, suitable hearths of wood and ceramic construction were erected and the necessary data on angle of inclination and control of movement was obtained. After the completion of the experimental work, Mr. Wedge, accom- panied by Sgt. Randolph, returned to Philadelphia, where they continued and completed the work of the design of a furnace of the Scott type. In this type of furnace the flue gases are used to carry heat into the furnace In the activation of carbon, the flue gases furnish the carbon dioxide and some of the necessary steam for the process. The remainder of the steam is introduced as such. At the time of the signing of the armistice, the furnace design had been accepted and contracts were pending for the materials for the construction of the Wedge Furnace at the National Carbon Company, Cleveland, Ohio. DEVELOPMENT OF DRESSLER TUNNEL KILN At the completion of the experimental work applied to the Wedge design of the Scott type of furnace, the work of activation of uniform layers of various carbon materials was started. This work was carried out on a very thorough and elaborate scale. The work was pioneer in that it relied upon the penetration of the re-active gases into the varying depths of charcoal in even uniform layers. This method of activating charcoal utilizes a low temperature and prolonged time, thus giving small loss and maximum activation. The preliminary work and subsequent investigational work added greatly to carbon activation problems. The theory and practice of this development were entirely new and the Dressier Tunnel Kiln was the first commercial application of the same. The work required very careful control of operating conditions, es- pecially as regarded temperature. The original Wedge furnace in which this work was started was poorly adapted to this study. It was used for some time inasmuch as it was already erected, but was later discarded and a special furnace constructed for the purpose. This work progressed rapidly and the final application to the Tunnel Kiln type furnace was made with the Dressier Kiln, available at Zanesville, Ohio. This furnace was made available through the kindness of the American The Charge End of the Tunnel Kiln Type of Furnace. An empty and a loaded truck are seen in the left foreground The Tunnel Kiln Furnace Shifts Unloading Respirator Carbon, Filling and Striking Trays and loading Crude Carbon The Nela Camp Dining Room. It was equipped as a temporary hospital for the Defense Section during the Influenza Epidemic The Personnel of the Defense Section, Development Division THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 201 Encaustic Tiling Company, of which Mr. H. D. Lillibridge was manager. The Defense Department was indebted particularly to Mr. Lillibridge, Mr. F. K. Pentz, Mr. Wm. McCoy and Mr. J. G. Whitmer of the American Encaustic Tiling Company for the courtesies and technical information received from them. A detachment of about seventy men was formed at Zanesville with Lieut. Cheney as Commanding Officer, assisted by Lieuts. Weber and Cheever. Experimental work was carried on for about two months, to work out the necessary mechanical details required for successful activation. The kiln as a carbon activation plant was successful. This process is unques- tionably the best developed for the activation of carbon during the war. It may be said of this process that the only matter of regret is the fact that it was not discovered until the urgent need for activated carbon was over. The kiln had a great advantage in being equally suited for activation of all classes of carbon material. The activation secured, being in all cases almost the maximum obtainable, was secured in a single treatment of the material and without excessive loss. In connection with this adaptation there were many difficult problems involving a great deal of hard, mechanical work. Steam As a final development in the experimental work on the Lift activation of charcoal by the air or steam lift principle, a Furnace plant-size steam lift furnace was constructed in the Defense Department. The design adopted was the outcome of pre- vious work by the Research Laboratory, and was made by Master Engineer L. W. Larsen. Capt. Hering and Sgt. Watt had charge of the construction of the unit. Operation of the unit was successful and, with slight modifications in design, it was recommended for the production of a large amount of good quality material at a minimum expense for installation and operation. Vertical As has been said under the account of the Research Labora- Treaters tor y> a number of small vertical treater units were erected in the Defense Department for the study of the relative value of different gases as activating agents. These vertical treater units were essentially small-size Dorsey Treaters. ist-Sgt. J. G. Williamson de- signed, erected, and was in charge of operation of two gas-fired units of this type, and Pvt. ist-Class N. P. Uhl constructed a number of small electrically heated units of this type. From the operation of these units, much valuable data was obtained on the use of steam, carbon dioxide, and mixtures of steam and carbon dioxide as activating agents. Many small-scale experimental runs were also made to test the efficiency of the Dorsey Treater for the activation of pro- posed Dorsite substitutes, and for the manufacture of Rankinite "A." Distillation For the carbonizing of raw material, a gas-fired distillation Retort retort was erected on a semi-plant scale. ist-Sgt. Williamson designed, constructed and operated the unit. Many different kinds of wood and nuts proposed as substitutes for cocoanut hulls were 2O2 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR carbonized in the retort, the charcoal so produced being subsequently activated in the small vertical treater units. Records and The many kinds of experimental investigations which were Reports conducted simultaneously in the Defense Department re- quired a large amount of work on the keeping of records, the collecting and systematizing of experimental data, and the writing of reports on the work done. By far the greatest part of this work was done by Sgt. L. C. Lamb. As the work increased in volume, Sgt. L. H. Hauth was added to the report department, and later Reg. Sgt.-Major P. Learoyd was recruited from the Research Laboratory. Plant Con- In the earliest stages of the department, all the men having struction construction capabilities were identified with plant con- struction work. In fact this relationship of construction was never completely divorced from the work at any time. Prominently identified with the supervision of construction appear the names of Lieut. Rice and Sgt. Forrer, who were for several months connected with erection work of large-scale units in the Defense Department. Sgt. Watt was the man who handled the later construction work for the Defense Department. AKRON DETACHMENT To assist Major Pierce in the development of the latest form of gas mask, known as the "Pierce Mask," a small detachment of men from the Defense Department was established in Akron, Ohio, at the plant of the Goodrich Rubber Company. The detachment consisted of Lieut. T. M. Rector, Sgt. Roland Etter and Pvt. Proser. Various phases of gas mask construction were studied, and the work successfully resulted in one of the best masks developed during the war. HONOR ROLL OF DEFENSE SECTION Private J. L. Jordan. Died October 15, 1918, from Influenza. Private E. E. Washburn. Died October 16, 1918, from Influenza. Private E. M. Anderson. Died October 20, 1918, from Influenza. Private John Schwartz. Died October 22, 1918, from Influenza. Private C. E. Cooper. Died December 8, 1918, from Influenza. To the men who worked with them, lived with them and knew them for what they were, their deaths were indeed a loss, a source of deep sorrow and of sincere regret. At the time of the influenza epidemic, a hospital was improvised on the Nela Camp grounds, Nela Park, for the care of the men of the Chemical Warfare Service. It is at least a source of satisfaction to know that every- thing possible was done for the men of the detachment who were afflicted with this insidious disease, and that all received the best that intelligent nursing and efficient medical attention could produce. The Tray Production Crew, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. The Material Handling Crew, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. The Zanesville Detachment, Development Division, Zanesville, Ohio. Shift Number One Furnace and Control Laboratory, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. Shift Number Two Furnace and Control Laboratory, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. i I JLt Hfi A ff * k x H ff II M Shift Number Three Furnace and Control Laboratory, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. OFFENSE SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION EARLY PRODUCTION OF MUSTARD GAS On pages 16710 170 we have briefly outlined the introduction of mustard gas into modern warfare by the Germans at Ypres, July 20, 1917. It is the purpose of the following discussion to give, in some detail, the general nature and properties of the gas itself, and the various problems and in- cidents connected with its development and production. Mustard gas, or dichlorethyl sulphide, when pure is a water-white liquid boiling at 219 C. It was first prepared in 1886 by the German chemist Victor Meyer, who recorded its peculiar toxic properties. However, dichlo- rethyl sulphide had been generally regarded solely as a chemical curiosity, until the time when it appeared on the battlefields in Flanders. Nobody in the allied countries had ever attempted to produce the stuff in any quantity and, on examination, the procedure used by Meyer, namely the chlorhydrin procedure, proved to be very unsatisfactory for large-scale production. In addition, the development of a satisfactory generator for producing ethylene gas had proved to be a stumbling block. It was as late as February, 1918, before Professor Pope in England reported the synthesis of this compound by the absorption of ethylene gas in sulphur monochloride. Strangely enough, the British cablegram anticipated by just two days the discovery of the same reaction at the American University in Washington. The American University immediately put an entire laboratory on the problem, and by the middle of March a procedure had been indicated on a laboratory scale for the manufacture of this material, using sulphur monochloride and ethylene gas as the raw materials. To develop this procedure, an experimental plant, shown in the accompanying photograph, was established March 12, 1918, in Cleveland, Ohio, at East ijist Street and Taft Ave. The plant taken over for this work, formerly the property of the Great Lakes Refining Company, consisted of a small, brick, two-story office building connected with a large single- story structure suitable for plant operations. This property, valued at $90,000, was located about six miles from the Cleveland Public Square, being adjacent to the Chandler Motor Company, the H. J. Walker Company and the Willard Storage Battery Company. The district was rather congested for the handling of a toxic material like mustard, and unusual caution had to be exerted at all times to avoid "gassing the neighbors." In spite of this handicap, no serious trouble was experienced, and in general but few outsiders were ever aware of the nature of the work being done at the East ijist Street post. The first commanding officer was Captain B. B. Wright, and the initial personnel consisted of seven officers and twenty-eight men, loaned from the Edgewood Arsenal. No time was lost in putting the plant in shape for experimental work. The second-story room was quickly converted into a control and research laboratory, being furnished with ten well-ventilated hoods and all the equipment necessary for a modern laboratory. This laboratory was placed in charge of Lieutenant W. A. Felsing (later Captain). Upon Lieutenant 204 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Felsing's transfer to Edgewood in July, Lieutenant R. A. Wilkins was placed in charge of the laboratory. In the plant itself, rapid progress was made in installing the experi- mental production apparatus. Sergeant G. L. Rollason (later Captain) was in charge of the ethylene generators. Lieutenant W. D. Marshall directed the work on the mustard reactor. Lieutenant R. Penfield had general super- vision of the design and construction work. Dr. Charles S. Venable (later Captain) was loaned by the American University to personally interpret the results on mustard production obtained on a laboratory scale in Wash- ington. In a similar manner, Dr. F. K. Bezzenberger (later Captain) aided in the ethylene investigation. The quick assembly of the materials required for plant and laboratory was only made possible through the generous co-operation of various Cleve- land manufacturing concerns. The attitude of these concerns toward the Development Division throughout the course of the war was, "If we have it, come and get it; if we haven't it, we will get it for you." On April 2, 1918, the first run was made on the ethylene generator, and on April 26th Lieutenant Marshall with his "crew" started using this ethylene to make mustard. These operations will be discussed in more detail later. The personnel at this post was increased as the work expanded, the men being as a rule obtained from the different cantonments, where selection was made according to qualifications as registered on the service cards of the men. The following table gives the average number present at the post during each month from April, 1918 to February, 1919: March, 1918, 35; April, 1918, 50; May, 1918, 70; June, 1918, 80; July, 1918, 85; August, 1918, 1 60; September, 1918, 145; October, 1918, 140; November, 1918, 156; December, 1918, 55; and January, 1919, 25. Transfers were constantly being made to Willoughby, Nela Park and Edgewood, a total of 293 men actually being enrolled at the post. To assist Captain Wright, the first commanding officer, Sergeant G. M. Rollason, was appointed assistant technical director. Sergeant Rollason was commissioned Captain in July, and sent abroad on liaison work. On August ist, Captain Wright was transferred to Headquarters and Major L. J. Willien was placed in command, as superintendent, with Captain F. K. Bezzenberger acting as assistant superintendent. This arrangement continued until January, 1919, when the station was abandoned. The staff on November ist was as follows: Major L. J. Willien, Commanding Officer; Captain F. K. Bezzenberger, Captain J. F. Brewster, Captain J. R. Silver, Jr., Captain C. S. Venable, First Lieutenant W. M. Eaton, Second Lieutenant Howard Sotzen (see page 53), Second Lieutenant R. A. Wilkins; Civilian Mr. William Green. Since this plant was producing mustard only in quantities sufficient for experimental purposes, it was necessary continuously to transmit the results obtained to the Edgewood Arsenal, the Hastings-on-Hudson plant, the National Aniline and Chemical Company plant at Buffalo, and the Dow Chemical Company at Midland, Michigan, where mustard was to be made. During the operation of the Cleveland plant, investigations were also begun on the development of superpalite and magnesium arsenide, but both of these investigations were stopped 'by the War Department THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 205 before final development stages were attained. When the armistice was signed, the entire plant was being turned over to the development of the production of another gas. The main result attained by the Offense Section, therefore, was the development of mustard gas. The fundamental reaction involved in the production of mustard gas is that taking place between ethylene gas and sulphur monochloride. Sulphur monochloride was found available on the market in large quantities. The development problem, therefore, was concerned with (i) The commercial production of ethylene; (2) the development of suitable apparatus and plant procedure for absorption of this ethylene gas in sulphur monochloride; (3) the purification, if found necessary, of the product. As regards the production of ethylene, the process as finally evolved consisted essentially of introducing mixtures of alcohol vapor and steam, in the ratio of one to one by weight, into an eight-inch iron tube with a three-inch core, in contact with clay at 500 to 600 C. The gaseous products were removed through a water-cooled surface condenser. The generator tube was provided with a double system of cock valves, by which the cata- lyst in the tube could be replaced in a semi-continuous fashion. The accom- panying perspective drawing shows the complete ethylene installation. The introduction of steam along with the alcohol represents a distinct development accomplished by this laboratory, the steam rendering temper- ature control more uniform and accordingly giving a single unit greater capacity of a higher grade product. The tests on this unit were completed in the early part of May, 1918, the furnace having a demonstrated capacity of 400 cubic feet per hour of ethylene of between 92% and 95% purity, with a conversion efficiency (alcohol to ethylene) of about 85%. Forty units of this type, an installation capable of producing in twenty-four hours sufficient ethylene to make forty tons of mustard, were assembled and sent to Edgewood, where they were operated successfully until after the signing of the armistice. As the prototype of the ethylene generators at Edgewood, the Cleveland unit, therefore, fully justified itself and no vertical kaolin generator has, up to this writing, been used on a commercial scale which has bettered the results obtained by this type of generator. Five gasometers of a combined capacity of 800 cu. ft. were installed behind the plant for ethylene storage. These tanks were never empty from April 2nd to November 11, 1918. The 60 C. procedure first used in the production of mustard gas consisted essentially in introducing dry ethylene gas into sulphur mono- chloride until further absorption ceases. Rapid agitation of the liquid is essential; the reaction, is exothermic; and the reaction temperature must be kept between 55 C. and 60 C. The rate of absorption was found to in- crease with the concentration of mustard produced. The reaction should produce one molecule dichlorethyl sulphide plus one molecule free sulphur per molecule monochloride used. Under the above conditions, about one-half this sulphur reacted with the dichlorethyl sulphide to give polysulphides soluble in the mustard liquor. The remaining half of this sulphur, amounting to about 8% by weight of the crude product, separated out on standing, or separated out immediately if the product was treated with moist ammonia gas. The clear supernatant liquor was to be sent to the shell-filling plants. The attempt, on April 26th, 1918, at the first semi-plant-scale operation, was exciting but was not a complete success. About fifty pounds of good 2o6 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR mustard were produced but the reactor proved to have insufficient cooling capacity to warrant its further use. Accordingly a second reactor of the standard nitrator type, equipped for mechanical agitation, was constructed and successfully operated. This reactor had a capacity of seventy-five pounds of product. A filtros plug reactor, designed at the American Uni- versity and having a capacity of 350 pounds of product, was also operated at this laboratory. As a result of these investigations, four one-ton reactors of the mechan- ically agitated type were designed, assembled and sent to Edgewood where they were later operated by the Edgewood staff. On June 1st, Lieutenant Marshall and a number of his men were transferred to Edgewood to assist in the production of mustard gas at that station. MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CARE Every care was taken to preserve the health of the men. About the middle of April, a room in the main office was set apart as a dispensary, and on May 1st Dr. M. J. Brickman of Cleveland was appointed contract surgeon and took charge of all the medical work at this post. At the time of his appointment, Dr. Brickman arranged with Dr. Wm. G. Zantiny to assist with the work, each visiting the laboratory on alternate days. Such an arrangement continued until August 27, 1918, when Dr. Zantiny was employed as contract surgeon for the Defense Laboratory, Nela Park. Assisting these doctors, Sergeants L. D. Emery and Clarence A. Elden tied up fingers, anointed burns, and ministered as necessary to the needs of those suffering minor injuries. The general health of the men was exceptionally good, except for those affected with mustard gas and the epidemic of influenza. One serious accident only is on record, that of Private Julius M. Blum, who was killed in an automobile accident. Much bronchitis and conjunctivitis resulted from exposure to the low concentrations of mustard gas usually found in the mustard rooms, but few lasting or serious effects have been noted. Erythema or rash resulting from this situation also gave no serious results, but the effect was irritating and uncomfortable. The larger number of casualties was due to skin burns obtained from actual contact with the liquid. For the treatment of the most serious of these cases, by authority of an order from the Medical Department, Chemical Warfare Service, arrangements were made with the U. S. Marine Hospital by which a majority of such cases were treated at this hospital. In connection with the mustard burns, it may be interesting to give a few statistics. Of the 293 men employed at the East 13151 Street station, 183 in the course of their work might have possibly come in contact with mustard gas; 92 men, or 50% of those exposed, were burned; 31 men, or 33% of those burned, were treated in the hospital. In at least three cases, the man was in the hospital for three months. The accompanying photo- graph shows a case of a bad hand burn. PURIFYING THE "MUSTARD" With regard to the purification of the product, until the information came through on the 30 C. procedure, the 60 C. procedure had been ac- cepted in this country as most suitable. The problem of sulphur precipitation Upper Photo A Bad Hand Burn Caused by Accidental Contact with Mustard Gas. Lower Photo The Control and Research Laboratory of the Offense Section, Development Division. The Dorsey Ethylene Furnace, which was used for Large-Scale Production of Ethylene THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 207 was the greatest bar to its success from an operating point of view and also from the point of view of the shell-filling plants. In addition, it was desired to fill the shell with material as nearly 100% dichlorethyl sulphide as possible. For these reasons, experiments were undertaken, very shortly after the establishment of a successful absorber, on the purification of the crude material. Here again the line of investigation was a duplicate of laboratory procedure in this case a vacuum distillation. Two more rooms were partitioned off for this work. In the first room, under the direction of Mr. William Green of the Bureau of Mines, exper- imental work was performed on an enamel-lined pot still, aluminum flash still, iron flash still, and distillation by means of air at atmospheric pressure in a lead-lined dephlegmating column. In the second room, under the direc- tion of Captain Silver, experimental work was performed on the iron flash still. The result of all this work led to the adoption of the iron flash still as being the most satisfactory. The still consisted essentially of a set of parallel steam-jacketed iron pipes two inches in diameter and ten feet long, inclined at an angle of 30 with the horizontal. Crude mustard flowing down this tube was vaporized; the vapors entered an upright steam-jacketed foaming chamber, and thence were drawn over into a condenser. The residue dropped from the bottom of the foaming chamber into a suitable container. The whole system was kept under an absolute pressure of about one inch of mercury. The capacity of this still was demonstrated to be about one ton con- densate per tube per 24 hours, the condensate being 92% to 94% mustard, and approximately a 5% loss of the mustard in the original crude was suffered in the process. Due to the development of the 30 C. or "British" procedure, where a product was obtained in which the sulphur is held in solution and accord- ingly presents but slight operating and shell-filling difficulties, the method of purification by the flash still procedure was never put into practice at any of the large-scale plants. This distillation work proved to be the most hazardous of all the work in connection with mustard gas. It was necessary to deal with mustard at temperatures about 100 C.; the apparatus was complicated, and numerous changes in the various experimental installations required the handling of contaminated parts. Accordingly, many casualties were incurred among the personnel involved. During the latter part of August, the plant was engaged chiefly in work connected with the purification of mustard. The only procedure then in use (60 C. procedure) had by this time been fully developed and placed in operation at Edgewood. Although the Offense Section was experimenting with an installation for the continuous preparation of mustard by this procedure, it was not felt that this installation would prove to be practical. This feeling was later justified. At this time the information came through from the British on the 30 C., or so-called Levinstein procedure, then in actual practice in England. The British scheme involved the use of coke impregnated with phosphoric acid as a catalyst in the production of ethylene and 30 C. reaction temper- ature in the production of mustard. The Offense Section immediately trans- 2o8 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR ferred the major part of its activities to an investigation of the British procedure. Captain Bezzenberger was placed in charge of the phase of this inves- tigation dealing with the production of ethylene, his chief assistants being Sergeant J. A. Kelley, Sergeant T. P. Kelly, and Corporal A. H. Hirschauer. Pots and drying ovens were installed and several tons of impregnated coke were prepared. The procedure using this catalyst was practically the same as that in which kaolin was used, with the exceptions that none of the steam was introduced with alcohol, and that the temperature required was 350 C. in place of 500 C. Attempts to use the new catalyst in the Dorsey furnaces failed. After numerous experiments, a furnace was designed and built that was capable of giving 2000 cubic feet per hour of ethylene 98% to 99% pure. Inasmuch as the kaolin type installation at Edgewood had proved satisfactory, no large-scale application of the phosphoric coke procedure for manufacturing ethylene was made at any of the American plants. Captain Venable had general supervision over that phase of the inves- tigation dealing with the production of mustard gas. His chief assistants were Sergeant G. H. Porter and Mr. C. H. Bellinger. The 30 C. procedure consisted essentially in bringing together sulphur monochloride and very pure ethylene gas, in the presence of crude mustard liquor as a solvent, at a temperature ranging between 30 C. and 35 C. A supply of un-reacted monochloride was constantly maintained in the reacting liquid until a sufficient sized batch was built up. Then the mono- chloride feed was discontinued and the ethylene feed continued until further absorption ceases. The great advantage of this procedure lies in the complete sulphur "hold-up" obtained when the reaction takes place at 30 C. Apparently the sulphur remains in colloidal solution. By controlling the ratio of un- combined monochloride to mustard according to a predetermined schedule, the reaction velocity is so increased that the lower temperature may be used. The obvious disadvantage is the refrigeration required. A satisfactory operating procedure was worked out in every detail and the information, as fast as evolved, transmitted to Edgewood, where plant units were in process of installation. The 30 C. procedure was being universally adopted when the armistice was signed. By the latter part of October, 1918, the work on mustard was finished and the entire plant and laboratory were being switched over to the devel- opment of a new gas. Before this work was well under way, the news came of the signing of the armistice. On November I2th, the order was issued to dismantle the whole plant and discharge the men as rapidly as conven- ient. INFLUENZA'S TOLL IN THE OFFENSE SECTION The week following the celebration of the signing of the armistice, the influenza epidemic became prevalent again. During the first wave of this epidemic, beginning October 5, 1918, 15% of the men had contracted the disease. However, no pneumonia had developed and no deaths had been recorded. The second wave, however, gave much more serious results. 33% of the men were affected, 13 cases of pneumonia developed, and nine deaths THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 209 resulted. An order had been issued from Nela Park directing that all cases of influenza requiring hospital attention be sent to Mt. Sinai, St. Luke's, Charity, and City Hospitals, each of which had offered to take care of nine men. Thanks are particularly due to each individual hospital for the care and attention given to our men during this period. The names of those who succumbed to the disease are here recorded: HONOR ROLL OF OFFENSE SECTION First Lieutenant W. M. Eaton. Second Lieutenant G. L. Royce. Sergeant C. C. Ringler. Corporal Yaro Klepel. Private D. V. Kelly. Private C. H. Tudor. Private S. H. Rine. Private C. W. Van Houten. Private F. Korrumpf. These men died in the performance of their duty as soldiers in the army of the United States. We honor their memory. From the period November 13, 1918, to February i, 1919, the plant was in process of being dismantled. All apparatus was taken down. This apparatus, together with supplies and material on hand, was later shipped to Willoughby. The men, as fast as they could be spared, received their discharges. On March ist, all were gone and the plant was returned to its original owners in pretty much the same condition in which it was received March 12, 1918. MIDLAND SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION On February 27, 1918, a station of the Bureau of Mines was established at the plant of the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, for the purpose of developing a process for the manufacture of mustard gas. The Dow plant is one of the largest plants in the United States manufacturing chemicals only. The brine wells at Midland run unusually high in bromine constituents, and accordingly the activities of the plant are chiefly con- cerned with the production of chemicals involving bromine and chlorine. For instance, the plant produces large quantities of sulphur chloride, one of the raw materials used in the manufacture of mustard gas. Mr. Herbert Dow, President of the Dow Chemical Company, generously offered the facilities of the plant in furthering the manufacture of mustard. Dr. A. W. Smith, of the Bureau of Mines, directed the work at this station. In addition, the technical staff of the company showed a willing spirit of co-operation. Mr. Thomas Griswold, Jr., Chief Mechanical Engineer, and Mr. E. O. Barstow, Chief Chemical Engineer, in particular rendered material aid throughout the course of the work. The initial work at Midland, mainly laboratory experimentation, was carried out by Dr. Smith with the assistance of Mr. Ivan Harlowe, Mr. C. G. Smith, and several other men loaned by the Dow Chemical Company. In early March, 1918, the Bureau of Mines, in answer to a call for assistants, sent the following men to aid in this work: W. D. Van Arnam and Edward Hobson, both later commissioned second lieutenants, C. W. S., 2io THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Messrs. Kinzie and Max Y. Seaton. On May I5th, Lieut. Wadsworth arrived with a detachment of enlisted men transferred from Hastings-on-Hudson. On May 2Oth, enough additional enlisted men were received through Amer- ican University to bring the total Midland enlisted personnel up to twenty- five. Midland was only a small town, and at that time was very crowded due to the wartime activities of the Dow plant. Upon the arrival of the soldiers, a house-to-house canvass was made in the search for rooms. Through the courteous response of the people of the town, a lodging for each soldier was provided. For their meals, the soldiers ran their own canteen in the parish-house of the Episcopal church. A rest room, equipped with victrola, books, periodicals, etc., was provided for the men by the Dow Company and the citizens of the town. The new arrivals lost little time in getting' on the job. A number of them, especially the Hastings detachment, were already slightly familiar with mustard. The rest were quickly initiated under the tutelage of the more experienced Dow Company and Bureau of Mines operators. Large-scale construction and experimentation were just beginning and there was room for all. They worked hard, did those men at Midland. They felt more or less isolated from the rest of the world, due to the location of the town, but they also felt the importance of their task, an importance measured by the need for mustard and the really wonderful facilities available at the Dow plant for the production of this, the "king of war gases." Their work was hazardous and many were injured, but the complaints were few. Two serious accidents were experienced among the enlisted men. On May 3oth, Private Linn suffered a fracture of the skull when struck by a falling timber. He was sent to the Mercy Hospital, Bay City, and subsequently furloughed home. On June 26th, a much more serious accident occurred. A leak developed in the large "tumble barrel" reactor, which necessitated certain repairs within the tumbler. The seven men engaged in this repair work were severely burned from mustard fumes. The result was fatal for two, Pvt. W. M. Hayward dying July 8th and Pvt. J. H. Speishandler July 22nd. Of the others injured, four of the more serious cases, Pvts. Mclntyre, WickofF, Mendelsohn and Huntoon were carried on July 3 ist by motor to the Base Hospital, Camp Custer, Michigan. On May 3Oth, 1918, Lieut. Wadsworth, the original Commanding Officer at Midland, was transferred to Edgewood. Lieut. Thorp then be- came Commanding Officer, serving in that capacity until the wartime activi- ties at Midland were discontinued. In August, as previously mentioned, with the formation of the Chem- ical Warfare Service, the Midland station became the Midland Section of the Development Division, with Colonel Dorsey as Chief. The actual supervision of the work, however, was maintained by Dr. Smith. Under this arrangement the work at Midland proceeded, and by August 2oth an entire plant for the production of mustard had been developed and operated successfully on a five-ton-unit plant scale. It had been originally proposed that, should the development work at Midland prove successful, the plant of the Dow Chemical Company should assume actual production on a scale of forty tons per day. However, in August, the War Department ordered the work at Midland discontinued. The enlisted men were trans- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 211 ferred August 2oth to Cleveland, and by October ist the investigation of mustard at Midland had ceased. The experimental work at Midland wa,s mainly concerned with the design and construction of large-scale apparatus for the production of mustard gas, using procedures evolved on a laboratory scale at other stations, com- paratively little laboratory research work itself being done at Midland. At the time the Midland post was established, work was being con- ducted on a laboratory scale at the American University by which two procedures had been indicated for the production of mustard. The one on which the greatest progress had been accomplished was the so-called "chlor- hydrin" procedure. Accordingly, the first work done at the Midland plant was an attempt to develop the chlorhydrin procedure to a point where it could be put on a production basis. The procedure involves the production of chlorhydrin by the action of ethylene on the chlorine in water solution. The chlorhydrin solution so formed is concentrated, treated with sodium sulphide to produce thio- diglycol, and the thiodiglycol converted to mustard or dichlorethyl sul- phide by the action of concentrated hydrochloric acid. A month or so later, when work at other stations had established the practicability of the monochloride procedure, the inherent advantages of the relatively simple monochloride procedure over the complicated and costly chlorhydrin procedure led the Midland Detachment to center its efforts upon the development of the former. However, due to the extent to which the chlorhydrin procedure had been developed, and to meet the eventuality of having to fall back upon it for the manufacture of mustard, this work was not entirely abandoned. As a result, a chlorhydrin procedure was finally evolved and, as operated on a semi-large-scale basis, gave decided promise. Several improvements suggested were never put into effect, and on the whole the investigation must at best be considered as incomplete. Of the two sulphur monochloride processes finally used for the produc- tion of mustard in this country, the first, or the 60 C. procedure, was the only one investigated at Midland. The fundamental reaction involved in the production of mustard by this procedure, is that taking place between ethylene gas and sulphur monochloride. Sulphur monochloride was already available in large quantities at the Dow Plant. The commercial problem, therefore, was concerned with (1) Commercial production of ethylene; (2) Suitable apparatus and plant procedure for absorption of this ethylene gas in sulphur monochloride; (3) Purification, if found necessary, of the product. As regards the commercial production of ethylene, all the experimental generators installed at the Dow plant entailed the same principle, i. e., the dehydration of ethyl alcohol by the catalytic action of kaolin at a temperature ranging from 450 C. to 575 C. In connection with the mustard program in- tended for the plant, the installation desired was one capable of producing 403,000 cubic feet ethylene per day. Ease of operation and a maximum efficiency as regards the conversion of alcohol to ethylene were essential. Among the earlier generators tried were the electric furnace, rotary kiln 212 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR generator, Dorsey furnace, and the multiple tube furnace. This earlier work was largely directed by Mr. Harlowe and Mr. Smith. The final installation was designed and operated by Mr. Morrison of the Dow Chemical Company and was known as the Morrison Generator. This generator used iron boxes 6^2 feet long by 5 feet high by 2^2 inches wide, as kaolin containers. Sixteen of these boxes were arranged in a suitable furnace fired with oil burners. The capacity of such a generator was demon- strated to be 8000 cubic feet per hour, of ethylene of an average purity of 94%, with alcohol-to-ethylene conversion of 92%. The kaolin gradually loses its value as a catalyst because of the depo- sition of carbon resulting from the decomposition of alcohol. It was found that this carbon could be removed by oxidation and the activity of the cata- lyst restored. The most successful furnace used for clay regeneration was of the oil-fired reverberatory type. This furnace had a capacity of 1000 to 1500 pounds of clay, the time required per charge being five to seven hours. Heating beyond an orange-red temperature was likely to produce vitrifica- tion which rendered the catalyst useless. Ethylene as prepared in any of the standard furnaces contains small amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and the vapors of water, alcohol, and ether. The three gases mentioned are not present to a harmful degree in the gases from a properly operating generator. Water, alcohol, and ether, the first two of which are always present in the gas coming from the condenser, have a very harmful effect upon the mustard produced, and must be removed from the ethylene. It was found that scrubbing the ethylene with water removed the ether and alcohol satisfactorily. To reduce the per cent water vapor present, the scrubbing tower was cooled below 4 C. The ethylene so purified was successfully used in the experimental-pla,nt- scale production of mustard gas. For the reaction between ethylene and sulphur monochloride to produce mustard, a type of reactor known as the "tumble barrel" was developed. In the preliminary phase of this work, a reactor capable of yield- ing about 300 pounds of product was used for experimentation. With this apparatus Lieut. Van Arnam and Lieut. Hobson were able to determine the fundamental features involved in the operating schedule. On the basis of these experiments, a full-sized commercial unit was built and operated, Lieut. Van Arnam being in charge. This reactor consisted essentially of a steel shell 18 feet long and 4^ feet in diameter, rotating on hollow trunnions in a water bath. The inside of the shell was lined with lead. In order to produce a "tumbling" agitation of the liquid within the reactor, every eleven inches around the circumference a three-inch by two-inch angle-iron was bolted against the lead lining, and then completely covered with lead. Holes were burned through the steel shell every five inches, thus giving excellent contact between the water bath and lead lining. Ethylene gas entered through one trunnion, the effluent passing out through the other. This reactor was capable of taking a 5ooo-pound charge of mono- chloride and, with a sufficient supply of ethylene, the reaction was com- pleted in approximately eight hours. The crude product, having an average melting point of 9.4 C. was heated to a temperature of 90 C. and then withdrawn from the barrel by suction. While hot, all sulphur remained in solution. On cooling, a heavy sulphur deposit took place. The clear layer THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR was drawn off, and the sulphur layer discarded. Up to October I, 1918, 40 tons of mustard had been made at the Midland plant in this type reactor. In the production of mustard by the 60 C. reaction, the only one used at Midland, a sticky sulphur precipitate, amounting in weight to about 8% of the total weight of crude, separated on cooling the crude product. Purifi- cation of the crude mustard was considered desirable, not only because the purer product was considered to be more effective, but because this sulphur deposition was a source of inconvenience in the storing, handling, and loading in shells, of the mustard. Vacuum distillation was the only method of purification attempted. Experiments were made with an iron pot still, lead pot still and iron flash still. The iron pot still proved unsatisfactory due to the decomposition of the mustard in contact with the iron under the conditions of the distillation. The lead pot still was abandoned due to mechanical disadvantages and low capacity. The iron flash still gave the greatest promise. However, ac- tivities at Midland were discontinued before the operation of this still had reached such a point that definite conclusions could be drawn. C. G. Smith was the "still" man, and practically all the work on mustard purification was done under his direction. The history of the achievements of the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service would be conspicuously incomplete without specific mention of the personal work of Mr. H. H. Dow of the Dow Chemical Company. Mr. Dow never lost sight of an opportunity to add to the per- sonal comforts of the men whether in sickness or in health, and the boys of that Section can look' back over a good many pleasant memories connected with Mr. Dow and the various officials of his company. HONOR ROLL OF MIDLAND SECTION Private W. M.Hayward. Died July 8, 1918, from mustard gas poisoning. Private J. H. Speishandler. Died July 22, 1918, from mustard gas poisoning. It was the heroic devotion of such men as these that spelled defeat for the enemy. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION In the middle of July, 1918, as already discussed in preceding pages, the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service was faced with the problem of developing the manufacture of a new and deadly poison- gas material known in these records as the 6-34. It was further ordered that this division was to be on a production basis by December I, 1918. It is the purpose of this account to trace the development of the organization which essayed to carry out these orders, and to describe the work which was performed to this end, prior to the cessation of hostilities on November n, 1918. It is not permitted to give here any technical information with regard to the 6-34 or its manufacture. In this respect, the account of the Exper- imental Section will be found to differ from that of any of the other sections of this division. By July 1 2th, the preliminary work at the American University had shown that the 6-34 could be produced, in laboratory apparatus, by a 214 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR process consisting of five steps. The work had been really carried somewhat further than that. The first two steps had been tested in small-scale equip- ment with reasonably satisfactory results, although the equipment was of a makeshift nature and not particularly well adapted for the work. On the technical side, the problems requiring immediate solution were the design and lay-out of full-scale equipment of adequate size. In addition to this, much laboratory research work remained to be done in order to determine with reasonable precision the chemical and mechanical factors which must be considered in designing the large-scale plant. The other problems of most pressing nature were (1) The location of a suitable plant for the work in hand. It was particularly necessary to find a plant already built, since the time limit imposed did not allow for the building of a new plant. (2) The procurement of raw materials for the manufacture of 6-34. Some of these were of an unusual nature and not easily obtained. It was early decided that two of these materials, known as Raw Materials Nos. i and 2, must be manufactured in the plant itself, and it was necessary to locate the basic raw materials for their manufacture;, as well as to carry out the research and development work necessary for the design and lay-out of manufacturing equipment. (3) The formation of a technical organization to carry out the work of development and manufacture. The existing technical staff of the Devel- opment Division was already fully engaged in work of great importance, and was utterly unable to undertake this new task. The getting together of an entirely new organization, of unusual caliber, was of immediate and pressing importance. Colonel Dorsey attacked these problems with characteristic directness and lack of ceremony. On July I2th, he had been notified of the new task assigned to him. On July i9th, it was decided to take over the abandoned plant of the Ben Hur Motor Company at Willoughby, Ohio. On July 2oth, Major James B. Conant of the Research Division arrived, prepared to undertake the laboratory and research work, and was followed on July 29th by his assistant, Lieutenant Lee I. Smith. On July. 2oth, Lieutenant- Colonel W. G. Wilcox was put in complete charge of the Willoughby plant which will hereafter be spoken of as the Experimental Plant as Superin- tendent, and Capt. J. K. Moore was detailed as his assistant. On July 26th the plant was occupied by a guard of 25 men from the Offense Laboratory in Cleveland, under Sergeant (later Lieutenant) Royce. This organization immediately undertook to accomplish the thousand and one things which had to be done before the plant would be ready for even the preliminary work on installing the 6-34 equipment. Time was infinitely precious and the usual procedure of getting bids for contract work could not be followed, unless all hope of completing the prescribed program within the scheduled time was to be abandoned. It was absolutely essential that full use be made of such facilities as were immediately avail- able. Where time could be saved by the employment of local contractors, there was no other reasonable course to pursue. Most of this work was done on the time-material basis in order to eliminate all chances of profiteering. A View of the Experimental Station, Development Division, at Willoughby, Ohio Another View of the Fxperimental Station at Willoughby, Ohio The Hospital at the Experimental Station. Originally Designed as an Officers' Quarters. This building was used as a tem- porary hospital until a more permanent building could be constructed '/.rfhil 3i-r *>. : ^-^ * ? a. ^ The Officers of the Experimental Station, Willoughby, Ohio The Personnel of the Experimental Station The Non-Commissioned Officers, Experimental Station THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 215 It was difficult to get the work done with the desired rapidity under the conditions which existed at this time, but it was done. It may be of interest to describe the conditions which existed in the Ben Hur plant when It was taken over. The office building was practically complete as far as partitions, doors, electrical connections, etc., were con- cerned, but in the plant itself the floor, which was of dirt, had never been graded and was very uneven, with many places that had to be filled to a depth of several feet in order to bring them up to the floor level. There was no sewer system and no water lines. A plumbing system had been installed in the office building but had frozen during the preceding winter and had to be completely removed. Electric wiring had been partially installed but was in a chaotic condition and had to be completely removed before a proper system could be put in place. There were serious difficulties in the way of employing Cleveland contractors for this work. The village of Willoughby is located approximately eighteen miles from the center of Cleveland, and transportation between the two is not of the best. There were no adequate facilities in Willoughby for feeding and housing any considerable number of workmen. Cleveland contractors, who were approached on the subject, required that they be reimbursed for the cost of transporting their men back and forth, and that an allowance be made for the time consumed in going back and forth, amounting to some three hours a day. This time, of course, would have shortened the working day of the men to a serious degree, to say nothing of the excessive expense. These difficulties could be avoided to a large extent by the use of a local contractor from Willoughby or Painesville, who employed local mechan- ics and laborers. These contractors, however, were few in number and, without exception, very busy. Mr. Freshwatters, who finally engaged for the grading, laying of sewers and concrete work, was at that time doing an extensive job of paving in the village of Willoughby. A personal appeal to Mayor Carmichael induced the village of Willoughby to waive all claims to Mr. Freshwatters' services until his work at the Experimental Plant should be completed. By similar methods, three other local contractors were obtained for the carpentry and plumbing at the plant, the work on which they were already engaged being postponed in order that the needs of the Experimental Plant might be satisfied as promptly as possible. The attitude of the contractors, and of those who had previously engaged them, left nothing to be desired, and it was only through their co-operation that the necessary work could be done. Lieutenant Richard Penfield was assigned to assist Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox in supervising the construction of contract work. By August ist, a few desks and chairs had been obtained and telephones were being installed; draftsmen were hard at work at hastily-procured drafting tables; a trenching machine was tearing up the dirt floor of the plant; sewer and water lines were being laid; concrete floors were being poured; a gang of carpenters was busy in one corner of the plant building the laboratory, plans for which had been drawn up under Major Conant's supervision; the laboratory equipment, ordered by Lieutenant Smith, was beginning to come in; much of the material and equipment for the initial small-scale factory experimental units had been ordered, and some of it was on the grounds; part of the equip- 216 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR ment for large-scale operation had been placed on order. It is interesting to note that, in order to save time, the first of the laboratory equipment was brought in under special convoy, in trunks, as personal baggage. From a technical viewpoint, the laboratory wa's of first importance. Work on its construction was begun July 28th and was finished August i ith. By August 1 2th the laboratory equipment had been installed, an organization had been formed under Major Conant's direction, and research work was started. Work had been started by Captain H. M. St. John on the design, layout and construction of experimental units for the absorption and distillation processes, based on such laboratory results as were then available and on the previous experiences of Major Conant with the small-scale unit at American University. On August 7th, Captain R. C. Folger reported and took up his duties as Mechanical Superintendent of the Experimental Plant. All construction, operation, and maintenance of mechanical equipment was assigned to him, while Lieutenant Penfield continued to spend a portion of his time at the plant and supervised the work of designing and ordering the special equip- ment for full-scale operation. The construction was at first attended with great difficulty, as the number of competent mechanics among the enlisted men was entirely insufficient and the officers detailed to assist with the construction were overburdened with other work. This condition was alleviated somewhat on August i8th, by the arrival of Lieutenant King and several excellent mechanics transferred to Willoughby from the Offense Laboratory in Cleveland. From this time on, as Captain Folger was able to build up a competent organization, the construction work gathered momentum, and by September ist was proceeding in a very satisfactory manner. The procurement of materials for the manifold activities of the plant was carried on under peculiar handicaps. Lieutenant Gracey, as Procure- ment Officer, began on July 2jrd the onerous task of getting together in record time the vast miscellany of equipment and materials for which the other officers of the plant were pressing him. Without a railroad siding, without motor trucks except such commercial vehicles as could be hired by the day, almost without an office force or assistants of any kind, with wholly inadequate telephone and telegraph facilities, Lieutenant Gracey probably put in longer hours than any other man on the job. As time went on, these handicaps were, of course, removed one by one, but at no time did the sorely harassed Procurement Officer fail to obtain, by one method or another, the required materials. One serious cause of delay in the progress of the work resulted from the unsatisfactory living conditions at the plant. The only available quarters for the men were the two squad rooms on the ground floor of the office building, which soon became seriously overcrowded. Although the first steps to pro- vide barracks and mess halls for the men were taken in late July, it was not until early October that this condition was remedied. Meanwhile, the officers lived in tents on the grounds, and the men occupied the inadequate and inconvenient squad rooms. It was necessary for both officers and men to take their meals at a restaurant more than half a mile distant, and much time was lost in going back and forth, particularly when the increased THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 217 numbers of the enlisted personnel made it necessary for them to take their meals in relays. An impromptu noon mess for the officers, instituted by Lieutenant Smith about the middle of August, was of considerable help, but loss of time from this source continued to be a serious factor until the first mess halls were opened. On August 3rd, Captain G. A. Plummer and Lieutenant Michael Wolfe, of the Medical Corps, reported at Willoughby. Ten enlisted men of the Medical Corps had already arrived. Steps were immediately taken to order medical supplies and equipment, and the work of caring for sanitary conditions and conducting physical examinations of the enlisted men was instituted. By the advice of Colonel Lyster, it was decided to transform the proposed Officers' Quarters into a temporary hospital, to be used until a more adequate hospital could be constructed and equipped. Plans for such a hospital were at once drawn up. It was realized at the very beginning that the work to be carried on at the Experimental Plant must be surrounded by the utmost possible secrecy. Not only was it forbidden to divulge in the slightest degree the nature of the product to be manufactured, but officers and men alike were bound not to disclose the location or even the very existence of the plant. Both incoming and outgoing mail of the enlisted personnel was censored. A Cleveland address (Lock Drawer 426) was used, and no one was permitted to mention the name of Willoughby in correspondence or conversation with outsiders, under penalty of court martial and severe punishment. Letters could not be mailed through the Willoughby Post Office, nor could telegrams be sent or received except through Headquarters at Nela Park. An early effort was made to have installed a direct telephone connection to one of the Cleveland exchanges and another direct wire to Headquarters, but this failed of accomplishment for more than a month, during which time the enforced use of the Willoughby telephone system nullified, to some extent, the attempt to keep secret the location of the plant, particularly with respect to the City of Cleveland. For the first couple of weeks the enlisted men at the plant were not permitted to leave the grounds, except for the purpose of taking meals, to and from which they marched in formation in charge of a sergeant. This restriction was, however, modified on August loth, as the result of an order of Major-General Sibert, who visited the plant on that date. After a talk to the assembled men, and receiving from them an enthu- siastic pledge of their loyalty and co-operation, General Sibert ruled that the Experimental Plant should be governed as a regular Army Post, and that short-time passes might be issued for visits to the Village of Willoughby, and occasionally to Willoughbeach. The City of Cleveland remained for- bidden territory and the men were warned to guard their tongues carefully at all times and were pledged to report immediately all cases of violations of the secrecy rules which might come to their attention. To the credit of the Experimental Plant personnel, be it said that General Sibert never had any occasion to regret his wise and generous confidence in the loyalty and discretion of the men. At the very best, the daily life of the men was monotonous and almost bare of recreation. Work in the plant was hard, and at times dangerous. Furthermore, the regular routine of a military post in time of war had to 218 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR be observed. Toward the rectification of this condition, a very real and pa- triotic service was performed by the local Red Cross. Special mention should also be made of the work of Mayor and Mrs. Carmichael and of Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Stebbins. Through their combined efforts, the men were supplied with books, periodicals, and music, the latter in the form of a phonograph and a grand piano. Every day quantities of fresh fruits were left at the plant, while on several occasions there were large donations of ice cream and of home-baked pies and cakes. Another much-appreciated gift was that of a bathing suit for each enlisted man at that time on duty at the plant. The Village of Willoughby certainly did its bit during those hot and trying days of August. During the month of August all branches of the work progressed with constantly accelerating velocity. The officers of the post virtually lived with their work, seven days a week, from that early hour of six when they were awakened by Major Conant's musical "A-a-all up," until ten or twelve at night when they sought refuge in their tents without a thought or feeling left except a positive hunger for sleep. The technical progress of the work was guided by many conferences, both formal and informal. In fact, every gathering of two or three officers invariably resulted in an ani- mated and sometimes almost acrimonious discussion of some vital phase of the work. Activities of the outside world were almost forgotten except for such activities in France as necessitated a daily re-adjustment of the pins on the big war map in Captain Cowan's office. A less complete con- centration on the problem could hardly have accomplished the results actually attained during these first strenuous days. Really phenomenal progress was made in the laboratory research work under the inspiration of Major Conant's energetic supervision. As a result of this work, revolutionary changes had to be made in some of the processes as originally planned for the manufacture of 6-34. These matters were discussed and decided in frequent conferences presided over by Lieu- tenant-Colonel Wilcox and sometimes participated in by Captain McAdams, Colonel Dorsey's executive assistant. Captain McAdams also played a prominent part in connection with many other details of administration. In view of the fact that Major Conant and his detachment were to return to the American University, it was necessary to obtain a man to replace him and take charge of all laboratory work, both research and rou- tine. Captain M. M. Harrison was obtained in September for this purpose, and, in addition to becoming familiar with Major Conant's work, made several important improvements in the laboratory analytical methods. Throughout August and much of September, Captain Folger's men worked long hours on the construction of the experimental factory units. Consummation of the production program as outlined was dependent upon a prompt placing of the orders for large-scale equipment, but this equipment could not be intelligently designed and ordered until the experimental units had been operating long enough to make possible a thorough study of the processes involved, on something larger than a merely laboratory scale. The construction of the experimental units for the first and second steps was not really begun until August 17th, having been delayed until the civilians employed by the various contractors should have left the plant. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 219 On August joth, these units were complete and the first run was made by Sergeant Olson. The results were entirely satisfactory except for certain minor mechanical difficulties which could easily be removed. The apparatus was under excellent control and the intermediate material made compared favorably with that produced in the laboratory. These units operated inter- mittently without any considerable change in construction through the months of September and October. As a result of the operating data thus obtai'ned, such equipment as had not already been ordered for the large units was ordered early in September, and the plant layout for these units was completed by Lieutenant Penfield. Construction work on the experimental unit for making Raw Material No. 2 was begun on August 22nd and completed on September 8th. Satis- factory experimental operation began almost immediately, under the direc- tion of Lieutenant Reichert. It was found by trial in the small-scale unit for the first step, that this raw material made in the experimental unit was of excellent quality, more suited to the work, in fact, than that previously obtained from other sources. The full-scale apparatus for making this raw material called for ten i3OO-gallon cast-iron stills, provided with stirrers. The manufacturing concerns who normally had such equipment were unable to take this order. The Buffalo Foundry and Machine Com- pany loaned drawings and specifications from which it was possible to have these stills cast and machined by Cleveland concerns. By August 26th, laboratory research work on the manufacture of Raw Material No. I had progressed' to such a point that factory experimen- tation could be started. One or two full-size units had already been ordered and delivered. One unit was ready for operation on September loth, when the initial run was made. Serious difficulties of operation were encountered at first, but after a few unsuccessful runs, the unit began turning out a very high quality of product, better than could be purchased in quantity on the open market, and this material when tested in the experimental unit for making the first intermediate proved to be entirely satisfactory. Additional units were, installed until, by October 2oth, four units were operating regularly. By this time, operating methods had been im- proved to such an extent that the production rate was more than double its first value, a plant layout had been decided upon, and equipment had been ordered for the total number of units planned. No difficulty was encountered in the third step as operated in both the small and full-scale units. The necessary equipment for the full-scale units was manufactured in Cleveland. Reference has already been made to the fact that the results of labo- ratory research work had indicated the necessity of certain changes in the fourth and fifth steps of the process. The complete experimental equipment for these processes had been ordered and delivered, and construction work Had commenced about August 25th. In a conference held on August 28th, it was decided that the fourth step, as originally planned, was impracticable on a large scale, and that its place should be taken by a different process. The fifth step was also modified in order to decrease the danger of explosions and at the same time obtain a form of apparatus more easily procurable. The 22o THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR necessary equipment for this change was ordered on September 5th and construction work proceeded under pressure. By September 2oth, the apparatus for the revised fourth and fifth steps was complete and the first runs were made under the direction of Lieutenant Punnett. The results obtained proved that these revised methods of manufacture were entirely practicable and it was felt certain that they could be carried out successfully on a large scale. Full-size equipment for the complete plant was immediately ordered, although the time of operation of the experimental equipment had been too brief to permit a complete analysis of all of the factors involved, and much of the data necessary for design had to be obtained by estimation. It was, of course, fully realized that this was not the most desirable procedure, but so many changes of plans had been necessary that there was no longer time to wait for more complete experimental results, particularly as the wartime conditions prevailing in the industries made it impossible to get prompt deliveries, even on War Department orders. This completes the record of the factory research work at the Exper- imental Plant. Further experimental work was carried on in order to verify conclusions previously based on somewhat meager data, but from this time on, the greater part of the energies of the entire organization were concentrated on the layout and construction of the full-size plant equipment. Throughout the period so far covered, much time and thought had been expended on methods for insuring the safety of the men engaged in ? the manufacturing work, which was admittedly hazardous in the extreme. On August 25th, a supply of Tissot masks of the latest improved type was received and at once issued to the officers and men. To Lieutenant Smith was entrusted the task of drilling the men in the use of these masks. All members of the post organization were required to have their masks within easy reaching distance at all times. In the experimental units everyone was required to wear his mask in the "alert" position at all times, and actual use of the mask was insisted upon whenever the atmospheric concentration of toxic material became appreciable. Frequent drills were held until the men became proficient in adjusting the masks within the required time limit. Early in September, Major Young of the Medical Corps, who was sta- tioned at Edgewood Arsenal, came to the Experimental Plant to train the personnel of the post in the most efficient methods of gas defense and to provide for the installing of up-to-date equipment. A number of Klaxon horns and an alarm system with stations at various parts of the plant had already been ordered and partially installed; under Major Young's direction, this system was greatly amplified, and a complete set of rules was drawn up for the guidance of members of the post. The Fire and Gas Brigade, which had already been organized by Lieutenant Smith, was put under the direction of Captain Plummer; a Fire Chief was appointed to direct the activities of this brigade and to make frequent inspection of all pro- tective equipment. Laundry machinery and lockers were ordered, and arrangements made to provide that toxic clothing should never be worn or carried outside the plant proper. Occasional alarms, sometimes "for cause," sometimes for purpose of drill, soon accustomed everyone to emergency use of the masks, and the THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 221 Fire and Gas Brigade rapidly became proficient in the exercise of its duties. All protective measures were handled by the Medical Corps, including the issuance of masks, oilskin suits, gloves, etc. As these varied activities progressed, there was a constant increase in the personnel of the post, including both officers and men. Among the officers, a number of important additions were made, men who contributed largely to the ultimate successful development of the work at this plant. Due to the number involved, no individual mention of these men will here be made. It is fitting, however, in this connection to note those men who, due to the signing of the armistice, failed to get the commissions for which they had been recommended Dr. Shorger, assigned to special research problems, and Dr. A. S. McDaniel, technical director, who were to receive captaincies; Mr. W. L. Winn, in charge of design and construction of the hydrochloric acid plant, who was to receive a first lieutenancy. The non-commissioned officers who had been recommended but failed of promotion to commissioned grade because of the cessation of hostilities were Battalion Sgt. Major Gunderson, in charge of guard duty and mili- tary routine, Sergeants First-Class Albert W. Smith, William T. Little, Duncan M. Dearing and George H. Ruppert of the operating force, and Ser- geant First-Class John A. McGivern, who had charge of the mess. The increase in the number of enlisted men had been rapid. The number originally planned was about 300, but as the operating schedule was in- creased and the need for many more men became apparent, plans were made to provide for nearly eleven hundred men at the Experimental Plant. On Armistice Day the organization of the post, including Major Conant's detachment, numbered 22 officers and 542 enlisted men. The apparent shortage was due to the difficulty in procuring men from the various camps where influenza quarantines were in force, though hearty co-operation was received from the Washington Personnel Office. After much preliminary delay, the building of barracks and mess halls for 500 men, which had been authorized late in August, was begun about the middle of September by the Cleveland Construction Company, under the supervision of Captain Summer of the Construction Quartermaster's Department. Before construction was complete, the program had been extended to provide for loco men. The first barracks building and the first mess hall were ready for occupancy early in October, although the construction of the other buildings was not entirely completed until the first of November. It was said that the building of the first four barracks and the first two mess halls was done with a speed which constituted a new record for the Construction Quartermaster's Department. Construction on a 48-bed hospital was begun in the latter part of October and the hospital was occupied about the middle of November. Other construction work more or less completed by the Cleveland Construction Company included a storage building along the north side of the plant, temporary storage sheds, a transformer house, a garage, and a concrete foundation for a large sulphuric acid tank. This construction was stopped shortly after the signing of the armistice. Preparation for manufacture on the scale indicated involved a great deal of work, some of which has been very lightly touched upon in these 222 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR pages. At a conference early in September, at a time when most of the general plans for manufacture had been completed, Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox stated that if the prescribed production schedule was to be carried out, it was necessary to double the manufacturing installation. This involved very radical changes in the plans already made. Much additional equipment had to be ordered, plans had to be made to provide for approximately double the number of enlisted men previously estimated, and the entire plant layout had to be changed in order to provide room for the additional equipment. It was found necessary to provide a separate building for the manufacture of Raw Material No. i, outside of the existing plant building; at the same time, plans were made for a shell-filling plant, as it was then considered desirable that this final process be carried out at the Experi- mental Plant. The ventilating system had to be greatly expanded, as did also the heating system, while the problem of cleansing effluent air from the ventilating system and vent pipes became more serious than ever. The water supply, which had previously seemed adequate, was now seen to be entirely insufficient for the needs of the plant, and arrangements had to be made for treatment of a large part of the water in a cooling tower, so that it could be used over again. For a similar reason, plans made for the procurement of electric power supply had to be entirely revised and a high-tension transmission line, about two miles in length, had to be built. Several additional plots of land, in the neighborhood of the plant, were leased, bringing the total up to about 30 acres. Other details large and small, too numerous to mention, had to receive fresh consideration. Not the least of the difficulties imposed by this expansion of the program was the procurement of greatly increased quantities of equipment, general supplies, and raw materials of manufacture, at a time when few things of consequence could be obtained without priority orders and other time-consuming negotiations with Washington. Most of the burden of this work fell upon Captains Moore and McAdams, who were compelled to adopt many ingenious expedients in order to meet the requirements imposed by the meagerness of time at their disposal. Fortunately, an ade- quate trucking service had at last been provided, and two sidings from the New York Central R. R., one on either side of the plant, were completed about the middle of October. It is only just to all of the officers who were concerned with the purchase and procurement of equipment, materials and supplies to say that by November 1st these various commodities were pouring into the plant at a rate which became decidedly embarrassing a few weeks later, when all construction and operating work was suddenly terminated. By November 1st, all the details for large-scale production were nearing completion. Sufficient Raw Material No. i was on hand to begin quantity production. The work on the construction of the large-scale plant for making Raw Material No 2 had been started and could be rushed to completion in a very short time. Large-scale units for the first and second steps of the process were practically complete and production was scheduled to start November I5th. This completes the history of the Experimental Plant up to November nth, 1918 Armistice Day. While construction and operating work did not cease instantly on that date, the progressive nature of the work did Interior view in Barracks at the Experimental Station, showing the excellent condition in which these Barracks were kept General View of Barracks at the Experimental Station Interior of Mess Hall at the Experimental Station become retrogressive with a suddenness that seemed decidedly abrupt to an organization which had been driving ahead at constantly increasing speed. After a brief period of marking time, following the signing of the armistice, the work of dismantling and demobilizing began. Early in De- cember, about 300 were discharged from the service, and several of the officers returned to civil life. The remaining personnel was re-formed into a new organization, which at once began the tedious task of dismantling, inventorying and disposing of equipment and materials. As soon as the operating and construction work had been halted, the restrictions previously imposed upon the members of the post were relaxed somewhat. The pass privilege was extended to include the City of Cleveland, the mail censorship was discontinued, and all overtime and Sunday work ceased. The Y. M. C. A. established headquarters in one of the mess halls and installed complete equipment for moving pictures, athletic exercises, and a variety of other activities for the entertainment and convenience of the men. It was about this time that the medical detachment faced its hardest task. The Experimental Plant had suffered very little during the early stages of the influenza epidemic then sweeping the country, but during the latter half of November the new hospital was filled to overflowing. Thanks to the skill of Captain Plummer and his assistants, comparatively few of the cases became serious, and only one death resulted, that of Private Charles C. Herpst, who died on December 7th. This was the only death at the Experimental Plant during the period covered by this history. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION INTRODUCTION The Special Investigations Section was formed on August 10, 1918, and began work at once on the problem of obtaining booster casings for 75-mm. gas shells. On August iyth, the problem of lining the 75-mm. gas shell with glass according to the French practice was assigned. However, it was not until September i4th that General Letter No. 3 from Development Division Headquarters was issued, confirming verbal instructions pre- viously given specifying the function of this section. This letter read as follows: GENERAL LETTER No. 3 September 14, 1918. Subject: Formation of the Special Investigations Section of the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. 1. The Special Investigations Section will after about Sept. 23rd be located in the new office building at Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. Until these offices are available, the Head- quarters of this section will be in Room No. 248 Lamp Development Laboratories Building. 2. The Special Investigations Section will be in charge of Capt. D. MacRae. 3. The function of this Section will be as follows: (a) The following up of experimental work done in other laboratories than those of the Development Division on problems in which we are directly interested. (b) Development of processes for the manufacture of articles which can not be done to good advantage in the regular laboratories of the Development Division. (c) Carrying on of special investigations in laboratories other than those of the Development Division. (d) Investigations of various problems in connection with processes developed and being developed in the various laboratories of the Development Division. (e) Handling of all miscellaneous problems which can not to good advantage be handled in the regular laboratories of the Development Division. (Signed) F. M. DORSET Col. Chem. War. Serv., U. S. A. Chief, Development Division. The Special Investigations Section was only active during the last three months of the war. The main problems actually undertaken were the extensive ones in connection with the production of booster casings and the lining of gas shells. It is natural, from the nature of these problems, that THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 225 in the time available none of this work was completed. A brief resume of the results attained is as follows: BOOSTER CASING On August 8, 1918, the problem of developing a booster casing and adaptor for the 75-mm. gas shell was undertaken by the Development Division at the request of the Director of the Chemical Warfare Service. This work was to be carried out independently of that in progress under the direction of the Ordnance Department. Methods of manufacturing booster casings by die casting from an aluminum copper alloy, and by machining in one piece from iron castings Boaster Casin CROSS -SECTION or GAS SHELL. 226 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR or bar stock steel were investigated. At the time of the signing of the armistice, a very promising die-cast booster casing and adaptor with a die- cast lead jacket had been designed and tests on it partially completed. The chief advantage of this arrangement was the rapidity with which it could be produced. However, the best solution to the booster question was believed to be to machine them in one piece from bar stock steel. An experimental pro- duction unit for the manufacture of these booster casings as established at the plant of the U. S. Automatic Company, Amherst, Ohio, had a demon- strated capacity of 2000 per 24-hour day. GLASS-LINED SHELL On August 17, 1918, the problem of duplicating the French process of lining gas shells with glass was assigned to the Special Investigations Section. Some experimental work on this problem had been carried out at the Corning Glass Works under the direction of the Research Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. It had been concluded from these experiments that a glass-lined shell, on account of its fragility, was inferior to an enameled or a lead-coated shell. The experiments at the Corning Glass Works were continued under the direction of this section with the purpose of improving details of manu- facture so as to produce a glass lining that would be more resistant to shock. A parallel series of experiments was begun at the Glass Technology Depart- ment of the National Lamp Works. More than seven hundred shells were lined at Corning and a lining developed that would withstand a drop of 15 inches on a concrete floor. Out of 125 of these shells shipped to Cleve- land, Ohio, from Corning, New York, a distance of 311 miles, only two linings cracked. The seal between the booster casing and the glass lining was so arranged that cracking of the glass would not result in leakage of the gas, but only in contact of the gas with the lining. At the time of the signing of the armistice, production at the rate Of 500 per day could have been attained on a week's notice. The personnel engaged in this work was as follows: Capt. Duncan MacRae, in charge of the Special Investigations Sec- tion, had general supervision of the preliminary experiments on booster casings and personally directed the work on die-cast booster casings and glass-lined shells. Capt. L. G. Cover was assigned on August 10,1918,10 the Special Investigations Section to work on booster casings. He continued in this work for about three weeks, when, on account of his acquaintance with manufacturing firms in the Cleveland District, his services in connection with the design and construction of the Headquarters office building and the procurement and installation of equipment for electrical, steam and refrigerating operation at the Experimental Plant, were so urgently re- quired that from Sept. I, 1918, this work occupied his entire time. Capt. J. F. Donovan, Manager of the Equipment Development Department of the National Lamp Works, had for some time been acting in a consulting capacity on mechanical problems of the Development Di- vision, and about October 1, 1918, entered the service of the Development Division, giving his entire time to work on the production of a one-piece THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 227 steel booster casing machined from bar stock, and the establishment of the experimental production unit for the manufacture of steel booster casings at the plant of the U. S. Automatic Company, at Amherst, Ohio. Sgt. A. W. Nickerson had charge of the office work and property of the Special Investigations Section, and spent a great deal of his time inter- viewing manufacturers and hastening shipments of material. Sgt. E. R. Campbell was of great assistance to Capt. Cover in the procurement of engineering equipment for the Experimental Plant, and the construction of the headquarters office. Master Engineer Charles Garthwait, a private assigned to the Defense Section, showed exceptional ability in making perspective sketches of experimental equipment, and was assigned to the Special Investigations Section so that his work would be available to all the sections of the Devel- opment Division. With the present paragraph, this account of the activities of the Development Division, Chemical Warfare Service, is ended. It is a record upon which everyone who had a part in it may look with pride and satisfaction, for it played a definite part in the winning of the war. SPECIAL WAR ACTIVITIES OF GLASS TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT In July, 1917, the Glass Technology Department of the National Lamp Works, Mr. W. M. Clark in charge, was con- sulted in regard to the development of a more satisfactory optical glass. The production of optical glass, before the war, was an almost unknown art in America, the supplies coming from England, France and Germany. The pressing requirements of the army and navy for glass for lenses in range finders, field glasses, periscopes, etc., were brought up in the Council of National Defense in May, 1917. The initial difficulties in the new art were many. In July, 1917, Dr. Whitney, who as a member of the Naval Consulting Board, was familiar with the government requirements, ap- pealed to Mr. F. S. Terry to have the National do everything in its power to assist the Government in* obtaining a supply of high-grade optical glass. This led to journeys to the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company plant at Rochester, N. Y., where inter- views were arranged with Dr. A. H. Day and staff of the Geo- physical Laboratory at Washington, D. C., who had been de- tailed to Rochester to supervise the technical developments. One of the principal problems was to obtain satisfactory clay pots in which to melt the glass. By interesting the Buckeye Clay Pot Company at Toledo, Ohio, who had supplied The National Lamp Works for years, a superior container was obtained and large numbers of these pots were supplied to Bausch & Lomb, the Spencer Lens Company and other optical- glass manufacturers. Speedy production was the all-important point and all efforts were directed towards increasing the quantity and quality of the product of known glasses, no effort being made to develop any new glass. The Government also had difficulty in obtaining a satis- factory heavy flint glass for airplane camera lenses. This re- quired a purer grade of potash than was being produced in this country in September, 1917. Fortunately, the Glass Tech- nology Department happened to have 3000 pounds of high- grade German potash in stock, imported before the war, and this was immediately delivered to the Government so that they had pure material to work with until the American potash manufacturers had succeeded in improving their quality. The work don'e by the Glass Technology Department in connection with gas shells has been mentioned on page 226. THE WAR STORY OF THE X-RAY AND VACUUM TUBES No other part of the war work performed by the National Lamp Works was so nearly like its own particular line as that done in connection with the development and manufacture of "vacuum" tubes and 2 9 Transmitting Tubes 36,649 Regulator Tubes 49>575 Resistance Tubes 5>99^ Special and Misc. 95803 TOTAL 179,315 It is of interest to note here that the Vacuum Tube Division of the National Lamp Works manufactured and delivered three times as many tubes as any other organization engaged in the same class of work. The question of the price of the tubes was handled at Schenectady and contracts were made on a definite price basis, the price being determined from the actual cost figures of manufacture of the pliotrons submitted to the Government. While the price received for the tubes did not result in any big profit, it was sufficient to cover any reasonable cost. 242 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Of course, no return was received on the fund of information and experience collected from years of lamp-making devel- opment, which was responsible for the success of the Division in the commercial manufacture of pliotrons. Knowledge of tungsten filament wire, glass, platinum substitute, pumps and all manufacturing equipment is very properly considered as being one of the important intangible contributions of the National Lamp Works towards the winning of the war. USES OF THE VARIOUS TUBES MANUFACTURED The particular uses to which these pliotron and kenotron tubes were adapted by the Government are as follows: First, as detectors and amplifiers in the reception of wireless telegraph and telephone signals; second, as oscillators and modulators in the transmission of wireless telephony; and third, as regulating devices for variable-speed generators mounted on airplanes for supplying high voltage to the trans- mitting tubes. TYPES OF RECEIVING TUBES The detailed theory of operation of the receiving tube is highly tech- nical and is therefore omitted from these pages. It is sufficient to say that the vacuum tube (pliotron) is, by far, the most satisfactory type of detector for wireless signals so far developed. The simplicity of the receiving circuit, together with the fact that it is always constant and never out of adjustment, makes the vacuum tube the most reliable feature of the wireless receiving equipment. The first receiving tube made by the Vacuum Tube Division was merely a laboratory sample, designated as the G-2O. The making of this one tube furnished a fund of information and experience which later proved quite invaluable, and from which the commercial developments on receiving, tubes started. The principles of construction used in this first experimental tube were incorporated in the receiving tube, Type CG-886, which was the first commercial type manufactured. This tube was supplied to the U. S. Navy to be used as a detector, amplifier and oscillator, both aboard ship and in land stations, and was usually operated in series with a resistance on a three-cell storage battery. The construction of this tube embodies a tungsten filament, a tungsten grid and a nickel plate, all elements being cylindrical in form. The base used for this tube was the old type of J-pin navy fibre base, which was later superseded by a 4-pin standard base used by both the Navy and the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army. A little later, the Type VT-ii tube was developed for use by the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army as a detector, amplifier and oscillator for both The Lamp Laboratories Building at Nela Park. Here the Development Work on X-Ray and Vacuum Tubes was Conducted. Men in Charge of X-Ray and Vacuum Tube Work at Nela Park. Lower Row: P. J. Pritchard, C. B. Robinson (U. S. Inspector), W. T. L. Cogger, W. H. Steven. Upper Row: John Smith, L. E. Mitchell, Frank Moran, James Hagey, John Hapgood, Arthur J. White. Mr. P. F. Stokes was absent when the photograph was taken. Types of Receiving Tubes and Amplifier Tubes, made by the Vacuum Tube Division Top Row left to right: C. A. Tube, V T-IJ. Center Laboratory Sample No. i. Bottom Row left to right: CG-886, VT-i i. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 243 field and air service. The tube is operated directly across a two-cell lead storage-battery without any resistance in series. The construction of this tube embodies a tungsten filament, a tungsten grid and a nickel plate, all elements also being cylindrical in form. The base used on this tube was the base standardized for receiving tubes by both the U. S. Army and Navy. Another tube, which was in the development stage at the time the armistice was signed, was the Type VT-ij. This is a modification of the VT-i i tube, the endeavor being to improve both the ruggedness of the tube for airplane service and its radio characteristics. The service of this tube was identical with the VT-ii. AMPLIFIER TUBES When wireless messages are too weak to be heard in the telephones of the detector circuit in the receiving station, a second vacuum tube is inserted which amplifies the signals and increases their audibility. This second tube is called an amplifier and, in many cases, the signal is 100 times greater in audibility due to the use of the amplifier. Such an amplifier tube, known as Type CA, was developed for use by the Navy in connection with high-speed photographic receiving apparatus. It was a special tube developed to obtain the maximum amplification and embodied a tungsten filament with a finely wound tungsten grid and a tungsten plate. TYPES OF TRANSMITTING TUBES The second use of the tubes, as transmitters) was not completely developed before the armistice was signed, but a large number of tubes were constructed and used on submarine chasers, airplanes and flying boats for wireless telephony communication up to about 12 miles. Inasmuch as the transmission of wireless signals for any distance involves considerable power, the tubes used in transmitting stations had to be of a heavier and more rugged type of construction than the receiving tubes. The first transmitting tube produced was a laboratory sample, from which the full line of tungsten-filament transmitting tubes was developed. The transmitting tube "Type VT-I2" was the first commercial develop- ment, and was used by the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army for wireless telephony in airplane service. This tube was an endeavor to duplicate the electrical specifications of the VT-2 developed by the Western Electric Company. It embodied a tungsten filament, a tungsten grid and a molyb- denum p ate, all elements being cylindrical in form. The limit to the amount of power which could be supplied to the tungsten filament limited the range of wireless telephony transmission, with the sets originally developed for Western Electric tubes, to about three miles. This tube was finally super- seded by the VT-I4. The transmitting tube "Type VT-i4"was developed to give the same transmitting range, in sets developed by the Western Electric for the Signal Corps, as was given by the VT-2. The construction and details of the VT-I4 are exactly similar to those of the VT-I2, with the exception of a greater power input to the filament. This tube, when used on airplane 244 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR service, had a transmitting range of from 10 to 15 miles in wireless te- lephony. The VT-I4 was also adopted by the U. S. Navy, and called by them the CG-ii62. It was used on submarine chasers and flying boats, with a sending range of about 15 miles. Another type of tube, Type VT-i6, was in the development stage for the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army at the end of the war, and was constructed with the endeavor to improve the mechanical strength of the tube for air- plane service and to perfect its electrical and radio characteristics. PRESIDENT WILSON TALKS 600 MILES THROUGH A VACUUM TUBE At the beginning of the development of transmitting tubes, two miles was considered a most excellent showing for wireless transmission of speech, in view of the difficulties encountered on airplanes, flying boats and submarine chasers. The rapid progress which was made in the development of these tubes led to further developments, and shortly after the armistice was signed a flying boat established commu- nication off Norfolk at a distance of about 80 miles. A little later, the Vacuum Tube Division, co-operating with the Re- search Laboratory at Schenectady, developed a medium power transmitting tube for wireless telephony, known as Type CG-H44. This tube was used by the Navy on flying boats and aboard ship, for transmission of wireless telegraphy and telephony. It embodied a tungsten filament, a tungsten grid, and a molybdenum plate, and was designed to use a higher plate voltage than the VT-I2, VT-I4 or VT-i6. This tube had a transmitting range of from about 50 to 175 miles, a flying boat establishing communication with Secretary Daniels in Washington at a distance of 150 miles at sea. The range could be increased by using several of the tubes in parallel, successful communication being established be- tween President Wilson and Secretary Daniels when the "George Washington" was 600 miles out of New York. From the time when this conversation started wireless telephone communication was successfully maintained until the ship reached harbor. FIRST AIRMEN TO FLY ACROSS ATLANTIC USED VACUUM TUBES While lying in harbor at Brest, France, awaiting the arrival of President Wilson for his trip home, the George Washington maintained successful communication with the famous trans- The famous Flying Boat NC-4 which was the first trans-Atlantic plane. Using CG-H44 Vacuum Tubes, the NC-4 maintained com- munication with the George Washington until 50 miles away. The U. S. Naval Transport George Washington which carried President Wilson to and from the Peace Conference. CG-II44 Vacuum Tubes were very successfully used in both Wireless Te- lephony and Wireless Telegraphy sets on board this ship. Types of Transmitting Tubes Manufactured Top Row left to right: Laboratory Sample No. 2, VT-i6. Center: The CG-U44 which was used in sets on the Seaplane NC-4 and the U. S. S. George Washington. Bottom Row- left to right: VT-I4, VT-I2. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 245 Atlantic plane NC-4, which was then passing over Brest en route from Lisbon, Portugal, to England. The George Wash- ington talked to the NC-4 by ra dio phones, and the crew of the NC-4, telegraphing their replies back to the George Washington, stated that the phone signals were coming in "loud enough to hurt their ears." Both the radio telephony and telegraphy transmitting sets were using CG-H44 vacuum tubes. Communication was maintained until the plane was well over 50 miles away. The perfect reception on board the George Washington of the signals from the NC-4 was con- sidered even more remarkable when it was learned that the plane, on account of heavy fog forcing it to fly low, was not using its main antenna. The latest type of tube which was developed by the Vacuum Tube Division was successfully used for wireless telephone communication between Brunswick, New Jersey, and Brest, France. This medium power tube was developed to withstand the necessary mechanical strains in connection with airplane service and to give the most reliable service in all of its electrical and radio characteristics. With regard to the transmitting tube, the Vacuum Tube Division of the National Lamp Works were the only successful manufacturers of this type of tube. The tubes were used almost exclusively by the Navy in their equipment for sub- marine chasers and flying boats, and were pronounced as being singularly free from operating troubles and as giving the most satisfactory results. This development was beyond the fondest hopes of the engineers connected with radio devel- opment, especially wireless telephony. REGULATOR TUBES (KENOTRONS) The regulator tube "Type TB-i" was used in regulating the voltage across the terminals of a fan-propelled generator for airplanes. This is a two-element tube or kenotron, embodying a tungsten filament and molyb- denum plate, and was so connected into the field and armature windings of the generator that with airplane speeds varying from 40 to 180 miles per hour, corresponding to armature speeds of 3,50010 18,000 revolutions per minute, the voltage did not vary more than 10 per cent. The construc- tion of this tube was such that it withstood mechanical vibrations in air- planes without any effect upon its electrical behavior. The use of these tubes with the generator equipment very materially decreased the amount of weight required to provide the necessary voltage 246 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR for wireless communication. They were used exclusively on American planes, and, from all reports, were entirely successful. In all of the developments of the tubes .used on airplanes, it was nec- essary to cover the construction specifications most thoroughly, so that the tubes would meet the service required. The vibrations of the plane and the sudden shocks and jars of landing necessitated the most accurate and rigid designs on all types of tubes. By means of the most elaborate internal construction we met all requirements of the service. The wonderful part of all of the development activities was the speed with which most successful designs were placed in production and delivered to the Govern- ment, and the surprising uniformity and improved quality which resulted from concentrated effort on commercial production. Articles published in the various technical magazines by members of the Signal Corps and by those connected with this radio development, speak very highly of the progress that was made in wireless telephony during the war, and a major part of the credit is due to the development of the vacuum tube, without which it would have been entirely impractical to have attempted wireless telephony in the air service. THE GRID LEAK AND SPECIAL TUBES The grid leak tube, a small cylindrical vacuum tube, was developed as a necessary auxiliary tube to be used in connection with the larger trans- mitting and receiving vacuum tubes in wireless telephony outfits, as a leak around the blocking condenser used in the grid circuit. Grid leaks were made having a resistance of 500,000, 2,000,000, and 10,000,000 ohms. The resistance is formed by deposits of metallic tungsten in a film between the two terminals of the grid leak. A special relay tube was also developed for John Hays Hammond, Jr. This was a specially designed tube used as a relay in connection with the wireless control of torpedoes. X-RAY TUBE MANUFACTURE AT NELA PARK THE USE OF X-RAYS IN THE WAR ZONES A very important piece of specialized war work performed by the National Lamp Works, co-operating with the Re- search Laboratory at Schenectady, had to do with the devel- opment and manufacture of X-Ray tubes. The great value of X-Rays as an aid to surgical diagnosis was well known at the beginning of the war. They had long been recognized as being the most effective means known for locating foreign bodies and for the scientific treatment of fractures and dis- locations. But while thousands of American hospitals were using X-Ray outfits, these outfits were designed as being in- herently stationary and no thought certainly no development work had ever been given to the design of a portable set. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 247 More or less stationary types of X-Ray outfits had been de- veloped by the other allied countries, and were in general use at points somewhat behind the then stabilized fighting fronts. The many months of actual war experience gained by the allied army surgeons had taught them that by far the most effective use of the X-Rays could be made at a point as close as possible to the field-dressing station where the wounded soldier received his first-aid treatment. It was also highly important that the X-Ray examination of the patient be made as soon after the wound was received as possible. The desired use of the X-Rays near the battle fronts, however, presented many very serious difficulties. In the first place, the X-Rays are generated by a high-tension current, usually ranging from 40,000 to 90,000 volts, discharging through a vacuum. Prior to our entrance into the war, all the tubes which were designed to provide this vacuum re- quired a direct-current supply. The apparatus required to generate and to control this high-voltage direct current was, of necessity, heavy and complicated and required an expert operator to keep it in adjustment. These features made its transportation and use along a constantly moving battle-line impossible. Recognizing the immediate need for the devel- opment of an efficient portable X-Ray outfit, each of the allied armies was engaged in research work on the problem when the United States entered the war. THE COOLIDGE TUBE MAKES X-RAYS PORTABLE Following an extensive series of investigations by Dr. Langmuir of the Research Laboratory at Schenectady, re- sulting in the discovery of many entirely new principles re- garding electrical discharges through a vacuum, Dr. Coolidge, also of the Research Laboratory, produced a new radiator type X-Ray tube, radically different from any tube there- tofore constructed. Tests of this tube conclusively proved it to be the most powerful, effective and dependable X-Ray tube ever made. So satisfactory was this tube that it was immediately standardized by the Red Cross for use in its hospitals overseas. With the Coolidge tube as a basis, two complete portable outfits were developed for the Medical Corps of the U. S. 248 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Army. These outfits were known as the "U. S. Army Portable Outfit" and the "U. S. Army Bedside Outfit." The Portable Outfit formed an entirely independent unit and was mounted on a small automobile truck so that it could be taken to any part of the front lines, ready for immediate operation. The Bedside Outfit was made for use in more permanent locations, such as hospitals back of the lines, and was so constructed that X-Ray photographs and diagnoses could be made with very little inconvenience to the patient. The Coolidge tube had the property of producing its own direct current from an alternating current supply under much more severe conditions of service than was permissible with any of the older tubes and, as a result, could be directly connected across the power transformers. It was capable of practically continuous operation and required very little control apparatus. These features eliminated the heavy complicated auxiliary apparatus which was formerly attached to the outfit, and reduced the total weight to such a point that comparatively high-power portable outfits could be designed for field service. Also, on account of the simplicity of the tube and of the apparatus with which it is used, a great deal of the skilled attendance which was required for older types of apparatus was made unnecessary. The bulb of the Coolidge tube could also be much smaller than was permissible with the earlier types of tubes handling an equal amount of energy. Another feature, particularly attractive from the standpoint of the men actually working under the penetrating rays of the tube, was the fact that a close-fitting tube shield could be used, even for very heavy duty. This added much to the safety of operation, and less care had to be taken to avoid burns. FORMATION OF THE X-RAY TUBE DIVISION, NATIONAL LAMP WORKS The demand for the new tube increased so rapidly that about the middle of April, 1918, it became apparent to those closely in touch with the X-Ray situation that a new manu- facturing plant would have to be started in order to meet the requirements of the Government. A meeting was held in Schenectady which was attended by those persons interested in the work there, and by representatives of both the Edison THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 249 and National Lamp Works. It was decided at this meet- ing that the National Lamp Works should open the new plant. The proposition was put up to Mr. Pritchard by Mr. Roberts, and arrangements were immediately made for a couple of men from Nela Lamp Division to accompany Mr. Pritchard and Mr. Cogger to Schenectady to see just what apparatus and material was needed to get started. They arrived in Schenectady on April 25th, and soon found that the job was quite different from making lamps. The glass work was about the only thing which looked in any way familiar to them. Even that appeared difficult, and they were told that only experts could do it. On account of the many metal parts in the tube, there was a great deal of machine-shop work in getting these parts ready for use. The Nela Park representatives also found that the tedious work required in assembling some of the parts had been successfully accomplished only by expert jewelers. The exhaust was very different from anything they had ever tackled, it being necessary to use mercury condensation pumps to get the vacuum, and a voltage as high as 30,000 to bombard the parts, in order to release the gases held by the metal. A complete list of material and equipment required was made out at once, and orders were placed for everything. Arrangements were also made to send people from Nela Lamp Division to learn every part of the work. Wherever it was necessary to purchase anything outside the General Electric Organization, a special representative of Nela Lamp Division was sent with the order and in many cases brought the de- sired article back with him. In every such case, prompt delivery was obtained and much valuable time saved. On May 7, 1918, the X-Ray Tube Division was organized. An extract from the general letter issued by Messrs. Terry and Tremaine, authorizing this Division, follows: X-RAY TUBE DIVISION No. 152 This is a new division that has been opened for the manufacture of the Coolidge X-Ray tubes. They will be made, for the present at least, to help out the department at Schenectady that has heretofore 250 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR been making these tubes. We will not sell these tubes to the trade. This division will be located at Nela Park and will be in charge of Mr. P. J. Prkchard. TERRY AND TREMAINE Managers. THE PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS AT NELA PARK. While some of the people from the National Lamp Works were learning the work in Schenectady, Mr. Pritchard and his assistants were doing their utmost to get the equipment installed. The place chosen was the room formerly occupied by the cafeteria, in the Lamp Laboratories Building, Nela Park. The X-Ray Division contract called for the delivery of 100 tubes per week within 90 days after the equipment was installed. Unexpected delays on machines furnished by Schenectady held up the completion of the equipment job considerably, and it was not until the second week in August that the Division had any tubes to exhaust. A new crop of troubles came up in connection with the exhaust work, which at first seemed unconquerable. Very little help could be obtained from Schenectady because the troubles of the Re- search Laboratory were about as great as those at Nela Park. Progress was slow at first, and it was only after many dis- appointments that it was possible to take satisfactory tubes off the pumps. A definite method of procedure was finally worked out, which enabled good tubes to be turned out with very little trouble. The X-Ray Division had produced several hundred tubes, and was rapidly getting in such a position that a great many more than the required one hundred tubes per week could have been delivered, when the armistice was signed. The Government, of -course, cancelled practically all of its orders and the Division was forced to suspend operation as soon as the parts of tubes in process were cleaned up. Many improvements were successfully worked out and incorporated in the various processes of manufacture, there- fore permitting a much larger production rate to be attained. It may be interesting to mention a few of the things, at least, in which the Division was particularly successful, and in which it was able to make striking improvements in the THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 251 processes as originally demonstrated and used by Schenectady. The extent to which the bulb-blowing operations were modi- fied and improved may be realized when one considers that while 25 tubes were considered a good weekly production for a glass blower in Schenectady, the X-Ray Division at Nela Park so speeded up the difficult processes involved that one man was able to turn out 19 tube's in one day, or over 100 per week. At the signing of the armistice, sufficient machine operations had been introduced to bring the production of two men and a girl, working together, up to 60 tubes per day at least as far as the glass work was concerned. This would be a minimum weekly production of 330 tubes for three people. The maximum weekly production at the Schenectady labo- ratory for three people was 75 tubes. Girls were employed to do many operations in the machine shop which were done in Schenectady by men, and this, together with the working out of many short cuts in the preparation of the metal parts, saved considerable time over the laboratory methods used in Schenectady. The Division was also successful in teaching girls to do the work performed by the jewelers in Schenectady, and the amount of work turned out by the girls at Nela Park was about double that turned out by the highly specialized jewelers. Changes were also introduced in the exhausting procedure which shortened the exhaust schedule by approximately one and one-half hours. On account of the cancellation of the Government con- tracts immediately following the signing of the armistice, the National Lamp Works sustained a direct financial loss of many thousands of dollars. The suspension of active oper- ations, just at the point at which the Division was in good shape to go ahead, offered no chance of covering the great expense incurred in getting started. THE TRIBUTE OF THE G. E. RESEARCH LABORATORY The work of both the Vacuum Tube and X-Ray Divisions necessarily involved their very close co-operation with the Research Laboratory at Schenectady. That both Divisions worked in harmony with the Research Labratory is shown by the following extracts from a letter written by Mr. Hawkins to Mr. Pritchard, under date of January 20, 1919. "During the year, we have repeatedly called on your Vacuum Tube Division to complete the engineering devel- 252 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR opment work and get quantity production started on pliotron tubes whose designs had been only partially worked out in the Laboratory. These jobs were not a very attractive proposition for a lamp factory, but in every case they were attacked by your Vacuum Tube Division with such skill and energy that you were not only able to produce the quantity of tubes we requested, but the quality was superior to that of the tubes we were able to produce in the Laboratory, and the work was done in shorter time than we thought possible. "You invariably fully utilized all the technical knowledge and experience we had to give, and by supplementing this with your own skill and experience, you gave us a product better than we had expected. We never have experienced more thorough and effective co-operation from any department of the Company than your Division has given us. Without that co-operation, we could not have accomplished what we have for the Navy, which today seems to look to us solely for the working out of any new problems in radio. "The X-Ray Division was started at our request that Cleveland should put itself in a position to supplement our production of Coolidge tubes of the radiator type, which had been standardized for Red Cross Work. We were afraid that our Schenectady factory would not be able to meet the Government requirements and that, even if it could, it would be unsafe to rely on a single factory for a device which was absolutely essential for all surgical work at the front. Like your Vacuum Tube Division, your X-Ray Division tackled a rather thankless job with energy, skill and hearty co-operation. The equipment and methods of manufacture for X-Ray tubes differed much more from those of the lamp factory than did the equipment and methods of manufacture of the pliotron, so that a longer time was required to start production. There was some fear on the part of those in Schenectady that the character of the X-Ray tube work was so new for you, that the amount of help you would need from us in starting would be so large as to handicap our Schenectady production. "This fear proved to be wholly unfounded. You sent your men on to study our methods and production, and then went ahead with very little help from us to get your production started. This was accomplished in what I believe to be a remarkably short time, and the quality of your product Special Vacuum Tubes Made by the Vacuum Tube Division Left to right The TB-i Regulator Tube which was used in Wireless Telephone Sets in the Air Service; the Grid Leak Tube; the Relay Tube which was designed for Wireless Control of Torpedoes. Coolidge X-Ray Tube as Made by the X-Ray Tube Division at Nela Park Henry Urqhuart of the original "Princess Pats." Later with the X-Ray Tube Division Urqhuart's Insignia The Cap Insignia at the right dates from the original formation of the Regiment Only a few of the original "Princess Patricias" escaped death in the War. This photo was taken before the Regiment left Canada THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 253 was excellent. Although the signing of the armistice, and consequent cancellation of orders, have made it unnecessary to continue X-Ray tube production at Cleveland, nevertheless; if the war had continued, your X-Ray Division would have been practically essential to enable the General Electric Company to fulfill its obligations to the Government. "Outside of submarine detection, the two principal war activities of this Laboratory were Radio and X-Ray tube work. Our successful handling of the first of these would have been impossible, and of the second, doubtful, had it not been for the effective and hearty support received from your two Divisions." A "PRINCESS PAT" VETERAN AT NELA PARK Among the 1,050 troops, formed in Lansdowne Park, Ottawa, Canada, on August 23, 1914, who witnessed the presentation of the gold and royal purple colors of the "Princess Pat" Regiment to Colonel Farquhar by the Princess Patricia herself, there is one man whose experiences will be of par- ticular interest to those who read these pages. This survivor, later connected with the X-Ray Tube Division of the National Lamp Works, is Henry Urqhuart, Number 872 of the original Princess Pat Regiment, Both Brigade, 2yth Division. Probably no regiment engaged on any of the active fronts during the entire World War won higher commendations from the Allied General Staff than did the Princess Patricia's Royal Canadian Regiment of Light Infantry. Certainly no regiment faced a greater ordeal than that which came to these men in the very beginning of their experience, an ordeal which would have tested the most tried of veterans. On April 23, 1915, chlorine gas, an unknown and wicked weapon of warfare, was launched by the Germans in an attack which shattered the gallant forces on the Canadian left and poured an agony of suffocation and death upon the Canadians them- selves. The bravest and most experienced troops might well have been daunted by the terrific onslaught to which they were exposed. Attacked by overwhelming numbers, they held their position in the face of terrible casualties and checked the powerful German onrush toward Calais and Paris. Of the 1,050 men who, late in 1914, went into action as the original Princess Pat Regiment, only a few were left 254 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR alive at the close of the war. Among these men there was but one officer, Colonel Hamilton Gault, who came back with the regiment in March, 1919, having suffered the loss of one leg. An idea of the heavy casualties suffered by the regiment may be obtained when one realizes that during the bloody years of 1914, 1915 and 1916 alone, sixteen thou- sand replacements were added to keep up its strength. URQHUART'S EXPERIENCES PRIOR TO JOINING THE "PATS" From 1897 to 1902 Urqhuart was in British South Africa and was engaged in active service throughout the Boer War. Here he became acquainted with Colonel Farquhar, later Commanding Officer of the Princess Pats. During the Russo-Japanese War, he accompanied part of the Russian fleet down through the Red Sea and into hostile waters. In March, 1907, he was again in the Far East as a non-com- batant in the Chinese Rebellion, witnessing battles for six weeks for the possession of Shanghai Arsenal. Late in July, 1914, Urqhuart, then in the merchant marine service, was on the British ship Mantua, commanded by Captain Vipert, on a cruise through the fjords of Norway. He arrived at Balhomen ten days prior to the declaration of war, and had the unique experience of standing within thirty feet of Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, who was at Belhomen at the same time. Unfortunately, the British at this time had no suspicion of the coming events, in which Wilhelm was to play such an important part, so that the latter went unmo- lested, much to Urqhuart's later regret. An exchange of compliments between the German and British crews was followed by a tour of inspection of the German Dreadnaught "Crown Prince Frederick" by the British officers and pass- engers. After various stops, the Mantua docked at Copenhagen, where great excitement was in evidence due to the general rumor of the declaration of war. From here, they went to Christiana and thence into the North Sea where, at 1 1 o'clock on the night of August 3rd, they were hailed by a vessel of the German fleet. Upon replying, the Germans said that war had jbeen declared on Servia, Russia and France. The Mantua was allowed to proceed and went on through the North Sea to the Port of London. A trip to Bristol by rail was followed by Urqhuart's being sent on escort duty to Canada. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 255 THE PRINCESS PATS ARE FORMED AND Go OVERSEAS Upon Urqhuart's arrival in Canada, the Princess Pa- tricia Regiment was being formed. Aided by the influence of Captain Thompson of the ship Royal George, which later was to take the Princess Pats overseas, and that of Colonel Far- quhar, he obtained his release from the merchant marine. Backed by his experience in South Africa, he was imme- diately accepted as a volunteer in the famous regiment. October i4th found the Princess Pats in Plymouth Sound, England, and after a brief period of training in English camps the regiment moved to France with the Both Brigade of the 2yth Division of the "Old Contemptibles," to take their place in a line desperately assailed and very thinly defended. During these early days, food was scarce and the men suffered terrible privations. Urqhuart "enjoyed" a Christmas dinner of two biscuits and a small tin of beef and, with four others, spent the night in a poultry house. His brigade suffered most of all on account of the bitter cold, the feet of hundreds of men becoming swollen and bursting due to frostbite. Through January and February of 1915, the conditions were frightful. Heavy, continuous rains rilled up the shallow ditches which were used as trenches and the troops were forced to stand in the icy water more than once for as long as 72 hours at a stretch. The British Government sent over thousands of tins of vaseline with which the men greased their shoes as a slight protection against the water. The more ingenious of the men punched holes in the end of some of the tins and drew a cord thru, so that, when lighted, the tins of vaseline acted as lamps, burning for hours. The small flame also helped keep the hands of the men warm enough to enable them to use their rifles and bayonets. Late in February, 1915, Urqhuart's battalion moved into position at Shelly Farm, near the village of St. Eloi, occupying the famous Trench 21, only 30 feet from the German lines. The Germans had completed a sap which, added to their heavy bombardment of hand grenades, made the position of the Canadians extremely precarious. Consequently a party of 14 men, without any preparation or support from the artillery, attacked and demolished the enemy parapet for a considerable distance, killing every man in the German trench. About this time, Urqhuart had one of the narrowest 256 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR escapes of his career. A particular friend. Paddy O'Connell by name, invited Urqhuart over to inspect the "palatial" little rest shelter which he had just completed. A little later, upon returning to his own shelter, just large enough for him to lie down in, Urqhuart found the shelter cut squarely in two by a shell fragment which had exploded at the spot where he had been lying. On March ist the Germans began a counter-attack. At 9 o'clock on the night of the attack Urqhuart received a bullet in his shoulder, and after hours of exposure under a terrific bombardment, he was removed from the trenches at 4:30 on the morning of the 2nd and transferred to the field dressing station at Voormezelle. So urgent was the need for men to replace the casualties that Urqhuart was back in action with his regiment on March I5th with his wound' barely healed. THE FIRST GAS ATTACK APRIL 23, 1915 On March 2oth the battalion sustained a severe blow in the death of its leader, Colonel Farquhar, and retired to rest billets. On April pth it took up the front line on the extreme point of Hill 60 in Polygon Wood, along the Ypres salient. The British lines at this point were in the form of a narrow-necked bottle, with the Princess Pats at the "cork" of the bottle. The main Canadian division was on the imme- diate left, supported by French Turcos and Zouaves on the farther left. The British were on the right. At 5 o'clock on the morning of April 23rd, the Germans launched their first attack of asphyxiating gas. The French gave way, the gap immediately being filled by the Canadians who, in the face of all but complete annihilation, held their lines in one of the most immortal stands of the war. Fortunately, the Prin- cess Pats were on the edge of the gas cloud and their casualties were not as heavy as those of the Canadians on their left. Urqhuart was gassed slightly, but was not out of action at any time. During the next ten days the Germans shelled the narrow neck of the "bottle," cutting off all supply trains going in to the Princess Pats. With practically nothing to eat and with no water except the scanty supply obtained from shell-holes, the suffering of the men was intense. On May 4th the regiment took up a new line, some distance . in the rear. About three o'clock in the morning, THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 257 the Germans came over the hill in a strong attack and "dug in" at a distance of 700 yards. This attack was repulsed after the Germans had suffered severe losses but was followed by a heavy bombardment throughout the day. Ammunition was very scarce with the British at this time, each gun being allowed only one shell per day. The Germans had an abundance of shells and were sending over 50 to 100 to each one of the British. That night the regiment was relieved by the King's Shropshire Light Infantry, and Urqhuart went into reserve trenches for 48 hours. Just after dark on May 7th, the bat- talion went back into the line and, in turn, relieved the 2nd King's Shropshire Light Infantry, who had lost 380 dead and wounded. A heavy bombardment followed throughout the night and all the following day and, on the night of the 7th, the roll call showed the strength of Urqhuart's battalion as 635. The Germans started a very heavy bombardment the morning of the 8th, and the long day that followed was the most critical and costly in the history of the battalion. Every available man, including the cooks, was placed in the trenches. The German shelling was terrific and extremely accurate. Machine guns were buried, only to be dug out and used again. Both the fire and support trenches were repeatedly blown to pieces. At 11:30 that night, Urqhuart's battalion was relieved by the 3rd King's Rifle Corps, and marched back to reserve trenches. Out of the entire battalion there remained four officers and 140 men. Urqhuart had not received a scratch. Within a few minutes, however, following the news that their comrades were being hard pressed, the Princess Pats imme- diately volunteered and went back into the line. On May I3th, the Princess Patricias formed a composite battalion with the 4th King's Royal Rifles and relieved the hard-pressed 4th Rifle Brigade. At the beginning of June, the battalion took up a new line at Armentieres and remained there until the end of August. Early in June, the Germans put up a large sign on their parapet stating that the Lusitania had been sunk. The British replied with a similar sign an- nouncing the German loss of German East Africa. Urqhuart had an interesting experience just at this time. One morning he met a fellow Princess Pat who was entering the line with his hat full of strawberries. Upon 258 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR inquiry, Urqhuart found the patch was but a few feet away on the top of the parapet, the trench having been cut directly through it. Crawling on his hands and knees, and in momentary danger of being shot, Urqhuart managed to reach the coveted patch, where by lying flat on his back, he ate his fill of the berries. For several days thereafter, he enjoyed the daily luxury of strawberries for breakfast. On July 1 5th Urqhuart received a fragment of a shell in the hip, and as a result was out of action again for several weeks. About the middle of September, 1915, the battalion moved with the 2yth Division to a new line held by the jrd Army in the South. Later, the 2yth Division was withdrawn from this sector and the Princess Pats were detailed to assist in the training of the troops coming in as replacements for the 3rd Army, later joining the Canadian Division. URQHUART RETURNS TO THE STATES In November, 1915, the Princess Pats played a prominent part in the desperate fighting around Freis on the Somme. Here, on November i5th, Urqhuart was severely gassed and, at the same time, was struck by a piece of shell which inflicted a deep gash just above his left eye. He rapidly recovered from the shock of his wound and was again back in the trenches on December 6th. On January 15, 1916, he was again wounded during action in Belgium, this time in the hand. The con- tinued exposure to which he had been subjected throughout the unfaltering and persistent campaigns of 1914 and 1915, combined with his continued but vain efforts to overcome the insidious effects of the gas, finally resulted in Urqhuart being declared physically unfit for further service. In No- vember, 1917, he received his discharge, and was sent back to Ottawa, Canada, where he had enlisted. Months of convalescence followed. Then Urqhuart went on a speaking tour, helping out on patriotic drives. He toured through New York and New Jersey, assisting in the jrd, 4th, and 5th Liberty Loans. His first experience was at Rome, New York, where a record was made in the War Chest drive there. On October I5th, 1918, he arrived in Cleveland, where, through a former New York friend, he was introduced to Mr. P. J. Pritchard, manager of the Nela Lamp Division of the National Lamp Works. A talk with Mr. Pritchard THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 259 resulted in Urqhuart's deciding to enter the X-Ray Tube Division, at Nela, for work on X-Ray tubes for hospital service for the army. Through the courtesy of the National Lamp Works, and at the request of Mr. Henry Rogers of the Edison Lamp Works, Urqhuart was released on November 9th, 1918 for another two-weeks' speaking tour through New York and New Jersey on the United War Work campaign, returning on November 24th. When the work on X-Ray tubes was ordered discontinued, following the signing of the armistice, Urqhuart was transferred to one of the regular departments of Nela Lamp Division. His was the satisfaction of knowing that he contributed to the downfall of militarism in at least three different ways: first, he fought through some of the most crucial battles of the entire war, receiving four wounds and being gassed twice, the later gassing so affecting his lungs that he could never completely regain his health; second, while with the National Lamp Works, he was doing what he could to save the lives of other heroes by his work on X-Ray tubes; and third, he stimulated the raising of money for patriotic purposes by telling civilian audiences what war really means to the soldier. THE WAR ACTIVITIES OF NELA RESEARCH LABORATORY On March 21, 1917, two weeks prior to the declaration of war, the services of Nela Research Laboratory were offered to the United States Government in the terms of the following letter addressed to the Secretary of War. NELA RESEARCH LABORATORY OFFICE OF DIRECTOR March 21, 1917. Honorable Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. My dear Mr. Baker: The international conflict into which, it would seem, the United States may soon be forced, if it is not already a participant in fact, is a war founded largely upon science and engineering. I am deeply in sympathy with the administrative procedure of our Government in convassing the scientific and engineering resources 160 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR of this country in order that the available facilities may be duly organized. It therefore gives me pleasure, upon the authority of the Managers of the National Lamp Works of General Electric Com- pany, to extend to the United States Government the facilities of Nela Research Laboratory for whatever uses it may be fitted, if in the event of war or in the pursuance of an intensive program of pre- paredness the Government may deem it advisable to avail itself of the services which this Laboratory may be able to render. The Laboratory is particularly qualified to investigate problems in lighting, having a staff comprising several physicists, a physiologist, a psychologist and several men with engineering train- ing. Its equipment, though developed primarily for the investigation of problems in its special field of inquiry, is nevertheless sufficiently general to permit of much broader application. The facilities of the Laboratory include a well organized scientific and technical library and a well-equipped instrument shop. I would be glad to have you transmit this letter, or a copy of it, to such other Department or Departments of the Government as your judgment may determine. Very truly yours, (Signed) Edward P. Hyde. Mr. Baker expressed his appreciation of this offer and stated that the facilities of the Laboratory would be used as required. In July, 1917, the National Research Council through Major Millikan requested the Laboratory to under- take an investigation of the relative merits of binocular and monocular field-glasses. The following letter indicates the importance of the problem in the war program: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ACTING AS THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH OF THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE July 30, 1917. Dr. E. P. Hyde, Nela Research Laboratory, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Dr. Hyde: I had sent to you yesterday from the Navy Department two binoculars, one of five-power and the other of ten-power, of the sort which they use in the Navy. I think Dr. Mendenhall also had some of the Army binoculars sent to you. This question of binoculars versus monoculars is one which I raised in the Munitions Board some weeks ago, and the General Staff of the Army asked to have the matter carefully investigated and reported upon. What they want THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 261 is advice as to whether there really is any advantage in binoculars. The report comes that the Germans have discarded binoculars for monoculars. I do not know how correct that report is, but I know of no place in the country to which we can look for more well founded judgment upon a subject which involves physics, psychology and physiology than your Laboratory. I shall be glad to present your findings to the Munitions Board, and I am sure the General Staff will be much interested in it. Very sincerely yours, (Signed) R. A. Millikan. THE INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE WHETHER BINOCULAR FIELD-GLASSES MIGHT BE DISPLACED BY MONOCULARS WITHOUT APPRECIABLE SACRIFICE OF EFFICIENCY In pursuance of the request from the National Research Council, this investigation was begun immediately. The greater part of the experimental work was carried out by Dr. P. W. Cobb and Dr. W. Weniger. The problem, the methods of investigation pursued, and the conclusions reached, are briefly outlined in the following paragraphs. It may be well to mention that, inasmuch as this work was of a purely re- search nature, the use of technical words cannot be entirely avoided. How the Field-Glass Monocular vision is the vision pertaining to the use Increases the Range of only one eye, while binocular vision pertains to the of the Eye use of both eyes. The effect of monocular vision may be easily seen. If two similar objects, one slightly farther away from the observer than the other, are seen with only one eye, it will be very hard, if not impossible, to distinguish which object is the closer. If, however, one looks at the same objects, using both eyes, no such difficulty will be experienced. Consequently, if the average person were asked to compare monocular with binocular vision, he would probably dismiss the whole matter with some such remark as this, "Of course binocular vision is better, because we can see the depth of things." But there were many other things to be considered such as cost, ability to distinguish detail, etc. This matter of seeing depth or relief is very vividly impressed upon the mind of anyone who has used an ordinary stereoscope. The stereoscope is nothing more nor less than an optical instrument having two eye-pieces which, when the instrument is used by an observer, serve to combine the images of two pictures taken from points of view a little distance apart into one magnified image, thus giving the effect of depth. The reason why one can see stereoscopically is because each eye looks at any object from a slightly different position, thus making the images slightly different. A receding edge of the object, for example, subtends a 262 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR slightly different angle at each eye, and it is the difference between these two angles which measures the amount of the so-called "binocular parallax" and determines the amount of depth or relief that is perceived. The cause of this "binocular parallax" may be realized if the reader will look out of a window, first with one eye and then with the other, and note the difference in the apparent relative positions of the trees, etc., on the window pane. It is evident that the difference between these two angles subtended at the eye will be much greater when a certain object is looked at from near at hand than when viewed from a distance. In other words, the stereoscopic effect diminishes rather rapidly with distance from the observer. When the differ- ence between the two angles becomes of the order of magnitude of 30 seconds of arc, /. e., ^ of a degree, most people can no longer perceive it, and stereo- scopic vision ceases. It is evident, then, that if objects are to be seen at any great distances, say several miles, with the same clearness and depth of vision as are objects close at hand, the binocular parallax must be increased so as to keep it above the minimum value of 30 seconds of arc at which the stereoscopic effect may be noticed. When the eyes are aided by field-glasses, the binocular parallax may be increased in two ways; by magnification and by increasing the effective distance between the eyes, that is, by placing the objective lenses farther apart than the eye-pieces, as is done in most types of prism binoculars. This increase in the distance between the objective lenses increases the difference between the angles which an object subtends at the eye; in other words the binocular parallax is increased, as was desired. Then, since it is possible to keep the parallax down to 30 seconds of arc and still gain the depth of vision desired, the distance from the eye to the object may be increased. For the Type EE 6-power prism binocular that has been adopted by the army, the distance between the objective lenses, generally known as the "interobjective" distance, is about i^ times as great as the distance between the eyes, /'. ., the "interpupillary" distance. If an inter- pupillary distance of 2.56 inches (65 mm.) is assumed as applicable to the average observer, the use of such a prism binocular would give an inter- objective distance of i^ times 2.56 or 4.48 inches, and a simple calculation shows that a point at a distance of 5100 yards, or 2.9 miles, from the observer can just be distinguished by him as nearer than the infinitely distant horizon. In other words, the range of the glass is at the point where stereoscopic vision ceases which, in this case, is at a distance of 2.9 miles from the observer. The Problems The Sub-Committee on Monocular and Binocular Field- Invohed in the Glasses was interested in determining how this matter Study of Parallax of parallax would affect vision. The objects that must be observed are, of course, of many different kinds, and the illumination of these objects varies widely, so that there will be under ob- servation objects differing in size, in brightness, in color, in their state of motion or of rest, etc. Apparatus was therefore designed to study the effect of parallax on the perception cf these different qualities, but it was also de- cided that experimental work must begin 'upon a still more simple problem, namely that of the comparison of monocular and binocular acuity upon a flat field, where the question of parallax does not enter at all. It is evident that in any problem of this kind a very large number of experiments must be performed in order to strike a proper average. In addi- In Center, Administration Building At right, Nela Research Laboratory Fig. I Test Object and Observ- er's Station at Mayfield Country Club, where early experimental work on Field-glasses took place Fig. 2 Background and Test Ob- ject used in determining effect of Stereoscopic Vision on discrimi- nation of detail Fig. ./Machine Designed for making Ribbon Fil- ament for Signal Lamps Fig. 5 Silvered-Bowl Lamp employing a Ribbon Filament Fig. 6 Sectored Disk, rotated to give "dots" and "dashes" of light Fig. / Trench Signalling Unit in operation Fig. 3 Observation Field at Camp Meade, Md., where Nela Research Laboratory ran tests to determine relative advantages of Binocular and Monocular Field-glasses. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 263 tion to such factors as attention, fatigue, different physical condition of the observers on different days, practice effect, and the like, which are present even under laboratory conditions, there are present out of doors many other disturbing factors. Among these may be mentioned a different amount of heat shimmer from hour to hour; a difference in the illumination of the test object due to position of sun and clouds; different sky brightnesses; clear, smoky, and hazy atmospheric conditions; rain and snow; different tempera- tures, from hot to such extreme cold as to stiffen the fingers; and variable winds, which may make it almost impossible to stand still long enough to make an observation or which, by blowing between the eye-piece and the eye, may cause the tears to flow. The Beginning The first experimental work was done on the grounds of of the Work on the Mayfield Country Club, to whose Directors the Labora- Field-Glasses tory was greatly indebted for the many conveniences placed at the disposal of the experimenters and the many courtesies accorded them. A "test object," shown in Fig. i, presenting the appearance of a white square with a black strip equal to one-third its area extending down its center, was mounted at a distance of 1040 yards from the observer. The test object was viewed against a black background, was variable in size and could be rotated so that the black strip was either vertical or horizontal. The size and position of the test object was varied according to a pre-arranged helter-skelter order, and the observer reported whether the strip was vertical, horizontal or too small to see. The time required to arrive at a decision was taken with a stop-watch. About 500 experiments were made on each of three observers to elimin- ate practice effect, and then 1200 more upon which the following statements are based. No decisive advantage was found in the use of the two eyes to- gether over the better eye alone; in one case the use of the two eyes gave re- sults about 4% poorer than the use of the better eye alone. Note the condi- tions of the experiments that lead to these results; flat field, no stereoscopic vision, maximal contrast (black and white), out-of-door conditions, and trained observers. The two eyes of each observer (one supplied with spec- tacles) differed from each other by an amount less than that detected by the usual optometric methods. Steadiness of holding, and muscular comfort or discomfort while using either the monocular or binocular were identical, as the monocular results were obtained by merely putting a ground-glass cap over one limb of the binocular. Both eyes were kept open all of the time so as to eliminate the muscular fatigue that results when one eye is closed, as well as to keep both pupils of the same diameter as nearly as possible. It is of interest to mention that the above results were in entire har- mony with the experience of a great number of users of field-glasses, including one noted astronomer and one manufacturer of binoculars. One colonel of Field Artillery, upon being told the above result, volunteered the information that whenever he got through "observing fire" with a pair of binoculars, he invariably found he had closed one of his eyes; that is, he involuntarily worked monocularly, at least in the final stages of an observation. It is well known that the eyes function differently in very low and in ordinary illuminations. The retina has two different types of light-sensitive organs, called respectively the "rods" and "cones." The rods exist in the 264 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR peripheral retina, and are extremely sensitive to weak illumination. The cones are most numerous in the small area of the retina known as the "fovea," upon which the lens and other eye media form the image; they are sensitive to color, but not as sensitive to weak illumination as are the rods. The ab- sence of the rods in the fovea causes what everyone has noticed, namely that in twilight the outlines of an object appear indistinct, and seem to vanish the instant you try to look sharply. The Results Obtained As twilight is an important illumination for military Under Twilight operations, it was decided to repeat the acuity work Conditions of Operation under weak illumination. Twilight in nature is of rather short duration and of very rapidly chang- ing intensity, making the use of artificial twilight imperative in any ex- perimental investigation. Continuous out-of-door observation was impossible on account of the extremely severe winter that had set in at Cleveland by this time. Fortunately, one of the long pipe-tunnels at Nela Park was avail- able for this work, so that a sufficiently large distance (about 89 yards) could be obtained to enable the use of the same binocular without the excessive convergence of the eyes that of necessity exists at short distances. The same test object and the same method was used as before; however, one new ob- server had to be trained to replace one man who had been drafted. The arti- ficial twilight was produced by projecting the radiation from a MAZDA lamp filtered through a piece of "daylight glass" upon the test object so as to produce an illumination of only 0.0012 foot-candle. After the customary practice runs, each of three observers made about 1 200 experiments that yielded the following conclusions: 1. With binocular observation the "threshold of vision" is somewhat lower than with monocular observation using the better one of the two eyes; 2. When the test object is of such size that the judgments are pre- ponderantly correct, the decision of the observer is arrived at in shorter time with the binocular; and 3. With sizes of the test object such that both right and indeterminate judgments appear in large numbers, the tendency is to spend more time in binocular than in monocular observation. The illumination selected was such that rod vision was used. An object just resolvable in this twilight illumination was 15.6 times as large as one just resolvable in average daylight, or to put it another way, an object seen with a six-power glass in this twilight was not less than 2.6 times as large as one seen with the unaided eye in daylight. Hence if objects of the same size are to be examined or located in both daylight and twilight, different optical aids are desirable in the two cases. The Tests The preceding preliminary work gave the preparation for Discrimination necessary to take up the simplest of the problems in- of Detail volving stereoscopic vision, and apparatus was built for determining the effect of the presence or absence of stereoscopic vision on the discrimination of detail. Two backgrounds (Fig. 2) were placed at a distance of 375 yards and 445 yards from the observer, the nearer one being removable. Both were painted with a herringbone pattern in white on a black ground, the stripes being easily resolvable through THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 265 a six-power glass. The dimensions of the backgrounds and of the patterns were in direct proportion to their distances from the observer, so that the images of the patterns as received in the observer's eyes were identical. A test object consisting of two vertical strips of variable width, painted with the same proportion of white and black as the backgrounds, was placed one yard in front of the nearer background. The strip exposed, and its size, were changed in shuffled order, and the observer reported which one he saw or that he saw neither. The time taken by him to arrive at a decision was measured with a stop-watch. Observations were made with both eyes and with the better eye only, using both backgrounds; the farther one, of course, was the only one against which the strips showed binocular parallax. Unfortunately the necessary practice runs had not yet been completed when the work was stopped to carry out a field test under the supervision of army officers. The work was not resumed at the conclusion of the field tests because three of the four observers who had been training on this problem were no longer available, all having entered the army. The practice runs, however, showed clearly that there is no very large difference in the detail that can be detected with or without the aid of binocular parallax, nor in that seen with the better eye or with two. Apparatus for the study of the effect of binocular parallax on the dis- crimination of brightness differences was planned but not constructed when one of the Committee members was commissioned in the Sanitary Corps. The Field The field tests were carried out at Camp Meade, Md., in Tests at March, 1918, under the immediate supervision of the Board Camp Meade to Test Snipers' Materials. The tests were designed with the active assistance of all members of the Board, and of as many other officers having opinions on the subject as the Committee would get in touch with. The desire was to establish tests that would cover the important points met in actual service in such a manner that army men would regard the results with confidence. These tests differed from the preceding in many ways. First, the binoculars were Bausch & Lomb type EE, adopted by the army as standard. The monoculars were exactly like the right-hand limb of the binoculars. Conditions of stability of holding the two types therefore differed, even though explicit directions were given in each case as to the proper method of holding. Second, the observers (Fig. 3), about 50 in number, were all army officers, lieutenants and captains, but unfortunately the group was not ex- actly the same on all days. All had had some experience with binoculars, but practically none with monoculars. Very few were really trained observers, and as it was impracticable to extend the tests so as to train them, all re- sults obtained had to be included in the averages. In using the monoculars, either eye, and not necessarily the better one of the two, was used. The in- structions given as to the proper holding of the glasses were not strictly obeyed at the beginning of the tests, especially those instructions which pertained both to holding the glass in the left hand when using the right eye, or vice versa (in order that the wrist of one arm might be before the unused eye), and to keeping the unused eye open. It was sought to impress upon the observers that this was a test of a certain type of instrument and not in any 266 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR manner a test of men; that is, that a poor percentage of correct answers would in no wise reflect upon them as individuals; but in spite of this, at the begin- ning, some communication existed. Third, the test objects were, for the most part, men in khaki. They thus presented varying amounts of color contrast, of brightness contrast, and of stereoscopic relief against their backgrounds. In the first test, eleven men were stationed in hiding at definite posi- tions ranging from 410 to 1850 yards from the observers. According to a prearranged schedule these men appeared from behind trees, rose from trenches, showed themselves in the windows of a house, etc., for 50 seconds, then raised an arm to the level of the shoulder or aimed a rifle, and went into hiding again. The observers had to watch the entire field, pick up the man who happened to be showing himself at that time, watch what he did, and record which arm he raised or in which direction he aimed his gun. This test was run on four different days, each man using both the monocular and binocular for the same number of experiments each day. A total number of 7174 experiments was considered for each type of glass. In order that all the results might be combined, a system of weights was devised for the differ- ent stations at which the men appeared, based upon the total records for all four days. The Relative Advantages The results show a consistent, though slight, of Both Binoculars superiority for the binocular. In the matter of and Monoculars "picking up" or locating a man, the binocular ran about 5% ahead of the monocular on the first day, but the difference decreased to about 3% on the fourth day, averaging 3.8%. In the matter of distinguishing detail, that is, of telling whether an arm or a gun was raised, and in which direction, the difference was a little less than 8% and did not show improvement with practice. This result was not conclusive, however, because, as above mentioned, the better and poorer eyes were used indiscriminately with the monocular. The Mayfield Club ex- periments also showed that binocular acuity is somewhat greater than the mean of the acuities of the two eyes. The man at one of the stations arose from a trench and was exposed against a distant background, thus affording an abundance of stereoscopic relief. This man was seen 3.7% more frequently with the binoculars than was an average of all the other men, who afforded no stereoscopic relief, but he was also seen 3.7% more frequently with the monoculars. Whether the act of raising his arm or his rifle was to the right or the left, was detected with the binoculars 8.8% more frequently than for an average of all other sta- tions, and 7.9% more frequently with the monocular. For distinguishing between an arm and a rifle, the corresponding figures were n.6% for the bin- ocular and 8.8% for the monocular, so that the indication was that stereo- scopic effect is a distinct advantage for binocular discrimination, but it must also be emphasized that this advantage may be due to other causes that have not yet been studied in isolation, such as the comparative discrimination of small brightness differences, the detection of motion and in general the part played by the peripheral retina. The same series of experiments was carried on for two days during the waning light of late afternoon. The data were meagre but showed the bin- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 267 oculars to be slightly better. The difference in favor of the binoculars is much smaller in this work than in the tunnel work, probably because the illumination out of doors was such as to allow a visibility about three times that in the tunnel. On each of two days, one hazy and dark, the other bright and clear, so-called counting tests were made. From 7 to II men appeared from each of three different hiding places at distances from 1190 to 1800 yards, and remained in sight for 10 seconds. On both days, for the binocular, the number of correct counts was larger by more than 5% and the number of large errors smaller. Time Test On two different days the men who ordinarily acted as test on Both Types objects, became observers in certain timing tests. Two of Glasses parallel black strips mounted on a white board were ex- posed either vertically or horizontally, in shuffled order, at a distance sufficiently great so that they could not be resolved with the un- aided eyes. The glasses were focused, the binocular being put in its case and the monocular in a coat pocket with the flap buttoned. At a signal, the glass was removed, brought to the eye and the position of the strips announced. One stop-watch was started at the signal, another when the glass came to the eye, and both were stopped when the position was announced. From 1.5 to 2.0 seconds more were consumed in the delay incidental to getting the binocular to the eyes from its carrying place than were similarly required to get the monocular into action but, once at the eyes, the binocular enabled the user to report in 0.32 to 0.44 seconds less time than the monocular. These field tests, carried out for a very limited time with not par- ticularly trained observers, showed for each condition that for these men vision was better with the binocular. The advantages found were not, in point of magnitude however, of sweeping moment. At the maximum the difference in discrimination of detail amounted to a little more than 12% of the number of experiments. If one of the results of the Mayfield Club tests is taken, /'. e., that roughly 25% difference in frequency of correct answers corresponds to 9% difference in size, the size-difference corresponding to 12% frequency-difference is a trifle less than 4.5%. It is then a safe theoretical conclusion that an increase of 4.5% in magnification (6.27 instead of 6.00) would offset the relative disadvantage of the monocular in the most unfavor- able case of daylight illumination. Tests carried out with binoculars for a period of several years by a certain branch of the army showed conclusively that a magnification of 8 was best. A magnification of 6 was adopted as standard. This sacrifice was presumably made to reduce weight or expense or for some other similar reasons. Moreover, at the time of the completion of these tests there was a scarcity of optical glass in this country as well as a scarcity of skilled work- men. It takes approximately three times as long to make a binocular as a monocular, and of course the glass required is twice as much. The complete investigation indicated that for most classes of field work, the monocular field- glasses might replace the binocular field-glasses without any appreciable loss in efficiency, but with a very great economy in the time of mechanics and in materials used in the construction of field-glasses. 268 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR The evaluation of this work by Lt. Col. Millikan is indicated in the following letter: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ACTING AS THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH OF THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE June 13, 1918. Dr. Edward P. Hyde, Nela Research Laboratory, Dear Dr. Hyde: This is to acknowledge the receipt of your very full report on Binoculars vs. Monoculars. I regard this as one of the most im- portant pieces of work which has been done at all in the aid of the war, and I think it likely that on the basis of this report monoculars will be put into production at once. I will let you know as soon as a decision is made. Sincerely yours, (Signed) R. A. MILLIKAN, Lt. Col. Signal Corps. For some reason, however, the General Staff disapproved the recom- mendations and binoculars continued to be furnished to army officers during the remaining months of the war. THE WORK ON LIGHT-SIGNALLING UNITS Early in 1918 the Laboratory was asked to develop an artificial-light unit for signalling in the daytime in places where the operator would be seen against a bright sky back- ground. Later an additional request came for a 6-volt , 2- ampere lamp for use in a trench-signalling unit designed by Major Mendenhall and the Lynn Works of General Electric Company, to supplant the unsatisfactory unit then in service. Practically the entire time of Drs. Forsythe, Lorenz and Worthing was given for a period of ten or twelve months to working out these problems in light-signalling. During the war at least three methods of signalling employing incandescent lamps in parabolic reflectors were developed and used in the various armies. In one method the dots, dashes and spaces of the International Telegraphic Code were produced by operating a shutter in front of the signalling unit, much as did the Indian who waved his blanket THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 269 before his signal fife. In a second method, the flashes were produced by slightly tilting the mirror back and forth, the effect on a distant observer being the same as though the beam had been actually interrupted. In the third method the signals resulted from the making and breaking of the electric current through the lamp. In warfare, portability of instrument and supplies are of prime importance; therefore, considerations of efficiency rule out the first two methods in case the third is at all applicable. The expensiveness of the electric energy supplied by dry cells as used in trench-signalling work (which increased the national debt at an average rate of $50.00 to $100.00 per kilowatt-hour, in contrast with ten cents or less, the price for electricity as used in homes) made it very desirable to find some method of cutting down the consumption of energy per outfit. The Use of In a preliminary consideration of the problem it was A "Ribbon" decided that the most probable solution might be expected Filament from the use of a ribbon filament (rather than the wire filament of ordinary lamps) of tungsten in an argon at- mosphere. These specifications were based on the following principles which, when embodied in a lamp, should tend to make satisfactory and workable the third method of light-signalling which depends upon current interrup- tions in the lamp. Properties tending toward rapidity in flashing, (i. e., shortness of the time-intervals required by the filament in heating to its maximum brightness, and later in cooling down to darkness) are: first, the high positive temperature coefficient of tungsten which results in a greatly increased rate of supply of heat to the filament; and second, the ribbon form with its inherently small amount of material to be heated and cooled, for a given radiating surface. A third factor, one tending toward economy in usage of batteries, is the high efficiency of lamps with filaments in an argon atmosphere. The division of labor accompanying the development work naturally fell into three subdivisions: (1) The production of a ribbon filament; (2) The determination of the characteristics of the completed unit which make for efficiency; (3) The determination of the favorable conditions and the attain- able speeds of operation for the completed unit. In fulfilment of a small ante-war demand for ribbon filaments, wire filaments had been hot rolled. The product was either in the form of sheets or of such thickness as to be of little use for signal lamps. Attempts to obtain ribbon filaments of the desired dimensions by rolling resulted in poor quality for both ribbon and rollers. Under the stimulus of war-time needs, many ribbon-making possibilities were considered. The plan finally carried through consisted of a continuous hammering process, in which two hammers coming THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR from opposite directions strike the wire simultaneously. How this was ac- complished may be understood with the aid of Figure 4. The rotation of the notched hardened-steel disk or cam alternately pushes apart and releases the two oppositely placed spring-adjusted hammers, likewise of hardened steel, which are pinioned firmly at their lower ends. A wire slowly passing through the hammering chamber at the top, between the hammer heads, is subjected to a rapid succession of taps. In making the ribbon for the signal lamp a speed of 800 taps per minute was found suitable. The hammering chamber was completely enclosed and filled with hydrogen so that the tungsten wire could be heated electrically, without deterioration, to tem- peratures which facilitated the ribbon-making process. This hammering pro- cess resulted in very satisfactory ribbon filaments for signal lamps (Figure 5). In fact, excellent ribbon as thin as one or two thousandths of a millimeter was obtained. (A millimeter is about one twenty-fifth of an inch.) The Tests In searching for the best 6-volt, 2-ampere lamp for use in the of the Lamp trench-signalling unit, many types of lamps containing variously shaped filaments of tungsten wire or ribbon, im- mersed in atmospheres either of nitrogen, argon, or hydrogen, were con- sidered. Various tests were made, some from the viewpoint of speed of opera- tion, others from the viewpoint of economy in battery usage. Only one of each type will be considered. For the test relating to the speed of flashing, instantaneous candle- power measurements were made, in which the observer obtained glimpses only a hundredth of a second in duration. By suitably choosing various in- stants following the beginning of a flash for these measurements, the relative changes in brightness of a signal lamp could be followed. Performance curves were obtained for various lamps, showing how the brightness increased to the maximum steady value on heating up and decreased again on cooling down. The contrast here given is only between the two lamps from which the final choice for the trench-signalling unit was made; one, a ribbon filament in argon; the other, a wire filament in nitrogen, which was the gas considered necessary for sufficient speed in that case with a wire filament. It was found that the ribbon-filament lamp reached 95% of its maximum brightness in 0.07 second following the beginning of a flash and that it cooled down at the end of the flash to 5% of the maximum values in less than 0.03 second. The time required by the wire-filament lamp on heating was about 50% greater, although the cooling time was of the same order as that for the ribbon-filament lamp. Evidently the ribbon form was an aid to speed. The results of a test relating to economy in the usage of batteries were found of the greatest importance and applicable to all lamps. It showed how effectively the silvering of the tip end of the lamp, as in certain autohead- light and spot-light units, conserves for the beam much of the light other- wise radiated scatteringly through the front opening of the unit. This silver- ing redirects much of this light in such a way that it can be utilized. For both of the lamps mentioned there was an increase of roughly 40% in the average beam intensity. Considering that with the lamps unsilvered a 40% greater battery supply was necessary for the same beam intensities, that is, for the same degree of probability that signals would reach the person signalled, ths plan of silvering saved greatly in cost and in transportation of material. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 271 How the In the third main subdivision of the work, relating to favor- International able conditions and attainable speeds in signalling, the first Code was Sent essential was a knowledge of the best distribution of light in the signal. Assuming the International Code, in which all spaces are equal, the problem became one of determining the allotment of time to dot, dash and space so that the entire signal might be perceived with certainty in the minimum of time. For this purpose, a special rotating sectored disk was devised. An opaque circular sheet of metal from which a large sector, about 120 in extent, had been cut away (Fig. 6) was mounted in front of a lamp and rotated. The lamp was alternately visible for one-third of a rotation, and invisible for two-thirds of a rotation. Further, a small opaque sector, from 40 to 50 in extent, was so mounted over the 120 opening in the main disk that the two open spaces were noticeably different. Rotation of the whole before the lamp resulted in the sending of two suc- cessive unequal flashes which could be identified as a dot and a dash.- The combination disk was initially mounted with some arbitrary allotment of time to dot, dash and space, and then rotated in such a way as to give a haphazard order, dot-dash and dash-dot signals, first at one speed and then at another, while an observer read and recorded the signals re- ceived. From a comparison of the signals sent and the observers' records, the greatest speed of reception of signals for the given allotment was noted. Repetition with other allotments of time to dot, dash and space naturally led to the best arrangement for the perception of the signal. As a matter of fact, lest the observer, knowing the particular signal, should supplement his observation by his imagination, several signals were actually used and the accuracy determined through the agreement between the actual signals given and the reported observations. After the experiment was completed and the results obtained for one observer, a second observer was introduced and the combined results were taken in arriving at the conclusion. It was found that the total signal could be given in the least time if the dot, dash and space bore to each other the ratio 1:4:3. Tests with this arrangement of dot, dash and space, in which eight different signals were first presented in a haphazard order by means of a rotating sectored disk in front of a steady glowing lamp (Figure 7) and then by means of flashing on and off the ribbon-filament lamp, described above, snowed very little difference, indicating that for the conditions of operation there was no need of changing the design of the lamp to make it operate faster. In other words, the determining factor in reading the signals seemed to be the eye rather than anything connected with the flashing lamp. Similar tests made using a lamp with a wire-filament of tungsten in nitrogen showed, in accordance with what has been said, slight differences in favor of the ribbon-filament in argon. THE LlGHT-SlGNALLING UNIT Is ADOPTED AT WASHINGTON The success of these experiments carried on at the National Lamp Works is indicated by the following letter from Major Mendenhall, supplemented by the subsequent order, after the signing of the armistice, for fifteen hundred 6-volt, 2- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR ampere lamps containing a ribbon-filament with very open double-spiral winding immersed in argon for use in trench- signalling units. WAR DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION WASHINGTON Science & Research Dept. 1023 i6th St. N. W. November 18, 1918. Dr. E. P. Hyde, Nela Research Laboratory, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. My dear Dr. Hyde: The lamps which you referred to in your letter of November 1 4th came today, and we are very glad to get them. While the pres- sure for signalling devices has certainly abated, we are going ahead to put the devices which are under development into somewhat final shape, pending receipt of any orders to the contrary. Therefore, we were very glad to get these lamps for trial in the trench unit. I am not quite clear from your letter as to whether the Nela Lamp Development Laboratory has stopped all of its efforts to de- velop a ribbon-filament lamp as a manufacturing proposition. I very much hope this is not so, because signalling lamps are certainly going to be used and I feel that the ribbon-filament is a distinct ad- vance. Unless the problem is a long way from being solved, I hope that work can continue on it. Yours faithfully, (Signed) C. E. MENDENHALL, Major, A. S., A. P. THE WORK ON CAMOUFLAGE Early in the war it became apparent to scientific men that the problems of visibility and of camouflage could be solved satisfactorily only by systematic investigation. This fact is worthy of note because of the popular idea that camouflage, especially, was an activity for the artist. These phases of modern warfare were not, in any sense, new arts but they became highly developed through the application of the scientific knowledge of the present time, just as other activities of warfare were similarly influenced. In the fall of 1917 the services of the laboratory were requested in connection with the army program on camouflage. This work was referred to Mr. Luckiesh, who initially visited Washington periodically and assisted as much as possible the Camouflage Units which were being mobilized at the Fig.S An Airplane viewed against the sky. In spite of the fact that the plane is painted white, it appears very dark when silhouetted against the bright clouds and sky. Fig. f) Looking down on the Airplane from above. In this case, the earth is so much darker than the Plane, that the latter is seen as a bright object. Fig. 10 Since an Airplane is a very small object when viewed at a few thousand feet, any pattern used to render it of low visibility should obviously cover a large portion of the wing surface. Fig. II Use of the Scale shown here enabled a Plane to be "placed" at any desired altitude and in the proper proportion. This assisted greatly in selecting the best pattern for camouflage. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 273 American University. Subsequently, in order to obtain in- formation and data that would be of value, he undertook the extended investigation of sky and earth brightnesses described in the following abstract. The work was conducted primarily for the Science and Research Division of the Bureau of Aircraft Production. THE VISIBILITY OF AIRPLANES In order to make an object invisible, it is necessary to render it of the same appearance as the background. Hence it is necessary to obtain accurate data pertaining to the back- ground, for, without such data, the problems must be solved by trial a tedious and unsatisfactory method. While, of course, it is not possible in all cases to realize the ideal of complete invisibility, objects may be rendered very difficult to distinguish. If the background is constantly changing, however, the problem becomes much more difficult. For example, if an airplane viewed from above is provided with a pattern of certain colors and hues, it might be fairly incon- spicuous when over a wooded area and yet be quite conspic- uous over ploughed or barren land. It is quite obvious, there- fore, that effective camouflage for craft operating under these conditions may be determined in the best manner, and shortest possible time by first obtaining data pertaining to the backgrounds. As a consequence of this reasoning and with a knowledge of the factors involved, a compact apparatus was devised which could be operated in aircraft and with the necessary measurements and observations for studying the conditions of camouflage could be made. The program of study of airplane camouflage included two general viewpoints, namely, above and below the airplane. It is not practicable to render a craft of low visibility from above and below simultaneously, because the solutions are more or less opposed to each other. When viewed from under- neath against a background of bright sky and clouds whose aspect changes from minute to minute, the aircraft is a dark object (Fig. 8). But when looking down on the airplane, the background is usually the much darker earth, whose aspect changes from season to season, and the airplane of natural finish is a bright object. (Fig. 9). Obviously, the character of camouflage which is required will depend upon the type of airplane, such as bomber, patrol, 274 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR scout plane, etc.; upon the height at which the various aerial operations are carried out; and upon various other charac- teristics of service. THE VISIBILITY OF AN AIRPLANE VIEWED FROM ABOVE Measurements of the reflection-factors of earth areas were made on a great many days, involving many hours of flying under various kinds of weather conditions. The mean reflection-factors obtained for various earth- areas during the summer were as follows: Fields of growing crops 6.8 per cent. Woods 4.3 per cent. Barren land 13.0 per cent. Shallow inland waters (rivers, harbors) 7.4 per cent. Deep channel in Chesapeake Bay 4.9 per cent. Atlantic Ocean, 50 miles from coast 3.5 per cent. Dense cloud bank, as high as ; 78.0 per cent. The surprising feature of these values is that they are generally much smaller than would be expected. This result is explained on the basis that, as seen from above, there is much shadow intermingled with the highlights. Any object, to be of low visibility when viewed against the earth, must be painted with very dark shades. These values were found not to differ materi- ally in other seasons. The reflection-factor of fresh snow is about 80 per cent. That of barren land differs considerably with the character of the soil. Wet soil is much darker than adjacent dry soil. Color in this particular problem is of less importance than brightness, and it was found that simple measurements reinforced by experience ac- counted for this phase of the problem satisfactorily. The size of the pattern to be used in the camouflage aimed to render airplanes of low visibility as viewed from above is of more importance than the actual shape (Fig. 10). An airplane of 5o-foot spread is a very small object when viewed at a few thousand feet; however, some slight pattern or mottling appears to be desirable. Pattern was studied photographically, series of photographs of the same terrain being made at altitudes from one thousand to twenty thousand feet. By knowing the dimensions of the optical system of the camera and those of an airplane, it was possible to calculate the size of the image of the object for various heights of the plane above the earth or, in other words, an airplane could be "placed" at any desired eleva- tion above the earth by superposing an image of the proper size upon a photo- graph. This feature, shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. ii)enabled the best pattern to be selected to obtain low visibility. These data, with others of minor importance, made it possible to con- clude the best compromise which would render aircraft of low visibility as viewed from above. THE VISIBILITY OF AN AIRPLANE VIEWED FROM BELOW The sky is now the background. Measurements of its brightness were made at various altitudes up to 20,000 feet. The earth-haze commonly ex- tends to an elevation of about a mile, and above this point the sky decreases more slowly in brightness as the altitude increases than for the first mile. On THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 275 extremely hazy days, the zenith sky was found to be only one-tenth as bright for an observer at 20,000 feet as it was when viewed from the earth's surface. The relation of sunlight to skylight was important, and was measured. At the earth's surface on clear days the sky contributes about 20 per cent of the total light. At an altitude of 20,000 feet this was found to be as low as 4 per cent. Cloudy days were also taken into consideration, and a number of dia- grams were made to show all the possibilities. An obvious ideal, from the viewpoint of low visibility, would be an airplane of complete transparency, so that the background could be viewed through the transparent medium, unaltered in color and brightness. After making an extensive investigation of these aspects and of many others, in- cluding the translucency of airplane cloth, it was decided that bleached cloth tinted slightly bluish, and maintained as translucent as possible by means of colorless "dope," was the best solution. VISIBILITY OF AIRPLANES AT NIGHT If the moon provides predominant illumination, the solution is the same as that for day-flying; however, it appears that the enemy searchlight is to be reckoned with chiefly. By painting craft a dull black or by painting only one" pair of wings black, it became evident that the black craft was of lower visibility in the beam than the unblackened craft and that it was invisible in the outskirts when the other craft was plainly visible. MARINE PROBLEMS The foregoing data were immediately applicable to sea-planes, to mines, and to submarines. The reflection-factors and colors of various kinds of water made it possible to progress rapidly with these problems. The hue of water varies from yellow-green or green for shallow water (where it partakes par- tially of the color of the bottom) to blue-green and greenish blue for deep, clear water. With the advent of submarine warfare, the importance of low visibility of vessels decreased, and the principle of confusability was adopted. Many data were available on optical illusions and, briefly, illusion was the under- lying principle of the grotesque patterns finally adopted. As a secondary feature, it was desirable to have the patterns merge at a distance into the desired blue-gray. The optical illusions of contrasty patterns in black and white aimed to confuse the enemy as to the course, speed and direction of his intended victim. Advisory assistance was given during the development of laboratory investigations of this phase of camouflage. The Navy also desired a pure blue glass for making enclosing glassware for the lighting circuits of vessels. The result was a blue light of low intensity, which would have a maximum illuminating value and minimum penetrating power as compared with other colors. This glass was produced, and the I van hoe- Regent Works supplied many thousand pieces. TERRESTRIAL CAMOUFLAGE The variety of problems was infinite, so in the strenuous days when camouflage units were being formed under the Chief of Engineers, it appeared best to teach the principles of light, color, lighting and vision to the members 276 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR of these units. Much time was devoted to this activity. Experiments were suggested, performed and criticized and many details were worked out in the field and in the laboratory. For example, a paint was developed which matched the green of vegetation fairly well spectrally. This feature was emphasized because it was not sufficient that colors appear the same to the naked eye. By means of colored filters before the eye or camera, differences undetectable by the unaided eye were easily revealed. Many filters were made and supplied for such experimental work, with the aim that in this manner the enemy's camouflage might be detected. Furthermore, under some conditions a color-filter will increase visibility. In the early work with the camouflage units the avail- able data were rare, but after the completion of the extensive measurements involved in the investigation of the visibility of airplanes, a vast amount of data was available for various phases of camouflage. As a consequence, new work was begun upon the texture, brightness and color of netting for con- cealment purposes, and some of the standardized patterns for cannons, wagons, etc., were shown to be futile. The prob- lem of rendering observation balloons of low visibility was given attention among other phases. In other words, it was possible by this time to place all camouflage work upon a scientific basis of known facts. The work on the visibility of airplanes was done for the Bureau of Aircraft Production and was submitted to Lieut.- Col. Millikan, who comments as follows upon this 4 and other work done for the National Research Council: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Acting as the Department of Science and Research of the COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE March 26, 1919. Mr. M. Luckiesh, Nela Research Laboratory, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Mr. Luckiesh: Since my own term as Chairman of the Physical Science Division of the National Research Council is about to expire, let me express my very hearty appreciation of the exceedingly import- ant work which you did for the Council. From a scientific point of view we have no other memoir which is more complete or more care- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 277 fully prepared than the one which you wrote on the Visibility of Air- planes. Very cordially yours, (Signed) (Lieut.-Col.) R. A. MILLIKAN, Vice-Chairman NAVY DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF NAVAL OPERATIONS WASHINGTON Nov. 2, 1918. M. Luckiesh, Esq. Council of National Defense, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Sir: We are in receipt of your letter of October 22, 1918, with at- tached digest of your report of the Visibility of Airplanes. This is of great interest to the Department and will enable us to proceed at once with further development in this direction. We wish to thank you for the data which you have already furnished this office, and hope that the results of your further studies on this subject will be received. Sincerely yours, (Signed) G. W. STEELE, Captain, U. S. N. WAR DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON Feb. 6, 1918. Mr. M. Luckiesh, Nela Research Laboratory, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Sir: I wish to express my great appreciation for the service that you have rendered the Camouflage Department in the past. Very respectfully, W. M. BLACK Major General, Chief of Engineers. j^By Randolph F. Beardsley, Capt., Engineer Reserve Corps. 278 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH LABORATORY Various other problems were investigated upon sugges- tions received from the National Research Council. Among these may be mentioned the design of a lamp to be used in photographing bomb trajectories, made by Dr. Worthing. Dr. Weniger undertook an investigation of the possible use of infra-red radiation for both signalling and photo- graphing, but this work had not led to any practical results when the war terminated. Mr. Luckiesh also worked on the standardization and measurement of colors of flares and rockets, the range of colored lights, color-filters for various purposes, mechanical devices for attaching color-filters to binoculars, lectures to engineers on lighting, obtaining aerial data for the photographic division, and various other activities. In addition to these specific investigations, all the members of the Laboratory staff were called upon from time to time to assist others in connection with war problems. It may be stated that practically the entire time of the Laboratory staff was given over to the study of war problems from a few months after war was declared until after the armistice was signed. The members of the staff of the Nela Research Laboratory who entered the service are P. W. Cobb, H. M. Johnson, Lucien D.Coman,Geo.E. Hathaway and Ralph Curth. Further reference to their records may be found in Part I of this book. The men who were engaged in civilian war activities of a scientific nature are as follows: Edward P. Hyde, Member Advisory Committee, Engi- neering Division, National Research Council, representing Illuminating Engineering Society. P. W. Cobb, H. M. Johnson, W. Weniger, E. P. Hyde, Chairman, Committee on Binocular vs. Monocular Field- glasses (Sub-committee of Physics Committee, National Research Council). M. Luckiesh, Chairman of Committee on Camouflage (Sub-committee of Physics Committee, National Research Council). W. E. Forsythe, Member of Committee on Pyrometry (Sub-committee of Engineering Division, National Research Council). The Nela Avenue Approach to Nela Park, showing the Gate Lodge and the Engineering Laboratory THE WAR WORK OF THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Immediately upon the entrance of the United States into the war, steps were taken to assure the Government that all the facilities of the Engineering Department were at its disposal. As was to be expected, a great deal of work was done along strictly illuminating engineering lines, but work of a larger and more varied scope, undertaken by individual members of the Department, was greatly facilitated by the co-operation of the existing department units which were particularly well equipped to render detailed assistance. In this class may be mentioned experimental work on ground telegraph systems, development of standardized vacuum tube tests, preparation of manuscripts on protective lighting and fuel conservation, and so forth. The Engineering Department during the war comprised the following seven Sections: 1. Executive Office; 2. Commercial Engineering Section; 3. Economics Section; 4. Illuminating Engineering Section; 5. Technical Publicity Section; 6. Research Section; 7. Testing Section. Some of the war problems were of such a nature that they could be handled best as Section activities, because they lay within the scope of the regular Section work. Others were placed under the supervision of a certain Section to gain the advantage of centralized control but were solved by the combined efforts of several Sections working in closest co-operation. Still other problems required the attention of individuals who supplemented their own special training and experience with that of their colleagues in the Department. During the war, a large part of the work was carried on with the greatest secrecy. Only a general indication of the work actually accomplished is permissible even at the time of this writing. The following is a list of the war service work of the various Sections, undertaken as regular Section activities in order to gain the advantage of co-operation and organization. 280 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ENGINEER By reason of its function in the organization, the office of Mr. S. E. Doane, Chief Engineer, was the logical point of departure for supervisory control over the various activ- ities. In this connection an informal committee consisting of representatives of the Engineering Department, Lamp Development Laboratory, and Nela Research Laboratory, was organized in the spring of 1918. The following general projects were taken under consideration: (1) Complying with requests from different branches of the Government for special lamps and lighting equipment; (2) Arranging conferences with men from the Lynn Works in connection with the searchlights and signal-lights which that Works was developing; (3) Arranging means for co-operation with the other principal lamp manufacturers; (4) Arranging for the early and successful termination of the various activities after the cessation of hostilities. This committee held a number of meetings, two of which were attended by Major Mendenhall of the Signal Corps, Science and Research Section, and one of which was attended by Lieut. Tate of the same Section. THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE With a desire to serve to the fullest extent in the prose- cution of the war, Mr. W. M. Skiff, Manager of the Engineering Department, and his staff, in conjunction with the Office of the Chief Engineer, laid before the government departments the services of the personnel, organization and equipment of the Engineering Department and conferred with numerous officials as to what problems could most effectively be handled by the Engineering Department. In addition to tendering the services of the Department to the Government, this Section took up the following work (1) Assisting in the work on pliotron tubes, signal apparatus, searchlights, and ground telephone systems; (2) Switchboard layout and control apparatus for U. S. dental trucks. The design and construction of special machinery and the standardization of tests helped to make quantity pro- duction of vacuum tubes possible. These tubes played a Samples of 33-ampere and 8o-ampere i2-volt Projector Lamp developed for use in Combined Landing-and- Searchlight Unit for Airplanes Shutter Arrangement and Convex Mirror, used in the Landing-and- Searchlight Unit When used as a Landing Light on an Airplane, the Convex-Mirror A was lowered as shown and the beam directed to any spot on the Landing Field General View of Complete Set-up for the Various Tests on Landing and Signalling Lights THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 281 highly important part in the development of successful radio communication (see pages 229 to 246). .COMMERCIAL ENGINEERING SECTION The contributions of this Section to the war work of the Government were grouped under two headings; that taken up at the request of the War Department for the Army and that taken up at the request of the Navy Department for the Navy. At the request of Mr. P. F. Bauder, Manager of the Miniature Lamp Department of the National Lamp Works, a committee consisting of Messrs. J. T. Caldwell, C. M. Bunnell and W. McKay were appointed to handle all minia- ture lamp activities for the National Lamp Works, the Edison Lamp Works, and the H. W. McCandless Company respec- tively. Complete co-operation existed in all this work and, as a result of the joint committee, results were obtained most efficiently. Further co-operation was obtained from the Burgess Battery Company, Madison, Wisconsin; the National Carbon Company, Cleveland; and the American Eveready Works of the National Carbon Company, by the submitting of sample batteries free of charge for test purposes. Likewise, Mr. Nightingale of the Willard Storage Battery Company, Cleve- land, was of great assistance in supplying sample storage batteries for test purposes for all developmental work where storage batteries were used. Close co-operation was main- tained with Mr. C. A. B. Halvorson, Jr., of the Lynn Works of General Electric Co., on all work pertaining to searchlight lamps. Some of the developments and co-operative work which were carried on for the Government are as follows: /. Landing-Lights for Airplanes. (a) Development of landing-lights, searchlights, navigation, compass and instrument lights for four types of electrically equipped planes, for the Production Engineering Department, Bureau of . Aircraft Production. (b) Compass lamp for non-electrically equipped plane, Production Engineering Department, Bureau of Aircraft Produc- tion. A i^-volt, o.35-ampere, G-jJ-2 lamp was recommended. (c) Sample 8-inch and 1 2-inch metallic reflectors designed by the Section and manufactured by the Guide Motor Lamp Com- 282 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR pany were developed but, due to various difficulties from the use of metallic reflectors, it was decided to concentrate on the use of the 1 1 -inch diameter, Navy searchlight, parobolic-glass mirror for a combined landing and searchlight unit. This unit was developed for the Section by the Lynn Works of the G. E. Co., and. tested out in July, 1918. The preliminary tests proved satisfactory to the Bureau of Aircraft Production representatives. (d) Sample 12- volt, 12 ampere, 6-25 MAZDA C lamp devel- oped for G. E. (Lynn) 5-inch landing light. (e) Sample jj-ampere, 12- volt, G-jo; 5O-ampere, 1 2- volt, G-jo; and 8o-ampere, 12-volt, 6-40 MAZDA C projector lamps devel- oped for the Production Engineering Department, Bureau of Air- craft Production, for i i-inch diameter combined landing and searchlight unit; this unit was recommended for final test for airplane service. (f) A i5-ampere, G-25, -5 and C-8, D. C. Bayonet MAZDA C lamp to be operated from a 5-cell Willard Storage Battery of the SBR type was developed for use as a landing-light on Caproni Bombing Plane. (g) An inquiry was received for the development of a 12-volt airplane landing-light lamp to cover a circular spot 100 feet in diam- eter from a height of 500 feet, for the Aircraft Division of the Ford Motor Company. This development was held up to await final test on the combined landing and searchlight unit. (h) A i2-i6-volt, i>^-ampere, 24-candlepower,G-i2,C-8,D.C. bayonet MAZDA C lamp with a life of 100 hours, was developed for Lt. W. H. Smith of the Bureau of Steam Engineering for use in small searchlights and landing-lights on seaplanes. The five sample lamps submitted proved satisfactory from the standpoint of illumination and vibration test, but the searchlight unit was un- satisfactory for landing on water. 2. Airplane Signal-Lights and Searchlights. (a) A 240 watt, 12-volt, G-jo MAZDA C lamp developed for G. E. (Lynn) 7-inch diameter parabolic combined searchlight and signal unit. (b) Sample 2-ampere, 6-volt MAZDA lamps developed for G. E. (Lynn) 6-inch diameter signal unit. (c) i>-ampere, 4-volt, G-I2 MAZDA lamp developed for G. E. (Lynn) 3>^-inch diameter portable signal unit. (d) Sample i-ampere and 2-candlepower, 1 2- volt, flattened double helical filament, D. C. bayonet MAZDA C lamps were requested to be developed by Major C. E. Mendenhall in the Evans spiral mould bulb containing a segment of parabola. and sphere in one bulb, in order to make each lamp an individual signal unit. This development was impractical, due to the contour of the bulb, and was not carried to completion. (e) The rate of sending and receiving light signals from incandescent lamps, as obtained from various corps officers and THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 283 instructors, was forwarded to Major C. E. Mendenhall of the Research and Science Division. (f) Complete information on various types of lamps for sig- nal work was forwarded to Lts. A. E. Hults and Jacobus, and Major C. E. Mendenhall, at the request of S. P. Wilbur, Production De- partment, Bureau of Aircraft Production. (g) At the request of the Bureau of Steam Engineering Department, sample icowatt, 32, 80, and H5-volt, G-iSyZ, C-5 filament MAZDA C lamps with special base were developed to be used in the Aldis Daylight Signal units, and to be operated from regular ship circuits, thus eliminating the use of storage batteries. The above samples proved satisfactory and were approved. (h) At the request of the Bureau of Steam Engineering, proper 32, 80 and i i5-volt MAZDA lamps to replace the 2.5-volt,o.3o- ampere,' F. E. 3^ MAZDA flashlight lamp; and 6-volt, 2^-amp.,C-8, G-I2 MAZDA lamp for the portable tube blinker were supplied. The lamps were operated in a 3>-inch diameter, ^-inch focus, parabolic reflector. (i) Proper lamps for four and eight No. 4 Reserve Dry cells for 14 and 24-centimeter French signal units for Major Evans and Major Mauborgne, Engineering Division, Signal Corps, Wash- ington, and the Delta Electric Co., Marion, Ind., were developed and approved. (j) A 1 2- volt, 2-ampere MAZDA lamp for 6-inch aeroplane signal unit for Major Mendenhall and Lieutenant Tate, Research and Science Division, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Washington, and the Lynn Works of the G. E. Co. (k) Investigation of the beam candlepower necessary for daylight signalling for Major C. E. Mendenhall and Lieutenant Tate, Research and Science Division, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Washington, and Mr. S. P. Wilbur, Production Engineering Depart- ment, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Dayton, Ohio. (1) Standardization of the use of the regular 2.5-volt, 0.3- ampere, FE3^ MAZDA flashlight lamps for Navy portable blinker tubes for the Bureau of Steam Engineering; Commander Castle, T. L. Gatchel and Lieutenants Knight and Smith and the Delta Electric Co., Marion, Ind.; also the Wakefield Brass Co., Vermilion, Ohio. (m) Replacing the present blinker tube lamps with regular 32, 80 and i25-volt MAZDA lamps and thus standardizing on lamps of regular ship voltages for the Bureau of Steam Engineering. (n) Revision of "Aldis" daylight signal lamp, English specifications, for Bureau of Steam Engineering. (o) Sample 6-volt, o.6o-ampere, G-io clear, and G-ro ruby, D. C. medium bayonet MAZDA C lamps for use on 4 No. 6 re- serve cells; and 12-volt, o.6o-ampere, G-I2 clear and G-I2 ruby, D. C. medium bayonet MAZDA C lamps for use on 8 No. 6 reserve cells. These lamps were used as signal lamps in the 14 and 24-cm. French projectors developed by the Delta Electric Company. 284 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 200,000 lamps were supplied to the Delta Electric Company. (p) Information on MAZDA C Projector lamps when used on Delco Country Home Lighting outfits, was supplied to Mr. W. H. Booker of the North Carolina State Board of Health for educational work in France. (q) A 3-ampere, lo-volt, G-i6^ D. C. bayonet C-2 filament MAZDA C lamp, with a life of 10 hours on a battery of the 5-cell Exide AC-y and Willard SY-Sg, was developed for the Bureau of Steam Engineering, Navy Department, to be used in the portable searchlight with an 8^2-inch diameter, ip/^-inch focus, parabolic reflector. This lamp proved satisfactory. j. Indicator Lights (a) Sample 6-volt, o.i5-ampere, G-3,5^ MAZDA lamps with two No. 1822 bases; and 6 and 12- volt, o.i5-ampere, T-3 MADA lamps with two No. 1822 short bases were developed for the Metal Specialties Company of Chicago for meter lamps on the De Hav- iland planes, manufactured by the Dayton-Wright Aeroplane Company. These lamps fitted into a sleeve with a graduated slot to permit whatever intensity of illumination was desired on the various instruments, depending upon the period of the day in which the lamps were operated. These lamps, while satisfactory, were not approved, due to the non-approval of the apparatus. (b) A 1 2- volt, o.i2-ampere, o.io-candlepower MAZDA G-6 clear, C-6 filament, D. C. bayonet MAZDA lamp was developed and approved as the DH-I lamp; this lamp was used as the in- strument lamp on the De Haviland-4 plane. (c) A 1 2-1 6 volt, o.42-ampere, 4-candlepower, G-8 clear, C-2 filament, D. C. bayonet MAZDA lamp was recommended and approved as the DH-N lamp.; this lamp was used as the navi- gatidn and tail-light for the De Haviland-4 plane. (d) A i2-volt, o.i2-ampere, o.io-candlepower, G-^/4 frosted miniature screw, C-2 MAZDA lamp was developed as the DH-C lamp; this lamp was used as the compass lamp on the type B Sperry compass used on the De Haviland-4 plane. Various orders for the three items above were supplied to the Metal Specialties Company, Lynn Works of General Electric Company and to many other customers. (e) The 6-8 volt, i>^-ampere, lo-candlepower, G-I2 clear, D. C. bayonet, 8-4 filament MAZDA lamp was developed and approved as the navigation lamp for the JN-6 H. B. plane. (f) A 2-ampere, G-I2 D. C. bayonet, C-2 filament MAZDA lamp to be operated from a 5-cell Willard Storage battery of the SBR type was developed for the Bureau of Aircraft Production for use on the Caproni bombing plane. (g) A 12-volt, i >2-candlepower, G-3>4, C-2 filament, miniature screw base MAZDA lamp was developed as a special airplane instrument lamp for Major C. E. Mendenhall of the Research and Science Division; the lamps were approved but could not be used, as the instruments in which they were to be THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 285 mounted could not be obtained from the English Government. (h) A 1 2-1 6 volt, o.26-ampere, 2-candlepower, G-6 S. C. bayonet MAZDA lamp was developed for Major Mendenhall and the W. C. Rieker Company, Philadelphia, Pa., for use in the Airplane Inclinometer. (i) A 3^-ampere, i4-volt, 6o-candlepower, G-i6>, C-6 filament, D. C. bayonet MAZDA C lamp was developed for the West- ern Electric Company, N. Y.; 230 sample lamps were shipped to Messrs. Ranney and Jewett of the Western Electric Company and proved satisfactory. (j) A 9-volt, o.26-ampere, 2-candlepower, G-6 S. C. bay- onet MAZDA lamp was recommended to the Production Engineering Department, Bureau of Aircraft Production, as a trouble-lamp on airplanes. This lamp was approved. (k) Mr. G. S. Merrill submitted sample no-volt, 2-candle- power, G-8 D. C. bayonet Carbon lamp to Capt. G. F. Gray of the Radio Section, Signal Corps, as an indicator lamp. (1) Requests came from the Indiana Lamp Company, Julius Andrae and Sons, and the Corcoran Victor Co., Cincinnati, for i5O-watt and 25o-watt, i2-volt, G-jo bulb, D. C. medium bay- onet MAZDA C lamps, for 7-inch diameter parabolic reflector searchlights and 72-watt, 12-volt, 6-25 D. C. medium bayonet MAZDA lamp in a 5-inch diameter parabolic reflector landing- light; and j-candlepower, 12-volt, G bulb bayonet base, marker and tail lights for seaplane. Samples were submitted. (m) A 12-volt navigation lamp for use on a Navy seaplane was requested by the Bureau of Steam Engineering; the lamp submitted and which proved satisfactory was a 12-volt, 0.26- ampere, G-6, D. C. bayonet, 3-candlepower, MAZDA automobile lamp. (n) At the request of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Com- pany, Akron, Ohio, through Mr. R. H. Upson, Aero Engineer, a 6.2-volt, o.3o-ampere, G-5>^ MAZDA lamp operated from a No.yio Eveready Flashlight battery, was supplied as a dirigible pilot light; the weight of the complete outfit was not to exceed one pound, nor was the buoy to extend to a greater depth than 18 inches in the water; the life of the lamp was to be from 15 to 20 minutes. 4. Trench Signal and Special Lights. (a) A 2-ampere, 6- volt, G-I2 D. C. bayonet 8-4 filament MAZDA C lamp was developed for the trench signal unit for Major Mendenhall by the Lamp Development Laboratory and Dr. Worthing; lamps were supplied through the Lynn Works of the G. E. Co., for 300 units. (b) A 6-volt, 2-ampere MAZDA lamp for 6-inch trench signal unit for Major Mendenhall and Lieutenant Tate, Research and Science Division, Bureau of Aircraft Production and the Lynn Works of the G. E. Co., was submitted and approved. (c) Trench sight, including lamp, for use on six different types of mounts for Captain D. S. Cole, Engineering Division, 286 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Mobile Gun Carriage Section, Ordnance Department, Washington. (d) A ^-ampere and a i -ampere, G-8 MAZDA lamp for use on the Exide AC-y and Willard 2-cell battery to meet Navy speci- fication of 10 hours' life on the battery, were developed for the Hawthorne Manufacturing Company and Grether Fire Equipment Company; four hundred lamps were shipped to the Grether Fire Equipment Company after samples had proven satisfactory. Samples were also sent to the Bureau of Steam Engineering. (e) Duplicate samples of the English lamps used in the Aldis Daylight Signal Unit were submitted to the Bureau of Steam Engineering together with samples of similar lamps with the modifications for test purposes that at 10 volts the lamps were to rate 5o-candlepower at 0.70 w. p. c. and at 12 volts, loo-can- dlepower at 0.45 w. p. c., using a C-2 filament G-i6^ bulb spe- cial base. Both samples were approved by the Bureau of Steam Engineering, and were to be used with the Willard SY-6y or SOR-26 type storage battery; an order for 36,000 lamps was placed after the test on the above sample. (f) The U. S. Naval Experimental Station at New London, Connecticut, requested the development of a 2oo-watt, jo-volt, T-i4, C~5 or C-I3 filament, MAZDA C lamp and 6oo-watt, 3O-vo't, T-2O, C-i4 filament with a source size not exceeding one inch square, either in the shape of a circle or triangle in a horizontal plane. (g) A 4.o-volt, O-50-ampere, G-5, 8-3 filament special base MAZDA lamp of 300 hours' life, was developed. 5. Hand-Lantern, Tractor and Army Truck Lights. (a) 2-volt, o.3O-ampere, o.5o-ampere, and o.8o-ampere, G-5>^ miniature screw MAZDA lamps for hand-lanterns were recommended to the O. M. O. Storage Battery Company. One hundred samples of each lamp were submitted. (b) A 2.5-volt, o.3o-ampere, F. E. 3^ opal back flashlight lamp was recommended to the Ordnance Department through the Delta Electric Company for hand-lanterns; approximately 100,000 lamps were originally supplied. (c) Request for the development of i -ampere, 2.5-volt, G-io D. C. bayonet MAZDA hand-lantern lamps to be operated from 2 No. 6 dry cells in series, using dark blue glass bulbs to decrease the visibility of the lamp on board of ship. A regular i-ampere, 2X-volt, G-io MAZDA lamp, clear bulb, was recom- mended for the above service, using a special Ivanhoe-Regent blue cover glass for the cover plate in the hand-lantern. This was approved by Mr. T. L. Gatchell, Bureau of Steam Engineering, Navy Department. (d) The development of a 2.5-volt, i.o-ampere, G-io bulb, D. C. bayonet, S-2 half-twist filament, to be operated from 2 No. 6 dry cells in series, and to give a life of ten hours on the battery, was developed for the Bureau of Steam Engineering, Navy De- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 287 partment, for use in a 5^-inch diameter, i-inch focus reflector for Navy hand-lanterns. This lamp was approved. (e) A i.o-ampere, 4.o-volt, G-8 D. C. bayonet, S-2 filament MAZDA lamp to give 10 hours' service on 2 cells of the Exide AC-7 and Willard SY-Sg type battery was developed for the Navy hand- lantern for the Bureau of Steam Engineering; samples were sub- mitted to the Navy Department, Grether Fire Equipment and Hawthorne Manufacturing Company, and were approved. (f) i8-24-volt, 2i-candlepower, G-I2 MAZDA headlight lamps and i8-24-volt, 4-candlepower, G-8 MAZDA lamps, for use on the Fordson Tractor, were recommended to the Edison Lamp Works and to the Peerless Lamp Division of the National Lamp Works. (g) The following lamp specifications were supplied to Capt. William M. Britton and Major Edward Orton, Transportation Division, Q. M. Corps and to the Lynn Works of G. E. Com- pany, for MAZDA lamps to be used on army trucks: the projector lamp, 6-voft, 6-ampere, 6o-candlepower, C-8, G-i8^, SC bay- onet, MAZDA C lamp for searchlight; 2^2-ampere, 6-8-volt, 21- candlepower, G-I2, MAZDA C lamp for special searchlights; in- strument lamp o.84-ampere, 3 4-volt, 2-candlepower, G-6 MAZDA; special lamps i.25-ampere, 6-8-volt, 6-candlepower, G-8, and i.5o-ampere, 6-8-volt, 1 2-candlepower, G-8. These lamps were used in the specifications for 40,000 iJ/2-ton and 3-ton gas motor trucks equipped with lead-acid type storage batteries. 6. Gun Sights for Ordnance Department. (a) A i.25-volt, o.i2-ampere, T-i}4 frosted, minimum candlepower, special miniature base, MA!ZDA lamp and bead- sight was developed as an illuminated bead-sight for Major A. G. Newton and Capt. P. R. Forman of the Production Engineering Department, Bureau of Aircraft Production, on the Lewis Machine Gun on airplanes. The bead-sight contained a fountain-pen type flashlight battery to operate the lamp, and likewise a switch for turning the lamp on and off". The use of the flashlight battery was to eliminate the necessity of wiring for a lamp on the machine- gun; the bead-sight was used both with and without the rear sight on the gun by interchanging the shank on the unit. 250 samples were manufactured by Mr. J. T. Pagan, Manager of the Equipment Development Department, and submitted to Major Newton. The lamps and apparatus proved satisfactory, but the battery would not stand up. Messrs. Forsythe, Dows and Caldwell developed the original sample which was approved. (b) A lamp for the illuminated wind-vane sight on the Lewis machine-gun, of the same candlepower rating as the illum- inated bead-sight lamp, was being developed for Capt. P. R. Forman, Ordnance Department, Production Engineering De- partment, Bureau of Aircraft Production, but was cancelled by the signing of the armistice. (c) A 3-volt, o.3O-ampere, 0.8 to i.o-candlepower, G-6, D. C. bayonet MAZDA lamp with a wire and bead mount was 288 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR developed and approved for the Mobile Gun Carriage Section, Ordnance Dept., to be used in the night firing-boxes and Mobile Gun Carriage lamps for six types of guns. 1500 lamps were ordered for final test. At the time the armistice was signed an order for 483,600 lamps was hinging on the above approval. Capt. W. M. Wiley of the Mobile Gun Carriage Section approved the use of the above lamps for both purposes, thus eliminating carrying two types of lamps in stock. (d) A i^2-volt, o.6o-ampere, G-$}4 miniature screw MAZDA flashlight lamp operated from a No. 6 reserve cell and using an optical system with a pattern of the gun sight on the lens, was developed as an illuminated trench sight, for Capt. D. S. Cole of the Ordnance Department. This was to be used on six types of guns. (e) Recommendations for etching the reticule of the unit sight were forwarded to Major Mendenhall, and he was referred to Capt. D. S. Cole for further, information; the recommendations forwarded were originally obtained from the Kollmorgen Optical Company. (f) A 6 to 8-volt, o.42-ampere, 2-candlepower, G-6, 8-3 fila- ment with one anchor, candelabra screw D. C. bayonet base MAZDA lamp was recommended to the Carroll Electric Company, Washington, as a. gun-sight lamp on a 3-inch gun carriage and was operated from a 6-volt storage battery. (g) A 3-volt, o.3-ampere lamp to be operated from two No. 6 dry cells for the Mobile Gun Carriage mounts for the Ordnance Department; Captains Hill and W. M. Wiley, Washington, and the Stewart-Warner Co., was submitted and approved. Well over 500,000 lamps were supplied to the Army and Navy Department as a result of the above work. ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SECTION The principal subjects on which aid was given to the Government by this Section are as follows: (/) Lighting Curtailment. Assisting in the preparation of a report for the Fuel Administration which formed the basis of their propaganda for the conservation of fuel through lighting economies. (2) Protective Lighting. The Military Intelligence placed on this Section the responsibility of working out and disseminating methods and means for producing efficient flood-lighting. In this connection papers and discussions were given before meetings of engineers, safety men, and plant managers; articles were published in technical journals; specific recommendations were made for in- dividual jobs in government plants. Furthermore, members of the Section co-operated with pro- jector manufacturers in getting out a properly designed projector flood-lighting service, which was much more efficient than any pre- viously available. (j) Steel Conservation. A sub-committee drew up a report which was presented to the War Industries Board, on the conserva- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 289 tion of metal in reflectors for industrial and government use. It included a standard list of reflectors for specification by government departments,, which was accepted. The report called particular at- tention to the undesirable effect which a ban on reflector manufac- ture would have in increasing the necessary consumption of coal for electric lighting. (^) Camouflage. A problem referred to this Section by the Naval Consulting Board had to do with marine camouflage by illum- ination, that is, rendering the upper parts of a vessel invisible even in silhouette against a clear sky by illuminating all surfaces to a brightness and color exactly equal to that of the sky behind it. Attempts to solve this problem revealed many unanticipated difficulties, and experiments extending over a period of more than - a year were necessary at Cleveland and at the Submarine Base at New London, Conn. In the course of the work an instrument was developed which, when used on the deck of a vessel itself, was capable of indicating an equality of brightness between the parts of the vessel and the sky behind it, as it would be viewed by enemy ob- servers located at all points on the horizon. In addition to that portion of the work rendered through the Illuminating Engineering Society Committee, assistance was given directly to the Engineer Corps in the lighting of buildings, to the Ordnance Corps in the illumination of proving grounds, and to Navy Yard officials in the lighting of shops. RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY SUB-COMMITTEE ON LIGHTING FOR NIGHT FLYING An investigation of the lighting requirements for night flying was made through visits to typical U. S. aviation camps, interviews with American and French flying officers and civilian aviators, and by means of a study of the published matter on the subject. For meeting these requirements, suggestions were offered which in the judgment of the com- mittee primarily insured safety and convenience both for night ascent and landing. They were made also with regard for the cost of installation and operation and availability of material. The plan was made flexible in order to provide for individual machines, groups or squadrons. A diagram of a complete lighting system for a single unit of a typical camp' is shown in the accompanying illustration, but it may be adapted to larger or smaller portions of a given aviation field. The suggestions were selected from a number of prac- ticable methods and were not submitted with the thought 290 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 'm i m ^ m m ** f/G. Of A *5 r c j> u s s a. '5> THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 291 that they were necessarily complete solutions. By actual trial installations and observations from the air, the details of the several proposals could be so modified as to secure the maximum effectiveness. The requirements for a lighting system for night flying are as follows: (/) Beacon or orientation lighting; (2) Identification markings for a given field; (j) Definition of field limits; (4) Ocular signalling system between field and plane; (5) Indication of wind direction; (6) Accurate indication of landing level; (7) General illumination of a portion of the field; ( all the socks were sent to the Cross Agency Daughters of the British Empire, but by the latter date the United States was actively in the war, and the knitters were notified that their socks would be turned over to our boys, through the American Red Cross. The personnel of the Sock League varied from the debu- tantes who were "knitting instead of dancing this year,"to the nuns behind the convent walls. And the ages varied from eight to eighty-two. Boys as well as girls were knitting. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 309 In addition to National Lamp Works employees and their relatives, the League included sewing circles of several churches and schools. A number of ladies who were interested in the Sock League volunteered to form knitting classes, and through the efforts of these earnest teachers thousands of socks were knitted. It happened more than once that local branches of the Red Cross were temporarily unable to get yarn and their workers were supplied from the "warehouse" of the Sock League. Knitters in The fame of the League was not local friends Many Cities in other cities began to write for material. And, literally, that yarn of the Sock League traveled as far west as California, and as far east as Massachusetts. The League claimed members in forty-one cities and towns, and in thirteen states. Two members of the League, Miss J. R. Gale and Miss L. Behlen, operated 'knitting machines, hundreds of pairs being made on these machines. It should be mentioned that the knitting machines did not turn out complete socks, however, as it was necessary to add the foot or the cuff by hand. An interesting bit of knitting news came to Mr. Tremaine from Miss Margaret Rogers, daughter of Mr. H. B. Rogers of the Edison Lamp Works, who was knitting her third "double sock." By following special directions, two socks are knitted one within the other. Miss Rogers acquired such speed with this method of knitting that she did not think she would ever knit the single sock again. The original directions for the double sock came from an unknown lady in Australia; instructions were sold in this country at fifty cents a copy, the proceeds being given to the American Red Cross. Some unique ideas were brought out in knitting. One lady knitted the letters "U. S. A." into the cuffs of a pair of socks. Some ladies would work a row or two of fancy colored yarn into the cuffs. This was done so as to insure the socks remaining in possession of their rightful owner. Another knitter patriotically, purled the cuffs in red, white, and blue. 310 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR No Age Limit One of the interesting and interested knitters for Patriotic was Mrs. Lovilla Williams, eighty-two years Knitters of age, who lived at Madison, Lake County, Ohio. In spite of her years Mrs. Williams knitted twenty-five pairs of socks for the League. One of Mrs. Williams' neighbors, Mrs. Frank Klasen, although a grandmother, made a record of which any person in the prime of life might be proud. Besides her regular work of milking six cows twice a day, doing all her own housework and much outside farm work, she knitted socks for our boys at the truly remarkable rate of a pair in four hours and ten minutes. Mrs. M. W. Kirk of Fountain Creek, Tennessee, was paralyzed in the right hand, but knitted a pair of socks with her left hand. Rewards Besides the satisfaction that comes from a of Merit knowledge of duty performed, some members of the League received Red Cross Merit Badges, based on the number of hours of work. There were four kinds of badges, one a reward for four hundred hours, one for eight hundred, one for sixteen hundred, and one for thirty-two hundred. The Red Cross allowed eight hours for one pair of socks, in making its awards. Seventy-five members of the Sock League became the proud holders of badges, seven out of the seventy-five receiving the thirty-two hundred hour-badge. The cost of the badges was defrayed by Mr. Tremaine. The Produc- The knitters watched with interest the growth tion Record of their work from month to month. Their maiden effort was in January, 1917, when six pairs of socks were knitted, while their banner month was November, 1918 "Armistice Month" when one thousand nine hundred and forty-four pairs of socks were turned in. A grand total of seventeen thousand three hundred and seventy-seven pairs of socks enough to supply a whole combat division in the army was the tangible product of Mr. Tremaine's Sock League. In April, 1919, when Mr. Tremaine discontinued sending out yarn, he had on hand approximately one thousand and forty-two pounds, valued at approximately $3,127. This yarn was turned over to the War Relief Headquarters of the National Lamp Works, Cleveland, to be knitted into under- garments for the Children of the Frontier (see page 318). RED CROSS CENTERS IN THE NATIONAL MONUMENTAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF OUR GIRLS IN SEWING, KNITTING, BANDAGE-MAKING AND OTHER WORK FOR THE RED CROSS AND CHILDREN OF THE FRONTIER Just as no history of America's part in the World War would be told fully without setting forth the "win-the-war" work of the American woman in Red Cross and allied lines, so no description of the war work of the National Lamp Works would be complete without full credit being given to the girls and women in the organization who so unselfishly, and en- tirely voluntarily, devoted their time to sewing or knitting, cutting and rolling bandages, canteen and other relief activ- ities. From the very beginning this work was put on a"business" basis, real production methods were in effect, and basing these on the unflagging interest of the girls, results were attained that ever since have been referred to with pride by the leaders of the various relief organizations. NATIONAL GIRLS PRODUCE TEN PERCENT OF CLEVELAND'S RED CROSS OUTPUT First in importance was the unselfish willingness on the part of the young women to donate their labor; second was the application to their work of the principles of organization. And this was the combination that enabled the National Lamp Works Chapter of the American Red Cross, located at East 45th Street, Cleveland, with a membership of about 900 girls, to produce ten percent of the total Red Cross output of the City of Cleveland. This was the combination that brought forth from this one chapter during the year 1918, 6,029 sweaters, 9,924 pairs of socks, 79,939 gauze dressings, 8,154 muslin dressings, 3,451 hospital garments, and 246 refugee garments, beside several thousand miscellaneous articles ! The girls who accomplished this worked five and one- half days a week making lamps. A light supper after their day's work in the factory was finished, and they came, cheer- 312 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR fully in earnest, to give three hours more to the work of aiding "the boys over there." The National Lamp Works spent a considerable sum of money in helping its girls carry on the work and the girls returned this sum to the Red Cross, in value of production, eight and one-half times! In January, 1920, when many other groups of relief workers had disbanded, the young women of the National Lamp Works were turning out nearly one-half of the garments which were being sent abroad by the society "Children of the Frontier" for the needy children of the war-torn countries. These are the highlights of a co-operative endeavor on the part of the employees and officials of the National Lamp Works to be helpful to their country at a time when help was needed. But the details of the story are no less interesting and may furnish to other companies, or to relief organizations, some material which may be of service, should similar activ- ities be required again, either in war or in peace. For the girls themselves, as will be shown, and the National Lamp Works also, benefited in several ways, from this patriotic work. There were scores of girls in the Lamp Works after the war who were making their own clothes, girls who less than a year before practically never had had a needle in their hands; for strange as it may seem, it was found that only a very small proportion could do plain sewing, about one in five, as nearly as could be determined. Nevertheless their instructors found out that nearly every girl could crochet or knit, in spite of ignorance of plain sewing. Few there were at first who could cut a garment, following a pattern, but later each girl, while perhaps not an expert, was able to sew enough to help con- siderably in the care or the making of her own garments. That was the employees' benefit. From the company standpoint, the spirit or morale of the girls as a whole was improved greatly. Working side by side for months, they became bonded together through the spirit of their work to help others. One of the factory managers, discussing the time when the need for this work would pass, said, "Well, when that time comes, I must find some other similar work for the girls to do, some continuation of these classes, for I have found that they have built up a spirit among the girls of the organization which should never be allowed to lessen. I believe the fact that the girls were working THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 313 together in a labor of kindness towards others, has brought about results which never could have been attained 'were they working for themselves alone. After this work is over, I hope I can find some local charity for which the girls can keep up their efforts, both for the good it does the girls themselves, and the good it does their morale." Thus it will be seen that the Red Cross and Children of the Frontier work that was done by National girls showed three results their production helped immeasurably in the work of relief during the war, and after; the good they did for others was discernibly reflected in benefit to themselves; and the spirit of the organization, the National Lamp Works, was intensified. When the Red Cross work of the National was started, nobody foresaw to what proportions it would expand. For- tunately, the system under which it was established was one which permitted it to grow to the fullest extent with the mini- mum of trouble. The cost to the National was measured in these terms,- as they were expressed early in the endeavor by Mr. F. S. Terry, manager of the National organization. He said, "I do not know how much money we should spend in this work. If we spend a certain sum, and the girls will return that four times to the Red Cross in production, I will consider the money, well spent, and that the girls have done their share." Money, and more money, was spent, but the girls doubled Mr. Terry's estimate of what would have been a satisfactory output, for during the time of greatest need, the year 1918, they returned the money in output eight and one-half times. NELA GIRLS GET UNDER WAY The Red Cross organization throughout the United States was at work before America entered the war, in 1917, but it was from April of that year, when our country took up arms, that the enormous value of this "home branch" of the service really became apparent, finally doing such good work that it brought words of highest praise from General Pershing himself. It was in September, 1917, that the National Lamp Works, as an organization became active in forming Red Cross classes among the employees, a large proportion of whom are women. 314 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR The Red Cross work in question was an activity of the National Service Department (Mr. A. V. Simis, manager), and was put under the direct charge of Miss Rose Streifender, who had shown considerable ability in organization work. The first classes formed were at Nela Park. Several hundred girls were quick to register, and ready to receive training in making surgical dressings, for which at that time there was urgent need. The gymnasium was divided into four "surgical dressing" rooms, made entirely sanitary, and instructors were sent out from the teaching center of the Red Cross. All of the training was given here, under the direction of Mrs. Charles A. Otis. Here seventy-five girls, working four hours a week on company time, trained until they were qualified as instructors, able to take charge of classes of their own. From that time on, the work of the Nela Park girls was done at "Taylorhurst," a large house used by the East Cleveland chapter of the Red Cross. Here the National classes, composed of National employees only, and instructed by National employees, met three nights a week, the Company paying a proportional share of the expenses of keeping Taylor- hurst open. The classes averaged forty-five girls a night in attendance, and operated as an auxiliary chapter of the Red Cross, turning in their output through the East Cleveland chapter, but receiving individual credit. The greater part of this work was in making surgical dressings, for which there was urgent need, and officials of the Red Cross Surgical Dressing Division stated that the Nela Park girls turned in the best dressings made in the city of Cleveland. There was never a case where a dressing made by these girls failed to pass the inspection officials. Later came the call for influenza masks, and these the girls turned out as efficiently as they had the surgical dressings. Many of the young women, in addition to their work at Taylorhurst, did a large amount of knitting, and it was to this line of work that nearly all turned after the East Cleve- land chapter was closed, about a month after the armistice was signed. The Nela Park branch stood high in all of the knitting contests that were conducted, two hundred and three girls knitting regularly. As the work enlarged, the National furnished a light supper to the girls before they began their evening work. Deaf-Mute Red Cross Workers of the Cleveland Mazda Lamp Division's Stem Department A Parade of National Lamp War Workers at East Forty-fifth Street, Cleveland Red Cross Workers at East 152110! St. Properties, Cleveland Red Cross Workers at the Sterling Electric Lamp Division Warren, Ohio THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 315 Later on, those who had served seventy-two hours were given a banquet at the Winton Hotel, where appreciation of their work was expressed by Miss McCune, a Red Cross worker from overseas, Mr. Joseph E. Kewley of the Law Department of the National, and Mr. Albert V. Simis of the National Service Department. It was found that a dinner where the girls could all be together and hear the results of the work they were doing, or see a few prizes given to the best workers, meant much in keeping their spirit at highest pitch. Not that they would consciously have let down in their work otherwise they would not have, but an occasional social gathering certainly made their work seem easier. For the year 1918 the output of these Nela Park girls was: Gauze dressings 62,350 Muslin dressings 445 Refugee garments 46 Sweaters 617 Socks 291 Miscellaneous knitted goods 121 (25% of the knitted goods listed above were produced by girls at the company's East 1 5,2nd Street plant.) 45TH STREET RED CROSS CHAPTER BECOMES LEADER While this work was going on, there had been developing at our 45th Street properties a Red Cross chapter which eventually became our largest relief- work center. The 45th Street properties consisted of seven manufacturing divisions, employing approximately 2,100 girls. In October, 1917, knitting classes were formed in the various divisions,- meeting after working hours in the various rest rooms provided for the girls. 1,700 people signed up for the work at the start, and the classes were held five nights a week, each girl reporting once a week. By no means all of the knitting was done in the rest rooms, however, for the girls took home their yarn and on other evenings turned out large amounts of work. Red Cross knitting instructors trained the girls, and at intervals speakers addressed them on wartime subjects and in that way they could understand how much real good their work was doing. Later, when the knitting was in full swing, Mrs. Homer McKeehan, in charge of all Red Cross knitting in Cleveland, wrote that the work done by these girls was the best in the city of Cleveland. 316 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR So remarkable was the quality and output of knitting, that the plan was suggested that surgical dressings work also be included. Near the 45th Street plant was a sixteen-room frame house owned by the National Lamp Works. Half of this house was pressed into service, made sanitary to the extreme degree necessary for this class of work, and here the girls started on muslin dressings and hospital garments. The work expanded so that within a few months it was necessary to take the whole house. But there seemed no limit to the amount of work the girls could turn out, with instructors trained from their own ranks, and working in nightly shifts. Long before, the attention of the Red Cross officials had been drawn to this cen- ter of relief, and it was not strange, therefore, that Mrs. E. S. Burke, Jr., chairman of the Cleveland Chapter of the Red Cross, asked if the girls would be willing to have a quota assigned to them, like those given to the various Red Cross chapters throughout the city. This meant that when the call for a certain production was made on the city of Cleveland, each Red Cross chapter would be assigned its proportion of the work, and would be practically in honor bound to see that it was accomplished. NATIONAL'S RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS SHOWS ITS METTLE The plan was adopted, and in February, 1918, the Red Cross chapter flag was raised and the organization of National girls became indeed a part of the Red Cross organization. At that time an urgent call for sweaters was received by the Cleveland district. They were needed within two months, and quotas were given with that time limit on the production. The assignment given the National Lamp Works chapter was 1,000, and while it seemed like an impossibility to turn out this number in the time allowed, the end of the two months saw not only the 1,000 sweaters asked, but 400 additional. This accomplishment paved the way for even heavier quotas, but not once did the girls fail to meet their mark. In fact it was practically a fixed plan to give the National chapter a quota of 9.8% of the whole task set the city of Cleveland, and in every case the quota was not only met, but was exceeded, for the usual production ran between 10 and n per cent of the output of the whole city. Taking the knitting alone, the figures taken THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 317 from the official records show that the production of the National girls, and the friends they pressed into service, amounted to 14 per cent of the city's output. During the war, the chapter roll-call showed 900 active members. Friends and relatives who showed continued interest in helping out in the work were admitted to membership, and during the day, while the girls were at their lamp-making labors in the regular plants, seven sewing clubs of women relatives and friends met at the chapter house. At one time there were no less than 800 persons on this list of outside workers. At this chapter, as later at Nela Park, the company provided a warm and substantial meal for those who wished to go direct from their regular work to the Red Cross head- quarters. When the call for gauze dressings was at its height, a room was specially fitted up in the 45th Street chapter house for this work, and seven surgical dressings classes were formed from employees of the 45th Street, 15 2nd Street, and Nela Park plants. These girls, like the earlier workers in this line at Nela Park, were specially trained by Red Cross instructors, and they continued at work until the call for surgical dressings was at an end. ST. Louis WORKERS MAINTAIN THE PACE So successful had been the plan at the Cleveland plants of the National that it was decided to try it in other National Divisions, and early in 1918 the St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division took up the work, concentrating on muslin and gauze dressings. The same method of organization was used, the girls were trained under the same system and 300 joined the classes. Their output kept up to the standard the National had set. The Red Cross chapter of National girls in Cleveland did not confine itself to the lines of endeavor that have so far been described. Miss Streifender and Miss Mary A. Corns, her assistant, who later was a victim of the influenza epidemic, took the course in Civilian Relief, and established a branch of that activity in connection with the chapter work. In all, 175 cases were handled, nearly all of the work naturally falling among families where a boy was in France. A general 318 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR information bureau was maintained at the chapter house. Some of the other activities entered into by the girls are listed elsewhere in this text. CLOTHING CHILDREN FROM THE FRONTIER TOWNS After the armistice was signed, but before the Red Cross gave up active chapter work, request was made that girls help out in making garments for the Children of the Frontier, a society which was caring for thousands of unfor- tunate children from the devastated areas in France. The girls willingly agreed to devote to this purpose all of the time that was not taken up by the Red Cross work. Later, when the Red Cross drives were over, practically all of the time was given to the Children of the Frontier. This activity continued into 1920. The full change from the Red Cross to the Children of the Frontier came in March, 1919, the St. Louis Division also joining in the new work. Moreover, additional plants were interested, and in March the Illinois Miniature Lamp Division (Chicago) joined, while in the following month the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division (Minneapolis) also formed its sewing classes. But in making the change the Red Cross was not neglected, for in the first six months of 1919 more than 8,000 garments were made for that organi- zation. In June, however, the Red Cross calls ended. In the Children of the Frontier work, each Lamp Divi- sion specialized on one type of garment. Chicago and Minne- apolis girls did a lighter class, while at St. Louis heavier types were made. But in each plant every girl was so trained that she could readily make any type assigned, in case of emergency, and also that each might have as thorough training as possible. At the Cleveland headquarters two power buttonhole machines and two button machines were installed; on these one girl could turn out approximately fifty-five buttonholes a minute, or sew on forty buttons. All garments made in the outside plants were therefore sent to Cleveland, where these operations were completed THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 319 and the garments then forwarded to New York for shipment abroad. In the latter months of 1919 from twelve to seven- teen bags of garments were sent out of Cleveland each week, and each bag contained no less than 78 garments. In November and December about 60% of the garments sent to Europe by the Society for Protecting Children of the Frontier, were made by National girls. But even through the time devoted to work for the Children of the Frontier, knitting did not cease, for this society also had great need of knitted goods, especially stock- ings and sweaters of various sizes for children under the age of sixteen. Not only did the National girls continue in this work, but the outside knitters helped also, the number of workers totalling 1,137. This list included many persons who had been knitting socks of yarn furnished by Mr. B. G. Tremaine (see page 307). An organization within the National Lamp Works chapter of the Red Cross, known as the Red Cross Club, did much toward accomplishing the gratifying results already mentioned. Membership in this club was purely an honorary matter, the requirement at the time of the club's formation being the completion of two hundred hours of Red Cross work. This requirement of work accomplished was made variable, increasing as time went on, so that at the date this account was written, a girl must have completed five hundred hours to be eligible. The membership as of January, 1920, averaged about eighty girls. There was also a branch in the St. Louis division, but the requirement in hours there was not so high as at Cleveland, for the work had not been in progress so long. Club rooms were fitted up for the members, who paid dues of twenty-five cents a month to cover the cost of enter- tainments they gave. Meetings were held every two weeks for the purpose of obtaining suggestions for the improvement of the work, and at every second meeting the girls were addressed by some outside speaker of prominence. In helping to meet the heavy quotas that were given, the club was of the greatest assistance, as each girl was pledged, in addition to giving three and one-half hours a week regu- larly to the workj to add additional time enough to make sure 320 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR that the chapter as a whole met whatever quota was set for it. In the summer of 1919, the club members were given recognition for their good work by being entertained for a week at Nela Camp, where they lived in tents and enjoyed a real outdoor vacation. This camp was held at the expense of the company, and the girls received their regular pay for the time they spent away from their work. Some of the accomplishments of the individual workers are interesting. Early in the war Miss Mae Cipra received a letter from her brother in the service telling her of the val- uable work the Red Cross organization was doing for the soldiers. As a result Miss Cipra throughout the duration of the war spent five nights a week working at the Red Cross chapter house, in addition to doing a large amount of outside knitting. Miss Alma Heinz, another chapter member, was probably the best knitter in the organization. During the time hostilities continued, Miss Heinz specialized on knitting sweaters, and for the whole period of the war her output averaged one sweater every three days. Mrs. A. L. Maddell, wife of one of the National employees knit a pair of socks a day during the whole period of the war, and after the war ended kept up her splendid work for the Children of the Frontier. Her yarn requirement was usually a bale every three weeks. Mrs. J. L. Dana, also wife of a National employee, could knit a sweater in 8^-2 hours. The list of girls who worked three nights a week during the war was a long one. HOW YOUNGSTOWN GlRLS AlDED THE RED CROSS Relief activities in the National Plants outside of Cleveland took various forms. The Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division, at Youngstown, Ohio, took an active interest in Red Cross work. In October, 1917, the girls at this plant formed a Red Cross class of 150 members to make surgical dressings. The class was supervised by Miss Sutherland, Service Secretary, as- sisted by twenty-five girls who took a special course from the local chapter of the Red Cross. These girls served as teachers and inspectors, and through their efforts the surgical dressings produced by the class were of the very best workmanship, the girls receiving many compliments from the local chapter for their work. Parade of Miniature Bulb Division's Red Cross Contingent Busy on Red Cross Work at the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Plant, Youngstown, Ohio Miss Alma Heinz One Week's Knitting Output. Made by the Champion Knitter of the National's Red Cross workers in Cleveland National during the summer Knitting Drive of 1918 The "Red Cross Club." At the Right is the National Lamp Red Cross Headquarters House THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 321 The class remained in active service, putting in two hours of evening work once every week until October 14, 1918, when it was closed by order of the Health Board, on account of the influenza epidemic. When this ban against public meetings was lifted, the local chapter of the Red Cross an- nounced that it would not need further supplies. The record of the girls' production was: 4 inch x 4 inch Compresses 100,000 9 inch x 9 inch Compresses 28,000 Sponges 5,000 Heel Rests 1,000 Surgical Pads i ,000 In addition there was formed a knitting class, with fifty members. These girls had a regular schedule for evening work, and many did a great amount of knitting at home. They produced 100 pairs of socks, 75 sweaters, 100 scarfs and helmets, and 25 pairs of wristlets. In September, 1917, the girls of the Youngstown Di- vision held a dance, and the proceeds, $81, were turned over to the Red Cross. In December a bazaar was organized, running for two days. The whole Service Department, in- cluding cafeteria and rest rooms, was utilized, being decorated and set with booths. The affair was a great success, bringing in a total of $656, which was donated to the local chapter of the Red Cross. Practically every girl was a member of the Red Cross, paying the $>i.oo membership fee. Nevertheless when in June, 1917, a special Red Cross campaign was held, the girls subscribed an additional amount of $700. The Red Cross classes participated in all of the Youngstown patriotic parades. In aFourth-of-July parade, the entire unit, about 200 in number, was in full Red Cross uniform, and divided into squads, which had been coached by competent instructors in for- mations and marching. This lamp-factory Red Cross unit was awarded first prize for the finest showing in the Red Cross division of the entire parade. Some of the work at Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division has been described, but there were additional ^activities that should not be omitted from notice. WhenTthe June, 1918, Red Cross campaign for funds was on, practically every employee of the factory worked one Saturday afternoon, 322 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR and donated their earnings, $477.63, to the Red Cross. The employees' committee, which this Division appointed to keep in touch with those who entered the service, has been mentioned on page 144. WITH RED CROSS GIRLS AT OTHER NATIONAL PLANTS At Mahoning Miniature Lamp Division, Warren, Ohio, about twenty girls interested themselves in Red Cross work, producing 50 sweaters, 8 scarfs, 8 helmets, 4 washcloths, 7 pairs of wristlets, and 40 pairs of socks. The girls of this Division contributed about $250 to various relief organiza- tions. At Puritan Refilled Lamp Division, Providence, R. I., thirty girls attended the Red Cross surgical dressings class, devoting one evening a week to this work; at the sales office of the Sterling Electric Lamp Division, Warren, Ohio, the girls formed the local surgical-dressings division of the Red Cross, a class that finally reached a membership of 200; from the sales office of the Banner Electric Division, Youngstown, five girls, out of a total of seven, worked in the Red Cross class at the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division, whose work has already been described. ONE YEAR'S RELIEF WORK. OF NATIONAL LAMP GIRLS IN CLEVELAND 1918 KNITTED GOODS Sweaters 6,646 Socks (pairs) 10,215 Miscellaneous 1,668 1918 DRESSINGS Muslin Dressings 8,599 Hospital Garments 3)45* Refugee Garments 292 Gauze Dressings 142,289 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 323 SUNDRY WAR WORK OF THE RED CROSS GIRLS FROM CLEVELAND PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL Collected tinfoil worth $250. Lawn fete for Victory Chest netted $487. Carried flag for Sousa's band, collecting $1,700 for the Victory Chest. Sold Thrift Stamps to value of $1,000 at Wade Park Pageant. In Third Liberty Loan drive manned booth and sold $5,500 in bonds. Gave bazaar for Children of Frontier; proceeds $1,300. Sold Thrift Stamps at Euclid Beach. Collected two barrels and two baskets of peach stones for gas masks. Sent two barrels of clothing to Belgians. Attended all Red Cross and Liberty Loan parades. Established Civilian Relief branch and inves- tigated 175 inquiries. At Christmas, 1918, filled 500 gift boxes for soldiers from Cleveland who were without relatives. The company donated 100 additional boxes. The needs of the city were 6,000 boxes, so that the National organization furnished 10% of the total. NELA FUND Nela Fund, for French war orphans, widows and sol- diers, was founded by Mr. F. S. Terry in 1917, and was under his personal direction. The outstanding feature of Nela Fund, and the one which differentiated it from most other insti- tutions of relief, was the touch of personal interest which it injected between the bene- factor and recipient. It made each contributor realize that he was assisting in the welfare of a human being who stood acutely in need of an interested friend; it was able to do this because it investigated thoroughly the recipient's needs before soliciting a subscription for his or her maintenance. 324 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Nela Fund not only raised and transmitted the funds, but also encouraged frequent correspondence between the orphan and the donor; furthermore, it provided the services of expert translators, who translated from French to English or vice versa, the letters thus exchanged. All such service was rendered by Nela Fund without cost to the sub- scribers. The name Nela Fund was adopted merely for conven- ience; the Fund had no official connection with the National Lamp Works. The success which the Fund enjoyed, how- ever, was largely the result of the financial and personal interest which managers and employees of the National Lamp Works manifested in this unusual and specialized method of direct aid to widows, orphans and soldiers. It was to the lamp organization that Mr. F. S. Terry looked for assistance in the bountiful work he had instituted, and, as in all activities of war-time importance, their services were of the utmost value in carrying the project through to success. When France was called upon in 1914 to defend her land, she recognized the seriousness of the problem of pro- viding for the multitude of war orphans and widows who would be left in utterly stringent circumstances, and the French Government immedia.tely took steps to aid these innocent victims. But in time of war, men and munitions are the crying needs of a nation, and so France was compelled to finance her fighting program more liberally than her relief program. The enormity of this problem, and the expense involved, was such that as late as June, 1917, the French Government was allowing but eight francs a month for the maintenance of orphans deemed needy, regardless of the varying needs of the individual. The intervention of the French and American chari- table organizations, which sprang up simultaneously with the first sign of hostile fire, was a step towards solving France's problem of caring for her homeless and destitute. But these relief agencies were for the greater part general in scope and though their source of income was large, their field of endeavor was so extensive that to render aid of more than an imper- sonal nature was beyond their power. Further, their gifts, though abundant, were in no measure large enough to supply all the needs of these thousands upon thousands of innocent THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 325 victims, no two alike; no two calling for the same measure of relief and comfort. There can be no variance of opinion as to the class of people suffering most acutely in the war. It was the families of the middle cultured class, who stood for the best ideals of France, and who in many cases had built up comfortable incomes for themselves, that were compelled to make the greatest sacrifices. Thousands of them had investments in the invaded districts utterly destroyed. With the breadwinner killed in battle, and the family income cut off, many a delicate mother found herself left with a large family of children and no means of supporting them save by manual labor, for which she was utterly unfitted. The war, then, in many cases meant the breaking up of homes and lost opportunities for the chil- dren the very "flower of France" who were suddenly denied the education which was important to insure their success in later life. As early as March, 1916, the attention of Mr. F. S. Terry was directed to an orphan, twelve years of age, brought by the war into a condition similar to that just suggested. This boy had been securing educational advantages and every- thing pointed to a prosperous future for him. Then the tragedy of war ensued and, like thousands of the best manhood of France, his soldier- father fell. There arose a dark cloud on the horizon, for suddenly and cruelly the prospects of the liberal education which the father had in mind for his son were changed to faded possibilities. HELPING FRANCE AND ITS ORPHANS Mr. Terry saw here a chance to assist both a deserving family and a country which was fighting not for itself alone but for the freedom of all mankind. The family in question, like all others of the better class, deplored charity and would have refused financial assistance had it not been given in an interested spirit and for the good of France. With the aid of a French charitable organization which vouched for its needs, Mr. Terry wrote to this orphan and members of his family. He learned through letters to the boy's mother of her means and needs for keeping and educating her son; he extended to her the appreciation of the American people for the hard- ships which she and the people of France were bearing so 326 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR heroically, and he later advised her of the plans and prepara- tions which America was making to aid the allies. As these letters were circulated and read by others, they tended to stimulate the morale of the French and to cement the spirit of friendship between the people of the two countries. The widow, in reply, wrote of her family, telling of her husband who had died for France and freedom, what his death meant to her and her son, and how her family might be held together and educated. She told of the heroic stand which France was making for humanity, of conditions in the fighting area, and expressed joy at hearing of America's feeling toward France. These letters were valuable to their readers, both in the United States and France, for they gave first-hand the conditions in each country. Thus this family, through the gift and interest which an American had extended to them, was able to "carry on" in a normal way. Each letter from France convinced Mr. Terry more and more of the valuable mutual benefits being derived from this interested form of relief. Notes from the orphan told of his progress at school and of the happy moments spent with his mother, who was keeping from his mind as best she could the sorrow within her own heart and the heart of France. At the very moment when the manhood of France was fighting to save the country from the Teutons, the gift of the American was helping to build up the mind and body of this future citizen who otherwise would have been hand- icapped. The picture of a grateful mother and a happy boy was felt by Mr. Terry to be a handsome return on his in- vestment, and so he invested more. Family upon family was added to his list until thirty-four orphans in seventeen fam- ilies were receiving a cheer and a boost which otherwise would have been impossible. FROM A WIDOW OF FRANCE The following letter is typical of those written by French widows, and shows something of the profound needs of these widows and their gratitude for the interest taken in their welfare. "I have received through the agency of the Saint Cyrienne your very generous gift. I am touched by the fact that you are so good as to take an interest in my children. I thank you very much for the material aid which you bring into their lives and to their education. Thanks to your generous devotion, my children will again find some of the comforts which they had lost through the THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 327 death of their father. I should love to express better than I do my very deep gratitude. Know only that you have been the cause of one of the rare joys I have experienced these three years. The changed conditions of my life cause me little uneasiness for myself; but I felt wretched at the thought that the miseries of the war should reach my children, not only in their affections, but in upsetting their whole material existence. But your generosity has given me real happiness, and I thank you not only for them, but also for myself. "My husband, the son of an officer, was a lieutenant of chas- seurs on foot at the outbreak of the war. He had been admitted to the War College the first time he applied, a thing rather unusual. A brilliant officer in time of peace, he evinced in the war admirable qualities of heroism. Being wounded on August 24, 1914, he assumed command of the company which the captain had to relinquish on account of a severe wound. He had the willpower to remain at this post for days, although his wounded leg troubled him much. He was appointed Captain on the 3 1st of August. On September 6th following, a bullet cut off part of a finger while another went through his jaw; yet he refused to be sent to the rear. On September 8, be- cause he was exhausted by these various wounds, he was going to retire to the rear, when his company and the neighboring one were ordered to defend an important position. There was no one else except a very young second lieutenant to assume command. Gather- ing once more his strength, my husband took the lead, and it was during this night of September 8, that a last wound overcame his courage. What he did was all the more admirable, because he was by no means a fanatic, but a cool nature, reasoning out the conse- quences of his deeds. I may add that giving up his life was an im- mense sacrifice, for life in our family meant happiness. "And that was not the only sorrow that befell my children. Their grandfather, my father, was killed at the Dardanelles, he being a brigadier-general. He had been a soldier from the day he was old enough to join the army. A volunteer of the war of 1870, he had since made several campaigns in Tonkin, at Madagascar, etc. It was by accomplishing bravely his duty as a chief and by exposing himself in order to save the lives of his soldiers, that he was killed in June, 1915. "Aside from these losses, the war has wrought its ravages about my very fireside by destroying even the mementoes of a happy life. I was driven out of St. Mihiel, where my husband was garrisoned, by the coming of the Germans. I fled with my little Ginette, then three years old. My son was born four months later. I learned from refugees of St. Mihiel that the home I occupied had been completely burnt. I have since seen, on photographs taken from airplanes, that their story was but too true. "You see, therefore, that in three years' time, my children have witnessed many tears shed about them. I am grateful for the renewed faith you have brought them; for the help you give me in making their childhood more happy." 328 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR SOCIETY OF NELA MUSTERED INTO ACTION In 1917, after promoting this work alone for two years, Mr. Terry realized he had reached the apex of his individual possibilities for carrying on correspondence. Knowing that thousands of widows and orphans might be given personal aid and thus be relieved of many heavy burdens, Mr. Terry decided to call upon his associates. Consequently, at the summer meeting of the Society of Nela at Association Island in June, 1917, he explained in detail the work he had been engaged in, and outlined his plans for futhering it. He told the history of some of the children whom he had adopted, and read letters illustrating how wonderful the benefits were and the gratitude of these children and mothers. This was sufficient evidence for the Nela members, who immediately sub- scribed in "water-bottle money" and I. O. U.'s several thousand dollars, and promised their active support in a campaign to interest others. This campaign took definite form at the Christmas season, and was known as the Christmas Drive of 1917. So was born the Nela Fund for handling the subscrip- tions and acting as a medium between the benefactor and the orphan he "adopted." Between the summer conference of 1917 and the opening of the Christmas Drive, Mr. N. H. Boynton, then manager of the Publicity Department, was named by Mr. Terry as active head of the extension campaign. The organization of the Fund and the method of soliciting and transmitting funds are worthy of note. Headquarters were established in Room 2044, 120 Broadway, New York. Mr. Robert L. Stevenson was appointed secretary of the Fund and Professor J. L. BorgerhofF was engaged as translator. It is to be kept in mind that a big factor in the Nela Fund relief was the personal correspondence carried on between the French families and their American "godparents." It is interesting to note in this connection that in the first twenty- seven months of its operation over 3500 letters were received and translated from English to French and from French to English by Nela Fund. The needs of orphans varied with age and educational requirements, so that the party interested could subscribe for the maintenance of children whose expenses for a year's keep, either with their mother or in private homes, would THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 329 vary from $36 to $250. The usual amounts asked were $36 to $40, $50 to $60 or $200 to $250. BRINGING CHEER TO "SOLDIER-GODSONS" The cost of maintaining a soldier-godson ranged from $20 to $30 a year, while for the re-education of a mutilated soldier from $80 to $200 a year was needed, according to the trade he was learning. The soldier-godson movement was of decided im- portance because the French soldier received but five cents a day for his military services, and was in need of many comforts which would enable him to bear his trials with lighter heart. The following letter from an adopted godson shows the changed expression which was made possible by a personal-interest contribution from a Nela Fund subscriber: "For the present I feel almost happy, for I know that a good man is kind enough to take an interest in me. I assure you, my dear godfather, that I am proud of the friendship you kindly give me. Being entirely without news from my parents and my dear little boy, who are all in the invaded part of Belgium, I assure you, my good godfather, that I really felt too lonely, and that my lonesomeness was the cause of my discouragement, which, in turn, though only temporary, affected my health. Now that I am sure of having found a good friend, I am entirely different. Your letters have cheered me up to such an extent that I am in the best possible mood to finish, as I ought to, the task I have voluntarily assumed. Thanks to you, my dear godfather, I shall overcome everything that comes along, and more still, for I tell you that I am ready for any sacrifice." The sum subscribed for maintaining an orphan, widow or godson could be paid into the Nela Fund in any manner desired by the donor, so long as the entire amount was for- warded within a year. Unlike the ordinary organization of relief, Nela Fund did not deduct a proportion of the sub- scription to meet overhead expense. This was borne partly by Mr. Terry and partly by contributions made especially for that purpose. Another essential characteristic of the Nela Fund operation was the promptness with which money was forwarded to the beneficiary. When a subscription was accepted for an orphan, the mother or guardian was immediately notified and told that a semi-annual payment would be placed to her credit at some bank named by her, or a French clearing house, on a specific date. This was done even though 330 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR the amount for the support of the orphan had not been re- ceived at the headquarters of Nela Fund. By so doing, no burden of anxiety was ever laid upon the recipient. BECOMING A GODPARENT The reader may wonder how the godparent chose the orphan, and what security he had that his gift was doing its share for good. Nela Fund co-operated with certain reliable French charitable institutions with which Mr. Terry, through two years' personal observation and dealings, had established relations. These agencies were interested in widows and or- phans of the middle class. They had on file pictures and his- tories of thousands of deserving unfortunates, which they willingly placed at the disposal of Nela Fund. Whenever a subscription was entered at the New York office, the picture and history of two or more orphans, whose requirements were within the amount subscribed, were forwarded to the interested party, who made his choice and returned the un- accepted history. The donor then began to communicate with his godchild, and thus started an interesting and helpful correspondence. Corresponding was optional with the giver and would be taken care of, upon request, by the Nela Fund. Some of the French organizations with which Nela Fund worked hand in hand were the Saint Cyrienne, National French Association, Fatherless Children of France, Chil- dren of the Frontier, La Federation Nationale D'Assistance aux Mutiles des Armees de Terre et de Mer, and the Asso- ciation Valentin Hauy. These organizations were of the highest calibre; a few words concerning their activities may be of value. The Saint Cyrienne was a friendly association of students and former students of the military academy of Saint Cyr. At the outbreak of the war its able members were called to the colors. On the battlefields many made the supreme sac- rifice, and somewhere back of the lines were left families which the widows were wholly unprepared to support, unaided. The Saint Cyrienne, however, did not forget the widows and orphans of its fallen members. It made inquiries into the needs and means of each family, gave of its own funds what- ever was available, and then strove in other ways to provide THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 331 that physical and educational nourishment which neither the government nor itself was fully able to supply. Then there was the National French Association, or- ganized for protecting the families of those who died for their country. This association aided thousands of widows and orphans by soliciting through its many offices the means necessary to support and educate them. There were the societies of the "Fatherless Children of France" and the "Children of the Frontier," which had aims similar to those of the National Association; their accomplishments were equally noteworthy. La Federation Nationale D'Assistance aux Mutiles des Armees de Terre et de Mer was a society having for its purpose the re-education of mutilated soldiers. This body under the active presidency of M. Bartlow, a former Prime Minister of France, found means to re-educate thousands of mutilated soldiers and to offer them remunerative employment. The Association Valentin Hauy concerned itself with the welfare of the blinded soldiers. Founded in Paris in 1784, by Valentin Hauy, the association was directed principally by the blind. In its museum is a wonderful collection of the work of those it aided, and of the machines on which they worked. How THE NELA FUND WAS ADVERTISED Interest in the Nela Fund was promoted principally through booklets, general and personal letters and to a limited extent by newspaper articles. Three booklets were published concerning the Fund, the titles being: 1. The Purpose of Nela Fund. 2. Interested Charity. 3. Your Debt to France. The first two were distributed during the Christmas Drive of 1917 and "Your Debt to France," during the 1918 drive. To enlighten National employees upon the things which Nela Fund subscriptions were making possible, and to keep them informed of developments from time to time, general letters were used. These letters were largely educational in nature, quoting expressions of gratitude from the French widows, orphans and soldier-godsons. Besides their importance as conveyors of information, such letters were of value in 332 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR keeping aflame throughout the year the aims and ideals of Nela Fund, and served as a reminder that the needs which the Fund met were urgent and constant. In addition to the National Lamp people, Nela Fund had as contributors and sponsors many representative business men and investigating bureaus of this country and abroad who were glad at all times to give information concerning the Fund's organization or policies. In "Your Debt to France" appeared such a list; it included Hon. Myron T. Herrick who, as American Ambassador to France during the early years of the war, was in a position to know the needs of the people in the war-torn regions. From the 1917 summer conference to the opening of the Christmas Drive, 213 subscriptions were obtained, largely through the efforts of National managers and employees. This constituted an excellent introduction and working basis for the Christmas Drive, and illustrated better than words the profound need which Nela Fund was meeting. THE 1917 CHRISTMAS DRIVE DECEMBER 17 TO DECEMBER 24 The plans for the 1917 Christmas Drive were well worked out before the campaign itself opened. The responsibility for success rested on the shoulders of the members of Nela who had pledged their unreserved support at the summer con- ference. The goal for the Drive was placed at $25,000, which amount would provide for approximately one hundred stricken families during the year 1918. A quota of $250 was allotted to each Nela member as the amount he was to raise. "!T PAYS TO ADVERTISE" The drive opened with vigor and determination on the part of the National managers, who devised and promoted their own "sales" campaigns. A few subscribed their entire quota personally, but the majority strove to interest others over and above making their own subscriptions. Department meetings were called, "clubs" were formed, managers and employees became so interested as to approach acquaintances and strangers with equal zeal. Among the novel advertising plans was one concocted by Mr. Fred P. Harris, manager of THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 333 Purchasing Department. He first secured a photograph and history of an attractive orphan, whose story he told to all those approached by him in the work of the Fund. Then, to arouse the curiosity of people entering his office, Harris had a placard printed "Ask Me What I Know About a French Girl." This was prominently displayed and served its purpose well. Mr. J. T. Fagan conducted an "apple raffle" in the Nela Cafeteria, Mr. R. E. Scott promoted a campaign among the members of the Harvard Club of Cleveland, Mr. W. D. Frank of Nela Press "sold" to the Ben Franklin Club, while Mr. J. P. Goggin was very successful in interesting the Cane Glass and Tubing Union. Factory employees entered into the spirit of the drive with equal determination. The employees of the Puritan Refilled Division and the Boston-Economy Lamp Division voted unanimously to work two Saturday afternoons, which they would otherwise have had open, and to contribute the wages thus earned to the Fund. The Oakland factory set a Nela Fund Day on which all foremen and operators strove for extra production and their entire day 'swages were contributed to the orphans. These were a few of the many methods used in the campaign to interest National employees and persons outside of the National in the "grateful invest- ment" Nela Fund had to offer. Amounts of subscriptions written up were announced from campaign headquarters daily, successful plans for securing subscriptions were ex- changed and through the newspapers and in many other ways interest was fostered in the work of the drive. The harvest of subscriptions was gratifying. To families across the sea it meant the lightening of heavy hearts, to Nela members it was the fulfillment of an accepted pledge, to Mr. Terry it was the pleasant realization that the Fund was an assured success and to every subscriber it was a matter of wholesome satisfaction to know that Christmas Day, 1917, was more than ever before a day of practical giving. Sub- scription acceptances did not cease with December 24th, however, for January, 1918, brought in contributions totalling $3000. When Christmas Drive books were closed, March nth, 1918, it was announced from headquarters that $34,28 2. 91 had been pledged. As a special Christmas activity, Nela Fund encouraged the sending of gifts to orphans and godsons. Due to the shipping 334 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR space required for ordnance and military supplies, it was suggested that money, rather than packages, be given. Such a request was also made in 1918 and 1919. Below is listed the number of persons who were being cared for in the years 1917 and 1918 the big increases in 1918 being largely due to the 1917 Christmas Drive. 1918 Orphans ............................ 72 414 Widows ........................... . 2 Godsons ........................... 37 83 Total 109 499 In addition to the sums forwarded to orphans, widows and soldier-godsons, contributions were also made through Nela Fund to the American Service Fund, Paris; Mr. Tre- maine's "Sock League" and to miscellaneous activities, such as the Association for Supplying Games to Soldiers, and packages for soldiers. A portion of the amount raised in 1918 was subscribed after the close of the Christmas Drive, for members of Nela were at all times on the search for buyers of this wartime "investment." During 1918, a total of 236 new subscriptions were accepted. The following letters from French children are typical of those received by godparents. The first was written by a girl of eleven years, the orphan of a French officer and eldest of nine children: "I know a little English and can write well enough in that language to thank you for the big sum you sent to mother for us. "My little sister, who is ill, can now have help and I do thank you with all my heart for that joy." Her brother, a boy of nine years, expressed his appre- ciation in these words: "With all my heart, thanks! for the money you have sent to us. I should like to be as kind as the Americans who help the French so much, and I should also like to be an officer so as to be able to go to war with them. Long live our Allies!" Finally, a third youth of the family, a boy of eight, wrote: "I thank you in the name of my little brother and sisters for the generous gift which Mamma received. When I am grown up, I shall go to Nela Park to see you." THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 335 At the 1 91 8 summer conference at Association Island, Nela Fund was again a prominent topic of conversation and, following the generous example set at the 1917 meeting, the National managers once more contributed liberally to its support. The sum of $1540 was raised as a contribution towards the expenses of the Fund. It was decided to conduct a Christmas Drive along lines similar to those on which the 1917 campaign was run and, besides securing new pledges, to make sure that old subscriptions were renewed. 1918 CHRISTMAS DRIVE NOVEMBER 28 TO DECEMBER 24 In a letter under date of December 5th, 1918, Mr. Terry emphasized that we in America could ill afford to desert the French people at this time, for the sacrifices which they made for us, as well as for themselves, had dug deeply into the roots of their existence. This was sufficient justification for renewing once more the efforts of 1917. A general letter of January 23rd, 1919, contained the thought that though the Nela Fund was no longer a "winning the war" activity, yet the conditions and needs, of the French were such they could not become self-supporting for some time. Until that day was at hand it was our duty, as well as our privilege, to contribute to the limit of our means for the support and edu- cation of the children upon whom rested the regeneration of France's industrial and economic life. The organization of the 1918 Drive was practically the same as that of 1917. Each Nela member was asked to be responsible for $200 in subscriptions in addition to securing a renewal of his 1917 pledges. Members, as before, conducted their own campaigns for funds, working diligently to meet their quotas. Due to the fighting being over, it was found difficult to interest new prospects, but old subscribers were readily re-signed. They had become confirmed supporters of the work and many of them were influential in securing new subscriptions. In the 1918 Drive, new subscriptions totalling $14,766.15 were received, besides the renewal of a majority of the 1917 pledges. The entire sum raised was appropriated for the care of orphans and widows, the soldier-godson movement ending 336 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR with December 3ist. The special Christmas offering amounted to $518 which was distributed among 66 orphans, 5 godsons and one widow. NELA FUND AFTER THE WAR Nela Fund "carried on" after war ceased. It was decided that so long as a distressing need existed among French families it would be unwise to discontinue the efforts which had meant so much to them during the war. Further, a majority of those who had "adopted" orphans had become so inter- ested in their proteges that they had no desire to cancel their attentions at this time, or in the very near future. In the spring of 1919 Mr. Terry went abroad and visited personally many of the orphans "adopted" through the Nela Fund. This trip was of value both in reviewing the field which Nela Fund had covered during the war and as a canvass of the needs which still existed in France for interested relief work. As the need was still found to be urgent, a third Christ- mas Drive was held in 1919. PART IV MOBILIZING OUR DOLLARS THE NATIONAL LAMP WORKS' FINANCIAL RECORD IN CONNECTION WITH THE WORLD WAR MOBILIZING OUR DOLLARS THE NATIONAL LAMP WORKS' FINANCIAL RECORD IN CONNECTION WITH THE WORLD WAR "Everyone should invest what he can reasonably afford to in Liberty Loan Bonds. We should do this even if we can invest our money in something else with a higher rate of return." The foregoing quotation from Terry and Tremaine's General Letter of May 24th, 1917, written just after the First Liberty Loan campaign was announced, is indicative of the attitude taken by the National towards the many money-raising campaigns conducted by the Government throughout the war except that, as the war progressed, the appeals of the management for whole-hearted support, even if such support should involve real financial sacrifice to the contributor, became more and more urgent. This fact will be evident from the quotations given further on in this chapter, from General Letters issued on the occasions of the Second, Third and Fourth Liberty Loans. The employees of the National Lamp organization responded nobly to every Government appeal for funds, as is abundantly proven by the huge financial totals given below. National people would have responded nobly, beyond a doubt, even without the encouragement and assistance that they received from their leaders. At the same time, it is obvious that the totals would have been very much less, had it not been for the organizing genius that was focused on getting everyone to do his or her part, and on creating a spirit of rivalry among the different Divisions of the organization- each striving to outdo the others in the outpouring of its money for America and world freedom. Figures to many people at least are cold, lifeless things, and statistics are certainly not "light summer reading." But figures become endued with life and interest when they pertain to a war, for the winning of a war, when all is said and done, is largely a matter of which side can raise the more money. War is always a strain on the financial resources of a country but in a life-and-death conflict like the World War of 1914-1918 it is more than an ordinary strain it becomes an appalling financial drain. 34 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR How the National and its people mobilized their dollars in addition to their personal work and material resources, will be told in the present chapter. The subject will be taken up under the following headings: I. The Liberty Loans First, Second, Third and Fourth. II. War Savings Stamps. III. The Red Cross Campaigns. IV. The Y. M. C. A. Campaign. V. Miscellaneous Nation- Wide Relief Campaigns. VI. War Chests. VII. United War Work Campaign. VIII. Nela Fund, for French War Orphans, Widows and Soldiers. IX. "Children of the Frontier." X. "Socks for Soldiers." XI. Financial Aspect of Red Cross Workers' Activity. XII. Financial Support of War Gardening. XIII. Support of War Activities (Research and Development) Undertaken by Home Office Laboratories. XIV. Miscellaneous Financial Contributions towards Winning the War. XV. Summary. I. THE LIBERTY LOANS THE FIRST LIBERTY LOAN June i to 75, 7977 The first great popular bond issue floated by the United States Government was for the sum of two billion dollars, and was known as the First Liberty Loan. It was the first time that United States Gold Bonds were ever offered to the public in such small denomination as fifty dollars the "baby bonds," so called. Also, it was the first time that Uncle Sam had ever resorted to a whirlwind campaign of ad- vertising and salesmanship in order to market his securities. As we look back on the First Loan, remembering that before the war was over our Government raised a total of between twenty and thirty billion dollars by the sale of Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps, it seems almost amusing to consider the serious doubts that were entertained by many people as to whether we could raise even two billion dollars in one campaign. Suffice it to say that instead of two billion dollars, nearly three billion dollars were subscribed to the First Liberty Loan. As over-subscriptions were not accepted, there were THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 341 many large investors who were disappointed in that their subscriptions were not taken. The First Liberty Loan Bonds, as originally issued, bore interest at the rate of 3^%, and were tax-free except for inheritance taxes. The bonds mature in 1947. The bond- selling campaign lasted from June i to 15, 1917. The following quotations are from a General Letter dated May 29, 1917, and sent by the Managers of the National Lamp Works to all Departments and Divisions: "The General Electric Company is taking an interest in inducing its employees to purchase these bonds and will assist them in financing their purchase where necessary. The General Electric Company has, for its own account, agreed to purchase $5,000,000 of these bonds. "We would like to make the General Electric subscrip- tion as large as possible, and would request, therefore, that subscriptions be turned in through Mr. See, who, in turn, will report the amount to the General Electric Company, Schenectady, to be included with the subscriptions from the employees of the other branches of the G. E. Company. "June 6th has been made the day on which a canvass will be made in all departments." The various departments took up the appointed task energetically, with the following results: First Liberty Loan Number of Individual Subscribers 33^9 Amount Subscribed $278,200 The Company's Liberty Loan "machinery" was not as thoroughly organized for this first bond issue as it was later. In consequence, many individuals subscribed through local banks rather than through the company. Such subscriptions are not included in the above total. On the other hand, many employees persuaded their friends, outside of the National, to subscribe through them, so that on the whole the fore- going total may be considered a fairly accurate representation of the amount actually invested by the National employees. A word should be said in recognition of the extensive and often burdensome work so faithfully performed by the employees of the Treasury Department, the greatest war activity of which during 1917 and 1918 was in connection with the Liberty Loans assembling subscriptions and placing with banks, crediting collections from month to month, and delivering bonds to subscribers as paid for. Approximately 342 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR seven thousand dollars in expenses were incurred by the Treasury Department in handling the four Liberty Loans. Employees were given their choice of five different plans for making payments: (a) the weekly plan (2% per week for 50 weeks); (b) the semi-monthly plan (each payment 5% of the amount subscribed); (c) the monthly plan (each payment 10%); (d) the Government terms; (e) one payment in cash. Plans .(a), (b), and (c) were much more liberal than the Government terms, and gave the subscriber practically ten months in which to pay. Under these "easy-payment" plans, the company advanced the money to the Government, through the banks, and carried the individuals' accounts until they were paid up. The ten-month schedule of payment applied to the First, Second and Third Loans only. When the Fourth Loan came along, the time for payment had to be reduce4 to five months, as it began to look as if we might expect new Liberty Loans regularly, at about five-month intervals. On June I2th Miss Ruth Law, then the foremost aviatrix, made an exhibition flight over Cleveland under the auspices of Henry L. Doherty & Co. Miss Law "took off" from Nela Park and on her flight dropped "bombs" advertising the Loan. THE SECOND LIBERTY LOAN October 21 to 26, 1917 In the fall of 1917, "we, the people," were called upon to loan three billion dollars more to our Government. The Second Liberty Loan, bearing interest at the rate of 4%, maturing in 1942, and taxable only for inheritance taxes and for surtaxes above a certain exemption, went "over the top" in a whirlwind campaign of only one week. It was over-subscribed by $1,617,532,300, but only half of this over- subscription was accepted by the Government. The following extracts from General Letters issued by the National management just prior to the Second Loan campaign are of interest: THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 343 "Keeping Bonds for Employees: Many buyers of Liberty Loan Bonds have never before handled bonds and have no safe place in which to keep them and will not understand how to handle the interest coupons. Where desired, we will hold the bonds and look out for these matters for such em- ployees. The bonds left with us for safe keeping will be held in the safety deposit vault of the Cleveland Trust Company, and upon request will be forwarded for delivery to the in- dividual." "Liberty Loan Number 2: We are again called upon for action we can call it patriotism if we like the Second Liberty Loan. We do not ourselves term it patriotism because our motive is more than our love of country; it is to maintain our freedom that we are making sacrifices and our soldiers are fighting. It is that we may have what we believe to be our inalienable right to live in peace and without the necessity of being skilled in the most scientific means of destroying others. We wish our progress to be the result of constructive work and helpfulness to others and not the destruction of others or their subjugation. "It is too late for us to discuss the question of whether we will fight or take the chance of being subjugated. That question has already been decided for us, and we know that whatever it may cost in lives and money to win, a greater loss will be ours if we fail to win. The situation is too critical for one to consider that his part is less than all that he can do. There is little danger of our being required to make sacrifices as great as those which the people of Belgium, France and England have been called upon to make, and yet, in this common cause, it would be but just if as much were required of us. * We hope to have reason, again, for feeling proud of our organization because of the way our employees respond to this second call for funds with which to carry on this most just and necessary fight for liberty." The total subscriptions through the National Lamp Works were as follows: Second Liberty Loan Number of Individual Subscribers 2961 Amount Subscribed $250,400 344 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Voluntary No attempt has been, or can be, made to Solicitation compute the total amount of time put in by by National men and women of the National in house- Employees to-house canvassing and other "y eoman service" in connection with the various war-financing campaigns. Some of this work was done Saturday afternoons and evenings, but much of it was done on the Company's time a service which was not only permitted, but freely encouraged by the management. Just as an instance: Eleven men in the Nela Specialties and Commercial Development Departments put in 1609 hours the equivalent of 214 working days, on work of this kind. Several of the managers were members of City or County Sales Committees for the various loans, and made public appeals for subscriptions or acted as chairman at meetings where such appeals were made. The manager of the Nela Operating Department assisted in the four Liberty Loans by conveying Liberty Loan speakers to their assigned localities for speeches. THE THIRD LIBERTY LOAN April 6 to May 14, 1918 Th'e Third Loan came at a crucial point in the war a time when the allies were being pressed back by the Central Powers' Spring Drive on the Western Front. The size of the loan, $3,000,000,000 which was nearly 40% oversubscribed was in proportion to the need. This loan bore in- terest at 4/4%, matured in 1928, and was tax-free with the same general class of ex- ceptions as noted under the Second Loan, above. The pressing importance of the Third Loan was clearly brought out in the letter sent out by the National management on March 29: "The Third Liberty Loan Drive starts April 6th. "We shall count on the National organization doing its full part, as usual. "It does not make any difference how much we have done or how difficult it is to do more, each one of us must do his 3rd LIBERTY LOAf Xt-ST: ERYBODY IN jrd Liberty Loan Rally at Nela, April u, 1918 Left Mr. L. P. Sawyer, Chairman. Center Lieut. MacGregor Mclntosh, Speaker. Right Mr. Homer H. McKeehan, Speaker. The "Race to Berlin" A Bond-Raising Stimulus Used by the Engineering Department HBP sum M Km am JIOTT v CC/m CQMHAHKR INCHIIF 355-39 Loudon Glass (including a com- pany subscription) 215 2,810.47 Totals 237 $4,165.86 MAHONING COUNTY WAR CHEST OF 1918 Division No. of Subscribers Amt. Subscribed Youngstown Mazda (including a company subscription 506 $4,792.50 Banner (Sales) (including a com- pany subscription) 12 1,259.00 Totals 518 $6,051.50 GRAND TOTAL, ALL WAR CHESTS Place Amt. Subscribed Cleveland $157,542.30 Minneapolis 4,1 52.36 Richland County 1,066.00 Trumbull County 24,281.54 Mahoning County 6,051.50 Fostoria 4,165.86 GRAND TOTAL $197,259.56 The vast amount of volunteer canvassing done by National employees in the various money-raising drives has already been mentioned, and the War Chests were no exception. As an instance of these efforts, may be mentioned the spectacular result achieved by Mr. H. H. Geary, Manager of the Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Division, who had charge of the War THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 357 Chest solicitation among the factory workers in the city of Fostoria. He succeeded in getting pledges from every industrial worker in the city, except two both of them old men above seventy, from whom he considered it an imposition to demand subscriptions. Later, however, the local Committee got even these two to pledge five cents per week, just for the sake of making Fostoria a "One Hundred Percent City." VII. UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN November u to 18, 1918 National Lamp Works people in the following cities, where there were no War Chests, were called upon to subscribe to the $170,500,000 War Work Fund: St. Louis Chicago Central Falls Providence Oakland New York Detroit Seven great co-operating war-work agencies, each of them operating under an Executive Order from President Wilson, participated in the drive. These were the organizations: Young Men's Christian Association Young Women's Christian Association National Catholic War Council (K. of C.) Jewish Welfare Board War Camp Community Service American Library Association Salvation Army The long arm of these great agencies extended all the way from the 500 clubs operated by the War Camp Community Service "over here," to the front line trenches where the Y. M. C. A. and Knights of Columbus and Jewish Welfare Board distributed chocolate and cigarettes to the tired fighters, and where the Salvation Army passed out pies and doughnuts, did sewing and mending for the fighters, and manned ambu- lances. Through the American Library Association, it fur- nished books. It reached into the factories, through the Y. W. C. A., to protect the girls who made equipment for our troops, and into the shipyards and munition plants. The fact that the armistice was signed on the very opening day of the United War Work campaign, did not prevent THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR the National Divisions in the above-mentioned cities from giving abundantly to the fund, as these figures will indicate: Total number of employees subscribing (approx.) ............ 2100 Total amount of subscriptions reported ................ $17,463.65 Largest number of employees subscribing from any one Division (Oakland) ...................................................... 425 Largest amount subscribed by employees of any one Division (St. Louis) ......... ................. ............. ' .......... $2,895 VIII. NELA FUND, FOR FRENCH WAR ORPHANS, WIDOWS AND SOLDIERS The story of Nela Fund has been told in Part III. To one who is aware of the manifold comforts which came to orphaned children, burdened mothers and suffering French soldiers through the kindness of Nela Fund subscribers, the statistics set forth below cannot be read with any feeling other than of pride and satisfaction. This is especially true because every dollar subscribed by an individual was applied in the maintenance of an orphan or godson of his own choice, with whom he had the expressed privilege of communicating directly, or through channels provided by Nela Fund. This accounts in large part for the liberal support accorded the Fund in the "Christmas Drives" of 1917 and 1918. Mr. N. H. Boynton, when asked by Mr. Terry to conduct the 1918 Christmas Drive, answered him, in part: "No cam- paign plan is necessary, other than your suggestion that we all apply ourselves to the 'work and accomplish it in the shortest possible time." His words expressed the sentiment of every member of Nela and of all others who were interested in securing funds for this personal-interest work. Below are the salient figures for the years 1917 and 1918. YEAR 1917 259 subscriptions raised in 1917-18 Christmas drive ......... $34,282.91 (Part of these came in in January and February, 1918) 213 total subscriptions secured up to Dec. 31, 1917 ......... 16,922.50 These subscriptions were distributed as follows: About 48% were for soldier-godsons. About 52% were for orphans. National Lamp Girls Collected $1,700 for the Victory Chest in this Flag. Scene: Public Square, Cleveland A Noon Meeting at "Ivanhoe" during the Red Cross Campaign of 1917. French Refugee Children, cared for by the "Society for Protecting Children of the Frontier." The girls in the upper picture are weaving baskets. National men raised $165,000 for this Society, and National women made hundreds of garments for it THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 359 YEAR 1918 144 subscriptions received in 1918-19 Christmas Drive $14,766.15 (Part of these came in in January and February, 1919) 236 total new subscriptions raised up to Dec. 3ist, 1918. ... 129,639.93 These were distributed as follows: About 6% were for soldier-godsons. About 94% were for orphans. SUM OF NELA FUND SUBSCRIPTION FOR Two YEARS 1917-1918 Total number subscriptions 449 (For certain of these subscriptions, several subscribers clubbed together) TOTAL AMOUNT SUBSCRIPTIONS $146,562.43 IX. "CHILDREN OF THE FRONTIER" The motives which impelled the National Lamp organ- ization to proffer its services in financing the budget of the Society,"Children of the Frontier," for the year 1919 may be summed up in Mr. Terry's General Letter No. 1 133, of August 2ist, 1918. "We have offered the services of our organization in raising the amount required by the Society, 'Children of the Frontier.' "We have placed this work in charge of Mr. Boynton, who will assign parts of it to our different managers, and who, in turn, may further subdivide the work by assigning the smaller cities to their salesmen, office employees and others, reserving the large cities for themselves. In this way a great burden will not be placed on any one. "But speaking of burdens, no one will be asked to under- take so great a task as is undertaken by every one of our soldiers. In winning the war it is necessary to use the united force of business organizations. Those in charge must select war work for such organizations to undertake. The war will not be won by our waiting for things to come to us. "Mr. Boynton is preparing printed matter which will describe the work of the 'Children of the Frontier' and will show by endorsements the esteem in which the work is held. "The work that the society,'Children of the Frontier/ is engaged in is not the same as the other French orphan 360 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR work that I have been interested in. The Nela Fund work has been to provide the means of keeping children in their homes. For this work war contributions are obtained from individuals. "The Society, 'Children of the Frontier,' takes French children who cannot be kept in their homes. Many are from the invaded districts and have been in the hands of the Ger- mans. They are kept by the Society in large homes and are educated and trades taught them and everything else done necessary to make them future useful citizens of France. It is more an economic work than one of charity. Heretofore, most of the money has been raised by Mrs. Joseph Lindon Smith, the Field Secretary, and her method has been to give talks in the large cities, and in that way she obtained her contributions. The establishment of War Chests makes it impossible to obtain contributions in the large cities where the War Chests are located, and it is necessary, therefore, to obtain funds from the War Chests. There are already nearly five hundred of them and the burden of any one visiting all of them is too great. Then, too, the obtaining of funds from War Chests is a selling proposition and can best be han- dled by a business organization such as ours. "War Chests are desirous of using their money where it will do the most good. I feel that we can perform a valuable service in bringing to their attention the work of the 'Children of the Frontier.' I have had an intimate acquaintance with this work extending over a period of more than a year and during that time have personally contributed toward the work. It was first called to my attention by Mr. C. A. Coffin, Chair- man of the Board of Directors of the General Electric Com- pany, and it has his highest endorsement. "It has been endorsed by the Government of France, the American Red Cross, and many others. The more com- pletely it is investigated, the more generously it will be sup- ported. F. S. TERRY." The history of the Society for Protecting Frontier Children dates from August, 1914, when Mr. Frederic R. Coudert, an American lawyer who was in Paris when war broke out, gathered from the roadsides of invaded Alsace over two hundred homeless and hungry children. These he brought THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 361 to Paris and provided with temporary shelter until provision could be made for permanent quarters. Permanent quarters took the form of farms or "colonies" in Southern France, where these frightened and delicate waifs, usually underclothed, were given medical care and nursed back to health. The Red Cross provided the medical attention, volunteer workers instructed the children, and philanthropic persons and organizations subscribed the means of maintaining the colonies. The growth of the society," Children of the Frontier," is a tribute to the founder and the zealous efforts of those who gave abundantly of their time and support to the welfare of these unfortunate children. From a society of one colony it grew to an institution numbering 38 colonies, harboring, on January i, 1919, nearly 1800 waifs. In the four and one- half years of its operation it had provided shelter and educa- tion for 2800 children from the frontier lines of Belgium, France and Alsace-Lorraine. Plan of It was to assist in this enterprise that the Campaign "National," in August, 1918, offered its serv- ices in raising the annual budget, which for 1919 amounted to $300,000. To raise this sum quickly and efficiently, it was necessary to approach the various city and county war-chest committees, which at this late period of the war were rapidly displacing all local campaigns for war relief. The $300,000 quota amounted to $72 for each thousand population in the war-chest cities. This sum would provide for the maintenance and education of one child for a year. Approaching To facilitate the work of the National Lamp the War Chest men who had to approach the war chest Committees committees, an illustrated booklet of in- formation and endorsement, "Special Survey of the Society for Protecting Frontier Children," was pub- lished and distributed to all war chests with a letter of appli- cation for a definite appropriation. It was the part of those assigned to this work to attend the meeting of the committee and to insure that the society's needs were given due consider- ation. Even though the war ended shortly after the"National" had taken over this important work and it was found in- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR creasingly difficult in many small cities to secure the appro- priation requested, the campaign more than met its goal. A total of ^164,904 was secured through war chests in 59 towns. This includes subscriptions received to July 10, 1919. Below are listed places from which financial assistance was forthcoming, with the amount of their contributions. Cleveland, O $ 30,000 Columbus, O 22,700 Syracuse, N. Y 20,000 Rochester, N. Y 12,000 Youngstown, O 10,000 Beaver Falls, Pa 7,200 Albany, N. Y .'.... 6,000 Cincinnati, O 5,000 Lynn, Mass 5,000 New Bedford, Mass 5,000 Indianapolis, Ind 3)6oo Utica, N. Y 3>ooo Buffalo, N. Y 2,500 Dayton, O 2,500 Toledo, O 2,500 Pittsfield, Mass 2,500 Brockton, Mass 2,000 Springfield, O 2,000 Akron, O 1 ,440 Newark, O 1,200 Tonawanda, N. Y 1,200 Colorado Springs, Colo. ... 1,100 Amsterdam, N. Y. 1,000 Auburn, N. Y 1,000 Rome, N. Y 1,000 Troy, N. Y i ,000 Warren, O 1,000 Virginia, Minn 720 Elmira, N. Y 600 Waltham, Mass 600 Ashtabula, O 500 Belvidere Patriots Associa- ciation, 111 Corning, N. Y Escanaba Co., Mich Kenosha, Wis Lancaster, O Logan, Hocking Co., O. . . . McKee'sport, Pa Newark, N. Y...: Racine, Wis Seneca Falls, N. Y Westbrook, Me Athens, O Ilion, N. Y Mechanicsville, N. Y Troy, N. Y Kirkland War Chest, Clinton, N. Y Melrose, Mass Cortland, N. Y Lowville, N. Y Sheboygan, Wis Shortsville, N. Y Springfield, Vt Wellington, O Williamsburg, O Batavia, O Clifton Springs, N. Y. . ... Dover, O Batavia, 111 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 400 350 300 300 250 250 200 200 2OO 2OO 20O I 5 150 I 44 IOO 100 50 Total $164,904 In securing the War Chest contributions for the "Children of the Frontier/'direct expense to the amount of over $2,000 was incurred by the National organization. To the above list should be added the following appro- priations which the Society had for its 1919 operation. Refugees Relief Fund $ 1 2,000 Refugees Relief Fund (special) 5,000 National Allied Committee 5,000 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 363 Piping Rock Horse Show. . 7,000 Private Colonies 60,000 Adoption Fund 75,000 Refugees Relief Fund 5,000 $169,000 War Chest Subscriptions 1 64,904 TOTAL $333>94 In addition to the efforts given in securing financial aid for the "Children of the Frontier," employees of the National Lamp Works, .under the supervision of Miss R. S. Streifender, donated considerable time to the making of garments for the "frontier children.' Reference to this activity is made on page 318. Expert personal assistance was also rendered the society by Mr. F. S. Terry, who aided in organ- izing its accounting in both New York and Paris. X. "SOCKS FOR SOLDIERS" (See pages jo? to j/0) 17,347 pairs of first-class woolen socks, value during the war at least $4.00 per pair $69,388 XI. FINANCIAL ASPECT OF RED CROSS WORKERS' ACTIVITY This refers to the work done by the girls in the Red Cross Unit at 45th Street, Cleveland, and in the National plants in other cities, in making garments, surgical dressings, etc., for the Red Cross. The story of the work has been told on pages 311 to 323. Estimated Value of Finished Supplies Made for Donation to Red Cross at 45th St., in 1917 and 1918 $192,000 Estimated Value of Similar Supplies made by employees in other National plants 90,000 TOTAL $282,000 XII. FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF WAR GARDENING Expense of Fencing, Plowing, Harrowing, Fertilizing, etc., for War Gardens in 1917 and 1918 $3>79-75 XIII. SUPPORT OF WAR ACTIVITIES (RESEARCH AND DEVEL- OPMENT) UNDERTAKEN BY HOME OFFICE LABORATORIES This item, representing expense incurred by the National in con- nection with the activities described in Part II of this book, amounted to over $ 82,000 364 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR XIV. MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS WINNING THE WAR It is, of course, impractical to enumerate all of the many miscellaneous items of financial outgo in connection with the war activities. Among these miscellaneous items were the following: Payment of four weeks' wages to employees of 6 months' standing, upon their entering military service. Special watchmen, to safeguard war work being done in the Company's plants. Overhead Expense of Liberty Loan and other Campaigns. War Study Clubs (see page 301). The above items, together with dozens of others of a miscellaneous nature, amounted to over $48,100 XV. SUMMARY The following minimum totals, taken from the preceding pages of this Part, are here brought together in order to show at a glance just what "mobilizing our dollars" meant to the National Lamp Works and its people. WAR INVESTMENTS Liberty Bonds (excluding Victory Loan) and War Savings Stamps Purchased $1,877,510. WAR CONTRIBUTIONS First Red Cross Drive. % 17,618.82 1917 Red Cross Membership Campaign 6,000.00 1917 Y. M. C. A. Campaign 8,068.00 Miscellaneous Nation- Wide Relief Campaigns 3,858.85 War Chests 197,259.56 United War Work Campaign 17,463.65 Nela Fund Subscriptions secured in 1917 and 1918 146,562.43 Children of the Frontier Expense of Fund-Raising Campaign . . 2,000.00 Sock League Value of Product 69,388.00 Red Cross Garments and Surgical Dressings, Value of. 282,000.00 War, Gardening Expense of Installing and Operating 3>79-75 Support of War Research and Development at Home Office Laboratories 82,000.00 Miscellaneous Contributions towards Winning the War 48,100.00 TOTAL $884.110,06 If, to the "War Contributions," we add the $1,877,510 of "War Investments," the total outpouring of money for war relief purposes, through the National Lamp Works, is seen to be more than two and three-quarters millions of dollars. PART V WAR GARDENS; SELECTIVE SERVICE BOARD WORK; CO-OPERATION WITH FUEL, FOOD AND RAILROAD ADMINISTRATIONS; OTHER ACTIVITIES. VARIED FORMS OF WAR SERVICE Our history of National Lamp Works' activities in the war would not be complete without some reference to the many miscellaneous forms of war service which cannot be classified under any of the preceding chapters. Among these hitherto unconsidered activities are the following: War Gardens. Selective-Service Board Work. American Protective League. Magazines , Books and Tobacco for Soldiers. Co-operation with Food Administration Program. Co-operation with Fuel and Railroad Administration. Special Statistical Reports. Publicity for War Causes. Intensive Production of Lamps for War Industries. War Exposition. WAR GARDEN ACTIVITIES "Our managers in charge of all vacant land belonging to the National will make arrangements to have it planted." In so many words, on April 24, 1917, the management of the National Lamp Works summed up its conclusions in regard to the war garden activities which the National would undertake in harmony with the nation-wide movement to alleviate the food shortage in this country and in the countries of our allies. It was fully understood that this undertaking would require the expenditure of a large amount of money, and that the money value of the product raised might not be appre- ciably greater than the expenditure, but it was realized that the question of dollars was not the vital one. As Mr. Terry expressed it, "It is not a case of cost or of difficulty it is simply a question now of planting so as to produce the largest quantity of food of a kind that is likely to be needed." War Gardening Under imperative instructions of this nature, Starts in Many war gardening went ahead as rapidly as Cities possible. Four and six-tenths acres of ground at Nela, bounded by Nela Avenue, Kirk Street, Hillside Avenue and Nela Park, were plowed, har- rowed, limed, and staked off into over one hundred gardens, 368 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR each measuring 35 by 40 feet. These plots were soon as- signed to the employees, men and women, who eagerly sought them. Paths provided easy access to any plot. A store- house was erected in the center of the garden where tools, fertilizer, seeds, etc., could be kept ready for use. National Divisions in other cities in various parts of the country, likewise utilized such space as was available; some who had no space of their own rented land for their employees. In all cases the expense of preparing the soil, of fencing in the garden, and, in some cases, of providing seed was borne by the National. So important was this work felt to be that seed for the home gardens of employees was also provided. Responsibility for results was placed upon Mr. A. V. Simis, manager of the Service Department, who was assisted by Mr. J. R. Colville of the Engineering Department. The aim was to co-operate in every way with the gardeners to insure effective results. Many of the women, and not a few of the men, who undertook gardening had had no previous experience. Pamphlets, planting charts, talks by experienced gardeners, and consultation facilities were provided. Those gardeners who were familiar with the work co-operated with the inexperienced. Frequent inspection of the plots provided opportunity for personal suggestions. Letters were used to notify the gardeners when different crops could safely be planted. In this way, the gardens were kept working through- out the entire season. Prizes for The announcement that prizes would be awarded Best Gardens for the best plots stimulated gardeners and added interest to the work. By successive planting and a careful arrangement of crops, some of the 35~by-4O-foot gardens produced in excess of fifty dollars worth of vegetables. Books on the canning and storage of vegetables were dis- tributed to all of our "farmers" and "farmerettes." In most cases the benefits of the gardens lasted well into, or through, the winter season. Although no attempt was made to obtain accurate records of the quantities of vegetables produced during the 1917 gardening season, the interest of the employees in the work, the care with which gardens were kept, the evident success of the scheme, and the insistent requests of the gar- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 369 deners for next season's space, furnished ample justification for going ahead with the activity throughout the 1918 season. And in the 1918 season, the experience gained the year before, the good growing weather, and the better condition of the soil which in addition to the natural improvement through being worked had been improved by a generous supply of fertilizer, combined to make really successful gardens. Ac- curate records of crops were kept, and these showed, what was hardly to be expected, a cash value considerably in excess of the cost. 1918 Gardens From the Nela garden alone were taken in Show Good the one season over a ton of green beans, Profit nearly a ton of beets, more than a ton and one-half of cabbage, over a ton of carrots, 750 dozen ears of sweet corn, over 500 quarts of peas, close to half a ton of potatoes, over 6 tons of ripe tomatoes, 2 tons of green tomatoes, and many less important vegetables in large quantities. In every sense the 1918 season was a decided success. From an historical standpoint, it is regrettable that accurate records were not kept of all the war gardens which the National operated. At the time, the importance of pro- ducing food completely overshadowed all thought of the value of records in the minds of the Divisions. For this reason it is impossible to give a report of the total amount of vege- tables gathered. An idea of the results can be obtained, how- ever, from the following record, which is for the Nela garden alone during the 1918 season: Vegetables Quantity String Beans 2 34 Ibs. Lima Beans 24 Ibs. (Shelled) Dry Beans .47 Ibs. Beets 1860 Ibs. Cabbage 3340 Ibs. Carrots 2 1 20 Ibs. Cauliflower . . . 28 heads Celery 250 stalks Swiss Chard 230 Ibs. Sweet Corn 750 dozen Cucumbers 1 1 50 Eggplant 40 Endive 90 heads Kohl Rabi '. . . 70 Ibs. 37 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Vegetables Quantity Leaf Lettuce 210 Ibs. Head Lettuce 55 heads Green Onions 280 bunches Dry Onions 190 Ibs. Parsnips 150 Ibs. Peppers 930 Peas 560 quarts Pickles 1 100 . Potatoes 865 Ibs. Pumpkins 44 Radishes 1600 bunches Rutabagas 100 Ibs. Salsify 118 Ibs. Spinach 7 Ibs. Squash 117 Ibs. Ripe Tomatoes 12,300 Ibs. Green Tomatoes 4800 Ibs. Turnips 490 Ibs. Although the signing of the armistice reduced in some measure the importance of war gardening, and removed much of the stimulus that had made the hard work a pleasure, the interest of the employees in certain Divisions of the National was sufficient to cause the continuance of this activity in 1919 and 1920. Aside from the fact that food was produced when it was urgently needed; and aside from all considerations of the money value of the crops, there remained the element of healthy, enjoyable recreation, all of which con- duced towards making the expenditure eminently worth while. SELECTIVE SERVICE The Legal Advisory Boards formed an important cog in the machinery of the Selective Service, or "draft." The United States was divided up into Selective Service districts, and in each of these districts there was a Selective Service Board, charged with the responsibility of examining the registered men and selecting those who should be inducted into military service. Each Selective Service Board was assisted by a "Legal Advisory Board," whose duty was to assist the registered men in properly filling out the very detailed questionnaires which they were required to turn in, and upon which their classification largely depended. The Advisory Boards were composed of men of high standing in their communities, who volunteered their services and Bird's-Eye View of the Nela War Gardens Close-up View of One of the Gardens. Looking towards Nela Avenue. Protective Lighting at the East Forty-fifth Street Plant How the Armistice was celebrated at Nela Park THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR were granted the authority of administering the oath to the registrants. The "full members" of the Legal Advisory Boards were lawyers, but much of the work was done by "associate members" who were not members of the legal profession. Dozens of men from the National Lamp Works patriot- ically contributed their services on the Legal Advisory Boards and spent evening after evening assisting registered men, of all shades and degrees of intelligence, in filling out the Government ques- tionnaire. Many of the registrants could not read, write or speak English, and had to be interviewed through interpreters. One of the Board Members, from the National's Pub- licity Department, assist- ed a Southern negro who, upon being asked the ques- tion "Were you born in this country?" replied "Laws, no, sah Ah wasn't bawn in this country Ah was bawn in Tennessee!" AMERICAN PROTECTIVE LEAGUE The American Protective League was a volunteer organ- ization which, in the words of Manager W. D. Frank of Nela Press, one of its members, "took an active part in fol- lowing up slackers, pro-Germans, deserters and I. W. W. cranks." In Cleveland alone, the A. P. L. had a membership of about six hundred. While we have no record of the total number of men from the National Lamp organization who worked with the A. P. L., the number was considerable, and some of the Divisions were particularly active in this work. J. F. Donovan, manager of the Equipment Development Department, was a member. The Federal Miniature Division, Chicago, fur- nished two members. The Buckeye Division furnished one- Harry E. Huff. The record of the Bryan-Marsh Division, Chicago, may be noted in detail, as it was extensive. J. S. Corby, Sales Manager, was a captain in the A. P. L. when it was 372 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR organized, upon the United States' entry into the war. Later, when the League was reorganized, Corby was promoted to the rank of Inspector No. I, in charge of the Southwestern Division (Chicago District), and had command of 14 captains, 84 lieutenants and 700 men. A. H. Meyer, General Manager, was a lieutenant in the A. P. L., and later relieved Mr. Corby on his work as Inspector. A. B. Ewing and J. L. Barnard were both members, and Sam Furst was successively operative, lieutenant and captain. MAGAZINES, BOOKS AND TOBACCO About one thousand books were donated to soldiers and sailors through the National Service Department, as the result of a canvass of the employees at Nela Park. The Service Department "also organized the sending of Christmas gifts to soldiers, four hundred Christmas packages being filled by Na- tional Lamp people in Cleveland in 1918 as a result of this activity. Employees of the Statistical Department report sending thirty-two magazines to soldiers. This, of course, was a common practice among magazine subscribers during the war, and presumably hundreds of magazines were contributed by National people as a whole although none but the Statis- tical Department went to the extent of recording their gifts statistically. Men in the Commercial Development Department raised $75 for the Belgian Soldiers' Tobacco Fund; another "tobac- co fund" collection, among the men of Rhode Island Glass Division, netted about one hundred dollars. CO-OPERATION WITH FOOD ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM "Food Will Win the War." Everyone who was old enough to "know beans" in 1917 and 1918 remembers vividly the "meatless days" and "wheat- less days" that the American people were asked to observe, in order to conserve food for our soldiers and allies. Herbert Hoover, as Food Administrator, secured voluntary pledges of co-operation from a large percentage of the housewives and restaurant proprietors of the country. As the war pro- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 373 gressed, the food restrictions were of necessity rigidly and more rigidly enforced. The National Lamp Works, because of the dozen or more dining-rooms operated in its various plants, might be said to be in the restaurant business on a wholesale scale. The dining-room at Nela Park and those in the other Lamp Works properties were duly enrolled as members of the U. S. Food Administration. Certificates of membership, and sets of Food Administration rules, were posted conspicuously in our cafeterias, and the "wheatless," "meatless" and "pork- less" days were observed as requested. EAT MORE FI/H Through the Goodwill Placard Service maintained by the Publicity Department, efforts were made to educate employees to the necessity for co-operating with the Food Administration in their own homes. A series of cards was designed, and displayed in card-stands on the cafeteria tables; a few of these cards are reproduced in the accompanying illustration. CO-OPERATION WITH FUEL ADMINISTRATION AND RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION Food, fuel and money these were the three lines along which the greatest efforts at saving must be made in time of war. How the National helped save money and food has already been related. Fuel-saving, as will be manifest from the 374 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR following paragraphs, also played a big part in our program. The "Heatless Mondays" of the early spring of 1918, and the "Autoless Sundays" of the same year, were two long-to-be-remembered landmarks in the fuel-saving cam- paign. In order to conserve coal for bunkering our troop-ships as well as for other war purposes, it was forbidden, for several Mondays in succession, to heat business offices or factories except those engaged on the most urgent forms of munitions manufacture. This order of the Fuel Administration affected practically all of the National Lamp Works people, many of whom put in their time on "Heatless Mondays" in spading up their war-gardens. The principal reason for having the "Autoless Sundays," on which automobile owners east of the Mississippi were requested not to drive their cars, was to save gasoline for airplanes. It was an odd experience to see the main thorough- fares of our cities, as for example Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, absolutely devoid of automobiles during some of the finest motoring weather. For a few Sundays, the time-honored "horse and buggy" enjoyed the popularity of a bygone generation. The order against automobile driving was more in the nature of a request than a law, but woe betide the motorist who transgressed! Not only did he invite public scorn, but he was quite likely to attract more tangible objects, such as tacks in his tires, and the well-aimed missiles of patriotic small boys. Recognizing that millions of tons of fuel are burned in generating electricity for electric lighting, and that much fuel could be saved by cutting out wastefulness in electric illumination, a committee of men prominent in the electrical and incandescent lamp industries was appointed by the Fuel Administrator. The purpose of this committee, of which Mr. John W. Lieb was chairman, and Messrs. J. M. Woodward and L. P. Sawyer of the National Lamp Works were two of the members, was to formulate a program whereby the lighting interests could so regulate their business as to co-operate with the Fuel Administration. Other executives from the National attended several of the committee's meetings. PROGRAM OF FUEL CONSERVATION ADOPTED The work of the committee just mentioned resulted in certain recommendations, which were given wide publicity as a THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 375 war measure. Briefly stated, the recommendations were: (a) Use of carbon lamps to be discouraged, except where MAZDA lamps cannot be used to replace the carbon. Certain types of carbon lamps eliminated entirely. All orders for carbon lamps to be accompanied by signed statement showing that the purchaser fully understands the Fuel Administration's program. (b) No more GEM lamps to be consigned to agents' stocks. Central Stations to discontinue free renewals of GEM and carbon lamps. (c) The employment -of single large MAZDA lamps rather than a number of smaller lamps of lower efficiency. (Larger lamps produce more light in proportion to the amount of coal consumed.) (d) Curtailment of all useless or wasteful lighting; lamps, when not in use, always to be turned off. (e) The use of MAZDA B lamps of 100 watts or larger is not recommended, MAZDA C lamps being more economical from the fuel standpoint. The use of electric signs, outline lighting and outdoor ornamental and display lighting of all sorts was greatly curtailed during the latter part of the war. New York's "Great White Way" became only a "shadow" of its former self. Don H. Wyre, Chicago manager for the Buckeye Electric Division, was connected with the U. S. Fuel Administration in Chicago and, during part of 1918, gave two hours a day to the supervision of the "Lightless Night" order. Ward Harrison, Engineering Department, was appointed a member of the Central Committee for Northeastern Ohio of the Conservation Division, U. S. Fuel Administration, as Supervising Engineer of Conservation for Mahoning and Trumbull Counties. He personally inspected a large number of the industrial plants in this district. H. T. Spaulding, another of our engineers, served on a sub-committee which made a report to the Fuel Adminis- tration on Electric Lighting of Coal Mines to Accelerate Production. PRIORITY CERTIFICATES The demand for raw material for war purposes became so great that the Government issued regulations enumerating a large list of materials which were to be used for essential purposes only, the "essential purposes" including the direct and indirect war needs of the Government and work of national or exceptional importance, and an elaborate system was 376 . THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR established whereby each industry had to make its application tor place on the Preference List. Based on the showing made in its application, each industry was given a classification stating the comparative order in which its requirements of raw materials would be supplied. The incandescent lamp industry was placed on this Preference List, but in the lowest class, and when the automatic priority to which the lamp industry was entitled, as shown by that list, was not sufficient to enable us to obtain our needed .supplies, it was necessary to file individual priority application to obtain specific per- mission to purchase a given quantity of the material in ques- tion. Our Law Department and Purchasing Department filed a large number of these applications for the National and Edison Lamp Works, as well as for outside companies, such as the Corning Glass Works, Buckeye Clay Pot Company and others, upon whom we were dependent for essential material. While there were times of stress, when it seemed that our supply of certain raw materials would be exhausted before new supplies were obtained, there was no case in which any of our factories had to close through failure to obtain raw materials. The brass situation became more acute as the war pro- gressed. Brass is the principal material used in lamp bases. For a long time we were obtaining our supplies only on indi- vidual priority applications, followed by a special permit which had to be obtained on top of the priority certificate. Later on we were called upon to curtail our use of brass by using substitute materials, which were less needed for war purposes. We thereupon made elaborate plans for "turning old bases into new" that is to say, collecting the bases from old burned-out lamps and making them over into new bases. The aid of school-children, Boy Scouts, Red Cross depots and other agencies would no doubt have been necessary in order to have collected enough old bases to make this plan feasible. The signing of the armistice came just in time to make it unnecessary to carry out our base-reclaiming program. In addition to obtaining raw materials for lamp-making, through priority certificates, it devolved upon the Law De- partment to request necessary transportation facilities from the U. S. Railroad Administration, through the medium of special permits. THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 377 SPECIAL STATISTICAL REPORTS As a means of mobilizing and conserving the country's resources for war purposes, the Government required a mass of reports dealing with raw materials, labor, manufacturing facilities, etc. At first the Law Department undertook to prepare these reports, but shortly surrendered the work to the Statistical Department, which being well equipped for it, rendered very prompt and efficient service. Reports were prepared by our Statistical Department for the Edison Lamp Works as well as for the National; assistance was also given to the Westinghouse Lamp Company and to the manufac- turers of Franklin lamps in the preparation of their reports. Among the many reports requested and supplied were: American Registration Card. Conservation of Paper and Printers' Supplies. Glass 'Committee Elected to Represent Glass Manufacturing Industry in Relations with Government. Bid for Furnishing Supplies to Medical Department, U. S. Army. Report of Fuel Conditions, Cleveland, Ohio. Molybdenum Concentrates Report. Malleable Tungsten Report. Labor Requirements, Cleveland, Ohio. Report on Tungsten Ore. Report on Molybdenum Ore. Monthly Report to Priorities Committee, War Industries Board. Tungsten Consumption Report for War Industries Board. Tungsten Consumption Report for Bureau of Mines, De- partment of the Interior. PUBLICITY FOR WAR CAUSES The large amount of work done by the Publicity Depart- ment, Nela Park, in promoting the various money-raising and relief campaigns, has been referred to in Parts III and IV. It is worth mentioning at this point, however, that our publicity efforts for war causes were not confined to specific campaigns. Articles of a patriotic nature were pub- lished at frequent intervals in the National Mazda Stimulator (our monthly magazine for lamp agents), and by the National Service Department in the National Lamp News (the magazine for our own employees). Both magazines, for example, published an article on stamping out venereal disease, at the suggestion of the Social 378 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR Hygiene Division of the War Department Commission on Training Camp Activities. 150,000 copies of the Stimulator , as they went through the mails at the rate of 15,000 copies per month in 1918, featured the following slogan in large type on the outside of each envelope: 'THE FIRST BUSINESS OF EVERY BUSINESS MAN IS TO HELP WIN THIS WAR." The libraries of a great many military training camps were placed on the Stimulator mailing list. Two large Honor Rolls, giving the names of National Lamp men and women in Government service, were published by the Stimulator. In November, 1918, in accordance with a request of the Paper and Pulp Section, War Industries Board, complete arrangements were made by the Stimulator for cutting down its paper requirements by 25% for the ensuing year, and a voluntary pledge was signed to that effect. Hundreds of thousands of sheets of regular correspond- ence stationery of the National Lamp Works were imprinted with slogans boosting various patriotic drives. PROTECTIVE LIGHTING Not only did the National Lamp Works thoroughly equip the exteriors of its own buildings, where advisable, with Protective Lighting systems, in order to guard against sabo- tists, but its engineers also developed the entire subject of Protective Lighting for buildings, bridges, etc., very thor- oughly. A 5o-page manuscript, prepared largely by Mr. Magdsick of the Engineering Department, was published early in 1918 by the War Department as Document No. 800 and was distributed by the Divisional Militia and the Military Intelligence. An illustrated lecture on Protective Lighting was worked up for the Illuminating Engineering Society and was used on a number of occasions by Mr. Edmund Leigh, Chief of Plant Protection, Section of Military Intelligence, United States Government. LIGHTING TO ADVERTISE FINANCIAL DRIVES The Cleveland Liberty Loan Committee placed upon the Illuminating Engineering Section of our Engineering Depart- ment the responsibility for all lighting equipment, arrange- THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR 379 ments and stunts in connection with the several Loan cam- paigns. Similar demands were met in the War Chest Campaign and the Allied War Exposition. With the co-operation of Mr. Hanley of the Cleveland General Electric Office, three 500,000,000 candlepower searchlights were secured for the Fourth Liberty Loan. These were mounted on high buildings, where they could sweep over a wide area. The Liberty Loan Publicity Committee asserted that these searchlights were talked of the most of any of their attractions. LIGHTING OF WORKMEN'S COTTAGES Mr. E. J. Edwards was chairman of the sub-committee on Lighting of Workmen's Cottages of the I. E. S., and dis- cussed this subject before a meeting of the War Industries Board at Washington. INTENSIVE PRODUCTION OF LAMPS FOR WAR INDUSTRIES The G. E. Review, in its issue of October, 1919, pays the following tribute to the efforts of the incandescent lamp factories in maintaining essential production throughout the war period: "Of course all of the Company's Lamp Works were busy turning out their standard products as well as helping wherever they could by doing special work for war purposes. In fact, this is a most striking example of how the Company's manu- facturing activities were all the time helping others to do their bit. During the first nine months of 1918 they made 103,000,000 incandescent lamps of the larger sizes. If we include all sizes the production of these nine months amounts to 148,000,000 lamps. Who can estimate what this contribution did toward helping the whole country speed up its war work? The Company was employing more than 16,000 people in helping to light the work shops, offices, camps, homes, etc., of America during all this period." The foregoing statements apply with equal force to the efforts of our Ivanhoe Division in maintaining essential reflector production and distribution during the war. Thou- sands of marine globes were supplied for use on battleships and other ships; thousands of steel and glass reflectors were furnished for cantonments in the United States, and for the American Expeditionary Forces. 380 THE NATIONAL IN THE WORLD WAR WAR EXPOSITION In November, 1918, a great War Exposition was held on the lake front and in Central Armory, Cleveland. One of its objects was to bring the war cause more strongly to the attention of industrial workers, thus stimulating production of war material. The signing of the armistice converted the War Exposition into a Victory Exposition, and as such it was indeed successful, over 575,000 people attending. The Na- tional Publicity Department had charge of the feature adver- tising of the Exposition. The National management purchased several thousand tickets, presenting one to every employee who wished to attend. Our tale is now ended. The story of Nela's part in the greatest military convulsion of all time has been told so far as the mere printed record can tell it. With a new spirit of co-operation among the nations with that spirit of harmony which we have always stood for in business we pray and believe that similar sacrifices, a similar outpouring of human life and blood, will never again be required. But whether the destructive work of war, or the constructive work of peace, shall be the future great need of our country, the National stands ready, as in I9i7-'i8 > to do its best. 112 131-.WO The Glory of War INDEX A Page Abrams, Harold M 121,147 Acker, William A 147 Adams (Fort) 84 Administration Department 10,27,124, 129,307 Ahern, Jerry J 120 Aisne-Marne . . 18,31,45,47,67,80,83 Aldis Daylight Signal Units . . 281-286 Allen, John Stewart .... 15,25,147 Allen, Louis B 2 5> I 47 Alps 18 Allsopp, William 22,147 Alsace-Lorraine . . . 46,54,56,360,361 American Allies Co-operative Committee 353 American Encaustic Tiling Co ... 200 American Eveready Works . . . .281 American Legion 145,146 American Library Association . . . 357 American Service Fund 333 Amiens 57187,91 Anderson, E. A 108,147 Anderson, E. M 202 Anderson, George 147 Anderton, Herbert L 86, 147 Andrae, Julius & Sons 285 Annapolis 108,109 Apremont 55>86 Argonne . . . 24,41,46,47,52,55-64 67,68,70,74,75,81,83,87,88,90 Armenian, Belgium and Syrian Relief . 353 Armentiers . 175,257 Arras 30,87,91 Arrinda, A 147 Ashdown, Gerald J 147 Ashford, Miss Frances Marie . 139,147 Askue, Russell P 40,145,147 Association Island . . 328,335,349,351 Association Valentin Hauy . . . 330,331 Astoria, L.I. . 33.35.9 s . !9 2 . '95. 1 97 Atchley, Shird P 118,147 Atlantian (S. S.) 64 Atwell, Master Engineer .... 199 Aubigny 70 Auburn (U. S. S.) in Auditing Department . . . . 35i37 Aultman, Dwight E 45 Austin, Frank 147 Avocourt 21 , 57 B Baccarat .... 21,30,56,57,63,88 Baeckler, Walter 67,147 Bain, Edgar C 99 Baker, Newton D. 259 Baker, Robert F 21,147 Page Baldauf, Harry E i6;6o,i47 Ballicourt 70 Ballou, Lance C 39>'47 Banner Electric Division 322 Bard, Rudolph T 27,147 Barker, Altamond S 27,147 Barnard, J. F 372 Barnebey, O. L 194-196 Baron Field 125 Barry, Ovide L 84,147 Barstow, E. 209 Bartlett (Camp) 39 Bartlow, M 331 Bassens 82 Bateman, Ernest 198 Bauder, P. F 281 Bauman, Philip J 43 Bayard (Fort) 99 Beake, Gower L 70, 147 Beals, Gillson W 125,147 Beatty, Thos. E 68 Beaume 122 Beauregarde, Louis 147 Bechhold, Myron J. .... 32,147 Beck, Horace W., Jr. . . . 17,54,147 Beckett, Sergeant 188 Beckman, Elmer H 34,147 Behlen, Miss F 309 Bedaka, Andrew 147 Belford, John 38,147 Belgium . . 56,65,66,303,323,329,361 Benbow, B. L I 93>3 O 7 Benoit, Dona 148 Berry, Clarence J 127,148 Beutel, Frederick 112,148 Bezzenberger, Dr. F. K. ... 204,208 Binocular Field Glasses .... 260-268 Billington, Joseph 148 Billiter, Lewis 148 Birster, Charles M 148 Bittner, Lieut 238 Black, W. M 277 Bliss (Fort) 72,92 Blum, Julius M 206 Boehning, William C 62,148 Boggis, H. P 148 Boiles, Frank H 123,148 Bois de la Grande Montaigne ... 32 Bois-la-ville 25 Bellinger, C. H 208 Bomb Tracing Lamps 297 Booker, W. H 283 Booster Casing .... 183,224,225 Borgerhoff, Prof. J. F 328 Borrelli, Ernest 82 INDEX CONTINUED Page Boruff, Glen F 35 Boston Economy Lamp Division . . 333 Boston Navy Yard 108 Boucher, Edward 148 Boulton, Harold C 25 Bourbon Woods 30 Bourdons 21 Bouvier, Albert E 67,148 Bova, Thomas 148 Bown, Lieut 233 Boynton, N. H. . . . 328,345,350-358 Branch, Frank 148 Brancourt 71 Brennan, Edward P 58,148 Brest 21,28,59,89,104,119 Brewster, J. F 204 Brickman, Dr. M. J 206 Briggs, Walter E 148 Britton, Wm. M 287 Broadbent, William H 84,148 Brooklyn Barracks 123 Brooks, Enoch Edward . . . 15,73,148 Brooks, George H 78,148 Brown, Andrew J 43,148 Brown, Edward 148 Brown, L. C 148 Brown, Norman A 148 Brown, Roland S 82,148 Brown, William D 133,148 Browning, Parker 148 Brundage, Arthur 148 Brunner, O. F 146 Bryan-Marsh Division 39,41,44,46,52,131,371 Buckeye Clay Pottery Co. . . . 228,376 Buckeye Lamp Division . . 46,53,371,375 Buel, Edward A 125,148 Bulb and Tubing Department ... 36 Bulk, Oscar M 148 Bunnell, C. M 281 Burdette, Donald 38,148 Burdick, Lewis E 59,148 Burgess Battery Co 281,296 Burke, Mrs. E. S., Jr 314 Burns, James B 16,73,148 Burns, John J 119,148 Burrows, W. R 231 Busigny 70 Butler, Clifford L 95,148 C Cadle, Ivor H 121,148 Caldwell, J. T .281,287 Callahan, Ernest L 119,148 Call Field 126 Cambrai 30,48,87,91 Cameron, Lieut 238 Cameron, Stanley G 98,148 Camouflage 272,289 Campbell, D. G 103 Campbell, E. R. 227 Page Canadian Army 18,22,87 Cannon, John F 148 Caproni Bombing Plane . . . . 282,284 Cardinale, Joseph 148 Carleton, R. K 200 Carlson, Albert B 118,148 Carlton, Miss Anne M 141,148 Carmania (English S. S.) .... 23 Carmichael, Major and Mrs. . . . 215 Carroll Electric Co 288 Carroll, James 148 Carsten, Andrew 191 Carter, George L 83 Carter, John 148 Casey, Edward P 120,149 Castle, Commander 283 Castrovillari, Cosmo .... 64, 149 Caswell, Sidney 28,42,149 Caswell, Mrs. Isabelle 307 Catano, Paul 27,149 Catatto, Nick 72,149 Gather, Arthur 188 Catugno, Antonio 149 Central Falls Mazda Lamp Division 59,67,82, 100,101,102,120,123 Central Infantry Officers Training School 27 Chadwick, Theo. G 102,149 Chalons-sur-Marne 45 Champagne 133 Champagne-Marne 69,83 Chanute Field 132 Chapman, George J 127,149 Charleston Navy Yards no Chasson, Emil 149 Chateau-Thierry 17,24,39,41,72,73,77,83,86 Cheever, John P. . . 193,196,197,198,201 Chemical Laboratory 26,34,35,37,165,297 Chemical Warfare Service 14, 17, 39, 53> 98 99, '33, !35, J 45> '66, 167, 189, 193- 195,202, 206, 210, 213,224-226,296 Chemin-des-Dames . . 39,41,82,86,133 Chemire 21 Cheney, M. B. 196,201 Cherbourg 25 Chiconi, Arthur H 95.H9 Children of the Frontier 3 io. 3 I 3-3 I 9.3 2 3.33 I - 340, 359-364 Cipra, Miss Mae 3 2 Clancy, George Charles . . . 1^,76, 149 Clark, Clarence *49 Clark, W. M 184,228 deal, Ray H9 Cleveland Carbon Filament Division . 97 Cleveland Carbon Lamp Division . . 115 Cleveland Mazda Lamp Division . . 80 Cleveland Miniature Lamp Division 60,90,115,303 Cleveland Naval Auxiliary Bank . . 353 Cleveland Naval Training Station . . 112 INDEX CONTINUED 111 Page Cleveland Trust Co 343 Cleveland War Industries Committee . 353 Cleveland Wire Division 64, 71, 73, 76-78 86, 87, 90, 98-104, 118, 119, 121 193.307 Coates, Lawrence 149 Cobb, Dr. Percy W. . . 36,149,261,278 Coburn, Charles 149 Cody (Camp) ........ 103 Coetquidon (Camp) 80,82 Cogger, T. L. . . . 233,236,237,249 Colcord, Fred 149 Cole, D. S 288 Coleman, Gerald H 38 Colonial Electric Division . . . 113,356 Colquhoun, Emily M- .... 140,149 Colt (Camp) 94 Colthart, Robert L 135 Columbia Lamp Division . 40,43,54,113 Columbus Barracks 73 ,92 Colville, J. R 367 Coman, Lucien D., Jr. . . 124,149,278 Comiskey, Lewis Mark . . . 16,52,149 Commack Field 132 Commercial Development Dept. 111,125,344,372 Commery, Eugene W. . . . 38,149 Compton, Ralph 129,149 Conant, James B. . . . 182,214-218 Connor, John F 78 Conte, C 149 Conway, T. C 149 Cook, Howard M 114,149 Cook, William W 149 Coolidge, Dr 247 Coolidge X-Ray Tube .... 247,252 Cooper, C. E . . 202 Cooper, Marion D. . . . 127,146,149 Corby, J. S. 371 Corcoran Victor Co. 285 Corning Glass Works 376 Corns, Miss Mary A 318 . Coudert, Frederic R 360 Coughlin, Robert Temple . . 15,76,149 Cousineau, Arthur A. . . . 102,149 Cover, Leo G 99,149,226,227 Cowan, Guy .... 195,196,218 Cowley, A. T 198 Coy, Ralph W 149 Cramer, Bertrand A 136 Crane (Camp) 37 Credit Dept 27,32,122 Cress, Phil J 149 Crew, Bert 149 Croix de Guerre . . . . . . 17,55 Crossland, Elmer R 123,149 Crouse, J. Robert .... 349 ,352 Crowell, Benedict 1 66 Cunningham, Albert 149 Cunningham, Thomas J 149 Curth, Ralph 38,149,278 Custer (Camp) .... 46,53,78,210 D Page Daniels, Josephus 244 Dana, Junius . . 149 Dana, Mrs. J. L 320 Dardanelles 18,117,327 Dare, Richard E 64 Davies, James L 109,149 Davis, Robert W 108,150 Davis, W. G 150 Dawson, Carl H 150 Day, Dr. A. H 228 Dearborn, William 150 Dearing, Duncan M 221 Debasky, Anthony 150 Decatur (Camp) 121 Defense Department (C. W. S.) 133,170-202 Delco Lighting System 283 Delta Elec. Co 283,286 Derry, Ernest Neale 82,150 De Souge (Camp) 43 Detroit Miniature Lamp Div. . . .75,94 Detroit Patriotic Fund 352 Devaney, Arthur 150 Devens (Camp) . 43,59,67,78,82,87,101 "Devil Dogs" 14,122 Devlin, Robert IJQ Dewey, Bradley ..... 174,190-191 Dideot Camp 92 Dick (Camp) .... 127,128,131,134 Dick, Paul 150 Dieckow, Walter W. . . . . 63 , 1 50 Diehl.W 150 Dipietro, Cormine 26,150 Distinguished Service Cross . 17,24,69,83 Dix (Camp) 47,68,78,82 Doane, Leroy C 16,41,150 Doane, S. E 166,280 Dobe, Frank 186,191,195 Dodge (Camp) 40, 57, 103 Doherty, Henry L 189 Doll, James Wilbur . . . . 15,63,150 Doniphan (Camp) 58,131 Donovan, J. F. . . 33,146,150,226,371 Doran, Edward L 101,150 Dorr Field 128 Dorsey, Frank M. 17, 32, 99, 145, 150, 166 170, 172, 174-178, 180, 181, 185-191, 193 210, 214, 224 Dorsh, William D 128 Doty, Charles C 46,150 Douglas (Camp) 93 Dow Chemical Co. . . 177,179,180,186 Dows, C. L 287 Doyle, John M 76,150 Drew, John F 69 Dromont, Miss T. A 185 Dubinsky, John H 150 Duff, J.Roy .... 33,150,186,187 Duff, Nicholas V 17,24,150 Du Gar, Fred W 110,150 Dunbar, Edward V 150 Dunbar, J. Watson . . . 128,146,150 Duncan, Robert N 90,150 IV INDEX CONTINUED Dunn, James H Dunnigan, Raymond A. ... Dunwoody Training Station Duplex Lighting Works . Durst. Paul H. Page 92,150 . 78,150 . 120 KO. Eaton, W. M 204,209 Eberts Field 54 Eddy, John L 26,150 Edgewood Arsenal (Cleveland) 34,35,176,177-179 Edgewood Arsenal (Edgewood, Md.) 34,98,99,176-178 Edison Lamp Works . 281,309,376,377 Edmonds, Fred R 85 Edwards, E. J 377 Edwards, Edward S 150 Egeler, Carl E 107,150 Elden, Clarence A 206 Ellington Field .... 125,127,129 Ellis, Herbert W 3 I , I 5 Emery, L. D 206 Endress, Clarence H 150 Engineering Department 14, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29-32, 35-38, 105 107-112, 124-130, 165, 279, 280, 346 368,378 Ensign, Leland R 58,150 Equipment Development Dept. 22, 26, 29, 33, 37, 109, in, 124, 128, 226 371 Etter, Rolland 191,202 Euclid Glass Division 15-17, 60-64, 66, 72, 74-78, 81, 83,84,85 87, 97, 99, ioi, 135, 136 Eustis (Camp) 45 Evans, Arthur F 96 Evans, "Billy" 345 Evans, George A. 150 Evans, Roy E 16,23,150 Ewing, A. B 370 Exall, John 150 Exide Battery .... 284,285,286 Fahernthold, Leon T 133 Fahy, Miss Beatrice A. . . 137,139,150 Fahy, Raymond 150 Falge, Robert N 130,150 Fatica, John 1 50 Fatigo, Mike 150 Feder, Milton S 1 50 Federal Miniature Lamp Div. . . 53,371 Fee, Francis T 96,150 Felsing, W. A 203 Felske, Elmer F. ...... 90,150 Ferguson, H. G 47 Field Glasses 260-268,278 Filament Laboratory in Finnigan, Frank R 83,150 Page Finnigan, Harry 151 Firm, David 74 Firman, Harry 151 Fisher, Fred T 151 Fisher, Grover L 1 5 1 Flanders . 57i74> 1 33 Fleming, Dr 231 Foley, Dennis D 87,151 Folger, R. C 216 Ford Motor Co * . 282,294 Forman, P. R 287 Forrer, Sgt 202 Forrest, Alphonse W 151 Forrest (Camp) . 71 Forsythe, W E 268,278,287 Foster, Charles 97,151 Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Division 43,53,347-356 Fotte, Carmelo 72,151 Fournier, Joseph R 120,151 Frank, Walter D 333,37! Frappell 71 Frear, Perry M 43,151 Fries (France) 258 Fremont (Camp) 96 Freer, Clyde P 1 23 , 1 5 1 Frett, Charles 136 Fricke, Walter C 113,151 Fried, Monroe J 30,151 Fuel Administration 288 Fulks, Lieut 186 Fullerton, Richard 151 Funston (Camp) 34,40,43 Furst, Sam 372 Gage, John H 43,151 Gair, A 191 Gaiser, Erick 151 Gatchel, T. L 283,286 Gale, Miss J. R . . 309 Gardner, Jesse Sales . . . . 15,58,151 Garfield, James R 351 Garrison, Ralph H 131,151 Garthwait, Charles 227 Gauchot, Paul C 101 General Illumination 289 Geary, H. H. . . .... 347,356 "George Washington" (S. S.) . . 244,245 Gerardmer 102 Gerlach, Irving H 151 Gerstner Field 126-131 Getson, Harry 117,151 Ghent 88 Gibbs, Arthur D 17,71,151 Gilbert, John R 78 Gilbert, Herschel R 151 Gilmour, Fred 151 Giovanucci, Savior 82,151 Glasser, Jos 38,151 Glass-lined Shell 226 Glass Technology Dept. 26,34,165,184,228 INDEX CONTINUED Page Glave, Herman 78,151 Goetz, Joe 151 Goggin, J. P 333 Gohlke, Arthur C 102 Gordon (Camp) 22,23,25,27,36,41, 62, 63 66,68,71,74-79,87,98,136 Gormly, George C in, 151 Gorton, Daniel 151 Gracey, W. G 191,196,216 Grant (Camp) 41,45,47,52,63,81,96,133 Graves, G. S 151 Gray, G. F 285 Great Lakes Training School 107, 108, in, 114, 117-121 Greble (Fort) 84 Green, William 204,207 Greene (Camp) .... 52,68,77,136 Greenleaf (Camp) 37,101,102 Gregory, Fred S 17,56,151 Greisen, Anthony S S7t l 5 l Grieves (France) 59 Griffin, Patrick . . . . . . 69,151 Griffing, Ray B 29 Griffiths, Ernest J 72,151 Griswold, Thomas, Jr 209 Grooms, William 151 Grossberg, Maurice 151 Gunderson, Loring E 221 Gun Sights . 287,296 Guntner, Frank G. ..... 133,151 Guntner, Jay A 133,151 Gustafson, Evald 87,151 H Haefeli, E. J Hagan, John H Hagensen, Theodore O. . Hall, Walter Halvorson, C. A. B. . . . Hamel, Louis A Hamey, Joseph V. ... Hamilton (Fort) .... Hammell, Clarence H. Hammond, John Hays, Jr. . Hampton Roads .... Hamrick, Paul R. . . . Hancock (Camp) .... Handel, Albert . . . . Handrigan, Joseph L. Hankison, George E. Hannemann, Joseph J. . Hanneman, William F. . Hardin, Lorraine G. . . . Harlowe, Ivan .... Harmon, Orville A. ... Harris, Fred P Harris, Walter L. ... Harris, William .... Harrison, Benjamin (Fort) 31,40,43,72,86, 15,61, 33-i5 I - I 97 .. 151 95> I 5 I 44, I5 1 . 282,287 . 101,152 . 62,152 29 ,152 246 "3. "9 . 152 36,37 67,152 67,152 122,152 52,152 . 41 . 125 209,212 . 96 ... 152 ... 152 92,98,115,131 Page Harrison, M. M 218 Harrison, Ward 375 Hartley, William E 188 Hartman, Edward Franklin . 15,94,152 Hartman, Roger F 17,86,152 Harvard Club of Cleveland . . . 333 Harwood, John W 134,152 Hastings-on-Hudson Laboratory . 177,204 Hathaway, George E. . . 22,152,278 Hauth, L. H 202 Hawkes Philip T 120 Hawkins, L. A 233,251 Hawley, L. F 198 Hayman, George B 17,59,152 Hayward, W. M 213 Hazelhurst Field 125,129 Heinz, Miss Alma 320 Henderson, Wayne G 37,152 Hennecke, Robert C. . . . . 53,152 Hennessey, John F 152 Hering, Edward .... 186,196,201 Herkner, Walter F 115,152 Herman, Charles 118,152 Herpst, Charles H 223 Herrick, De Witt C 109,146,152 Herrick, Myron T 33 2 ,355 Herrmann, Henry 32,152 Hertzog, Thomas 152 Hild, Frederick W. . . . 121,146,152 Hill (Camp) 38 Hill, Selden G 103,152 Hilling, William G 17,73,152 Hilton, J 152 Himeon, Everett W 67,152 Hindenburg Line 70 Hirschauer, A. H 208 Hitch, Horace M 36,152 Hitchcock, Datzel Frederick 15,112,119,152 Hobson, Edward 212 Hoerlein, Benjamin H 53,152 Hoffman, George A 1 86 Hoh, Albert F 93 Holabird (Camp) 97,98 Holm, Chas. L. . . . . . . 29,152 Holmes, Wayne Moore . . . .124,152 Holt, Paul A 79,152 Horr, Edward N 29,152 Houston, Sam (Fort) 94 Howatt, Earl 152 Huff, Harry E 371 Hughes, Dale C. . 35,146,152,172,188-190 Hulbert, Thornel 152 Hull, Edwin J 98,152 Hults, A. E 282 Hultyman, William J 63 Humel, C. A 196 Humphrey (Camp) 92 Hunsicker, Walter D 113,152 Hunt (Fort) 85 Huntoon, M. C 210 Hyde, Edward P. . . . 260,268,278 VI INDEX CONTINUED I Page Ibele, Walter C. . . . .152,172,188 Illinois Miniature Lamp Division 80,96,103,120,133,318 Ingram, Joseph Raymond . 15,63,100,152 Ivanhoe-Regent Works 40,44,46,114,275,286,379 Jackson Barracks 84 Jackson (Camp) 26,38,43,63,81,82,92,93,95,98,99 Janidlo, Steve I 35. I 53 Jay (Fort) 54 Jefferson Barracks . . . .95,103,104 Jeffries, Paul J 153 Jenkins, Samuel 65 Jensen, Holgard V 153 Jessup (Camp) 3 2 >97 Jewell, Theodore S 38,153 Jewish Relief 353.357 Johnson, Harry M. . . . 129,153,278 Johnson, Hugo 64,153 Johnson, Orval E 1 53 Johnson, Oscar E 89,153 Johnson, Roy 153 Johnson, Wilber M 3 I > I 53 Johnston (Camp) 54 Jones, Benjamin 94, J 53 Jones, Charles H 7 I > I 53 Jones, Granville W 153 Jones, Harry J. (Camp). .... 81 Jones, Robert 7 I , I 53 Jones, William D 62,153 Jordan, J. L 202 Judd, Francis Lee 15,60,153 Just, Theodore A 81 K Karsten, Andrew 200 Kathe, Fred C 26 Kavanaugh, William J 37, 153 Kaye, Elmer A 81,153 Kaye, Roy P 83,153 Kean, Private 191 Kearney (Fort) 85 Kearney, Frank Joseph . . . 16,71,153 Kearny (Camp) 41 Keenan, W. Carroll 21,153 Keese, Private 191,196 Keiser, Elmer G 83,153 Keiser, Guy 153 Keister, Baird 153 Keister, Lowell M., Jr 37.J53 Kelley, James A 153,208 Kelley, William B 153 Kelly, D. V 209 Kelly Field 101,124-136 Kelly, T. P 208 Kelly, Walter A. . . . ' . . . 66,153 Kenotron Tubes . . 231,232,241,296,297 Kent, Lee C 129,153 Page Kenyon, Bradford H 68,153 Kesler, Charles C 89,153 Ketch, James M 128,153 Kewley, Joseph E .... 143,315 Keys.M. H I4 6 Key West Naval Station 108 Khoury, Nicholas 153 Kilroy, Edward A 153 King, Henry 1 53 King, James S., Jr 216 King, Walker, Jr. . 35,153,172,188,189 Kirk, Mrs. M. W 310 Kirkpatrick, Corwin T 28 Kirwan, William J 120,153 Klasen, Mrs. Frank 310 Klepel, Yaro 209 Klock, Chas. M 77 Knallay, William 153 Knealy, Willis M 153 Knights of Columbus 353'357 Knotty-Ash (Camp) (England) 67,75,84,92 Knox (Camp) 44,58 Kois, Steven 153 Komick, John 26,153 Koons, David F 99, : 53 Kopecky, Frank R 39, '53 Korrumpf, F 209 Krafft, Sgt 196 Kremm, Arthur S 98,153 Krizen, John A 79i*53 Kubiski, John J 153 Lacasse, Arthur W 117,154 Lafayette Escadrille 18,133 Lafean, R. G 199 Lamb, Arthur B. 297 Lamb, L. C 202 Lamp Development Laboratory 27, 29,33-35 106, 122, 170, 172, 188, 224, 272,285,296 Lamp Equipment Division 14, 63, 77, 78, 92 95.97.98,102,103,133,134,135 Landing Lights for Airplanes . . . 281 Lane, William 78,154 Langmuir, Dr. Irving .... 233,247 Larave 74 Large Lamp Sales Department . 22, 108, 127 Larkman, Rowland E., Jr. . . . 80,154 La Rue, Joseph R 1 20 Larremore, Floyd M 77,154 Larsen, L. W 191,194,201 Las Casas (Camp) 54 Lassiter, William 45 La Suze (France) 21 Laubenstein, W. J 196 Laufketter, Fred C 53> I 54 La Valbonne (Camp) 75 Law Department . . . 109,315,376,377 Lawrence (Camp) 121 Lawton, L 1 54 Lea, Herbert S 79, 154 Leach, O. M 154 INDEX CONTINUED VII Page League Island (Phila.) 123 Learoyd, P 202 "Leathernecks" 122 Leavenworth (Fort) . . 23,31,53,95,124 Ledeger, Martin 254 Lee (Camp) 26, 30, 41, 70, 78, 79, 85, 88, 96 Le Havre 21,23,45 Lehmann, Erwin E 3%> I S4 Leighton, Roy L 136,154 Lemaire, Joseph 85,154 Lemon, Leroy 146 LeMans .... 21,41,62,86,87,97 Lemr, Charles 102,154 Lenney, James 1 54 Leonard, Arthur 1 54 Levitt, William T 98,154 Lewis (Camp) .... 60,79,96,134- Lewis, Dr. W.K 170.176 Lewis Machine-Gun 287 Liberty Loans 340-348 Lieb, JohnW . -374 Lighting Curtailment 288 Lightner, Clyde 154 Lillibridge, H. D 201 Lincoln, R. D 154 Lindblom, Sven 84,154 Lindgren, George H 92 Lindsay, James C 100,154 Linerode, Charles C 35- T 54 Linn, G. 1 210 Lintz, Noble Calven . . . 16,75,154 Lippman, F. D 154 Littell, Lieut 238 Little, William T 221 Littlefield, Raymond B .... 85 Logan (Camp) . 28,57 Lopcombe (Camp) 128 Lorenz, Dr 268 Lorraine 27,28,59 Loucks, Roxy 1 54 Loudon Glass Division 63,69, 78, 89, 100, 356 Loveland, W. W 146 Loveless, Carl 154 Loyal Service Medal 53 Lucas, Leo 1 54 Luckiesh, M 272-278 Lunberg, John . 154 Luneville Sector 63 Lynch, George H 119,154 Lynch, P. C 175 Lynn Works of G. E. Co. . . .282,284 Lyons, John J 101,154 Lyons, Lester W 54,154 Lyster, Col 217 M MacRae, Capt. Duncan . 183,224,226 Maddell, Mrs A. L 320 Madigan, Thomas 154 Madison, Elisha P 95i J 54 Maganini, Arthur 154 Page Magdsick, H. H 378 Mahoney, Charles 154 Mahoney, James 154 Mahoning Miniature Lamp Div. . 322,355 Mailly de (Camp) .... 44,45,95 Mall, Frank 154 Marbache Sector .... 27,28,43,80 Marchogliese, Vitaliono 154 Marine Flying Field 136 Markovitz, Private 191 Marks, D. P 154 Marne 45,67,82 Marren, Thomas F 96 Marshall, Floyd C 154 Marshall, Herman H. P. . . . 58,154 Marshall, W.D 204,206 Martin, Earl T 80,154 Martin, Ward F 87,154 Martine, J. Leon 154 Masonbrink, Herbert C. . . 17,74,154 Mastronardi, John 154 Mattern, Walter R 155 Mattis, Harry 128,155 Mayer, Frank 155 Mayhew, William 155 McAdams, Wm. H. . . . 185,218,222 McArthur (Camp) . . 27,40,79,95,125 McCandless Co., H. W 481 McCartney, Jack 155 McClellan (Camp) .... 43,44,64 McCoy, Wm 201 McCurdy, Philip R 186 McDaniels, A. S 221 McDermott, Robert J 97.*55 McDowell (Fort) IO 3> I 35 McElhaney, Harry H. . . . . . 155 McFarland, Edward J 155 McGivern, John A 221 McGrath, William C 40,155 McHenry (Fort) 98 Mclntyre, W. J 210 McKay, W 281 McKeehan, Mrs. Homer H. ... 316 McKeown, F 155 McQuigg, J. R 145 McShane, M 155 Meade (Camp) 23, 25, 29, 48, 64, 67, 69, 73, 86, 265 Mears, Michael M. 104 Meigs (Camp) 100 Mendenhall, C. E. 260, 268, 271, 272, 280, 282, 283, 284, 288 Mendelsohn, E. A 210 Merrick, Joseph S. . . . .17,69,155 Merrick, Walter F 78,155 Merrill, G. S 285 Merritt (Camp) 23, 24, 27, 47, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 82 Metz 59.62 Metz, J. . 155 Metzger, Francis C 78,155 Metzger, R 155 INDEX CONTINUED Page Meuse-Argonne 18,25,30,31,43,45,52,57,59,62,67,133 Meyer, A. H 372 Meyer (Fort) 93 Meyer, Victor (German Chemist) . . 203 Meyers, Carl 135 Michelson, S. Emil 79, '55 Midland Section (Dev. Div.) 177,179,180 Miller, Herbert G 119 Miller, H. M 196 Miller, Ormsby D 155 Miller, Walter M 155 Milliken, Major . . . 260,268,276,277 Milliken, Robert C 63 Mills (Camp) . . 63,66,77,81,96,97,128 Miniature Bulb Division 78,85.90,118 Miniature Lamp Manufacturing Dept. 121,281 Mineola Field 124,136 Minncuci, Sylvester 64,155 Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division 57, 62, 95, 99, 103, 139, 144, 318, 321 Mitchell Field 136 Mitrovitch, Jcs. M 79 Moffit, Thomas 132 Molhain 71 Molloy, Joseph A 3, '55 Molloy, Thomas J 57> J 55 Molloy, Richard A 87,155 Monaco, Giovani Del 155 Monahan, Andrew 79> I 55 Monargis 21 Mondi, S - . . 155 Monroe (Fort) 44,45,83 Monroe, Miss N. L 308 Mont (France) 71 Mbntagano, Arthur 155 Montdidier-Noyon 18 Montierchaume 122 Moore, J. K 214,222 Moore, Miss Laura E 138,155 Moran, Marvin L. ...... 46 Moredock, Albert R. . . . 113,155 Morgenstern, Herbert J. . . . 34,155 Morris, Dewey 155 Morrison (Camp) 125,128 Morrison, Carrol B 155 Morrison, William E 115,155 Moss, Septic 155 Motto, Charles J 155 Muir, Leland J 155 Mullarkey, Michael T 99> X 55 Municipal Pier Chicago 108,111,114,119,121 Murphy, Francis J 97 Murphy, Howard H 85,155 Murphy, Patrick 66,155 Murray, John C 46,155 Murtaugh, James 155 Mustard Gas 175-180 Myer (Fort) 31,41,51 Myers, George W 62,155 Mylechraine, Ralph 90,155 N Page Nash, Ralph C 40,155 National Carbon Co. 170-174, 190-192, 281 National Service Department 174,368,372 Nauroy JQ Naval Aviation Depot 137 Navy League of Canada .... 353 Naval Steam Engineering School . . 112 NelaFund . 323-336,340,358,360,364 Nela Lamp Division 88, 90, 102, 121, 137, 249 Nela Operating Department 14, 21, 25, 26, 30 3 J >36,3 8 > "J. 124,126, 127,174,344 Nela Press . . . . .27,30,333,371 Nela Specialties Division . . 42,114,344 Nesbitt, Alfred 1 56 Newneister, R 156 Newport (Naval base) . . . .118,120 Newton, A. G 287 New York Federal Miniature Lamp Div. 43 Niagara (Fort) 43 Nibeck, George M 17,61,156 Nichols (Camp) 85,94 Nichols, Roldon 65,66 Nick, Worbert 156 Nickerson, A. W 227 Niehus, Oswald H 64,156 Nieuport 175 Nigre, Michael 103 Niles Glass Division 14, 62, 64,68, 70, 72, 73 78, 79. 8 3, 85, 95, 101-104, 120, 134, 356 Nixon, Crawford G 29,156 Norfolk Naval Training Sta. . . 121,123 Normand, Grover H 103 Norris, George E 99,156 North Sea 18 Norton, Glenn E 97,156 Norton, Guy P 46 Nottage, Chas. T 133,156 Noyon 21 Noyers Sector 75 Nungesser, Ralph A. . . . .111,156 Nusker, Rudolph 1 32 Nystrom, Gunner B 37 o Oakland Mazda Lamp Division 60, 64, 68, 84 96, 101, 103, 104, 120, 134, 136, 333 O'Callaghan, J. A. . . 191,193,195-197 Ocasek, Charles J 103 O'Dea, Richard .156 O'Donnell, Michael .... 16,21,156 Offense Section, Development Division 53, 176-182, 203, 205, 207-209, 216 Oglethorpe (Fort) . . . 35,71,95,101 O'Grady, Chas. F 100,156 Ohio Division 14, 56, 58, 62, 79, 94, 95, 97, 98, 102, 103, 117, 118, 123, 133, 355 Oise-Aisne 18,31,47,54,59,90 Oise-Somme 54 Olson, Harold A 107,156 Omaha (Fort) I 33> 1 36 O'Rourke, Henry P 97 INDEX CONTINUED IX .40 Orton, Edward Ostiguy, Wilfred . Oxly Field (France) Owen, Fred B. Packard Lamp Division Paine, Russell A. Palermo, Joseph . Pannes (France) . Pantonlis, Gret Paolella, Pietro Papenfuse, Chas. A. . Paris Island Parker, Leslie Willard Park Field . . . Parmalee, Luther Parshall, Ray W. Pas Fini Sector Paterson, Lorenzo W. Pearson, Joseph . Peerless Lamp Division Peffer, Harry Edward Pelham Bay Park . 107,108 Pelton, Lawrence P. ... Penfield, Richard . . . Pentz, F. K Pequignot, Adolph Perry (Camp) .... Perry, Raymond .... Pershing, John J. 1 8 , 66 , 1 26 Persiani, Antonio Persons (Camp) .... Petas.Nick Peters, Walter Le Roy . Petosky, Nick .... Pettit, Marvin .... Philadelphia Navy Yard 1 1 1 Phillips, Chester .... Pierce (Fort) Pierce, Harold E. ... Pierce, Major Pike (Camp) . Pindell, William H., Jr. . . Pion, Romeo F Pipkin, Marvin .... Pipper, Arnold L. ... Pitney Glass Division Plant Engineering Dept. Piiotron Tubes . . 232,241 Plummer, G. A Polk (Camp) Pont-a-Mousson .... Porter, G. H Porter, Wilbur N. . . . Post Field Potteiger, Hurley Potter, Joseph .... Powers, Alman .... Price, Le Roy F Price, Wayne F Prince, Harold E. ... .21,39,40 Page . 287 . 156 127 84,156 356 62, 156 63-156 . . . 156 . . . 64 . ... 156 . 122,123 . 16,119,156 . '. . 125 . . . 156 . 122,156 . . . 67 . . 118,156 . . 156 ,114,287,355 . 16,68,156 ,111,119, 121 95-^6 l86,2O4,2l6 . 201 . . 66 41,68,121 . 46,156 170, 184,314 . . 156 37 . . 156 133-156 . 81,156 . . 156 113, 118, 119 . - - 156 - 93 . 103,156 202 47,72,76-78 . 41,156 . . 156 .34, 19 1 - '94 94 57,98, no 109 280,296,297 . 217,223 52 . . 28 . . 208 . 111,156 . 126,131 . 70,156 . 102,156 . . 156 . 36,156 . 62,156 . 121,156 Page Princess Pat Regiment . . . 91,253-258 Pritchard, P. J. 234,237,238,249,251,258 Proser, A 202 Protective Lighting 288 Providence Base Works 68, 82,97, Io , 117, i 18 Prunckunog, L 157 Publicity Dept. 22, 40, 305, 306, 328, 345, 373,379 Punnett, Elton B 220 Pupke, William H 122,157 Purchasing Department . . . 333,376 Puritan Refilled Lamp Division 55,86,103,119,322,333 Purser, Raymond E 79i I 57 Putka, Joe 157 Quantico 122,123 Queant Drocourt 30 Quinlan, Herbert E I 37> 1 57 Quinn, Raymond 157 R Racey, Jack C 71,157 Randall, J. E 172 Randolph, W. G 200 Raritan (Camp) 36 Rayl, Robert W 1 57 Real, Frank 157 Realty Department 37 Receiving Tubes 241243 Rector, T. M. . . 190,191,193,195,202 Red Cross 14, 89, 138,247,308,311-323, 340 35. 35 1 . 354, 361 ,363- 364, 376 Red Cross Unit Badge 310 Reed, William J 81,157 Regulator Tubes 239,245 Reider, Kenneth G 35,*57 Reisinger, James C 157 Rensel, John V 103,157 Research Laboratory (C. W. S.) 177, 181, 197,201,202,226 Research Laboratory, Nela, 22, 36, 38, 124 129, 165, 259, 260, 268, 272, 276-278 Research Laboratory, Schenectady 233, 234,236-239, 244, 246, 250, 251 Reserve Barracks (Newport) . . . 118 Reserve Training Camp (Newport) . 114 Returned Lamp Inspection Dept. 24, 25, 38 Rhode Island Glass Division 69, 84, 85, 95,100,117,119,120,372 "Ribbon" Filament . . . 165,269-271 Ribeauville 71 Rice, John 38,157 Rice, W. W 196,198,202 Rich Field 125 Richardson, Bruce N 105 Rick, Joseph J 47,157 Riendeau, Henry 157 Rine, S. H 209 INDEX CONTINUED Page Ringler, C. C 209 Riser, Andrew J 157 Ritter, Forest L 101,157 Roberts, W. H 233,234,249 Robinson (Camp) 81 Rodgers, Duke 157 Roffee, Arthur P., Jr 117 Rockwell Field 125 Rogers, H. B 309 Rogers, Miss Margaret 309 Rollason, G. L 204 Rollason, G. M 191 Romorantin 126 Ronan, N. T 157 Roosevelt, Theodore 303 Rosborough, William McL. . 17,47,157 Rose, D. W 198 Rose, W. H 47 Ross, Gabriel J 157 Ross, William 17,27,157 Rossington, Laurence . . . . 22,157 Rossington, Wallace 22,157 Roth, Herman A 157 Royce, G. L 209,214 Rummell, Edward 157 Ruppert, Geo. H 221 Russell (Fort) 83 Russell, Marvin H H9.I57 Russell, John 157 Rust, Louis J 157 Ryan, James E 79.*57 Ryan, John E 157 Sack, Edwin L St. Aignan Saint Cyrienne .... St. Die Sector .... St. Eloi St. John, H. M St. Louis Mazda Lamp Div. 5 8 79. 93-96, 103, 139 St. Maixent St. Mihiel 19, 21, 24-31, 39, 41, 57, 59, 62, 6 7> 68, 71-75, 104,133.327 St. Nazaire St. Phillips (Fort) . , . St. Quentin St. Souplet Saizerais Sector .... Salisbury, Private Salvation Army .... Sambol, Frank .... Samsel, Carl Samples, Geo. E. ... Sanborn, Norman P. San Diego (U. S. S.) . . Sankey, T. Harold Santangelo, Domenico Santoro, Emilio .... Savage, Charles Elmer . . . 157 23,75,77 . 326,330 . . 64 255 , . . 216 3 I 7-3 I 9>35 . . . 127 43, 45, 52, 56 80, 83, 88, 93 44 . 8 S . 48 7 25 . 196 353.357 57 '57 157 108,157 . 107 21,157 100, 157 *57 '57 Page Savage, Francis J. . . . . . 27,158 Savings and Investment Section . . 348 Savo, George 109,158 Sawyer, L. P 374 Scalley, William F 158 Schaefer, William W 131,158 Scharch, E. J 158 Scharringhausen, Clyde W. . . . 43,158 Scheldt-Ypres 30 Schiene, Anthony 158 Schmidt, William 114 Schmoll, N 158 Schofield. Barracks 102 Schroeder, William E 27,158 Schuler, Fritz 158 Schwartz, John 202 Scott Field 134 Scott (Fort) 84 Scott, R. E 333 Sealey, G. L 158 Seaton, Kinzie 210 Seaton, Max 210 Seichprey 55 Seiznes . 25 Selfridge Field 124 Selkirk, R. E 197 Serbia .18 Sertell, Aloysius 158 Sevier (Camp). . 38,63,72,102,125,127 Sevigny 25 Shelby (Camp) 28 Shelby Lamp Division 39,47, 53, 131 ,354 Sheppard, Fred 1 27 Sheridan (Camp) . 21, 30, 31, 36, 42, 46, 56 65, 67, 70, 76, 78, 80, 87, 88 Sherman (Camp) 21, 22, 26, 31, 34, 36, 38 40,46,60,63-65,67,68, 71-73, 75-79 83, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 97, 99, 104, 135 Shimonek, Edward R 134,158 Shorger, A. W 221 Sibert Lloyd 78 Sibert, W. L 217 Signal Officers Training School . . 23 Sill (Fort) . . . 28,81,86,126,129,131 Silvarolo, Joe 78 Silver, J. R., Jr. . . 190,193,195,204,207 Simis, A. V 214,215 Sincere, Vincenzo 82,158 Sinvic (Camp) 23 Skebe, M 158 Skiff, W. M 280 Slaughter, Lieut. Col 238 Sligen, George D 36,158 Sloan, R. M 158 Slocum (Fort) 84,100,131 Slough (Camp) 92 "Smileage" 353 Smith, Albert 100,158 Smith, Dr. A. W 210,212,221 Smith, Alonzo 158 Smith, Beryl S. . . . . . . 103,158 INDEX CONTINUED XI Page Smith, C. G 158,213 Smith, George F 26,158 Smith, George H 35,158 Smith, Mrs Joseph Lindon . . . 360 Smith, J. M 345 Smith, L. E 146 Smith, Lee 1 214,217 Smith, W. H 282 Smith, Otto 158 Smith, Robert H 99^58 Smith, Roy W 158 Smith, Sidney C 95^58 Smith, T. C 197 Smith, UhlM 87,158 Smoots, Philip P 75, 158 Smyth, Frederick 113 Snee, Bernard 158 Snelling (Fort) 44 Snouffer, John C 78,158 Society of Nela . .302,303,328,332-335 Sock League . . . 37-3 II >334>34,364 Soder, Edward 158 Soissons-Noyon 54,86 "Soldier-Godsons" . . 3 2 9,335,33 6 >359 c /Defensive 54, 59 Somme (Offensive 54,258 Sommedieu 59,64 Sotzen, Howard 53,158,204 Sousa's Band 323 Spaulding, H. T 375 Spink, Charles H 120 Sponsler, Courson W 37> I 58 Sproull, John R 158 Staggers, Elery 158 Staley, Vinton L 186 Stambler, David l 7jSS, l S% Standardizing Department . 29,34,38,297 Stark, Lawrence W 79, 158 Starkey, George L 1 1 1 Starn, Wayne E 98,158 State Pier New London, Conn. . . 108 Statistical Dept. . 27,36,124,128,372,377 Steam Lift Furnace 201 Stebbins, Mr. and Mrs. H. S. . . .218 Steel Conservation 288 Steele, G. W 277 Steen, Louis F 86 Steinhurst, William F. . . . 17,69,158 Stephen, Steve 158 Sterling Electric Lamp Division 47,322,356 Stevens Institute . . . 105,112,119 Stevenson, Robert L 328 Stewart, W. H 56 Stock, John J 96,158 Strang, John J 158 Streifender, Miss Rose . . .314,318,363 Streng, E. C 158 Stryker, E. du B., Jr 26, 146 Stuart (Camp) . . . 29,37,62,78,85 Student Army Training Corps . 26,37,102 Sturrock, Walter 17,126,158 Sullivan, Arthur 131,158 Page Sullivan, Chester M 136,159 Sullivan, James Edward . . 16,62,159 Summerall (Camp) 94 Summerall, C. P 85 Summerhayes, G. E 45 Sunbeam Incandescent Lamp Division 41, 54 Sutherland, Miss 320 "Swartz, Ray Leland .... 16,55,159 Sweetland, A. A 1 59 Sweed, Harry 1 59 Swenson, Albert L 135 Sykes, Wesley P 121,159 Syracuse Recruit Camp 34 Tait, Howard J 44,159 Talbott, Ira 26,159 Tate, Lieut 280,283,285 Taylor, Zachary (Camp) . 29, 37, 40, 43, S 8 , 7 8 , 79, 81, 83, 98, 101 Teeple, C. A 199 Tefft, Lincoln J 2 7> ! 59 Tenney, Chas. T 102 Terry, Albert S 130 Terry, F. S. 142, 166, 172, 228, 238, 250, 303 3 J 3, 3 2 3-336, 351, 354, 355, 358-363 Terry, Kenneth 159 Teschke, Emil 95,159 Theberge, Napoleon 159 Test, D. T 193 Thann Sector 59 Thiaucourt . . . 26,27,46,56,59,62,80 Thirty-fifth Street Pier (Brooklyn) . 113 Thorn, Victor 1 59 Thomas (Fort) 85,127 Thomas, Ralph B 34 Thompson, Samuel C 72 Thompson, Private 191 Thornburg, Clarence W. . . . 134,159 Thornton, Lloyd M 159 Thorp, Gerald 210 Thrift Stamps 3 2 3>34 8 Thurber, Harry 1 59 Titus, William K 79>!59 T.NT 183 Toul .... 25,39,41,45,55,86,133 Tours 122,128 Townsend, Hollis L 126,159 Tragesser, Joseph C 95 > J 59 Transmitting Tubes . . . 241 , 243-245 Transportation Department . . . 112 Treasury Department .... 342,351 Tremaine, B. G. . 142,166, 172, 238, 250 33,37-3 1 . 1 ' 334, 339, 346, 349 Trench Signal and Special Lights . . 285 Trimble, William H ^3,159 Trisko, Geo. F 159 Trittipo Walter E. . . . . . 40,159 Trotter, James . . . - ; . . . 1 59 Troyon Sector . . . .27,28,57,67,80 Trumbull County Finance Association 353 INDEX CONTINUED Page Trumbull Mazda Lamp Div. 63, 73, 79, 355 Tucker, Edward J 119,159 Tudor, C. H 209 Turner, John 130, 159 Tyler, Leslie P 36 u Uhl, N. P 191,201 United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) 108 United War Work Campaign . . . 357 Upson, R. H . . 285 Upton (Camp) 27, 43, 47, 64, 67, 68, 82, 86, 87, 93, 100 Urqhuart, Henry 253-259 164, 228-246, 251 , 297 43 30 . 199,212 Vacuum Tubes Valdahon (Camp) Valenciennes Van Arnam, W. D Vancoulers Vancouver Barracks 134, 136 Vanderwerf, Howard W. . 112, 146, 159 Van Houten, C. W 209 Vanness, Joseph L 63,159 Van Sickler, Donald 159 Varnam, Joseph E 77. J 59 Vaughan, David 159 Vaux 70 Vecchione, Joe 85 Venable, Chas. S 204 Verdun 41, 44, 56, 59, 61, 63, 74, 83, 88, 90, 102 Vernon, Vinton B 108, 159 Vertical Treaters 201 Vesle 82 Victory Chest 323,355 Vililo, Patrick 127,159 Vise, Joseph A 136,159 Voccola, Ernest 159 Von Bank, Ray J. . . . . . 103,159 Vosges Sector 58,59,88 W Wadsworth (Camp) . . . 26,62,68,103 Wadsworth, Chas 210 Wagner, Charles 159 Walker, Carl C 3> I 54 Wallace, Dallas . . ... . . . 159 Wallace, W 7 illiam A. . . . . . 41,160 Walsh, John A 37,i6o Walsh, John M 102,160 Walsh, William R 62,160 Walters, Robert J 74,160 Wanamaker, Eugene . . . .118,160 War Camp Community Service. . . 357 War Chests 340, 350, 352-357, 360, 362-364,379 Page War Gardens .... 340,364,367-370 War Relief Headquarters .... 310 Warren, Walter L 32,160 War Savings Stamps . 340,348-350,364 War Study Clubs . . . 301-307,364 Washburn, E. E 202 Washington Barracks 92 Washington (Fort) 85 Washington, George (Transport) . . 89 Watt, W. H , 198,201,202 Wayne (Fort) 128,135 Weaver, Alfred J 160 Webb, H. Leslie 90,160 Weber, L. V 196,201 Wedge Furnace 200 Wedge. Utley 200 Weeks,' Walter H 160 Weir, Thomas L. 36,160 Welds Division 82 Welton, Joseph A 34,i6o Wendel, Miss E. A 308 Weniger, W 261,278 Wennerstrom, Albert E. . . . 129,160 Wentworth, Percy 160 Wentz, Frank . . . . . . . 1 60 Wesserling 102 Westbrbok, L. R 188 Westinghouse Lamp Co. . .. . . 377 West Meuse 32 Wetherill (Fort) . 84 Wheeler (Camp) 93,ii Whipple, Howard 160 White, Arthur J 93,160 Whiteman, Harmon Edward . 16,64,160 Whiting, Bradford 38,160 Whitmer J. G 201 Whitney, A. W 228 Wickoff, A. G 210 Wilbur, S. P. 283 Wilcox, W. A 160 Wilcox, W. G. . . . 214,215,218,222 Wild, J. G 297 Wiley, W. M 288 Wilkins, R. A 204 Wilkinson, Paul 160 Williams, Frank C 17,99,160 Williams, George Washington ... 83 Williams, John . 160 Williams, Mrs. Lovilla 310 Williams, Robert J 79,160 Williamson, J. G. ...... 201 Willien.L. J 204 Willis (Camp) ... 30 Wilson, James H 92,160 Wilson, Woodrow 28 , 244 Windenberg, Earle L 160 Winn, W. L. 221 Winnell Downe (Camp) . . . .67,75 Wirth, RoyT 111,160 Wishon, Frank J 160 Wolfe, Harry J 104,160 Wolfe, Michael . 217 INDEX CONTINUED Page Wolfford, Luke P 86,160 Wood, Douglass 44, 160 Wood, Joseph 1 60 Woodman, Courtney 160 Woods, Wallace W 160 Woodward, J. M 374 Worley, L. P 160 Worthing, Dr 268,285 Wright, B. B 186,203 Wright, Donald B 88,160 Wyre, Don H 375 X-Ray Tubes . . . 164,228,246-259 Y. M. C. A. . .40,223,340,352,357,364 Yoakam, Wilbert 79,160 Page Youngblood, J. C 160 Young, Major 220 Youngstown Mazda Lamp Div. 67, 79, 87, 93. 99, I2 3, 3 2 , 3> 35$ Ypres 70,167,175,179,256 Ypres-Lys .... 18,30,46,70,88 Yvre La Polin 25 Y. W. C.A . 357 Zantiny, Wm. G 206 Zeisler, Jake 1 60 Zeller, Raymond H 114,160 Ziegler, Gus 160 Ziegler, John H 83,160 Zima, Frank J 103