YRITER OF ATTIC PROSE FLAGG WRITER OF ATTIC PROSE MODELS FROM XENOPHON EXERCISES AND GUIDE A VOCABULARY OF ATTIC PROSE USAGE BY ISAAC FLAGG PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA NEW YORK-:- CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY ISAAC FLAGG. ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON. ATTIC PROSE. W. P. I PREFACE THE intention and purpose of the present work are indi- cated in the first few paragraphs under the head of Writer's Guide, and explicitly stated at the end of the same section in Directions for Using the Book, p. 103. The Guide is not meant to offer an exhaustive treatment of any of the topics which it touches: supplementary matter can be found by such readers as may desire it in Outlines of the Temporal and Modal Principles of Attic Prose, published by the University of California, copyright, 1893 ; an Intro- duction to the Lives of Cornelius Nepos, on the Rapid Reading of Latin and tJie Art of Translation ; The Trans- lation Habit, University of California Magazine, April, CONTENTS PAGE MODELS FROM XENOPHON 1-63 Cyrus the Great: his Lineage and Native Qualities (107) . i The Boy Cyrus at the Court of Media (107) . . . . i At Dinner (109) . . . ' . . . . . . 3 The Court in its Cups (no) . ...... 4 Cyrus decides to remain with his Grandfather ( 1 1 1 ) . . 5 A Lesson in Justice (112) . . . . . . . 6 Winning Ways of Cyrus (112) ...... 7 Hunting (113) 8 A Grand Hunting Party (116) ...... 10 Cyrus returns Home (i 18) 12 He resumes the Persian Discipline (119) . . . -13 Designs of the King of the Assyrians (119) .... 14 Cyrus takes Command of a Persian Army (120) . . 15 He marches to Media (121). . . . . . . 15 Capture of Sardis (122) . . . . . . .16 Cyrus and Croesus (123) . . . . . . -17 IVa>06 treavroi/ ( 1 24) . . . . . . . .18 EvSat/AOi/ta (127) 21 The Taking of Babylon (128) 21 Cyrus' Dower (133) ........ 25 The Charge of Cambyses (134) 26 Length and Breadth of the Empire (135) .... 28 2u et8o? aet' /caXXtcrro? \fvrf 8e /cat (>toyU,aecrraro9 /cat raro?, wcrre vra^ra jitet' TTOVOV dvarX^at TraVra 8e KivSwov viro^elvaL rov eVati'eicr^ai eVe/ca. <$>v(Tiv /xei/ ST) TT;? [jiop(f>rjs /cat TT^? ^^775 roioivrrjv ^a)v Sta- - eVatSeu^ ye /AT)V ev ITe^craij/ i/d/xot?. The Boy Cyrus at the Court of Media yap H-e\pi fj.v SwSe/ca erw^ 77 oXtyw TO.VTT) TTf TratSeta evratSeu^, /cat TrdvTMV TWV Sta^epwv e^atVero /cat et? TO ra^v ^.a.v6a.veiv a Se'ot 15 /cat 'ei? TO /caXai? /cat a^Spet'aj? e/caara Trotet^. e/c Se TOUTOU TOV -^pOfOV IJLTTTjJL\jjaTO 'AcTTVay^? T^I/ CttV- TOU Ovyarepa. /cat rot' vratSa aurrj? tSeti' yap e'vre^u- jLtet, OTt 17/couei' avrov /caXov KayaOov et^at. S' auTr; re 17 MavSa^i^ TT/DO? TOV Trarepa /cat TOV 20 TOV vtov e^oucra. Arnc PROSE i i ATTIC PROSE Se d(f)UeTO rot^tora, Ka ^ L ^7 VO) Kvpos rov TT?? /xr/rpos -rrarepa 6Wa, evffvs ofa $r) 77atg (to-7oo w^ crTra^eTO re &>o-77ep aV et ns TraXcu (TWT^dpa^evo^ /cat TraXat 5 <$>i\wv da-ird<o, Kal opuv ST) avrw /cat <>aiLO>v vnoypa(f)f) /cat Kal Ko/xat5 TTpocrOeTOLS, a 8^ vo/it/xa ^ eV ravra yap TraVra M^St/ca eVrt, /cat ot ^tr^e? /cat ot /cai^Sveg /cat ot (TTptTTTol ot 10 rfj 8e/)^ /cat ra i//e'Xta ra Trept rat? xepcriv, eV Ilepcrat? 8e rotg ot/cot /cat i/w ert vroXv /cat ctr^res <^auXorepat /cat Statrat eureXeo-repat o TW KOCT^OV rov TTOLTTTTOV, e/x^SXeVw^ avrw T O jjirjrep, cos /caXos /u,ot 6 TraTTTio?. epajrwcr^? Se 15 avrov r^9 /x^rpos Trorepo? /caXXtwv aurw So/cet eu/at, 6 Trar^p 17 ovro?, aTre/cpti^aro apa 6 Kvpo?, T fl ju,T]rep, Tlepo-wv /aei/ TroXv KaXXtoro? 6 e/xo? iraTrjp, M^Swv juei^rot oo'coi' ewpa/ca eya> /cat > rat? 68ot? /cat eTTt ra?? ^vpatg TroXu ovros 6 e'juos 7701777705 20 /caXXtoro?. J Ai>racr7rao/Aet'os 8e 6 7701777705 avrov /cat oToXr)i> /caX^K e^eSvcre /cat o-rpe77rots /cat i//eXtot5 ert/xa /cat e/cocr^xet, /cat et 77ou e^eXawot, e\' LTTTTOV t'ou TreptTyyei/, cocnrep /cat avro? etco^et 25 6 Se Kvpo? are 77ats wv /cat ^)tXo/caXo5 /cat (tXort/xos T^Sero TT^ crroXrJ, /cat iirrreveiv (jLavOdvaiv V77epe^atpei/ e^ Hepo-ats yap Sta TO ^aXe77W etpcu feat rpe(j>LV 177770U? /Cat t7777VetI/ ITTTTOV crirdvLov. CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 3 At Dinner AetTTvwv Se 6 'Acrrvdyiys crvv TV} Ovyarpi /cat Ts ^Sierra SetTrveiv, tva TJTTOV TO. ot/caSe Tro^oti?, Trpocrijyayev avrw /cat 7ra/3or//tSa9 /cat TravToSaTra e/>t/3d/x//,aTa /cat /Bpcofj^ara. 5 TOV Se KV/DOV e SetTT^w, et avdyK-r) crot CTTI 7rdvTa ra Xe/capta raura Staret^etv ra? ^et/aa? /cat aTroyeuecr^at rovrwv rw^ Traz'roSaTraw j3pa)iJ.dTa)i>. Tt Se, aL f) Trap' v^lv. Trap' rjfjuv jaev -ya/> apro? /cat /cpea et? TOVTO ayet 8e ets /xei/ TO auTO 17/1,1^ CTTrevSeTe, TroXXov? Se eXty/aov? ava> Kal /cctTft) ir\av(i>^voi ovrot ^/xet? TraXat i^/co^aev. 'AXX', a) Trat, (frdvai TOV 'AcrTvayiyv, ov/c d^ 7repnT\ava>iJLe0a yevo/xez/o? Se /cat crv, 20 yi>ft)cret oTt i^Sea eo~Tiv. 'AXXa /cat ere', ^ai/a opw, ra TroXXd au irapa(l>epeiv /cat #>foeta /cat raif ^/xe'pwt'. ^ Kat TOV KGpoi', eVet ewpa TroXXa ra /cpea, curet^, 5 T H /cat St'Sa)?, c/>d^at, a> irdTrire, Travra ravrd xtot rd /cpe'a o rt /3ouXo/xai aurot? ^prjcrdaL; Nr) Ata, ai Tral, eywye' crot. eVrau$a 8ry rof Kupov rcijf /cpecoi/ otaotoofat rot? ayotcpt rot* TTOLTTTTOV Trewrat? eVtXe'yovra e/cdcrra>, ^ot /ieV roCro, ort Trpo- 10 0uitaj? tie tTTTreueti/ 8t8dcr/cet? crot Se, ort /xot TraXrw e8a)/ca?, ^ui/ yd/3 rour' e^w crot Se', ort /xou r^v e'pa rt/ia?. rotaOra e/rott eiw? SteSiSou Trdrra a The Court in its Cups Kat roi> K0/>oi> etTret^, *H Sd/ca, aTroXwXa? 15 ere e/c rrj? TL/JLTJ^ rd re yap dXXa, (/>d''at, crov /cd on'O^orjcra), /cat ov/c e/C7ro/xat auro? rot* olvov. ot 8' apa rwi/ /SacrtXe'ajf ot^o^ooi, ^TretSaf StSaiart r^M KvdOa) et? r^f aptcrrepav ~^Lpa, eyxea/tet'ot /carappo(/>ovcrtj rov 8^ 20 et c/)dp/xa/ca j^loi.v nrj XvcrtreXetJ/ avrot?. 'E/c rovYou 8r) 6 'Acrrvdy^? eVtcrKa>7rra>i', Kat rt 817, eT7, a> Ki)pe, raXXa /xi/xov/tei^o? rov Sd/cai/, ou/c aTreppd^Ta? rou otwu ; "On, e^>r, v^ Ata e'SeSouceti' ^17 eV rw /cpar^pt c/>dp/za/ca /xe/xty/xeVa et?;. /cat 25 ore etcrrtacra? cry rov? c/>tXou? eV rot? yeveB^ cradp/xa/ca v/xw avrov eyve' Kat TTOJ? 8^ cru rovro, e^ry, /care'y^co? ; "Ort I/T) At" 7J/KTC FfiinftHJ tfrtt n-^-5 a7Ttovo"a Trpos TOI* di^Spa, eSetro avTTy? 6 'Aorvay^? rov Kvpoi^. 77 Se aTreKpt^aro, ort, /8ov- 20 Xoiro /xei/ OLTravra. TO) Trarpt ^apt^eo-^at, aKovra jjievTOL TOV rralSa ^aXeTrw eli/at vo/at^etv /caraXtTreit'. *E^^a Sr) 6 'Ao-rvdyr;? Xeyet rrpo? TOI> Kvpov, T ft Trat, 171^ fieV^g Trap' e/>toi, Trpatrov /xev tTrvrot? roTs e/xot? \p^crei /cat dXXot? OTTOO-OI? a, 1 ^ /3ov\rj, /cat 25 oTToraf diTiTjs, e^wv d?ret ovs a,f avrog ^1X779. eTretra Se ei/ TO) SeiVfCej CTTI TO /zerptw? o~ot SOKOW OTTOLO.V ySouXet 6So^ Tropevcret. eVetra T fj.d0r}<;, /cat Toeva)v /cat aKovrit^v /caTa/3aXei fiovXy e/xe ov/c drv^ifcret?. ravra etTrei^ 6 'Aorrvay^?, 17 fjiT irorepov /SovXotro jj.evf.iv r) a-mtvou. o Se ov/c e/xeXXi^cre^ aXXa ra^v et77^ ort ^ivtiv ^ovXotro. 10 iTreptoTyOds 8e TraXw VTTO TT^? jjLrjrpos 8ta rt, eiTrelv Xeyerai, ^Ort OIKOI /x> TWI/ ^Xiwcov /cat et/xl /cat SOKOJ et^at, &) /r/yrep, /cat a.KovTit,(i>v /cat 8e otS' ort tTTTrevcu^ ^Traw etp,t rait' Kal TOVTO ev i&Oi, w jjifJTep, 6^17, ort e/xe Tra^v dz^ta. 15 ^f 8e /xe /caraXtTTTy? ev0d$e /cat /JidBco iinreveiv, orav JJLCV ev IIepo~at a> ? ot/xat crot e/cett'ov? rov? dya^ov? ra 7T^t/cd paStco? viKijcreiv orav 8' etg Mr^Sov? eX^w, v0d$e Tretpdcro/xat rw 770*77770;, ayaOatv iTnrecuv Kpd- Ttoros (ui', t7777U5 crv/ijLta^et^ aurcu. A Lesson in Justice 20 T?i> Se e/cet avTtov crot TOW StSacr/cdXcu^ ; /cat TW c/>dvat, 'AXX' w {JirJTep, aKpifiu) ravrd ye TJ$-r). cru olvOa; rrjv MavSdvrjv elirelv. "On, c/)d^at, 6 St8do-/caXo5 jtxe, cu? ^877 axpifiovvTa rr)v St/catocrwTp, 25 /cat aXXot? KaOio-Tifj St/cd^etf /cat TOIVW, (frdvai, eVt p-ia TTore St/CTy TrXryyd? eXaftov a>s ov/c 6p6a)^ eyvwv 5 elt^at djLK^orepot? TOV ap^orrovra eKarepov e^eLv. iv Se roirrw /u,e eTranrev 6 SiSa rov apporTovTos tirjv KpiTijs, OVTO) Scot Troter^ OTrore Se Kplvai Seot irorepov 6 ^trajv eti^, TOUT' (^17 a-Kenreov eTvat, rt? /cT^crt? Strata ecrrt, 10 Trorepa roi^ /3ta d Winning Ways of Cyras TotavTa juev Sr) TroXXa e'XaXet 6 Kvpo? TeXos Se 17 jLtev ^rrjp arrfjXfJe, Kvpo? Se KarefJieve KOI avrov tTpev OTI r) /cat ^)tXoTtjatav Kat 6 'Ao-Tva-y^?, o rt Sebtro avrov 6 Kvpo?, ovSev vTe^etv /x^ ov ^apt^eo~^at. /cat yap dade- avTov, ovSeVoTe avreXetTre TOV TrctTTTrov ovSe 25 /cXdwv TTOTC eTravcTO, dXXa S^Xo? ^v 7rao-tv oTt v?repe- ^>o^8etTO ju,^ ot 6 TraTTTTo? drrodavrj /cat yap e/c VV/CTO? et Ttvo9 Se'oiTo 'Ao-Tudy^?, TrpwTO? rjcrOdveTO Kvpo9 ATTIC PROSE /cat irdvrav doKvorara dven^a inrrjpeTijo-cov o n ototTO xa/>teto-#ai, ware Travrdnacrw ai/e/cr^Varo rov Hunting Kat Tavv /ueV ei9 TO tcrof d(t/ceTo r^ 177771/07 rots 5 ^jXtt, ra^v Se trap-yet. Sta TO e'/>at> TOU epyov, Ta^v Se TO. eV TW Tra/aaSeio-w ^pta cU^Xw/cei 8tw/ca>y /cal Kal KaTa.KcuVa>v, wore 6 'AcrTuay^s ou/ce'r' i' avTW cruXXeyetv Orjpia. /cat 6 Ku/>o, i/o/xtcu, oo~a ai^ e/xot Tavra Tpe6$pa. e' eTrlrrjv Oujpav, ovfce'0' o/totcu? \nraptlv e'SwaTO axnrep 15 irats wi', aXX' oKvrfpoTepov Trpocr^ef ov ya^> TrpocrrjeL et JUT) tSot et /catpo? etr;. t S' ow eyi^w 6 'Aoruayr;? ' tTTTrwu Tr 20 0770)9 aTTO TaV $VO"%a)pl(t)V (f>V\a.TTOL6V CLVTOV KOL et Tail/ dypt'ojf Tt ^aveirj Orjpiwv. 6 oui^ Kvpo? T&it' eVo- fjLi>(i)v TrpouvfJLCDS iTrvv6a.vf.TO, 7701019 ov XP 1 ^ 6r)pioiSaXei9, at Se eXa^ot /cat Sop/cdSe9 /cat ot dypioi oTe9 /cat ot o^ot 01 ayptot do-trets etcrti/. eXeyof Se /cat TOVTO, Ta9 Svcrxa)/3ia9 ort Se'ot evy. /cat TTO;? StaTrTySa)^ avrw 6 tTTTro? TrLnrei ct9 yoi/ara /cat [UKpov Ka.Ktivov eeTpa)(ijXi(Tei>. ov O.AA.' eTT.^JL.lV.V 6 Kv^)O? jLtdXt? TTGJ? /Cat t7T77O5 a>9 Se 19 TO TreStof r)\@ev, a.KOVTicra.s 10 eXa^or, /caXd^ rt xp-fj/JLa /cat /u,eya. Kat o /Ltei^ 8-^ VTrepe^aipev ot Se ^>uXa/c9 Tr eXotSo/>ow avrov /cat eXeyof et9 otcz/ /ctV \6oi /cat e^acrav KaTepelv avrov. 6 ou^ Kvpo9 icrTiJK6L KaTafleftrjKCDS /cat d/couaji' raura rfviaro. a>9 15 8' rjcrOero Kpavyrj<; 7 d^eTT^S^cref evrt rw tTTTroi' cotrTrep /cat a>9 etSec e/c rov O.VTIOV Karrpov Trpocr- d^rto9 e'Xawet /cat /SdXXet 19 TO fj.Ta)irov /cat /caTecr^e TOI' *EfTav#a fj,vTOL 17817 /cat 6 ^elo? avT 20 T^t OpaavrrjTa opa>v. o 8' avrov XotSopotyzeVov o)Lta>9 eSetTO, ocra aurc9 eXaySe, Taura edcrat etcr/co/>ti- o~a^Ta Sovrat TW Trdinra). rov 8e #etof eiireiv fyaa-iv, *AXX* 17^ ato-^Tat oTt e'8ta)K-9, ov o~ot ^ovov Xot8o- pTJcrtTai) dXXa. /cat eyu/ot, OTt ere etwi/. Kat 17^ /3ov- 25 X^Tat, ^>di/at auToV, /xacrrtyaJcraTcu, evretSd^ ye eyaj 8a> avTW. /cat cru ye, et /3ouXet, 6^)17, w ^ete, rt/Awpr;- Ta, o/xaJ9 ^aptcrat /aot. /cat 6 Kva^dp-rj<; ot TeXeuTaif etTre, Ilotet 0770)9 /SovXet* o~u yap ye i7jU.a^ eot/ca9 y8ao~tXet'9 10 ATTIC PROSE OVTO) Sr) 6 Kv/>os etcr/co/xt'cras ra Brjpia eStSov re TW TrctTTTTW /cat IXeyet* art auro? ravra e/ceiVw. /cat ret d/coVrta eVeSet/ci'i' /xeV ov, Se ??ji>tar&>/>ieVa 6Voi> GJCTO TO*/ TTa.Tnrov oi//eo~#at. 6 Se S 'Acrrvay^? a^oa core*', 'AXX', a) Trat, Se^o/xat /ACI/ eyajye i^Secu? ocra cru StSw?, ou /xeVrot 8eo/x,at ye TQVTWV ov&evos wcrre ere Kiv^vvtveiv. Kal 6 e^>T^, Et Toivvv fJir) crv oeet, t/cereva) ? a> TraTTTr Sos aura, OTTW? rorg i^Xt/ctajrat? eyw StaS&i. 'AXX', 10 a) Trat, e^ 6 'Aoruay^?, /cat raura XajSaji^ StaStSou OTW cri; /SouXet /cat TWI^ aXXwi/ oirdcra A Grand Hunting Party Kat 6 Kvpos \af$tov e'StSou re apas rot? 7rato~t /cat a/xa eXeyei>, H TratSes, a>s apa iJLi> O/JLOIOV e/xotye 15 8o/cet et^at olovirep et rt? 8e8e/xe'fa ^a>a Orjpcorj. TTpvTov pev yap eV /x,t/cpo> X W P 1 V ^? eVetra Xevrra /cat i/fwpaXe'a, /cat ro /xei/ avrw^ x w ^ OI/ ^ T O Se Kokofiov ra 8' eV rots opeo-t /cat Xet/xwo-t Oypia, ws /z/ /caXa ws 8e />teyaXa ws Se XtTrapa e^>atVero. 20 /cat at ^ eXa^ot wo-7rep 7rrr;yat rjXXomo TT/OOS rof oupai/dv, ot 8e /cavrpot, wo-Tre/3 rov? di/S/aa? ) 25 e'/cet^a ra ^ ^'AXX' , , eei/ /cat v/x? ot Trare/oe? eVt ^pai/ ; Kal /5aStV y aL, e^ao-ai/, et CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON II /ceXeuot. /cat 6 Kvpos elrre, Tt5 ovv av rjjj.lv 'Aorvayet fj.vY)(T0Lr) ; Tt5 yap civ, e^acrai', crov ye t/cafOJTepo5 iretcrat ; 'AXXa /xa roi^ Ata, ^77, eyw yu,a> ov/c otS' oart5 avOpomos yeyeV^/xat ouSe yap ofo? r* et/At 5 Xeyett' eycuye, ouS' avafiXeireiv 77/305 ro^ TraTnrov IK TOV Icrov ert Sv^a^otat. ^ 8e TOCTOVTOV CTrtStSai, SeSot/ca, e^, ^17 Tra^raTracrt /8Xa^ ns ^al 17X1^10? yfVcu/xat ' 7rcu8apioj> 8e coi^, Set^ draro? XaXet^ e'So/cow elvat. /cat ot TraiSe? ctTroi', IIo^po^ Xeyet? TO 7Tyoay/u,a, 10 et fjuqoe VTTp r)jA(t)V) CLV rt oer^, ovvTJcrei Tr/aarret^, dXX aXXov rtvo? TO eVt o~e avdyKr) ecrrai Setor^at YJ/JLOL^. 'A/coucras 8e ravra 6 Kvpo? 817^^17, /cat eXeuo-ajLteros eavrw OTTCO? cU> aXvTroTaTa etTrot vrpo? 15 TroiTnrov /cat SiaTrpd^eiev avT5 ySouXevojitat ye 077005 o~e a77o8/3a) Xaftaiv rov5 -f]\LKLO>Ta<; eVt Orfpav. /cat 6 'Ao-Tuayi75, KaXa>5, ^17, 25 e77oti7cra5 Trpoenra>v' eVSo#ei> yap, ^617, a77ayopeuaj o-ot /xr) KiveicrOai. xapitv yap, (f>-rj, et efe/ca /cpea- Stwv TT] Ovyarpl TOV 77at8a d7rof3ovKo\TJcraLiJLi. 'A/couo~a5 TavTa 6 Kvpo5, eTreLOero /xev a.via.pos Se /cat o-/cu#pa)77O5 wi/ cnanrrj ATTIC PROSE , eVet eyva> avrov Xvirovpevov t O.VTO) ^apt^ecr^at e'^dyet eVi Oijpav, /cat 7reovs TToXXovs /cat tTrrrea? crwaXicra? /cat roi>9 TratSas, /cat o-weXdcra? eis TO, tTTTrdcri/xa ^(opia TO. S ripia eTTOirjae ^e Kat ySao-tXt/cw? 8^ Trapojv auro?, arrrjyoptve /tr^SeW ySaXXetv 7r/>tf KOpos e/x 77X17 cr^e 117 0r)pa>v. 6 Se Kiy>o5 ov/c eta /cwXuetv, dXX', Et /SouXet, (^17, a> TrctTTTre, i^Seaj? /xe Oripav, d<^e? rovs /car* e/xe vravrag Stw/cetv 10 /cat Staycuft'^ecr^ai OTTW? e/cacrro? /c/aarttrra Swatro. ^ 6 'Acrruay^s d^t^crt, /cat crras e^earo e/rt TO, 0r)pLa /cat ^)tXofet/cowras /cat Stcu/co^ra? /cat d/coirt^ovra?, /cat Kvpo> -^Sero ov Sy^a/xeVaj cnyav VTTO T^? 1780^^5, dXX* otcnrep cr/cuXa/ct 15 yf.vva.iw d^a/cXct^ovTt OTrore TrX^crtd^ot 0r)pia), /cat TrapaKaXovvTL o^o/xao-rt e/cacrroz/. /cat rov /xei^ /cara- yeXaWa avrov 6pa>v tv(f>paiv6TO, TOV Se rtva /cat ZTTOLlVOVVTOi OLVTOV rfdOoLVfTO OuS' OTTdXTTLOVV <$)6oV.p(i)e/ca. roi' /xei/ 8^ ?rXe terror y^povov OVTOJ o KO/5O5, iroicnv 1780^7/9 /zei/ /cat dya#ou rtvos avvai- 25 no? wv, /ca/cou 8e Cyrus returns Home Se 6 rov Kupou Trar^p ^Se ravra, eVet 8' ^/coucrei/ epya CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 13 TOV Kvpov, aTre/cdXet 817, OTTW? ret eV Ilepcrai? eVtxcu/ota errtreXot^. /cat 6 Ku^os Se eVraC#a Xe'yerat et7rea> on druei/at /SouXotro, /AT) 6 TTCLTTJP TL a^BoiTO /cat r) TrdXts p./ji(f)OLTo. /cat TO) ' 5 Se eSo/cet eli/cu di/ay/catof aTroncjJLTreLi' avrdv. Sr) iTrrrou? re avra> Sou? ovs auro? enedvp.^ \a/3elv KOL aXXa crvcrKeuaara? TroXXa eTre/xTre, /cat Sia TO aurw K'at a^ota eXTrtSa? e^co^ ^teyaXa? ei/ avrw, ecrecr^at IKOLVOV /cat <^>tXoi>5 cti^eXett' /cat e^Bpova.(ru> O.VTOV rot? ^Xt/ctamus wv OLVTO) eSeSaj/cet, reXo? Se /cat ^z/ etve rr)v Mrj&LKrjv e/cSwra SoG^at ru>t, S^Xwz/ ort rovrov jadXtcrra lyiTTrd^eTO. Tov? fteVrot XajSovTas /cat Se^a^ieVovs ra 8wpa 20 Xeyerat 'Aorudyet aTret'ey/cett', 'Acrrudy^^ Se Se^d- ILZVQV KV/J&) d7TO7re)ai/;at, rov Se traXiv re anonefjujjai et? MifSov? /cat et7reti>, Et ySovXet, a) TraVTre, e/xe /cat a.v9i^ teVat a5 ere yu,Ty atcr^u^d^u.ei'Of, ea e^et^ et rw rt eya> Se'Sco/ca ' AaTvd'yrjv Se ravra d/covcrai/ra 25 Trot^crat cScrTrep Kupo? eVeVretXev. He resumes the Persian Discipline 'O /xev ST) Kv/ao? ovroj? aireXBajv cv He'pcrat? eViau- roi' Xeyerat e^ rots Tratcrtv ert yevea^at. /cat ro /xei> ATTIC PROSE 01 TTCuSe? eV/CWTJTOI' aVTOV, MS T]VTTaQelv eV MTj'Sot? jue/xa^Ti/cws 77*01- eVet Se /cat i(T0Lovra. avrbv .a)pa)i> axnrep KOL avTol T^Se'ws /cat Trtfoi/ra, /cat et TTOT' eV eopry evw^ta yeVotro, eTrtStSdi/ra fj.a\\ov 5 avToi/ rou eavrov /xe/aou? ya-ddvovro rj Trpoa-^eo^evov, Kat 7T/305 rourots 8e raXXa /cparto-revo^ra avrw coupon eavTw, ivraWa $r) TraXw vTTTrrr)v\ov 7ra/x7roXv, VTTTJKOOV Se TOI> 'Apa/8tW ^SacrtXe'a, VTT^/COOU? Se 20 ex&w 77817 /cat 'TjO/ca^toug, TroXto/3/cwv Se /cat Ba/c- rptov?, eVo/uet>, et TOVS MTySou? do-^et'et? TrotT^Vete, TrdvTtov ye TO>V irepit; /5aSta>? ap^tiv la")(ypora.rov yap T&V e'yyus (J>V\(DV TOVTO e'Sd/cet etvat. ourw ST) OLa.Trep.7reL rrpd? re rovs UTT' avrw TrdvTas /cat Trpos 25 Kpotcrof rof At>8wi> /SacrtXe'a. /cat Trpo? rov KaTTTnx- So/cwv /cat 7T/009 ^pvya? a/x^orepoug /cat 77/369 ITa^>Xa- ydi/as /cat 'Ii/Sovs /cat 77^65 Kapas /cat KtXt/cas. ot CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 15 fj,v 877 Tot? Xdyois 7ret#djU,ez'ot o~v^iJia\iav avrai enoL- OVVTO, ot 8e Kal Sojpots 'cat ^p^pao-iv avaTrt.i66n.tvoi' TToXXa yap /cat rotavra ^ avrw. Cyrus takes Command of a Persian Army Kvadpr)<; Se 6 rov 'Ao-Tuayou TO>V crvvicrra.- Ifi eavrov, avrd? re tvQecos oora e'Svvaro d^rt- , /cat et? Ilepcra? eTre/xTre Trpo? re TO KOIVOV KCU 7f/3o? Ka.fjifiiKT'Yjv Tov Trjv a$e\(f>r)i> e-^ovra feat /^acrtXeuo^ra ei/ ITejocratg. 10 "ETre/ZTre Se /cat 77/305 Kvpo^, Seo/xei>o5 avrou Tret- pacr0oiL ap^ovTOi .\0iv TCOV dvopcav, et rtz^a? e/so'Git' /cotvdi/. -^8^ ya/) /cat 6 TO. ei^ TO!? 6^17^801? Se/ca eTTy, TeXetot? a.vopdo'w r)i>. OVTOJ or) oe^a/xet'ov ToO Kvpov 15 ot j3ov\evovT6S yepairepoi alpovvrai avrov ap^ovra T^S et? Mr^Sovs >ot Beols /cat fjpaxrL Tols Hc/oo-tSa y^i/ 6 Kuafa^?, TrdTov ayot TO o-r/Dareu/xa. o 8e 6(^17, Tptcr/xvptovs jueV ye, ot /cat trpovOev tyoiruv npos v/aa? /xto-^o- evye crvv TW 20 o~T/>arv/xaTt TO, 8' aXXa <^>uXa OTTOI eSwaro irpocroy- TOLTO) f.V TYj VVKrl TT^5 8' eyeVeTo TT/JO? TOJ rei\.i TO> e^ Ta? TC ^yaivas avlcrT^ w? 7T/ooo~y8aXaip Trpos 25 TO Tet^o? /cat /cXtjota/ca? Trapecr/cevct^eTO. TavTa 8e 7roiaji> KaTa TO. diroTO/xwTaTa 8o/covz/Ta et^at TOV Sap- CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 17 XaXSaiof9 7e /cat rtepcra?. rjyrjaaTO 8' av7ot9 Hep 0-77 9, SouXo9 yeyei'rip.eVog TOJI> eV 777 d/cpO7rdXei 7tfO9 (j>povpa)v /cat KaTajJijJLaOr]Kcb^ Kardftao-Lv ets 7oz> TTora^tof /cat a.vdftaa'LV Tr)v O.VTTJV. 5 'fl? 8* eyevero rovro 8^X0^,071 et^ero ra a/cpa, Tra^re? S^ evyoi> ol AvSot a?ro rait' ret)(w^ OTTOI e'Sv^aro e'/cacrro? 77^5 TroXeajg. Kvpo? Se a/xa r^ 7}fj.pa L(rr)L et9 rrp TroXtv Kal Trap^yyetXe^ eic 7779 7aea;? jLti^SeVa KLvelcr0aL. 6 Se Kpotcro? Kara/cXet- 10 crayaevo? ef 7015 /8a Kpoi Kpotcrov. 6 Se K/ootcro? 019 etSe 7Of Kvpoi^, Xat^e, w Se 70 O-TTO 7ouSe StSwo~t o"ot /cat e'/xot Trpocrayop^veiv. Kat cru ye, e^, a> K|0oto"e, eVetTrep dvOpMTroL ye 20 eo'/xet' d/xi7, w Kvpe, dya^ov 7t crot tvpeiv 701)70 yap ctv dlfJLat, dyaffoi; /cd^aot yez/ecr#at. v A/covo-oi^ TOLVVV, (f)rj, a) Kpoto~e- ey&) yap opwf 25 7OV9 o~7part&j7a9 TroXXd TreTTOvrjKOTas /cat TroXXct /ce- /cat i^v^ vo e ATTIC PROSE 2 ATTIC PROSE rovg or/oartwra?. ytyi>cucr/cco yd/3, $77, OTI L [Jit] TWO. KapTTOV \TJ\lfOVTCLl T(t)V TTOVCDVy OV Swrf- cro/xat avTovs iroXw ^povov Tret^o/AeVou? e\iv. diap- Tracrat fjitv ovv avrots lelva.L rrjv TTO\IV ov y8ov\o/xat 5 TT\V re yap TTO\LV , vop-ifa av 8ta<^^a/3^at, ev re rfj apirayy ev oIS' on ot Tro^/aorarot Tr\eoveKT)j- veiav av. 'A^ovo-a? ravra 6 K/ooto-o? eXefev, 'AXX* e/xe, ^17, CL(rov Xe^at Trpo? ovs w eyw AuSaii/ e^eXw, on 10 Sta7T7r/)ayju,at irapa o~ov JU,T) 7rot^o- eao"at a(f>avi(T0r)vai TratSas /cat ywcu/ca?, v Se crot dvn rounw, ^ JL/,^ Tra/)* ZKOVTUV ecreaffcu TTO.V o n KaXof KayaOov ecrnv a/ ^v ya/) ravra d/covcrworti/, oIS' on 17^61 o~ot Trav o n 15 eo~rlv v6d$e KOL\OV KTTJfJLa d^Spl /cat yvvaiKi ' /cat 6/xowos et? ^eiwra TroXXoi^ /cat /caX iraXiv o~ot 17 TroXt? eo-raf ^ Se StapTracnj?, /cat at o~ot, as Tr^ydg (^aat rwi* /caXwy el^at, Sie0ap- jiieVat eo-ovrat. e^eVrat Se crot t8oi/rt ra e\06vra, 20 en /cat Tre^ot riys dyOTrayiys y8ovXevo~ao"^at. Trpurov oe, ir)) eVt TOVS fj.ov<5 Orjcravpov? Tre/ATre /cat Trapa- ot crot (^uXa/ces irapa ratv Tavra /xei^ 077 airavra. OVTO) crvvjjveo'e iroitlv 6 25 Kupos, cocrTrep eXe^ev 6 Kpotcro?. TdSe 8e /xot irdvTax;, e^, Kpotcre, Xe|ov, 770)9 crot rd e/c rou eV AeX^ot? CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 19 yap ST) Xe'yerat TTOLVV ye TedepaTrevcrdai 6 /cat ere TrdVra eKeuvco TfeiOo^vov 7rpdrTe>. 'E^ouXo/xTp our, e?7, a) Kupe, ovrw? c^ew i/uV Se TrdVra ra.va.vTia. ev6v 'A7roXXa)i/t. Hois Se; e^ 6 Kvpo? StSacnce- yap TrapaSo^a Xeyet?. "Ort Trpa>Tov p.v, ^ >7 ?5 g epajrav TOV 0eov, et rt eSed/xi^^, aTreTretpaj- aurou et Swatro aXrjBeveiv. TOVTO Se, 6(^17, /XT) ort ^eos, dXXa /cat a.vdptXoucrt roug aTrtoroi't'Ta?. erret ^teVrot eyi>&> /cat /zdXa aroTra e/xov TTOIOVVTO? /cat irp6 TroXXa /xei^ TTCfJLTrajv ava^/xara 15 TroXXa 8* dpyvpa, Trd/xTroXXa 8e Ovwv, TTOTC O.VTOV, a>5 e8o/cou^, Tore 8?^ /xot epuTwvTL Tt aV /xot TTOtT^crat'Tt TratSe? yevoivro- o 8e etTre^ ort eaoivro. /cat eyevovTO yu,eV, ou8e yap ouSe TOUTO ei//evo~aTO, ytvo^evoL Se ouSeV tovfjcrav. 6 /xe^ 20 yap Kco(j>b TOV 06OV-, Tt CtV TfOLtoV TOV \oiTfov PLOV evSaL/JiOvecrTCLTa StaTeXe'crat/xt o Se /xot 25 ctTre/cptvaro, Savrov yiyvcoo-Kwv cvSat/itov, Kpoi(rc, 'Eyw Se a/covcra? TT)^ ^avTeiav r)o~0riv evofJLL^ov yap TO paoToV /xot avrw irpocrTd^avTa TYJV evSat/xoi'tai' 20 ATTIC PROSE StSoW. aXXovs fJifv ya/o yiyvtao-Keiv, rou? /xeV olov T elVat TOUS 8' ov' eavrov 8e ocm? e'ori, iravro. nva Ivo^ov avOpconov etSeVat. /cat roV /xera raura ST) Xpoi'ov, lius /xe^ etxov rjcrvxtav, ovSef eVe/caXow /xera 5 TOI^ rou TratSos ddvarov rats rv^at? eVeiSr) 8e ai/- TreC(T0r)v viro rov 'Acrcrvptou e' v/xa? o-Tpareveo-Qai, et? Trai/ra KIV^VVOV rf\6ov - eVw#rp /xeWot ovSei/ /caKW Xa/Swi'. OVK: atrtai/xat 8e ovSe ra8e TOV ^eoV. eVet ya/) eyixw*' e^avrov ^ IKO.VOV vfj.lv /xa^ecr^at, 10 ao-^aXais crui/ ro> 0e< anrjXBov /cat avros /cat ot (7W e/xot. Nw 8' av TrdXiv VTTO re TrXourou row s /cat UTTO raif Seo/xet'cuv /aov Tr /cat V-JTO rwi' Scapwv a)v e8t8ocrdV /xot /cat 15 VTT* av0pd>TTO)v, ot /xe /coXa/cevovre? tXeyo^ as t eyw e^eXot/xt ayo^etv TraWes at* e/xot irtiOoivTO KOI /xe- ytcrros av eti]^ avBp^Trwv^ VTTO TOLOVTCOV 8e Xoywi/ ava.(j>v(T(t)[Jiei>os, cog et'XovTO ju,e Tra^re? ot /cu/cXw ^Sacrt- Xets irpocrTdTrjv TOV TroXe/xov, VTreSe^a/x^v TT)^ (rrpa- 20 TTjytai', a>s t/cavos ait' /xeytcrros yeveaOaL, ayvoa>v dpa e/xavrw, ort orot aVriTroXe/xeu/ t/ca^bs w /xo> e/c ^ewi/ yeyo^drt, eTretra Se 8ta OTLj eiretra 8' CK TratSos aperyv CLCTKOWTL- TO>V 8* ettait' irpoyovwv a/covw TOV TrpaTov /SacrtXevcraMTa 25 a/xa re /8ao~tXea /cat eXevdepov yeveaOai. raur* ovv dyi^o^cra?, 8t/catws, e^, e^to r>)^ SLKTJV. 'AXXa i/Ov 817, (77, ai Kvpe, ytyvwa/ca) /xev e/xaurdv cru 8', e<->7, 8o/cet? ert aX-rjOeva-eiv TOV 'ATro'XXco, a>? ecro/xat yiyvuxjK(av e/xavroV ; ere 8* CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 21 Sta TOVTO, on aptoV OLV fJLOL Sonets et/cctcrat TOVTO eV T<*> irapovri' /cat yap Swacrat Exi6ai(xoy(a Kat 6 Kupo? etTre, BouX^ p.ou So? Trcpt rourov, a) Kpotcre- eya> yap crow evvotav rrjv irpocrOev evSctt- 5 fjLoviav, oiKTeipa) re ere /cat a7roSi'Sa>/u 17817 yuvat/ca re e^ett' T)Z> elxe? fat rag ^uyarepa?, d/cova) yap trot et^at, /cat row? (^iXov? /cat rou? depdirovras /cat rparre^av crvv Oio-Trep e'^re- /xa^ag 8e (rot /cat 7ro\e/xov? a.(/>atyoc5. Ma Ata fj.^ev roivvv, er) o Kpotcro?, av e/xot ert 10 ftovXevov aTTOKpivavOau irepl TVJS e/x-^5 evSat/xovta? eya> yap 17877 crot Xe'ya), -^v ravra /xot Tronjcrr)*; a Xeyet?, ort ^i/ aXXot re n-aKapLCDTaTyv eVo/Aiof elrat /cat eya> crvvzyiyvwcrKov avrot? ? Tavrrfv /cat ey&> e^ojy Sta^a). /cat 6 Kvpo? etTre, Tt? 817 6 15 T^V /ota/capta^ ^orrfv ; *H e/x?) ywij, elirev, a> Kvpe' yap TOJV fj.ev ayaOvv /cat rwv /zaXa/c /cat e/Aot TO tcrov /ueret^e, ^poz/rtS1> Se r ^i/ 6 Kv/309, TrepteoTTT/cre /uei/ TTO-I/ TO o-rparev/xa Trept T^ TrdXti^, cTreira auro? Treptr/Xawe T^ 770X1^ \ 5 / / \ 10 rot? mtAot? re /cat eTTt/catptot? TWJ; o~u^iju,aYaj^, /cat ra ret aTr'ae T>y eyw Se, OTTCU? |nei> ai/ rt? Tet^-ry ourw? tcr^upd /cat v^rjXa 7rpoo~/xa^o- fjievos eXot, ov/c eVopav /not 8o/ca> ocrw 8e Tr ai>0pr)[jil et^at rov? d'^Spa?. Kat 6 Xpvcrdvra? etrrei', 'O Se Trorajutd?, ^17? ouro? ov Sid jaeo-^5 r^g TroXewg pet TrXdros e^cut' TrXcroj/ ^ eVt 8uo o-rdSta; Nat /xd At', ^17 6 Tw^pva?, /cat 25 (3a0o TTOTa- /xaJ ert to-^uporepa eVrti/ 17 770X15 ^ rot? ret^eo-t. /cat o Kvpo?, Taura /aeV, 6(^17, a) Xpuo-dvra, eai/xej', oo-a /cpetrro) e'ort riys ^/oterepas Sv^ ditea>s Sta/xerp^cra- CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 23 Se x/ 07 ) 0)5 ra^tcrra TO fJLpos e/cdoroi> rjnuv opvrrtiv rdpov a>5 Tr\arvrdr7)v /cat fia.6vrdrriv, 6Vo>5 on e\a^C(TTa)v rjfjuv TOW oo'oi' TvpcrecTL /LteyaXat? 0,770 rov Trorajutou, evOev Kai evOev rov ret^oug Tafypov vnep- /cat T^ yrj^ avefta.\\ov 77/305 eaurous. /cat 7Tt T OTt fJLOLL(TTa OLKOL 10 dvLCTTr) 8e /cat aXXous TroXXov? Trvpyovs eirt Xa8o? y^9, O7TW9 ort TrXercrra ^>v\a.KTijpLa. etry. Ot /u,ei> 8^ ravr' ITTOLOVV ot 8' > TW ret^et /care- yeXan> TT^? TroXto/a/cta?, a>5 e^o^Te? ra eVtrifSeta TrXeov et/cocrtv erw^. d/covo~as 8e raura 6 Kv/oo? TO crrpd- 15 Tev/ota /caTO'et/xe SwSe/ca /u-e/)^, a>g fjirjva rov eviavrov fte/oo? v\doi>. ot 8* au Ba/3vXwvtot d/coi;- TavTa TroXv ert /txaXXov rovratv /caTeyeXojj>, el o~^>as /3vye? /cat AvSot /cat ' /cat Ka7T7ra8o/cat ^uXa^otev, ovs o~^to 20 TraWa? ev/xevecrTepous et^at ^ Ilepcrat?. Kat at /u,e^ rdpoi 17877 6p&>puy/ua>at rjo-av. 6 8e 776187) iopryv ev ry BaySvXwi't rJKovcrev ett'at, Wes Ba^8vXwi/tot 0X77^ TT)V VVKTCL Trivovo~i /cat vcrtv, v ravr-fl, 776187) rd^icrra o-vveo-Koraa-e, 25 Xa/Scov 77oXXou? dv0pa)iTov<; dveo~To/x TTorajJiov. a>5 8e TOVTO eyevero, ro vocop Kara rds rdtfrpovs e^copei ev rrj VVKTL, 77 8e 8ta T7^5 77oXe&)5 6865 77o/3vo"tju,o5 dv0pa>7TOiTa9 rr)^ ^tXtocrrw TrapeiWt TT/)OS avToV, row? 8' dXXou9 o-u/x/xdxou9 /car' oupdv TOUTO^ eVeo-0at fjirep irpocrOtv Teray/xeVou9. ot /xef 8r) -rraprjcrav o 8e 5 /cara/2 t/Sacras 19 TO l^/ooi/ rov vrora/xou rov? vT KCU Tre^ous /cat tTTTreas, e/ceXeucre o-/ce'i//aos TOU I Se aTT^yyetXai' 6Vt Trope ucrt/xot' 117, rav 8e a,7ra^rwt/rcu^ ot /ae^ a-n 10 TTOLLOfjievoi, ot 8' (f)6vyov TraXtv eto-a>, ot 8' e/3dwi/- ot 8' d/x(^t r6f T*a)j3pvav (rwepocov avrot?, a>5 /cw/xacrrat oWes /cat avTOi- /cat toyres 77 eSuvatro Ta^tora eVt rot? /3ao-iXetot< eyeVo^ro. /cat ot /xef o~w rw FwyS/Jva /cat FaSara reray/xeVot /ce/cXetcr/xeva? evpia-Kovcn ra? 15 TruXa? TOU ^ao~tXetov ot 8' C77t rou? <^>uXa/ca? TC5 eVeto'TrtTrrovcrti' avrot? TrtVoucrt TT/JO? (< /cat v0v$ cus TroXetuots e^pwfro. 'O? 8e Kpavyrj /cat /CTU/TOS eyty^ero, atcr^o/xefot ot et'Sov TOU 6opv/3ov, /ceXeucrai/To? TOU ^Sao-tXeoj? cr/ce- 20 \jj3.cruoLi Tt etTj TO Trpayttaj e/c^eouo~t Tti^e? dvot^ai/Te? TO.? TruXa?. ot 8' axi(t TW FaSaTaM a>9 eTSoi' Ta9 TruXa? ^aXwo"a9, eto-TTtTTTOucrt, /cat Tot9 TraXtv ^>evyou- crtt' etacu e<^677o/xei/ot /cat ira.iovT et^ev aKivoLKyv euptcr/coutrt. /cat TOUTOV /xe^ ot crw FaSdra /cat Fw^pua TroXXot e^et/oowTo /cat ot o-w auroj 8e o-TreOvrjarKov, o /xet^ 7T/3o/3aXXo/xevo9 Tt, o 8e (^euycejy, 6 8e ye /cat a(jiw6p.vos OTO> e'Su^aro. o Se Kupo9 8teVe/x7re Ta? TWV tTTTre'wf Tct^et? /caTO. Ta /cara/cat- vetv, rot"? 8* If rats ot/aais KvjpvTreiv rovs Svptcrrt eVto-ra^ieVovs eVSoi> /aeVeu/- ei 8e rts e&> ort #ai>arwo~otro. 5 Ot /xeV 17 ravra evrotou^. FaSara? 8e /cat rjKov ' /cat ueovs {JLCV TrpwTois TTpo&ZKvvovV) ort rert- /iwp^/xeVot v)(rav rov avocnov /8acrtXea 7 eTretra Se Kvpou /care^)tX.ovf /cat ^etpa? /cat TroSa?, TroXXa Sa- KpvovTes a/xa X a P^ Ka ^ eu^pati^o/xet'ot. eVet Se r 10 eyeVero /cat ri&OovTO ot ras a/cpas e^ovre? re r>)^ 770X11^ /cat roz^ ySacrtXea re^Ty/cora, TiapaStSoacrt /cat ra? a/cpa?. 6 8e Kvpo? ras /aey a/cpa? ev0v<; uapeXa/iySa^e /cat povpdp)(ovrJKe IS TOtS TTpOO'TfJKOVa'L. Cyrus' Dower 'Erret Se Tro/sevo/xe^ot yiyvovrai /caret rpeVerat 6 Kvyao? Trpo? Kuafapr^. evret Se T^ cravro dXX7yXou? ? Trpwro^ /xev ST^ 6 Kvpo? etTre rw Kva^dprj ort ol/co? aurw l^rjprj/jievos eirj zv Ba/3vXai^t 20 /cat cxp^eta, OTTCU? e^ /cat orav e'/ceto-e eX^ry et? ot/ceta /carayecr^at. evretra Se /cat aXXa Saipa eSw/cei/ avrw TroXXa K"at /caXa. *O Se Kua^-ap^? ravra jaei/ eSe'^ero, Trpocre-rrefjujje Se avraj TY]v 6vya.Tpa, (TT.^)a.v6v re ^pvcrovv /cat 25 i//eXta S Sui^aro^ /caXXtcrrr^v. /cat 17 /xei^ Sr) Trat? TOV Kvpov, 6 Se Kvadpr)<; elrre, AtSw/xt Se' orot, ^17, c5 Kvpe, /cat avrr)v Tavrrjv ywat/ca, e/x^v ovcrai' dvya,- 6 ATTIC PROSE repa- /cat 6 0-05 8e Trarr/p eyri/xe T^V TOV epov irarpos OvyaTepa, eg 779 o~v eyevov avrrj 8e ecrrtv ty o~v TToXXa/ClS 7TCU9 &V, OT6 TTap T^/Atf rj7/, o-ui/ T^ TOV Trar/DO? 10 /cat 777 7775 [AyTpos TdVTa crot (rwdivecran. etTre ovt* ovrw? 6 Kvpos, o/x,w5 8e TT} TraiSt ircivTa e o-aro OTroa-a a>ero Kvagdpy ^aptetcr^at. ravra 8e Trotrycras et? The Charge of Cambyses t 8' eTTt rot? ne/xroii/ optots eye^ero iropevo- 15 jaevo?, ro /x.ei' aXXo crrparei'/xa auroi) /careXtTret', auro? 8e crw rot? <^tXots et? r^f 77oXtv eTropevero, tepeta jitei' ayco^ a>s Tracrt Ilepcrat? t/cai^a ^ueti^ re /cat ecrrtacr^at ' 8a>pa 8e r^yev, ota /xet' eirpene TOJ Trarpl /cat r^ ja^rpt /cat rot? aXXot? ^tXots, ola 8' eirpeirtv appals /cat 20 yepatrepot? /cat ro?? o/nort/xot? Tracrti/ e8a>fce 8e /cat Tracrt ITepcrat? /cat Tlepcrtcrtj' ocraTrep /cat i>Df ert Si8a><7tv, oravirep a^t/c^rai ^SacrtXeus et? Tleptra?. e/c 8e Tovrou crv^eXe^e Ka/x^uo-r;? rous yepatrepou? Ilepcraji' Kat ra? dp^a?, otVep rail/ /xeytcrrajv /cvptot 25 etVt- Trape/caXecre 8e /cat Kvpo^, /cat eXee rotaSe. v A^8pe? IIep(rat /cat av, w Kvpe, e'yw a/x<^ore'pot? etK-oroj9 cwovs et/w,t' v^cw /xei' yap CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 27 (TV Se', c3 Kvpe, TTCUS e'/ZOS L. St/CttlO? OW t/Xt, OCTtt ytyi/wo'/ceii' So/coi dyadd dft^oTepot?, raura ets TO Xe'yeti;. ra /xei' yd/) rra.pe\66vTa vjuet? /// rjv^TJcraTe crrpdrev/JLa ScWes /cat ap^ovra TOV- 5 rov /caracrrTfcra^res, KU/DOS Se i^you/xet'o? rourou crw #015, evicXeetg /xef v/txa?, w Ileyocrai, ei^ Tracriv avOpat- TTOt? eTTofycrev, efrt/xovg 8' et r^ 'Acria irdcrr)' ruv 8e crvcrTpaTvcra.iJLV(Di> rov? /ueV aptcrrov? /cat TrevrXourt/ce, rot? Se TroXXot? ^icrOov /cat 10 tTTTTt/co^ Se KaTacrTTJcras /cat TreStcu^ ett'at /xerouo-ta^. 17^ /-leV ovi^ /cat TO OVTCU ytyva>CTKr)T, TroXXaif /cat ayaOan' amot ecrecrde ' et Se 17 cru, cu Kvpe, eTrap^et? Tat? 7ra/3ovo~at TroXtrat, (f>0ov'ijo'OLi>- Tes TovTw Trj5 Svj/ot/xeoj?, /caTaXuetf Tret/aacreo'^e TOVTOV 9, CU tC7T OTt e'jLtTToSwV dXXl^Xot? TTOXXWV /Cat eo~eo~$e. 'n? ow /u.^ TavTa yty^Tat dXXa Taya0d, e/xot 20 So/cet, 6^17, OvaavTas VjLtag KOLVYJ /cat #eou? e?rt/xap- , L' v^ta? Se, ai Ileporat, ^ Tt? ^ ^PX^ ? Kupov Tri)(ipfj /caTaTravetv ^ aV VTro^eipiwv, /3orjOTJcreLi> /cat v/xtv avTbt? /cat KV/JOJ /ca#' o Tt av OVTO? eTrayyeXX^. /cat ews /xev av eyw 4^? ^^ yty^eTat 17 e^ Ilepcrat? /SacrtXeta- oYaj/ 8' eyw TeXeuT^crft), 8^X0^ ort Kvpov, ectv ^. /cat oTav ju,e^ OUTO? ds av v/xu> e^ot rourov #ue> ra iepa virep v/xaiy aVe/o J^ e'ya> #v&> orai> S' ovros e/cSr/jiios 77, /caXais a^ oT/zat ujutz' e^eu/, " e>/c TO ^ 7 e/ ^ ou? ? ? ^ u So/c^ u/xt^ a/)t(rro5 eT^at, ovro? TO. raw 5 Tavra etTroWog Ka/x/3vcrov cru^eSo^e Kupw re ical rois Hepo-cov T\ecTL' Kol (TwOe^fvoi ravra rore /cat JiapTVpdfJiVOL, OVTO) Kal VVV TL 8ta/ieVoU(Tt, 7T/)o? aXXi^Xov? Ile^crat re /cat /3aor/Aevs. 8e Trpa\6evTwv anyei 6 KU/DO?. w? S' a 10 eyei/ero eV M^Sois, crv^Sofav rw irarpl Kal TTJ ya/x,et r^ Kva^dpov dvyarepa.^ rjs ert /cat t'O^ Xoyos Length and Breadth of the Empire 'E?r:t Se 7repirj\.0ev 6 ei'tavro?, crvvrfyeipe crrpaTtav et? Ba^SuXaiya, /cat Xeyerat aura; yei^ecr^at et? owoe/ca 15 /xez> iirirea)v )Ltvpta8a9, et9 Sicr^t'Xta 8e ap/xara SpeTra.- vy^opa., 7recoz> 8e etg jauptaSa? e^TjKovTa. evret 8e ravra p, ra 8e St OLWOpiav Sucrot/c^ra. avros S' e^ /aecrw TOVTWV CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 2 9 TI)I> Suurw Troirycrd/xet'o?, TOV jaeV afjLl TOV eV Ba^iAaii'i eVra /zTyz/a? avrrj ' TO '^ *^ d/xa 8e Ste'- KCLVTO 77/305 OLVTOV Ol O,V0pa)1TOL, OJ avrots ev rfj X^PZ V voiTO rj rpe(f)OLTo T) Te^^wro, 10 Trctcra oe 770X15 ajo~avra>5 ? 770-5 oe t8twr>^5 7rXouo~to5 OLV wero yevecrOon el n Kvpa) ^a/)to~atro* /cai yap 6 Kvpos \afJLJ3oii>a)v nap 3 eKacrTcov & ol StSo^re5 aWeSi'Sou a)v , S Kvpe Ovra> Se TOV atcui'O5 TrpoKex^pf) KOTO'S, /xdXa S^ 6 Kvo5 aLKvetrou, et5 necras TO v en rrs CLVTOV apx??- Ka fjitv Trarrjp /cat 77aXat 8^ a)O"irep et/co5 eTeTe\evTYJKeo~av 6 Se Ki)po5 edvcre TO, ^o/xt^o/xei'a lepd, /cat TOU 20 xPv rf/TjcroLTO EUpcrai? /caTa TO, TrctTpta, /cat TO, Saipa 7rao~t Ste'Scu/cev atonrep ela)6ei. Koifj.r)0el<; S' e^ TO> /8ao~tXetaj wap eTSe eSo^-e^ auTft> Trpoo~e\0a)v KpeLrrcov Tt5 ^ /caTa TTOV eiTrelv, Svcr/cevd^ou, a) Kvpe- 17817 yap et5 25 a77et. TOUTO Se tSa^ TO wap e^yep^ry, /cat eSo/cet etSei/at oTt TOV /8tou 17 TeXevT?) Trapeir). evffvs ovv \a(3a)v tepe?a e^ve Att Te 77aTpww /cat 'HXta> /cat TOt5 aXXot5 ^eot5 CTTI TO>Z/ a/cpcof, a>? Ilepcrat ATTIC PROSE Zev Trar/xue /cat "HXte /cat TraVres 0eot, Se'xeo-0e ra8e /cat TeXeorrf/oia TroXXaii/ /cat /caXaii/ irpdgeuv /cat xap^rfp 1 *' n eV^/x^Vare ^ot /cat eV tepois /cat eV ovpav'iOLS (Tty/xeiots /cat eV ot&wots /cat i/ rxat? a r' e'^i' irotcti/ /cat a ou/c e'xp^. 5 i/ ^ry/xat? 8' V/AU' x^/ 019 ' rt ^^ tyiyvva-Kov rr)v /cat ovSeTTWTrore eVt rats typovrjo-a.. atrou^tat 8' Vju.a9 Sowat /cat /w Trawrt /xet' /cat ywat/ct /cat yv /cat TeXevrr?*' SoGt'at. Last Words of Cyrus the Great HatSe? e/xot /cat Traces ot trapovTes <^>tXot, e'/xot ju.ei' TOV /Stov TO reXo? 17817 TrayoecrTiv e/c rouro ojs ytyt'cucr/cw v/zas 77e/ot evSat/xoi^os e/x,ou /cat Xeyetf /cat Trafra. /cat ^w KaraXetTra) jote^ v/xct?, a> TratSe?, ^ait'Ta?, ovcr7re/3 eSocrdV /aot ot ^eot yefecr^at, /cara- Xetxra) 8e TrarptSa /cat 8t/catws /ta/capt^Ojaet'OS r6i> del 20 pvTJiJirjs ruyxaVotjiu ; 8et 8e /cat XT)^ y8ao~tXetay via-avra /caraXtTret^, wg ai/ /x^ d/x,(^tXoyo5 Trpay/xara v/xt^ irapdcr)(rj. Kat crv /LteV, a> Ka/xy8uo~^, r^v ^8ao"tXetay re StSd^Twv /cat e/xov, ocrov e^ e/xot' crot 8e, a Tavao- 25 ^apr;, a~aTpa.7Tr)v et^at 8t8(w/xt M^'Sw^ re /cat /cat TpiTtDV Ka8ovo~tcoy raura 8e crot 8180^9 / /x,t{a> /cat TOVVO^JLOL rijs ySacrtXeta? CYROPAEDIA OF XENOPHON 31 /caraXtTreu', euSat/xoi'taz' Se o~ot dXvTro- repav. O7rota5 fJLv yap avOpomivTys eixfrpocrvvrjs eVei, ou^ 6pa>, dXXct Travra crot ra So/coiWa ev(f>paLveLv vrapecrrat. olcrOa ptv ovv /cat 5 crv, o) KafM/Svcrrj, OTL ov rd8e TO -^pvcrovv (TKrjnTpov TO T^V jSacriXeiav Siacraj^oV lariv, dXX' ot Trtcrrol ^8acrtXei)crtf dX^^ecrTaTo^ /cat dcr^a- ot Se (XTTO TOU avTou o-rre pharos /cat VTTO Try? avT^? /A^Tpo? TjOa^eVTe? /cat eV T 10 ot/cta augrjpevTe? /cat UTTO Taiv OLVTWV yoveaiv fj^evoi /cat T^ avTrjv /x^repa /cat TOV avrov Trarepa irpocrayopevovTes, TTOX; ov TTOVTOIV OVTOL ot/cetoTaTot TC /cat Trto-ToYarot ; 'AXXa, Trpo? ^ewt' Trarptocov, a> TiatSeg, n^are d 15 Xou?, et Tt /cat e/xot ^api^ecrBa.L /xeXet v/xti^- ou SryVou TOVTO ye o~a<^cu5 SoKetre etSeVat, w? ov8eV et/xt eyw ert, eVetSctf TOU av0pct)TTi,vov /Stou TeXevTrycrw ot8e ya/3 ^w Tot 717^ y' e/>t^ \JJV\T)V ewpaTe, dXX' of? St7r/3ctTTTO, rot/rot? avTrjv o>5 oucrav KaTe(i)pa.Te. 20 ourot lywye, w TratSe?, ovSe TOVTO TTCUTTOTC eirei(T0r)v, 0)5 17 I//WXT;, ew? jLtei^ av eV 0vr)TO) o"w/>taTt 17, {17, oYai> Se TOVTOU aTraXXay^, TeOvrjKev StaXvo/xeVou 8e avdpu- TTOV SrjXct ecrrtv e7cao~Ta d;rto^Ta 77/305 TO 6/xo^uXov 7rXr)v Tij5 i//u^T75, avr7 Se /AO^ ovTe Trapovcra ovre 25 aTTtova'a oparai. IvvoijcraTe Se r , e^, ort eyyvrepov fjii> ru>v a,v9 paiTrivoiv 6ava,T(o ovoev ZCTTIV VTTVOV 17 Se TOV OLvOptoTTOV ^fV^T] TOT6 S^TTOV deLOTOLTrj /CttTa^at- i^eTat /cat TOT Tt Tail' yu.eXXo^Twt' irpoopa TOTC 0)5 eot/ce, /xdXtcTTa 32 ATTIC PROSE Et /xeV ow OVTCOS ej(et TaOra, axnrep lya) oto/xat, /cat 77 i/'i'X^ /caTaXeiTret TO o~a>/xa, /cat Ti^f e/xrp /caTat8ov/xei/ot vrotetTe a e'yw 8e'o/xat et Se /XT) 5 dXXd #eov? ye TOUS del oVra? /cat TravT e /x^Se dvocrtov 10 /x,->7Te 7706170-77 re /x^re fiovXevcrrjTe. MeTa /xeWot 0eov<;, /cat dvdpwTTfov TO Trdv yeVos TO del TnyLyv6^e.vov at8eta"0e. ou yap eV o~/coraj ot ^eol aTTO/cpuTTTOvrat, dXX' e/x^avry irdcriv dvd- del ^77^ TO, v/jLerepa. epya* a 771^ /xef /ca^apd /cat 15 TWV doiKajv /xdXtO"Ta 20 v/xd? t/ca^w? StSdcr/cctJ otov? x/ 3 '? dXXr^Xou? eu>ai, et 8e /xr7, /cal vrapd TOJ^ f pavOdvere' avrrj yap dptcrT^ StSa- o~/caXta. ot ju.ei^ yap TroXXol Stayeyef^vTat (hiXou /xet* 25 yo^et? 7rato-t, tXot Se dSeX^ol dSeX^ot? 77877 8e' Ttfe? TOVTOW /cat Ivavria dXXijXois Trpaav. OTTOTC- pot? av ov^ al(T0dvr)a-06 rd Trpa.\6evT Tavra 8r) atpou/xei^ot op^w? ai/ /3ovXeuoicr#e. Kat TQVTOIV ttef to"ws 77877 ctXts. TO 8* tuibv ANABASIS OF XENOPHON 33 /x^Sevt, dXXa TTJ yfj &>s ra^tcrra aTroSore. rt yap rourov jua/captwrepoi', rod y?7 fUy^ffvaAy *l TrdVra p.tv TO, /caXa Tratra Se raya^a 5 Se /cat aXXw? (friXdvOpanros eyei>6[Ji'Y)v, /cat i^w T^Seo)? aV /xot So/cai Koiv(^vr\5 eot/ce, Tracriv a/r^erat avT-oXetVoucra. 10 et ri5 oS^ v/u.wi' i} Se^ta? /3ouXerat r^s e/x^? ai//aa-^at, -^ o/x/xa TovfJibv ^aji^ro? ert TrpocrL^elv e'^eXet, Trpocrtra) ora^ 8' eyw ey/caXvi/>a>/xat ? atrov^at v/xa?, do-(^a\et 77817 eo-Ojaat, wg (jLrjSev av ert ira.9t.iv., fjnjTe rfv jjiera Tov 06Lov yeVco/xat yar^re ert a)- 6;roo-ot 8' ai/ eX^wcrt, rourou? eu oTrocra eTT* d^S^ot evSat/xovt ^o/xt^erat, 20 aTroTre^Trere. /cat rovro, 6^)17, ^e/z^cr^e jitou reXeu- ratot', rov? (^tXou? evepyerovi^re? /cat rot"? e^0pov<; SvvTJcrecrQe KoXd^eiv. /cat ^atpsre, ^ ^>tXot TratSe?, /cat r?7 jJLrjrpl aTrayye'XXere cog Trap' e^tov ' /cat Travre? Se ot vrapwre? /cat ot aTro^re? tXot ^atpere. 25 Tavr' Lira)i> /cat Trdi^ra? Se^tajcrd/x-ei/o? e^e/caXvv//aro /cat The Death of Cyras the Younger Kat 77877 re 771^ d/x^)t dyopav Tr\TJ0ov(rav /cat ATTIC PROSE 3 34 ATTIC PROSE 7r\'r)(riov yv 6 o-Tafyto? ev0a ejaeXXe KaraXvtiv, -fjVL UaTyyvas, avrjp IIe/>o-7?g, TMV d)U dVa /cpdVos tSpoiWt TO) tWar /cat ev#vs Tracrti^ of? ivervy \avtv e/3da /cat fiapftapv 5 Kw? /cat 'EXX^i/tfcctJ?, ort /3a) TToXv? rapa^o? eyevero* avrt/ca yap eSo/covi' ot ""EXXr^i/e?, /cat Trdvres Se, dra/crot? C7^>tcrti/ eVtTre- cretcr^at' Kvpd? re /caraTr^S^cra? avro TOU ap/Ltaro? 10 TCM> OwpoLKa eve'Sv /cat aivafias CTTL TOV ITTTTOV ra TraXra et? ra? ^etpa? eXa^e, rots re aXXots Tracrt TrapTJ-yyeX- Xev f^oTrXi^ecrOaL /cat Ka.0icrTao-@aL et9 r^v eavrov Tct^-ti/ e/caarov. eit'^a Sr) crvi/ TroXX^ y/jiepas /cat OUTTW ^o-ay ot TroXe^tof i^i/t/ca 8e Set'X-jj eylyvero, e^d Koviopros OMnrep v(j>\rj Xeu/cr;, -^pova) Se o'u^i'w 25 va-repov tocnrep /xeXai^ta Tt? eV TW TreStw em ?roXv. ore oe eyyvrepov iyiyvovro, Ta^a 877 /cat ^aX/cd? Tt? fja-rpaTTTe /cat at Xdy^at /cat at Ta^et? eyvyvovro. /cat Kupo? 77-apeXauVwi> avTo? TW pp.yjv6i /cat aXXot? rpicrlv YJ rerTapcri, TW ANABASIS OF XENOPHON 35 J36a dyeiv TO o~rpdrevfjia Kara /uecrov TO ra>v TroXe- jLtttut', oYt KL 6 /3acrtXev? 117 ' Kav TOVT', e- fiev, rrdvd* T^LIV neTroL^rai. Kat eV TOUTO) T&J /catyow TO /xe> j3ap/3apii avT&> /xe^of, crvverdrrf.ro e/c TOJI/ ert Trpoo-iovraiv. /cat 6 Kvjoo? Trapekoivvaiv ov Trdvv npo<; avro) TO) o~Tparev- jiiaTt KareOearo, eKarepcacre a,77-o/3XeVw^ et? TC TOW? TroXe/xtoi;? /cat TOU? i\ovv Bopvftov TJKOvcre Sta TOH> Ta^ewv tdi^ro?, /cat ypero TI? 6 06pv/3o<; irj. 15 6 Se KXeap^o? ctTret' oTt TO trvvOrj^a. oevrepov 17817. /cat og eBavfjiacre Tt? /cat ypero o n 117 TO o~vv0r)[jLCL. o 8' aTre/cptVaTO 6Vt Zev? SooTTyp /cat Nt/ciy. 6 8e Kv/oo? a/couo"a5, 'AXXa Se^o/Aat T, 6(^17, /cat TOVTO corco. Taura 8' etTrwv et? 20 Tr}^ eaurou yupav aTTi^Xawe. Kat ov/cert Tpta ^ rerrapa o~TaSta Stet^eV^y TO> (frdXayye air' dXXi^Xeyv, rjViKO, eTrandvi^ov re ot '"EXX^- i/es /cat TrpoTjpxovro dvrioi ievai Tot? TroXe^atot?. a>s Se 7ropevojaeV&>i> e^eKv^aLve n rrjs <^aXayyo9 ? TO UTTO- 25 XetTro/xefov rip^aro opo/Jia) Oelv' /cat d^aa e^dey^avro irdvres olovnep rco 'EwaXtw eXeXt^oucrt, /cat TraWe? 8e e^eo^. \eyovo~L Se Ttve? wg /cat Tats ao-TrtVt 77/009 TO, SdjoaTa e8ov7r77O~a^, 6fSov TTOIOWTC? Tots tTTTrot?. Trptv Se ro^evfjia e^LKvelcrOai, eKK\ivovo~w ot (3dpj3apoi 36 ATTIC PROSE /cat /cara /cpdros ot ""EXXrpes, tftocov 8e dXX^Xots /xr) ^eti/ 8yoo/xa>, dXX' eV ra^et evreo-^at. ra 8' ap/xara ra Speiravr)- cf)6pa IffrepovTO ra /xei' 8t' ai>Ta)i; TWV TroXe/xtiwi', ra 5 8e /cat 8ta rait* 'EXXryt'a)!' Ktva, r^vLo^wv. ot o erret -7r/3ot8ote^ ? 8tto~ra^ro- ecrrt 8' ocrrts /cat KC atcnrep iv tTTTroS/yo/xaj e/CTrXayets* /cat ovdc ovSe rovroi' TraOeiv , ou8' aXXo? Se raiv '. 10 ra) va)vvfi(t) To^evBrjvai rt9 e'Xeyero. Ku/)o? 8' 6/oa)i> row? ''EXX^va? viKw^ras ro aurou? /cat 8ta>Ko^ra5, T^So/xe^o? /cat /, dXXa 15 eaurw e^aiKocriwv iTnrtutv rd&v, eTre/xeXetro o n TTOI- ifcret ^SacrtXcvs. /cat yap iJ8et aurof ort /xe /cat ef do-<^aXeo-rara> ett'at, ^ 20 -fl rj tcr^v? OLVTWV KaTepa>0v, /cat ct rt irapayyetXat , T7/xtcret a^ ^pwa) o.la'ddvedOa.i ro crrpa- /cat /3ao"tXeus 8^ rare ^ecrov e^oiv r>7? avrou o~rparta,5, o/x&>5 ea> eyeVero roO Kvpov eixovvfj-ov /ceparo?. CTTCI 8e ovSet? avra) e/xa^ero e/c roG dvriov 25 ovSe rots aurou reray/xeVots OJ? 15 KVK\0)(TIV. 8r? Kvpo?, 8etVas y ro 'EXX^^t/cdi^, e'Xawet ai/ri'os /cat rots e^a/cocrtot? i/tKa rows vrpo /3ao-tXe'a>s reray- OECONOMICUS OF XENOPHON 37 /cat et? (frvyrjv erpeifje row? e XcyeTat auTos T^ eavrov CTTyf TOJ^ dpxovTa, ai>TO)v. a>/3a/CO?, W? ^)77O*t KT^Q-ta? 6 iarpos, /cat tacr^at auTo? TO rpav/jid (fryjcri. TraiovTa CLVTOV d/covTt^et TI? TraXTOj VTTO TOZ^ o(j)0aXfjibv /Stataj? /cat evTdvOa fjLa^6fjLvoi /cat y8ao~tXeu5 /cat Kv/oo5, /cat ot d/x^)' avrov? v;rep tKarepov, OTTOCTOL 15 /xef TWI' d/>t^)t /3ao~tXea aTreOvycrKov KT^cria? Xeyet Trap' e/cetf&) yap ^v Kvpo? Se auTo? TC atreOave /cat 6/CTO) Ot CtplCTTOt TO)^ TTC/Dt aVTOV CKCLVTO ilf Traits of the younger Cyrus acrt Se Tii/e?, OTOV Swpa StSa> 6 /8ao-tXev?, p,ev eto-/caXetv TOV? TroXe/xw dya^ou? yeyovoTa?, on 20 ouSet' o^eXo? TroXXd apow, et /u,^ ete^ ot aprf SeuTepov 8e TOV? /caTao'/cevd^ot'Ta? TCI? -^(op /cat e^epyou? TrotoiWa?, Xeyovra OTt ou8' av ot dX/ct/xot SwatvTo ^t', et JU.T) ele^ ot epya^o^e^ot. XeyeTat Se /cat Kvpo? 7TOT, ocnrep evSo/cijuwTaTO? ST) jSacriXtvs 25 yeyev^rat, etTretv Tot? e?rt TO, Swpa /ce/cX^/zefot?, OTt avrog av St/catw? T x^P a dSeX^>a> erropevero /aaxov/xe^o?, irapd fjiev Kvpou ovSet? Xe'ye- rat avro/xoXTycrat Trpo? /SacrtXea, Trapa Se ^acrtXeiw? TroXXat /xvptdSes Trpo? Kvpoi^. e'ytu Se /cat rovro i^yov- 10 /xat /xe'ya reK^piov dp^ovro^ dperrjs eti/at, w a?/ e/cd^re? rreidwvrai /cat ei^ rot? Set^ot? rfapa^eveiv eOe- Xajo"tv. eKeivo) Se ot (^>tXot "(Jwvri re (Tvve^axovro /cat drroOavovn o-vvarreBavov, rrdvres Trept rof veKpov (jia^oyuevoi TrXrjv 'Aptatou 'Aptato? S' erv^^v em ru> 15 evoivv/JLO) Kepan reray/xeVo?. Ovros TOLVVV 6 Kupo? Xeyerat AvcrdVSpaj, ore ^X^ei* dycov avrw rd Trapa TWV (Tv^d^v Saipa, aXXa re (j)i\o(j)poveio~dai ) a)^ 6 Auo~a^Spo5 fv

s /caXd /xe^ rd Sei^Spa eti^, St' to~ou Se ra 7ree, eyoi iravra /cat Ste/Acr/a^o-a /cat Stera^a, eicrrt 8' avroJv, 9. Kat 6 Avcrai/8/ao9 (17, d7ro/3Xei//a9 et9 aurot/ /cat tSaV raw re l^aTLfov TO /caXXos aV et^e /cat 7-779 ocrjarj? 5 ato"#d/uevo9 /cat raw o-rpeiTTcav /cat rail/ \lfe\iajv TO /ca\Xo9 Kat TOV aXXou /cocr/xou ov eT^er, etTreti', Tt Xeyet?, ^>avat, ai Kupe ; -^ ya/3 crv rat? crats X 6 / 30 "^ rt e^i/revcra? ; /cat rot* Kvpoi/ a.TTOKpiva(r6ai, rovro, 6(^17, a) Avcra^Spe ; o/x^v/xt crot ro^ 10 ^li0pr)v, oTavTrep vyidivo), p,r}7ru>iroT oetTT^rycrat irpiv rwt' TroXefjiLKotv rt ^ ra>^ yeaipyiKwv epyoiv TOIOVTMV ye rt T7, w Ku^e, evSat/xa)^ el^at* dya^os yap ai/ d-^p evSat/xoi'et?. KaXoKdyaOta Tt ow, 171^ crot e'^ apx^ ? Sii7y>7cr6J/>iai, w? cru^eyevd- /x>7v Trore dVSp! 09 e/xot eSd/cet et^at rw oz^rt rourouv roit' avSpuv (}>' ot? rovro ro ovofjia St/catw? ecrrti/ o 20 /caXetrat /caXo eVt r^v cr/ce'i//!^ avrov. rov? yuei> yd/3 dya^ov? re/crova?, ^a\Kea<; dya#ovs, coypd(f)ov<; ayaOovs, dt'Spta^roTrotou?, /cat rd ctXXa rd rotavra, Trd^u 6Xtyo9 /xot ^povo<; eyeVero t/caw? 25 i/cai/ais TrepieXQeiv re /cat #eacracr#at rd SeSo/ct/xacr- /caXd e/>ya avrot? eti^at. OTTWS Se Sr) /cat rov? ro cre/.tvoi' ovo^a rovro, ro /caXo9 re /cdya#o9 ? 7rtcr/cei//at//,T7^, rt iror* epyadjiievot rovr' d^totvro 40 ATTIC PROSE KaXeto-#ai, iravv (JLOV 17 $vx?) eVe#v/x,ei OLVTMV TLVL crvyyevecrdaL. Kal irpuTov /xeV, on TT/oocre'/ceiTO TO /caXog T /cat 5 tTreipw^v KaTapavddveLV, et TTOU i'Sot/xt pivQV TOJ waXw TO dya^w. dXX' ov/c apa etx ei/ dXX' eviovs tftoKovv KaraavOdveLv ra>v /caXwi/ ow /xot, d(f)efjievov T>y5 KaXrjs ot/iewg eV ai>TO)v 10 ikOelv Ttov KaXovfLtva)!; Ka\wv re Kaya.6)v. eirel ovv TOP 'Icr^o/xa^o^ T^/COVOZ^ 77/369 TrdvTwv Kal avSpuv KCU yvva.iK Kal Trapa/ca^t^o/xevo? elirov, Tt, a) 'Icr^o/xa^e, ov fi-dXa eiuOcos o~^oXd^ei^, /cd^crat ; evrel Ta ye 7rXeto~Ta ^ Trpdrrovra TL opa> ere rj ov TTOLVV cr^oXd- 20 t,ovra ev Trj ayopa. Ov8e at' ye ^w, e^>^ 6 et /AT) ^eVou? Ttvd? crweOejiv d^axeVet^ eV^dSe. " oe /XT) irpaTTr)*; TL TOIOVTOV, Trpo? Twt' 0ea)v, efyrf TTOU 8taT/3t/3et? /cat Tt Trotet? ; eya> yap TOI fiovXouai (Tov irvOecrdai, TL wore irpa,TT(Di> /caXo? Te 25 KayaOos /ce^X^crat, eVet ov/c eVSov ye StaT/ot^ei?, ouSe TOLavr-rj crov r) e^t? TOV o~w/>taTO? /caTa^atVeTai. Kal 6 'Icr^d^a^o?, yeXdo-a? eVt TW Tt TTOIWI/ /caXo? Kaya#o? /ce'/cX^crat, /cat ijo-^cts, w? y* e'/iol eSo^ei/, ? 'AXX' et ju,eV, oTai/ crot StaXe'ywfTat Trept e/xov OECONOMICUS OF XENOPHON 41 , /caXoucrt /xe TOVTO TO ovo/Jia, OVK otSa. ov yap 817, OTO.V ye fj.e et? di>TiSo /caXaWat rpt^papxta? j) ^o^T^yta?, ouSei?, e^? ^Tet ro^ /caXoi> re /cdya- 0oi>, dXXd cra75 6f OjLta^ovres" /x 5 TTO-TpoOev TT/aocr/caXout'rat. eyw /xet' TOLVVV, Scu/cpare?, o /xe eTTijpov, ovSa/xw? eVS fcal yap 817, 6(^17, TO. -ye eV r^ ot/cta /xou Trai^u /cat aurr) 17 yu^ ICTTLV LKavrj 8ioiKeti>. Ischomachus 1 Instructions to his Wife *AXXa /cat rovro, 6(^17^, eywye, w 'Icr^o/xa^e, 10 cu> T^Seiwg crou TrvOoL^Vj irorepa avros crv eVatSeucras T^ yvi^at/ca, wore eii/at otaz/ Set, ^ eVtcrra/xe'^t' eXaySeg irapa TOV -Trarpo? /cat rrjs /x^rpo? Stot/ce^ ra Trpocnj- KOVTCL avrf). Kat rt aV, 6^17, w Sw^pare?, eTno-ra/xeV^^ avTjjv TrapeXaflov, r) err) /xei/ OUTTCO TretreKatSe/ca yeyo- 15 vuta ??X#e Trpo? e//e, rot' 8' e^-n-poa-dev "%povov etfl VTTO eVi/xeXei'as OTTOJ? w? eXa^tcrra /xez-' OI//OITO, e'Xa- 8' d/covcroiro, eXa^icrra 8' Ipoirj ; ov yap ayan^- TOV crot So/cet eu'ai, et [LQVOV rjXdev e77"to"raju.eVi7 epta TrapaXa^ovcra t/xdrtov aTroSet^at, /cat ewpa/cuta as 20 epya raXdT7 6 'Icr^Ojaa^o?, ou Trpt^ ye /cat eOvcra /cat evd[j,r)v ep.e re rvy^dveLf StSdcr/cotra /cat e/cet^v 25 iJLO.vddvova'a.v rd ^eXrtcrra dp.<^orepotg T7/uz/. IIpos e^v eyw, <5 'Icr^o/xa^e, rt 7rpa)Tov 8iSdcr/cetv avTTJv, 8t7^yoO p,ot a>? eyw ravr' a^ T^Stw crov 42 ATTIC PROSE StTjyov/xeVov d/couoi/xt, ^ et /-tot yvfivucbv 77 I dywi'a rov KaXkicrrov StTyyoto. Kat 6 'Icrxd/xaxos aTreKpivaro, Tt S', e77, w K/3aT5, eVet 1787; /act x 61 / 007 ?^ 7 ? 5 ^ Kc " 5 WO-TC SiaXeyecr#at, ^po^iqv avTTJv, 6(^77, aiSe EtTj-e /iot, a> yv^at, apa 17817 Kara/operas rtVos TTOTC eyw re i> e/x,e'. ^vjf 8e ST) oucos ^^Iv o8e /cot^d? icnw. eyw re yayo oaa /u,ot eoru' aTravra ei? ro KOLVOV OLTro^aiva), o~v re ocra rjveyKO) TrdVra et? TO /cotyoi' /care'^ry/ca?. /cal 15 ou roDro 8ei Xoyieo-#ai, Trorepcx; apa apifffjia) TrXettu ^/xw^, a,XX' e/ceti^o Set eu etSeVat, ort ySeXrtaiv /cotvwi'o? ^, ouro? ra Se /xot, w Sw/cpare?, Trpog ravra 77 7, Tt 8' av eyw o~ot, ^17, ^vvai^v crvfjiTrpa^aL ; rt5 8e 17 e/x77 Swa/xt? ; dXX' ev crot TrdVra ecrrw' [JLOV 8' r)5 ^e'Xrtcrra e^et /cat aXXa ort TrXetcrra IK row /caXov re Kat St/catov Trpocrye^Tfcrerat. Kat Tt Se', (77, opag, 77 ywT;, o Tt a.v eyw 77otoOcra o~wavot/u TOV ot/cov ; Nat /xa At", l<^r;i/ eyw, a TC ot ^eot e^vcrav ore SuVacr#ai OECONOMICUS OF XENOPHQN 43 /cat 6 vogues crvveTTCLivel, ravra Tretpoi (u? ^S Kal Tt Sr) Tavra ICTTLV ; .^>-q IxeLvr). Oljaat /oieV tycuye, tr)V) ov ra eXa^tcrrov ata, et /XT? irep ye /cat 5 rj eV TOJ a-^rfvei ^ye/xwv /xeXtrra eV eXa^tVrou dftot? e, OTTCOS art ci^eXt/xajTaroi/ ^ avrw et? rip KOIVO*- 10 vtav. /cat ryp fyv&iv v6v$ Trapecr/cevacrei' 6 a>S e/xol SOKC?, TT)V /xeV r^9 yvt'at/co? CTTI ra ei'Soi' e /cat eVt/LteXif/xaTa, r^f Se TOV d^S/ao? eVt ra ew epya /cat e77t/xeXi7/xara. /oty7 /"e^ yet/) ^ctt OaXmr) /cat 6Soi7TO/>ta eTreragev avTw epya' TT; 8e yv^at/cl TO crujjia Sui/aTov vrpo? TauTa dvcu e^T), TrpocrTa^ai /xot So/cet 6 #605. Sta Se TO TTp va-iv p-r) upos iraLvra. ravra 20 eu Tre^u/ceVat, Sta TOVTO /cat Seo^Tat fjiaXXov a /cat TO ^evyo? at^eXtja&JTepov eavTW yeyeV^Tat, a TO e'XXetVeTat TO erepov Svvdpevov. ravra Se', , Set T7/xa5, w ywat, etSoTa?, a e/caTepw rjfjLaiv VTTO TOV 0eov, ireipa.a'da.i OTTOJ? &>? /8eX- 25 Tto-Ta TO, TTpoartJKovTa eKarepov T}puv Sta7r/3aTTeo-^at. Se', e^ ^>ai/at, /cat 6 vo/xog avTa, ai^Spa /cat ywauca' /cat /caXa Se ea/at 6 vo/xo? d7ro8et/cvuo~tv a 6 #e6? evo~ev eKarepov fjiaXXov rrj /xef yap ywat/ct /cdXXto^ evSov 44 ATTIC PROSE 77 OvpavXelv, rw Se avSpl atcrxtov eVSov pivuv r) TWV ea> eVtjueXetcrtfat. el Se' Tts Trap' a 6 0eos e^vcre n-otet, to-ws Tt /cat dra/crwi/ rov? #eous ov Xr?#ei ? /cat St/ajf StScucru/ d/xeXwz' ra)v epyav rvv eavrov 17 TT/DCIT- 5 rwi^ ra T7)9 yv^atKo? epya. 8o/cet Se /not, ex^i/, /cat 17 rail' /ueXiTTaii> -rjye^v rotavra e)oya UTTO rov ^eou Tr/aocrreray/xeVa StaTTOfetcr^at. Kal TTOtct S' ? (^17 e/cetVr;, epya exovo-a 17 TWV p,6\LTT(t)v -fjyep.aji' e'fo/xotovrat rots epyot? ot? e/xe Set 10 Trparretv ; "Ort, ex^ e'yw, eVetVTy re eV TW cr/A^Vet /xeVouaa ou/c ea apyou? ra? /xeXtrra? et^at, aXX a? /xeV Set e^cu epya^eo-^at e/CTre/xTret CTTI TO epyov, /cat a cb> avTtov 6Kd(TTrj elcr(f>prj otSe' re /cat Several, /cat 0-&jet ravra ear* a^ Se'jy ^prjaBai. eTietSai' Se 17 15 wpa TOU ^prjcrOai rJKr), Stat'ejaet TO St/catot' e /cat eVt Tot? eVSoi' S' e'^v^ati/o/xeVot? /c^ptot? It oj? KaXws /cat Ta^ew? vc^atV^Tat, /cat TOi/ TOKOV eVt/xeXetTat a>? e'/CTpe'^Tat * eTretSai^ Se 6KTpa TCUV eTTOjLteVcui/ TW/I i^ye/Ao^t. ^H Kat e'/u,e ov^, e, /cat ofs /xey ai/ e^w TO epyov 17 TWI/ ot/ceroiv, Tovrovs o~we/c- 7re)a7ret^ ol? S' a^ eVSoi> epyov e'pyao-Te'ov, 25 o~ot eTrtcrTaT^reof ' /cat TCI Te etcr^epo/xeva a /cat a /xez^ av avraiy Se'iy SaTrava^, crot St a o av TrepiTTCveiv Sej7, Trpovoir)T.ov Kat rji> eyw, eVt/xeXTi/xct- TOJV tcra>9 d^aptcrroreyaov Sd^et et^at, on o? ai/ /cd/xi/rj 5 TOJI/ ot/ceraii/, Toura>i> uXa/cr) TWI/ eVSov /cat Stai^o^i^ yeXota rts av, ot/xat, <^atfotro, et //,r) cru ye e^t/xeXoto OTTOJ? eaj- ^ev rt eicropa ^at^otr' ai^, et /XT) etry ocrrt5 ot/cretpo^rat, ort elv So/covert ; NT) At', e<^r; 17 yvvr\^ /cat yap eto~tv, et rouro ye Trotoucrtv. 25 "AXXat 8e rot, e^r;^ e'yw, tStat eVt/xe'Xetat, a) ywat, T^Seiat o*ot ytyi/oirai, OTTOTOV avGina'T'ijfJiova raXacrtas Xa/3ovo~a eVto'Tif/xoi'a TTOLtjcrr}? /cat St7rXao~tou 7 Trai/Tos a^iav e OTTOTav TOVS jj.f (yax^pova.^ re /cat atc^eXt/xov? raJ o~a) ot/ca> e'^TJ ~ ot e ^ Troirjcrai,, e'cti' Se rts irovypos alvr)Tcu, e'?7 o~ot /coXdo~at ' TO Se TTO-VTW T^StcrTO^, eai/ fifXriwv 5 e/xou <^a^7j? /cat e'/xe cro^ Bepd-rrovTo. 7701^0-77, /cat /XT? Ser; ere o/3etcr^at, /u,r) Trpoiovcr^? TiJ? -^Xt/ctas drt/oto- Tejoa ey TO) ot/cw yeV^, dXXa Triorevo"^? ort TrptcrfivTepa yiyvop.iwr), ocra> av /cat e/xot /cot^wvos /cat Traicrtv ot/cot < 15 rt r) ei>(f)paLi>eiv dXX^Xovs ; evrtWev etTrov TroXXot, Sv TOWW "r^^lv e^yoGj TTOIO)^ Xoy&ji' aTTTO^te^ot ^tdXtcrr* ai^ ravra TToioi^ev. 'Eyw /zeV rolvvv, e^ry, T^Star' ay a7roXa/3otjiit Trapa KaXXtov T^ V7rdcr^ef8et7r^otju,ey, eViSet^etf r-^v aurou crofylav. 20 Kat evrtSet^co ye, ^17, eaz/ /cat u/Ltel? aTrai^re? ets jjiearov eVto-Tao-^at. *Eya> jaey TOLVVV, t' w 25 /xeyto-Tov fypovw. avdpaiTrovs yap oT/xat t/cai^os eti/at TTotett'. eTretSdv roivvv /cat rjfjiwv e/cao~TO5 o Tt ft) e)(et, TOT /cdyw ou 0ovrjo'(i) SYMPOSIUM OF XENOPHON 47 et77etv Tvjv T)(i>r)v St' -^9 roOro d77e/oydojuat. dXXd crv av, erj, Xe'ye, a) Nt/cr/pare, eVt 770 ta eVto-TT?'/^ /u,eya ot/r>7v, ??vdy/cacre /u,e 7rai>ra TO, 5 'Ofjiijpov 7717 jjiaOelv KO! vvv SwaifJi7)v av 'iXtaSa 0X17^ /cat 'OSvo'cretat' dvro crro^aro? etTret^. d/covotr' av ow /cat e'uxov a ecrecrOe /3eXTtoves, ^ e/xot (rv^re. tcrre yap 8177701; on "0/^117/009 6 cro yd/> ravra Beauty of Socrates 'O Se KaXXta9 6(^17, Su 8e 817, cu K/otrdy8ovXe, 19 15 TOV 77e/ot rov /cdXXov9 dywva 77/309 ^(OKpdrrjv OVK avOia'Ta.cra.L ; 'AXX' OVK dvaSvojaat, 6(^17, a) 2ajK/3ar9 ' dXXa St8ao-/ce, et rt ex et? o'o^o^? ^? KaXXicov el e/otov. i9 v/c/otcrtv rowv o~, e<)i7 81/^179 /caXov/xat dXX' airoKpivov. Sv 8e ye e/oos /cat Sd/>v. 25 Kat 77W9, ^17, otov re raura, /a^Set' o/Ltota oWa dXX>7Xot9, 77avra /caXct eti^at ; *Hv VT) At', e<^i7, 77/309 rd epya wv eve/ca e/cacrra /crw/xe^a ev et/3yao-/xeVa ^, 48 ATTIC PROSE 77 ev Tre^vKora 7r/>os a av Seoj/i0a, Kal raur', fyrj 6 K/HTo/SouXos, /caXa. Ola-da ow, (77, 6$aX/i6tt> rtvo? IW/ca Seo/xe^a ; A^Xof, (77, on TOU 6y3cu>. OUTW /u,eV roivvv 17817 ot 5 e/AOi 6(j)6a\fJiol /caXXto^eg a^ raif traiy et^crai/. Htog 8r? ; ^Ort ot /xei^ o~oi TO /car' ev^v povov 6y3wo"tv, ot 8e e/xot KOL TO e/c TrXaytov Sta TO eTrtTrdXatot et^at. Aeyet? cru, ec^, KapKivov evo^^aXjaoTaTov ett'at TCOV {ojwz' ; Hctf rw5 STJTTOV, ^77 CTret /cat 7T/)O5 tcr^w 10 TOV? o(j)0a\iJiov<; apicrTOi Tre^v/coTa? e^et. Eter, 6^)17, Twt' 8e pivuv iroTtpa. /caXXta>^, 17 0*7) 7^ 77 6/^77 ; 'Eyw jaeV, ^77, otftat TT)^ ^^ ) etTrep ye TOU 6cr(})paivea-0ai e^e/cet' Troi^cra.v rftilv plvas ot ^eot. ot /u,ef yap o"ot [jiVKTTJpes ets yT^f opaicrt^, ot 8e e^iot 15 a.vaiTTrTavTai, wcrre TO.? TrdvToOev 6crfj.a crTo/xaTo?, (^77 6 KpiTO/3oi>Xo5, vc^tf/xat. et yap TOU a.TroSa/cz'eti' eVe/ca TreTrot^Tat, TroXu a^ o~u 77 e'yw a,7ro8a/cot9. Xanthippe, his Wife Kat 6 SwK-yoaTT?? etTre^, 'Ew TroXXot?, 5 oVS/aes, 077X01^ ort 77 yui/at/ceta v St8ao"/ceVw o Tt ^ouXotT* ai/ auTTj MEMORABILIA OF XENOPHON 49 Kat 6 'Av7to~0eVr75, IIw5 ovv, ^17, <5 ovT(o yiyvto&Kwv, ov Kat arv 7raiSevt5 B dXXd xp?? ywatKt rail/ ovcraiv, olfj.au Be Kat TCOI> yeye- w)H.ev(i)v Kat Taif e'o-o/zeVa>i>, ^aXeTrwrar^ ; ""Ort, (17, 5 opw Kat rou? tTrirtKou? ^Sof Xo/^eVof? yevecrOai ov TOUTroL7y 6 ovv TOV5 Tt 77Otowra5 TO 6Vo/xa TOUTO ywye, ^17 rou5 yap 20 orai' SwdfjievoL \dpiv aVoSowat /XT) a77o8wcrt^, d v^ 8oKovo~t o~ot ef rot5 d8t/cot5 8e 77or' eV/ce'i/;a), et dpa, axnrep TO d rov5 /xev tXou5 cxStKov eo-Tt, 77^05 8e TOV5 77oXe/xtoy5 St/catoi'; Kat [jidXa, e(j>rj /cat SoKet /u,ot, v<' ov a^ Tt5 eu iraOtov, etre 77oXeju,tou, /u ATTIC PROSE 4 ^o ATTIC PROSE Swat, aSi/cos etvat. Ou/cow, et ye ovra>? l^ct TOVTO, ei\LKpLVTj<> Tts av efy dSt/cta 17 axa-picrria ; CTVVCD- jutoXdyet. Ov/cow, oo-G) dv Ttr/, vrro TLVOJV evpoi^v av /aei^w euepyeTrjiJievovs rj TratSa? UTTO yoveoiv ; ou? ot yo^ et? e/c fj,ei> OVK OVTMV eVot'^crav ctfat, rocraura 8e /caXa tSetf /cat rocrovTcoi' dya^ait' ^eracr^etr, oo~a ot ueot 10 irapeyovcri rot? av0pd>7roL<; a Sr) /cat ovrw? T7/AU> 8o/cct TTavTog a^ta et^at, a'xrre Trcttres TO /caraXtTretf aura TTOLVTW /ActXto'Ta (^evyofjiev /cat at TrdXet? 771 rot? juteyto-rots dSt/c^/xacrt r)p.iav Odvarov TreTronj- KCLCTLV, 0)S OV/C CIV /ACt^O^O? Ktt/COV ) Ta TC crv/jL^epovTa. /cat /ce^apto-/oteVa TretpaTat e povv, /cat Tpe'^et TroXw y^povov /cat i^jLtepas /cat I/U/CTO? 25 V7ro/x,evovcra TTOVUV, OVK etSvta Ttva rovratv \dpiv. a7roXT7 / i//eTai. /cat ov/c d/3/cet Optyai povov, dXXct /cat, eVetSd^ 8d|-6>o"tv t/cai^ot el^at ot TratSe? /Jiav0dvLV TI, a /xev av avTot e^coo~iv ot yover? dyaOa 7rpo5 TOP jStov, 8tScto"/coi>crtv a 8' av otwvTat dXXov i MEMORABILIA OF XENOPHON 51 elvaL StSd^at, Trefnrovcri 77/309 TOVTOV Sa7raz'aWe9, /cat eVtjueXoiWat irdvra Trotowre? oVw9 ot TratSe? atTot9 tu? SwaTW /SeXrtcrrot. ravra 6 i>eai'icr/co9 (^17, 'AXXct rot, et /cat 5 TraWa raura TreiroirjKe /cat d'XXa TOVTMV TroXXaTrXacrta, ouSet? cu> Swatro aurrj? a^acr^ecr^at r^ ^aXeTror^ra. /cat 6 Sw/cyoar^?, Ilorepa Se, ^17, otet, Orjpiov dypto- rryra Sucr^opwrepav elvai, f) ja^r/ao? ; 'Eyca /x,e^ ot/xat, 6^)77, 7779 (jLyrpos, T 1 ^? ye rotavr^?. v HSi7 7rcu77ore ou^ 10 ^ Sa/coucra /ca/cof rt crot ISw/ce^ 17 Xa/crtcrai) Ata, e^, Xeyet a ov/c dv rt? eTTt rw /8ta> Trairt /SovXotro d/coucrat. ^v Se vrocra, 6(^17 6 Sw/cpdri^?, otei Tavry /cat 717 tfxovfj /cat rot? epyotg e/c TratStou SiKT/coXatfwi' /cat Y)fJi,pa9 ort a Xeyet crot 17 fitJTrjp ov H,OVQV ouSe> KO.KOV 25 i/oovcra Xeyet, dXXa /cat ftovXopevT) crot dya^a et^at ocra ovSevt dXXco, ^aXe7ratvet9 ; ^7 vo/xt^et9 KOLKOVOVV T7]v fjLTrjTcpa crot eu'at; Ou Si^Ta, ec/>i7, TOVTO ye ov/c oto^aat. Kat 6 Sa)/cpdri79 Ov/covi', ^17, crt> TavTTjv, tvvovv 52 ATTIC PROSE re o~ot ovo~af, /cat eViju-eXo/xeVtyv cfa /zaXtcrra Sv^arat /cduvoj>TO5, 077&)5 vytat^5 Te /cat 0770)5 ro^ eVtr^Setwr fjirjoevos eV8er75 ecret, /cat 77/365 rourot5 77oXXa rot5 #eot5 ev^OjLteV^v dyaOd vnep crov /cat ev^a5 0770- 5 StSovo-af, ^a\eTrr)v elvai ^175 ; e'y&> /xei^ otyaat, et TOLavmnv fj.rj 8wacrat (^epziv /xT^re^oa, rdya^a o~e ov 8wao~^at (bepeLv. OVK olaO* ort /cat 17 770X15 dXXi75 /Aef d^apiarta5 ou8ejatct5 eVt/xeXetr/zi ovSe 8t/cd^et, dXXd irepiopa rou? eu ireTrovBoTas ^dpiv OVK d;ro8t- 10 8o^ra5, eat' 8e rt5 yoi/ea5 /M^ Oepanevrj, TOVTCO OLK-YJV re nLTi6rf(Tij /cat a77o8o/ct/xd^oucra ov/c e'a dp^eiv TOVTov, a>5 oure ctf rd tepct evcre^w? Ovo/Jieva vTrep r^5 77oXea)5, rovrou OVOVTOS, ovre dXXo /caXw5 /cat 8t/catw5 ov8ei/ a^ TOVTOU irpd^avTOS ; /cat VT) Ata e'di' rt5 TO)^ 15 yoveotv Te\evTr)ov5 /x^ /cocryu.^, /cat TOUTO e^erd^et 17 770X15 eV rat5 rai^ apyovTW OOKL- /xacrtat5. Sv ovi', c5 77at, af o~ax^po^5, rou? /xez^ 0eovs crvyyvajuLOvas o~ot eii'at et Tt ' 20 ju.^r/005, ju,- o~e /cat ourot ov/c jLtTy o~e acro/jievoL TMV yovewv /, etra eV el ydp ere v77oXd^otei/ 77/505 rou5 ^0^615 25 eti/at, ov8et5 ai> i/o/xtcretei/ eu ere iroLTJ(ra5 ert /xev ^05 wv e7vve r^5 ^8ao~tXeta5 8e 6Vo5 avrou eV Tin dpvri, egnyye\@r) y8av dOpoifav /cat VO.VTIKOV /cat iretpv TTO\V CTTpdrev^a a>a)v oe Trepl TOVTOIV Aa/ceSat/Aovtaji' /cat TWV cruju/xdyajt', 'Ay^crtXao? virecrTY), eav Sajcrtt' avrw rpiaKovTa JJLI> 5 ^irapTiaTtov, Stcr^tXtou? Se i^eoSa/u-wSet,?, et? e^a/ctcr^t- Xtou? Se TO crwray^ta roJt' cru/x/xaycov, Sia/3ij(Tecr0ai et? T^V 'Acrtai/ /cat 7retpacrecr#at elpT]i>r)i> Trot^crat, 17, av TroXe/xeu' /SouX^rat 6 fidpftapos, acr^oXtav avrw Trape^eLv crTpaTevew eVt row? "'EXX^i'a?. 10 Ev^t>5 jaei^ oui^ TroXXot TTOLVV ^ydcrdrjcrai' auro rovro TO eTTt^u/x^crai, eTretSr) 6 ITe^cr^? irpoirdev eVt Tr)^ 'EXXaSa Ste/^r/, ai'TtSta/^i'at CTT* avrov, TO TC alpelcrOai CTnovTa [jLaXXov r) VTrop.evovTa fjid^ecrBaL avTW, /cat TO Ta/cetvov Savrai'aWa j3ov\o-6ai /xaXXot' ^ TO, TOJ^ 15 'EXX^wi/ vroXe/xet^. /caXXto-Tov Se TrdvTav etats eyeVero. /xef w^too-ez^ 'Ayi7o~tXaw, et cnreio-atTo ov? 7re)aT/te Trpos /8ao-tXea dyyeXou?, ecraL avra ftrvai avTovopovs TO,? 'Ao~ta 7ToXete / )oi'')75, a w/xocre^ ev0i>s 25 ei//euo-aTO d^Tt yap TOU tipTJvriv irpdrTtiv, TroXv irapa /3ao-tXea)<> 77^05 o> TrpocrOev et^e vre)a7rero. 'Ayryo-tXaos Se', KaiTrep ato'^oju.ei'o? t ow TOVTO TTpuTov KoXov So/cet 54 ATTIC PROSE on r Yi,(Tcra(f)e'pv'r]v /xeV clavier as eniopKOv, amcrTov iraviv eTTofycrev - eavrov 8' cu>T7rtSetas Trparov /xei> op/covs e/A7re8owTa, eVetTa a-wO^Kas /XT) i//evSo'/u,ei>oi', TrdWas eVot^cre /cat "EXXr^as /cat /3a/>/3d/3ov5 evflvs -fjyij(roiTo rrjv a-vvTO^. 6 8e 'A-yi7O"iXaos ou/c e^evcraro, dXX', axnrep TrpoeiTrev, ev6vV TroXe/xtcuv iTTTret?. Kal ot Ilepcrat a.vTLTraperd.^a.vro Trafj.Tr^.yOecrL T' 17/8175 ^etv 6/xdo'e Tot? Se TreXTacrTcus etTre 8/)o/x, tu? aurou re /cat Traces TOU o~TparevjLtaTO5 InofJLfvov. rou? /zeV Sr) tTTTre'ag eSe^airo ot aya#o! Twt' Hepo' Se a/xa -rrdvra Ta Setva iraprjv eV avTov?, /cat ot /xe*> avrtov vOi>s ev TO) Ila/CTCoXaj AGESILAUS OF XENOPHON 55 errecroi', ot Se aXXot e^evyoi'. ot Se "EXXrjves errd/x,/ot at/>ovo"t /cat TO ar/aaroTreSoi/ avro)v. 'O Se 'Ay^crtXao? evBvs rjyev errt ^ctpSet?, /cd/cet a/xa /Ltev create /cat eiropOei ra ?rept TO acrrv, a/xa 8e 5 Kat K-rjpvyiJLaTL eSrjXov, rovs /u,ei/ eXev^e/ota? Seo/xeVovg 10 Trp6cr0v TTpocrKwelv ^EXX^^as d^ay/ca^o/xeVou? 6/3wz/ Tt/xct>/xeVou5 v(^>' ait' vySpt^o^TO, TOV? S' d^tov^Ta? /cat TO-S T&it/ ^eaii/ Tt/xa? Kapirova'0a.i, TOVTOVS Trotrycr avTifiXeireLv Tot? "EXX-^o't Swacr^at /cat TT)I/ yue> (f>L\a)v ^capav aS^WTOv Trape^cov, TYJV Se TWI 15 ovTO) KapirovfJievos atcrre iv Suotv eroti' 7r\eov rotv IKOLTOV raXdvTtov T&J ^ea> ef AeX<^ot5 Se/cciTTyi' oLiroOv *O y^teVTot IIe/3O" alnov et^at TOV /ca/cw? ^e'pecr^at T Kararrfj.\l)a<; dTrere^ev avrov rrjv K^aXrf 20 Se TOVTO TO. /xei/ TW^ /3ap/Bdpa>i> ert d^vfjiorepa eye Ta Se 'AyqcriXdov TroXu epyow/xevecrTepa. dvro yap TO>V 0va>v e7r/3eo~y8euoi/To Trept <^tXta? ? TroXXot Se /cat dTo Trpos avrov opeyo/xevoi a>o-Te ou/ceVt 'EXX^Vcov /MWO^ dXXa /cat 25 TToXXwj/ rjyejjLwi' rjv ' Recalled to Hellas "A^toV ye /xr/v /cat evrevOev u7rep/3aXXovT(U5 dya TroXXots /cat dyatfois Xp7?o-0at o n c'/SovXero, Trpo? Se rovrot? TO /xeytcrroi', 5 eVtvowv /cat ikTTL&v KaraXvcreiv TT)V eVt T^y 'EXXaSa a-Tparevovcrav trporepov a.pxn v ) opus vir ouSei/os TOVTWJ' eKpaTTjQrj ' aXX' eVetS^ ^X^ei/ avrw aTro TOJI^ ot/cot reXwi/ fiorjOelv rfj TrarptSt, eVet^ero r^ TroXet ovSei^ Stao/oeta> eru^ev ecrTT7/c&)5 10 fto^o? Trapa rovg TreWe, /xaXa e^S^Xov TTOIWI/ a>s ou/c ai/ Tracrai/ TT)V y^ Se^atro ai^rt T^S TraryOtSo?. Twy jLtei^ ST) eV rrj 'Acrta Trpdgeaiv TOVTO reXos eye- V6TO. Sta^Sa? 8e TOI' 'EXX^CTTTOI'TOI' TTOpeVTO 8ta Tail' avTMV iQvtov (bvirep 6 nepcrry? TO> Tra/xTrX^^et 15 crroXw ' /cat ^y evLavcriav 68ov 6 (3dp/3apo<; 770117- o~aro, raunyv peiov rj tv p-r^vi KaTtjvvcrev 6 Ay^crt- Xaos. eVet 8e e^a/xeti/;a9 Ma/ceSo^tW ets erraXtat' ac/)t/ceTo, v7rep[3a.X\(DV ra 'A^at/ca r^? O^ta? 0^017 TTOpv6rj ets ra Botwrw^ oyota. evravOa ST) d^rt- evpaiv 77/3atovs 'A^^atou? 'Apyetov? Ati/ta^a? Eu/3oeas /cat Ao/cpov? d/x^ore- ovSev e/xeXX^o'ei', dXX* e/c TOU (fxivepov GL erarre, Aa^eSatjaovtwi/ /xev e)(6Ji> p.6pav /cat rS>v 8* avroOev cru/xjact^wt' 4>co/ceas /cat ' 25 fj.6vov<;, TO T' aXXo o"TjoaTev/xa OTre/3 r)yayeTO Battle of Coronea T7- \ / 1 > (/ , Jvat rj jLta^i^ eyeveTO oiairep OVK ev yap ets TO KaTa AGESILAUS OF XENOPHON 57 ol (J.CV crvv 'AyrjcnXda) dVo row Kry^tfrov, ot Se o~w rot? Q^ySatot? (XTTO rov 'EXt/caii/o?. ewpan/ Se rets re (^aXayya? aXXryXcJi/ fj.a\a tcrojaa^oi;?, Se /cat ot tTTTrets ^crav eKarepcov IcronXrjBel 1 ;. 5 oe 6 'AyT^crtXao? yu.et' TO oe^tov roi) ^ae^' ecturov, 'O/^o/zeVtot Se ecr^arot ^crai' avrw rou evuvv/jLOV. ot 8' av @77/3atot avrot /xef Se^tot rjcrai>, 'Ayoyetot 8' avrot? TO evtovvpov ziyov. ^VVLOVTMV 8e, T60J5 /XCt' O~ty>) TToXXr) ^ ttTT* dfJis 0,770 r^5 'Ay^criXaou (^aXayyo? w^ 'HyOtTTTTtSag e'^e- z/ctyet. T^o'ai' 8' ovTot TOJI^ re e^ ot/cou auTw avcrTpa- 15 Tio"a/xefcov /cat roif Kuyoewyf Tti^e?, Kat *Iwve? Se /cat AtoXeT? /cat 'EXXTycrTrwrtot e^o/xi/ot. /cat TroWe? ouTot TW^ o"f^/c8pajuo^Tajy TC eyeVovTO /cat et? 8opu erpeijjavTo TO /ca^' eauTov?. 'Apyetot ou/c cSe^a^TO TOU? d/x^)' 'Ay^o-tXaoz', dXX* 20 e^vyot' e?rt roy 'EXt/cwra. Kdi/Tav^a ot /a' Tti^e? T&iy ^zvuv e err e avow 17817 TOI> 'Ayryo-tXaov, dyyeXXet 8e Tt? avTOJ ort rjftcuoL TOVS 'Qp)(oiJ.evLovs 8ta/coi//avT5 eV TO?? o~/ceuo(/>o/3ot? eto~t. /cat o /xe^ ev0v<; e^eXt^a? Tir)f ^ctXayya -^yev CTT* 25 avTou? ot 8' au rj/3aloL, a>? eTSov TOV? Trpo? TO> 'EXt^Qjvt 7re^>fyoTa?, StaTreo-ett' Trpo? TOW? eafTwv, l^aipovv eppwjuevaj?. IvTavOa 'Ay^crtXaoi' di/8petoy juev e^ecrnv tiireiv d ov /xe'fTot etXeTo ye TO, do~(^aXeo"TaTa e^o^ yap 58 ATTIC PROSE TOV5 StaTTtTrroKra? eVo/xeW xetpovo-0at rovs oiricrBtv, OVK e7rouyo"e rovro, aXX a^rttterwTros crwep- pae rot? 77/3atoi5. /cat o-v^SaXoWe? ra? aaTrt- Sas, (D0ovvTo etta^o^ro aireKreivov aTreflvTja'Kov. /cat Kpavyr) /xeV ov8e/xta Traprp, ov p.rjv ovSe crtyry, Se' rts ip roiavTT) olav opyrf re /cat /xa^ av. reXo$ 8e r &rjftaia)v ot /xet Sta7rt7rrouo~t awa, vroXXot S' dTro)((t)povvT6<; a.ir4Ba.vov. Se 17 ttei' vt/CTy o'ut' 'Ay77o~iXaoj eyeVero, 10 rerpw/xeVo? S' avro? irpoa-^ve^dr) Trpos rr)y ^xxXayya, 7r/)oo"eXao~afres rtve? TQJI/ l-mreaiv Xeyovcrtv avrtu, ort TOJI/ TroXeLttajv oySory/covra (rut' rot? oVXot? UTTO rw \>/ / \ *' ' raw eto"t, /cat rjpaiTwv rt ^/3i7 vrotetv. o oe, /catTrep TroXXa rpav/xara e^wi' TravToae /cat TraKrotots 077X015, 15 o/xws ov/c eTreXa^ero rov Oeiov, aXX' eav re ctTTteVat- OTrot /SovXowro e/ceXeve Kat aSt/cer^ ov/c eta, Kat ?rpo- 7retti|;at eTre'ra^e rovs a/x^>* O.VTOV t7T7ret5, eo~re eV ra) acr^aXet eyeVovro. 'Evret ye tu)i> eXrj^ev rj /".ct^, Traprjv S^ OedcracrOai, 20 ev^a (TweTrecrov aXXr^Xot?, r^f /xe^ y^v at'ttart ntXtou5 /cat 7roXetitov5 tier' aXXr^Xwv, ao-7rtSa5 Se Stare^pvtttteVa5, Sdpara eVa, ey^etptSta yv^jLva. KoXeaij^, TO. LieV ra 8' e^ o-a>/xao-t, ra S' ert /xera ^etpas. Tore 25 /xeV ow, /cat yap ^i/ ^817 6i//e', avi/eX/cvo-a^re? rov? CTO.VTO /cat KOLfjLij0r)crav Trpwt Se FvXti/ rov TroXe- p>apXv Trapara^at re e/ce'Xevcre ro o~rparev/xa Kat rpoircuov to~rao-^at, Kat o"re<^avovo-^at TrdVras TO; AGESILAUS OF XENOPHON 59 #eo>, /cat roug auX^rdg Traz'rag avXelv. /cat ot juev ravr' lirolovv ' ot Se r)fialoL e7re/ui//ai> KTjpVKa, VTTO- cnrovoovs rovg ve/cpovg atrovVreg Odfyai. /cat ovrwg Sr) at re tero ? ou KLVOVVOIV a^tcrraro, ov 10 e^etSero, ov o^aj^aa, ou yfjpas 7r/oovao-teTO, dXXd /cat dya^ou rovro epyov e^d/xt^e, TO roug a>px~ as TrXetcrra ayaOa troiew. et ye /u,^ aS EXX^z/a dvra (^tXe'XX^va elvai, TWO, rt? elSe^ dXXof w? ei^ T^ e^ Kopiv0a> OKTQ) fJikv Aa/ceoat/jto^twv eyyu? 8e [JLvpioi TMV tajv T.6vai.V) OVK e(j>rj(T0el<; ffravepbs tyevero, 20 dXX' etTrev d'pa, ei) w 'EXXdg, OTrdre ot I'v^ re^^/cdre? t/cat'Ot f)o~av ^wi^re? viKav TraVra? rov? j3ap/3dpova7ro8t{eo-^at Se'ot ' TrdXetg, dXXd o-oxfrpovL^eus. Et Se row? 6^)17, f)iJi(ov avT&v a^avtov/xev, opdt' ^p?) /AT) ovS* orou ra)i/ 60 ATTIC PROSE Spartan Simplicity "Ayctjucu Se /cd/ceu>o 'AyTjcrtXaov, 6Vt ovx OTrdrepo? n-Xeuo re xpijfJiaTa e^ot /cat TrXetdz'au' ap^ai, TOUTOJ ^yTycraro /x,etov (f>povr]Toi> elvai, dXX' OTrdrepo? avrds re apeivtov irj /cat ap..ivovuv -^yoiro. 6 /xef ya/3 5 IIe/)cn75, vo[LitfDV, yv xPVP' aTa TrXeta-ra ex>7, Trat'^' u^>' eavTw TToirjcrea-OaL, 8ta rovro Trav /AO> TO ef avdp(i)Troi e7reo-TT7cra.ro * 7retpacracr^&) 8e 0ea.aa.crO a i rrfv 15 ei'Soi' /caTacTKeu^, Ivvorjo-aTa) Se a>s e^otVa^ev eV Tat? , d/covcraTaj Se a>? eTTt TroXtTt/cov Ka.va.upov et? 'A/xu/cXa? 17 Bvydrrip avrov. roiyacpovv ovrco? e'^apjLtdcra? ra? SaTrat-a? Tat? TrpocrdSot?, ouSei' ^ay/ca^eTO ^prjfjLaTCDv eVe/ca aStK'o^ 20 Katrot KaXoi> p,ev 8o/cet etfat KTacruai VTTO TroXe/xtw^ ' TroXv jLte^TOt eywye KaXXtoi' Kpiva) TO TI)^ avroi) \tyv\r)v dvd\u>Tov /caracr/ceuacrat /cat VTTO xp-r)p.dT(Dv /cat VTTO 7780^001^ Kat UTTO (j)6/3ov. Hunting as Part of a Liberal Education To jue> evprjfjia Oeuv, 'ATrdXXcDi'o? /cat 'Apre/xtSo?, 2 5 aypai /cat Kui^e? eSocrav 8e /cat eTt^cra^ TOVTCO Sta St/catdrTa. 6 8e \a3a)V e'a TO> CYNEGETICUS OF XENOPHON 6 1 SwpetaXecre, T^ S' avroi) TraryotSa TroXXw juet^c ert /cat vw Ba.v^(itf.rai. 'OSucrcrev? Se /cat v /cat Ka#' ei^ e/cacrrov, TO Se oXoi' atrtot aXajvat- Kacrrwp Se /cat IIoXvSevK^?, ocra 10 CTreSet^ai/ro ei/ r^ 'EXXctSt rwf Trapa Xetjowt'o?, Sta ro aftcu/xa TO e/c TOVTWI' dOdvaroi ela-iv. At^eta? 8e, crwcras /xei^ TOUS TraTpwov? /cat /X^T/OOJOV? 060VS, o~wo~a) orvXrjdfjvai. Xet5 Se et' ravrr) rfj TratSeta Tyoa^et?, OUTOJ /caXa /cat jaeyaXa fjivrj/JLela TrayoeScu/cei/ ajore ovre \eyv Trepl e/cetVou ouSet? aTrayopeuet. ovrot rotoi)- TOt lyevovTO e/c r^? eTTt/xeXeta? TI^? irapd Xeipw^o?. 20 'Eya; ju,ei^ ouv TTapaLva* TOI? ^eots JLI^ KaLTav on TUP veairepcov rj rjftovr) fjiovrj avrrj TrXetora aya^a 7rapacr/cevaet. craj^pot'as TC w 62 ATTIC PROSE yap TTOtet /cat St/catov9 Sta TO eV Try aXr^peta TTO.I- Seveo-0at. a/xetVou? Se /cat ot eWXewTes Trovtlv. /cat TOVTO eVtSe'Set/a-at /ueyaXa> TrapaSety/xaTt TWI^ yap 7raXatoTepct>i> ot irapa Xetpcoi'i, aj*> eiTeiJivijo~6r)v ) veoi 5 WTC? dp^dfJievoL diro TWV Kwriyzcntov TroXXa Kat /caXa epaOov ' eg wv eyevero avTot? /xeyaXi? dpeTtj, Si fjv /cat *>9z> OavfJid^ovTai. rjs oTt /ae^ epaio~t 7rai/T9, evSr^Xov ' OTt Se Sta TTOI/CDI' eo-Tt TU^etf avT-rjs, ot TroXXot a<^)tcrTai/Tat. TO /u,ei> yap /caTepyao~ao-^at 10 avrrjv aSr/Xo^, ot 8e Trwot ot ev Se TOJ^ o~oto~Ta>f KaXovpevaiv, on uev CTT' dpTr)v ayetv ot TroXXot TOVS ^eov9 ? ayovo"t o eTTt TOVVOLVTIOV ' ov yap avSpa TTOV ewpa/ca/xe^ ovnv 15 ot ^w o~o^tcTTat dyaOov eTrot^crav. eya> Se tStajT^? jote^ et/Ai, otSa Se ort KparidTov i*,ev ecrTt Trapd avrrjs TT)? ? TO dyaObv Stao*/ceo-^at, Sevrepov Se Trapa TWI^ d\r)0a)v. 10*009 ow Totg 20 ju,ei/ ovofjiacriv ov o~eo~o^>to-/xeVw5 Xeytu ' ovSe yap ^TW TOUTO ' oSi/ Se Seovrai etg dperrjv ot /caXws 7r7rat8eu/xeVot, opBax; eyvwcr/ieVa 4 1 ? 7 "^ Xeyeu/. ot'd- /otaTa /otey yap ou/c ai/ TratSeucretai/, yi/a>/>tat Se, et /caXa>9 e^otef. \jjeyovcrL 8e /cat aXXot TroXXot TOU? 25 i/w o~otXocro<^>ou9, OTt et' Tot9 OVOJJ,O.O~L o~o(f)iovTa,i /cat ou/c et* To?9 vo>^u,ao~tzA TO, /xe^ ovf TWf oros /cat #eot rovrw TO) e/oyw ^aipovcTL /cat Trparroj're? /cat opw^res' worre VTT(ip\.lV ev0V[J.OVfJLl'OV<; TOVTGJV 0Oi\o)v. ov IMOVOV Se ocrot aVSpeTOv 25 TOVTO yap av ouSe yap ov8e TOVTO on apioV av /xoi /x,a Ata jU/^Sev TOI'VVV ei p.rj nv ovv a>s ov8' av ovo oiaOa jU.ev ovv Kai cry aKOixravTa 8e TavTa TOV Kvpov /cai yap 817 TL 8 av eyai O"oi rfj /x,ev yap yvvaiKi 77 Kai e/Ae ovv Kai a /xev av avruv Kai o ye ^T/pos O-ITOS oT8a yow ovVav ev TOIWV rrj 'A.s ov8' av 8l>0 dv8pS | 6 TpOS 7Tl TOV TpOU EQ-T^Kcbs | TOU vSaTOS VTTfpe^OtEV 25 22 25 ois KaAais eSwSt/xos yiyvr)Tai \ em[J.eXr)Tfov 45 I oT8a yovv ovcrav | Kat do-Tn'Sa KaXrjv Kal ft'<^>os Kat 8dpv 47 23 ev TOI'WV rfj 'Acrta | TySf TrpwTi7 Trpa^ts eyevero 53 18 TO TE ovv Treov s 35 Kapt'av 8t/8t/3acr 54 10 ivraWa. 8^7 'Ay^o-t'Xaov | dvSpftov /lev I&o-Ttv eiVav 57 27 el yc p.^v a5 KaXov | "EAA77V* ovTa ^LXfXXrjv eTvat 59 12. Responsiveness of the Greek Language. The saying, "Well begun is half done," has a peculiar aptness to the task of writing WRITER'S GUIDE 69 Attic prose. The learner who promptly starts his Greek sentence in the right way, impelled by a true synthetic feeling, must have already conquered in great measure the difficulties of the finish. For in a language where the arrangement of the words is largely 5 independent of the grammatical construction there must be a facile comprehension of the grammatical form before the mind can deal freely with the effects of order. As regards the larger groupings, in good writing, the arrangement is mainly the same in English as in Greek, when the intention is the same; hence in 10 translating, the order of the principal masses must usually be pre- served, with such shifting of the grammatical construction as the difference of idiom may demand. But in dealing with words, the subtle effects of position are elusive, sometimes fairly untranslatable ; and here the writer of Greek has, in the direct and immediate re- 15 sponsiveness of the instrument at his command, an advantage over the writer of a modern analytical language, for which only rare power and consummate skill can even partially compensate. In English the order of words, individually considered, is hampered by the law of intelligibility ; rhetoric is at the mercy of grammar : but in Greek, 20 where grammar and rhetoric are rather harmonious than inter- dependent, there is, from the largest to the smallest element, a well- nigh perfect freedom of arrangement. The Greek Order. The Greek principle of order is that of natural suggestiveness and succession of ideas, as determined, for any given 25 moment, by the mood and purpose of the speaker or writer. The thought which first arises before his mind first finds expression; the next arising is next expressed ; and so on through a series of ideas, simple and complex, until the last that mentally presents itself is presented also verbally as the last. We cannot say that in Greek the 30 thoughts are arranged in the direct order of their importance, since there are various phases of importance, variously interpreted ; nor in the order of emphasis, as the word is now commonly understood. In the antique sense of the term, however, an emphatic position is a position of priority ; and such a place in the series may at any time 35 be held by a member which, from some point of view other than that of natural suggestiveness and straight-forward mental move- ment, is of inferior importance. The power of ideas their ethical character of force, weight, color is inherent in the symbols chosen to represent them ; but the order in which they occur to the mind, 70 ATTIC PROSE and are arranged in Greek writing, is not conditioned by these qualities as such. The beauty of the Greek order consists in its spontaneity, due to the mutual independence and harmonious co- operation of rhetorical and grammatical form. The sequence and 5 involution of the words reflect intimately the sequence and involu- tion of the thoughts ; and the flow of the thoughts is determined, in any given situation, by a power evolved, according to laws which can- not be precisely formulated, from the author's intention and state of mind. To know the author and his language, to be educated by 10 him, to fall under his spell, and finally with some measure of success to imitate his art, the learner must, as far as possible, make that intention and state of mind his own. The arbitrary restrictions of our idiom are such as to produce regularly, in certain forms of expression, the effect of an ascending 15 scale. Hence often in translating from the Greek the only arrange- ment permissible in English prose exhibits an inverted order of the words : e/a^erat MavSav?^ ws r/SicrTa SeiTrveTi' crov KaAAiov oivo^o- riv eorea^t ('ye will hinder one another from many blessings') 27 n. Here the English shows the ascending scale at the close of the first member of the period, but not of the second ; the tone is shifted, while the 15 order remains the same. But it is the order that changes in the Greek : e/A7roSwv comes to the front as the new thought, while TroA- Aoiv xal ayaOuv, already once presented, falls behind. Likewise, the suggestions of contrast have been at work here (e/ATroSwv the oppo- site of amot), to produce the so-called chiastic arrangement : ayaOwv 20 airtot ' e/ATToSwv ayaOwv. Also, 7rt;(ipi;(ms apxv ' KaraAvciv Treipd- o-o-#e. Cf. 17 24-18 i, the two positions of TOUS o-Tpanwras. The Group as Unit. It is essential to a sound comprehension of the principle of the Greek order that the rhetorical precedence of the complex factor over the individual word should \# clearly 25 recognized. The order is revealed by counting units ; and the sensible unit is in the first instance not the word, but the group. Occasionally, though rarely, the waves or pulsations of thought proceed with perfect regularity and simplicity in the form of single words, so that in counting the words we count also the units : 30 IwOovvTO | e/jLa^ovTO \ CLTTIKTUVOV \ aTriOvrjaKov 58 4. But commonly the undulations are of varying length and volume, and, genetically, anything but simple. They might be conceived as successive rings or spirals, which have a distinct unity of their own, while within them the individuality of many a word, otherwise significant enough, 35 becomes rhetorically submerged and subordinated. MiKpov ex ( 2 ) *X WV - Why, then, did not Xenophon write fUKpov \iTwva xa>v? Simply because Ix 10 ^ ^ an individual, was swept away and lost to view, under the unifying power of the stream of thought. 10 Take, again, ws S' d^ucero Ta^iora, ' as soon as she arrived,' 2 i. In such a complex are we to begin by counting the words, and try to explain matters by insisting that d:Kero stands before Ta^tora, or Toyuna. after afy'-KiTol Certainly not. Here is a question not of one, two, or of one, two, three, but simply of one. By the driv- 15 ing of a(f)iKTo into the centre of ws Ta^iora the double purpose is served of expanding the phrase and minimizing the individuality of the word. We may not say that Ta^tcrTa is emphatic (supposing some invariable meaning of the word emphatic to have been agreed upon) because it is placed last ; for then what right should we have 20 to deny that the last word must be emphatic in ws Se Ta^tcrra d:/s S' d^'Kero Ta^wrra is more impos- ing than the unit s rd^to-Ta, as it rose swiftly before the writers mind, acquired such momentum and volume as to swallow its parent diKTo and bear it along in a position of comparative helplessness and obscurity. Figurative language apart, the phenomenon under consideration 35 is really a phase of periodic structure. As the whole period, a com- plex organism, derives its name from the inevitable tendency of synthetic utterance to hold thought in suspense until an effect of unity be secured by coming round again as it were to the point of departure, so within the several word-groups, practically indi- 74 ATTIC PROSE visible, of which the period is composed, the same tendency is at work to produce an involved and rounded form. In //.tKpov l^wv XITWVO. and ws S' av /caAcov re KayaOwv 40 8. The compact unity and imposing figure of the last colon or comma strike the hearer at 15 once. The grammatical nucleus e\6flv is linked to the surrounding envelope by the preposition and its immediate object nva, the latter being similarly involved as eA&iv itself. Here again we can count only one, to begin with. Probing farther, however, more deeply than the speaker can consciously have gone, we may count two : (i) avrwv 20 TU>V KoAov/xeVw Ka\!av Tf. KayaOljJv, (2) tiri nva eXOtlv. Analyzing (i), we find it double, the intensive avrw naturally taking the pre- cedence. Dissecting its latter portion, TOV KaAov/nei/wv xaAaiv re KayaOtav, the principle of priority is confirmed to the last : KaAeto-ftu, newcomer for the nonce by contrast with o9, is emphasized, 25 while the appellation itself falls behind. It is instructive to com- pare with this the arrangement of another passage, Oav/j,dS' av ol aA/a//.oi Svvaivro T}V | d fi-rj e?ev ot epya^d/xevoi, 'the valiant them- selves would be unable to live, were the tillers of the soil not there, 1 37 22. Order, abbe. The mean terms, T?V and e?yat, are brought 25 into juxtaposition (very neatly, to be sure) merely by the receding of 01 epyao/xevoi, which would have no right to an emphatic place immediately after the same thought has been explicitly enunciated, TOVS /caTao-KuaovTa? ras x^P as KT ^-- ^ 2I< Such is chiasmus. Antithesis, on the other hand, is not of contrast and recession, but 30 of simple opposition. Another series, of similar but new members, is brought ' face to face ' with the first series. Antithesis 5 7mTs "~ / *^ ots >< /U " /) V ~~ X L va : chiasmus ) AntiineSis -\ ^ x / /* , . ( Trcuoa fJLiKpov ><- fjieyav ^trcuva : cniasmus > fa b b' c ) 35 1 a' b' b c' } Finally, it is worthy of remark, that when chiasmus occurs in Eng- lish, as not infrequently in poetry, it affords relief from the rather 76 ATTIC PROSE tiresome ascending scale imposed by the limitations of prosaic speech ; as in the closing line of Milton's Lycidas : To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new. Euphony. A sense of euphony often appears to be the final 5 determining motive in the arrangement of words. Among several possible positions, any one of which would convey the whole intended meaning with sufficient precision, the choice is apt to be made (that is to say, the thoughts are prone to flow) in obedience to an instinctive desire to avoid harsh or disturbing sounds, and secure agreeable effects 10 of melody and cadence. Even in the selection of the words them- selves the same motive is ever at work, under the same limitations. But euphony of language is only part of a greater harmony ; it is not of the ear alone, but of the soul. Sense and sound are in- separably bound together, particularly in a dialect moulded by the 15 use of a sensitive artistic people. Hence, if at any time the Greek which we have written seems to sound badly, the reason is probably that we have not succeeded in saying exactly what we meant to say : some word has been wrongly chosen, or a false or unusual form employed ; or we have not arranged the words idiomatically, as an 20 Attic writer would have arranged them in the order adapted to the most direct and telling presentation of the thought. Rhetoric and Grammar. Underlying the rhetorical art, and intimately associated therewith, are the principles of grammar. Grammar is to the writer what drawing is to the painter. In order 25 to achieve desired effects of color, grouping, and imagery, the artist must be able to draw correctly. There are certain well- defined laws of delineation and perspective which he may not violate and with which he ought to be acquainted, although the mere understanding of them would never enable him to paint a 30 picture. So closely are rhetoric and grammar bound together that at some points of contact their respective functions are hardly distinguishable. But the learner should be warned against the danger of confusing them. The fundamental principles of gram- mar are absolute, and capable of exact definition; but the ways 35 of applying them are manifold and various, subject ultimately to no limitations other than those of common sense. Thus, for example, the several forms of conditional clauses in Greek may be classified and defined with strict precision ; but conditional sentences WRITER'S GUIDE 77 are not amenable to scientific classification and definition. The meaning of the whole sentence, or hypothetical period, as it is some- times termed, is the result of combining a condition and a conclu- sion ; and this meaning changes as the combination changes, while 5 the inherent value of either member, considered apart from guiding suggestions of context or environment, remains simple and constant. Ei dvcurrcur/Te op-^ao^fvoL does not admit various definitions and assume various meanings because the conclusion appended to it may at one time be ovS' opdovaOai iSvvacrdt 5 7, at another time OVK 10 av Svyaio-df, or ov Bvmrja-evde, or ou Svvao-Ot. The truth is that in passing from conditional clauses to conditional sentences we have virtually crossed the boundary line which divides science and art ; and if we fail to realize the fact of this transition, we run the risk of misunderstanding the nature of both elements of viewing 15 grammatical principles which are absolute as if they were variable, while perversely attempting to fix by rule the shifting and arbitrary combinations of rhetoric. If, however, the distinction here pointed out be fairly borne in mind, there is secured, on the one side, a true grammar, a standard of first principles, for our guidance ; while, on 20 the other side, it becomes highly interesting and instructive to observe the numerous combinations that are rationally admissible, and to note the comparative frequency of their occurrence, as deter- mined, partly by the species of composition, partly by the idiosyn- crasies of the writer himself. 25 Grammatical Terminology. A word of warning is likewise needed with regard to certain wrong impressions apt to be conveyed by the traditional terminology of the Greek grammars. Technical terms cannot, at the best, serve the purpose of definition ; as a rule, they can do no more than embody an appropriate thought for handy refer- 30 ence. But names that are positively false lead the learner astray and work insidious mischief in his mind, even when they are flatly contra- dicted by the explanations offered and the examples cited under them. An illustration of this evil is afforded by the terms "pres- ent" and "imperfect," as commonly employed. There is, indeed, 35 an Imperfect stem, well so named, upon which are built familiar forms of the Greek verb : Aenreiv, XetVet, eAetTre, XeL-rrr), Xeiiroi, XCITTC, AtiVtov are all true imperfects of the Active Voice ; and XetVei and AeAotTTt are both truly present, one of the Imperfect, the other of the Perfect stem. Yet we hear of a "present 11 Infinitive, or a 7 g ATTIC PROSE "present" Subjunctive, as if any mode except the Indicative could express time as past or present ; while, again, the term " imperfect " is currently employed exactly as if some notion of past time could properly be conveyed by this word. Even the name "aorist" 5 (do/noros, indefinitus) comes to be associated in the minds of learners with a notion of past time, although in fact the only past form of the Aorist stem is the one that bears the augment, namely the Indicative. In truth there are two tenses of present time, the Present-Imper- 10 feet and the Present-Perfect. There are also the Past- Imperfect, the Past-Perfect, and the Past-Aorist. These are of the Indicative mode only. The properties and values of the several action-stems, clearly explained in the grammars, are common to all the modes and tenses formed thereon. The meaning of Aenray is 'to be leaving, 1 15 while AiTreTi/ means simply ' to leave.' Whatever is true of AeiTreiv, as an Imperfect, is equally true of XeiTra, IA.CITTC, XttTrrj, AetVoi, XeTTre, AeiTTwi/. Just as we have the several modes of the Aorist or the Perfect stem, so of the Imperfect stem we really find a present and a past Indicative; and there is a Subjunctive, an Optative, an Im- 20 perative, an Infinitive, a Participle, of the Imperfect, but of course not of the present. Temporal and Modal Expression. The phenomena of Greek temporal and modal expression are to be classified and defined separately, by their essential marks and attributes without con- 25 fusion of the temporal and the modal principle. A conditional clause is essentially a modal form of expression, and the true division of conditions is according to the Modes employed in stating them. To refer ei Swarat or ct cSuva-ro to a class of "present and past" conditions, as is sometimes done, is to convey 30 to the learner no new truth about the verbal forms Swctrot and eSwaro, and no truth whatever that pertains to the clauses as con- ditionals. Both clauses, since they are expressed by means of the Indicative mode, are suppositions of the actual or real : just as ^v SvvrjTai, by virtue of the Subjunctive mode, is a supposition of 35 the possible or feasible ; and ei SuVatro, by virtue of the Optative mode, a supposition of the conceivable or ideal. Only secondarily and incidentally can a conditional clause convey a temporal idea : the Real Condition is the only sort of condition that can positively express time as well as manner, because the Indicative is the only WRITER'S GUIDE 79 mode which has temporal forms, except upon the Future stem. Therefore the attempt to classify conditions according to the ele- ment of time leads to results which are partly gratuitous (in the case of the Indicative mode) and partly false (in the case of the Subjunc- 5 tive and Optative modes), while containing no suggestion of the value and significance of the clauses in respect of their conditional nature. Pure Conditional Clauses. As original constructions,/.!?, when not so dependent as to have assumed a secondary form or phase under the influence of a verb of past time governing the sentence, 10 there are three pure conditionals in Attic prose. I. Supposition of the Actual, or Real Condition. A supposed case, assumed or conceded as actual in present, past, or future time, is stated by means of the Indicative. II. Supposition of the Possible, or Circumstantial Condition. 15 A supposed case is stated, not as actual, but as still possible, by means of the Subjunctive. III. Supposition of the Conceivable, or Vague Condition. A supposed case, conceived without regard to time or possibility, is stated by means of an Optative not of the Future. 20 Pure conditional clauses once classified and defined, we are ready to consider the more or less usual combinations of them with other constructions to form the conditional sentence or hypothetical period. Real Condition. I. As regards the Real Condition, it is to be 25 observed, in the first place, that the Greek has no separate form to express an unreal condition. If the supposition of reality is intended as a false one, this unreality is shown only by the context, usually by the presence of a Potential of the Past in the conclusion of the sen- tence. Ei oroepoj>Tws ~rj i 80 ATTIC PROSE /AOVOS Trapa TOUS -rrevre 56 8 : i.e. his obedience was as prompt and unhesitating as if, instead of being in Asia at the head of a victorious army, he had chanced (the Greek says 'if he chanced') to be stand- ing "alone in the presence of the five Ephors of Sparta. The precise 5 interpretation of ' crux 6 " can only be got, yet is readily got, from the connection ; there is, after rj, an easy ellipse of the Potential, The Real Condition of future time has always a marked rhetori- cal significance, varying slightly in tone according to the circum- 10 stances indicated. For it is only by an act of the imagination, the result of heightened feeling, that a future contingency can be sup- posed as real. Ordinarily, when the point of view is future, the Supposition of the Possible is employed, as a matter of course. The Real Condition of the future is never a matter of course, but always 15 implies a greater than ordinary interest in the case supposed ; con- veying sometimes the effect of a threat or a warning, sometimes apprehension, dread, or anxious hope. 1 The difference between the Real and the Circumstantial Condition, rhetorically considered, is well shown in a passage already quoted from The Charge of Cam- 20 byses 72 6. There, ty TO XOLTTOV OVT the tone rises, and a note of warning is distinctly struck. See a 25 precisely similar example in Last Words of Cyrus 32 14-17. Ad- monitory also is 59 26 f. Again, Socrates, in the Symposium of Xenophon, is made to remark with pleasantry, that his choice of a helpmeet, like the selection by jockeys of more than usually mettle- some animals for practice in horse-breaking, afforded him an 30 excellent propaedeutic discipline for successful dealings with man- kind in general : cv eiSws on, ei rairriyv VTroi'cra) (' if I manage to endure her" 1 ), paS'ws rots ye aXXots awamv dv0pa>7rois owro/xai 49 10. A matter-of-course yv ravrr/v V7ro would have been feeble here ; the prospect of sustaining or continuing to sustain matrimo- 35 nial relations with a Xanthippe might well impress itself upon the 1 The Supposition of the Possible may he employed in connection with an idea of apprehension or dread, as seen in the construction of the Sub- jective Conditional 90 38; but this idea is not suggested by the form of the condition itself, when the Subjunctive is used. WRITER'S GUIDE 8 1 mind with peculiar vividness of apprehension. Note that in this passage also the Real Condition is preceded by the Circumstantial Condition in mentioning the horse-breakers, the unremarkable rjv Swcovrai Ka.rf.\uv 49 7. 5 Circumstantial Condition. II. The Circumstantial Condition is employed in combination with the Universal Present, or with some other form of expression in which the point of view is not past. A past point of view and the Singular Present are excluded by virtue of the essential meaning of the Subjunctive mode. While 10 the uses of the Latin subjunctive, so-named, are only to a limited extent the same as those of the Greek mode (in conditionals, totally diverse), the English and the Greek subjunctive are alike in nature. But the obsolescence of a distinction of form between indicative and subjunctive in the English language has tended to obscure this truth. 15 Vague Condition. III. The Vague Condition is exceedingly loose as to its rhetorical associations totd passim regione vagatur. There is no limitation of the temporal point of view, as to present, past, or future. The conclusion, however, must be of an indefinite or a universal character; a specific or singular form of statement 20 in the apodosis (an Indicative of the future is not such) would be inconsistent with the essential meaning of the Optative mode. The conclusion is often a Past-Imperfect, of habitual action ; sometimes an Indicative of the future ; less rarely a Universal Present ; very often a Potential. But the characteristic vagueness finds expression 25 in a great variety of ways through an Infinitive or a verbal sub- stantive, or something of an elliptical or exclamatory nature. The royal cupbearers of the Orient, as Xenophon affirms, regularly taste the wine which they have poured, before offering the cup, TOV orj ei (fxipfJMKa. eyxeoiev fir] \vo~LTt\eiv avrot?, ' to the end forsooth that, 30 supposing them to pour in deadly drugs, it may avail them not,' 4 19. Xapi'ev, exclaims King Astyages, on being asked by his grandson if he might take the other boys and go a-hunting ; x a P* v > f.1 fVfKa. Kpeaoioiv Trj Ovyarpl TOV TraLoa d.Tro(3ovKO\rjo~aifJii, ' A pretty mess, were I to let my daughter's child stray from the fold, for the 35 sake of a few morsels of meat!' 11 26. Similarly, ovoev o TOIOVTOV tlr] 17 aoui WOT' ex rov irXyptartpov is rov Kvo>Tpov peiv I//AUJV, eav aiTTwfJLeOa dAA^Awv, ' It were a capital idea, supposing wisdom to be such a thing as to flow out of the fuller man into the emptier one among us, if we take hold of each other. 1 10 Note that the fanciful and purely imaginary character of the first hypothesis is not shared by the second, eav airT(i>p.tda dAAr/Awv. In The Death of Cyrus the Younger, Xenophon mentions the custom, regularly observed by Persian military leaders, of holding the central position in the line : nyu^ovres OVTOJ Kai ev acr^aAfOTaTU) eivai, r)v 17 15 -rj i0ev, cai ct TI 7ra.payyetA.cu ^pr/'^oiev, Tjp.ivf.1 av Xpov aiV0aveo-ftu TO orpaTeu/na, ' believing that they are not only in the safest place in this way, if their force be on either hand, but also, should they wish to pass an order, it would take but half as long a time for the army to apprehend it, 1 36 19. There is in the 20 second hypothesis, et rt TrapayyeiAai xpyt.oitv, nothing of a fanciful or extraordinary nature, nor is it by any means intended to suggest something unlikely to occur ; but the ideal form is appropriate to a supposed case not marked by the inevitableness, the purely circum- stantial or explanatory quality of yv y 17 to-^ws avroiv c/caTe'pwfov. 25 Relative Indefinite. Relative clauses, not denoting purpose, introduced by relative pronouns or adverbs (except those meaning until and Trpiv before) referring to an indefinite antecedent, have the same uses of the modes as conditional clauses. The pro- portion of frequency of occurrence, however, among the different 30 classes is, as might be expected, not the same in conditional relative clauses as in pure conditionals. The Subjunctive is ex- ceedingly common, 3 24, 4 17, 5 24. 25, 6 2, 5, 8 12. The Indicative is of far less frequent occurrence than the Subjunctive in indefinite relative clauses, 5 27, 10 1 1 ; the indicative of the future, exceed- 35 m gly rare. The Vague Condition as a relative construction is fre- quent, more usual when the point of view is past than otherwise, 1 14, 7 22, 8 2, 12 15, 21. An example in which the point of view is not past occurs in The Grand Hunting Party : Cyrus, to his grand- sire the king, Ei /8ovA, ^17, lySews p.t OijpZv, aes TOUS KO.T e>c WRITER'S GUIDE 83 Travras SICOKCIV /cat 8taywn'r0cu OTTOS ocao-ros KpaTiora SWHTO 12 8 : /'.*. If you wish me to enjoy my hunting, permit my mates to vie with me in the chase, ' each one with all his might, as best he may ' (OTTWS e/cacrTos KpaTtcrra SWCUTO). The modal construction is the 5 same as if ei TTO>S had been said instead of OTTOS, but there is no idiomatic equivalent in English, as far as the mode is concerned. In the Greek, the speaker does not commit himself to a real, or even a possible, supposition of ability and strength as variously to be manifested by his several companions : he merely puts the case 10 hypothetically, in the vaguest manner. Original and Secondary Constructions. In dealing with the Optative mode it is necessary to distinguish with care between Original and Secondary constructions. There are only three ori- ginal constructions of the optative : the expression of a wish, the 15 potential use (with av), and the pure conditional or conditional relative clause. In all other uses the optative is secondary theoretically replacing the indicative or the subjunctive in a sub- ordinate clause under the influence of a verb of past time governing the sentence. We find that all subordinate clauses in Greek are 20 to be assigned to one or the other of two great classes, marked by a fundamental difference of character. In one of these classes the Optative may not replace the indicative or the subjunctive in the subordinate clause under the influence of a verb of past time in the superior clause; so that all optatives occurring in clauses of this 25 class, when the verb of the superior clause is not itself dependent, are original constructions, 1 14, 2 23, 5 6, 7 22, 27. In the other class the Optative may, with certain limitations, be so generated under the influence of the past time of the superior clause ; and any optative not potential that occurs in a clause of this (second) 30 class must be a secondary construction, 3 3, 4 24, 5 19, 7 7, 8. The principle underlying this division must be briefly explained before presenting a tabular statement of the classification itself. Subordinate clauses are of the First or the Second class, accord- ingly as they designate purely external circumstances and condi- 35 tions, or pertain inwardly in some way to the active consciousness of the subject of the superior clause. Oi yovets cTrt/xeAovvrat OTTWS ot TraToes airots ye'vwvrai ws oWarov /3f \TKTTOI 51 2. 'O Trarrjp eTriju.eA.ou/Aevos OTTCOS avrjp ayuObs yfvoLfJLijv, ^vay/cao-t p.e Travra ra r) IUJ.QW 47 3. In these two sentences the subordinate 8 4 ATTIC PROSE clauses, denoting finality of care, belong to the Second class. The thought ytviaOai /ScAriorous, ayaObv yevtvOai, pertains inwardly to the active consciousness of the parents, the father ; it does not con- vey a purely external circumstance or limitation, stated as such by 5 the speaker or writer. The optative yevoifirjv is secondary, theo- retically replacing a subjunctive, and due to the past time of the superior verb lyvayKao-e. Again, tcrre on "O^pos TrcTrotr/Kt cr^eSov TTf.pl TravTwv Tov avO ptonrivwv 47 8 : in the subordinate clause of this sentence the thought TreTrouj/ceVai "O/xrjpov is not expressed as denot- 10 ing a purely external fact, but as an object of perception on the part of the subject of Tore, the persons whom the speaker is addressing. Therefore, had this verb tore been of past time, it might have caused TrtiroirjKf. to be replaced by TTCTTOI^KOI. Such, in general, is the principle underlying all subordinate clauses of the Second class. 15 Of the First class are the subordinate clauses of the following sentences : tSetv eirtdvfui, ort rjKouev avrov /caAov Ka.ya.0ov dvai 1 1 7 ; oVa irpa.yiw.Ta. x as > ' ovayK-q aTroKa.6a.ipti rrjv X^P a 3 25 ; ws is TO TreStW rj\0(.v, a/coi/rio-as KarajSaAAci T^V lAa^ov 9 9. 20 Here, the causal on rjKovev, the pure conditional ti avdyKrj km, the indefinite temporal relative oYav OLyrjs, the definite temporal relative ws rjXOev, are seen to be merely explanatory or limiting terms or relations, stated as such by the speaker or writer, not as marking any effort or any act of perception or declaration on the part of the 25 subjects of the verbs iiredv^u, x as > AwoxnflcupOj Kara/^aAAci. In no clause of this nature could an optative be produced by the past time of the superior clause, but when an optative occurs in such a subordinate clause, it must, unless the verb of the superior clause is itself in some way dependent upon a verb of past, time, be an 30 original construction. Thus, the optative must be original in the sentence ci TIVOS Sf'oiro 'Aoruay^s, 7rpaTos rJo~0aveTO KCpos, ' sup- posing Astyages to be in need of anything, Cyrus was regularly the first to perceive it,' 7 27 : the subordinate clause; being a pure con- ditional, is of the First class. But in such sentences as the two 35 following, the subordinate clauses, denoting respectively an object of perception and finality of fear, would be of the Second class, and the optative would necessarily have been produced by the past time of the superior clause : Trpwros ficrddveTo on Si'oiro TIVOS 'Aorvayiys (' that Astyages was in need of something ') ; ^>O/?ITO p-y TIVOS WRITER'S GUIDE 85 Se'oiro 'Ao-TvayTjs (f lest he might be in need of something'). In the former sentence Seoiro is theoretically the past phase of Setrai 5 in the latter, of SCOTCH. Scheme of Subordinate Clauses. FIRST CLASS [_ SECOND CLASS _ 5 Causal ) , ( Relative Definite > l ( Relative Indefinite (except until') \ \ Pure Conditional > ^ r Objective Conditional (pr) or ov) -^ < Declarative and Perceptive > ou I Interrogative of the Actual Subjective Conditional Interrogative of the Possible Final I purpose care or effort , fear ' expectation (until) The function of a subordinate clause of the First class is to com- 5 plete the judgment begun in the superior clause, either by adding some explanatory circumstance or relation (negatively with ou), or by conveying some term of limitation (negatively with //,?;). The function of a subordinate clause of the Second class is not merely to complete the judgment begun in the superior clause, but 10 also to mark some act of feeling, perception, or declaration (nega- tively with ov), or some effort of intention (negatively with fj.r]) on the part of its subject. A subordinate clause of the First class may have the Optative instead of the indicative or the subjunctive only when the verb of the 15 superior clause is itself in some way dependent and the time of the sentence is past. In the Symposium of Xenophon, Callias had said to his guests *Hv trap 1/j.ol crvvBtnrvfjTe, CTriSei^o) TYJV t/x^v ao<}>ia.v. In due time Socrates reminds them of the promise of their host : l<^rj yap Srjirov, ei (rvvSairvOL/j.e.v, eVtSei'feiv rrjv avrov aofyiav 46 18. The 20 pure conditional r)v crwSetTrv^re, a clause of the First class, has come to sustain, now that its superior verb em8iir) as a clause of the second class would sustain to the subject of its own 86 ATTIC PROSE superior verb. Hence the Optative o-vvSeiTrvoT/xev. Another illus- tration occurs 53 19, quoted and discussed below 87 34, where /, av TroXeuuv flovXrjrai. o ftdpflapos, acrxoXiav avrtS 7rapeeiv orpaTeveiv CTTI rows "EAA^vas 53 4. The subordinate clauses eav Swcriv (Swre) and av (3ovXr)Ta.L are amenable to the law of the Past Phase, since the verbs of their superior clauses, 8ia(3r)e0rjvpovr)Tfov eivai, dAA' OTrorepos avrds re d/xeiVwv 07 /cat d/xeiyoVcov 15 lyyotTo 60 i. The question that presented itself to the mind of the Spartan was, whether of the two ought to be the prouder, he who possessed the greater amount of property and ruled the greater number of subjects, or he who was the better man, with better men under his command. The clauses of this sentence assume the past 20 phase naturally enough ; the more readily, perhaps, in consequence of the negation of the first member. But the optative serves as a foil for what immediately follows : 6 /u.ev yap Ilepo-r/s, VO/AI'WV, f/v XpT/jnara TrAetora e^r], TTO.V& vc/>' eavraJ 7roti;o-o-0ai, 8ta TOVTO TTO.V fj.ev TO fv dv$pw7rots xpvcriov, TTOLV Se TO dpyvptov, TravTa 8e TO. TroAu- 25 TfAarraTa eVftpaTo Trpos eavrov aOpoi&iv. Here, not only does the retention of the primary phase, yv xp^/mTa TrAfurra l^?;, point the contrast with oTroYf/aos d/AtVtov 117, but there is a touch of satire in the vivid presentation of crude sentiment, just as it was entertained by the despot himself. Similar, but with very different feeling, is 30 the realization effected by retention of the primary phase in the proclamation and challenge issued by Agesiiaus in Asia. All who craved deliverance and independence were to rally under his stand- ard ; t Se Tti/s T)V 'Ao-tav eWraiv Trotoi'i/Tai (' are disposed to claim as their own'), TTJOOS TOUS fXfvOcpovvTas tv OTrAots Trapuvai 55 6. 35 The time of the sentence is past ; but the writer does not give us et TroioTvTo he has forgotten that he is not even now present at the scene. Primary and secondary phase may appear in different clauses of the same sentence. Cyrus, now a conqueror, ITT TO Kvadpr) on WRITER'S GUIDE 89 O?KOS aura) cgrjprjfJifvos eir) iv Ba/?vAaij/i rat appeal, OTTWS )(r) KO.L oVav e/cetare IA% eis ot/cetd /carayeo-^ai 25 18. Note that at the time of Cyrus' speaking the setting apart of the mansion was an already accomplished fact, while the purpose of it all (OTTWS txi) ^A.), though 5 past to the writer, was to the speaker yet unfulfilled. There is, how- ever, not always a distinct ethical significance, nor even any note- worthy imaginativeness, attaching to the choice of alternate modes of expression ; but the motives for retention of a primary phase are often eminently practical and obvious. To revert to the lesson in 10 justice impressed with the aid of birch upon the mind of the youthful Cyrus by his preceptor: OTTOTC Be Kplvai Se'ot Trorepov 6 ^trwv efy, TOUT' er) o-KCTrreW etvat, TIS /crijo-ts StKata eo-Tt', KTA. 7 8. The teacher said, oirorav 807 Kplvai, Trorfpov 6 ^LTWV eon, TOVTO fTKarriov, TI'S KTT/O-IS StKata cort. In the first two clauses the past phase enters 15 by presumption and in accordance with Xenophon's prevailing man- ner; but the last clause, the question, What is rightful possession?, retains the original construction, as well as the direct form of the interrogative word (TI'S, not rj Tts), in consequence of the universality of the sentiment and its typical importance in illustrating the doc- 20 trine to be inculcated. Cf. 8 24-27, where the Gnomic Aorist &Lcas ^pvyes Kai AuSot vXdottv 23 17. 'The very idea, that Phrygians and Lydians are to watch us (i//xas ovo-iv) ! ' That is what the Babylonians were really laughing at. Subjective Conditional. A conditional clause with the Sub- junctive (Circumstantial Condition 79) or the Future Indicative WRITER'S GUIDE 91 (Real Condition 79, 80 8) may be used subjectively, when some design or some feeling of apprehension is implied with reference to the supposed case. The first time Cyrus goes out hunting, Astyages sends guards 5 along with him (V Sixr^wptaJv (f>v\a.TTOiv avrov KO.I i TWV dypiwv TL avir) OrjpLwv 8 19. One of the dangers that presents itself to the mind of the king and of the guards in their solicitude for the lad's safety, is the possible con- tingency ty TU>V dy/>iW TL avfj ( make its appearance ') $?7piW. 10 Under the influence of the past time conveyed by the historical present av/jLTrt[jnrtL, this i^v a.vfj becomes ei ^ai/et"^. Socrates describes his method of investigating KaAoKaya$ia : irptarov /xeV, on Trpoort/ceiTO TO /caAos TO> dya$a>, ovriva iSotyu KaAdv, TOUTO* Trpoo"fl(.iv /cat eTreipwfjLrjv Ka.rafjia.v6a.vew, et TTOU tooijiu Trpocrrjpr-rjfjievov TW /caAa> 15 TO dya^dv 40 3. 'To begin with, seeing that u fair" was added to " good," whomsoever I saw that was fair, him I would approach and endeavor to make him out, hoping perchance to see the good attached to the fair.' While ovrwa. iSoifj-L is an original construction of the optative, the vague conditional relative clause, in c? TTOV i'Soi/u 20 we have the past phase of r/v trov t8o>, Subjective Conditional. A subordinate clause of the First class may not have the Sub- junctive when the time of the superior clause (being also principal clause) is past. But with the Subjective and the Objective Con- ditional the Subjunctive, or even the Future Indicative, may appear 25 when the superior verb is of past time, by retention of the primary phase. Thus, ei -dAwo-ovTai, ci S' OWTO) irpa.ai, ei p,rj 4>wKa? d-TroAeT, ' but not a whit the more could he even thus accomplish anything important against you, unless he should destroy the Phocians.' 35 Final of Expectation. Analogous to subjective conditional clauses are those introduced by relative words meaning until, or jrpiv before (when not followed by the Infinitive), referring to an indefinite antecedent. With such clauses an effort of intention is always implied on the part of the subject of the superior verb. 9 2 ATTIC PROSE They denote finality of expectation. When the Optative occurs it is never original, but always the past phase of the Subjunctive mode ; and the Subjunctive may be retained when the verb of the superior clause, being also principal clause, is past. 2w ravra. 5 rr' av Se'r/ xpfjadai ('until there be need to use them') 44 14. Were crwei to become ecr, -jrplv av KBpos c/jnrXrjcrOf) Otjptav, ' Let no one be for shooting, till Cyrus 10 shall have had his fill of the sport.' To e/XTrAiycr^vai Kvpov Orjpuvra was the intention of the king. The Connective Particle. "In continued discourse, every Greek sentence has, in general, a conjunction to connect it with what goes before. The absence of such connective is called asyndeton (dcruv- 15 Seroi/ not boimd together} : it is most common in explanatory sen- tences. Sometimes it is preferred as a livelier and more striking form of expression." H. 1039. The first example of asyndeton in this book is TOLO.VTO. eTrota 4 12; the" second, eK/foAui ere 4 14; the third, 7retTa ra re vvv 5 27 ; the fourth, Trats />uy as 7 i . But while in 20 Greek asyndeton is the exception, with us it is the rule. In modern English prose only the more weighty adversative, causal, or inferen- tial relations are verbally expressed in introducing a new sentence. Due observance of this difference of idiom is highly important in translating. Especially the writer of Greek needs to cultivate a sense 25 of the ubiquity and indispensability of the connective particle. The first sentence of a work, of a formal speech, or of a quoted remark, question, or reply, is naturally almost always asyndetic: 60 24 ; 26 26, 30 12 ; 2 14, 4 5, 6. But as a dialogue proceeds, the interlocutors will often pay regard to the mutual relation of their 3 thoughts by means of a connective, 89, 18, 20, 22. The first sen- tence of a new paragraph or chapter, or even of what is called a book (as the beginning of the Second Book of the Anabasis), regu- larly has its connective. Sometimes the initial sentence of a whole treatise shows a conjunction, due to a certain feeling of continuity 35 of subject-matter. Examples are the beginning of the Oeconomicus ("Hxovo-a 8e irore) and that of the Symposium ('AAA' e/xot So/cct) of Xenophon something more about Socrates. The particle /xeV, which always look?, forward, is not a connective WRITER'S GUIDE 93 in any sense. If it stands alone, there is asyndeton, as 60 24 (the beginning of the Cynegeticus). The connective very often imme- diately follows fj.ev: p.tv yap, ju,ev 817, juev ow. The particle cor- relative to p,ev is always a connective : usually 8e, often /JLCVTOL 2 18, 5 in Xenophon sometimes ye /xr/v 1 1 1 . When KOL . . . 81 occurs, SE is the connective, KCU 'even' or 'also,' 6 4, 13 2, 4, 13. A connective that is apt to be slighted by learners in writing Greek is yap, espe- cially when its force is rather explanatory than causal, 1 1 2, 3 9, 5 !? 3> 7 2 3- Tap explanatory is like ' namely,' but lighter, and is 10 rarely represented by any word in English. To omit it in Greek is to produce the most usual form of asyndeton, as 7 i. Parataxis of jitv. Since piv is an anticipatory word, preparing the mind for something that is to follow, by way of comparison, opposition, or limitation for this reason, what appears in English 15 as a subordinate member of the sentence will in Greek often more naturally take the form of a /xeV clause, coordinated (jraparf.rayij.ivov) with what follows. E.g. 'While the girl placed the crown upon the head of Cyrus, Cyaxares said, etc. : ' fj uev ST) TTCUS 0Te(avou TOV Kvpov, 6 Se Kvadpris CITTC, KT\. 25 26, cf. 57 21, 23 12. But 20 parataxis of /xe'v oftener indicates logical than temporal relations. Thus, avl ficv ITT' aperijv ayetv TOUS ve'ous, ayoucrt 8' eVi rovvavTLOv, 'although (while) they profess to lead the young to what is good, they really lead them in the opposite direction,' 62 12, cf. 15 f. The English idiom, however, is not lacking in paratactic equiva- 25 lents of ftcv: 'to be sure,' 'indeed,' 'it is true,' (Lat. quidetii), 10 3, 26 10, 57 28. Sometimes our 'while' answers not to p.iv, but to Se, 2 n. Aorist and Imperfect. The distinction of indefinitum and imper- fectum, which the Greek marks with ease by the stem-form merely, is 30 brought to view in English by means of a variety of devices. In turning English into Greek the form of expression becomes greatly simplified by skilful use of the Aorist and Imperfect stems. Shades of meaning can be thereby distinguished which we express by the use of radically different words. To ' ascertain ' is TrvGia-Oai 40 24 ; to 35 'inquire,' 'get accounts,' TrvvOavtaOcLL 8 22, 12 26; to 'bring down' a wild boar, Karao-^etv 9 18 ; to ' control ' horses, 'have in keeping ' a country, Kcn-e^eo' 49 8, 16 I, 4. Some verbs are naturally aoristic in their signification, while others are natural imperfects ; and this truth helps to explain certain matters of stem formation and usage 94 ATTIC PROSE in Greek. 1 Thus, 'to arrive' is essentially an aorist, 'to be able' an imperfect ; accordingly diKvuQeLpav 8 25, Ka.Ta.Kprj/Jivia-6fjva.i 9 i, f/Kovvcv 9 5, eA#ot 9 13, lAa/3c 9 2l,8ui ('have 30 given ') 9 26. The Greek Perfect stem is to be studiously avoided by the writer in such cases. 1 Verbs whose vital meaning is aoristic have the second aorist; but the natural imperfects have the first aorist form. In a Greek dictionary verbs should be registered by the Infinitive of the Aorist stem, when a second 35 aorist is in use ; of the Imperfect stem, when a first aorist is in use, or when there is no aorist. This method, formatively as well as rationally the true one, would convey the right impression as to meaning and predominant usage, and would prevent radically different words, such as ^Xetv and alpeiv, t\8etv and epxecrflat, from being treated as if they were forms of the 40 same verb. WRITER'S GUIDE 95 The Perfect Stem. The Perfect stem, under all modal forms, denotes a fixed state or condition that has been arrived at as the result of some action or occurrence. It differs from what is known as the perfect in English, mainly in the fact that in Greek the emphasis, 5 even in the active or the middle voice, is rather upon the state or condition than upon the action or occurrence from which it resulted. "YTTT/KOOV TTCTrot^/xevos TOV 'Apa/3tW ftacnXea. 14 19: not, ''having made " subject to himself, which would usually be TrotT/aa/Aevo?, but rather ' the king of Arabia now his subject.' 'Eor^/cdra avrov KO.L 10 o-7raoyx.vov TOV aKiva.Kr)v evpicrKoucri 24 24 : not, " having drawn " his sword, but rather, standing ' with his sword drawn. 1 In independent sentences the Indicative forms of the Perfect stem, the Present-Per- fect and the Past-Perfect, are usually equivalent to the perfect or the pluperfect in English: cf. 2 18, 5 8, 7 14, 8 6, 11 4, 18 10. But 15 in dependent clauses, and in many participial and infinitive con- structions, the English perfects are mostly represented by the Aorist stem, 94 27. Many Greek perfects, however, stand for what seems to be an Imperfect (usually labelled ' present ") in the modern idiom: ScSu'vai, ecmwu (e^eorr/Kev 'is in charge 1 43 6), 20 KK\rjvi Kparrjpi. dp/MiKa /xe/xty/ztVa 177 4 23 ; ' all cov- ered with blood, 1 i)/xaTa)/^e'va 10 4 ; ' that there was a house set apart for him,' ort ot/cos avroJ e^pij/ae'vos etr; 25 19; 'happened to be posted on the left wing, 1 erv^ev ITTL TO! eiWu/xo) Kepari reray^ieVos 38 15; 'are spread wide open, 1 draTreVravrui 48 15; 'in flight,' 30 Trec^evyoTas 57 26. Infinitive and Participle. The Participle, by virtue of its adjecti- val form, denotes an action or a state of being as immediately apper- taining to the subject or object with which it stands in agreement. Thus, being at once verb and adjective, it is adapted to supplement 35 a predication in nearly the same way as a clause with OTL or ws, denoting an object of perception, would supplement one. In such construction the Participle denotes a more direct or immediate per- ception than the clause : compare Kare/jaOov (by seeing the drinkers tipsy) ? and 6Vi are inadmissible, are naturally supplemented by the Participle. See the lists, H. 981-985. 5 The Infinitive, on the other hand, a substantive, capable of stand- ing (when not accompanied by the article) in no closer agreement than that of apposition, and thus denoting a looser relation than the participle, remains to serve for the expression of opinion. Accord- ingly oiecrOai and its synonyms, together with dvai, take the supple- 10 mentary Infinitive only, never the participle, nor an objective clause with on or ok- Of the common verbs of saying, other than dvai, the declarative clause is required by CITTCU/ (except in the meaning 'command 1 54 24), while Aeyeiv admits either construction. But in the active voice Ae'yeiv takes OTI or ws oftener than the infinitive. 15 (jxivai. chmv and Xfytiv. The usage thus sketched is helpful toward an appreciation of the shades of meaning conveyed by the several synonyms. aVcu, the verb of affirmation, reveals an ethical kinship with the oleaOai group, while eiTrelv shows nothing in common therewith, and Ae'yeiv (so epw, eip^/ca) is unstable. 20 oiWGcu. SOKEIV, frytio-Oai, vojii^eiv. The verbs of thinking them- selves betray no difference of signification, so far as regards the construction which follows them (barring the occasional use of the participle with i/o/xt^eiv in the meaning ' consider') ; otherwise, how- ever, they have their several distinct suggestions : oteo-flai, of surmise, 25 fancy ; SOKCIV, imagination, belief (Sofa) ; riyelaOai, advancing or holding an opinion (cf. Lat. ducere) ; vojtuetv (vo/xos), regard of custom or convention. AOKCIV, mostly to ' seem,' sometimes (except in the 3d pers. sing.) to 'think' 19 16, 31 16, 34 7; impersonally, with the dative, SOKCI, ISofe' /xoi, 'it seems good' or 'best,' 'I 30 resolved,' 'decreed,' 'determined.' Finally, 8oKf.lv, as its specific meaning would lead one to expect, is the verb of dreaming, 29 23. yvwveu. rVwrai, as the verb of mind-perception, is nearly related in signification to alcrOevOai., the verb of sense-perception, with its specific parts tSeu/, opav, aKovav, etc. Properly, therefore, yvwvai 35 requires the supplementary participle, not the infinitive. But since mental perception or insight (yvoicris) is in a high degree personal and fallible, yvwrat may, in certain connections, verge closely upon So/ctiv or VO/JLL&IV, and take a supplementary infinitive. Of the "finding" of a judge, tyvwv jfte'ATiov emu KT\. 7 4. The judge WRITER'S GUIDE 97 'sees,' 'recognizes,' the bearings of the matter in hand. He forms a judgment, more or less satisfactory to himself, upon the case pre- sented. But to the public, for whom the decision is rendered, he has only declared an " opinion " (Soa). Hence the Infinitive. 5 aivcr0ai, CLKovtiv. Similarly aTroSeiKvvrai, exceptionally with infinitive, of what the law 'ordains,' 'pronounces,' 43 27. Again, . "Ev. Personal and Impersonal. A similar idiom is the Greek prefer- ence of the personal construction in most cases where either the 5 personal or the impersonal would be grammatical. The adjectives 8^7X05, Siicoios, r/o-0eis . But, again, eAeyov ws, ei eyo> cdc'A.ot/u 5 TroWes dv e/xot TreiUwvTo 20 15 : the flatterers said, ei oo> dpx ctI/ > Travres av crot TreiOoivro. In the next pair, instead of Future Infinitive and Potential Optative we have Future Optative and Poten- tial Infinitive. Ei TIS Ifw A?7<0e7, (KT/PVTTCIV) OTI 0avaTo>o-oiTo 25 3 : the couriers were to proclaim, yv TIS lu> \r)0rj, OavaTaxrcTai. But, 10 again, rras iStwTiys TrAoixnos av WETO yeve'cr^at, ei TI Kvpw ^aptcratTo 29 10 : /.^. TT/Xoucrios dv yvotfj.r)V, et TI Kupw ^apicratjUt. Dependent relations of Past time, on the contrary, are conveyed in Greek largely by implication or suggestion, where the English equivalent must be explicit. The Indicative is the only mode that 15 can express time, except upon the future stem : the Infinitive, the Participle, and the Optative of the other stems have no temporal value, as present or past ; they are of action, their office being to denote what is complete, incomplete, or indefinite. By virtue of these qualities, however, which our language has no simple forms to 20 embody, the Greek Aorist, Perfect, and Imperfect stems help the temporal relation to be inferred from the context without ambiguity in cases where some other modal form than the Indicative is needed. In the sentence quoted 98 25 we know that dpurros dv yevt'trflai is equivalent to the Potential of the Past, dpto-Tos dv cyt'veTo, partly 25 from history, partly from the form of the condition ei e/Jt'oxrev. Under other circumstances, or with a different context, the mean- ing might equally well have been apioros dv ye'votTo. <&vcriv TOUJ.V- rrjv Zxi\opovi(T0ai is seen to stand for OTI epoveiTo, not 7rpoo-eA0wv 100 ATTIC PROSE TIS rj Kara avOpwrav CITTCIV, KT\., 'seemed to say' (not "to have said "), 29 23. The range of the Optative, whether Aorist or Im- perfect or Perfect, is unlimited as to time. In the passage quoted 91 12 neither ovriva ?8ot/u nor ci TTOU iSoi/u has a temporal signifi- 5 cance of its own, though in the premises the former gains a past, the latter a future, point of view. The Subjunctive mode contains no positive indications of time ; but negatively, the Past is excluded from its range of application. It will be observed that in English the supplementary participle 10 can be used only as an Imperfect; an aoristic notion we must express by an infinitive. EtScv \a, ICTO 25 or auTov 37 8. So yeAao-as 'smiling 1 40 27, daff0f, poteratis, 'ye could,' are all similarly ambiguous: whether the state of being able at a particular past time, or of being able repeatedly in the past, is meant, we do not yet know. Ei a,va.aTa.lfire 6pxr) machus 1 Instructions (145), Battle of Coronea (162), Hunting as Education (166). Most learners will be led to commit the original Greek to memory, little by little, in connection with this work. The other Exercises have not been systematically constructed or arranged ; nor has it been attempted to utilize to the utmost the 35 material offered by each model, but room has been left for teachers I0 4 ATTIC PROSE and students to frame supplementary exercises to suit themselves. Many of the Exercises in the book will be found to present but little variation from their respective models. There will be need of care- ful attention, however, in distinguishing between what is variation 5 and what is translation between essential departures from the thought of the original passage and such unessential amplifications or formal alterations as have resulted merely from the difference between the ancient and the modern idiom. Thus, in the first sen- tence of the first Exercise (107), there is no real departure from 10 the model until we come to the omission of o/AoAoyetrai 1 2 ; then there is some variation that consists in both omission and re-com- bination, the latter part of the sentence becoming /u^rpos Be. Mav- Savr^s r}s 'Ao"Tvayov? $irvarpos TOV Mi^Swv yf.vop.fvov /?ao~iA.a>s. In the second sentence o/xoXoyetrat appears, replacing Aeycrai KCU aSerai 15 en KM vvv virb TW (3ap(3dpwv 1 5. In case of doubt as to this matter, on the part of any who are unaccustomed to real translation, the presumption is that the words of Xenophon are to be reproduced, as nearly as they can be remembered. In general, the following rules of procedure must be observed in 20 using the book : I . No writing will ever be attempted until the appropriate model is intimately and truly known. The several models are to be learned through intensive study directed upon the Greek text, and through repeated reading of the 25 Greek aloud, so as to gather the thoughts in the order of their presentation, and comprehend the whole meaning exactly as the author intended to convey it. This cannot be done by translating ; of translating there must be none. 1 Written tests will be taken 1 Intensive study begins and ends with the reading of the Greek 30 reading accompanied by thought, always with alert attention, never when tired or indifferent to the book. It includes, first, investigation or close observation of every word the value of the word as determined by the proper, radical signification (apart from such metaphorical or secondary meaning as may be indicated by the context), by the form (not analytically 35 viewed, but concretely, as involving the point of the grammatical construc- tion and rhetorical application at hand), and, as in the case of minor words, by the logical relations of the thought; secondly, observation of the effects of sound and arrangement the right division or articulation in reading, rhythmical quality of the period with its cola and commata, the quantita- 40 tive value of the vowels and the syllables, intonation and sentence-accent, EXERCISES AND GUIDE 1 05 upon no part of any Exercise until the reading and study of the corresponding selection from Xenophon have been finished, and a new selection has been assigned. Thus, if re-translation is to be done, and The Taking of Babylon (21) has been chosen for the 5 all in connection with the order of the words and the whole resulting sense; thirdly, inquiry into matters of fact of a historical, geographical, or anti- quarian character, so far as this may be needed to elucidate the author's meaning. Some minds rapidly assimilate minutiae, with great precision and com- 10 paratively little effort, because they are satisfied with nothing short of a perfectly distinct image or concept (to which an exact knowledge of details is essential), and are thus naturally led to a habit of fine observation in reading. Other minds are hardly capable of intensive study of the phe- nomena of language in intelligible combinations, or even of understanding 15 its importance; they are content to deal with a Greek or a Latin book, not by the imagination, but in a sjort of algebraic way, by the use of purely verbal or literal contrivances. Learners, accordingly, must be left largely to their own devices, as far as the finer study of the models is concerned. The proof of it will be in their works ; and the stimulus should be applied 20 negatively, through the criticism or reprehension of oral and written per- formance, rather than by positive precept. So far as some real reading and real writing conies to be done, it is well; while the boy or girl who is versed in pseudo-translation and the syntax catechism, but can neither read nor write, has gained nothing 6v6fj.ara yap OVK av ira.idevo'ei.a.v. 25 The periods devoted to writing (there should be at least two weekly, along with three given to the Anabasis) may well be divided between the test occupying the latter part of the hour, and some discussion, during the first ten or fifteen minutes, of the preceding exercise the papers now returned to their authors with corrections. The Anabasis ought to be read 30 more rapidly in connection with the Writer of Attic Prose than would be feasible without such an accompaniment; the intensive study that would otherwise need to be given to portions of the Anabasis can be replaced by that due to the Writer, while, on the other hand, most of the oral practice demanded by the Writer might well be conjoined to the recitation of the 35 Anabasis. Thus, members of the class in the Anabasis will always bring the Writer with them, holding themselves in readiness to recite such portions of either book or of both books as have been duly studied and prepared. It is taken for granted that the Anabasis is read in Greek. A Greek book can no more be read in English than an English book can be 40 read in Greek or in Latin. Daily translation is waste and corruption. Translation is by far too important and valuable an exercise to be allowed to degenerate into sham and drivel. Only a small part of what is read can be translated. Of the Anabasis, for example, one chapter in each Book I0 6 ATTIC PROSE purpose, there will be no written test until the whole of The Taking of Babylon has been read and studied, and the reading and study of Battle of Coronea (56), or of some other model, have begun. II. The daily proficiency of learners must be tested, never by 5 means of written work "handed /'," but always by performances in the class-room, with the book closed. The stage of copying is supposed to have been passed before re-translation or re-combination begins. For each test, the books will be laid aside, and the teacher will dictate to the class, or put 10 upon the blackboard, a part of some Exercise at which they have been privately working in connection with the reading and study of the model. Sufficient matter should be presented on each occasion to keep the best scholar in the class busy during the time allowed, the others to write no more than they can severally do well, without 15 hurry or anxiety. III. All written work will be minutely criticised in writing, pro- vided it be sufficiently well performed to deserve credit or criticism. The marks should bear upon (i) details of orthography and grammatical construction, and (2) the order of the words and the 20 idiomatic character of the writing. Give no credit for any perform- ance, as a whole, that is defaced by flagrant grammatical error or other forms of illegibility ; nor for such portions of a composition as have clearly been made in a mechanical way, i.e. rather by rule than by force of sympathy and reminiscence. 25 Students depending upon self-instruction can correct their own writing partly by the aid of grammar and lexicon, partly by com- parison with the Greek text upon which it has been based. Never make use of such a thing as an " English-Greek " dictionary, but if at a loss for a word, ask Xenophon about it i.e. read over your models, 30 or read new ones or a chapter or two of the Anabasis, until the right expression finally presents itself. In re-translating, if embarrassed by a too tenacious memory, increase your pace, and leave a longer interval between the study of the model and the written test. Go by the maxim : Well-got, well-forgotten . 35 might be assigned for translation work, to be elaborated in English, little by little, after it has been read and explained in the class-room. The translations presented from time to time must always be in writing. Each student should be called upon publicly to defend at every point the trans- lation which he offers, as the candidate for a degree must defend his thesis. EXERCISES FOR WRITING Cyrus the Great: his Lineage and Native Qualities The father of Cyrus is said to have been Cambyses, king of the Persians; his mother, Mandane, daughter of Astyages, who was king of the Medes. It is agreed that Cyrus was very handsome in person ; of kindly 5 disposition, fond of learning, and ambitious ready to endure any sort of toil or danger for the sake of applause. Such in mind and body was our hero, ac- cording to national songs in which he is celebrated even to this day. It is also well remembered how he was 10 educated in the Persian mode. The Boy Cyrus at the Court of Media The details of this education we pass over. When, however, Cyrus was about twelve years of age, the king of Media, hearing that his grandson far excelled his mates, conceived a desire to see the boy. Accordingly 15 Mandane paid a visit to her father, taking Cyrus with her. Upon their arrival Astyages could note for him- self the superior qualities of the child. He learned i. Guide 71. 4. person, disposition: antithetic, Guide 75. 6. en- dare: synonyms 49 10, 50 25, 51 6. 7 f. . . . TOIOI/TTJJ' ex ei " f^eivos tderai KT\. 9. how : 60 15 f. II. Td p. oZv icad' ticaffTa TTJS TT. r. irapoX. 12. The subjects cannot have a prominent position. years of age: 41 14. 14. conceived a desire : Ingressive Aorist, H. 841, G. 1260, B. 529. to see : antithetic to ' hearing ' above. 1 6. for himself : atrbs. 17. superior quali- ties : i.e. his Ka\OKdya6ia 39. 107 I0 8 ATTIC PROSE quickly whatever he had to learn, and everything he was seen to do was done in a handsome and manly way. The Median dress and modes of life were not so 5 plain and inexpensive as the Persian. Accordingly, when Cyrus beheld this royal personage, his mother's father, wearing his neck-chains and his armlets, and decked out with paint and false hair, as he gazed upon him he exclaimed, " Oh, mother, what a beautiful grandfather 10 I have got ! " To his mother's question, whether the Medes or the Persians seemed to him the handsomer, Cyrus made the apt reply, that while the garments and ornaments of the Medes were very beautiful, he had seen by far the handsomest men among the Persians at 15 home. However, Cyrus was soon wearing collars and brace- lets of his own. Child as he was, naturally fond of honor and of beautiful things, he was delighted with the fine dress in which his grandfather clothed him. 20 And he was particularly glad to learn to ride. In Persia, owing to the difficulty of raising horses, moun- tainous as the country is, one scarcely ever even sees a horse. But now our hero could ride out mounted on a charger with golden bridle, in the same way as the 25 king himself. 4. were etc. : for the order, see 57 14. Say oi/x &", not i>wep x a.lpciv. 23. vvv d' itfv fKCLl'LO KT\. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 109 At Dinner Astyages and his daughter Mandane believed that Cyrus would feel less homesick if he enjoyed his dinner highly. So, when they were all dining together, the king ordered various kinds of soups and side-dishes to 5 be brought to him. He fancied this sort of a meal might seem to the boy much finer than the dinner in Persia. It is related, however, that Cyrus, on being questioned, replied as follows : " It seems to me, grand- father, that you Medes take a great deal of trouble at 10 your meals. In our country there is a straight and narrow path to getting enough. We do not wander up and down over roundabout courses, but plain bread and meat lead directly to the desired end." " Well, my boy," said the king, " we are not exactly 15 sorry to be upon this devious journey. Taste for your- self, and you will see that it is all very nice." "Nay, but I do observe, grandpa," said Cyrus, " that you have a strong dislike of your own for these viands ; for when you take hold of the bread you don't wipe your 20 hand upon anything, but whenever you touch any of these dainties you immediately clean off your hand with a napkin, as if you were very sorry to have got it soiled by them." 1-6. For the first and third sentences, Guide 98 33. For the synonyms, Guide 96 20. Do not place the names first in Greek; these are no new people. (all) dining together : Gen. abs. without subject, H. 972 a, G. 1568, B. 657 N. r. See also 46 19. 8. questioned: cf. 6 10. as foil.: 18 26, 26 25. it seems: Guide 98 10. Arrange II. /*. 8. wp. KT\. 10. in our country : Trap' THMV. 13. To the desired end : Siroi a-n-e^Sofj-ev. 14 f. exactly: 5??. The same order in Greek, but different construction. IIO ATTIC PROSE "If such, then, are your views, my child," rejoined Astyages, " yet do at any rate try and make a hearty meal of the flesh and game that I here serve to you. If you mean to go home a young man, you must eat 5 meat, and plenty of it, too." The Court in its Cups "When I poured the wine for you just now, grand- father," said Cyrus, " I did not imitate your cupbearer and drink up the wine myself. It would hardly be for my advantage to be drinking poison ; and I found out 10 for certain that this fellow drugged your wine when you entertained your friends at the birthday party." " And how pray did you come to discover this ? " said the king, jestingly. " Because, by Jupiter," said Cyrus, "you were all so unsteady both in your minds and 15 your bodies, and were doing just what you forbid us boys to do. In the first place, I heard you crying out all at the same time, without understanding each other, and singing in a very ridiculous manner, while swearing every one that your singing was of the best. Then 20 again I saw you stand up to dance, and that, too, when you could not even hold yourselves erect. Nor, indeed, were you silent for a moment, but all of you had en- 3. ravra, ttirep IT. a. K. 0. K. TUV ijfj.. 4. must etc. : Set ae Kp. fV0. K. iro\\d. 7e. 6 f. The first ' I ' is antithetic to 'cupbearer'; the second 'I,' not ex- pressed in Greek. just now: vvv S-//. 7. imitate and drink: cf. 3 19 f. hardly: ov . . . wdvv. 14. you were etc.: ourws fyi. jre KT\. H. 981. Place ptcp. last. 15. just: the force of this word is shown in Greek by placing the relative before the antecedent clause. 20. stand (not "standing") : Guide 100 9. and that, too : ical ravra, w. ptcp. H. 612 a, G. 1573 N., B. 312 N. 21. nor etc. : oi)5e n^v o&Sftr., cf. 58 5, EXERCISES FOR WRITING III tirely forgotten that you were kings and rulers. But when / mix the drink, grandfather," added Cyrus, " you shall merely cease to be thirsty, and suffer no evil con- sequences whatever." Cyrus decides to remain with his Grandfather 5 Observing that his daughter was getting ready to return home to her husband, Astyages begged her to leave Cyrus with him. "At dinner," he said, "the boy shall be at liberty to travel by whatsoever road he will to that which he regards as moderation ; and, in 10 general, whatever he may wish, he has only to inform me, and he shall not fail to get it." To this Mandane replied: "To leave the child here against his will I should regard as a harsh proceeding ; perhaps, however, he will prefer to remain with you, if 15 he can learn to ride, and to chase wild animals and bring them down, as grown men do. Were you to provide him with playmates, and offer him the use of your horses and the animals in the park, I do not think he would choose to go back to Persia for the present." 20 On being interrogated, Cyrus did not hesitate a mo- ment, but promptly declared that he preferred to stay. " For be sure, mother," he said, " that here is something which disturbs me greatly because, while I seem to 2. mix : avaxtpavvuvai. added : ^17, Guide 102. 5. Cf. 49 14 f. 8. be at liberty: 46 3, 4. 9. Kal ra\\a St. 14. perhaps: 443. prefer: /3ot5Aecr0ai. 15. can learn: Aor. of attainment. 18. Order, 17 22 f., 28 Vcb. 2 f., 33 6. choose: tOtXeiv. for the present: vvv ye. Beware of the English ascending scale, here and everywhere, Guide 70 13. 20. Cf, 56 22. 23. while etc. : Guide 93 12. II2 ATTIC PROSE excel my mates in everything at home, here in Media I am clearly inferior in riding horseback. But if you leave me here, I shall try and learn to ride well, in order by and by, when I visit grandfather again, to help 5 him in war and be one of his best horsemen." A Lesson in Justice It appears, from revelations made by Cyrus to his mother before her departure, that he used to be set by his teacher to act as judge for the other boys, and upon one occasion he had decided a case wrongly. He 10 found, namely, that it was fair if a man took and wore, not the shirt that was his own, but the one that fitted him. " If you take a man's shirt away by force," said the teacher, "that is not rightful possession; but he who has made or purchased what he wears is properly 15 called the possessor thereof. Do not you, therefore, unless you happen to be fond of stripes, choose to constitute yourself a judge of what is fitting, when you have solely to consider what is just or unjust." Winning Ways of Cyrus Finally, when his mother had gone, while Cyrus 20 remained at his grandfather's, it was soon discovered 2. clearly inferior: cf. 1 14. 4. by and by: e. e Ji> TT? p.. aveKdXv^ev 6 K. TT. aire\6eii> ai>r-f)v. Cf. 35 29. to be set : not passive voice in Greek. 9. had decided : 108 1 3 note. 10. found: Guide 96 32. namely: Guide 93 9. a man: rh. Ascending scale in this sentence. 13. that is not etc. : oik &v avri} KT\. he who etc. : os &i> . . . exi7, olros KT\. 15 ft", nyd' o$v ffij, etirep pi] KT\. choose : t6t\eiv. Construction, H. 874, G. 1346, B. 584. Cf. 32 10, 33 I, but 21 gf. to constitute yourself: yevfoOai. solely : rfvov. 20. it was etc.: not passive voice in Greek. Preserve the order. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 113 by all who were on familiar terms with the lad, that they could accomplish a great deal by the aid of Cyrus. He made so much of his companions, that even their fathers, if they happened to want anything of the king, 5 would prompt the boys to ask Cyrus to get it done for them, while he, for his part, deemed it of the utmost importance to gratify their wish. Indeed, he won over everybody by his kindly spirit, and particularly Astyages himself. As for the latter, 10 he could refuse no favor that Cyrus asked. On the other hand, it was apparent to all that the boy was exceedingly fond of his grandfather. Once, when the old man fell sick, he never left him for a moment ; .but even in the night, if Astyages wanted anything, Cyrus 15 would be the first to perceive it, and would jump up most unhesitatingly to render any service which he thought would please the king. Hunting The supply of animals in the park was speedily ex- hausted with Cyrus' chasing and shooting and slaying 20 of them, so that Astyages could no longer furnish live ones in considerable numbers. The boy, therefore, not wishing his grandfather to be at the trouble of search- ing for wild animals, and being at the same time very 2. by the aid : Sid w. ace. 3. made so much of : ovru yap 170-71-. 8. K. Trdi/Tos /j.. 67) . . . fj.d\iffra 5 KT\. 9. fKeTvos yap. refuse etc. : H. 1034, G. 1616, B. 435, cf. 46 22. 10. evSr)\os 5' aS KT\. 12. exceedingly: 8 17. 13. old man: 13 u. fell sick: Ingressive Aorist. Reverse the order. 18. The Greek is simpler than the English. Not passive voice. 19. Gen. abs. Place Cyrus' name last; but the king's comes to the front by contrast. ATTIC PROSE 8 114 ATTIC PROSE desirous of going out to hunt, entreated the king to send him forth in company with his uncle. "When I am hunting out there," he said, "I shall regard all the wild beasts that I see as kept for my especial benefit." 5 Accordingly, when Astyages came to see that Cyrus' heart was set on the business, he could not help grant- ing the favor. He sent along with the lad, however, not his uncle only, but guards on horseback, to protect him from dangerous localities, and to be ready in case 10 any wild animal of the fiercer sort should make its appearance. In reply to the boy's eager inquiries the attendants explained what kind of animals were not to be too confidently approached, stating that while the wild sheep and asses were harmless enough, it would 15 not be safe to go very near to a bear or a wild boar. They added that dangerous places must be looked out for no less than animals, since men had frequently fallen over precipices with their horses. To all this Cyrus gave the readiest attention. But 20 upon seeing a deer jump out, he forgot everything he had heard and gave chase, with an eye to nothing else except the direction of its flight. And somehow, while i. entreated: Impf. 2. his uncle : 14 14 f. 5 f. Simpler in the Greek, which does not avoid repetition of word or phrase. It would be right, how- ever, to say TOV epyov. 7. the favor : ovSt TOVTO, repeating the negative, H. 1030, G. 1619, B. 433. See also 7 23. 9. Guide 91 4. P'or the arrange- ment d . . . e-qplwv, Guide 74 8. 11. inquiries: use ptcp. 12. explained: becomes a simpler word in Greek. 13. (stating) that: Inf. 14. enough: implied in the concessive ^v. 15. be safe : Vcb. * x ", cf. 40 6. 16. added : the specific meaning of the verb is implied in KO.I TOVTO. 17. frequently: iroXXorij, or TroXXdm. See Vcb. ^677. with their horses: H. 7743, G. 1191. B. 392, 3 N. 19 f. Guide 94 13, 100 9. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 115 taking a cross-leap his horse fell upon its knees, arid came within a little of pitching Cyrus himself over its head. However, he kept his seat just barely, the horse got up, and upon coming to the level ground, with a 5 cast of the javelin, Cyrus brought down the deer, a fine large animal. The boy was overjoyed. But the guards riding up began to berate him, pointing out what a risk he had run, and declaring that they would report his conduct. 10 Cyrus stood where he had dismounted, and was sorely troubled while listening to these words. But of a sud- den, upon hearing shouts, he sprang upon his horse like one possessed ; and when he saw a wild boar rushing straight toward him, rode to meet it, and with his full 15 strength took a well-aimed shot at the forehead and brought down the boar. At this point Cyaxares also rode up, and declared that he had never witnessed such temerity. But Cyrus begged his uncle, notwithstanding these reproaches, to 20 permit him to carry home and give to his grandfather all the game that he had taken with his own hands. "He will scold, no doubt," he added, "if he becomes aware that I went off in pursuit. But let him even give me a whipping, if he will, after I have once given him 25 the game. And as for you, uncle, if you will grant me this favor first, you may end by inflicting any punish- ment you see fit." 7. began: Guide 94 1 8. 16. Vcb. ntvroi. 20. (all) . . . that: 8 KT\. 13. indeed : 5?), cf. 10 23. such a talker as you : Setvbs wv X. 14. 6 TOG. tjSri ijfjL. 8iairpa^d/j.evos. 17. with a little scheme : EXERCISES FOR WRITING 1 1/ you to make preparations for whipping me, as I have a design of running away and taking my companions on a hunt." " Then you have done well to tell me this beforehand," Astyages said. " I forbid you to stir from 5 the house. A pretty mess, were I to let my daughter's child get away like a stray calf, for the sake of a few morsels of meat ! " But although he talked in this way, the king never- theless meant to go out hunting himself with Cyrus, 10 and to take along the boys as well. Accordingly he assembled a great many men on foot and on horseback, with the intention of driving the game together, so as to make a grand hunt. In order that his grandson might have his fill of the sport first, Astyages was for issuing 15 orders that no one should shoot before him. Cyrus, however, would not allow this, but declared that if the king wished him to enjoy the hunting, all of his mates must be permitted to contend freely in the chase. Thereupon Astyages gave permission, and taking his 20 stand enjoyed the spectacle of the lads vying with each other in pursuing the game and hurling their javelins, unable as they .were even to be silent for delight, but giving voice like so many full-blooded young dogs. Nor did he give the order to go home, until they had 2 5 secured large numbers of game. 3. Guide 99 34. 4. forbid: with nt, IT. 1029, G. 1615, B. 434. 5. Guide 8124. 8. C/.5S2-J. 10. as well: TOVS AXXovs. 1 2. with the intention : 16 24, cf. 36 26. so as: here forws. 14. was for etc.: Impf. 18. must: 7 7. freely: iXevOtpus. 20. the spectacle: few/uei/os. 22. unable etc.: oi>8 \eff6ou. 7. perceiving etc. : very different from the M. Guide 97 13. 9. such ... as: English idiom for relative pronoun. 13. as he left etc. : look out for the ascending scale. 13. Then : 12 1 1. no one but : H. 1003 a, G. 1095, B. 485 N. i. turned back: Impf. took his way: Aor. 18. For the form of the relative sentence, cf. 24 25, H. 995, G. 1037, B. 485. 22. returned : first Aor., Vcb. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 119 them back to Media again, with directions that any who had received a present from his hands must be allowed to keep it. He resumes the Persian Discipline Returning home under such circumstances, Cyrus 5 was ranged for a year longer in the class of Boys. At first the boys are said to have taunted him with having learned luxurious habits among the Medes. Presently, however, upon seeing that he was still the stoutest of them all, they bowed down to him as before. In fact 10 he ate and drank with the same relish as they did them- selves ; and if there was feasting upon any holiday occasion, he showed himself rather inclined to give of his own portion than to ask for more. Again, after passing into the class of Youths, here, too, he main- 15 tained his superiority, in all required exercises, in endurance, in respect for his elders and obedience to those in authority. Designs of the King of the Assyrians In the course of time, after the death of Astyages, when Cyaxares, the maternal uncle of Cyrus, had suc- 20 ceeded to the throne of Media, the king of Assyria, as i. directions: use t-iri always has an object, expressed or under- stood; and the object often becomes the subject in English: dra/crcDv TOI)J (?eoi)s oil \rj6et, ' The gods do not fail to note that he is out of order,' 44 3. revelations : a.v^vra, not as substantive; i.e. do not use the article, H. 673, G. 945, B. 456. 13. signs: pred., not as in M. H. 669, G. 956, B. 449. given by: predicate Gen. (of possession), H. 732 a, G. 1094, B. 348, I. 16 1 8. The English idiom is negative, the Greek positive. H. 976 b. 19. undertake to pass : Impf. I2 2 ATTIC PROSE leave of one another ; the former returned home ; while Cyrus led the army to Cyaxares and the Medes. Capture of Sardis Learning that Croesus, the king of Lydia, who had retreated in the night on the homeward track, had 5 already arrived at Sardis, Cyrus at once marched upon the city. When he came to the stronghold in Sardis, he proceeded to set up his engines and prepare scaling ladders as speedily as he could. Instead, however, of making an attack upon the wall, the next night he 10 caused a force of Chaldaeans and Persians to ascend the fortification at a point supposed to be its steepest part and hence left unguarded. The way was shown to them by a Persian, a man who had been the slave of a mem- ber of the garrison in the citadel, and had knowledge of 15 a path leading down to the river, affording also means of ascent. The heights being thus in possession of the enemy, the Lydians no longer remained within the walls, but all took to flight, wherever each could best save himself 20 throughout the city. Cyrus, marching in at break of day, issued an order that no man should stir from the 3. king of Lydia: 14 25. had retreated: Aor. Distinguish Aor. and Impf. with care throughout this exercise. 6. stronghold : note the synonyms rb Tfixos, 7-A Tfl^i}, rb epvfM, TO, &Kpa, rj d/cp67ro\ts. The arx, from different points of view. 8. instead of etc. : 59 5. 9-12. Remember the order in the M. hence : Sia T. left unguarded : ep. 6vra v\6.Kiav. Men of Chaldaea and Persia were chosen to execute this ruse, because their native haunts being moun- tainous afforded them practice in climbing steeps. 12. The passive voice in Eng. is often a device to secure a natural order. 14. had knowledge : Guide 95. 17-20. Many words are saved in turning English into Greek. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 123 ranks. Croesus, however, supposing that the soldiers would plunder the city, shut himself up in his palace and began to call loudly upon the name of Cyrus. Whereupon his conqueror, before establishing his army 5 in camp, left a guard over Croesus, that no harm might come to him. Cyrus and Croesus Later in the same day he commanded Croesus to be led into his presence. When Croesus saw him, " All hail, master! " he exclaimed ; " this name henceforward 10 Fate ordains is thine to hear and mine to utter." " All hail to thee likewise, Croesus," was the reply, " seeing that we are indeed mortals both. But, Croesus, will you perchance give me a bit of advice?" "In truth, Cyrus," said he, " I could wish to find some good 15 thing for you ; for I fancy it would prove good for me, also." Cyrus accordingly went on to explain that it was the soldiers who must be helped. " Many toils and many perils have they undergone," he said, "and now they 20 believe themselves in possession of the wealthiest city in Asia, next to Babylon. Unless, therefore, they shall reap some reward of their labors, I cannot long retain their obedience. Now then I do not wish to turn the city over to them to plunder ; for so not only would 2. plunder: 183. 3. began: Guide 94 19. 4. ^cetvos 5f. before: 8529. 5. harm etc. : 869. Here add KOLK^V. 7. later: 8425. in the day: cf. 16 27. 9. this n. : Vcb. Seairdr^. 1 7. it was the soldiers : the Greek follows the order of thought in a simpler way than the English. Guide 72 21. 1 8. must be helped: choose between Set, xPVi w0e\ijT&>j (H. 990, G. 1597, B. 665), 55 26, a%iovv M. 24. not only . . . but: T . . . rf. 124 ATTIC PROSE Sardis itself be destroyed, but in the sacking the worst class of men would have the best of it." "Nay," said Croesus, "let me see to preventing a pillage and the robbing women and children of their 5 lives. I shall say to the Lydians that I have given you a solemn promise, provided you would not plunder the city, that you should have by the free gift of the people any fine thing there is to be found in Sardis. When they hear that, I am sure that every fine thing in pos- 10 session of man or woman in this place will come into your hands. And in the same way next year you will again find the city full of good and fine things in plenty ; whereas, if you sack it, even your arts, which men call the wellsprings of luxury, will have gone to 15 ruin. Now, when you have had a look at what comes in, you will be at liberty to consider anew the question of pillage." " If you wish, then, Cyrus, I shall now tell you what has been the outcome of my dealings with the oracle of 20 Delphi. For I have in truth, even as it is said, sedu- lously cultivated the favor of Apollo ; and had I really known myself, I should have guided all my actions from the very outset in obedience to his commands. In fact, however, all my doings were of the contrary 3. see to etc. : dtairp. wVre (J.T) 7. ap. fjLijSf^KrX. Vcb. yevtvOcu. 6. solemn promise : Vcb. Jj ^v. 11,13. you will find : your arts : ethical Dat. H. 770, G. 1171, B. 381. 18-24. All one period in Greek, but in other respects simpler than the English. No Aorist occurs until ir poo^c^x^'?'' is reached. 2 1 . really : Vcb. etirep. Cf. wirep 'just as,' even as.' EXERCISES FOR WRITING 125 sort in relation to Apollo. To begin with, when I ought to have questioned the god as to anything that I wanted, I neglected this for the sake of making trial of him, to see whether he could speak the truth. Yet 5 assuredly no one, not a god merely, but not even a man who is fair and good, loves those who disbelieve him. And so he, after coming to feel that he was disbelieved, was wroth with me and would not help me. " Such, then, being the strange thing that I was 10 doing, when finally I sent to consult the god about issue, at first he gave me no answer at all. When, however, by means of many offerings that I sent, I began to believe, that I had at last fully propitiated him, again I inquired what I was to do in order that children 15 might be born to me. And he replied that I would have them. And here indeed he spoke not falsely ; nevertheless, it would have been better had they never been born. For, once born, they availed me nought, seeing that one was dumb from first to last, while the I. when I ought: express either by parataxis, or by Ace. abs. H. 973, G. 1569, B. 658. There is no S.v either way. H. 897, G. 1400, B. 607, cf. 6nr)v 19 3. 3. (for the sake of) making: in Greek the participle not imply purpose, but rather cause ; in fact it explains the neglect. A rticiple is only a participle : it is a perverse habit to hunt up an exact logical relation for every participle, as none in particular may be implied, or two or iree at once. So with the cases, Guide 101 27. 7. coming to feel: Aor. wroth : 51 26. 9. strange thing : here means ri> d,Troireipa*. Cf. 57 7, though 5^ alone would suffice. 24. thenceforward : rf5w. 128 ATTIC PROSE Of such an existence he declared that his wife had been the possessor ; for that she, while participating equally with him in all comforts and all good cheer, had yet had no share of his anxiety to procure these blessings, 5 nor of war and fighting. He thought, therefore, that he would owe new thank-offerings to Apollo, if Cyrus were to establish him in the same condition of life as he had himself secured to her. The Taking of Babylon Advancing on the road to Babylon, Cyrus reduced 10 the Phrygians in Great Phrygia, reduced the Cappado- cians, and made subjects of the Arabians. From all these sources he made up Persian cavalry to the num- ber of no less than forty thousand, besides distributing many horses belonging to the captives among all the 15 allies. Thus he arrived at Babylon with a vast number of horsemen, a vast number of archers and darters, and slingers innumerable. When in the immediate vicinity, Cyrus first stationed his whole army round the city, and then rode over the circuit in company with his staff and 20 officers of the allied force. Finally, after inspecting the walls, he withdrew his troops from the city. When they had established their camp, Cyrus assem- 1-3. had etc. : Guide 99 30. 2. while : parataxis. 4. share : H. 734, G. 1097, 2, B. 356. 8. had secured : Aor. Indicative, if expressed at all. Guide 86 4. 9. There must be a connective particle here, as everywhere. In The Taking of Babylon there is not one case of Asyndeton. Guide 92. to B. : Vcb. twi. The Genitive is really the same as with a verb of aiming or hitting (partitive). 17. Vcb. 7rp6s. 1 8. stationed . . . round : Vcb. ia.i. Express the stationing merely as a fact, but make the riding descriptive. Guide 94 8. The Greek would also speak of Cyrus taking the ride in person. 20. Not a new sentence in Greek. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 129 bled the commanders and addressed them. "Men of the allied armies, we have viewed the city from every side. Now as for taking such strong and lofty walls by assault, I for one am at a loss to see how the thing can 5 be accomplished. On the other hand, the more people there are in the city, seeing they do not come forth to fight, the more speedily I suppose their capture can be effected by famine. Unless, therefore, you have some other plan to propose, this is the way I say the 10 siege must be conducted." And Chrysantas said : " Then, too, is there not the river yonder, flowing through the middle of the city, with a breadth of more than two furlongs?" "Yes, indeed!" rejoined Gobryas, "and deep enough to be 15 over the heads of two men, the one standing upon the other's shoulders ; so that the river makes the city even stronger than do the walls." "Well, Chrysantas," said Cyrus, "leaving alone all that lies beyond our power, what we have to do is to measure off without 20 delay such portion of the distance as falls to each of us, and go to work and dig a trench, as wide and as deep as possible, that we may need the smallest possible number of guards." Accordingly, measuring the distance round the wall, 25 leaving only room enough for large towers at the banks 3-5. Here the M. ought to have been committed to memory verbatim. 8?rws &V ns ?\ot, Vague Potential in indirect question. 13. with: H. 968 b, G. 1565,8. 653 N. 3. 18-21. &\\etc.: Vcb. as. 19. completed: Guide 95. Cf. 132 20. 20. heard of: Guide 97 10. 22. (waiting for) this (occasion) : the force of this expression is conveyed in Greek by placing the relative before the antecedent clause. Thus often, cf. 5 I f., 21 12 f., 30 10, 42 29. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 131 grew dark he took a large force of men and opened up the trenches to the river. This being done, the water began to move down the trenches in the night, while the way through the city gradually became passable for 5 men. While the river way was thus made ready, Cyrus issued an order to the Persian chiliarchs of both horse and foot to appear before him, each with his command drawn up two-deep ; the allies to follow in the rear, drawn up in the usual manner. They accordingly pre- 10 sented themselves. Cyrus sending down his working force, foot and horse, into the dry part of the channel, ordered them to take note when the bottom of the river became traversable. When these reported that the passage was clear, they 15 finally began their march. Of those who met them, some were struck down and slain, some turned and fled to the heart of the city, some fell to shouting. Gobryas and his men joined their voices to the others, pretend- ing to be revellers themselves ; and proceeding the 20 quickest way they could, arrived at the royal residence. The troops under the command of Gobryas and Gadatas found the gates of the palace closed ; but those who had been detailed against the guards of the vestibule burst in upon them, where they were drinking by a 25 brilliant light, and immediately put them to the sword. A great din and clamor ensued. The people inside 2. done: Vcb. yevfoBai. 3. began: Guide 94 18. 4. gradually: implied in the Impf. stem. 7. with : Ayuv. H. 968 b, G. 1565, B. 653 N. 3. 12. when : Greek ' whether,' 'if,' Vcb. el. 16. some: always accent the article when used as a pronoun, o pAv, o dt, etc. H. 654, B. 443, I. slain : Vcb. diroOaveiv. 26. Use the Historical Present freely along here. I32 ATTIC PROSE perceiving the uproar, the king commanded them to see what was the matter, whereupon some opened the gates and ran out. When Gadatas and his men saw the gates standing wide they burst in, and following up 5 with blows the fugitives who retreated within the build- ing, came to the king himself. They found him already risen from his seat, holding the sword that he wore drawn from its scabbard. He was soon overpowered by the numerous force of Gadatas and Gobryas ; while 10 his courtiers fell dead one by one, some endeavoring to screen their persons, others in flight, others still making whatever defence they could. Cyrus sent his squad- rons along the various highways, with orders to slay such as they found abroad ; while as for the people in 15 the houses, those who understood Assyrian should pro- claim that they were to remain within ; if any one were caught outside, he would be despatched. While this was going on, Gadatas and Gobryas ar- rived. And first of all they gave thanks to Heaven, 20 for that their vengeance upon the wicked king was now complete ; then they covered the hands and feet of Cyrus with kisses, with many tears and other manifes- tations of their joy. When day dawned, and those who held the heights perceived that the city had been taken 5. with blows : ptcp. 7. risen etc. : Vcb. ffTrjvai. that he wore: see 118 1 8 note. 8. drawn etc.: Guide 95 10. Greek is simple. 8-12. Here the descriptive Past-Imperfect sets in again. The Historical Present stands for a Past-Aorist. 9-12. The M. should have been got by heart. n. others still: Vcb. 7^. In a series 7^ gives a new turn to the thought, cf. 45 I. 13. Guide 99 6. iS. Cf. above 130 9. Gadatas and Gobryas were Assyrians who had been wronged by their own sovereign, and gone over to Cyrus. 22. tears etc. : use participle. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 133 and the king was dead, they surrendered the heights also. Cyrus immediately took possession, sent gar- risons to occupy the heights, and gave up the dead to their relatives for burial. Cyrus' Dower 5 When in the course of their march they arrived at the Median territory, Cyrus turned aside to visit Cyaxa- res. Greeting him affectionately, Cyrus said : " A house has been set apart for you in Babylon, Cyaxares, as a royal residence, that when you visit the city you may 10 have private quarters for your accommodation. And I bring you likewise many fine presents now." Cyaxares accepted the gifts, and declared that he would give Cyrus his daughter to wife the same whom Cyrus as a child, when at their house, had often tended. And he 15 said he would give as her marriage portion the whole land of Media. To this Cyrus made reply, that for the family and for the maid herself he had naught but praise ; that he preferred, however, before ratifying the contract, to have the consent of his father and his 20 mother. With these words he proceeded on his way to Persia. 5. Hist. Pres. in both clauses. 7. The direct quotation is an essential departure from the M. Conversely below, 12 ff. In the M. the 'house' and the 'residence' are not the same. 10. accommodation: Vcb. &yay^cr&ai. n. now: beware of the ascending scale, Guide 70 13. 13. to wife : predicate substantive. Do not repeat the name in Greek, where the masculine and feminine forms make all clear. 15. marriage portion: Vcb. dovvai. The dowry is given 'over and above' (4vL) the bride. 17. tiraivCi is a polite form of declining (here, provisionally) an offer. 18. The English idiom is negative in form; the Greek shows the sense by the order, cf. 16 I f. I3 4 ATTIC PROSE The Charge of Cambyses Being at once the king of the Persians and the father of Cyrus, Cambyses was naturally a well-wisher to both parties. It was his right, as he affirmed, so far as he recognized what was good for both, to recount it in public 5 before them all. In the past, he said, the Persians had made his son great by giving him an army and appoint- ing him its leader, while Cyrus, at the head of it, had made them famous, not in Asia only, but throughout the world. 10 "Now then," said the king, after assembling the authorities and inviting his son into their presence, " if ye wish to be to each other the authors of many bless- ings, continue hereafter to see things as ye see them now. Do not thou, Cyrus, becoming elated by thy 15 present fortunes, undertake to govern the Persians in a spirit of inequality ; nor do ye, fellow-citizens, ever envy him his power and attempt to depose him from the command." In order that the good event might come about, the Persians and Cyrus offered sacrifice in 20 common, and calling the gods to witness they made a covenant. He swore that in case of an invasion of the Persian territory, or any attempt to break up the Persian customs, he would come with all his might to i. at once: rt . . . K a.l. 3. his right: Guide 98. as he affirmed: not parenthetical in Greek, but in about the same position. 10. Paraphrase this; the Greek will hardly bear so long an interpolation inside a direct quo- tation. In translating, never interchange oratio directa and oratio obliqua. The difference is an essential one. 13. continue to see: i.e. yiyv6ffi Kvpc Thus the years rolled on, until Cyrus, now a very old man, arrived in Persia for the seventh and last time during his own reign. His father and mother were, in the course of nature, long since dead. He, as was his 20 wont, offered the regular sacrifices and made the cus- tomary distribution of gifts. This done, he lay down to sleep in the royal house of his fathers. That night a dream, as Xenophon relates, appeared to Cyrus, whereby God meant to indicate that the end 25 of his life was near at hand. He dreamt that one of mightier than human mien came to him and said, " Cyrus, get ready for a march ; thou wilt go now to I. dwell: Vcb. SlaiTa, KiairaffBai. 16. until: 58 17. 21. done: not pas- sive voice. 23. Xenophon : 35 10. See also 37 10. 26. said : Guide 99 39. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 137 join the gods." Awaking, he immediately proceeded to offer sacrifice to the paternal Zeus and to Helios, as is the Persian custom, upon the heights ; and to them and to all the gods he prayed that they would 5 accept the victims which he brought as thank-offerings for many noble successes in the past. He owed them deep gratitude, he averred, for that he, on his side, had ever recognized their care, and had never felt greater pride in his good fortune than becomes a 10 mortal man ; and he besought them to bestow blessings now upon his children and his wife, upon his friends and his native land, and to grant unto himself an end even such as the whole life which they had given. After the prayer he summoned his sons into his pres- 15 ence to hear his last injunctions. Last Words of Cyrus the Great Perceiving clearly as he did that the end of his life was near, and wishing to indicate with certainty the succession to the throne, that it might not become a subject of dispute and cause trouble for his sons, Cyrus 20 gave the chief sovereignty to the elder ; to the younger, the viceroyalty of Media and Armenia. In this way, he declared he could not see what human delectation either of them would ever lack. And he solemnly enjoined upon his sons that they should honor one 25 another, if they cared at all for gratifying their father. He denied that they could know for certain, that their 3. Const., 16 1-5. 8. Not Perf. stem. Avoid past phase. 14. prayer: 52 4. injunctions: use tiriaK-fiirTeLv. 23. solemnly: 12 i, or 8 17. 24. enjoined : tiruncfiirTeiv, with Inf. 26. denied : Vcb. fidvai. 138 ATTIC PROSE father was as nothing any more, after departing from this human life: for himself, he had never been brought to believe that the soul lives while inclosed within the mortal body, but after being released there- 5 from is dead. If, then, they believed as he did, the dying man affirmed, they would respect his soul, and would do all that he asked; for he believed that the soul leaves the body, and does not die with it. Yet, though it were otherwise, let them at any rate so fear 10 the gods and stand in awe of all mankind as never to be guilty of aught impious or unholy, in word or deed. The Death of Cyrus the Younger They had not yet arrived at the place where they were to halt, when a Persian, one of Cyrus' faithful followers, came in view, riding at full speed. When 15 near, he shouted to all whom he met that the king was approaching with a large army ready for battle. Then all were alarmed, lest the enemy might fall upon them while in disarray. Cyrus, springing from his chariot, donned his cuirass and mounted his horse, while the 20 Greek commanders gave orders to their men to equip themselves at once. At first there was great confusion ; but presently, with much ado, they got into position, each in his proper place. They were drawn up as follows : 9. though: Vcb. '. let them etc. : still Inf. 10. For the negatives, H. 1030, G. 1619, B. 433. 12. Remember the connective, Guide 92. Here xa.1, as often in this M., in accordance with its character of rapid narrative. Cf. Battle of Coronea. 13. halt : Vcb. \6eiv. when : for the word, 57 10; the construc- tion, which is rather modern, is used by Xenophon twice in this M. 1 7. them : Vcb. (ralvepoffvvr) by temperantia or modestia (modus, modestus). Ischomachus is a trifle sly in the turn that he gives to the (rw(j>poveii> of his wife. 13. Clauses " final of care or effort " (Sirws with future Ind.) are copiously illustrated in the M. See the list H. 885. Ueipaov. AXe/TreTtu alone would have the genitive. 26. Custom and law are covered by the same word. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 149 what God has given either one the more power to do, that the law declares is well. It is handsomer for the woman to abide within than to tarry without, while for the man it is more unhandsome to remain within than 5 to attend to the affairs without. And in case of any one contravening these laws of nature, it may be that Heaven does not fail to note that he is out of order, and he pays the penalty for neglecting his own busi- ness and doing the woman's work. And it seems to 10 me,' I added, 'that the queen bee has just such a set of labors divinely imposed upon her to perform.' " ' And pray how can it be,' she said, ' that the queen bee has labors just like those which I have got to do ? ' ' Because,' said I, ' she, too, remaining within the hive, 15 will not suffer the bees to be idle, but sends forth to their work such of them as must be busy without. The honey that each one brings in she takes note of and receives, and saves it all until there be need to use it. Then, when the proper time for using it has arrived, 20 she dispenses to each one of the bees its just portion. Furthermore she has charge of the construction of the combs within the hive, that they may be framed with excellent despatch ; and she attends to the rearing up of the progeny that comes to light. And when the 25 rearing is complete, and the young bees are equal to labors of their own, she sends them off to found a new community, with one of the number as their queen.' 2. is well : Guide 97 5. 6. contravening : Vcb. irapd. 7. fail to note : cf. 15 23, 121 12 note. 12. pray: Vcb. iro?os. 18. until: Guide 91 35. 24. progeny: T^KOV stands in the M., instead of the Gen. which eiri(ie\iff6ai regularly takes, because it is the anticipated subject of AKT/J^IJTCU. H. 878. I5 ATTIC PROSE " ' And is this, then,' said my wife, ' what / will have to do ? ' ' You will certainly have to remain indoors,' I said, ' and help in sending forth those domestics whose work is done outside; while such of them as have 5 inside work to do, you must oversee. You must re- ceive the produce that is brought into the house : as much of it as needs to be expended must be disbursed by you, while any surplus that needs to be put by, you must look out for, and take care that the store intended 10 for a year be not used up in a month. When your wool has been brought in, you must see that garments are woven for any who need them. Yes, and you must have the cereals admirably prepared for food. There is just one of the duties devolving upon you,' I said, 15 'that will perhaps seem a trifle ungracious: if ever a member of the household is sick, you must see to it in every case that he is tended and made well.' ' Nay, rather say most gracious,' she rejoined, 'at least if those who have been well tended will thank me and 20 be more friendly than ever.' "Then I," pursued Ischomachus, "admiring her answer, said : ' Is it not of precisely such attentions on the part of the queen bee that the disposition of the other bees toward their leader comes ? so that when 5. must: the M. well illustrates the construction of the verbal adjective in -Tp6vi/j.os 2. 10. would not: Guide 90 9; cf. 150 19 note. 12. Xenophon: 35 10. 13. in the way of pleasantry : kv irati$. For the idiom, Guide 71 36. Cf. 19 17, 23. 20. should: 56s. this here: ovTovl. ogre : ZetXTji^s. 15. Use avaireideiv. 16. The change from direct to indirect quotation is an essential departure from the M. 19. he knew : Infinitive, 154 ATTIC PROSE adapted to their required ends, they were consequently beautiful. Socrates accordingly proceeded to show, in view of these replies, that if what we need eyes for is to see 5 (which Critobulus admitted), his own eyes were the more beautiful. For while those of his friend looked only straight ahead, his own, as he declared, could by reason of their prominence, look sideways as well. Of their noses, he affirmed that his own was certainly 10 the more beautiful, at any rate if the gods gave men noses to smell with. For while Critobulus' nostrils looked toward the earth, his were turned upward and outward, ready to receive the odors from every quarter. In fact, a snub nose, he maintained, was handsomer 15 than a straight one, because the former did not wall off the eyes from each other in the threatening and insolent manner of the lofty nose. As the philosopher was about to pass to the mouth, with its biting-off power and other capacities, his friend, 20 seeing that such arguments were unanswerable, con- cluded to yield the point in advance, and acknowledged himself defeated. Xanthippe, his Wife " If any one of you, gentlemen, happens to have a shrew of a wife, and is at a loss what to make of her, 3. diroalveiv. in view of: irpbs with ace. 4. replies: 45 IO. 6. while: parataxis. 7. as he declared : not parenthetical in Greek. 10. No past phase, Guide 86 4. 18. philosopher: 6225. pass: i\6cTv, w. tirl. 19-22. Con- strue as 52 1 2. 20. unanswerable : d vtXeyKros 2. concluded : 40 1 3. 2 1 . in advance : irpbrepos. acknowledge : 1 2. 24. at a loss : use diropeTv Impf. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 155 let him not despair, but be of good heart and try to give her an education. Possibly her nature is nowise inferior to that of her husband, only she is a little too high-spirited, and lacks judgment and self-control. I 5 believe I shall not come far wide of the mark in say- ing that this would be a capital way to learn how to get along with mankind in general by having the Grossest kind of a helpmeet, and understanding how to bear up with her and make her better. A wise man, 10 I fancy, who wanted to make a jockey of himself would get, not the tamest, but the most mettlesome horses he could find ; for he might be sure that if he could con- trol them, he would find the managing of all other horses an easy matter." Filial Gratitude 15 " Some men are called ungrateful, as we know : those, namely, are thus stigmatized who, though able to requite favors received, yet fail to do so. We reckon the ungrateful likewise among the unjust; for when a man has received benefit from friend or foe, and 20 makes no effort to requite it, he is most assuredly a wrong-doer. Accordingly we must admit that ingrati- tude is a form of injustice, pure and simple. " Furthermore, the greater the good received without return, the greater the injustice. But certainly we can 5. in saying: Circumstantial Condition. this would etc.: OVTU . . . fjuiXiffT &v rts /i. 7. by having etc. : Vague Condition. Use participle and verb, Guide 100 16. 10. make of himself: yevfoffai. 15. as we know: not parenthetical in Greek. 22. a form of : rls. I5 6 ATTIC PROSE find none that have greater benefit from others than children have from their parents. Were it not for our parents we ourselves should not exist we could not see all the beautiful sights, or have a share in all the 5 blessings, which the gods prepare for mankind. To leave this life behind us is what of all things we shun the most. Governments, therefore, have made death the penalty of the greatest offenses, in the view that there is no graver evil whereby men can be deterred 10 from wrong-doing. " There is the father, who cherishes his wife, and for the children they may have provides in advance every- thing that he believes will profit their lives, to the full extent of his ability. The mother, again, nourishes and 15 tends her babe, though it knows not its helper nor can signify its wants ; but she must divine the needs and gratifications which she attempts to supply, and through the long period of nursing she undergoes hardships by night and by day, knowing not what return she is to 20 receive therefor. Nor is it enough for the parents merely to rear their offspring ; but as soon as they believe the children old enough to learn, they first teach them whatever good things they can themselves ; and then, if there be anything which they think another 2 5 is more competent to impart, they incur the expense of sending their children to such a teacher thus taking care in every way to have them made as good as possible. i. The plur. of oidels occurs, but not very often. 2. were it not for : tl ny . 3. exist: elccu. ii. There is the father: in Greek the prominent (antithetic) position conveys the force of this phrase. 23. can : Vcb. Ix 6 "'- EXERCISES FOR WRITING 157 " Now then, after one's parents have done so much, if either of them happens to be somewhat harsh of dis- position, let no child imagine that he cannot endure such harshness, especially on a mother's part not 5 even if what she may say be as hard as possible to bear; but let him reflect, how much trouble in word and deed he has himself caused her, from infancy, by his fretful nature, and by his illness how much pain. Let him be sure that such a mother, who has suffered 10 thus much for his sake, not only means no harm to her child in saying what she says no more than actors really mean the abuse which they heap upon each other on the tragic stage but, on the contrary, she wishes him well above everybody in the world. 15 Nay, let him not even say that she is harsh who means thus well by him, who cares for him to the utmost of her power when he is sick, that he may recover and may lack nothing that he needs ; who, moreover, offers fervent prayers and fulfills solemn vows to Heaven on 20 his behalf. We know that the state, while taking cognizance of no other sort of ingratitude, but disre- garding as it does all other persons who fail to requite the favors which they receive, yet imposes a penalty upon him who honors not his parents. Ay, if one 25 neglect to decorate the tomb of his deceased parents, the state deems even this a wrong. Finally, let a man 2. somewhat harsh: comparative degree of adj. 3. Cf. 33 13 (where ISr] would have been more usual), H. 874, G. 1346, B. 584. Here the Imperfect is required. endure : synonyms 1 9, 37 8, 49 10. 6. let him reflect: ne/j.v/iff0w. 13. but, on the contrary : dXXd KO.I. 15. Nay etc. : KO.I /xV p., of cf. 21 9. 20. Parataxis. 26. Finally: 7 12. I5 8 ATTIC PROSE beware lest, if he fail to honor his father and his mother, he find himself alone, bereft of friends; for whoever is conceived to be ungrateful toward his parents, to him men can show no favor with any hope of a return." Agesilaus in Asia 5 Agesilaus had but recently assumed the royal authority when news came from Asia that the Great King was engaged in collecting a large army, by sea and by land, with hostile designs upon the Greeks. While the matter was under discussion at Sparta, 10 Agesilaus, judging it best so to order the impending struggle as to stake the interests, not of Hellas, but of Asia, upon the issue, arose and spoke as follows : " Upon a former occasion, Lacedaemonians and allies, the Persian crossed over into Greece, in the hope of 15 making us his slaves. My choice now is to cross in turn against him, and substitute a war of invasion for one of defense. We shall thus carry it on mainly at his expense, not merely at our own. Give me, then, an army of eight thousand men, and I will sail to Asia 20 and endeavor to make peace ; or, if the foreigner pre- fers war, I promise to keep him too busy for any cam- paigning against the Greeks." Once in Asia, his first action was to set the perjury of Tissaphernes in so clear a light as to establish a 25 universal opinion of the faithlessness of the viceroy ; exhibiting at the same time a piety on his own part i. beware: 8 .28. 2. Not passive. 9. Gen. abs. H. 972 a, G. 1568, ^. 657 N. i. Sparta : ^s. 7. Cf. 45 22. 8. senseless : use ds &6. K. T. fi-fj. 14. agree: 50 2. in dist. : wtrre Siayiyv. 15. Spartan: 53 5. 15. The Greek sentence would take the form seen 58 6. a man etc. : ptcp. w. TIS. 17. A sight: ptcp. 19. managed *&.. Vcb. Xa/3etV. The idiomatic (colloquial) participle with tone of indifference. !65 ATTIC PROSE return from exile. Equally plain and inexpensive were the furnishings of the interior. Moderate and simple, too, was the feasting of the king at the public sacri- fices ; and we are told that it was an ordinary citizen's S carriage in which his daughter used to go down to Amy- clae. Thus Xenophon was enabled to speak of Agesi- laus as having equipped his mind to be, like Sparta 'herself, impregnable open to no attack of fear, cupid- ity, or luxury. Hunting as Part of a Liberal Education 10 This discovery, of hunting with hounds, is due to the gods Apollo and Artemis. By them imparted as a reward of righteousness to Chiron the Centaur, he gladly received and availed himself of the gift ; and among his disciples, in hunting as well as in other noble 15 arts, were Theseus, Odysseus, Diomed, Castor and Pollux, Aeneas, Achilles. They came to be severally honored by divine grace in due season. Theseus, who swept away the foes of all Hellas single-handed, is admired even to the present day also for advancing his native 20 city to distinction. To Odysseus and Diomed, aside from their brilliant individual achievements, belongs in the main the credit of Troy's capture. As for Castor and Pollux, their signal exhibitions in Hellas of what i. plain and inexpensive: 2 12. 2. Moderate and simple: 5 26, 3 12. 7. as having etc.: Inf. 17. Theseus, the national hero of Athens; as a pioneer of civilization, a sort of Attic Heracles. 20. A famous hunting adven- ture of Odysseus is recounted in the Odyssey, XIX. 393-466. 21. alrios may take Inf. with or without the article. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 167 they had gained from Chiron have seemed a worthy ground for their deification. Aeneas delivers his paternal and maternal gods, delivers his own father from destruction; earning thereby a reputation for 5 piety that secured to him and his, even at the hands of the victorious enemy, the unique privilege of immu- nity in the sack of Troy. Achilles, finally, educated in this mode, transmitted to posterity such a monu- mental record of great deeds that no one ever grows 10 weary in reciting or listening to his tale. In such wise were they enabled to approve themselves through the training Chiron gave them. For myself, I advise our youth to despise no part of education ; least of all, hunting. Hunting makes men 15 good in war, as in all matters that require brave think- ing, speaking, and acting. They who set their hearts upon this business will be helped by it in a great many ways : they will secure health for the body, improved eyesight and hearing, comparative immunity from old 20 age ; and, above all things, it is a good discipline for war. It was clearly seen by our ancestors, that of all the pleasures of youth, hunting is the only one that produces a large share of benefit ; since, because it is an education in the spirit of truth, it makes for temper- as ance and righteousness. A noteworthy illustration is furnished by the heroes of olden time whom I named as pupils of Chiron : beginning with hunting in their youth, they acquired many noble arts, and arrived at an excellence that renders them objects of admiration 3 to this day. It is a patent fact that all men desire to T 68 ATTIC PROSE excel ; but the most stand aloof, because true excellence is attainable only through toil. The achieving of suc- cess is too uncertain, while the labor involved is con- spicuously present. 5 The persons known as sophists excite my wonder, in that, while professing, as the most of them do, to lead our youth to what is good, they really lead them in the opposite direction. We have seen no man, I fancy, who has been put right by the sophists of the 10 present day. I am myself not a professional teacher, but I know that what is good is best learned from nature herself ; while the next best thing is to learn from men who are truly possessed of some excellent knowl- edge, not from people whose business is to deceive. 15 Perhaps I do not express myself in a sophisticated I. to excel: i.e. apia-Toi yevtffOai, dperijv Karepydo-affOai. 2. through toil : this sentiment, illustrative of the meaning of dptr-fi, was a commonplace of Greek literature, from Hesiod's line (quoted by Xenophon, Memorabilia II. I, 20), Tijs 8' dpeTys idpwra 6eol trpoirdpoiOev T)Kav, to Aristotle's lyrical fragment, which begins : 'Apera 7roXt5/iox0e yevei /Spore/y, eras irepi, trapQeve, Kal Oaveiv faXwr6s ev 'EXXdSi Kal irbvovs T\ijvai /mXepoi)s Plato strikes off a popular definition of dperi}, Menon 71 E: avrr] eS /j.ei> 0^Xous eD iroteti', roi)s 8' ex&poi>s KO/CWS, ical atfrdj' e^Xa/3e?cr^oi /oiTjS^y TOIOVTOI' iraBeiv. el Se fiotXei yvvaiKbs dper-^v, oi> x a ^ e ""^ t ' Sie\6eiv, STI dec avr^v TTJV oUlav e5 o^etj', ffipfrvffdv re rd evdov Kal Kar-f/Koov ofoav rov dvSp6s. 8. Along with this it is only fair to read what Xenophon says of his friend Proxenus the Boeotian, who had given a fee to the distinguished sophist, Gorgias of Leontini, Anabasis II. 6, 16 ff. EXERCISES FOR WRITING 169 manner, as far as language is concerned. But that is not the end I seek : my aim is to recount what is needed for the high purpose of a liberal education as the outcome of sound thought and judgment. Words 5 cannot give an education ; but maxims can, if good ones. There are many besides myself who are dis- posed to censure the sophists of the present time, as distinguished from the philosophers, because theirs is the wisdom not of ideas, but of words. My advice, 10 accordingly, is to beware of the sophists and their professions, while nowise failing in regard for the conclusions of true philosophers. There are ancient legends to the effect that the gods like hunting, whether engaged in the work themselves 15 or witnessing it on the part of others. Taking this tradition to heart, the young who act upon my advice are assured at the outset as to their godliness and piety, when they think of what they do as seen by an eye that is divine. These are the sort of youth who honor their 20 parents, and serve well not only their country at large, but their individual compatriots and friends. Hunt- ing, finally, has been the making not merely of men who were enamored of the art, but likewise of women to whom the goddess of the chase has vouchsafed her 25 gift, an Atalanta, a Procris, many another. 6. It was the corrupting influence of the mercenary spirit that gave the sophists their had name; a philosopher, pursuing knowledge without regard to material interests or the vanity and ambition of would-be learners, was supposed to have no motive for ' making the worse appear the better reason,' rbv T/'TTW \6yov Kpelrru Troteiv. ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS Regular substantives, masc. and fern, of the First, and masc. and neut. of the Second Declension, are registered in the Vocabulary without desig- nation of the genitive or the gender: veavlas, vo\tr^, /3ta, 777, 56|a, ofxoy, 8ir\ov. Regular adjectives of the First and Second Declension, of three or of two endings, are designated as such by the numeral : dios 3, dpy6s 2. Verbs are registered by the Infinitive : of the Aorist stem, when a 2 aor. is in use; of the Imperfect stem, when a I aor. is in use, or when there is no aorist. See Guide 93 37. Both forms thus often come to be given: ffTT)vai, ivrdvai ; vvai, (pveiv. For the sake of clearness of definition, the Active and Middle forms of many verbs are separately presented : e\eiv, e\t- ffdai; tivai, ifffdai. Infinitives in -civ are aorists, unless marked as imper- fects : evpetv, but ffeiv impf. All words formed from different roots are separately registered : dya.66s, eh, fvejKeiv, Kpelrruv, /J.ia, fytpeiv. Verbs compounded with a preposition must be looked for under the simple verb, if the simple is in use in Attic prose : a a ere t lead,carry ; U fi7w. glory, be proud. ira7aXXecr(?cu, 'to exult' or 'glory in,' &r rtw, 38 I. a-ydv : too (much), very. d-yaTrdv : /', tS-yyy t\0-ri, ' word was brought out,' from Asia, 52 28. ira77^XXet', ' to lay orders upon,' ' issue command,' 27 26. irapa77^XXen', TrapayyeiXcu, ' to transmit orders,' 'pass the word along,' 34 11, 178. news, tidings, messenger. d^yav : 0707611'. d-yctpciv: to collect ; Tjyeipa. o-vvtrye/pei*', ' to muster,' 28 13. d-y^jparos 2 (7^po$) : ageless. ciYvoeuv impf. : to know not, aor. to fail to know, 20 26. d-yopa: assembly, place of assembly market-place; dyopb ir\-f)0ovr| : sister. ttSX<}>6s: brother. a8i]\os 2 : not evident, uncertain. dSrjwTOS 2 (STjoOx) : unravaged. d8iVJYT ros 2 : indescribable. d8iKiv 'impf. : to be unjust or in the wrong, to do wrong, injure, rivd. d8iKT](j.a, -arcs, r6 : a -wrong, crime. dSiKia : injustice, wrongs-doing'. aSiKOS 2 : unjust, wrong, wrong-doer. a8o\os 2 : guileless. Adv. dSo'Xws. dSvvaros 2 : unable, impossible. act : always ; ' for the time being,' 'from time to time,' 32 12. der6s : eagle. dOdvaros 2 or 3 : deathless, im- mortal. &0po(gciir : to get together in crowds or heaps, to muster. dOpoos 3 : in crowds, heaps, or masses. aOvjxos 2 : spiritless, despondent. alSi, Ijpa, ^p/ca, jpiuu, foe-nv. H. 431 b, G. 674, B. 729 (List of Verbs), apds 10 12 is more specific than Xa/3wp. tiralpea-Oai, 'to be elated'; ^Trap- Ods, 27 13. aipeiv impf. : to take, seize, capture ; alp^ffw, rjpTjKa, rjp-r)nai, ijpt0r]v. No impf. pass. Syn. eXetv, &\Qvat, a.\tTOs 2 (alxntf, aXwvat) : taken by the spear, prisoner of war. atwv, '-wvos, 6, (afyro-, aevum, de/) : lifetime, age. d.Kiva.KT]s : a short sword. aK^TJ : the highest point, prime. ATTIC PROSE 173 : to hurl the javelin. aKOVTiov : dart, javelin. aKovTijo-6rii>. Const. Tiv6s TI; ptcp., STI or ws. Inf. only w. meaning 'hear said,' 'hear tell,' 1 18, 21 6. ttKpd : peak, height. dicpipT|S, -S : exact. Adv. dicpips. dKpi|3ovv : to make exact, to be perfect in something, ri. aKpodcrOai : to listen to, TIVOS. dicpdiroXis, -ws, 17 : upper or higher city, citadel. axpos 3: highest, topmost; TO. aicpa, ' the heights.' atcwv, -ovC (jzmbo, ambiguus, d/it(/>6Tepos) : on both sides of, about ; prep. w. gen. (rare in prose) and ace. ol dni&, Augm. H. 361, G. 544, B. 172. Const. H. 724, G. 1069, B. 340. diKJnXo-yos 2 : subject to dispute, d(j.4>oT6pos 3 : both. av : postpositive modal adverb. H. 857-864, G. 1299, B. 436-439- av: tdv. dva : up ; preposition with ace. H. 792, G. 1203, B. 401. di>& xpdros, ' at the top of his speed,' 34 3. In comp., ' up,' ' back ' or ' again.' dvd|3a(ris, -s, ^ : a gi- n U P> ascent. dva(3i(3deiv : to make go up. ava-yKcuos 3 : necessary, unavoidable. dva-yKa^iv : to constrain, compel. dvd'yKT] : constraint, necessity. Often as a predication (sc. fort), cf. xpt- el dvdjKi] ffot, ' if you must,' 3 6. dvaSvccrOcu (ticduvai, tvSvvai) : to draw back, 'back out,' 47 16. dvd0Ti(j.a, -arcs, r6, (dvaOeivai) : a votive offering set up in a temple. dvaxXdj^iv : to give voice, as a dog. dvdKpio-is, -ws, i) inquiry ; at Athens a ' preliminary examination ' of par- ties to a lawsuit, 47 19. dvdXt(TKiv : to spend, use up ; dvd- X(i(rw, dv?i\ (sc. eVrf), 't is 'right,' he deserves it, 55 26. dioiiv: to deem or think worthy, to see fit, to expect, to ask, to deign. dg(, 'to return,' 'go home'; &iK^, 'to re- port ' duly. In some vbs., esp. those of saying, dir6 has a force seemingly negative: airenrelv, dirayopetieiv mean sometimes ' to forbid,' sometimes ' to give up exhausted,' say off ^('1 can- not'). dirof3ouKO\Eiv impf.: to let stray from the herd, 11 27. diroSeKT^ov (5^x eo "^ ai ) : one must receive from another, 44 25. diroSpclvai : to run away ; &iro8pdXe/ca. air\vapovfjLfv t what fooling it was 'after all,' 10 13. dpa: interrogative particle. H. 1015, 1016, 120; G. 1603; B. 571, I. dpds: aipeiv. dp-yos 2 (fpyov} : not working, idle. dp-yvpiov : a piece of silver, money. ap-yupos : silver. dp-yvpovs, -a, -ovv : of silver. dpTr| (#PIx et "> forbids him 'to hold office,' 52 II. ap^d/j-evoi awo T&V Kvvtjyeffiuv, 'beginning with' hunting, 62 5; cf. odevirep apxerai, ' where it begins,' 33 9. irpoapxea\T|s, -aXa>s. d7ti5s) : to increase, make great; , i]v^r)o-a, iji^TjKa, rjv^fjMi. , ' to help in increasing.' audvo-0cu or av^ca-Oai : to grow up, grow great; t]^i}Bn\v. tirai/^eo-^ot, ' to go on increasing.' avTiKa : forthwith. avT00v: from right there, from the immediate locality, 56 24. avrdptaros 2 : self-moving; ' of his own accord,' 11 9. avTOjioXeiv impf. : to desert. avrr6v: tavr6v. avrovojios 2 : independent. avr6s, avr^, avr6 : self, same; but in other cases than num., when not in agreement w. another word and not preceded by the article, nor emphatically placed, 'him,' 'her,' 'it,' 'them.' Tropcic ai)r6s, present 'in person,' 12 6, 34 28. efe rb airb i,^v, to ' the same ' end as we, 815. airroa rots nrTrojs, 'horses and all,' 9 i. avroC : in the very place, right there. dcfmipeiv : see alpei v. davtf;iv : to put out of sight, make away with, destroy. CLivai (i^at) : to let go, to dismiss, to allow ; 6.ipi>Ka, d^et/ixej', <, &eiKa, aei/Mi, d.(j>el0t)v, &f6ijva.i. ATTIC PROSE d4>cr0ai (?eel/j.riv. dt/jxvov Trjs Ka\ijs Sinews, 'giving up the beautiful appearance,' 40 9. dc|>0ovd (tyOovos) : abundance. diKll-o/j.a.i, diyfj,a<., diKvov/j.ai. dxapwrrtiv, impf. : to be ungrateful. : ingratitude. ^) 2: thankless, un- grateful, unpleasant. ax.0o"0ai : to be vexed, sorry ; d%W- 0-ofj.at, 7fx_6tff<)r)v. a\0os, -ovs, TO ' burden, sorrow. Pd0os, ovs, r6: depth. Pa6vs, -eia, -v : <&(u, 'to cross over in turn,' 53 12. Kara/3^voi, ' to go down,' ' de- scend '; eicrTT/iKei KOTa/Je/JTjKws, ' stood where he had dismounted,' 9 14. tK/3TJi>ai, TZvplav fK^dvTt, 'as you pass from' or 'beyond ' S., dat of ref- erence, H. 771 b, G. 1172, 2, B. 382 ptd: force, violence ; fila, 'in spite of. Pidr0. ptcuos 3 : forcible, violent. Adv. : life : life, existence. PIUVO.I: to live; Ifilwv (H. 489, 14; G. 799; B. 729 (List)). tpiuffa (rare), /Siwo-o/mi, /3e/3iw/iat. Syn. ffiv, 8iaiTd. Syn. i0\eu>. 'To prefer,' w. or without /xaXXop, 53 14, cf. 6 8, 9. ^ov\6fjii}v oirrwj eX" ' I could wish ' it were so, 19 3. POU\CVCIV : to take counsel, determine, to advise, nvt. Im/Soi'Xei/eij', ' to plot against,' ' to plan,' ' scheme,' 11 14. os, -ovs, TO : babe. PpovT^j : thunder. Ppw(ia, -aros, r6 : food, meat. r. impf.: to marry, of the man; ya|wio-9ai : to marry, of the woman, ripl, 26 4,cf.i. ydp: for, namely; postpositive. H. 1050, 4. d\Xd ydp, ' however,' often near the end of a discourse, 33 8. KO.I ydp, 7 23; but 7 26, ical modifies &c VVKTOS ('even'). y^: encl. postp. intensive or restric- tive particle. H. 1037, J - Its for ce can often be represented in English only by the tone, or by italics in writing. dXXd ... 7^, 'yet at any rate' (after a cond.), 4 I, 32 5. ical pdOos ye, 'yes, and depth too,' 22 25, 46 20, ' nay ' 47 20. 5 5Av. y\dv : to laugh ; ye\d tytvero, the victory 'declared itself on the side of Agesilaus, 58 9. $\.a.yevtl\oi, ' have proved kind from first to last,' 322 4 . kir\.yevtQtvvai, ' to show forth,' ' to declare,' w. inf. ' pronounce,' 43 28; ' to render,' ' deliver,' as one pre- sents for inspection that which he has been ordered to make, 41 19. iiridfucvvvai, ' to put on exhibition,' 'display,' ' show.' a.vTew<.deiKvvvai, ' to exhibit in turn" or 'on the contrary,' 54 2. SeiXi] : afternoon. 1 . Sciv : to lack, need ; de^ffu, tdtricra., dfdtrjKa. As a personal verb, the act. dtw is found only w. genitives of quantity, iroXXoC, etc. Impers., rivi TIVOS, ' that we may need as few as possible,' 23 3. See 8eJo-0a.i. 2. 8cvv: to bind, imprison; Sijerw, fdyira, Sedexa, Stde/jMi, tdWriv. H. 411; G. 495, 2; B. 199, 2n. 3. Sfiv : impers. 5e?, one ought, must, should, w. inf.; %8ei, Se^ffet, t5{r]ffe. Seivos 3 (dcSitvai) : fearful, dreadful. In Attic colloquially weakened to ' skilful,' ' clever,' w. inf.; SeivbraTos XaXeiV, ' a terrible chatterbox,' 11 8. roi deivd, 'the terrors' of the battle- field, 54 28, cf. 38 ii. Seurveiv impf. : to be at dinner, dine. a-vvSenrvetv, 'to dine together,' 46 19. Sfiirvov: dinner. 8eiirvoiroiio-0ai : to have dinner. Seicrds : beOiivai. Stio-9ai : to want, to beg of; Sfo Seria-onai, deStrnjuu., ede^6i]>'. Const. H. 743 a; G. 1114. See I. deiv. irpoo-SeiffOai, ' to require in addi- tion ' 60 10, ' to ask for more ' 14 5. ScKd: ten. 5KttTOs 3: the tenth; SeKdr-qv, 'a tithe,' 55 16. BcvSpov : tree, fruit tree. 3: on the right, auspicious; r) 5e|ta, sc. x fi p, ' the right hand.' Seiovo-0ai : to greet with the right hand, 33 25, cf. 10. Se'pr,: neck. H. 138 a; G. 176. : master, in relation to slaves. Scvrcpos 3 : the second. 8'xo-0cu: to receive, accept; 5to/j.ai, , fS^x^ r l v H. 499. o wait for,' ' be ready to receive,' 48 15. uiro5^x e '^ a( > ' to undertake,' ' take on oneself,' ' engage.' 8rj : postp. asseverative particle. H. 1037, 4. The effects of 5ij must be learned by observation. nv 5?), very often, but the ptv has its sepa- rate appropriateness, 1 1 (^v correl. to 5^), 1 10 (ntv correl. to 7^ /xi^) ; in both cases 5ij marks the connec- tion of the thought with what has preceded. Often w. rel. words, ofa 617, 2 2. TTWS 5^, 'how so, pray?' 48 5. With a tone of irony: rov 8rj . . . /j,r] \vtrire\fiv avrots, ' obviously ' that it may not be well for them to poisbn the wine, 4 19. 8riXos 3: manifest, clear ; 5ij\ov Sri, 'evidently,' H. 1049, i a. StiXovv : to make evident, show, publish. 8r]fM]-yopiK6s 3 (dyopeteiv*) : of or fit for haranguing the people, 47 IO. Siifios: people, community, public. STJOUV : to slay, ravage. 8r|(ras : 2. Seiv. A(a, Ait, Ai6s : Zet/y. 8101 (two, between, twin, twilight, auo, 1 82 ATTIC PROSE 8i5o) : through; prep. w. gen. and ace. H. 795, G. 1206, B. 404. In composition Sid denotes inter- val, Sttxeiv 'to be apart'; dis- tinction, difference, diatpeiv ' to differ ' ; continuance, Sidyeiv ' to pass time'; succession, diadtxf, piwvai. 8ia.K6Xevcr6cu : to encourage one an- other, to exhort oneself, rivl, 11 13. SidicovCd : domestic service, 45 29. SICLKOVIKOS 3 : good at service. 5iaXvto"0ai : to discuss, converse ; dia- \t!-ofMi, SielXeyfMi, SieX^xOyv. 5iavji,T)Tov : one must abortion. 8iavo|A^| : an apportioning. Sia<|>Ep6vTWS : differently. : see 6eipeiv. (xffy>) : to have in hand, manage; mid. 13 I. 8i8a.crKaX.ia. : a teaching, instruction. 8i8a.a-Ka.Xos: teacher. SiSdcTKEiv : to teach, instruct, to ap- prise ; dtddfa, tdiSafa, deSldaxa., deSiSay/j.ai, tdidaxOyv. 8i8dcrKCT0ai : to get instriicted in, learn, 62 17. SiSovai : to offer, give ; 5ov>>ai. 8iix.ov : see ex 6 '"- 8i0-KfjL|j.v(os ( ^(T with discriminating care, 43 7. SiT|p<&T, ' it is right for me to recount.' H. 944 a, G. 1527, B. 634. Adv. SiKcuojs. SIKCUOCTUVT) : justice, righteousness. 8iKaioTT]S, -TITOS, 17 : like diKaiofftvri; attributed to Chiron as the most civilized being of his time, 60 26. 8(Kt] : right, a case at law, legal satis- faction or penalty. diKr/v dovvai, 'to be punished'; x w T ^J V StKrjv, ' I have my punishment,' 20 26. 8iir\dalvea-0ai, (2) vopl- feii', otfffOat, yyeiffOai. iK^o~6ai, 'within spear-reach,' 'a spear's length,' 57 17. SovXos: slave. 80 vcu (5o-, dare, donum, Supov) : to give ; eSwKa, e8o/u.ev, St&crw, 5^5w/ca, avTiSouvcu, ' to give in return.' onroSoOvai, ' to give back,' ' give what is one's due,' ' pay,' ' restore.' 8ia5oOi>eu, 5(ad(d6ca(,to'give sever- ally,' ' distribute,' 48, 12. tvdovvai ; 8ri tvdtSolro atfrots rj ir6\is, ' offered to surrender,' ' was ready to put itself in their hands,' 59 22. iiriSovvai, ' to give over and above,' as marriage portion, 26 5 ; similarly 14 4; 'to increase,' yv TOO-OVTOV twi- 5i5w, ' if I go on at this rate,' 11 6. irapaooiWt, ' to hand over,' ' to hand down' or 'transmit,' 61 17. Souirciv (Soviros) impf. : to sound heavy, 'to strike' or 'beat loudly,' 35 28. Not a prose word. 8po.fj.av : to run ; 6pa/ju}Vfj,ai, SeSpd- /MIca. Syn. Tp^x e '" 9& v - tKopaneiv, ' to run out ' or ' forth.' -- a.vreKSpa/j^'iv, ' to charge in turn on the run,' 57 12. -- crvve/cSpa/oteZV, ' to charge ' or 'sally forth together,' 57 17. Sp6TravT|(j>6pos 2 : scythe-bearing. 8p6(j.os (5pa/j.eiv*) : a running, course. 5p6fj.t{> Oeiv, to charge ' on the double- quick,' 35 25. Svvafus, -s, 17 : the ability or power to do or effect anything, influence. Syn. los, /cpdros, pd/jnj. 8vvacr9ai : to be able; Svc^cro/xcu, 5e5i;- vr]/j.ai, tdvvridriv. H. 355 b, G. 517. Svvaros 3: able, powerful. K TWV dwaruv, ' as the best they could do,' out of the possible chances, 42 1 1. 8vo, 8vovv : two. 8vo-KO\aviv : to be fretful, worrisome. 8uopos 2: hard to bear. Sva-xwpta: rough ground, dangerous locality, 8 20, 28. SwScKa: twelve. SupcurOai: to give, present, present with. Sdipov: gift. E. IdXwKa: aXwi'ai. av: to let or leave alone, permit; ftwv, H. 359; G. 537, i; B. 172, 2. DI)K fare, 'ye forbid,' 5 I, 52 II; cf. ov ) : if, w. subjunctive; also av, rfv. cap, capos or rjpos, T&, (ver) : Spring. capivos 3 : of Spring, vernal. tawrdv, iavTT|v, eauro : himself, her- self, itself; often contracted avrbv, etc. Reflexive pron. The gen. as possessive has the attributive posi- tion, /uereTT^ui/'aTO rrjp eavrov ffvya- rtpa, 'his (own) daughter,' 1 16. 3 : the seventh ; rb Updo/iov, for the seventh time,' 29 1 7. : to give as a pledge. irapeyyvav, ' to pass the watch- word ' or ' word of command,' 23 29. vt] : pledge, surety. : adv. near ; tyytrepov, 34 26. iv: to wake, rouse; lyepu,TJyeipa, il-eyelpfiv, ^?77e, ' 1 for my part; ' 'That I have,' 49 19, cf. 6/010176 22. tSoxfjos, -ovs, TO": base, bottom, ground. eSccrreov : one must eat. S(6Si|xos 2 : eatable. t0vos, -ous, i"6 : tribe, nation. ci : i/j whether. ; efirep, ' if really,' ' that is if,' 43 4; Ka.1 el, ' even if,' neg. ovS' el, /J.f)S' el, 32 1 8; el Kal, concessive, ' though,' ' if she has done all this,' 51 4. Often interrogative, el xcupos efy 8 1 6, 24 6. et: (i) elwu, (2) wu. elSei/cu ({Set?) : A> know ; dlSa, fcrp-ev, eldus, ySr], efoofuu. H. 491, G. 820, B. 259. Syn. yvuvai, eirluT 0.060.1. elSov: /av. eiSos, -ovs, TO ' appearance, looks. clKa^eiv: to make like to, liken, to conjecture, 21 i . tltcos, TO, (ioiKeva.C) : that which is like, natural, probable, reasonable, right. Adv. eiKo-rios. lX.iKpivT)s, -t's : unmixed, pure, sheer. etjxi: elvai. clvai : /o fe/ e^ encl., ^ or ^v, H. 478-480, G. 806, B. 362. 'To exist,' 50 8. rep flirt, 'in reality,' 'in very truth,' 39 18. rd flcra, ' what there is already,' 42 25. o.irelva.1, ' to be absent,' 33 24. tvelvai, 62 IO. ljje?pcu, impers. ' it is allowable,' ' one is at liberty,' const, rivl, inf. Agesilaus 'may' be pronounced brave unquestionably, 57 28. ebv afirif irapevTi, KT\., ' when he might have let them pass,' etc., 57 29. \UTeivai, 'to be among'; impers., iro\e/J.ov Kal /mxijs ov fj.eTTJv avr-g, ' of war and fighting she had no share,' 21 18. irapeZVai, ' to be on hand ' or ' pres- ent '; ev r< va.pbvTi, ' at the present time,' 21 i; impers. 'there is an opportunity,' const. Tivl, inf. ; irapbv aiirtf xpriada.1., ' when he might ' have availed himself, etc., 56 3, 58 19. dvai, \eyeii>, and, in comp. w. prep., ayopetieiv. irpoeiirelv, ' to state beforehand,' 11 25; 'to publish an order,' 25 i. tHirep : if really, that is if. See el. (pr)6fjvai) : a peace. els : into, to ; prep. w. ace. H. 796, G. 1207, B. 405. et's T{> raxi) tJ-o.v6a.vfiv Siaipfpuv, superior to others 'in learning quickly,' 1 14. efc 5tfo, ' two abreast,' 24 i ; sometimes also of the depth of a column, ds 5w- 5e/ca nvpiddas, ' to the number of,' 'about' 120,000, 28 14. els, ?v, gen. tv6s : one. See pia. eloTTtdcra : effTiav. cla-()>opa : a bringing in. ctcrw : to within, into, within. clra : then, next, and so. itr : efre . . . efre, whether . . . or. ATTIC PROSE I8 5 elcoOc'vai: to be -wont, accustomed; ftuQa, eiuQeiv. H. 369; G. 537, 2; 689. cKao-ros 3 : each, every. CKarcpos 3 : either, each one, of two. IxaTepcoOcv : from or on either side. Ka.Te'pcocre : in either or each direction. tKarov : a hundred. idcSTinos 2: away from home. K8iivai : to pass out of, ' to take off,' one's own clothes. H. 500, 4 a. icSu(rai : to make pass out of, 'to take off,' another's clothes, nva. TI. foci: (over) there. CKCiOev: thence. Kivos, Kivi], Kivo : that (there, yonder), he, she, that thing. tKeivo anticipates what follows (Cicero, illud), 'this,' 42 16. Kiai. KTpa\TiX^iv (rpdx^Xos) : of a horse, to throw over the head. KCOV, -ovv, cXdxio-TOs : less, fewer, least, fewest. H. 254, 4; G. 361, 5 ; B. 136. cXavviv: to drive; Aw, ^Xcwa, t\ri- XaKa, ^XTjXa/xai, ^\d6i]v. For the future, H. 424; G. 665, 2; B. 212, i. direXayveiv, ' to ride back.' e^eXai/j'eti', ' to drive out,' ' to march on ' from camp. ^, ' to ride along by.' TrtpieXavveiv, ' to drive round.' irpo, ' to drive together.' i>ire\a6vciv, 'to ride up,' so as to meet one, 35 10. \aos, i) : hind, roe. to cross-question, confute, convict; \ri\ey pat. tiv : to take, capture ; el\ov, Syn. atpetc, a\wva.i. : to cry AeXeO, raise the battle shout. cXcVGai: to take for oneself, choose, elect ; el\6fit]v. Syn. alpeiffOai. a.$e\fo0ai, 'to deprive,' 7 10. Const. H. 748 a, G. 1118, B. 362 N. IXevOspios 2 or 3 : like a free man, liberal; as epithet of Zeus, 'the Liberator,' 40 15. X t v0pos 3 : free. eXevOepovv : to make free, liberate. tXOeiv : to come, go ; imp. l\QL, fXefoo- /j.ai, t\rj\v6a. Syn. fpxfffOo-i, Uvai. With inf. 56 7, ' word came ' that he must defend, etc. cnreXMy, ' to go away ' or ' back,' 'to come off,' safely, 20 10. 8ieX0e?c, ' to go through,' ' to enu- merate,' ' relate.' iv, ' to come in,' ' enter.' , ' to come out.' Ka.Te\0etv, ' to come down ' ; 'to return from exile,' 60 13. irapeXfletV, 'to go by'; rd TropeX- 06vra, ' in the past,' 27 3. irepieXfotV, ' to come ' or ' go round,' of the revolving seasons or cycle of the year, 28 13. irpo, ' to come near ' or ' up to.' eXi-ypos (eX/Tretv) : a rolling, turn- ing round, roundabout way, 3 16. IXfrrmv : to wind, roll round; ei\irrov. H. 359! G. 537, 2; B. 172, 2. l|eX/TT', TV d\ayya, 'to de- ploy,' 57 24. 1 86 ATTIC PROSE {\Kiv : to draiv, drag ; ?Xw, e'i\Kvcra, ft\KVfffMi, el\Kij, ' to draw together,' 58 25. Xirtiv : to hope. IXirCs, -C8os, 77 : hope. cpavrov, (iauT^v : myself. c|i|3a|i|j.a, -aros, r6, (pdirreiv') : sop, soup, 3 4. |xp\iriv : see p\tireu>. 4|j^: me; fyov, ifwl, accented ; e^oiye, 49 22, cf. (lywye- Enclitic forms are fj,, /xov, fwi. |AOS 3 : my, mine. : to make firm, keep firmly. : see Trifj.TT\dvai. (jnro8iov: before the feet, in one's way. ffjLiroSiav rivl TWOS elvo.1, ' to hinder one from something,' 27 17. cpirpocrOcv : in front, before. p.(}>avT|s, & : clear, conspicuous. l|i<{>aviiv : to shoiv or prove conspicu- ously, 54 i. 4v: in, among ; prep. w. dat. ovov tv ffju>l, ' as far as in me lies,' 30 24. iv ffol irdvra earlv, ' everything depends on thee,' 42 21. cvavrCos 3: opposite, contrary; TOVV- avrtov, 'on the contrary'; ol ivav- rioi, 'the enemy.' tvavrla wpafal TIVI, 'to adopt a hostile course toward one,' 32 26. 4v8T|s, -s : wanting in, in need of. ev8i]\os 2 : clear, evident. v8o9ev : from within, from the house. v8ov: within, indoors. cvSvvai : to pass in or Tinder, ' to put on,' one's own clothes. H. 500, 4 a tv8vo-ai : to make pass in or under, ' to put on,' another's clothes, TIV& ri. 4vfyKa,tpeff6a.i, otavepov 'in plain sight,' 56 22. !: >. a,Kr)(tXioi 3 : '.* thousand. |aKoavalveiv. c| : without, on the outside. cco0v : from without. OiKvai (f t/c-) : to be like ; eoiKa, elKibs, t I'TTTTOV, 'on horseback,' 2 23. rty eirl Ba/SuXcDvos, 'the road to Baby- lon,' 21 25. eVi TTJS avrov apxys, 'within,' 'in the course of his own reign, 29 17. ty' rwuv, 'in our time,' 56 26. tirl TrXeoj/e^'p, 'with a view to personal advantage,' 27 14. oiroffa. tw dvdpl eiiSalfwvi vo^frai, what is customary ' over,' ' at the funeral of,' a fortunate man, 33 19. t oft TO 6vo/jui tart, ' to whom the name is applied,' 39 19. iirl Tip pit?, ' in ' 'in the course of one's life, 51 12. 188 ATTIC PROSE TO fir I i\etv, crrtpyeiv, dyairav. ep^d^ecrOai : to work, to do m perform ; tpydffo/j.ai, elpya, iroteiv, TrpdTTeiv. aurfpyd^ffBai, ' to work out,' ' effect.' Ka.Tfpydf. Syn. ayeiv. lo-ire'pd (vesfler) : evening, the West. TT : until, 44 14, 58 17. (7TT]Ka : ffTTJvai. G. 353, B. 133- uo<}>0a\|AOs 2 : with beautiful eyes. viri0i]s, -& : obedient, docile. cvpciv : to find ; imp. evpt, vpi](xa, -arcs, ro that which, is found, an invention, 60 24. vo-^eia: piety. , -^s : pious. Adv. evo-epws. 2 : aiming well. Adv. *- , 'with good aim,' 9 17. -'s, (reXetv) : easily paid for, cheap, inexpensive. *4>pavav (4>p1) : to make cheerful or happy, to gladden. v<|>pa(vpd.v6r)v, H. 498. tvpocrvvT| : mirth, festive time, plur. 21 17. A poetic word. t{5x 'to offer up vows,' ' address one's prayers to,' 15 1 7, 25. cv\V| : prayer, vow. 6vcovv(ios 2 (tfvo/xa) : \id : feasting, good cheer. 4>eivai : /0 /^ /0, let loose, per- mit, nvl ; (pTJKa, ei/j.ev, tterTTjKa: see ffrrjvat. c4T|pos (ri/3??) : a youth 16 or 17 years old. According to Xenophon's ac- count of the Persian discipline, men were e^Tj/Sot until the age of 26 or 27, during ten years between the iratSes and the rtXetoi Avdpes. fJKa: etpelvat. >opeiov : the court of the Ephors at Sparta, 56 9. ?4>opos (tirl, 6pav} : overseer, guar- dian; plur. the Spartan ' Ephors J 'the Five,' cf. 56 10. \iv: /lo ^af(? in hand, hold, keep ; elxov. See ff^v Often intrans., and so reg. w. adv., juerpfws x eu '> ' to be moderate,' 5 26, 28 I, 2 f. OI)K e?X e o"vXX^7eti/ 6r)pla, 'was unable' to collect animals, 8 8, 25 20, 50 28; thus oftenest w. vb. of saying, 22 20. 'To have to wife,' 15 8. Ifuiriuv <5v elx*> which ' he wore,' 39 4, 6. dvr^x"' 'to resist'; could not ' help ' gratifying him, 7 23. 6,irtx eiv i ' to be distant from,' Tt>6j; rrddiov, 57 IO. 8i^x e '"> ' to be apart,' separated by an interval, 35 21. Ko.r^x flv t ' to hold down,' ' occupy,' 16 I; 'control,' 49 8; \6yoi Kart- Xovfftv ws, 'prevail,' to the effect that, etc. 63 i. H,T^X ; , ' to participate,' ' have a share,' Tij/6s, 21 1 7. irap^x'> 'to have at hand,' 'fur- nish,' 'render,' 55 14. o-vv^xe'". 'to hold' or 'keep to- gether,' 32 7. virep^x"") ' to be above,' roO vdaros, 2226. : to hold on by, cling to, rtvis; to be the next in a series, or in line, 34 15, 57 16. Q.vt\eff&ou, dvaa-x^ffOat, 'to hold out," to endure' something oppres- sive or offensive ; ifrnxV'?", H. 361 a, G. 544, B. 175, i n. oik 17^0-Xero, 'he could not stand it,' 37 8, 51 6. Syn. viro^veiv, virotpeiv. irop^xeffou ; irapdffxoi-T &v, 'might be expected to produce,' i.e. bring to expression on the part of the persons engaged, 58 6. c*\0p6s 3 : hated or hating, an enemy. ^0 s: one who paints living things, a painter. wov (r)v) : animal. H. ij : or, than. I.TJ: interrogative particle. H. 1015, G. 1603. ^ K.a.1 diStas, 'do you really (ica/) offer?' 4 5. 2. TJ : really, truly ; intensive particle. ? ^T)V, used in declarations under oath, 18 12. H. 1037, 9. TJO,, ijetv, t]Wav : If vat. qpt] : youthful prime, youth. At Sparta, up to the age of 18, so that rd oV/cet d<' ^T/S means ' the men of 28,' 54 23. : dyayecv. . : to go before, lead the way, be guide or leader, to hold as an opinion, think, believe in. Syn. vo/j.lffiv, otfffOai, doKfiv. Sii77eFcr0at, ' to narrate,' ' relate.' i^riyeiffBai, 'to explain,' 46 16. -rrpo-riyeTff6ai, ' to go first to lead the way,' 15 25. i4>i77e?7?5eo-0ai; O^K ^lya-fleJs ^avepos iytvero, 'was not seen to rejoice thereat,' 59 19. a-vvrideffOai, ' to rejoice with,' 33 15. T|8e'cos : with zest or pleasure, gladly ; ridiffTO., 46 17. qSt) : 4)' this time, already. iroXXoi/s ^5?;, ' many ere now,' 8 24. Thus often w. gnomic aor., 32 25; cf. TJ$TI ITOT^ 49 23, TrwTroTe 51 9. 'Now,' ' at once,' 21 5. ' Without going farther', 48 4. fjStuv, r^ T)8ov: $ Tj8ov/j : pleastire. T]8vira0iv impf. : to be given to good living, to be dainty or luxurious. fjSiis, tjScia, T]8v, pleasant ; TjSiuv, ^StcrToy. t]Kiv : to come, to have or be come; feu. H. 827, G. 1256, B. 521 N. irpoa'^Keiv, ' to have arrived at,' ' to belong ' or ' pertain,' ' be related to '; oi irpoo-TfiKovres, ' their relatives,' 25 15. TO. irpoffyKovTa., 'what de- volves upon him,' 43 25; and so often impersonally, TIC/. ^X9ov : .iO-a : d/j.xos : holding the reins, driver. qirtipos, i) : continent, mainland. [prep : Sffirep. TIPS, -os, o: hero, inferior local deity. H. 197, G. 243, B. 113. rjo-0T]v: fjo-uxCd : stillness, quiet,peace. ^X eiv t ' to keep quiet,' mind one's business, 20 4. I^TTWV, lyrrov: inferior, less. H. 254, 2; G. 361, 2; B. 136. BaXarra: sea. OdXiros, -ovs, r6 : heat, warmth ; plur. ' extremes of heat,' 43 13. 6d.va.TOs: death. 0a.va.Tovv: to put to death; fut. mid. as pass., 25 4. H. 496, G. 1248. Odirrtiv: to bury; 6, lofiv, p\tireii>. KosraQfaffBat, ' to look down upon,' 'contemplate,' aor. 22 n. 6civ impf. : to run ; Beijffonai. Syn. T/>^x e fxdtiv, ' to run out,' 24 20. Octvai (Oe-, do, condere, diiffavphs} : to put, place; 6i?iTa.i would be the word. hnftiKu, ' to place upon,' ' impose,' a penalty 52 11. Ka.Ta.Qf I vai, 'to put ' or 'pay down,' ' deposit,' 42 14. trvvdeivai, 'to put' or 'join to- gether,' 43 8. 0o-0ai: to put or place for oneself. , epxevOai. airdcai, ' to go away' or 'back.' ilvi.tva.1, 'to go into,' 'enter.' iitt>ai, ' to go out ' or ' forth.' dvrei^i>a(, ' to come forth to meet ' one in battle, 55 9. o-vvei^vcu, ' to go out together.' iiritvai, ' to ensue ' ; i] tiriovaa ril- or rjfjitpa, 'the next,' 16 27; 'to in- vade,' 53 13. Ka.Titva.1, 'to go down,' 60 17. irapiewu, ' to go by,' ' to surpass.' irpoitvai, ' to advance.' irpotrdfcu, 'to go ' or ' come to,' ' to approach,' ' come up.' ai, ' to come together,' 'meet,' 56 27. Uvai : to let go, send; II^LI, fffia. H. 476, G. 8 10, B. 260. For aor. and perf. see compounds dai, etc. Upctov : victim, sacrifice. Upos 3 : sacred; lepd, sacrifices, rites. iWOeu : to send oneself, hasten, rush. vfyifffffai, 'to yield,' 'give up,' nv6s, 48 20; 'to relax,' 59 9. licavos 3 (d0i/cs, -v: propitious. H. 226, G. 306, B. 119. tfj.ci.Ti.ov : an outer garment, mantle; plur., clothes, 39 4. Zva : where, in order that. lirira horsemanship, 8 4; liririicbv, 'a cavalry force,' 27 10. lirir6Spo|xos : race course, hippodrome. I'iriros : horse. I'cracri : eldtvai. lo-rj-yopCd (d7opei5etv) : equal freedom of speech, equality. Ii'j tire (H. 361, G. 544, B. 174, i ), KaOiu (H. 425; 6.665,3; B. 2l5),^/cd5ra or KaOto-a. Ka6i^c is v, in all senses. v : to cover ; KdXih Ka\virT0-0ai : to cover for oneself. cover one's face,' 33 12, 25. K. Kd|xirTeiv : to bend ; e/ca/ui/'a, /c^Ka/i/uot, liriKd/AflTTeii', 'to wheel to' the right or the left, 36 25. KavaOpov : a kind of carriage, 60 16. KavSus, -vos, o: Median gown, an upper garment with wide sleeves. KavTttvOa : Kal tvravBa. Kairpos: wild boar. KcipKivos : crab. Kapiros : fruit, produce, return. Kapirovo-eai : to reap the fruits of, rl; 'to appropriate,' 55 12. xapreptiv (updros) impf. : to be patient, to bear with fortitude. Kard: down; prep. w. gen. and ace. H. 800, G.I 211, B. 409. TOI>S Kar eiv. KaTaavT|s, -& : clearly seen, in sight. Karcpw : see priOrjvai. Kar^jwcra : see avtireiv. Karw : below, downwards. KCio-Oai: to lie, be situated, placed; Keifiai, KflffofMt. H. 482, G. 8 1 8, B. 264. Used as a perf. and fut. pass. of Oftvat. i) ffo rbv tviavrbv Keifitvr) dairdv-ri, the expense 'set down' for the year, 44 28. SidKeiffOat, to be in a certain state mutually or relatively, to be dis- posed or affected in some way; olKelus, ' on terms of intimacy,' 7 15. Cf. SiarlOevTai, impf.,45 12. irpoa-Ke?ff0ai, 'to be (placed) there in addition,' the word /ca\6s besides the word dyaOos, 40 3. KK\T|(iai,: Ka\f?V. : 1 cry out ; ttceKpayeiv. KCKTfj: horn, wing of an army. H. 181, G. 237, B. 115, 10. KT)piov : honeycomb. KT|p6s (cera) : beeswax. KT)pvyfJia, -aros, r6 : proclamation. Kfjpvg, KTjpvKos, 6 : herald. Kt]pvTTiv: to proclaim. 'As for the people in the houses, those (of the couriers) who understood Assyrian should proclaim that they were to remain within,' 25 2. KivSvvevciv : to incur danger. KivSvvos : danger, risk. Kiveiv impf. : to move, stir, meddle with. KXdciv : to weep ; K\oi5a, K^cXtyuai, ^K\i6t}v. ifK\tveiv, 'to bend in,' turn about. lKK\iveu>, 'to bend out,' give way. Koi|idV, 'the commonwealth,' ' community,' 15 7. KOIVWVCIV impf. : to have in common, to have part in, riv6s. ATTIC PROSE 197 xoivwvid : partnership. KOIVCOVOS: partner. KoXdciv : to chastise, punish. KoXdKtvtiv : to flatter. KoXeos or KoXtdv : sheath, scabbard. KoXop6s 2 : docked, mutilated, KOHTJ : hair. K0|xit;eiv : to take charge of, to convey to a place of safety. tla-KO/j-lfciv, ' to fetch in,' ' take home,' 9 21. Kovioprog : dust raised