/ »EIIKEIEY LICRARY UNI/ESSITY OF V CALIFORNIA 1 1 CHARTERHOUSE PRIZE EXERCISES, FROM 1814< TO 183^. REPRINTED 1833. LONDON: PRINTED FOR S. WALKER, {Bookseller to Charterhouse School,) 58 BARBICAN; AND SOLD BY J. H. PARKER, AND J. VINCENT, OXFORD J. AND J. J. DEIGHTON, AND W. T. GRANT, CAMBRIDGE. 1833. 1 I i PRINTED BY lUCHARI) TAYLOR, KI£D LION' COURT. tLEET STREET. yN ell -^ CONTENTS. Page. 1817. Allan, T.R. "Xerxes." — Latin Hexameter 44 1818. x\llan, T. R. "Ad Paiipertatem."— Latin Alcaic ... 62 1819. Allan, J. W. "Caramania." — Latin Hexameter ... 65 1819. Allan, J. W. " Midsmnmer Night's Dream." Act IL Scene 2. — Greek Iambic 74 182:5. Bannatyne, C. "Richard the Second. " Act L Scene 3. — Greek Iambic 114 1823. Blencowe, E. "Richard Coem* de Lion." — English Verse 110 1814. Boone, J. S. " On the Morality of the Heathen Philo- sophers." — English Essay 1 1816. Boone, J. S. "Nilus." — Latin Hexameter 33 1821. BoRRETT, W. P. " Coriolanus." — Latin Hexameter . 85 1821. RoRRETT, W. P. "Virgil, ^n. XL 343."— Greek Hexameter 92 1821. BoRRETT, W. P. "Mors." — Latin Alcaic 94 1828. Bright, J. E. " Penelope."— Latin Alcaic 200 1829. Bright, J. E. " Tempus."— Latin Hexameter 203 1824. Brockhurst, J. S. " Carthage."— English Verse ... 119 1824. Brockhurst, J. S. "Tempest." Act I. Scene 2. — Greek Iambic 123 1825. Bkome, J. "Rura cano rurisque Deos." — Latin Hexameter 125 105 VI CONTENTS. Page. 1825. Brome, J. "Auturanus." — Latin Alcaic I'Si) 1818. CiiuRTON, E. "Ignis." — Latin Hexameter 51 1818. CnuRTON, E. "As You Like It." Act II. Scene 3.— Greek Iambic 59 1827. Churtox, H. B. W. "Syracusaj ab Atheniensibus obsessai." — Latin Alcaic 177 1827. Clay, J. G. "Milton's Paradise Lost," Book V. Line 28. — Greek Iambic 1G7 1822. Cole, J. G. " Constantinus." — Latin Hexameter ... 97 1822. CoLLYER, R. "Henry the Fourth," Act IV. Scene 4. — Greek Iambic 103 1825. Edgeworth, F. B. " Saul."— English Verse 131 1829. Elder, E. "Romeo and Juliet," Act IV. Scene 3. — Greek Iambic 216 1829. Elder, E. " Els 'Myietfcoavuecv." — Greek Sapphic ... 222 1830. Elder, E. "Richard the Second," Act IV. Scene 1. —Greek Iambic 210 1830. Elder, E. " Regum Romanorum quid quisque opti- mum praestiterit, quis Reipublicaj optime consuluerit." — Latin Essay 242 1831. Freese, J. W. "Canis." — Latin Hexameter 253 1824. Fulton, J. A. "Croesus." — Latin Hexameter 115 1818. Hall, J. C. "To fair Fidele's grassy tomb." — Latin Elegiac 61 1826. Hebert, C. "Urbs."— Latin Hexameter 142 1820. J AGO, W. "Loo-Choo."— Latin Hexameter 76 1820. Jago, W. "Merchant of Venice," Act IV. Scene 1. — Greek Iambic 82 1820. Jaoo.W. " Pindar," Pythian Ode XU.— Latin Alcaic 83 1827. Leader, J. T. " Ex duobus, Hectore et Achille, inter se comparatis, utcrutri sit anteferendus." — Latin Essay 170 1 CONTENTS. Vn Rige. 1«'2.'5, LusiuNfiTON, E. L. "Richard the Serond," Act I. Scene 3. — Greek Iambic 137 182G. LusiiiNGTON,E.L. " AsYouLikelt," ActlV.Scene3. — Greek Iambic 153 1827. LusHiNGTON, E. L. "The Building of the Second Temple at Jerusalem." — English Verse. 163 1827. LusniNGTON, E. L. " Doctrina vim promovet insi- tam." — Greek Sapphic 174 1828. LusHiNGTON, H. "Navigium vi vaporis impulsum." — Latin Hexameter 180 1828. LusHiNGTON, H. "Taming of the Shrew," Act V. Scene 2. — Greek Iambic 192 1 829. Macpherson, W. " Quid potissumum pra^cipiat Odys- seae Auctor?' — Latin Essay 218 1829. Rose, W. G. "Mors Siserae."— Latin Alcaic 224 1832. Russell, J. "Moses on Mount Nebo." — English Verse 281 ISoO. ScRATCHLEY, C. J. " Ladurlas diris agitatus." — Latin Hexameter 227 1831. ScRATCHLEY, C. J. " Much Ado about Nothing," Act V. Scene 1. — Greek Iambic 204 1831. ScRATcHLEY, C, J. " In Jliade quid proprium, quid praestantissimum emineat, in singulis ejus rhapsodiis quid sit pulcherrimum, quid praeceptum ad mores confirmandos optinie conducat." — Latin Essay 26G 1831. ScRATCHLEY, C. J. " Mahumcda." — Latin Alcaic ... 272 1832. Sykes, G. M. "Henry the Fifth," Act I. Scene 2.— Greek Iambic 287 1826. Venables, G. S. " Jacob."— English Verse 148 1820. Venables, G. S. "Xerxes."— Latin Alcaic ir>5 1828. Venables, G. S. "Nestor cum Ulysse comparatur." — Latin Essay 194 VIU CONTENTS. Page. 1823. 'Walford, J. D. " Lear."— Latin Hexameter 105 1828. Walford, F. "The Israelites in the Wilderness."— English Verse 186 1828. Walford, F. " F^/ja?."— Greek Sapphic 198 1829. Wells, F. B. "Elijah."— English Verse 210 18.32. WniTBREAD, G. "Aqua." — Latin Hexameter 275 1830. Wing, J. W. "The Crusades."— English Verse 233 1830. Wing, J. W. " PuellaAurelianensis." — Latin Alcaic 251 1831. Wing, J. W. " Shakspeare."— English Verse 258 1827. Yates, J. St. John. " Henricus Octa\ais." — Latin Hexameter 158 n CHARTERHOUSE PRIZE EXERCISES .ON THE MORALITY OF THE HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. " Human nature," says Addison, "is a very deformed, tr a very beautiful object, according to the different lights in which it is viewed." If we consider it in its rude and un- cultivated state, and again regard it as improved by science and philosophy, it seems to bear little resemblance to itself. It is not an unpleasing speculation to observe it in the for- mer of these conditions, but it is far more interesting to con- sider it in the latter : it is not unpleasing to mark the wild and irregular virtues of the savage, but it is far more inter- esting to mark the chain or concatenation of virtues which distinguishes the philosopher, and to contemplate that sci- ence which has procured for the world the small remains of happiness which it enjoys. Little is that man to be en- vied, to whom it would give no pleasure to study with Zeno to subdue his passions, to learn with Socrates to know himself, or " To soar with Plato to th' empyrean sphere, To the first good, first perfect, and first fair." Man, in the state of nature, is a wretched and degraded *J ON THK MORALITY OF THE being. His good qualities are always in danger of degene- rating into the vices upon which they border. Seduced by his innate propensity to evil, misled by passions which he cannot conquer, and involved in ignorance, which he can- not pierce, he is little superior to the beasts, that perish. Destitute indeed must be the situation of man, until it is ameliorated by philosophy; and philosophy may be said remotely to have originated from this destitute situation. For the wants and necessities of man arouse him to in- vention : his restlessness and curiosity form the first rudi- ments of knowledge. He at length beholds the beauties of nature with a wish to comprehend them ; he perceives his darkness with a desire to dispel it ; he imbibes new feel- ings and new hopes. His reason opens, and light dawns upon it, and the sublimity of truth finds an entrance into his mind. In the same manner as the pursuit of happiness employs the active energies of man, the search after truth engages his intellectual faculties. Neither the one nor the other is altogether attainable by him ; but as the one prin- ciple is the spring of exertion and perseverance, the other is the source of science and philosophy. P'or what is phi- losophy, rightly considered, but the love of truth and real wisdom? In this sense it is of all studies the most de- lightful in its practice, and the most beneficial in its re- sults. Moral philosophy is certainly the most noble field in which the human intellect can exert itself. Natural philosophy is well calculated to delight and to instruct, to fill us with more su])lime notions of the Deity, and a more humble opinion of ourselves. But ethics are of more im- portance towards the regulation of our lives ; and an in- quiry into them as much exceeds all other learning, as it is of more consequence to adjust the true nature of right and wrong, than to compute the distance of the planets, or cal- HEATHEN PHfLOSOPHERS. 6 culate the times of their circumvolution. Human nature, says an excellent author, is the most useful object of human reason : and it was because he applied himself to this study- that the oracle declared Socrates the wisest of aU men liv ing. "Raphael," as Dr. Johnson remarks, "in return to Adam's questions about the courses of the stars, and the revolutions of the heaven, counsels him to withdraw his mind from idle speculations, and employ his faculties upon nearer and more interesting objects, the survey of his own life, the subjection of his passions, the knowledge of duties which must daily be performed, and detection of dangers, which must daily be incurred." Moral philosophy, among the ancients, was the chief method of promoting virtue and disseminating instruction ; it softened and shaded off the roughness of their manners into urbanity and politeness ; it went hand in hand with the laws and civil government, and corrected the absurdities of their religion. Moral phi- losophy dispels the gloom of human vanity and weakness, it brings with it civilization and order, and calls the scat- tered inhabitants of the earth to society and friendship with each other. Thus kingdoms and cities have been founded, and the arts and elegancies of life spring up and flourish. Man, under the influence of philosophy, assumes a new form; he increases his powers of reason and conscience, his capacity for happiness, and his ardour for enterprise. His ideas are enlarged and refined, his knowledge is ex- tended and diversified, and his nature becomes more gentle and more amiable in proportion as it is more dignified. Cicero, in the rapture of his admiration, beautifully ex- claims, "O vitse philosophia dux! O virtutum indagatrix, expultrixque vitiorum ! quid non modo nos, sed omnino vita hominum sine te esse potuisset?" From these con- siderations, then, it appears, that nothing is more clearly B 2 ON THE MORALITY OF THE proved from the history and progress of mankind, than the general utility of philosophy, and particularly of that part of it which is distinguished by the appellation of ethics. It U cannot, therefore, be an uninteresting speculation, to ex- amine this branch with attention, to discover who among the ancients were its founders, what are its excellencies, and what its defects. For this purpose it may be of use, without entering upon the theoretical opinions of the hea- then philosophers, to give some account of their practical maxims, as they regard the duty, happiness, and desti- nation of man, first touching upon the tenets of the various sects, as taken separately, and afterwards deducing the general character and bias of their morality, as taken to- gether. In the heathen ages, all nations were pregnant with phi- losophers. They were perhaps more frequent in ancient times than in the present, nor is it wonderful, that, when truth was less ascertained, there should be more persons desirous of ascertaining it. Besides, times of ignorance and darkness naturally afford the most ample space for the speculations of a daring mind : as ardent and enterprising spirits find the greatest scope for their abilities in the dan- gers and revolutions of states. Scythia has produced its Anacharsis, China its Confucius, and Persia its Zoroaster. If we look back nearly three thousand years we behold phi- losophy in some degree of advancement among the Chal- deans, the Phoenicians, and the Indians. It is true that their morality consisted rather in desultory maxims, than in a regular and settled code, that their learning was imbued with error, and their religion tinctured with superstition and idolatr)'. But it is true also, that when the task was en- trusted to them of forming plans for the regulation of their countrymen, their systems were in many points agreeable d^ HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. a to reason, nature, and experience. Zoroaster and his fol- lowers were worshipers of tlie sun ; but they considered it rather as the emblem of the Deity, than the Deity himself, and perhaps human reason might naturally induce mankind to pay their adorations to that pervading light which sees,^ embellishes, and gives light to all. It is not necessary to search into the philosophy of these ancient sages, nor would the labour of any person be repaid, who should examine the maxims of Sanchoniathon, or the Gymnosophists. For the same reason W'e may pass over the tenets of the Egyptians, and come at once to the more perfect and systematic mo- rality of the Greeks. The enlightened ages of Greece have, without controversy, given birth to wiser moralists and more virtuous men than any, or than all other nations, in the heathen world. There learning was encouraged and ad- vanced ; the arts and sciences were honoured and rewarded; and even the Sophists treated with regard and reverence. The seven sages are instances of the high state of literature in Greece at that early period. Thales and Pythagoras were the two great founders of the Grecian philosophy, the one of the Ionian, the other of the Italian school. The Greeks in general seem to have borrowed as much from the Egyptians, as the Romans from them. It was customary among them to travel in various countries for the attainment of knowledge, and particularly in Egypt. From this source Thales and Pythagoras derived many of their theories and maxims ; hence also arose many of their errors and superstitions. Hence Thales was en- abled to predict an eclipse of the sun, and hence, or from the sohtary retreats of the Brahmins, Pythagoras transferred his doctrine of the transmigration of the soul. There are some celebrated replies of Thales, which it may not be im- proper to insert, as they will both serve to give some idea e ON THE MORALITY OF THE cf his morality, and to show with what precision the sa| of that aera used to satisfy the questions that were proposed to them. "What is the most beautiful?" — "The universe, for it is the work of God." "What is the most capacious?" — " Space, for it contains aU." "The most powerful.-*" — •* Necessity, for it triumphs over all." "The most difficult?" — "To know one's self." "The most easy?" — "To give advice." "What is necessary to be virtuous?" — "To do nothing which we blame in others." "What is necessary to be happy?" — "A sound body, an easy fortune, an en- lightened understanding, and a pious mind." Nothing is more celebrated than the name of Pjrthagoras, nothing less known than the incidents of his life. It appears that he was for some time a pupil of Thales, and that from his tra- vels in Egypt and Upper Asia, he obtained some know- ledge of the sciences, which were cultivated in those places. The profound mysteries of the Egyptian priests, the long meditations of the Oriental sages, oiFered as many attrac- tions to his ardent imagination, as the severe regimen they had embraced held out to his intrepid character. Pythago- ras is distinguished not only by the doctrine of the metem- psychosis, but by the new system of education, which he introduced at Crotona. This system was in many respects excellent, and his own conduct was exemplary for pru- dence, and temperance, and sanctity. He wished to ren- der the minds of youth capable of truth, by rendering them independent of the senses. Upon the death of Thales and Pythagoras, both the Io- nian and Italian schools produced some great natural and metaphysical philosophers, but ethics seem much to have degenerated in them until the time of Socrates. Socrates himself, in the early part of his life studied cosmogony and the properties of matter, and attended to the discourses of HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. / the Sophists, who descanted upon every subject of morality and policy, without explaining or enhghtening any. But finding that the fuither he advanced in this career, the more he was involved in doubt, he afterwards devoted himself to ethics, and turned the stream of useless philosophy to its former and more advantageous channel. He may indeed be called the father of the Grecian morality, as he not only freed it from the incumbrances with which it had been clog- ged, but placed it upon a sure and steady basis. Socrates perfectly understood the various duties of man, and the re- lation in which he stands towards his God and his fellow- creatures ; and his system of ethics, as it is to be found in the works of Plato and Xenophon, approaches as near to perfection as it was possible for a heathen to have made it. He left no compositions of his own, but a hymn in honour of Apollo, and some fables of ^sop, which he put into verse while he was in prison ; but the purity of his life and conversation is a finer lesson of morality than any thing which he could have written. The philosophers who lived after him might almost have made the complaint of Alex- ander, that nothing was left for them to do. After this short account of Thales, Pythagoras, and So- crates, it may not be improper to mention those sects which owe their origin to them, and which, as they were educated in their principles, and formed by their example, brought the philosophical morality of the ancients to its highest pitch. The principal of these were the Academy, the Pe- ripatetics, the Stoics, and the Epicureans. There were three schools, which took the title of Academy; the first of which was founded by Plato. This great and wise man was versed in every branch of practical as well as specu- lative philosophy. The groundwork of his system was laid by Socrates and Pythagoras, and he raised upon it a beauti- 8 ON THE MORALITY OF THE ful superstructure of his own. His theory, with regard to the formation of man, was partly chimerical and partly sub- lime. According to the Platonic system, the universe was created from Chaos by a superior and independent being, who was the author of all good. The soul was an ema- nation from the Deity, pre-existent before the body, and self-existent after its dissolution. ITie passions were the sources of every species of evil. By their extermination, however, and by the practice of equity and virtue, the nature of man could attain to happiness and perfection. Plato lays it down as a principle, that whatever befalls a just man, — whether poverty, or sickness, or any of those incidents which appear to be evils, — shall either in life or death contribute to his advantage. Of all the systems of the various sects the Platonic has the noblest conceptions of the Deity, and the finest precepts of morality. Arcesilaus and Carneades, the founders of the second and third Academies, trod in the steps of Plato, and differed little from his precepts. Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, is known rather as a natural than moral philosopher. Indeed as a disciple of Plato he may be said not to have invented any new system of ethics, but rather to have tempered the sub- lime and rapturous mysteries of his master with order, method, and a stricter mode of reasoning. He however formed and adhered to some pecuHar doctrines. The opi- nions of the Peripatetics on theological subjects were vague and contradictory : they considered the chief excellence of man to consist in the right use of his reason. Aristotle wished rather to moderate the passions than to extinguish them, as he conceived them necessary to repel injuries and give energy and life to virtue. The sect of the Stoics took its origin from Zeno. This school of philosophy is tinctured with a shade of melancholy and austerity, from the dispo- i I HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 9 sition and habits of its founder. Zeno, who, as well as Aristotle, was educated in the principles of Platonism, chiefly differed from his master in the comparative estimate of things, allowing nothing to be intrinsically good but virtue, nothing intrinsically bad but vice, and considering all other things in themselves neutral. His character was gloomy and almost unamiable ; he looked down with contempt upon the pleasures of the world, and wished to extirpate all sen- sibility from the mind of man. The Stoic was taught to view with indifference health or sickness, riches or poverty, pain or pleasure, and to suffer no external circumstances to disturb the serenity of his mind. The Stoics even denied pain to be an evil, and maintained, that the wise man may be happy in the midst of torture, because virtue itself is happiness. Zeno acknowledged but one God, the soul and governor of the universe. There was a great similarity in some points between the Stoics and the Indian Gymno- sophists : both evinced much fortitude and intrepidity, and the strongest disgust for every species of amusement, and certainly no Stoic would have thought the death of Calanus a disgrace to their sect. The doctrines of the Epicureans were in every respect opposite to those of the Stoics. Epicurus recommended the indulgence of harmless gratification, and reprobated that forbidding morality, which would deprive man of those de- lights, for which nature seems peculiarly to have fitted him, and which soften the bitterness of life. With regard to the supreme being and the passions, he had the same ideas as Aristotle. It has been allowed by the most inveterate ene- mies of Epicurus, by those persons who have stated his principles to have been erroneous and even bad, that there never was a man more gentle and humane, more beloved by his friends or more cordially attached to them in affectionate b5 10 esteem. The truth is, that the tenets of Epicurus were pure and rational in their original state, but they were soon vitiated among his disciples : the gratifications of sense were substituted for the enjoyments of the mind, and the modesty and sobriety of Epicurus were disgraced by the licentiousness of the persons who professed themselves his pupils. This vitiated system was rapidly disseminated through the world, and particularly at Rome. Fabricius, indeed, when he heard of it, entreated the gods that all the enemies of the republic might become its votaries, but this was the last effort of virtue. The chief men of the city rendered it fashionable by their example, the poets beauti- fied it by the smoothness of their numbers, and the dege- neracy of the age confirmed it in its prevalence. Marks of it are everywhere to be found in the writings of Lucre- tius and Horace. Besides the four schools which have been mentioned, there was another in Greece, of which the followers were denominated Cynics. This sect of philosophers (if indeed they can be called philosophers) was distinguished rather by asperity than wisdom, and celebrated rather for their hatred of riiankind than their love of virtue. The Cynics despised wealth and honours, but their magnanimity seems often to have proceeded from vanity and ostentation. They railed against the follies of the world without endeavouring to re- form them, and could not resist the allurements of vice with more resolution than other men, without having the same temptations to indulge in them. We may conclude this notice of the different sects by their various opinions on the supreme good. The Academician made it consist in with- drawing from material and external objects, and in the at- tainment of mental excellence ; the Peripatetic, in the due exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties ; tlie Stoic, in HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 11 the practice of the most rigid virtue ; the Epicurean, in in- nocent pleasure ; and the Cynic, in apathy and contempt for the world, and in reducing our necessities to the smallest compass. Having thus touched upon the founders of the Grecian morality and the principal sects which followed them, we may proceed to the philosophy of the Romans. First, how- ever, we may observe, that there were many sages of Greece who have been left unnoticed, as it would be useless barely to enumerate them, and tedious to examine their tenets with minuteness. It would not throw a stronger light upon the general morality of the ancients, to say that Anaxagoras, Anaximsmder, Anaximenes, and Archelaus, were the pupils and successors of Thales, or to mention many other phii- losophers, who maintained the reputation of the sects in their original splendour, but of whom little is known with certainty except the date of their birth and death. " Enough that virtue fiU'd the space between ; Proved by the ends of being to have been." We may also pass over the schools of Alexandria and Gyrene, as their ethics were borrowed from the different sects of Greece. Rome, from a variety of causes, was not so fertile in philosophers as Greece. Of this assertion a greater proof cannot be given, than that the young nobility were sent to study it at Athens. Italy has produced no sages of particular note, if we except Cicero and Seneca. An enthu- siastic admirer of the Latin authors has boldly declared, that Cicero was all the Greek orators and philosophers in one ; but he seems rather to have been contented with ethics in the state in which he found them, than to have formed any hy- pothesis peculiar to himself. It must be owned at the same time, that the philosophical treatises of Cicero are replete with excellent and judicious maxims, and contain most of the 12 ON THE MORALITY OF THE sentiments of the Grecian sages. Seneca is the only Roman philosopher who can lay claim to originality of excellence, but he is suspected of having taken many of his precepts from the Christian code. From a retrospection upon the various denominations of philosophers, three corollaries may be drawn ; 1st, That the heathen morality attained its highest excellence in Greece. 2dly, That the Socratic or Platonic system of ethics was the most perfect. 3dly, That there was not so much real dif- ference in their systems, as the first view might lead us to imagine. For although in their speculative doctrines they maintained opposite opinions, in their practical morality they were generally agreed. Indeed all the civilized nations of the world concur in the great points of right and wrong. Mo- rality is that science which regards the conduct and happiness of man; and as human nature is nearly alike in all countries, the manner of regulating it will also be similar. The same rules of action were observed, the same end was kept in view by Plato or Aristotle, Zeno or Epicurus, Democritus or Heraclitus. It will not therefore be difficult to discover the general tenour and character of the heathen system of ethics, and to mark some of the precepts of it which were common to all its founders. In examining the morality of former ages, the first point which presents itself is their religious sentiments and habits. For without religion, what is morality } on what foundation can it stand ? or by what principles can it be guided } The religion of the heathen philosophers may be considered un- der two general heads. The first comprehends what they believed, the latter what they practised. On the former of these heads, their notions were vague and various, and the longer they were employed in reflecting upon it, the more they were involved in doubt. It is well known that one of d HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 13 their philosophers, on being asked what God was, desired a day for meditation ; but when the question was repeated on the morrow, he required two days, and continued doubling the time, until he confessed that the point was too diffi- cult for the intellect and comprehension of man. Protago- ras and a few others denied the existence of a God, and the Epicureans seem to have made him an inactive and sedentary being who saw whatever was passing in the world with absolute unconcern, "almost a cypher in the great account." Nothing however is more certain, than that the greater part of the philosophers were disgusted with the monstrous sy- stem of polytheism, which then prevailed in Greece, and had some imperfect idea of a superior and independent being, whom it was the chief duty of mankind to love and reverence. This being was represented as the framer of the universe, the grand source of life and light, and the origin of every- thing great, beautiful, or desirable. Their reason fully con- vinced them that a sovereign being could be no other than a sovereign good. Plato gives us a sublime description of the Deity, when he says that truth is his body, and light his shadow ; but many of the attributes which he, and the most virtuous of the philosophers have given him, are rather fanciful than true. Nor is it wonderful, that the heathens should have no distinct notions of the Deity ; for (to make use of an old but beautiful remark) is not man finite } is not God infinite } — how shall the finite comprehend the infinite } It was the opinion of Mr. Dryden, that all the religious knowledge which has ever been in the world was extracted from revelation. "We have not," said he, "lifted ourselves up to God by the weak pinions of human reason, but he has been pleased to descend to us ; and what Socrates said of him, what Plato wrote, and the rest of the philosophers of various nations, is all no more than the twilight of revelation 14 ON THE MORALITY OF THE I after the sun of it was set in the race of Noah." The most part of the ancient sages, as they could not reduce their opinions to any definite shape, rather chose to acquiesce H publicly in the established religion of their country, than disturb it with theories, which did not entirely satisfy their own minds. Socrates denied, at his trial, that he had wished to estrange the youth of Athens from their gods, and at his death ordered his disciples to make the customary sacrifice of a cock to .^sculapius. The nature of the soul was understood by the philosophers as little, or even less, than that of the Deity. Some denied its immateriality, and its existence in a state of separation from the body; others considered it as a part of the Deity, which returned to him ^ upon the death of the person in which it had resided. But fl of their various opinions, that of Pythagoras is the most remarkable. Pythagoras believed that the soul was not an- nihilated together with the body, but was immediately trans- I I ferred to some other person or animal, and continued its transmigrations until it was absorbed in the parent substance " Errat, et illinc Hue venit, hinc illuc, et quoslibet occupat artus Spiritus ; eque feris humana in corpora transit, Inque feras noster." He declared himself to have been Euphorbus in the Trojan war, and many other characters before his soul animated the son of Mnesarchus. This notion, chimerical as it must now appear, was very generally received in the heathen world. The doctrine of the metempsychosis reached even into Gaul, as appears from the following passage of Caesar: "Druidae in primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios, metu mortis neglecto." Socrates and Plato, however, with many of the philoso- phers of Rome, conceived the human soul to be immortal, I HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 15 and capable of full happiness and perfection in a future state. Cicero says on this subject, "nescio quomodo inha?ret in mentibus, quasi saeculorum quoddam augnrium futurorum, idque in summis ingeniis, altissimisque animis, et existit maxime, et apparet facillime." But after all, this conviction had not sufficient force to become with them a principle of action : it was rather an object of hope than certainty, rather expected as probable, than pronounced as real. Thus Cyrus is represented by Xenophon as saying to his sons, "I know not how to persuade myself, that the soul lives in this mor- tal body, and ceases to be when it expires ; I am rather in- clined to think that it acquires after death more penetration and more purity." Socrates says to his judges; "and now we are going, I to suffer death, and you to the affairs of life ; God only knows which is the best ; no mortal can discover." Cicero, speaking on this momentous question, thus expresses himself : " I do not pretend to say, that what I affirm is as infallible as the Pythian oracle ; I only speak from conjecture." The philosophers too had no certain knowledge of rewards and punishments hereafter, although in all civilized countries such an idea is prevalent. Epicurus gives it as his opinion, that man has nothing to hope or fear beyond the grave. Socrates speaks doubtfully ; but Plato gives a more decided judgement in favour of their reality. He conceived that the happiness of the good would be a nearer approximation and union with the divine nature, and that the punishment of the wicked would consist in their retaining, after death, all the vicious habits and propensities, which they had indulged in life, without any opportunity of exercising the one or gratifying the other. Cicero also de- nounces against Catiline and his associates eternal punish- ments both when living and when dead. With respect to the second or practical part of their religion, the heathen 16 ON' THE MORALITY OF THE philosophers are seen in a most conspicuous light. Erro- neous and confined as were their notions of the Deity, they were sensible that some religion was necessary, and they adored their imaginary God with sincerity and zeal. Many of their prayers are fraught with fervent and rational piety. Two only need be mentioned, which Socrates recommended to Alcibiades, and which give a true idea of the spirit, which breathed in them in general. The one is ; " Oh God, give us all good things, though we neglect to ask them ; remove from us all evil things, though we should desire and pray for them." In the other they requested the favour of the Gods, as long as they were virtuous. The next point worthy of consideration is their conduct towards mankind. It may be remarked in the first place that they were strict observers of the laws of their countr}^ : they were sensible that it was better to conform to institu- tions, which they could not altogether approve, than, by a rash and violent opposition, to destroy that reverence for them, which is their best and only support. Socrates has fully exemplified this maxim by refusing to escape from the prison, in which malevolence and injustice had confined him. The philosophers considered it praise-worthy to die for their country, and we find Socrates fighting with energy and valour against the enemies of Athens, and saving the lives of Alcibiades and Xenophon. They were likewise very in- strumental in promoting the education of youth. Without mentioning the story of Xenocrates and Polemon, we may observe, that Socrates at Athens, and Pythagoras at Crotona, made a beneficial change in the morals of the inhabitants. So great was the influence of the Samian sage, that the women of the latter place, moved by the sweetness of his eloquence, and the gravity of his character, made a volun- tary consecration of their ornaments in the temples of the HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 17 Gods. The philosopher among his pupils was as a father in his family, conducting them to wisdom and piety, studious of their happiness, forming their reason by his precepts, and training them by his example to be good legislators, good subjects, and good men. The philosophers knew it to be necessary to instil good principles early into the mind, both to lit it for the impression of virtue, and to close it against the entrance of vice. Justice, of all the virtues, seems to have been the one, which they most valued and cultivated, as they considered it the most useful among mankind, and that, which most nearly allies us to the divine nature. " AiKaioavyrjv aaKci epy^ re \6y^ re." They were supporters of order and regularity, benevolence and charity, and were eminently capable of bearing insults and forgiving injuries. Phocion, who was no less a philosopher than a soldier, has afforded a noble instance of this kind of magna* nimity ; for when asked before his death if he had any advice to give his son, " Tell him," said he, " to forget the injus- tice and ingratitude of the Athenians." It was their wish to eradicate revenge and> anger from the human breast, and to restore in the world that harmony and peace, which suf- fer so many shocks from the vulgar, the ambitious, and the proud. All the reciprocal and endearing duties of life, such as the ties of relation, friendship, citizenship, and all the links of that vast chain, which connects man to man, were perfectly understood and observed by them. Indeed, how- ever we view the morality of the heathen philosophers, as it related to the human species, we must allow that their precepts were excellent, and that their practice did not dis- grace them. We proceed to consider in the third place the morality of the heathens, as it respected themselves. The great point, at which they laboured, was the government of the passions. 18 ON THE MORALITY OF THE This was a subject well worthy their attention, as the pas- sions are the chief sources either of vice and misery, or of virtue and happiness in the world. On this subject the phi- losophers had some difference of opinion, as the Platonist and Stoic desired their entire suppression, the Peripatetic and Epicurean wished them rather to be moderated and cir- cumscribed. The latter notion is perhaps the more reason- able, as the passions are in some degree necessary to the support of virtue, or, as the expression is to be found in one of our own poets, " the passions are the elements of life." As without the benefit of tempestuous winds both air and ocean would corrupt and stagnate, so without the benefit of |B the passions, such virtue, as is merely the effect of those passions, would be an insipid calm, an apathy which con- tracts the disposition, and deadens the faculties. The pas- sions may also be compared to the elephants in an army ; while they can be well managed and directed, they are use- ful and conducive to the victory, and it is only when they can no longer be restrained that they are destructive to the forces, which employ them. But on the other hand, as ne- gative virtue is preferable to actual vice, the calmness and insensibihty of the Stoic is far preferable to the ungovern- able passions and appetites of the multitude. The ancient philosophers were enemies to luxury and excess, and pos- sessed the greatest love for temperance and sobriety. It has been justly attributed to this cause, that Plato was not infected with the plague, which, while he was residing at Athens, carried olF so many of the Athenians. The longe- vity to which they almost all attained is a convincing proof of their regularity and abstemiousness. For " if we compare the life of a philosopher with that of any other man, they seem to be of a different species." The latter is a prey to a horrid catalogue of diseases, wliich equally debilitate the mind and HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. l9 body; the former often escapes without sickness of any kind ; he retains his faculties to the last, and death comes upon him £is a long and tranquil sleep. Even Epicurus was very moderate in his diet, although a contrary supposition has prevailed, because his disciples did not conform them- selves to his example. Another remarkable trait in the ethics of the heathen sages was their contempt for the ad- vantages and gratifications, which the world holds out to its votaries. Far from contending for superiority in wealth or power, they only sought for that quiet and repose, which might afford them opportunities for study. Wisdom and truth were the objects of their desires, and " they left all meaner things, to low ambition and the pride of kings." The same poet, who is here quoted, exactly gives their opi- nion when he says, "Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words, — health, peace, and competence." These sentiments and these principles qualified them for the endurance of every trial and adversity with patience and even cheerfulness. And if we look upon the last scene of their existence, there appears in them no want of consistency and magnanimity. They regarded death rather as an object of contempt, than terror, and sometimes " as a consummation devoutly to be wished." Generally however they lived in that state, which Martial considers as peculiarly happy, nei- ther wishing nor fearing it. This tranquillity originated in some of the philosophers from their hopes of immortality, in others from their mean opinion of the pleasures of the world, in others from their total indifference about everything which concerned them, and in others from all these causes com- bined. Whatever was the cause, the effect is certain : the philosophers viewed death as a journey to an undiscovered country, or a repose from which they would not wish to be 20 ON THE MORALITY OF THE awakened. Socrates, in his speech before his judges, rea- sons as follows: "Death must be one of two things; it must either be a total extinction of all sensation, or a passage from this world to a better. If it is the former of these things, if it is a perpetual sleep, an imdisturbed tranquillit}% ye gods, what pleasure it is to die ! who can be happier than myself } But if the latter of these opinions is true, if death is a migration to those blissful seats, which the pious and the just inhabit, if it is a conveyance to those regions, where the heroes, the sages, and the poets of former ages, live for ever, my lot is still more enviable, my happiness is still more complete." In the last place it is worthy of observation, that the moraUty of the heathens was not only theoretical, but practical, and that the persons who professed it, have afforded many instances of wisdom and virtue. In Socrates, not to mention many others, were incorporated almost all the qualities which could adorn a person bom under the in- fluence of a better religion. The early part of his life was employed in eradicating his evil propensities, which were peculiarly strong, and in cultivating his own talents, that he might be more fit for the instruction of others. This was afterwards the favourite occupation of his life, and in his death there appears something more than the philosopher. In his last moments he showed himself superior to all the envy and calumny which had aspersed him ; he discussed his usual topics with his usual spirit and fascination ; he consoled his friends with kindness, and even pleasantry; and if he shed a tear himself, it was a sympathy with the slave who presented him the poison. Having thus considered the general morality of the hea- thens, as it related to the gods, the human species, and themselves, it may be proper to mention some of the miscel- laneous precepts which cannot be reduced to any of these HEATHKN PHILOSOPHERS. 21 heads. As virtue, in the general acceptation of the word, was the chief object of their desires, they had innumerable maxims to show the beauty and loveliness of it, and recom- mend it before the possession of all temporal advantages. Tlie Stoics went so far as to maintain that none but a vir- tuous man could be handsome, none but a virtuous man could attain any excellence in person and mind. Another remarkable opinion of the Stoics on the subject of virtue was, that all transgressions from it were equally culpable, or, to use the illustration of Cicero, that if a man passed the bounds of virtue, it mattered not how far he went beyond them. There is nothing which the heathen morality more frequently or more strongly condemns, than idleness or in- significant pursuits. Besides the meitiorable apophthegm of Socrates, there were many others dispersed through all the treatises, which the philosophers have written. It follows of course that nothing was more earnestly recom- mended than industry and the acquisition of knowledge. Nothing was thought so high as to be above the compre- hension of a philosopher, nothing so low as to be unworthy his attention. But of all the branches of science, the most useful and necessary was considered to be self-examination, or self-knowledge. Pythagoras enjoined his disciples never to take their rest at night, before they had reviewed the occurrences and actions of the day ; and " yruiOi aeavrov," although originally the maxim of Thales, was admitted to the system of every sect. No persons were greater eco- nomists of time, or had more regular plans for filling it with advantage. The wise man in the heathen morality was the happiest of mortals ; he alone was enviable ; he alone was free. All other persons were the slaves of their passions, or of pleasure, or of ambition ; but he enjoyed a liberty within himself, over which external circumstances had no power. All of the philosophers, who believed in a future state, de- 22 ON THE MORALITY OF THE clared, "that our happiness in this world consists in the suppression of our desires, in the next world in the gratifi- cation of them." *0 eXa'^^iorrojv deofievos eyyiara dediy. Pro- tagoras, and the Atheistical philosophers, held that thought was only sense, and that every imagination of every man was true. Udaa avTa(Tta eorip aXrjdtjs. Cameades on the contrary, and many other philosophers, adopted an universal suspension of behef, and contended that nothing in this life can by possibility be certain. Because Socrates doubted some things, they doubted all : " Every thing," said they, " is uncertain ; we are not sure of our own existence ; the distinction between just and unjust, virtue and vice, is fan- ciful, and has no foundation in the nature of things." The ancient sages thought some attention necessary not only to the mind but the body. " Ovd' uyietj/s r^s frepl ffuifi' dfieXeiav e^eiv XPV' 'AWd TTOTov re ^lerpov, kuI airov, yvfivaaiwv re TloieiaQai' fiirpov Se Xeyw rod' b fxi^ a dviT/trei." In every thing there was to be moderation, fiirpov S' enl Tzatnv apLtTTov. Habits of reverence and obedience towards parents, rulers, and superiors in every respect, were much inculcated by the philosophers, while any opposition to their will met with just censure and rebuke. It has been given as a re- mark of Plato, that man had two ears and one mouth, to signify, that we ought to listen much, and speak little. Py- thagoras also is well known to have imposed upon his dis- ciples a silence of five years during their noviciate, that they might imbibe early principles of fidelity, and be ac- customed " Xoyiaaadai irpo epyov." Discretion or prudence was considered not only as one of the highest of the virtues, but that, in which all the others were comprised. There is an excellent maxim attributed to Pythagoras, which is, " Choose that kind of life which is the best; for custom will I HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 23 make it the most pleasant." Every man, according to the ancient morality, was to keep his end continually in view ; the old man was to remember, that he had not long to live ; the young man was to remember, that he must one day become old ; " M^fiVTjffo reos wv, los yeptav ecrei Trore." Solon, and many of the pliilosophers, thought, that no man could be esteemed happy, until death had put its seal to his happiness. This indeed is a sentiment, that pervades the writings of all the Greek sages, poets, and dramatic writers. In short, the compositions of several of the heathen philosophers, such as the institutes of Pythagoras, and the works of Plato, Xenophon, Epictetus, and Cicero, are fraught with valuable maxims, or rather contain rules of conduct for every situa- tion of life. They had various and almost universal know- ledge, and had no Rosicrucian principles to prevent their communicating it. It has been said of Euripides, that every line was a precept ; and it may be said of the philosophers, that they had precepts for every thing. It must therefore be impracticable to collect their apophthegms, and, even were this not the case, it would be impossible to transplant them without weakening or deforming them. The last thing, which was proposed in examining the heathen morality, was to point out those defects in it which are most obvious and striking. Nothing is more necessary, than to discover wherein any system of philosophy, though great in some respects, was weak and faulty in others. For want of this caution, we are often so dazzled with its general lustre, as to confound its beauties with its blemishes, and look even upon the faulty parts with an eye of admiration. The heathen morality certainly possessed defects, as was naturally to be expected from a variety of circumstances. The disadvantages under which the philosophers laboured with respect to their rehgion, as they are blemishes in rolled 4 o Tar 24 ON THE MORALITY OF THE themselves, so are they the causes of many others. Anothe reason for the imperfection of the ancient morality was, thi the founders of it were exposed to the ridicule and hatre of their contemporaries, Socrates, it is well known, wi made the mark of public derision in the theatre. In conse^ quence of this odium, the philosophers were compelled to" inculcate some of their precepts with little energ)% and perhaps to omit others entirely. A third reason is, the peculiar difficulty of the study of morality. In all other sciences, the understanding is unchecked and uncontrolled by any opposite principle : " Rut when our own great work is once begun, What reason weaves by passion is undone." Tlie incomparable Newi;on, although he penetrated so beyond others into the works of God, fell short in the know- ledge of his own nature. Locke has indeed given it as hi^l opinion, that morality is as capable of demonstration as ma- thematics ; but it is not human reason which can demon- strate it, or fonn a complete model of perfect truth. r The first and most radical defect in the heathen morality, is its being raised on principles, which are not self-evident, and very often hardly so much as true. It is an observation of Locke, that "it is not unusual to see men rest their opinions on foundations that have no more certainty and solidity, than the propositions which are raised upon them, and embraced for their sake." Thus the ancient moralists grounded their opinions upon false notions of the Deity, and too high an idea of human reason, and were consequently bewildered with doubts and lost in incongruities. With re- spect, however, to their high opinion of human reason, it may be objected, that Socrates and Arcesilaus confessed that the summit of man's knowledge, was to be sensible, that he knew notliing. Even allowing this statement to be I HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 25 true, it is to be feared that they gave this as their opinion with more affectation than sincerity. Besides, Plato declares in his Republic, that man by a proper exertion of his facul- ties, and suppression of his passions, can without doubt attain to perfection in wisdom, virtue, and happiness. He has described in that work a species of being which can exist only in imagination, and in no country, and under no government in the world. The second defect which may be mentioned is, that their opinions are a composition of truth and error. Many of the most sublime speculations in the heathen moralists are polluted with idle superstitions, and end in extravagant conclusions. There was not a single philosopher who did not adopt some absurdity or other, and communicate it to his disciples. Thus one thought the soul a vapour, which passed from one body to another, expiating in the form of a beast, the sins which were committed in that of a man ; and never touched the flesh of an animal, for fear of eating any thing in which a human soul had resided : one thought the world a prodigious body, of which God was the soul ; and another recommended virtue, less for the sake of virtue than of pleasure. There was some degree of pride and self-sufficiency in the philosophers, and much pedantry and affectation in their ethics, which con- stitute a third defect. We read of no persons in history more arrogant and presumptuous than the ancient Sophists of Greece, who pretended to answer every question, solve every doubt, and explain every difficulty in every science. Socrates, it must be owned, was very successful in explo- ding this absurd vanity, but in the sages after him much of the old spirit seems to have revived. They accustomed themselves for instance to argue on both sides of any ques- tion ; a practice which Cameades employed to astonish and perplex the Roman Senate. " The enthusiastic virtue of c 26 ON THE MORALITY OF THE the Stoics pretended to an exemption from the sensibilities^ of unenlightened mortals, and to be above the reach of those miseries which embitter life to the rest of the world. They] therefore removed pain, poverty, loss of friends, exile, and violent death from the catalogue of evils, and forbade them to be counted any more among the objects of terror and anxiety, or to give any disturbance to the tranquillity of the., wise man.'* Posidonius, when tortured by a violent dis- temper, cried out, that " let pain harass him to the utmost;^ he would never consider it but as indifferent and neutral.' All however had not stubbornness to hold out against thei senses ; for a weaker pupil of Zeno is recorded to have con- ' fessed in the anguish of an acute disorder, that he now found pain to be an evil. Addison remarks, that the contemptjj of pleasure is a certain preparative for the contempt of pain Jl and that it is necessary to attain and exercise both ; but cer-jl tainly much regard is not due to a sect of philosophers, whorj divested themselves of humanity, in order to acquire tran*;| quillity of mind, and eradicated the very principles of action,{ because it is possible that they may produce ill effects. Nothing can show greater vanity and less sense than to deny ' those things to be good or bad, which the natural sense ofB mankind must know and feel to be such. Nor can the Stoics , be reckoned among the teachers of patience; for as they de- nied pain to be an evil, they asserted by implication that all rules for bearing it are nugatory and superfluous. " But such inconsistencies," says Johnson, " are to be expected from the greatest understandings, when they endeavour to grow eminent by singularity, and employ their strength in establishing opinions contrary to nature." It is not quite certain whether all the philosophers can be acquitted of hypocrisy : perhaps, too, their contempt for riches and pleasure was not always so great as they pretended, and as HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 27 it would appeELT at the first view. No wise man would tliink poverty an inconvenience, if the rich and powerful were his disciples ; nor was Diogenes, as has been well remarked, much mortified by his residence in his tub, where he was honoured by the visit of Alexander the Great. The Greek moralists were many of them mistaken in their notions of happiness. Some placed it in pleasure 'R^ovrj, such as the Epicurean, and the Cyrenaic sect, which was on that ac- count called the Hedonic : some placed it in mere calmness and hilarity of mind, which they called EvSuyu/a, such as the pupils of Democritus. The Platonic morality is excep- tionable for a certain elegant relaxation, which is the more dangerous, as it is the more refined. In love, and in many other things, he seems to have allowed a freedom and re- missness, which is often pernicious to strong minds, and always seduces weaker intellects to libidinism and vicious indulgence. That maxim of Pythagoras is rather to be approved, in which he says, that love, like most other things, is best learnt late, and practised with caution. One of the most striking blemishes in the heathen system of ethics, is, that the virtues, which it inculcated, were not carried to a sufficient extent. Many of its maxims, admirable as far as they went, might have been carried further with addition to their excellence. Thus, although they professed universal benevolence, their charity was generally confined to their friends and countrymen, and their affection to their disciples and fellow-sectaries. It may be said in the last place, that they made too great allowances for particular crimes. Suicide, among others, was not considered so heinous an offence as it is now admitted, but was thought in some cases to evince a contempt of death and magnanimity of spirit. The Stoics were completely ignorant of the dastardly frame of mind by which self-murder is dictated, and the injustice c2 be] 28 ON THE MORALITY OF THE and ingratitude which it displays towards the Deity. defects of the heathen morality will appear in a more con spicuous light if we contrast it with our own system. By* our own system, is not meant that modem philosophy which' is now in vogue, and which, far from enhghtening or re-q forming the world, seeks to darken and corrupt it. Modem: philosophy has no real title to its name; and as the ancient! was a star to guide the traveller in safety through the journey of life, the modem is a meteor, which dances de- lusively before him and leads him to a precipice. Rather; let the heathen system be compared with that code, which; followed and fulfilled the Mosaic. Our fortune is peculiarly; enviable, in having a code of such purity and perfection as« to become a standard by which all others may be tried, our own system and the heathen morality agree, we may certain that both are right; if there is any difference be- tween them, we must be sensible where the deficiency exists.: In some points, the Pagan and Christian ethics undoubtedly, agree. Both recommend a meek and humble character be- fore a popular and ambitious one ; both enjoin us to extin- guish the irascible passions, to exercise self-denial and temperance ; to bear aflflictions without murmuring, and to despise death. But how infinitely more excellent is the latter ! In tmth the two systems will no more endure a comparison, than the characters of the founders will bear a parallel. Socrates was but the best of the heathens ; Jesus was more than that imaginary just man whom Plato's ardent imagination has formed, as covered 'with all the ignominy of crime, but deserving all the rewards of virtue. Socrates has put into precepts the lessons which others had before prac- tised ; Jesus produced his system in the midst of ignorance and superstition. It has been said of Socrates, that he brought down philosophy from heaven, but Jesus did so in HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 29 reality ; what was said of the one metaphorically, may be applied to the other literally. Tlie death of Socrates was unmerited, but tranquil ; the death of Jesus was painful and ignominious : the one was attended by his friends, the other was encircled by his enemies : Socrates consoled the slave, who pitied him ; Jesus prayed for the persecutors, who re- viled him. "Truly," cries even a modem philosopher, "if the life and death of Socrates were those of a sage, the life and death of Jesus are those of a God." The system of Socrates teaches us not to commit sin ; the system of Jesus not to think of it: the one teaches us to love our friends; the other to bless our enemies: the one not to revenge an injury; the other not to resist it : the one to exercise virtue from the love of virtue; the other to practise it from the love of God. The one, in the time of trouble and at the hour of death, offers us the suggestions of reason ; the other holds forth the consolations of religion. The one morality could impart no certain knowledge of the duty, the obligations, and the duration of man ; the other accounts for them all by the doctrine of the fall of man, and the consequent wreck of humanity. The one had not ascertained beyond a doubt the immortality of the soul, or a future state of rewards and punishments, but leaves these important points undecided and obscure ; the other removes every difficulty, and puts an end to all suspense. The principles of the one are not comprised in any one body of truth, but are dispersed in the compositions of different persons ; the other is contained in a single volume, and preserves perfect symmetry both in the whole, and in all its parts. What was most rational in the Pagan philosophy was obscured by fancies and dreams ; the Christian code has nothing false, nothing mean, nothing chimerical : it is light without darkness, wisdom without error, loveliness without stain. The precepts of the one are k 30 ON THE MORALITY OF THE I nd often abstruse, complicated, and difficult ; the maxims of the other are plain, easy, and concise ; the precepts of the one are neat and ingenious ; the maxims of the other are grand and affecting. The diction of the one is elegant and om£ mented ; the style of the other is simple and sublime. Th< treatises of the philosophers enlighten the understanding i the writings of the evangelists speak to the heart : in short," the one scheme of morality has some beauties and some, blemishes ; the other is absolute purity and perfection { thi one is as the heavens with some clouds overshadowing itj the other is as the sun without a spot resting upon it. Tc I sum up all in a word, the one is human, the other is divine, Three things may be learnt by a comparison between thd two moralities. It shows in the first place in what pointi the heathen code was deficient; it demonstrates in the second, not only what it was, but what it ought to have been ; it proves in the third place, that the principles con- tained in the Scriptures form not merely the best scheme of religion in the world, but the finest system of moral phi- losophy. It is as much superior to the heathen system, a«l St. Paul excelled his opponents in eloquence and wisdom, when he poured forth the thunder of his rhetoric amidst an audience of Pagan philosophers. What have Zeno, Epi- curus, Pythagoras, and Socrates, — what have the Porch, the Academy, and the Lyceum, to offer or to promise equal to the Gospel? As a human institution, the morality of the heathens de- serves much commendation; but it may reasonably be doubted whether a strict adherence to any of their systems could have made a truly good man. Their virtue was rather negative than positive, rather passive than active, and there was some indolence and want of energy in it. A truly good man must have less licence and more austerity than an Epi- k HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. 31 curean; less affectation and more sensibility than a Stoic; less singularity and more gentleness than a Cynic ; less pre- sumption and more piety than a Peripatetic ; less self-deceit and more modesty than a Platonist. Having thus gone through the various branches of the ancient system of ethics, and the subjects connected with it, all that now remains is to make some few conclusions from what has been advanced, and to give the sum of it in a few words. The ancient morality, then, contains many admirable precepts ; there is more in it to approve than to condemn ; much to pity, but little to despise. Its chief ex- cellence lies in the government of the passions, and its four cardinal virtues are prudence, temperance, justice, and for- titude. The philosophers themselves have confirmed their precepts by their examples, and given many noble instances of every species of virtue. As patriots we must admire them, for they loved their country ; as inferior beings we must admire them, for they honoured the supreme being ; as men we must admire them, for they improved the con- dition of man. Their morality, however, had some defects, as was naturally to be expected from a variety of causes. But if the beauties are weighed with the blemishes, the latter will fly upwards in the balance. From the contem- plation of the ancient philosophy the following corollary may be deduced. Human ingenuity can attain to almost everything by perseverance in useful study and meditation ; it may soar to the heavens ; it may explore the deep ; it may pierce the hidden mysteries of science ; it may even obtain no inconsiderable insight into its own nature. But as human reason is not infallible, so neither can any system which is formed upon it be totally free from error and defor- mity. The heathen philosophy, therefore, is a strong argu- ment for the utility of revelation. For if, after the greatest MORALITY OF THE HEATHEN PHILOSOPHERS. efforts of human reason, after the longest contemplation, and most mature reflection of man, there still remained many deficiencies to be supplied, many vacancies to be filled, there was clearly a necessity for some divine teacher, who might come into the world with more sublime conceptions and more perfect wisdom : there was a necessity for some faultless moraUst, who might separate the dross from every, former system, and refine the ore, who might introduce into the world a new scheme, not only of religion, but of ethics ; and enlighten the intellectual darkness by the steady rays of truth. JAMES SHERGOLD BOONE, 1814. 33 N I L U S. Scilicet Aonios fontes, aut dulcia Pimplae Murmura, vel latices Aganippidos Hippocrenes, Foverunt Musae, sacri cecinere Poetae : Scilicet auratam volvit Pactolus arenam ; Et sudat molles electri in margine guttas 5 Fluvionim rex Eridanus : te, scilicet, orbis Pars major, fluvii majore, Columbia, lapsu Irrorant ; te quippe rigant undantia Platae Agmina ; quippe tuis ingens in finibus urguet Orellana vias ; et prsecipitis Niagarse 10 Littora longa fremunt, dum sidera verberat humor, Datque impacatum rupi de rupe sonorem. Esto : ego lymphatam rapior dulcedine mentem, Naiadas Nili Nymphas, septemflua Nili Ostia, et occulta fusos ab origine rivos 15 Concelebrans. Ille arva beat longinqua tumendo, Ille pap}Tiferas herboso tramite ripas, iEgypti decus omne, salus sitientibus Indis, Solamen pecudum, gratus pastoribus amnis. Aurea libertas animi, vivata voluptas 20 Phantasise, blandi genitrix in corde tumultus. Ad mea vota veni ! Tecum per opaca viarum It vates ; tecum palanti lumine terras, Aeraque, et glaucam complectitur Amphitriten, c5 34 NILUS. Elysias valles, Acherusiaque ostia Ditis. Ergo Threicii duns nunc cotibus Hsemi Fertur, odoratae nunc inter thura Sabseae ; Aut Gangen bibit, aut pertentat frigora Cauri Sub terris qua parte Lares fodere Geloni ; Aut lucos subit Idalios, aut Thessala Tempe ; Visit oloriferi ridentia prata Caystri, Arvaque Panchseos spirantia semper odores. Me, Dea, quserentem Nili recludere fontes Pone sub Assose nemora ; et qua gurgite primo Muscosos inter decurrunt flumina clivos : Pone supercilio riparum, undasque loquaces Propter, ubi ^thiopes multo libamine Nilum, Et multis picti coluerunt ritibus Indi. 25 30 Jamque per anfractus curvos gelidasque latebras Ire mihi videor : dignus viret amne recessus ; Apparent nudae propius magalia gentis, Et Sacalas omant Paestana rosaria valles. Hie, grandaeve pater, Garamas tibi rusticus aram Fecit, et indigeti fontis data victima Divo Purpureo nascens infuscat sanguine flumen, Hinc ducit latices triplici de fonte salubres Nilus, et infantes volvit per gramina lapsus ; 45 34. The Nile rises in the plain of Assoa ; and on the east, says Mr. Bruce, the ground ascends with a very gentle slope from the large vil- lage of Sacala, which gives its name to the territory. 43. The first fountain of the Nile is artificial, and around it is a trench firmly built of sods brought from the sides, and kept in constant repair by the Agows, who worship the river, and perform their religious cere- monies upon this as an altar. — Bruce. 44. Thousands of cattle have been offered and still are offered, to the spirit supposed to reside at the source.— G'u/Arte. NILUS. 36 Dembseamque lacum citiori dividit unda, Integer usque trahens vivi discrimina cursus. Non aliter quam vir Justus, nullaque renidens 50 Fraude, neque incerto fluitans errore viai, Carpit iter ; fugit humanae contagia vitse, Et delirantem sceleris caligine mundum. Ast illic Nilus crescit, fruiturque juventa Naiadum tutela chori ; dum margine florum 55 Spirat odor, necnon aeterni conscia veris Interfusa frequens media jacet insula l3rmpha. Inde viam vi majori maturior amnis Elicit ; inde suis gaudet miscerier undis Collectum humorem coeli, nee vilia dona 60 Multorum fluviorum ; inde agmina non sine multa Maj estate mo vet, praeceps labyrinthus aquarum. Jam spectat nemora ^thiopum, lanaeque virentis Luxuriam, et frondes graviter spirantis amomi, Et caligantes immundo pulvere coelos. 65 Jamque videt Blemyasque feros, atramque Syenen, Cyrrheos, Garamantas, et extremos Nasamones, Insignes ramis ebeni, sectoque elephant© . Jam felix inter virides immurmurat herbas ; Jam per Abyssinige nigras vix fertur arenas 70 Errabundus, iners ; donee deserta relinquens Avia, qua vastas attollit Nubia rupes, Foecunda super -^gyptum difFunditur uma, Et laetos populos, et magnas alluit urbes. 48. He through the lucid lake Of fair Dembaea rolls his infant stream. There by the Naiads nursed he sports away His playful youth, amid the fragrant isles That with unfading verdure smile around. — Thomson from Pliny. €7. 68. Vide Claudian. Epist. de Nilo. 36 NILUS. Sic inter ripas et floriferas convalles 73 Ignotam rapit amnis aquam : non incola Nili, Non, Meroe, quos tu vidisti docta Platones, Non dux Pellseus (demens quo tempore fastus Duxit ad Ammonis Libyci Garamantica templa) Non Caesar, soboles Veneris ; non ipse Sesostris 80 Invenit, cursus quae sit natura, vel unde Indeprensa trahat longo vestigia lapsu. Scilicet at tempus venit, cum missus ab oris Hesperiis, fontes Sapiens aspexit apricos, Intimaque occulti pandit mysteria Nili. His animadversis, coeli quo sidere Nilus Exit, sollennesque movet quae causa tumores, Expediam. Cum rubra premit Sol brachia Cancri Necnon Erigonen transit, Chelasque sequentes, Labitur effiisi limosa licentia Nili. 90 Haud equidem credo, quod Etesia flabra fluentum Impediunt, ingensque simul congestus arenae : Haud credo, quod aquas Isis tumefecit, ademptum Insatiabiliter deflens per soecla maritum. Verum ubi Sol Indis adversa luce coruscans 95 Torrida solstitia invexit, legitque vapores Undique ; tum praeceps coelo ruit agmen aquarum, ^ 92. 93. Vide Lucret 1. 6. v. 712. 94. 95. Vide Plut. de Isid. et Osirid. 96. In April, all the rivers in Amhara, Begemder, and Lasta, are first discoloured, and then, beginning to swell with the constant rains, join the Nile in the several parts of its course nearest them: the river then, from the height of its angle of inclination, forces itself through the stag- nant lake without mixing with it. In the beginning of May, hundreds of streams pour themselves from Gojam, Maitsha, Damot and Dembaea into the lake Tzana, which had become low by intense evaporation, but now fills insensibly and contributes a large quantity of water to the Nile. — Bruce. NILUS. 37 Rumpit inexhaustis sese de nubibus humor ; Fluminaque aeriis circum turgentia massis In Nilum genitorem omni se gurgite volvomt. 100 Adde tot ^thiopum penitus de montibus altis Tabifico solis resolutas lumine ningues ; Rivos Gojami, rivos nigrantis Amharae, Caeruleos Tzanse fluctus, et murmura Lastae, Dembseaeque lacus largissima dona ferentes. 105 Actum est : hue illuc extenditur amnis abundans : Et jam cum grege dumivago petit ardua pastor, LjTnphai cemit largos albescere tractus, Et mersos miratur agros et non sua prata ; Et jam terra latet ; quippe arvis incola Nilus 110 Incubat, et vasto nitet unda simillima ponto. Et si non alium daret ori lympha saporem. Si non stagnanti Nilo minor afforet aestus, Pontus erat : tantum in spatium difFunditur sequor, Tam late campi sese emisere liquentes. 115 Ast exstant inter liquidam castella paludem, Sylvarumque apices, positaeque in collibus urbes. Non aliter surgunt in Neptuno ^geo Cyclades ; aut noctuma Pharos stat littore curve Clarior, et gratam nautae de vertice lucem 120 Dejicit : ille truces detorquet lampade navem Per scopulos, tutoque tenet portum anchora morsu. Ergo rite sui Nilo dicuntur honores. Nam cum prima tumet, tenuesque canalibus undas Insinuat per agros ; Pharii tum flumine longo 125 Purpureos spargunt flores ; fusisque capillis, Aut cincti roseis ridentia tempora vittis, 107. At the height of the flood nothing is to be seen in the plains of the Lower Egypt, but the tops of forests and fruit-trees ; their town* and villages being built on eminences natural or artificial. — Guthrie. 38 NILUS. Dant incompositos in molli margine motus : Turn nigras mactant pecudes, turn carmina dicunt, Turn Nilo dant vota ; Deus, Deus ille videtur, 130 Et septemgeminos a cceIo ducere rivos. Et merito : infelix, si Nilo, ^gypte, carebis, Semper ens : semper pinguissima proxima Nilo. Sic nocte incerta liquido nans aere nubes Adversus si forte vagetur comua lunae, 135 Apparet pars ilia modis pellucida miris Proxima : mox anceps dubio cum lumine certat Caligo : tegitur nigris extrema tenebris. Quin totum perhibent sestivo munere Delta Exstruxisse luti Nilum ; nam stare paludis 140 Illuviem, mollisque soli concrescere crustas. PauUatim terrse coUecto corpore pondus Constitit ; atque dedit magnis fundamina limus Urbibus ; et Iseta risit Ptolemais arena. At quondam Nilus sese piger extulit alveo, 145 Flumina languidiora trahens ; curv^oque manebat Littore : jam flammis ardescit perdita tellus ; Pulvereique globi, tempestatesque volantes Involvunt convexa ; neque his toleranda diebus Vis Phcebea venit, neque habent sua frigora noctes. 150 Tempore non alio terra optat nubila ; et errans i 129. When the river is at its proper height, the inhabitants celebrate a kind of jubilee, with all sorts of festivity. — Guthrie. 131. The Agows and original Egyptians call the Nile "Everlasting God," "Light of the World," "Eye of the World," "God of Peace," *♦ their Saviour," and " Father of the human race." — Bruce. 140. Ithas been said by some that the whole land of Egypthas been pro- duced by the quantity of mud which the Nile brings with it from Ethiopia : that such was the formation of the Delta, is affirmed by M. Volney. 151. At this time the air is inflamed, the sky sparkling, and the heat insupportable. — Volney. NILUS. 39 Bucula nequicquam captavit naribus imbrem, Aeriseque grues coelum aspexere serenum. Nonne vides ? tristis deserti flamina cladem Usque movent : agros implent balatibus agni 155 Luctisonis : nimio cedunt armenta calori, Et duplicem sensere necem fervore fameque. Nonne vides ? tosta fruges moriuntur arista, Horreaque ^gypto messes Romana dederunt. Quinetiam plures justo si assurgit in ulnas 1 60 Nilus, fert similem violentia lata niinam. Contemplator enim decursus inter aquai Fragmina sylvarum, atque insano vortice raptas Pastorum pecorumque domos ; pontesque valentes, Turrigerasque urbes passas contagia lymphse. 165 Contemplator aquae rabiem, vastataque circum Omnia, et in latis armenta natantia ri\is, Objectaque vias prohibentem mole colonimi ; Prseterea, e putri limo satus, asper asilus Floribus insidit ; perque aeris intervallum 170 Obscuram jam jamque trahi mirabere nubem, Culta venenato vastantem tristia morsu. Esto : cur tumidi verbis incommoda Nili Prosequar ? aut viridi fusum crocodilon in ulva, Et praesaga viatori suspiria mortis ? 175 Quid ? quod alit Nilus, necnon Gangetides undae, Monstrum immane, ferox ; patiens cui pellis aquarum. Crura bovis, dentes apri ; cui maxima terga ; Et juba luxurians cervice recumbit equina. 155. When the winds arise which the natives call " poisonous winds," or the "hot winds of the Desert," they are of such extreme heat and aridity, that no animated body can withstand their fatal influence. — Guthrie. 160. Vide Plin. Sec. in Panegyr. 177. Hippopotami are numerous in the Nile, but are not seen beyond the cataract of Alata. — Guthrie. 40 NILUS. Tale quidem strato nonnunquam flumina trunco Ima colit ; ceu Thebarum sub moenibus altis Eifossas habitant Integra cadavera terras ; Nonnunquam, opposita durae formidine costae, Evertitque ratem, et mortalia corpora passim Disjicit : ilia modis lympham pulsantia multis Nequicquam dant vota, secundoque amne feruntur Cur versu strepitus loquar impendentis Alatse Horrisonos ? cur praecipitis fremitus Catadupae, Et jacta late albescens aspergine caelum ? Cur loquar, ut penitus spumans exaestuat humor, Insanasque inter scopulos inter\'omit undas ; Fluminaque adversus currentia flumina currunt ? Heu nullae adsunt deliciae mortalibus aegris Munere concessae Divum, ni flore sub ipso Serpat amari aliquid ; ni vexet spina legentem. Quod fit, ne curae immemores obitusque propinqui Humanae nimium vitae raptemur amore. Quod superest, tandem coepit decedere NLlus Et molli retrahit redeuntia flumina lapsu In gremium ; nam per centum noctesque diesque Intumuit, totidemque suo se condidit alveo. Continuo properant anni spem credere terrae NiHgenae ; et nigros felici uligine limi Agricola incurvo campos molitur aratro. Nee mora : triticei foetus, et laeta virescunt Gramina : per coelum volvit se fluctus odorum ; 188. The great cataract of Alata, Mr. Bruce tells us, was the most magnificent sight he ever beheld. The river fell in one sheet of water without any interval, above half an English mile in breadth. 189. Vide Cic. Somn. Scip. c. 5. 206. After the Nile has retired, nothing can be more charming than the face which Egypt presents in rising corn, vegetables, and verdure of all sorts. Oranges, lemons, and fruits perfume the air : grapes, figs, and palm-trees, of which wine is made, are here plentiful. — Guthrie. NILUS. 41 Et qua jam celabat agros incursus aquai'. Luxuries illic segetura, pomaria, flores, Magnaque ab exiguo surgit tritura labore. Arboreae veniunt frondes, et flumina late 210 Curva tenent ; lactens ficus, generosaque vitis, Palmaque Idumaeis Bacchi dant pocula ramis. Aspice ! quot magnum stipant animalia Nilum ; Quot summa gaudent in aqua coUudere pisces ; Quot volucres largos humeris infundere rores, 215 Mox auras petere, et splendere natantibus alls ! Ecce ! vagse alcyones, et amantes littora mergi ; Ecce I sibi indulgent fulicae ; notosque Penates Ibis inaccessa circumvolat ardua penna. Bos etiam in ripis pallentes ruminat herbas 220 Et fessus grex haunt aquas : stant cespite vivo Miranturque suas vaccae sub gurgite formas, Aut le\'i speculo credentes mollia membra Immensum desiderium sensere bibendi. Adde tot in thalamo Nili miracula rerum ; 225 Venas argenti, venas non secius auri ; Crystalli radios, pendentia pumice tecta, Tritonasque cavis spirantes carmina conchis. Haudquaquam ergo hyemis Phariis in vallibus horret Tempestas ; quoniam posses tum florea rura, 230 Tum fortunati messes spectare Canopi. Haudquaquam ergo sestas, ubi jam Gangisque vel Indi NonnuUam opposite partem sol detrahit aestu, Epotusque fugit radiis ardentibus humor ; Aut Nilum coquit, aut campos indurat hiulcos. 235 Felicem ^gyptum ! primas ibi Graecia luces Sumit : ibi stringit reges ad lora Sesostris, 230. 236. Vide Claudian. Ep, de Nilo. NILUS. Victoresque duos dulci Cleopatra catena Implicat, et rosese mollis violentia fonnae. Felicem ^Egyptum ! non illi fata negarunt Serta coloratse gremium pingentia terrae. Ilia suis pollens opibus, nihil indiga coeli. Floret : non illo liquidis flent littore guttis Imbres perpetui, nee roris gemmeus humor ; At Phoebi usque jubar, semperque innubilus aer Emicat, et large difFaso lumine ridet. Quapropter serus Phariis decedit in oris, Et vespertina accendit Sol lumina tseda, Frigidiora quidem ; at radiis potiora diei. Illic non adsunt dubise confinia noctis ; At fulgens polus, et tellus, et caerulus aer, Puniceosque super viridis bibit unda colores. Nox ruit interea ; placidusque extenditur infra Oceanus Nili ; placidumque et pensile supra Coelum marmor erat, lunas si lampas abesset, Sideraque immensos circumvolventia gyros. Ergo importunse carpens oblivia curae Pasto ; rubi longae crescunt in collibus umbrae ; Summaque purpureis figens Sol oscula labris Nili virgineum suflFiiderit ore ruborem ; Aut ubi per lympham lunae spatiatur imago, Undae dat tremulam tacituma lampade lucem, Ipsa repercutitur tremula non secius unda ; Tum pastor picto fertur per rura phaselo, Et ducit remos illic ubi nuper ararat ; Seu Memphis nitet inter aquas, monumentaque regum Vanaque Pyramidum surgens ad sidera moles, Et Labyrinthaei fulgens fallacia tecti. 243. 247. Vide Claudian. Ep. de Nilo. 265. Vide Virg. Georg. 4. 288. % 260 I NILUS. 43 Sive, ubi se Nilus per septem dimovet ora Et pater Oceanus septeno gurgite turget, 270 Incipit apparere procul Meroeque Pharosque ; Exstat Alexandri portus ; divesque Canopus Et Pelusiacae toUunt capita ardua turres. Ergo it noctivaga per prata liquentia cymba : It felix : oculis tantum diffusa feruntur 275 Flumina : tantum ictus remorum verberat aures, Blandaque arundineas lambentia murmura ripas. At vix praeteriit tempus, cum finibus illis Audiit horrisoni fumosa tonitrua belli Agricola : aspexit Gallorum naufraga in undis 2 SO Corpora, et humano spumantem sanguine Nilum. Heu ! matutinus quantas sol ille carinas Viderat, et proprios pandentia vela colores ! Heu ! cum sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper, Quot captas videt, aut submersas aequore in alto, 285 Aut passas in aqua flammse contagia puppes ! Tempore namque illo venit de gente Britanna Nelsonus ; Pharioque gerens certamina ccelo, Victrices posuit navali ex aere columnas. Ergo, dum tenui fontes humore liquescent, 290 Dum virides inter manabunt agmina ripas ; Ilium -^gyptiaci stantes in mai-gine toto, lUum ambse extollent utroque ab littore gentes. Tu prseter solitum dulcedine, Nile, ciebis Murmura, quum illius prseterlabere tropseum : 295 Me, captum studiis non illsetabilis oti, Te cecinisse juvat : placet, setemumque placebit, Egregios tecum patriae cecinisse triumphos. JAMES SHERGOLD BOONE, 1816. 44 XERXES. Zeus TOi KoXaffTijs tCjv virepKoirutv ayav ^povr]fia.T(i)v eTreoTiv, evOvvos (iapvs. iEscH. Pers. Hellada belligeris quae vastavere catervis, Et quae Cecropias inimico funditus arces Prostravere igni, diim gens invicta manebat, Bella cano. Innumeras frustra Vir Persicus olim Fudit in Europen adverse a littore turbas, Nequicquam cumis celeres, et dira paravit Arma, ferasque equitum turmas, minitatus Achivis Exitium immotis, quos bello vivida virtus Ad mortem patriae pro libertate vocavit. Ahna Jovis soboles ! adsis mihi, Phoebe, volenti Dicere quae strages Stygium detrusit ad Orcum Crudeles Persas, quseque ipse miserrima in hostem Funera misisti, tua qui penetralia jussit Impius, et flammis incendi Delphica templa. Et vos O Musse ! seu nunc Aganippidos undas, Ut quondam, curare juvat, seu lata tenetis Jam Pindi nemora, atque Helicon queis cingitur, umbras, Sive ex antiqud depulsae sede, quieta Hospitium colitis regione benignius orbis, Omnis adeste cohors ! vestras namque agmina valles 20 Pierias violare truci sunt ausa tumultu, Arvaque crudeli natalia perdere ferro. XERXES. 45 Sed ne tantus amor stragis, tot inulta manerent Crimina, neve viros parvo rexisse Sorores, Atque \'iderentur parvo Di numine terras, 25 NuUi, qui Medo comitem se junxerat, arva Rursus amoena datum et, patrios neque adire Penates, Vix fugere e tanta potuit Rex ipse ruind. Jam ferns ^gypti dulces devicerat armis Foecundae Xerxes agros, Thebasque rebelles 30 Junxerat imperio, numeroso milite fretus : Nunc petere Europen hello et nova regna volebat. Sed non jam belli studium, neque gloria pugnae Sola movet stimulos, irse ssevique dolores Rursus in arma vocant, atque alta mente repostae 35 Sardes incensae, magnaeque injuria Matris, Et strages Marathonis atrox, quae sanguine rivos Medo contiguos, atque Attica tinxerat arva. His Rex accensus, parat agmen ducere in oras Ex Asia Argolicas vastum, quod sumere poenas 40 Terribiles possit, namque hie \u\t stultus Achivos (Quod voluit frustra genitor) contundere hello. Nunc jubet armari classes, simul inclyta naves Instruit aeratas Tyrus, et Sidonia tellus, Et portus Cilicum, Cythereiaque insula Cyprus. 45 Et ne forte rates jactent commota procellis iEquora, vel laceret rupes occulta carinas, Scinditur altus Athos ; mons terrae ubi jungitur isthmo Vicinae, magno maria inter bina labore Incipit hie aperire viam, qua navita possit 50 Evitare hyemes, tutamque impellere navem. Agmina vere novo misit sua quisque parata Princeps, et helium Reges iniere, Pelasgas Crudelem laturi ignem, stragemque per urbes. Inclyta qui tenuit Thebarum regna, cohortes 55 b 46 XERXES. Duxit terrificas, numerumque ^Egyptia Memphis Addidit ingentem ; incessit Babylonia linquens Moenia Rex tandem, varise sine fine secutae Anna xin campos complerunt undique gentes. Ipse sedens curru Xerxes, quo pulcrior alter 60 Non fuit, egregio superavit corpore turbam. Et molle auxilio venit cum curribus agmen Lydorum multis, et qua ditissimus auri Rumpitur umbroso Pactolus fonte, daturus Gaudia per valles ; tu lectam, Tmole, catervam Si qua fata hosti posses celerare, dedisti. Jam Plirygiae implentur late crudelibus agri Agminibus, turmseque equitum, peditumque cohortes Littora longa premunt, auditur buccina voce Rauca viros stimulans, nunc exercere videntur Undique se juvenes, juvat arva patentia circum Flectere equos curru, et frsenis domitare lupatis. Umbones poliunt alii, recoquuntque secures. Praelia qua quondam fortis commisit Achilles, Hector et Idomeneus, et tot certamina Teucri Videre impavidi, turbis nunc arva replentur Fcemineis, Tyriisque omatis vestibus auro. Jusserat insanum Prindeps super Hellespontum MoUrique viam, et tuto conjungere terrae Threiciae servos Asiatica littora ponte ; Sed tempestates, pulsique ex aequore ventis Obruerant undis pontem spumantibus sestus. Hoc super iratus, jacit alto %incula ponto, Et mare castigat, quia junctas laedere naves Ausum atque ingenti retinacula rumpere fluctu, Nee sceleri timuit violento obstare Tyranni. Nunc quassas reparant puppes, pontemque reponunt., Adcingunt omnes open, pars culmina montis XERXES. 47 Idse summa petit, nodosaque robora caedit, Pars parat intortos funes, quibus ordine longo 90 Conjungit naves, alii dant scrupea saxa, Atque via imposita solidatur denique terra. Mane Vir ingenti comitante ad littoris orara Persicus adgreditur turba, sacrisque Magorum Agminibus, ducibusque ; in aquam libamina fundens 95 Prosequitur Superos, atque haec Rex addit in hostem. *• Di quibus imperium curse est, nomenque tueri Ingens Persarum, tuque O, qui cuncta pererrans Lumine Sol lustras, vobis haec munera dono ; Quid mihi turritas Asiae regnare per urbes ? 100 Quidve pharetrata prodest superasse catervd JEgy])ti proles ? dum gens haec saepius agros Vastare, atque audet magnum me spemere Regem. Este duces, quacumque via est, votivaque templa Instituam vobis, gentes si vincere detur, 105 Et Thracas sceptre, et superatos addere Graios." Protinus incipiunt Divis hoc munere pontem Perfecto transire acies : exercitus omnis. Hand mora, subsequitur, terrae non ante propinquat Oppositae postrema manus, quam clarus ab undis 110 Bis quater Oceani nitidum Sol extulit orbem. Bis quater aspexit gradientes Luna catervas. Jamque per arva ruunt vemantia Bisaltarum, Undique complentur turbis pugnacibus agri. Non aliter quam contracto qua Bosporus alveo, 115 Aut Hellespontus cursum frsenavit aquarum, -^stuat unda fretis, et circumclusa laborat Fluctibus, inde patens praeceps petit aequor, et albens Jam properat lapsu late diffusa per altum. Nulla manus Persis audax venientibus obstat, 120 Nulla viam prohibet, portis munimen apertis 48 XERXES Quodque patet, saxis defendant moenia nulli. Omnia consumunt hostes, vix horrea tantis Ut perhibent alimenta dare, aut cita flumina possunt Innumeris turbis, et equis sitientibus imdam, Interea Graiis mentes timor occupat omnes, Auditur luctus resonans, ululatibus implet Templa genus querulis muliebre sacrata Deorum, Imploratque Deos, tollitque ad sidera voces. Omnes armantur subito, quae forte paratse 130 Conripiunt naves, et linquunt Palladis urbem, Hostilemque petunt in aperto marmore classem. Tunc etiam a clara Princeps Lacedaemone ducit Nobilis exiguam patriae mandata facessens Durae sacra manum ; quamvis spes nulla manebat 135 Felicis reditus, pueros non ulla videndi Praedulces iterum, aut uxores, ocyus omnes Imperio Iseti parent, ac jussa sequuntur. Est locus excelsis ubi praeceps montibus CEta Thessaliae imponit finem, protendit in aequor 140 Mons latus abruptum, scopulisque minacibus unda Frangitur, hinc aditus rabie munitus aquarum, Hinc nipe impendente, simul duo volvere plaustra Vix sinit, aut spatio dat equis convertere currum. Hanc Spartana viam pubes defendit ab hoste 145 Immiti, atque diu Medi dedit agmina letho, Et ni quis fallax duxisset devia mentis Per loca clam Persas, tumidus depellere Princeps Speraret frustra vel tanto milite Graios, Aut tentare viam, aut veteres invisere Athenas. 1301, Quid sceleris, fraudisve ? auri quae crimina linquit Intentata fames ? patriae namque ille salutem Prodidit, et fortis claro cum rege caterva (Infandum) periit, saevis circumdata Persis. i XBRXES. 49 Hercule digne atavo, te, Princeps inclyte ! sanctus 155 Jussit amor patriae, Danaum sacra regna tuentem Te jussere mori Phoebese verba Sibyllae. Persicus incedens campos exercitus igni FcEcundos vastat, nee Divxlm incendere parcit Templa, neque antiquas urbes : init hostis Athenas, 1 60 Atque domos vacuas, desertaque moenia complet, Namque timens populus Medum, Salaminis ad oras Trajiciens, muros charamque reliquerat urbem. Freta tamen dubiis oracli vocibus arcem Turba senilis habet, longo truncisque serisque 165 Tempore defendens sese, castella sed hostis Cingens oppugnat, captosque interficit omnes, Et totam flammis urit crepitantibus urbem. Interea EubcEam linquens Salamina recessit Argivum Classis ; congressi littore ab omni 170 Consedere duces, et surgunt praelia linguae. At saevis inter sese dum litibus ipsi Decertant, subito collectis navibus hostes Praeclusere aditus, neque jam fuga restat Achivis. Turn sese ad pugnam Divis ultoribus aptant 1 75 Pocula libantes ; versos meminisse Penates, Et captas urbes, dat saevam cordibus iram. Ipse Asiae Princeps circumdatus agmine Regum Atque ducum, celebri solio sedet altus, et ambas Jam classes de monte \ddet certare paratas. 180 Dumque suas cernit naves splendore micantes, Auroque et signis, (sed enim latuere tyrannum Cecropidum fraudes) felicis mente triumphi Concipit augurium ; optatas jam sumere poenas Audet ovans animo, victisque illudere Graiis. 185 Qualis sacra Jovi volucris rapido impete fertur, Aspiciens nitidi squamas et terga draconis : 50 XERXES. Ast ipsam mors certa manet, tamen inscia fati Praepes in horribilem se protinus injicit hostem. Haud aliter contra Danaos cum navibus ibant 190 Innumeris Persse, et secum traxere ruinam. Nee quicquam auxilio miseris prodesse Tyrannus Ipse potest, tingi videt undas sanguine fuso ; Undique Medorum spargi super sequora classem, Remosque, et laceras jactari in gurgite puppes. 195 Turn rate si fracta, si mille pericula passus. Forte quis ad terram fugiens, Salamina natando Jam tangit, Graii vel saxis eminus urgent Littora prensantem manibus, vel multa precantis Incassum duro pectus mucrone recludunt. 200 Quae mala tunc passi Persae, quos laesa dolores Numina miserunt, testes Rhodopeiae arces, Altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus. Hinc irati hostes, illinc misera agmina vexat Importuna fames, hyemisque procella minacis, Et Boreale gelu ; perculsaque turba timore Nunc precibus Solem insuetis implorat : at ille Aversus faciem tenebras obducit, et atra Celatus nebula non vult audire precantes. Agmina deseruit trepidus formidine Princeps, 210 Littoraque Europoe nullo comitante reliquit. THOMAS ROBINSON ALLAN. 1817. 51 IGNIS. QuALis Hypferboreis ubi bmma ignava pruinis Incubat, et gelidos constringit fontibus amnes, Vix Hyperionius pallentes discutit umbras, Aut valet obscurse currus dare lumina terrse : Sic, quura naturae varios ediscere vultus 5 Gestit, et ignota insequitur vestigia rerum, Mens hominum incert^ palans regione laborum Nequicquam miras exquirit Numinis artes. Nam simul immensum meditans prospexit in orbem, Undique quot dubium rapiunt miracula visum, 10 Qua super expansum coelum fulgoribus ardet, Atque volant mediae liquidum super sethera nubes ? Qua mare sub vinclis fremit, atque in carcere pisces Nutrit et sequoream volvit sub marmore gentem, Qu&ve novos tellus summittit daedala flores ? 15 Attamen hsec quam\'is oculis sublata feruntur, Et caecum fallunt pectus, divina potestas Hinc magis elata et manifesta in luce refulget : Discimus hinc operis praesens agnoscere Numen. Namque illud referunt terrae, campique liquentes 20 Aerque et volucrum genus atque animalia mundi ; Atque agitat totum di\inus spiritus orbem. Praecipue vero diWnae munera flammae, ^there seu liquido, seu fibris abdita terrse, Ccelestem ostendunt ortum, Regemque fatentur. 25 Tuque, 0, qui nitidam suspendens lampada coelo, D 2 32 IGNIS. Sol, toties lucem peragis, totiesque tenebras, A quo demissi terrestria damna calores Continuo reparant, moderanturque aera cursu ; Ad quern coeruleo perfundens lumine plumas Exultans aquila irriguas super ardua nubes Involat, Eoaque dies invitat ab aulsl ; Tu veluti sponsus laetans, similisque giganti Robora, mira equitans difFundis gaudia cumi ; Ore tuo setemae referuntur luminis arces. Ergo, omni sive in vivorum corpore regnat, Seu silicis venas abstrusus pascitur ignis, Sive super volitans undantes temperat auras, lUi fons sol est ipse et coelestis origo. Atque ubi terrestres jam ver geniale per oras Purpuream spirat lucem, renovatque calores. Tunc gremio Isetus ccelestem concipit ignem Campus, et assiduo depromit munera vultu ; Tunc cito mitescunt quas humida bruma pruinas Infudit, gramenque novd viret usque juventa. Post, ubi sole ardet rubro violentior aestas, Ar\^aque jam rectis radiis tepefacta coquuntur, Plenior incubuit terra? calor, omniaque in se Stagna haurit, succosque sestu sustollit inertes ; Hinc avidis arbor potans radicibus undam Truncumque et ramis perfundit poma liquore ; Hinc et aromaticas fundens ex cortice guttas Galbaneos Oriens in sylvis flavit odores ; Discit et hinc nitidis omari Persia gazis 52. The fragrant trees, which grow by Indian floods And in Arabia's aromatic woods, Owe all their spices to the summer's heat, Their gummy tears, and odoriferous sweat. Blackmore's Creation, II 45 50 24o. IGNIS. 53 Et lapides haurit radianti luce decoros ; 55 Unde apices regum refenint coelestia signa Ccenilea sapphire, et flammam imitante pyropo, Quaeque die praestant adamantina sidera fontes. Post, ubi jam brevior lux est, et mollior sestus, Auctumnusque fovens terras incumbit ab alto, 60 Occulti fruges flavescunt viribus ignis, Mitis et aprico ridet vindemia colli. Denique, quum campos constringit bruma pruinis, Obscurumque premunt pallentes aera nubes, Amplius baud vario diiFulget terra colore, 65 Sed campum horrentem glebis glacieque peresum Plorat, et amissum sulcis lacrymantibus ignem. Attamen immiti quamvis hibema potestas Carcere frenat agros, atque abripit arbore frondes, Saevior ex nimio pestis metuenda calore. 70 Nam qua zona rubens fuscos devexa per Indos Tollitur, et recto vexat sole improba terrain. Nulla jugis herba est, nulla haurit flumina campus, Et qua florerent melius Cerealia dona, Arenti steriles arvo dominantur arenas. 75 Quinetiam propius cum flammae viribus aequor Obstrepit, et calidos proturbat material Crateras, terrae miratus murmura pastor Horret, et inclusum plenis fomacibus ignem. Littore Trinacrio mons hinc erectus ad astra 80 Fumat mole nova, fuscansque vaporibus auras 55. Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone Imparting radiant lustre like his own ; He tinctures rubies with their rosy hue, And on the sapphire spreads a heavenly blue ; For the proud monarch's dazzling crown prepares Rich orient pearl, and adamantine stars. Blackmoee's Creation, II. 249. IGNIS. Ingemit, et rapidas torquens furit -^tna ruinas. Nee minus interea coelum ventosque fugaces Inspirat flamma, et vario se sustinet aestu, Et si jam graviore premit ros pondere nubes, Aut aether domitus moeret pluvialibus austris, Dispellit tempestatis vis viva furores, Quaeque modo in tenebris fuerant densata, relaxat Ast ubi per pinguem volitat nigra aura paludem Atque odor ex madidis insurgit foetidus ulvis. Hie, ubi jam noctis seetantur sidera eurrum, Saepius apparet visu mirabile lumen ; Namque pigro clausae dum certant aere flamma?, Scintillae extusse fulgent, bibulique vapores Pallentem assiduo eonquassant lampada motu ; Heu male tum solis noetu palatui in agris, Ignotosque audet traetus tentare viator. Prseterea, Italise quamvis ver mite per oras Usque nitet, coelumque et terras temperat aura, Non raro ineumbens rapidis vis ignea veutis Saevit et horribili convolvit nubila cuxsu ; Unde oritur turbo, qui cum regionibus sethrae Infert se, subito vires hominumque ferarumque Infecit, mir^ corrumpens debilitate ; Tempore non alio infausta composta quiete Membra jacent, breviterque domantur pectoris irae, Et pavor, et rabies ; dolor, hortatorque cupido. At non, ^gypti atque Arahum qua longa sine ullis Hospitiis deserta jacent ; nam vividus ignis 85 Ti 90 95 102. The sirocc, or south-east wind, is described by Btydone as bring- ing on such a degree of lassitude, that neither body nor mind can per- form their usual functions. — Fide Tour through Sicily and Malta. 1 09. The simoom blew as if it came from an oven. Our eyes were dim, our lips cracked, our knees tottering, our throats perfectly dry, and no re- lief was found from drinking an immoderate quantity of water. — Bruce. IGNIS. 55 Dum reboat, piceasque attollens flamine nubes 110 Proruit ardentes altum super aethera arenas ; In teiram praeceps magno stridore volucris Decidit, aut patulis si capiat naribus auram Bucula, jam mortis stupor artus urget inertes; Intereuntque tigres sylvis, fulvique leones. 115 Quod nisi et assiduis manibus prsefixerit ora, Et vento pastor \Tiltus averterit, segris Continuo membris tempestas ignea mortem AfFerat et saniem salientem exhauriat aestu. Dicendum et, quali vivorum fusa per artus 1 20 Flamma cruore fluens animalia sustinet arte. Quae renovans tepidas geniali robore venas Continuo nutrit currentia flumina cursu. Hac quoque diversos deducit origine pectus AfFectus animi et mentis discrimina tanta ; 125 Hinc pecudes laetae degustant gaudia veris ; Hinc et amor domini canibus curaeque fideles ; Praedarique lupi discunt, rugire leones. Praeterea, quia praestantes praestantior ignis Materias habitat, varia hinc raendacia vulgo 1 30 Deduxere ortum, et concepit fabula vires. Nam neque Echionia terrd nee Colchidos oris Effudere unquam tauri de faucibus ignem, Sed, quia vis innata bo\ds, velut ignea coeli Tela, aut praecipiti reboantia fulgura cursu, 135 Implacidas tollitque minas, et provocat iram, Talia Grajugenum vani finxere poetae. Nonne vides etiam, pecori quae robora equino, 138. Hast thou with strength endued the generous horse, His neck with thunder arm'd, his breast with force ? Him canst thou as a grasshopper affright, Who from his nostrils throws a dreadful light, 56 IGNIS. Utque armet tonitm cervicem, pectora vires ; Dumque, metu ignoto, lux naribus sestuat ird Et micat ardentis turbatus fulgor ocelli, Imiit, oppositasque ardet superare cohortes, Indomitoque vorat campum pede, nee simul audit Clangorem litui, at pugnae si sentit odorem Hinnitus, veluti coopertse murmura flammse ToUit, et exhaurit morientum e voce vigorem. — Hinc igitur Glauci quae membra edere quadrigae, Et Diomedis equi spirantes naribus ignem. Quinetiam blandi divinum munus amoris Dicitur hinc valida deducere robora llammd, Dicitur immense fervescens ore poeta. Et quia per versus coelestis spiritus ac vis Instans eximium perfudit luce Britannum, Divinis referunt vectum super aethera pennis Exsuperasse alti flammantia mcenia mundi. Donee tandem adiit viv& loca ccerula luce. 140 Breaks through the order'd ranks with eyes that burn, Nor from the battle-axe or sword will turn. With rage and fierceness he devours the ground ; Nor in his fury hears the trumpet sound ; But smells the fight from far, like thunder neighs, Loud shouts and dying groans his courage raise. Sandys. Paraphi 153. Milton. 154. Nor second He that rode sublime On seraph-wings of ecstasy ; The secrets of the abyss to spy; He pass'd the flaming bounds of space and time. The living throne, the sapphire blaze, Where Angels tremble while they gaze, He saw Gray. Progress of Poesy. IGNIS. 57 Ora Dei, et veras aetemi luminis arces. Esto : at nequidquam distinguere somnia vero Haec juvat, erroresque vago percurrere versu ; Nunc silicis venis extusam dicere flammam 160 Est opus, et varies hominum memorare labores. Nam primum, ante animis vanas rerum rationes Quam tulit, atque nova obtinuit sapientia vires, Tunc campis hirtas homines mulxere capellas, Lanigerique gregis fovenint vellera Iseti. 165 Tunc suasere leves redeuntia sidera somnos Gramineisque toris primo egit lumine Titan. Post autem flammi generis rudis altera proles Inventti est imitata diem, docuitque bitumen Scintillare, oleumque, et pingues unguine ceras ; 1 70 Et suspensa focis durescere robora fumo, Inscia adhuc belli, fractasque invertere glebas : Mox curvse in rigidos falces conflarier enses Coepere ; irrumpi montes, et ferrea terrae Viscera, et armatus Mavors regnare per orbem. 1 75 Tempore at hoc etiam nitri ignis, vivaque sulfura, Innocuoque viris quercus arsere calore. Quamvis Trinacrias radios Titsinis in oras Exhaurire vitro potuit faber, et gravis artem Lumine Romanas coelesti exurere classes. 180 At nunc particuHs diris concocta, furores Flamma novos spirat, globulusque explosus in auras Suscitat indomitum volitans sublime sonorem. Hie nova imago instat leti, breviorque rapacis Mortis aperta via est ; neque enim tot funera volgo 1 85 169. In urns the bees' delicious dews he laid, Whose kindling wax invented day displayed. Blackmore. Creation, III. 14. 179. Archimedes. D 5 58 Sseva fames dederat, pestisve, aut sequoris irae. Quid memorem ut, laetae quum implerunt horrea mess Callidus explorat naso canis arva sagaci, Exceptatque leves auras, notusque ubi praedam Monstrat odor, summam succumbens fovit arenam. Jam stridunt alis volucres ; procul intonat echo, Fulmineoque aifert mortem tubus igneus ictu ? Proelia quid memorem, flammasque et fulgura belli Innumerasque hominum stratas uno impete turmas, Murmuraque, atque actos excelsa in sidera montes ? Hsec mihi sufficiant. Aliis memoranda relinquo Ut Satanas olim coelestia regna lacessit, Attollitque rotis pinus atque aera cavata, Iliceasque trabes, quarum flammata coruscis Viscera collectos evolvunt faucibus ignes, Impiaque ajtemas invadunt Tartara sedes. 19Q EDWARD CHURTON. 1§1 59 TRANSLATION. Shakspearb's "As You like It." — Act II. Scene 3. Adam. Orlando. .^A. M»; fioi av' tovto y oh yevyjcrcTai noTe. 'AW eoTt fjLOt yap cKUToy w^e ypvaia, "A fxoL Trariip aos p-iaQov i^iraaev TraXat* Kat h) ffeauxTfxey' el^ov, ws, ut els ttovovs IlaXata Tajj.a fxijKer to-^voi fieX?/, 5 Kapa T€ TToXioy els arifiiav rreffoif ^iXos y av e'lr) fxoi irodey yr}poTp6oi' Tavr' ovy d€')(ov crv' )(a> KopaKas av^tay (^opq, Kai Trpev^evris arpovdois 6 Topcrvyujy Tpo({»)y 'E/Lxe yr)po(3o(TKol' j^pvffos o^e Trapeari aoi. 10 'Av6' uiv yeyeffdai 7rp6ii^avei. Ae^at fx oira^oy ovy, veiorepov d' eyw 20 'AvBpos Trape^u) rovpyoy ey dvaTrpaytais Tals adis iiiraaaLSy ^vf^popais 6* virripeTris, 60 OP. BeXrttrrc 7rpeaj3vf ttws TraXaiwv vT6vf To fxrj^e /3Xaorrov avr eTrt/xeXems ^ipoVf TavTr)y trv dutaeis r^S* ajjirfxo-yip X^P*-^' *AXX' ayCf iropevojfxeada, koi to. yprjfiara M.Lffd6v TTOVtiJV cojy els aypuiy eprjuiap (IfepovreSf (avwfieada xoifxvltjv vofias, Kal fjL^rpiov eKxpiy^ovres airo rov vvv (^iov» AA. AXX' ovv iropevov, heairoT, els reXos ^' eya^ Sot ^vfiiropeveadai re Kal fiifivetv 0eXw. "Ore fiev Sofiovs els rovale trp&rov elae(ir}v ^iKoarov ovTrio Tavdpl r^2' ctos Trappy. Nvv ^', dydorjKoaToy ro^e j3\i^as d^pos, *Ek rv UpeTToVf ykpovTL o' tor' UKaipos 6 yp^vos. 'AXX' avTiZovvai fioi ^vvaiT av >/ rvyr] OvK 6.\\o y ovlev Kpelaaov^ ri kuXws kfik Ov7}(rK€iVf efxovs Bk Beffwdras avrw^eXcIv. 25 30 EDWARD CHURTON. 1818. 61 TRANSLATION. Song, by Collins: — "To fair Fidele's grassy tomb." Feigora quum Zephyri minuunt, brumaque peracta Amplius baud condit nix hyemalis humum : Turn pueri teneris conjuncti, Delia, nymphis Flores purpureos ad tua busta ferent. Non aderunt umbrae, gelidisve excita sepulcris 5 fnviset sanctum mortis imago locum. Hue venient juvenes, timidumque agnoscet amorem Ingenuas Virgo fusa rubore genas. Non Saga errabit passis insana capiUis, Nee spectra in tenebris irrequieta gement. 10 At faciles Nymphse semper Dryadesque puellae Mane novo dulci rore sepulcra tegent. Saepius hue veniet, tenuique Rubecula rostro Exiguam, ut poterit, subpeditabit opem ; Muscoque albenti, et decerptis floribus ultro 15 Omabit tumulum, qua tua membra jaeent. Seu nigris pluvii erumpunt de nubibus imbres, Saevaque tempestas per nemus omne ruit, Seu canis intrepidus sequitur vestigia cervae, Te reeolet memori pectore fidus amor. 20 Te sylvas inter discent memorare coloni, Et cadet in cineres debita gutta tuos. Delia amanda jaces, vitae dum gratia restat, Flendaque, dum Pietas ipsa dolere potest. JOHN CECIL HALL. 1818. 62 AD PAUPERTATEM. O avM minaci sceptra gerens manu Terrore ssevo corda virum domas, nota Paupertas severa Fronte, supercilioque torvo. Quamvis neque ingens surgit honoribus Templum superbis, nee tibi vietima Devota saeras tiiigit aras ; Si neque Parrhasius colore, Scopasve saxo duxit imaginem, Aut fabulosis Pontificum chori Te thure votivo receptam Ordinibus coluere Divom : At omne regnum tu propria potens Forma frequentas, et populos tuum Impellit in veros timores Sceptrum ; at Hyperborea sub Arcto Videris, et qua Sol habitabiles lUustrat oras, aut jubare igneo Exsiccat arentes arenas, Et sterilem tenet Afer agrum Quis non catenas odit, et imperi Durum recusat ferre jugum tui ? Captiva non luctatur aeque Cerva plagis caput expedire. Te nauta solers indocilis pati 10 ^ AD PAUPERTATEM. (53 Solvit carinas, et mare navigat Tumultuosum, te perhorrens Durus Iber fodit e cavemis Terrse metalli pondera, et ^thiops Malas viatori insidias struit. 30 Nil pauper intactum relinquit Ut fugiat tua sseva vincla. Sed qua remote stratus in angulo, Squallore foedus languet humi miser, Et fractus immani laborum 35 Duritia miseroque casu ; Audire fletus, et videor pieces. At rupibus tu surdior Icari Nee temperas vultus rigorem, Nee misero removes catenas, 40 Fameque morbique incutiens minas ; Geluque puri pectoris impetum Constringis, instigasque versam In scelerum genus omne mentem. Quo me evagantem Musa procax rapis 45 Cursu ? nefandis desine questibus Sententiam culpare Divom ; Ac potius nemorosa Tempe Spectemus, aut per gramina Mincium Immurmurantem, aut impositi Alpibus 50 De monte contemplemur agrum Fertilis Hesperiae patentem. Hie hospitali quod satis est manu Dat laeta tellus, hie levioribus Somnis fatigatus labore 55 Pastor inops fruitur per herbam, Quam qui sub ostro stratus, et aureis Dat membra lectis. O quater et nimis 64 AD PAUPERTATEM. Felix agrestis, si Deorum Muneribus bene norit uti ! Ilium neque ardor, nee populi levis Fasces superbi sollicitant procul ; Non livor, horrendumque virus Invidise, per opaca semper Vitae vagantem ; sed pecudes juvat Curare, et ulmos jungere vitibus. Nee frigidi fontes, neque ingens Lucus abest, aviumque cantus. Quod si Deorum, Pauperies, tibi Cohors agrestum serviat, et Pales, Si Faunus, et Nymphae sorores. Si nemorum Dea te sequatur. Tecum in remoto tum libeat loco Parvo morari sub lare, dum mihi Benigna mirantes Camaena Ante oculos Helicona pandat. THOMAS ROBINSON ALLAN. 1818. 65 CARAMANIA. Prjeclaras Asise priscis annalibus urbes, Quaeque per illustres fastos loca tradidit setas, Exequor, et veterum spectacula grandia rerum : Magnus ubi excelsum Taurus protendere culmen Incipit, ingentique australes terminat oras 5 Mole tuens : ubi tot disjecta in margine fluctus Oppidaque et portus ferit et monumenta varorum : Tot varias Natura ostendit dsedala formas. Sublimes scopulos, atque umbriferas convalles, Et patulis tectos silvarum frondibus amnes. 10 lUic Palladia quamvis non amplius arte Aurati surgunt postes, spirantiaque sera, Nee jam flava Ceres ignavis praesidet arvis : Suave autem tristes inter lustrare ruinas. Ultima quae cedens virtus vestigia fecit : 15 Suave renascentes heroum iterare triumphos, Et gestos pulchrd pro libertate labores : Nee non suave etiam tanto discrimine versas Saeclorum spectare vices, animoque sub alto Volventem humanos miserari discere casus. 20 Primum per Lycios fines, uberrima quondam Arva, feror, veteresque habitus cultusque locorum Agnosco, extrema recolens ab origine famam. Aspera telluris facies : tenet aequora long^ Immanis cautes, praeruptisque ardua saxis. 25 66 CARAMANIA, Protinus e summo tollens se gurgitis aestu Stat Cragus, et densa circumdat desuper umbral Horrentes Trivise viridi sub vertice lucos. Tunc inter riguas late currentia valles Multivago Xanthus volvit sua flumina lapsu, Saltusque et nemorum sacro lavit amne recessus. Apparent propius Patarseae limina portae, Multis olim opibus, multaque insignia laude : Quae loca formosus mutans perhibetur Apollo Ante suos coluisse hibemo tempore Delphos, Aut Claron, aut Tenedon, matemaque littora Deli Hie, Deus O venerande, tuos pia saecula ritus Fanaque sacrarant ; centum tibi thure Sabaeo, Fumabant arae, et penetralia mystica vatum. Hie si dilapsas digneris nunc quoque sedes. Si veteres curare focos, votisque vocari ; Dexter ades, Thymbraee, tuaeque baud immemor artis : Et dubium per iter mecum, ambagesque viai Praesens ingredere, et primi lege littoris oram. Est prope pendentis dumosa cacumina clivi Sub terra fossum specus ingens ; oraque circum Horrenda penitus formidine nigra dehiscunt. Unde arcana movens fatorum, numine Phoebus Lymphatam inflabat mentem, et divina sacerdos Consultus responsa dabat. Stant mole vetusta Templa dei, vel humo late traxere ruinam. Namque illic tectas horrentibus undique dumis Effigies fractas et vulgo strata videre Marmora picta licet, pluviarum sevique rapacis 45 I 50. Captain Beaufort describes a deep circular pit of singular appdIP ance, on the side of a hill within the walls of Patara, whence he thinks it probable that the oracular answers were given. CARAMANfA. 67 Relliquias; aramque Dei jam contegit herba 55 Relligione loci multos venerata per annos. Hie quondam aeratis surgebant alta columnis Atria, regalesque domus : hie rupe cavata Sublimis situs, et moles operosa theatri, Splendidaque antiquus proseenia ludus inibat. . 60 Hie amplo laterum flexu curv^atus in areum Portus erat, pontoque hinc illinc elaustra frementi Addita : nunc lapsum exuperans munimen aquae vis Evertitque fretis, atque aggere einxit arenae. Murorum quoque compages tutamen in hostem ; 65 Turritseque arces et teeta minantia coelo, Nunc summo sua vix fundamina pulvere signant. Nulla aditus servat patulos custodia ; nullus Ineola jam tota desertos urbe Penates. Ni qua forte dedit sordes congesta lacertis 70 Hospitium : ni qua veteris super imbrice teeti Sola sedens, seros exereet noetua eantus. Quinetiam tellus Lyciorum obducta vetemo Toq)et tota gravi, populusque, et gloria rerum : Nee non et eampi virides, coUesque supini 75 Littoreique sinus passim, et quae sparsa per undas Plurima Neptuni medio jaeet insula fluctu, Degenerata ferunt insignia laudis avitae. Nam gens ilia vetus, dum res et regna manebant, Egregia virtute et moribus inclyta fertur, 80 Nee belli studio, nee sumptis tarda pharetris. 55. "Within the walls," says Captain Beaufort, "temples, altars, pe- destals, and fragments of sculpture appear in profusion, but ruined and mutilated." 65. The situation of the harbour is still apparent, but at present it is a swamp choked up with sand and bushes ; — and all communication with the sea is cut off by a straight beach through which there is no opening. I II 68 CARAMANIA. Flamma jugis procul in summis (mirabile visu) Cernitur, ex modico quae missa foramine terras Ardet nocte dieque ; locum tamen aspera silva Et frondens oleaster, et ilicis umbra coronat. 85 Votivo pecore atque epulis venerantur agrestes. Montibus his perhibent anno vergente timendos Audiri gemitus, veluti cum fulmine misso, Terra tremit, ccelumque gravi tonat omne fragore. Hinc olim flammas eructans ore Chimaera 90 Scilicet, atque ferae species horrenda triformis, Et quae Graiorum finxerunt monstra poetae. Haud procul hinc, Lelegum qua quondam incerta tenebi Regna leves populi fixa et sine sede Penates ; Post Mausolei stabant monumenta sepulchri 95 Structa Asiae gazis : non tali ^gyptia tellus, Et quae Pyramidum jactat miracula Memphis, Extinctos reges sumptu decorasse feruntur. Nee tamen aut opus, aut operis vestigia tanti Carta manent ; ipsumque locum jam barbara moles 92. A Yanar, or volcanic flame, is seen on the coast of Lycia, which is approached through a thickly wooded glen. In the inner corner of a ruined building, the wall is undermined so as to leave an aperture of about three feet diameter, and shaped like the mouth of an oven : from thence the flame issues, giving out an intense heat, yet producing no smoke on the wall. Trees, brushwood, and weeds grow close round this little crater. From the neighbouring mountain of Taktalu, a mighty groan is said to be heard every autumn, louder than the report of any cannon. 95. Captain Beaufort supposes that the present fortress of Boodroom, the ancient Halicarnassus, occupies the place where the Mausoleum had been erected ; and the numerous pieces of exquisite sculpture in- serted in the walls of the castle, may perhaps add some weight to this conjecture : they represent funeral processions and combats between clothed and naked figures. I CARAMANIA. 69 Occupat. Apparent per muros quippe recentes Arte laboratae tabulae, coelataque passim Saxa, et adhuc inter turpes insignia massas Fragmenta antiquam testantia nobilitatem. Hand aliter quam congeries ubi cruda metalli 105 Effoditur terns, facieque ostendit in aspra Venas argenti, aut auro maculata coruscat. En hie marmoreo moerens in fragmine pompaa Ordine sollennes ducit regina per urbem, Annuaque ad bustum persolvit vota mariti : 110 Hie juvenes vario exercent certamine ludos Nudati, aut lectas mactant de more bidentes. Castellum antiquum nee quondam ignobile bello Erigitur juxta, clivosaque saxa coronat, Infamis quorum erumpens radicibus imis 115 Salmacis obliquat cursum, decoratque virentes Muscosis herbis et vivo cespite ripas. Hie, vetus ut fama est, fessus si forte viator Fonte sitim liquid© explerit, vel languida membra Merserit, extemplo robur speciemque virilem 120 Amisit, tactaque fuit mollitus in unda. Quin etiam, rapidus torret quum Sinus agros Languentique cadit pecori jam gratior umbra, Tum gelidas inter colludunt agmina lymphas 123. When the heat becomes oppressive in the summer months, the inhabitants of Caramania abandon the villages on the shore, and retire to the mountains, taking with them their baggage, furniture, women, children, and cattle. Captain Beaufort describes their habits at this season. •* In fine weather the men live under the shade of a tree ; to the branches are suspended their hammocks, and their little utensils; on the ground they spread carpets, upon which the day is chiefly spent in smoking ; a mountain stream, near which they always choose this umbrageous abode, serves for their ablutions and their beverage ; and the rich clusters of grapes which hang from every branch of the tree, invite them to the ready repast." 70 CARAMANfA. T30 135 fl Naiadum, et thalamos per molles otia suadent. Turn quoque deserto linquens in littore sedes Incola pauper agit secum tectumque Laremque Irriguosque petit saltus. Ibi lentus in herba, Muscus ubi, et tenuis decurrens montibus humor. Sub dio carpit somnos, noctemque serenam Arva per instrato requiescit Iseta cubili ; Luce jubar prohibent ramorum tegmina solis, ' Pendentesque ultro victum fert uva racemos. Jamque adeo videor festinan§ parv^a per altum Vela dare, et studio visendi longius errans Ambiguam hinc urgere viam. Juvat ire, remotosque Explorare locos, et claras ordine gentes. Terra procul sese bimaris protendit in aequor Et medius sectam gemino laterum objice frangit Isthmus aquam. Innumeris tenuerunt classibus olim 140 Sidetse ; portusque amplos, et moenia circum, Marmoreosque gradus, et clara theatra locarunt. Saepe in deserta latitans statione, rapaces Dum latro insidias ratibus molitur onustis, Hie caecum hospitium reperit, cymbaque refecta Praedam, et moesta parat per latos funera fluctus. Protinus inflexum multo sinuamine littus Porrigitur, versasque urbes et tristia regna Ostendit long^, aut structis in margine summo Passim crebra notat functorum tecta sepulchris. Jam summa apparet surgens Coracesium ab und^ Sydraeacque arces ; jam cautibus ardua celsis Magnifica attollit se majestate Selinus Ostentans titulos monumentaque ditia regum. Hinc in conspectu Cilicum jacet undique tellus 155 ' 155. The evening was clear, and this spot afforded a beautiful prospect; we could trace the coast that had been already explored to an inimense CARAMANIA. 71 Urbesque, et toto numerantur littore portus. Hinc etiam ante oculos longe Cythereia Cyprus Cemitiir exoriens, faciemque simillima peltse, Aut qualis placido suspendens marmore nidos Alcyone Thetidis summae le\'is innatat undae. 160 Quid referam insignem tortis Sarpedona saxis, Quoque modo bibulam assidu^ Calycadnus arenam Deducens, sblido fraenaverit aggere pontum ? Quid croceos foetus, et quae vernantia semper Corycii montis penitus virgulta sub antro 165 Frondent, sestivo nunquam tepefacta calore : Quid furtim occultos rapientia flumina cursus Expediam, segnesque moras per dsedala rerum Moliar ? Ecce procul Pompeia moenia surgunt, Marmoreaeque nitent arces, et portions ingens 1 70 Bis centum apparet celsis innixa columnis. Tu quoque clara virum genitrix, celebenima Tarsus, Hand fueris merito nostris indicta Camoenis. ' Hanc superasse olim vix artibus Hellada doctis Cecropiosque ferunt hortos : hinc Paule, trahentem 1 75 Prima rudimenta, et primi te luminis auras Egregius pietatis amor, divinaque jussit Relligio per tot, per tantos ire labores, Et pontum et totas Asiae percurrere terras. Quod superest, ubi lapsa fluit prope moenia Cydnus, 1 80 Montanasque nives gelido sub vortice torquet, Insolitas olim senserunt flumina pompas. Nam fortunati tum linquens arva Canopi, distance ; the plain, with its winding rivers and ruins, was spread out like a map at our feet. We had also a distinct view of the island of Cyprus, rising from the southern horizon, though more than sixty-five geographical miles distant. 165. Vide Strabo, lib. xiv. 72 CARAMANIA. Magnifico fastu Cydni Cleopatra petebat Ostia, solvebatque alto super amne carinam. Aurea puppis erat, nitor aureus antennarum : Altaque odorato fluitabant carbasa vento ; Ecce I tapes nitilans regalem accedere pinum Indicat, inque modos pulsantes sequora remi. Ipsa toro incumbens picto, Venerisque marinae Instar, stipari Nymphis regina videtur Nereidumque choris. Mirati in margine cives Conclamant : resonat tanti procul aura triumphi Conscia, et innumero geminati ex agmine plausus Per longas toto referuntur flumine ripas. At non foemineos cultus, neque mollia tantum Luxurise refert sectari munera versu. Haec etiam Martis stridentia classica tellus Audiit, et ssevas acies aspexit, et arma, Magnanimosque duces ; et Iseto in rure coloni Horrentes ferro passim stupuere catervas. Haec in longinquas laturum prcelia gentes Pellaeum regem, Cyreiaque agmina vidit. Bisque cruentatos immense csede virorum Extentos Issi late pinguescere campos. Bisque in discrimen rerum moderamina mitti. Quantos, heu, gemitus illic miserabilis egit Persanim princeps ! vel quae turn visa per agrcs Funera! ab Europa venit quo tempore vibrans Magnus Alexander funesti fulmina belli, Raptaque constituit superato ex hoste tropaea. Illic civilis quoque vis certamine diro Impulit inter se pugnas miscere Quirites, Terrarum dominos et dantes jura per orbem. Ergo tantarum fam^ Caramania rerum Inclyta, rite suos quondam jactavit honores. 200 CARAMANIA. 73 Scilicet et tempus veniet, ni fata resistant, Has etiam quum prisca accendet adorea terras, Fortiaque annales decorabunt facta futures : Scilicet hie olim auspiciis melioribus aetas 220 Exorietur, et in cultum \drtutis avitse Concita, decutiet generoso vincuia collo. Alter ferrates ibit turn Glaucus in hostes. Turn Danaos itenim Sarpedonis arma refringent. Sin dulci fallax illudat imagine rapto 225 Musa, neque Indigetes patria de sede fugati Amplius everso curent succurrere sseclo ; Turn vero saltern titulos meminisse priores, Et decus, ac clara functos virtute juvabit Heroas canere, et notis quae condita fastis 230 Tempora jamdudum inclusit veneranda vetustas. Saltern prseteritas illorum fama loconim Immortalis agens aetema in saecula laudes, Suprema semper cum posteritate vigebit. JOSEPH WILLIAM ALLAN. 1819. 74 Shakspbare's TRANSLATION. Midsummer Night's Dream.' Scene 2. -Act II. TiTANIA. *ES ov fieaovvTOS ^fcev ^ Bepovs aKfirj, ovr ev vairaiffLVf ovre Xeifxuviov yvaiSy ovT opeaiyf ov jS/yo-o-atctv, ov3e Trpds rtyi KpTjvrjf j3adv(T')(^oivov re vdfiaTOS podlsy out' ovv ek:{]\oLS irovTias aKTrjs ctti Traprjy ayeipecrdai 7ro0', ws Xiyvarofiois TTvoah kvkXovs av apTiffaified*' dXV aet KUKoppodoiy av xopov evbjyXrjaas /3oats. av0' u)v ToaovToy avcfios avXr]€L ^i) Trayra rovs eiioddras* uicrr e/CTrXayelffi jirj^ky aydpojTrois rcKfiap TrapetTT eKeiyojy lL,vyTapayQevTU}y to. vvy. 40 cat Si] TOtravrrjs irrjfjLaTOjy rpiKVjxias vi^y karX vcTkos, vtoy epiajx eTrairioy' v(f ravT* kyeiydfieadaf KdvedpkxpafjLey, JOSEPH WILLIAM ALLAN. 1819. b2 76 L O 0-C H O. {See Capt, B. HalVs Account of the Island.) Nox semper placuit gentes iterare feroces, Non semper celebrare duces, et bella per orbem Gesta diu, versasque acies, Martisque labores ; Olim grata quies, atque aurea munera \itse, Et tellus semota procul furialibus armis Cantanti arridet Musae ; sic inclytus arcum Deposita mutare lyra perhibetur Apollo. Partibus Eois felix jacet insula, famae Nota parum, neque adhuc sacris memorata Camoenis, Quamvis non alia agricolae tellure videtur Tantus honos, tanta aut facundi gloria campi. Dum procul horribilem exercet discordia caedem, Atque inimica parat miseris mortalibus arma ; Sanguine dum spumant segetes, et prata colonus Tectaque respiciens regnis excedit avitis ; Hie homines saevo ignari deperdere ferro Otia agunt, nullis unquam vexata querelis. Nee tuba raucisono ad bellum movet agmina cantu. Haec loca non durae premit inclementia brumae, Nee nimia ardescens radiis ferventibus aestas ; At morbi tristes absunt, atque horrida, febres, Agmina, nee miseros Auster depascitur artus : Tam procul hinc macies, et pallida mortis imago. Tarn dolor humanaeque aegra infortunia vitae ; Ut credas iterum in terns Satumia regna 15 20 25 LOO-CHOO. 77 Surgere, et ex auro rursus revirescere saeclum. Nequicquam croceos Tmolus devolvit odores, Gargara mirantur messes, sua thura Sabaei : Hie proprio quodam naturae munere surgit, Quicquid quseque suum regio sibi vindicet una ; 30 Hie variae fruges non uUa lege videntur Crescere, et setemum mirari Copia regnum. Finibus his nuper, (famae si credere dignum est) Agrestem vixisse ferunt ; cui barba per annos Plurima jam longos cecidit, variaeque verendam 35 Impressere cutem rugae, tristisque senectus. Ille casa angust^ princeps degebat, et almo Decedente die, ad magalia sera revertens, Praedives, coenabat inops : illi Indica farra, Et curare fuit milium, vel caedere ramos 40 Ingenti, a pinu, vel olentia carpere poma. Fortunate senex ! semper tua poma virescent. Purpureas semper messes, robustaque farra, Nee devastabit patrias has miles aristas. Fortunate senex ! hie certo tempore menses 45 Deponent foetus, nee non, tua cura, palumbes Aeriae placido suadebunt murmure somnum. Ergo hie seu raris cui sparsa mapalia tectis Surgunt, ruricolamque dedit Parca aurea vitam, Seu modicis habitat civis sub legibus urbes, 50 Felicem rapit hora diem ; sol pulcrior ardet, Et damna occultae reparant coelestia limae. Non ulli exercent hic regna infida tyranni, Non luxus malesanus adest, aut improba Siren Desidia ; at juvenum mollis violentia robur 55 Instruit, et pecudes nutrit, Cerealiaque arva, Aut piscator adit rivos, aut flumina lembo Explorat, justumque aequor, qu^ tempore nullo 78 LOO-CHOO. Cessant squamigerae distendere retia gentes. Hie tellus Medorum, et fertilis Africa ridet, Hic dulces rami, densseque in montibus umbrae. At rabidae nusquam tigres, et saeva luporum Agmina, nee pedibus pernicibus urget arenam Iratusque leo, et fulva cervice leaena. Ergo impune vagae, nuUo custode, per agros 65 Gramine laetantur pecudes, dumetaque tondent. Praesertim, ciim tempestas arridet, et anni Pars prima invitat, Zephyrique tepentibus auris, Undique coUecti indigenae per prata vagantur Scilicet, et spissa dapibus potiuntur in herba ; Agmine turn facto, inter se festiva coronant, Grandaevique patres, pueri, innuptaeque puellae, Atque incompositos dant moUi in cespite motus. Ore tubi fumum eliciunt, gratosque liquores Delibant alii, et foecundae munera terras. Nee desunt tuti portus, et claustra carinis, Fluminaque umbrosas praeterlabentia ripas ; Hic ducas tenersi, dulces ab arundine succos ; Saepius et ramo pomum et flos laetus eodem Consociant regnum. Irruptam tenet aura quietem, 80 Ni qua laetae iterant cantus per rura volucres, Ni qua languentes levis erigit imber aristas, Grataque flabra beant, glaucoque a marmore surgens Millia fert Zephyrus dispansis gaudia pennis. Salve ! magna parens frugum, ditissima tellus ! S5 Insula, praeclaro Elysii vel digna virentis Nomine, vel quarum Graii meminere poetae, Sedibus baud impar, fruitur queis turba piorum ! Hic neque bacchantur venti, neque flamina moestis Imbribus, at soles, semperque innubilus aer 90 Panditur, et largfe difFuso lumine ridet. LOO-CHOO. 79 At vix praeteriit tempus, quo missa per aequor Velivolum excessit navis de gente Britannd, Quaesivitque alio terras sub sole jacentes. Ilia frequens variis jamdudum agitata procellis, 95 Multa mari subiit, luctantibus sequore ventis, Multa ade6 nautse passi, dum salsa tenebant ; Taedia quos morbi, quos undae exercuit ira, Et durse duris habitatse gentibus orae : Quid referam immanes fiuctus clamore volutos, 100 Et caligantem dira formidine pontum ? Quid memorem Syrtes, brevibusque coralla sub undis, Insidiasque maris, vel qua tenet Insula marmor, Asperaque ostendit pallentes sulphure campos, Et longe extentas per ferrea littora rupes ? 105 Jamque dies aderat, posito cum fine labomm Optatam Iseti terram tetigere Britanni. Continuo cunctos subit admiratio rerum, Hospitium ut pandi fessis, dextramque fidemque Cognovere vinim, nee non mollissima corda : 110 Ut Cererem, lectumque pecus, generosaque vina, Videre assiduo deferri munera sumtu. Praeterea, si quos ssevae violentia febris Vexavit tacita depascens corpora flamma, Ultro oblata levat miseros medicina dolores. 115 Tum, credo, immani qui fractus membra labore, Ingemuit victusque animi, qui nocte silenti Demergi audivit socios comitesque viarum ^quore, nee jam aliud potuit sperare sepulchrum, lUe inter gelida extremae suspiria mortis 120 Vix tollit duro languentia lumina lecto. Ad lenes si quando dapes, ad pocula quando Hospitis arrexit vox leni audita susurro. 103. Sulphur Island. 116. Vide Thomson's Sumpier, 1045. 80 LOO-CHOO* 4 30 . i Ecce ! autem affulsit cum spes accensa salutis, Et venit reserata dies, quam saepe, coloni, 125 Vos renovata beat lingua, et lacrymantia cordis Gaudia, et ad ccelum profusa e pectore vota. At tu praecipue, cui nescia fallere vita, Grataque simplicitas fuit, et mitissima virtus, Cui pietas et prisca fides per ssecula nullum 130 Invenient ventura parem, tu gloria gentis, Tu Marcellus eris ; tua nee sanctissima quondam Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. Te memores recolent Britones, tua barbara nautse Nomina servabunt, atque ultima verba querentis, 1 35 Dum discessuram moeres in littore navem. " Ergone cum terris primo surrexerit ortu Crastina lux, laeti vos hinc dare vela paratis Angligenae, et nostro certum est decedere portu ? At quam triste mihi veniet jubar illud, ut errans Nequicquam in solil mecum spatiabor arena. Ah ! quoties vestrae quem vela abeuntia navis Signabunt coeli tractum, mea lumina in ilium Intendam tacitus ; tum si quos inde videbo Majori in littus volvi cum murmure fluctus, 145 Ipse salutabo, et demens responsa requiram. An patria Angliaci remearint littora nautae. Forsan et, illius cum scandens culmina montis Carbasa prospiciam ventis distantia pandi, Vos iterum amplexus nostros atque hospita regna 150 Quaerere, et haec ultro delabi ad marmora dicam Credulus, et studio procurram in littus inani. At tu dona cape hsec nostra, et cum tempore certo Luna oriens plenos terris ostenderit orbes, Tum forskn memori tibi nostra incedat imago, 155 128. Maddera. LOO-CHOO. 81 Atque tuis ilium dicas, quern barbara tellus Xutriit, at ritus non dedignata fidei. 1 memor, i terrse, quae vos amplexa quieto est Laeta sinu ; memores nostri, mihi crede, tuorum Dilectas voces et noraina mente tenebunt. 1 GO Sic, te felicem, vadas quocunque, per altuna Impellant faciles aurse, tibi concidat unda, Tranquillumque paret cursum ; ventique secundent, Dum tempestates et flamina carmine mulcens, Incubat halcyone placidis in marmore pennis." 165 WILLIAM J AGO. 1820. £ O 82 TRANSLATION. Shakspeare's "Merchant of Venice." — Act IV. Scene 1. Portia. 'AW ov yap eXeos epyerai p€vu)y (3i^, "Ofil^pov S' ofioios Trpevfievovs araXdyfxaaii' 'Ekwv €Kuv*^ t^v ^lopedi^' Kapriffros ovy kv rotci Kapriarots e^v, Avrw r ayuKTi Koafios evirpeireaTaTOs ^JLrcEyeve Kpeiaau) rrjs Tvpavvihos yapiv' Kat yap rvpavva orKjJTrTp*, vneptcoTrov yepas, *Ap\rjv (3pur€ioy, Koipiiruty (po/Sov, rpk6j3os ris, EiTrep cLTreiXriffriffi KaKtSv rwyS' ainos avijp,) Toaraovs rjpwas ne^iu) avv o-^^eacpi Treaovras Oprjvovffav re ttoXh/' t6<^p^ avTOS Troaal TrcTrotOws 10 Tputbjv Treiparaij vvv h' ay Au irarpi fxa-^^oiro. 'AW cTTi ToTs aWotffiv, a ttoXXci Kal ecrdXa KcXeveiSf f^lXrar ava^, Xaoy ^ofxeyai Tputeffffi pi\ks ^v)^rjs €(TO)dey yvqaias e^w reKfxap, 'Aei fievoifii yovvTrerrjs ere vpotrKvyuiv. Aevp* ws eafjXdov, fiapTvpas KoKui deovs, Kai aoi to 7rvev/x' e9' evpov ovic evov, Kpvos 15 "Oaoy iraprjXd' es Krjp ifiov' k ei tovt ?x*^ IlXaffaSf dayoifJLL Sijr kyio veayias, Uply tJ yeovsj ovs evj^ow, Trap' eXTri^a 'Medapfioaas (jpoTolaiy €Kiv avros -qy ayeloy venpos, Toy ffT€ayov 6fir}v 2'* ij aoL Trpoffffnevrj TraXai Tov 'fjiov irarpos /lepifiva abijx kveiyLaro' Xpva ovv apiare, Tvy')(aveis KaKiaros &v, 25 "AXXos fxev evTifiOTepos, ovk 'iffujs KaXos, QvrjTuiv TTOToiai (papfxaKois T-qpet jBiov, 2u 3' avT€ KoXXiffTOS T€ KdyXaojTaros "Ex^is fiepptDKws TOP iaai rov^' ovv Qeos tovjiov Kapa, lEiirjv es aluivj ws ris errriv oiKOTpfip, "Os yovvaaiv iovXoiffi TrpoaKwel aefiuy. 40 ROBERT COLLYER. 1822, 105 LEAR. " Anguibus intorto Nemesis succincta flagello Desere Cimmerias fauces noctemque profundam : Vosque, O Eumenides, vestro si numine poenas Laesa subit Pietas, spretique injuria patris, Tartareas oro pestes, Stygiumque furorem 5 Incutite, ac natas odio exercete nefandas. Heu, feror accensus, mentemque insania raptat : Ergone nil curse, vel amoris certa paterni Pignora, nil valuere preces ? labor ille parentis Irritus, et nulli vota exaudita deorum. 10 Sed frustra indignis lamentor fletibus ; ite ; Exagitate domo genitorem ; pellite tecto Qui vitam, qui regna dedi ; canosque capillos Nimborum objectate minis, et fulminis irae. At Natura parens, tuque O, cui cura levamen 15 Ferre laboranti, Lucina, et conscia Juno, Has tandem auscultate preces, audite parentem : Istae vana ineant genialis foedera lecti, Nee dulces natos, Hyraenaei praemia, norint, Aut quae matemum pertentant gaudia pectus : 20 Si vero partus istas perferre labores Fata Jovis poscunt ; sceleris pariatur Erinnys, Optatam matri quae tollat nocte quietem, Atque illi assiduis juvenilia fletibus ora Deformet, rugas illi quae in fronte seniles 25 f5 106 Imprimat ante diem, mentemque doloribus angat. Quin ipsae agnoscant, expertae vulturis ungues, Non pejora sibi Philomelam inducere damna. Quae vigil immutata suis fovet aspidis ova, Quam miseri ingrata lacerati prole parentes." Talibus ante omnes plorandus sorte senectae Rex furiis raptus voces fundebat, at ira Foemineas prohibet lacrymas ; questusque sub imo Corde premens, torvo pauUisper lumine natas Spectat : turn demens aulis excedit avitis. At non Caucaseae silices, non durior ilex Pectore natarum ; caeli tonat aula, polusque Nescio qua praeter solitum caligine mersus Obruitur tenebris : tali surgente procella, Vix quisquam ejiciat tecti penetralibus hostem. Has autem stimulat dominandi foeda libido Tantum audere nefas : nee laesae cura fidei, Nee pietas obstat, nee parti gratia regni : Nee quae olim blandae dederant promissa parenti Plurima, cum in patria pendens cervice vicissim Utraque perjuros fallax iterabat amores. En vero infelix genitor, quern nulla furentem Tempestas retinet, non ullus cursibus obstat Dumus, at infirmos constrictis vepribus artus Nudatasque comas lacerat ; qua saevior urget Ventus, et effusus descendit plurimus imber, Fertur inops animi : non caeli fulgura sentit, Non furias hyemis, neque agentes frigora nimbos : Scilicet intestina suo sub corde dolorum Asperior versatur hyems ; furor improbus urget, Et rapit implacidd victos vertigine sensus. Non aliter qukm cum muros exercitus urbis Obsidione tenet, si tandem everterit arcem. LEAR. 107 Sola salus, moestique cadit spes ultima belli. Ergo ubi divinae est ereptus spiritus aurae, 60 Sanguineo glaucum multa vi torquet in orbe Lumen, et exustas fauces premit arida lingua : Incipit insanire furens, bacchansque videtur Ipse sibi ultrici natas urgere flagello, Per campos sylvasque sequens, perque avia lustra : 65 Tartareas vocitare canes, cognataque membra Diripere, et fuso visum satiare cruore. Sed tandem insanis victus conatibus, aeger Deficit ; intereunt vires : coUapsaque membra Inter dura cadunt instrato saxa cubili. 70 At veluti, postquam cecidit fragor Amphitrites, Latius ignavos tenuerunt otia fluctus, Turbatae tandem succedit inertia menti. Tum vero solus secum spatiatur in umbra Perque silens flumen, malesanaque tempora circum, 75 Tempora regali dudum decorata corona, Urticas nectit tristes, albamque cicutam. Aut per nira vagans concussis pabula quaerit Comis, et rabidam solatur glandibus alvum ; Unguibus aut aegrfe terram rimatur ; et escam 80 Nisibus effodiens miseram, jejunia pellit ; Tristiaque ex viridi stagno sibi pocula sumit. Quale sub adversa luna radiare videbis Pone levem cymbam pelagus, summoque natantes ^quore per fluctus multos errare colores : 85 Sic variat sortem vitae mutabilis amnis. Rex ille eximio nuper veneratus honore, Atque expectantes nutu dans jura per urbes : Heu nunc expulsus tecto, per saxa, per umbras, Incomitatus, egens rationis luce, vagatur. 90 Deinde autem rediens iterum Fortuna videtur 108 Laetior arridere : ita vultu perfida rident ^quora, cum caelo vehementior ingruit imber. Nam ruit interea varias pennata per urbes Nuncia Fama volans, nataeque adlabitur aures : Attonita exaudit, spretseque oblita fidei, Injustique irae patris, volat ocyor aura Latura auxilium ; peragrat loca sola ; parentem Quaerit, et ipsa animi pietas dat robora membris. Ergo ubi vestigans penetrat densissima sylvae, 100 Rupe sub aeria miserum videt ilia sedentem ; At vidisse piget : Macies jejuna sub ore Pallida regna tenet, confectosque atterit artus Is tamen arridet leviter : tamen oscula saxis Figit, et appellat natas : tum sseva resurgit 105 Ira iterum, et poenas iterum deposcere coepit Horrendas ; auditque suas Cordelia laudes : Tum vero infractae vires, non amplius ipsa Se retinere potest : lacrymarum concitus imber Erumpit, gemitumque edens vix talia fundit, 110 " Adsum, chare pater, tua te Cordelia quaero." Dixit, et in collum sese projecit ; at ille Nescius heu ! natam fixis aspectat ocellis, Immotum velut aes, aut non spirabile marmor. Ilia flet infelix ; et sylvas questibus implet Multa gemens, miserumque vocans de nomine patrem At vocat incassum : surdas miser obstruit aures. Inde pio invigilans studio, per taedia noctis Su^tinet amplexu : venientis nescia fati Sj^em fovet, atque animo meliores prospicit annos. 12( Felix ah ! felix virgo : si reddere sensus Ulciscique patrem tantum tibi dura dedissent Fata : sed heu ! prim& periere abrupta juvent& Stamina, florentesque cito abscidit Atropos annos. LEAR. 109 Quis sonat armorum syhis fragor ? unde tenebris 125 Insolitam mittunt tela albescentia lucem ? Ipsa etiam caec^ noctis sub veste videtur Ire atrox Csedes, et furtim exquirere praedam. En quo virginei risus ludebat Amoris. Lumen hebet taciturn : fugiens rosa pallet in ore ; 130 Flaccidaque in tenero labuntur lilia collo. Heu Pietas ! heu rupta Fides ! solamina possunt Haec extrema patris furiatse auferre sorores ? Sic spes immatura cadit : sic munera veris Irrita languescunt, et marcent ruris honores. 135 At pater excussus somno mirantia circum Lumina contorquet, natamque ante ora jacentem Aspicit : extemplo efFulgens rationis imago Di\ddit obstantes tenebras, atque emicat ardens Luce vaga, veluti perstringunt fulgura nimbos, 140 Aut penetrat nubes obtuso Cynthia comu. lUe quidem moriens tristem reminiscitur iram, Erroresque suos, et te Cordelia : natae Tum super exanimis procumbens corpora, victus Decidit, et placida compostus morte quiescit. 145 JOHN DESBOROW WALFORD. 1823. 110 RICHARD CCEUR DE LION. Bright bursts from Eastern clouds the morning light, And sheds its golden hue on Carmel's height ; The sun-beam gilds Judaea's spiry tow'rs. Her palmy plains, and almond-shaded bow'rs ; But not, as wont, where from the castled steep Looks the pale watchman o'er the billowy deep. Opes on his eye the scene ; where erst the ray Pour'd its waste splendor o'er the desert sea, Startled he views full many a trophied prow In hostile pride upturn the flood below ; High on the gale a thousand banners stream, The dark wave sparkles wdth the burnish'd gleam Of shield and quiv'ring spear : in dread array The countless myriads hold their daring way ; With more than phrenzy fir'd, each heart beats high, In battle fray to conquer, or to die ; While, in fond Fancy's dazzling hues array'd. Delusion bids unsheath the eager blade. But lo, his tall plume waving o'er the throng. What martial form majestic tow'rs along ? The regal mien, the steel-clad limbs declare No peasant-born, no feeble warrior there : Round his high crest bright lambent terrors play. His arms refulgent flash upon the day. 'Tis he, the Lion King : with kindling eyes He views Judaea's flowery cliflfs arise ; 20 25 RICHARD CCEUR DE LION. Ill From grove of nard, and orange-tufted vale He drinks the fragrance of the balmy gale ; And glows his breast, as Hope, still leading on. Paints each fair scene, by glorious conquest won. 30 Let Acre tell, for she beheld from far Confed'rate monarchs lead the steely war ; And round her compass'd tow'rs, in dread amaze. From countless hosts th' unwonted lustre blaze ; Let Acre tell, what hero's conqu'ring might 35 Still shone conspicuous in the ranks of fight ; Britannia's champion : him no toils dismay ; No low'ring dangers check his victor way ; Till Faith's white banner, from her captur'd wall, Wav'd in proud triumph o'er the Crescent's fall. 40 Nor shrunk he then, when front to front oppos'd In stem array, the desp'rate battle clos'd. When Death exulting held an ampler reign. And vultures snuiF'd the quarry of the slain. Full in the van, his pond'rous war- axe, dyed 45 In heathen blood, drank deep the purple tide ; Till e'en fell Havoc check'd her iron car. And wond'ring view'd the mighty deeds of war. Back shrunk the Saracen, in pale affright. And deem'd some arm of more than mortal might, 50 Fierce as the lightning's flame, or whirlwind's blast, Pour'd on their host confusion, as it past. Still, Conquest, on : to nobler triumphs rise. Where Sion's sacred height salutes the skies ; And bid once more bright gleam from Salem's tow'r 55 The banner'd Cross, that marks the Christian's pow'r. Vain is the hope : see ghastly Famine stride. And fell Disease subdue the warrior's pride ; By Envy fir'd, see jarring Discord reign. And heroes ardent grasp the sword in vain. 60 112 RICHARD C(EUR DE LION, Hush'd is the war : Judaea's plains no more Sound to the martial shout, or battle's roar : And where is he, before whose victor blade The Paynim's vanquish' d squadrons fled dismay 'd ? Is that his form, which scarce the gloomy light Of his dim dungeon cell reveals to sight ? Are those his limbs, which rutliless fetters bind. Bare on the rough and humid ground reclin'd ? Yes ! his the pris'ner's doom, the captive's fare, Condemn'd proud Austria's galling chain to wear. Not such his hope, when late, in martial pride, Albion's tall cliffs beheld his navy ride : Not such he seem'd, when fierce in wrath he pour'd On Cyprus' isle the vengeance of the sword ; Or when he led, Limisso's tow'rs among, ' The nuptial train in regal pomp along. How chang'd his fate ? in that drear solitude. Where scarce a sunbeam cheers his dungeon rude, 'Tis his, amid the nightly tempest's moan. To tell his sorrows to his harp's soft tone ; And oft, as other scenes his heart inspire. Loud swell the strings with all a warrior's fire. Yet still does Hope 'mid dark Despair upraise Her vivid form, and point to brighter days : Lo ! Albion bursts the tyrant's fetter'd chain, And joyful hails her warrior lord again. Ah ! vain her joy : still war's loud tumults roll. And glows with fire unquench'd her monarch's soul. Yet stay thy fierce career : for not thy might With conquest plum'd, thine arm renown'd in fight, Not mail, or sev'nfold shield, avail to fly The dread, unerring shaft of Destiny. See ! from yon moated tow'rs the vengeful foe Directs his aim, and bends the fatal bow : 65 m 75 80 85 90 RICHARD COEUR DK LION. 113 And see ! the shaft has flown ; in Death's cold shade 95 Dark sets the Hero's pow'r, his triumphs fade. As oft the meteor's momentar}^ flight With streamy train illumes the face of night, rhen soon in ether lost, its splendor o'er. The useless pageant sinks to shine no more : 100 So on the warrior's course bright Glory's ray Its influence sheds, and sudden dies away ; Yet Virtue still her fairer praise denies Nor drops the tear on his last obsequies. Far other he, who bids soft Peace expand 105 Her halcyon wing, and bless the smiling land ; Tho* ne'er the laurel grace his brow, nor Fame Sound from her brazen trump his echoing name : Yet, sweet as summer skies their moisture shed, A nation's blessing gathers round his head : 110 And when he sinks to rest, a nation's tear In grateful mem'ry consecrates his bier. EDWARD BLENCOWE. 1823. 114 TRANSLATION. Shakspeare's "Richard the Second." — Act I. Scene 3. 1 Norfolk. H fioi ^apeiav ry'ivh irpoaTpi^eis ^Urjy, Ovrcjs, (iva^f Trap* eXiriB^ o^vviov aroua, Upos (Tov yap aley Kpeiaaoviav rLfxrjiiarojy KaTTj^ibjdrjVf ovde Tpavp.aTOiK6fX€crdaf Kavdad^ 6 Tpo(l>€vs kyw 'O (TOSf ere fxaXXov a»^e\?/pa.(Toy irarep, Xeifxojy evaXiov Trpos rl Tovh' operas e^eLS ; n. ToffOVTO y lade aviK^opq. deiq. tlvi, *H vvv &vaaaa TrpoacpiXrjs e/iot, Tv\t} "Hlri Tov ex^pw*' T-wj' e/zw*', ravrriv aroXov Jlpoariyay dKTrjv* kclv ■Kpofirjdlav e)((u 50 "Qipa, aa(os AvTijs (iapvTEpov Tovrriffayfx e^ti^avei, "Ay' €t7re, ^o^av efnroXrjffovd* o)S eyw "FtTrefxxpa o"', ovk ckcTvos (Ss a e^iiXaaev* 10 *H x' u)s €ertentat fulgor, pedibusque choreas 105 Mox Iseti plaudent juvenes, gracilesque puellae. Crebrescunt sonitus ; famuli stant agmine denso, Et stipant aditum : en, rapidi longo ordine currus Fulgent, et celeres rutilant per compita flammse. Nee procul hinc, miseranda fame, nudosque laborans, 110 Heu frustra, laceris defendere vestibus artus, Pallentemque premens genetrix ad pectora natum, Orat opem, patrio nuper quae in rure, modesta Simplicitate placens, gratoque nitore juvent8e» Delicise patris, et vicini gloria pagi 115 Floruerat : culto veluti flos vemus in horto Spirat suave rubens : duro mox pollice messus, Divitis ut mensam domini luxumque coronet, CoUapsis calamis, et deficiente colore 92. Theatre. 99. Ball. H 146 URBS. Marcet, et invalidos capitis demittit honores ; 1 20 Ilia, gemens ignominiam patremque relictum, Marcida crudeli languet deperdita fato : Scilicet horribili culpam succincta liagello Ultrix poena premit, stimulisque minacibus urget. At vos, qui seros noctumse ad lampadis ignes 125 Gaudetis vino certatim immergere mentem ; Et vetito siquis ludo noctesque diesque Indulges, quern praecipiti levis alea casu Insatiabiliter turpi dulcedine captat ; Esteviri; vacuas accendat gloria mentes 130 Jam tandem, patriseque salus. En, Curia vobis, Conciliumque Patrum limen venerabile pandit ; Candida marmoreis en fulgent templa columnis, ReUigioque vocat. Vos, o, sacra jussa verentes, Discite virtutemque sequi, moresque nefandos Tollere, et in veras exciti assurgite laudes. Non etenim virtute patrum vel mcenibus seneis Ferrea Parcarum poteris deflectere jura, Eumenidumve feram praedi depellere turmam ; Hoc sciat, Euphraten tumidum, desertaque siquis 140 Regna adeat, qua sublimes Babylonia quondam Extulit urbs turres, triplici et circumdata muro Moenia, et hortorum pendentes pumice moles Irriguas, et amoena nov{i viridaria terr^. Quin et Roma, caput regali exuta corona, 145 Et tristi canos effundens vertice crines, Eversas interque domos, et fana malignis Foeda rubis, manibus vacuam languentibus umam Sustinet, et studio moerens suspirat inani. Sed gravior mersit Fortunse casus Athenae, 150 126. Tavern. 132. Houses of Parliament. 127. Gambling-house. 133. Churches. URBS. 147 Majus et exitium ; Zepliyri genitabilis aura Mulcet adhuc campos ; hortorum daedalus ordo Spirat adhuc, cultoque rubet vindemia colli ; Vilior at venit, torpensque in bella propago ; Aurea Libertas, et Di, Virtusque, Fidesque 155 Excessere adytis ; famse monuraenta prions. Effigies fractas, divolsaque fragmina fanis, Conspectare licet, spoliataque marmore templa. Nee tamen aut Babylon, aut Roma, aut Palladis arces, Quales fulgebant armis opibusque superbse, IGO Laudibus Augustae certent ; tibi Copia, et omnes Arrident, Augusta, artes, tibi suave ministrat Velivolus Thamesis frigusque aurasque salubres ; Naves unde tuae per aperti marmora ponti Audaces volitant, quod nuper frigida regna 165 Usque sub Arctoa sensere rigentia bruma ; Sensit, ad occiduos quae soles insula vergit, Barbara gens quondam, binorum funere regum Pensatura tui crudelia vulnera nautse. Scilicet Angliaco dum surgent robore classes, 1 70 Mascula dum proles suberit, genus acre virorum, Tu non fracta malis, Mavors licet ipse cruento Fulminet Oceano, antiquas licet eruat urbes, Stabis, et sequa reges certo moderamine terras Ponderibus librata tuis, orbisque tumultus 1 75 Ardua despicies pelagi regina subacti. CHARLES HEBERT. 1826. 165. Expeditions to the North Pole. 167. Owyhee. 168. The King and Queen of the Sandwich Islands, who died in Lon- don of the measles 1824, conveyed home in the Blonde frigate. 169, Captain Cook cruelly mangled by the natives, 1779. h2 148 JACOB. There stands in Luz a solitary stone, A lasting monument of ages gone : Firm, as when first its youthful founder shed The consecrating oil upon its head. When that rude stone was rear'd, the matted palm Droop'd its thick boughs in ev'ning's sultry calm : O'er the green turf that cloth'd the lovely vale. The cedar's broad leaf floated to the gale. lliat grove is now no more : the barren land Displays one vast expanse of burning sand ; Yet, like some island planted in the main. That stone still lifts its head above the pliun : So stood the Patriarch's Faith, that bade him dare To burst the iron bonds of stem Despair, And nerv'd Ids soul to that worst blow of Fate, The first, the deadliest curse, a brother's liate. How throbb'd his heart, when from his native home A Mother's caution sent him forth to roam ? But raid conflicting doubts and anxious fear The Father's blessing check'd the rising tear, And lull'd the tumults of his soul to rest : " My son, I bless thee, and thou shalt be bless'd." And he was bless'd. Descending from on high He comes, in glory comes the Deity ; 10 15 20 !il JACOB. 149 Angels on angels crowd the vision'd spheres, 25 Seraph on seraph, host on host appears : And o'er those ranks in pure celestial rays That dim the sapphire's hue, the diamond's blaze, Far, far above Jehovah stands on high In all unutterable majesty. — ' 30 Hark, the dread voice in thund'ring accents rolls Thro' the vast concave of the list'ning poles. " Ck)unt the thick dust that strows the sandy plain, Ck>unt the succeeding billows on the main, Count all the stars that sparkle in the sea ; 35 Unnumber'd still shall thy descendants be ; Where wide Chaldaea's breezes parch thy brow. Or scorch'd Arabia's deserts ever glow : Still shall my care for ev'ry want provide. And lead thee on, thy Guardian, and thy Guide." 40 The voice had ceas'd, and o'er that haimted dell Night's solemn noon with deeper silence fell : But under ev'ry sorrow, ev'ry ill. Faith in the promis'd blessing cheer'd him still, As cheers the mariner the polar star, 45 Tho' the winds whistle, and the billows war. And other hopes were his, but they were vain ; They fell and faded at the stroke of pain : Faded, as fades the rainbow's varying form. Fell, as the tall oak falls before the storm. 50 How keen the pang that smote the lover's heart Reft of his hire, beguil'd by Laban's art } How keen the pang, when o'er her sandy plain, The far Ephrata heard a shriek of pain ; And the chill breeze that swept along the heath, 55 Bore Jacob's dirge for long-sought Rachel's death. JACOB. Yet was he not alone : a light arose. And still its radiance shone above his woes : It shone in Penuel, when the calm of night Heard heav'nly sounds and saw th' unearthly fight ; 60" And, where his Angel conqueror had striv'n. Great ** Israel" stood a Prince belov'd of Heav'n : That radiance shone, tho', lost in life's first pride. His Joseph's vest with other blood w^as dy'd ; The heartfelt prayer declar'd his trust on high, 65 While the deep groan bespoke his agony. Nor vain that trust, for brighter days arose. To gild the shadow of his lengthen'd woes : And it was his to speak in happier strain, To pour thanksgiving to his God again. " My Son, my Joseph draws the vital breath. And I shall see him, ere I sink to death ; Behold once more that long-remember'd face. Clasp that lov'd bosom in one close embrace ; And, when my Maker calls me to my rest. Breathe my last sigh, content, on Joseph's breast.' Again the vision hover' d round his head. Gilded his age, and sooth'd his dying bed. And, like the last tints of expiring day. Shed on that hour a momentary ray : As oft 'tis said, the eve of life has giv'n A clearer insight to the paths of Heav'n, When the soul, clos'd against the thoughts of life. Forgets each earthly care, each earthly strife ; And future times, in mystic darkness seal'd, 85 Show to the passing soul events conceal'd : Yet not as substances, in vision clear. But such as on the margent brink appear JACOB. 151 Of some smooth river, while the dark blue skies In mirror' d beauty to the view arise ; 90 Then, as the pool is ruffled by the wind. Vanish at once, nor leave a trace behind. So bright on Jacob's view the vision came. So fleet it vanish'd on its wings of flame ; But, ere it vanish'd, fill'd the old man's soul, 95 And from his breast bade words prophetic roll. He sang the fortunes of the chosen race, The future tribes, their promis'd dwelling-place : The ships of Zabulon were in his song ; How, like a wolf, Benoni rush'd along ; 100 The craft of Dan ; and Joseph's fruitful tree ; Victorious Gad ; and goodly Naphthali. But when entranc'd he speaks of Judah's race, A double splendor lights his aged face ; Their glories fire the seer's enraptur'd tongue, 105 The battle's roar, the triumph's joys are sung : And the glad father feels a father's pride. While o'er the pictur'd scene a thousand ages glide : And ev'ry vision' d king of Judah's stem Bears the proud weight of Judah's diadem. 1 10 " Behold," he cried, " there comes in Judah's line The Blessing of the Lord, the Seed divine. In all my wand'rings, and in all my woes, Since first a brother's wrath against me rose, Like heav'nly music sounding on my ear, 115 That Blessing cheer'd me on, and foUow'd near. In noon-day's torrid blaze, or midnight dark. The dove of comfort to my shatter' d ark. Still did the light appear amid the gloom : A God presiding over Jacob's doom. 120 152 JACOB, And as their course revolving ages wing I see, I see the long-predestin'd King : He comes. The Shiloh comes. Confide in Him, Tho' other faith and other hope be dim : And while each wish, each thought is fix'd on high. May His pure influence shed a halo nigh ; And still that Hope, thro' mist of ages seen. Gleam o'er the waste of woes that frowns between. Enhance each joy, and soothe each earthly gloom. Cheer your last hours, and sanctify your tomb." 125 GEORGE STOVIN VENABLES. 153 TRANSLATION. Shakspeare's "As You Like It." — Act IV. Scene 3. Oliver. Celia. Rosalind. OA. ActTTWv fiev v^as apriios reayias "OpXav^os, (Upas evros tseo-0ai 7ra\iv Mids vw€(r-)(€T' cLva hk Trjp vXr)V /3t/3as, Qv/jLov yXvKvTTiKpov tppovTih* ayafxaaw^evosi ^K€\pa(r6\ o avyel^T]' ^o-)Qiias /3aXXet KopaSf 5 KaTreifl', opaTC^ iroiov rjv avT^ napov' Tripq. f3pvo)0€iaT}s vtt' o^oiaiv ^pvos, Xpovf^ re yvfxvrjs (SXwdpov avyjirjpw Kopa, Av(r\Xaiviai5 eXeivos, evBripos Xd^yrji Kaffev^ei' VTrrtos rts* dfj^pit 3' au^ei^a 10 TXavKos eirewXeKTO ■ypvaoiroiKiXos dpaKwv ^vdovTij KCLTreiXaTai Xat\pr}p6y Kcipa Upotr^acrey epKci ffTOnaros' "OpXavhoy h' apa 'Qis elBeVj aiyr]5 adjfx avairTv^as aTrav, "Av^Ojopos dfKpiaTpe^eaiy e^oXiaddyei 15 Eiffo) (^drov (TTreipaiffiy, »)$ vtto aKig. MaoTolffiy dyaXaKTOiffi Keijiev-qj )^0ovi Aeaty t7reT)(e icpaT, etpedpos ws yaXi7 ScoTTOvo-', 6 Kyojaaojy OTrore Kiyoirj defiUi* Tov drjpiov yap Xrjfx €0u TvpayviKoy, 20 NefC/ow Trpoaeiicos Kvpfxa fii]^' ey dpTraffai* Totavr li] ^en'yct, Xittou N//OTei Xeairt] ^dira Ka^rjiieXyfjei^r} ; OA. Ais vu)T erpexpCf ravra ^paaelojy' drap Xpems ^iKaias Kaprepiorepa (^vcris, Tiftwpias T evvoia KaWiiov act, M.a.^r)v ^vvaxpOL '^77/ce viv r^ dr]p'nD* Tov h' MKEias TreaovToSf kv y.u.'^rjs kKovi^ *^yu) '^eyepdels cvcr^ikovs effrrjv vttvov. KE. Sv yajO Kuais Keivov ; PO. 2e 0' e^eppvaaro ; KE. Su ^' €1$ eKeivi^ TOffUKis 6 pdxpas (jtoroy ; OA. H 'yw TTOT, oW ov/f e*t/x' eyw* rt? av ^' ^X^'* At^ws Xeyov6' ottoios rj, jJLeTaWayrjs 'Atto yXvKiarrjs, ov6' ottoIos eifx ayijp ; PO. T^s 3* ai/xaTripas aiyoovos ; OA. Ilei/o-ei rd^a. 'H//Tv yap ws avw0ev ets reXos Xnyovs "^^evaey ijdrj ^aKpv ei/^tXearara, "Ottojs eprjfioy Keiyoy 'iKOfxrjy TOiroyf 'QiS Toy Trpoarjvri Koipavoy fx elarjyayeyf *^0s ^eiyiay Trupeaye koX yeay aToXrjy, ^iXoTTjTi KUffios ev/jLeyel ji eTrtrpcTrwv* *0s evdvs ayrpov jjl eyros {jyayey fxvyjtivy "£^6' e'lfiar cKovSi cXkos ey f^pa^toyi AeiKTffei (TTrapa^dky rrj Xeoyrei^ yyaO^f *^0 avye^es a\fx effrai^e' /cat tot uadevdity Utryeiy xlryuy 5' ^/jioj^ey affdeyiis 'Po'^j^y. *Eyw 3' ayi\pv^ cXkos ay^t'iaas' 6 he. EvKctp^tos yeyofieyos, ey /Spaj^ei 'j^poyt^ "Efx J^c Tre/ixet, /cat ^evov irep oyr, ctttj 4>epetv KcXevfras TavO\ ottws vTrotr^effiy /fiCuyyj'wre fj.}) Kpayayrif X"7^" atr^ova TijyS' alfioreyKToy rif vktf (iovrri Tropctv, 'Fudrjy tKelyos oyirep efxirai^as /caXel. 30 35 40 50 EDMUND LAW LUSHINGTON. i85i ]55 XERXES. 'ep^j/s €S TO Upidfiov Tlkpyafiov dvejirj, — Herodot. vii. 43. Minerva, salve, maxuma coelitum, Prsesens ab altis fulmina sedibus Torquere, victricemque classem Vindicibus cohibere flammis ; Dignare fortes, armipotens Dea, 5 Persas tueri ; sterne rebellium Turmas Athenarum, precamur, Et Lacedaemonias phalangas." Tali lacessit rex prece Pallada, Inter magorum concilium frequens, 10 Taurisque mactatis adorans Numina sollicitat locorum. Qua tristis herbam Pergamus humidam Virere celsis mceret in arcibus, Impune dum serpens sub lU 15 Purpureis requiescit aulis. " Salvete vos o, qui patrias adhuc Sedes tenetis Pergami, et avia Per rura, natalesque sylvas Frondiferae volitatis Idae ; 20 Jucunda vobis munera Liberi Libamus auro. Cernite prosperi Rem nostram, et emissas ab omni Impavidas Oriente turmas, 156 XERXES, Quae barbarorum nunc memores patnim, 25 Velut serena crebra cohors aprum Estate, densata caterva Iliacis glomerantur oris. Nempe his in oris Dux Priameius Fortis superbam temnere Graeciam Et mille vexatus carinis In decumum superabat annum, Favente PhcEbo ; Dardanidis tamen EfFugit omnis gloria, Peleo Quum natus in pugnas rediret, -^thereis decoratus armis, Ultor Patrocli ; turn fugientium Multis repletus corporibus stetit Scamander ; et victis iniquse Priamidis vetuere lances Tardare fatum : scilicet, heu, nefas, Vid^re cives pulvere sordidum, Vid^re raptari quadrigis Exanimum Andromaches maritum. Eheu, verendum nee pietas caput, 45 Nee magna canum progenies patrem Servabat, antiquas in aulas Vi patri^ simul irruebat Pyrrhus recenti sanguineus nece. Tum victa flammis concidit Ilios, Arcesque ; damnatumque tristi Trojugenum genus omne leto. Sed non inultos terra teget viros, Prsesens superbam mox Deus Hellada Adibo, et eversas Athenas Ipse gravi jaculabor igne. XERXES; 157 0, si liceret Dardanidis diem Videre rursum, et litora Grseciae Adversa devotae petentes Innumeras, duce me, cohortes : 60 Quas non vel armis Mars adamantinis Splendens, vel ^gei aequoreus labor Terrebit. At frustra prof undo Vota citis rapienda ventis. Nam vos perenni mersa silentio 65 Jacetis heroum agmina, me quoque Quanquam refulgentes catervis Persigenae innumeris sequuntur, Non, si juventa nunc nitidd virent, Centesima unum bruma superstitem 70 Videbit, ast Orcus potenti Imperio premet aequus omnes. GEORGE STOVIN VENABLES. 1826. 158 HENRICUS OCTAVUS, ANGLIC REX. ^MULA quern fractis regnum explicuisse catenis Roma dolet, quem caeca prius, neque conscia lucis Anglia doctrinse et rerum, haud ingrata, novarum Suspicit auctorem, memori quem voce superstes Fama per extremum vexit sublimior orbem, Fortem indefessos ignes poenasque minatum Spemere Pontifieem, terraeque aperire salutem, Musa refert : o tu, patriae modulator avense, Suavis ades, propriosque infunde in pectora cantus, Quales, dulce loquens ausa est imitarier Echo CKlim, inter moros arbustaque lenis Avoni. Quid memorem, prima repetens ab origine rerum, Antiquas irae caussas, quo concita motu, Dira per Angliacas, torto Bellona flagello, Sanguineas accensa comas, incesserit urbes ? Quid, quo compositis mitescere saecula bellis Auspice coepere, atque iterum pax aurea terras Visere, et ambrosium pennis dispergere rorem ? Foedera quid memorem, quid regales Hymenaeos, Unde tibi nasci post tot. Rex magne, tumultus Contigit, aetemam solus qui reddere pacem Commixto geminae potuisti sanguine gentis, 22. The houses of York and Lancaster united by the marriage of Henry VII. with the Princess Elizabeth, heiress of the house of York. 20 HKNRICUS OCTAVUS. 159 Albaque puriiureis conjungere serta coronis ? Possem equidem, et quantum juvenis te laude gerebas Dicere, seu tacitam vocali pectine chordam 25 Percutis, aut trepidum toto premis sequore cervum, Praecipites vel equos aurata calce fatigas Victor, et in verum discis proludere Martem. Possem et foemineos fando enarrare dolores, Et luctus, longum qui testarentur amorem ; 30 Possem equidem, atque oculis largos deducere fletus, Virtutes, Catharina, tuas laudesque secutus. Sed graviora vocant : litui clarescere murmur Audiit exultans extremis Gallia sylvis ; Audiit armorum sonitum, et fulgentia vidit 35 Agmina, et instantes, Anglorum insignia, pardos ; Audiit, et tremuit ; fugiunt ; feralia toUat Carmina, triste melos, viduata Lutetia ; anhelis Urget victor equis ; diversa per cequora Galli Foecundant patrios inhonesto sanguine campos. 40 Sed neque sola tuos timuit. Rex magne, Britannos Gallia, nee fractas vidit semel Anglia gentes Marte opibusque tuis. Digno quo carmine campum Floddeni memorem ? heu, quantas sol ille ruinas Addidit, heu, quot coerulea nox abstulit umbra 45 Funera ? Tu frustra patrios, Jacobe, leones Inducis, fortis nimium : quod si ardua virtus Uni animae saltern potuisset ducere vitam, Non victa abreptum ploraret Scotia regem. Laetior hinc mcestis succedit scena querelis ; 50 Ire per irriguas valles et dulcia nira, Colle sub Ardeo et virides penetrare recessus, 33. The battle of the Spurs. 52. Arde in Picardy, the scene of the interview between Henry VIII. and Francis I. — Shaks. Henry Fill. Act i. Scene 1. 160 Pinguis ubi extremis colitur Picaxdia campis, Legiaque in Scaldin placido devolvitur amne, Conreptus videor ; cemo rutilantia late Agmina ; purpureis cerno tentoria velis, Ferratasque acies, florentesque sere catervas. Mille repercussos adverse sole colores Arda refert, fusoque super ditescit in auro. Finitimas cerno foedus componere gentes, Et geminum solem, et duplex se ostendere regnum, Vibrari gladios, galeas nutare comantes, Fervere equos, croceo campos instemier ostro, Gallicaque Angliacis celebrari litora ludis. Martins eximio primas rex ipse catervas Lustrat equo, telumque immani mole coruscans, Hortatur socios, simulataque suscitat arma. Quis procul ille autem, medium quem plurima cingit Turba, coronatum civili tempora quercu ? Quis procul Eoo regum insignitus amictu Incedit, gradiensque viros supereminet omnes, Arduus ? agnosco tonsos de more capillos Pontificis ; nosco voltum incessumque superbum lUius, infidos recto qui lumine fluctus Aspiciens, fortis tentare undantia rerum ^quora : nunc tumidis victor subit ostia velis, Nescius, ah, quantae sera sub nocte procellae Immineant, quantas exspectet Vespera praedas. Major abhinc rerum series, et splendidus ordo Exoritur ; dicat, quantas longo ordine pompaa, 80 61. Those suns of glory, those two lights of men. Wolsey. — Shaks. Henry VIII. 77. Cf. Gray. Bard. Regardless of the sweeping whirlwind's sway, That hush'd in grim repose expects its ev'ning prey. HENRICUS OCTAVUS. 161 Quantaque magnarum vidit spectacula rerum Augusta : ipse pater vitreis Thamesinus ab undis Extulit OS placidum, et miro perculsus amore, Suspiciens sanctos ignes, magnumque Hymenseum, Fatidica egregios prsesumpsit mente triumphos. 85 ^temse salvete faces, verumque Deorum Conjugium, salve : Tuque o, spes certa salutis, Anna, quibus meritam coelo te laudibus sequem ? O vere regina ; tuo nam munere regnis Relligio, densusque sacrse caliginis horror 90 Diffugere. Tibi magno licet ordine fata Volvantur graviora, ortae lux alma diei Clarior effulget, propria et gens aemula laude Te decorat, tu sola rogi, tu funeris expers, Vivida perpetuee laetabere flore juventae. 95 Tu vero ante alias felix clarissima virgo Conjugis in gremio, partus enixa viriles, Jussa mori, quam nee domini inclementia morti Prodidit, aut fictae perjuria perfida linguae, Felix morte tua, neque in hos servata dolores. 100 Sed subit interea tacito pede tarda senectus, Turpiaque Henricus lautis terit otia tectis, Longa importunae due ens oblivia curae : Et vino, aut citharae molli dulcedine captus, Producit vetita in seram convivia lucem, 103 Inmiemor, heu quantus tumefacto in corpore languor. Quae voltu macies, quantum mutatus ab illo. Qui, licet indomitas toties Germania classes Cogeret, aequoreamque animaret Gallia pubem, Hinc Latium, hinc flavis instaret Scotia turmis, 110 Ipse manu impavida poterat suspendere, fatis Europae invigilans, sequato examine, lances. 96. Jane Seymour. 162 HENRICUS OCTAVtTS. Hie tamen extremse jam sub confinia vitse EiFerus, atque animi violento in corde furentis Impatiens, quantas strages dedit ipse suorum ? 1 15 Funera quot ? quoties illustri sanguine tellus Immaduit ? testor manes et conscia veri Numina, non illas meritum te expendere pcenas Hovarde, aut falso damnatos crimine Polos. Nee tua te, Cromvelle, aut te tua plurima, MorC; Defendit virtus, et tot speetata perielis Ineomipta fides ; urget violentia mentem Major, et extremos Henrici obnubilat annos. Non secus, insolitos pastor sub vespere nimbos Ingniere aspectat, eoelumque involvier umbra, 125 Luridaque obscurum difFundere lumina solem. Non tamen ulla tuas carpent oblivia laudes, Henriee, aut tantos poterunt abolere triumphos. Candida dum Pietas terram lustrabit amoeno Lumine, dum studio assurget tibi Granta fideli, 13( ^mulaque altemas nectet llhedyeina coronas ; Tu, pater Edvardi, tu, sanguinis auctor Elissae, Florebis, majora novae nova saecula famae Dona ferent, sie creseet honos tibi firmior annis, Gloriaque ad seros veniet cumulata nepotes. 135 JOSEPH ST. JOHN YATES. 1827. 117. Howard, Earl of Surrey, beheaded on an unfounded suspicion of aspiring to the crown. 1 1 8. Cardinal Pole and his brother Henry executed on a suspicion of a similar nature. i 163 THE BUILDING OF THE SECOND TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM. Joy is once more in Israel : once again Her gales are fill'd with triumph's festal strain ; The rites of solemn jubilee are there. With holy pomp, and mingled praise and prayer ; And eyes are rais'd to Heav'n from countless ranks, 5 That gleam thro' blissful tears unspoken thanks : And ask ye whence these signs of gladness come ? An exil'd nation has regain' d its home. Exulting Salem lifts her head to see Her streets repeopled, and her children free. 10 Long had they mourn'd in silence, where the sun Beam'd on thy tow'rs, triumphant Babylon ; Long sat in anguish on Euphrates' shore. The pale, dank willow sadly drooping o'er ; Untun'd their lyres were hung, that erst had pour'd 15 The grateful heart's loud tribute to their Lord. For thee, lost Salem, only could they weep ; On thee, proud Babylon, breathe curses deep. Their thoughts were of thy vales, O Palestine, Of Sion's sacred mount and prostrate shrine. 20 Friendless and fatherless, the widow'd slave Dash'd down the harp, her ruthless master gave. How could she sing, at tyranny's command. Thy songs, O Sion, in a foreign land ? 164 THE BUILDING OF THE SECOND 30 Long had they mourn'd; till freedom's day-spring rose, 25 And dawning hope illum'd their waste of woes : The scourge of God, avenging Cyrus came For Israel's liberty and Babel's shame. In hope and ecstasy the ransom'd race Left the loath'd scene of bondage and disgrace. How thriU'd their bosoms } how from man to man The gen'ral joy's electric spirit ran } Each voice was rais'd in gratitude, each eye Flash'd with thy beam, recover'd Liberty. The sev'nty years of toil and thraldom flown, Judah's lov'd land once more was Judah's own. ** The Temple shall be built," the Persian said. And lis'tning thousands the command obey'd. With fervent vow, and venerable rite They mark around the future fabric's site : Then lay with pious transports, long unknown. On holy ground, the firm foundation-stone. Lo, white-rob'd priests in David's songs rejoice, Cbaunt the loud psalm, and raise th' alternate voice With thrilling clang the deep-mouth'd trumpets sound, 45 And cymbals wake responsive music round. While tender youth and trembling age unite To swell the chorus at the joyful sight. Yet some are seen, amid the varied throng. Who bear no part in that triumphant song ; Whose deep-drawn sighs, and slowly- starting tears. Tell the sad tale of unforgotten years. When the first Temple rear'd its front on high. Its prouder, stateHer front, in days gone by ; That holier Temple, where of old they saw The kings of Judah kneel in prostrate awe, Where Judah's heart had kindled to behold The bumish'd gates, the roof that flam'd with gold , 50 55 TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM. 165 The spire, which, tow'ring from the mountain's height, With deep'ning rev'rence struck the ravish'd sight ; 60 ITie fretted pinnacle by cherubs press'd ; The shrine by God's immediate presence blest. The stream, that flows along their furrow'd cheeks. Of more than grief too eloquently speaks ; While sad Remembrance paints each vanish'd scene ; 65 The picture lovelier, than itself had been. For youth's fair visions in o'ershadowing age With vivid tints still brighten Mem'ry's page : When fading from the retrospect of life Are fled the cares of manhood's active strife, 70 Childhood's gay dreams their pow'r to charm retain : Life's dawTiing glories to its close remain. But hark, the Prophet, fir'd with truths sublime. Bursts into speech, and rends the veil of time : " Who, mid the rescu'd flock of Salem's fold, 75 Beheld her temple, as it stood of old ? How see ye now her second fane arise ? Say, seems it not as nothing in your eyes ? Yet cheer your hearts, ye people ; yet be strong. Ye sacred priests, and ye, assembled throng : 80 For I am with you, saith the Lord of hosts ; I promis'd, and ye pass'd from Egypt's coasts: And thus my Spirit, mindful of your lot, Remaineth yet among you : fear ye not. Yet once, a little while, th' Almighty hand 85 Shall shake the sky, the ocean, and the land. Shall shake the world, and, from his heav'nly home, He, the desire of all mankind, shall come ; Then brighter glory shall this house invest, Than aught of old that loftier fabric blest. 90 For here the Sun of Righteousness shall beam. And light celestial flow in tenfold stream ; BUILDING THE SECOND TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM. Within these courts the Prince of Peace shall tread. And bow in pray'r his meek majestic head ; Here shall be Peace ; and hence shall Peace extend 95 Thro' earth, from age to age, from end to end !" Such was the scene that met the prophet's view. Nor aught beyond his gifted foresight knew. He saw no foreign legions hurl the torch. Wave the red brand, and force the sacred porch ; 100 He saw no mother quaff her infant's gore, Or tear with quiv'ring tooth the limbs she bore ; No frantic chief leap wildly from on high. Mute, senseless, in despair's last agony ; He saw no pavement swim with Jewish blood. Nor Roman corses welter in the flood. While mounting volumes of barbaric fire Wide circling round the nation's fun'ral p)Te, Rive stone from stone. Ye outcast tribe, declare. Where is your worship now, your Temple where } 110 Want stalks the ground, where Sion's glory smil'd. By Heathen hordes and Heathen crimes defil'd. Such the just doom which falls on harden'd guilt : Messiah came. Messiah's blood ye spilt ; And now thro' foreign lands, disdain'd, ye roam, 115 A Nation curst, a Tribe without a home. m EDMUND LAW LUSHINGTON. 1827, 167 TRANSLATION. Milton's "Paradise Lost." — Book V. Line 28. ^12 Traaav os ifjiol i^povTiZbiv l Tojy x^^r, ovd' oatoy is avpioy HpaE,€iy efxeWoy, aW hfJ-apTiq. ^vyrj, Tloy^ d\ OS oif')(^ vTrrjXde fi els (jjpas elffop^y eTrrjpfxeya. 'QiS aov fie irpocTKaXovyTos yjyepdrjv cyw, *AX\', ov TceXas yap el^oy, Ix^'evovad ae, Bao-iv €KVK\o)(Ta, Kai ^l e^o^wv fxavt) "Edo^a (iaiveiUf altrep els Hp^pop r«)(a Trjs v^v aQiKTOv fx riyayov fiadtjcreojs, KaXov fxkv €<{>avr], rats efxais ^ptaiv jiaKp^ 30 KaXXtoj', i) ^i iffiepas, uts ^' ovv eyw QetojJiivri *davfiai^ov, evda ris Trapij 'M.op(f)rjy eoiKiUs Ttrkpa re rolai ttoWukis 'Att' ovpavov (pavelai, Kal Tpi\ kfifopoTois Sra^wf ZpoaoKTLV' elaopiov ^' uvrus (bvrov, 35 ^Q, ^evdpov, eiTrey, w KaXov, Kapirto r' ciyav ^apvvQeVf a^dos ovtls dpa Kov(l)iaai, Ov3' a^ioi Tis Tov^e yevffaadai ydvovs; Ov deos TiSj ovT dvdpioTTOs ; 7/ fxddrjaris ovv Hap ov^er; allios dpa KuXvei ^ayetj/ 40 *H (f>d6vos ; ciy', oaTis fjovXerai, KioXverw, *A7r' w^eXet'as arjs irpoKeifxevris e/je Ov^eis €T eip^cL' TL yap kKei nor IffTrdprjs "AXXws; ra^' eiTrev, ov^e hrjBuvwy, Opacrvs Tr/v X^ipa reivas, ijpTraaey, Kayevauro' 45 'Yypoy €fX€ delfi e\//y^e rrpos To'nav Xdyo/v, 'Epy^ Opatrel rwo' aTro^e^eiy^evwv* 6 ^' av OvTU) Trept\apris e'nre' Kapiros 10 Oew^', TXvKvs fiey avroi, aXXa yXvKvrepos /xaKp^y OvTOi ye dp€B€iSf (So dOiKros eyOd^e, 50 Geoiaiv, ws emce, "xp^imfios jjloiois' GeoTo'c fjievTOi ^vvaros uyOpijjirovs ttrovv' Tt ^^r' cii/ ov deolcriy dvOpojirovs; eirei To KaXoy, bnt^Trep Koiyov kffTiy, avL,€rat ToVy ye ^aXXoi', tov ^OTrjpos ov tcaKOv Tv\6yTos ov^ev, aXXa Ka\ Tifitjs TrXeoy, "paradise lost.*' 169 "Ay' ovyf laodeos, oX/3/a, aii h) yvval, Meraffxes' 6\j3ia Trep, o\j3twrepa TivOL aVf ov yevoC av a^Korepa' Tevffaif ra r eto-^Tretra fxeru dciJiiy eoret 60 Kat/ri) 0ea* ryS' ov Kareip-xdelff ey iriS^, *AXX', ojs 7ro0' //jLteTs, a^iay Tt)y (rrjv Karhf 'Aepios 6.KpiC ovpayovSf eKeWe 3e *Icovff\ b-Koioy ol deol ^loaiy (3loy, Toioyde kuI dey' ov yXvKeV evofffjtia "Ifjiepoy edrj^eyf Sad\ ottws irapr] hoKeiyt To /Lt;) iraaaaBai fxrjKer (ff)(veiv ejii, 'Evdvs ^' afjL avT^ dia y^cpetjy ayeirrafirjyi 70 Kat yfjy aTracav Keifxeyi^y eldoy Karu), EvpeTav 6-ipiy ToiKiXrjy r' aXX\ ws eyw ^vyi^y €ddfJL(3ovy Kal fieraXXayrjyf ro^e Ets Oi/zos, ai(pyr]S r/ye/xd»v ctTrw^^ero, *Eyw S' es vttvov eireaoy' aXX ws acrfieyrj 75 '^Yttvou *|€yep06t(r' olSa rour' ovap fiovoy. JOHN GOUGH CLAY. 1827. 170 EX DUOBUS, HECTORE ET ACHILLE INTER SE COMPARATIS, UTER UTRI SIT ANTEFERENDUS. Permulta quamvis sint, quae tempore mutentur, in judi- candis tamen hominum moribus, non alia adhibenda videtur ratio, quam quae apud aiitiquos valuit. Ex Homero saltern ea ducimus morum et virtutis prsecepta, quae et nostri poetae concelebrent, quaeque proba et decora apud universos ho- mines sestimentur. Neque de rebus incognitis, sed tritis admodum agitur et communibus, quum duae ex Homeri per- sonis inter se comparentur. Utrumne igitur anteponendum ducamus, Achillem, an Hectora ? Id vero observare liceat, de Achille tantum agi, qualem ex Iliade compertum habemus. Poetae scilicet minores non- nulla de Achille finxerunt, quae insolentem potius, acerbum, et crudelem, quam generosum, clementem, vel mitem ex- hibent, inter quae notum illud Horatii, " Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer, Jura neget sibi nata ; nihil non arroget annis." Sed hi minus audiendi sunt, neque, in hac disputatione, alio duce, quam Homero, utimur, qui Achillem suum, quum vulneri obnoxium, avTo ^' al/xa KeXaivecpes' $. 162. turn caeteris hominibus non dissimilem depinxit, nisi qui eximia virtute praeniteat. Nemo sane est, qui omni ilium culpa liberet ; sed, quae hodie rudiora et incultiora videntur, con- suetudinis erant et temporis vitia, neque ab hominum mori- bus aliena, quum nondum ad comitatem illam et urbanitatem i EX DUOBUS, HECTORE ET ACHILLE. 1/1 suam, quae aliis exemplo esset, politi et exculti Athenienses pervenissent. Ex quo fit, ut Achilles nonnunquam ssevior et iracundior existimetur, animique sui magnitudinem quasi deprimere immanitate quadam videatur. Sed unde ilia omnis superbia et violentia, 37 juvpt" 'A^^atotj aXye' edqKe ; Unde ilia a castris Argivorum secessio ? Bri- seida, ut ipse profitetur, tanquam conjugem amabat: 'E«c Bvfiov . 100. Neque igitur Achillem natura crudelem fuisse judicemus, sed acri et vehementi vindictae studio prsereptum. Quod i2 i: KX DUOBUS, ilECTORE KT ACIIILLK. (juidcm ct amicitine sinpulari potius trn)\icn(lnm Solcnnc cnim apud anticpiiorcs ernt, aniinsos in j)iif;nA ami- cos quaiiti habcrcnt, quam inaximd lioHtium crcde dcclararc. Quod sane hodie aj)ud Indos Americanos obtinct, qui, non in repuj^iantes pobim, ct in ipso discrimine cadcntcs, scd in captivos ctiam j^ravisyimam crudditatcm (juum cxcrccant, lionestari sc crcdunt, ct pcrfcctic virtutis ofiicio j)crfungi. Ille autem, de quo loquimur, Acbillcs, quali sane virtute, ([uali mentis fiicultatc ct corjioris ca'tcri Arg'ivi vitj^i^bant, tali ct ij)8C insignia, chitiorc quAdam animi magnitu(Une, et spiritu quasi diviniore, omnibus antcccllit. Nam unus iUe omuium sortcm suam vitre ct ^t^On^'fiv Kfumi cognovcrat ; unus ille, quum posset in rcgnasua incolumis j)crvcnire, cer- tam mortem certte vitro consulto prrotulcrat. Ku vv Toi ol^a Kal a/;r<^K, ii /tot fiupot SpOaS' dXCnOni, No(T0t 0tiir. cnniissc vivp€OV (f>(jJS' 'Hvt'ce (TTvyyds KUkias aftvaaoi ils €€^p€VOVTL ^oXoi y€0(Tffo1s "EpyecTUf fjiaois are <]>oiyioi fipod' oim ^paKovres' "^VevZeios lieipUy oX^reipa fxei^^' Ki)p erfpde avtrrpeiperai, rv ^' a\l/ov El/ye v)7 0Xoy', tJ 'S,o(f)ia, div€L eXiris uKfids ; Ou' /leXiyXuxraoL Be yevovT doiBol, 50 nai'co^oi j3ovXa(f>6poi, kv /iiaj^ats ^p- wes daiTTOi, 'A(f)diru}y v//i;)(at veKvtop dyavaif KvBos aius dddraToy Bperayyds, Mapn/p' v^wv fxtctov KdXrjfit 55 ^o^av ayao-^wv* 'Hs, oy eyyoias opayii) ttot avXdy (Newton) "Apfi eir^pev vxj/iTaToy, to vw^wj/ 'AffTepojy Bi^€ €iXofjL€s T I Spread thro' the dark'ning skies its golden glow, And shone reflected in the sands below. Then too, beheld with many a wond'rous sign. In full effulgence beam'd the light divine : When Sinai rock'd, and from its smoking womb Shooting red volumes thro' th' encircling gloom. Told that himself, the God of Israel, came. Girt with Omnipotence, enshrin'd in flame. The lightnings flash'd ; the thunder's pealing soun< Incessant roU'd its wond'rous courses round ; And, breath'd by viewless hosts, the trumpet's note Th' astonish' d ear with awful loudness smote : Thick clouds and darkness wrapt the mountain's head And, at its base, the People shook with dread. Yet one there was, whom Judah's Lord allow'd To pierce the gloom of that majestic cloud. The Chief drew near, whose strengthen'd orbs might see The blaze of light, th' all-glorious Deity. Unscath'd, unharm'd, the hallow'd mount he trod. And held mysterious converse with his God. Hail, Holy One, for whom th' avenging Lord Stay'd the red bolt, and dropp'd the fiery sword, And gave th' eternal statutes, that shall bind. Thro' rolling years, the myriads of manldnd. The words divine, that shall not pass away, Tho' worlds dissolve, and heav'n and earth decay. While such bright proofs of heav'nly love combine. Could cold distrust, and thankless pride repine ? Could Judah's hosts to lifeless idols bow. And breathe at heathen shrines th' unhallow'd vow ? Witness, great Chief, how oft their crimes demand The slumb'ring vengeance of th' Almighty hand. Lo, thrice a thousand by the sword expire. And myriads feel the all-devouring fire. THE ISRAELITES IN THE WILDERNESS. 189 Wide -wasting plague th* apostate sweeps away, 95 And the deep earth yawns rav'ning for her prey ; And vipers, springing from the pregnant ground. With venom'd fang inflict the mortal wound. Vile ingrate race : yet, frail ourselves, and weak, E'en mid our censure. Pity's voice should speak. 100 Have we allow'd no bitter murm'rings birth, With life, our pilgrimage, our desert, earth ? Indulg'd no rebel thought, no weak complaint. Ne'er felt our courage ebb, our faith wax faint } Ne'er o'er imagin'd evils lov'd to brood, 105 Mid countless blessings from the Source of good ? What woes, what ills, was Judah doom'd to bear. While Hope deferr'd fast sicken'd to despair } Twice twenty winters mark'd their ceaseless toil, Twice twenty summers fir'd the travers'd soil. 110 Yet still, by Heav'n imperishable made. Nor chang'd the sandal, nor the vest decay'd ; Yet still the six-branch lustre's hallow'd light Broke in pure radiance on the heathen sight ; Still o'er the golden Cherubim's abode 115 The God of Gods in hov'ring splendor rode ; Still Judah's Lion shone the Lord of war. And in full blaze rose Conquest's crimson star : Yes, brightly rose, when he, th' entreated God, To dust the heathen in Rephidim trod : 1 20 With pale dismay on guilty Canaan prest. And crush'd on Jabez Sihon's tow'ring crest : When the fierce vengeance of his conqu'ring sword On Edrei's giant King the Hebrew pour'd : And beam'd still brighter, when in Moab's fight, 125 Midian's five Monarchs quail'd to Judah's might. Such were the glories Beor's son foretold, When Fate and Heav'n his darker thoughts controll'd. 190 THE ISRAELITES IN THE WILDERNESS. He strove to curse, but felt the hallow'd fire. Kindling within, th' unwilling words inspire ; 130 The words of God, that would not be supprest, " Israel, I bless thee, and thou shalt be blest; A royal sceptre shall adorn thy line. And the bright Star from Jacob's issue shine." The triumph 's won ; but where the soul of fire To wake the rapture of the sleeping lyre } Miriam lies dead on Sin's deserted shore ; Her voice shall sing, her timbrel sound no more. ^^^^ On Tor's bleak summit lowly kneeling down A^H The Pontiflf yields the sacerdotal crown ; ^^^i9u The glitt'ring gems, that deck'd his breast, are gone. And all the Father's honors grace the Son. But he, the Chief, on whose irradiate brow Beam'd the full Deity's imparted glow. Who bade the brazen serpent's blest controul 145 From tort'ring pangs reUeve th' expiring soul. He surely lives to lead the rescu'd host To promis'd bliss, and Canaan's happier coast. Alas, that heart the fruits of sin could bear. For human frailty mix'd its leaven there ; 150 And pride, which death, too early, must atone, Dar'd madly call the heav'n-lent pow'r its own : Therefore he dies ; and Joshua's voice shall guide The wand'ring tribes thro' Jordan's sever'd tide. Shall bid the Sun his fiery wheel delay, 155 And the pale Moon her mazy courses stay. Therefore he dies; but, wond'rous e'en in death, » Angelic hosts receive th' expiring breath ; ^M And, buried deej) in Pisgah's hallow'd gloom. Angelic hands prepare the viewless tomb. His dirge is chaunted by a nation's tongue ; His fun'ral hymn by myriad voices sung. i i THE ISRAELITES IN THE WILDERNESS. 191 Yet, ere th* animating spirit fled. Ere death's cold shadows gather'd round his head ; 'Twas his to view from Pisgah's hallow'd height 1 65 The future scenes of Judali's conqu'ring might ; To scent soft perfumes melting in the air, Which breezy gales from dewy Hermon bear : 'Twas his to gaze on Sion's sacred hill, "Where Uquid music sounds from Siloe's rill ; 1 70 Where teeming flocks stray o'er the flow'ry plain. And balmy moisture swells the golden grain ; Where rich in nectar melts the purple vine. And the green olive's native clusters twine ; Where waves of milk with snowy whiteness flow, 175 And honied dews like streams of amber glow. And in that hour e'en holier visions stole With gladd'ning splendor o'er his parting soul ; Thro' death's dark film he view'd with kindling eyes The Day-spring break, the Christian Canaan rise, 1 SO With Faith's keen glance, saw heav'nly blessings near, Heard heav'nly accents with prophetic ear ; And hail'd that voice, which bade man's sorrow cease, " To God be Glory, and on Earth be Peace." FREDERICK WALFORD. 1828. 192 TRANSLATION. Shakspeare's "Taming of the Shrew." — ActV. Scei Catherine. AJ^ws, avcLTTTvaff aypiav (XKvdpav t ocppvy, fxrjd' oinianav ro^eve XojfiriTOvs (3o\as, (iXa-KTOva arafcra, ^ecTror?/*/, €7riararT]y. Koi yap, TTLKpov Xeinojvas ws Kpvos ()dKV€i, ^op(f>rjs fiiaiveis (ivdos, rj ^' evdo^a cetvy dveXkr] ^vyxvOetc' k^iararaC ohV evirpeTres ri tovto y\ ovh' epaar/JLiov, yvvi] ')(o\u)d€la f ws v^iop KVKojfxeroPt aetKes eem, OoXepov, aarepyes, Tra^v, . ovTU) ^' €')(OVTOSj ovV koLV ^fij/fj fiaXa, Tzielv TTOT a^tot ris, 7/ diyeh' fiovov. avrip TT^Xei )$, ^vffKoXoSf rXi/^wi', TriKpa, Ka\ois povovvri fi)) ^vr€i:(j>€p€tv deXt], TTws ov iravovpyosj TrpoZoTLS^ aKT-^iarr] TreXet, 25 i.'^^dpa T epuiyrt ^vff^evtjs ^v€vv€ry; al^bjs e^^et /xe tov yvvaiiceiov ycpovs, u)S afpov larlv, o\€p€iv XPW T^posKvvovaaSy ToTaiB' kiTLaeieiv uptjy, ap-)^})v T eTraLTCiy^ oKriizTpa, koX Tvpavyica, 30 oTTOv TnQevQai lei c^', virrjperelyf kpq.v. ricpd' aj^poy Vfityf ovXoy, atrdeyks lejxaSf fji6\doL5 a^eloy nal Troyois aywr/ots, «t fifi <^pev6s re kox rpoiroiP eKrfXiav Tois (TUfiaros ^vy^^a yptj yofxois ej^eii'; ^5 'it ovy aaeXyfj dp€fXfxaT\ aadeyrj ^' ojjiuis^ e/JLol TTor' e^et dv/MOSf u>5 vfjuy, /xeyas, ^fiol 3' virijpxey airia TrXeiuty t«Tws, lioXrjs (TKvBpuiTroy uiar afxei-ipafrdai fioX})y KUKuty re KaKa. vvy dl^a, doiaicas ws, (ieXrj, ^0 adeyos le Trayros affQevlarepoy veXeiv^ Z 3' efffdey TjWffO', uts fiaXiar elyai role ioKovfiey' ^pyas ovy uyuxpeXeh (Tx^re, yvyalKeSf aylpos xelpas vTrodelaaL tto^. TeKfiTjpioy le TOvS't eav deX^, reXovs, 45 X^ip i]h' efirj Trap', €i rol' fihovrjv t^epeu HENRY LUSHINGTON. 1828. 194 NESTOR CUM ULYSSE COMPARATUR. QuiE summa Poetices laus est, mores hominum exprimere, earn unus ex omnibus Homerus omnium sseculorum suf- fragiis tulit, quippe qui carminum suorum quum singulas mira quMam varietate personas distinxerit, tum propriis iinamquamque aptisque verbis pariter et factis omarit. Atque in bellica quidem re satis constat, qualis cuique per- sona attributa sit ; si vero ambigitur de consiliis Nestoris et Ulyssis, si quseritur uter eorum Achivis plus profuerit, liceat, pauca de beneficiis utriusque, eloquentia, atque in- genio, colligentibus, sententiam nostram qualemcunque proferre. Ut autem de beneficiis primum dicamus, jam ab initio Iliadis quantum inter studia amborum intersit, exempla coUata docent. Agamemnona enim et Achillem superbia et ira graviter commotos, Nestor ad pacem et amicitiam re- vocare conatur, atque id saltern efficit, ut coetus dissolvatur, neque in apertam vim discordia exardeat. Neque in hoc tantum loco, sed per totam Iliada, saluti Graecorum et com- modo Nestor consulit : timoris enim inscius alios, formidi- nem omnem ut abjiciant, qu^m diligentissime commonet. Omnium rixas componcre cupit, viresque adversus commu- iiem hostem conjungere. Rei militaris optime peritus multa utilia suadet, qualia sunt, castra muro circumdare, custodes ad portas ponere, quae summam benevolentiam testari non minus quam experieritiam aequissimus quisque agnoscet. NKSTOR CUM ULYSSE COMPARATUR. 195 Legatio ad Achillem mittitur auctore Nestore, ejusdem consilio castra Trojanorum explorantur : neque illi jiarva religionis laus adjudicanda est, quod ipse Graiis ab Hectore oppressis otium a Jove per pietatem suam impetrat. Sed, Nestori laudem meritam concedentes, illud Ulyssi tribuamus, quod Achivis beneficia non minora contulit. Ambo quidem principes sunt, sed in suo uterque genere princeps. Nestoris est conciliare potius, Ulyssis imperare. Ad placandas regum iras ille magis idoneus videtur, hie ad cohibendas plebis seditiones ips^ natura instructus. Mi- nerva enim jubente, Ulysses, quum in eo jam sit exercitus ut fugere meditetur, ducibus suadet ut prioris famae remi- niscantur; plebem sub imperium regis reducit; Thersitae insolentiam refringit; denique universorum animos, Deorum portenta commemorans, renovat atque confirmat. Neque hoc semel efficit, sed posted regem ipsum timore perculsum graviter sed non indecor^ objurgat, unusque ab omnibus Graiis infamiam avertit. Ulyssem si quis timiditatis arguere cupiat, qui relligioso pavore perculsus in naves refugerit, idem meminerit, eum non solum, sed una cum omnibus praeter Tydiden ducibus refugisse. Summam autem Ulysses virtutem declarat, quum in pluribus pugnis, tum ubi ab omnibus desertus, solus uni- versorum hostium, fugam dedignatus, impetum sustinet. olSe yap otti kukoI fiev airol\ovTai iroXe^oio' OS 5e K dpiffTevyffi tio.)(^y evi, topSc fiaXd vpew €(TTdfievai Kpareputs, iJT e\3\r]T', ^r' eftaX' dWov. Virtute ergo et consilio, quamvis ambo sint insignes, plurimiim tamen inter se dissimiles sunt : Ulysses sagacis- simus ; Nestor prudentissimus : ille futura prospicit ; hie praesentibus rebus consulit. Nee tamen eloquentiae locum praetereamus, sed in eo K 2 196 NKSTOR CUM ULYSSE COMPARATUR. ^^^Bb Jjrsecipue meminerimus qualem utrique sermonem Poeta attribuerit. Lenitate orationis omnibus praestat Nestor, rov Kal dirb y\uKTapois 6/z/^Xa. ovE' tv ehyyafXTTTois jueXeecati^, a 7rp\y, eyrly er 'ia-)(ys, ^H KOfJias Tre^evy' epareivoy avGos, TTopcpvpd T eiZovs xcipts' II Triipevyey d^oydy cap /3pa^v, vvktos ws d- fiavpay oyeipoy. 'AXXct riVf vvy fxey ao(j>i<} rrape^pus, kdperdis irefxirei j^aptras trvyepyw&y ovK e6' Ifitpot e^telffa KuTrpts /iatvti^* o'Caroy, 'li^dyei C€ ifKaaiov ci;o'c/3eta, KOindoitra Ovfxo^aicels avt'as, ^ap/xarwj' ^e fjLyufxoavva (piXel ye- ayi^os cjpus AvO' tTravpelv, kuv /3/os fiXy€a»>' n XvTrpciy t/iTrXe^j;, yXw»:e|0o ct' o^pus ccicXas, fxeaaix^piroy ^er o^ftpoiy aW epos u'iyXa^ 15 20 THPAS. 191) teal ykpuiVi v^i'U)u 0vya^' e/c 7raTp(t)t'Os ^' 'EffTrejoms /ieXtco-a (j)poyTid(M)y o^^jx iepuiy evw^a, u}pay(ij T et^ev (f)Vffty, aXiio re 35 TTUire^vov auyav. rXwaca o' earatr^ev HvXitOy peeOpwy Clyde fJioppuTOjy ykvKiioy, oy ixfixpi KOipdyOL K\vuyT€S, e0aju/3eov, f)eXfC- Tf'ipioy 6n Solis iter, solidumque diem partitur in horas. Sed sua non operi desunt incommoda tanto, Nam, quum Sol piceas suifuderit ore tenebras, Temporis allapsus si quis scrutatur, inani Otia frustratus moeret consumpta lalx>re. Hoc metuens, curas hominum sollertia versat Coutinuo irrequieta novas, si machina praestet i^mula semper opem, incerti nihil indiga Phoebi. Vas ergo effingunt j)atulum, cni tenue foramen Elicit aequali effusfis moderamine lym^jhas. Scilicet, ut perhibent, gens ingeniosa Canopi Hoc dedit, hinc horas Graios numerarc juvabat. 30 ^ zs TEMP us. 205 Chaldreosque, olim coeli astrorumque peritos. Nee ratione alia crystallo inclusa gemcUa GO Inferiora petens, per rimam agitatur arena Omnis, ut in justa guttatim elabitur hora, Et varia instabilis notat interv^alla diei. Post varios, tandem, ni&us, post mille labores Majus sifrgit opus, nihiloque obstante, capessit G5 Tempcfris imperium, semper certissimus index. Circuliis in piano bis sex distingiiitur atris Marmoreo numeris ; iniixi baud passibus aequis Circum versantur digiti duo : tardior boras Dirigit, at citior cursu fugientia ducit 70 Momenta, et levis urget iter, celerique relapsus. Jam stadio emenso, prsevertitur impete fratrem. Intus volvuntur rotulae, dentesque vicissim Dentibus obsistunt : ipsis primordia motus Sufficit eerato revoluta catena cylindro, 75 Cui paret rotularum ordo ; si sisteret, omne Torpor opus premeret pariter requiesque laborura. Protinus exacto ne machina langueat orbe ^rea clavis adest : resolutam ea rite catenam Comprensa torquet pinna : mox par\'a novato 80 Impete membra premens, ccepit descendere pondus ; Non secus ac Saxum, quod toto corpore sudans bolides urget, montis simul ardua vicit. In praeceps rapitur subito, renovatque labores. Pendula dein moles in partem utramque vibratur, 85 Tinnitusque ciens, similem servare tenorem Interiora jubet, passuque impellier aequo. Malleus accedit, repetitis ictubus boras Qui rite annumerans imponere ligna camino Conjugem, et expectare virum, puerumve labores 90 Linquere difficiles, et in otia solvier urget. 200 TEMPUS. Nec satis hoc : opens tanti mensura coacta Scilicet, et nata est imitatrix machina, forma, Sed non arte, minor, quam secum, in veste repostamT Portat eques, neque sentit onus, gemmisve decoram Exhibet exercens facili pede Nympha choreas. Nil facit idcirco, natas qui ex ordine, clara Horas voce docet, quive seris murmure rauco, Niligense quo more olim, Seresque solebant, Et quam jactabat tellus CEnotria gentem ; Nil, qui sublimis venerando a culmine Templi Othmanidas AUae sollennia vota ferentes Convocat, exoriente die, quumque igneus orbem Sol haurit medium, et quum temperat aera Vesper. Haec tamen, indicio quae monstrant tempora certo, Heu quoties animi motus inventa refellunt, Praecipitare horas soliti, tardive morari .'' Nam, velut, ante oculos placidi per marmora ponti, Tranquillive lacus, spatium deperditur una Undarum facie, contractaque cuncta videntur ; At, contra, si mista loco exoriantur eodem, Arva, domus, sylvse, convalles, flumina, colles, Longius hsec, ita visa simul, se extendere censet Diversarum animus deceptus imagine rerum ; Sic, ubi carjDamus requiem, vel munera somni, Noxque diesque volant, properantes fallimus horas Blandaque confusam minuunt oblivia vitam. Sed, simul ac luctus, et dira caterva malorum^ Longique excrucient pectus tormenta doloris, Singula mens patitur renovato verbera sensu, Temporaque assiduis numerans rationibus auget. Credo equidem, hinc validd nos omnia fingere dext Tempus agens : Tempus mentem solatur, et angit Scilicet, attenuat sensim, vi concutit, aufert, 110 m 11.) M 120 TEMPUS. 207 Omnia mutat idem, gignit, deletque vicissim. 125 Hinc Tempus veteres, Saturno nomine, prolem Qui vorat ipse suam, primum finxere Deorum : Falciferi necnon formam exhibuere Gigantis, Qui genus humanum, qui regna urbesque potentes Stemit, ut infirmas robustus messor aristas. 130 Ergo, tu pulchrae evertis miracula terrse Invide, cuncta, senex. Vasto tu gurgite volvis Quod nituit splendore brevi, gaudesque minis. Tu damnum accumulas, nulla reparabile cura, Sive elementomm furiis, atque ignis edaci 135 Prsecipitis rabie, aut torrentibus uteris undis, Fulmineamve cies spissa de nube procellam ; Sive homines ira tibi se demente ministros Prsebent, vimque suam ventis atque imbribus addunt Trux aries, catapulta, novique tonitrua belli ; 140 Seu, tacito ut fluvius corrodit tramite ripam, Lenta minutatim abradit res morsibus setas, Quas Natura parens genuit, voluitque reverti CoUabefactatas sevo, quasque ipsa polorum Temperies fregit, longos operata per annos. 145 Ergo ros etiam tibi servit, Tempus, et aer, Tetraque rubigo, aut moles informis arenae ; Succubuit Palmyra tibi, tibi moenia Byrsse, Et T5n:os, et Babylon : Memphis te antiqua fatetur Victorem : agnovere novo te littore ponti 1 50 Et cursus fluviorum, et motse viscera terrae. At citiori ictu humani monumenta laboris Obniis ; heu, per te periit quodcunque Menander Lusit festiv^ sapiens ; aut pinxit Apelles ; Voxque Sophoclese dolet interrupta Camoenae. 155 Nee vis uUa hominum referet submersa profundo Temporis Oceano ; nee finitum unius horse 208 TFMPrjS. Ipse Deus diffinget opus : sed imagine nobis Qualicunque animi revocat vivata facultas. Quo magis hoc fiat, satis et transacta notentur, 160 Sumere saeclonim, ut metas, Eventa necesse est Praecipua, antiquas paces, et prselia, et artes, Magnaque magnarum speculari exordia rerum. Hinc et Olympiacas numeravit Graecia palmas, Conditaque annorum Urbs seriem dedit ipsa Quiriti, Turcis Hegiram Mecca Mahumeda relicta. Sed nostri annales divina incepta fatentur, Divinosque ortus, carnem quo tempore Christus Iiiduit humanam, magnum Patris Incrementum. Usque adeo stadiis metari tempora certis Vult mortale genus, casusque evolvere priscos. Scilicet, ut possint se\aim penetrare futurum, Atque antiqua novis scitari oracula rebus, Alteraque accedat semper sapientior aetas. Sed quod ad est, illo curse sit gnaviter uti Tempore, et exiguam factis extendere vitam ; Nam signa, et monitus quo temporis ala volatu Prsetereat, nostro de corpore discimus omnes Mutato sensim : primo sine viribus infans Editur in lucem : mox instat Iseta juventas, Et spes inconstans, hominumque inscitia fingit Gaudia venturos, heu non carpenda per annos : Fortior inde subest aetas, banc horrida bella, Atque fori strepitus, et amor sceleratus habendi Effraenem rapiunt : dein ingruit aegra senectus, Morborumque cohors, et mors, avidumque sepulcrinn. Nos ergo Tempus, nos, et quicunque sequentur, Vincet et erij)iet; Tempus Terramque rotundam, Et circum innumeros interruj)to orbe Planetas Obruet; ast nostri melior pars, nescia fati, 190 TEMPUS. 209 Natural moriente, extincto Tempore, vivet. Nam, veluti in primo magnorum mane polonim Sidera viderunt orientia Temporis ortum. Sic ubi matericE moles decesserit, ardens Sol ubi supremas, et norit Luna, tenebras, 195 Ipsum, cum mundo, Tempus, pereunte, peribit. Ast Animus, fracta rerum compage, vigebit, Quum se aetema, quasi immensus sine littore pontus, Tendet ubique dies ; neque temporis amplius ullum Principium, vel Finis erit ; sed Vita perennis, 200 Omniaque in ccelis unum per ssecula Praesens. JOHN EDWARD BRIGHT. 182.9. 210 ELIJAH. " As the Lord liveth, before whom I stand. These years, nor rain nor dew shall glad the land. But at my word." Thus spake the holy Man, Doom'd the dread curse, and, lo, the pest began : Gaunt famine came. These years, nor dew nor rain Dropp'd, as of old, to glad the thirsty plain : While from those scenes of anguish and dismay The heav'n-led Prophet took his lonely way. Ev'n now, methinks, by Cherith's wave appears Elijah rising through the mist of years. His the pale brow unmark'd by passion's trace,. The holy aspect's grave and simple grace ; The high rapt glance with sacred fervor fraught. The lines and hues that abstinence has wrought ; While, like the desert Seer of after time, In want majestic, and in grief sublime, The camel's hair is o'er his shoulders flung, And round his loins the leathern girdle strung. Unseen the Tishbite feeds his spirit's fires. Far from life's petty toils and low desires ; There dwells with solemn thought and secret pray'r, Retlr'd from Man, but Heav'n's peculiar care . For him, forgetful of their craving brood, The fearless ravens bear unfailing food ; And, when the brook no more its draught supplies. Sare])ta gives, what Israel's land denies ; 10 1 ELIJAH. 211 Shares with the Pilgrim Saint the scanty store ; Tlien fails the oil, and wastes the meal no more : Till, when bereft, with bitter anguish wild, The widow'd Mother mourns her only Child, 30 To Him for aid the grateful Prophet kneels, "Who chastens pitying, and in mercy heals. Back to the corse recalls the fleeting breath. Inspires new life, and triumphs over death. But see, where, bent at Baiil's idol shrine, 35 Apostate Israel spurns, O God, at thine ; And, mid her fall'n degen'rate sons, alone Elijah dares his Fathers' God to own. Alone, 'gainst hundreds leagued, Elijah stands. And vdth firm faith on Carmel's top demands 40 The sacred trial, which by fire shall prove Who lives and reigns the God of Gods above. 'Tis done. Those rival Priests, to frenzy wrought. Prepare the rites by old tradition taught ; From mom to noon they raise the useless cry, 45 " Tliere comes no voice ; none answers from the sky." They gash their limbs, till streams with blood the gi-ound. And madly dance their impious altar round. Vain is the bleeding limb ; the dance is vain. And the wild shriek of agonizing pain. 50 Oft as their shouts break forth with mad appeal, Elijah scornful mocks their baffled zeal. " Yes, cry aloud," exclaims the taunting Seer, " He is a God : and will a God not hear ? Perchance he talks, or journeys, or too long 55 He sleeps, and must be wak'd with pray'r and song." Yet all is vain, till, noontide's glory past. The sun with length'ning shadows looks his last : The time, of old devoted to the Lord, When incense smok'd, and Israel's tribes ador'd : GO 212 ELIJAH. The time, when hymns, loud swelling thro' the skies. Proclaimed the hour of ev'ning sacrifice. How chang'd the scene ? Since morning's early ray Rose on the wonders of the coming day. Those baffled Vot'ries quake with shame and fear. There kneels the spurn'd, the solitary Seer : Yet in that prostrate form and humbled mien, A more than human energy is seen : The suppliant look, the hand uprais'd in pray'r. The voice of heav'nly eloquence is there. And God has heard, and, for his mighty sign. Hurls the swift flame, and stamps himself divine. Lo ; round the shrine, th' approving lightnings play. Lick up the water, melt the stones away. 'Twas then the holy faith, too long supprest. Sprang up tumultuous in each gloM'ing breast ; 'ITien, like swoll'n waters, when they break the moundf Gush'd Israel's rapture with a mighty sound. While shook the floor, where wond'ring thousands trod, " The Lord is God. The Lord, he is the God." 8C Then fall'n are Baal's Priests, and Baiil's fane. Then thousands bend to Israel's God again. And then ascends on Carmel's top prefen-'d The pray'r for rain, nor is that pray'r unheard. See, in the heav'n a little cloud, in form Si Like a Man's hand, forebodes the coming storm. Till, big with gath'ring clouds and winds on high, It bursts in rushing torrents from the sky. Yes. Heav'n reopens all her pregnant stores. And on tlie earth her dewy influence pours : Lo, valleys, plains, and barren rocks rejoice, And nature gladdens at Elijah's voice : Lo, plenty laughs upon the conscious soil, lliat scarce requires the Lab'rers' wonted toil. ELIJAH. 213 Wilkes the dead lier])age on the sultry plain, 95 And wafts fresh fragrance on the winds again. Yet must he flee, who for his country's weal Had borne each ill, and dar'd th' Oppressor's steel, And o'er the wide and blist'ring desert roam, Threaten'd, despis'd, an alien from his home. lOp Slow toil'd the Seer the desert region o'er, Torments behind, and only death before. Lonely and sad : Despair for once began. For once he sank, and felt for once as man. He saw no more the hand of heav'nly care, 105 No raven's food, no Widow's welcome there : His vision dimm'd no future scenes descried, By Horeb's hallow'd mount, or Jordan's tide : He hop'd not then on Tabor's secret height To hold dread converse with the Son of Light, 110 In after time, when Shiloh should appear. And earth rejoicing hail her happiest year. But 'neath the tree his fainting limbs he threw, While fear, want, anguish, hover' d in his view ; To heav'n he tum'd the sad imploring cry, 115 ** It is enough," and ask'd of God to die. Awake, arise ; the angel hastes to spread The cake, the cruse of water, at thy head ; Then roam twice twent}^ days from hunger free, Portentous Type of wonders yet to be ; 120 For He, who bade thee dare the Despot's rod, Is still thy Guide, thy Guardian, and thy God. But say, what unknown Pow'r, what dreadful Name, What King the troubled elements proclaim .'' *Tis He, who made the new-bom earth to rise : 1 25 'Tis He, who spread on high the boundless skies : 'Tis He, who comes. Proud harbingers appear. Stupendous thought. The God of Gods is near : 214 ELIJAH, Rent are the rocks, and quail the mountains high, And bend beneath th' incumbent Deity. 130 Then thro' the hills the mighty tempest past. But the Lord God, He was not in the blast ; Then yawn'd the trembling earth, and shook around But the Lord God, He was not in the sound ; Then the bright fires along the desert came. But the Lord God, he was not in the flame. Last came the still small voice : tho' small and still, It breath'd in hallow'd strains th' Almighty will, And Nature paus'd, and hung in dread suspense ; Man stood in commune with Omnipotence. Then knelt the Prophet on the holy ground, And wrapt the folded garb his face around ; And felt thro' every limb with sacred fear The awful presence of Jehovah near. What more on earth the holy Seer befell, What woes, what trials, it were long to tell ; To tell how prostrate, like the broken reed, Stern Ekron shudd'ring saw her fifties bleed : How Abab perish'd on his native shore, And thirsting dogs lick'd up his streaming gore How his fierce Queen, unpitied and abhorr'd, With awful fate fulfill'd the Prophet's word ; A Minion's vengeance taught at length to feel, Trampled and crush'd by Jehu's chariot wheel, Her country's scorn : while, conscious of her doom Earth gave her mangled corse a living tomb : How at Elijah's mandate Jordan fled, And bar'd the secrets of his oozy bed. While backward driv'n th' affrighted waves retreat, And op'd a passage, blest by holy feet ; 16d How pray'd Elisha, faithful to the last, " Father, on me the kindred spirit cast ;" ELIJAH. 215 Then raptur'd felt some secret pow'r inspire A double portion of celestial fire ; Just ere Elijah, Heav'n before his view, 165 His task accomplish'd, bade the world adieu. Oh, highly favour'd, 'twas not thine to share The common ills which closing life must bear ; Not thine to languish with slow pangs, and tread The loathsome mansions of the mould'ring dead. 1 70 No, Heav'n prepares unwonted joys for thee, Free'd from the bonds of human destiny. Tremendous glory : as aside is thrown The mystic veil, that shrouds the world unknown ; Tremendous glory : from the azure height 1 75 Bursts the red car of Heav'n upon the sight ; Rolls mid the thunder of the shaking sphere. Rolls girt with flame, and speeds its bright career. And, ere its upward flight the chariot cleaves, Elijah fondly turns to those he leaves, 1 SO Hails the rapt Friend, who soon with transport's glow Shall catch the sacred mantle dropp'd below. He mounts. He mounts. The fi'ry steeds prepare Their dread return upon the wings of air ; Then, type of Him, who, mercy's mission done, 185 In clouds ascended to the Father's throne, Elijah soaring views with fearless eye The op'ning scenes that dawn beyond the sky. And thro' the vaulted firmament sublime Is borne triumphant o'er the gulf of time. 190 FRANCIS BALLARD WELLS. 1829. 216 TRANSLATION. Shakspeare's "Romeo and Juliet." — Act IV. Scei Juliet. ^Q, ')(^aip€d*' 6 deos olBeVy etTror' aw ttciXo' t,vv€\€V(T6fX€(Tda' ZiaTpi')((ov -i^vyjpos (f)\e(^u)i> ddXTTos cr-)(^ed6p Tn'iyvvffi rrjs ^(ofjs 6Ijos' HeTmz€^f\^ofiai er(f>ds av0i OeXEovaas />'5e ftot ^6Xu> iroaiv 6 ix6vny(ps es fxe /xi/^ai'w/Lcc vos (pdvovy Ira firj y^vrjrai r^3' aTifirjTOS yayuw, Trporepov fie ^Pu/xeiijvi av^€VL,as; 0o/3o£ e^ei fie rovrwy' roTa h* ov Tcpkireiv loKuiy arrjp yiip aypos €v/3^/3?^ice ^evp' aei' ijc' ovy UTreoTw ^povris' el ^' eyKeifxerijv rvfifSo), Trpip &v fjie 'FojfjLeiijv Xvtriov irap^^ virvos fie Xe/\//ei; ^eivos kvQdc' etrr aydv irtHs ev ra0y CvffTt^vos ovk ay xdiidopds j'VkTos re ^etj'j]* Kal totzov ^o/3ov^/ei'0i 25 rotor, TToXamv ws veKptHv dijKrjVf Td(l>av, e'j 6' t(Tri 7rpoyo>'(u>' iravra rwv reOafifjiei'ioy Offrdf TOffavTa vvv err], i,vvr]yn€va, oyiois ffrjTTOfxeyos ecrQii^xaaL Kelrai TvpdXrrjs aprt'ws, ^(Xcopos r en' 30 ej 0', ws Xeyovaiy yvKTiu) ttot ey Xpoj'w \pv)(^ru vetcpiSy (poirwaiv' w, TraTral, TraTrat. dp', cjs €OLK€v, e^eyepdeyres y v-rtvov ojs ddaaov }]fie7s, kv rd^ov Bvaofffji^i, olovs T€ fxaycpayopiva kiokvtovs (jtvTa 35 eKairw/jiey i^irjaiyf wore irapaippoyeiy fopoTovs KXvoyras' ov vvv eKfxavovfxeda vTTyov 'Eeyepdevres tot, eK(po[Dovfi€voL TO. C€Li d TavTa, naiydSes re pixpofxey fxeXr] ret Trpoyoytov, Kal KaTeffTrapayfievoy 40 cnrelptoy Tv/3aXrr;i/ airdaofxev etc XiyoKpoKuiy; Xvaay Zk TUVTrj L,vyy evovs 6(TT

ri(nv araadaXii^aiv meritam in se poenam arcessunt. Insignem ergo optumo cuique hominum pietatem poeta tribuit : h^c virtute Deorum tutelam meritus ad feli- cem laborum exitum pen^enit Ulysses ; hac Penelope freta redituri mariti spem fovet; Telemachus reprimit petulantiam procorum. His igitur personis nihil in communi vitae con- suetudine nisi auspicate suscipitur ; epulae non carent liba- tione, neque honore suo Jovis hospitis ara : miserrimus vero iste Cyclops, superbique et injuriosi proci, neglectis sacris, graviore pcena commissa luunt. Quod vero ad homines et humana officia attinet, nihil omnino deesse videtur, quod antiquis illis temporibus praecipi posse aliquis arbitretur. Nam quanti aestimauda est in pa- rentes pietas ? Ulysses ergo Laerten summ^ venerationc prosequitur : Ulyssem Telemachus : Telemachum autem mirari licet, Euryclean discessum suum Penelopen ut celet admonentem, ws av firj K\aiov(Ta Kara, xpoa koKov IdirTy. QUID POTISSUMUM PR/ECIPIAT ODYSSE^E AUCTOR ? 219 Nec senectuti suus honor non assignatur : neque enim Nestora tantum Pylii Regem venerantur ; verum etiam ipsi Eurycleae paret tota Ulyssis domus. Multa autem in Odyssea reperiuntur, quae ad rem politicam spectant : Regum in suos, subjectorum in reges spectantur officia ; caventur dissen- siones intestinae, quae Rege absente nunquam non oriuntur. Neque ullo in loco Regibus quisquam impune dicto audiens esse recusat. Nam non modo Eupithes Regi suo bellum inferens obtnincatur, sed et utribus ^olils ob mentem nimis curiosam apertis, gravis exoritur procella ; Solisque bubus, vetante Ulysse, caesis, ipsi comites nautae plectuntur. Nec vero erga hospites non commendatur benevolentia ; advenae enim ne nomen quidem, nisi dapibus prius apparatis, inqui- ritur ; Pisistratus et Telemachus Menelai domo ignoti exci- piuntur, nec, donee jam in eo sit, ut abire paret, Alcinoo nomen suum Ulysses declarat. Unusquisque scilicet pro opibus suis hospitalem se praestat, non Reges tantum, verum etiam pauper ille qui sues curat Eumaeus. Neque vero Homericae personae Calabrum hospitem agunt, rudem et in- concinnum, qui nec tempora neque homines discemit, sed adest ratio benignitatis, lex aequa hospitii, praesentis amici observantia, nec tamen ut mora decedenti fiat. Donorum porro hospitalium commutatione id agi videtur, ut emollitis animis firmiore quodam vinculo hominum inter se societas devinciatur. Foemineo quoque generi honos suus redditur, Penelopes nomine, quae per tot annos nec minis adducta fuerit nec precibus, ut conjugium prius relinqueret. Neque id non est observandum, quod rei poeticae summam laudem attribuit vates, summam in moribus fingendis auctoritatem. Quatiior enim annos pudicitii per cantus servata, non nisi vate prius amoto, adulter© cedit Clytaemnestra : apud Phaeacas vero Demodocus summa cultus veneratione, ignem poeticum di- l2 220 QUID POTISSUMUM PR.*:CI?IAT ODYSSE.E AUCrOflff vinitus deducit. Neque ulli fere, nisi Phemio poetae, procis interemtis, parcitur. Poetse autem vitio datum est, quod vita apud inferos raiserrima depingitur, quum dicat Achilles apud superos servire se malle, quam inferis imperare. Quid vero mirum est, si Achillis animus imperii et glorise appetens, rebusque terrestribus quasi devinctus, inertem pigramque quietas inter umbras vitam vix tolerat ? Quod si credamus ea, quae Achilli tribuuntur, latius patere, atque ex rerum ignorantii ortum ducere, iniquissimum videtur, homini saeculi vitium objicere, atque Homerum ob id ipsum reprehendere, qu6d, quae longa annorum serie vix elaborarint sapientissimi, multi nunquam crediderint, ea ipse non solus divinarit. Ulyssis vero persona quid monet, nisi quod nihil est virtuti, si adsit prudentia, desperandum ? Nam ille pruden- tiam, ne dicam, audaciam, exhibet, cum sociis se ex Cyclopis antro expediens. Circen Sirenasque eludens, vitii illecebris obsisti posse confirmat, non aliter, qu^m ut ne nos voluptati et nequitiae dedamus, mutati in porcos viri, et spai-sa circum scopulos ossa, vehementer commonent. In eodem vero homine malorum patientiam reperimus nulla laude sequandam. Melanthii enim verbera et inso- lentiam,procorum contumelias, omnia denique quae hominem opprubria possint ad ulciscendum stimulare, tacitus quamdiu occasio postulet, perpetitur. Neque in rebus solum diffi- cillimis, ubi omnis res quasi de iilo pendere videtur, stoma- chum reprimit ; nam et apud Alcinoum summa erga juve- nenti in ludos insolenter provocantem elucet benignitas, et mite pectus, ut qui neminem vel verbis laedere velit et laoessere. Sunt sane qui lacrymas ob canem efFusas Ulyssem mol- lissimi cordis argucre opinantur, et animi jiarum virilis. Illae vero lacrymae fortem non dedecorant. Quod nisi fortissimo QUID POTISSUMUM PR JXIIMAT ODYSSEiE AUCTOR ? 221 ille pectore summaque animi magnitudine fuisset, immorta- litate apud Calypso perfrui, quam per tot tantosque cas>us Ithacam scieiis revehi, maluisset. Ulysses autem uims omnes procos virtute sua subigit; turn vero nimise euiii saevitiae potius accuses, quod, quum istum gregem penitus diruit, turn et famulas morte multat ; quam effceminari iii- simules et timore deterreri, quo minus officio virili perfuii- gatur. Exstiterunt sane, qui Ulyssem avaritlaj insimulant, qui tanta Phseacum dona acceperit. Quod vero in paupere Ithaca splendidum videatur et magnificum, idfacillime divites possunt Phaeaces donare. Haec sane perditse classis et rei familiaris remuneratio, multo ante a Dis fuerat promissa. Neque unquam in astutiam, quod a nonnuUis fictum est, Ulyssis sapientia degenerat. Quum enim veteres hones- tissimum existimarint, dolis oranimodis in hostes uti, non est ille incusandus, qui neque vetitos, et eximie laudatos, in rebus valde arduis dolos exerceat. Quanta vero in eodem homine fortitudo admiscetur sapientiae, quippe qui omnes animi afFectus ita rationi subjecerit, ut vultu minime mutato querelas, Penelopes, et sollicitos de seipso timores audiat. Ex Odyssea igitur discere licet, quantum prosit patientia, quid Dis, quid generi humano officii debeatur, quid possit virtus, quid amor patriae, denique, " quo sit amore parens, quo f rater araandus, et hospes." Siquis ergo perfectae sa- pientiae perfecto munere fungi velit, hie Odysseam p erlegat: quod si plurimum inde boni percipi posse idem neget, ad haram Circeam abigatur protinus ; neque enim, non modo inter philosophos, sed ne inter homines quidem rationis par- ticipes habendus esse videatur. WILLIAM MACPHERSON. 1829. 222 EI2 MNAMOSYNAN. 6pois fiiio jieXeTaiai kafxvwvt ov TTovuv Kov(}>ii^eraif kv t€o7s 6- pa/jiaai rep^Qeis ; avQi 2' aiOvaacLv hoKeovTiv avpai kv irapeiaiSf at re TrepiirvkovTi 'jraidias jJw poBeav' yeporra ^' iff^vos uKfxa avO* e-xjEi renvi^os, el /3iai' tv, a^ovav yXyvais Ipaoiff kpavvals, kjjLTrveeiSj kui TrXaaiov Icr^avoKTa (TTcidos kyeipeis' ■yapyLaT' rois, Bvovros 'AXiu) aXfxvpds ks XcKTpa daXdtraaSi kfifiivei dovs kpvdr]fja "rrovrw Xafxirpov kv vwt^' ha vvktos opipvav Tuis ye (fiaivcTai ris dpnrpeTrrjs kv Oppdv^ ClffTl'lp. rivi^\ karias pacrly efnryeotffa. ^rf^€f Oeu, T€o2ai (ipvoiev ev fipol- 55 oimy aKavddi' ales cHy fxe, koi BayaTut TeXoa^d evfjieytjs aTepyois dpcTq. IvyeCpos, fjirjck irpoa^airis KaKiav dyoiora, /iarep' dyidv. 60 EDWARD ELDER. 1829. 224 MORS SISER.E. Unus peremtis Sisera millibus Lecto superstes sterneris ? At magis Victore tu debes Baraco In medio cecidisse camj?© Super tuorum funera. Tu magis Pressusque debes hostibus, et siti Languens, fatigatusque longa Militid, per inhospitalem Errasse noctem. O, surge, tui memor, O, surge, miles, dum licet. At minus Externa ventorum peiicli Vis habet, et tenebrae viarum, Quam grata lactis munera, quam torus, Strataeque vestes, quam manus hospitis Infida fallaci salutem Pollicitae requiemque lingud. Nam sola lasso cum duce, malleum Jaela torquens, concipit, intimo Secreta sub tecto, dolosd Egregiam pietate fraudem ; Lenemque mentem, plena Dei, sues Sentire motus dedocet : et novd Afflata coelestique flamma FcEmina fcemineum pavorem II MORS SISER.E. 225 Deponit audax. Nee mora : dexteru 25 Plusquam virili, sed priiis et lyrcc Lanaeque consueta labori, Haud dubium meditatur ictum. Tangente terrain vix pede, Siseram Non suscitat, sed tempora pertbrans 30 Jacentis in somno trabalem Non opifex inhonora clavum Defigit. Hinc insigne ciet melos Debora : " Inibant prselia principes, Pontusque et immensi tremebant 35 Arva poll, solidique luontes ; Bellum gerebant f€X elyai Tolade yevvuiois fxera yevvalos els ris els t6B\ u)S ay ey^iKos 'Pt)(«p^€ws yevoiTO yevvaiov Kpirijs. Toiovh' av ctp^ai yvqaia yeyyaiortjs ovTWS aeiKOvs fxriTrod* axparrOai j3\a.f3r}s. ris yap Kpiaiv rov joaatXetos virrjKoojy e)^€t 7roie7adai ; ris 3e rao-^e vvv e^pas Oa.fT(opas, el fxri Travr aKovovffiy napd, €t:piy€, Kiiy a(j)iy ahia aa(pi)s eyy ; rTefxyrjy de Oeias aeyLvorriTOS eu'oi'a, Tuv ^eaTTorqy, roy €K Qeov rerayfieyoy rafjiiayf eTriffTciTrjy re, Trpov ^\ i^pvjjeyoy traXuif Keyjiiafxeyov re, Kn^earefifxeyoyj 0(3' rjeraoyes KpivovaiVy oiV viryKooi civToy irep oh Trapoyra ; tcioXvoi Qeos ;^vx«s 0eoflre/3el$ evTrpeiruis t i)(TKr\fjievas ovTbts aeiKes epyov tK^el^ui Trore, nla\p6y re, f-uapoy 9'* wle irpos Oeov dpaavs wpfxrjueyos tov (SaaiXews virep Xeyw vTTTiKoniffty avTvs wv VTn'iKoos' /3apocos Trpo^i^ujffi fiaaiXea Toy (jx'Xoy tcanos tcnKWi' •20 241 fiavTCvofxai re rolaS'f rjv crriyprjri viV ravras Bperavvov alfia Triayei yvas, 25 0? T eKyovoi arevovvL rovl'' epyov iripi' KOifiijffeTaL TrpoaioQev elprjvrj ^ofiots iy (3ap(3a.poiaiyj ey re ^uorffe/^ei x^ovt, KXoyoeis ok iroXefjios rp^' ev elpifyrjs e^pq. edyos T eOyetf yevei re avyxevtrei yeyos' -30 (rraais de ^eifjia t eyda^* oiKLcrdfjffeTai, 6ppu)^ia re, Kpayiojy ^' aypos totc fc-at veKpodiy/iioy ijde yfj KCKXriaerai' €1 3' oiKoy o'lKiD Toyle t^S* avdiorTare, ^laipeais rojy Trpoade Zva')(€pt aptior esset. In talibus maxime enituisse gloriam constat et sapientiam. Neque ab ullo Romanae urbis rege, ne Numa quidem excepto, uUum opus exhibitum accepimus, quod cum censu a Servio institute conferendum sit. Nam, quod ubique in maximis ducendum est, inter cives aliquid discriminis exstare, id Romae servus, ille a serv^ natus *, (si mod5 hoc verum sit) primus fecisse laudatur, primus idem varia variis ordinibus privilegia bene adsignasse. Ita onera paene omnia a pauperibus ad divites inclinata ; ita maxima vis sufFragii penes primores civitatis posita est. Ex quo factum est ut quae cuique essent utiliora, iis quisque, auctore Servio, frueretur. In hac autem comparatione non ad singulas actiones, sed ad totum totius regni tenorem respiciendum est, videndum- que an Numae an Servii administratio omnino civitati magis profuerit. Relligiosis maxim^ Pompilius institutis, Tullius civilibus reipublicae consulere conatus est. Judicandum igitur est, an relligio rebus civilibus populo sit utilior. Quod quis negare audeat .'' Constat cert^, ut supra dictum est, si de singulis factis agatur, ne unum quidem inter Numae opera cum institutis ordinibus classibusque posse certare. Sed utrius regnum populo Romano re vera utilius fuisse credi- mus ? Utrum meliores beatioresque reliquisse Quirites ? Urbis moenia Servius, Numa ipsas civium mentes auxisse videtur. Serv'ium quidem irrelligiosum dicere non audemus; id tantiim adfirmamus, hujus nusquam in regno eam relli- gionis curam, quae Numae inerat, enituisse. Idem autem * Liv. lib. i. cap. 39. M 5 250 REGUM ROMANORUM QUID QUISQUE. Dianse fanum videtur cum Latinis Rornae condidisse, non ut cultum Deorum augeret, sed potius ut ea esset confessio '• caput rerum Romam esse, de quo toties armis certatum erat." Quae quum ita sint, quanto divina humanis, quanto relligiosa civilibus, tanto Pompilium Servio prsestare creda- mus. Numam omnino, qui inter tot tantosque egregius emineat, Servium, qui unus fere videatur cum Num-a com- parandus, veneramur. Nam quod ad ultimum istum regem pertinet, nulla bono- rum cum malis potest esse comparatio ; nemo Pompilium conferre audebit Tarquinio. De quo tamen possumus dubi- tare, an egregias ingenii vires magis admiremur, an tantam saevitiem detestemur et superbiam. Odimus quidem Tar- quinium, quippe qui parricida et tyrannus, regnum vi ac csede partum metu firmaveritet crudelitate. Eundem autem bellicis egregium virtutibus, ducemque Romano nomine baud indignum non possumus non laudare ; quamvis " de- generatum in aliis huic quoque decori " videtur obficere. Quod ad alia spectat, sive ad sedem Jovis in monte Tarpeio erectam, sive ad foros in Circo factos, seu denique , ad cloacam maximam, " receptaculum omnium purgamentorum urbis," sub terram actam, respicitur, quis horum operum et utilitatem et magnificentiam non confitetur ? Sed Tar- quinium istum, quamvis excellenti praeditus ingenio rem- publicam ben^ administrare potuerit; tantel tamen superbia tantiique ferocitate pollutum nee regnantem amamus, nee jure tandem expulsum miseramur. Quod restat, reges sex priores ita se gessisse judicemiis, ut singuli condi tores vel partium urbis vel gentis gloria' rect^ numerentur. E quibus unum Numam ade6 eminere censendum est, ut inter praestantes non immerit6 videatur praestantissimus . EDWARD ELDER. 18:30. d 251 PUELLA AURELIANENSIS. " Delicta Galli jam luimus satis Paterna nostro sanguine ; jam satis Victore cessavit Britanno Gallia funeribus suorum Foedata. Tandem exsurgite, et hostium 5 Indigna, cives, vincula rumpite ; Nunc, liberi, instaurate leetas Auspicio meliore pugnas. Nee sit pudori, me duce. Nam mihi Diviniores suscitat impetus, 10 Certosque promittit triumphos Ipse Deus. Deus ipse vires, Mentemque, linguamque addidit. Hinc ego Puella egenis nata parentibus, Ultrix in setemos vigebo 15 Francigenis celebranda fastos." Sic, tardiores voce ciens viros. Sic, tela vibrans non timid a mariu, Induta loricS, rigenti, Et gale^l redimita crines, 20 Puella fatur ; cui poterat neque Placere gratus fervor amantium, Nee ducta sub noctem chorea. Impatiens sed enim rapinas Injuriosi adspexerat agminis : 25 Et mista dird sollicitudine Plusquam puellares ciebat Ira, superstitioque motus. 252 PUELLA AURELIANENSIS. Sed Galliae jam gratior it dies. Remosque belli primitise beant ; En, sumit optatos honores Arbitrio Carolus puellae. O, Iseta virgo, si patrias oves Fusi foveres nescia sanguinis O laeta, si nuUos triumphos, Nee miserse decora alta famse Sperare velles. Desine bellicos Tentare casus ; desine, dum licet. Sed proeliantes in caten'^as Ilia ruit moritura. Tristi Vinctae catend quid manet illius, Quae sola coeli prsesidio ferox. Vires redonabat labanti Spemque bonam patriae, timendum Fulmen Britannis, lux oriens suis ? Heu, tetrae obumbrant pectus imagines, Languorque caligoque mentis Jam dubiae, et gelidi timores. Ergo malignse turpe veneficae Confessa crimen, traditur, et suae Puella detestata genti, Vindicibus peritura flammis. Sed, Musa, blandis talia ne velis Aptare chordis. Quin potius juvat Silere, nee mandare sacris Dedecus Angliacum Camoenis. JOHN WILLIAM WING. 1830. 253 C A N I S. QvjE natura Canum, varias quot sparsa per oras Siiit genera, et catulis quae detur cura colendis, Expediam. Vos o, quibus est vis strenua cordi, Firma fides, animusque sagax, audite canentem. Prima Canis, nemonim, famae si credere dignum est, 5 Expetiit latebras, densaeque umbracula sylvae. Vivas dura feras agitans, defunctaque vita Membra vorans hominum, rabieque sitique cruoris Usque furens, qualis nunc effera saevit hyaena, Vel lyncum genus acre : ab eadem stirpe luporum 10 It jejuna cohors, et nocturno ululatu Compellat plenam deserta per avia lunam. Ergo Maeonides heroum corpora vates Projecit canibus ; reginae et viscera jussi Sidoniae absumsere canes. Sed longa tulerunt 15 Secula mollitiem, et multas diversa creavit Temperies cceli formas, hominesque sodalem Elegere canem, et mentem induxere benignam. Hinc catulus, jam non caccus. namque incubat atra Nox oculis, nono dum mane refulserit ortu, 20 Tractatur manibus ; domino mox auspice discit Prima mdimenta ; aut rapidos se mittit in amnes Praecipitem, baculumque refert, aut jussa capessit, Atque suum agnoscit nomen, vel lumine laeto Blanditur, caudaque, et amoenae murmure linguae, 25 254 CAMS. Perque locos sequitur solos, et strata viarum. Ast age, jam canibus vorsas edicere formas Mens avet, et quantos hominum formentur ad usus Hinc ovium proli possis succurrere, et omnem Amoveas pecori noxam : nee barbara raptor Praelia dat, tuto aut lupus insidiatur ovili. Turn canis in pecora exercet palantia curas, Et vaga latratu turbat ; simul agmina tota Colligit, et junctos cogit convertere gressus. Acrius est aliis studium : sunt lumine certo Qui caecas spectant volucres, vel nare sagaci Indagant, pedibusve hosti velocibus instant. Agminis, en, princeps, infectas imbibit auras : En, cita turba ruit : reboat clamoribus aer : Non fluvii, vallesque cavse, non claustra retardant Invia, quin vulpem sectetur odora canum lis, Et frustra astutae satiet se sanguine praedae. Sicut ubi CEbalium crebris latratibus implent Taygetum, et magnis circumdant vocibus agros ; Non secus ac vastum informis circumgemit antrum Scylla, vel Oceani resonantes perfurit undas, Coeruleosque canes laxis dat in aequor habenis. Ne tamen incertus, si quis venabere cervos, Avia quaesieris, monet Autonoeius heros Conspexisse dolens sacras sub marmore nymphas. At venandi oculis heu tetra occurrit imago. Naribus hie diram, et membrorum robore, j)roleni Mexica moesta dolet, pascitque cruore suorum. Illic oppressos, veluti leporemve vel aprum, Africa deplorat natos. Turn victus, et exlex Ipse Caledoniae mutus terrore tyrannus Auscultat : vocemque, homines quum fallere possit, Terribilem nigro certi canis horret in antro. 40 4.) cANis. 255 Contemplator item, qu^ clamat parte juventus Irritans Hispana canes, fususque per herbam 60 Saevis bos anima superingemit exhalata Vulneribus ; fugere illi, rursusque vocati Irrita devitant infixo cornua morsu. Rursus Hyperboreas catulorum currus in undas Ducitur : at nullum volvens rota concitat orbem, 65 Levia dum levi radit ratis ipsa caring Marmora, et usque fuga celeres prsevertitur Euros. Gestat agens hastam, possit quo fiectere tutus Quadrijugos auriga canes, nee parcit habenis. Quid memorem quantas assignet fabula vires ? 70 Quid memorem Indorum catulos, vastumque leonem. Post spretas tigres, domitum ; atque immania ssevi Pellaeos juvenes mirantes robora monstri ? Vera loqui satis est. Nam siquis forte pererrans Horribiles brumae jam tempestatibus Alpes, 7,5 Culminaque Helveticis superimpendentia campis, Mole nivis premitur, somnoque et frigore victus, Decidit, ecce, canis vestigat corpora circum Per tenebras elementorum rabiemque procellse. Amphora dependet collo, fert ille salutem, 80 Seque ducem praestat sancti ad solatia tecti. Sed, qui Puteolos, et quae Tagus alluit auro Mcenia, Turcarumve domos delubraque visit, Noverit, ut detrita canes per saxa viarum Immunda errantes absumant omnia morsu ; 85 Ni faciant, morbo squalentia tempora coeli Quippe ferant homini mortem pecorique venenura. At qua ingens effert moles Augusta superbas, Cernere erit dominum ut ducant caecumque, senemque, Ipsique aera rogent ; vel, iniquos fingere ludos 90 Edocti, dent crura modis plaudantque choreas. 256 cANis. Exiguumve trahant duro conamine plaustrum. Est et deliciis catulus, quem femina secum Aut vehit in rheda, vel amicis excipit ulnis. Turn Canis, instrato sub noctem saxa cubili 95 Dura premens, furesque fugat, servatque Penates ; Tartarean! veluti fidus circumfurit aulam Cerberus, ac frustra exoptant Stygis sequora Manes. Quod superest, catulis quae detur cura docebo. Tu forma insignem, tu cursibus, elige gentem, Quorum ssepe patres vincti rediere coronS,. Proderit et sedem ventis Zephyroque salubri Objicere, et crebro latices inferre recentes ; Nee minus et stipula praestat lignisque recisis Sternere subter humum : vel, ubi fit mollior aestas, Sufficitur thalamus sparsis instratus arenis. Quin propera gelido catulos immittere fonti Providus, immundum ne foedent ulcera corpus, Et febris, et scabies imis infesta medullis. Nam canibus (sed causa latet) teterrima morti Additur, heu, rabies, qua non violentius ullum Virus edit venas ; aut pestis dirior, ira Plena Dei, Stygiis unquam sese extulit undis. Praesertim medio siquando inferbuit aestu Annus, et in tepidum decrescunt flumina liraum : Tum subitus furor est animis ; stant lumina flamma Et gravia ora tument, et spumant labra veneno : Ipse ruit rabidus ; qui si quid laeserit, idem Angor adest miseris, atque ingruit horror aquarum. O animi tandem majori luce beatus 12U Exoriare aliquis, qui tantam evincere pestem Possis, aut magnam morbi depellere partem. Pectore tu saltem grato, studioque fideli, Quisquis es, o, catulos foveas : ne verbere vexes. CANIS. 257 Ne pede, ne lingud immiti, tortove flagello. 125 Nam quid et utilius natura, aut carius unquam Praebuit humano generi ? quo in corde vigescit Tantus amor, tanta in dubiis constantia rebus ? Tuque adeo, ratione tud ingenioque superbus, Ceme Canem ; ignotum quem spectant turba procorum, 1 30 Ignotum famuli, ignotum fidissima conjux, Procidit ante pedes agnoscens Argus Ulixen. I, quocunque velis, terrarum curre per orbem ; Curre, ubi longinquis Atlantica cingitur undis Insula, et hirsutam magno fert corpore prolem : 135 Mollior, i, tepido qua stirps sub sole calescit Fertilis Italiae, aut hyemis vis horrida saevit ; Usque homini custos, socius, solamen, amicus. It Canis : impavido quoniam jam dente tuetur. Jam voci obsequitur, \ailtum jam suspicit ipsum 140 Interpres, nescitque suo superesse magistro. Saepe etenim alterius spemens et dona minasque, Occisi lambit domini deforme cadaver ; Aut manet, invigilans ipsa jam in morte, sepulcro. Ergo Indus sperat vitse post tsedia coelum 145 Cum cane, dilectosque una renovare labores. Sic etiam Isiacis mater foecunda Deorum Latrantem adjimxit templis ^gyptus Anubim. Nee Canis immerito superis admittitur astris Flammeus, et socio Procyon furit igne minister. 150 JOHN WELLINGTON FREESE. 1831. 258 SHAKSPEARE. iORD of the thousand spells, that hold in thrall Th' obedient heart, rouse, melt, absorb, appall ; Hail, Shakspeare, mightiest to evoke or bind The potent spirits that possess the mind. Rais'd by thy very name, what groups we view ? How long familiar, yet for ever new ? Lo, where one young, and lovely, bows her head, A living corse amid the loathsome dead. No falt'ring pause, no woman's fear is there. Nor yet the cold, calm sternness of despair ; But passion, fondly firm, bids Juliet know No thought on earth, but only Romeo ; One all-engrossing dream, so wholly dear. It makes ev'n death seem sweet, the lov'd one near. Or, hark, the madd'ning tempest raves on high. Sweeps o'er the earth, and rends the troubled sky ; And, in this hour of dread, an aged form Treads the wild waste, and battles with the storm Tears his white locks, that catch the whirlwind's ire The crownless king, the worse than childless sire. Who would not bid the rushing lightnings stay The vengeful gleaming of their swift-wing'd way ? Who would not cry " Yon time-worn bosom spare ; A fiercer dart than yours is rankling there ? " Next, the blood curdles, while the master's art, With breathless terror, stills the beating heart ; 1.5 20 '2n SHAKSPEARE. 259 Wliile the weird sisters, stain'd with infant gore. Hold their foul revels on the dark'ning moor ; Strip from futurity the close-drawn veil. And bid Macbeth the thrice-repeated "hail!" 30 Nor vain their dirge ; Ambition draws him on. All reckless of the means, so pow'r be won : He grasps at dreams his frenzied soul has built, That beckon onward through red gulfs of guilt. Yet sins he not unpunish'd ; in his breast 35 Sounds a still voice, that will not be repress'd : Avenging spectres bode destruction near. And shake the scourges of remorse and fear. Not only, Shakspeare, can thy skill control With wizard sway the tempests of the soul ; 40 Not only bid the fount of grief o'erflow At Hamlet's madness, or Ophelia's woe ; Or paint the pity-nurtur'd love, that bore The jealous ravings of the fiery Moor ; But thine it is to point the moral page 45 With smiling truth, and maxims gaily sage : lliine, like a charm, to dry the falling tear. Bid the bright train of laughing mirth appear. And teach staid wisdom's philosophic rule Amid the salhes of the motley fool. 50 Hear Dogberry august, hear Audrey wise. Great Shallow's edicts, silly Slender's sighs. Hear, how Malvolio schemes of greatness coins. And Pistol blusters with the Prince and Poins. But, chief and foremost, FalstafF vaunts his might, 55 Shows the hack'd sword, and tells how fierce the fight ; Prompt from the battle's raging field to run. Yet just appearing when the battle 's won ; In war a lamb, a lion in the hall ; Swift from his tongue the lies unheeded fall ; . 60 260 SHAKSPEARB. Till sad mishaps and pealing laughter prove. How woman's vengeance waits on venal love. Or see, where heroes tread with stately mien. The past's long glories crowd th' historic scene. Here Rome survives ; there, England's gallant throng Plantagenets and Tudors sweep along ; The rival roses bloom and strive again, And murd'rous Richard sinks on Bosworth plain. Yet soon the themes, to earthly bounds confin'd. Seem all too narrow for his mighty mind : Swift at his call Creation's pow'rs expand. And worlds imagin'd rise at his command. Lo, sits dark Prosper in his magic bow'r. Stills the loud winds, and chains the flying hour ; Bright Ariel sails upon the bat's swift wing ; Wild music trembles on unearthly string ; And countless forms, in heav'n's bright vesture gay. Float on the cloud, and pour the melting lay : While, scarce a beast, yet far beneath a man, Toils the misshapen form of Caliban. But chang'd the scene : by Shakspeare's pencil dra See, Cynthia lights the silver-mantled lawn : There slight Titania, rob'd in mantle green. Sports on the bank, or treads the mead unseen : AroHud, in pastime gay, her elfin train Skim on light wing along the dewy plain ; Or to the wanton breeze, in joy, unfold Their azure pinions, streak'd with beaming gold. But who can count such marvels ? who descry Each sep'rate star in that bright galaxy .'' And, oh, if truth be in that dreamy thought, Which in old time the sage of Samos taught, lliat minds, departing burst the carnal chain. But to return to bonds of flesh again ; 65 I SHAKSPEARE. 261 Many, might Fancy deem, in Shakspeare's frame 95 Concentring kindled their ethereal flame : Nature for him, from each most glorious soul Snatch'd the best gift, to form one mighty whole, Of all past Genius cull'd the choicest part, And breath'd its essence o'er his favour'd heart. 100 For he, the myriad-minded, with his pow'rs Calls forth, at once, the sunshine and the show'rs ; Blends ev'ry charm, that classic scenes diffuse, With bolder outline, and more varied hues ; Pregnant with fire divine, and bearing now 105 Invention's palm from sacred Homer's brow ; Now thrilling bosoms for the " royal Dane," Like him who sang of Agamemnon slain ; Now nobly chaste, oh Sophocles, like thee, Lear's pious child a new Antigone ; 110 Now, as thy rival, tender, while we hail Restor'd Alcestis in the " Winter's Tale ;" Possess'd of wilder wit than he, who made Th' Athenian Cleon but a former Cade : Graceful as Terence in the comic vein, 115 And breathing fresh Menander's perish' d strain : All, all in one, still Shakspeare reigns alone, Ev'n as the sun in heav'n, on glory's throne ; While Alfieri, Comeille, Gothe, Scott, Revolve in radiance, but approach him not. 120 Then what though, eagle-like, he dar'd to soar High o'er each track, that bard had pass'd before ? What though the boundless visions of his mind. Free as the waves, unshackled as the wind, Rush'd on, regardless of the rules that throw 125 An icy coldness o'er poetic glow ; Unlike the strains close shap'd to pedant's law. Correct, precise, without or fire or flaw ? 262 SHAKSPEARE Tell the wild bird, too lofty is its flight ; Tell the red sun, too brilliant is his light ; Stay the swift lightning, as it darts along ; But spare, oh, spare the thrilling voice of song. And o'er his fortunes, whose Promethean fire Thus breath' d new sweetness on the Muse's lyre, Ask ye, what grandeur beam'd ? what lofty fate ? How high his lot, how noble, or how great ? Few aids were his proud Learning's heights to scan ; His guide was nature, and his book was man ; Untaught he rose, uncultur'd, unconfin'd ; He spurn' d the laws, that should unite mankind ; Yet, as he wander'd, 'neath the midnight shade. Intent on spoil, o'er some deep forest glade, Ev'n at that hour, in his young soul would spring Some dawning thought of wild imagining. Some glorious thrill, that made the poacher boy Feel the bright presage of a nobler joy. And yet, when Honor's beaming ray had spread With brighest glory circling Shakspeare's head, Calm he retir'd, nor dream'd of laurels won, Scarce conscious, what his careless strength had done And where in youth he held his joyous way. Haply his spirit stiU delights to stray. For beautiful that vale of calm repose, Where Shakspeare saw life's op'ning, and its close : Still graceful willows weep above the stream Where first he mus'd in inspiration's dream ; And Nature decks the scene with choicest care. As if to honor him who slumbers there. Wild flow'rs around their sweetest fragrance breathe ; Hands, not of earth, their brighter garlands wreathe ; While, undisturb'd, within his native glade His dust reposes, as in death he pray'd ; 130 I 135 «l 140 145 150 155 160 SHAKSPEARE. 263 And frequent pilgrims seek the humble stone, Proud in the thought such poet was their own : Devoted Mem'ry haunts the hallow'd ground ; 1 65 And Admiration lingers fondly round. Yet say not, he is dead, for Shakspeare's name Lives in the volumes dear to lasting Fame. Fame lifts the sacred leaves, and nations cry. With one consenting voice, "These cannot die : 170 These, which nor age can spoil, nor envy blight, Shall shine, the world's long wonder and delight. And, what, though Shakspeare sleeps by Avon's wave. Earth is his tomb, his glory has no grave : His living image in all hearts enshrin'd ; 1 75 His epitaph, the homage of mankind." JOHN WILLIAM WING. 1831. 264 TRANSLATION. Shakspeare's "Much Ado about Nothing."- Scene 1. Antonio. Leonato. AN. 'ATToXets eavrov, ravra ^rj iroiuiv' av S' fiaraia TrpaaaeiSf oaris a»^' aXyrjdopt avTOS Kad' avrov irpos j3\afi^v VTrrjpereh. AE. 'AW', avTOfxai ce, X^ye vovdeTTjfJiaTuyf a Tovuov els ovSf v^ad* los els KocKivoy, avov-qr eyet aral^ovTa' fxri '/ze vovQereC fxrf^ Jra jur/Beis Tepwero) OeXKrpois eyua, el fjirj Trad(jt>y ris ravr e/jtoh vfipicrfJLaaiv. TraTrjp 5', os J^e rriv KOpr^v arep^aSj eyei kv Trai^t KaTaKkvaBetaavy ws eyw, "yapaVf Tov^' ovv KOfXL^e, Kav KUKoTs TO Kaprepely etTr' alyecraL yiv' Kayrideyra, toIs efxois TaKyr)iiaQ\ evpos ^vfjifiaXe'iv ixrJKOS 0' afjia' fjL^Xovs T€ wayros ayrKfxoyfjaai fieXoSf rov^' (iyri, ro^c, roiovde, roioyZ^ av KaKoy, airavraf fiopT]yi crxni^\ vTroyjoa^i/r, tdv tis els t6^^ fifjiepas e0v, €-)(Ojy odoyTiov TXri^6vu)s avaa^edeiv aXyTjfia, kclv ypdipbjffi a{]jj.ad\ its Qeoly 40 TV')(i]S re fcarayeXwffi koi xadrjfxdTivv. AN. Kat fitly airaaay fit] aTpecf els aavTov /3\a/3/)j/, ivy (Toi (jiai^e tovs ae Xvitovvtcis iroyeTy. AE. ISvyeTCL tolS* eliras' Kal rah* ude Trpa^erai' "Hpwvo hafidXXovcTi, vovs op^j fiaTrjy' 45 Kal TavTO. y ava^, Y>\avVniiv re, yvwcerat, Kcu Trdires, olirep t5^' aTifxcti^ovai vtv. C. J. SCRATCHLEY. 1831 266 IN ILIADE QUID PROPRIUM, QUID PR^E- STANTISSIMUM EMINEAT; IN SINGULIS EJUS RHAPSODIIS QUID SIT PULCHER- RIMUM, QUID PR^CEPTUM AD MORES, CONFIRMANDOS OPTIME CONDUCAT, I HoMERUS omnium consensu principatum inter poetas tenet, " atque omnes in omni genere eloquentiae post se reliquisse, atque in dispositione totius opens humani ingenii modum excessisse*" dicitur. Cujus sane carmina veterrime post Sacras Literas scrip ta, simplices ac rudes antiquorum mo- res, motusque animorum nondum politiori societate refrae- natos exhibent. In Iliade autem quum emineant maxime ardor et simplici- tas, eorum utrum magis sit proprium, id si scrutari velimus, nemo non videt quam magna occurrat quaestio. Sed con- templantibus ipsam operis naturam, et bella quae sola fere tractantur, ac barbarorum heroum personas, videtur res ipsa acrem atque excitatam orationem liagitare. Sit magna laus simplicitatis : sed, Iliada qui condidit, illi vivis opus erat verbis, qui recitando audientium animos commovere, junio- resque ad i)atrum virtutes imitandas impellere vellet. Nee sane legentibus non iidem nobis, quibus poeta ipse videtur caluisse, motus excitantur : nos vero in alienis rebus toties dolere aut gaudcre, toties sperare aut metuere, illud vim * Quinctiliaiu IN ILIADE QUID PROPRIUM. 267 magnam Homeri comprobat, qui sane idem facit, ac Peri- cles *, qui in eorum mentibus, qui audissent, aculeos quos- dam reliquisse dicitur. Nee vero in exordio ardor ille clarissimus apparet ; sed cum rebus progressus gradatim splendescit, et inflammatur, neque unquam languere videtur, nisi ut obscuritas ipsa fulgorem, qui sequatur, adaugeat. Qui quidem fervor orationis magna ex parte efficitur, quod in Iliade agantur omnia aut dicanturf, moveri omnia et spirare, atque eloqui videantur. Admiranda igitur in Iliade apparet varietas, rerumque copia, quas sane Homerus ita expinxit, ut quas ipse non viderit, nos ut videremus, eiFe- cerit J. Quod si qua sint Iliados vitia, ea ad hoc referenda sunt, quod quo ipsa sit audacior, quo magis animata, eo magis maculis incuria et negligentid effusis sit obnoxia : quod limatiori scribendi generi minus accidere solet. Quod constat, si vEneida compares a Virgilio, qui animos concili- are potius quam terrere vellet, delectare quam percellere, magis expolitam : nam, magna Homerus, grata Virgilius expressit ; nihil est illius Jove magnificentius§, nihil hujus Venere amabilius ||. Ergo in depingenda Deorum majestate, vel prseliantium hominum multitudine, summa Iliados vis exponitur. Neque igitur non justis laudibus Longinus ^[ ilium locum extollit, quo Neptunus** ad certamen progre- diens montes et silvas concutit, junctisque equis per Oce- anum vehitur. Quid vero sublimius est illo Deorum praelio, in quo quicquid ubique est agitatur ; Jupiter tonat e coelo ; terris tridente diffissisft. Neptunus urbem, montes, naves- que tremefacit ; atque e solio suo Orcus exsilit, veritus ne * Cic. de Orat. lib. iii. 34. f ovSev uTfOes, dXX' e^ov riOos. — Arist. de Poet. /li/3'. + Cic. Tusc. Dis. lib. v. 39. § II. A'. 530. II Mn. i. 402. t Long. ix. 10. *• N'. 10. ft T'. 47. 66. N 2 268 IN ILIADE QUID PROPRIUM. inferorum secreta reserentur. Quam fen-idus, quam acer Hector*, perruptis Grsecorum munimentis, viam sibi ad Ajacis classem dissecatf? qualis quantusque Achilles cum Scamandri vorticibus luctaturj? Neque vero ea adducamus, quae in antiqua fabula Homerus, cum Hesiodo contendens, ipse elegisse fingitur§, quibus maxime excellentem se com- probaret. Nam sententiam nostram non minime coniirmare videtur, accincta ad bellum, Minerva gestans AiyiSa Qvaaavoeaaav, Seivijv, Tjv Trepl fiev iravTrj ovaai. Trpos (f>v(Te(i)S vofxoy riya, •KoXvayZpov ev ireidovtrt Koa^rjaai Xewv. /SaciXeus yap kari ff(j)iy, yevq 0' vTrrjpeTUjy, aXXoL fxey ovy evKoa/Jioy ey^odey TroXiy, CiK-ao-TToXoi, yefiov(TL' Ta/Lt7roX»//xara 10 aXXot dvpadey cKTroyovffiy efx-rropot' aXXoi, dopvcpdpoLy (JU)^aT e^wTrXto-^e^oi KEvrpoLaiv ciydrj fxaXaKa Xrii^oirai Bepovs, Xeiay t ayorres, ev K€\ap^€rois ttocI, (TT€i\ov(n KXtaiay j^aariXiKrjy aTpaTtjXaTOv' 15 6 3' av, fjLeylcTTrjy afJKpeirbjy Tvpayylda, e7rt