*^ LIBRARY OF THE University of California. e.PTOF -740 X^^' 44-^ ft^/-/ Class -f^ RITCHIE'S FIRST STEPS IN LATIN WORKS BY F. RITCHIE, M.A. FABULiE FACILES. A First Latin Reader. Edited by J. C. Kirtland, Jr. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. IMITATIVE EXERCISES IN EASY LATIN PROSE. 12mo. FIRST STEPS IN LATIN. Edited by F. C. Staples, A.B. Crown 8vo. SECOND STEPS IN LATIN. Crown 8vo. EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Crown 8vo. EASY CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE. Crown 8vo. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co. RITCHIE'S FIRST STEPS IN LATIN EDITED BY FREDERICK C. STAPLES, A. B. INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN THE FAY SCHOOL, SOUTHBOROUGH, MASS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 1909 GIFT Copyright^ 1909, By Longmans, Green, and Co. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. PREFACE f/i/^^;^ The present edition of Mr. Ritchie's "First Steps in Latin " has for its objects first, the marking of all long vowels; second, the rearrangement of the cases in declension, following the order adopted in nearly all American text-books and grammars ; and third, the sub- stitution of ^-consonant for/. In cases where pupils have been found prone to give a long-vowel sound to a short vowel, the short mark has been written ; but for the most part short vowels are unmarked. Some slight changes have been made in the wording of rules and explanations, and in the Appendix the Sumjhary of Rules has been rewritten to conform with these chajiges. No alteration has been made in the general plan of the book. The subject of pronunciation, however, is of so much importance that it has been incorporated at some length in the text. Such excellent results have attended the use of the book in its earlier editions that even these slight changes have been made with some hesitation ; but many requests have been made for an edition revised along the lines indi- cated above, and these must serve as my pretext. It is hoped that, thus revised, the Series, which com- prises " First Steps in Latin " and its sequel, '' Second Steps in Latin," will meet with a wide acceptance in this country, for, supplemented by Mr. Kirtland's edition of Mr. Ritchie's "Fabulae Faciles," they make a thorough and amply sufficient preparation for the reading of Caesar, or other second-year work. F. C. S. 219150 CONTENTS Paob Preliminary DefinitioDS I The Sentence ..#.... 2 Latin Nouns 4 Adjectives . 5 Latin Verbs 5 English Verbs o 8 Pronunciation 10 First Conjugation : A- Verbs. Active Voice 16 Nouns First Declension 24 Second Conjugation: E- Verbs. Active Voice 2G Nouns Second Declension 30 Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Active Voice 34 Adjectives 38 Fourth Conjugation : I- Verbs. Active Voice 42 Table of the Four Conjugations. Active Voice 46 Nouns Third Declension 48 The Verb Sum 54 First Conjugation : A-Verbs. Passive Voice 56 Adjectives of Third Declension 62 Second Conjugation : E- Verbs. Passive Voice 66 Nouns Fourth Declension 70 Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Passive Voice 72 Nouns Fifth Declension 76 Fourth Conjugation : LVerbs. Passive Voice 78 Table of the Four Conjugations. Passive Voice 82 Comparison of Adjectives 84 Appendix Nouns First Declension 91 Nouns Second Declension o 91 Nouns Third Declension 92 Nouns Fourth Declension 93 viii CONTENTS Appendix Continued Page Nouns Fifth Declension 93 Adjectives of First and Second Declensions 93 Adjectives of Third Declension 94 Numerals 94 The Verb Su?n, ' I am ' 95 Verbs Active : Present Stem Tenses 96 Verbs Active : Perfect Stem Tenses 97 Verbs Passive : Present Stem Tenses 98 Verbs Passive : Supine Stem Tenses - 99 Summary of Rules 1^1 Vocabulary Latin-English ^^^ English-Latin ^^^ FIRST STEPS IN LATIN DEFINITIONS A Noun is the Name of a Person or Thing; as, ' James/ * dog/ * book/ ' London/ An Adjective is a word which describes a Person or Thing ; as, little dog, red book, many books. A Verb is a word which tells what a Person or Thing does or has done to it ; as, ' sleep/ ' strike/ ' to be struck.' (i.) Verbs are Intransitive when the action does not pass beyond the doer ; as, I sleep, the boy rims, snakes creep. (ii.) Verbs are Transitive when the action passes on to another Person or Thing. The word denoting this Person or Thing is called the Object; as, 'I strike the table.' Here 'table' is the Object to the Verb ' strike.' (iii.) Verbs are Copulative when they join together two words, one of which names a thing and the other describes it; as, *the water is deep.' Here 'is' joins 'water' and 'deep/ and is a Copulative Verb. The word that describes is called the Complement; thus, 'deep' describes 'water/ and is the Complement. THE SENTENCE THE SENTENCE Every Sentence has two parts, namely 1. The Subject, i. e, the word denoting the Person or Thing about which something is said. 2. The Predicatey i. e. the word or words denoting that which is said about it. Examples Subject Predicate (i.) Birds (ii.) We (iii.) The man fly. eat bread, is old. [The Subject of a Sentence may be found by asking the question Who ? or What ? with the Verb ; thus, 'Birds fly.' Who or what fly ? Ans, 'Birds.' The- Predicate may be found by asking the question. What about the Subject? thus, 'The man is old.' What about the man ? Ans, He is old 'is old ' is the Predicate.] The Subject is always a Noun, or some word or words used as Nouns. The Predicate is always a Verb, or at least contains a Verb ; but as Verbs are of three kinds the Predicate has three forms. (See examples given above.) (i.) When the Verb is Intransitive, the Subject and Verb together make complete sense, and the Predicate need contain nothino^ but the Verb. THE SENTENCE 8 (ii.) When the Verb is Transitive, an Object is required to complete the Sentence, and the Verb and Object together make up the Predi- cate. (iii.) When the Verb is Copulative, a Complement is required to complete the Sentence, and the Verb and Complement together make up the Predicate. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE The following method of Analysis will be found useful The Subject is marked S. The Predicate is marked either or (i.) V. I., i. e. Verb Intransitive ; (ii.) V. T. and 0., i. e. Verb Transitive and Object ; (iii.) V. C. and C, i.e. Verb Copulative and Comple- ment. The examples given above will be analyzed thus - Subject Predicate S. V. T. (i.) Birds fly s. V. T. 0. (ii.) We eat bread. s. V. c. c. (iii.) The man is old. LATIN NOUNS LATIN NOUNS Inflection. The form of a Latin Noun is altered by Inflection, that is, by changing the ending of the word ; thus, mensa, a table ; mensae, of a table. Case. In this way six different forms of the same Noun are obtained ; these are called the six Cases of the Noun. The names of the Cases are 1. The Nominative ; the Subject of the sentence is in the Nominative. 2. The Genitive ; answers the question ' whose ? ' 3. The Dative; answers the question 'to or for whom? ' 'to or for what ?' Case of Indirect Object. 4. The Accusative ; the Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusative. 5. The Vocative; used in addressing Persons or Things ; as, ' queen/ 6. The Ablative; answers the question 'by, with, or from what ? ' Number. Latin Nouns have Two Numbers, Singular and Plural, and each Number has a distinct set of Six Cases. G-ender. There are Three Genders : Masculine, Femi- nine, and Neuter. Declension. A Noun is said to be ' declined ' when its various Cases are shown in order. There are Five Declensions of Latin Nouns, that is, there are Five different sets of Inflections. The Declensions may be adjectivp:s 5 distinguished by the ending of the Genitive Case Singular^ Declension 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Ending of Genitive ae i is us ei or 6i ADJECTIVES Adjectives are declined like Nouns as regards Number and Case ; but besides this their terminations sometimes indicate the Gender of the Noun to which the Adjective belongs. Thus some Adjectives have in each Case a separate form for each of the three Genders ; others have in some Cases one form for Masculine and Feminine and another for Neuter, and in some Cases only one form for all three Genders. LATIN VEEBS2 Voice. Verbs have Two Voices, namely 1. The Active Voice, when the person or thing denoted by the Subject does something; as, amo, I love. 1 The termination of the Genitive Singular is given as the distinguishing mark of the Declensions, this being the method adopted in dictionaries. The terms Stem and Character are purposeh' avoided. It is practically useless (and to beginners very confusing) to be told that domino is the Stem of dominus. The plan of cutting off -rum or -um from the Genitive Plural in order to find the Character and so determine the Declension, presupposes that the pupil is already able to decline the Noun. 2 On pages 8 and 9 the English Verb To teach is conjugated in Latin form, i. e. the names of the Tenses are those used in conjugating a Latin Verb. It is advisable that for practice other Verbs, and especially the Verbs love, advise, rule, hear, should be conjugated in the same way. The Strong Verb teach is given here in preference to the Verb love, because it has been found that con- fusion arises from the similarity in sound of the various parts of the latter ; e.g. loved and love. 6 LATIN VERBS 2. The Passive Voice, when the person or thing denoted by the Subject has something done to it ; as, amor, / am loved, [iV. B, Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive Voice.] Tense. Each Voice has Six Tenses Present, Imperfect, and Future Simple, Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. [There is only one Form in Latin for both Perfect and Aorist Tenses, but in English they are distinct. See pages 8 and 9.] Number. Each Tense has Two Numbers, namely Singular and Plural. < Person. Each Number has Three Persons, namely First, Second, and Third. The Tense, Number, and Person of Latin Verbs are indicated by various Endings, which are added to the Stems.^ In order to form the Tenses of a Latin Verb it is necessary to know three Stems 1. The Present Stem From this are formed the Present, Imperfect, and Future Simple, both Active and Passive. 1 Distinction of Mood is intentionally omitted here, as beyond the scope of the book. LATIN VERBS 7 2. The Perfect Stem From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Active. 3. The Supine Stem From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive. Latin Verbs are divided into four classes, called Conju- gations, according to the last letter of the Present Stem. The First Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in A, The Second Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in^. The Third Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in a Consonant or U. The Fourth Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in /. For some time, these Stems are given in the lessons. Later they must be obtained from the * Principal Parts,' given in the general vocabulary, where they are indicated thus: esent Stem Perfect Stem Supine Stem vide-o vid-i visum (2) see above mitt-o mis-i miss-um (3) '* " move-o mdv-i mot-um (2) *' " Since all the forms of a Latin verb are ' made ' on these stems, and these are always found in the Principal Parts, it is necessary to commit the latter to memory most thoroughly. ENGLISH VERBS ACTIVE VOICE PKESENT TENSE PEKFECT TENSE Sing. 1. I teach. 2. Thou 1 teachest. 3. He, she, or it teaches. Plur. 1. We teach. 2. Ye or you teach. 3. They teach. or, Sing. 1. I am teaching. 2. Thou art teaching. 3. He, she, or it is teaching. Plur. 1. We are teaching. 2. Ye or you are teaching. 3. They are teaching. or, Sing. 1. I do teach. 2. Thou dost teach. 3. He, she, or it does teach. Plur. 1. We do teach. 2. Ye or you do teach. 3. They do teach. Sing. 1. I have taught. 2. Thou hast taught. 3. He, she, or it has taught. Plur. 1. We have taught. 2. Ye or you have taught. 3. They have taught. AORI^T TENSE Sing. 1. I taught. 2. Thou taughtest. 3. He, she, or it taught. Plur. 1. We taught. 2. Ye or you taught. 3. They taught. or, Sing. 1. I did teach. 2. Thou didst teach. 3. He, she,-xDr it did teach. Plur. 1. We did teach. 2. Ye or you did teach. 3. They did teach. IMPEKFECT TENSE PLUPERFECT TENSE Sing. 1 . I was teaching. 2. Thou wast teaching. 3. He, she, or it was teaching. Plur. 1. We were teaching. 2. Ye or you were teaching. 3. They were teaching. Sing. 1. I had taught. 2. Thou hadst taught. 3. He, she, or it had taught. Plur. 1. We had taught. 2. Ye or you had taught. 3. They had taught. PUTUBE SIMPLE TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Sing. 1. I shall or will teach. 2. Thou wilt teach. 3. He, she, or it will teach. Plur. 1. We shall or will teach. 2. Ye or you will teach. 3. They will teach. Sing. 1. I shall have taught. 2. Thou wilt have taught. 3. He will have taught. Plur. 1. We shall have taught. 2. Ye or you will have taught. 3. They will have taught. 1 See observation p. 18. ENGLISH VERBS PASSIVE VOICE # PRESENT TENSE PERFECT TENSE Sing. 1. I am being taught. 2. Thou art being taught. 3. He, she, or it is being taught. Plur. 1. We are being taught. 2. Ye or you are being taught. 3. They are being taught. or, Sing. 1. I am taught. 2. Thou art taught. 3. He, she, or it is taught. Plur. 1. We are taught. 2. Ye or you are taught. 3. They are taught. Sing. 1. I have been taught. 2. Thou hast been taught. 3. He, she, or it has been taught. Plur. 1. We have been taught. 2. Ye or you have been taught. 3. They have beeb taught. AORIST TENSE Sing. 1. I was taught. 2. Thou wast taught. 3. He, she, or it was taught. Plur. 1 . We were taught. 2. Ye or you were taught. 3. They were taught. IMPERFECT TENSE PLUPERFECT TENSE Sing. 1. I was being taught. 2. Thou wast being taught. 3. He, she, or it was being taught. Plur. 1. We were being taught. 2. Ye or you were being tauglit. 3. They were being taught. Sing. 1. I had been taught. 2. Thou hadst been taught. 3. He, she, or it had been taught. Plur. 1. We had been taught. 2. Ye or you had been taught. 3. They had been taught. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE Sing. 1. I shall have been taught. 2. Thou wilt have been taught. 3, He, she, or it will have been taught. Plur. 1 . We shall have been taught. 2. Ye or you will have been taught. 3. They will have been taught. Sing. 1. I shall be taught. 2. Thou wilt be taught. 3. He, she, or it will be taught. Plur. I. We shall be taught. 2. Ye or you will be taught. 3. They will be taught. 10 PRONUNCIATION PRONUNCIATION i Correct pronunciation of Latin, or indeed of any lan- guage, requires that each letter or combination of letters shall receive its proper sound; that each word shall be correctly divided into syllables; that each word shall have its accent correctly placed. Therefore we need to understand the matter of A Sound B Syllables C Accent A. SOUND The Letters of the Alphabet. The Latin Alphabet was much like our own ; but / and w were lacking, and h, y, and z were not common. / served as both Vowel and Consonant. Like our own the alphabet was made up of (1) Vowels and (2) Consonants. 1. Vowels These were a, e, i, o, u, (y). Each of these had two sounds a long sound and a short sound, which means that sometimes each was sounded a long time in pronouncing, or was sounded for a shorter time. In most text-books for beginners, the vowels are marked with a small straight line (~) just above the letter to show that it is to be held somewhat in pronouncing, and 1 The correct pronunciation of Latin is a matter requirinj;^ careful attention on the part of both teacher and pupil ; and though the latter will gain much from imitation, he should have as early as possible in his work the principles that govern proper pronunciation at his command. With that end in view, the following summary is added to the present edition, all former editions having left the matter entirely to the teacher. PRONUNCIATION 11 with a little curved line (") just over the letter (or with no mark whatever) to show that the vowel is to be sounded but a short time, a means long-sounded a\ a or a means short-sounded a, or simply long a and short a. In this book a vowel with no mark is to be regarded as short. The Vowel Sounds a like a in father a like first a in aha e like e in fete e like e in met i like i in police I like i in din 6 like in tone ' 6 like o in ^o^ u like u in rWe u like u in ^^^^ Diphthongs ae oe au eu ui If you will pronounce (using its Latin sound) each of the two vowels in any one of the above groups in quick succes- sion, you will see that they make practically one sound. Now that is what a diphthong is two vowels pronounced as one sound. Pronounce ae like ai in aisle au like oit in house oe like oi in spoil eu like eiu in feiv ui like oo-ee spoken quickly 2. Consonants The Latin consonants were sounded almost as in English. The following points of difference should be carefully noted. Pronounce C (always hard) like h never as in cent, g (always hard) like g in gate never as in gem, i-consonant like y in yet. 12 PRONUNCIATION qu like kw. s like s in since never like s in ease. (Avoid the z sound of s in final es.) t always like t in time never with the sh sound of t in -tion English words. V like English w. In doubled consonants such as II, mm, nn, rr, tt, there should be a sound for each of the two. The few varia^ipns that remain may be pointed out by the teacher as they occur. B. SYLIiABLES Latin words were not divided into syllables in just the same way that we divide English words. For in Latin a word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diphthongs ; so that the word ndtio = nation, which we would pronounce with two syllables, is in Latin a three-syllable word ; thus, nd-ti-o. It will be of help to know the meaning of the following names, which are applied to words according to the number of syllables they contain A word of one syllable is called a Monosyllable, A word of two syllables is called a Dissyllable. A word of three syllables is called a Trisyllable. We also speak of words as monosyllabic, dissyllabic, and trisyllabic according as they have respectively one, two, or three syllables. Polysyllable and polysyllabic are sometimes applied to words of three or more syllables. Words having the same number of syllables are said to be parisyllabic. Words not having the same number of syllables are said to be imparisyllabic.^ 1 Try to find where all these names originated. PRONUNCIATION 13 The following rules will guide you in dividing words into syllables 1. A single consonant between two vowels, or between a vowel and a diphthong, is put with the second ; thus, amicus = a-m%-cus, aqua = a-qua,^ 2. If there are two or more consonants between two vowels or diphthongs, use as many of the consonants with the second as can be pronounced with it; t\\.Vi^y jpugnat = jpug-nat ; carmen ^= car-men ; templum = tem-plum, 3. Doubled consonants are separated; thus, vellum = vel-lum. Length of Syllables Syllables are long or short according as they require a longer or shorter time in pronouncing, the difference being much the same as in the case of the vowels. A syllable containing a long vowel, or a diphthong, or a short vowel followed by two consonants or by x or z, is long. Most other syllables are short. C. ACCENT If you will pronounce carefully, and rather slowly, any English word of more than one syllable, you will notice that some one of its syllables is dwelt on, and so made more prominent than any other ; e. g., English, meaning, pronounce, study, behavior. This prominence, or stress of the voice, is called Accent. English words may have the accent on any syllable. There is hardly any rule governing the position of the 1 omin-6 by, with, or from a lord.^ Domin-is by, withy or from ' lords.T^ Nom. Magister a master (m.). Magistr-i masters. Gen. Magistr-i of a master. Magistrorum of masters. Dat. Magistr-6 to or for a master. Magistr-is to or for masters. Ace. M agist r-um a master. Magistr-6s masters. Voc. Magister master. Magistr-i masters. Abl. Magistr-o by, with, or from a master.'^ Magistr-is by, with, or from masters.^ The Case-endiugs of domimis and magister are exactly alike except in the Nominative and Vocative Singular. Observe that in declining magister the e is dropped in all Cases except Nominative and Vocative Singular. 1 A Preposition is required to give this meaning to the Ablative of dominua and magister, or of any word which is the name of a person. NOUNS 31 VOCABULARY Like Dominus. Like Magister. Serv-us, -i, m., a slave. Amic-us, -i, m., a friend. Liber, libri, m., a hook. EXERCISE VIII Point out the Subject and Object. 1. Magister lauda-t s^rvum. 11. Servitime-nt dominum. 2. Puellae tene-bant libros. 12. Regina lauda-t librum. 3. Regina amav-it amicum. 13. Hastavulnera-bitservum. 4. Nontimu-erunt dominum. 14. Puella timu-it aquam. 5. Amici voca-bunt servos. 15. Non tene-bimus hastas. 6. Servi non pugnav-erant. 7. Eegina tenu-erit hastam. 8. Lauda-bamus amicos. 9. Hastae vulnerav-erunt. 10. Docu-erimus puellas. 1. The slaves feared the queen. 2. The friend will hold spears. 3. The girl fears the slaves. 4. I did not praise the girl. 5. The master had taught. 6. We will praise the book. 7. You (sing.) do not fear water. 8. I had called a slave. 9. The girls love the queen. 10. They will not have fought. 1 6. Magister doce-t puellas. 17. Ama-batis magistros. 18. Servi tene-bunt sagittas. 19. Yulnerav-isti reginam. 20. Non laudav-istis libros. 11. The spear wounded the girl. 12. You were holding the book. 13. The girls have not sung. 14. Thou hast called the slaves. 15. The queen loves the friends. 16. We fear the master. 17. You had held the spear. 18. We did not call the girl. 19. We were teaching the slaves. 20. They praised the letters. 32 NOUNS SECOND DECLENSION con^me(/ Masculine A few words ending in er do not drop the e in declen- sion, as magister does. Singular Plural Norn. Puer a hoy (m). Puer-1 boys. Gen. Puer-T of a boy. Puerorum of boys. Dat. Puer-6 to or for a hoy. Puer-is to or for boys. Ace. Puer-um a hoi/. Pueros boys. Voc. Puer boy. Pueri boys. Ahl. Puer-6 by, with, or from a boy.^ Puer-is by, with, or from boys. 1 Neuter The Nominative Singular of Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension ends in um. Singular Plural Nam. Bell-um war {n.). Bell-a wars. Gen. Bell-i of war. Bell-6rum of wars. Dat. Bell-6 to or for war. Bell-is to or for wars. Ace. Bell-um war. Bell-a wars. Voc. Bell-um war. Bell-a wars. Abl. Bell-6 by, with, or from war. Bell-is by, withf or from wars. Tn all the Declensions the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative of Neuter Nouns are alike, and the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative Plural end in a. 1 A Preposition is required. See p. 30. NOUNS 33 VOCABULARY D5n-um, -i, n., a gift. Terre-o, I frighten. Tel-um, -i, n., a dart. Present Stem, terre-. EXERCISE IX [N. B. In Latin the Object is generally placed before its Verb.] 1. Tela non terre-nt. 11. 2. Puer dona lauda-t. 12. 3. Voca-bas pueros. 13. 4. Tene-bimus tela. 14. 5. Puella librum tenu-it. 15. 6. Laudav-istis araicos. 16. 7. Hasta servum vulnera-t. 17. 8. Eegina non saltav-erit. 18. 9. Puellae aquam time-nt. 19. 10. Servi puerum ama-bant. 20. Pueri tela tene-bunt. Hastas non timu-imus. Keginae vocav-erant. Amav-imus reginam. Puer servos voca-bat. Magister pueros docu-it. Sagittae vulnera-bunt. Dominus servum lauda-t. Tenu-eratis epistolas. Puellae saltav-erunt. 1. The boys loved books. 11. 2. We did not fear war. 12. 3. The queen was calling. 13. 4. Ye have taught boys. 14. 5. 1 will praise the gifts. 15. 6. The slaves feared water. 16. 7. Boys will hold arrows. 17. 8. Thedartswoundtheboys. 18. 9. The girls are not dancing. 19. 10. We do not fear boys. 20. You (s.) will have sung. The girl held letters. Masters will teach boys. Slaves fear darts. We had called the girl. They praised the gifts. The queen will not fight. You (pi.) were not singing. They frightened the girl. The slaves had fought. U CONSONANT VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a Consonant ^ belong to the Third Conjugation. Example Reg-ere, to rule Present Stem, r6g-, Perfect Stem, rex- ACTIVE VOICE Tenses formed from the Present Stem MeG- PKESENT Formation Example English Sing.l. 2. 3. Plur. 1. 2. 3. Present Stem + o " +is '* " +it " +imus " + itis " funt reg-o reg-is reg-it reg-imus reg-itis reg-unt / rule. Thou rulest. He rules. We rule. You rule. They rule. IMPERFECT Sing.l. 2. 3. Plur.l. 2. 3. Present Stem + ebam " + ebas " +ebat " " + ebamus " + ebatis " " + ebant reg-ebam reg-ebas reg-ebat reg-ebamus reg-ebatis reg-ebant I was ruling. Thou wast ruling. He was ruling. We were ruling. You were ruling. They were ruling. FUTURE SIMPLE Sing.l. 2. 3. Plur.l. 2. 3. Present Stem + am - +es " +et " " + emus " +etis " -fent reg-am reg-es reg-et reg-emus reg-etis reg-ent I shall [or will) ^ Thou wilt He will Weshall(orwill) You will They will J i- The Engl.-Lat. sentences of the following Exercises may be analyzed according to the method described on page 3. When the Subject is con- tained in the Verb, S. should be placed over the termination, thus V. I. s. s. V. I. Salta-mus = We dance. ^ Or in u. CONSONANT VERBS 35 Duc-o, / lead, Mitt-o, / send, Scrib-o, / writCf VOCABULARY Verbs of Third Conjugation Present Steniy duc- " mitt- " scrib- Perfect Stem^ dux-. " mis-. " scrips- EXEHCISE X S. V. T. O. 1. Puer scrib-ebat librum. 2. Mitt-ent servos. 3. Puer aquam time-t. 4. Puerum non mitt-unt. 5. Libros scrib-ebat. 6. Epistolam scrlb-etis. 7. Docu-erunt pueros. 8. Puer dona mitt-et. 9. Puella librum scrib-it. 10. Non mitt-itis servum. 11. Duc-ebat puellas. 12. Servus puerum duc-et. 13. Amici dona mitt-unt. 14. Laudav-eramus libros. 15. Duc-ebatis puellas. 16. Vulnerav-isti magistrum 17. Reginas docu-eramus. 18. Timu-erunt sagittas. 19. Servi tela mitt-ent. 20. Pueri servos voca-nt. Analyse the following Sentences - 1. We will send a slave. 2. The queen writes books. 3. You (s.) were leading a boy. 4. Friends will send gifts. 5. We write letters. 6. The boys were writing. 7. The girls loved books. 8. We had taught boys. 9. You (pi.) send arrows. 10. They had called a slave. 11. The girls will dance. 12. The queen held a spear. 13. They will send letters. 14. We are leading boys. 15. We will write books. 16. The master taught girls. 17. We will praise the queen. 18. You (pi.) had held letters. 19. The girl will send gifts. 20. Friends write letters. Se CONSONANT VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT YEUBS continued Reg-ere, to rule Present Stem, rSg-, Perfect Stem, rex-. ACTIVE VOICE Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem Bex- The Perf. Stem of Verbs of the Third Conjugation can- not be found from the Pres. Stem; it must be looked up. [The Personal Endings are the same as in the First and Second Conjugations.] PERFECT AND AORIST Formation Examplb English Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + i rex-1 Perfect Aorist / have ^ I ruled. 2. " " +isti rex-isti Thou hast Thou didst rule. 3. " " 4 it rex-it He has 2 He rided. Plur.l. " " + imus rex-imus We have We ruled. 2. '' " + istis rex-istis You have You ruled. 3. " " + erunt rex-erunt They have) They ruled. or + ere or rex-ere| PLUPERFECT Sing. 1. Perf. Stem + eram rex-eram I had ruled. 2. " " + eras rex-eras Thou hadst ruled. 3. " + erat rex-erat He had ruled. Plur. 1. " ** + eramus rex-eramus We had ruled. 2. " " + eratis rex-eratis You had ruled. 3. " " + erant rex-erant They had ruled. FUTURE PERFECT Sing. 1. Perf. Stem + ero rex-ero I shall have rtded. 2. " + eris rex-eris Thou wilt have ruled. 3. " + erit rex-erit He will have ruled. Plur. 1. " *' + erimus rex-erimus We shall have ruled. 2. " + eritis rex-eritis You will have ruled. 3. " + erint rex-erint They will have ruled. Obs. When the Subject consists of two or more Nouns joined by * and,* the Verb must be Plural ; thus, Puer et puella canta-nt, the boy and the girl sing. When the Object consists of two or more Nouns joined by * and,' both must be in the Accus. ; thus, Amo puerum et puellam, / love the boy and the girl. CONSONANT VERBS 37 VOCABUIiABY Fili-us, -1, m., a son. lulia, -ae, f., Julia, Nunti-us, 1, m., a messenger. Et, and. EXERCISE XI S. O. V. T. 1. Regina nuntios non mis-erat. 2. Pueri epistolas scrips-erunt. 3. Servus puerum et puellam dux-erit. 4. Puer et puella donum mis-erant. 5. Libros et epistolas scrips-eramus. 6. Magister filium et puellam docu-it. 7. Eegina et lulia dona mitt-ent. 8. Hastam et sagittas tene-bamus. 9. Puer et servus aquam time-nt. 10. Tela et sagittam timu-istis. 11. Servos et nuntios vocav-eratis. 12. Regina et lulia epistolas scrib-ent. 1. The boys and the girls wrote letters. 2. We had sent a slave and a messenger. 3. The queen will have sent arrows and spears. 4. The slaves had led the boy and the girl. 5. We have written letters and books. 6. You will send slaves and messengers. 7. The girl and the boy were calling the queen. 8. The spears wounded the queen and the slave. 9. You had sent books and gifts. iOr Julia and the girls will have sung. 11. The boys are holding darts and arrows. 12. We fear the master and the queen. ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words which qualify Nouns, and as Nouns are of various Genders, Adjectives are declined in different forms according to the Gender. Adjectives of Three Terminations are those which have one form for the Masculine Gender, another for the Femi- nine, and a third for the Neuter. Thus The Masculine is declined like a Masculine Noun of the Second Declension. The Feminine is declined like a Feminine Noun of the First Declension. The Neuter is declined like a Neuter Noun of the Second Declension. Bu^\]S=good Singular Plural Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. Bon-US bon-S bon-um Bon-i bon-ae bon-S Gen. Bon-i bon-ae bon-i Bon-6rum bon-arum bon-6rum Dat. Bon-6 bon-ae bon-6 Bon-is bon-is bon-is Ace. Bon-um bon-am bon-um Bon-OS bon-as bon-S Voc. Bon-e bon-S bon-um Bon-i bon-ae bon-S: Abl. Bon-6 bon-a bon-6 Bon-is bon-is bon-is Bonus is declined in the Masculine like dominus, in the Feminine like mensa^ and in the Neuter like belium. Rule An Adjective agrees with its Noun in Gender, Number, and Case; thus, Regina bona, a good queen. Re 5 You have been They have been J Aorist / was Thou wast He was We were You wtre They were PLUPERFECT Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plur. 1. 2. 3. Sup. St. + US eram " ' " -f US eras " " + us erat " " + i eramus " " + i eratis " " + i erant audit-US eram audit-US eras audit-US erat audit-i eramus audit-i eratis audit-i erant I had been heard. Thou hadst been heard. He had been heard. We had been heard. You had been heard. They had been heard. FUTURE PERFECT Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plur. 1. 2. 3. Sup. St. -}- us ero *' " +US eris *' " 4- us erit '* " -f-i erimus " " +i eritis " '' 4-i erunt audit-US ero audit-US eris audit-US erit audit-i erimus audit-i eritis audit-i erunt / shall have been heard. Thou wilt have been heard. He will have been heard. We shall have been heard. You will have been heard. They will have been heard. A Sentence containing an Active Transitive Verb with an Object can be turned into a Sentence containing a Passive Verb with an Ablative of Agent (or Instrument), or vice versa. See page 83. I-VERBS 81 EXERCISE XXXII 1. Proximo die omnes naves nostrae fiuctibus fract-ae sunt. 2. Onus magnum et grave multas horas porta-bamus. 3. Urbis portae ab imperatore prima hora claud-entur. 4. ludicum filii cum nostris Mils erudlt-i sunt. 5. Multos dies in Italia cum amicls mans-imus. 6. Secunda hora nuntium velocem ex urbe mitt-emus. 7. Proximo anno magnum exercitum in Italiam dux-i. 8. Voces puellarum in vestris templis audit-ae erunt. 9. Multos dies in nave cum militibus mane-bis. 10. Anno secundo Galll omnes a nostris victi sunt. 11. Cara est civibus omnibus Italia patria nostra. 12. Exercitus nostri ab imperatore forti duc-ebantur. 1. On the next day a voice was heard in the temples. 2. For many days the captives remained in the city. 3. All the cities of Italy had been fortified by our men. 4. The messenger was sent out of the city at the first hour. 5. The next year many brave (men) were slain by the enemies. 6. The great rivers will hinder the armies of the Gauls. 7. On the second day the town will be attacked by the king. 8. The messengers had declared your words to the judge. 9. You were seen by Caius our slave and by many citizens. 10. We feared the darts of the enemy and the waves of the sea. 11. For many hours we sat with the captives in the temple. 12. At the first hour the ships were seen by our messengers. F 82 THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS PASSIVE VOICE. For Table of Active Voice, see p. 46. 1. Am-or 1 Mone-or Reg-or Audi-or Singular 2. 3. ama-ris ama-tur moue-ris mone-tur reg-eris reg-itur audi-ris audi-tur Plueal 1. 2. 3. ama-mur ama-mini ama-ntur mone-mur mone-mini mone-ntur reg-imur audi-mur reg-imini audi-mini reg-wntur audi-untur Ama- Mone Reg- Aud .-I baris batur ebar ebaris ebatur bamur bamini bantur ebamur ebamiui ebantur Ama- Mone Reg- Audi [bor ?ar beris bitur bimur bimini buntur emur emini entur P4 Amat- Monit- I us Rect- 1 sum Audit- US es US est sumus estis Amat- Monit- i^us us us Rect- ( erara eras erat Audit- eramus eratis sunt erant Amat- Monit- I us Rect- j ero Audit- US eris erit enmus eritis 1 erunt English Present / am being loved, or am loved, etc. Imperfect I was being loved, etc. Future Simple / shall or will be loved, etc, i Perfect / have been loved, etc. I Aorist / was loved, etc. Pluperfect / had been loved, etc. Future Perfect / shall or will have been loved, etc. 1 The First Person Singular Present is amor for amaor. THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 83 RECAPITULATORY Active and 1. Vide-bar. 2. Culpa-beris. 3. Duc-eris. 4. Puni-untur. 5. Vinc-etur. 6. Terre-tur. 7. Move-mur. 8. Monstra-ntur. 9. Yinc-ar. Passive Voices, Tour 10. Vocat-a erit. 11. Sede-bas. 12. Muni-emus. 13. Custodi-tis. 14. Yoca-bimur. 15. Doct-i erant. 16. Terre-ris. 17. Aedifica-tis. 18. Miss-a est. Conjugations 19. Puni-entur. 20. Mane-bunt. 21. Duc-iminl. 22. Doce-tis. 23. Y.inc-ebaris. 24. Monstrav-isti. 25. Yocat-us es. 26. Puni-eminl. 27. Move-ris. 1. We are conquering. 2. Ye were seen. 3. She has been taught. 4. We are being led. 5. Thou wilt write. 6. We shall be sent. 7. They were punished 8. I was being called. 9. Thou wilt be blamed. 10. We are instructed. 11. He is being praised. 12. They are building. 13. They did not fear. 14. Thou art not seen. 15. She had been sent. 16. I shall have written. Formula for Inversion of Sentences The Subject of the Active Sentence becomes the Ablative of Agent (or Instrument) in the Passive Sentence. The Object of the Active Sentence becomes the Subject of the Passive Sentence. S. V. T. O. Magister laudat puerum. s. V. p. AB. A. Puer laudatur a magistro. It will be found useful to practise this inversion by turning sentences from Active to Passive and from Passive to Active in any Exercise from No. VIII. 84 ADJECTIVES COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison, viz. . Positive Comparative Dur-us, hard, dur-ior, harder. Superlative ,_ . . ( hardest. dur-issimus, < , , ' { very hard. Rule for forming Degrees of Comparison" The Comparative is formed from the Genitive Singular of the Positive by taking away the Genitive ending -l or -is, and adding -ior in its place ; Thus, durus, Genitive dar-%, Comparative dur-ior. The Superlative is formed by taking away the Genitive Ending and adding -issimus in its place ; Thus, durus, Genitive dur-l. Superlative dur-^ss^mus. Declension of Comparative and Superlative Degrees All Comparatives are declined like melior, melius, p. 62. All Superlatives " " " bonus, bona, bonum. Positive Car-US, dear, Long-US, long, Trist-is, sad, Dulc-is, sweet, Felix, happy, Ingens, vast. EXAMPLES Comparative car-ior, -ius, long-ior, -ius, trist-ior, -ius, dulc-ior, -ius, felic-ior, -ius, ingent-ior, -ius, Superlative car-issimus, -a, -um. long-issimus, -a, -um. trist-issimus, -a, -um. dulc-issimus, -a, -um. felic-issimus, -a, -um. ingent-issimus, -a, -um. Rule Two Nouns joined by *quam' (than) must be in the same Case ; thus, Servus est felicior quam rex = the slave is happier than the king. Here both slave and kiiig are in the Nominative. Obs. In making a Comparison between two nouns, *quam ' (than) may be omitted ; but the second of the two nouns must then be put in the Ablative Case. Thus, Servus est felicior rege = The slave is happier than the king. ADJECTIVES 85 EXERCISE XXXIII 1. Amicus mens est omnium iudicum sapientissimus. 2. Sagittae nostrae breviores sunt quam hasta tua. 3. Proximo die nuntium velocissimum ex urbe mis-i. 4 Carmina dulcissima puellarum non audiv-istis. 5. Servi miserl onus gravissimum portav-erant. 6. Fortissimi militum nostrorum a Gallis occis-i erant. 7. Lentull iudicis sapientissimi verba lauda-bamus. 8. Templum Dianae altius est quam murus noster. 9. Multos annos in urbe iucundissima mans-imus. 10. Nostri libri utiliores sunt quam vestri (libri). 11. Caium occidisti, omnium civium fortissimum. 12. Audaciorem imperatorem Caesare non vidi. 1. A sweeter song. 7. By a very bold man. 2. The heaviest burden. 8. By a heavier stone. 3. Very brave (men). 9. With dearest friends. 4. More beautiful girls. 10. Sweeter songs. 5. Of a shorter letter. 11. A wiser word. 6. Of longer spears. 12. Of heavier darts. 13. The spears of the Gauls are longer than ours {i^e. our spears). 14. We will send Caius the boldest of all the citizens. 15. The songs of little birds are sweeter than your voice. 16. I hear the voice of Lentulus, a very brave soldier. 17. To a wise man books are more useful than spears. 18. We have not seen a more beautiful land than Italy. 86 ADJECTIVES COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives ending in -er Adjectives in -er (like niger and tener) form their Com- parative according to the rule already given (p. 84), but their Superlative is formed by adding -rimus to the Mas- culine Nominative Singular. Niger, black, Tener, tender, Pulcher, beautiful, Com-parative nigr-ior, -ius, tener-ior, -ius, pulchr-ior, -ius, Superlative niger-rimus, -a, -um. tener-rimus, -a, -um. pulcher-rimus, -a, -um. Six Adjectives form Superlative in -lImus Positive Facil-is, easy, Difficil-is, difficult, Simil-is, like, Dissimil-is, unlike, Gracil-is, slender, Humil-is, low, Comparative facil-ior, -ius, difficil-ior, -ius, simil-ior, -ius, dissimil-ior, -ius, gracil-ior, -ius, humil-ior, -ius. Superlative facil-limus, -a, -um. difficil-limus, -a, -um. simil-limus, -a, -um. dissimil-limus, -a, -um. gracil-limus, -a, -um. humil-limus, -a, -um. Positive Bonus, good. Mains, bad, Magnus, great, Parvus, small, { much, ) ' ] many, ] Multus, Irregular Comparative meli-or, -us, pei-or, -us, mai-or, -us, min-or, -us, plus (neut.), 1 Superlative optimus, -a, -um. pessimus, -a, -um. maximus, -a, -um. minimus, -a, -um. plurimus, -a, -um. 1 The Declension oiplus is irregular. ADJECTIVES 87 EXERCISE XXXIV 1. Patres nostri urbem pulcherrimam aedificav-erunt. 2. Optimum donum a Lentulo amico meo miss-um est. 3. Virgines pulcherrimae carmen melius canta-bant. 4. Koma, urbs maxima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erit. 5. Naves minores fluctibus et vento frang-entur. 6. Caium, civem pessimum, ex Italia mis-eramus. 7. Verba iudicis optimi ab omnibus lauda-buntur. 8. Imperatoris filius est omnium puerorum minimus. 9. Verba amici tui peiora fu-erunt quam facta. 10. Servi miserrimi opus difficillimum time-bant. 11. Maxima opera militibus nostris sunt facillima. 12. PlurimI captivi ab hostibus nostris occid-ebantur. 1. We have seen Eome, the largest city of Italy. 2. Very many brave (men) were slain by the Gauls. 3. We will show the best books to Julia, your sister. 4. Caesar, with a very large army, is marching into Italy. 5. The boldest soldiers feared the chariots of the enemy. 6. You have never seen a larger river than the Ehine. 7. The books were written by Caius, a very bad judge. 8. A very great forest will hinder Caesar's army. 9. The best citizens are praised by Romulus, the king. 10. The deeds of many (men) are better than (their) words. 11. We will remain many days in a very beautiful city. 12. The worst citizens will be punished by the judges. 88 EXERCISES In this and in the following exercise the vowel-markings have been omitted purposely. The pupil may be required to supply them. EXERCISE XXXV 1. Dona multa a lulia sorore tua mitt-en tur. 2. Rex noster cum filio suo ab hostibus occis-us est. 3. Urbis portae lapide ingenti frang-ebantur. 4. Nuntii veloces in urbem reginae miss-i erant. 5. Hostium naves imperatori nostro utiles erunt. 6. A Caio, magistro sapientissimo, non culpa-beris. 7. Lentulo, amico tuo, libros nostros monstra-bimus. 8. Imperatoris verba militibus omnibus nuntia-ntur. 9. Non vid-imus puellam pulchriorem quam luliam. 10. Proximo anno multi a Gallis occis-i sunt. 11. Multos dies in Italia cum Lentulo mans-imus. 12. Exercitus nostri silvis maximis impedit-i sunt. 1. Our walls are higher than the temple of Diana.^ 2. On the next day many very brave (men) were slain. 3. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men). 4. The gates of the city were shut at the second hour. 5. The Gauls, our enemies, were marching into Italy. 6. We will announce your words to Caesar, the general. 7. All these books were written by a very wise (man). 8. We will march with your soldiers into Italy. 9. The boys and the girls will have been praised by all. 10. The king and the queen are dear to all the citizens. 11. Many ships will be sent by the brave general. 12. You have heard the very sweet song of the girls. 1 Two ways. EXERCISES 89 EXERCISE XXXVI 1. Eoma, urbs pulcherrima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erat. 2. Dulcis est vox tua : dulcius est avium carmen. 3. Hostium naves maiores erant quam nostrae (naves). 4. Optimi milites ab imperatore forti lauda-bantur. 5. Cains amicus tuns plurimos libros scrips-it. 6. Lentnli filius omnium iudicum est sapientissimus. 7. Servos et cives pessimos ex urbe mis-eramus. 8. Hastas et sagittas plurimas manibus freg-imus. 9. Urbes omnes ab imperatoribus nostris muni-untur. 10. Servi miseri onus gravissimum porta-bant. 11. Cives omnes iudicis sapientis verba lauda-nt. 12. Currus et naves hostium non time-bimus. 1. The wall is high: the temple of Diana is higher. 2. We will send a swifter messenger than your slave. 3. The armies of the Gauls are larger than our (armies).^ 4. The name of the queen is dear to many brave (men); 5. Your words are wise : your books will be very useful. 6. She was wounded with a heavy spear by the slave. 7. We will not march with your general into Italy. 8. On the next day we sent a swift messenger to the city. 9. Many captives are being led by Caesar into the town, 10. A slave was sitting in the generaFs chariot. 11. The judge's sons were blamed by all wise men. 12. The captives will remain many years in the town, 1 Two ways. APPENDIX NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION. Gen. Sing. -ae Singular Nom. Mens-a, a table (/.). Gen. Mens-ae, of a table. Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. Ace. Mens-am, a table. ' Voc. Mens-a, table. Abl, Mens-a, by, with, or from a tab Plural Mens-ae, tables. Mens-arum, of tables. Mens-is, to or for tables. Mens-as, tables. Mens-ae, O tables. Mens-is, by, with, or from tables. SECOND DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -l a. Masculine Singular Plural Nam. Domin-us, a lord (m.). Nom. Domin-i, lords. Gen. Domin-i Gen. Domin-orum Dat. Domin-6 Dat. Domin-is Ace. Domin-um Ace. Domin-os Voc. Domin-e Voc. Domin-i Abl. Domin-o Abl. Domin-is Nom. Magister, a master (m.). Nom. Magistr-i, masters. Gen. Magistr-i Gen. Magistr-orum Dat. Magistr-o Dat. Magistr-is Ace. Magistr-um Ace. Magistr-os Voc. Magister Voc. Magistr-i Abl. Magistr-6 Abl. Magistr-is Nom. Puer, aboy (m.). Nom. Puer-i, boys. Gen. Puer-i Gen. Puer-orum Dat. Puer-o Dat. Puer-is Ace. Puer-um Ace. Pner-os Voc. Puer Voe. Puer-i Abl. Puer-o Abl. Puer-is b. Neuter Singular Nom. Bell-um, war (n.). Gen. Bell-i Dat. Bell-6 Aec. Bell-um Voc. Bell-um Abl. BeU-o Plural Nom. Bell-a, wars. Gen. Bell-orum Dat. Bell-is Ace. Bell-a Voc. Bell-a Abl. BeU-is 92 THIRD DECLENSION THIRD DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -is INCREASING NOUNS. Gen. Plur. -urn a. Masculine and Feminine ludex (m.) = judge Virgo (/.) = virgin Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom Judex ludic-es Nom. Virgd Virgin-es Gen. ludic-is ludic-um Gen. Virgin-is Virgin-um Dat. ludic-i ludic-ibus Dat. Virgin-i Virgiu-ibus Ace. ludic-em ludic-es Ace. Virgin-em Virgin-es Voc. ludex ludic-es Voc. Virgo Virgin-es Abl. ludic-e ludic-ibus Abl. Virgin -e Virgin-ibus b. Neuter Nomen (n.) = = Name Opus (n.) = = work Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. Nomen Nomin-a Nom. Opus Oper-a Gen. N6min-is Nomin-um Gen. Oper-is Oper-um Dat. N6min-i Nomin-ibus Dat. Oper-i Oper-i bus Ace. Nomen Nomin-a Ace. Opus Oper-a Voc. Nomen Nomin-a Voc. Opus Oper-a Abl. Nomin-e N5min-ibus Abl. Oper-e Oper-i bus NOT-INCREASING NOUNS. Gen. Plur. -ium a. Masculine and Feminine h. Neuter Ovis (/.) = = sheep Mare (.] = sea Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. Ov-is Ov-es Nom. Mar-e Mar-ia Gen. Ov-is Ov-ium Gen. Mar-is Mar-ium Dat. Ov-i Ov-ibus Dat. Mar-i Mar-ibus Ace. Ov-em Ov-es Ace. Mar-e Mar-ia Voc. Ov-is Ov-es Voc. Mar-e Mar-ia AbL Ov-e Ov-ibus AbL Mar-i Mar-ibus ADJECTIVES 93 FOURTH DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -uj a. Masculine and h. Neuter Feminine (few) Gradus (m. ) = step Genu (n.) = knee Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. Grad-us Grad-us Nom. Gen-u Gen-ua Gen. Grad-us Grad-uum Gen. Gen-US Gen-uum Dat. Grad-ui (u) Grad-ibus Dat. Gen-u Gen-ibus (ubus) Ace. Grad-um Grad-us Ace. Gen-u Gen-ua Voc. Grad-us Qrad-us Voc. Gen-u Gen-ua Abl. Grad-u Grad-ibus Abl. Gen-u Gen-ibus (ubus) FIFTH DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -ei Mostly Feminine Dies {m.,f.) = dai/ Singular Plural Nom. Di-es Di-es Gen. Di-ei Di-erum Dat. Di-ei Di-ebus Ace. Di-era Di-es Voe. Di-es Di-es Abl. Di-e Di-ebus Res {/.) = thing, matter SiJ 7GULAR Plural Nom Res Res Gen. Rei Rerum Dat. Rei Rebus Aec. Rem Res Voc. Res Res Abl. Re Rebus ADJECTIVES OP FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS Masc. Nom. Bon-US Gen. Bon-i Bon-o Bon-um Bon-e Bon-o Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. Singular Fern, bon-a bon-ae bon-ae bon-am bon-a bon-a Neut. bon-um bon-i bon-6 bon-um bon-um bon-6 Nom. Niger Gen. Nigr-i Dat. Nigr-o Ace. Nigr-um Voc. Niger Abl. Nigr-o nigr-a nigr-um nigr-ae nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-6 nigr-am nigr-um nigr-a nigr-um nigr-a nigr-6 Nom. Tener tener-a tener-um Gen. Tener-i tener-ae tener-i Dat. Tener-6 tener-ae tener-6 Ace. Tener-um tener-am tener-um Voc. Tener tener-a tener-um Abl. Tener-6 tener-a tener-6 Masc. Bon-i Bon-6rum Bon-is Bon-6s Bon-i Bon-is Plural Fern, bon-ae bon-arum bon-is bon-as bon-ae bon-is Neut. bon-a bon-6rum bon-is bon-a bon-a bonis Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-a Nigr-6rum nigr-arum nigr-6rum Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is Nigr-6s nigr-as nigr-a Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-a Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is Tener-i tener-ae tener-a Tener-6rum tener-arum tener-6rum Tener-is tener-is tener-is Tener-6s tener-as tener-a Tener-i tener-ae tener-a Tener-is tener-is tener-is 94 NUMERALS ADJECTIVES OP THIRD DECLENSION Singular Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom . Melior Melius, better Nom Trist-is Trist-e, sad Gen. Melior-is Melior-is Gen. Trist-is Trist-is Dat. Melior-i Melior-i Dat. Trist-i Trist-i Ace. Melior-em Melius Ace. Trist-em Trist-e Voc. Melior Melius Voc. Trist-is Trist-e Abl. MeliOr-e or -i Melior-e or -i Abl. Trist-i TrisM Plural Plurai Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom Melior-es Melior-a Nojn Trist-es Trist-ia Gen, Melior-um Melior-um Gen. Trist-ium Trist-ium Dat. Melior-i bus Melior-ibus Dat. Trist-i bus Trist-ibus Ace. Melior-es Melior-a Ace. Trist-es Trist-ia Voc. Melior-es Melior-a Voc. Trist-es Trist-ia Abl Melior-ibus Melior-ibus Abl. Trist-i bus Trist-ibus Singular Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom Felix Felix, happy Nojn Ingeus, Ingens, huge Gen. Felic-is Felic-is Gen. Ingeiit-is Ingent-is Dat. Felic-i Felic-i Dat. Ingent-i Ingent-i Ace. Felic-em Felix Ace. Ingeut-em Ingens Voc. Felix Felix Voc. Ingeus Ingens Abl. Felic-i or -e Felic-i or -e Abl. Ingent-i or -e Ingent-i or -e Plural Plural Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom Felic-es Felic-ia Nom . Ingent-es Ingent-ia Gen. Felic-ium Felic-ium Gen. Ingent-ium Ingent-ium Dat. Felic-ibus Felic-ibus Dat. Ingent-ibus Ingent-ibus Ace. Felic-es Felic-ia Ace. Ingeut-es Ingent-ia Voc. Felic-es Felic-ia Voc. Ingent-es Ingent-ia Abl. Felic-ibus Felic-ibus Abl. Ingent-ibus Ingent-ibus NUMERALS (up to 20) I. unus. II. duo. III. tres. IV. quattuor. V. quinque. VI. sex. 7. VII. septem. 8. VIII. octO. 9. IX. novem. 10. X. decern. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 11. XI. undecim. 12. XII. duodecim. 13. XIII. tredecim. 14. XIV. quattuordecim 15. XV. quindecim. 16. XVI. sedecim. 17. XVII. septendecim. 18. XVIII. duodeviginti. 19. XIX. undeviginti. 20. XX. viginti. VERBS 95 THE VERB SUM. 'I Am' Present Stem ES- Present Imperfect Future Simple I am. I was. I shall be. Sing. 1. Sum eram ero 2. es eras eris 3. es-t erat erit Plur. 1. sumus eramus erimus 2. es-tis eratis eritis 3. sunt erant erunt Perfect Stem Fu- Perfect and Aorist Pluperfect Future Perfect I have been. I was. / had been. / shall have been. Sing. 1. Fu-i fu-eram fu-ero 2. fu-isti fu-eras fu-eris 3. fu-it fu-erat fu-erit Plur. 1. fu-imus fu-erarnus fu-erimus 2. fu-istis fu-eratis fu-eritis 3. f u-erunt oi^ -ere fu-erant f u-erint 96 VERBS ACTIVE Present Stem Tenses Present Imperfect Future Simple / /oi-e, am loving, .2 do hue. / was loving. I shall love. ?n Sing. 1. A mo ama-bani ama-bo be 2. ama-s ama-bas ama-bis o 3. ama-t ama-bat ama-bit O Plur. 1. ama-mus ama-bamus ama-bimus -^ J 2. ama-tis ania-batis ama-bitis PJM 3. ama-nt ama-bant ama-bunt a / advise, am adcis- o ing, do advise. / was advising. / shall advise. SiDg. 1. Mone-6 mone-bam mone-bo '? 2. mone-s mone-bas inone-bis 6 3. mone-t mone-bat mone-bit P o Plur. 1. mone-mus mone-bamus mone-bimus 2. mone-tis mone-batis mone-bitis .0) 3. mone-nt mone-bant moue-bunt / rule, am ruling, d .2 do rule. / was ruling. / shall rule 1 Sing. 1. J{Qg-o reg-ebam reg-am ^fl 2. reg-is reg-ebas reg-es 3. reg-it reg-ebat reg-et Plur. 1. regi-mus reg-ebamus reg-emus .52 2. reg-itis reg-ebatis reg-etis H 3. reg-unt reg-ebant reg-ent a I hear, am hear- .2 ing, do hear. / was hearing. / shall hear. 1 Sing. 1. Audi-o audi-ebam audi-am s 2. audi-s audi-ebas audi-es* 6 3. audi-t audi-ebat audi-et r^ Plur. 1. audi-mus audi-ebamus audi-emus 2. audi-tis audi-ebatis audi-etis pS 3. audi-unt audi-ebant audi-ent VERBS VOICE Perfect Stem Tenses 97 Pkbtbct and Ao^t Plupkbtbct Future Pxrfkgt / have loved. I loved. / had loved. / shall have loved. Sing. 1. amav-i amav-eram amav-ero 2. amav-isti ' amav-eras amav^ris 3. amav-it ^mav-erat amav-erit Plur. 1. amav-imus amav-e ramus amav-erimus 2. amav-istis amav-eratis amav-eritis 3. amav-erunt or -ere amav-eraut amav-erint / have advised. I advised. / had advised. / shall have advised. Sing. 1. monu-i monu-eram monu-ero 2. monu-isti monu-eras monu-eris 3. monu-it monu-erat monu-firit Plur. 1. monu-imus monu-eramus monu-erimus 2. monu-istis monu-eratis monu-eritis 3. monu-erunt or -ere monu-erant monu-erint I have ruled. I ruled. / had ruled. 1 shall have ruled. Sing. 1. rex-i rex-eram rex-er5 2. rex-isti rex-eras rex-eris 3. rex-it rex-erat rex-erit Plur. 1. rex-imus rex-eramus rex-erimus 2. rex-istis rex-eratis rex-eritis 3. rex-erunt or -ere rex-erant rex-erint / have heard. I heard. I had heard. / shall have heard. Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plur. 1. 2. 3. audiv-i audiv-isti audiv-it audiv-imus audiv-istis audiv-erunt or -ere audiv-eram audiv-eras audiv-erat audiv-eramus audiv-eratis audiv-erant audiv-ero audiv-eris audiv-erit audiv-erimus audiv-eritis audiv-erint 98 VERBS PASSIVE] Present Stem Tenses Present Imperpbct Future Simple a o / am being loved. / was being loved. 1 shall be loved. 'i Sing. 1. Amo-r ama-bar ama-bor be 2 ama-ris or -re ama-baris or -bare aina-beris or -bere G 3. ama-tur ama-batur ama-bitur 6 Plur. 1. ama-niur ama-bamur ama-bimur t 2. ama-mini ama-bamini ama-bimini s 3. ania-ntur ama-bantur ama-buntur I am being advised. / was being advised. / shall be advised. ) Sing. 1 Mone-or mone-bar mone-bor p 'a* 2. mone-ris or -re inone-baris or -bare mone-beris or -bere 8 3. mone-tur inoiie-batur mone-bitur x; Plur. 1. mone-mur inone-bamur mone-bimur 3 2 mone-mini mone-bamini mone-bimiui eg 3. mone-ntur mone-bantiir mone-buntur I am being ruled. / was being ruled. / shall be ruled. 1) Sing. 1. Reg-or reg-ebar reg-ar P 2. reg-eris or -ere reg-ebaris or- ebare reg-eris or -ere 3. reg-itur reg-ebatur reg-etur .1 Plur. 1. reg-imur reg-ebamur reg-emur 2. reg-imjni reg-ebamiui reg-emini ? 3. reg-untur reg-ebantur reg-entur d o '5 I am being heard. / was being heard. / shall be heard. 1 Sing. 1. Audi-or audi-ebar audi-ar a 2. audi-ris or -re audi-ebaris or -ebare audi-eris or -ere o 3 audi-tur audi-ebatur audi-etur ^ Plur. 1. audi-mur audi-ebamur audi-emur 2. audi-mini audi-ebamini audi-einini ^ 3. audi-untur audi-ebantur audi-entur VERBS VOICE Supine Stem Tenses 99 Perfect and Aoeist Pluperfect Future Perfect / have been, I was, iored. / had been loved. / shall have been loved. Siug. 1. amat-U3 sum amat-us eram amat-us ero 2. amat-us es amat-us eras amat-us eris 3. a mat-US est amat-us erat amat-us erit Plur. 1. aniat-i sumus amat-i eramus an)at-i erimus 2. amat-i estis amat-i erat is amat-i eritis 3. amat-i sunt amat-i erant amat-i erunt / have been, I was, advised. / had been advised. / shall have been advised. Sing. 1. mon it-US sum monit-us eram monit-us ero 2. monit-us es monit-us eras monit-us eris 3. mon it-US est monit-us erat monit-us erit Plur. 1. monit-i sumus monit-i eramus monit-i erimus 2. monit-i estis monit-i eratis monit-i eritis 3. monit-i sunt monit-i erant monit-i erunt / have been, J was, ruled. / had been ruled. / shall have been ruled. Siug. 1. rect-us sum rect-us eram rect-us ero 2. rect-us es rect-us eras rect-us eris 3. rect-us est rect-us erat rect-us erit Plur. 1. rect-i sumus rect-i eramus rect-i erimus 2. rect-i estis rect-i eratis rect-i eritis 3. rect-i sunt rect-i erant rect-I erunt / have been, I was, heard. I had been heard. / shall have been heard. Sing. 1. audit-US sum audit-us eram audit-us ero 2. audit-US es audit-US eras audit-US eris 3. audit-US est audit-US erat audit-us erit Plur. 1. audit-i sumus audit-i eramus audit-i erimus 2. audit-i estis audit-i eratis audit-i eritis 3. audit-i sunt audit-i erant audit-i erunt SUMMARY OF RULES 1. The Subject of the Sentence is in the Nominative Case (p. 24). 2. The Verb agrees with its Subject in Person and Number (p. 24). Obs. that when the Subject consists of two or more Nouns joined by and,' the Verb must be Plural (p. 36). 3. The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accus- ative Case (p. 26). Obs. that all the members of a compound object are in the Accus- ative Case. 4. An Adjective agrees with its Noun in Gender, Number, and Case (p. 38). Obs. 1. That it is not always true that the Adjective and Noun have the same endings (p. 50). Obs. 2. That when an Adjective modifies two or more Nouns of different Genders the Adjective agrees with the Masculine rather than with the Feminine (p. 68). Obs. 3. The Substantive use of Adjectives (p. 70). 5. The Genitive Case is used to denote Possession (p. 44). 6. The Complement with a Copulative Verb agrees with the Subject (p. 54). 7. Instrument or Means is expressed by the Ablative Case without a Preposition (p. 60). ... -^....^ f ^^ Of THE UNIVERSITY or 102 SUMMARY OF RULES 8. Personal Agent with a Passive Verb is expressed by the Ablative Case with the Preposition ' a* or ' ab ' (p. 60). Obs. 1. That 'ab' is used before Vowels or Consonants, but *a' only before Vowels and h (p. 61). Obs. 2. That * by a Thing' is Ablative of Means and ' b}^ a Person ' is Ablative of Agent when the Verb is Passive. 9. An Appositive agrees in Case with the Noun which it modifies (p. 64). Obs. Sometimes called a Noun in Apposition. 10. Accompaniment is expressed by the Ablative Case with the Preposition ' cum ' (p. 72). 11. The Indirect Object of a Verb is put in the Dative Case (p. 74). Obs. This use of the Dative is common with Verbs meaning to give, to tell, and to show. 12. Motion towards a Person, Place, or Thing is ex- pressed by the Accusative Case with the Preposition * ad ' or 4n ' (p. 74). (With town-names and a few other words the Preposition is omitted.) 13. Place 'where' or 'in which' is expressed by the Ablative Case with the Preposition ' in ' (p. 76). (Town-names and a few other words require a different Case.) 14. Time 'when' is expressed by the Ablative Case (p. 78). 15. Time 'how long' is expressed by the Accusative Case (p. 78). (Sometimes called Duration of Time.) 16. Two Nouns joined by 'quam' (than) must be in the same Case (p. 84). Obs.-^ln making a Comparison between two Nouns 'quam ' (than) may- be omitted ; but the second of the two Nouns must then be put in the Ablative Case. VOCABULARY Nouns. The Nomhiative Singular, the Genitive Singular, and the Gender are given. The Declension is known from the ending of the Genitive. Declensions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genitives -ae i -I -us -Ii Adjectives. Adjectives like bonus, niger, or tener have the three termi- nations of Nominative Singular given. Most other Adjectives are referred to their types. Verbs. The First Person Singular of the Present and the Con- jugation of all Verbs are given. The Perfect and Supine are also given when they are not regular, and the Present Stem of the First Conjugation is given (in parentheses). The Stem is marked off from the termination by a hyphen, thus : Present Perfect Supine Mitt-o, mis-i, miss-um LATIN-ENGLISH aedifico (aedijicd-), (1), to build. ae-ger, -gra, -grum, sick. alt-US, -a, -Mm, high, deep. amic-uSy -i, m. a friend. ann-us, -i, m. a year. aqu-a, -ae, f . water. arc-uSj -us, m. a bow. au-ddx, -ddcis, bold [Vikei felix) . av-is, -is, f. a bird. br^v-is, -e, short. Caes-ar, -dris, m. Caesar (a name). Cai-us, -I, m. Cains (a name). canto (cantd-), fl), to sing. raptiv-us, -i, m. a captive. carmen, carmln-is, n. a song. cdr-Hs, -a,-um,, dear. civ-is, -is, m. a citizen. claud-o, claus-if c/aus-nm, (3), to shut. contend-o, contend-l, (3), to march. culpo {culpa-), (1), to blame. curr-us, -Us, m. a chariot. custodi-o, (4), to guard. Didn-a, -ae, f. Diana (a goddess). ddce-o, ddcu-i, ddct-um, (2), to teach. don-um, -i, n. a gift. duc-o, dux-i, duct-um, (3), to lead. dur-us, -a, -um, hard. dulc-is, -e, sweet. Spist6l-a, -ae, f. a letter. erudi-o, erudi -i, erudit-um, (4), to instruct. ^t, and. exercit'us, -Us, m. an army. 104 VOCABL LARY LATIN-ENGLISH fact-um, -I, n. a deed. /i/f-ns, -t, m. a son. Jiuinen,jfluinin-is, n. a river. furUus, -us, m. a wave. fort-is, brave (like tristis). f ranged, freg-l, frdct-um, (3), to break. Gall-US, -I. m. a Gaul. g^r-d,gess-t, gest-um, (3), to carry on. grac-is, heavy (like tristis). hast-a, -ae, f. a spear. host-is, -is, m. an enemy. hoj'-a, -ae, f. an hour. igndv-us, -a, -um, idle. tmp^di-o, (4), to hinder. impird-tor, -toris, m. a general. ira, -ae, f . anger. Itali-a, -ae, f. Italy. iucund-us^ -a, -um, pleasant. Ixdia, -ae, f. Julia. lapis, lapid-is, m. a stone. laudo {laudd-), (1), to praise. Lentul-us, -i, Lentulus (a name). led, leon-is, m. a lion, lex, leg-is, f. a law. liber, libr-i, m. a book. long-US, -a, -um, long. mdgn-us, -a, -um, great. viane-o, mdns-i, mdns-um, (2), to remain. man-US, -us, f. a hand. mSli-or, -oris, better (compar. bonus), mens-a, -ae, f. a table. me-us, -a, -um, my, mine. miles, mllit-is, m. a soldier. mis-er, -^ra, -Srum, wretched. miit-o, mis-i, mias-um, (3), to send. monstro (monstrd-), (1), to show. mdve-o, mov-l, mot-um, (2), to move. mult-usy -a, -um, much, many. muni-o, (4), to fortify. mur-us, -I, m. a wall. ndv-is, -is, f. a ship. nos-ter, -tra^ -trum, our, ours. nunquam, never (adv.). nuntio [nuntid-), (1), to announce, declare. nunti-us -i, m. a messenger. occid-o, occid-i, occis-fim , (3), to kill, slay. dnus, onSt^is, n. a burden. omn-is, all (like trisfs). 0}ipid-um, -I. n. a touii. oppugno (opjmt/nd-), (Ij, to attack, assault. djms, opr-is, n. a work parv-us, -a, -um, small, little. pater, patr-is, m. father. patri-a, -(le, f. country, fatherland. port-a, -ae, f . a gate. porto (porld-) (1), to carry. prim-us, -a, -um, first. proxim-us, -a, -um, next. pnell-a, -ae, f. a girl. pUgno {pugnd-), ( 1), to fight. pnl-cher, -chra, -chriun, beautiful. pdui-o, (4), to punish. regin-a, -ae, f. a queen. rex, reg-is, m a king. rdgo [rogd), (1), to ask. Rom-a, -ae; f Kome. rot-a, -ae, f. a wheel. sdgitt-a, -ae, i. an arrow. sdlto (saltd-), (1), to dance. sapi-ens, -entis (like ingens), wise. scrib-d,scrlps-i, script-um, (3), to write. sd'cund-us, -a, -um, second. s^de-o, sed-i, sess-um, (2), to sit. serv-us, -I, m, a slave. silv-a, -ae, f. a wood, forest. sdr-or, -oris, f. a sister. tel-um, -I, n. a dart, Aveapon. templ-um, -I, n. a temple. tSne-o, (2), to hold. terre-o, (2), to frighten. time-o, (2), to fear. timid-US, -a, -um, timid. trist-is, sad, sorrowful. turr-is, -is, f. a tower. tu-us, -a, -um, thy, thine, your, yours. urbs, urb-is, f. a city. Hfil-is, useful (like tristis). relax, veloc-is, swift {like /elix), vent-US, -i, m. wind. verb-um, -i, u. a word. VOCABULARY LATIN- ENGLISH 105 vtde-d, vid-i, vls-um, (2), to see. innc-o, vic-i, vtcUum, (3), to coDquer. vdco [vocd-)^ (1), to call. vdlo {void-), (1), to fly. vox, I'dc-ls, f. a voice. vuln^ro (vulnerd-), (1), to wound. ENGLISH-LATIN all, omn-is (like tristls). and, et. anger, ir-a, -ae, f. announce (to), nuntio (nuntid-), (1). army, exercit-uSy -ms, m. arrow, sagitt-a, -ae, f. ask (to), rdyd {rogd-)^ (1). attack (to), oppugno (oppugnd-), (1). beautiful, pul-cher, -chra, -chrum. better, mlior, melioris. bird, du-is, -is, f. blame (to), culpo [culpd-], (I). bold, auddx, auddc-is (like felix). book, liber, libr-i. bow, arc-US, -us. brave, yoj'^is (like trlstis). break (to), frang-o, freg-i, frdct-um, (3). build (to), aedlfico {aedijicd-), (I). burden, dnus, oni^r-is, n. Caesar, Caesar, Caesar-is, m. Caius, Cai-us, -I, m. call (to), vScd {vocd-), (1). captive, captw-us, -i, m. carry (to), porta (porta-), (1). carry on (to), g^r-o, gess-i, gest-um, (3). chariot, curr-us, -ds, m. citizen, civ-is, -is, m. city, urbs, urb-is, f. conquer (to), vinc-o, vic-i, vlct-um, (3). country, patri-a, -ae, f. dance (to), salto (saltd-), (1). dart, tel-um, -l, n. dear, cdr-us, -a, -um. declare (to), nuntid {nuntid-), (1). deed, /acf -Mm, -i, n. deep, alt-us, -a -um. Diana, Didn-a, -ae, f. enemy, host-is, -is, m. father, pater, patr-is, m. fear (to), tlme-o, (2). fight {to), pugno {pugnd-), (1). first, prim-us, -a, -um. fly (to), vdlo {void-), (I), forest, silv-n, -ae, f. fortify (to), muni-o, (4). friend, amic-us, -i, m. frighten (to), terre-o, (2). gate, port-a, -ae, f . Gaul (a), Gall-US, -I, m. general, imperdtor, imperdtdr-is, m. gift, don-um, -i, n. girl, puell-a, -ae, f . great, mdgn-us, -a, -um. guard, custodi-o, (4). hand, man-us, -us, f. hard, dur-us, -a,-um. heavy, grav-is (like tristis). high, alt-US, -a, -um. hinder (to), impSdi-o, (4). hold (to), /^/je-o, (2). hour, hdr-a,-ae, f. idle, igndu-us, -a, -um. instruct (to), erudi-o, (4). Italy", Ttdli-a, -ae, f. Julia, luli-a, -ae. kill (to), occid-o, occid-l, occis-um, (3). king, rear, reg-is, m. law, /er, /eig'-?**, f. lead (to), duc-o, dux-l, duct-um, (3). Lentulus, Lentul-us, -l, m. letter, ^pistdl-a, -ae, f. lion, /fo, leon-is, m, little, parv-us, -a, -um. long, long-US, -a, -um. many, mult-us, -a, -um. march (to), contend-o, contend-i, (3). messenger, ndnti-us, -i, m. move (to), mOve-o, mov-i, mot-am, (2). my, mine, me-us, -a, -um. 106 VOCABULARY ENGLISH -LATIN never, nunquam (also numquam). next, proxim-us, -a, -um, our, noster, nostra ^ nostrum. pleasant, iucund-usy -a, -urn. praise (to), laudo {landd-), (1). punish {to), puni-o, (4). queen, regin-a, -ae, f. remain (to), m&ne-o, nidns-i,mdns-um, Rhine, Bhenus, -i, m. [ (2). riyer, Jiu7nen,Jiumin-is, n. Rome, Rom-a, -ae, f. sad, tnstis. sea, mar-By -is, n. second, s^cund-us, -a, -um. see (to), vide-o, vid-i, vis-um, (2). send (to), mitt-o, mis-i, ?niss-um, (3). ship, ndr-is, -is, f. short, br^vis (like trlstis). show (to), monstro {mdnstrd-)^ (1). shut (to), claud-o, claus-l^ claus-um, .(3). sick, aeger, aegi'a, aegrum. sing (to), canto (cantd-), (1). sister, sdror, sordr-is,'i. sit (to), s^de-o, sed-i, sess-um, (2). slave, serv-us, -i, m. slay (to), occid-o, occid-i, occis-um, (3). small, parv-us, -a, -uw. soldier, miles, miltt-is, m. son,Jlli-us, 1-, m. song, carmen, carmin-is, n. sorrowful, tristis. spear, hast-a, -ae, f. stone, lapis, lapid-is, m. sweet, dulc-is (like tristis). swift, ve/ox, veloc-is {Vikejelix). table, mens-a, -ae, f. teach (to) ddce-o, ddcu-i, ddct-um, (2). temple, templ-um, -i, n. tender, tener, -a, -um. thy, thine, tu-us, -a, -um. timid, tlinXd-us, -a, -um. tower, turr-is, -is, i. town, oppid-um, -i, n. useful, ulll-is (like tristis), voice, vox, voc-is, f. wall, mur-us, -i, m. water, dqu-a, -ae, f. yf2i\Q,Jiuct-us, -us, m. wheel, rdt-a, -ae, f. wind, vent-US, -i, m. wise, sapiens, sapient-is (like ingens). wood (a), silv-a, -ae, f. word, verb-um, -i, n. work, dpus, opSr-is, n. wound (to), vuhi^ro {vulnerd-), (1). wretched, miser, misera, mtserum. write (to), scrib-o, sciips-i, sciipt-um, (3). year, ann-us, -t, m. your, tti-us, -a, -um (speaking to one person) ; vester, vestra, vestrum (speaking to more than one). THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. SEP 14 m^ fEB 27 J942 1 1942 tM^- OCT 3 I94g U- IWAH 311943 APR 14 1943