THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 JUBILEE OF THE . . . 
 LONDON SOCIETY OF 
 COMPOSITORS . . . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 Brief Record of Events 
 
 PRIOR TO AND SINCE ITS 
 
 RE-ESTABLISHMENT IN 1848. 
 
 ^ 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE LONDON SOCIETY OP COMPOSITORS. 
 
 . BY . 
 
 BLADES, EAST & P, LADES, 
 
 23, ABCHURCH LANE, E.C. 
 1S98.
 
 2 
 
 To the Members 
 
 OF THE 
 
 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 In preparing for the Members, on the occasion 
 of the Society's Fiftieth Anniversary, a brief record 
 of the work of the organisation to which they 
 have the pleasure and privilege to belong, it has been 
 found impossible to limit such review to the events 
 which have occurred since its re-establishment in 1848. 
 The solid and substantial work accomplished prior to 
 that period not only laid the foundations of the existing 
 Society as an organisation, but also produced the Scales 
 of Prices which, although undergoing revision from time 
 to time, have in certain essential particulars remained 
 practically unaltered, besides crystallising customs which 
 have since been generally recognised as binding both upon 
 employers and employed. Therefore, to have confined 
 the accompanying review to the proceedings of the past 
 fifty years would have resulted in the presentation of 
 an incomplete and indefinite record of events, thereby 
 depriving the younger members of the opportunity of 
 fully appreciating the will and determination with which
 
 4 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 their predecessors approached the task of endeavouring 
 to improve the conditions under which their fellow-crafts- 
 men were working. 
 
 Previous to the re-establishment of the Society, 
 attempts had been made to form a united Trade Society, 
 and although these efforts were attended with failure, 
 the consequent disappointment but acted as an incentive 
 to renewed and even more determined effort. It has to 
 be remembered, also, that the difficulties and dangers 
 which the earlier trade-unionists had to encounter 
 were of a character which the present generation can 
 hardly fully realise, but they will nevertheless recognise 
 the sturdy services rendered to the cause of Unionism 
 by those whose efforts eventually succeeded in establishing 
 the present Society. 
 
 In reviewing the history of our organisation, if there 
 is one feature which stands out in bolder relief than 
 another, it is the desire which, on all occasions and 
 under all circumstances, has been evinced by the members 
 in favour of a signed and sealed working agreement with 
 their employers. This feeling cannot be said to have 
 been stronger at one period than at another — on the 
 contrary, it has been the most consistent and striking 
 feature of the Society's policy, and may be said to have 
 proved to be the keystone of its influence and of its steady 
 and continuous prosperity. 
 
 The records also clearly prove that the members have 
 never been content to adopt a "rest and be satisfied"
 
 Introduction. 5 
 
 policy, ample evidence being forthcoming of their sus- 
 tained efforts to improve the organisation, by the 
 addition of new or the increasing of old benefits — happily, 
 seldom in the direction of reducing them. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that this or any other society 
 could take upon itself heavy liabilities in the shape of 
 numerous benefits, without at times being called upon to 
 consider the question of "ways and means;" but when- 
 ever the necessity has arisen for consulting members 
 upon the financial position, they have at all times 
 responded to the call made upon them in the most ready 
 and generous manner. Notably has this been the case 
 when dealing with the claims of their unemployed 
 brethren, and it may safely be asserted that the records 
 of the Society in this direction cannot be surpassed by 
 those of any other organisation with a similar member- 
 ship. 
 
 There are other features of the Society's work — such 
 as the financial assistance rendered to various trades in 
 times of stress, the amounts annually granted in aid of 
 medical and trade charities, and particularly the com- 
 paratively small expenditure in strike benefit during the 
 past fifty years — which might, perhaps, be dwelt upon 
 with advantage, but as these and other items have been 
 fully set forth in the accompanying pages, members will 
 be able to form their own conclusions upon matters the 
 contemplation of which cannot give rise to other than 
 the most agreeable impressions.
 
 6 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 Upon an occasion like the present, it is but natural 
 that members should congratulate each other upon the 
 excellent position to which the Society has attained, after 
 fifty years of useful and progressive work ; but in so doing 
 it may be taken for granted that they will not forget the 
 efforts of those members who in earlier days upheld the 
 standard of Unionism at a time when liberty of speech- 
 much less of person — was not so secure as now, but 
 whose determination materially assisted to build up the 
 association of which the members, as a body, have 
 such reason to be proud. 
 
 To the younger men, the records of the Societv's 
 history cannot prove to be other than interesting and 
 instructive, and will doubtless stimulate them to renewed 
 activity in their endeavours to maintain and, if possible, 
 excel the good work of those who have preceded them ; 
 whilst the "pioneers" of the Society will have the satis- 
 faction of knowing that their early struggles and 
 successes are not unappreciated by those on whose 
 behalf 
 
 I have the honour to remain, 
 
 Faithfully yours, 
 
 C. W. BOWERMAN, 
 
 Se retary. 
 
 7-9, St. Bride Street, 
 
 Ludgai e Circus, E.C., 
 
 July 9 th, [898.
 
 EVENTS PRIOR TO THE 
 RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOCIETY. 
 
 e~& 
 
 XE of the earliest of the Society's records 
 of the London printing trade is the 
 Report of a Committee appointed by 
 <~5 the News Society of Compositors " to 
 draw up a statement of the regular Mode of Working 
 on Newspapers, for the Information of the Trade; to 
 examine documents, and to report the same." The 
 Report was presented on the 29th of July, 1820, and 
 bears the signatures of Messrs. P. Chalk, H. Warren, 
 K. M. Davis, W. Yockney, T. Paterson, and J. P. Spence. 
 The instructions to the Committee directed them to 
 " give a fair scale of work, mode, time, and price, on all 
 newspapers, wherever published,'' and involved an 
 examination of " the bases of all official agreements, 
 and all acknowledged and understood rules;" and in 
 their Report the Committee claimed that they had 
 particularly adhered to their instructions by keeping in 
 view " that it was to guide the ignorant, to prevent the 
 evil intentions of the unprincipled, and, if possible, to 
 form a closer bond of union among yourselves.' Con- 
 siderable time must have been devoted to the task, the 
 Committee commencing their labours by tracing the
 
 8 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 Regulations for News Work prevailing during the pre- 
 ceding fifty years, "in order to support them in their 
 declaration that they had been introduced on fair princi- 
 ples, that they had been cordially agreed to by the 
 Masters, had been acted upon by the employed for so 
 great a length of time, and that any innovation made 
 on those regulations by an employer, or set of men 
 acting for themselves without the concurrence of the 
 general body of news compositors, should be opposed, 
 and those concerned in such an attempt treated as 
 enemies to their fellow workmen, and marked as acting 
 inimically to the interests of their profession." The 
 Report traces the gradual growth of newspaper work 
 from 1770, the various changes which had been made 
 in the methods of production, and the variations made 
 from time to time in the rates of wages and hours of 
 working, both of news-men and book-hands. 
 
 It records that on the 14th January, 1793, a Circular 
 was issued by the latter, claiming payment for " head 
 and direction lines of pages, and the en and em quadrats 
 at the sides/' the employers agreeing to the first pro- 
 posal, thus relieving the book work compositors of an 
 " intolerable grievance." With regard to newspaper 
 work, minion type had been introduced, the old 
 method of display had been discarded, a new taste had 
 appeared in the arrangement of the matter in the inner 
 form, and the former advertisement style " was com- 
 pletely exploded." The Report further states that from 
 1785 to 1793, owing to the strong competition for public 
 favour, newspapers underwent a most material alteration. 
 " It was a remarkable epoch, including the most eventful
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 9 
 
 seven years of the last century. The disarrangements, 
 both civil and political, concomitant to a return to peace 
 alter a long war, had caused a strong political feeling in 
 the public mind ; of course, information from all quarters 
 was eagerly sought, and as readily given by the editors 
 of the daily journals, among whom, as with their readers, 
 party spirit rose to its utmost height, and no expense was 
 spared to gratify it. In this period, nineteen new journals 
 put forth their claims for public support — the majority, 
 however, were ' born but to die ! ' Two of the older 
 papers also expired ; but their places were occupied by 
 seven juniors." One journal "went beyond the rest," 
 by introducing French rules, small capitals for particular 
 paragraphs, and discarding nearly all the double letters, 
 and the long s. 
 
 On the 19th of May, 1809, a Circular was addressed 
 "To the Proprietors of Newspapers, " requesting an 
 advance of one-fifth — Zs. per week on morning, and 6s. 
 per week on evening papers — and pointing out that 
 when, in 1801, an advance of one-sixth was obtained on 
 all works in book houses, those employed upon news- 
 papers did not receive a proportionate rise. The 
 Circular (which was accompanied by the first and regular 
 "Scale for Xews Work," and was signed by 198 news- 
 men) stated " that this circumstance, together with the 
 great increase of labour on papers of late years, arising 
 from the introduction of so large a portion of small 
 letter, are considerations which, we hope, will not be 
 passed over without that deliberation they deserve. 
 From an impartial view of the comparative statements 
 and the proposed advance, it will be seen that we have
 
 io London Society of Compositors. 
 
 kept perfect!}' within the limits prescribed by justice. 
 We have pursued this line of conduct from a solicitude 
 to avoid the introduction of anything which might 
 prevent your ready compliance with our request." The 
 terms asked for were £2 8s. for morning, and £2 35. for 
 evening paper hands (ten hours' composition to be the 
 specific time for the latter). Xo reply being forth- 
 coming from the employers, a second Circular was 
 sent to them, on the 13th of June, signed by the same 
 number of men ; this likewise being ignored, on the 
 20th of June the men handed in their notices, but before 
 the fortnight had expired " each journeyman received a 
 copy of a Report of a Committee of Masters, dated 
 June 30th, accompanied by a string of resolutions, but 
 not meeting the request of the men." 
 
 The employers' meeting took place at the " Turk's 
 Head" Coffee House, Strand, representatives attending 
 from five morning and five evening papers, "to consider 
 the report of the Committee appointed to inquire into 
 and report their opinion upon the Circular Letter of the 
 Compositors respecting certain alleged grievances, and 
 demanding an advance of wages." The employers' 
 reply was embodied in eleven paragraphs, and was 
 accompanied by a comparative Table of the Prices of 
 Necessaries, from 1793 to 1809, in contradiction to 
 that compiled by the journeymen. The first paragraph 
 condemned the strong spirit evinced by the men in 
 demanding so large a rise as 20 per cent., and protested 
 against the proposed scale as containing "rules and 
 restrictions new to the trade, and embarrassing to the 
 proprietors, while no reciprocal benefit or advantage is
 
 Events prior to the Re- establishment oj the Society. \ \ 
 
 held out." The second attempted to controvert the 
 
 assertion of the newsmen that they " experienced diffi- 
 culties in procuring the necessaries of life," by declaring 
 it "a matter of surprise and regret that anything so 
 unfounded should be advanced on so serious an occasion 
 by a body of men, generally speaking, so intelligent and 
 respectable;" and after comparing their wages with 
 those paid to book-hands, stated "that their claims to 
 high wages do not rest on the difficulties in obtaining 
 the necessaries of life, but on the disagreeable hours of 
 labour. They make more money than falls to the lot of 
 39 40ths of the men in Britain, and they can procure not 
 only all the necessaries of life, but even more of its 
 comforts than ninety-nine out of every hundred men 
 in Europe. It is lamentable to see men so insensible to 
 the blessings of their situation.'' 
 
 The sixth paragraph states that " the reference made 
 to the increased labour on newspapers, in consequence 
 of the introduction of small letter, is unjust, is absurd, 
 and we cannot understand how they could allow so 
 unfounded a complaint to escape them. The proprietors 
 have always paid, and paid smartly too, for this intro- 
 duction. The compositors have limited hours of em- 
 ployment, limited quantities of work, and they compose 
 only one number of letters, whether small or large, 
 agreeably to the universal rule of the business." The 
 eighth recommended that "the false assertions, ground- 
 less complaints, and extravagant pretensions of the 
 compositors should be met by a firm and determined 
 resistance," and lor fear that they (the compositors) 
 should be intoxicated bv success to demand "double
 
 I J 
 
 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 wages," stated "that they have therefore considered a 
 plan of establishing a Society of Compositors under an 
 Act of Parliament, connecting with it a benefit society, 
 which, they are confident, will enable the trade to go on, 
 and which they may hereafter submit to you." Finally, 
 after expressing indignation at what they considered to 
 be the extravagant demands of the men, the employers 
 recommended that they should receive a rise pro- 
 portionate to that obtained by the book-hands in 1801 — 
 2s. to morning and is. to evening paper hands, but with- 
 out reducing the hours of composition demanded from 
 the latter. 
 
 During the following year the book-hands secured 
 an advance of one-seventh in their prices, which took 
 effect on the 1st of May. The newsmen then asked 
 for a similar rise, but, as the request remained un- 
 noticed, they determined to press the matter, the 
 book-hands supporting them by passing a resolution that, 
 pending a settlement of the dispute, no one should be 
 permitted to apply for employment upon a newspaper. 
 The employers then offered a rise of 4s. to morning and 
 3.V. to evening paper hands. These terms were refused, 
 and the customary notices tendered by the men, but on 
 the last day of the fortnight the3 r were informed by their 
 respective Printers that the demands had been agreed to, 
 and that in future the scale for morning papers would be 
 £2 Ss. (galley 3.9. iotf. per thousand), and for evening 
 papers £2 y. 6d. (galley $s. jd. per thousand). It will 
 thus be seen that the Scale-price per thousand for which 
 the compositors of 18 10 so persistently and energetically 
 fought, has remained the standard rate down to the 
 present moment.
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 13 
 
 In those days — as in more modern times -men who 
 took a prominent part in conducting the negotiations on 
 
 behalf of their fellow members occasionally incurred the 
 resentment of their employers, and were, on some pretext 
 or other, dismissed from their situations. Arising out ol 
 this dispute, however, the consequences to some of the 
 men concerned therein were much more serious. 
 Although eleven of the newspaper proprietors had 
 granted the memorial (which had been presented to 
 them and supported by the men in the manner sanc- 
 tioned by the custom of the trade), the other -the pro- 
 prietor of the most influential journal of that, as it is of 
 the present, period — refused to be bound by the terms 
 of the agreement which had been accepted by his fellow- 
 employers ; this refusal being followed by the prosecu- 
 tion of eleven of the members, who were indicted on a 
 charge of conspiracy, and sentenced to twelve months' 
 imprisonment in Newgate Gaol. Unhappily, one of the 
 members (Malcolm Craig) fell a victim to his punish- 
 ment ; whilst another ( J. Simpson ) was, happily, spared 
 to assist in starting the " London Union of Compositors" 
 in 1834, thus giving practical proof that his incarceration 
 in prison in r8io had not weakened his ardour in the 
 cause of trade unionism. Although in point of time the 
 incident may appear to belong to a remote period, when 
 such prosecutions were by no means unusual, it must, 
 after all, be remembered that it is only in comparatively 
 recent years that the law of combination has been 
 sufficiently broadened to prevent such vindictive actions 
 being brought against workmen by their employers ; and 
 it should therefore not be difficult to realise the storm of 
 indignation which was felt by our predecessor- at the
 
 14 Londi in Society of Compositors. 
 
 treatment meted out to their comrades, as evidenced by 
 the stirring words used by the Committee of the day in 
 reporting upon the matter. " Torn from their families, 
 separated from their associates, months rolled over them 
 in the gloom of a prison. Their brethren were alive to 
 their sufferings ; they felt, they commiserated; and what 
 comfort they could afford was cheerfully given, and as 
 gratefully received. This unfortunate circumstance is 
 still in your memories ; cherish it ; and when sinking in 
 the vale of years, may the sufferers be enlivened 
 by the smiles of their younger brethren, and ever be 
 remembered when parted from us ! . . . The glow of 
 sympathy shall rouse us to despise their persecutor, and 
 encourage us in maintaining the cause for which they 
 suffered." 
 
 After chronicling the fact that about the year 1813 
 morning papers of twenty columns became almost 
 general, and that the increase in size "had not rendered 
 the use of small type less necessary than when they 
 consisted of but sixteen columns," the Report proceeds 
 to state that at the commencement of the vear 181 6 
 " the trade was thrown into confusion by the intro- 
 duction of nonpareil, a type not recognised in former 
 agreements respecting the price for newspaper work. 
 The companionship were required to compose it at 
 minion price and quantity — they refused, and in conse- 
 quence left their situations; but others, in direct oppo- 
 sition to the interests of the profession, submitted to the 
 demand. Ignorance could not be pleaded by them, for 
 your Committee are well aware that few men can be 
 found incapable of casting up the galley on a newspaper,
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 15 
 
 or be unacquainted with the difference in price of non- 
 pareil and other types used in book-houses. The bad 
 example set by these men, with the desire of gain, may 
 have induced others to follow their steps ; but they 
 cannot, unless you lose your unanimity, sap the foun- 
 dations of your rights. It is therefore incumbent upon 
 your Committee to protest against any men taking upon 
 themselves the right of deviating from your regulations, 
 or of settling either the price or quantity of the galley 
 of smaller type than minion, without a general under- 
 standing with their brethren of the profession. It 
 has caused both trouble and expense, and been the 
 means of removing good men to gratify the meanness or 
 greediness of those who have in the end been neces- 
 sitated to throw themselves upon the mercy of their 
 fellow- workmen, for permission to gain a subsistence 
 among those they had, by their previous conduct, depri- 
 ved of bread." The negotiations resulted in the 
 recognition of the proportionate value prevailing in 
 book-houses — id. per thousand extra. 
 
 Towards the close of the same year a misunderstand- 
 ing arose in consequence of a morning and evening paper 
 being produced in the same office. On the 3rd of January, 
 18 1 7, the dispute was considered at a delegated meeting 
 of news compositors, held at the "Coach and Horses," 
 Water Lane, Fleet Street, when it was resolved " that 
 there are but three classes of workmen on morning papers 
 that can be acknowledged by the profession — full hands, 
 £2 8s. per week ; supernumeraries, £1 3s. per week ; 
 and assistants, at 11 Id. per hour; that we consider the 
 situation of iinishers on a morning paper 1 where no
 
 1 6 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 person is employed to do the preceding part of the 
 work) as an innovation that would tend to disorganise 
 the system hitherto acted upon ; that under this con- 
 sideration we recommend to our fellow-workmen to 
 refuse any such situation should it be offered them ; and 
 that with respect to the journal under consideration 
 (having no precedent to act upon, and there not being 
 a regular companionship), we recommend to the persons 
 employed thereon to regulate the trifling difference 
 between them and their employer as amicably as possible, 
 keeping in view that the interests of the profession are 
 not invaded thereby." 
 
 The term "finishers" will be better understood when 
 it is stated that in the following year a dispute arose on 
 another journal, by a demand being made for eleven 
 hours' work (time and quantity) — or two measured 
 galleys and a finish, sometimes extending to three hours. 
 This mode of working was declared inadmissible by the 
 trade, and successfully resisted "by the sacrifice of 
 situation only of those that refused their acquiescence." 
 
 No other question of general interest appears to have 
 arisen until May, 1820, when the Committee were called 
 upon to consider the result of the dispute which occurred 
 four years previously. They report as follows : " After 
 the introduction of nonpareil on the journal mentioned 
 in the year 181 6, the trade were ignorant of the men 
 and their modes of work ; you had no interest in the 
 inquiry, for they never could be respected who had 
 deserted your standard, nor pitied when labouring under 
 difficulties they had brought upon themselves. From an 
 accidental occurrence, not necessary here to repeat, a
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 17 
 
 request was made that a statement of the situation of 
 that journal might he laid before you. Policy dictated 
 the propriety of receiving it — if those employed acted 
 up to the spirit of your laws, you would have nothing to 
 condemn ; but if, on the contrary, they had violated 
 your system, you would have the opportunity of declar- 
 ing against it, and of preventing the evil example from 
 spreading further. Custom, it is said, will in time 
 become law ; so would your silence have permitted the 
 unprincipled to gratify themselves by the sacrifice of 
 your rights and interests, and to undermine your whole 
 system before you were aware of the danger." 
 
 From the statement presented by the non-societv 
 men- -who presumably were dissatisfied with the con- 
 ditions under which they were working — it was ascertained 
 that two modes of employment prevailed in this particular 
 office, both in direct opposition to the rules and prices 
 agreed upon in 18 10. On account of the quantity of 
 advertisements, two companionships had been formed, 
 one for the outer and another for the inner form — i.e., a 
 'ship to produce the news matter, and necessarily 
 employed at night ; the advertisements being set in the 
 daytime, by a distinct 'ship. The latter had accepted an 
 evening paper price per galley for nonpareil, minion 
 quantity ; the night hands being employed in agreement 
 with the custom and terms recognised by the trade. 
 " It is unnecessary," the Committee state, " to comment 
 upon the introduction of two companionships on a daily 
 paper, much less to point out the absurdity of consenting 
 to receive an evening paper price on a morning journal, 
 upon the plea of its being performed by daylight ; by 
 
 B
 
 1 8 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 the same parity of reasoning, the morning paper price 
 might be demanded for an evening journal because, for a 
 great part of the year, a portion of the work is done by 
 candlelight." The steps (if any) taken by the non- 
 society men to induce the employer to fully recognise 
 the scale and custom of the trade are not stated ; but 
 shortly afterwards an alteration in the inner form system 
 was proposed — viz., two galleys and remaining until the 
 paper went to press — which was refused by the men, 
 with the result that " seven out of twelve deserted this 
 'flag of blackest hue.' " 
 
 In view of the consequences that might probably fol- 
 low the circumstances just recorded, a committee (from 
 whose exhaustive report the preceding facts have been 
 gathered) was appointed to draw up and circulate, for 
 the information of the trade, a statement of the regular 
 mode of working on newspapers — " to guide the ignorant, 
 to guard the unwary." To assist this committee, "and 
 to maintain that harmony which should ever subsist 
 between two branches in one profession," a request was 
 submitted to a delegated meeting of bookmen for " the 
 appointment of a gentleman from their body to assist 
 them in the task assigned, which was most cheerfully 
 met and cordially assented to." 
 
 Shortly after their appointment, their labours were 
 added to through " the proprietor of an obscure evening 
 journal, out of which a Sunday paper is formed, making 
 a demand on the employed to complete the weekly 
 journal, not merely with a reduction of wages, but 
 absolutely for nothing ! — as a kind of make-weight for 
 the salary they received upon the other." This the
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 19 
 
 companionship refused to do, with the result that they 
 were discharged, "their places being filled by some 
 distinguished characters, now out of the pale, but whose 
 memories will be cherished." 
 
 After enumerating the variations which had taken 
 place in the methods of working, together with the 
 advantages gained by the workmen, during the fifty 
 years embraced in their report, " in which is included 
 fifteen years prior to the date of the first document," 
 reference is made to the effort of the newsmen in 1793 
 to obtain an advance of wages, " which, though 
 sanctioned by the signatures of their brethren in the 
 Book Department, your Committee consider as the first 
 division of the compositors into two branches of one 
 profession." Although an equal advance was sought for 
 all daily paper hands, the rise gained for morning paper 
 work was 1 7th (or 4>s - . 6d.), and for evening paper 
 work 1 13th (or 2s. 6d.), "and your Committee cannot 
 pass over the distinction then made between morning 
 and evening papers without expressing their regret at the 
 circumstance." The resolutions against the employment 
 of apprentices on newspapers were passed the same year, 
 the practice having been to employ them on many 
 journals, especially weekly papers, both classes of work 
 being produced in book-houses; but when in 1793 "daily 
 papers required separate establishments, and were con- 
 ducted by non-professional men, your brethren took the 
 opportunity of objecting to their re-admission on the 
 latter class." Owing to the altered conditions of working, 
 and consequent increase of labour in evening paper 
 offices, during the preceding seven years, in 1800 a
 
 20 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 resolution was passed and (with one exception) generally 
 accepted, " That all composition cease when the day's 
 publication goes to press — all work afterwards to be paid 
 for as extra, or deducted from the first work of the next 
 day's publication." A regulation was also passed govern- 
 ing the quantity of work to be produced by morning 
 paper hands in the twelve hours. After drawing up an 
 " Abstract of the Scale, with the Laws and necessary 
 Regulations attached," the Committee conclude by 
 stating : " You require nothing of the employers — they 
 demand nothing from you ; and shall it be said that your 
 privileges must be forfeited by your own negligence, be 
 scattered into air by the unprincipled, or sacrificed to the 
 interest of a designing few ? Forbid it, spirit ! while the 
 recollection of the struggles of our predecessors lives 
 amongst us !" It is worthy of note that the subscribers' 
 (or members') names attached to this official statement 
 (July, 1820) numbered but 193. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that although the first Trade 
 Society (which was formed in 181 o) comprised but about 
 one-third of the compositors then employed in London, 
 the members were animated by the truest and strongest 
 spirit of unionism, and faced the various struggles with 
 every desire to consider the reasonable objections that 
 might be raised by the employers, but determined at the 
 same time to leave no stone unturned in order that the 
 status of their fellow-workmen might be improved. The 
 Scales formulated by them (both for book and newsmen) 
 not only proved to be the foundation of all succeeding 
 Scales, but became for a series of years the only acknow- 
 ledged regulations governing the trade, and although, in
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 21 
 
 the natural course of time and events, the rates improved 
 from time to time, the general principles upon which they 
 were based remain to this day practically unchanged. 
 
 Prior to the formation of the Trade Society, com- 
 positors had no other remedy for their wants and 
 grievances than by forwarding to their employers signed 
 documents — the result being that in course of time each 
 office had its own particular method of charging, 
 rendering it difficult, if not impossible, to determine 
 which of the various practices was right, and conse- 
 quently advantageous to the interests of the trade as 
 a whole. But within four years of the starting of the 
 Society — in 1805 — the members succeeded in obtaining 
 the co-operation of the employers in the formation of 
 an Arbitration Committee, eight representatives being 
 appointed by each side "to frame regulations for the 
 future payment of the compositors' work." From the 
 labours of this Committee a Scale resulted — comprising 
 twenty-seven articles — which, after being slightly altered 
 in 18 10, formed the basis of charges until the year 1847. 
 
 After being mainly instrumental in producing so 
 valuable and comprehensive a Scale, the Trade Society 
 appears to have crumbled to pieces, with the result that 
 six years later the employers were successful in enforcing 
 a reduction of i ! (/. per thousand upon reprints. The 
 Report upon the Scale presented in 1847 states that 
 "this reduction is remarkable lor two things — 1. That 
 sixteen years prior, the employers absolutely refused to 
 accede to a proposition put before them by the men. 
 asking for an increase upon manuscript, and at the 
 same time a distinction to be made between manuscript
 
 22 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 and reprint in the price per thousand ; 2. That the 
 document which enforced this alteration of what was 
 called in 1800 'an unjustifiable departure from the 
 established and long-approved principles by which works 
 have been appreciated,' was signed by twenty masters 
 only, the men not being consulted, nor their remon- 
 strances heeded when they sought for a definition of 
 the ambiguous term ' reprint.' ' This action of the 
 employers was followed by a strike, which, however, 
 proved abortive to resist the threatened reduction ; and 
 from that period until 1847 the Scale remained unaltered. 
 
 On the 1st of May, 1826, was formed The London 
 General Trade Society of Compositors. With other 
 and probably to some extent rival societies dividing the 
 trade, it was naturally but a question of time when 
 circumstances would arise rendering united action not 
 only desirable, but absolutely necessary. Expression 
 appears to have been given to this feeling in an Address 
 issued by the Committee on May 1st, 1833, which will 
 be read with interest, despite the fact that sixty-five 
 years have elapsed since the appeal was addressed to 
 the Compositors of London : 
 
 "ADDRESS. 
 
 "In the year 1826, several active and intelligent individuals, 
 convinced of the inefficiency of the then existing institution to 
 protect the rights of the trade, and anxious to secure the wages of 
 the journeyman from any such unjust reduction as had been made 
 upon reprints, deliberated on the practicability of forming a society 
 which, by being suited to the views and conditions of all, might 
 be worthy of general support, and combine at once the energies and 
 the talents of the trade. After having maturely considered the sub- 
 ject, they called a general meeting of the trade, to which they 
 submitted the plan the)- had prepared for the establishment of a
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 23 
 
 society, to be called The London General Trade Society, which, 
 after discussion, received the sanction of the meeting, consisting 
 of about fifteen hundred persons. A few interested and influential, 
 but short-sighted, individuals were, however, opposed to the inci- 
 sure thus generally sanctioned, and the infant society had to 
 struggle with difficulties which could not perhaps have been ovi 
 come, had it not been founded upon the purest principles of 
 liberality and justice ; but the structure being thus based, as it 
 were, upon a rock, withstood the united assaults of falsehood, fraud, 
 and violence ; and from that day until the present it has been 
 continually making advances, converting enemies into friends, and 
 accumulating resources, until at length, having put to silence, by its 
 liberality and rectitude, the tongues of the malicious and malignant, 
 it now stands forth as a Trade Society pre-eminent for its excel- 
 lence and usefulness. 
 
 " To those who are ignorant of the proceedings of the London 
 General Trade Society from its establishment in 1826 to the pre- 
 sent period (1833), it is considered advisable to state that, since 
 its commencement, not one member has quitted it on account of 
 its mismanagement, its tardiness, inefficiency, or illiberality — its 
 numbers have always been increasing--its receipts have been 
 augmenting every year, and never has it been found necessary to 
 withdraw its money from the public funds, although it has always 
 paid its full proportion of all trade expenses, and has invariably 
 been the foremost to reward those who have been injured in their 
 attempts to maintain the rights of the trade. 
 
 "The proceedings of the Society are openly conducted — no 
 secret and partial investigations- no party decisions have ever 
 stained its records — no wasteful expenditure or embezzlement of its 
 receipts can ever take place — its accounts are publicly audited every 
 quarter — its acts, its funds, its laws, are under the control of its mem- 
 bers, who can at all times investigate or take part in the direction 
 of its affairs. Its constitution is at once so simple and vigorous, 
 yet so admirably framed to meet every circumstance that may 
 arise, that it is enabled to afford the best advice in all cases of 
 dispute with employers ; it gives the most prompt assistance to all 
 who need it — no tedious delays, no useless formalities fetter it> 
 proceedings, but it grants to its members immediate pecuniary 
 aid and legal assistance, whenever such support and advice are 
 required. 
 
 "Since, then, it must be admitted by all, that those who live by 
 their labour ought to unite to secure to themselves the just waj
 
 24 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 of labour, and since experience has shown that the disposition of 
 masters in general is to grant the lowest possible remuneration for 
 labour : and knowing, also, that without union amongst men, it is 
 always in the power of employers to deprive their workmen of even 
 a proper share of the common necessaries of life — it is a duty which 
 every man owes to himself and to his family, to take such steps as 
 shall secure to him the proper reward of his industry. This just 
 reward, however, cannot be obtained by individual exertion — it is 
 union alone that can effect it. The only security to the workman 
 from injustice, oppression, and pauperism, is a well-conducted Trade 
 Society ; and as seven years' experience has proved that for prompti- 
 tude of action, liberality of character, and stability of government, 
 the London General Trade Society stands proudly pre-eminent, the 
 Compositors of London are earnestly invited to come forward and 
 give to that society the support to which it is strictly entitled, and 
 which it has always received from those who have investigated its 
 merits. 
 
 " The present, as well as the prospective, interests of the trade 
 require union. No effective and permanent remedy can be found 
 for the existing inequality of prices, the chicaneries of petty masters, 
 the numerous wilful misinterpretations of the Scale, the evils of the 
 present out-door apprentice system, turnovers, etc., until all the 
 Compositors of London have become members of a Trade Society ; 
 and as the London General Trade Society is peculiarly calculated 
 to be the instrument which shall remove these long-endured 
 grievances, it becomes the imperative duty of all to strengthen 
 the number of that society, and thus hasten the period of their 
 removal ; and in urging the Compositors of London to take this 
 step, it is only considered necessary, in conclusion, to remark that 
 the efficiency of the London General Trade Society is not weakened 
 by a variety of objects and a diversity of interests — it is truly a 
 Trade Society, since it has but one object in view — namely, the 
 protection of the wages of labour ; and those who desire to reap 
 the just reward of their industry, to correct the evils arising from 
 the illiberality and avarice of selfish employers, and secure for them- 
 selves a never-failing shelter from powerful and wealthy disputants, 
 should, without further delay, enrol their names on the list of its 
 members." 
 
 Members were admitted by ballot, after being duly 
 proposed and seconded, on the first Monday in the month, 
 the Committee and the members present exercising the
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 25 
 
 power of admission or rejection. The entrance fee was 
 is. 6d., with a subscription of one penny per week, and 
 j\(L per quarter towards defraying expenses of manage- 
 ment. Strike payments ranged from 2s. (after two 
 years' membership) to $s. (after five years' membership) 
 per week. The Society's business was conducted by a 
 Committee of eight, who met every Monday night, from 
 8.30 to 10.30, receiving 2s. for refreshments; and on 
 monthly, quarterly and special meeting nights, y. 
 
 The rules of this Society (as amended and unanimously 
 sanctioned on the 31st of Ma}-, 1832) also provided for 
 the payment of " its moiety of necessary expenses " in 
 furtherance of the objects of the Union Committee, 
 whose assistance it could claim " in all cases of difficulty 
 or peculiarity." Any member or Chapel feeling dis- 
 satisfied with the decision of their own Committee, had 
 the right to refer the matter in dispute to the Union 
 Committee, " whose decision is to be considered the 
 Act of this Society, and binding on the parties." 
 
 This Committee (which was termed " The Union 
 Committee of the London Trade Societies of Com- 
 positors " ) had been appointed in agreement with 
 resolutions passed at a General Meeting of the London 
 Trade Societies of Compositors, and consisted of twelve 
 members (six from each society), to whom all important 
 trade questions were to be referred, their decision to be 
 binding upon newspaper as well as book offices. They 
 were empowered to call in the advice of the officers of 
 the respective societies, or of such other persons as they 
 deemed necessary, the expense of their fortnightly meet- 
 ings, etc., being defrayed out of the funds of each society.
 
 26 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 They were prevented by rule from assuming any legisla- 
 tive authority, " being a Committee of final appeal and 
 consultation, and not an executive body." The Union 
 Committee were not permitted " to print or to deliver 
 summonses, or to make profit in any way whatever, 
 directly or indirectly, of any order or business they may 
 find necessary to have done, thereby keeping them- 
 selves above suspicion and setting an example by the 
 rectitude of their motives and transactions." 
 
 The importance of the task entrusted to the Union 
 Committee will be gathered from the following instruc- 
 tion embodied in the resolutions passed at the meeting 
 which brought the Committee into existence : " That 
 as soon after their assembling as convenient, the Union 
 Committee shall take into its most serious consideration 
 the Compositors' Scale, in order that some plan may be 
 adopted for more clearly elucidating those parts of it 
 which, on account of their present ambiguity, often 
 create misunderstanding between journeymen and their 
 employers." In order that this important work might 
 be done, they were further empowered by resolution " to 
 provide a book for the alphabetical entry of the various 
 customs and regulations of the trade, that they may no 
 longer be deemed as matters of opinion ; but will thus, 
 by degrees, become settled laws of the composing branch 
 of the business, the ignorance of which not only cause 
 men to disagree with each other, but too frequently give 
 opportunities to many selfish employers or other 
 interested persons to introduce into printing offices 
 customs and regulations at variance with the more estab- 
 lished rules of the business. This book, appended to an
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. i~ 
 
 elucidation of the Scale, would, in two or three years, 
 become the text-book of the trade, and would often li- 
 as gladly referred to as an authority by the masters as by 
 the men." 
 
 In the Report of the Journeymen Members of the 
 Conference of Master Printers and Compositors, held in 
 1847, reference is made to the results of the Union 
 Committee's labours, as follows: "In 1834, under the 
 auspices of the late London Union, a commentary was 
 appended to the Scale, which for information and clear 
 reading could not be too highly prized. Subsequently 
 an appendix was added, exceedingly useful to the 
 compositor. But the ' Green Book,' as this Scale is 
 commonly termed, had one defect — it was the com- 
 positors', not the masters' and compositors' book. 
 Master printers would not acknowledge it because 
 journeymen made it ; and thus, while it has been a 
 valuable guide to the compositor, it has been of no 
 service to him as an accepted authority by his employer. 
 Numberless disputes have originated upon the wording 
 of the Scale itself; but those which have produced 
 the most serious consequences concerned not so much 
 charges that were in the Scale as those that were 
 left out of it." 
 
 One of the most important of these " omissions " 
 had reference to the question of periodical publications 
 (other than monthlies or quarterlies), and the difficulty 
 of defining whether such work should be done under the 
 newspaper scale, or under the scale governing book 
 work. This important matter occupied the attention of 
 a special delegate meeting of the trade, held at the
 
 28 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 " Red Lion," Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, on 
 October 9th, 1832, when the Union Committee pre- 
 sented a report embodying six propositions, having as 
 their object " to devise the best mode of checking the 
 existing evils, and securing the rights of the compositor 
 from infringement." At this meeting there were present 
 138 delegates from book houses, and representatives 
 from two newspaper offices (the " Herald" and "True 
 Sun"). The report stated that about fifty of these 
 periodicals were being produced weekly, or at shorter 
 periods, employing about 200 hands, the success at- 
 tending "The Poor Man's Guardian " and " The Penny 
 Magazine" having produced many rivals and imitators. 
 Prior to the matter being referred to the Union Com- 
 mittee, the dissatisfaction and differences of opinion felt 
 by the compositors had caused one of the societies to 
 appoint a Committee of Inquiry, who found " that such 
 a general departure from the usages of the trade had 
 taken place upon several of the penny publications, and 
 even annuals, as is truly alarming to us as a society, and 
 to the profession at large." 
 
 By the time the Union Committee's report had been 
 read, the room had become so overcrowded that an 
 adjournment took place until the 16th of October, when 
 the delegates assembled at the " Hope" Tavern, Black- 
 moor Street, Clare Market, when the report was again 
 read, and after three of the propositions had been 
 discussed, another adjournment took place until the 
 23rd October, at the same place, when an agreement 
 was arrived at upon lour of the six propositions, the 
 resolutions defining that ( 1) publications or parts thereof,
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 29 
 
 when pulled in galley, should be made up at the expense 
 of the employer ; (2) publications containing two bodies 
 (not being notes) to be cast up to the respective founts 
 and charged the 2s. 6d. allowed by Article VII. of the 
 Scale; (3) all publications which appear weekly, or at 
 shorter periods, whether stamped or unstamped, which 
 contain general news, such as parliamentary reports, 
 reports of police or law courts, foreign or provincial 
 intelligence, reports of daily occurrences, or notices of 
 bankrupts, to be paid according to the existing Scale 
 for Newspapers; but all those which contain only 
 reviews of books, notices of dramatic or musical per- 
 formances, articles on the fine arts, accounts of the 
 meetings and proceedings of religious, literary, or 
 scientific societies, and advertisements, to be paid the 
 same as monthly or quarterly publications ; (4) that no 
 companionship allow its work to be made up by an 
 individual on the establishment, or in any other way 
 effect a compromise with the employer, contrary to the 
 usage of the trade." 
 
 An important Delegate Meeting was held at the 
 same house on the 12th December, 1835, when 185 
 representatives were present from book houses em- 
 ploying 1,200 journeymen, and delegates from seven 
 daily paper offices. At this meeting a letter was read 
 from the " Courier " office, stating that " the companion- 
 ship informed the Secretaries of the Trade Societie> that 
 they must decline to send delegates to the meeting of 
 this evening, in consequence of the vagueness ol the 
 notice which they have received, and the irregular 
 manner in which it reached them ; conceiving, as they
 
 30 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 do, that the notice should have been communicated to 
 the Secretary of the News Committee, and through him 
 to the different chapels. The 'Courier' companionship 
 beg, however, to state that, should the object of the 
 meeting be one which will tend to the general benefit of 
 the business, they will be very ready to co-operate in its 
 accomplishment. The ' Courier ' companionship deem 
 it necessary to make this communication, to prevent any 
 supposition of intentional negligence." 
 
 The report of the Union Committee, after remarking 
 that since the trade was called together in October, 
 1832, "they have had several causes for convening an 
 Assembly of Delegates, but, fearful that the continued 
 meetings of the trade would excite attention, and be 
 the means of calling into action persons whose interests 
 are in some respects opposed to those of the compositors 
 of London," goes on to say that " they have deferred 
 the meeting until the present period, when honesty, 
 justice, and the preservation of a good understanding 
 amongst compositors demand that it should be deferred 
 no longer." After submitting their first financial state- 
 ment, which stated that they had received £6 4s. <\d. 
 from the Trade Society, and £9 3s nd. from the 
 General Trade Society, explanations were given respecting 
 certain disputes which had arisen — notably, the claim of 
 the companionship of the " Penny Magazine " to the 
 whole of the cuts appearing in the completed volume — 
 and the inability of the Union Committee to adequately 
 support or compensate members of the Trade Societies 
 who had sacrificed or lost their situations through carry- 
 ing out the decisions of the Union Committee.
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. \\ 
 
 The engagement of casual hands at 6d. per hour 
 ( which it was declared was contrary to the custom of 
 the business), and the charge to be made for work set up 
 in more than one measure, were also reviewed ; also the 
 question whether compositors receiving stated weekly 
 wages " are bound to light up candles before the usual 
 time, without receiving extra paw" Another subject 
 into which the Committee had inquired was " How the 
 present rate of establishment wages became fixed at 
 3$s.," and it was ascertained "that previously to the 
 reduction of the reprints in 1816, the lowest recognised 
 price for establishment men was 366". (for ten hours per 
 day ) ; but at that period a reduction of 3s. per week was 
 also effected in the establishment wages, which reduction 
 was considered to be somewhere about the loss that 
 would be sustained by individuals working on the piece 
 upon reprints." 
 
 The portion of the report, however, which the Com- 
 mittee considered to be of "infinitely greater importance " 
 than the subjects already mentioned, and one upon 
 which " the just regulation and prosperity of the business 
 must in future mainly depend," contained an invitation 
 to the delegates " to the consideration of some plan for 
 establishing a Union of the Compositors of London, by 
 which the better defence of their interests, and the 
 general improvement of the business may be secured." 
 For nearly twenty years, it was stated, Trade Societies 
 had been established, and " yet not more than one-third 
 of the trade had ever contributed to their support ; " and 
 it was under these circumstances, and after duly reco 
 nising the good work done by the existing societies, that
 
 32 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 the Union Committee had taken upon themselves the 
 responsibility of submitting the proposition " That a 
 portion of the delegates of the present meeting be ap- 
 pointed to confer with the Union Committee and the 
 officers of the Trade Societies, in order that a plan may 
 be arranged for uniting the existing societies, and en- 
 rolling the whole trade, in one society, under one head." 
 The proposal (as also one imposing a levy of is. 6d.) 
 met with the heartiest approval of the delegates, there 
 being but one dissentient, and twelve members were 
 appointed by the meeting to act with the Union Com- 
 mittee and the trade officials. 
 
 On the 4th and nth of March, 1834, meetings were 
 held in the theatre of the Mechanics' Institution, to 
 receive a " Report from the General Trade Committee 
 to the Compositors of London." Letters were read from 
 both societies expressing the approval of their members 
 (by resolutions passed at specially convened meetings) 
 at the proposed plan of union, and pledging themselves, 
 individually and collectively, to use their utmost exertions 
 and influence to promote the object in view. A double 
 delegated meeting of the daily paper men had also been 
 held, who resolved " that if the members of the Union 
 will so far modify their rules as to allow a full jurisdiction 
 to the News Society in matters affecting their own body 
 alone, and not interfering with the trade at large, they 
 (the News Society) will, at the earliest opportunity, con- 
 sider their proposal with every view to meet the interests 
 of the trade at large." In agreement with this suggestion, 
 the Committee proposed " that on the last Saturday in 
 each month the Trade Council shall assemble for the
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society, 
 
 purpose of considering all questions affecting newspapers ; 
 
 on which occasions a delegate shall attend from each ol 
 the daily newspaper offices, and form a part of the Council 
 for that evening; and that for the purpose of aiding in 
 the registration of the decisions on these evenings, a 
 person employed on one of the daily papers shall he 
 appointed to the office of assistant registrar." This sug- 
 gestion, however, was not favourably considered, which 
 led the Union Committee to declare that the newsmen 
 had no right to a separate jurisdiction, on the ground that 
 they held their situations " by the tenure of a fortnight's 
 warning," and that as " bookmen may become newsmen 
 in a few days," the latter had no right to legislate for the 
 former, "where wages would depend upon their decision, 
 without the bookmen having a voice in such decision.'' 
 
 The Committee further contended that the wages 
 of newsmen did not depend upon a union amongst 
 themselves, but upon the aid and co-operation of the 
 bookmen ; urging that they never obtained a rise until 
 after the bookmen had gained it ; that when apprentices 
 were ejected from daily paper offices " the resolutions 
 on the subject were sent round the book trade for the 
 sanction, concurrence, or disapproval of the bookmen, 
 without whose assistance they could not have ejected 
 them ;" and that without the aid of the bookmen " they 
 never would or could have obtained the final adjustment 
 of their prices, for, in order to carry this, it was necessary 
 for the members of the book trade to come to a resolu- 
 tion that no bookman should apply for a situation on 
 a newspaper during the dispute," thus proving that the 
 object was gained, not by the union of the newsmen 
 alone, but by the union of the news and bookmen.
 
 34 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 The outcome of these meetings was the adoption of 
 eighteen Articles on the Rules and Regulations for a 
 General Union of the Compositors, to be called " The 
 London Union of Compositors," having for its object the 
 protection and regulation of the wages of labour, agree- 
 ably to the Scale and acknowledged practices of the 
 trade. The subscription was 4c/. per month, the affairs 
 of the Society being conducted by a Trade Council of 
 twenty-four members, " who have worked as journey- 
 men upwards of seven years in London," and who met 
 every Tuesday evening at the " Red Lion," Red Lion 
 Court, from 8.0 till 10.30, "the expenses of their refresh- 
 ments not to exceed 6d. for each member present." 
 On the first Tuesday evening in each month, the Council 
 Meeting was open to every member of the Union, when 
 the Minutes of the Proceedings of the Council during 
 the preceding month were read. 
 
 The first Quarterly Meeting was held on the 1st of 
 July ; the report stating that "nearly 1,300 joined the 
 Union on the first night of enrolment, 200 upon the 
 second night," the then membership standing at 1,580. 
 The Balance Sheet showed that ^198 176'. %\d. had been 
 received during the quarter (including a gift of ^"55 from 
 the General Trade Society) ; the expenditure amounting 
 to £()j [ 19s. j\d., leaving the sum of ^103 18s. id. in 
 hand. From this period many important questions 
 appear to have been referred to and dealt with by the 
 Trade Council, including the charges for Appeal Cases 
 (which resulted in the closing of Spottiswoode's), column 
 matter in grammar and spelling books, running heads of 
 a work when set in smaller type than the body of the
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Sot iety. 
 
 j:> 
 
 work, the cast-up of the daily paper galley, and the 
 right of the compositor to the wrapper of a work ; also 
 the apprentice and turnover system. 
 
 Among other matters dealt with was the question oi 
 relief to country compositors upon entering London, the 
 Council deciding in 1834 that, as it had been announced 
 that relief to London cards would be suspended unless 
 corresponding relief was afforded to country cards, they 
 had it in contemplation " to propose a plan by which 
 immediate relief may be afforded to country compositors 
 upon arrival in London." 
 
 Two resolutions were passed at the Second Delegate 
 Meeting held in October of 1834, which are worthy of 
 notice — the first declaring that a certain companionship 
 was to insist upon charging the wrapper, without refer- 
 ring it to arbitration ; and that, " in the event of the 
 wrapper charge not being paid, the men on that work to 
 leave, but that no other companionship be under the 
 necessity of leaving the said house ; and that the Trade 
 Council use their best endeavours to prevent any person 
 from applying for work at that house, till the wrapper in 
 dispute be paid ; " also " that 25J. per week be allowed 
 to persons while out of employment, who have left their 
 situations on disputed questions." It was further agreed 
 that a levy of is. 6d be made " to meet the present 
 claims on the Union." 
 
 At the first Annual Meeting, held on February 2nd, 
 1835, it was reported that in addition to the sum of 
 ^245 8s. id. paid to members engaged in disputes, " the 
 trade have voluntarily come forward to assist the Opera- 
 tive Builders in the struggle against their employers, 

 
 o 
 
 6 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 and the sum of £6$ ios., after deducting incidental 
 expenses, was paid to them at a time when they 
 stood much in need of every assistance that could be 
 rendered." An effort was also made at this meeting to 
 bring the newsmen into the Union, the members being 
 invited to alter the rule governing the Saturday evening 
 meeting to deal with news questions, whereby the 
 number attending from the Council should be limited to 
 the same number as the delegates from daily papers— 
 " it having been intimated to the officers of the Union by 
 members of the news trade that the fear of the number 
 of the Council alone deterred the newsmen from joining 
 the Union." Although the alteration of rule was 
 approved, the object aimed at was not attained. 
 
 In the same year, the Trade Council appointed a 
 Committee to inquire into "the present mode of working 
 on 'The Times' and other newspapers," their Report — 
 a most exhaustive one — with " Regulations for Casual 
 Employment and Establishment Hours," being presented 
 to and adopted by special general meetings held on the 
 15th and 23rd of September, 1835. At the second meet- 
 ing a "Memorial of the Compositors of London to the 
 Printer of 'The Times' Newspaper" was unanimously 
 agreed to. An enquiry was also set on foot with the 
 view of ascertaining "the number and nature of bastard 
 founts in use in the business.'' 
 
 At the Tenth Quarterly Meeting the delegates had 
 under consideration two most important matters — the 
 first, a report dealing with the total failure of the efforts 
 of the delegates appointed at the previous meeting " to 
 effect an adjustment of the differences between the
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 37 
 
 Union and the members of the news trade ; " also that 
 of a Committee appointed by the News Council to 
 " inquire into the mode of doing work by full hands on 
 Weekly Papers." At the Annual Meeting a report was 
 submitted from the two delegates appointed to represent 
 the Union at a meeting of the Northern Union of the 
 Typographical Association, held at Manchester ; as well 
 as a statement congratulating the trade upon the 
 establishment of a relief fund for tramps. 
 
 In meeting the members at the Annual Meeting in 
 1837, a lengthy reference is made in the Council's report 
 to the result of the Manchester meeting, notifying that 
 societies had been established or re-organised in Ireland 
 and Scotland, also in many towns in England (Brighton, 
 Bristol, Oxford, and Cambridge); and that the Northern 
 Union had been divided into four districts. Considerable 
 reference is also made to the re-establishment, during the 
 year, of the Association of Master Printers, " the Council 
 knowing not whether the}' should call upon the trade 
 to lament or to rejoice at this circumstance, since they 
 are not aware whether the intentions of the Association 
 be good or evil as regards the interests of those who 
 work for them." At this meeting the Council proposed 
 the establishment of a death payment of £20, to which 
 an amendment was moved that £\o should be the sum 
 the members voting being : For £20, 1 80 ; for £ 10, 140; 
 against any allowance, 168. As the proposition was not 
 supported by three-fourths of those present, the matter 
 fell through. 
 
 At the fourth Annual Meeting of the Union, held in 
 March, 1838, the report deals with the Parliamentary
 
 -1 
 
 S London Society of Compositors. 
 
 inquiry which had commenced into the constitution and 
 methods of all Trade Unions (three members of the 
 Council being appointed to give evidence before the 
 Committee of Inquiry) ; whilst the Balance Sheet shows 
 that loans of ^50 each had been granted to the Curriers 
 and to the Associated Typefounders' Society, and grants 
 of .£200 made to the Glasgow Compositors. The 
 Council recommended (through a sub-committee) that 
 its future meetings should be transferred from a public 
 to a private house, urging that the fact of the Trade 
 Council transacting its business in a public house 
 "tends to undervalue their decisions in the opinions 
 of those in whom we are most interested. ' Pot- 
 house ' decisions, it is well known, have been derided 
 when they could not be impugned. The simple 
 fact of our removal to a private building would be of 
 more value as evidence of our moderation, our good 
 sense, and our love of justice, than the most laboured 
 disquisition could possibly effect. The meetings of 
 delegates at present, in a crowded and ill-ventilated 
 apartment, is a positive corporeal punishment, and any 
 change must be acceptable to the gentlemen appointed 
 to that office ; besides, that the liquors drank during the 
 discussion, and the noise created by publicans' servants, 
 joined to the jingle of pots and glasses, must be alike 
 injurious to the proper discharge of the duties with which 
 they are entrusted, as they are known to be repugnant 
 to the tastes of a large number of our members. . . 
 The last class to which we would direct your attention is 
 one which demands all your sympathy — that of the un- 
 employed members. At present, to consult the registry, 
 imperfect as it is, everyone must go to a public-house,
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 39 
 
 where, for that slight accommodation, he feels bound to 
 offer remuneration. This subjects him to pecuniary 
 inconvenience ; if he is without money he feels morally 
 degraded in his own mind. To avoid this, he frequently 
 pawns his labour in expectancy, and obtains that which, 
 while it satisfies his sense of honour, renders him unfit 
 for that labour he came to seek ; when at length he does 
 obtain it, the pledge has to be redeemed by abstracting 
 from that which his family should partake, leaving them 
 the victims of want — a living commentary on the 
 erroneous course we have been pursuing." 
 
 The Council recommended that offices should be 
 taken in Bouverie Street (No. 9^), Fleet Street, at a 
 rental of 22 guineas per year ; and that future Delegate 
 Meetings should be held at the Royal British Schools, in 
 Harp Alley, at a hiring fee of 8j-. nightly; the expense of 
 lighting (about 2s. 6d.) being borne by the Society. It 
 was also agreed that, as it would be necessary to have a 
 person in constant attendance during office hours, "in 
 whom considerable trust would be vested," the officers of 
 registrar, assistant-registrar, and office-keeper should be 
 held by one member at a salary of 36J. per week ; " but 
 in the event of a junction of the News Department with 
 this Union, a secretary to that body must be retained, 
 whose salary will then be determined." The office- 
 keeper's duties were to " open and close the rooms, 
 keep lists of men and situations, receive and pay money 
 for petitions," etc. It is interesting to note that in the 
 report read to the members it was stated that "books 
 can be printed in a foreign land and sold in England at a 
 cheaper rate than we can print them." At this meeting
 
 40 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 a former member made personal application to be re- 
 admitted to membership, and a resolution was passed 
 " that the applicant having thrown himself on the mercy 
 of this meeting, he be permitted to join the London 
 Union of Compositors." 
 
 At the Annual Meeting held on July 9th, 1839, 
 considerable reference was made to the newly-formed 
 Masters' Association, which those outside the Union 
 were apparently holding it responsible for bringing into 
 existence. During the } r ear the trade was so greatly 
 depressed that a Relief Committee was appointed 
 to raise subscriptions on behalf of the unemployed, 
 the amount realised being £112, of which £92 was 
 distributed to members holding the previous year's 
 card ; and £20, subscribed by newspaper compositors 
 unconnected with the Union, to those who had not 
 cards, or who were not members of the Union. The 
 report also states that with regard to the News Depart- 
 ment, the Trade Council had made arrangements whereby 
 forty additional members had been added to the Union, 
 " thus giving to us a majority in the News Trade." The 
 collapse of the Parliamentary inquiry into Trade Unions 
 is noted ; as well as the endeavour of the Union to 
 carry into effect its seventh Article, by establishing a 
 Council of Arbitration composed of an equal number of 
 masters and journeymen, "to which all disputes might 
 be referred, and whose decisions should be binding upon 
 both parties," regret being expressed at the refusal of the 
 employers to favourably entertain the proposal. Refer- 
 ence is also made to a circular issued by the employers, 
 some months after their refusal to meet the men in
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. .\\ 
 
 arbitration, questioning the compositors' right to the 
 wrappers and advertising sheets of magazines, reviews; 
 etc. After Delegate and Special General Meetings had 
 considered the question, a Memorial was presented by 
 deputation to the Masters' Association on January nth, 
 1839, and an agreement arrived at. 
 
 At a later period of the year a second Memorial was 
 presented, asking for an increase of \d. per thousand 
 upon magazine work, and dealing with the question of 
 reprints and leaded matter— in all, seven propositions 
 being submitted. The reply of the Masters' Committee 
 being of an unsatisfactory character, it was arranged that 
 a deputation should attend before the masters' repre- 
 sentatives ; but upon presenting themselves at Anderton's 
 Hotel upon the agreed-upon date (June 20th) they were 
 informed that in consequence of a dispute having arisen 
 in an office regarding the charging of a wrapper (a 
 matter dealt with and settled earlier in the year), which 
 the men refused to submit to the decision of the Masters' 
 Committee, the latter declined to receive the deputation, 
 thereby breaking off the negotiations. 
 
 The report of this year is also noticeable as con- 
 taining a suggestion that the time had arrived when 
 the members might well consider the propriety and 
 advisability of providing certain contingent benefits, 
 experience having proved that in course of time purely 
 trade societies "languish and decay." The Balance Sheet 
 showed that £^2 175. 6d. remained in the Treasurer's 
 hands at the close of the year. 
 
 For the following year the report dealt largely with 
 the amounts distributed by the Relief Committee to
 
 4- London Society of Compositors. 
 
 unemployed members, the task proving to be a delicate 
 and disagreeable one, the Committee stating that " to 
 relieve misfortune, and not to punish folly," was the 
 object for which they had been appointed, but that they 
 "would ill perform their duty to the trade did they not 
 state, after exercising the utmost vigilance, several cases 
 were relieved which were not perhaps strictly worthy of 
 the bounty of the trade ; " the Committee concluding 
 their report by urging " that while there will always be 
 many ready to avail themselves of pecuniary relief, it 
 will but seldom be received by those who really need or 
 deserve it," and advising the members to discontinue the 
 practice of raising funds for such a purpose. 
 
 Another subject discussed was that of appointing 
 delegates to attend the meeting of the Northern Union, 
 at which the apprentice question was to be dealt with, 
 a return having been prepared showing that in London 
 there were 534 apprentices employed to 1,343 journey- 
 men, the report stating that, allowing for the offices 
 from which no returns had been received, the number of 
 apprentices "must be nearly 700," and suggesting that 
 an immediate effort should be made to limit the number 
 to one in four. 
 
 In the following year the Annual Meeting did not 
 take place, a Special General Meeting having been held 
 in the month of April, causing the Trade Council to 
 consider it unnecessary " to still further increase the 
 heavy expenses of the year" by convening the annual 
 gathering. Therefore, the meeting assembled in the 
 theatre of the London Mechanics' Institution on April 
 nth, 1842, was called to receive the "Report of the
 
 Events Prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 43 
 
 Trade Council for the years 1N40 and 1 84 1 ." The atten- 
 tion of the members was drawn mainly to the question 
 of finance, three general meetings and nine delegated 
 meetings having been held during the previous year, 
 "there having been no period since the establishment of 
 the Union in which so many disputes and such frequent 
 subjects of litigation had arisen." During the two years 
 the sum of £12$ had been expended in relief to persons 
 visiting London in search of employment, "a sum far 
 exceeding what was anticipated when, at the urgent 
 request of the country societies, a tramp relief fund was 
 established in connection with the London Union." 
 Reference having been made to the increased expense 
 of management consequent upon the renting of private 
 premises for conducting the Society's business, it was 
 decided by the meeting to revert to the former practice 
 of holding the meetings in a public house. It was also 
 stated that only 1,000 members contributed regularly to 
 the Union. 
 
 At the Annual Meeting held in 1843, a report was 
 presented by the delegates attending the meeting of 
 the Northern Union, held in Leeds during the preceding 
 year, in which reference was made to the following pro- 
 position, which had been unanimously agreed upon : 
 "That a General Tramping Reimbursement Fund be 
 established, comprising the societies of the Northern 
 Union and the London Compositors' and Pressmen's 
 Unions, and that the money raised be placed under 
 the control of the Committee of Management of the 
 Northern Union; that the amount of contribution 
 towards such Reimbursement Fund be one penny per
 
 44 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 month from the members of the Northern Union (in 
 addition to the sum of ninepence per month as at pre- 
 sent paid by them for the relief of tramps, into the 
 funds of the societies), and twopence per month from 
 the members of the London Compositors' and Press- 
 men's Unions." The Trade Council advised the 
 adoption of these propositions, but the delegates dis- 
 agreed, although prepared to pay the Northern Union 
 the difference between the amounts paid by their 
 societies to the London men and that paid to their 
 members by the London Union. With the report of 
 the meeting is embodied the " Rules and Regulations 
 for the Government of the Northern Typographical 
 Union, adopted at a Meeting of Delegates held in 
 Leeds on the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th days of June, 1842," 
 which, as stated above, was attended by two delegates 
 from the London Union, and one from the Pressmen's 
 Union, each of whom had been instructed by the 
 delegates of their respective societies to support the 
 establishment of a fund for relieving tramps. 
 
 For some long period prior to the holding of this 
 meeting, a strong disposition had been manifested on 
 the part of the Trade Council to make an effort to 
 establish branches outside London, and in the report 
 issued in 1837, particular attention is drawn to an 
 alteration which had been made in the Rules dealing 
 with " the incorporation of country societies," which 
 read as follows : — " That compositors in country towns 
 desirous of uniting themselves to the London Society of 
 Compositors, may constitute an Association in their 
 respective towns, nominating a Secretary to correspond
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 45 
 
 with the Registrar of the London Union." These local 
 
 associations were to be allowed the power of settling 
 minor disputes with employers, but were not permitted 
 to deal with the question of the rates of wages or the 
 
 hours of labour, or with the closing of any house, 
 without the sanction of the Trade Council of the 
 London Union. The practical outcome of the desire 
 and intention to extend the sphere of the Union's 
 operations is not quite clear ; but there is abundant 
 evidence to prove that during times of dispute men 
 would come from the provinces to London, or vh ■ 
 versd — in the majority of cases unknowingly — to take 
 the places of men who had sacrificed their situations 
 upon principle, the feeling thereby engendered stimu- 
 lating the desire that some closer bond of union should 
 be brought about between the various societies through- 
 out the Kingdom. 
 
 Apparently, in 1844, effect was given to this long- 
 desired understanding, as on the 10th of September of 
 that year a General Meeting of the Compositors of 
 London was convened at the Mechanics' Institution, to 
 receive a " Report of the National Typographical 
 Association." This report claimed that the proposed 
 association was merely an extension, or carrying out, 
 of the principles which, for fourteen years in the North, 
 and for ten years in London, had been acted upon ; 
 the " only really important difference being, in the first 
 place, that instead of, as hitherto, giving partial and 
 casual relief to the unemployed, a permanent allowance 
 of 6,s\ per week will be given ; and, in the second, the 
 establishment of a different system of co-operation — of 
 the merits of which every individual must form his own
 
 4'' London Society of Compositors. 
 
 opinion." After stating that two years' deliberations had 
 been devoted to maturing the plan, which was " founded 
 upon a practical experience of the errors of the present 
 system, and a conviction, occasioned by a defeat after a 
 long and severe struggle, that the present operations of 
 our respective unions are incapable of working any real 
 good, either in retarding the introduction of apprentices 
 or in defending the prices of labour," the report goes on 
 to state that, whatever the decision of that meeting, 
 " things cannot, and will not, remain as they are. The 
 time for a change has arrived, and it is not in the power 
 of the London trade to postpone it. The societies in 
 the North have declared the operations of their Union 
 to be ineffective. . . . and having framed regulations for 
 a new and a different system, to come into operation 
 on January ist next ; unless that change be accompanied 
 by a corresponding alteration here, our unemployed will 
 be prevented from receiving relief while travelling, while 
 it will not prevent persons in the provinces receiving 
 relief while on their way to London." 
 
 After giving a lengthy and exhaustive explanation of 
 the objects of the proposed association, the Trade 
 Council urge as prospective advantages to the London 
 trade that "the number of hands poured into it by strikes 
 and partial interruption of employment in country 
 towns will be diminished, and a more ample and certain 
 provision made for its unemployed members." With 
 reference to the first advantage, the grounds for such 
 belief were that, in the provinces, "half-a-dozen, or even 
 a less number of individuals, have hitherto had the 
 power of closing houses and sending adrift upon the
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 47 
 
 trade whomsoever they pleased. We need not stop to 
 inquire whether the power has been wisely or unwisely 
 exercised; but the power has been used by the Northern 
 Union, and to such an extent that there is scarcely a 
 town within its limits that does not contain two or three- 
 closed houses. In only fourteen towns in the Northern 
 Union there are no less than fifty-three prohibited or 
 unfair offices." 
 
 The result was that the members gave their adhesion 
 to the establishment of the National Typographical 
 Association, which was divided into five districts — the 
 South-Eastern (embodying London), Southwestern, 
 Midland, Western (comprising all Ireland), and the 
 Northern (comprising all Scotland). Each district had a 
 separate Board, consisting of nine members, meeting 
 within the first seven days of each month, and holding 
 office for one year. On the 16th of April, 1845, a 
 meeting was held in the Harp Alley Schoolroom, Harp 
 Alley, Farringdon Street, at which was read " the First 
 Quarterly Report of the Committee of the London 
 Society of Compositors, in connection with the National 
 Typographical Association (South-Eastern District)." 
 The report stated that the number of members joining the 
 London section of the new Society to the 5th of April 
 was 1,751, of whom 657 were clear with the London 
 Union and other societies, 214 were less than twelve 
 months in arrear to the London Union, and 880 had 
 been admitted upon payment of an entry fee of 55. In 
 this statement was included 140 who had entered the 
 News Department of the Society, 125 of whom were 
 clear with the old Society, and fifteen new members. 
 Out of this 140 there were 120 employed upon daily
 
 4S London Society of Compositors. 
 
 newspapers, " which argues much against the usefulness 
 of the Society that still is estranged from us — 'the 
 Society of London Daily Newspaper Compositors.' ' A 
 strong appeal to the newsmen was embodied in the 
 report, " their cause being ours," and urging upon them 
 that " if they would only do their duty, they would at 
 once become a part and parcel of this Society, and make 
 it, as a society of compositors, perfect." The necessity 
 of perseverance and insistence upon the collection and 
 payment of subscriptions was duly pointed out, so that 
 the " system of arrears " might be uprooted — " a system 
 which has lost many a good man to the Society ; " 
 members being advised to cherish the principle that 
 "the man who cannot pay one week can less afford 
 to pay two, and certainly not three or four;" the 
 report concluding by inviting cordial support to the new 
 Association, by the establishment of which " the London 
 trade has assumed a position powerful in its bearing 
 and honourable to themselves." 
 
 At a later period (May 25th) a Special Delegate Meet- 
 ing was held at which the "Bye-laws of the London 
 Society of Compositors" were agreed to, a graduated 
 scale of subscription being adopted — members earning 
 33J. or upwards paying 6d. per week ; 22s. and less than 
 33s., <\d. ; 16s. 6d. and less than 22s., yi. ; us. and less 
 than 1 or. 6d., 2d.; under 115. no subscription being 
 required. With this exception the Rules under which 
 the business of the London Union had hitherto been 
 conducted remained practically unaltered. 
 
 From the first Half-yearly Report of the National 
 Typographical Association (January 1st to June 30th)
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. \<, 
 
 issued in August, 1845, it is gathered that the progress of 
 the Association in the South-Eastern District was re- 
 garded as being " highly satisfactory." Besides London, 
 branches existed in Oxford, Cambridge (both for Com- 
 positors and Pressmen), Aylesbury, and Hertford. The 
 membership was 4,320, of which the South-Eastern 
 District claimed 2,000, the Western (Ireland) District 
 569, the Northern (Scotland) District 800, and the 
 Midland and South- Western Districts 714 and 237 res- 
 pectively. Of the total income of the Association 
 (^"1,637 ijs. 8hd.), the South-Eastern District contributed 
 .£701 2 s - 9d-> the expenditure, however, amounting to 
 ^"485 <\s. 6d., the total expenditure of the Association 
 for the six months amounting to .£713 17s. id. 
 
 Two items of interest were mentioned in the report 
 of the Secretary of the South-Eastern District — First, 
 that the Executive of the Association had been asked : 
 "Will you support the London trade in maintaining the 
 price of 8d. per 1,000 for Appeal Cases, in opposition to 
 the declaration of the masters ? " whose proposal was to 
 pay but jd. per thousand for such work. Secondly, the 
 right of a compositor to recover a fornight's wages in lieu 
 of notice. Circumstances took both questions into a 
 Court of Law, and, although the Chief Baron of the 
 Court of Exchequer gave it as his opinion that the 
 decision of his Court would be of no value to the 
 plaintiffs, since the Court could not compel the masters 
 to pay, nor the journeyman to receive, a certain price 
 for any description of work, yet (the report states) the 
 legal proceedings were attended with some advantage, 
 having secured an " unqualified acknowledgment " of
 
 50 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 the right of the journeymen to a fortnight's notice, and 
 afforded the trade an opportunity of proving, beyond 
 the possibility of dispute, that the practice of the 
 London trade for a series of years in charging Appeal 
 Cases has been 8d. per thousand. 
 
 The report of the South-Eastern District Board for 
 the second half-year (December 25th, 1845) states that 
 unsuccessful efforts had been made to establish branches 
 at Dover, Maidstone and Bedford ; but success had 
 attended similar efforts in Woking, Lewes and Brighton, 
 the total membership (of nine branches) being 2,367, of 
 which London claimed 2,200. At the end of the year 
 the total membership of the Association was 4,971 ; and 
 the income .£3,385 8s. i^d., towards which the South- 
 Eastern District contributed .£1,317 igs. lid. (less an 
 expenditure of £3 1 2 45. jd.) 
 
 During the first half of the year 1846 the Delegate 
 Meeting of the Association was held in London, when 
 several of the Rules were altered and a uniform system 
 of keeping the accounts agreed upon. Of the 2,510 
 members embraced in the South-Eastern District (com- 
 prising ten branches), 2,350 belonged to the London 
 Branch ; the membership of the Association at this 
 period numbering 5,421. 
 
 Reference is made in the Fourth Half- Yearly Report 
 (issued in March, 1847) to the necessity that had arisen 
 for doubling the subscription — mainly in consequence of 
 the number of members unemployed, and the large 
 number of disputes (over ninety) referred to the Execu- 
 tive for adjudication. As a result of the heavy outlay, 
 and in spite of the increased subscription, the funds of
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 51 
 
 the Association had been seriously reduced, and it was 
 decided that the levy should run for a further period of 
 three months. The report of the South-Lastern District 
 Board refers to the " trying character" of the vicissitudes 
 to which this branch of the Association had been ex- 
 posed ; and states that from a sudden and unpre- 
 cedented dearth of employment — especially in London 
 — the "enormous sum of .£1,200" had been expended 
 in unemployed relief — consequent upon a rumour gain- 
 ing currency in the provinces that unusual activity 
 prevailed in the London trade, and that " great sums " 
 were being earned by the compositors. The result was 
 that "journeymen poured in from almost every part 
 of the empire " — in many cases homes being broken 
 up, and the families brought to the Metropolis. The 
 "deep suffering" which ensued would, it was hoped, 
 prove a warning to members, especially as it was one 
 of the objects of the Association "to prevent this use- 
 less and painful migration of labour." Of the district 
 membership of 2,417, 2,200 were in the London 
 Branch ; the total number of members in the Associa- 
 tion at this period being 5,418. The receipts of 
 the five districts for the six months amounted to 
 £1,561 2s. gd. and the expenditure to £2,400 35. o\d., 
 the funds of the Association being reduced from 
 £1,241 6s. Sd. (end of June) to £402 6s. 4^/. (Decem- 
 ber 31st, 1846). 
 
 Both the District and the Executive reports refer to 
 the extreme difficulties, arising from unforeseen and 
 adverse circumstances, which had overtaken the Associa- 
 tion, "which the enemies of our interests have not failed 
 to turn to our disadvantage;" and in a special circular 
 
 D J
 
 52 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 issued by the South-Eastern Board, and signed by the 
 Treasurer (J. Catchpool) and Secretary (R. Thompson), 
 it is stated " that if ever there was a period at which the 
 manifestation of zeal, alacrity and determination on the 
 part of the trade was required," it was then ; reference 
 also being made to the number of members who had 
 been called upon to " sacrifice permanent and lucrative 
 situations," and to the unemployed, who had "resisted 
 the lures of the underworking employer, and had 
 chosen rather to struggle with necessity than sacrifice 
 the interests of their brethren." 
 
 It is apparent, however, that at this period the affairs 
 of the Association were in a far from satisfactory con- 
 dition, and at a numerously-attended Special General 
 Meeting of the members of the London Society, held at 
 the Mechanics' Institution, on September 2nd, 1847, 
 four resolutions were submitted, the most important 
 being " That the amended laws of the National Typo- 
 graphical Association be printed, and with them a Voting 
 Paper, whereby the members may each individually 
 record their opinions as to the propriety of the London 
 trade continuing to be a Branch of the said Association, 
 under the amended laws." Having been adopted by 
 the meeting, a Ballot Paper was accordingly issued, 
 signed by the President (J. Atkinson) and Secretary 
 (E. Edwards), and the vote resulted as follows : For the 
 continuance of the Association, 746 ; against, 468 ; 
 majority in favour, 2j8. The result was announced 
 to the members at a Special General Meeting, held 
 at the National Hall, High Holborn, on the 15th 
 September, at which a statement was submitted by the
 
 Events [trior to the Re-establishment of the So< iety. 53 
 
 Committee, strongly urging upon the minority the 
 necessity of falling in with the decision of the majority, 
 and pointing out that unless a proper understanding was 
 arrived at upon certain propositions, " the great expense 
 the Society is now subject to must be stopped, as the 
 strike and unemployed hands could no longer be paid." 
 
 At the Eleventh Quarterly Delegate Meeting, held 
 at the Farringdon Hall, King's Arms Yard, Snow Hill, 
 on October 20th, 1847, in addition to the ordinary 
 business, the whole question was again raised, the 
 newly-appointed District Committee having issued a 
 strongly-worded circular " to those individuals who, 
 during the last few months, have suspended their pay- 
 ments to the London Branch of the National Typo- 
 graphical Association." 
 
 On the 2nd of November, a Special General Meeting 
 was convened at the Mechanics' Institution, Southampton 
 Buildings, " for the purpose of considering the exigencies 
 of the Society, and devising means to discharge the 
 liabilities of the Association." The Committee recom- 
 mended the members to agree to the operation of Rules 
 35 and 40, "so far as regards payment of moneys" being 
 suspended, " until such time as the said debts are wholly 
 cleared," and that during this suspension the subscription 
 of each Society should be divided into a weekly dividend, 
 according to the amount received, and paid to those 
 persons to whom the Society was indebted, "as part 
 payment of the sum due." Members falling out of work 
 to be included in the dividend ; " but no arrears to be 
 considered as due to the member, consequent upon his 
 receiving less than the sum stated in the Rules."
 
 54 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 On the ioth of November, a General Meeting of the 
 " Compositors of London " was held in the same Insti- 
 tution, "to hear the report of the journeymen appointed 
 in June last to serve as an Arbitration Committee, in 
 pursuance of a resolution previously agreed to, viz., 
 1 That a Committee composed of eight masters and eight 
 journeymen be formed, for the purpose of finally deter- 
 mining all matters not touched upon or clearly defined in 
 the Scale of 1805-10.' ' Admission to the meeting was 
 given " to all persons stating to the doorkeepers that 
 they were compositors." 
 
 A Circular was issued by the District Committee of 
 the Society, on the 17th December, 1847, notifying that 
 on and after the 1st of January, 1848, the subscription 
 would be reduced to 2d. for members earning 8s. and 
 less than 12s., increasing id. for every additional 4^. 
 earned, up to a maximum payment of Sd. per week. A 
 note is appended to the Circular, requesting " those 
 persons to whom the Society is indebted, and who have 
 not yet applied for payment, to do so forthwith, so that 
 their accounts may be liquidated in common with those 
 which since November have been, and continue to be, 
 discharged weekly." 
 
 On the 19th of January, 1848, the Twelfth Quarterly 
 Delegate Meeting of the Association was held in the 
 Farringdon Hall, Snow Hill, for the purpose, amongst 
 other matters, of receiving a statement (addressed to 
 the Members of the London Society of Compositors) 
 from the District Committee, "explanatory of certain 
 propositions which, at the forthcoming Annual Meeting 
 of the Society, they intend to place before the members
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment oj the Society. 55 
 
 in relation to the Association and the requirements of 
 the London Trade." In this address to the delegates, 
 the District Committee, at considerable length, gave 
 their reasons for advising the trade to break away from 
 the National Association, and to form a separate 
 Society for London. They pointed out that whereas 
 the Association was formerly the Union of the many 
 it was now the hope only of the few. Starting opera- 
 tions in a year (1845) when trade was unusually active, 
 the prospect of success seemed bright ; but when 
 activity was succeeded by dearth of work and derange- 
 ment, and dispute followed dispute, discontent, ill- 
 feeling, and secession followed. " Disappointed and 
 litigious men had commenced, and were now more 
 fully intent upon carrying on, the work of destruction ; " 
 and by withholding their own support when it was most 
 needed, and embittering the minds of others far more 
 consistent, " yet equally susceptible to false impressions 
 on themselves, these men have succeeded in impairing 
 the efficiency of the Association." With regard to 
 London, the largest of the sixty-five branches, the 
 receipts had fallen to about a third of what they 
 formerly were, "700 men not having paid a fraction 
 towards the Union for many months past." Dublin had 
 ceased to be a branch of the Association ; Liverpool had 
 but one-half of its former membership ; and Edinburgh 
 only fifty paying members, many of the smaller societies 
 having entirely seceded. 
 
 Believing, therefore, that the London Society would 
 progress better if freed from those situate elsewhere, and 
 having ascertained, after watching assiduously the pro- 
 ceedings of the Association during the last four months,
 
 56 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 " and observing that the several societies are not content 
 even to obey the laws of the executive body," the Com- 
 mittee advised a dissolution, and submitted a resolution 
 in these terms : 
 
 " That in consequence of the numerous secessions 
 which have taken place both in town and country 
 from the ranks of the National Typographical 
 Association, and also the continued indifference 
 exhibited on its behalf, this Branch deems it necessary, 
 for the maintenance of union, to cease connection 
 with the afore-named Association, forming in its 
 place a local society apart from, but in friendly 
 connection with, all other typographical societies 
 in the three kingdoms." 
 
 At the Third Annual General Meeting of the London 
 Branch of the National Typographical Association, held 
 at the Mechanics' Institution, on February 1st, 1848, 
 the above resolution was unanimously endorsed, and in 
 addition the following : 
 
 " That this meeting hereby establishes a local 
 trade society, to be called The London Society of 
 Compositors, for the purpose of protecting and regu- 
 lating the wages of labour, agreeably to the pro- 
 visions contained in the London Scale of Prices (as 
 agreed to by a Conference of Masters and Com- 
 positors in 1 847) ; as also the Scale of Prices 
 regulating News and Parliamentary Work ; together 
 with such customs and usages as belong to the pro- 
 fession, not directly mentioned in the Scales above 
 alluded to."
 
 Events prior to the Re-establishment of the Society. 57 
 
 The subscriptions were reduced to 2d. per week for 
 members earning less than 20s. ; less than 30s., 3d. ; 
 over that sum, ^d. ; no subscriptions being paid by 
 members earning less than 1 $s. 
 
 It was also decided to establish a Provident Fund 
 upon the voluntary principle, the Committee being em- 
 powered to pay into such fund one-fourth of the actual 
 sums received quarterly in both book and news depart- 
 ments of the Society, the sum thus paid not to exceed 
 .£200 per year. In order that this Voluntary Provident 
 Fund might be established, a general meeting of com- 
 positors favourable to its formation was special lv 
 convened, at which the benefit was fixed at 8s. per 
 week for a period of fifteen weeks, the subscription 
 being 2d. per week. 
 
 At a Special General Meeting held at the Mechanics' 
 Institute on the 29th of February, the Rules for the 
 government of the Trade Society were agreed upon, and 
 likewise Rules for the " London Compositors' Provident 
 Fund ; " the contribution to which was fixed at 2d. per 
 week, securing to the member, after six months' member- 
 ship, the payment of £6 annually (£3 in each half-year). 
 
 During the month of March, [848, a General Meeting 
 of the Society of London Daily Newspaper Compositors 
 was held, and a report presented in which reference was 
 made to the two unsuccessful attempts which had been 
 made to bring about a good understanding between its 
 members and those engaged in the book department 
 the first emanating from the latter body three years 
 previously, the second from a committee appointed by
 
 58 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 the newsmen. Reference is also made to the fact that, 
 although the Society contained less than 200 members, 
 they had subscribed upwards of .£420 to assist the 
 Edinburgh compositors in their struggle with the em- 
 ployers, which ultimately proved successful. 
 
 From the annual statement for 1847 of the South- 
 Eastern District of the National Typographical Associ- 
 ation, the sum of .£766 85. is set forth as having been 
 subscribed by the bookmen towards the support of their 
 fellow workmen in Scotland. 
 
 IS
 
 LONDON SOCIETY OF COMPOSITORS. 
 
 Re-established January, 1848. 
 
 The first noteworthy business engaging the attention 
 of the members was a proposition submitted to the newly- 
 established Society by the Masters' Association, suggest- 
 ing that a Committee of Reference should be appointed, 
 consisting of twelve master printers, of not less than five 
 years' standing in the business, six to be chosen by the 
 masters, and six by the compositors. This proposal was 
 considered at the first Quarterly Delegate Meeting, held 
 on the 1 2th of April, and amended in the direction of 
 appointing a mixed Committee of masters and journey- 
 men (which the delegates, agreeing with the principle, 
 believed to be the only fair and equitable method of 
 appointing such Committee); the Secretary of the Masters' 
 Association, in reply, intimating that "the proposition is 
 one which the masters feel they cannot accede to, or 
 even entertain," and advising the men to "seriously 
 re-consider the question." The report stated that the 
 Society had a membership of 1,200, of whom 300 sub- 
 scribed to the Provident Fund ; and that during the 
 quarter the amounts due to strike hands and unemployed 
 members at the commencement of the year {£2 1 5 ) had 
 been fully paid.
 
 60 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 On the ist of June a circular was addressed to the 
 Compositors of London, announcing that the National 
 Typographical Association had been re-modelled, and 
 inviting Compositors to join the London Trade Society 
 of Compositors, held at the "Green Dragon," Fleet 
 Street, which claimed to have enrolled upwards of 200 
 members since its establishment on the ist of January. 
 The entry fee up to July ist was 6d.\ after that date 2s., 
 the circular being signed by R. Matthews, Secretary. 
 
 Later in the month (on Saturday, the 24th), a General 
 Meeting of the Xews Department of the London Society 
 was held at the " Falcon " Tavern, Gough Square, at which 
 a series of propositions were submitted for discussion, 
 "to be appended to the Rules of the Society." These 
 Rules were agreed to, by which a Committee (consisting 
 of a delegate from each morning and evening newspaper, 
 and a delegate from each weekly or other newspaper, 
 with two members of the Book Committee) was ap- 
 pointed to deal with questions connected with news- 
 papers, meeting on the first Saturday evening in each 
 month, each Committeeman present being allowed 
 is. " as remuneration to the landlord." 
 
 The Rules also provided that in the event of a dispute 
 arising in any daily newspaper office, which it was 
 deemed necessarv should be sent before the trade for 
 adjudication, the delegates from the Daily Newspaper 
 Society, with those of the News Branch of the London 
 Society, should meet together for the discusssion and 
 settlement of the same, at an hour and place appointed 
 bv the Secretaries of the two Societies.
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1X48. 61 
 
 The second Quarterly Meeting was held at the Caxton 
 
 Institution, Xevils' Court, Fetter Lane, the statement of 
 accounts embodying the receipts and expenditure of the 
 News Department ; and setting forth that sixty-seven 
 tramps (at 5^. each) had been relieved by the Society, 
 whereas but fifty London members had been relieved by 
 country societies. It was also noted that 370 members 
 belonged to the Provident Fund. Naturally, the working 
 of these two benefits was very closely watched, particu- 
 larly the former, frequent references being made to the 
 fact that for every London member relieved by country 
 societies, two provincial members were relieved by the 
 London Society. During the first year, 144 country cards 
 were relieved, at an expenditure of .£36 ; and during 
 1849 this item amounted to £^\ 5s. (204 at 5s. and two 
 at 2s. bd. each), whereas in the following year 173 
 members were relieved at an expenditure of ^43 55. 
 
 At this meeting an appeal was made to the London 
 trade to render pecuniary assistance to certain individuals 
 (connected with the Northern District Board) who, during 
 the strike in Edinburgh in the preceding year, had made 
 themselves responsible for money borrowed for and on 
 behalf of the Edinburgh Society, with the approval of 
 the Executive of the late Association, and were being 
 pressed for payment, the delegates deciding to (men a 
 voluntary subscription towards defraying a portion of 
 this liability. 
 
 At the succeeding Quarterly Meeting a proposal was 
 submitted (which, however, failed to find favour) that, in 
 order to secure a more regular and larger attendance of 
 delegates, the Society should pay is. from the funds to
 
 <J2 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 each delegate in attendance at the commencement of 
 business. A circular was also issued drawing attention 
 to an irregularity in the manner of engaging members 
 upon weekly papers, who, in many instances, were work- 
 ing for two or three days at a 'stab rate of 6s. per day, 
 instead of on time at lod. per hour, or on the piece — 
 the only systems recognised for men engaged for less 
 than a week. 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1848 the Committee 
 issued a circular to offices and individuals unconnected 
 with the Society, drawing attention to the advantages 
 attaching to membership, and to the resistance which 
 had been offered during the short time the Society had 
 been re-constituted to encroachments upon the Scale or 
 customs of the trade, which, had they not been resisted, 
 would have had a serious effect upon the prosperity of 
 the profession at large. At this period the member- 
 ship was 1,200, of whom 200 did not contribute to the 
 funds on account of being unemployed or earning less 
 than 15,9. per week. 
 
 On the 20th of December, the first Annual General 
 Meeting of the Provident Fund was held, at which it 
 was proposed that, on account of the dearth of trade, 
 the benefit should be temporarily fixed at £4 per year 
 (instead of £6, as per Rule); the Committee inviting 
 members to invest them with power to exclude those 
 detected in imposing upon the fund, giving the excluded 
 member the right to appeal to the general meeting ; and 
 strenuously urging the necessity for all members to belong 
 to the fund, "as an appreciation on the part of the 
 majority of the trade of the integrity of those individuals
 
 Brief Record oj Events since 1848. 63 
 
 who endure sacrifices rather than endanger the trade 
 rules and prices." 
 
 In the printed report for the Fourth Quarterly Meet- 
 ing, held on January 17th, 1849, it was proposed that as 
 the proprietors of two offices had "given their word 
 as gentlemen, that the prices and regulations of the trade 
 shall be by them, in future, observed," their offices should 
 be declared "fair" to the members of the Society, the 
 particulars of the disputes, and " the means by which the 
 wished-for alteration has been effected," being set forth 
 in the written report read to the delegates. 
 
 The first Annual General Meeting was held at the 
 Harp Alley Schoolroom, on February /th, 1849, when, 
 in addition to the election of Secretary and Treasurer, 
 and the nomination of six Stockholders, the following 
 was set down for discussion : " To consider a statement 
 to be made by a deputation from the London depart- 
 ment of the Sheffield Trades' Committee, respecting the 
 prosecution of Messrs. Drury (Secretary), Bullos, Marsden 
 and Hall (members of Committee), for — as alleged — in- 
 citing two persons, brothers, named Heathcoats (members 
 of the Sheffield Razor Grinders' Union), to destroy 
 machinery at Sheffield;" and to resolve, "Whether or 
 not a sum of money shall be voted from the funds, or a 
 voluntary subscription be entered into, on behalf of the 
 indicted, to enable them to meet by counsel and proper 
 legal advice, the charge mentioned, at the ensuing Spring 
 Assizes." The Heathcoats were first charged with 
 destroying machinery, and sentenced to three months' 
 imprisonment. Before this they were drawing unem- 
 ployed benefit ; and upon leaving prison immediately
 
 64 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 declared upon the funds ; the Secretary and Committee 
 refusing to recognise their claim, " both having been well 
 known as of dissolute habits, and as unceasing recipients 
 of the Society's funds." For the second offence they 
 were sentenced to seven years' transportation, and pre- 
 vious to leaving the country they were seen by an 
 official of the Sheffield Manufacturers' Protection Asso- 
 ciation, after which the above-mentioned officials of the 
 union were charged with "inciting, moving, and stirring 
 up Alexander and Thomas Heathcoats to destroy certain 
 machinery." 
 
 The trial of the Secretary and members of the 
 Committee took place at the York Spring Assizes in 
 1848, and upon the evidence given by the convicts they 
 were sentenced to ten years' transportation. The judge 
 having committed an error in passing sentence, the 
 judgment was reversed, and the accused liberated ; but 
 a fresh indictment was immediately preferred against 
 them, to be pleaded to at the following Spring Assizes, 
 and it was at this moment that the appeal for financial 
 assistance was made to the Society, the members voting 
 the sum of £20. 
 
 In May of 1849 a General Meeting of master 
 printers, newspaper proprietors, compositors, pressmen, 
 machinists, etc., presided over by Mr. L. J. Hansard, 
 was held at the Mechanics' Institution, at which Mr. 
 E. Edwards, the Secretary of the Society, read a most 
 interesting paper upon the " Duties on Paper, Advertise- 
 ments, and Newspapers," and the particularly injurious 
 effect which these fiscal exactions had upon the printing 
 trade.
 
 Brie) Record of Events mice 1848. 65 
 
 This was followed by the Committee placing before 
 the delegates, at the Fifth Quarterly Meeting, a pro- 
 posal that a General Meeting of the Letterpress Printers 
 of London should be convened for the purpose of 
 discussing the propriety of petitioning Parliament to 
 repeal the duties upon paper and advertisements, as 
 well as the penny stamp duty on newspapers ; and on 
 the 22nd of May, Mr. Hansard presided over a meeting, 
 held at the same Institution, at which a petition to 
 Parliament was submitted for consideration, and its 
 terms unanimously endorsed. 
 
 During the same month a Special Delegate Meeting 
 was held to consider an invitation received from the 
 Liverpool Society, that delegates might be appointed to 
 attend a meeting to be held at Sheffield, for the purpose 
 of establishing a provincial union, " similar in character to 
 the late Northern Union," one of the principal matters 
 to be discussed being the important question of tramp- 
 ing. Two delegates were appointed by the Meeting to 
 watch the proceedings, advise and co-operate with their 
 fellow delegates, " but in no way pledging the London 
 Society to adopt any particular principle, the members 
 not having been consulted thereon." 
 
 As a result of this meeting a proposition was placed 
 before the members of the Provincial Typographical 
 Association, whereby the system of tramp relief might 
 be abolished, and a " well-digested " scheme of emigra- 
 tion substituted in its place ; and, at the Sixth Quarterly 
 Meeting, a scheme was submitted for the establishment 
 of a self-sustaining Emigration Fund, the subscription to 
 be 2d. per week, securing a grant of £\o " to those of
 
 66 Loudon Society of Compositors. 
 
 the subscribers who shall be elected by ballot every half- 
 year." From the half-yearly report of the Provident 
 Fund, presented at this meeting, it was stated that 
 eighty-one members had been relieved, twenty of whom 
 had drawn the maximum benefit — the Committee hoping 
 that in the following year they would be able to increase 
 the payments to £5 per year — perhaps £6. 
 
 On the 3rd of October the Committee convened a 
 Special Delegate Meeting to receive a deputation from a 
 Committee connected with the Bookbinders' trade, 
 respecting the position of the book folders and sewers 
 recently employed by the Contractors to the British and 
 Foreign Bible Society, who, to the number of 153, were 
 out on strike, " as it is commonly termed,'' to obtain 
 " that requital for their labour which was being paid by 
 all employers who bind for the Christian Knowledge 
 Society,'' etc. In addition to low wages, an elaborate 
 system of fines was imposed upon the girls, and the 
 delegates decided to grant towards their support the 
 sum of /30, and to open a voluntary subscription, the 
 dispute having lasted for several weeks. 
 
 The Circular convening the meeting refers to a pro- 
 position then before the trade of the three kingdoms, 
 to raise a sum of money for the purpose of obtaining 
 two prize addresses on the subject of Apprentices — one 
 address to be dedicated to the employers, the other to 
 the journeymen. 
 
 At the next Ouarterly Meeting the Committee were 
 called upon to state " Who ought to contribute to the 
 Society,'' and replied: "Those who work at case, or
 
 Brief Record of Events since jS^S. 67 
 
 who have to do with case, directly or indirectly, ought 
 to subscribe to maintain the prices of case-work." 
 Readers and overseers, it was agreed, might justifiably 
 plead exemption ; but, if disposed to pay by virtue of 
 having been a compositor, " the Society's laws do not 
 oblige the officers to refuse his subscriptions." Strong 
 representations were made upon the subject of " turn- 
 overs," and in order to prevent boys from going about 
 the trade unrestrictedly, chapels were urged to insist 
 that such lads should be bound for a definite period, 
 emphasis being laid upon the fact that unless this was 
 done considerable difficulty would be experienced in 
 gaining admission to the Society. 
 
 Attention was also drawn to the number of " raffle- 
 papers " and petitions which members were being called 
 upon to relieve, man)' of them issued on behalf of men 
 who had never belonged to the trade society, chapels being 
 advised to adopt a rule refusing recognition to petitions 
 not bearing the Secretary's signature, "in order to secure 
 to the trade that respect for forethought and charity 
 which particular chapels at the present time enjoy." 
 
 In presenting the eighth Quarterly Report, the 
 Committee referred to the fact (as evidence of the 
 "increasing greatness" of the Society) that the sub- 
 scriptions for the three months had amounted to ^203 — 
 a sum which the promoters of the Society two years 
 ago confidently hoped to see contributed — viz., .£800 per 
 year. The report notes that of 400 members belonging 
 to the Provident Society, 100 had been pecuniarily assis- 
 ted ; and, with regard to strike benefits, recommended 
 the adoption of a graduated scale of payments. 
 
 1. 2
 
 68 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 The Annual Report of the Provident Society for 
 1849 mentions the expulsion of a member through 
 drawing benefit whilst earning from i8j. to 30J. per 
 week ; and also refers to two other cases arising from a 
 misconception of the words "earning" and "received," 
 in consequence of the existence of the practice known 
 as "horse." The definition of the word " earning " was 
 given as the amount received, whether on account or for 
 work performed, those only being eligible to the benefits 
 of the fund who were solely dependent upon it for the 
 aid afforded. Members were invited to join the fund, 
 the Committee, as an example, citing the fact that it 
 included the names of very many men holding, " to all 
 external appearances," lasting situations upon daily 
 papers, from offices furnishing eighty members, or 
 one-fifth of the whole number. 
 
 The Second Annual Meeting of the Society was held 
 in February, 1850, only formal business being transacted; 
 but on March 12th, a Special General Meeting was held 
 to consider a letter from Mr. Edwards, the Secretary, 
 resigning the position to which he had been re-elected 
 six weeks previously, and which he had held for four 
 years prior to the Society being re-established. The 
 Committee made an unsuccessful effort to retain the 
 services of Mr. Edwards (who had obtained an appoint- 
 ment in the office in which he had formerly worked as 
 a journeyman), and the members regretfully accepted 
 their Secretary's resignation. 
 
 There were six candidates for the vacant position, 
 five of whom went to the poll, the choice of the 
 members falling upon Mr. J. Boyett, of Gilbert and
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 69 
 
 Rivington's, who polled 731 votes, against 348 given to 
 
 Mr. W. Millar, of Barclay's. Out of 1,351 merabi 
 entitled to vote, 1,135 exercised their right. The newly- 
 appointed Secretary took office on the 1st of Ma v. 
 
 As a final settlement on the part of the London 
 trade of the debts incurred in connection with the late 
 Association in Edinburgh, the delegates in April voted a 
 further sum of £20. 
 
 About this period there is evidence that an under- 
 standing was likely to be brought about between the 
 Society and the Daily Newspaper Compositors' Society, 
 a joint Committee, representative of the latter and of the 
 Xevvs Department being appointed to inquire into the 
 system of employing assistants on the first editions of 
 evening papers, who reported to a General Meeting 
 during the month of April, when the half-galley charge 
 was agreed upon. 
 
 For some time, only routine business engaged the 
 attention of the delegates, but at the meeting in April 
 of 1 85 1, applications for financial assistance were con- 
 sidered from the Manchester and Cork Societies — in the 
 first instance, a dispute arising through the introduction 
 of female and boy labour at case, the proprietors 
 claiming a perfect right " to do what they liked with 
 their own ; " and in the second, the whole of the "'ship" 
 sacrificing their situations in consequence of the refusal 
 of the employer to pay night-money to men "called out 
 Of their beds at two in the morning" to assist in pro- 
 ducing an extraordinary edition of the paper, containing 
 the Queen's Speech ; and on another occasion being 
 "gathered from their various places of Sabbath
 
 /O London Society of Compositors. 
 
 resort or worship" for a similar purpose. To the Man- 
 chester Society £20, and to the Cork Society .£50, were 
 unanimously voted. At the following meeting a grant of 
 £50 was made to the Tinplate Workers' Society, six of 
 whose members had been committed for trial on a 
 charge of conspiracy. 
 
 An appeal for voluntary subscriptions was also issued 
 to the trade at the close of the year on behalf of the 
 Paris compositors, many hundreds of whom had been 
 thrown out of employment through the suppression of 
 most of the daily and weekly newspapers, the Committee 
 reporting that although it was often remarked that it 
 was their "duty to look at home," they relied upon the 
 spirit of liberality which had hitherto characterised the 
 acts of the London printers, and deemed it unnecessary 
 to attempt " a refutation of this peculiarly selfish 
 doctrine." 
 
 In January of 1852, the News Department presented 
 an important report to the members attending the 
 Annual Meeting, giving a detailed statement of the steps 
 which had been taken in the direction of bringing about 
 an amalgamation— the daily paper hands (numbering less 
 than 600) being divided into three sections. The Joint 
 Committee previously referred to had been appointed 
 in agreement with certain resolutions passed by the 
 chapel of an office in which members of the Daily News 
 Society were largely employed; and although the 
 attempt to amalgamate was not for the moment successful, 
 the Committee were hopeful that it was but a question 
 of time when so desirable and necessary a consummation 
 would be brought about.
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 71 
 
 In agreement with the practice then prevailing, a 
 Special General Meeting was convened on February 1 1 th, 
 18^2, to receive a deputation in support of an appli- 
 cation from the Amalgamated Society of Engineers for 
 
 pecuniary help, to whom the sum of/ioo was granted 
 representing nearly one-third of the Society's total 
 income during the preceding quarter. 
 
 Rules preventing members contracting, by way of 
 tanning, to do any description of jobbing or book work, 
 or accepting engagements on any such work so con- 
 tracted for, and stipulating that, in future, no money 
 should be voted by the delegates unless due notice had 
 been placed upon the Business Paper, were discussed at 
 the April Delegate Meeting ; and at the following 
 meeting a proposal was submitted that " the Cards of the 
 Daily Xews Society be exchanged free, as in the case of 
 provincial societies." 
 
 In September a circular was issued by Mr. A. Mason, 
 Secretary of the "Compositors' Emigration Aid Society," 
 announcing that active work had commenced, members 
 having been enrolled from the different societies, the 
 weekly subscription being fixed at 3d. (no entrance fee). 
 
 Steady and continuous progress appears to have been 
 made by the Trade Society, each quarter showing an 
 increase in its funds, which, in the annual statement for 
 1852, amounted to ,£1,862 15J. 5^. 
 
 From a circular issued in November, 1852, it appeared 
 that a serious dispute had arisen in one of the daily 
 paper offices, from which several members had been 
 " evicted " on the 16th of October, to make room for men
 
 7 2 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 who had " engaged to work on a system in direct 
 opposition to the London Scale," a Defence Committee 
 being appointed by the Society, who immediately 
 approached the independent society with the object of 
 securing combined action, resulting in a joint committee 
 being formed on the 6th of November. Deputations 
 were sent to the various trade organisations, inviting 
 financial assistance ; and also to the principal licensed 
 victuallers and coffee-houses, who, by refusing to take in 
 the particular paper, rendered the Defence Committee 
 most valuable assistance. The struggle extended over a 
 considerable period, and was carried on by the Society 
 in the most vigorous manner, the "minutes" of the 
 Committee clearly showing that, had it not been for the 
 energy displayed, other offices would have adopted the 
 " new system " against the introduction of which the 
 members were fighting. Addresses were distributed 
 broadcast throughout the country, and posted in public 
 houses and coffee shops in the metropolis, and at one 
 time members of the " rat " ship were engaged to go 
 round and collect the bills, stating that the}' were 
 authorised to do so by the Defence Committee, as the 
 employers had given way. Although a heavy expen- 
 diture had to be met, the members eventually had the 
 satisfaction of attaining the desired result, the employer 
 being badly beaten in his attempts to introduce a system 
 of working at variance with the established customs of 
 the trade. 
 
 The following year witnessed the long-delayed but 
 much-desired amalgamation of the two societies, the 
 Annual Report for 0S54 announcing that in the preceding 
 March the Old Daily Xews Society had joined the
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 73 
 
 London Society of Compositors — for which the cir- 
 cumstances referred to above were mainly responsible. 
 The membership of the Society was thus increased to 
 over 2,600 paying members, the subscription showing 
 an increase in comparison with the preceding year 
 of over ^354. 
 
 Mention is also made of the National Typographical 
 Emigration Society, which was brought into existence in 
 the provinces in the early part of the year, and expired 
 before its close, the sum of £\ 10 being all that was con- 
 tributed, its failure being attributed by the Committee to 
 the fact that "the passage money was given, instead of 
 being lent." At this period the Emigration Aid Com- 
 mittee was still carrying on its work, a ''Public Drawing 
 for Advances" taking place at the " Falcon " Tavern in 
 June — the loans being fixed at sums of /15 and /30, 
 the Committee pointing out that as many successful 
 candidates had not availed themselves of the loan, and 
 "by their thoughtless conduct'' had deprived others o!" 
 the advantage, it was intended to impose a line of \os. 
 and 20s. respectively upon members not emigrating 
 within the time specified by rule. The half-yearly report 
 for 1853 showed that the fund had received £250 from 
 the Trade Society (as a loan), and ^34 os. $d. as the 
 result of a benefit at Sadler's Wells Theatre ; the sum of 
 .£231 having been advanced to emigrants ; the expendi- 
 ture including an item of is. lod. — " postage of letter 
 from Melbourne." 
 
 Appended to this Report was the following :- 
 " The Committee Inning ascertained, upon undoubted 
 authority, that the Society would be responsible for the
 
 74 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 support of the wives or families of any members emi- 
 grating without them, beg to announce that under no 
 circumstances whatever will advances be granted to 
 married men about to emigrate without either their 
 wives or families." 
 
 Beyond a grant of /200 to the Preston Operatives 
 (supplemented later by a grant of ^"120), and ^"50 to 
 the Belfast Society, there is little to notice until March 
 of 1854, when, "in pursuance of a resolution of the late 
 General Meeting," the Committee inform the trade that 
 " the office of Secretary has become vacant by the resig- 
 nation of Mr. Boyett." For the vacant position there 
 were three candidates, the ballot resulting in the return 
 of Mr. W. Cox (S^t, votes), who took office on the 3rd 
 of April. At the preceding Delegate Meeting a resolution 
 was agreed to " deeply regretting that the Society is 
 about to lose the able counsel as well as the valuable 
 and indefatigable exertions of Mr. Boyett, Secretary," 
 and recommending the Committee " to take into con- 
 sideration the means whereby the trade may best mark 
 its esteem not only for his official services, but its respect 
 for his private worth." 
 
 In 1854, an exceedingly interesting report was pre- 
 sented by a Select Committee which had been appointed 
 by the Committee of the Society " to inquire into the 
 origin of the Closing of Messrs. Spottiswoode's Houses," 
 such report (which the delegates decided should be 
 printed and circulated throughout the trade) being 
 intended "for the information of the younger members of 
 the trade, and those unacquainted with the merits of the 
 dispute." It contained extracts from, and remarks upon,
 
 Brief Record of Evenh since 1S4S. 75 
 
 the evidence taken before the Select Committee of the 
 House of Lords on Parliamentary Printing (June, 1854), 
 with a " Sketch of the Nature of the Agreement to which 
 the Contract Printer for Government has to subscribe.' 
 
 To relieve the unemployed members, a sum of £ 200 
 was granted by the delegates, to be distributed at the 
 rate of 10s. per week to members of the Provident Fund 
 who had drawn the full allowance, and to members not 
 belonging to the Fund who had paid a full year's sub- 
 scription to the Society. In April of 1855, the delegates 
 decided to form a Library, and appointed a " House 
 Committee" from the members assembled to expend 
 the sums voted for such purpose. 
 
 In the same month a communication was addressed 
 to the members from the Provincial Typographical 
 Association, signed by Wm. Dronfield (President), and 
 Josephus Speak (Secretary), embodying certain reso- 
 lutions passed at a Special Meeting held in Sheffield, to 
 consider the propriety of sending "missionaries" through- 
 out the provinces, "for the purpose of rousing the pro- 
 fession to the necessity of making more efficient pro- 
 vision for protecting our labour, and for limiting the 
 number of apprentices in localities where no restriction 
 now exists." The meeting especially urged their metro- 
 politan brethren to enter into the movement and to 
 appoint two delegates. 
 
 In June, the business of the Society was transferred 
 from the " Falcon" Tavern, to Xo. 3, Racquet Court, Meet 
 Street, a special circular being sent out to the employers 
 and overseers, directing attention to the arrangements 
 which had been made " to render nugatory, as far as
 
 76 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 possible, the inconvenience sometimes occasioned to 
 employers by too frequent inquiries after work by the 
 unemployed," and " to relieve the workman from the 
 necessity of perambulating from office to office in search 
 of employment." A Reading Room was set apart for 
 the use of members, and liberally supplied with news- 
 papers and magazines, both metropolitan and provincial. 
 
 About this time the demands upon the Provident 
 Fund were greatly in excess of the receipts, with the 
 result that in September a Special Delegate Meeting 
 was held, upon the requisition of 1 1 5 members, " to 
 consider the present state of distress, and the best means 
 of alleviating it," at which it was resolved to advance 
 the sum of ,£150. 
 
 The granting of money to a fund from which the 
 majority of the trade was not entitled to receive benefit 
 gave rise to dissatisfaction, which found expression in a 
 proposal submitted to the delegates in April, that in 
 order that all members might be placed upon the same 
 footing, " paying equal subscriptions, and entitled to 
 equal benefits, it is advisable that the distinction between 
 Provident and non-Provident members be now dis- 
 continued, and that the Provident be consolidated in the 
 trade fund." 
 
 During the year the question of adopting Rules for 
 the guidance of an Arbitration Committee had been 
 considered on two occasions, and eventually resulted in 
 the formation of a Committee, consisting of three 
 employers and three journeymen, presided over by a 
 barrister as chairman, appointed annually.
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 77 
 
 The Arbitration Rules came into lone on the 1st of 
 January, 1856, and at the July meeting the delegates 
 were called upon to nominate twelve offices, from each 
 of which should be forwarded the name of a person 
 willing and qualified from acquaintance with the Scale 
 and customs of the trade, to act as Arbitrator ; the 
 Trade Committee to be empowered to select from such 
 list " Arbitrators in the three cases which have been, by 
 a vote of the two Committees of Masters and Journev- 
 men, referred to Arbitration." This Committee met 
 August 5th, 1856, at Freemasons' Tavern, the question 
 in dispute being the right of the compositor to the 
 standing fat in chase of two volumes of " The Memoirs 
 and Letters of Sydney Smith.'' Messrs. Harrison, Kinder, 
 and Wyman, with Mr. J. A. I). Cox (Hon. Sec.) repre- 
 sented the employers ; Messrs. Craig, Henley, and Knott, 
 with Mr. W. Cox (Secretary) the journeymen. The 
 first question was unanimously decided in favour of the 
 compositors ; the second against them, upon the casting 
 vote of the Chairman (Mr. G. Sweet, of the Inner 
 Temple), costs being divided. 
 
 On the 25th November, the Trade Committee found 
 it necessary to draw the attention of their members to a 
 Circular which had been issued by the Kmployers' Com- 
 mittee to the Master Printers of London, regarding the 
 decision given in the case of standing advertisements, 
 the Committee stating that no alteration had been made 
 in the manner of charging such matter, and that the 
 statement to the contrary in the Circular referred to 
 was not in agreement with the generally -accepted 
 reading of the Scale.
 
 ;S London Society of Compositors. 
 
 In the preceding year a Joint Committee had been 
 appointed " to take evidence and devise means for the 
 future protection of the News Trade," and in May, 1856, 
 a lengthy and comprehensive report was presented by 
 this "Amalgamated Committee," which embodied in it 
 the rules and regulations the majority of which are in 
 operation at the present time. A report of an equally 
 lengthy nature was also drawn up by the minority, quite 
 as exhaustive in its scope and recommendations as that 
 presented by their colleagues, the point at issue, and 
 upon which the members were acutely divided, being 
 that of piece versus 'stab composition for full hands — 
 three houses having been closed in opposition to the 
 introduction of 'stab work. 
 
 A Special Delegate Meeting was convened for 
 January 7th, 1857, to consider a proposition submitted 
 from the Employers' Committee that a conference should 
 be held " to settle the price that should be paid for cases 
 in Chancery and the answers thereto, and of such other 
 work connected with the Law Courts as is now, or 
 may hereafter be ordered to be printed, which is at 
 present written." The meeting, however, had to be 
 postponed in consequence of the decease of Mr. Cox, the 
 Secretary, and on the 14th of January a circular was issued 
 inviting nominations for the vacant position. A Special 
 Genera] Meeting was fixed for Saturday evening, the 
 ; st January, at the National Hall, Holborn, but three 
 days prior an urgent circular was distributed notifying 
 that, "in consequence of the Gallery of the National 
 Hall having been, by the constituted authorities, declared 
 unsafe," the meeting would take place in the Theatre of
 
 Brief Record of Events since /S48. 79 
 
 the Mechanics' Institution. The business included a 
 proposal re the appointment of an Assistant Secretary, 
 whose duties should combine those of Librarian and 
 Housekeeper. 
 
 There were three candidates for the Secretaryship, 
 the ballot resulting in the appointment of Mr. W. 
 
 Beckett (of Clay's), the voting paper notifying that as 
 the trade had decided to appoint a permanent Assistant 
 Secretary, nominations for the post would be received at 
 the next quarterly meeting. On the 4th of March, the 
 newlv-appointed Secretary issued a circular convening a 
 Special Delegate Meeting tor the nth, "to take into 
 consideration certain resolutions impugning the recent 
 decision of the Trade Committee with respect to the 
 election of the Secretary." At this meeting the decision 
 referred to was annulled, it being agreed to proceed to a 
 new election, and on the iSth of March it was announced 
 that Ballot Papers would be ready on the 26th, and 
 issued only to members less than 1 3 weeks in arrear. 
 On this occasion there were two candidates, Mr. Beckett 
 receiving 1,072 votes, and Mr. A.J. S. Headland (of 
 Savill and Edwards) 982 votes. 
 
 Application was made to the members at the April 
 meeting for the use of a room in which on alternate 
 Monday evenings the business of a Permanent Sick 
 Fund Union (then in course of formation) might be 
 transacted, the object of the Union being to abolish the 
 " petition and raffle system." About this time members 
 were being urged to make the subscription of 2</. per 
 week to the Provident Fund compulsory upon all mem- 
 bers ; and to discontinue the appointment of a distinct
 
 So London Society of Compositors. 
 
 Committee to manage the Emigration Aid Society, a meet- 
 ing being held in July to consider the Trade Committee's 
 proposal to wind up the affairs of the latter Society. 
 
 Serious disputes arose during the year 1857, mainly 
 in connection with the charges for Chancer)' and Appeal 
 Cases, affecting several large offices, and in October 
 the provincial typographical societies were warned 
 by circular not to permit their members to accept 
 engagements in London pending the settlement of the 
 "serious matters" then engaging the attention of the 
 London Society, which early in the following year were 
 settled at a Conference with the employers, whereby the 
 office of Messrs. Woodfall and Kinder was re-opened to 
 the members, that of Messrs. Spottiswoode and Co. 
 remaining closed. 
 
 The question of standing advertisements in wrappers 
 and advertising sheets had also continued to create 
 friction, and was eventually settled by an action in the 
 Court of Exchequer, the judgment of Mr. Baron Watson 
 and Mr. Baron Channel!, given on February 25th, 1858, 
 upholding the claim made on behalf of the Society. 
 
 The Quarterly Meeting in March was asked to agree 
 that " in consequence of the increase in the business of 
 the establishment at 3, Racquet Court, both as a Trade 
 Society and a Literary Institution, it is desirable that the 
 Society should occupy the whole of the premises, and 
 that the Trade Committee should give the Bookbinders 
 no.tice to quit." A deputation attended from the Machine 
 Managers' Society, requesting that their unemployed 
 members might be permitted to use the Society House, 
 the application being granted.
 
 Brief Record of Events since /S'48. 8 1 
 
 This meeting is also noticeable from the fact that the 
 members decided to subscribe the sum of fourteen guineas 
 to certain of the Metropolitan Medical Charities, thus 
 initiating a grant which has been uninterruptedly main- 
 tained, and has steadily increased in amount year by 
 year. In the balance sheet the sum of £10 is set out as 
 a loan to the Dublin House Painters, a note explaining 
 that the Dublin Society had repudiated the liability, 
 " denying the authority of the parties who had contracted 
 this and other loans;" also a donation of £5 to the 
 library, " by the Chancellor of the Exchequer," and 55. 
 for the "use of room for raffles." 
 
 At the November Meeting, resolutions were passed 
 protesting against the continuance of the Paper Duty, 
 and deciding to petition Parliament for its repeal. 
 
 Unusual interest appears to have been manifested in 
 the proceedings of the Annual Meeting, held on February 
 1 6th, 1859, as within a few days the members were 
 notified that, " in consequence of the vote of the late 
 General Meeting," the office of Secretary was vacant. 
 The adjourned Annual Meeting was held on the 16th of 
 March, the only business transacted being the re-election 
 of the Assistant Secretary, and the consideration of a 
 report and financial statement presented by two Auditors 
 (Messrs. R. Lee and W. White) appointed by the Trade 
 Committee, as distinct from the statement prepared bv 
 their late Secretary, and in which certain recommendations 
 were embodied with a view to initiating a better method 
 of keeping the Society's accounts, which were referred 
 by the members to a "Committee of Inquiry," who 
 reported to a Special General Meeting held in the month
 
 S2 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 of June. Meanwhile, the election for the Secretaryship 
 had taken place, resulting in the re-election of Mr. 
 Beckett, Mr. H. Self being the only other candidate. 
 
 In consequence of a decision given by Mr. Russell 
 Gurney (Recorder of the City of London), the Trade 
 Committee, in November, advised the members that as 
 such decision was entirely opposed to the spirit and, in 
 their opinion, to the letter of the Scale, they must 
 decline "undertaking on the piece the composition of 
 books of reference, lists of voters, or any similar work, 
 unless paid for as table." The matter was considered 
 at a Special Delegate Meeting, held in January, i860, 
 when it was resolved to close the oflice in which the 
 disputed question had arisen, and to warn society men 
 against accepting work there "until further notice." 
 
 The working hours came under consideration at the 
 Annual Meeting held in i860, when it was proposed 
 " that the day's work should commence at eight o'clock 
 in the morning and end at eight in the evening, and that 
 all extra time beyond that period be paid for at the rate 
 of yi. per hour extra," the members, however, rejecting 
 it. It was agreed that the delegates should not have 
 power to grant a larger sum than £$0 " without a ballot 
 of the members ; " a Special Committee being appointed 
 to enquire into the working of the Provident Fund. 
 The membership was then 2,550, "none of whom ex- 
 ceeded thirteen weeks' arrears." 
 
 Early in i860 a scheme of Superannuation was 
 drawn up by " a sincere friend and member " of the 
 Society, and discussed at a meeting held at the "Welsh 
 Harp," Bouverie Street, when it was decided to print
 
 Brief Record of Events Mine 1848. 83 
 
 and circulate the scheme to the trade, an adjourned 
 meeting taking place on the 3rd of April to further 
 discuss the matter. In addition to the Superannuation 
 benefit (which could be claimed twelve months after the 
 fund was established), it was proposed to create a 
 Funeral benefit, and to place the Provident Fund under 
 the control of the Trade Committee — the latter suggestion 
 being adopted at a Special General Meeting held in the 
 Great Hall of the Whittington Club, Arundel Street, 
 Strand, in September, when the " Rules of the Provident 
 Fund Department " were finally agreed upon, after 
 considerable opposition had been shown towards the 
 introduction of benefits, as tending to " a complete and 
 universal upsetting of the principles of the Society — our 
 actions being directed to the protection of our labour — in 
 plainer words, securing the means by which we live." 
 
 Towards the end of the year, the Committee issued 
 a recommendation that " Members holding regular 
 situations, and being in full work, should not take work 
 in other offices after eight o'clock at night, or on 
 Sundays." 
 
 Although the work of the Society continued to be 
 transacted at Racquet Court until 1895, ]t ^ s interesting 
 to note that at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting, held in 
 1861, a proposition was submitted from a chapel to the 
 effect that "as the lease of the premises held by the 
 Society at Racquet Court will expire in a few months— 
 this meeting, deeming such premises to be ineligible for 
 the fully carrying out of the advantages which the trade 
 might possess, even with the present expenditure 
 hereby requests the Executive to obtain information as 
 
 1 2
 
 84 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 to the attainment of a more suitable building, as well as 
 probable expenses, locality, etc.," and to report to a 
 Special General Meeting, which was duly convened for 
 the purpose on the 16th of June; a deputation being 
 also appointed from this meeting to attend a Meeting of 
 Delegates of the Typographical Societies of the United 
 Kingdom, held at Manchester on July 22nd and four 
 following days, Messrs. W. Beckett and H. Self (Book), 
 and W. M. Dean (News) being the selected delegates. 
 
 In December a Ballot Paper was issued with regard to 
 the building or leasing new premises for a Society House, 
 the Committee referring to the thin attendance (less than 
 100) at both special meetings, and reporting against the 
 change, on the grounds that the locality was central, 
 the rental lower than that of any other suitable building 
 in the neighbourhood, and the funds being impaired 
 through giving between ^"800 and .£900 to the unem- 
 ployed members, in addition to the Provident Fund 
 relief, the result being that the lease of the old premises 
 was renewed, 1,437 papers being returned, showing 
 1,433 m favour of renewing the lease, 1,430 being in 
 favour of an alternative proposal that the future balances 
 of receipts over expenditure should be reserved towards 
 buying or building new premises. 
 
 On the 21st, the members were notified that a dispute 
 existed in the office of Messrs. Woodfall and Kinder, 
 involving a serious infraction of the Trade Scale and 
 Customs, a Special Meeting being held on the 31st to 
 consider the course of action to be adopted. 
 
 As an outcome of the meeting held in Manchester, 
 a proposal was submitted to a ballot of the trade in
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1H48. 85 
 
 March of 1862, regarding the Tramping System— the 
 object being to adopt a general relief payment of id. 
 per mile, which was rejected by 1,078 to 514. By the 
 same ballot the members (by 815 to 757) decided to 
 advance the sum of .£400 to the Paris Typographical 
 Society. 
 
 At the February (1863) meeting a further attempt 
 was made to incorporate the Provident Fund with the 
 Trade Society, a Special Committee being appointed " to 
 investigate and consider the best means to obviate Trade 
 Grants to the Unemployed." Their report was sub- 
 mitted to the August Delegate Meeting, and a ballot 
 taken, when it was decided by 1,373 votes to 349 to 
 amalgamate the Trade and Provident Funds, the scheme 
 coming into operation in October, and the maximum 
 subscription being increased from $d. to 6d. per week. 
 
 In July, continued ill-health caused Mr. Beckett to 
 resign the Secretaryship, the Committee inviting the 
 members assembled at the Annual Meeting in 1864 to 
 give consideration to "the late Secretary's application 
 for further pecuniary assistance in his present trying 
 position," who had had to resign the duties of his office 
 through "sheer exhaustion." The trade generouslv 
 decided that Mr. Beckett should continue to receive 
 two-thirds of his salary. 
 
 For the vacant position, the names of two candidates 
 were submitted to the ballot — Messrs. H. Self and 
 W. Hinds, the former being declared elected on the 6th of 
 April. Three months later a report was presented by a 
 Special Committee which had been appointed " for the 
 purpose of considering the best means of reconstructing
 
 S6 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 the Executive," in which it was proposed that the Trade 
 Committee should be appointed at the Annual Meeting 
 (the objection to the chapel-electing system being that 
 the smaller offices were almost entirely excluded), and 
 that a Chairman should likewise be elected annually. 
 
 These proposals were placed upon the Business Paper 
 of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting, held in February, 
 1865, and referred to a Special Delegate Meeting held 
 during the following month, and rejected. 
 
 In December of 1865 a Special Committee (presided 
 over by Mr. C. Henley) was appointed to draw up a 
 Memorial to the employers, requesting an advance of 
 \d. per thousand, and a reduction of the working hours 
 to sixty per week. This Memorial was presented to the 
 employers in the following January, and in May a 
 Conference was held, the results being referred to the 
 members at a General Meeting convened in August, and 
 declined. In September, it was decided by ballot to 
 double the subscription for three months; and, later, 
 a proposal was received from the employers that the 
 Conference should be re-opened. This the members, at 
 a General Meeting held in Exeter Hall on October 23rd, 
 declined to accede to, and the Committee intimated 
 that, unless the terms of the Memorial were granted, 
 instructions would be given that it should become opera- 
 tive on and after the second Monday in November. 
 Further negotiations took place, and fresh proposals 
 submitted on the part of the employers, which were 
 accepted as the basis of a settlement, arrived at on 
 the 21st of November, whereby an advance of \d. per 
 thousand on all descriptions of work (excepting news-
 
 Brief Record of I 'It cut a since 1848. 87 
 
 papers) was gained, the 'stab wage being raised to 36s., 
 and the working hours reduced to sixty per week. 
 Unfortunately, the agreement thus arrived at was not 
 accepted by all the employers, with the result that about 
 half-a-dozen offices were closed to the Society. 
 
 During the following year a Special Committee had 
 under consideration " the practicability of a scheme for 
 the payment of sums of money ranging from £$ to £12 
 to representatives of deceased members," and in February, 
 1868, the delegates were invited to agree " That the time 
 had arrived when a moderate superannuation allowance 
 should be made to members who, from age or infirmity, 
 ought not to be sent to a call." With respect to the 
 first question, a ballot was taken in April, when it was 
 agreed, by 916 votes to 390, that a Death Allowance 
 should be added to the Society's benefits, to come into 
 operation on the 5th of October, the maximum subscrip- 
 tion being raised to yd. per week. 
 
 An important report was presented during the same 
 year by a Committee appointed by the Newsmen (with 
 two representatives from the Book Department) to 
 " Revise the Trade Rules, examine into the system of 
 working in each office, and frame a report upon the 
 evidence that may come before them." 
 
 Owing to the death of Mr. J. Shand in 1869, the 
 Assistant-Secretaryship became vacant, the position 
 being filled by the election of Mr. J. Borer, out of eight 
 candidates nominated. 
 
 In August the members were called upon to consider 
 a report of a Special Committee " upon the constitution 
 and working of the amalgamated trades, the central
 
 88 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 offices of which are in London, with a view (if practicable 
 and advisable) to a thorough reorganisation of the London 
 Society of Compositors on the basis of amalgamation." 
 The proposed scheme comprised provident, sick, super- 
 annuation, emigration, and funeral benefits. 
 
 Serious difficulties arose during the early part of 1870, 
 the Trade Committee being called upon to deal with an 
 employer who, although one of the signatories to the 
 Scale agreed upon in 1866, declined to be further bound 
 by certain of its essential provisions. As there appeared 
 to be danger of a combined effort being made to reduce 
 wages (three houses being involved in the dispute), steps 
 were immediately taken to protect the trade, the sub- 
 scriptions being doubled for a period of six weeks, 
 warning circulars being issued to provincial societies, 
 and a Special General Meeting convened at the Cannon 
 Street Hotel, at which resolutions of a drastic character 
 were submitted and approved. As a consequence, the 
 dispute did not (as was at one time feared) become 
 general, although at the same time proving a heavy 
 drain upon the Society's funds, which formed the subject 
 of discussion at a Special Meeting, held at the Sussex 
 Hotel in December, when a report was submitted on 
 " the present prospects of the Society, with suggestions 
 for strengthening its position, and extending the means 
 for alleviating the condition of its unemployed members." 
 
 In January, 1871, several propositions were submitted 
 to a ballot, with the result that members drawing full 
 provident benefit for three years in succession were 
 placed upon half-pay, with a probationary period of two 
 years for new members (other than apprentices) ;
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 89 
 
 removal and emigration allowances were established, 
 and a scheme of amalgamation with the Machine 
 Managers' and Pressmen's Societies agreed upon. A 
 sliding scale of subscriptions {3d. to gd.) was rejected 
 in favour of a uniform contribution of yd. per week. 
 
 PRINTERS' ART UNION ASSOCIATION. 
 
 For many years the inadequate accommodation at 
 the Racquet Court premises had been a constant source 
 of regret, and on the 29th of September, 1871, a 
 meeting was convened with the laudable object of 
 devising means whereby more commodious premises 
 might be secured. The result was the formation of the 
 "Printers' Art Union Association," the rules of which 
 contemplated " the provision of means for the erection 
 of a building for the use of the members of the London 
 Society of Compositors, and others to whom the 
 privilege may be extended, and that the building shall 
 consist of a hall, library, and reading rooms, with the 
 necessary offices attached thereto." A Committee of 
 twelve was appointed (with power to add to their 
 number) from the members of the Society ; the price of 
 the subscription tickets being fixed at is. each, and the 
 value of the prizes (consisting of articles within the 
 range of literature and art) at from £1 to £5. 
 
 The first Report, presented on August 3rd, 1872, 
 referred to the "meagreness of the response" made by 
 the members to the "several appeals" issued by the 
 Association Committee, two special meetings having 
 likewise failed to stimulate interest in the matter. A 
 circular appeal was drawn up and issued " to the whole
 
 90 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 of the Members of both Houses of Parliament and 
 other eminent persons," the 1,200 copies thus distributed 
 resulting in the receipt of one donation of £2$. The 
 first balance sheet showed that a profit of ^"108 115. 
 had been secured towards the realisation of the object 
 in view. 
 
 In the following year, a deputation waited upon the 
 kindred trades in the metropolis, with the desire of 
 obtaining their assistance in making the movement a 
 success, which from this period appears to have made 
 rapid progress, the sixth annual drawing, which took 
 place at the Cannon Street Hotel on the 24th of March, 
 1877, being attended by about 700 persons, the balance 
 sheet showing that a sum of about £3,700 had been 
 raised, of which .£360 had been paid as a deposit on 
 signing a contract for " 3,600 superficial feet of freehold 
 land in Eagle Street, Red Lion Street, Holborn, the 
 intended site for the building — the object of the Associa- 
 tion," a further sum of .£3,240 (balance of purchase 
 money) having to be paid on the 1st of September. 
 Over 1,200 persons attended the following annual 
 drawing, the first prize being of the value of £"60, the 
 second of .£50, and the remainder ranging from £30 to 
 10s. 6d., the prizes numbering 700. 
 
 Although the results of the various drawings gave 
 every indication of enabling the Committee to bring 
 their labours to a successful termination, the site chosen 
 for the proposed Society House proved thoroughly un- 
 suitable, difficulties arising on every hand — the question 
 of " ancient lights " threatening to lead to legal compli- 
 cations. The circumstances under which the property
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 91 
 
 had been purchased formed the subject- of lengthy and 
 continuous correspondence, noticeable for a denial of 
 responsibility on the part of those whose legal assistance 
 had been relied upon throughout the negotiations for 
 its purchase ; and the Committee eventually reported 
 to the members of the Association " that to attempt t< > 
 utilise the land in Eagle Street for the purpose originally 
 intended would be to surround you with difficulties and 
 liabilities from which it would be impossible to release 
 you without involving such sacrifices as the result would 
 not justify," and advised that the land should be sold 
 "for what it will fetch." 
 
 At the Thirty-second Annual General Meeting of the 
 Society, held on March the 3rd, 1880, a resolution was 
 passed by an overwhelming majority, which referred to 
 the ill-feeling existing in the trade regarding the 
 " unsatisfactory working of the Printers' National Art 
 Union," and called upon the paid officers of the Society 
 "to cease connection" with the Association. In agree- 
 ment with this resolution, the Working Committee of 
 the Art Union decided that the next prize drawing 
 should be the final one, and that the books of the 
 Association should be examined, and a report presented 
 to the Trade Committee. 
 
 Finally, in June of 1886, a statement was circulated 
 showing the manner in which the affair had been 
 wound up. The freehold land had been sold for 
 £2,100, and the sum of £1,375 (advanced towards 
 its purchase) repaid to the Society, leaving a balance 
 of £775, which was distributed pro rata, the London 
 Society of Compositors (6,500 members) receiving .£650,
 
 92 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 the Machine Managers' Association (1,000 members) 
 i~ioo, and the Amalgamated Society of Pressmen 
 (250 members) £2^. 
 
 XIXE HOURS MOVEMENT. 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1871 a Circular was 
 addressed to chapels with regard to the propriety and 
 expediency of reducing the working hours to fifty-four 
 per week, in order that the views of the general body of 
 members might be elicited upon the subject. In January 
 of 1872 a Memorial was presented to the employers 
 through the various chapels (the Employers' Association 
 having ceased to exist). As the result of a meeting held 
 at the Freemasons' Tavern (at which the employers 
 appointed a Committee to consider the Memorial), 
 counter-proposals were presented to those put forward 
 on behalf of the members, and considered and unani- 
 mously adopted at a meeting held at Exeter Hall on 
 March the 6th, whereby (in addition to the reduction 
 of hours) an advance of \d. per thousand was secured 
 on all descriptions of composition (other than news and 
 parliamentary work), overtime commencing after seven 
 o'clock (two o'clock on Saturdays). 
 
 After this successful effort, matters proceeded 
 smoothly until 1874, when the question of an advance in 
 prices (with payment for slating and 3d. per hour extra for 
 Sunday work) engaged the attention of the daily and 
 weekly paper hands. After several meetings had been 
 held, the various questions were submitted to a ballot, 
 the rise per thousand and the "slating" proposals being 
 endorsed by large majorities, the extra for Sunday 
 work on daily papers finding very few supporters. In
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1S4S. 
 
 June a memorial was forwarded to the Proprietors and 
 Printers of the Weekly Papers, as well as to the Pro- 
 prietors of the London Daily Papers. The former 
 appointed a Committee to meet the men's representa- 
 tives, and eventually modified proposals were submitted 
 and accepted, the working hours being fixed at fifty- 
 four, piece hands to receive 3^. per hour after sixty hours 
 had been worked, and the Scale in other respects 
 being materially improved. 
 
 Nothing of particular note occupied attention until 
 1876, when, at the May meeting (the first held in the 
 Memorial Hall), a proposition was placed upon the 
 Business Paper, at the request of an evening paper 
 chapel, suggesting the appointment of a Special Com- 
 mittee to consider the desirability of adding super- 
 annuation to the benefits of the Society. This course 
 was adopted, the consideration of this important subject 
 being entrusted to nine members, who, in the following 
 September, presented a report bearing evidence that the 
 most careful and minute investigations had been made 
 into the various points involved in the launching of a 
 successful and satisfactory scheme of superannuation 
 benefits. Two special meetings were devoted to its 
 discussion, and in October three propositions were sub- 
 mitted to a Ballot — the first fixing the benefit for 
 partially-incapacitated members of twenty years' standing 
 at 4-s - . per week, twenty-five years' membership, 5J. per 
 week ; the second dealing with totally-incapacitated 
 members, whose allowances were to be — after fifteen 
 years' membership, 4^.; twenty years', $s. ; and thirty 
 years', 10s. per week ; the third, fixing their subscriptions
 
 94 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 at id. per week. In the printed report for February, 
 1877, appears the names of the first eight members 
 placed upon the Superannuation Fund, the youngest 
 aged sixty-two, and the oldest eighty, each of whom 
 (with one exception) were receiving $s. per week. 
 
 Early in 1877, a Special Committee reported upon the 
 important question of Apprenticeship, this being the 
 fifth Committee which had been appointed to inquire 
 into the same subject during a period of forty years. 
 This report was likewise of a particularly exhaustive 
 character, and contained a recommendation that, in order 
 to check the "turnover" system, the Society should recog- 
 nise and encourage a five-years' term of apprenticeship ; 
 at the same time pointing out that, in adopting remedial 
 measures, the utmost consideration and forethought was 
 necessary, in order that the support and goodwill of fair 
 employers might be retained in the attempt to exercise 
 a gradual influence upon those employers who were 
 indifferent to the interests of the trade as a whole. 
 
 In the same year, the question of calling upon estab- 
 lishment hands to write a "line" bill was raised, the 
 endeavour of the Executive to stop the system having 
 been met by a suggestion on the part of one large 
 firm that the matter should be referred to arbitration 
 —a suggestion which eventually was accepted by the 
 Society. Mr. T. Hughes, Q.C., was appointed Arbitrator, 
 his award (given on the 3rd of July, 1877) declaring "that 
 no reasonable or sufficient grounds had been shown for 
 altering, against the wishes of the firm in whose house 
 the question had arisen, the existing practice of 'stab 
 hands marking the lines on their wages bills."
 
 Brir! Record of Events since 1848. 95 
 
 Towards the end of [877, members were invited to 
 consider the propriety of appointing an additional 
 permanent officer, and at the Delegate Meeting in 
 February, 1878, rules were presented defining the duties 
 which should devolve upon the Financial Secretary. At 
 this meeting the annual appointment of a Chairman 
 was considered ; also the propriety of registering the 
 Society under the Trade Union Act of 1871, as well as 
 the appointment of a Building Committee to carry out 
 the details involved in the erection of suitable premises 
 on the Society's freehold land in Eagle Street, Holborn, 
 the Machine Managers' and Pressmen's Unions being 
 invited to send delegates to co-operate with the Society's 
 representatives. In May, Mr. C. J. Drummond was 
 elected to the position of Assistant Secretary ; Mr. T. J. 
 Thompson being appointed Chairman. 
 
 In November of 1878, the propriety of increasing the 
 relief to all London compositors "taking the road' 
 from \d. to id. per mile was discussed, also the raising 
 of the unemployed allowance from 10s. to 12s., and 
 increasing the number of weeks from thirteen to sixteen, 
 the latter proposal being agreed to. With regard to 
 the former proposal, some correspondence passed with 
 the Executive Council of the Typographical Association, 
 who were averse to the increased payment on the 
 ground that " it would naturally tend to swamp the 
 districts covered bv the Association with the unem- 
 ployed of the London Society during the oft-recurring 
 periods of stagnation in the London trade, and would 
 in other ways be opposed to the interests of the 
 members of the Typographical Association," the Council
 
 g6 Loudon Society of Compositors. 
 
 therefore declining to consider any conditions by which 
 such a change could be effected. 
 
 The business occupying the attention of the dele- 
 gates in November of 1879 included a proposal that an 
 Association should be formed, to be called " The Federa- 
 tion of Organised Trade Societies," having for its object 
 " the establishment of a fund for the maintenance of the 
 present Nine Hours System." 
 
 In March of 1880, the weekly subscription was raised 
 to 8d. for a period of twelve months ; and a vacancy 
 arising through the resignation of Mr. Thompson, Mr. 
 Richard Lee was elected to the position of Chairman. 
 In August, a Special Committee was appointed to inquire 
 into the financial condition of the Society, their report 
 being submitted in the early part of the following year. 
 After referring to the large increase in the Society's 
 benefits, whereas formerly it existed solely for the pur- 
 pose of protecting the trade from the arbitrary encroach- 
 ments of employers, the Committee recommended that 
 investments to the extent of .£5,000 should be made upon 
 freehold and leasehold properties, in preference to Con- 
 sols ; that the maximum Superannuation payment should 
 be lowered from 10s. to 6s., and the entitling membership 
 increased to thirty-five years, and that the fund should 
 be separated from the Society, i.e., worked by a separate 
 Committee, with a view to its being made self-supporting ; 
 and that the weekly subscription should be permanently 
 increased to Sd. ; advising also that the system of travel- 
 ling relief should be abolished, and that the probationary 
 period of persons entering at the age of thirty should be 
 two years, with a further twelve months' probation for
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 97 
 
 every additional five years, before a member could be 
 entitled to claim Provident benefit. It was also recom- 
 mended that the minimum capital of the Society should 
 be fixed at £2, with power to levy if at any time 
 necessary. Fourteen questions were submitted to the 
 ballot, the whole of them being endorsed by very 
 large majorities, the vote upon the proposed reduction 
 of the superannuation benefit showing the narrowest 
 majority. 
 
 At the Annual Meeting of 1881, two names were 
 placed in nomination for the position of Librarian and 
 Housekeeper, the subsequent ballot resulting in the 
 return of Mr. A. G. Cook. Up to this period, all invest- 
 ments had been made and held in the names of stock- 
 holders, who eventually numbered over seventy. At a 
 Special General Meeting, held in August, it was decided 
 that in future the property and funds belonging to the 
 Society should be vested in the names of four Trustees r 
 the gentlemen honoured with the confidence of the 
 members being Messrs. J. Melhuish, J. R. Meyer, 
 C. J. Radley, and R. J. Townsend. In the same year 
 a Memorial was addressed to the Lords of the Treasury, 
 relating to the Contracts for Printing Parliamentary 
 Papers. 
 
 The lengthened illness of Mr. Self was the subject of 
 consideration at the November Quarterly Meeting, when 
 the Committee, regretting that they saw no immediate 
 prospect of that gentleman resuming his duties as 
 Secretary, and feeling also that his present state of health 
 is almost or entirely due to the strenuous exertions he 
 has at all times put forth in the interests of the Society,
 
 98 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 "recommended that he should be granted a retiring 
 allowance of 305. per week for life." The discussion 
 resulted in the modified proposal of ^"50 per annum 
 being submitted to the ballot, and agreed to by an over- 
 whelming majority. At a later period, Mr. Self was the 
 recipient of a testimonial and address, presented to him 
 by the members " as a slight acknowledgment of the 
 valuable services rendered by him as Secretary, during a 
 period of seventeen years, during which time he had by 
 the faithful discharge of his duties, his upright conduct, 
 strict impartiality and great ability, deservedly obtained 
 the respect and esteem of all with whom he had been in 
 any way officially connected, whose sincere thanks are 
 hereby tendered to him upon his retirement from office." 
 
 For the vacancy thus created in the Secretaryship, 
 two candidates were nominated at the Special General 
 Meeting held on the 16th of November, and afterwards 
 submitted to a ballot, the election resulting in favour of 
 Mr. C. J. Drummond (who previously had resigned the 
 Assistant-Secretaryship), the unsuccessful candidate being 
 Mr. W. A Coote. For the latter position, four names 
 were placed before the trade, the successful candidate 
 being Mr. C. Morley. 
 
 A year later, it became necessary to again ballot the 
 members in connection with the Assistant-Secretaryship, 
 the election resulting in the return of Mr. G. W. Banks. 
 
 At the Annual Meeting held in March, 1883, the 
 
 ■Committee invited the members to adopt a Trade 
 
 Emblem, to be supplied as a certificate of membership, 
 
 a desire for which had been expressed by a large number 
 
 of members. At the same meeting, reference was made
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 99 
 
 to the death of Mr. J. C. Yeoman, who had for a number 
 of years occupied the honourable position of Treasurer 
 
 to the Society ; the vacant position being filled a few- 
 weeks later by the election of Mr. J. Woozley. 
 
 The subject of Arbitration engaged the attention of 
 a Special General Meeting on the 3rd of April, when a 
 proposition was discussed that a Board should be estab- 
 lished in connection with the letterpress branch of print- 
 ing, to which all trade disputes, and all matters of dis- 
 agreement between employer and employed could be 
 submitted, the decisions of such Board (consisting of 
 thirteen members, six employers, six journeymen, and a 
 chairman ) to be binding on both parties. 
 
 A movement of some importance sprang from a 
 proposal submitted by the Committee to the Delegate 
 Meeting in November, 1883, dealing with the constitu- 
 tion of the Committee, which resulted in the appoint- 
 ment of a Special Committee empowered to "consider 
 the best means of propounding a scheme for the re- 
 constitution of the Executive.'' The direction in which 
 this Committee desired the members to act is shown in 
 the business placed before the newsmen at their Annual 
 Meeting in February, 1884, which included the consider- 
 ation of an interim report from the Special Committee, 
 in which the " desirability was expressed that in future 
 the Society should be governed by one Executive, elected 
 by the members generally, and under one code of Rules ; 
 applicable equally to all members, irrespective of the 
 particular branch of the business in which they may 
 from time to time be employed.'' The members of the 
 News Branch passed a resolution expressing extreme 
 
 1 ; 2
 
 ioo London Society of Compositors. 
 
 disapproval of the suggestion for the absorption of their 
 members with the general body, as being likely to 
 cause dissension, and tending to separate the two bodies, 
 "a result that would be much to be regretted." 
 
 It was not, however, until May of 1884, that the 
 report of the Committee came before the general trade 
 for consideration. It proposed that an Executive Council 
 of nine members should be elected annually by ballot,, 
 and that one of the number should be elected as 
 President, to preside over the meetings of the Council, 
 and at all General and Delegate Meetings. Carefully 
 drawn rules were framed to govern the method of 
 nomination, election, etc., the majority of which have 
 since been embodied in the rules ; and certain fines were 
 suggested — (1) 2s. 6d. if a member of the Council was 
 proved to have disclosed Executive business before a 
 decision had been arrived at, and for a second offence, 
 removal from the Board and disqualification from again 
 holding a seat for a period of twelve months ; (2) one 
 guinea, with disqualification for two years, if a candidate 
 for office canvassed for votes outside his own particular 
 chapel, or was detected in offering a bribe with a view 
 to obtaining any office. 
 
 A ballot was taken in July upon the propriety 
 of the members taking part in an important Demon- 
 stration of the Trades in connection with the Great 
 Reform Demonstration in Hyde Park, a very narrow 
 majority, upon a small vote, deciding in favour of 
 " demonstrating." 
 
 At the Annual Meeting in 1885, the Trade Committee 
 advised that the Society should become affiliated with
 
 Ihici Record of Events since 1S4S. 101 
 
 the London Trades' Council, a deputation from the 
 executive of that body attending the meeting for the 
 purpose of addressing the members, who eventually 
 
 decided in favour of affiliation. At the same meeting 
 an application was considered from the Librarian and 
 Housekeeper, who desired to remove from the Society 
 House, " and to take up his residence elsewhere, subject 
 to the appointment of a Caretaker in whom the Com- 
 mittee may feel sufficient confidence." 
 
 It was agreed that the Society House and Reading 
 Room should be closed at nine (instead of ten) o'clock, 
 from Monday to Friday, and on Saturdays at three 
 o'clock (previously four). 
 
 Towards the end of 1885 a serious dispute arose, 
 involving the convening of a special meeting to consider 
 the steps rendered necessary in the interests of the trade 
 generallv. During this struggle an attempt was made 
 to bring about a Federation of the Printing and Paper 
 Trades, on the lines laid down in 1S70, when it was 
 hoped, by means of an Amalgamated Society of Printers, 
 "to gather together, in one vast organisation, the whole 
 of the members of the three branches of the business, not 
 in London only, but throughout the United Kingdom." 
 which at the time was rejected by the trade. With 
 regard to the revived scheme, several meetings were 
 held, and rules drafted, the Federation comprising sixteen 
 societies, having a membership of 1 1,196. 
 
 From time to time the Rules of the Society under- 
 went alteration, and among the changes or additions 
 agreed upon at the Delegate Meeting in February, [886, 
 
 were — a rule prohibiting a member holding a full-frame
 
 102 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 from working for an)' other employer ; insisting upon 
 members paying their subscriptions through the chapel 
 in which they were working ; and dealing with 
 "members ratting" (a matter not then provided for by 
 rule) by introducing a clause clearly defining the penalty 
 incurred by members accepting work in an "unfair" 
 office ; also a rule setting forth the course to be pursued 
 towards members suspected of defrauding the Society. 
 
 In the same year the Government appointed a Royal 
 Commission to inquire into the Depression of Trade and 
 Industry, Mr. Drummond, in conjunction with Mr. T. 
 Birtwistle, being appointed upon it to represent the 
 labour interest. 
 
 Upon the death of Mr. Richard Lee, in July, 1886, 
 the Committee recommended the members to abolish 
 the office of Chairman of the Society, and to revert to 
 the custom existing prior to 1878, when the Committee 
 elected their own Chairman. At the August Delegate 
 Meeting, however, this suggestion met with little favour, 
 and it was decided to proceed to the election of a Chair- 
 man, for which position seven members were nominated, 
 the ballot resulting in the return of Mr. R. W. Minter. 
 At this meeting the members were invited to appoint 
 delegates to attend an International Trade Union 
 Congress in Paris, organised by the French Labour 
 Party. 
 
 Later in the year (October), a Typographical Con- 
 ference was held in the Memorial Hall, at which several 
 matters of importance were considered, namely, the 
 necessity of reciprocity between the various Typo- 
 graphical Societies in the payment of out-of-work and
 
 Brief Record oj EvenU since 184.8. 105 
 
 sick benefits to travelling or invalided members ; the 
 effect of the use of stereotype in newspapers ; the 
 formation of a National Association ; the jurisdiction of 
 societies in dealing with the admission of unfair hands ; 
 the position of non-unionists, and how to secure their 
 adhesion to the Union ; the employment of machinemen 
 only (who had served the customary apprenticeship) 
 upon newspapers ; also of women as compositors, etc., 
 the Conference extending over three days. 
 
 For some years an acute division had prevailed 
 between the Edinburgh compositors and the letterpress 
 printers, resulting in 1873 in the formation by the latter 
 body of a separate organisation. This question was also 
 dealt with at the Conference, the Secretaries of the 
 Typographical Association, the London Society of Com- 
 positors, and of the Machine Managers' and Pressmen's 
 Societies, being appointed as Arbitrators, who met in 
 Edinburgh in the following April, and in their Award, 
 laid down the conditions under which the two societies 
 should again be united. 
 
 Prior to 1S87, correspondence had passed between 
 the Society and the Controller of the Stationery Office, 
 relative to the manner in which the printing work of the 
 Government was being produced, most of the contracts 
 having for years been practically monopolised by a 
 house which declined to recognise the rules and customs 
 of the London trade. The question had been vigorously 
 followed up in the House of Commons by Mr. Henry 
 Broadhurst, and in the Annual Report for [887 the 
 satisfactory statement was made that one of the large 
 contracts had been taken from the non-society house by
 
 104 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 a recognised firm, employing none but members of the 
 Society, and who had opened a very large office for 
 the express purpose of carrying out the work required 
 under the contract. 
 
 At the Annual Meeting for this year the question of 
 the Half-pay Provident Allowance was discussed, the 
 members deciding to expunge from the Rules the section 
 dealing with that particular benefit ; but upon submitting 
 the proposal to a ballot (a course to which strong excep- 
 tion appears to have been taken), the trade decided, by 
 a small majority, to reverse the decision of the meeting. 
 In the following March, however, the question was 
 again submitted to a ballot, and it was decided by a 
 majority of more than two to one, to abolish the half- 
 pay system of Provident Relief. 
 
 Another matter giving rise to considerable discussion 
 at this meeting had reference to the expenditure for 
 printing during the year, which the report noted as 
 having been unusually heavy, at the same time entering 
 into the details of the quantity of work which the occur- 
 rences of the year had rendered unavoidable. The 
 members, however, appointed a Special Committee to 
 inquire into the matter, whose report (with a state- 
 ment on behalf of the Executive) was presented to the 
 trade in the following August, their conclusions being 
 embodied in four proposals, with two of which the 
 Executive were in complete agreement, and which (being 
 approved by the members) have ever since been in 
 operation — the main recommendation being the appoint- 
 ment of a Finance Committee, to be elected from the 
 Trade Committee, a proposal brought forward at a later
 
 Brie) Record >>/' Events since 1S48. 105 
 
 period that the members of the sub-committee should be 
 appointed from the body of the trade, and not by the 
 Committee, being rejected. 
 
 Four questions (submitted in agreement with a reso- 
 lution passed at the Swansea Trade Union Congress) 
 were referred to a ballot of the members in February, 
 1888, the results of which are not without interest, each 
 of them being answered in the negative. For the first, "Are 
 you in favour of an eight hours limit of the day's work 
 — total forty-eight hours per week ?" there voted 1,125, 
 against 2,098 ; for the alternative proposal, "Are you in 
 favour of a total cessation from work on Saturdays ? " 
 319 voted in favour, 2,715 against; for "Are you in 
 favour of Parliament enforcing an eight hours day In- 
 law, or enforcing a Saturday holiday by law ? " 560 
 affirmative and 2,566 negative votes were recorded ; and 
 " In favour of obtaining either of these privileges by the 
 free and united efforts of the organised trades of the 
 kingdom ?" 8S2 approved, and 2,146 disapproved. 
 
 Important amendments of rules were drafted by the 
 Committee in the same year, and were referred to the 
 delegates attending the adjourned August Meeting. By 
 these proposals the accommodation hitherto provided at 
 Racquet Court for the transaction of business of other 
 societies was withdrawn, and, in addition to many alter- 
 ations in the general rules, it was proposed that the 
 Trade Committee should in future be elected half-yearly, 
 and by ballot, instead of, as hitherto, the delegates 
 electing by show of hands at the May and November 
 meetings, three members to serve upon the Committee, at 
 the same time appointing three chapels, each ofwhich sent
 
 106 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 a representative. The principle of election by ballot 
 was finally endorsed, and made annual instead of half- 
 yearly ; the attendance fee being also raised from 
 2$. to 35. per sitting. With the same ballot paper, 
 members were invited to state whether or not they 
 were in favour of an eight -hour working day, 2,201 
 voting in favour and 1,411 against; the question "Are 
 you in favour of its being obtained by Act of Parlia- 
 ment ? " being answered in the affirmative by 1,578 
 members, and in the negative by 561. 
 
 At the November meeting, the Committee submitted 
 a scheme whereby the Superannuation allowances could 
 be increased, and the maximum payment again be fixed 
 at 10s. per week, but the delegates decided to refer it 
 back for re-consideration. 
 
 In the following year, the members of the Trade 
 Committee were, for the first time, elected by ballot, 
 an interesting feature of the contest being the fact that 
 the names of seventy candidates were submitted to the 
 trade — an evidence of the additional interest and en- 
 thusiasm which the adoption of a democratic system of 
 election had imparted to a contest upon the results of 
 which the future welfare of the Society to a large 
 extent depended. 
 
 Successful efforts were being put forth at this period 
 to induce public bodies to confine their work to employers 
 recognised as " fair," and the results may best be 
 realised when it is stated that a joint manifesto was 
 addressed to the leading daily journal, signed by fourteen 
 employers of non-union labour, to which a most spirited
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 107 
 
 reply was made in a letter signed by three employers 
 of union labour, defending the position which had beer 
 
 taken up by the Society upon tin's important matter. 
 
 A Conference was convened in 1889 to deal principally 
 with the question of" slating" in daily paper offices, and 
 also with the regulations governing evening paper work, 
 delegates having previously been appointed from each 
 newspaper office to inquire into the various subjects, and 
 to report to the Xews Committee. The results of the 
 inquiry were embodied in a Memorial to the employers, 
 and although the discussions at the Conference failed to 
 secure a recognition of payment for " slating" time, the 
 conditions applying to evening paper work were much 
 improved, the ordinary working hours being clearly 
 defined, and overtime charges fixed for both evening 
 and morning paper hands. 
 
 A further effort to increase the allowances to super- 
 annuated members was made in [889, and, as the result 
 of a ballot taken in November, the maximum payment 
 was raised to 8s. per week. At the same time it was 
 agreed, also upon the recommendation of the Trade 
 Committee, to appoint an additional officer, rendered 
 necessary by the growth of the Society's membership. 
 The names of eight candidates were submitted to the 
 vote, which resulted in the return of Mr. H. G. Weir. 
 Inconsequence, however, of an indiscreet speech delivered 
 by the member at an open-air demonstration, the 
 Committee did not deem it advisable to permit the 
 newly-elected officer to enter upon his duties, recom- 
 mending that the office should remain vacant until the
 
 10S London Society of Compositors. 
 
 Animal Meeting, or until after the incident had been 
 considered by the members attending the next Quarterly 
 Meeting. 
 
 Meanwhile, Mr. Cook had resigned the position of 
 Librarian, and a sub-committee having carefully inquired 
 into the duties of the office, recommended that two 
 Assistants should be appointed, one of whom should take 
 charge of the Library, and attend to petition fund 
 business, and that the housekeeper should be appointed 
 by and under the control of the Committee, instead of 
 as hitherto holding the appointment through the 
 Librarian. These suggestions were endorsed at a 
 Special Delegate Meeting, and in March, 1890, Messrs. 
 T. E. Peacock and W. H. Thorne (out of four candi- 
 dates) were declared duly elected. 
 
 ADVANCE OF WAGES MOVEMENT, 1891. 
 
 The question of endeavouring to improve the condi- 
 tions under which they were working had for some time 
 engaged the attention of the Committee and the members, 
 and at the Delegate Meeting held in February, 1890, it 
 was unanimously resolved, upon the recommendation 
 of the Trade Committee, to take a plebiscite on the 
 propriety of approaching the employers with reference 
 to an Advance of Wages. On the nth of the month, 
 Ballot Papers were issued, in which nine questions were 
 submitted, all being answered in the affirmative — favour- 
 ing a rise in the 'stab and piece rates, reducing systematic 
 overtime by increasing the extra rates for such work, 
 assimilating the book and weekly paper rates for over- 
 time work, and reducing the maximum working hours, the
 
 Brief Record of Evenh since 1S48. 1 g 
 
 co-operation of the Machine Managers' and Pressmen's 
 Unions being invited in the effort to carry these proposals 
 to a successful issue. As an evidence of the earnestm ss 
 with which the members entered upon the Advance ol 
 Wages Movement, it was agreed that the subscriptions 
 should be doubled for a period of thirteen weeks ; or for 
 such further period as the Committee might deem 
 necessarv. 
 
 On the 24th of November a Memorial was addressed 
 to the employers, setting forth the various provisions of 
 the Scale which it was desired should be amended, and 
 commending them to their favourable consideration, at 
 the same time suggesting that the members were pre- 
 pared to meet them " either individually or through the 
 medium of a representative committee." The task of 
 revising the Scale had been entrusted by the Trade 
 Committee to a sub-committee of four of its members, 
 with the Chairman and Secretary, assisted by four rep- 
 resentative members, who were selected as possessing a 
 special knowledge of the Scale and customs of the trade, 
 and who, in presenting to the Committee a clear and 
 concise report of their labours, claimed "that they had 
 not attempted anything heroic," but had rather en- 
 deavoured to submit such amendments of the Scale as 
 were likely to meet with the approval of the member-, 
 as well as with that of the employers, " for we are cog- 
 nisant that no settlement of a permanent nature can be 
 arrived at except with the consent of both parties.'' 
 
 The Memorial prepared on behalf of the members 
 (the terms of which were clearly, comprehensively, and 
 skilfully drawn) was received by the employers in a
 
 mo London Society of Compositors. 
 
 friendly manner, its tone and spirit materially assisting 
 to convince them of the reasonableness of the claims 
 submitted for their consideration. Correspondence 
 ensued between the Society and the Printing and Allied 
 Trades' Association, the latter body eventually appointing 
 a Committee to meet a like number of representatives 
 from the Society to discuss the terms of the Memorial, 
 their contention that a Scale which had taken some 
 months to revise could not be considered and become 
 operative by the ist of January being accepted as a 
 reasonable one, the time consequently being extended 
 to the ist of March. 
 
 The Conference meeting was fixed for the 26th of 
 January, 1891, at Stationers' Hall, and continued to sit, 
 almost without interruption, until the 12th of February, 
 and resulted in securing to the trade many substantial 
 advantages to piece hands, with an all-round increase of 
 is. per week to establishment hands, and solid increases 
 in the rates for overtime work. The Agreement thus 
 arrived at was submitted to a ballot of the members on 
 the 17th of February, who, by a majority of 4,891 (the 
 numbers being 6,187 against 1,296) gave their repre- 
 sentatives full power to sign the Revised Scale, effect 
 being given to this decision on the following day. 
 
 Considerable controversy arose after the Scale had 
 been signed, which found expression at the Annual Meet- 
 ing which was fixed to take place as usual at the Memorial 
 Mall, the attendance being so great that it was decided 
 to adjourn in order that a larger hall might be engaged. 
 The adjourned meeting was held on Saturday afternoon, 
 the 14th of March, at the Great Assembly Hall, Mile
 
 Briej Record o) Events since 1S48. mi 
 
 End Road, the proceedings throughout being of the most 
 turbulent and noisy character. The whole discussion 
 centred upon an amendment "to strike out of the 
 Annual Report all reference to the Advance of Wag< , 
 which was rejected in favour of a resolution calling upon 
 the Executive to furnish an explanation of their action 
 in the matter, and, in the event of such explanation 
 being deemed unsatisfactory, to resign at once, this 
 resolution being the outcome of a suggestion that the 
 Executive had obtained a majority in the ballot lor the 
 signing of the Revised Scale " through the suppression 
 of material facts connected therewith." 
 
 On the 24th of March, the Committee issued an 
 explanatory statement, and asked the members to vote 
 upon the question, " Are you satisfied with the Com- 
 mittee's explanation ? " the answer being, " Yes," 4,389 ; 
 " Xo," r ,645. At the adjourned meeting, held in the 
 same hall on the [8th of April, the validity of this ballot 
 was questioned on the ground that the vote had been 
 taken at a time when the Society was "without a 
 Secretary and other officials," their terms of office having 
 expired in March, and " their names not having been sub- 
 mitted for re-election," which, it was contended, rendered 
 the ballot null and void. The proceedings were, 
 however, marked by comparative quietness, the mem- 
 bers settling down to the transaction of the business for 
 which the meeting had been convened. 
 
 Circumstances have since assuredly proved the 
 wisdom of the members in accepting the settlement 
 which their Executive had secured for them, after keen 
 negotiations with the employers, and hostile opposition
 
 i i 2 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 on the part of many of their constituents, and it is par- 
 ticularly gratifying to remember that the Advance of 
 Wages Movement was brought to a successful conclu- 
 sion without the loss of a single office. 
 
 Although at a later period some differences of opinion 
 arose between the Society and the Masters' Association 
 upon the interpretation to be placed upon the word 
 " works" in Art. 2j, as well as upon the application of 
 certain of the overtime clauses in the Scale, they were 
 eventually satisfactorily settled as the result of a further 
 meeting, the decisions arrived at being embodied in a 
 Minute signed on the ist of September. 
 
 During the summer of 1891, owing to the efforts put 
 forth by the Society, and with the cordial assistance of 
 friends on the Council, the work of the London County 
 Council, the contract for which had been secured by a 
 notoriously " unfair " firm, was removed to a recognised 
 house. 
 
 A Special Committee, which had been appointed at 
 the Annual Meeting to inquire into and, if possible, 
 simplify and improve the Call Book regulations, also 
 reported in June, but their recommendations, which were 
 intended to " popularise " the Call Book, by adopting a 
 system of classification whereby employers could obtain 
 the services of members accustomed to their particular 
 class of work, and members secured the employment 
 most suitable to their capabilities, failed to find favour 
 when submitted to the consideration of the trade. 
 
 A subject which had been discussed on many previous 
 occasions — namely, the long-felt and much-needed want 
 of more commodious premises in which to transact the
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 113 
 
 Society's business — was at last satisfactorily settled by 
 the Executive announcing that negotiations had been 
 entered into for the purchase of the freehold premises, 
 Xos. 7 and 9, St. Bride Street, which could be secured 
 for the sum of ,£10,500. An agreement was drawn up 
 and signed in August of 1891, the premises being taken 
 over on the 28th of September. Extensive alterations 
 were designed and commenced during the following 
 year, and on the 30th of January, 1893 (after a thirty-six 
 years' occupation of the house in Racquet Court, during 
 which time the membership had increased fourfold), the 
 Society's business was transferred to the present premises, 
 the event being made memorable by the holding of a 
 Trade Dinner, which took place at the Cannon Street 
 Hotel, on the 28th January. 
 
 In reviewing the past history of the Society, it must 
 be a matter of surprise to the members, and particularly 
 to those who, at various periods, were officially connected 
 with the Racquet Court premises, that such a huge 
 quantity of work could have been transacted in so 
 limited a space, especially during later years ; and it is 
 certain that the change, from any and every point of 
 view, has been extremely beneficial to all concerned, and 
 has materially assisted to raise the status of the Society 
 as a whole. Apart from higher considerations, and 
 viewing it merely as an investment, the utmost success 
 has attended the purchase, the premises having since been 
 valued at the substantial figure of ,£15,500 — in itself 
 ample testimony to the wisdom of those who selected 
 the building and carried the negotiations for its purchase 
 to a successful issue.
 
 1 1 4 Londoil Society of Compositors. 
 
 Beyond deciding that the Executive should not be 
 permitted to take a ballot of the trade upon any matter 
 (other than an extension of the Provident Benefit or a 
 grant to another trade societ3 r or other body of workers) 
 without calling a Delegate or General Meeting ; discuss- 
 ing the propriety of establishing a trade journal; and 
 advancing the salary of the Assistant-Secretary, few 
 matters of general interest engaged the attention of the 
 members during the latter months of 1891. The sum of 
 .£500 was granted in December towards the support 
 of the German printers on strike; and early in the 
 following January a Special General Meeting was held 
 by requisition, to "consider what steps should be taken 
 to assist the Bookbinders in their present effort to secure 
 an eight-hour day.'' A fortnight later a ballot was taken 
 upon the question of the Society "actively supporting the 
 Bookbinders by objecting to work for firms employing 
 Non-Union Binders ? " there being but 359 members in 
 favour of such a course of action, those voting against it 
 numbering no less than 6,065. Shortly afterwards, the 
 members granted to the Bookbinders the sum of £100. 
 
 In the same month, a Special Delegate Meeting was 
 convened to consider a report from the Trade Committee 
 "as to certain matters that have necessitated the suspen- 
 sion of two of the Society's officers, and to determine 
 what action shall be taken thereon." After fully inquir- 
 ing into the causes which had led the Committee to 
 reluctantly exercise the powers vested in them by rule, 
 it was determined to declare the position of Assistant 
 Secretary as vacant ; the Committee at the same time 
 submitting proposals having for their object the devising
 
 Brief Record of /units since 1S4S. 
 
 "5 
 
 of a better method of carrying on the duties hitherto 
 devolving upon that official, rendered necessary by the 
 growth of the Society's membership and the increase 
 
 of its benefits. No immediate steps were taken to fill 
 the vacant position, the consideration of the matter 
 being deferred until the Annual Meeting in March. 
 
 The News Committee, who had instituted an inquiry 
 into the method of working adopted in the various daily 
 paper offices, "with the view of ascertaining whether — 
 and if so, to what extent — irregularities existed, either of 
 scale or custom," reported very fully upon the subject 
 during the month of October, their main recommendation 
 dealing with the manner in which "grass" hands had 
 hitherto been employed. It is also noticeable that the 
 system of presenting printed quarterly and annual reports 
 (instead of in writing) was abandoned by the newsmen 
 within a very short period of its adoption. 
 
 Towards the end of 1891, negotiations were entered 
 into with the proprietors of a daily paper into which 
 composing machines had been introduced, with a view- 
 to arranging terms for their working ; but in spite of 
 every effort on the part of the Executive to arrive at a 
 satisfactory understanding, the negotiations failed, the 
 action of the proprietors in closing the house being 
 vigorously, and, to an extent, successfully resisted. 
 
 The year [892 was destined to witness several 
 changes in the personnel of the Executive, Mr. R. W. 
 Minter having, in February, notified the Committee that 
 it was not his intention, " for reasons of a private 
 nature,'' to seek re-election at the Annual Meeting ; this 
 announcement being followed on the 4th of March 
 
 n 2
 
 1 1 6 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 by a similar declaration from the Secretary (Mr. C. J. 
 Drummond), who, after an official connection with the 
 Society of seventeen years, decided to " hand over 
 the responsibilities of office to his constituents." At 
 the Annual Meeting, held on the i6th of March, the 
 members unanimously adopted a resolution — "That, 
 having learned with regret of the determination of the 
 Secretary not to seek re-election, this Annual Meeting 
 tenders him its very best thanks for the many services 
 he has rendered the Trade, and trusts he may have a 
 bright and happy future." 
 
 At this meeting a long discussion ensued upon a pro- 
 posal to re-open the question affecting the Assistant- 
 Secretaryship, which having been settled by the delegates 
 attending a recently convened Special Meeting, could not, 
 according to Rule, be re-opened within six months. The 
 attempt to override the Rules being persisted in, and a 
 nomination on behalf of the suspended official being 
 handed in (which the Committee declined to accept), the 
 proceedings were brought to a close by the Chairman 
 vacating the chair. The question of adhering to the 
 Rules in this matter was eventually referred to the 
 ballot, the members deciding by 5,956 votes to 1,042 that 
 the decision of the Committee and delegates should be 
 upheld. 
 
 The adjourned Meeting was not held until the 30th 
 of March, pending the election of officers, which took 
 place on March 25th. For the position of Chairman, 
 two candidates were nominated, Mr. R. F. McBean being 
 elected by 4,227 votes ; the election for the Secretary- 
 ship, for which four candidates were nominated, resulting
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1S48. 1 1 7 
 
 in the return of Mr. C. W. Bowerman (who had 
 
 previously resigned the News Secretaryship) with 4,135 
 votes. At the adjourned meeting, three candidates 
 were nominated lor the Assistant-Secretaryship, Mr. J. 
 Connal being returned by 3,081 votes. For the position 
 of News Secretary, Air. T. Sanders was elected by the 
 newsmen. 
 
 At the May Delegate Meeting the Trade Committee 
 recommended that in view of the financial position of 
 the Societv, it was desirable to permanently increase the 
 subscription to gd. per week, and to meet all levies for 
 extensions of Provident benefit by levy. The delegates, 
 however, rejected the last proposal, but heartily agreed 
 with the former, their decision being afterwards ratified 
 by a ballot, and by an overwhelming majority. The 
 Executive received instructions to take immediate and 
 energetic steps for the suppression of overtime, "in order 
 to protect the funds of the Society from excessive 
 provident claims," which since 1890 had practically 
 doubled in amount. 
 
 Full effect was given to these instructions, a schedule 
 of questions being addressed to the various chapels, 
 requesting the officials to furnish minute particulars as to 
 the quantity and circumstances under which overtime 
 was being worked, and inviting the support of chapels 
 in an endeavour to minimise such work as far as possible. 
 From the information thus received, the Committee found 
 that the increased rates agreed upon at the 1891 Con- 
 ference "had considerably curtailed the amount of over- 
 time work," which the returns proved had been reduced 
 bv at least one-half.
 
 ii8 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 Although the delegates had previously hesitated to 
 accept the principle of " levying " to meet extensions of 
 Provident relief, the bad state of trade in October of 
 1892 necessitated the calling of a Special Meeting, to 
 consider the "imperative necessity of devising some 
 means whereby the extra expense involved in an exten- 
 sion of benefit could be met," and at this meeting it was 
 decided to grant the extension, and to double the sub- 
 scription for six weeks, the result of the ballot endorsing 
 this decision by a majority of two to one. 
 
 In the preceding August the Executive had received 
 instructions to inquire into the "Gift'' question, which for 
 several years had given rise to considerable controversy, 
 and created an acute degree of unpleasantness between 
 member and member. The Committee went very fully 
 into the question, taking evidence from accusers and 
 accused, and in February, 1893, reported that the charges 
 which had been made against the " Gift " societies had 
 been greatly exaggerated, and that the witnesses had 
 failed to substantiate the allegations made at the preced- 
 ing Delegate Meeting. On the contrary, it was shown 
 that the work and methods of these small organisations 
 had, in some directions, exercised a decidedly beneficial in- 
 fluence upon the well-being of the Society. Whatever 
 might have been the position and power of these 
 minor societies in the past, it was made perfectly clear 
 that by the growth of the parent Society they had been 
 rendered practically ineffective, and had continued to 
 exist solely for provident purposes, for the carrying on of 
 which they still retained the "Call" Book. This the 
 Committee recommended should be abolished, also that
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848'. 1 eg 
 
 the "Gift" membership should be rendered less exclusive 
 — the practice having been to limit the number in each 
 to about 100. The delegates, however, passed a resolution 
 instructing the Executive to appeal to the members con- 
 stituting "Gifts" to withdraw from such sectional 
 societies, and to "throw the whole of their influence into 
 the general union of London compositors." At the 
 adjourned meeting, the delegates carried a resolution that 
 a ballot should be taken upon the question " Whether 
 the Rules shall be altered to prevent any member of a 
 'Gift' being a member of the Society," which was 
 carried by a very narrow majority. Since then the 
 members of the " Gifts'' have re-constituted their societies 
 in agreement with the desires of the Trade. 
 
 Among other subjects discussed at the various meet- 
 ings had been that of starting a journal in the interests 
 of the London printing trade, the members voting the 
 sum of £$o towards the launching of the " Printing 
 News," the first number of which was published in 
 August, 1892. 
 
 At the Annual Meeting in March, 1893, the re-elec- 
 tion of the Chairman met with opposition, and, although 
 Mr. McBean obtained the " show of hands," a ballot was 
 demanded on behalf of the two opposing candidates, 
 which resulted in the re-election of the former member. 
 
 Accompanying the same ballot paper was a proposal 
 to temporarily extend the Provident Benefit, which was 
 lost by fourteen votes. Following upon this a " Non- 
 Provident Relief Fund" was raised, the appeal (as well 
 as those issued in 1894) being well responded to. The 
 Trade Committee undertook to "exercise a discretionary
 
 T2o London Society of Compositors. 
 
 power" in the distribution of the money subscribed, the 
 task proving a delicate and far from agreeable one. The 
 three appeals realised the sum of .£741 45. 6d. 
 
 On Saturday, the 10th of June, 1893, the first of a 
 series of special general meetings was held to take into 
 consideration the Report of a Special Committee 
 appointed in the early part of the preceding year " to 
 consider the desirability of reconstructing the Executive, 
 to meet the continuous growth of the Society ; and that 
 the rights of appeal by individual members be more 
 strictly defined and safeguarded ; also to revise and 
 re-arrange the Rules." At this meeting it was decided to 
 expunge all reference to the News Department, the 
 rules governing which had been revised in the direction 
 of abolishing the separate Executive. Considerable 
 alterations were eventually made in the Society's Rules, 
 the principal being the retirement of members from the 
 Committee after serving for two consecutive periods of 
 twelve months, and to be ineligible for re-election until 
 the expiration of two years ; increasing the subscription 
 to io^/. per week (ratified by ballot) ; fixing the mini- 
 mum capital at £2 10s. per member; making fines 
 for non-payment of subscriptions at stated periods cumu- 
 lative ; and embodying a rule governing the admission 
 of members joining an association " one of whose objects 
 is the procuring of employment for its members." 
 Proposals to increase the strike payment to 30s. per 
 week, to appoint an Organiser, also an additional 
 Assistant, and to increase the salaries of the two 
 Assistants, were rejected.
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 1 2 1 
 
 In consequence of a decision given by the Chairman 
 at the first meeting held to consider the Revised Rules, 
 a requisition was received requesting that a Special 
 General Meeting might be held " to consider the general 
 and special conduct of the Chairman, and the transactions 
 of the General Meeting" held on the 10th of June. 
 Two resolutions accompanied the requisition, the first 
 calling upon the Chairman to resign his position ; the 
 second directing " that any recorded transactions of the 
 General Meeting which may have taken place after the 
 irregular proceedings of the Chairman be deleted from 
 the Minutes." The Committee declined to call a 
 special meeting, and decided to take the discussion of 
 these resolutions as the first business at the adjourned 
 meeting. Upon this occasion an acrimonious discussion 
 arose, but the members eventually endorsed the decisions 
 arrived at at the previous meeting, and proceeded with 
 the consideration of the Revised Rules. As the matters 
 affecting the News Department had been disposed of 
 (for the convenience of whose members the two meetings 
 had been held on a Saturday), it was decided that future 
 meetings should take place on Wednesday evenings ; 
 and upon resuming the consideration of the Special 
 Committee's report upon the 12th of July, a resolution 
 was passed calling upon the Chairman to leave the chair. 
 The Trade Committee, after giving careful consideration 
 to the action of the members, decided to accept their 
 Chairman's resignation, and on the 28th of August, Mr. 
 J. Galbraith was elected to the vacant position. 
 
 The News Committee also entered upon the task of 
 revising their Scale, a report being submitted to the
 
 122 Loudon Society of Compositors. 
 
 members of that department in June, the conclusions 
 arrived at eventually becoming the subject of a Confer- 
 ence with the daily newspaper proprietors, resulting in 
 the laying down of much-needed regulations regarding 
 the charges to be made for displayed and other adver- 
 tisements, and increasing the guarantee for morning 
 papers to one galley and a half, with several minor but 
 none the less desirable and advantageous alterations. 
 
 Several questions of an interesting and important 
 character occupied the attention of the members during 
 the year 1894. At the Annual Meeting, a proposal was 
 submitted and approved that the weekly subscription 
 should be raised to is. for a period of twelve months, in 
 order that the capital might be increased to £2 10s. 
 per member, in agreement with the decision of the 
 ballot upon the recommendations of the Special Com- 
 mittee. Reference was also made to the "extraordinary 
 manner in which the Provident claims had increased," 
 and satisfaction expressed at the members' decision to 
 meet all extensions of this benefit by means of a levy. 
 
 As an outcome of resolutions which had been passed 
 over-ruling the policy of the Board upon the Apprentice 
 and " Gift " questions, the Committee found it necessary 
 to appeal to the Trade — first, with a view to limiting 
 apprentices to one to three journeymen (instead of, as 
 claimed, one to six), and secondly, to prevent the rule 
 recently passed regarding "members joining associations 
 having for their object the obtaining of employment," 
 being made retrospective so far as "Gift" hands were 
 concerned. It was pointed out that the latter had 
 acquiesced in the reasonable demands which had been
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 123 
 
 made upon them, and that to threaten them with 
 expulsion was both unconstitutional and illegal, and a 
 proceeding which " no Committee, worthy of the name, 
 could tolerate or sympathise with." In each instance 
 the action of the Committee was upheld by a sweeping 
 majority. 
 
 Important resolutions were likewise submitted from 
 the unemployed members respecting the propriety of 
 consulting the employers upon the subject of reducing 
 the working hours, and with regard to taking steps to 
 bring about a federation with the Typographical and 
 other Trade Associations. A special meeting was con- 
 vened for their discussion, and upon submitting the hours 
 question to the ballot, the suggested conference was 
 negatived by 4,167 votes to 2,184. The question of the 
 Society joining the proposed Federation of the Printing 
 and Kindred Trades in London was likewise balloted 
 upon, 3,653 members opposing and 2,646 approving such 
 a course of action. Over 9,000 papers were issued to mem- 
 bers, nearly one-third of whom failed to record their votes. 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING CONTRACTS. 
 
 In August, an interesting debate was raised in the 
 House of Commons with respect to the Contracts for 
 Government printing, upon a motion brought forward by 
 Mr. T. Lough (Member for West Islington) during the 
 discussion on the Estimates. The question had been 
 taken up by the Trade Committee towards the close of 
 the preceding year, and in November a deputation 
 obtained an interview with Mr. T. I). Pigott (Controller 
 of the Stationery Office), to whom was explained the
 
 124 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 difference between the prices embodied in the official 
 Schedules and those in the London Scale of Prices, the 
 Controller being urged to introduce into future tenders 
 a condition insisting that the Contractor should pay his 
 workmen in agreement with the provisions of the 
 recognised Scale. At a later date, an interview was 
 obtained with Sir William Harcourt (Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer) and Sir John T. Hibbert (Secretary to the 
 Treasury), followed by a second interview with the Con- 
 troller of the Stationery Office. 
 
 The matter was then entrusted to Mr. T. Lough, 
 who very kindly, and with the utmost readiness, con- 
 sented to undertake the task. Very quickly (in 
 conjunction with Mr. S. Woods) an interview was 
 arranged with the Secretary to the Treasury, with 
 whom was the Controller of the Stationery Office, 
 and after hearing the representations placed before 
 him by the deputation, the former admitted that a 
 strong case had been made out, which should receive 
 his careful consideration. The result, however, of the 
 Treasury Secretary's deliberations was not so satis- 
 factory as could be desired, and Mr. Lough took the 
 opportunity of raising the subject in the House, as stated 
 above. His efforts received valuable support at the 
 hands of Mr. Michael Austin, Sir Albert Rollit, Mr. J. 
 Stuart, Captain Norton, and Mr. John Burns, and finally 
 the Secretary to the Treasury agreed to the appointment 
 of a Select Committee to inquire into the matter, and 
 that, pending the report of the Committee, any new 
 contracts that might be entered into should be given 
 only to firms agreeing to pay the London Scale of Prices 
 to their compositors.
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1848. 125 
 
 This Committee (which was appointed on the [8th 
 
 of June, 1 $()? ) met on the 2 1st of the same month, elected 
 a Chairman, and arranged to meet during the following 
 week to take evidence. Meanwhile, however, the Liberal 
 Government met witli a defeat, and resigned ; and it 
 was not until the 25th of February, icS<j(>, that the Com- 
 mittee was re-appointed, the change of Government 
 naturally involving changes in its constitution, in agree- 
 ment with the political views of the party in power. 
 The Chairman was re-elected, and after it had been 
 decided that the question of establishing a State printing 
 office was outside the scope of the Committee's inquiry 
 (this decision causing the retirement of two of its 
 members), evidence was taken on the 6th of March, and 
 occupied nine sittings (until the 24th of April). 
 
 On the 8th of May, the Chairman's report was 
 rejected in favour of the report presented by Mr. Lough, 
 and, after agreeing to many of its paragraphs, the Com- 
 mittee adjourned until the 13th of May, when one of its 
 members who, although a supporter of the Government, 
 had not previously taken the trouble to attend any of its 
 meeting's, and who, consequently, had not heard the 
 evidence upon which the Committee had to base its 
 report, attended for the first time, apparently as a matter 
 of political exigency ; and as by his presence the Com- 
 mittee became equally divided in opinion, the Chairman 
 was enabled to give his casting vote against the main 
 recommendations embodied in Mr. Lough's report. 
 
 In spite, however, of the political bias which had 
 been imported into the proceedings, the Committee's 
 recommendations were considerably in advance of those
 
 126 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 resulting from former inquiries, and in addition to insert- 
 ing in the form of contract regulations governing sweating, 
 sub-letting, and the payment of wages, the Report advised 
 that "the various groups of printing should be so dis- 
 tributed as to ensure a healthy competition." The 
 result has been that whereas a large proportion of 
 Government printing was formerly monopolised by a 
 non-society house, most of it has now been secured by 
 firms recognizing and honourably abiding by the Scale of 
 Prices mutually agreed upon between, and signed by, the 
 representatives of employers and employed, the con- 
 sequent effect upon the recognized trade in general, and 
 upon the members of the Society in particular, being 
 extremely beneficial so far as their present and future 
 welfare is concerned. 
 
 In order that the members might be afforded an 
 opportunity of expressing their appreciation of the 
 services rendered to the Trade by Messrs. T. Lough and 
 M. Austin, a Complimentary Dinner was given in their 
 honour at the Holborn Restaurant, on February 20th, 
 1897, which was attended by representatives from the 
 Provincial Typographical Association and other kindred 
 societies. On this occasion handsome illuminated 
 addresses (in album form) were presented to the 
 gentlemen mentioned, conveying the feelings entertained 
 towards them by those whose interests they had so well 
 served. 
 
 In September of 1894, a ballot was taken upon 
 the question of reducing the subscription payable by 
 unemployed members to .\d. per week, the trade up-
 
 Brief Record of Events since 1S48. 127 
 
 holding, by an exceedingly large majority, the principle 
 that whilst members enjoyed equal rights and privileges 
 they must bear an equal liability. 
 
 The delegates attending the August quarterly meeting 
 appointed a Special Committee of three to " consider the 
 Sub-Committees of the Executive, with a view to abolish- 
 ing a considerable and unnecessary drain upon our funds." 
 This Committee reported to the November meeting, 
 submitting seven recommendations, some of which were 
 accepted by the delegates, and have since been earned 
 into effect. 
 
 On the 6th of April, 1895, the subscription was 
 permanently increased to is. per week ; and by the 
 same ballot it was almost unanimously decided to dis- 
 continue the Library — a course which the Committee 
 regretfully advised the Trade to take in consequence of 
 the extremely limited number of borrowers availing 
 themselves of its advantages. At a later period the 
 whole of the books (with the exception of the works of 
 reference) were sold by auction to the members. 
 
 At the May Delegate Meeting, the Committee 
 submitted a proposal dealing with the question of re- 
 instituting a system of half-provident benefit to members 
 drawing three-fourths of the maximum amount of relief 
 for three successive years, but the recommendation was 
 rejected, and a Special Committee of five appointed to 
 '' devise the best means of decreasing the number of 
 unemployed members." Tin's Committee reported in 
 August, their recommendations (eight in number) being 
 submitted to the votes of members during the following 
 month. A proposal that no member be allowed to work
 
 128 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 overtime while other members were to be obtained from 
 the Society House was rejected ; as also were the pro- 
 posals to appoint an Organiser, an Admission Committee, 
 a Committee to inquire into the seasonal nature of the 
 trade, and to provide telephonic communication with 
 employers. The proposals approved were those dealing 
 with boy labour, "high-pressure" production, and federa- 
 tion with the Typographical Association. 
 
 An important question was also referred to the 
 members from the August Delegate Meeting, having 
 reference to the resolution passed at the Trade Union 
 Congress, held at Norwich in 1894, and known as the 
 " Collectivist" Resolution, the rescinding of which was to 
 be proposed at the Congress to be held during the follow- 
 ing month. By 3,157 votes to 2,193, the members 
 decided to instruct their delegates attending the Cardiff 
 Congress to support the motion to rescind the resolution 
 in question. The Society's delegates to the Trade 
 Union Congress were this year, for the first time, elected 
 by ballot. 
 
 MACHINE COMPOSING QUESTION. 
 
 Although an agreement had been arrived at in August, 
 1892, regarding the prices and conditions under which 
 type-distributing and composing machines should be 
 worked in a daily paper office (the negotiations in con- 
 nection therewith being memorable on account of the 
 attempt then made to introduce girl and boy labour for 
 distributing purposes — an attempt which the Society 
 strenuously and successfully resisted), it was not until 
 1894 that the question of fixing rates for line-casting
 
 Brief Record oj Events since 1848. 129 
 
 machines was raised by the proprietors of the daily 
 papers, to whom a memorial had been presented by the 
 newsmen regarding advertisement and other charges. A 
 Conference upon the subject was held at Anderton's Hotel, 
 and on the 7th of June a Scale was drawn up and signed, 
 and made binding upon all parties until the end of 1895. 
 
 In November of that year, the employers announced 
 their intention of re-opening the question at the expira- 
 tion of the agreed-upon time, and another Conference 
 was consequently convened at Anderton's Hotel, at 
 which a strong effort was made by their representatives 
 to force a general and serious reduction of the prices 
 hitherto prevailing. This attempt was in the main 
 frustrated, after a persistent and long-sustained struggle ; 
 but when the terms provisionally agreed upon were sub- 
 mitted to the trade, the members referred them back 
 for further consideration, and eventually a committee 
 was appointed to carry on further negotiations with the 
 employers. 
 
 On the 25th of January, 1896, a Special General 
 Meeting was held at Exeter Hall to consider the position 
 created by the rejection of the provisional terms of agree- 
 ment. The proceedings were throughout marked with 
 considerable enthusiasm, it being agreed that no com- 
 promise should be accepted, and that, pending the discus- 
 sion of fresh terms, the employers should be called upon 
 to recognise the existing machine scale, the members also 
 deciding to pay a substantial levy lor a period ol six 
 weeks. In February, a Special Committee was appointed 
 "to re-cast the scale," and to arrange working conditions 
 between case hands and operators. During the same
 
 130 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 month one of the daily paper offices was unfortu- 
 nately closed to the members through a dispute in 
 connection with the conditions under which machines 
 were to be worked. 
 
 In June, another Conference was convened with the 
 employers' representatives, which took place at the 
 Salisbury Hotel, Salisbury Square, and after several 
 sittings had been devoted to the discussion of the points 
 in dispute, an Agreement was signed on the 27th of July, 
 which came into operation on the 1st of September 
 following. A condition of meeting the employers in 
 conference was that the Society's Representatives should 
 have power to sign the terms agreed upon, this course 
 being approved by the members by 4,753 votes to 1,508. 
 The Scale worked with an agreeable degree of smooth- 
 ness until towards the end of 1897, when minor questions 
 arose in connection with the interpretation of certain of 
 the Rules, which for the moment proved difficult of 
 settlement ; but, as the result of a meeting of the 
 Arbitration Board (called together in agreement with 
 resolutions passed at the previous Conference, and which 
 were appended to the Scale), these matters were satis- 
 factorily disposed of, the decisions arrived at being em- 
 bodied in a Minute signed on the 25th of January, 1898. 
 
 With the exception of the Machine question, 
 which engrossed the attention of the members to the ex- 
 clusion of other than the ordinary routine business, very 
 few matters arose in 1896 which require to be chronicled. 
 The Society was represented at the International 
 Workers' Congress, held in London during the month of 
 July, which was very largely attended by foreign
 
 Brief Record oj Events since /S-/-V. 131 
 
 delegates, and afforded English trade-unionists ample 
 opportunities of ascertaining the views of Continental 
 workmen upon the various labour and social questions 
 discussed at the Congress. Advantage was taken of the 
 presence of representatives from the Typographical 
 Federations of France, Spain, and other countries, to 
 invite them to a banquet, the delegates expressing the 
 warmest sentiments of appreciation of the hospitality 
 extended towards them by the Society. 
 
 Towards the close of the year, a serious dispute 
 occurred between Lord Penrhyn and the North Wales 
 quarrvmen, who struck in defence of " the right of com- 
 bination." The struggle was maintained bv the men in 
 the most stubborn and determined manner, and extended 
 over many months, during which period they received 
 and retained the unstinted support of the general public, 
 as well as the hearty co-operation of their fellow trade- 
 unionists, of whom the members of this Society con- 
 tributed from their funds the sum of .£350, very large 
 additional amounts being subscribed through the various 
 chapels. 
 
 A scheme of Federation between the Society and 
 the London Machine Managers' Society was formulated 
 about this time, and accepted by the latter body, but 
 upon being submitted to the Delegate Meeting held in 
 February, 1897, was referred back to the Committee for 
 further consideration, the members feeling that the 
 scheme was not sufficiently wide in its scope. Negotia- 
 tions were opened up with the kindred trades of the 
 Metropolis, and eventually another scheme was drawn 
 up, which, after meeting with the approval of the dele- 
 gates attending the November meeting, was submitted
 
 132 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 to a ballot, and endorsed by 4,976 votes to 1,362. The 
 members of the Machine Managers' Society have not at 
 present decided to join this Federation. 
 
 The year 1897 also witnessed the commencement of 
 the unsuccessful struggle of the members of the Amalga- 
 mated Societv of Engineers to secure " an eight-hour 
 working day." To assist them to accomplish this desirable 
 object, a meeting was convened by the Society at Exeter 
 Hall, in order that public sympathy might be enlisted 
 on the side of the engineers ; the members also sub- 
 scribing the sum of ,£60 per week towards their support, 
 besides levying themselves to the extent of $d. per 
 member per week, the total sum thus subscribed by grants 
 and levies amounting to over .£3,139. 
 
 It will be agreed that no more fitting action could 
 have been taken by the members than that which was 
 decided upon within a few days of the close of the year, 
 namely, that in order to commemorate the fiftieth anni- 
 versary of the Society's re-establishment, the allowances 
 paid to the Superannuated members should be increased 
 all round, the maximum payment being raised to 105. 
 per week for members totally incapacitated, with a 
 minimum payment of 5^. per week for those partially 
 incapacitated. The feeling of the Trade upon the subject 
 is best expressed by the result of the ballot, 6,414 
 members voting in favour of the proposed increases, and 
 but 134 in the negative. At the close of the financial 
 year there were 123 members upon the Superannuation 
 Fund, each of whom received the benefit of the increased 
 scale of payments from the 1st of January, 1898.
 
 AMOUNTS EXPENDED IN BENEFITS, 
 
 1 848-1 898. 
 
 UNEMPLOYED ALLOWANCES. 
 
 With the re-establishment of the Society in 1848, a 
 Voluntary Provident Fund was started, the subscription 
 to which was 2d. per week, entitling unemployed mem- 
 bers to 8s. per week during a period of fifteen weeks, the 
 Fund being subsidised by the Society to the extent of 
 one-fourth of its income, such grant not to exceed the 
 sum of .£200 per annum. In 1863, the Provident Fund 
 was incorporated with the Trade Society, the benefit 
 still remaining at 85. per week, for thirteen weeks only ; 
 in 1866, the relief was increased to 10s. per week, and in 
 August of 1879 to 125. per week, the maximum payment 
 being fixed at £g 12s. per year, extending over a period 
 of sixteen weeks. 
 
 PAYMENTS TO UNEMPLOYED MEMBERS. 
 
 taring five years 
 
 
 
 
 An average 
 per year of 
 
 M< mbership at 
 end of period. 
 
 1S48-1852 .. 
 
 £9S2 
 
 ■3 
 
 1 
 
 £196 IO 
 
 7 •• 
 
 2,lOO 
 
 1853-1857 .. 
 
 1,315 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 263 I 
 
 9 •• 
 
 2.250 
 
 1858-1862 .. 
 
 2,459 
 
 -7 
 
 j 
 
 ii 
 
 491 16 
 
 9 .. 
 
 2.175 
 
 1863-1867 .. 
 
 7,37S 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 i,475 13 
 
 5 
 
 3.290 
 
 1 868-1872 .. 
 
 12,005 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 2,201 3 
 
 
 3.700 
 
 I873-I877 •• 
 
 7,980 
 
 
 10 
 
 1,596 
 
 9 •• 
 
 4-795 
 
 1S78-1882 .. 
 
 ■ 23,365 
 
 16 
 
 3 •• 
 
 4,673 3 
 
 3 •• 
 
 5,660 
 
 18S3-1887 .. 
 
 ■ 23,599 
 
 n 
 
 j 
 
 8 .. 
 
 4.719 16 
 
 9 .. 
 
 7.025 
 
 lSSS-1892 .. 
 
 . 38,816 
 
 18 
 
 7 •• 
 
 7.763 7 
 
 s .. 
 
 979S 
 
 1893- 1897 - 
 
 . 61,079 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 12,215 iS 
 
 2 
 
 10. 7 So 
 
 
 .{.178,9^3 
 
 
 
 
 
 An average expenditure of ^3,579 13s. }>/■ per year.
 
 134 
 
 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 TRAVELLING ALLOWANCES. 
 
 Members leaving London in 1848 to seek work in 
 the provinces were entitled to receive with their travel- 
 ling cards the sum of 5s. as a gift, with a further sum of 
 5s. as a loan, the former also to be repaid in the event 
 of the member returning within three months. Country 
 compositors holding travelling cards were also relieved to 
 the extent of 5s. After 1857 the loan benefit was 
 deleted from the Rules; and in 187 1 members of six 
 months' standing received a gift of io.v. ; twelve months, 
 155.; two years, 205.; three years, 255. ; four years, 305.; 
 five years and upwards, 35s. These allowances were 
 afterwards reduced to nearly half these amounts, the 
 minimum payment being 55. and the maximum 20s. In 
 1 88 1, the payments were again increased, and became 
 known as Removal Grants; and in 1890 the maximum 
 benefit was fixed at 456'. 
 
 PAYMENTS TO TRAVELLING 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 
 
 1 taring five years 
 
 
 
 
 An average per year 
 
 1848-1852 
 
 £212 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ^42 
 
 8 10 
 
 1S531S57 
 
 249 
 
 12 
 
 ■j 
 
 ... 
 
 49 
 
 18 5 
 
 1858-I862 
 
 351 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 ... 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 1863-1867 
 
 343 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 ... 
 
 68 
 
 13 10 
 
 1868-1872 
 
 696 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 ... 
 
 139 
 
 6 1 
 
 I873-I877 
 
 434 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 86 
 
 18 1 
 
 1878-1882 
 
 329 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 65 
 
 19 2 
 
 1883-1S87 
 
 366 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 1888-1892 
 
 923 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 14 O 
 
 I893-I897 
 
 i ; 77o 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 354 
 
 1 
 
 
 ,£5*677 
 
 12 
 
 
 An average expenditure of ,£113 II*. per year.
 
 Amounts expended in Benefits., i8j8-iSg8. 
 
 135 
 
 EMIGRATION (.RANTS. 
 
 This benefit was first established in 1853, at a time 
 when the " rush " for Australia had set in. It was in 
 the nature of an " advance," the business of the Emigra- 
 tion Aid Society being conducted by a Committee 
 appointed by the members, the Society making certain 
 annual grants towards carrying out the object in view. 
 From 1853 to 1857, the sum of £800 was advanced 
 from the funds. The benefit then appears to have been 
 discontinued until 1S71, when it was again embodied in 
 the Society's Rules, with a maximum allowance of £10, 
 and a restricted expenditure to the extent of .£300 per 
 year. Since 1890, however, the maximum grant has 
 been increased to £1$. 
 
 AMOUNTS DRAWN BY EMIGRANT MEMBERS. 
 
 From 
 1853 1857 
 
 £800 
 
 
 
 An average per year of 
 £160 
 
 I87I-I872 
 
 345 14 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 I873-IS77 
 
 674 16 
 
 10 
 
 134 19 4 
 
 1878-1882 
 
 979 12 
 
 
 
 195 18 7 
 
 1883-18S7 
 
 1,054 
 
 
 
 210 16 O 
 
 i 888- i 892 
 
 1,070 
 
 
 
 214 
 
 1 893- 1 897 
 
 983 11 
 
 8 
 
 196 14 4 
 
 
 £5.907 14 
 
 6 
 
 
 An average expenditure for the 31 years of £190 lis. $</. per year. 
 
 GRANTS TO MEDICAL [NSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The first grant under the heading of Medical Charities 
 was made in 1S58, since which period they have increased
 
 136 
 
 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 in amount from 14 guineas to 266 guineas per annum, 
 and will doubtless increase with the growth of the 
 membership. 
 
 From 
 1858-1862 
 
 1863-1867 
 
 1S68-1872 
 
 lS 7 3-l877 
 
 1878-1882 
 1883-1887 
 1S88-1892 
 I 893- I 897 
 
 NUAL GRANTS. 
 
 
 
 £19° I 
 
 
 
 An average per 
 ^38 O 
 
 year of 
 2 
 
 379 1 
 
 
 
 75 16 
 
 2 
 
 480 18 
 
 
 
 96 3 
 
 7 
 
 696 3 
 
 
 
 139 4 
 
 7 
 
 756 
 
 
 
 151 4 
 
 
 
 782 5 
 
 
 
 156 9 
 
 
 
 1,174 10 
 
 
 
 234 18 
 
 
 
 1,292 
 
 
 
 258 5 
 
 
 
 ,£5,75o iS o 
 
 An average expenditure of about £115 per year. 
 
 FUNERAL ALLOWANCES. 
 
 Xo provision of this character was incorporated in 
 the Society's Rules until 1868, when it was decided that 
 at the death of a member of five years' standing the 
 sum of £5 should be paid to his representatives, with a 
 further sum of £1 for each additional year's member- 
 ship until a maximum payment of £12 was reached. 
 In 1874 the minimum payment was fixed at £4 (after 
 three years' membership), and the maximum at £15. 
 
 AMOUNTS PAID IN FUNERAL ALLOWANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 i 868- i 872 
 
 £1,692 7 
 
 
 
 An average per yea 
 
 £338 9 5 
 
 1873-1877 
 
 2,954 
 
 1 
 
 590 16 
 
 1878-1882 
 
 4.594 12 
 
 4 
 
 918 18 5 
 
 1883-1887 
 
 5,233 13 
 
 4 
 
 1.046 14 
 
 1 888- 1 892 
 
 7.497 16 
 
 O 
 
 1,499 ll 2 
 
 1893-1897 
 
 8.257 15 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 1,651 11 1 
 
 
 £30,230 4 
 
 
 An average expenditure during the 30 years of £1,007 l Z s - 5^- P er year.
 
 Amounts expended in Benefits^ 1848-18Q8. 137 
 
 SUPERANNUATION ALLOWANCES. 
 
 This important benefit, which was embodied in the 
 Society's Rules in September, 1874, came into operation 
 in the year 1877, when eight members were placed upon 
 the fund, each of whom (with one exception) were 
 receiving the sum of $s. per week, the maximum benefit 
 being 105. per week after 30 years' membership. For 
 some time the progress of this benefit was watched with 
 considerable interest, both by the various Executives as 
 well as by the members, and in 1881 it was determined 
 (on account of the heavy expenditure) to reduce the 
 maximum allowance to 6s. per week. In 1889 this was 
 increased to 8s., and at the close of 1897 to l0s - P er 
 week. 
 
 PAYMENTS TO SUPERANNUATED MEMBERS. 
 From No. on fund at 
 
 1877-1882 
 1883-1887 
 1888-1892 
 1893-1897 
 
 
 end of peric 
 
 .£2,872 18 
 
 56 
 
 5,101 I 
 
 94 
 
 6,541 S 
 
 113 
 
 9,374 8 6 
 
 123 
 
 .£23-889 15 
 
 An average expenditure for the 21 years of ,£1,137 I2J. 2d. per year. 
 
 LAW AND DEFENCE OF SCALE. 
 
 The expenditure under this heading has necessarily 
 been of a more or less fluctuating character, controlled 
 but indirectly by the growth of the membership. 
 The totals set forth include payments to strike hands, 
 compensation to members losing employment through 
 various causes (principally in connection with the main-
 
 138 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 tenance of the Scale) and in recognition of " missionary" 
 work, as well as solicitors' fees. 
 
 PAYMENTS TO STRIIC 
 
 E HANDS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 
 From 
 
 
 
 
 An 
 
 average per year of 
 
 184S 1852 
 
 ^231 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 
 £46 6 11 
 
 I8S3-I857 
 
 834 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 .. 
 
 166 17 7 
 
 1858-1862 
 
 1,227 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 .. 
 
 245 11 S 
 
 1863-1867 
 
 1,602 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 
 320 11 8 
 
 1868-1S72 
 
 7,187 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 1,637 8 5 
 
 IS73-I877 
 
 2,096 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 .. 
 
 419 6 10 
 
 1S78-KSS2 
 
 3,54i 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 • • 
 
 708 5 9 
 
 1883-1887 
 
 4,5^7 
 
 1 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 901 10 3 
 
 i 888 -1 892 
 
 4,428 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 885 15 3 
 
 1S93-1897 
 
 5,154 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 1,030 19 5 
 
 
 ^30,813 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 An average expenditure of .£616 5.?. 2^/. per year. 
 
 Separating the items comprised in the above total, 
 
 the following results are shown : — 
 
 Payments to Strike Hands 
 
 ,, as Compensation ... 
 
 ,, for Missionary Work 
 Solicitors' Fees, etc. ... 
 
 .. ,£24,052 13 2 
 
 2,078 11 8 
 
 941 15 8 
 
 3,740 o o 
 
 ,£30,813 o 6 
 
 From 
 1852-1862 
 1863-1867 
 1868-1872 
 I873-I877 
 1878-1882 
 1883-1887 
 
 i 888- i 892 
 1 893- 1 897 
 
 FIRE CLAIMS. 
 
 £93 '2 ° 
 
 8 10 6 
 
 25 18 5 
 
 64 o 8 
 
 118 10 3 
 
 164 18 1 
 
 128 1 6 
 
 167 15 6 
 
 An average per } 
 
 ear of 
 
 £8 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 ■7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 £77i 6 11 
 
 An average expenditure for the 46 years of ,£16 15.?. 4^. per year.
 
 . / mo nuts expended in Benefits^ 1848-18Q8. 
 
 < 39 
 
 TOTAL SUM EXPENDED IX BENEFITS. 
 
 Unemployed Allowances 
 Travelling 
 
 Emigration 
 
 >> 
 
 Funeral „ 
 
 Superannuation „ 
 Grants to Medical Charities 
 Law and Defence of Scale 
 Fire Claims 
 
 I ' 7 8 ,983 3 ° 
 
 5<<>77 '2 7 
 
 5,907 14 6 
 
 50,230 4 4 
 
 23,889 15 6 
 
 5,750 18 o 
 
 30,813 6 
 
 771 6 11 
 
 .£282,023 l 5 4
 
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 Fiftieth Annual Balance Sheet of the London Soeiety of Compositors. (R *" J j$;? hed 
 
 No. 49-] 
 
 Annual Financial Circular for 1897. 
 
 [March, 1898. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 n hand 
 
 lontributions :-- 
 
 Book I lepartment— 
 
 First Quarter .£5.891 5 4 
 
 Sei ona ,, 6,089 1 6 
 
 Third , 5-564 M 4 
 
 Fourth ,, 6,090 3 7 
 
 News I lepartment — 
 
 First Quarter £802 16 o 
 
 Second ,, 903 o 4 
 
 Third , 841 17 9 
 
 Fourth 897 4 o 
 
 Bntrani e F< c-. 
 
 Fines 
 
 Returned Removal Allowances 
 
 ,, Emigration „ 
 
 ,, Provident ,, 
 
 Advances 
 
 Benefit Deposits 
 
 Kent — Cooper, Dennison and Walkden .. 
 
 ,, Permanent Sick Fund 
 
 Hire of Board Room 
 
 Interest on Investments-- 
 
 I [arrogate £\i l ° 
 
 Torquay 82 16 4 
 
 Harry 83 9 10 
 
 Poole 54 '4 6 
 
 Wakefield 42 1 o 
 
 Gloucester 55 '3 H 
 
 Penzance 55 2 o 
 
 Widnes 54 13 4 
 
 Cambi idge 27 1 3 11 
 
 Int' rest mi Loans — 
 
 Hackney 111 17 6 
 
 Farringdon Street 3018 8 
 
 Settles Street 48 6 8 
 
 I pi true Road 35 5 8 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 8,753 7 °4 
 
 23.635 4 9 
 
 3,444 18 
 343 '4 
 159 ! 7 
 
 [Trade Emblems ( 35 at 2s.) 
 
 Scale-. ( 525 at 6<;. I 
 
 (Compositors' * luides ( 1,046 at 2</. ) 
 
 typographical Ready Reckoners! 40 at \ii.) 
 
 Petition Hooks (31 at is.) 
 
 I Invitation Cards (19 at 6J. ) 
 
 By Sale of Library Fittings 
 
 ,, Excursion 
 
 ,, Levies for Engineers 
 
 38 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 390 o 
 
 6 5 
 
 18 17 
 
 724 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 Unemployed Allowai (i 1 recipients) 
 
 ^38,597 5 4i 
 
 (14a 
 
 ' -'5 
 
 Superannuation 
 
 I uneral 
 
 1 ration 
 
 Removal 
 
 Fire 
 
 Ativan 
 
 Law and 1 >efem 1 
 
 Stnl' I lands ,£>53 6 
 
 Compensation 155 17 
 
 .\li-,M< inary W. irk 17 
 
 Re| 1 2 9 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 10,080 16 
 
 2,027 1 , 
 
 1,554 • 
 
 175 o 
 
 183 10 
 
 9 8 
 
 4 1 
 
 Solii itors'Bill of Costs (1896) 80 13 10 
 
 1 li immittees 
 
 Deputations 
 
 Ballot Scrutineers 
 
 Pi lining 
 
 Stationery 
 
 Coal £<=, 
 
 Elei 11 ii Light 69 
 
 Lire Insurance 27 
 
 ( las O 
 
 Hire of Halls 105 
 
 Ini ome Tax 37 
 
 Rates and Taxes 1 1 1 
 
 Water toll 
 
 o 
 
 [O 
 
 I 
 
 '5 
 I< . 
 
 9 
 
 ( Guarantee Si k iety 
 
 Medical Certifii iti >...._ 
 
 Returned Benefil Deposits 
 
 ,, Entry Fees 
 
 ,, Subscriptions 
 
 London Trades' Council 
 
 St. Bride si reet Property 
 
 Scottish Circulars 
 
 Medical Charities 
 
 Trade .. 
 
 Caxton Convalescent Home 
 
 Trades Union Congress and Reports.... 
 
 Zurich Congress 
 
 Lough-Austin I tinner anil Testimonial .. 
 
 Grant-, to Engineers 
 
 Levies for ,, 
 
 Penrhyn Quarrymen 
 
 Grants to various Societies, oic 
 
 Addressing Envelopes ami Wrappers .... 
 
 Postage and Telegrams 
 
 Newspapers and Magazines 
 
 Bookb lulling 
 
 Advam 1 ! fi >i Emblem Frames 
 
 News Department — 
 
 Committees .£"3 
 
 Witnesses 
 
 1 leputations 
 
 Delegate to Book Dept. . . 
 Printing 
 
 Stationery 
 
 Ballot Scrutiny 
 
 Auditors 
 
 1 . I to Housekeeper 
 
 I ige 
 
 Seen tary (special \ 
 
 I In. ol Hall 
 
 <. impi nsation 
 
 Secretary's Salary 
 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 7 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 4 ' 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 1 ' 
 
 5 
 
 409 
 
 272 
 
 16 
 
 60 
 
 495 
 29 
 
 
 6 
 
 •> 
 o 
 1 1 
 
 376 
 6 
 9 
 3 
 6 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 279 
 
 3' 
 
 3° 
 
 4' 
 
 15 
 
 83 
 
 780 
 
 868 
 
 340 
 
 9' 
 
 7 
 
 81 
 
 54 
 2 
 
 '7 
 O 
 
 1 
 IS 
 
 >5 
 
 '7 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 '. 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 o 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 '3 
 
 3 
 
 '9 
 '4 
 
 6 
 
 •5 
 
 1 1 
 o 
 2 
 
 4 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 1 1 
 o 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 50 o 
 81 o 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Mrs. Selfs Allowance 
 
 Hon ., 
 
 House Expenses 
 
 Auditors' Fees 
 
 Trustees' 
 
 Accountants' Charges for 1S96 
 
 Mi ellaneou 2 5 
 
 By Investment S,oo2 
 
 ,, Ex< ursion 
 
 Superannuation and 1'uneral Account 1,140 
 
 .. Cash at Bank £0.4 -'7 5 3 
 
 ,, ,, in hand Si 3 0$ 
 
 9.508 
 
 M "7 
 16 16 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 4 
 o 
 o 
 4 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 1 1 
 9 
 
 j£38,597 5 
 
 4-1 
 
 We have examined the above account of Receipts and Payments, and compared the several items with the 
 Books and Vouchers of the Society, and hereby certify the same to be 
 
 Hated this,,-./ day * February, i8q8. « ^ D & WILDING, Chartered faggg-^ WQ
 
 LONDON SOCIETY OF COMPOSITORS. 
 
 Total State of the Society's Funds. 
 
 December 2jtk, iSgj 
 Capital Accoun r :— 
 By Loans — 
 
 $% Hackney Loan 
 
 Settles Street Loan 
 5 % Upceme Road Loan 
 
 Farringdon Street Loan .. 
 Pontefract Rural Council Loan 
 
 ., Investments — 
 
 3 % Torquay Corporation Redeemable Stock 
 Wakefield 
 
 Harrogate ,, „ 
 
 3 % Barry „ 
 
 I'oole „ „ 
 
 3 % Penzance „ ,, 
 
 3jg"Widnes „ 
 
 3 % Cambridge „ „ 
 
 3 % Gloucester „ „ 
 
 ,, Cash at Bank (including .£212 3s. $d. to be transferred to 
 
 Superannuation Account).. 
 „ Cash in hand 
 
 Superannuation and Funeral Account : — 
 
 By Investments — 
 
 3 % Torquay Corporation Redeemable Stock 
 
 3 % Barry ,, „ ,, .... 
 
 3 % Pontefract Rural Council Loan 
 
 ,, Cash at Bank 
 
 ^Freehold Property, St. Bride Street 
 
 Increase on the Year 
 
 /£l,97 6 ' 
 
 1,508 6 
 
 1,517 2 
 
 2,OOI 13 
 
 2,000 7 
 
 1,999 16 
 
 1,998 3 
 
 2.000 15 
 
 2.001 13 
 
 ^9,437 
 
 £2,500 o o 
 
 1,000 o o 
 
 730 o o 
 
 800 o o 
 
 4,000 o o 
 
 £ 
 
 9,030 o o 
 
 17,003 17 9 
 
 5 3 
 
 9,508 8 3 j 
 
 1,000 o o 
 
 1 ,000 o o 
 
 1,000 o o 
 
 500 I o 
 
 35,542 6 oj 
 
 3,500 I o 
 15,500 o o 
 
 ,69.897 1 6s 6d. 
 
 £S4.S42 7 oi 
 
 *This amount is exclusive of the value of Furniture and Fittings, which are insured for £1,000. 
 
 Number of Members, 1 0,780. 
 
 We hereby certify that we have examined the above statement of the Society's Funds, and the 
 Securities for the respective Loans, and have verified the Certificates of Investments, together with the 
 Balances at the Bankers and in hand, and in our opinion it is a correct statement thereof. 
 
 Dated this 2nd day of February, 1898. WARD & WILDING, Chartered Accountants, 
 
 2, Clement's Inn, W.C. 
 
 PETITION FUND ACCOUNT.* 
 
 /■'row 2btli December, iSqb, to 25th December, 1897. 
 Receipts. £ s. d. Expenditure. 
 
 In hand, Dec. 26th, 1896 
 Cash received during year 
 
 54 10 6 
 
 384 13 « 
 
 .£439 
 
 3 7 
 
 Paid over during the year 
 Balance in hand, Dec. 25th, 1897 
 
 £ 
 
 353 
 85 
 
 16 
 7 
 
 d. 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 £439 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 ' This Account is audited monthly by the Finance Committee. 
 We have examined the Petition Fund Account, and compared it with the Books and Voucher- 
 thereof, and certify that it is correct and in accordance therewith. 
 
 Dated this 2nd day of February, iSgS. WARD & WILDING, Chartered Accountants, 
 
 2, Clement's Inn, W.C 
 
 SUPERANNUATION AND FUNERAL ACCOUNT. 
 
 From 2t)tli December, /8g6, to 25H1 December, iScyj. 
 £ s, 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 In hand, Dec. 25th, 1896 
 Interest 
 
 Amount set off from Contributions 
 during the year 
 
 d. 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 725 19 7 By Pontefract Rural Loan 
 
 55 8 o ,, Superannuation Allowances 
 
 .. Funeral ,, 
 
 4.513 2 ' ' I h at Bank .. .. ,6500 1 o 
 
 ., to be received from 
 ( ieneral Ai count, 
 and being part of 
 the amount of 
 .69,427 5 3 at Bank, 
 as mentioned above 212 3 5$ 
 
 £ s. 
 
 1,000 o 
 
 2,027 '9 
 
 1.554 6 
 
 £5,294 10 ii 
 
 712 4 Si 
 £5,294 10 I J
 
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 Grants in Aid of Kindred 
 
 Organisations. 
 
 £ 
 
 1849 Defence Committee, Sheffield 20 
 
 ,, Bookfolders and Sewers, London .. 30 
 
 1850 Typographical Society, Kdinburgh.. 20 
 ,, Typefounders 20 
 
 1851 Typographical Society, Cork 50 
 
 ,, I >o. do. Manchester 20 
 
 ,, Do. do. Paris 15 
 
 1852 Tin Plate Workers, London 100 
 
 ,, Engineers 100 
 
 ,, Stamp Abolition Committee 10 
 
 1853 Typographical Society, Birmingham 10 
 
 1854 Do. do. Belfast 50 
 
 ,, Factory Operatives, Preston 320 
 
 ,. Cork Cutters" Society 75 
 
 ,, House Painters, Dublin 10 
 
 ,, Friendly Societies' Act Committee .. 5 
 
 ., Testimonial to Mr. Boyett 25 
 
 1850 Flint Glass Makers, London 25 
 
 ,, Building Trades' Operatives 560 
 
 ,, Typographical Society, Sheffield 100 
 
 i860 Do. do. Clonmel 16 
 
 „ Do. do. Waterford. . 20 
 
 ,, Building Trades' Operatives 60 
 
 ,, Typefounders, London 20 
 
 ,, Boot and Shoe Makei s, London .... 20 
 
 1861 Umbrella and Parasol Silk Weavers 20 
 
 1862 Operative Stone Masons' Society .. 30 
 
 1863 Typographical Society. Turin 30 
 
 1864 Spade Makers, Stourbridge 10 
 
 ,, West rind Boot Closers' Association 10 
 
 1865 United Flint Glass Cutters 30 
 
 ,, Typefounders, London 30 
 
 ,, Typographical Society, Plymouth .. 30 
 
 ., Operatise Lace Makers, Notts .... 20 
 
 ,, Operative Brick Makers. London .. 10 
 
 ,, Testimonial to Mr. Speak io 
 
 1866 File ( irinders, Sheffield 30 
 
 ,, Amalgamated Malleable Ironworkers 30 
 
 ,, Pattern Makers' Society 20 
 
 1867 Tailois' Protective Assoc, London.. 30 
 ,, Miners of Derbyshire and Notts ... . 30 
 
 1869 Cotton Operatives, Preston 30 
 
 ,, Amalgamated Trades' Committee .. 5 
 
 1871 Thick Iron and Steel Wire Drawers 20 
 
 „ Engineers, Newcastle 30 
 
 ,, Cigar Makers' Society. Antwerp. .. . 15 
 
 1872 Scottish Typographical Association 250 
 ,, Typographical Society, Kdinburgh. . 150 
 
 1873 Lace Makers, Nottingham 30 
 
 ,, Provincial Typographical Assoc 20 
 
 „ Scottish do. do 230 
 
 „ London Trades' Council 20 
 
 ,, T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 10 
 
 1874 Agricultural Labourers, Leamington 130 
 „ Amalgamated Labour League, Boston 130 
 
 ,, Provincial Typographical Assoc 40 
 
 ,, Typographical Association, Naples 20 
 
 ,, Operative Ropemakers, London .... 30 
 
 ,, Snip Boat Builders' Society 10 
 
 Defence Fund (Master and Servant 
 
 Act ) 20 
 
 1875 lilastic Braid Hands, Leicester .... 30 
 
 .. Plimsoll Defence Fund 100 
 
 „ Alliance Cabinet Makers, London .. 30 
 
 ,, London Trades' Council 5 
 
 ,, T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee . . 30 
 
 ,, Miners and Ironworkers, Monmouth 530 
 
 ,. Provincial Typographical Assoc 10 
 
 1876 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 10 
 ,, Testimonial to Mr. Ceo. Howell.... 10 
 ., Testimonial to Mr. Geo. Odger 10 
 
 1877 Typographical Association, Brussels 130 
 ,, Do. do. Limerick 20 
 ,, Nail Forgers' Association, Broms- 
 
 grove 20 
 
 .. Silk and Wool Printers, Dartford .. 10 
 
 ,, China Clay Labourers. St. Austell.. 10 
 
 .. Hand-Mule Spinners, Bolton 30 
 
 ,, Operative Stone Masons, London .. 100 
 
 „ Nut and Bolt Makers. Darlaston .. 30 
 
 .r. 
 
 ./. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 »» 
 
 ' > 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 
 »» 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5» 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 J J 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1881 
 
 
 
 
 J> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >1 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
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 [i 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1883 
 
 1 4 
 
 1885 
 
 1 186 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1890 
 
 £ 
 
 M incrs' Association, West Lancashire 10 
 
 Miners' Association, Longton 
 
 Do. do. Northumber- 
 land 60 
 
 Typographical Society, Dublin 500 
 
 Do. do. Paris 130 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee . . 10 
 
 Kim and Sussex Lab lurers 30 
 
 Engineers' Relief Fund, London.... 30 
 
 Warpers' S „ iety, Bury 6 
 
 1 •' ild Beati 1 'Society, I ondon 5 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 15 
 
 Journeyman Hatters, London 20 
 
 Typographical Association, Naples 10 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 15 
 
 Do. do. do. .. 20 
 
 Nail Makers' A — , Birmingham .. 5 
 
 Potters' Federation, Burslem 10 
 
 Typographical S k iety, Waterford .. 5 
 
 1 .baci o Pipe Makers, 1 rlasgow 10 
 
 Cotton Spinners, Lille 10 
 
 Sheet Iron Workers, Stourbridge .. 5 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 15 
 
 Do. do. do. .. 15 
 
 Typographical Association, Vienna 10 
 
 File Cutters' Association, Sheffield.. 10 
 
 Porcelain Workers, Limoges 5 
 
 Philanthropic Coopers, London 5 
 
 Weavers, N.-E. Lancashire 10 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. H. Proad- 
 
 hurst, M.P 10 
 
 Boot and Shoe Riveters, London 10 
 
 Elastic Braid Hands, Leicester 5 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 15 
 
 I ' '. di 1. do. 15 
 
 Cocoa Fibre Mat Makers, Suffolk .. 10 
 
 Miners, S. Yorks and N. Derbyshire 10 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. Lloyd Jones 2 
 
 Industrial Representative League .. 10 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 15 
 
 Typographical Society, Turin 10 
 
 Typographical Federation, Paris 40 
 
 Tin Plate Workers, London 10 
 
 Vellum & Parchment Makers, London 5 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. J. Burnett 5 
 
 Nottingham Branch I . A 5 
 
 Chain Makers, Cradley Heath 10 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. W. Dronfield .. 3 
 
 Iron Trades, Bolton 10 
 
 Leeds Trades' Council 5 
 
 Typographical Society, Essen 10 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 19 
 
 Do. do. do. .. 15 
 Bryant c<; May's Matchmakers, 
 
 London 51 
 
 Typographical Society, Cork 10 
 
 Mr. A. G. Cook's S. B. Flection Ex- 
 penses 31 
 
 Labourers, London 300 
 
 Small Wire Drawers, Halifax 10 
 
 Lace Workers, Nottingham 10 
 
 11 s. East London 10 
 
 ludiaiubber Workers, Silvertown .. 10 
 
 British Typographia, London 10 
 
 Typo. Society, Perth (W. Australia 
 
 1 >• 1. Christiana 5 
 
 1 1 . Vienna 5 
 
 Tramway Employes, London 5 
 
 Tea Operath es, I > mdon 5 
 
 Portmanteau Makers, London 5 
 
 Bass Dressers, London 5 
 
 rette Makers, London 5 
 
 Sailors and Firemen, Liverpool .... 5 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 5 
 
 Do. do. do. . . 20 
 
 Australian Workers 250 
 
 1 las W01 leers, London 200 
 
 Builders, I ndon 40 
 
 Bool am I Sh Riveters, London. . . , 
 
 John Burns' Wage 5 Fund, London.. 10 
 
 v. 
 
 ,1. 
 
 
 
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 !5° 
 
 Grants in Aid of Kindred Organisations — Continued. 
 
 1890 Lace Makers, Calais 10 
 
 Primers' Labourers, London 10 
 
 rypographical Association, Zurich.. 10 
 
 Stick Dressers, London 10 
 
 Elastic Web Weavers. Leicester 5 
 
 Electrical Engineers, London 5 
 
 Allen's Chocolate Girls, London .... 5 
 
 Barrett's Chocolate Girls, London .. 5 
 
 Councillor Athey's Fund, Stratford 5 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. H. Slatter, J. P. 5 
 
 Sausage Skin Dressers, London .... 5 
 
 Scale Makers, London 5 
 
 1891 Typographical Association, Berlin .. 510 
 I >• '. do. Vienna. . no 
 
 Carpenters and Joiners, London no 
 
 Railway Servants, Scotland 40 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 20 
 
 Brick Makers, Cowley 10 
 
 ( '' >■ ■|p<ts, Li .ndon 10 
 
 John Burns' Election Fund, London 10 
 
 Omnibus Workers, London 10 
 
 Weavers, Bradford 10 
 
 Bass Dressers, London 5 
 
 Cab Drivers, London 5 
 
 1 1 ' isiers, Leicester 5 
 
 Packing Case Makers, London 5 
 
 Potters, London 5 
 
 Tailors, London 5 
 
 1892 Bookbinders, London 100 
 
 French Polishers, London 5 
 
 Wire \\e;u ers, London 5 
 
 John Hums' Wages Fund, London.. 10 
 
 Tyne and Wear Engineers 10 
 
 Durham Mining Federation 10 
 
 Printers' Labourers' Union, London. 10 
 
 Brush Makers' Union 10 
 
 Leather Dressers' Union 5 
 
 Bookfolders' Union, London 5 
 
 1893 Workmen's Exhibition, London .... 10 
 
 Dockers' Union, Hull 10 
 
 Glassworkers' Union 5 
 
 Chain Makers' Union, Cradley Heath 5 
 
 Wilson Defence Fund 5 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 20 
 
 Miners' Federation 200 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 1S94 Womens' Trade Union Association. . 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 
 Horse-hair and Fibre Workers, 
 
 London 
 
 Cab Drivers' Union, London 
 
 Match Girls' Union, London 5 
 
 John Burns' Wages Fund, London.. 10 
 
 Scottish Miners 5 
 
 1895 Glassblowers' Union 5 
 
 National Boot and Shoe Union 10 
 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 11 
 
 John Burns' Wages Fund, London.. 10 
 
 Austin Election Fund 10 
 
 Electrical Union, London 5 
 
 Carmaux Glass Workers, France 10 
 
 International Congress, London .... 
 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. 
 Plate Glass Bevellers' Union, London 
 Builders' Labourers' Union, London 
 Steadman Wage Fund, London .... 
 
 Russian Strike Fund 10 
 
 Builders' Labourers, Leeds 2 
 
 Fancy Leather Workers fon account) 50 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. G. Shipton 10 
 
 Carpenters' Union, Brussels 10 
 
 Do. do. do 20 
 
 Cab Drivers' Union, London 10 
 
 Quarrymen's Union, North Wales .. 10 
 
 Dock Labourers, Hamburg 10 
 
 1897 T.U.C. Parliamentary Committee .. n 
 
 Spindle Makers, Oldham 10 
 
 John Burns' Wages Fund, London.. 10 
 
 Barry Trades' Council 10 
 
 F arriers' Union, London 10 
 
 Typograph cal Society, Cape Town 10 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. Geo. Howell 10 
 
 Machine Minders, Edinburgh 10 
 
 Federation Committee, T.U.C 10 
 
 Penrhyn Quarrymen 340 
 
 Engineers (Amal. Soc.)— Grants 780 
 
 Do. do. —Levies 868 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ^10,379 o o
 
 DATES OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 
 
 1770 Daily newspapers contained sixteen small columns, from 
 iS to 20 ems long primer in width. The ''Daily 
 Advertiser " contained twelve columns, 25 cms long 
 primer in width. Wages: full hands, 27^.; super- 
 numeraries, 13s. ; galley, 2s. 2d. ($d. per thousand) 
 and over-hours 6d. Most of the papers were small 
 folios, and mainly produced in book houses. 
 
 1776 Reports of Parliamentary Debates first appeared in 
 
 daily papers. 
 
 1777 Seven morning papers were being published, and eight 
 
 three times, one twice, and two once per week. 
 
 1778 First Sunday paper produced, followed in a few weeks 
 
 by a second, a third appearing during the following 
 year. Weekly paper hands received 24s. 
 
 1780 New daily paper started, differing in appearance from 
 those in existence. 
 
 1784 New journal started, into which minion type was intro- 
 
 duced for the first time. 
 
 1785 Circular issued (April 6th) requesting an advance of 
 
 }4d. per thousand (book-work then paid for at 4</. 
 per thousand). 
 
 1786 Book hands' advance granted from January 1st ; 'stab 
 
 hands' wages varied from jQ\ is. to J~i js.
 
 15- London Society of Compositors. 
 
 17S6 In March, daily paper hands received an increase of 
 4s. 6d. Wages : full-frame hands, £1 us. 6d. ; super- 
 numeraries, 155-., galley, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Eight daily papers, eight three times a week, two weekly, 
 
 and three Sunday journals were being published. 
 
 1788 First daily evening paper started; composition paid for 
 at morning paper prices. 
 
 1 791 Second evening paper started, on same terms. 
 
 1793 Book hands claimed (January 14th) payment for head 
 and direction lines, also en and em quadrats at sides. 
 Former charge allowed, March nth. 
 
 Introduction into daily papers of French rules and small 
 
 capitals, the long s being discarded. 
 
 Circular issued by newsmen (April 4th) claiming advance 
 
 of 4-f. 6d. per week for morning and evening paper 
 hands, owing to changes in method of production. 
 Signed by 145 newsmen, the request being supported 
 by 281 book hands. 
 
 Employers' proposals accepted that morning paper hands 
 
 should receive a rise of 4s. 6d. and evening paper 
 hands 2s. 6d. per week, making the wages of former 
 365., supernumeraries 17^., galley 2s. lod. ; the latter 
 34s., supernumeraries 16s., galley 2s. 8d. 
 
 Newsmen (with support of bookhands) resisted attempt 
 
 to introduce apprentices and turnovers into daily 
 paper offices. 
 
 1 80 1 Book hands received advance of one-sixth, from 
 January 1st. 
 
 Morning paper hands received advance of 45-. (,£2), 
 
 supernumeraries 2s. (igs.), galley y. 2d., assistants 
 (jl,d. per hour; evening paper hands 3^. (£1 ijs.), 
 supernumeraries is. (1 7^".), galley 2s. iod., assistants 
 S^d. per hour.
 
 Dates df Principal Events. 153 
 
 1 80 1 First Trade Society of Compositors formed, " to correct 
 irregularities, and to bring the modes of charge from 
 custom and precedent into one point of view, in order 
 to their being better understood by all concerned." 
 
 1 809 Morning paper hands' wages raised to £2 2s. (galley 
 
 3s. 4.d.), evening paper hands to $Ss. (galley y. 2d.) 
 
 1 810 Book hands received advance of one-seventh from 
 
 May 1 st. Agreed upon at a General Meeting of 
 Master Printers, held at Stationers' Hall, April 1 6th. 
 
 Newsmen's claim for further advance of 6s. (morning) 
 
 and 5*. (evening) refused by employers. 
 
 Book hands resolved that no member should apply for 
 
 employment upon a newspaper during the dispute. 
 
 On May 14th (after notices had almost expired) the 
 
 employers granted the increases : Morning paper 
 hands £2 8s., supernumeraries 23.C, galley y. rod. 
 (gd. per thousand), assistants nhd. per hour. Even- 
 ing paper hands £2 y. 6d., supernumeraries 
 jQi is. 6d., galley $s. yd. {S},d. per thousand), 
 assistants iohd. per hour. 
 
 Eleven members were prosecuted by the proprietor of a 
 
 daily newspaper on an indictment charging them with 
 conspiracy in connection with the dispute, and were 
 imprisoned for twelve months — one member dying in 
 Newgate. 
 
 181 1 Dispute re introduction of an apprentice into an evening 
 
 paper office, lasting six weeks. 
 
 1 813 Morning papers of 20 columns became almost general. 
 1816 Introduction of nonpareil type into newspapers. 
 
 Dispute through employers claiming that it should be 
 
 composed at the same price as minion. One penny 
 per thousand extra eventually granted.
 
 154 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 1816 " Three Herrings" Society formed, September. Meeting 
 place : Bell Yard, Temple Bar. Mr. W. Smith, 
 Secretary. 
 
 1S20 London Daily Newspaper Society established. 
 
 1826 London General Trade Society of Compositors 
 established, May 1st, for trade purposes exclusively. 
 Meeting place : " Twelve Bells," Bride Lane, Fleet 
 Street. Mr. R. Gilbertson, Secretary. 
 
 1832 Union Committee appointed by Trade Societies, to 
 
 consider questions affecting periodical publications. 
 
 Delegate Meeting held at " Red Lion," Red Lion Court, 
 
 Fleet Street, October 9th. Present — 138 from book 
 and 2 from news offices. 
 
 1833 Union Committee advocated amalgamation of existing 
 
 societies. 
 
 1834 London Union of Compositors formed, with 1,543 
 
 members. 
 
 Delegate Meetings held quarterly (one in twelve being 
 
 appointed from each office), at which a Trade Council 
 of 24 was elected, to deal with disputes, holding office 
 for three months. 
 
 Trade Council met every Tuesday evening, and on the 
 
 last Saturday in each month (to deal with news 
 questions), at the " Red Lion," from 8.0 to 10.30. 
 Expenses of refreshment not to exceed sixpence each. 
 Mr. R. Thompson, Registrar; Mr. W. Bayne, Secretary. 
 
 Dispute with an employer re Charge of Appeal Cases. 
 
 July. 
 
 1 )ispute re Charge of Wrappers. 
 
 1835 First Annual Meeting held in Theatre of London 
 
 Mechanics' Institution, February 2nd. Membership, 
 1,700 ; total receipts, ,£450 \gs. gytd. ; dispute 
 payments, ^245 8s. id. ; funds in hand, ^66 gs. jd.
 
 Dates of Principal Events. 155 
 
 1835 Deputation attended meeting of Northern Union, 
 
 Manchester, June 27th. 
 
 Presentation of Petition to Parliament to obtain Repeal 
 
 of the Stamp Duties. 
 
 Establishment of Relief Fund for Tramps. 
 
 1836 Re-establishment of Master Printers' Association. 
 
 December 8th. Mr. G. Woodfall, Chairman ; Mr. 
 AY. M'Dowall, Secretary. 
 
 1838 Mr. E. Edwards appointed Secretary of London Union 
 of Compositors, in succession to Mr. Payne. 
 
 Business of Society transferred from "Red Lion " to 
 
 No. gh, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street (" London Com- 
 positors' Office.") 
 
 Mr. R. Thompson appointed as Registrar and Office- 
 
 Keeper. 
 
 Petition presented to Parliament against Mr. Serjeant 
 
 Talfourd's Copyright Bill. 
 
 1842 Business of Society transferred to "Falcon" Tavern, 
 Gough Square, Fleet Street. 
 
 1 845 National Typographical Association established, February 
 1 st. Divided into five districts — the South-Eastern 
 comprising London. Corresponding Secretary, 
 Mr. J. Backhouse ; South-Eastern District Secretary, 
 Mr. R. Thompson. 
 
 1847 Arbitration Committee (eight representatives of 
 employers and employed) met at Freemasons' Tavern, 
 Great Queen Street, on July 9th, the sittings being 
 continued until November 4th. 
 
 184S Re-estabushmen t of London Society of Com- 
 positors, January. Mr. E. Edwards, Secretary. 
 Meeting place: "Falcon" Tavern, Gough -Square. 
 
 Voluntary Provident Fund established, March. Sub- 
 
 scription : id. per week. benefit : Ss. per week for 
 fifteen weeks.
 
 156 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 1S4S News Department established, June. Mr. C. Tugwell, 
 Secretary. 
 
 1850 Fire Benefit re-established, January. 
 
 Mr. Edwards resigned the Secretaryship, March ; 
 
 succeeded by Mr. J. Boyett, May 1st. 
 
 1852 Compositors' Emigration Aid Society formed, Sep- 
 
 tember 25th. Subscription : 3d. per week. 
 
 1853 Amalgamation of Old Daily News Society with London 
 
 Society of Compositors, March. 
 
 National Typographical Emigration Society formed, and 
 
 ceased to exist same year. 
 
 1854 Mr. Boyett resigns Secretaryship; succeeded by Mr. 
 
 W. Cox. 
 
 1855 Society's business transferred to No. 3, Racquet Court, 
 
 Fleet Street, June. 
 
 Arbitration Committee (three employers and three 
 
 journeymen, with a barrister as chairman) appointed. 
 Rules came into operation on January 1st, 1856. 
 
 1856 Meeting of Arbitration Committee at Freemasons' 
 
 Tavern, August 5th. 
 
 Amalgamated Committee (Book and News) reported 
 
 upon system of working in newspaper offices. 
 
 1857 Death of Mr. W. Cox, January 2nd. Mr. J. C. Crabb 
 
 appointed Secretary pro tern. 
 
 - Mr. W. Beckett appointed Secretary ; Mr. J. Shand as 
 
 Assistant-Secretary. 
 
 Compositors' Permanent Sick Fund established. 
 
 1858 Judgment of Exchequer Court given in Society's favour 
 (Standing Advertisements in Wrappers, etc.), February 
 
 25th. 
 
 First Grant made to Medical Charities.
 
 Dates of Principal Events. 157 
 
 1859 Recorder of London (Mr. Russell Gumey) decides 
 
 against Society in an action re charge of tabic matter 
 (Voting Lists, etc.). 
 
 i860 Petition Fund Account established. 
 
 1862 Tramping System of Relief (1//. per mile) rejected. 
 
 1863 Providend Fund incorporated with Trade Society. 
 
 Mr. Beckett resigns the Secretaryship through ill-health. 
 
 Maximum Subscription increased to 6d. per week. 
 
 1864 Mr. H. Self appointed as Secretary, April 6th. 
 
 1866 Advance of Wages Memorial presented to employers. 
 Agreement signed in November. Rise of l / 2 d. per 
 thousand, 'stab wages increased to 36^., and working 
 hours reduced to 60 per week. 
 
 Providend Benefit increased to 10s. per week. 
 
 1868 Death Allowance added to Society's benefits. 
 
 Maximum Subscription increased to yd. per week. 
 
 Mr. J. Borer appointed as Assistant-Secretary and 
 
 Librarian, in succession to Mr. J. Shand (deceased). 
 
 1869 Sick members' subscription reduced to id. per week. 
 
 1870 Dispute and loss of three offices through resisting 
 
 reduction of Scale prices. 
 
 187 1 Half-pay Provident Benefit introduced. 
 
 Emigration and Removal Allowances added to benefits. 
 
 Names of Unemployed Benefit Recipients first printed 
 
 with Quarterly Report. 
 
 Printers' Art Union Association formed, September. 
 
 Nine Hours' Movement entered upon. 
 
 1872 Memorial presented to employers, January. 
 
 Working hours reduced to 54 per week, and advance of 
 
 y 2 d. per thousand secured, March.
 
 158 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 1872 Mr. C. Baker appointed as News Secretary, in succession 
 to Mr. J. Roberts (deceased). 
 
 1874 Memorial presented to Daily and Weekly Newspaper 
 Proprietors. 
 
 Weekly paper hands secured overtime charge of 3d. 
 
 per hour after 60 hours' work. 
 
 1876 Delegate Meetings first held in Memorial Hall, Farringdon 
 
 Street. 
 
 1877 Superannuation Benefit established. 
 
 'Stab " Line " Bill Question referred to Arbitrator 
 
 (Mr. Thomas Hughes, Q.C.), whose award was given 
 on July 3rd. 
 
 Freehold Land in Eagle Street (for building Society 
 
 House) purchased for ,£3,616 13^. 4^. 
 
 1878 Mr. C. J. Drummond appointed as Assistant-Secretary; 
 
 Mr. T. J. Thompson as Chairman. 
 
 Provident Allowance increased to \2S. per week, and 
 
 to extend over 16 weeks (previously 13). 
 
 1879 Rules of the Society first Registered. 
 
 1880 Mr. R. Lee appointed as Chairman, in succession to 
 
 Mr. Thompson (resigned). 
 
 Special Committee appointed to inquire into Financial 
 Condition of Society. 
 
 Subscription permanently increased to 8d. per week. 
 
 Superannuation Benefit (maximum) reduced to 6s. per 
 week. 
 
 1 88 1 Mr. A. G. Cook appointed as Librarian and Housekeeper. 
 
 Appointment of four Trustees (Messrs. J. Melhuish, 
 
 J. K. Meyer, C. J. Radley, and R. J. Townsend) in 
 place of Stockholders. 
 
 - Resignation of Mr. H. Self (through ill-health), to whom 
 
 a retiring allowance of £50 per year was granted. 
 
 Mr. C. J. Drummond appointed as Secretary; Mr. C. 
 
 Morley as Assistant-Secretary.
 
 Dates of Principal Events. 159 
 
 1882 Mr. (i. W. Banks appointed as Assistant-Secretary. 
 
 18S3 Mr. |. Woozley elected as Treasurer, in place of Mr. 
 J. C. Yeoman (deceased). 
 
 Special Committee appointed to devise a scheme for the 
 
 Re-constitution of the Executive. 
 
 1884 Society took part in Trade Procession in connection 
 
 with the Great Reform Demonstration. 
 
 1885 Society affiliated with the London Trades' Council. 
 
 Society House and Reading Room closed from Monday 
 
 to Friday at 9.0 (previously 10.0), and on Saturdays 
 at 3.0 (instead of 4.0) o'clock. 
 
 1886 Secretary appointed upon Royal Commission on the 
 
 Depression of Trade and Industry. 
 
 Mr. R. W. Minter appointed as Chairman, in succession 
 
 to Mr. R. Lee (deceased). 
 
 Printers' National Art Union wound up. 
 
 Eagle Street Land sold. 
 
 1887 Finance Committee appointed. 
 
 1 888 Ballot upon Eight-hours' Question (resolution of Swan- 
 
 sea Congress). 
 
 Half-pay Provident Allowance abolished. 
 
 1S89 Second Ballot upon Eight-hours Question. 
 
 Trade Committee first elected by Ballot. 
 
 Mr. C. W. Bowerman appointed as News Secretary, in 
 
 succession to Mr. C. Baker (resigned). 
 
 Conference upon "Slating"' Question in Daily News- 
 
 paper Offices. 
 
 Superannuation Allowances (maximum) increased to Ss. 
 
 per week. 
 
 Mr. H. ('.. Weir elected as sub Assistant-Secretary, but 
 
 did not enter upon the duties of the office.
 
 160 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 1890 Messrs. T. E. Peacock and W. Thorne elected as 
 
 Assistants. 
 
 News Committee elected by Ballot. 
 
 Advance of Wages Movement entered upon. 
 
 Sub-Committee appointed to Revise the Scale. 
 
 Memorial presented to Employers, November 24th. 
 
 Mr. Henry Self died (December 30th), aged 74. 
 
 Allowance of ,£50 per year continued to Widow. 
 
 Chartered Accountants appointed to Annually Audit 
 
 Society's Accounts. 
 
 1 89 1 Conference re Advance of Wages convened at Stationers' 
 
 Hall, January 26th, its sittings terminating on 
 February 12th. 
 
 Revised Scale signed on February 18th, to come into 
 
 operation on March 1st. 
 
 Mr. W. Crespin appointed as a Trustee in place of 
 
 Mr. Townsend (resigned). 
 
 Minute to Scale (Matters of Interpretation) signed on 
 
 September 1st. 
 
 Special Committee appointed to deal with the "Call" 
 
 Book. 
 
 Committee appointed to inquire into Working of Daily 
 
 Paper Offices. 
 
 Purchase of Freehold Premises (Nos. 7-9, St. Bride 
 
 Street) for ,£10,500, August. 
 
 1892 Dispute with Daily Paper Office re Terms of Working 
 
 Composing Machines, January. 
 
 Special Committee appointed to Reconstruct the 
 
 Executive, and to revise and re-arrange the Rules. 
 
 Resignation of Messrs. R. W. Minter (Chairman) and 
 
 C. J. Drummond (Secretary). 
 
 Mr. R. F. McBean elected as Chairman, and Mr. C. W. 
 
 Bowerman as Secretary, March 25th.
 
 Dates of Principal Events. \<>\ 
 
 1892 Mr. C. J. Drummond appointed a Trustee in place of 
 
 Mr. C. J. Radley (deceased). 
 
 Mr. J. Connal elected as Assistant-Secretary, April 1 ith. 
 
 Mr. T. Sanders appointed as News Secretary. 
 
 Subscription permanently increased to y</. per week, 
 
 May 13th. 
 
 — — Inquiry into Systematic Overtime, July. 
 
 Grant made towards establishing a Trade Journal. 
 
 "Printing News" published, August. 
 
 Committee instructed to inquire into " Gift " Question. 
 
 Terms agreed upon for Working Type-Distributing and 
 
 Composing Machines. 
 
 1893 Trade Dinner at Cannon Street Hotel (to commemorate 
 
 acquisition of new Society House), January 28th. 
 
 Opening of St. Bride Street Premises, January 30th. 
 
 Non-Provident Relief Fund raised (in consequence of 
 
 rejection of Provident extension), April. 
 
 Mr. J. Galbraith elected as Chairman, in succession to 
 
 Mr. McBean (resigned). 
 
 Committee reported upon " Gift " Question. 
 
 1894 Subscription permanently increased to io</. per week, 
 
 January 6th. 
 
 Trade Emblem adopted. 
 
 Subscription increased to is. per week for a period of 
 
 twelve months. 
 
 First Conference upon Composing Machine Question. 
 
 Anderton's Hotel, June 7th. 
 
 Discussion in House of Commons upon Mr. T. Lough's 
 
 motion re Stationery Office Contracts, August iSth. 
 
 Committee appointed to Inquire into Working of the 
 
 various Sub-Committees.
 
 [62 London Society of Compositors. 
 
 1894 Non-Provident Relief Funds raised, May and November. 
 
 1895 Mr. K. Dent appointed a Trustee, in place of Mr. J. 
 
 Melhuish (superannuated). 
 
 Subscription permanently increased to I*, per week, 
 April. 
 
 Special Committee appointed to devise the best means 
 of decreasing the number of Unemployed Members, 
 May. 
 
 Delegates to Trades Union Congress first elected by 
 ballot. 
 
 Select Committee of House of Commons appointed to 
 Inquire into the Stationery Office Contracts,- June. 
 
 Second Conference upon Composing Machine Question, 
 
 Anderton's Hotel, December. 
 
 1896 Select Committee reported to House of Commons, 
 
 June. 
 Third Conference upon Composing Machine Question, 
 Salisbury Hotel, July. 
 
 Reception to Representatives of Continental Typogra- 
 phical Societies attending International Congress, 
 July. 
 
 1897 Meeting of Arbitration Board (Interpretation of Machine 
 
 Rules), Salisbury Hotel, January. 
 
 Complimentary Trade Dinner to Messrs. T. Lough and 
 M. Austin, February 20th. 
 
 Scheme of Federation with Kindred Societies adopted, 
 November. 
 
 Superannuation Allowances Increased (in commemora- 
 tion of the Society's Jubilee), coming into operation 
 on January 1st, 1898.
 
 
 ESTABLISHED MARCH H™ 1834 
 
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 o/y ( v/^///; 
 
 Societies are requested to relieve ' tbeTRAVEUOfG card only
 
 This book is DUE on the last 
 date stamped below. 
 
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