. Hon. George K. Nash, Governor of Ohio. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration AT I CHILLICOTHE, MAY 20-21, 1903 ; UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE' OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ^^ HISTORICAL SOCIETY Complete Proceedings . Edited by E. O. RANDALL Secretary Ohio Centennial Commission; Secretar;/ Qhio State Archaeological and Historical Society; Reporter Ohi^ Si'ipr^ine 'Couri PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY PRESS OF FRED. J. HEER COLUMBUS ;: 1903 F+qs Of exchanQI • ' ♦ * • • • TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Editor's Preface — E. O. Randall v Centennial Celebration of Ohio's First Constitution 1 Centennial Celebration of Ohio's Admission into the Union... 48 Opening Address — Gov. George K. Nash 53 The Histoky of the Northwest Territory to the Marietta Set- tlement — 'Jiidson Harmon 59 History Northwest Territory from Marietta Settlement to Or- ganizatjox of State — Martin R. Andrews 71 Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State — Rush R. Sloane 90 Ohio in the American Revolution — E. O. Randall 120 The Military History of Ohio, including the War of 1812 — Thomas McArthnr Anderson 147 The Military History of Ohio, from the War of 1812, including THE Civil and Spanish Wars — J. Warren Keifer 165 Ohio in the Navy — Murat Halstead 207 The Governors of Ohio under the First Constitution — David Meade Massie 238 The Governors of Ohio under the Second Constitution — James E. Campbell 249 Ohio in the Senate of the United States — J. B. Foraker 273 Ohio in the House of Representatives — Charles H. Grosvenor. . 292 The Ohio Judiciary — Moses M. Granger 318 Industrial Progress of Ohio — Marcus A. Hanna 382 The Public Schools of Ohio — Lewis D Bonebrake 389 Universities of Ohio — W. O. Thompson 426 Ohio in the Care of her Unfortunate Classes — R. Brinkerhoff. . 490 The Ohio Presidents — Thomas Ewing, Jr 510 Ethnological History of Ohio — B. R. Cowen 536 The Part Taken by Women in the History and Development OF Ohio — Mrs James R. Hopley 550 The Press of Ohio — S. S. Knabenschue , 565 Ohio Literary Men and Women — W. H. Venable 582 Religious Influences in Ohio — Bishop C. C. McCabe 664 Address of Charles Foster 675 Address of Bishop B. W. Arnett 677 The Ohio Century — Austin Matlack Courtenay 681 Personal Sketches of the Speakers 687 Index , 717 (i) 678018 HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL. editor's preface. THE Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society very successfully celebrated on their respective dates, the cen- tennial anniversaries of the settlement of Marietta and that of Gallipolis. For several years past it had been the aim and desire of the Society to properly observe the one-hundredth anni- versary of Ohio's organization as a state, which memorable event occurred on March i, 1803. The subject was one of consideration -and discussion at various previous meetings of the trustees, but was not formally acted upon until the annual meeting of the Soci- ety held June 6, 1902. The chief problem naturally was one of ex- pense. During the session of the Seventy-fifth General Assembly in the winter of 1902, Hon. David M. Massie, a life member of the Society, suggested the propriety of requesting the legislature to recognize the proposed anniversary by some fitting resolution. After due consultation on the part of the secretary of the Society with the governor and leading members of the House, the fol- lowing resolution was prepared by Mr. Massie and introduced by Hon. James C. Foster, of Ross County. It unanimously passed the House and also the Senate, where it was presented by Hon. Thomas M. Watts, senator from Highland County. It was : Whereas, On the 29th day of November, 1802, the first constitu- tion of Ohio was ratified by the convention which framed it; and Whereas, On February 17,* 1803, congress passed an act admitting Ohio into the Union under that constitution ; and. Whereas, On March 1, 1803, the first General Assembly of Ohio assembled and organized and Ohio thereupon became a state; and, Whereas, The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society proposes to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the above named * This date was wrongly printed in the Bill. It should have read 'February 19, 1803." (iii) iv Preface. great and important events in the history of Ohio in a suitable man- ner; and, Whereas, The General Assembly of the State of Ohio recognizes the importance and significance of these events and believes that they should be duly celebrated ; therefore, be it Resolved, That the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society be requested to take charge of said celebration and conduct it, and that the governor of this state be requested and empowered to appoint seven honorary commissioners to represent the state in the preparation for and carrying on of. this centennial celebration. This resolution, known as House Joint Resolution No. 53, was passed April 21, 1902. At the annual meeting of the Society, held June 6, 1902, the question of the centennial was formally brought to the atten- tion of the Society by the secretary. Mr. W. H. Hunter, one of the trustees, spoke earnestly and enthusiastically in favor of the Society holding the celebration of the Ohio Centennial in Chillicothe, the first capital of the state, and where the constitution was adoped on November 29, 1802. Col. James Kilbourne and Col. W. A. Taylor and other prominent members of the Society also favored Chillicothe. Petitions to the same effect were pre- sented from the City Council of Chillicohte, signed by its Presi- dent, Fred C. Mader, and Robert D. Alexander, City Clerk ; from the Ministerial Association of Chillicothe, signed by Austin M. Courtenay, President, and Chauncy M. Hamben, Secretary ; from the Merchants' Protective Association, of Chillicothe, signed by its President, Charles Hoyt, and Secretary H. K. Galbraith; from the Landlords' Protective Association, signed by W. D. Mills, President, and from the Grocers' Protective Association. Prof. C. L. Martzolff thought the attention of the public schools should be called to the anniversary and the school teachers interested therein. It would be a patriotic and educational feature for the Society to prepare a brief publi- cation concerning the centennial, its significance, the literature pertinent thereto and a program of exercises to be followed by the various grades of pupils in observing the centennial day. This idea was heartily approved. The decision as to the date and place of the celebration was referred to the Board of Trustees, which met immediately Preface. vi Preface. after the adjournment of the Society. At this meeting it was agreA by the Trustees that the Society accept the invitation from ChilHcothe to celebrate at that place the Ohio Centennial Anni- versary — the day to be later determined by the Executive Com- mittee of the trustees. In accordance with the provisions of House Joint Resolu- tion No. 53, Governor Nash, on June 19, 1902, appointed the following commissioners to co-operate with the Ohio State Ar- chaeological and Historical Society : Gen. J. Warren Keifer, Springfield; Hon. Rush R. Sloane, Sandusky; General B. R. Cowen, Cincinnati ; General James Barnett, Cleveland ; Hon. David S. Gray, Columbus ; General Charles M. Anderson, Green- ville; Hon. Robert W. Manly, ChilHcothe. On October 22, 1902, during its extraordinary session, the General Assembly (75th), appropriated to the Ohio State Archae- ological and Historical Society "for expenses of the centennial anniversary of the admission of Ohio into the Union * * * to be paid out upon vouchers approved by the Governor and Sec- retary of said Society," the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000). The Trustees of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society at this time were: Judge James H. Anderson, Columbus; Bishop B. W. Arnett, Wilberforce ; Hon. Elroy M. Avery, Cleve- land ; Mr. George F. Bareis, Canal Winchester ; Gen. R. Brinker- hofif, Mansfield ; Judge M. D. Follett, Marietta ; Hon. Charles P. Grififin*, Toledo; Hon. R. E. Hills, Delaware; Mr. W. H. Hunter, ChilHcothe ; Col. James Kilbourne, Columbus ; Rev. N. B. C. Love. Deshler; Prof. J. P. MacLean, Franklin; Prof. C. L. Martzolff, New Lexington ; Hon. A. R. Mclntire, Mt. 'Ver- non ; Prof. B. F. Prince, Springfield ; Mr. E. O. Randall, Co- lumbus ; Hon. S. S. Rickly, Columbus ; Hon. D. J. Ryan, Co- lumbus : Rev. H. A. Thompson, Dayton ; Gen. George B. Wright, Columbus and Prof. G. Frederick Wright, Oberlin. This board of Trustees had chosen at its annual meeting, June 6, 1902. as its Executive Committee, Messrs Brinkerhoff, Wright (Geo. B.), Bareis, Rickly, Mclntire, Prince, Ryan, Wright (G. Fred), *Mr. Griffin died at Toledo, December 18, 1902. On March 2, 1903, Governor Nash appointed Col. John W. Harper of Cincinnati as the successor of Mr. Griffin. Preface. vii Hunter and Randall. Under the usual method of procedure by the Society this Executive Committee acted for the Trustees in the arrangements for the centennial. On November 14, 1902, in the Judiciary Building, Columbus, was held the first joint meeting of the Centennial Commission and the Executive Committee of the Society. Governor Nash was present and was made honorary president of the joint commis- sion. General J. Warren Keifer was made permanent chairman and Mr. E. O. Randall permanent secretary. After some discus- sion concerning the relative authority and power of the com- mission appointed by the Governor and the executive committee of the Society, it was decided, without opposition, that the cen- tennial commission and executive committee act throughout in all respects as a single committee, it being understood that the centennial was to be celebrated under the auspices of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, but with the advice and co-operation of the commission appointed by the Governor. This united committee was thereafter known as the Joint Cen- tennial Commission. The following resolution was adopted: "That the centennial of the adoption of the Constitution of Ohio be celebrated at Chillicothe, Saturday, November 29, 1902, and that the centennial of the organization of Ohio into the Union (that date being March 1, 1803) be celebrated at Chillicothe, the first state capital, on Wednesday and Thursday, May 20 and 21, 1903." This date in May was selected in preference to the historic and correct one of March i, as the latter date this year (1903) fell on Sunday, and moreover stormy and uncertain March would be a more inconvenient and inclement season for the attendance of the people than the pleasant and merry month, of May. The ceremonies of the anniversary of the first constitutional convention, November 29, 1902, were to be entirely under the auspices and directioii of the local authorities at Chillicothe, but the Centennial Commission and all officials and members of the State Archaeological and Historical Society were invited to be present as guests of honor. Governor Nash being called upon for his views as to the nature of the proposed centennial celebration, stated that it was VIU Preface. his idea that it should be a Hterary and historical event, with no< attempt at an exposition ; prominent and competent speakers should be chosen to deliver addresses pertinent to the occasion. The legislative appropriation was not sufficient for any military, industrial or spectacular display. If the patriotic people of Chil- licothe desired to have an exhibition of historical relics, a parade or other attractive features fitting and interesting, they should PAINT STREET ( CHIIXICOTHE ) 1810. be permitted and encouraged to do so. In this view the members of the Joint Commission generally concurred. General Charles M. Anderson suggested that the program of subjects for the speeches be so designated and arranged as to practically present in sequence a history of the state from the time of the establishment of the Northwest Territory to the present time, that of the centennial celebration. Hon. A. R. Mclntire presented the plan which had been con- templated by the Society to have a celebration throughout the Preface. ix state by the school children on some day, proximate as possible to the actual date, March i. The secretary of the Joint Centennial Commission was authorized to have designed, engraved and printed a handsome symbolic souvenir invitation to be sent to such recipients, in Ohio and other states, as might be thought entitled to such courtesy and recognition. The Joint Centennial Commission then selected an executive committee which was empowered to formulate a program in de- tail for the centennial and report at the earliest convenience to the Joint Centennial Commission. The Executive Committee thus chosen consisted of Messrs. Keifer, Gray, Manly, Brinker- hoff. Hunter, Ryan and Randall. The Executive Committee held meetings at Chillicothe on November 29, 1902, and Colum- bus, December 13, 1902. On November 29, 1902, the Centennial celebration of the adoption of Ohio's first constitution took place at Chillicothe. As the convening of that memorable first convention and its deliberations were an inseparable part of the proceedings by which Ohio was organized into a State, the centennial anni- versary exercises of that event may be regarded as a proper prelude to the celebration of Ohio's Statehood. The proceedings at Chillicothe on November 29, 1902, are therefore given in full in this volume. On that occasion the Hon. Daniel J. Ryan, trustee of The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, delivered the oration on "Ohio's First Constitution," and Hon. William T. McClintick, a life member of the Society, made a most interesting address upon "The Men and Times of the First Convention." On December 29, 1902, the Joint Centennial Commission held its second meeting at which the Executive Committee made its report of the proposed topics and speakers selected for the centennial. At this meeting the committee appointed by the So- ciety to arrange for the school children's celebration also made its report. That committee, consisting of Prof. C. L. Martzolff,Hon. D. J. Ryan and Prof. Frank B. Pearson, presented a carefully pre- pared scheme for the celebration, by the pupils of the public schools, of the admission of Ohio into the Union. That day was- Preface. if^&mMiXthi State of ©hin r c I] x\ c i?r 1 tj a II til It c ;|.i r c i? mi t a t the » (trlchratinu uf thr uuc Inuirire^th ^mnitrniinrij a i: x lis Adnti0«3i4in to tltr ilmua tu be hcU^ at ChiUinitlie iV r v^ a r 1^ a ri a u ^ ("") h u xis r» *i n iilaij t ti) ru ti rt ii axi i^ t i\\ c\\ t tj - Rrtt t tiiuctinni huttdnH't n\x\> three (^'^itin nrtniiHfft ^oUjfllnum.tt'lwrcli ifhsil; Preface. xt l^Ititt Ccnt'inntiui Ccldu'iit-iiux viiu>i-v lUi' iiut^^uii-i^ oi # lUtiti ^'luK* Aci-Uui-oUnurul a«i> Jrit,i"!u)vU-;' .i-i-^iui -t»'.>-n. .-<)ituu'^ I'nu-iu-a Om-h. »4vKAL"invou. l»>.un.D.ain^*,()>r.>q , . ^inuuK.iii.Jihuilu U'hin.l\u?h i\.-^Uu>uc (i-.Vi'i utuu' (l^inn nu ftoc lUu.> ?^l.iU^ Arcluu-oUu'u»-al .uu> 'iM^l.uiv..l*^u-tolu . <'n-;* ilU-.U".n.Kar..lnU Jilv. ^.?.iNid-.lu . ■ . . • tiunt.D.rii.Kiuui (ijvn. O')0.n-iu- U'.lTlriiJh't .yr»u'.o;..lKi-o;"i.i^K-ialit a- .. ' y'oi xii Preface. to be known as "Ohio Day." It was decided to hold that cele- brati#i on Friday, February 27, 1903, that being the nearest avail- able date for the schools to the actual date of March i. The com- mittee submitted a complete schedule of exercises for that day, an outline of sufficiently varied nature to suit the different grades of pupils and to cover points of interest in Ohio history from the Mound Builders to the present time. This program in the form ■of a pamphlet was to be entitled the "Ohio Centennial Syllabus" and was to be sent, as far as possible, to the teachers throughout the state. The plan had the approval of Governor Nash and Hon. L. D. Bonebrake, State Commissioner of Schools, and the ■co-operation of Hon. O. T. Corson, editor Ohio Educational Monthly. The Joint Centennial Commission unanimously en- •dorsed the project and authorized the committee to proceed with the publication and distribution of the syllabus. Governor Nash, General Keifer, General Brinkerhoff and Mr. Manly was chosen a committee to visit Washington and personally invite President Roosevelt, Senators Foraker and Hanna and Congressman Grosvenor, of Ohio, to be present at the anniversary and make addresses upon the topics assigned them. On January 21, 1903, the committee as chosen, journeyed to Washington and received cordial acceptances from Senators For- aker and Hanna and Congressman Grosvenor. The President ex- pressed great regret that he would, at the time mentioned for the centennial, be on his California tour. On February 23, 1903, the Executive Committee again met and further perfected the proposed program. Most of the speak- ers invited had accepted, but a few unavoidable declinations re- mained to be provided for. On February 27 the school celebration designated as "Ohio Day" was observed by most of the public schools throughout the state. Fifteen thousand copies of "The Ohio Centennial Sylla- bus" had been sent to the teachers including every county of Ohio. The pupils had been instructed and drilled according to the sug- gestions of the syllabus which made an interesting pamphlet of 65 pages, comprising an introduction by School Commissioner Bone- l)rake; brief recital of the history and work of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society ; statement of the committee Preface. xui xiv Preface. which prepared the syllabus, setting forth the purpose of the schfiol celebration ; the origin of the plan and steps taken to carry it out. The material chosen for this booklet was carefully se- lected by the committee from leading histories, volumes of poems, standard works of literature, publications of the Ohio Archaeo- logical and Historical Society, etc. ; the syllabus also contained a valuable list of reference books pertinent to Ohio history. The publication was issued in an attractive form with an artistic cover upon which was printed in colors the national flag. The demand for this booklet far exceeded the ability of the committee to sup- ply it. By means of this syllabus, hundreds of thousands of the pupils in the Ohio schools celebrated with song and recitation and patriotic exercises, the hundredth birthday of the Buckeye state, "Ohio, firstborn of the great Northwest." It was the most inspiring, educational and influential feature of the centennial proceedings as inaugurated by the State Archaeological and His- torical Society. Probably in no part of the country at any time has so complete a program of a state event been so universally observed by the public school children. The results of the Ohio Day will certainly be inestimable, for the proceedings not only added vastly to the information and interest of the rising gener- ation in the career of their own state, but it was an impressive and significant occasion to the youthful participants, and well cal- culated to stimulate and strengthen their study of the growth and achievements not merely of Ohio, but the American Republic. The Joint Centennial Commission held its third meeting on March 6, 1903, in consultation with a committee from Chillicothe, consisting of Mayor W. D. Yaple, General S. H. Hurst, Mr. D. H. Roche and Mr. W. H. Brimson. The work of the commission and the local Chillcothe committee thus far accomplished, was re- viewed and further details of the centennial were mutually and harmoniously agreed upon. Early in April, the Secretary of the Commission, according to the authority vested in him, sent out some seven thousand of the engraved invitations to the Centennial. These invitations were issued to : Members of the Ohio General Assembly ; all the newspapers in Ohio ; presidents of all colleges and universities ; hundreds of superintendents and teachers of public schools; offi- Preface. XV cers of leading labor organizations ; mayors of cities and villages ; trustees and superintendents of all state institutions; Grand Army Republic Posts ; chapters of the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution, Daughters of the Revolution and Colonial Dames ; Societies of Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs ; members of Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society ; county, cir- cuit, supreme and Federal (Ohio) judges; officials and employes in State Capitol and Judiciary Buildings; members of outgoing f^:^ ' ^ 3 1 ''ii^^tt^HlHtei 1 "^ "^^V \/ 1 m^^ ^^^^^^^^^HB^Lj''' V 1 «**'**^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^■^rm-^. *l FRUIT HII.I, HOME OF GOVERNORS DUNCAN m'ARTHUR AND WILUAM ALIvEN. and incoming congress; governors of all states and territories;- the president, cabinet, U. S. Supreme Court and important na- tional officials; prominent and official citizens in chief Ohio cities ; Ohio Societies in New York and other states ; distin- guished literary, professional and notable persons in various parts of the country. xvi Preface. On May 5, 1903, Governor Nash issued the following proc- lai^tion, which was published in the newspapers throughout the state : Proclamation On March 1, 1803, the first General Assembly of Ohio met and organized at 'Chillicothe, Ohio, and at that time the State of Ohio en- tered its career of statehood. The centennial celebration of this event will be held at Chillicothe, May 20 and 21, by authority of the General Assembly of Ohio and under the auspices of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. The growth and development of Ohio during the century of its statehood has been one commensurate with the greatness of our Nation. It is fitting that its achievements be properly observed, to the end that the commemoration of its great deeds and the lives of its founders may be not only perpetuated for the benefit of generations to come, but may be a source of inspiration to the living of to-day. Now, therefore, in behalf of the State. I invite its officials and the people thereof to assemble at Chillicothe on the dates aforesaid and par- ticipate in the celebration there to be observed. George K. Nash, Governor. L. C. Laylin, Secretary of State. The Executive Committee met on May 8, and as a result of many weeks, indeed months, of labor and deliberation and con- ference with the Joint Centennial Commission and the Chilli- cothe committees, announced the following detailed program for the two days' centennial celebration : OHIO CENTRNNIAIv CELEBRATION, CHILLICOTHE, OHIO, MAY 20 AND 21, 1903. OFFICIAL PROGRAM. * Reception of guests. 9am — Presentation of plaster medallion of Governor Edward Tif- fin, Ohio's first governor, to Ross County by Mr. William H. Hunter; exercises to occur in the Common Please court room in the court house on the site of the first capitol, Judge J. G. Douglass to preside. Rev. R. C. Galbraith will deliver the invocation ; Miss Anna Cook, a great-grand- daughter of Governor Tiffin, will unveil the tablet. The presentation address will be made by Hon. Archibald Mayo for Mr. Hunter, and the acceptance to be made on behalf of the county by Mr. Horatio C. Claypool. (xvii) xviii Preface. J.0 A M — Centennial celebration of Ohio's statehood opens in au- ditomim in the City Park, Governor George K. Nash presiding. Selection by. the Fourth Regiment Band, Columbus. Invocation, Rev. A. M. Courtenay, pastor of Walnut Street M. E. church. Address of welcome, Hon. W. D. Yaple, Mayor of Chillicothe. Responses in behalf of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical So- ciety, General J. Warren Keifer, Springfield. Music by chorus of school children. Opening address, Governor George K. Nash. "The History of the Northwest Territory to the Marietta Settle- ment," Hon. Judson Harmon, Cincinnati. Music, chorus of school children. "The* History of the Northwest Territory from the Marietta Set- tlement to the Organization of the State," Prof. Martin B. Andrews, Marietta. "The Date of the Admission of Ohio into the U. iion and the Great Seal of the State," Judge Rush R. Sloane, Sandusky. "The Star Spangled Banner," by the Fourth Regiment Band of Columbus. Intermission. Wednesday Afternoon, May 20. Music by the Fourth Regiment Band. . 2 p. M — Invocation, Rev. F. H. Bene, rector of St. Peter's Catholic Church. "Ohio in the American Revolution," Hon. E. O. Randall, Columbus. "The Military History of Ohio, Including the War of 1812," Gen- eral Thomas Anderson, U. S. A., Sandusky. Music, "The Hills and Vales Resound," mass chorus. "The Military History of Ohio from the War of 1812, including the Civil War and Spanish-American War," General J. Warren Keifer, Springfield. "Ohio in the Navy," Hon. Murat Halstead. Cincinnati. • Music, "Old Glory," solo, George U. Sosman and mass chorus. "The Governors of Ohio Under the First Constitution," Hon. David Meade Massie, Chillicothe. "The Governors of Ohio Under the Second Constitution," Hon. James E. Campbell, New York City. "Ohio in the United States Senate," Hon. J. B. Foraker, Cincinnati. Music, "Centennial Hymn," mass chorus. "Ohio in the National House of Representatives," General Charles H. Grosvenor, Athens. Music, "America," mass chorus. Intermission. Preface. xix Wednesday Evening, May 20. 7:30 p. M. — Music, Kipling's "Recessional," mass chorus. Invocation, Rev. S. N. Watson, D. D., rector of St. Paul's Epis- copal Church. "The Judiciary of Ohio," Judge Moses M. Granger, Zanesville. "The Industrial Progress of Ohio," Hon. Marcus A. Hanna, Cleveland. Music, "The Red, White and Blue," solo, S. A. Roach and mass chorus. "The Public Schools of Ohio," Hon. Lewis D. Bonebrake, Co- lumbus. "The Universities of Ohio," President W. O. Thompson, O. S. U., Columbus. Music, "To Thee, O Country," mass chorus. "The Achievements of Ohio in the Care of Her Unfortunates," Gen- eral R. Brinkerhaff, Mansfield. "The Part Taken by Women in the History and Development of Ohio." Mrs. J. R. Hopley, Bucyrus. Music. "Star Spangled Banner." "The Ethnological History of Ohio," Judge B. R. Cowen, Cin- cinnati. Benediction. Rev. J. L. Roemer, pastor First Presbyterian Church. Music, "Hail Columbia." After the close of the exercises the speakers, the distinguished guests present and the members of the State Centennial Commission, the State Archaeological and Historical Society and the visiting representatives of the press and the Executive Committee in charge of affairs in ChilHcothe will be entertained at a banquet under the auspices of the Press Club of ChilHcothe in the Eintracht Hall. Thursday Morning, May 21. Second day's session, General R. Brinkerhoff presiding. 10 A. M. Music by the Fourth Regiment Band. Invocation, Rev. Joseph Reinicke, pastor of German Salem Church. "The Ohio Presidents," Thomas Ewing, Jr., New York City. "The Press of Ohio," S. S. Knabenshue, Toledo. Music by the Fourth Regiment Band. "Ohio Literary Men and Women," Prof. W. H. Venable, Cincinnati. "Religious Influences in Ohio," Bishop C. C. McCabe, Omaha. Neb. Music by the Fourth Regiment Band. Introductions and extemporaneous remarks by distinguished visitors. Benediction, Rev. G. H. Schnur, pastor of Lutheran Calvary Church. Music, "The Stars and Stripes Forever," Fourth Regiment Band. Intermission. XX Preface. 2 p. M. — A grand parade of all military and civic societies in the city and of visiting delegates, to be reviewed by the governor, dis- tingwshed speakers, etc. Band concerts at different localities during the afternoon. 7 p. M. — Band concerts in the City Park, the Fourth Regiment Band, the Veteran Drum Corps of Columbus and the Neely Cadet Band oi Sorth Salem. An elaborate display of fire works will close the ceremonies attend- ing this celebration of Ohio's one hundredth birthday. The speakers will necessarily be limited to twenty minutes in their addresses before the audience. They are, however, expected to prepare papers fully and accurately treating their respective topics ; these papers will be published in the souvenir volume by the Ohio State Archaeological, and Historical Society. The exercises of the centennial were held on Wednesday and Thursday, May 20 and 21, 1903, according to the proposed pro- gram. All of the speakers were present as advertised except Hon. D. M. Massie, who was unexpectedly detained at his post in Havana, Cuba, and Governor James E. Campbell, who was un- avoidably prevented from leaving New York as intended. Both these gentlemen forwarded their manuscripts as requested for publication. There were some minor changes in the program. Mr. Randall gave his al- lotted time and place to Judge Moses M. Granger, in order that the Judge might be heard by the members of the Ohio Supreme Court, who were all present at that time, but were obliged to leave later in the after- noon. General J. Warren Keifer presided during the morning session and Secretary Randall presided at the afternoon and even- ing sessions of Wednesday. General Brink- erhofif presided during the session on Thurs- day. Rev. A. M. Courtenay, of Chillicothe, by invitation too late for the placing of his name on the program, read on the morning of the second day, a centennial ode well worthy of the occasion. At this session Hon. Albert Douglas offered a reso- CENTENNIAI. BADGE Preface. xxi lution that Governor Nash in his next annual message to the General Assembly, suggest an appropriation to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society for the erection of a monu- ment on the State House grounds at Columbus, to Governor Ar- thur St. Clair. The resolution was as follows : Recognizing that the people of Ohio have for one hundred years done injustice to the name and fame of Major General Arthur St. Clair, valiant soldier of the Revolution, beloved friend of Washington, presi- dent of the Continental Congres, and for fourteen arduous, formative years the devoted governor of the Northwest Territory. Believing that, whatever his mistakes or faults, his work and his accomplishments in that critical period of our history deserve our grati- tude, and should receive formal acknowledgement from the men of our time, and. Encouraged by the just and eloquent utterances from this platform of our preseiil governor, George K. Nash ; therefore, ■ Be it Resolved, By us, citizens of Ohio, assembled at this centennial celebration of our statehood, that the Ohio State Archaeological and His- torical Society, and the governor of Ohio, be and they are hereby most earnestly requested to urge upon the General Assembly of Ohio, at its next session, the propriety of erecting, in the State House grounds at Columbus, a bronze statue of General Arthur St. Clair in recognition of his great service to this commonwealth, whose firm foundation he helped to lay. This resolution was in furtherance of the expression irt Governor Nash's address in favor of honoring the memory of St. Clair with a monument at his "lonely grave." The resolu- tion of Mr. Douglas preferred the site of the capitol groimds at Columbus, where the people of Ohio could have the benefit of its inspiring presence. The resolution was unanimously and enthusiastically endorsed by the audience. Following the order of the regular speakers the last session of the literary exercises was closed by extemporaneous speeches by ex-Gov. Charles Foster and Bishop B. W. Arnett. The brief remarks of the genial ex-governor were most cordially received. The distinguished colored divine was never in better form or feeling and his witty and eloquent remarks greatly pleased the audience. A most dramatic ending to the program was rendered when at the suggestion of General Keifer, Bishop McCabe seated himself at the organ and with his magnificent voice led in the xxii PrefUce. "Battle Hymn of the Republic," accompanied by the vast audi- en a practical man who took hold of the world's affairs with lively interest in current events and active efforts to shape them to desired ends. His interest in men and their concerns was so ap jarent as to draw them to him. Men instinctively sought his aid, relied upon him and put him to the front, not so much for his greatness or from unquestioning concurrence in his views as because they loved him and believed in him. His methods and motives were governed by a strong grasp on moral and religious truth. He loved liberty and righteousness. These affections were the strong passions of his nature. It is quite possible to seek good ends and be unpopular; to love liberty and retard it; to be pious and make religion unat- tractive. It was not so with Tiffin. Hence it came about that, within a few months after he reached the new town on the west bank of the Scioto River he was made clerk of the Territorial court and the next year when the Territorial Legislature came into existence he was not only a member of that body, but also clerk of the Supreme and inferior courts and so continued until the era of statehood in 1803. The Legislature first met in Cincinnati and Dr. Tiffin was unanimously 'hosen speaker of the House. That body whose members came li'om widely scattered regions of the vast wilderness stretching from the Ohio River to the great lakes and from the Pennsylvania border to the Mississippi River, be- came at odds with Governor St. Clair. Its second session was held in Chillicothe because in the meantime, through the efforts of William Henry Harrison, the territorial delegate in Congress, (afterwards president of the United States), the territory had heen divided much against St. Clair's will. That portion lying west of the Great Miami River became the Indiana Territory with Harrison for its governor. The portion east of that river re- 32 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. tai§ed the name and organization of the Northwest Territory^ with St. Clair as its governor and Chillicothe designated as its capital. The controversy between the governor and Legislature became more acrimonious. When an election was held within the new boundaries for the succeeding Legislature, the governor's friends secured a majority and yet Tiffin, who along with Na- thaniel Massie and Thomas Worthington and others, was active and influential in opposition to St. Clair's views and purposes, was so popular and was regarded as so fair a man that he was again unanimously chosen speaker. When, under the new administration of Thomas Jefferson,, Congress authorized the people of the territory to elect delegates to a convention which was to decide whether a state government v;as desired and if so was to adopt a state constitution, Tiffin was elected a member of that convention and then unanimously selected as its presiding officer. This convention met in the fall of 1802 in the court house which had been erected the pre- vious year. Tiffin had great influence in this body. The consti- tution "being adopted an election for governor and state officers was soon held and Tiffin was elected governor. After serving two terms he was chosen by the Legislature to represent the state in the Senate of the United States; and after his resignation of that office he consented to become a member of the State Legis- lature, which office he held two successive terms, until President Madison did him the unsolicited honor to ask him to become the head and organizer of the newly-created Land Office, which was the germ of the present Interior Department. When with great labor and ability he had fully established this department he exchanged that office at his own request for that of surveyor- general of the Northwest, which enabled him to remain at home with his office in Chillicothe. This position he retained until the eve of his death. No man whose aspirations for liberty and religion were so strong and persistent and who was so ready at all times to battle for his convictions against all comers, ever retained throughout life the respect and attachment of his constituents and of public men in a more conspicuous and remarkable degree than did Ed- ward Tiffin. Ohio Centennial. 35 His love of liberty manifested itself strongly in the tenacity with which he clung to his anti-slavery views on all occasions. It was evidenced by his prompt opposition to the efforts of cer- tain southern gentlemen, owning land in the Virginia Military District, to secure permission to move upon their lands with their slaves. The Ordinance of 1787 forbade this, but Judge Burnet, who was a member of the governor's council and party, declared that "such was the feeling and temper of the delegates in regard to the system of human slavery, that if there had been no such provision in the Ordinance, the request would have been refused, as it was, by a unanimous vote." When he was a candidate for membership in the constitutional convention of 1802, he pub- lished in the Chillicothe Gazette the statement that if the Or- dinance did not prohibit it, he would regard its introduction as being the greatest injury that could be inflicted on posterity. In 1807, when the Indiana Territorial Legislature wished to allow slavery temporarily and memorialized Congress to suspend the operation of the anti-slavery clause of the territorial ordi- nance. Tiffin, then a member of the United States Senate, to whose committee this application was referred, reported and voted against it. His biographer relates that an English traveler who found in this country scarcely anything or anybody to commend, spoke of Tiffin, the then governor, as a plain, honest, well-informed, very religious man, and said that he had learned that "the governor was very much opposed to the system of human slavery and was most efficient in excluding it from Ohio." The ordinance for the government of the Northwest Terri- tory provided : "There shall neither be slavery, nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes." The insertion of an anti-slavery clause was at the instance of Jefferson. The state constitution framed by Tiffin and his Jeffersonian co-workers, emphasized the prohibition. In Edward Tiffin's view, the contest with St. Clair was one for popular liberty, and on his part there was no other motive.. Tt was commenced by wrongful assertion of the prerogative on the part of the governor, when he vetoed the acts of the Assem- o. c — 3 34 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. bl^ establishing new counties and fixing county seats. In the subsequent battle for and against statehood St. Clair maintained that "a multitude of indigent and ignorant people are but ill- qualified to form a constitution and government for themselves." Tiffin in turn published an address to the people in which he said : **A territorial government is ill adapted to the feelings and genius of free Americans," and that "it is only necessary to direct at- tention to the ordinance of Congress for the government of the territory to convince one of the utter impossibility of a govern- ment conducive to national happiness in this enlightened day being administered under it unless by persons more than mortal. It was formulated at a time when civil liberty was not fully under- stood as it is now, and contemplated only a government of the few over the many.'' The contest between the governor and the popular Assembly of the Northwest Territory was like those between the colonial legislatures on the one hand and their governors and councils appointed by the crown upon the other, which were so frequent in pre-Revolutionary annals and so significant of coming events, culminating in a war for independence. The causes of quarrel were the same: the assertion of prerogative on the one hand and of popular needs and rights on the other; the authority of the crown's representative exer- cised in the interest of policies and parties in the distant govern- ment, opposed to those who aimed to protect home interests and local self-government. They who controlled the policy of the mother country had regarded the people of the colonies as Gov- ernor St. Clair did the territorial inhabitants, as "too ignorant and indigent" for self-government. If St. Clair had succeeded — and he might have done so, had Jefiferson been defeated — he would have kept the territory under subjection for many years, and ultimately created Ohio with the Scioto River as her western boundary, with Marietta for her capital — for such was the de- sign — in order that she might be securely dominated by the party of which Alexander Hamilton, that brilliant genius who had no faith in popular government, was the chief; and have a governor, who, like St. Clair and his party in Congress, believed that a ruler appointed by a power from without, and with an ab- Ohio Centennial. 35 solute veto on anything the people approved, was on the whole best calculated to promote the welfare and happiness of the com- mon people. Tiffin did not leave Virginia with any partisan ideas, nor did the differences with the governor grow out of any on the part of himself and friends. He came here as the young friend of General Washington, with his letter of high eulogy. He revered that great and good man then and always. Washington was in- deed conservative. He belonged to a generation of wealthy, slave-holding Virginians, a landed aristocracy, and held much to the traditions and ideas of the class and period to which he be- longed. He was fond of the brilliant Hamilton, who had been his military aid and afterward founder of the treasury system, and undoubtedly that great intellect had much influence with him in public matters. Washington, too, had the greatness of mind that dwells in regions of thought remote from those of the subtle schemer, and was not able to fully comprehend the ideas and motives of those who gained his confidence. He stood at the threshold of the old and new, and having performed his own great part, left the management of political plans to younger men. Jefferson's ideas were those of the far-seeing philosophic states- man, who perceived the opportunity for a great advance and for realizing, in large part, at least, the vision of a government of the people, for the people, and by the people, such as the Federalists had not contemplated, and indeed, dreaded. They believed in a government of the people and thought that government and plenty of it was good for them. They believed in government for the people, and thought themselves quite competent to furnish it, as St. Clair thought he could for the people of the Northwest Territory. But they did not look with complacency on a govern- ment by the people themselves, and their constant struggle when the constitution was being framed was to keep the government as far away from any direct management by the people as pos- sible; and not succeeding in this as fully as they hoped, they aimed by liberal construction, by implication, to supply what they considered its deficiencies. The Jeffersonians believed that the only way to prevent a substantial return to old-world govern- mental ideas and conditions lay in a strict construction of the 36 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. powers granted by the Federal government, and a constant re- minder of the great fact that all powers of government resided primarily in each state ; that by the adoption of the United States constitution, each state had granted a portion, and only a portion of its own powers to the common government ; that all other powers remained with each state government and ultimate au- thority with the people; that the powers of government which did not belong to the United States were more numerous and quite as important as those which did belong to it; that as the United States government was supreme in the limit of the powers granted to it, so each state was sovereign within the limits of the powers which it had reserved to itself ; and that, as to new states, they were to be formed out of the common territory and come in on an equal . footing with the original states. Now, Edward Tiffin, as I have said, was an ardent lover of liberty, and that being so, he could not, with his intensely ardent disposition, avoid becoming warmed up on the Jeffersonian side during the great .political struggle going on in the states in the year 1800; es- pecially as then, and for some time before, he and his friends were struggling against the methods and purposes of one who, in his own person, fairly embodied the principles and characteristics, and the autocratic spirit which marked the leaders of his party. General St. Clair was also the friend of Washington. -He had served with credit to his state and the common cause in the struggle against the mother country. He had represented Penn- sylvania in the Continental Congress with ability and had pre- sided over its deliberations. He had been appointed governor of a great territory of which the future Ohio constituted a small part. His abode in it was merely the headquarters of his official- ism. His authority was from without. His home was the state of Pennsylvania from whence he came and to which he returned. His military career in the territory was a disastrous failure. His army was ignominiously defeated and cut to pieces in battle with the Indians. His civil administration was unfortunately turbulent and ineffectual, and after a protracted dispute with the people's representatives and leading men of the territory con- cerning the limits of his prerogatives — in which he was clearly Ohio Centennial. 37 in the wrong — and concerning the fitness of the people to have a government of their own, it ended in discomfiture. He was in no sense identified with Ohio except that he must be remembered as one who spent himself in trying to prevent her birth and failing in that, in seeking, for party purposes, to bring her into this world maimed and deformed. He was a Federalist of the strictest sect and an acrimonious partisan. The odious Alien and Sedition laws which had startled a people fresh from revolution "like a fire bell in the night," rang the doom of his party but they were congenial to his spirit and he published a pamphlet in their defence. He could not realize that "night's candles were burnt out." The sun-burst of untried popular gov- ernment dazzled and pained his failing vision. The new-born Spirit of Liberty was too bold and strident for his conventional notions. His party belongs only to history. It is a thing of our remote past. It ruffled bravely for a time but it had little vitality. No modern party acknowledges kinship with it. Each of our great parties claims descent from the followers of Jeffer- son. Until slavery, having grown immensely profitable where cot- ton was king, controlled a large section of the Democratic organi- zation and forced it to insist (in true Federalistic fashion, and in the name of "vested rights" and "property interests," those shib- boleths of Despotism in its contest with freedom and progress in every age and country) on the exercise by the United States of arbitrary authority to force slavery on unwilling territories and to make slave-catchers of free states and people, the ideas of Jefferson prevailed. Until the same power drove Southern states, in despite of reason, to break up the Union and sought to escape consequences under cover of an alleged constitutional right of a state to with- draw, reason or no reason — until that fatal hour there was no question that the Jeffersonian doctrine I have outlined, known as the "state rights" creed, was throughout its history the Demo- cratic party's principle of cohesion, and that all its cardinal posi- tions were the real or supposed corollaries of that doctrine. Certain liberal and anti-slavery elements of the Whig party sloughed off the aristocratic and slavery supporting as well as 88 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. th^ slave-holding elements, and united with rebellious and anti- slavery Democrats to form the Republican party, whose early leaders always insisted that they were the revivalists of genuine Jeffersonian ideas. It is now as well recognized a fact that Jefferson's victory in 1800 staid a reactionary movement towards monarchial types of administration and, in truth, saved the Republic as that, the Northern armies in the great civil conflict of later years, main- tained the territorial integrity of the Union, and, incidentally, brought to block the state-sheltered institution of slavery. Of this great battle for liberty the contest with St. Clair was at first a preliminary skirmish and at last a part. The warfare led by Jefferson against arbitrary exercise of power by the Federalists in the administration of the national government, led to such comparisons and inferences, as tended to enlist very strongly the interest of Tiffin and his co-workers in the territory. The subsequent prompt aid which they received from Jefferson and his party in Congress soon after his in- auguration in establishing their own liberty and opportunities for civic progress, bound them "with hooks of steel" to the sup- port of those who had already saved the nation. Happily they were destined to direct its affairs for many years, to establish the idea and practice of popular government, and to give hope that even the strong tendencies toward Federalism — inseparable from periods of great material prosperity of the sort which concen- trates the control of great wealth and power — may never do more than create a passing alarm or awaken the people once again to the resolute application of such corrective measures as will suffice to perpetuate free institutions. It is well known that Jefferson feared the effect of a national judiciary selected without reference to the people, with a perma- nent tenure which the people could not disturb; and he was strengthened in that view by the fact that strong Federal par- tisans had become intrenched in those courts; and that while popular disapproval had changed the complexion of every branch of the national government, it could not reach them. Tiffin, too, believed this feature of the government to be inimical to liberty; and five days after he took his seat in the United States Senate Ohio Centennial. 39 he proposed an amendment to the constitution providing for the removal of supreme and district court judges upon the request of two-thirds of both houses of Congress. Love of Hberty manifested itself again in the action of the constitutional convention, over which Tiffin presided and in the shaping of which he was influential, in refusing to allow the state governor a negative of any sort, either absolute or qualified, upon legislation. St. Clair had exercised an absolute veto. No act could pass by a two-thirds or any other vote without his consent. He was, in effect, the third House. Many have thought that his antagonists went, in framing the Ohio consti- tution, to the opposite extreme. Tiffin was then, doubtless, a prospective governor, but he favored this strict separation of the legislative and executive departments of government. Worth- ington was subsequently governor, but he sought no greater au- thority. They and the rest of those who graced the gubernatorial position, whose wisdom and virtue gave them merited influence with their party friends, and in matters nonpartisan with others as well, have not needed the veto power to make their wisdom properly effectual to restrain and to encourage. The average sense is in the long run better than the individual sense of the greatest and best — if peradventure it remains usual to make governors of states out of the greatest and best material. And if — which Heaven forbid ! — it should ever happen that governors become incidents of the operation of a political engine and re- sponsive to the engineer's direction, our fathers would indeed be vindicated in their belief that every veto power injured liberty. No words can picture the wonderful strides in every sort of desirable progress made by Ohio during the period between the making of the first and second constitutions of the state. Yet the constitution of 185 1 did not extend the governor's veto power. In that respect the first instrument seemed, in the opin- ion of the very able men constituting the second convention, to have vindicated itself. This feature is conceded by great thinkers the world over to have constituted an epoch-making event and to constitute, at any rate, a firm and advance step in popular government. 40 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. •Governor Tiffin and Governor Worthington and their suc- cessors under the first constitution were men of hke civic creeds, but all of them were great friends of public improvements and all exerted themselves to open up the roads and waterways and to increase the facilities of the people. All were friends of popular education and labored assiduously to advance these great in- terests, and they accomplished quite as much in all these direc- tions as they could have done by the exercise of any greater pre- rogative. And probably Hon. D. J. Ryan, in his work on Ohio, does not overstate Governor Tiffin's share in these great labors when he says: "No man who has ever filled the gubernatorial chair of Ohio possessed greater genius for the administration of public affairs than Edward Tiffin. His work in advancing and -developing the state has not been equaled by that of any other man in its history." If it could be said that the Legislature, in course of time, came to.be of a different political complexion and that progress came accordingly, then it was surely well that the veto power did not come between it and its work. It is the truth of history, however, that Federalists, whether so in name or in fact, had little to do with developing Ohio. The Federalists of Ohio were found among the New England settlers, and Rufus King has pointed out that the New England immi- gration to Ohio, contrary to popular supposition, was small ; that class had substantially nothing to do with the formation of the Ohio constitution or the organization of the state. When the governor and state officers were to be elected under it, the Fed- eralists refused to vote, they were so much put out with the situ- ation, and Tiffin was elected governor with scarcely a dissenting vote. The northern part of the state was then an Indian reserva- tion and the northwest portion of the state so remained until fifteen years later and for a long period after that was substan- tially uninhabited. The northeast portion, including the Western Reserve, remained but slightly developed until the canals were constructed, and the main lines were not completed until 1833, and the whole system was not completed until considerably later, and there was very little worth while to speak of in that region until after the state had been builded, its institutions and char- Ohio Centennial. 41 acter well settled and the lines and principle of its growth and greatness fully marked on the basis defined by the Ordinance of 1787, and the constitution of the state, under the auspices of Governor Tiffin and the men of his creed and party or affiliation who continued for so long to hold the offices, establish the policy and make the laws of the commonwealth. The central belt of the state was settled principally by Germans and Scotch-Irish; the Miami country by people of New Jersey and the Middle States; the Virginian district, whose center was Chillicothe, by Virginians both from the Valley and Tidewater, and the Ohio River, with its tributaries, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum, w^ere the chief channels of the state's commerce. The bulk of the population was in the southwestern part of the state and Cincinnati and Chillicothe the most important towns. Before the northern part of the state had taken on any considerable movement and while its population was quite scanty, the great canal improvement which gave such a tremendous impetus to the state and particularly to the northern portion, was projected, provided for by appropriate legislation, and then constructed "by the state under the auspices to which I have referred. The Ordinance of 1787 and the state constitution adopted "by Tiffin and his co-ad jutors, declared that "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the hap- piness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall for- ever be encouraged" ; and these were classed as "among the fun- damental principles of civil and religious liberty which formed the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected." Governor Tiffin regarded education as the handmaid of religion and morality, and like them essential to the public ser- vice and welfare. His public and official conduct was always guided by pro- found, persistent, untiring purpose to advance the cause of re- ligious morality and education. But this did by no means have its inspiration merely in a sense of official duty, nor did he ever confine his efforts to official action or public service. In and out of office, his influence was exerted in this behalf. At the ;same time that canal commissioners were appointed, school 42 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. commissioners were appointed. Upon their report, in 1826, the free school system of which we hear so much, was instituted by law and Tiffin, then living in Chillicothe, saw, three years before his death, the fruition of his hopes and efforts in that direction. The system, by gradual development and continued legislative action, has become that which we this day enjoy. Governor Tiffin was above all else a religious man. In his first message he declared that "The prosperity and happiness of every people is invariably in proportion to their religious moral- ity," and hoped "that the people of Ohio would assume and for- ever maintain such advanced positions in industry, frugality, tem- perance and every moral virtue as would gain for them the admiration of the whole world." He both practiced and preached his religion. From the hour when he and his wife, in 1790, the year after their marriage, were "converted" — under the ministry of Rev. Thomas Scott, who also afterward came to Ohio and became one of the judges of our Supreme Court — to the hour of death he was an apostle of the creed he professed. He began at once to gather congregations about him on the "Lord's Day'* and to press upon his friends and neighbors the beauty of holi- ness. During life, he continued this same course, and never allowed the duties of his profession or a public station to wean him from what he deemed a much higher service to the com- munity. His religion was of that Christian type which united love to God and to fellowman. Still did his charities abound. His benefactions were unstinted and even when confined to his bed in his sickness, it is said by his biographer. Col. William E. Gilmore, he kept certain days of the week devoted to gratuitously diagnosing cases of, and prescribing for, the poor. While love of liberty and devotion to religion were the grand passions of his nature they were not all. He loved Ohio. He probably regarded, as did most public men of his day, the office of governor as much greater than that of being one of two representatives of the state in the National Senate. He resigned his seat in the Senate shortly after his service in that body began, but accepted an election to a membership in the State Legislature, which place he held for two terms. He resigned a place at the head of the Land Department in the national capital to become Ohio Centennial. 43'- the surveyor-general of the Northwest, with his office on his home lot in this city. He believed that he could do more good here than elsewhere, and was, above all things, interested in the development of the state. He was proud of Ohio, the state he had done so much to create. He loved to uphold her prerogatives and maintain her prestige; but Tiffin, like all men then, of his political ideas, was none the less a lover of the Union, quick to combat its real or supposed foes. During his governorship, when convinced that Aaron Burr was gathering men, boats and provisions and warlike muni- tions on the Ohio border, in furtherance of a conspiracy against the Union, he did not wait for the action of the Federal Gov- ernment, nor for any instructions from it or any department of it ; he got the Legislature into secret session and, without the veto power, procured the passage of "an act to prevent certain acts hostile to the peace and tranquility of the United States, within the jurisdiction of this state." The governor acted promptly, seized the boats, provisions,, etc., and the Burr expedition came to speedy grief. Jefferson in his subsequent letter, commendatory of the prompt state action, said : "It is happy illustration, too, of the importance of preserving to the state authorities all that vigor which the constitution foresaw would be necessary, not only for their own safety, but for that of the whole." Looking back at this Burr affair in view of all ascertained facts. Burr's alleged treasonable designs seem very much of a myth, but there is no denying that the matter was regarded seri- ously and that Burr procured one thing at least which was very much to his taste, and that was a dramatic situation. Although Tiffin was in public service, and that substantially by common consent, during nearly the entire period of his resi- dence in the state, he kept his soul unstained. He utilized no^ opportunity for private aggrandizement. His industry was unflag- ging, his fidelity perfect, his tact and wisdom unquestionable.. His domestic life was fortunate indeed. He was twice married. His wives were Christian helpmates full of sweet piety and good works. His second marriage was blessed with five 44 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. children of whom four were daughters. His son died as the result of an accident in young manhood. Two of his daughters, Mrs. Scott Cook, and Miss Diathea Tiffin, recently passed from among us, mourned by the entire community, leaving behind them the "sweet savor of a life well spent." Mrs. Reynolds and 'Mrs. Dr. Comegys, of Cincinnati — women of like mould — died at an earlier period. His children and his grandchildren and his great-grandchildren, one of whom has had the goodness to grace this day by unveiling the counterfeit presentment of her great and good ancestor, have held high the honor of his name and well sustained the heredity of noble blood. Edward Tiffin was born in Carlisle, England. This is a famous site. Here the semi-mythical, semi-historical king Arthur is reputed to have held his court and gathered about his Round Table, Sir Launcelot, Sir Galleahad and all that company of knights, the fame of whose exploits furnished material for Ten- nyson's "Idylls of the King," and filled the lines of many poets and romancers. King Arthur stands in all these wondrous tales the fit exemplar of a noble life, the knight without reproach or stain ; and when at last, he yielded his magic sword "Excaliber," and turned his face to die, it is said that gentle hands of minister- ing spirits carried him away to the enchanted vale of Avalon, whence he was destined in the after times to return and rule a redeemed land and reunite about the "table round" the broken circle of his' knights, coming purified from quests of Holy Grail. And now my fancy pictures that the good king in very truth did come again to old Carlisle, and later in a new world found a land redeemed from old-world ways of greed and ruthless power ; gathered there about him knights good and true who had proven their valor in wild forests beset with wild beasts and wiMer men, in search of the Holy Grail of Freedom and had traversed flood and fell to form a state whose cornerstone should be Liberty and capstone Virtue — Massie, McDonald, McArthur, Worthington, Creighton, Morrow, Byrd, Meigs and all the rest of that gallant train. With reminiscent eyes, we see him now amid that circle of strong souls with noble yet unafifected mien, a People's knight indeed. Ohio Centennial. 45 In accepting the medallion for Ross County, speaking for the commissioners, Mr. Horatio C. Claypool, the prosecuting attor- ney, said: MR. CLAYPOOl's speech. Mr. President: The pleasant duty of accepting, for the people of Ross County, this beautiful and appropriate memento of our early con- stitutional history, has fallen to me by reason of my accidental position at the close of our first century. Here, as we start on our journey of another hundred years, we meet to renew our obligations and to refresh our zeal for popular government ; and standing upon the very spot of our origin, what could be a more appro- priate introduction to our festivities than the elevation of this medallion of Ohio's first governor? The thought- fulness and generosity of the donor (Mr. W. H. Hunter), are hardly more apparent on this occasion than his patriotism and state pride,, as exemplified in his choice of a subject — and speaking for the people of Ross County, we ac- cept this splendid tribute to an American statesman, and in re- turn have nothing to ofifer but the hearty congratulation of our people. But this emblem stands for something more than personal greatness, however esteemed and renowned Edward Tiffin may have been ; for in this twentieth century we do not worship the individual so much as the results of his labors. Our meeting to celebrate on this occasion is a happy reminder that we are still hero worshipers as in the days of old — the commendable change being in the choice of subjects. Human nature changes slowly, indeed, but upon the pages of authentic history we can readily discern the havoc which scientific investigation has wrought upon superstition. The theory of the ''divine right of kings" has crumbled and given place to the choice of the people. Step by H. C. CI.AYPOOI,. 46 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. step humanity has been going in the right direction. While the Persians had their Xerxes, and Carthage its Hannibal, worship- ing destroyers of human life and human happiness, writing the history of their greatness with the blood of the slain, we, the American people, find more pleasing worship in our praises of the Jeffersons, Lincolns and Tiffins, the men whose kindly feel- ings for humanity will cause them to live in the hearts of the people while democratic principles shall prevail. For, while our Revolutionary heroes stood for the will of the people in a national sense, the founders of our state government, as they sat here, one hundred years ago, provided for us the most liberal govern- ment yet known to man, exerted an influence for good that hastened to modify restricted liberty throughout this nation, and for at least another century, we hope will stand a menace to usurpers of human power. Governor Tiffin was not simply the head of. the executive •department of our state government; he stood for something more — he was the exponent of element of hardy pioneers of our commonwealth, who believed in a government by the people, and vi^ho dared to formulate a constitution providing for the greatest personal freedom consistent with good government. In no other locality does history show so complete a separation of the execu- tive from the legislative functions of government, and a hundred years of experience illustrates the wisdom of our departure from the national form. Those fathers of ours never lost sight of an opportunity of showing their opposition to what was then known as a strong government. But, ladies and gentlemen, as we go on day after day, praising our dead statesmen and pointing out their green graves upon the hill, our visitors may get a wrong impression and leave the city, believing that all our greatness lies buried upon our hill tops. Let us here and now assure our visitors that such an opinion would be foreign to the facts. We have live men here in the valley, possessing both ability and inclination to fill the chief executive's office, with no thought of lowering the dignity of the place, once graced by Tiffin, Worthington, McArthur and Allen. Ohio Centennial. 47 But there is another class of persons who should not be for- gotten while speaking of the men who lendered valuable services to our state. They could not all be Solons, however praiseworthy the vocation of the statesman may be. The pioneer of a hundred years ago found our valley a wilderness; busy sons of toil were as essential as statesmen. The man with a gun had his usefulness in guarding both laborers and statesmen against the assault of wild beasts and wilder men, and upon these hills may lie many a Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. In this connection I am reminded that the names of all our true heroes do not find a place on the pages of history. For illustration, it is said upon good authority that when McPherson fell in front of Atlanta, the surprise was so great that for a few moments he was deserted by all, except a single private, who stood bending over his dying commander ; yet history is searched in vain for his name, though reciting the incident. And again, as we recall our heroes of the many wars in which we have unfortunately been engaged in the last hundred years, we wish to remind you that here sleep as brave soldiers as ever graced a field of battle. History is full of the names and fame of Massie, Sill and others of equal renown. Let us, as we advance, set ourselves high ideals of a perfect government and by proper enforcement and application of law in this court of justice, watched and guarded by the spirit of Edward Tiffin, promote our liberty and independence based upon a government of our own choosing, and upon our birthright of free men, the gift of Heaven, secured to us and to succeeding generations to guide us in the path of our duty and when the people of Ohio meet upon these grounds one hundred years hence; may the sun be still shining on a free, intelligent and happy people, worthy descendants of a noble ancestry, and still worshiping at the shrine of Ohio's first governor. CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF OHiaS ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. The exercises of the centennial anniversary of Ohio's state- hood began promptly at ten o'clock a. m. on Wednesday, May 20, 1903. They were held in the large tent erected for the pur- pose, and which served as an admirable auditorium, in the beau- tiful Yoctangee Park, Chillicothe. An audience of some five thousand assembled to participate in the interest and honor of the occasion. Upon the stage were seated many of the speakers, a number of distinguished guests, state officials, including the judges of the Supreme Court, members of the Centennial Com- mission, trustees and officers of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Back of the speakers' stand, in elevated seats, was the chorus of two hundred and fifty pupils of the high school and grammar grades of the city schools. The program opened with a stirring national air by the Fourth Regiment Band. General J. Warren Keifer called the meeting to order. Rev. A. M. Courtenay, of Chillicothe, invoked the divine blessing on the great celebration. His prayer was most fitting in words, sincere in expression and eloquent in delivery. Hon. W. D. Yaple, as mayor of the city, then extended the welcome of Chillicothe to the officials of the centennial and the visiting people of the state. MAYOR YAPLE's ADDRESS. Your Excellency, the Governor, Citizens of Ohio, Invited Guests of the State: Ladies and Gentlemen — We have assembled on this occa- sion to celebrate, in an appropriate manner, the one hundredth anniversary of one of the most important events in American history — the organization of Ohio as one of the union of states. 48 • Ohio Centennial. 49 It was an important event to Chillicothe, for it was here that the great political battle was waged between St. Clair and his followers on one side, and Tiffin, Worthington and Massie on the other, which culminated in Ohio's statehood; it was an important event to Ohio, for it marked the beginning of her marvelous development; it was an important event to the nation, for it gave to the Union one of its most powerful and pro- gressive states ; it was an important event to the advocates of the principle of democratic government, for Ohio's first consti- tution was the first of the American constitutions which denied the executive authority the right to veto the acts of the legislative body. It was one hundred years on the twenty-ninth day of last November since the first constitution of Ohio was adopted by the constitutional convention in session in Chillicothe; and it was one hundred years on the first day of last March since the machinery of government that made Ohio one of the union of states was set in motion. It was here that the first seat of government was estab- lished, and during the first few years of Ohio's statehood all roads led to Chillicothe, and all eyes were upon the little city lying in the fertile and picturesque valley of the Scioto, and beneath the shadow of Mount Logan. Then came the wonderful growth and development of the state, and the consequent removal of the seat of government to a more central location; and now again, after the lapse of eighty-six years, all roads again lead to the ''ancient metropolis'^; and when we consider that much of the early history of the state belongs to Chillicothe it was certainly appropriate for the State Archaeological and Historical Society to select this city as the proper place for celebrating the state's one hundredth anniversary. I am not commissioned to speak of Ohio's progress, or to deal at length with historical matters, for that duty belongs to the long list of speakers on the program and I shall not trespass upon their time; but I am here as the mayor of the old capital, to extend to you the hand of welcome. 50g Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Chillicothe has been noted from the earHest days for her generous hospitality; she has never yet been weighed in the bal- ance and found wanting, and I assure you that upon this occa- sion her citizens will maintain her well-merited reputation ; the latch string is out, and I am glad to have the honor and pleasure of extending to you, on behalf of our citizens, a hearty welcome and the freedom of the city. To the hearty welcome of Mayor Yaple, Gen. J. Warren Keifer, chairman of the centennial commission, responded on behalf of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Mayor, and Citizens of Chillicothe: On behalf, not only of the people assembled here, but of the whole people of Ohio, I am commissioned to thank you for this generous welcome. The presence of so many dis- tinguished citizens testifies more adequately than my words can express their deep interest in this, the first centennial of Ohio as a state, and their deep interest in the inhabitants of this his- toric city, to whom so much is due for the ample and liberal preparations made. This city, with its patriotic people, singularly illustrates the transformation which has taken place in our state. Here, a little more than one hundred years ago, was the chief habitation of the most warlike (Shawanee) of the savage tribes of Indians. Here, on these grounds, have been enacted the barbaric scenes incident to wild savage existence. Here Boone, Kenton, and others, of the earliest western pioneers, who as advance agents of a coming civilization, fought, and some of them, in captivity, ran the gauntlet and were doubtless burned at the stake to testify barbaric vengeance. How changed ! Here, many of that worthy and heroic class met and planted a settlement, established trade and com- merce, built churches and school-houses, and organized a com- munity which became the territorial capital of the great North- west Territory, and, one hundred years ago, the capital of the first of the states born of the immortal Ordinance of 1787. The welcome you, Mr. Mayor, extended to us is the more acceptable because you speak on behalf of so many of the de- Ohio Centennial. 51 scendants of the undaunted pioneers who settled here, and who largely aided in giving birth to a state in our Union eternally dedicated to freedom. Here was the home of Nathaniel Massie, John McDonald, Dr. Edward Tiffin, Thomas Worthington, Duncan McArthur; later, William Allen and Allen G. Thurman. What a galaxy of great men ! I do not attempt to exhaust the list. And I must not an- ticipate the work of others. I must therefore content myself by expressing the sincere gratitude of those present, for the hospitality and warm welcome extended by the good people of this fair city. Chillicothe will live in the annals of Ohio as typical of the planting and marvelous growth of a new and higher Christian civilization in a wilder- ness, and to testify to the possibilities that may be reahzed by a race of people, inspired by the principles of universal liberty for all mankind, tempered by a holy religion, practiced in the light of the beatitudes, proclaimed to the world by Jesus Christ in the Sermon on the Mount. When the ceremonies of this centennial are ended we shall carry to our homes a happy memory of the people of this city, as well as of the pleasurable enjoyment the time and the occa- sion of our assembling has given us. Again I repeat the thanks of this vast concourse of men and fair women to all the residents of this city, and especially to the efficient members of local committees who have so as- siduously labored for the success of this centennial. And now, as chairman of the joint committee, composed of the executive committee of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society — the society that inspired the idea of this centennial and has done so much to make it a success — and the commission authorized by law, appointed by the governor of Ohio, I now announce that the formal ceremonies of Ohio's first centennial are ready to begin. The program prepared is long, but it will furnish a relation of statehood-greatness not anywhere equaled in ancient or mod- ern history. Long as it is, it is more subject to criticism for important subjects omitted, than for the long number included. 52 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. The committee congratulates itself, and you, upon its being able to present, as orators, on this occasion, some of the great men of this country, all of whom, I believe, are of Ohio, if not all residents of the state. Many of Ohio's present honorable officials are before you, and many are here who have, with singular fidelity, filled high offices in the state and nation. Here are Ohio's senators (Foraker and Hanna) and many of her representatives in Congress. You will hear from some of them. Here are all the judges of the Supreme Court of Ohio, a court that has, without exception^ brought honor to the state throughout its existence. Ohio has never had an unworthy governor — from Edward Tiffin to the present one — thirty-eight in all. It now becomes my duty to introduce to you your pre- siding officer for this day. He will make the opening address of the centennial. You know him and his history. He was a farmer boy of Medina, where born (August 14, 1842) ; in youth he became a student at Oberlin College, leaving it while yet a boy to become a private soldier in the Civil War ; after that war closed he became a lawyer in Columbus, Ohio ; later, attorney- general of Ohio ; then a member of the Supreme Court Com- mission ; and he has worthily held other places of honor, always ably and unpretentiously discharging the high and important duties devolving upon him. . He has twice. (1899 and 1901) been elected governor of Ohio. I now have the supreme pleasure of presenting to you, as the first speaker, and the presiding officer of the day, your distinguished centennial governor, George K. Nash. OPENING ADDRESS GOVERNOR GEORGE K. NASH. Mr. Chairman (turning to General Keifer) : I desire to thank you and the society which you represent for the honor which you have conferred by asking me to preside at this cen- tennial celebration of the birth of our great state, Ohio. And Citizens of Ohio (turning to audience) : I desire to congratulate you to-day upon the fact that Ohio is now one hundred years old. For one hundred years our state and national union have lasted, growing stronger and better- as each year passed by; for one hundred years they have preserved your lib- erty and freedom, without license, and regulated by law. And, citizens of Ohio, we have many things for which to be thankful. Our great state has grown from a small beginning of forty-five thousand people until to-day she is a great empire with a population of about four and one-half million. What one hundred years ago was a vast forest has now become the garden spot of our country. In all the industries we have grown. Our state which one hundred years ago did not know a railroad, is now traversed by eight thousand seven hundred miles of railroad. Annually these railroads give employment to sixty thousand men and their annual wages now amount to forty-two million dollars. The gross receipts of these great arteries of trade last year amounted to one hundred and one million dollars, and their net receipts amounted to about ten million dollars. Our mining industries during this one hundred years have been developed until last year twenty-five thousand men were engaged in mining coal. They produced twenty million tons of coal of the value of twenty-three million dollars, free on board cars at the mines. * Stenographer's report. 54' Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Our manufacturing industries have progressed wonder- fully. One hundred years ago we were purely an agricultural community; now a vast army of three hundred and forty-five thousand men are employed in our manufacturing establishments. Their earnings last year amounted to the sum of one hundred and forty-two million dollars and the things which they made were of a far greater value — the sum of eight hundred million dollars. But it is not alone in these things that we have made won- derful progress. Our greatest glory arises from the fact that we have faithfully kept during these one hundred years all the precepts of the best law ever framed for the government of mankind^ the great Ordinance of 1787. (Applause). That ordinance provided that in the Northwest Territory and in the states to be erected from that territory no slavery should exist except for the punishment of crime. That precept' you have kept. Not only has the institution of slavery never existed in the states of the Northwest Territory, but after cruel war it has disappeared from all this nation. (Applause). Another precept taught us by our fathers in that ordi- nance was that education should be maintained for the benefit of the people. The government of Ohio has provided education for all her children. During the last thirty-five years she has devoted to the support of her common schools the sum, the vast sum, of three hundred and sixty miUion dollars; and dur- ing her history of one hundred years not less than a half bil- lion dollars have been expended by our people in this cause. (Applause.) That ordinance also taught us that religion, as well as education, is necessary for the happiness of our people. This precept, too, has been faithfully kept. Wherever we look, whether in the North, or the East, or the West, or the South, we find ample means for the promotion of religious instruction. Another vital provision was made in the Ordinance of 1787 when it was declared that the Northwest Territory and the states erected therefrom should forever remain a part of the United States of America. (More applause.) Ohio Centennial. 55 A sad crisis arose in our history when others differed from us in this respect. They differed from our fathers; they main- tained that this great union of states was a mere rope of sand from which any state could withdraw at will. Out of this controversy arose long continued war. The struggle went on from 1861 to 1865. Three hundred thousand gallant soldiers from Ohio enlisted in the cause of the Union and for the purpose of maintaining the theory which had been taught them by their fathers. (Applause.) After war, victory perched upon the banners of the Union. The edict of battle settled this controversy and declared that every state in this nation, as well as the states of the Northwest Territory, should forever remain a part of the United States of America. (Loud applause.) This happy result is now acquiesced in by all the people of this country ; by the people of the South, by the people of the North, by the people of the East and by the people of the West, and they now unite in proclaiming the doctrine of our fathers — that all the states of this Union shall forever remain a part of the United States of America: In this fact they now all rejoice and all are united in saying that our beautiful banner shall forever remain the loved banner of all the people of the Republic. (Loud and long continued applause.) Upon the things accomplished in our first one hundred years, not only for the state of Ohio, but for the entire country, I con- gratulate you. Fellow-citizens, I have a story that I desire to tell you. It is a story of patriotic effort and yet it seems to me that it fur- nishes the best example of the ingratitude of republics of any that has come within my knowledge. In 1758 there was a young Scotchman about to leave his home. He was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. He was thoroughly educated, he was tall, handsome and twenty- three years of age. He enlisted in the army of the king of Great Britain and became an ensign in one of his regiments. He left his home in Scotland and came to America under Amherst. In the French-English War he served faithfully and bravely before the walls of Louisburg. For gallantry in that action he was promoted to the position of second lieutenant in his com- 66 * Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. pany. Then a few years later he was joined to the command of the great and gallant Wolfe in the final struggle between the French and English, for the possession of Canada. Upon the Plains of Abraham, in the attack upon Quebec, he was one of the brave soldiers who followed the gallant Wolfe, who fell upon that bloody field. One of the color bearers fell, bearing down with him the colors of his regiment. This lieutenant seized those colors covered with blood and carried them bravely until the end of that conflict, which has been told in history and sung in song for nearly one hundred and fifty years. That brave Scotchman was Arthur St. Clair (applause), the first governor of the Northwest Territory. (More applause and cheers.) He resigned from the English army ; he became the hus- band of a loved wife; he was endowed with ample fortune, and in 1766 he went to western Pennsylvania near Pittsburg and settled among her beautiful hills and became one of the leading pioneers of this western country. Time went by; the Revolution for our freedom commenced and St. Clair was called upon by John Hancock in 1775 to raise a regiment to engage in our great struggle for liberty. He responded as a patriotic man always responds. At this time he wrote to an intimate friend : I hold that no man has a right to withhold his services when his country needs them. Be the sacrifice ever so great, it must be yielded upon the altar of patriotism. He raised a regiment of Pennsylvanians. He joined in the expedition of Arnold against Montreal for the capture of Can- ada. He was there barely in time to save the army of Arnold from utter rout. Then he was called by Washington to New Jersey. He was then made a major-general in the Revolutionary army. He engaged with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. There he gave advice to our gallant chief which was esteemed most highly. After those victories he returned to the northern territory and with his command sought to stay the invasion of Burgoyne. He was through all those conflicts which finally resulted in the surrender of Burgoyne and his Ohio Centennial. 57 army. Then he joined Washington, again became his faithful adviser, was a favorite of Alexander Hamilton, was a friend of LaFayette, the brave Frenchman who came to our rescue. By them all he was esteemed and honored. At Valley Forge, Wash- ington called upon this brave general, with his fortune to come to the rescue of his army. With his own money he assisted in feeding Washington's soldiers ; with his own money he partially clothed them; by his patriotism he impoverished himself. Later, when the war was over, he became president of the Continental Congress. He was its . president when the Ordinance of 1787 was framed. In the making of its provi- sions he took an active part. That ordinance became the law ■of this territory. Then the Continental Congress saw fit to elect Arthur St. Clair as the governor of the territory, whose or- dinance he helped to frame. For fourteen years he remained here as the governor of the Northwest Territory. His labors were very irksome. The value of what he did for our pioneers ■can never be over-estimated. At length there came the time in 1802 when he must retire from office. He went back to his iDeloved Pennsylvania hills. He was an old man, yet he sought to recuperate the fortune which he had lost. He pleaded with Congress to restore the money to him which he had expended upon the army that gave us our liberties ; but that Congress, poor and impoverished, too, made the lame excuse that St. Clair's claims were outlawed, and they were not paid. He went back to his home in Pennsylvania and lived in a hovel with his widowed daughter. At last one day, with some truck that might give him the sustenance of life, he started with his pony and cart to a nearby town and on the way a wheel fell into a rut. The aged general was thrown from his cart upon the stony ground and severely injured. There he lay nearly a day before he was discovered and rescued. In a few days he died. He was by his Masonic brothers "buried in a little country graveyard at Greensburg. They erected a plain, brown sandstone monument over his tomb and inscribed upon it these words : 68 • Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. The earthly remains of General Arthur St. Clair are deposited be- neath this humble monument; which is erected to supply the place of a nobler one, due from his country. It is too late to do justice to St. Clair, but we can honor his memory by erecting over that lonely grave the monument which is due from his country. And, now, fellow-citizens, I propose, if you concur in the proposition, in my next message to the General Assembly of Ohio, to ask that body to appropriate a sufficient sum to erect a monument over the grave of St. Clair, the patriot and the first governor of the Northwest Territory. (Loud and long-continued applause and cheers.) General Keifer, the chairman: I move — and the Gover- nor shall put the motion — that it is the sense of this assemblage that the Governor ask the State to erect a monument to Gov- ernor St. Clair. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. Governor Nash : It is carried, and I will convey your will to the General Assembly of the State. The remarks of Governor Nash were followed by a song by the children's chorus. The enthusiasm of the young singers was unbounded and their voices rang out with joyous spirit^ that clearly expressed their patriotism and civic pride. The numbers they rendered during the morning were: "Hurrah for the Schools of Ohio," "Ohio Beautiful" and "The Buckeye." The words and music of all the songs were the product of Ohio authors. The youthful singers were skillfully directed by Miss Florence Purdum, the music directress of the public schools. At the close of the first song Governor Nash introduced Hon. Jud- son Harmon, of Cincinnati. THE HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY TO THE MARIETTA SETTLEMENT. JUDSON HARMON. Evidence has been found that men existed in this region while the glaciers were pushing their way over it. After its hills were raised up and its plains and val- leys formed it became the home of a numerous race, as the thousands of their earthworks and relics show. But the story of these peoples remains untold. Then came the red men whose vague and conflicting traditions give only confused glimpses of warfare and migration. There were very few white men and hardly anything that could be called organized society or govern- ment north of the Ohio River before the settlement at Marietta, so that the J^^^^^ harmon. history of this region before that time, so far as it can be said to have one, is chiefly an abstract of title. But it is a title which finds its origin in daring enterprise and perilous adventure, its muniments in fire and blood and its chain in the compacts of the greatest nations of the world. The charters of the colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut did not fix their western boundaries, and they accordingly insisted that their territory reached as far as the royal domain. But there was nothing to define the extent of that domain. No rule of international law established the limits 59 60 " Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. of title by discovery in such a case, for no continent had ever been discovered before since the nations were formed. There v^as no rule of reason which would push such title back, from the coast actually discovered and occupied, beyond the natural boun- daries recognized among nations. These, in this case, were the Alleghany mountains and the sources of the rivers flowing into the sea. Within a few years after the founding of our colonies, while they were struggling for existence near the sea and long before the foot of an Englishman had climbed the mountains, enter- prising and daring Frenchmen made the circuit of the great lakes and established missions and trading-posts along their shores. Theirs were the first sails the lake breezes ever filled and theirs the first white faces the red men of the interior ever saw. They explored the rivers, the Cuyahoga, the Sandusky, the Maumee, discovering the short portage from the latter to the Wabash, descending the Wabash to the Ohio and that to the Mississippi. They went up the Chicago River, carried their canoes across to the Illinois, paddled to the Mississippi and down the Mississippi and back against its swift current, all among unknown and often hostile savages. And along many of these rivers, also, their missions and posts were founded. They were for a time kept back from the upper Ohio and its tributaries by the Iroquois whom, alone of all the Indian tribes, they had the misfortune to make lasting enemies. But at length they found their way from the shore of Lake Erie to the head waters of the Alleghany, and La Salle in 1670 went down that river and the Ohio to the falls. Parkman and others have, with great research among the archives of France and elsewhere, given to history the stories of La Salle, Marquette, Joliet, Hennepin and their comrades and successors, the discoverers and explorers of the Northwest Ter- ritory. The heroism, devotion, endurance and enterprise they displayed were never surpassed by any race in any age, and the fine statue of Marquette in his priestly robes has been fitly placed in Statutory Hall in Washington by one of the states which sprang from that territory. Ohio Centennial. 61 But the contrast was painful between these men and their government, in whose name and on whose behalf they toiled, suf- fered and achieved. Clinging to a system bad in every feature, loaded with debts foolishly incurred, embarrassed by ground- less wars and governed by kings who were in turn ruled by the whims of dissolute women, France was destined to lose what Frenchmen had won. The slower but more persistent Saxon was to make his home in the great Northwest and give it a gov- ernment founded on the will of the individual citizen and con- trived so as to multiply his power by reducing his burdens and preserve to him the fruits of his efforts. In spite of the claims of title in which the British long persisted, derived from alleged discovery and from cession by the Iroquois of their pretended rights by conquest from other tribes, the true source of title to the Northwest is the treaty of 1763 following the war which opened with Braddock's defeat and closed with the fall of Quebec. France thereby ceded to- Great Britain the entire country east of the Mississippi. The region we are now considering was then wholly unset- tled, beyond the few sparse French villages which had sprung up around some of the posts and missions along the Wabash,. IlHnois, Mississippi and Detroit Rivers and the straits of Macki- naw, and King George did not propose to acknowledge the vague claims of his colonies. So he forthwith, by proclamation, de clared it royal domain and forbade further settlements in it or purchases from the Indians. This was done partly to restrict the growth of the colonies, with which trouble was already brewing, and partly on the demand of the commercial interests which represented to him that *'The great object of colonizing upon the continent of North America has been to improve and extend the commerce, navigation and manufactures of this king- dom. * * * It (Joes appear to us that the extension of the fur trade depends entirely upon the Indians being undisturbed in the possession of their hunting-grounds, and that all coloniz- ing does in its nature and must in its consequences operate to the prejudice of that branch of commerce." 62 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Piihlications. Some of the royal governors and others also warned the king that the settlement of the interior would surely lead to ultimate independence of the colonies. The entire territory was soon after, by act of Parliament, made part of the Province of Quebec which was and has ever since remained loyal to the crown. This seeming hardship and injustice proved to be one of the many mercies of God to the American people, like the fall on the Plains of Abraham of General Wolfe, who, as Thackeray suggests, would otherwise doubtless have led the king's forces in our War of Revolution. It was one of the provocations which led to the Revolution. And if, instead of leaving this region to the savages, it had been settled by loyalists from Canada or England, we should have had the enemy in the rear and the result of the war might have been different. Success would cer- tainly have been harder to win, while the territory would almost certainly have remained British, at least until another struggle ;should ensue. The right of the British government to act thus was un- doubted. Whatever limitations there may have been with respect to vested private titles, there were none upon its power to re- strict, alter or revoke colonial charters so far as they conferred authority over unoccupied territory. So whatever rights the ■colonies might have had in the West were terminated. A clear title to the Northwest Territory has thus been traced to King George. How did we get it from him? Not by the Declaration of Independence, although we made it good by force of arms, because Canada, of which it was then lawfully part, did not join in the declaration. The door was opened to Canada by the Articles of Confederation, but the settlers there preferred British rule then as now. So far as national results can ever be traced to particular men and what would probably have been can be inferred from what was, this country owes its ownership of the Northwest Territory to two men. Virginia still persisted in her claims which, under the pecu- liar terms of her charter, she made embrace the entire North- ^'est. Traders had already begun to penetrate beyond the Ohio, OJiio Centennial. 63 as well as the peculiar class of adventurers who had a touch of the outlaw in that they preferred the utter freedom of the forest to the restraints of society. It was men of this class who were responsible for many of the atrocities committed on and by the Indians. They greatly resembled the French woodsmen, except in their relations with the Indians. They passed on into the wilderness beyond when the real settlers came with wife and child, Bible and hymn book, to found permanent homes and establish liberty under law. Washington in 1770 went down the Ohio, from Fort Pitt to the Kanawha, casting his appreciative eye over the rich bot- tom lands on both sides of the river despite the royal warning off the premises. In 1778-79, soon after the war broke out. George Rogers Clark, of Kentucky, then part of Virginia, under authority of Governor Patrick Henry, raised a small force with which, by the very highest qualities of courage, endurance and leadership he captured and held the posts at and around Kaskaskia and Vm- cennes. He planned the seizure of Detroit also, but his force was too small and no help was to be had. Virginia at once proceeded to assert authority over the en- tire region west of the Ohio by making it the county of Illinois. The inhabitants "professed themselves subjects of Virginia" and ''took the oath of fidelity." The act of 1778, by which this was done, declared it imprac- ticable to extend the laws of the commonwealth there until the inhabitants should become familiar with them "by intercourse with their fellow-citizens on the east side of the Ohio." It pro- vided "a temporary form of government adapted to their cir- cumstances," to be carried on according to the laws to which they were accustomed, under local officers to be chosen by them- selves and a "county lieutenant or commander-in-chief" ap- pointed by the governor. Their existing rights, property and religion were to be respected. These settlers, who were all French, had lived for a hun- dred years under control of the priests, with no government at all. They had then been under the dominion of the Province of <>4 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Louisiana for a time during which Kaskaskia, by charter of Louis XV., became the first incorporated town in the west. On the cession of Great Britain many of these French settlers moved across the Mississippi so that the whole population of the entire Northwest was estimated at only six hundred families. These seem to have reverted to the rule of the priests. An attempt of the British commandant, in 1768, to establish civil government failed. General Gage, the commandant in 1772, issued a proc- lamation declaring that the settlers on the Wabash were ''with- out government and without laws," and ordering them to leave the country. And a memorial from Quebec to the king, in 1773, stated that there were no courts whose jurisdiction reached the western country, so that agents sent there who proved dishonest remained out of reach, making the posts ''harbors for rogues an4 vagabonds." The Quebec act in 1774 permitted the settlers to be gov- erned by their own laws and customs and was, no doubt, the precedent for the course taken by Virginia. After the time fixed by the Virginia act of 1778 for the temporar}^ government established by it had expired, there was no authorized government in the territory during the remaining years of the period covered by this address, although that govern- ment appears to have continued, at Vincennes at least, for some time longer, occupying itself with granting lands, largely to its own members. There was then no English or American settle- ment anywhere in the region and none of any sort within what is now Ohio. Clark maintained his military occupation throughout the Revolution, making several expeditions up the Miami Rivers to suppress threatened Indian uprisings. He showed diplomatic tact equal to his military talents by making and keeping the settlers and most of the tribes friendly. So, in spite of the efforts of the British at Detroit, we were practically unmolested from that quarter until success was assured. To accomplish this Clark had to pledge his own property and credit, which resulted in beclouding his later years. What was finally done for him was too little and too late. Ohio Centennial. 65 Congress was determined to insist on the Mississippi as our boundary and to secure its free navigation to the Gulf. Yet it had at first, under the French ambassador's persuasion, au- thorized our commissioner to Spain to yield the right of navi- gation, if necessary, to secure a loan and bring Spain into the alliance. It then instructed our peace commissioners to insist on that boundary and right, but authorized them to yield, if yield they must, on everything but independence. Spain had ceded the Floridas to Great Britain by the treaty of -1763, receiving from France, by secret treaty, the region west of the Mississippi. Spain was again at war with King George and had retaken the Floridas as well as made some con- quests in the region of Lake Michigan on which she founded claims to territory there. Spain, like France, had a Bourbon king and Vergennes, the French minister, wished to favor Spain at the expense of the colonies, which he, naturally perhaps, thought should be satisfied with independence. He therefore intended that in the negotia- tions for peace the Ohio should be recognized as the boundary of Canada. By making this concession to the British he hoped to gain their assent to the claims of Spain and secure for her full control of the Mississippi. The more .surely to accomplish his purposes he secretly com- menced a separate negotiation with the British so as to leave our commissioners nothing to do but accept the terms so fixed. Our interests were at first in charge of Franklin, who was minister to France and one of the peace commissioners. He admired the French people, of whom LaFayette was to him the type, and did not fully realize the selfish motives which had led the king to come to our aid. Franklin was then an old man and his nature was too frank for the wariness and suspicion without which French diplomacy could not be safely met by friend or foe. Then John Jay, another commissioner, arrived from Spain, where he had been detained. He was only thirty-seven, but had already been president of Congress. His ancestors had been driven from France by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 66 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. He soon suspected and then discovered the purposes and pro- ceedings of the French minister and set about thwarting them. We never know how often nor how much our wits are sharpened and our wills stiffened by inherited antipathies, because they generally act unconsciously. Jay certainly desired the result he sought as a benefit to America and not as an injury to France, but he was an Huguenot matched against a Bourbon. Franklin lent an unwilling ear to Jay's suspicions and proofs, so Jay sent an agent of his own to England to watch and cir- cumvent the French emissary who had gone there. Franklin reminded him of their instructions, which required all negotia- tions to be conducted in connection with the French, but Jay thought an unforeseen emergency had arisen which warranted disregarding them. By the terms of our treaty with France both nations had to concur in terms of peace with Great Britain, but Jay thought the situation required separate negotiation in advance and that the course of the French justified it. Franklin still hesitated. He was not fully convinced of the duplicity of the French, and could not lightly disregard the obligations of courtesy and gratitude and those of obedience besides. Then John Adams came over from Holland. He heard both and sided with Jay. The separate negotiation went on. The boundaries, the Tory claims and the fisheries were the chief sub- jects of dispute. The boundaries were Jay's chief concern. He had said in Congress five years before: Extensive wildernesses, now scarcely known or explored, remain yet to be cultivated; and vast lakes and rivers, whose waters have for ages rolled in silence to the ocean, are yet to hear the din of industry, be- come subservient to commerce and boast delightful villas, gilded spires and spacious cities rising on their banks. He insisted on the line of the Mississippi and the lakes and, with Adams, declared he would never sign a peace which fixed any other. When the terms of the treaty as to America were finally settled the draft was submitted to Vergennes, who wrote the French ambassador at Philadelphia : Ohio Centennial. 67 The boundaries must have caused astonishment in America. No one can have flattered himself that the EngHsh ministers would go beyond the head-waters of the rivers falling into the ocean. Franklin's suavity succeeded in pacifying the French and after some efforts to change its terms the treaty was signed which made possible our celebration here to-day. While Clark's conquest did not reach the northern part of the territory, it supplied the strongest support for the Ameri- can claim. The territory could not well be divided according to actual occupation because there was no natural boundary be- tween the Ohio and the lakes. The British yielded with great reluctance and only in consideration of concessions to them on other points. They retained possession of Detroit and other places along the lakes on the pretext, which was not wholly with- out color, that we had not fully performed our obligations. No doubt they repented of the bargain and hoped to be able to escape the loss of the territory by keeping a hold on it until the dissensions they confidently expected should break out among the states. They did not give up possession until. 1795 and in the meantime strengthened their hold by building new forts, one of which was on the Maumee within the present state of Ohio. Ever since the Confederation had been formed there had been contentions among the states over the claims of some of them to this western country. Those which had none insisted that those which had should surrender them for the common benefit, and some refused to sign the articles unless this were done. Maryland held out until the war was nearly over. New York, which asserted title through the Iroquois, had set the example of relinquishment before the treaty, which fur- nished a new subject of dispute, viz. : whether it made the ter- ritory common property or confirmed the colonial claims to which the several states had succeeded. The states were tenacious, but finally Virginia yielded, her deed of cession being signed and delivered by Jefferson in 1784, and Massachusetts and Con- necticut followed. Sovereignty was entirely surrendered but ownership of certain lands reserved. Congress thus acquired complete dominion over the country, which then became known 68 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. as the Northwest Territory to distinguish it from the unsettled regions south of the Ohio. Congress had two objects for wishing to obtain control of the western country. Washington in his farewell address had said : The most extensive and fertile regions of the West will yield a most happy competence to those who, fond of domestic enjoyment, are seeking for personal independence. Accordingly from the close of the war the soldiers of the Revolution began to petition Congress for grants of western lands. Congress also looked to sales of these lands for relief of the bankrupt treasury. Without waiting for cessions from the remaining states, which had then become only a question of terms, it accordingly. May, 1785, ordered a survey and June, 1785, caused a proclamation to be issued stating that disorderly persons had settled on unoccupied lands beyond the Ohio, thus interfering with the survey and sale, and ordering them to depart at once. Various plans were also presented for dividing the territory with a view to ultimate admission as states, whi^ was one of the conditions of the cession. The outcome was the famous Ordinance of 1787, the forerunner of our American constitutions. It established a single territory for which it provided general principles and the machinery of government. The officers were to be appointed by Congress but a legislative body was to be chosen by the people, and also a representative in Congress, when the free male inhabitants of full age should reach five thousand. Not less than three nor more than five states were to be formed on their total population reaching sixty thousand each. But the features of this act which make its passage an epoch in our history are found in the articles which were made a compact, unalterable except by common consent, between the original states and the people and states in that territory. These articles embody all the fundamental rights with which every American is familiar — religious and poHtical liberty, trial by jury, exemption from cruel and unusual punishments, due pro- cess of law, sanctity of property and contracts, encouragement Ohio Centennial. 69 of education, morality and religion, freedom of navigation, and the immediate and absolute prohibition of slavery. This last was an abolition as well as a prohibition because slavery, both African and Indian, had been intr9duced by the French and still existed. So that when sixteen years later, the territory of Louisiana, the northern part of the purchase, was made subject to this ordinance, the French settlers com- plained because their slave rights were thus taken away, while those in the southern part, the territory of Orleans, were not. The territory of Missouri was accordingly established by an ordinance which omitted this prohibition. Attempts were also made to repeal this clause of the Ordinance of 1787, but they failed. The result on the history of the two regions is well known. One of the articles imposed the condition of "the utmost good faith" toward the Indians, secured them against disturbance in their property, rights or liberty and required the making of *'laws founded in justice and humanity" "for preventing wrongs being done to them and for preserving peace and friendship with them." This was a grateful recognition of our obligations to the tribes of that region, most of which, under the influence of the friendly Delawares who had recently settled along the Mus- kingum, had rejected all inducements to attack us in the rear during the Revolution. The Delawares were in fact our allies imder a formal treaty made at Fort Pitt in 1778. The Indian title cut no figure in the conflicts among Euro- pean nations. Though always acknowledged by them, it was treated as an incumbrance rather than a title because of its usually vague character and because of the assumed ownership of civilized races from discovery. They admitted that the tribes had rights in the lands they roamed over or occupied, but agreed on the rule that the tribes could dispose of the lands only to or by consent of the government which had extended its authority over them. So grants from the Indians were still re- quired to perfect the title to the Northwest Territory. Accordingly by treaties with the tribes which occupied the eastern and southeastern parts of it they were induced to move 70 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. northward and westward. Among them were the Shawanees in whose former country we are now assembled. The most des- perate Indian warfare in our history was still to come with the confederated tribes which made their last stand contending for the Ohio as the Indian boundary; but it came after the found- ing of Marietta. The French settlements had naturally commenced in the north and extended west and southwest. A new and greater tide, which was not to ebb, was now ready to flow along and across the Ohio and thence over the entire region. And, after centuries of conflict for its possession, the rich and beautiful country between the Ohio, the lakes and the Mississippi was ready to begin its emergence from solitude to busy life, and from oppression and bloodshed to the realization of what mankind has hoped and struggled for since government began upon the earth. MT. I.OGAN, CHUvWCOTHE OHIO. MOUNTAIN RKPRRSRNTED IN THE OHIO SEAI,. THE HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY FROM THE MARIETTA SETTLEMENT TO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. MARTIN R. ANDREWS. Where a nation has for many centuries occupied the same territory, the human plant slowly yields to the influence of its own earth, air and sky, and the result is a new variety with its own characteristics. Our history is too brief for such development. Our life is made up of many stream- lets, each of which had flowed in its own narrow valley for a long time ere it joined any other. Sometimes the streams flowed side by side, yet unmingled and distinct. Sometimes there was the rush and roar of con- tending forces, but gradually the streamlets lost their identity, all merged in a mighty stream resistless m its power. So thoroughly have the varied elements of our origins blended in the great commonwealth of Ohio that we can now recall the , ,.„ , . , MARTIN R. ANDRE;wS. early differences and contests with- out fear of arousing bitterness. In the period which we are to consider, the blending has scarcely begun; hence our history m.ust be made up of mere glimpses from each of many widely sundered colonies. First among these colonies were the settlements of the In- dians, for many of the tribes in what is now Ohio had entered that region within the eighteenth century. In the fertile valleys 71 72 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. they had built their wigwams, and they claimed as their own all the land from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. Within the area lived, perhaps, fifteen hundred warriors. Had the land been equally divided among them, each would have possessed an es- tate of seventeen thousand acres. Since only the squaws had reached the agricultural stage, a very small part of this vast domain was cleared and cultivated. It is not strange, then, that the Indians were ready to sell their lands whenever guns, fire- water and blankets were offered in exchange. The greatest trou- ble to the purchaser was the uncertainty of the title. It was hard to secure a transfer that w^ould not be contested by some other red claimant. For example, when Wayne made his famous treaty in 1795, he paid a goodly sum for land which had already been purchased at Fort Stanwix in 1784, at Fort Mcintosh in 1785 and at Fort Harmar in 1789. First to compete with the Indians in the wilderness came the ubiquitous squatter. In this class were to be found hunters, traders, farmers and escaped criminals. Of their number we have no statistics, for the census enumerator had never reached them, but one official of a frontier garrison o.n the Ohio estimated that fifteen hundred of these adventurous intruders had moved into unoccupied territory within his sphere of observation. Many of them were driven away by the soldiers and their cabins burned, but it seems probable that they soon returned. Among these adventurers there may have been some worthy pioneers, but the squatters, as a class, did not have a good reputation among the officers who had been sent to the frontiers. John Matthews, a nephew of General Rufus Putnam, saw many of them in 1787, and in a private letter written at that time, he said of them and of the Indians : "They are both savages." General Harmar said of Captain Pipe, a Delaware chief: "He is a manly old fellow, and much more - of a gentleman than the generality of these frontier people." Even if the British officers and traders had not been constantly inciting the Indians to hostile acts, the outrages committed by these lawless whites furnished the red man with abundant excuses for going upon the warpath. The better class of squatter at last found home and occupation among the legiti- mate settlers ; others continued their vagrant habits, and kept Ohio Centennial. 73 moving forward out of the reach of law and civiHzation. Many a pioneer found the land he had purchased from the government already occupied by an intruder, who was unwilling to make room for the legitimate owner. There are traditions of rude contests in those early days, contests in which the lawful purchaser, finding his cabin burned by a stealthy foe, and fearing for the life of wife and children, abandoned his home and sought a new one in the wilderness. Sometimes the escaped criminals would not stop on the frontier, but would go to the Indians, and lead them back to rob or murder the settlers. A few of the same kind seem to have been in the frontier army, for General Wilkinson thought it necessary, in 1792, to issue orders that, if any soldier deserted in the direction of the enemy, scouts were to pursue him and bring back his head ; that for such service the scouts were to receive forty dollars. He added this grim comment to his order: "One head lopped off in this way and set upon a pole on the parade might do last- ing good m the way of deterring others." All honor is due to the body of pioneers who, under such adverse conditions, held fast to the religion and morality of their fathers, and thus laid the foundations of stable and orderly government. These pioneers, these legitimate settlers, followed closely upon the trail of the squatter. Armed with rifle, ax and hoe, these farmer soldiers were ready to face a savage foe or to trans- form the wilderness. The first party, led by General Rufus Putnam, landed at the mouth of the Muskingum on the seventh of April, 1788, and soon made settlements northward as far as Waterford, and southward to Belpre. The following winter parties under the general direc- tion of John Cleves Symmes, formed settlements at Columbia, Losantiville and North Bend. The settlement on the Muskingum was named Marietta, in honor of Queen Marie Antoinette, whose soldiers had assisted us in the war for independence. Judge Symmes reported that he had named the settlement in his pur- chase Cincinnati in honor of the "knights," as he called them, who lived there, meaning the order of farmer soldiers who bore that name. In many respects, the conditions of the Marietta and Cin- cinnati settlements were similar. Since the first settlements 74 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. could only be made under military protection, each of these sites, had been selected because the United States troops had erected a fort in that vicinity. In each place there were among the set- tlers many veterans of the Revolution, who came to the wilder- ness in the hope of repairing the losses they had incurred in the war for independence. In each case, the movement to the Ohio was preceded by a contract with Congress for a large undivided tract of land, of one and a half million acres about the Muskin- gum, and a million between the Great and Little Miami. The land was engaged at the rate of two-thirds of a dollar an acre, and payment could be made in the final certificates that had been issued to the discharged officers and soldiers. Each company failed to complete the purchase of all the land for which they had made contract, other land having soon been placed on the market at more favorable rates. The system of purchasing land in large blocks was soon modified, but not until it had driven many prospective settlers to Kentucky, where a more liberal system prevailed. As a land speculation, the Mus- kingum and Miami ventures were both failures. Since it was impossible to bring a large supply of provisions with the pioneers, the first work of the spring was to clear some land and plant a field of corn. At Marietta, a hundred acres were cleared and cultivated the first summer, and in the first year of the settlement at Manchester the lower of the Three Islands was transformed into a cornfield. Corn, pumpkins and beans, with game from the forest and fish from the streams, fur- nished subsistence for the liardy pioneers, yet so great were the demands upon the time and strength in building and fortifying, in planting and cultivating, that all sources of supply were in- sufficient, and, at times, there was almost a famine in some of the colonies. If we compute distances by the time or the expense of transportation, Sitka is, to-day, as near Philadelphia as Cincin- nati was in 1790. At that time General Harmar, finding it diffi- cult and expensive to send a boat once a month five hundred miles up the Ohio to Pittsburg to a post-office, found it cheaper to send letters by private messenger to Danville, Kentucky, and thence over the mountains to be mailed at Richmond. Even as late as 1792, the transportation of a message from Wayne, who was near Ohio Centennial. 75 Pittsburg, to Wilkinson, near Cincinnati, is said to have cost a hundred dollars. In the latter part of the next year, two packet boats, well armed and sheathed, were "poled" up the river, each making the round trip to Pittsburg in a month, and conveying letters and passengers with safety and dispatch. In the summer of 1794 three small boats were constructed to convey the mails between Wheeling and Limestone. Secre- tary Pickering sent to General Putnam the necessary papers for establishing a post-office at Marietta and also at Gallipolis. He also directed him to secure a postmaster for each office. For the position at Marietta General Putnam recommended a young at- torney, Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., who was afterwards post- master-general. The methods of conveying the mail by boats proved so unsatisfactory that it was announced in 1796 that the next year the route would be overland by Zane's Road through Zanesville, Lancaster and Chillicothe. When that route was adopted mail was carried once a week on horseback from Zanes- ville to Marietta. The kind of roads to be found in the earlier days may be imagined from the instructions given by Albert Gallatin to General Putnam fifteen years after the first settle- ment had been made, and when people were beginning to expect improved conditions. A road was to be opened from Marietta to St. Clairsville, through a rough and thickly-wooded country, provided the entire cost of construction did not exceed five dollars a mile. Evidently, making the road ''passable for wagons" meant little more than cutting down trees and leaving no very high stumps in the way. In 1795, Griffin Green of Marietta paid at the rate of $7.75 for each hundred weight (112 lbs.) conveyed by wagon from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Other bills for haul- ing in those times show that this was not much above the average price. The expense of transporting goods down the river and back into the remote settlements would be almost as much more. Under such conditions the price of imported goods when measured in farm products was almost prohibitive. For example, the farmer who wished a pound of tea or a dozen iron spoons must pay in exchange a hundred pounds of pork or flour. From necessity the pioneers learned to limit their wants to the product of their own industry. When a calico gown would cost enough 76 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. meat to last a family for a whole winter, our grandmothers wore with dignity and grace the linen or the linsey which their own hands had woven and fashioned. With a mountain barrier between them and the Atlantic, the people on both sides of the Ohio demanded a free passage to the Gulf of Mexico. Very early the surplus products of the farm were transported down the Ohio and Mississippi, in flatboats to New Orleans or in ships to the West Indies. The ships were built on our borders, and the first leader to engage in this foreign trade was Commodore Abraham Whipple, who sailed from Mari- etta to the West Indies in the brig St. Clair. The Spanish coins, the quarter, the "levy" and the ''fip," brought into this country as the result of this foreign trade, continued in circulation in Ohio until the beginning of the Civil War. In connection with the act authorizing the sale of land to the Ohio Company of Associates, there was an arrangement to sell a much larger tract to what was known as the Scioto Com- pany. Disaster befell this venture, whose only permanent ad- dition to the state was the settlement at Gallipolis. Through the influence of Barlow, an agent of the Scioto Company, six hun- dred French emigrants were induced to embark at Havre in Feb- ruary, 1790. Many became discouraged at Alexandria, Va., but about four hundred came overland to Gallipolis — the name se- lected in France for the new settlement they were about to make — and occupied the cabins prepared for them by Major Burn- ham. Among these were workmen whose skill seemed marvel- ous to the frontiersman. There were goldsmiths and watch- makers, sculptors and glassblowers. Their ignorance of wood- •craft provoked the merriment of the American pioneers, but their beautiful gardens were the admiration of General Putnam and John Heckewelder, who visited them in 1792. Skilled workmen were scarce on the frontier, and many wandered from Gallipolis to other settlements where their descendants may be found among the best families. So many had gone from Gallipolis within the first five years of its existence that when General Putnam came to Gallipolis to distribute among the settlers the land in the French grant, only ninety-three persons over eighteen years of age were present to draw a share. Ohio Centennial. 77 A little later the long deserted Moravian settlement was re- occupied by the heroic missionaries Zeisberger and Heckewelder^ and, in compliance with an act of Congress, General Putnam sur- veyed 12,000 acres on the Tuscarawas and assigned the tract for the use of the Christian Indians. Politically, this colony, as well as the one at Gallipolis, was in Washington County, and we must neglect the details of local history, although each of these settle- ments could furnish material for many volumes of poetry and prose. The tract of land withheld from the general government by the state of Connecticut, and therefore called the Western Reserve, or New Connecticut, was not occupied by surveyor or settler before 1796, and its growth was comparatively slow for many years. Trumbull County, which at first included all the Reserve, sent one representative to the second Territorial Legis- lature and two to the constitutional convention. Its history had barely begun at the close of the territorial period. If we would clearly understand the conditions in the Ohio settlements we must bear in mind that from the very first there was a state of war. There was a brief truce along the Muskingum, but on the Ohio within sixty miles above and below the mouth of the Scioto, more than a hundred emigrants, according to General Putnam's estimate, were killed by the Indians within five years after the first settlement had been made. Along the front of the Miami colonies, murders and thefts were frequent until the advance of our army and a liberal premium on Indian scalps had driven the Indians far towards the north. The frequent attacks upon the emigrants near the mouth of the Scioto induced General Harmar, in the spring of 1790, to march in that direction with about three hundred soldiers, but the wary foe heard of his advance and kept out of his way. In September of that year he moved north- ward from Cincinnati with 1,400 soldiers, a few of them regulars, but the greater part militia from Kentucky and Pennsylvania. On the Miami of the Lakes he destroyed the cornfields ; but two of his detachments having been routed with a total loss of three hundred men, he was forced to retreat without waiting to bury his dead. His campaign had exasperated the enemy, but not over- awed them. Governor St. Clair than undertook a campaign in person, advancing to the hostile country with a force of 2,300 78 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. men, nearly all of whom were without discipline. On the fourth of November, 1791, in what is now Mercer County, he suffered the worst defeat that was ever inflicted by the Indians. Just after the retreat, Colonel Darke, who had served with Braddock, said the defeat he had witnessed in his youth was not to be compared with the disaster that had befallen St. Clair's army. In this crisis, General Anthony Wayne, the hero of Stony Point, was assigned to the command, and in June, 1792, he came to Pittsburg, and began to enlist recruits. The nicknames "Mad Anthony" and '*Big Wind" suggest rashness and impetuosity, yet in his preparations he seemed to some of his subordinates pfovokingly slow. At Legionville, twenty-two miles below Pitts- burg, he drilled his little army all winter, and it was not until April, 1793, that he moved to Cincinnati. He remained at Fort W^ashington all summer. He knew that, in order to meet success- iully an enemy united, inspired and guided by British officers, he must have an army and not a mob, a force so united through persistent drill that no sudden assault would throw it into con- fusion. In October, as his army moved northward from Fort Washington, a march of ten miles a day was found to be a severe one. With the utmost care to close up the column, it would extend five miles along the narrow track through the wilderness. The army had not gone far before a party of the savages had broken through the lines and made off with a drove of horses, but so well were the soldiers drilled, so full of the spirit of their bold commander, that a party was soon in hot pursuit of the raiders, and the Indians barely escaped with a small part of their booty. The march of the column had not been hindered by the incident. As Wayne moved forward, he care- fully fortified strategic points, and left them in command of trusted lieutenants. One of the important duties in the summer was to collect hay for the cattle and horses belonging to the garrison. In the summers of the long campaign many hundreds of tons were collected by the soldiers, who wielded the scythe and rake while their comrades kept guard with rifle and bayonet. In December, 1793, eighteen months after he had assumed com- mand, he built a fort at Greenville. There was no rushing into the enemy's country, no haste to make an attack. On the con- Ohio Centennial. 79 trary, there was a constant effort to avoid battle, and, if possible, to secure peace through negotiation. In this policy he was following the wishes of Washington, whose purpose was to delay hostilities until a real peace could be secured with England, but Wayne and Putnam, even after the latter had concluded a treaty with the tribes about Vincennes, were convinced that the only way to teach the Delawares, Shawa- nees and their allies a lesson in peace was by defeating them in battle. Long before this Putnam had asked for a fort at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. "I would build," said he, '*a strong post which 200 men would be able to hold against all the Indians in the world." To this suggestion Secretary Knox had replied, "We are in a delicate situation, politically, with respect to the British government. The President has, therefore, judged it prudent to keep at a distance from the lakes at present." After two years of preparation and careful advance, Wayne fought the first battle of the campaign, and even that was not of his own seeking. Little Turtle with a large force attacked the Americans at Fort Recov- ery on the thirtieth of June, 1794, but he was soon repulsed by a general who was never surprised, and who, when offering peace, was always prepared for war. Having received reinforcements, which increased his army to three thousand men, Wayne moved forward and built Fort Defiance and Fort Deposit. All his offers of peace having been spurned, he himself advanced to the attack •on the thirtieth of August, and, after a fierce battle, utterly routed the combined forces of Canadians and Indians and chased them beyond the British fort. Thus it happened that the war with England, which begun with the bloody battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, was almost ended twenty years later by Wayne's victory at F'allen Timbers. It is true that at least two settlers were killed on the Muskingum in 1795, and about the sarrie time there was a skirmish near the Scioto with a party of irreconcilable Indians, iDut the chief duty now was negotiation. Jay had at last secured a treaty with England, a treaty bitterly denounced by many patri- otic Americans, yet probably the best that could be secured in our condition of national weakness, and, while Wayne waited at Greenville, the savages slowly learned that they could no longer receive aid and comfort from the British, and they, too, were 80 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ready for peace. They made a treaty with Wayne at Greenville, August 3, 1795, in which they gave up the right to all land lying east and south of the Cuyahoga River, and a line extending to the Tuscarawas River, down the Tuscarawas to Fort Laurens, thence to Loramie's store, and thence to the Ohio River opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River. Parts of this line can still be seen in the northern boundaries of Tuscarawas and Knox Counties,, and in township lines of Morrow, Marion, Union, Logan and Shelby. After the conclusion of the Greenville treaty, Wayne tarried on the frontier to receive from the British the posts they still held in American territory. This task he accomplished early in 1796, and he then started to Philadelphia to answer charges pre- ferred against him by enemies who are no longer remembered ex- cept as the slanderers of the hero of Stony Point and Fallen- Timbers. He died on the voyage across Lake Erie, but he left no stain upon his reputation. He is not the only successful com- mander who has been pursued by the malice of the envious. The same fate befell Commodore Perry and General Jackson, and his- tory has repeated itself in more recent times. At this distance, it is hard for us to realize how slowly the colonies grew in that time of war. Six years after the beginnings at Marietta, the entire population of actual settlers along the Ohio, including the French at Gallipolis and the frontier post es- tablished at Manchester by Massie, probably did not exceed two thousand. In an agricultural sense, the real settlement of Ohio began after Wayne's victory. Bef®re this event many of the pioneers were cultivating rented land near the forts; they now began to clear their own land. The census of 1800 tells a significant story of the rapid changes which occurred in the first five years of peace. In that time, Washington County, which then extended from the Tus- carawas to Gallipolis, and westward across the Hocking, had in- creased from one to five thousand. Eastern Ohio had received eight thousand immigrants, and there were thirteen hundred pioneers on the Western Reserve, but the greatest increase had been in the Vitginia Land District and the Symmes Purchase. Each of these now had a population more than twice as numer- Ohio Centennial. 81 ous as the older settlement about the Muskingum. The immi- gration for the next three years had made the disparity in popu- lation still greater. In a free country it was inevitable that the power should pass to the control of the greater number. A new form of government was necessary, and that form had been provided for in the Ordinance of 1787. For the first ten years, there had been in the territory a provisional government, which has been imitated at other times when new territory has suddenly come into our possession. The first government established in Louisiana by Jefferson, and the commission in the Philippines are examples. A governor and three judges appointed by Congress had power to adopt such laws of the original states as they might deem necessary. Thus, for ten years, all the functions of territo- rial government were performed by four men ; but in each county the people had a measure of home rule. In three years after the return of peace, it was supposed that five thousand free male in- habitants at least twenty-one years old resided within the terri- tory. Governor St. Clair, therefore, ordered an election of terri- torial representatives. When this election was ordered (in 1798), tliere were in the territory nine counties, erected by proclamation of the governor, five of which, Washington, Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson and Ross, were within the present limits of Ohio, or at least nearly so. Wayne County had jurisdiction over parts of what are now Ohio and Indiana, but its population was chiefly confined to the vicinity of Detroit. The first duty of the twenty- two representatives was to select ten persons from whom the President was to select five, who were to constitute a legislative council, or senate. This duty having been performed at Cin- cinnati, in February, 1799, the two houses met for legislative purposes at the same place on the sixteenth of September. Grad- ually the lines were drawn between the Federalists and Republic- ans, but for a long time not very strictly. William Henry Har- rison, a supporter of Jefferson, was elected the first delegate to Congress. Mr. McMillen, a Federalist, succeeded him; and he, in turn, was succeeded by another Federalist, Mr. Fearing. In this legislature appeared Thomas Worthington, Nathaniel Massie, and Edward Tiffin, men destined to become leaders in Ohio for o. c. — 6 82 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. many years. They had scruples that would hardly trouble the ^'worker" of later times. Because they were exerting themselves to secure the removal of St. Clair, they thought it unbecoming that any one of them should be appointed his successor. Massie, in particular, let it be known that he would not accept the ap- pointment if it were tendered him. Of Worthington, even the letters of his opponents, written in the time of intense excitement, bear witness to their respect for his character. They dubbed him Sir Thomas, but they did not deny him true knightly qualities. In later years, he and General Putnam were engaged in the same work for the moral and religious enlightenment of the people. Both were officers in the American Bible Society. Dr. Tiffin, phy- sician, statesman and clergyman, was a pioneer preacher in the Methodist Church. The first two years in the nineteenth century mark the climax in a peaceful revolution in political and social ideals, a revolution whose extent we can hardly appreciate after the lapse of a century. Statements now accepted as axioms of political science by all parties were bitterly disputed at the close of the eighteenth century as heresies from the Jacobin clubs of Paris. Even the decimal system of money, so convenient to us now, was very troublesome to those who had lived in colonial times, and they continued to keep their accounts in pounds, shillings and pence. For example, when a worthy magistrate imposed a fine of sixty ninetieths of a dollar he was thinking of five shillings of the old Pennsylvania currency. The act is typical of the old school of thought. Men of that school could not frame their speech to the shibboleths of the new democracy. The early rec- ords of the courts refer to two classes, the "yeomen" and the **gentlemen." Such distinctions could not long survive among a people, who, as a Colonel Worthington said, "must live by the sweat of their brows." Among the hardy pioneers the word gen- tleman acquired a new and more honorable meaning. The political strife which marked the closing years of the territorial period was embittered by personal and sectional dis- putes, which we can now discuss freely since we have become one people in feeling and purpose. Governor St. Clair and Col- onel John Cleves Symmes could not agree about the location of the Ohio Centennial. 83 land to be donated for educational purposes, and each was so sure in his own opinion that he could hardly believe the other honest. When the friends of Jefferson began to seek the removal of St. Clair, their efforts were heartily seconded by Symmes, who longed to see the territory freed from the "tyranny" of "that aristocratic old sinner." Racial distinctions also marked the set- tlements which were made soon after Wayne's treaty. As the German and the Scotch-Irish, when they first came to America, finding the coast occupied by the Puritan, the Quaker or the Cav- alier, had pushed into the Appalachian region, again in the west- ern country they sought the unoccupied territory. The Yankee had occupied the mouth of the Muskingum and of the Cuyahoga, the Virginian had gone far up the Scioto and the Miamis. The other classes moved forward in direct lines, and made their homes in the interior. On the fourth of July, 1800, all the territory west of the treaty line and the meridian of Fort Recovery was organized into Indiana Territory, and William Henry Harrison became the first governor. Three representatives and one member of the council went with the new territory. The members from Detroit kept their seats in the old Legislature. We sometimes hear of Ohio Territory, but its full official title was "The Eastern Division of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio," and the seat of government was fixed by act of Congress at Chillicothe. The long military service of General St. Clair had not fitted him for dealing harmoniously with a representative body. He had had some dispute with the judges in the provisional government, but this was slight in comparison with the storm that beset him when he confronted the Legislature. So fully had the disputes impressed upon the minds of the leaders in 1802 the danger of executive usurpation that the constitutional convention gave no veto power to the governor of Ohio. The Second Territorial Legislature met in Chillicothe, November 21, 1801, and ad- journed, after a very stormy session, to meet in Cincinnati in No- vember, 1802, but ere that date the movement for statehood was well under way, and the second session of that Territorial Legis- lature was never held. Of the disputes in the last Territorial Leg- 84 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. islature at Chillicothe, Mr. Burnet, a Federalist from Hamilton County, has said: ''There was an unreasonable warmth and jeal- ousy of motive on both sides." The representatives from Wash- ington, Trumbull and Jefferson Counties were supported by the Detroit members, and in part by those from Hamilton. This combination the Scioto and Miami members could break up by excluding the inhabited part of Wayne County from the new state. They were determined that the "tools of Arthur the First" should not be in the majority. The Washington representatives then proposed that the eastern division be divided into two states with the Scioto as a partial boundary. This would have made two states, each of which would have been larger than Mary- land, New Jersey, or Massachusetts, but, fortunately, we say, for, when Ohio points to her famous sons, who is there whp would divide them into two groups, and separate Grant from Sherman, or Hayes from Garfield? By virtue of the Enabling Act of Congress approved April 30, 1802, thirty-five members, representing nine counties, Trumbull, Jefferson, Belmont, Wash- ington, Fairfield, Ross, Adams, Clermont and Hamilton, on a basis of one member for twelve hundred inhabitants, elected in October, -met at Chillicothe in November and framed the constitution of the state of Ohio. Soon after the convention met, Governor St. Clair was removed from office by President Jefferson, and the executive duties devolved upon the secre- tary, Charles Willing Bird. The veteran of three wars then returned to Pennsylvania and lived in retirement. That he had been needlessly arbitrary in the discharge of his duties, is prob- ably true. To the charges of corruption in office, it is only nec- essary to answer that, after so many years of public service, he retired a poor man — so poor, indeed, that almost his only sup- port in his old age was the small pension given him by the state of Pennsylvania. There was such haste to secure a state government, and thus get rid of the ''tools" of St. Clair, as they were called, that the convention would not refer the constitution they had made to the decision of the popular vote. It was a subject for ridicule among the opponents of statehood that a constitution that began with "We, the people," and was well bepeopled throughout, was not Ohio Centennial. 85 referred to the people at all, but was adopted by the vote of twenty-seven men, yet E. D. Mansfield, a very careful student, has pronounced it the best constitution he ever saw, ''for the rea- son that it had the fewest limitations." The letters of the two parties in the contests of 1802-03, when read in the light of a cen- tury of practical experience, prove that no one on either side was an infallible prophet. The millenium had not begun because the Republicans had removed from office such 'Tories" as St. Clair, who had spent the best part of his life in defense of his country, or as Putnam and his associates, who had fought from Lexing- ton to Newburg, and had afterwards given the best of their land to the defenders of the frontier. Nor was the state on the sure road to ruin because such "Jacobins" as Worthington, Massie and Tiffin had come to the front. No amount of political mud can fix upon a person or party an inappropriate nickname. Hence Tory and Jacobin ceased to be useful names in practical politics. The peaceful revolution that removed the political center from the Muskingum to the Scioto requires no philosophy, op- timistic or pessimistic, for its explanation. Twenty thousand peo- .ple had more votes than five thousand, and, since the twenty thou- sand were as intelligent as any other group, it was but natural that they would elect men from their own midst. At first there was boundless elation am^ong those who were girding on their harness, but the actual struggles gave little time for boasting over those who had put it off. The friends of Washington emphasized law as the shield of the oppressed ; the friends of Jefferson were the champions of personal liberty. The experience of a century has taught us that both are necessary in a government by the people and for the people. We have all learned that there can be no true liberty unprotected- by law, no law worthy of the name which does not respect the liberty of the individual. 86 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. NOTES ON THE ABOVE. From the Hildreth Collection of Manuscripts in Marietta College Library. MAJOR HASKELL TO GRIFFIN GREENE. Headquarters, Miami of the Lake, August 29, 1794. Sir : The last time I wrote you was from St. Clair — the date I have forgot. In June last I was relieved from that post and joined the 4th Sub-Legion, which. I have commanded ever since. The 28th of July the Army moved forward consisting of about 1,800 regulars, and 1,500 militia from Kentucky, by the way of the Battle ground, now Fort Recovery, then turned more to the eastward and struck St. Marys in 20 miles where we erected a small fort and left a subaltern's command, crossed the St. Marys, in four or five days' marching found the Oglaize, continuing down that river to where it formed a junction with the Miami of the Lake, 100 miles from Greeneville by the route we took. At this place we built a garrison and left a Major in command. The army pro- ceeded down the river towards the lakes 47 miles from the garrison until the 20th instant in the morning about 9 o'clock, when we found the In- dians who had placed themselves for us. When the attack commenced we formed and charged them with our bayonets and pursued them two miles thro' a very bad thicket of woods, logs and underbrush, and with the charge of the cavalry, routed and defeated them. Our line extended in length two and a half .miles, and it was with difficulty we outflanked therri. The prisoner (a white man), we took says they compute their numbers to 1,200 Indians and 250 white men, Detroit militia, in action. Our loss in the engagement was two officers killed, four officers wounded, about 30 soldiers killed, and 80 wounded. The Indians suffered much; perhaps 40 or 50 of their killed fell into our hands. The prisoner was asked why they did not fight better. He said we would give them no time to load their pieces but kept them constantly on the run. Two miles advanced of the action is a British Garrison, established last spring, which we marched around within pistol shot in the day time. It was demanded but not given up. Our artillery not being sufficient, and the place too strong to storm, it was not attempted, but we burned their out-* houses, destroyed all their gardens, cornfields and hay within musket shot of the fort and down beyond them 8 or 9 miles without opposition. The 27th instant we arrived here, where a fort is, and are to halt a few days to refresh. About 60 miles we have marched thro' the Indian villages and settlements, and have destroyed several thousand acres of corn, beans, and all kinds of vegetables, besides their houses, with furniture, tools, etc. A party has gone in to Fort Recovery for a supply of provisions for us. Ohio Centennial. 87 It is said when they return we go up the Miami sixty miles to where St. Marys forms a junction with the St. Joseph and destroy all the corn in that country. In great haste I am, Gentlemen, Your humble servant, J. Haskell. Griffin Greene, Esq., and Mr. B. I. Gilman. COL. ROBERT OLIVER TO GRIFFIN GREENE. (This bears no postmark, but it was evidently written at Chilli- cothe.) December 29, 1801. We have passed a law declaring the assent of the Territory to an alteration of the original boundary lines for States. This has offended the counties of Ross, Adams and part of Fairfield and we had like tQ brought an old house over our heads. The grand jurors of the county, of Adams has presented the Governor and Council as nuisances in the Territory. However this is not all, for on Christmas Eve, Mr. Baldwin was preparing to burn a barrel of tar before the house where the Gover- nor and a large number of the members of both houses who gave their voice in favor of the above bill lodged, and to burn the Governor in effigy,; and if any opposition was made to whip thern that made it. However Col. Worthington and some other men prevented, but on Saturday night last, which you may remember was the, night after, a number of men being half drunk were, as we believe, determined to abuse some of the members down at their quarters, but three of them, a little drunker than was necessary, came down before the others (as we believe), were ready. Mr. Schifflin (Scheiffelin of Detroit), a member from the county of Wayne, being some irritated from what he had heard, gave them some warm words, so that one collared him, but Schifflin drew his dirk and I have reason to believe, had it not been for C^pt. Gregg, he would have put it into him up to the hilt. They were immediately separated, but all the arms in the house were soon loaded and we were determined to defend the house. - GOV. ST. CLAIR TO PAUL FEARING. (The blanks in the following indicate places that have become' illegible). Chilicothey, 15th January, 1802. Mr. Worthington and Baldwin must have been at Washington for some time. Mr.' McMillan will not set out to meet them till the 25th, and it seems to be uncertain whether Mr. Tod will go or not. I believe 88 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. there are two reasons for that uncertainty. One is that Mr. Meigs is already gone from Marietta, and declared himself favorably to the divi- sion * * * wished that the people might petition for that measure, and that the presenting the petition might be committed to him * * * another is that there would be some difficulty in raising the money necessary for a special agent. I am sorry for it * * * not that I think the business would be in bad hands if committed to Mr. Meigs, but that sending some person from Trumbull would be the means of uniting different interests and giving both a weight they could not separately have. But the idea of putting the petitions into any hands but yours was never entertained by those who prepared the measure. I have good reason to think that new efforts will be made by the agents from this place to work my removal, and from their conduct on the way to Washington (for I have heard of them from several places on their way) no falsehood or calumny that malice can invent will be spared. I trust in the integrity of my conduct, and in the good offices of those few who know me, to counteract them ; and yours, I trust, will not be refused. The riotous and unlawful assemblies at this place, with intention to insiilt and maltreat the Governor and certain members of the Legisla- ture is an article of news, and as it will be first announced by the agent above mentioned, will receive its coloring from them, and one of them, Baldwin, was a principal actor, take the story as it really happened. On Christmas Eve, Mr. Baldwin had collected a mob at a certain house in this town, and was proceeding at the head of them to my quar- ters, where about one-half of the legislature are also quartered, in order to burn the Governor in effigy before the house, when he was met by Mr. Worthington and only prevented from it by the firm and reiterated declaration that, if he proceeded, he (Mr. Worthington), would put him to death with his own hands. On Christmas evening a new mob as- sembled at the quarters of the members and in a very rude manner forced into the room where they had dined, calling for liquor — saying it was a tavern and they had an equal right to that room with many others, and it was not long before one of the members was collared. I had retired to my chamber and was in the act of writing to you when the affair happened, and by my exertions and that of the peace officers, it was quelled, and the people dispersed, and the affair brought before the legis- lature on Monday, the justice having refused to bind them over. It is probable that it will be very differently represented. But Mr. Worthing- ton was on the spot, who not only prevented the first insult (which I should certainly have laughed at) but had he not come to that house on Christmas night * * * after I had gone to bed, and some of the more violent returned, the consequences would have been of the most serious nature, for the gentlemen expected it, and were armed to defend themselves. Ohio Centennial. 89 JOHN CLEVES SYMMES TO GRIFFIN GREENE. Washington City^ 21st of January, 1802. I believe the Governor will soon have his own hands full of con- tention and vexation. He pretends to be wise enough to dictate to others — let us see whether he be wise enough to acquit himself of crimes and malpractices in his office, of which he is now charged by Col. Worth- ington and Mr. Baldwin. The complaint is now before the President. Though I have not seen a list of charges, yet I believe they are and might be numerous. I think our territory will not be divided by Con- gress, a majority of whom are wishing us to become a free state, as they presume if Governor St. Clair, that old aristocratic sinner was once out of the way we should all be honest and wise enough to make good republicans. JOHN CLEVES SYMMES TO RETURN JONATHAN MEIGS, SR. Cincinnati, October the 20th, 1806. Permit me to enquire how much the sum is which Congress has allowed to each of the late judges of the Territory, N. W. of the Ohio, as arrears of their salaries due from the date of the sitting of the late Convention until the full organization of the new government of the State of Ohio, for I never could learn the precise sum that is coming to me as a compensation for their withholding my salary during that sort of interregnum. THE ORGANIZATION AND ADMISSION OF OHIO INTO THE UNION AND THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE. RUSH R. SLOANE. We assemble on this occasion to celebrate the centennial of a great state, and the executive committee have assigned me the pleasing duty of delivering an address upon the date of the Organization of Ohio and Admission to the Union, and the Great Seal of the State. One hundred years ago on the ninth of last November, a small body of thirty-five of the most intelligent men in the counties of the then east- ern division of the territory north- v^est of the river Ohio, who had, since the first of the month, been gathered, in this then primitive village of Chil- licothe, solemnly affixed their names to the first constitution of Ohio. This instrument made Chillicothe the cap- RUSH R. si^oane:. j^ai Qf the new state, and fixed the time for the completion of its organization as the first Tuesday in March, 1803, (being the first day of March.) Ohioans ought indeed to be gratified in view of the admir- able way in which the territory and state were settled; this be- gan just after the War of Independence, and one may say, largely settled under the direction of men who had been enlarged in mind by the war, and by the period of constitutional construc- tion following it. Then its settlement synchronized with the revival of Chris- 90 Ohio Centennial. 91 tian belief and the home missionary activity which marked the beginning of the nineteenth century. Besides this, and most educative, it was settled just at the time when the older states had taken up the questions of the pop- ular and higher education, but had not answered them; so that: Ohio's contributions to the cause of education were not mere: imitation and repetition of older institutions and policies, but our Ohio settlers worked on the same problems in association with the East, but solved them independently and for themselves. What a remarkable transition in this century of time ! Peo- pled by sons of Europe's greatest nations, gathered from Vir- ginia, New England, Pennsylvania, New York — children of such ancestors, it is little wonder that Ohio is a great state and her people a great people ! For years she was styled "The Gateway- of the West." The equal of any of the states in education and re- ligion, guided by principles of eternal right, when Ohio's voice has spoken the Nation has responded. When others doubted and faltered, her people led, and fearlessly sustained those prin- ciples and policies which have become the law of the Nation and the admiration of the world. Her people led the way in the abolition of slavery, and freelr gave her sons to defend the Nation's life in the hour of severest trial and greatest danger. In her century of life Ohio has increased in population a thousand fold, while during the same period she has added to other states by emigration, two millions of people, over one mil- lion of whom were born in Ohio. Truly an illustrious record. Only complete by adding her exalted claim as the "Mother of Presidents," and the peer in civilization of any state in the Union. Born in Ohio and a life-long resident of the city of San- dusky, from my early manhood I have been profoundly inter- ested in the state and the great Northwest. It has been my rec- reation to study its peoples, its social and material conditions, and the history of its continuous and wonderful advance in wealth and civilization ; and naturally, in all these studies and reflections, my mind has fastened its greatest interest upon our own state of Ohio. Naturally, too, during all these years I have been gradually collecting the written history of the state, until now I ■92 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. think I may say, perhaps with pardonable pride, at least without the intention of boasting of it, that I have as complete an individual collection of such historical data as can be found within her bor- ders. Speaking from the vantage g^round afforded me by these studies it has become a matter of increasing surprise to me that there should have been so much discussion and misunderstanding as to the date of the actual organization of the state and its ad- mission to the Union; for the determination of the one fact necessarily determines the other, as I shall hope to clearly demon- ■strate. I shall later allude to the principal contentions out of which the confusion on this subject has arisen, but before I go to that I want to notice the well-meant endeavor of the Ohio Legislature to set the matter at rest, and to briefly comment upon the singular ease with which errors creep into matters in which absolute accuracy is of the highest importance. Prior to the adjournment of the last session of the Legisla- ture of Ohio the following joint resolution was adopted: JOINT RESOLUTION, Relative to the Centennial Anniversary of the Admission of Ohio into the Union. Whereas, On the twenty-ninth day of November, 1802, the first con- stitution of Ohio was ratified by the convention which framed it ; and, Whereas, On February 17, 1803, Congress passed an act admitting Ohio into the Union under that constitution ; and, Whereas, On March 1, 1803, the first General Assembly of Ohio assembled and organized and Ohio thereupon became a state. Then; follows the balance of the resolution which is in refer- ence to the proper celebration of these events, and which it is not necessary to my present purpose to quote. Now the significance of this quotation is this: The first constitution of Ohio wcls adopted by the convention which framed it, as above stated, on November 29, 1802. It is equally true that the first General Assembly of Ohio, met and organized under that constitution, on March i, 1803; but it is not true that on February 17, 1803, Congress passed an act admitting Ohio into the Union ; indeed, on the contrary, it has been the widely accepted Ohio Centennial. 95 idea of writers and historians that Congress never passed any act specifically admitting Ohio to the Union. I think I shall be able to show that this is an error; but certain it is that Congress passed no such act on the seventeenth of February, 1803. An act, originating in the Senate, was passed by the body February 7, 1803, went to the House and was passed February 12, 1803, and was approved February 19, 1803, and became a law from that date. This is the act which was intended, no doubt, by the resolution above quoted. This latter date has been much contended for as the precise date of the admission of Ohio to the Union. I shall pass this matter, for the present, with the remark that the act of Congress of this date had no reference to the admission of Ohio to the Union. It merely extended the operation of the laws of the United States to the new state then in process of formation and created a Federal district court to take the place of the territorial court, when that should be superseded by the operation of the constitution, provided for the appointment of a district judge, a district attorney and a United States mar- shal, the compensation of the judge to begin at the date of his appointment, a date which the act did not attempt to fix but left to be determined by those events which should finally determine the time when Ohio should cease to be a territory and become a state. The second session of the Seventh Congress was soon to close, and had not provision of some such character as this been made, the new state would have been without a Federal court until after the first Monday in December, 1803. But I shall refer to this act more at length, later. It would seem that this resolution of Ohio's last General Assembly, in so far as correct, was well-timed ; for, when a state has entered the last year of its first century its natal day, the day on which its state life began, should be the subject of neither doubt nor discussion. I am convinced that a candid examination of the data which I have collected will finally settle any remaining doubts that may exist. Indeed I think that a brief review of the early history of the territory and the state, and of the acts of Con- gress in reference to the matter will be of interest and will cause 194 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. .some surprise that there should ever have been any doubt or con- troversy upon this subject. Ohio was the fourth state admitted under the constitution of the United States, and stood seventeenth on the roll of states. Vermont and Kentucky were formed from other states, and had never been organized as territories. Tennessee had been known ras the "territory south of the river Ohio." For none of these three states was there an Enabling Act of Congress. Since the admission of Ohio by the Enabling Act of April 30, 1802, all the states since admitted have been under acts, the features of which have been copied largely after that act. It is also a singular fact that, of all the states that have been admitted into the Union since the national life began in 1776, Ohio is the only one in regard to which any question has been raised as to the time when she became a state. This can be ac- "counted for, in part, by the fact that no early history of the state was written. Then when Harris's "Tour" was published in 1805, lie made the grave blunder of stating that "Ohio was admitted into the Union by an act of Congress, April 28, 1802." There is little doubt that he referred to the Enabling Act of April 30, 1802, •of which we shall have more to say. Books of any sort were not plentiful in those days, and newspapers were scarcer than books ! In 1833, when the Hon. S. P. Chase published his sketch of the history of Ohio, in speaking of the propositions contained in the Enabling Act, and the modifications of them proposed by the constitutional convention of Ohio in 1802, and submitted to Con- ;gress with the new state constitution, he says : "Congress as- sented to the proposed modifications and thus completed the com- pact ; Ohio was now a state and a member of the Federal Union." But he ^ives no date, though the date of the final act of Congress assenting to these modifications is March 3, 1803. It is, how- ^ever, the better opinion that the acceptance or rejection either of the original propositions of Congress or of the modifications above alluded to, had absolutely nothing to do with the forma- tion of Ohio or her admission to the Union. And I submit it as a singular fact and as in part accounting for the want of knowl- !; >|c Late Commander Charles L. Franklin, U. S. Navy. — Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, August 19, 1839. Appointed Mid- shipman from Ohio, October 23, 1854. Served on board Hetzel, and commanded Ellis to July 16, 1862. James Adger from Jan- uary 7, 1863, to December 26, 1863. Iosco from January 28,. 1864, to July 25, 1865 ; Vanderhilt from September 14, 1865, to February i, 1867. Was in the engagements at Roanoke Island, Elizabeth City, commanded Ellis at engagement at Fort Macon; was at engagement with Fort Fisher, first and second attacks; earth works on Carolina Coast. Died August 18, 1874. Late Commander Joseph D. Marvin, U. S. Navy. — Born in Ohio, October 2, 1839. Appointed from Ohio, September 25,. 1856. Served on board the Niagara to October 5, 1861 ; Naval Academy to May 6, 1864; Dacotah from May 6, 1864, to August 12, 1864; Mohican to April 22, 1865; Susquehanna to October,. 1865 ; Brooklyn to September 5, 1867. Was in both attacks on Fort Fisher. Died April 10, 1877. ^ ^ ^ Rear-Admiral Henry C. Taylor, U. S. Navy. — Born irt District of Columbia, March 4, 1845. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, September 28, i860. Promoted to Ensign, May 28, 1863 ; attached to Shenandoah, North Atlantic Blockading Squad- ron, 1863-4; commanded Indiana January 4, 1896, to September 5, 1899: in engagement at San Juan, P. R., May 12, 1898, and in battle of Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898, and was advanced five numbers in rank for eminent and conspicuous service in that bat- tle ; is now a Rear- Admiral, and Chief of the Bureau of Naviga- tion, Navy Department. Ohio Centennial. 229 Late Rear- Admiral James F. Schenck, U. S. Navy, (re- tired). — Born in Ohio June ii, 1807. Appointed Midshipman July I, 1825. During the war with Mexico Lieutenant Schenck Avas chief mihtary aid to Commodore Stockton. Landed and took possession of Santa Barbara and San Pedro, in Cahfornia; serving in the same capacity marched on and was at the first cap- ture of Los Angeles. As second Lieutenant of the Frigate Con- gress, was at the bombardment and capture of Guaymas and the taking of Mazatlin. Commanded Saginaw, East Indian Squad- ron, from August 5, 1857, to February 20, 1862. On June 30, 1 86 1, Saginaw was fired upon by fort at Quin Hone, Cochin, China, and returned fire, and silenced fort. Promoted to Com- modore from January 2, 1863, under Act of April 21, 1864. Commanded Pozvhatan and third division of Porter's Squadron in two attacks on Fort Fisher. Commissioned Rear-Admiral on retired list from September 21, 1868. Died at Dayton, Ohio, December 21, 1882. * 5fj H« Late Rear- Admiral Roger N. Stembel, U. S. Navy, (re- tired). — Born in Middletown, Md. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, March 27, 1832. Promoted to Commander July i, 1861. On duty with Mississippi Fleet in 1862. In engagement at Lucas' Bend September 9, 1861 ; at Belmont November 7, 1861 ; Fort Henry February 6, 1862; bombardment at capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, March 16 to April 7, 1862; Fort Pil- low with Rebel rams May 10, 1862, in which engagement he was wounded. Retired January 2, 1873. Promoted to Rear- Admiral on the retired list June 5, 1874. Died at New York, November 20, 1900. Rear- Admiral Aaron W. Weaver, U. S. Navy, (retired). — Born in District of Columbia, July i, 1832. Appointed Mid- shipman from Ohio, May 10, 1848 ; as a lieutenant he served on board Susquehanna, Blockading Squadron, 1861-2; bombardment and capture of Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark, North Carolina; bombardment and capture of Forts Beauregard and Walker, Port Royal, S. C. ; engagement at Sewall's Point, Va., May 18, 1862, and present at occupation of Norfolk, by United States Forces. 230 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. As a Lieutenant-Commander, commanded Winona, Western Gulf Blockading Squadron, 1862-3 ; severe engagement with rebel bat- teries near Port Hudson, La., December 14, 1862 ; engagement with rebel forces at Placquemine, La. ; engagement with rebels under Generals Green and Moulton, when they attacked Fort Butler, Donaldsonville, La., and were repulsed ; commanded Chip- pewa at first attack on Fort Fisher ; favorably mentioned in Ad- miral Porter's dispatch, dated January 28, 1865, ^^^ recom- mended for promotion. Transferred to Mahopac, and was in command of that vessel in second attack on Fort Fisher ; was on the advanced picket when Charleston and fortifications were cap- tured; participated in night bombardment of rebel works near Richmond, just previous to their evacuation. Retired as a Rear- Admiral September 26, 1893. * * * Late Rear- Admiral Henry Walker, U. S. Navy, (re- tired). — Born Princess Anne Co., Va., December 24, 1809. Ap- pointed Midshipman from Ohio, February i, 1826. Was pres- ent at the surrender of Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tobasco. Es- caped from the capture of the Pensacola Navy Yard by the Rebels and transported our garrison at Barrancas under Lieu- tenant Slemmer to Fort Pickens, and supplied them with pro- visions and indispensable assistance, and intercepted supplies to secure that important Fortress from capture by the Rebels. In co-operation with our garrison dismantled and spiked the guns of Forts Barrancas and MacRae ; rescued all our officers, sailors, marines and mechanics upon his own responsibility for which he was tried by court martial and justified in his conduct and compli- mented by the Press. As commander, he commanded the gun- boats Tyler and Lexington at the battle of Belmont, November 7, 1861. Commanded the Carondelet at the battle of Fort Henry, February 6, 1862 and battle of Fort Donaldson February 13 and 14, and at the surrender on the i6th. At the bombardment of Island No. 10, March 17, 1862. Captured one of the batteries op- posite Point Pleasant and spiked the guns, April 6, 1862. With the Carondelet and Pittsburg captured three batteries below New Madrid, Missouri, and covered Gen. Pope's army in landing and capturing the rebel fort at Island No. 10 without loss, April 7,. Ohio Centennial. 231 1862, receiving therefor a letter of thanks from the Navy De- partment. In battle of Fort Pillow May 11, 1862; in the line of battle when our fleet destroyed that of the enemy at the battle of Memphis, June 6, 1862. Promoted to Captain July 16, 1862. Engaged the ram Arkansas in the Yazoo River July 15, 1862. Commanded the lower division of the Mississippi Fleet at Helena and Vicksburg, 1862. While in command of the Lafayette passed the enemy's batteries with Admiral Porter at Vicksburg, April 16, 1863, and also at the battle of Grand Gulf, immediately after. Accompanied Porter's expedition up the Red River to Alexan- dria, Louisiana, ■ May 1863. Dispersed the Rebel forces under Gen. Taylor from Simmsport, Atchaflaya, June 4, 1863. Pro- moted to Rear- Admiral on July 13, 1870. Placed on the retired list April 26, 1 87 1. Died at Brooklyn, New York, March 8, 1896. * >ii * Rear- Admiral Joseph N. Miller, U. S. Navy, (retired). — Born in Ohio, November ^2, 1836. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, April 8, 1850. Served on board Passaic, South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1862-3; Monadnock^ North Atlan- tic Blockading Squadron, 1864-5 5 present at the two attacks on Fort Fisher, December, 1864, and January 1865, while holding rank of Lieutenant-Commander. Retired with rank of Rear- Ad- miral November 22, li Late Captain Byron Wilson, U. S. Navy, (retired). — Born in Ohio, December 17, 1837. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, January 31, 1853; served on board Richmond, West Gulf Squadron, 1861 ; commanded Mound City and a division of Mis- sissippi Squadron, 1863-5 5 passage of Vicksburg batteries, April 16, 1863; attack on Grand Gulf, April, 1863; Deer Creek, 1863; Red River expedition 1864. Promoted to Lieutenant-Com- mander, November 5, 1863. Retired as a Captain February 24, 1893, and died September 6, 1893. * * * Late Rear- Admiral Daniel Am men, U. S. Navy, (re- tired). — Born in Ohio, May 15, 1820. Appointed Midshipman July 7, 1836. On board Roanoke, as executive ofificer, on North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, while holding the rank of Lieu- 232 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. tenant; commanded Seneca, South Atlantic Blockading Squad- ron; at battle of Port Royal, November 7, 1861. Commanded forces entering by way of Whale Branch in attack on Port Royal Ferry, January i, 1862; engaged in operations against Fernan- dina through St. Andrew's Sound and in St. John's River. Promoted to Commander, July 16, 1862; commanded Pa^ tapsco, South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, against Fort Mc- Allister, March, 1863, and in the attack on Fort Sumter, April 7, 1863; commanded Mohican, North Atlantic Blockading Squadron; in bombardment of Fort Fisher, December 1864, and again in January, 1865. Promoted to Rear-Admiral, December II, 1877, retired June 4, 1878, and died July 11, 1898. Captain Leavitt C. Logan, U. S. Navy. — Born in Me- dina, Ohio, January 30, 1846. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, February 28, 1863. * ^ H: * Captain Robert E. Impey, U. S. Navy^ (retired). — Born at Newark, Ohio, March 17, 1845. Appointed Midshipman Sep- tember 21, 1 86 1, from Ohio. Retired as a Captain, September 21, 1901. * * * Late Commander Roderick S. McCook^ U. S. Navy, (fighting McCooks). — Born in Ohio, March 10, 1839. Ap- pointed Midshipman from Ohio, September 21, 1854; on San Ja- cinto, 1859-61, west coast of Africa; returned from that station in slaver Storm King, captured off the Congo River with seven hun- dred and nineteen slaves on board; Minnesota, North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1861 ; prize-master rebel privateer Savan- nah and ship Argo; captured Forts Clarke and Hatteras ; execu- tive officer of Stars and Stripes. Commissioned a Lieutenant, August 31, 1861 ; battle of Roanoke Island; commanded naval howitzer battery on shore at battle of Newbern, N. C. ; com- manded Stars and Stripes in North Carolina Sounds, and on blockade of Wilmington, N. C. ; executive officer of Canonicus, in operations up James River, attacks on Howlett's battery, both attacks on Fort Fisher, and surrender of Charleston, S. C. Pro- moted to Commander September 25, 1873, and died February 13, 1886. Ohio Centennial. 233 Late Commander Edward P. Wood^ U. S. Navy. — Born at Mansfield, Ohio, August i6, 1848. Appointed a Midshipman, October i, 1863. Commanded Petrel in battle of Manila Bay, May I, 1898. Died December 11, 1899. * >k * Late Commander John J. Cornwell, U. S. Navy. — Born in Ohio, July 6, 1833. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, Feb- ruary I, 1847. St. Mary' from December 31, i860, to April 5, 1862, Pacific Squadron; Canandaigua, South Atlantic Squadron to July, 1864; attack upon Fort Wagner, August 17, 1863; com- manding Choctow to August, 1865 ; Miantonoinoh and died on board that vessel at Toulon, France, February 12, 1867. * * * Late Commodore Homer C. Blake, U. S. Navy. — Born in New York, 1820. Appointed Midshipman from Ohio, March 2, 1840; served on board Sabine, Home Squadron, 1861-2, as a Lieutenant. Promoted to Lieutenant-Commander July 16, 1862; commanded Hatter as in engagement with rebel ship Alabama, January 11, 1863, in which the Hatteras was sunk. Commanded Utah, North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1863-5 ; shelled three -divisions of rebel army at Malvern Hill, 1864; assisted to repulse attack of rebels on right of the army of the James, October, 1864; engagement with the rebel batteries at Trent Reach, James River, 1865. Died January 21, 1880. Late Rear- Admiral John C. Febiger, U. S. Navy. — Eorn in Pennsylvania. Appointed a Midshipman September 4, 1838, from Ohio. Attached to the Macedonian, West India Squadron, to October 29, 1840, when he was transferred to the Concord on Brazil Squadron. Wrecked on East coast of Africa, 1843; attached to Chippola, purchased by Government and used to recover and dispose of equipment of Concord, to May 4, 1844. Warranted a Passed Midshipman May 30, 1844; attached to Potomac, Home Squadron, to December 10, 1845 J Dale and Columbus, Pacific Squadron, to March 6, 1848; Dale and Ports- mouth, African Squadron from May 21, 1850, as Acting Master, to June 28, 185 1 ; Coast Survey office and vessels Corunn and Argo, to June 24, 1857. Promoted to Lieutenant April 30, 1853; 234 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Germantown, East India Squadron, to April 14, i860 ; Coast Sur- vey vessel Argo to May 22, 1861 ; Savannah to October 18, 1861 ; Command of Kanazvha, West Gulf Blockading Squadron from December 16, 1861, to February 12, 1863, and participated in en- gagement of Mobile Bay April 3, 1862, Promoted to Com- mander August 27, 1862. Command of Osage to October 14, 1863; Command of Mattabesett, North Atlantic Blockading Squadron to May 2"/, 1865; in May 1864 engaged rebel ram Albemarle. To command of Stonewall at Havanna to March 14, 1866; command of Ashiielot and Shenantioa, Asiatic Squadron, to July 12, 1869. Promoted to Captain from May 6, 1868. Ord- nance 'duty, Navy Yard, Washington, to July 2y, 1869; special duty to July 3, 1872 ; Command of Omaha from August 10, 1872, to December 23, 1873; promoted to Commodore August 9, 1874; examining and retiring boards to October 7, 1876; Commandant, Washington Navy Yard, to June 24, 1882. Promoted to Rear- Admiral February 4, 1882, and retired July i, 1882. Died at Easton, Md., October 9, 1898. ^ * * There were men from Ohio, from the lake and the river and from the interior parts of the Buckeye state on the vessels of Farragut and Porter and in every battle of the Civil War. There were in the battles of the Civil War many Ohio naval officers, who did their duty faithfully and well, but whose ex- ploits in the fury of the war attracted only passing notice, just as there were such officers in the army of the United States, men whose bravery and success would in such a war as that which was fought with Spain have been heralded as remarkable exhi- bitions of patriotic bravery. Before 1840 when the Naval Academy was organized on its present basis and cadets were appointed by Congress districts to the Academy, most of the officers of the American navy were from the seaboard states. The seafaring life did not then have the attraction to adventurous spirits in the interior that is has now and practically all of the naval officers of distinction prior to our civil war were from the states that fringe the Atlantic. The official registers of the navy do not give that promin- ence to the men of the navy, the men behind the guns, who are Ohio Centennial. 235' not commissioned, that is given to the commissioned officers. For this reason the men, sons of Ohio, who distinguished themselves by personal bravery behind the guns and in subordinate positions in the naval battles of the Revolution and War of 1812, are unre- corded except in the dusty volumes of the navy department which are really inaccessible and in them there is no record of these brave unknown Ohioans that is so arranged that the men of Ohio can be picked therefrom. Ohio contributed many men and officers from the steamboat fleets that plied the Ohio to the naval warfare on the Mississippi, men who fought in the gunboats on the rivers, whose persever- ing earnestness and unhesitating courage were so important in winning the victories that opened the ''Father of the Waters" after they had been closed by the forts of the Confederates, strengthened as these defenses were by the Confederate gunboats. Many a son of Ohio, in the capacity of pilot, mate or enlisted man performed splendid services for his country during the Civil War, and retired to private life, after his services for his country,- with no permanent remembrance of his patriotic sacrifices except those in the voluminous war records. It is a duty to remember that these records are only of officers appointed from Ohio. Now if we knew what men born in Ohio had been appointed from other states and distinguished themselves it would be highly interest- ing, perhaps, but such information has not been available. There is a story on Admiral Skerrett. It appears, that Sker- rett married a Southern woman. At the beginning of the war she went South and sent in her husband's resignation. He was ofit on duty and when he heard of her action he recalled the un- authorized resignation. She threatened to leave him if he re- mained in the service. But he stuck to the flag. They separated for the war, the children going with her. Skerrett had a splen- did record as an officer and was one of Farragut's captains. Rear Admiral Roger N. Stembel was another distinguished offi- cer. So was Rear Admiral Reed Werden, who is sometimes mistaken for the Admiral Worden who commanded the Monitor. Rear Admiral Joseph S. Fyfifee is remembered in the navy for his picturesque personality and more interesting stories are told among the officers of "Joe" Fyflfee than of any other officer of 2S6 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. the navy. Rear Admiral J. F. Schenck was from Dayton, and a brother of General Schenck. He distinguished himself in the opening of Japan and of China. Commander Edward P. Wood, is one of the later officers of the navy. He was distinguished as the commander of the little Petrel which was one of Dewey's Squadron at Manila. Rear Admiral Daniel Am men, who was, perhaps, best known because he was the inventor of the "Ammen" ram which .was not a success, though congress appropriated money for the construction of a vessel of that type. Admiral Ammen thought that a vessel built solely for ramming purposes would be a success. He regarded the use of any other offensive machinery as unnec- essary, so the ram carried no battery. But Admiral Ammen was distinguished as an executive and served with distinct ability as the head of the bureau of navigation of the navy, which, in its duties, is similar to the adjutant general's department of the army. Admiral Ammen was, also, distinguished as an advocate of the Nicaraguan Canal. He was one of the original advocates of such a waterway and on one or two isthmian commissions. With Senator John T. Morgan he is regarded as entitled to the title of "Father of the Isthmian Canal." He urged the Nicaraguan route, but his work was important in helping pave the way for the final selection of the Panama route. Admiral Ammen was an intimate fried of General Grant. The strenuous nature of the western river gunboat service, for the possession of the Mississippi and her southern tributaries, is revealed in many extracts from official reports of bloody and destructive combats in which the gallant hardihood on both sides, and the bitter earnestness of the struggle, are made manifest. ADMIRAL PORTER'S REPORT OF THE FIGHT. Mississippi Squadron, Flagship "Benton." Below Grand Gulf, April 29, 186.. Sir: I had the honor of sending you a telegram announcing that we had fought the batteries at Grand Gulf for five hours and thirty-five minutes with partial success. I ordered the Louisville, Carondelet. Mound City and Pittsburg to lead the way, and attack the lower batteries, while the Tuscumbia, Benton and Lafayette attacked the upper ones — the Lafa- Ohio Centennial. 23T yette lying in an eddy and fighting stern down stream. The vessels be- low silenced the lower batteries and then drawing the enemy's fire, fail- ing in this she withdrew. We, along with those on shore were under the impression that the enemy blew up a Torpedo just forward of the "Chil- licothe's" bow. The upper batteries were hotly engaged by the Benton and Tus- cumbia, both ships suffering severely in killed and wounded. The Pitts- burg came up just at the moment when a large shell, passed through the Benton's pilot house, wounding the Pilot Mr. Williams and disabling the wheel. The Pittsburg, Acting Volunteer Lieutenant Hall, for a short time bore, the brunt of the fire, and lost eight killed and wounded. The Benton received forty-seven shots in her hull alone, not count- ing the damage done above her rail, but she was just as good for a fight when she got through as when she commenced. All the vessels did well though it was the most diffiicult portion of the River in which to manage an iron-clad — strong currents and strong eddies turning them round and round, making them fair targets, and the "Benton's" heavy plates did not stand the heavy shot which in many instances bored her through. Such was the warfare along the great river of Central North America. There is a mass of like testimony, that if collected, annotated and framed so as to serve the whole picture showing the true colors and preparation — would be a most acceptable addition to the public service of Ohio, as illustrious according to opportunity as that of the Ohioans in the army. However, the flashlights of Ohio history at the Chillicothe Centennial have caused so distinct an interest, and chased away to a considerable extent, a group of barely outlined shadows, that the obscurity will be patiently re- moved and the whole history of Ohio in the Navy illuminated with its related proportions. The History of Ohio in the Navy is one of honor and renown, of daring adventure and distin- guished achievement. Unfortunately, we have not found a clear record of the Naval heroes born in Ohio, who were appointed from or inlisted in other states. THE GOVERNORS OF OHIO UNDER THE FIRST CONSTITUTION. DAVID MEADE MASSIE. Most of the writers who deal with the histor>^ of Ohio seem at a loss for words adequate to express their contempt for the first constitution of our state, and especially for its provisions concerning the office of governor. So fair and learned a man as the late Rufus King says in his history of Ohio, that "It would be respectful to pass that instrument in silence, it provided a government which had no executive, a half-starved, short-lived judiciary and a lop-sided legislature." One distinguished author declares that "When Ohio became a state it ^ il^ .^ "^ adopted a very foolish constitution"; ^^■^ ^/' another states that "It reduced the executive power almost to a nonen- tity." DAVID MEADE MASSIE. So mauy morc similar statements can be found that it is a matter of wonder that the committee on program had the hardihood to assign as a subject at this celebration the Governors of Ohio under the First Constitution, for, according to the writers of history, the governors of Ohio should have been mere ciphers and it would be the limit of bad taste to even mention in public the constitution under which they acted during the first fifty years of our statehood. But, my fellow citizens, there are a few who hold very dif- ferent views concerning the first constitution of Ohio and rejoice in an opportunity to do honor to the memory of the men who filled the office of governor of this great state for half a century. Every 238 Ohio Centennial. 239 student of the early history of our commonwealth knows that the admission of Ohio into the Union under her first constitution was the result oi%. long and bitter contest between General Ar- thur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, and the early settlers of Chillicothe. St. Clair was a Federalist, advocated a strong central power and a paternal government ; had great faith in the few ; none at all in the many; the Chillicotheans were sturdy Anglo-Saxons who had sought their fortunes in a hostile wilderness ; they had made their settlements relying wholly on themselves for every- thing; they were not a company organized and equipped in the East with capital and education behind them, with rules and religion provided for their use, but were mostly simple back- woodsmen with only their rifles and axes, brain and brawn, to sustain them; they were perfect democrats believing wholly in themselves and their right to rule themselves as seemed best to them. Many historians dismiss this controversy as a mere quar- rel between a governor and his people over sordid matters of little moment; but beneath the surface lay a great political question — should the people decide for themselves what was best for them, or should a governor? Should the government be popular or paternal? Aristocratic or democratic? The Chillicotheans were successful. Congress first met their washes as to the boundaries of the proposed state and afterwards, on April 30, 1802, authorized delegates to be elected for the pur- pose of determining, first, whether it was expedient to estab- lish a state government ; and if so decided by a majority of the delegates, they were empowered to proceed to adopt a constitu- tion and form a state government. The contest over the election of delegates was vigorous and bitter ; when the convention met at Chillicothe in November, 1802, and voted on the expediency of statehood, thirty-four voted yes, only one voted no. This was an overwhelming victory for the Chillicotheans; they controlled the convention completely. Edward Tiffin was its president, and a careful study of its committees and proceedings will disclose what an iron grip they had upon it, -and how fully they directed its actions. 240 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications, For years these men had been contending for the right of the people to govern themselves through their representatives, and had been fighting the paternal policy of their %overnor. It was but natural, when the opportunity came, for them to try to secure perpetually these principles and to embody them in their consti- tution. The governor was made a mere figurehead, given no control whatever over the Legislature, by the right of vetoing its acts or otherwise; he was not even required to sign its laws be- fore they went into effect (provisions still in force) ; was shorn of all patronage and allowed to name no officers, except an adju- tant-general. The Legislature made all the appointments of state officers, including the judiciary; its powers were bounded only by the constitution itself, which protects the people by a long and liberal bill of rights and provides an easy way of amending its provisions. This constitution was the full and complete triumph of democracy, and is the crowning glory of those who brought it about ; for the history of the Anglo-Saxon race in its broadest sense is a record of the struggles of the people to assert them- selves against their rulers. The great trophies in this contest are the Magna Charter and the Bill of Rights of 1689, won by our ancestors in the old home across the sea, and the Declaration of Independence, made good by our Revolutionary forefathers in America. Each of these marks a long step forward toward a ''government of the people, by the people and for the people,'* but none go quite so far as to claim for the people absolute power, freed from all control by king or president or governor. The first to reach that goal were the founders of Ohio, led by the Chil- licothe statesmen, who had been trained in their backwoods strug- gles with savage men and rugged nature to rely on themselves alone, and to allow no man to dictate what was best for them and theirs. It would be doing the framers of the first constitution of Ohio a grievous wrong to stop with this statement. They did not by any means intend to make the governor of Ohio a mere figure- head ; they only were determined to make it impossible for a weak or wicked executive to thwart the will and wishes of the people ; they wanted no tyrant even for one moment to rule in Ohio ; they knew full well that a man worthy in mind and character to be Ohio Centennial. 241 the governor of Ohio could and would exercise great influence on the affairs of state, by reason and by argument he could guide the Legislature far better and more safely than by any political power conferred on him; in effect they said to the governor of Ohio — you are the first citizen of this state, now be a leader of the people by the force of your character and strength of your mind, draw them to your policies by convincing them that what you offer is right and best for the commonwealth; thwart them by force or bribe them by patronage you shall not. In their action on the subject of the governorship these men embodied a great truth — the mere cloak of office makes no man good nor great; a knave or a fool, if clothed with power, may do untold harm; a wise and an able man brings to any position all the dignity and influence which it needs ; they said, we will give this office to our leaders, because they have proven themselves to be great men and will be equal to all its requirements ; should by chance any dema- gogue or vain and brainless citizen obtain the place, so much the worse for him. They had read aright the fable in which the lion's skin is put on the ass : it did not make him a lion, it only made him more of an ass. The founders of Ohio proved the sincerity of their belief by their practice, the governors which they gave to Ohio were their tried and trusted Readers. Tiffin, Meigs, Worthington and Morrow need only be named to demonstrate the truth of this assertion ; all these were men of large experience and distinction when they came into the governorship — men in every way- worthy to be called leaders of men. Now having before us the limitations and ideals set by the framers of our first constitution for the- governors of Ohio, let us briefly pass in review the men who filled the governor's chair during the first half century of her statehood and see how nearly they met the hopes and desires of those who created them. The first governor of Ohio was Edward Tiffin, who was born in Carlisle, England, in 1766, came to America in 1784, at- tended Jefferson Medical College and in due time was licensed to practice his profession. In 1789 he married a sister of Thomas Worthington, then a resident of Berkeley County, Virginia, and o. c — IG 242 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. lived in that state for fourteen years. In 1798 he manumitted the slaves inherited by his wife and moved to ChilHcothe. He at once became an active member of this, then new, community, and by his character and abiUty soon took rank as one of its leading citizens. He was a member from Ross County of both the first and second Territorial Legislatures and in both was elected speaker of the House ; he played a prominent part in the contest over the admission of Ohio into the Union, was elected a delegate to the convention which framed the first constitution of Ohio, was chosen president of that body and when Ohio became a state was elected governor, and in 1805 was re-elected to the same office, both times without opposition ; in 1807 was elected to the United States Senate ; in 1809 he resigned his seat in that body, was immediately elected a member of the General Assembly of Ohio, in which body he served two terms, during both of which he was speaker of the House. President Madison ap- pointed him commissioner of public lands; he was the first in- cumbent of this office and while filling it achieved the unique distinction of being the only public official who saved entire the records of his office when Washington City was captured by the British; he afterwards exchanged this position for that of sur- veyor-general of the Northwest, which enabled him to reside at home. Ohio was fortunate in having her first chief executive a man of Tiffin's character and ability ; he was a strong and fear- less opponent of all schemes to introduce slavery into Ohio, a bold and fearless advocate of the free navigation of the Missis- sippi, a courageous factor in stopping the conspiracy of Aaron Burr and is well entitled to the praise bestowed upon him by Hon. Daniel J. Ryan in his history of Ohio, who says : "No man who has ever filled the gubernatorial chair of Ohio, possessed a greater genius for the administration of public affairs than Ed- ward Tiffin. His work in advancing and developing the state has not been equaled by that of any man in its history." In 1807 Return Jonathan Meigs of Washington County was elected governor, but his election being contested the General Assembly decided that he was not eligible because he had not been a resident of the state for the length of time required by the Ohio Centennial. 243 constitution. Thomas Kirker, of Adams County, who was the president of the Senate, thereupon became acting governor. Governor Kirker was of Irish ancestry, a member of the con- stitutional convention and represented Adams County in both branches of the General Assembly of Ohio for many years, at times serving as presiding officer of each body. He was one of the leading opponents of Governor St. Clair and a warm friend of the Chillicothe party. In 1808 Samuel Huntington of Trumbull County was elected governor; he was a native of Connecticut, a graduate of Yale, had represented Trumbull County in the constitutional conven- tion and State Senate and at the time of his election was a judge of the Supreme Court ; his administration was stormy, its chief distinction being "The sweeping resolution," which was an at- tempt to subordinate the judiciary to the Legislature and which happily ended in failure. The next governor of Ohio was Return Jonathan Meigs, of Washington County, who served two terms. Meigs was a na- tive of Connecticut, a graduate of Yale, a member of the first Territorial Legislature, judge of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territory, also of Louisiana Territory, at the time of his election a member of the United States Senate and resigned the governorship to become postmaster-general of the United States, which office he held for more than nine years. Governor Meigs was an able and active man, a bitter oppo- nent of St. Clair, going even farther against him than the Chil- licothe leaders and enjoys the distinction of being the first war governor of Oliio ; during the war of 1812 he rendered much valuable service to his country's cause. Othniel Looker, of Ham- ilton County, being speaker of the Senate, filled out Meigs' unex- pired time ; Governor Looker represented Hamilton County, both before and after occupying the executive office, many times in both branches of the General Assembly. ■ Ross County furnished the next governor — Thomas Worth- ington, who served two terms. Worthington was a native of Virginia, an early settler of Chillicothe and a prominent member of the coterie opposed to St. Clair, being their representative in Washington, was a member of both territorial legislatures, the 244 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. constitutional convention and one of the first two senators sent by Ohio to Congress. As governor, Worthington was a strong advocate of pubHc schools and improved transportation facilities, the encouragement of manufactures and the reform of the banking facilities. Gov- ernor Chase well said of him, "He was the father of internal improvements, of the Great National Road, and of the Erie Canal." Time forbids our giving him the notice he deserves. He was a statesman, a scholar and a gentleman, his beautiful home Adena was a model of beauty and elegance and famed for its charming hospitality and distinguished guests. Ethan Allen Brown, a native of Connecticut, was the next governor, being at the time of his election a citizen of Hamil- ton County and a judge of the Supreme Court. His adminis- tration was marked by its enthusiasm for the building of canals and the establishment of free schools and it was troubled by the results of bad banking and unwise credits for land. In 1822 Governor Brown was elected to the United States Senate, and Allen Trimble, as speaker of the Senate, became acting governor. From 1822 to 1826 Jeremiah Morrow, of War- ren County, was governor. Born in Pennsylvania of Scotch-Irish ancestry, he came to Ohio in 1796, and few of her sons have served her longer or more faithfully; he was a member of the second Territorial Assembly, of the constitutional convention, and of the first General Assembly ; he was the first and, for ten years, the only representative of the state in the lower house of Con- gress ; served one term in the United States Senate and then after the close of his two terms as governor served in both branches of the General Assembly, and closed his career with two terms in Congress when over seventy years of age. It is impossible to recount, in a limited time, the great ser- vices of this remarkable man whose hard common sense, frank- ness, honesty and thorough knowledge of the questions coming before him commanded the implicit confidence and respect of all men. As governor he was industrious in encouraging the con- struction of canals and other public improvements, and his ad- ministration saw the beginning of work on both the canal sys- tem of Ohio and the National Road. Ohio Centennial. 245 Allen Trimble, of Highland County, next filled the governor's chair for two terms. Born in Virginia, he had spent most of his life in Ohio, and had the unique distinction of having been seven times elected speaker of the State Senate ; during one of his terms as speaker he became acting governor of Ohio by reason of the resignation of Ethan Allen Brown, so when elected governor he had already had a year's previous experience in the executive office. He was a strong friend of the common schools and public improvements ; his administration saw the beginning of the Abo- lition movement and the dawn of another era in the history of Ohio. His successor. General Duncan McArthur, of Ross County, a native of New York, was the last of the pioneer governors. He had been a part of the beginnings of Ohio, a surveyor in the wilderness, a member and speaker of both branches of the General Assembly and a representative in Congress. His chief distinction, however, is as a soldier; at eighteen he began his military career as a private in Harmar's expedition, served the next year in another Indian campaign, was made captain of mili- tia by St. Clair in 1798. and elected major-general of the Ohio militia in 1808 by the General Assembly of Ohio. In the War of 1812 he enlisted as a private, was almost immediately elected colonel of the first regiment of Ohio volunteers, bore a most creditable part in Hull's unfortunate campaign and made, during the course of this war, in the operations around the western end of Lake Erie, so brilliant a record that he was, at its termination, a brigadier-general of the regular army. His administration as governor saw the last of the Indian wars, which particularly affected Ohio, the canals in operation, the National Road in use, and the commencement of the era of railways, eleven being chartered at one session of the General Assembly of 1831 and 1832. In 1832 Robert Lucas, of Pike County, was elected governor; he was a native of Virginia, had served in the War of 1812, ob- taining the rank of brigadier-general, and had been a member of both branches of the General Assembly and twice speaker of the State Senate. He had the honor of presiding over the first Dem- ocratic National Convention, which nominated General Jackson 246 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. for his second term. During Governor Lucas' second term oc- curred the famous controversy with Michigan over the north- western boundary of the state. Ohio came out of this conflict victorious, and Governor Lucas was immortalized by having a county named for him at the mouth of the Maumee. The Whigs elected the next governor in the person of Joseph Vance, of Champaign County; he was a native of Pennsylvania, a soldier in the War of 1812, many times a member of the Gen- eral Assembly, and for fourteen years a member of Congress. During his administration the school system of Ohio was thor- oughly revised and greatly improved. In 1838 Wilson Shannon, of Belmont County, was elected governor ; he was the first native-born citizen to achieve this posi- tion. He was a distinguished lawyer, and one of the very few men who came into this office without previous service in other positions. His administration was marked by an increase of the Abolition movement, and marred by hard times. In 1842 he was defeated for re-election by Thomas Corwin. In 1844 was again elected governor, defeating Corwin, and in 1844 resigned to be- come minister to Mexico. Thomas Corwin is one of the best known of our governors, famous for his oratory and wit. He was born in Kentucky, acted as wagon boy in the War of 181 2, and had served two terms in the General Assembly and five in Congress when elected chief magistrate of Ohio. After his term as governor, he was elected to the United States Senate, and resigned from that body to be- come secretary of the treasury. When Governor Shannon resigned in 1844, Thomas W. Hartley, of Richland County, speaker of the Senate, became act- ing governor. He was a Democrat, and was succeeded in the office by his father, Mordecai Hartley, a Whig. The latter was horn in Pennsylvania, was an officer in the War of 1812, a mem- ber of the General Assembly, and had served four terms in Con- gress, from 1823 to 1 83 1. Mordecai Bartley was the second war governor of Ohio, his administration witnessing the war with Mexico. During his term the Bank of the State of Ohio was chartered, and our pres- ent system of taxation adopted. In 1846 William Bebb, of But- Ohio Centennial. 247 ler County, a native of the state, was elected to the executive office. He was a sturdy opponent of ''the black laws," and during his term much progress was made in internal improvements. Seabury Ford, of Geauga County, was the last Whig candi- date elected governor of Ohio. He was a native of Connecticut, and had served in both branches of the General Assembly. The last governor under the first constitution was Reuben Wood, of Cuyahoga County, a native of Vermont, who had been a state senator and a judge of both the Common Pleas and Su- preme Courts. The convention elected to frame a new constitution for Ohio, met during Governor Wood's first term, and the instrument, framed by it, went into effect in 1852, so he was the first governor under the second as well as the last under the first. His administration was a time of great activity in financial affairs, the free banking system was inaugurated, and many rail- road lines opened for traffic. In 1853 Governor Wood resigned to accept the position of consul at Valparaiso. Under the first constitution nineteen men held the executive office. Of these sixteen were elected and three succeeded as speakers of the Sen- ate. All but Tiffin, and possibly Kirker, were natives of the United States. Four were born in Connecticut, three in Virginia, three in Pennsylvania, three in Ohio, one in New York, one in Kentucky, and one in Vermont. The records fail to show to what state Kirker should be credited. Ross County furnished three, Hamilton, Warren and Richland each two, and Adams, Trum- bull, Washington, Highland, Pike, Champaign, Belmont, Butler, Geauga and Cuyahoga one each. All but three of them had served in the Territorial Legislatures or the General Assemblies of Ohio, five had been members of Congress, six United States senators, two became cabinet officers, and two had occupied seats on the Supreme bench of Ohio. The men who were governors of Ohio under the first consti- tution have now passed before you. In ability they varied, yet each and all were men of good hard common sense. In character they were upright and clean, in achievement they obtained vari- ous degrees of success, but each contributed something to the greatness and upbuilding of their state. The devotion of them all 248 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. to their duty, as they saw it, is beyond question. They were all representatives of the best citizenship of their day and generation, and each vindicated in his way the faith of the framers of the first constitution that the people could be trusted to select for their governors men whom they knew to be tried and true ; men in every way worthy to be called leaders of men. FORT HARMAR. BUILT 1785. THE GOVERNORS OF OHIO UNDER THE SECOND CONSTITUTION. JAMES E. CAMPBELL. The second constitution of Ohio was adopted in 185 1, but Reuben Wood, then governor, remained in office until 1853, so that the topic, "The Governors under the Second Constitution," covers precisely the second half cen- tury of the state's existence. During this time there have been nineteen governors. Of these nineteen, all but one were natives of this country, and of English, Scotch, or Scotch-Irish stock. Not only were they natives themselves, but in every case they were descended from many genera- tions of native ancestors ; while they have stood for diverse ideas, creeds and affiliations, yet in one respect they have been alike — they have repre- sented in their own persons, long- descended, inborn, thorough Amer- canism. Of these nineteen men only eight were college-bred, which shows how great a part the "little red schoolhouse" has played in the making of history; of fourteen who came in since the great day of Appomattox, ten were veterans of the Civil War, proving that Republics are not always ungrateful. Two have been president of the United States, one a chief justice, four cabinet officers, three foreign ministers, three United States senators, eight representatives in Congress ; evidently their ser- vices were not unappreciated by their countrymen. Let us call the roll. 240 JAMES E. CAMPBEI,!,. 250 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. William Medill was born in New Castle County, Dela- ware, in 1802, and died at Lancaster, Ohio, September 2, 1865. He came to Lancaster in 1832, entering at once on the practice of the law; then served three years in the State Legislature, and four years — from 1839 ^^ 1843 — ^^ Congress. Early in President Polk's administration he was made first assistant post- master-general, but resigned to accept the Commissionership of Indian Affairs, in which office he introduced many needed re- forms. The Indian Bureau was then a part of the War De- partment, but was transferred to the Department of the Interior shortly before Governor Medill resigned. The department had just been created, and the first secretary was Thomas Ewing, also a citizen of Lancaster. In 1 85 1 he was selected as president of the convention which constructed the second constitution of the state. He was very influential in that body, and was the only member (out of one hundred and five) who rose to the governorship. Less than a dozen members of the body achieved any subsequent distinction — a just retribution for their failure to arm the office of gov- ernor with the salutary power of the veto. In 1853 Governor Medill (being then lieutenant-governor) succeeded to the governor's office upon the resignation of Gover- nor Wood, and was elected to that office the same fall. He subsequently held the position of first comptroller of the United States Treasury, serving through all of President Buchanan's administration, and two months under President Lincoln. His public career then ended, and he returned to Lancaster where he was held in the highest esteem by the people. Governor Medill was a man of strict integrity, and firm purposes ; as an illustration, when he was comptroller an old claim passed both houses of Congress involving an expenditure of two or three millions, and was approved by the President. Medill, satisfied that it was a fraud, refused to pay it. The cippeals of congressmen and senators, and of the President himself, failed to move him, and the claim was not paid. An attempt was then made to impeach him in the vSenate, but the firmness of R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, and others who had confidence in his judgment and integrity, frustrated it. Ohio Centennial • 251 Although Governor Medill was a man of culture, of fine manners, and fond of society, he never married. He has the distinction — if it be such — to have been the only bachelor who' occupied the gubernatorial chair of Ohio. * -;: * Salmon Portland Chase was born in Cornish, N. H., on January 13, 1808, and died in the city of New York on May 7, 1883. He procured an education by close economy and hard work,, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1826, becoming subsequently a law student in William Wirt's office in Washington. Although he had spent some years in Ohio with his celebrated uncle, Bishop Philander Chase, he did not formally settle in the state until he went to Cincinnati, in 1830, where, in his early practice, he compiled "Chase's Statutes of Ohio." In politics he was an Abolition-Democrat, and, while pur- suing his law studies in Washington, was actively engaged in trying to procure the abolition of slavery in the District of Co- lumbia. During his residence in Cincinnati, before he entered upon his public career, he was the head and front of the long and bitter contest against slavery. His labors on behalf of Bir- ney's newspaper, "The Philanthropist," (which was destroyed by a mob in 1836) and his defense in court of the alleged slave girl Matilda, are among the well remembered instances of his willingness to face danger and unpopularity where anti-slavery principles were at stake. In the language of one of his admirers "behind the dusky face of every black man he saw his Savior,, the divine man, also scourged, also in prison, at last crucified."* In 1849 ^^- Chase was elected to the United' States Senate by the Democrats in the Legislature with the aid of two "free soilers" who held the balance of power. In 1855 he was elected governor, and again in 1857. During these four years the Re- publican party was organized; and, in i860, Mr. Chase was a prominent candidate for the presidential nomination. His name was presented by the Ohio delegation, but they did not press his claims with as much ardor and persistence as he expected. When President Lincoln was inaugurated, Mr. Chase be- came secretary of the treasury. To his deep religious feeling t 262 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. is attributed the closing sentence of the Emancipation Proclama- tion, "and upon this act * * * I invoke the favorable judg- ment of all mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God/' As secretary of the treasury, which was bankrupt when he took it, and which, under his wise and far-seeing management, :supplied the funds for the Civil War, no eulogium is needed. The result speaks for itself. His record there will be his endur- ing monument. Resigning from the Treasury Department he was shortly after appointed to the Chief Justiceship, and filled that office until his death. The most celebrated act of his judicial •career was presiding at the impeachment trial of President John- son. The extremists in the Republican party criticised his action in that case, but as was said by William M. Evarts, "The charge against him, if it had any shape or substance, came only to this: that he brought into the Senate, in his judicial robes, no concealed weapons of party warfare." Although Mr. Chase had filled with ability, dignity and success the great offices of governor. United States senator, sec- retary of the treasury and chief justice of the Supreme Court, and although he will ever remain one of the foremost figures in one of the greatest history-making epochs of all time, yet it is generally believed that he died with his life-long ambition- unsatisfied. Through all the warp and woof of his long and il- lustrious career there runs the thread of hope — hope of the presidency — fated only to fray out at last in disappointment' and regret. Mr. . Chase, under ordinary conditions, would have made an ideal president, but in i860 another sort of leader was needed, and the Ohio Republicans who attended the presidential •convention of that year builded better than they knew when they transferred their votes from the handsome, majestic and scholarly Chase to the ungraceful, homely, but God-anointed Lincoln, * * * William Dennison was born in Cincinnati, November 23, 1815, and died at Columbus, June 15, 1882. His parents were of New England stock, and had settled in Cincinnati about the year 1808. After receiving such early education as conditions in Cincinnati then afforded, he entered Miami University, grad- uating in 1835 with honors ; then studied law in the office of Ohio Centennial. 253^ Nathaniel E. Pendleton, and was admitted to the bar about 1840, remaining in the practice until 1859. In December, 1840, he married Ann Eliza Neil and removed to Columbus, becom- ing largely interested in the development of that city. He was associated with the original constructors of the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, and also" the Columbus and Xenia Railroad, of which he was the president from 1854 to 1859. He was also president for three years of the Exchange branch of the State Bank of Ohio at Columbus. From his earliest manhood Governor Dennison was deeply interested in public affairs, and identified himself with the Whig party. In 1848 he was elected to the State Senate. In 1856 he was a delegate-at-large to the first National Republican con- vention at Philadelphia, and in 1859 was elected governor, after holding a number of debates with his equally eloquent opponent,. Rufus D. Ranney. When the Civil War broke out he was still in office as gov- ernor, and continued during the nine months remaining of his- term. The great work of his administration was equipping and forwarding troops. In addition to the magnificent way in which Ohio responded to the call for volunteers, the two events which gave the governor greatest satisfaction were the ability of the northwestern states to hold Kentucky in the Union, and the separation of the state of West Virginia from the old state^ thus removing the border line far to the south of the Ohio River. Retiring from the governorship, he devoted his entire time and energy as a volunteer aide to the governor (his suc- cessor) and to the president. In 1864 he was permanent chairman of the Republican Na- tional convention which re-nominated President Lincoln.' In the fall of that year he was appointed postmaster-general to suc- ceed Montgomery Blair. He remained in the cabinet after President Lincoln's assassination, and until the summer of 1866, when, President Johnson's attitude having become determined, he was the first to resign his portfolio. He then became interested in the construction of railroads until 1875 when Congress provided a new government for the District of Columbia under the direction of three commissioners. 254 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ■Governor Dennison was appointed chairman of the commission, which position he occupied until 1878. His last appearance in political life was at the Republican national convention in i88o,' ,as a delegate-at-large. David Tod was born at Youngstown, Ohio, February 21, 1805, and died there November 13, 1868. His father was a native of Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale, whp emigrated early to Ohio, serving as a lieutenant-colonel in the War of 18 1 2, and as a judge of the Supreme Court. David Tod was well educated and bred to the law. In 1838 he was elected to the Senate, and in 1844 'was the Demo- cratic candidate for governor. His defeat was slight, but it illustrates the influence of a senseless, yet popular, phrase in a political campaign. He was a "hard money" man, and was accredited with saying that, rather than resort to "soft money," he would do as the Spartans did — make money out of pot metal. The whigs had pot-metal medals struck, and raised the cry of "Pot Metal Tod," which stuck to him so effectually that he was de- feated, although the state was then naturally Democratic. A similarly ridiculous episode occurred in 1875 when the foolish but effective cry of "The Pope's big toe" roused an anti- Catholic sentiment which defeated" Governor Allen. Governor Tod was minister to Brazil some years. In i860 he was vice-president of the ever memorable "Charleston Con- vention" where the secession of the southern Democrats broke up the convention, and paved the way for rebellion. After the adjournment of that convention to Baltimore, Caleb Gushing, the chairman, went off with the southerners, and that left Mr. Tod as chairman. When the war broke out Governor Tod became one of the most ardent advocates of its vigorous prosecution, giving freely of his time and money to the cause, and became so prominent that he was elected by the Union Party (as the combination of Republicans and War-Democrats was called from 1861 to 1866) to the office of governor the first year of the war, serv- ing one term. His tenure of office was during the very heat and passion of the vv^ar, and the duties were not only onerous, Ohio Centennial. 255 but they required tact, intelligence of the highest order, and quickness of decision. Governor Tod discharged these duties skillfully and zealously, and was especially mindful of the wel- fare of that great army which Ohio kept constantly '*at the front." After retiring from office he occupied himself with those large business interests through which he had acquired wealth and influence. Among his personal qualities was a pungent and ready wit. It is said that being asked why he spelled Tod with one "d" instead of two, as was usual, he humorously replied that if but one "d" was used in the word "God" he thought it fully suf- ficient for the word ''Tod." * * * John Brough was born at Marietta, Ohio, September 17, 181 1, and died at Cleveland, August 29, 1865, being the only governor who died in office. His parents came to Ohio in pioneer days. At an early age he became a printer, and, be- fore he was twenty, started a paper called The Western Re- publican and Marietta Advertiser. President Jackson and John C. Calhoun were then in the midst of their quarrel over nul- lification, and Brough espoused the cause of Calhoun. This rendered his newspaper so unpopular that he removed to Lan- caster and purchased the Ohio Eagle. He was elected to the Legislature from Fairfield County in 1838, and soon after became auditor of state, in which office he uncovered corrupt practices and inaugurated reforms that made him deservedly popular. He was also a very gifted speaker and during the great campaign between Thomas Corwin and Wilson Shannon he was put forward by the Democrats to con- front Corwin, confessedly the greatest orator Ohio has ever produced. While auditor of state Mr. Brough purchased a newspaper at Cincinnati, changed its name to the Enquirer, and was connected with it for a few years. In 1848, however, he practically withdrew from public life owing to his dissatisfac- tion with the pro-slavery tendencies of his party. He turned his attention to railroading afterward, and became prominent in that and other business interests, which occupied- him until his election as governor in 1863. 266 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. The political campaign of that year was the most virulent which ever took place in Ohio, or perhaps in any other state or country. It began in May by the spontaneous action of the people, and was intensified in bitterness by the nomination of Clement L. Vallandingham, who was then an exile by sentence of a military commission after a vain appeal to the United States Circuit Court. Mr. Vallandingham was a very able man and had the courage of his convictions, however erroneous some of them may have been. His arrest and sentence were by many good citizens deemed to be tyrannical and unconstitutional, and his friends made a bold and vigorous campaign. The result was Governor Brough's election by more than one hundred thousand majority. This result, John Sherman said, was in its effect upon the Union cause ''equal to any battle of the war" — an opinion now concurred in by men of all political creeds. Governor Brough's eloquence and his fiery war speeches did much to endear him to the people and to procure his nomi- nation, but in 1865 he failed of renomination and was deeply chagrined. In this connection it may be mentioned as a curious fact that none of the three war governors secured a 1 enomination^ although all were of fine abilities and high character. Both Governors Tod and Dennison accepted the situation cheerfully. Governor Dennison was probably the victim of a feeling that a War-Democrat should be nominated, being the same reason why Hannibal Hamlin was not renominated for vice-president in 1864. It is not clear why Governor Tod was not renominated^ as he was especially popular with the soldiers as well as the people, and both himself and his successor were War-Democrats. Governor Brough's defeat was brought about by the delegation from the army (one hundred and forty-three votes) with Gen- eral Charles H. Grosvenor at their head. This delegation felt (not without cause) that Governor Brough had been arbitrary and dictatorial in his dealings with army officers; and that, be- sides, the time had come to nominate a war veteran. For these; reasons they supported General Cox. ♦ * * Charles Anderson was born at Soldier's Retreat, or Fort Nelson, Kentucky, near the Falls of the Ohio River, June i. Ohio Centennial. 257 1814, and died at Kuttawa, Kentucky, September 2, 1895. His father, Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, was an aide-de-camp of Lafayette's who went to Kentucky in 1783 as surveyor-gen- eral of the Military Land Grant. His mother was a relative of Chief Justice Marshall. One of Charles Anderson's brothers was Major Anderson, who commanded at Fort Sumpter on that fateful day in April, 1861, when. South Carolina fired upon the flag of the Union, "sprinkled blood in the faces of her southern sisters" and awakened the Lion of the North. Another brother was a member of Congress and the first United States minister to the Republic of Colombia. Graduating from Miami University in 1833, Charles An- derson studied law in Louisville, was admitted to the bar in 1835 and removed to Dayton, Ohio, where he subsequently be- came prosecuting attorney and state senator. His chief object in the Legislature was to procure for the Negro the right to testify in court and of his efforts in that behalf he was justly proud. Soon after retiring from the Senate he removed to Cincinnati, where he practiced law until 1859, when he emi- grated to Texas; but he had a stormy life in that state where an anti-slavery man was held in almost universal detestation. After the presidential election of i860 he boldly addressed a great meeting at San Antonio advocating, with patriotic elo- quence, the preservation of the Union. He continued to reside there even after the forty-day residence act had passed the Con- federate Congress, and was arrested as a political prisoner. While confined in the guard tent of Maclin's battery he escaped to Mexico, and thence to Ohio. Thereupon, at the request of the leading men of the country, he was sent to England with letters to Minister Adams, members of Parliament and leading philan- thropists ; but he soon ascertained that the woes of the blacks or the rights of whites in this country, were of far less im- portance than "King Cotton" to our British cousins, and he came home In disgust. In the summer of 1862 he was appointed colonel of the 93d Ohio Infantry, and served gallantly until desperately wounded at the Battle of Stone River. In 1863 he was nom- o. c — 17 268 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. inated for lieutenant-governor, shared in the great victory of Governor Brough and served out his unexpired term. After that he removed to Lyon County, Kentucky, and passed the re- mainder of his days in retirement. The state of Ohio owes a debt of gratitude to Governor Anderson for his great labor in early life on behalf of the public school system, and the disabled veterans of the country are indebted to him for the original suggestion of a National Military Home at Dayton. Jacob Dolson Cox was born in Montreal, Canada (where his parents were temporarily domiciled) on .the twenty-seventh day of October, 1828, and died at Magnolia, Massachusetts, on the fourth day of August, 1900. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1851, then taught school and studied law until 1854. In 1859 he was elected to the State Senate, where he took a con- spicuous position as a man of culture and ability. At the outbreak of the war he was commissioned brigadier- general, and assisted in the organization of the Ohio troops until July of that year, when he entered on active and gallant service until the close of the war. He rose to be a major- general and a division and corps commander, and developed great military ability. In 1865 he was elected governor, but declined a renomi- nation in 1867, assigning truthfully as the reason that he could not live upon the small salary then paid, and must return to his law practice. It is known, however, that he could not support the amendment that year submitted to the people of the state providing for negro suffrage, and doubtless that, to* some extent, took him out of the race. After practicing law until 1869, he went into President Grant's cabinet as secretary of the interior. He established civil service reform in his department, and waged relentless war against the abuses in the Land Office, and the office of Indian Affairs, but, not receiving the support he deemed proper from the President, he resigned. From 1873 to 1879 he was president and receiver of the To- ledo and Wabash Railroad Company. In 1876 he was elected to Ohio Centennial. 269 Congress from the Toledo district, returning in 1879 to Cincin- nati. He was elected dean of the Law School in 1880, and pres- ident of the University of Cincinnati in 1883. In 1897 he retired from active life, and devoted himself to literary and historical writing. His books and magazine articles on topics of the war were numerous, carefully prepared, exact and valuable — the last of his works, "Military Reminiscences of the Civil War", was published just after his death. While Governor Cox was always a Republican, he distinctly differed from his party on many questions. He advocated a tariff for revenue, with protection as an incident only. He was in favor of international bi-metalism and believed that the demonetiza- tion of silver wrought great injustice to the debtor class; but he felt that the United States alone could not undertake to maintain the parity of the metals. He was opposed to grafting alien and inferior stocks on our national and political system. Although Governor Cox was actually born in Canada, his family was one of the oldest in the country — one of his ances- tors having been a veritable member of the ''Mayflower Colony." Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born at Delaware, Ohio, on the fourth day of October, 1822, and died at Fremont, Ohio, on the seventeenth day of January, 1893. He was a graduate of Kenyon College, and of the Harvard Law School. Thus equipped, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, moved to Cincin- nati in 1849, ^";. John K.' Richards, of Ohio, March 16, 1903, in office. ; phio was one district from 1803 until in March, 1855, when Congress , divided it into two ; the Northern and the Southern. y JUDGES OF THE U. S. DISTRICT COURT FOR OHIO. Charles Willing fiird, irom March 3, 1803, died August 11, 1828. .,,• William Creighton, Jr., from November 1, 1828, until December 31, 1828. (He was nominated by President John Q. Adams whose term was to end March 4, 1829. The Senate refused to confirm, and thus kept the place open for President Jackson.) John W. Campbell, from March 7, 1829, died September 24, 1833. Ohio Centennial. 355 Benjamin Tappan, from December 23, 1833, until December 26, 1833. (The Senate temporarily hostile to President Jackson, refused to con- firm.) Humphrey Howe Leavitt, from July 24, 1834, retired March 13, 1871. (From 1855 he was Judge of the District of Southern Ohio.) JUDGES OF THE U. S. DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN OHIO. Humphrey Howe Leavitt, from March, 1855, retired March 13, 1871. Died 1873. . Philip B. Swing, from March 13, 1871, died October 30, 1882. William White, confirmed March, 1883. (Judge White died March 12, 1883.) George R. Sage, from April 7, 1883, retired September 22, 1898. Died November 19, '1898. Albert C. Thompson, from September 22, 1898, in office. JUDGES OF THE U. S. DISTRICT OF NORTHERN OHIO. Hiram V. Wilson, from March 20, 1855, died November 11, 1866. Charles T. Sherman, from March 19, 1867, resigned November 29, 1873. Martin Welker, from December 8, 1873, retired March 29, 1889. Augustus J. Ricks, from July 31, 1889, in office. Francis J. Wing, from January 30, 1901, in office. JUDGES OF OHIO SUPREME COURT— 1803-1903. Thomas Q. Ashburn, (First Commission), from March 18, 1876, to February, 1879. Gibson Atherton, f re n August 20, 1885, to December. 16, 1885. Edward Avery, from 1847 to 1851. Thomas W. Bartley, from 1852 to 1859. Matthew Birchard, from 1842 to 1849. Ozias Bo wen, from 1856 to 1858. W. W. Boynton, from 1877 to 1881. Joseph P. Bradbury, from 1889 to 1900. Jacob Brinkerhoff, from 1856 to 1871. Ethan Allen Brown, from 1810 to 1818. - • Henry Brush, from 1830 to 1831. Jacob Burnet, from 1821 to 1828. Jacob F. Burket", from 1893, in office. William B. Caldwell, from 1849 to 1854. ' Joshua Collett, from 1829 to 1835. Charles C. Convers, from February 9, 1856, to May 15, 1856. John A. Corwin, from 1852 to 1854. Jessup N. Couch, from 1816 to 1821 856 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. William B. Crew, from July 19, 1902, in office, William Z. Davis, from 1900, in office. Luther Day, from 1865 to 1875. Luther Day, (First Commission), from February, 1876, to February, 1879. Franklin J. Dickman, (Second Commission), from April 17, 1883, to April 17, 1885. Franklin J. Dickman, from November 16, 1886, to February 9, 1895. John H. Doyle, from March, 1883, to December, 1883. Martin D. Follett from December, 1883, to February, 1887. William Y. Gholson, from 1859 to 1863. William J. Gilmore, from 1875 to 1880. John Milton Goodenow, from 1830 to (a few months) 1830. Moses M. Granger (Chief Judge, Second Commission), from April 17, 1883, to April 17, 1885. Frederick Grimke, from 1836 to 1842. Elijah Hay ward, from 1830 to (a few months) 1830. Peter Hitchcock, from 1819 to 1833 ; from 1835 to 1842 ; from 1844 to 1852 — 28 years. He served as Chief Justice six years. Hocking H. Hunter, from February 9, 1864, to February 10, 1864. Samuel Huntington, from 1803 to 1808. William W. Irwin, from 1810 to 1816. William W. Johnson (First Commission), from 1876 to 1879; from February 9, 1879, to November 15, 1886. William Kennon, from 1854 to 1856. Ebenezer Lane, from 1830 to 1844. Nicholas Longworth, from 1881 to 1883. John McCauley (Second Commission), from April 17, 1883, to April 17, 1885. George W. Mcllvaine, from 1871 to 1886. John McLean, from 1816 to 1822. Charles D. Martin (Second Commission), from April 17, 1883, to April 17, 1885. Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., from 1803 to 1804 ; from 1808 to 1809. Thaddeus A. Minshall, from 1886 to 1902. Thomas Morris, elected 1809, did not accept. George K. Nash (Second Commission), from April 17, 1883, to April 17, 1885. John W. Okey, from February 9, 1878, to August, 1885. Selwyn N. Owen, from December, 1883, to February 9, 1889. Calvin Pease, from 1816 to 1830. William V. Peck, from 1859 to 1864. James L. Price, from 1901, in office. Rufus P. Ranney, from 1851 to 1852; from 1852 to 1857; from 1863 to 1865. Ohio Centennial. 357 Nathaniel C. Read, from 1842 to 1849. George Rex, from 1874 to 1877. Josiah Scott, from 1857 to 1872; (First Commission), from February, 1876, to February, 1879. Thomas Scott, from 1809 to 1816. John A. Shauck, from February, 1895, in office. Charles R. Sherman, from 1823 to 1829. Rufus P. Spaulding, from 1849 to 1852. William T. Spear, from 1885, in office. William Sprigg, from 1803 to 1806; from 1808 to 1810. Walter F. Stone, from 1873 to 1874. Milton Sutliff, from 1858 to 1863. Joseph R. Swan, from 1855 to 1860. Daniel Symmes, from 1805 to 1808. Allen G. Thurman, from 1852 to 1856. George Tod, from 1806 to 1810. William H. Upson, from March, 1883, to December, 1883. Robert B. Warden, from 1854 to 1855. John Welch, from 1865 to 1878. William H. West, from 1872 to 1873. William White, from February 10, 1864, to March 12, 1883. Henry C. Whitman (First Commission), from February, 1876, to March 17, 1876. Horace Wilder, from 1863 to 1865. Marshall J. Williams, from 1887, died July, 1902. Reuben Wood, from. 1833 to 1847. D. Thew Wright (First Commission), from February, 1876, to Febru- ary, 1879. John C. Wright, from 1830 to 1835. Since February 9, 1885, much of the work formerly done by the Supreme Court in Annual Term, or in Bank, and all of the work formerly done by the District Courts, has been performed by the Circuit Court. I therefore append alphabetical lists of the Circuit Judges, according to their Circuits: THE FIRST CIRCUIT. * Joseph Cox, Cincinnati, February 9, 1885, to February 9, 1899. William S. Giffin, Cincinnati, 1899, in office. Ferdinand Jelke, Jr., Cincinnati, 1901, in office. James M. Smith, Lebanon, 1885 to 1901. Peter F. Swing, Batavia, 1885, in office. THE SECOND CIRCUIT. James I. Allread. Greenville, from February 9, 1895', to November 15, 1895. 358 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications, John A, Shauck, Dayton, from 1885 to February 9, 1895. Charles C. Shearer, Xenia, from 1887 to 1899. Gilbert H. Stewart, Columbus, from 1885 to 1895. Theodore Sullivan, Troy, from 1899, in office. Augustus N. Summers, Springfield, from 1895, in oifice. Marshall J. Williams, Washington C. H., from 1885 to 1887. Harrison Wilson, Sidney, from November 16, 1895, in office. THE THIRD CIRCUIT. Thomas Beer, Bucyrus, from February 9, 1885, to February 9, 1893. James H. Day, Celina, February 9, 1893, in office. Ebenezer Finley, Bucyrus, November 17, 1896, to February 9, 1897. William L. Mooney, St. Marys, February 9, 1901, in office. John J. Moore, Ottawa, February 9, 1885, to February 9, 1895. Caleb H. Norris Marion, February 9, 1897, in office. James L. Price, Lima, February 9, 1895 to February 9, 1901. John K. Rohn, Tiffin, September 8, 1896, to November 16, 1896. Henry W. Seney, Kenton, February 9, 1885, to September 7, 1896. THE FOURTH CIRCUIT. Joseph P. Bradbury, Pomeroy, from February 9, 1885, to February 9, 1889. . Thomas Cherrington, Ironton, from 1885, in office. Milton L. Clarke, Chillicothe, from 1885 to 1897. Thomas A. Jones, Jackson, from 1901, in office. Daniel A. Russell, Pomeroy, from 1889 to 1901. Hiram L. Sibley, Marietta, from 1897 to 1903. Festus Walters, Circleville, from 1903, in office. THE FIFTH CIRCUIT. John J. Adams, Zanesville, from February 9, 1895, to February 9, 1901. John W. Albaugh, Canton, 1895 to February 9, 1893. . George E. Baldwin, Canton, from October 5, 1895, to November 17, 1895. Maurice H. Donahue, New Lexington, from February 9, 1901, in office. Silas M. Douglas, Mansfield, from 1897 to 1903. Charles Follett, Newark, from 1885 to 1895. John W. Jenner, Mansfield, from 1885 to October 5, 1895. Charles H. Kibler, Newark, from November 18, 1895, to 1897. Thomas T. McCarty, Canton, from February 9, 1903, in office. Julius C. Pomerene, Coshocton, from February 9, 1893, to January, Ohio Centennial. 359, Martin L. Smyser, Wooster, from January 14, 1898, to November 15, 1898. John M. Swartz, Newark, from November 16, 1898, to February 9, 1899. Richard M. Voorhees, Coshocton,, from February 8, 1899, in office. THE SIXTH CIRCUIT. Charles C. Baldwin, : Cleveland, from, February 9, 1885, to Eighth Circuit. ' Charles S. Bentley, Bryan, from February 9, 1888, to 1895. George R. Haynes, Toledo, from February 9,; 1885, in office. , Linn W. Hull, Sandusky, from October 10, 1899, in office. Edmund B. King, Sandusky, from February 9, 1895, , to October 9, 1899. ' , ; ; . : ', Robert S. Parker, Bowling Green, from March 11, 1897,, in office. Charles H. Scribner, Toledo, from Febryary 9, 1888, to 1897./, William H. Upson, Akron, from February 9, 1885, to JEighth Circuit THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT, Jerome B. Burrows, Painesville, from December 30, 1895, in office. John M. Cook, Steubenville, from February 9, 1901, in office. William H. Frazier, Caldwell, from 1885 to 1901. Peter A. Lanbie, Salem, from 1885, in office. H. B. Woodbury, Jefferson, from 1885 to December, 1896. THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT. Charles C. Baldwin, Cleveland, from February 9, 1885, to 1895. Hugh C. Caldwell, Cleveland, from 1888 to 1903. John C. Hale, Cleveland, from 1893, in office. Ulysses L. Marvin, Akron, from February 18, 1895, in office. William H. Upson, Akron, from February 9,' 1885, to 1893. Louis H. Winch, Cleveland, from February 9, 1901, in office. The Judges of the Circuit Court each year elected one of their num« ber to act as Chief Justice of Ohio Circuit Courts, and Marshall J. Williams was chosen in 1885 and 1886. James M. Smith was chosen in 1887 and 1888. George R. Haynes was chosen in 1889 and 1890. Gilbert H. Stewart was chosen in 1891-2-3-4. Milton H. Clark was chosen in 1895. Charles C. Shearer was chosen in 1896 and 1897. James L. Price was chosen in 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901. . * Samuel M. Douglas was chosen in 1902. John C. Hale was chosen in 1903. Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. PRESIDENT JUDGES OF THE COURTS OF COMMON PLEAS- 1803-1852. Beers, John, First Circuit, 1850 to 1852. Belden, George W., Fifth Circuit, 1837 to 1844. Belt or Betts, Levin, Middle Circuit, 1804 to 1810. Birchard, Matthew, Third Circuit, 1833 to 1837. Bissell, Benjamin, Fourteenth Circuit, 1842 to 1849. Bliss, Philemon, Fourteenth Circuit, 1849 to 1852. Bowen, Ozias, Second Circuit, 1838 to 1852. Brough, Charles H., Ninth Circuit, 1849 to 1852. Brown, Archibald G., Eighth Circuit, 1851 to 1852. Caldwell, William B., Ninth Circuit, 1842 to 1849. Collett, Joshua, Seventh Circuit, 1818 to- 1829. Collins, George, Tenth Circuit, 1848 to 1852. Cowen, Benjamin Sprague, Fifteenth Circuit, 1847 to 1852. Cox, Levi, Eleventh District, 1848 to 1852. Crane, John H., First Circui'., 1817 to 1829. Dean, Ezra, Eleventh Circuf , 1834 to 1841. Dunlevy, Francis, Western Circuit, 1803 to 1817. Este, David K., Ninth Circuit, 1835 to 1842. Fishback, Owen T., Tenth Circuit, 1841 to 1848. Goode, Patrick G., Sixteenth Circuit, 1845 to 1852. Goodenow, John W., Ninth Circuit, 1833 to 1835. Grimke, Frederick, Sixth Circuit, 1830 to 1836. Halleck or Hallock, Jeremiah H., Fifth Circuit, 1823 to 1837. Hanna, John E., Eighth Circuit, 1840 to 1847. Harper, Alexander, Fourth Circuit, 1822 to 1836. Hart, Ralph S., Twentieth Circuit, 1851 to 1852. Helfenstein, William L., Seventh Circuit, 1836 to 1843. Hinckson, Benjamin, First Circuit, 1836 to 1843. •Holt, George B., First Circuit, 1829 to 1836 to 1843. Humphrey, Van R., Third Circuit, 1837 to 1844. Irvin, Thomas, Eighth Circuit, 1833 to 1840. Keith, John H., Sixth Circuit, 1836 to 1850. Kennon, William, Fifteenth Circuit, 1840 to 1847. Newton, Eben, Third Circuit, 1844 to 1847. Nye, Arius, Eighth Circuit, 1847 to 1852. Osborn, Ezra, Eighth Circuit, 1819 to 1838.. Parish, Orris, Sixth Circuit. 1816 to 1830. Parker, Jacob, Eleventh Circuit, 1841 to 1848. Pease, Calvin, Eastern Circuit. 1803 to 1810. Peck, William V., Seventeenth Circuit, 1848 to 1852. Pierce. John, Fifth Circuit. 1844 to 1852. Potter, Emory D., Thirteenth Circuit, 1839 to 1844. Ohio Centennial. 361 Price, John W., Tenth Circuit, 1834 to 1841. Probasco, John, Jr., Seventh Circuit, 1850 to 1852. Searle, Corrington W., Fourth Circuit, 1836 to 1847. Silliman, WylHs, Middle Circuit, 1803; declined. Slaughter, Robert F., Middle Circuit, 1805, impeached 1807. Stewart, James, Nineteenth Circuit, 1850 to 1852. Stillwell, Richard, Fourth Circuit, 1847 to 1852. Swan, Joseph Rockwell, Twelfth Circuit, 1834 to 1846. Tappan, Benjamin, Fifth Circuit, 1816 to 1823. Thompson, John, Western — Second Circuit, 1810 to 1824. Tilden, Myron H., Thirteenth Circuit, 1844 to 1851. Tod, George, Third Circuit, 1816 to 1830. Torbert, James L.. Twelfth Circuit, 1846 to 1852. Torrence, George Paul, Ninth Circuit, 1819 to 1833. Vance, Elijah, Seventh Circuit, 1843 to 1850. Wade. Benjamin Franklin, Third Circuit, 1847 to 1851. Warden, Robert B., Ninth Circuit, 1850 to 1852. Way, George B., Eighteenth Circuit, 1848 to 1852. Whitman, Henry C, Sixth Circuit, 1850 to 1852. Willey, John W., Fourteenth Circuit, 1840 to 1842. Wilson, William, Fourth Circuit, 1808 to 1822. Wood, Reuben, Third Circuit, 1830 to 1833. JUDGES OF COMMON PLEAS SINCE FEBRUARY 9, 1852. Abernathy, Isaac N., Fifth District, Circleville, February, 1890, to February, 1895. Adams, John, Sixth District, Mount Vernon, February, 1872, to February, 1882. Allread, James I., Second District, Greenville, February, 1902, in office. Alexander, Robert J., Eighth District, St. Clairsville, February, 1852, to February, 1857. Allen, William, Second District, January, 1866, to February, 1867. Ambler, Jacob A., Ninth District, Salem, October, 1859, to February, 1867. Ambler, Ralph S., Ninth District, Carrolton, 1901, in office. Armstrong, S. A., Third District, Celina, January, 1899, in office. Arrell, George F., Ninth District, Youngstown, September, 1880, to February, 1887. Ashburn, Thomas Q., Fifth District, Batavia, February, 1869, to March, 1876. Avery, William L., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1871, to October, 1884. Babcock, William A., Fourth District, Cleveland, 1902, in office. 362 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Badger, DeWitt C, Fifth District, Columbus, May, 1893, to February, 1903. ^ Baldwin, William H., Second District, February, 1855, to October, 1855. Ball, William H., Eighth District, Zanesville, August, 1879, to August, 1884. Bannon, James W., Seventh District, Portsmouth, October, 1884, to February, 1887. Barber, Gershom, Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1875, to November, 1885. Barber, Jason A., Fourth District, Toledo, February, 1897, in office. Barlow, Moses, Second District, Xenia, February, 1874, to February, 1879. Bates, Clement, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1871, to Oc- tober. 1884. Bates, James L., Fifth District, Columbus, February, 1852, to Feb- ruary, 1862. Beacom, Madison W., Fourth District, Cleveland, 1902, in office. Beebe, Judson A., Sixth District, Mansfield, October, 1873, to Sep- tember, 1874. Beer, Thomas, Third and Tenth Districts, Bucyrus, November, 1874, to October, 1884. Belden, Edgar A., Second District, Hamilton, February, 1902, in office. Belden, George W., Ninth District, February, 1852, to October, 1855. Bigger, Thomas M., Fifth District, Columbus, February, 1897, in office. Billingsly, Nathan B., Ninth District, Lisbon, April, 1893, to Decem- ber, 1895. Bingham, Edwin F., Fifth District, Columbus, May, 1873, to April, 1887. Bishop, Jesse P., February, 1857, to February, 1862. Blandin, E. J., Fourth District, Cleveland, September, 1882, to Sep- tember, 1887. Bolton, Thomas F., Fourth District, February, 1862, to February, 1867. Bostwick, Samuel W., Eighth District, October, 1854, to February, 1862. Bowersox, Charles A., Third District, Bryan, December, 1883, to October, 1884. Boynton, W. W., Fourth District, Elyria, February, 1869, to October, 1877. Bradbury, Joseph P., Seventh District, Pomeroy, October, 1875, to January, 1885. Briggs, Robert M., Fifth District, October, 1858, to October, 1863. Ohio Centennial. 363 Bright, Samuel, Seventh District, Logan, November, 1887, to Novem- ber, 1888. Brown, Orrin Britt, Second District, Dayton, November, 1896, in. office. Brumbach, Jefferson, Sixth District, Newark, February, 1867, to- October, 1869. Buchwalter, M. L., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1882, to February, 1897. Buckingham, Jerome, Sixth District, Newark, October, 1869, to Oc- tober, 1870; April, 1888, to April, 1893. Buckland, Horace S., Fourth District, Fremont, May, 1896, in office. Burgess, George D., Second District, Troy, February, 1877, to De- cember, 1877. Burke, Stevenson, Fourth District, Akron, February, 1862, to Jan- uary, 1872. Burnet, Jacob J., First District, Cincinnati, November, 1871, to February, 1882. Cadwell, Darius, Fourth District, Cleveland, February, 1874, to Feb- ruary, 1884. Cadwell, James P., Ninth District, Jefferson, January 1901, died November 12, 1902. Caldwell, John A., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1902, in office. Campbell, J. W., Eighth District, Cambridge, October, 1884, to Feb- ruary, 1892. Campbell, Robert M., Sixth District, Ashland, February, 1899, in office. Canfield, Delos W., Ninth District, Chardon, October, 1875, to Feb- ruary, 1877: February, 1885, to 1900. Canfield, Milton C, Ninth District, Chardon, February, 1872, to- February, 1875. Canfield, William H., Fourth District. Carpenter, James, Fourth District, February, 1857, to February, 1862. Carter, A. G. W., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1852, to Feb- ruary, 1862. Cartright, John, Seventh District, February, 1875, to October, 1884. Chaffee, Norman L., Ninth District, Jefferson, February, 1862, to- February, 1872. Chambers, Robert E., Eighth District, St. Clairsville, February, 1872,. to February, 1877. Chambers, William, Eighth District, Cambridge, April, 1892, to= April, 1902. Church, John W., Ninth District, February, 1859, to February, 1864, Clark, James, Second District, February, 1855, to October, 1857. Clark, John, Ninth District, October, 1855, to February, 1857. 364 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Clark, John C, Second District, Greenville, May, 1893, to May, Clark, Milton, Second District, Lebanon, December, 1895, in office. Coffinberry, James M., Fourth District, Cleveland. Cole, Henry M., Second District, Greenville, May, 1898, in office. Cole, Philander B., Third District, Marysville, February, 1872, to February, 1877. Collins, Henry, Seventh District, Manchester, February, 1902, in office. Collins, Isaac, First District, Cincinnati, October, 1859, to February, 1862. Collins, William A., Fourth District, Toledo, February, 1870, to Feb- ruary, 1875. Commanger, D. H., Fourth District, Toledo, March, 1883, to October, 1889. Conant, Philo B., Ninth District, Ravenna, November, 1868, to No- vember, 1878. Conklin, Jacob S., Third District, Sidney, October, 1864, to Feb- ruary, 1872. Connor, John S., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1882, to Feb- ruary, 1887. Convers, Charles C, Eighth District, Zanesville, October, 1854, to October, 1855. Corwin, Ichabod, Second District, Urbana, February, 1867, to 1872. Coultrap, Henry W., Seventh District, McArthur, January, 1895. Courtright, Samuel W., Fifth District, Circleville, May, 1875, to May, 1880. Cowen, Allen T., Fifth District, Batavia, October, 1876, to October, Cowen, Daniel D. T., Eighth District, St. Clairsville, September, 1865, to December, 1865. Cox, Joseph, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1867, to February, 1882. Coyner, George, Sixth District, Delaware, 1902, in office. Grain, Martin, Seventh District, October, 1867, to February, 1872. Crew, William B., Eighth District, McConnelsville, February, 1892, tto July, 1902. Cross, Nelson, First District, Cincinnati, May, 1854, to October, 1854. Cunningham, W. H., Third District, Lima, February, 1899, in office, Davies, William D., Third District, Sidney, February, 1901, to No- vember, 1901. Davis, David, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1897, to February, 1902. Davis, Frank, Fifth District, New Richmond, October, 1888, to Oc- tober, 1898. Ohio Centennial. 365 Davis, William D., Third District, Sidney, February, 1901, incum- bent. Day, J. H., Third District, Celina, February. 1880, to September, 1892. Day, Luther, Ninth District, Ravenna, February, 1852, to February, 1857. Day, William R., Ninth District, Canton, April, 1868, to December,. 1886. Dean, E. V., Seventli District, Ironton, September, 1884, to October, 1884. Dellenbaugh, F. E., Fourth District, Cleveland, 1895, to November, 1901. De Steiguer, Rudolph, Seventh, Athens, February, 1885, to February. 1897. Dever, Noah J., Seventh District, Portsmouth, February, 1887, to February, 1897. Dewett, James L., Fourth District, Sandusky, February, 1887, died 1890. Dickey, Alfred S., Fifth District, Lydon, January, 1858, to February, 1872. Dickey, Jabez, Sixth District, Mt. Gilead, October, 1882, to February, 1889. Dickey, Moses R., Sixth District, Mansfield, February, 1877, to Feb- ruary, 1882. Dilatush, Walter A., Second District, Lebanon, February, 1892, to September, 1895. Dillon, Edmond B., Fifth District, Columbus, 1903, in office. Dirlam, Darius, Sixth District, Mansfield, February, 1872. Dissette, Thomas K., Fourth District, Cleveland, December, 1894, incumbent. Doan, Azariah W., Second District, Wilmington, April, 1875, to May, 1890. Dodge, Henry H., Third and Tenth Districts, Perrysburg, February, 1878, to February, 1888. Donnelly, Michael, Third District, Napoleon, May, 1899, in office. Douglas, J. C, Fifth District, Chillicothe, February, 1894, in office. Dow, Duncan, Tenth District, Bellefontaine, February, 1897, in office. Dowell, Edward S., Sixth District, Wooster, 1888, to November, 1896. Downing, Joseph H., Sixth District, December, 1866, 5 days. .Dresbach, Charles, Fifth District, Circleville, February 9, 1903, in office. Doyle, John H., Fourth District, Toledo, October, 1879, to March, 1883. Du, Hadaway Porter, Seventh District, Jackson. February, 1874. .'366 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Duncan, Thomas E., Sixth District, Mt. Gilead, April, 1882, to Oc- tober, 1882; February, 1892, to February, 1899. Duncan, Thomas J., Fifth District, Columbus, February, 1887, to February, 1897. Duncan, William F., Tenth District, Findlay, August, 1902, in office. Dunn, Andrew K., Sixth District, Mt. Gilead, September, 1876, to February, 1877. Dustin, Charles W., Second District, Dayton, July, 1896. Dwyer, Dennis, Second District, Dayton, July, 1886, to July, 1896. Eason^ Samuel B., Sixth District, Wooster, February; 1898, in office. Elliott, Henderson, Second District, Dayton, November, 1871, to November, 1896. Evans, Charles, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1887, to Feb- ruary, 1897. Evans, Ezra E., Eighth District, Zanesville, February, 1862, to December, 1866. Evans, Eli P., Fifth District, Columbus, May, 1878, in office. Evans, Marcus G., Fifth District, Columbus, November, 1902, in •office. Evans, Nathan, Eighth District, Cambridge, February, 1859, to Feb- ruary, 1864.* Evans, William Edgar, Fifth District, ChilHcothe, July, 1886, to Pebruary, 1894. Ewing, Philemon B., Seventh District, Lancaster, March, 1862, to November, 1862. Finch, Sherman, Sixth District, Delaware, February, 1857, to Feb- ruary, 1862. Finefrock, Thomas P., Fourth District, Fremont, October, 1874, to October, 1879. Fisher, Elam, Second District, Eaton, November, 1894, in office. Fitch, John, Fourth District, November, 1854, to 1870. Follett, Charles, Sixth District, Newark, October, 1870, to February, 1877. Foote, Horace, Fourth District, Cleveland, February, 1854, to Feb- ruary, 1874. Force, Manning F., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1887, to February, 1897. Ford, Simpson S., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1900, in •office. Frazier, Alfred A., Eighth District, Zanesville, August, 1899, in office. Frazier, William H.,. Eighth District, Caldwell, October, 1871, to October, 1884. Frease, Joseph, Ninth District, Canton, February, 1867, to February, 1877. Ohio Centennial. 367 French, James J., Fourth District, Cleveland, October, 1874, to Oc- tober, 1875. Fries, Edward M., Tenth District, North Baltimore, 1902. Friesner, John S., Seventh District, Logan, December, 1879. Fulton, R. C, Second District, Urbana, December, 1872, to 1877. Geddes, George W., Sixth District, Mansfield, February, 1857, to October, 1866; December, 1808, to November, 1873. Geiger, Levi, Second District, Urbana, November, 1889, to Novem- ber, 1894. Giffen, William S., Second District, Hamilton, November, 1892, to February, 1902. ' . Gill, John S., Sixth District, Delaware, February, 1892, to February, 1897. Gillmer, Thomas I., Ninth District, Warren, December, 1886, to 1901. Gilmore, James A., Second District, Eaton, March, 1879, to May, 1884. Gilmore, William J., Second District, Eaton, November, 1858, to February, 1862. Given, William, Sixth District, February, 1859, to February, 1864. Glenn, Hiram C., Third District, Van Wert, October, 1892, to De- cember, 1892. Glidden, C. E., Ninth District, Warren, February, 1862, to February, 1867; October, 1871, to February, 1872. Goode, James S., Second District, Springfield, April, 1875. Granger, Moses M., Eighth District, Zanesville, December, 10, 1866, to October, 9, 1871. Gray, Thomas M., Fifth District, Washington C. H., February, 1874, to January, 1876. Greene, Edwin P., Fourth District, Akron, October, 1883, to 1891. Green, John L., Fifth District, Columbus, February, 1867, to Feb- ruary, 1872. Greene, John L., Fourth District, Fremont, October, 1861, to Janu- ary, 1864. Gregg, Ace, Fifth District, Washington C. H., November, 1880, died 1894. Groghan, James R., Seventh District, September, 1866, to November, 1866. Guthrie, Erastus A., Seventh District,, Athens, February, 1865, to October, 1875. Hagan, Francis M., Second District, Springfield, April, 1875. Hale, John C, Fourth District, Elyria, February, 1877, to 1883. Hall, Lawrence, Third District, February, 1852, to February, 1857. Hall, Theodore, Ninth District, Jefferson, November, 1902, in office. Hamilton, E. T., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1875, to 1895. i Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Hance, Joseph C, Eighth District, New Philadelphia, February, 1882, to February, 1892. Handy, William H., Third District, Wauseon, February, 1885. Hanna, John E., Eighth District, McConnelsville, September, 1854, to October, 1854. Harlan, Robert B., Second District, October, 1885. Harman, Guilbert, Fourth District, Toledo, October, 1899, in office. Harman Judson, First District, Cincinnati, October, 1875. Harper, John J., Seventh District, Portsmouth, February, 1872, to February, 1882. Hart, Ralph S., Second District, February, 1852, to February, 1857. Harter, Henry W., Ninth District, Canton, February, 1903, in office. Hastings, W. K., Seventh District, Jackson, March, 1872, to Feb- ruary, 1874. Hawes, James E., Second District, February, 1852, to February, 1855. Hayden, George, Fourth District, Medina, January, 1901, in office. Haynes, Abner, Second District, Xenia, February, 1879, to February, 1889. Haynes, George R., Fourth District, Toledo, November, 1883. Headington, Nicholas, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1862, to February, 1867. Hebard, David B., Seventh District, January, 1875, to October, 1875. Heiserman, C. B., Second District, Urbana, November, 1894, resigned 1901. Heisley, John W., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1885, to February, 1889. Hidy, Joseph, Fifth District, Washington C. H., February, 1899, in office. Hitchcock, Reuben, Ninth District, February, 1852, to February, 1855. Hoffman, Benjamin F., Ninth District, February, 1857, to February, 1862. Hole, Warren W., Ninth District, Salem, November, 1900, in office. Hollingsworth, J. W., Eighth District, St. Clairsville, February, 1897, in office. Hollister, Howard C, First District, Cincinnati, December, 1893, to February, 1903. Howland, William P., Ninth District, Jefferson, December, 1892, died 1900. Hoyt, Thaddeus E., Ninth District, Jefferson, September, 1884, to October, 1884. Hubbard, William H., Third District, Defiance, February, 1897, in office. Huffman, Joseph G., Seventh District, New Lexington, December, 1889, died 1896. Ohio Centennial. 369 Huggins, Henry M., Fifth District, Hillsboro, February, 1882, to February, 1892. Hughes, Charles M., Third District, Lima. February. 1879, to Feb- ruary, 1889. Hull, Lynn W , Fourth District, Sandusky. February, 1897, to June 1899. Hume, Alexander F., Second District, Hamilton, January, 18G0, to January, 1805 ; January, 1875, to February, 1887. Humphreyville, Samuel, Fourth District. February, 1852, to Feb.- . ruary, 1857. Hunter, Samuel M., Sixth District, Newark, February, 1877, to Feb- ruary, 1887. Hurd, Rollin C, Sixth District, Mt. \'ernon, February, 1852, to February, 1857. Huston. Alexander B., First District, Cincinnati, October, 1884, to February, 1887. Hutchins. John C, Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1892, to November, 1895. Irvine, Clark, Sixth District, Mt. Vernon, February. 1887, to Feb- ruary, 1892. Jackson, Abner M., Third District, Bucyrus, February, 1872, to August, 1874. Jackson, Abner M., Tenth District. Kenton, February, 1890, to Feb- ruary, 1895. James, William D., Seventh District, Waverly, February, 1894, to February, 1899. Jelke. Jr., Ferdinand. First District, Cincinnati. February. 1897. to February, 1901. Jevvett, Thomas L., Eighth District, Stcubcnville, February, 1852, to October, 1854. Johnson, George F., Ninth District, Ravenna. February. 1893, in office. Johnson. William W.. Seventh District, Ironton, February, 1859, to March, 1872. Johnston, James E., Seventh District, February 1896, to November, 1896. Johnston, Joseph R.. Ninth District. Youngstown, February, 1887, to February, 1897. Johnston, Robert A., First District. Cincinnati, November, 1876, to November, 1886. Jones, James M., Fourth District, Cleveland. November. 1875, to November, 1880; February. 1882. to February. 1887. Jones. Davis W., Seventh District. Gallipolis, July, 1898, in office. Jones. John David. Sixth District. Newark. February, 1897, in office. c. c. 24 370 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Jones, Thomas C, Sixth District, Delaware, February, 1862, to Feb- ruary, 1872. Jones, Waher D., Second District, Piqua, February, 1889, in office. Kelly, Malcolm, Fourth District, Port Clinton, February, 1892. Kelly, St. Clair, Eighth District, St. Clairsville, November, 1871, to February, 1872; February, 1882, to February. 1887. Kennedy, Edwin M., Eighth District, McConnelsville, November, 1902, in office. Kennedy, James B., Ninth District, Youngstown, February, 1897, resigned 1899. Kennedy, Thomas M., Fourth District, Cleveland, 1902, in office. Kennon, Jr., William, Eighth District, St. Clairsville, November, 1865, resigned 1867. Kinney, Thomas J., Sixth District, Ashland, September, 1874, died 1882. Kincade, R. R., Fourth District,^ Toledo, February, 1900, in office. Knowles, Samuel S., Seventh District, Marietta, October, 1875, to July, 1883. Kohler. Jacob A., Fourth District, Akron, May, 1896, in office. Kumler, Alvin W-, Second District, Dayton, November, 1896, in office. Kumler, Phil H., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1887, to Feb- ruary, 1897. Lamson, Alfred W., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1885, to November, 1900. Lane, William G., Fourth District, Sandusky, February, 1873, to December, 1877. Latty, Alexander S., Third District, Defiance, February, 1857, to February, 1862; February, 1872, to February, 1877. Laubie, Peter A., Ninth District, Salem, November, 1875, to Feb- ruary, 1885. Lawrence, James, Fourth District, Cleveland, 1902, in office. Lawrence, William, Third District. Bellefontaine, February, 1857, resigned 1864. Lee, Eusebius, Ninth District, February. 1875, to October, 1875. Lemert, Charles C, Tenth District, Kenton, November, 1902, in office. Lemmon, R. C, Fourth District. Toledo,. October, 1874, to February, 1895. Lemon, John M., Fourth District, Clyde, May, 1886, to November, 1887. Lewis, George W., Fourth District, Medina, September, 1883, to February, 1892. Lincoln, George, Fifth District, London, February, 1880, to Feb- ruary, 1890. Ohio Centennial. 371 Littleford, William, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1901, in office. Lockvvood, William F., Fourth District, Toledo, November, 1878, to February, 1892. Logue, J. T., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1895, died 1900. Longvvorth, Nicholas, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1877, to February, 1882. Loomis, William B., Seventh District, Marietta, July, 1868, to July, 1873. Loudon, DcWitt C, Fifth District, Georgetown, 1881, to February, 1892. Mackenzie, James, Third District, Lima, February, 1869, to Feb- ruary, 1879. Mackey, John, Fourth District, Sandusky, May, 1880, to February, 1887. Mackey, J. H., Eighth District, Cambridge, April, 1902, in office. McCarty, Thomas T., Ninth District, Canton, February, 1892, to 1902. McCauley. John. Tenth District, Tiffin, February, 1880, to April 17, 1883. McClure, Samuel W., Fourth District, Akron, May, 1871, to May, 1876. McClcary, Charles W., Seventh District, Lancaster, August, 1900, to November, 1900. McCray, H. L., Sixth District, Ashland, November, 1888, to Feb- ruary, 1894. McElroy, Charles H., Sixth District, Delaware, February, 1882, to February, 1892. McGinniss, James M., Eighth District, Caldwell, July, 1902, to No- vember, 1902. Mcllvaine, George W., Eighth District, New Philadelphia, February, 1862, to January, 1871. McKenny. John C, Second District, Greenville, May, 1868, to Oc- tober, 1872. McKinney, Henry, Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1880, to 1888. McMaith, Jesse H., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1875, to November, 1880. Mallon, Patrick, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1857. Mansfield, John A., Eighth District, Steubenville, February, 1892. Markley, John M., Fifth District, Georgetown, February, 1897, in office. Marsh, Lucius P., Eighth District, Zanesville, October, 1856, to Feb- ruary, 1862 ; Augu.st, 1871, to August, 1879. 372 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Marvin, Ulysses L., Fourth District, Akron, May, 1883, to October, 1883. Matthers, Hugh T., Third District, Sidney, November, 1901, in office. Matthews, Stanley, First District, Cincinnati, January, 1852. re- signed. Mathews, S. R., First District, Cincinnati, December, 1883, to De- cember, 1888. Maxwell, John T., Sixth District, Millersburg, February, 1897, in office. Maxwell, Samuel N., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1882, to February, 1892. May, Manuel, Sixth District, Mansfield, October, 1882, to February, 1892. Maynard, H. B., Fifth District, Washington C. H., April, 1894, to 1899. Means, Thomas, Eighth District, Steubenville, October, 1854, to October, 1855. Meeker, David L., Second District, Dayton, February, 1801, resigned 1866; October, 1872, to May, 1883; Greenville, May, 1885, to May, 1893. Melhorn, Charles W., Tenth District, Kenton, February, 1895. died November 1, 1902. Metcalf, Benjamin F., Third District, Lima, February, 1852, to February, 1857; November, 1858, died 1865. Metcalf, Willis S.,' Ninth District, Chafdon, January, 1901, in office. Meyer, Seraphim, Ninth District, Canton, February. 1877, to Feb- ruary, 1892. Middleton, Evan P., Second District, Urbana, September. 1901, in office. Middleton, W. H., Seventh District, Waverly, February, 1899, in office. Miller, John C, Second District, Springfield, December, 1890, to 1900. Miller, John H., Eighth District, Steubenville. January, 1871, to February, 1877. Mills, Grayson, Fourth District, Sandusky, 1890, to February, 1892. Milner, John C, Seventh District, Portsmouth, February, 1897. in office. Minshall, Thaddeus A.. Fifth District, Chillicothe, October, 1876, to January, 1886. Mooney, W. T., Third District, St. Mary's, December. 1892, to Feb- ruary, 1901. Moore, Frederick W., First District, Cincinnati, December, 1878, to December, 1883. Moore, John J., Third District, Ottawa, May, 1879, to February, 1886. Ohio Centennial. 378 Morris, Lindley W., Fourth District, Toledo, October, 1894, in office. Mott, Chester R., Tenth District, Upper Sandusky. February, 1867, to February, 187-^. Mower, Jacob K., Second District, Springfield, October, 1900, in office. Munger. Edward H., Second District, Xenia, 1868, to February, 1872. Munson. Gilbert D., Eighth District, Zanesville, August, 1894, to August, 1899. Murdock. Charles C, First District, Cincinnati, February, 1862, to February, 1877. Murphy, John P., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1897,' in office. Nash, Simeon, Seventh District, Gallipolis, February, 1852, to Feb- ruary, 1862. Neff, W. B., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1895, in office. Neilan, John F., Second District, Hamilton, February, 1897, to February, 1902. Newby, Cyrus, Fifth District, Hillsboro, February, 1902, in office. Nicholas, John D., Sixth District, Wooster, February, 1887, to Feb- ruary, 1897. Nichols, William A.. Ninth District, October, 1885, to November, 1895. Noble, Conway, Fourth District, Cleveland. November, 1887, to November, 1897. Norris. Caleb H., Tenth District. Marion, October, 1884, to Feb- ruary, 1897. Norris. Shepherd F., Fifth District, Batavia. February, 1852, to February, 1862. Nye. David J., Fourth District, Elyria, February. 1892, to February, 1902. Okey, John W., Eighth District, Woodsfield, February, 1857, to August, 1865. Okey. William. Eighth District. Woodsfield, February, 1877, to Feb- ruary, 1882. Olds, Joseph. Fifth District. Circleville. May. 1868, to May, 1873. Oliver. Melancthon W., First District. Cincinnati, February, 1857^ to October, 1869. O'Neall. Joseph W.. Second District. Lebanon, February, 1885, to February. 1891. Ong. Walter C, Fourth District. Cleveland, February, 1894, to Feb- ruary. 1899. Osborn, William. Sixth District. Ashland, October, 1866, to Feb- ruary. 1872. Otis. Lucius B., Fourth District. February, 1852, to February, 1857. 374 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Outcalt, Miller, First District, Cincinnati, December, 1888, to De- cember, 1893. Owen, Selwyn N., Third District, Bryan, February, 1877, to 1883. Palmer, John K., Third District, February, 1852, to February, 1857, Parker, James. First District, Cincinnati, May, 1854. Parrott, John S., Fifth District, Batavia, October, 1898, in office. Parsons, Sr., Charles C, Sixth District, Wooster, February, 1877, to February, 1888. Parsons, Ebenezer, Second District, February, 1857, to February, 1867. Patrick, Jr., James, Eighth District, New Philadelphia, February, 1877, to February, 1882. Payne, Robert T., Fourth District, Cleveland,. May, 1869, to May, 1874. Pearce, John S., Eighth District, Cadiz, April, 1882, to April, 1892. Pease, Anson, Ninth District, Canton, February, 1882, to February, 1892. Peck, William V., Seventh District, Portsmouth, February, 1852, to February, 1859. Pendleton, George F., Tenth District, Findlay, 1883, to February, 1890. Pennewell, Charles E., Fourth District, Norwalk. October, 1869, to October, 1874; October, 1892, to November, 1892. Pfleger, Otto, First District, Cincinnati, December, 1898, in office. Phelps, Edwin M., Third District, St. Mary's, May, 1869. Phillips, George L., Eighth District, Zanesville, August, 1884, to August, 1894. Phillips, George L., Fourth District, Cleveland, January, 1901, in . office. Piatt, Don, First District, Cincinnati. April 1852, to October, 1852. Pike, Louis H., Fourth District, Toledo, November, 1883, to No- vember, 1888. Pillars, James, Third and Tenth Districts, Tiffin, May, 1868, to May, 1878. Plants, Jacob S., Tenth District. Plants, Tobias A., Seventh District, Pomeroy. July, 1873. resigned 1875. Pomerene, Celsus, Sixth District, Millersburg, November, 1897, to February, 1898. Pope, Leroy, Second District, Wilmington, February, 1869, to Feb- ruary, 1874. Porter, John L., Third and Tenth Districts, Marysville, February, 1877, to February, 1882. Potter, Lyman W., Ninth District, February, 1857, resigned 1859. Ohio Centennial. - 375 Pratt, Charles, Fourth District, Toledo, February, 1895, to Feb- ruary, 1900. Prentiss, Samuel, Fourth District, Cleveland, February, 1867, to February, 1882. Price, John A., Tenth District, Bellefontaine, February, 1882, to February, 1897. Pugh, David F., Fifth District, Columbus, April, 1887, to 1898. Pugsley, Isaac P., Fourth District, Toledo, November, 1888. Raley, Robert, Ninth District, Carrolton, November, 1887, died 1889. Rathmell, Frank, Fifth District, Columbus, 1903, in office. Reed, Charles S., Fourth District, Sandusky, February, 1899, in office. Reed. William, Sixth District, Millersburg, February, 1857, resigned 1866. Reeves, John G., Seventh District, Lancaster. November, 1900, in office. Richards, Rees G., Eighth District, Steubenville, February, 1902, in office. Richie, John E., Third District, Lima, February, 1889, to February, 1899. Ridgely, John H., Tenth District, Tiffin, May, 1888, to May, 1893. Robertson, Charles D., First District, Cincinnati, December, 1883, to December, 1888. Robinson, George, Ninth District, Ravenna, April, 1888, in office. Rogers, Disney, Ninth District, Youngstown, September, 1899, in office. Rogers, William A., Second District, Springfield, February, 1852, resigned 1855. Rose. O. W., Third District, Lima, February, 1889. to February, 1899. Rouse, Birdseye W.. Fourth District, Toledo, May, 1876. to May, 1881. Runyan, J. A., Second District, Lebanon. 1891. to February. 1892. Russell, F. C, Seventh District, Pomeroy. January, 1885. to Octo- ber,. 1885. Saflford, William H., Fifth District, Chillicothe, February. 1869, to February, 1874. Sample, William, Sixth District, Coshocton, February, 1852, to Feb- ruary. 1857. Sanders, William B., Fourth District. Toledo. May, 1871, resigned 1874. Sater, John W.. Second District, Greenville. May. 1883, to May, 1888. Sauers, Enos S., Eighth District, New Philadelphia, September, 1899, to November, 1899. 376 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Savage, William W., Second District, Wilmington, May, 1900, died 1903. Sayler, John R., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1892, to Feb- ruary, 1897. Schaufelberger. J. W., Tenth District, Tiffin, May, 1893, resigned 1902. Scroggy, Thomas E., Second District, Xenia, February, 1899, in office. Searle, Corrington W., Eighth District, Zanesville, October, 1855, to October, 1850. Seney, George E., Third and Tenth Districts, October, 1857. Seney, Joshua R., Fourth District, Cleveland, February, 1888, re- signed 1889. Seward, Charles W.. Sixth District, Newark, 1902, in office. Servis. Francis C. Ninth District, Canfield, February, 1877, to March, 1877. Shallenbarger, James M., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1901, in office. Sheets, John M., Third District, Wauseon, May, 1894, to May, 1899. Sherman, Laban S., Ninth District, Jefferson, February, 1877, to February, 1892. Sherwood, William E., Fourth District, Cleveland, January, 1890, died 1892. Shotwell. Walter G.. Eighth District, Cadiz, November, 1899, in office. Shroder, Jacob. First District, Cincinnati, February, 1887, to Feb- ruary, 1892. Sibley, Hiram L., Seventh District, Marietta, July, 1883, to Jan- uary, 1897. Sloan, James. Fifth District, January, 1857, resigned 1858. Sloane, Felix G., Second District, Wilmington, April, 1903, in office. Slough, Tall, Seventh District, Lancaster, November, 1888, died 1900. Smalley, Allen C Tenth District, Upper Sandusky, April, 1890, to April, 1900. Smith, Fayette, First District, Cincinnati, December, 1878, to De- cember, 1883. Smith, George T.. Second District, February. 1859, to February, 1869. Smith, Horace L., Second District, Xenia, February, 1889, to Feb- ruary, 1899. Smith, James M., Second District, Lebanon, February, 1872, to February. 1885. Smith, Philip M.. Ninth District, Wellsville, December, 1895, to 1900. Ohio Centennial. 377 Smith, Samuel W., Jr., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1897, in office. Snook, William H., Third District, Paulding, February, 1892, to February, 1897. Solders, George B.. Fourth District, Cleveland, February. 1889, to February, 1899. Spear, William T., Ninth District, Warren, October, 1878. to Feb- ruary, 1886. Spiegel, Fred S., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1897, in office. Stallo, John B., First District, Cincinnati, February, 18-52, resigned 1854. Stanley, George W., Second District, Lebanon, October, 1895, to December, 1895. Starkweather, Samuel, Fourth District, February, 1852, to Feb- ruary, 1857. Steele, Samuel F., Fifth District, Hillsboro, February, 1872, to Feb- ruary, 1882. Stewart, James, Sixth District, February, 1883, to 1888. Stillwell, Wellington, Sixth District, Millersburg, February, 1867, to February, 1877. Stilwell, Richard, Eighth District, Zanesville, February, 1852, re- signed 1854. Stone, Carlos M., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1890, in office. Stone. Walter F., Fourth District, Sandusky, December, 1866, re- signed 1873. Strimple, Theodore L., Fourth District, Cleveland, February, 1899. in office. Strong. Luther M., Tenth District, Kenton, April, 1883, to October, 1883. Sullivan. Theodore, Second District, Troy, February, 1892, resigned 1899. Sutphen. Silas T., Third District. Defiance, October, 1884, to Feb- ruary, 1892. Taggart. Frank, Sixth District, December, 1890. to November, 1897. Tarbell, David, Fifth District, Georgetown, June, 1871, to June, 1881. Taylor. Ezra B., Ninth District, Warren, March, 1877, resigned 1880. Taylor. Frank, Tenth District, North Baltimore. April. 1898, in office. Taylor. Isaac H., Ninth District. Carrollton, October. 1889, resigned 1901. Taylor, Sebastian, Fourth District, February, 1857, to February, 1867. I 378 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Theyes, Albert A., Ninth District, Warren, February, 1886, to De- cember, 1886. Thompson, Albert C, Seventh District, Portsmouth, February, 1882,. to October, 1884. Thompson, James H., Fifth District, October, 1881, to February, 1882. Tibbals, Newell D., Fourth District, Akron, May, 1876, to October, 1883. Tilden, Duane H., Fourth District, Cleveland, 1902, in office. Tobias, James C, Tenth District, Bucyrus, February, 1897, in office. Towne, Henry A., Seventh District, Portsmouth, 1869. Tripp, James M., Seventh District, Jackson. February, 1879, to February, 1894. Tuttle, George M., Ninth District, Warren, February, 1867, to Feb- ruary. 1872. Tyler, Julian H., Fourth District, Toledo, February, 1902, in office. Van Der Veer, Ferdinand, Second District. Hamilton. February, 1887, died 1892. Van Hamm, Washington, First District, Cincinnati, October, 1854. Van Meter. John M., Fifth District, Chillicothe, January, 1876, to October, 1876. Van Peet, David B., Second District. Wilmington, May, 1890, to May, 1900. Van Trump. Philadelphus, Seventh District, Lancaster, November,. 1862, to August, 1866. Voorhees, Carolus F., Sixth District, Millersburg, February, 1878, to February. 1883. ' Voris. Alvin C, Fourth District. Akron. December, 1890, to May, 1896. Waight. John B., Sixth District, Mt. Vernon. February, 1892, to February, 1897. Wallace. Jonathan H., Ninth District, February, 1885, to October, 1885. Walters, Festus, Fifth District, Circleville, February, 1895. to Feb- ruary, 1903. Warden, Robert B., First District, Cincinnati, February. 1852, re- signed 1852. Warnock, William R., Second District, Urbana, November. 1879, to November, 1889. Watson, Cooper K.. Fourth District, Sandusky, February, 1876. died 1880. Way, John S., Eighth District, Woodsfield, October, 1807. died 1871. Webber, Amos R., Fourth District, Elyria, February, 1902, in office. Welch. John, Seventh District, Athens, February, 1862, to February^ 1865. Ohio Centennial. 379 Welker, Martin, Sixth District, Wooster, February, 1852, to Feb- ruary, 1857. White, Charles R., Second District, Springfield, May, 1885, died 1890. White, William, Second District, Springfield, February, 1857, re- signed 1864. Whiteley, M. C, Third District, February, 1857, to February, 1802. Whitman, Henry C, Seventh District, Lancaster, February, 1852, resigned March, 1862. Wickham, Charles P., Fourth District, Toledo, May. 1881, to May^ 1886. Wickham, Emmet M., Sixth District, Delaware, February, 1897, in office. Wilder, Eli T., Ninth District, April, 1855, to October, 1855. Wilder, Horace, Ninth District, October, 1855, to February, 1862. Wildman, Samuel A., Fourth District, Norwalk, February, 1891, in office. Williams, Curtis C„ Fifth District. Columbus, May. 1898, in office. Williams, Henry H., Second District, Troy. December, 1877, to De- cember, 1882. Williamson, Samuel F., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1880, resigned 1882. Wilson, John L., Second District. Lebanon, February, 1885, to October, 1885. Wilson, Moses F., First District, Cincinnati, February, 1892, to February, 1897. Wilson, William M., Second District, October, 1857, to November, 1858. Winans, James J., Second District, Xenia, February, 1864. to Feb- ruary, 1868. Wing, Francis J., Fourth District, Cleveland, November, 1900, to- January, 1901. Wolfe, Norman M., Sixth District, Mansfield, February, 1892, irt office. Wood. Frederick W., Eighth District. McConnelsville. August, 1869, to August, 1874. Wood, Joseph M., Seventh District Athens, February. 1897. in office, Woodbury, Hamilton B., Ninth District, Jefferson. January, 1876, to February. 1885. Woodruff, Edward, First District, Cincinnati, November, 1852, re- signed 1854. Worcester, Samuel T., Fourth District, January. 1859. resigned Oc- tober, 1861. Wright, Calvin D., Second District, Troy, February, 1882, to Feb- ruary, 1892. 380 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Wright, D. Thew., Jr., First District, Cincinnati, December, 1893, to December, 1898. Wright. O. W. H., Seventh District, Logan, December, 1899, in office. Wright, Silas H.." Seventh District, Logan, October, 1866, died 1887. Wylie, Hawley J.. Fifth District, Cohimbus. February, 1882, to February, 1887. Young, Boston G., Tenth District. Marion. April. 1900. in office. JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CLEVELAND UNDER ACT OF 1847. She'rlock. J. Andrews, February 7. 1848, to February 14. 1853. UNDER ACT OF 1873. Gershom M. Barber, July 15, 1873, to June 30, 1875. Seneca O. Griswold, July 15, 1873, to June 30, 1875. James M. Jones, July 15, 1873, to Jime 30, 1875. JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY UNDER THE ACT OF MARCH 29, 1856.' Daniel A. Haynes, July 1, 1856, to 1869. J. A. Jordan, July 1, 1869, to 1871. Thomas C. Lowe, July 1, 1871, to 1876. Daniel A. Haynes, July 1, 1876, to 1881. Dennis Dwyer. July 1. 1881, to July 1. 1886. JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FRANKLIN COUNTY, UNDER THE ACT OF 1857. Fitz James Mathews. May 1, 1857, to May 1, 1862. J. William Baldwin, May 1, 1^62, to April 1, 1865. JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CINCINNATI, UNDER THE ACT OF 18:38. David K. Este, from 1838 to 1845. Charles D. Coffin, from 1845 to 1847. William Johnston, from 1847" to 1850. Charles P. James, from 1850 to 1851. George Hoadly, from 1851. The Act of 1852 terminated this Court with February, 1853. JUDGES OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CINCINNATI, UNDER ACT OF 1853. Coffin, Charles D., 1862-1863. Dempsey. Edward J., 1898-1903. Ohio Centennial. 381 Ferris, Howard, 1902, in office. Foraker, Joseph B., 1879-1882. Force, Manning F., 1877-1887. Fox, Charles, 1865-1868. Gholson, William Y., 1854-1859. Hagans, Marcellus B., 1869-1873. Harmon, Judson, 1878-1887. Hoadly, George, 1860-1865. ' ' • Hosea, Lewis M., 1903, in office. Hunt, Samuel F., 1890-1898. Jackson, William H.. 1897-1902. Matthews, Stanley, 1863-1865. ' Miner, John L., 1872. Moore, Frederick W., 1887-1897. Noyes, Edward F., 1889-1890. O'Connor, Timothy A.. 1873-1877. Peck, Hiram D., 1883-1889. Sayler, John Riner, 1890-1891. Smith, Rufus B., 1891, in office. Spencer, Oliver M., 1854-1861. Storer, Bellamy, 1854-1871. Taft, Alphonso, 1866-1871. Taft, William H., 1887-1890. Tilden, Myron H., 1874-1878. Walker, J. Bryant, 1872. Worthington, William, 1882-1883. Yaple. Alfred, 1873-1878. JUDGES OF THE CRIMINAL COURT OF HAMILTON COUNTY UNDER ACT OF 1852. Jacob Flinn, from March. 1852, to May, 1854. OHIO IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Salmon Portland Chase, Chief Justice, December 13, 1864, to Ma\^ 7, 1873. Morrison Remick Waile, Chief Justice, January 21, 1874, to March 23, 1888. John McLean, Justice, March 7, 1829, to April 4, 1861. Noah Haynes Swayne, Justice, January 24, 1862, to January 24, 1881. Edwin Mc Masters Stanton, Justice, December 20, 1869, to Decem- ber 24, 1869. Stanley Matthews, Justice, May 12, 1881, to March 22, 1889. William R. Day, Justice. January, 1903, in office. INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS OF OHIO. MARCUS A. HANNA. Ladies and Gentlemen : Coming among you this evening in the very midst of your festivities and absorbing a large amount of the inspiration which I find on every hand, I am happy in the fact that I was born in Ohio. (Applause.) I never tire of singing her praises and I never fail to state facts, because her history needs no embellishment. Standing upon the threshold of this new century it is a vantage ground in retrospective for ,you to witness the development of our state in a hundred years. That backward look reveals to us glories of which the early pioneers of Ohio never dreamed. The infant industries began when the pio- neers flocked to our state, every man hewing his own log and making his own shingles, his interest lying in the fact of securing for him- self and his family a roof over his head, a home for his family, a castle for himself from which to begin to build his fortunes. Who could have dreamed that among those sturdy men who came here from the east; as General Cowen described — from whatever motive they came to this section of our country it mattered not — there were those whose pioneer character and nature should so well have qualified them to hew their way in the forests of our new state. And well they hewed. Blest as we are by a magnificent soil, endowed by nature with mineral wealth and all the nec- essary attributes to lay the foundation of an industrial develop- MARCUS A. HANNA. * Stenographic report. 382 Ohio Centennial. 383 ment, well it was that those who came to lay that foundation stone came from every section of our country and originally from every nation of Europe. No better combination of blood could be made than that composing that cosmopolitan people ; :starting back originally from the countries where personal lib- erty was unknown, guided by the inspiration of those who had gone before, lured here by the stories that were wafted back across the ocean — a land of liberty, a land in which every man could enjoy all the rights and blessings due to men. And when that migration took its westward step the very flower of those people were first to take advantage of the opportunities heralded from our shores and coming to Ohio in small groups, yet growing every year to an army of working men, hewing their way through our boundless forests and reaching into the soils from which nature gave a rich reward. Oh, it was a splendid people that laid the foundations of this great, enterpris- ing state ! Is it any wonder that with the combination of those natural resources and the activity and industry of this people we have risen, not by steps, but by strides in the industrial world ? Originally a farming state and prosperous in that industry, happy because happiness comes from success of effort, health- ful in climate, invigorated and inspired by the very air that surrounded them, that people went forward and have never stopped nor halted. (Applause.) I say that we have been blessed by nature not alone in the fact of a splendid climate, a fruitful soil, but in the deposits of mineral wealth placed there as a reserve force of wealth to become a part of our prosperous development. Almost among the first industries developed in the United States was that founded upon the discovery of iron ore in small portions of our state — in your own neighborhood, the Hocking Valley, where, utilizing the fuel made from the tim- ber, those small charcoal furnaces began. Then, later on, in the north-eastern part of our state, in Mahoning and Trum- bull Counties, we discovered a fuel, a quality of coal which up to that time had been the unknown factor in the manufacture of iron ; so that under the combination of the native ores and B84 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. later On the ores that were imported from other states, by virtue of the superiority of that fuel, the foundation was laid of that infant industry, the manufacture of iron and steel. In those two primitive industries Ohio was one of the early pioneers. Those industries, successful from the begin- ning, attracted kindred industries of all varieties until we iiave grown and grown and grown and to-day cease to be an agri- cultural state, scarcely raising enough to feed our own people. And what is the result — a great manufacturing and industrial state, second or third in the nation. It is not owing alone to the raw material that Ohio lias been so successful, but it has been because, coming from that race of men, from that cosmopolitan race so ably described by General Cowen, the mingling of blood, the creation of the Ohio man made it what it is. And that Ohio man, seizing upon every opportimity, availing himself of every opening in the in- dustrial world, with the Ohio man at the helm, advantages not here were brought here, and industry, ingenuity and integrity combined placed him among the leaders of industrial captains. That combination has made us a great state in the industrial world, and this development must go on ; it is the history of Ohio that her course has never been checked in its industrial progress. It is a notorious fact in the commercial world that the credit of Ohio's business men and industrial captains has been equal if not superior to that of any other state in the Union. What, then, can be said for our future? Why, my fellow- citizens, standing, as I say we do to-day, upon the threshold of this new century and looking backward, witnessing the won- derful developments of the last hundred years, who can prophesy what shall be the fruition of this great promised combination with which Ohio will be blessed? There is no other section of the United States which has more natural advantages. In transportation our state is traversed with a network of railroads, well built and well managed. Our towns are bristling with industries, established upon merit and prosperous because of their merit and good management. Having passed the time of our early natural advantages, and coming to our dav. now, in the contest for commercial and industrial su- Ohio Centennial. , 386 premacy within the hmits of our country, Ohio will reap the advantage of those people who have come from the difficulties which I have named and who have benefitted by this grand system of our common school education. And I am glad to hear such a favorable report from our School Commissioner; there lies the bulwark which all the ideas and isms of socialism and anarchy might butt against until the end of time — they will remain. (Applause.) We welcome to our shores people from every clime and every nation, who coming here seeking may find a home, an asylum where hope and plenty enter in. We love them all. There is work for willing hands to do. Because this wonderful development of this country is not abnormal under the conditions of to-day, the industry and in- genuity of our people are being felt everywhere and Ohio shares a large part in that enterprise which is carrying our manu- factured goods to every clime under the sun. To the inventive genius of her citizens we owe many of the ripe machines that have been brought to the aid of labor, not to the detriment of labor, but to the benefit of all the people. It is to that enterprise and to that inventive genius that we look in our future development for a realization of all that for which men hope; our beneficent laws protecting and caring for our industries, and inviting here those who associate together with capital large and efficient enough to carry on enterprises under the laws of our state. We have cared for them and nurtured them, but under this development there comes a time, my fellow-citizens, when it is necessary, in keeping pace with the rapid progress, to adjust ourselves and our laws to meet these conditions. We must not be led astray by false sentiment of demagogism. We must not yield to any cry that would in any way intimidate or paralyze capital, but, recognizing that other great factor which is associated with capital, our laws and our policy must be in the interest of all classes and those who work with their hands, (Applause.) 25 886 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Important questions in connection with this industrial de- velopment are forcing themselves upon us every year, aye, every month. I say important questions because nothing can be more important than the questions which strike at the very heart of industrial development. It is the duty, the bounden duty of every citizen of Ohio to feel that his interests and responsi- bilities are not limited within the environment of his own town or county. It is this great civic pride which permeates the whole state and occasions of this kind will bring into life the public-spirited and patriotic feeling, so. that the very name of Ohio and its future will be an inspiration. (Applause.) Let it be known that we as a people, that we as a state, consider from the standpoint of individual and corporate in- terests the value of all that aids in the production and develop- ment of our industries, and that a good name abroad will bring within the limits of our own state all the elements needed to feed and to nourish this spirit of evolution and development. The people have as much to do with that success, almost, as does nature, because it is the people who create the sentiment, who fill the very atmosphere with that sentiment, of fair deal- ing, of honest but effective laws, of the consideration of every man's interest, individual or corporate, with a desire, aye a determination to do that which is best for the whole people. Ohio, I am glad to say, in all her past history has shown that spirit both in law and sentiment, and it is because of the success and the growth of that spirit that I join with you in the prophecy of the future, that the greatness of our state has only just begun; that what has been accomplished in a hun- dred years, aye, within the last fifty years, and with the condi- tions favorable, with that spirit which I hope fills the heart and mind of the people when they are called together in convention or in conference or in the celebration of an occasion like this, that they, appreciating what has been wrought out and called to their attention, will go home and think about it, think about it from the standpoint of good citizenship and humanity, think about these economic questions from the standpoint which will uplift society — and when I say society, I mean from the bot- 'Jtom up (great applause), place all classes, as God Almighty in- Ohio Centennial. 387 tended, upon the same equality, and let them work out their own destiny in proportion to their enterprise and ability. (Re- newed applause.) What an inspiration it is, my friends! I do not believe we fully appreciate that in these United States, after a little more than a hundred years, we have brought together men from all nations and all conditions and harmonized and equalized and made them a part of this great body politic, all bound first on bettering their own condition, then their duty and loyalty to their fellow-man, and then to their state and country. A hundred years has done this and from what a begin- ning! It would startle, aye, it would stagger, the mind of the people of the old world could they have been told that such a result would have occurred. Could any man have prophesied that under our institutions a people governing themselves could have come out of all this combination of men from all nations, could have been molded into a body politic, the majority of which are inspired by the highest motives of doing good to themselves and their fellow-men. That is American and that is the Ohio idea. (Great applause.) It gives me great pleasure, my fellow-citizens, to be present on an occasion like this, because it gives me an opportunity of meeting face to face so many of our people, so many of my fellow-citizens whom it has not been my pleasure to see and know ; to join with you in the celebration of this great event. I join with you in the bright hopes of your future here in Ross County, and I join with you in the feeling that this great function has been and will be productive of good everywhere. It is good to have these conferences, these heart to heart talks, this dissemination of facts which is appreciated by all, the op- portunity to know more than we would have known in regard to our state affairs and our growth and development. From the standpoint of her commercial and industrial in- terests, if I know anything, I know that Ohio stands, and de- servedly so, in the front rank, and if our opportunities for the future are no less — aye, but they are greater than a hundred years ago, because there is no teacher like experience — there is no better proof of what can be done than to judge the future Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. by the past as to what has been done; therefore, on every hand there is every reason why this should be made an opportunity for rejoicing, and here's hoping that we may all live to enjoy another one. (Loud and long continued applause.) CAMPUS MARTIUS, MARIETTA. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF OHIO. LEWIS D. BONEBRAKE. GENERAL STATEMENT. NO MINOR INSTITUTION. The history of the public schools of Ohio and the state- ment of the present condition of public education in our com- monwealth can not be condensed into a few words or be covered by a few fragmentary sentences. The institu- tion commonly called the free public school system is too large an institu- tion; its history covers too much de- tail; its glorious achievements are too many, and its benefits are too -far- reaching, to condense them into a few words or adequately to recount them in small compass. The wisest states- men of one hundred years ago could hardly have foreseen the wonderful development destined to come from the free school system in the ten dec- ades covered by the first century of our statehood. The thought- ful and far-seeing might have hoped for larger usefulness, for extension and improvement, but the present glorious heritage of free universal opportunity for culture and learning at the expense of the state could hardly have been dreamed of even by the wisest of the period. The public schools are no minor institution. LEWIS D. BONEBRAKF.. 389 390 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION. In a retrospect of the conditions as they existed a little more than a hundred years ago in America there is much of interest and profit. The closing years of the eighteenth century witnessed both in Europe and America, a remarkable outburst of the spirit of democracy. In the public meetings and the political dis- cussions of the period the words "people," "demos," "citizen," "voter," "commons," "inalienable rights," and other similar ex- pressions were in constant use. The teachings of Rousseau and his associates, and the declarations and doctrines of the French Revolution, were widely scattered and very much in evidence in the political assemblies. It was only five years prior to the time the bells tolled out the old century and their merry chimes wel- comed in the new, that a young Corsican officer had with con- summate skill planted his cannon in the streets before the Tuiller- ies, and by use of grapeshot and ball ended the great French Revolution. This act made Napoleon a prominent figure ; and at once he began his remarkable career of twenty years in un- settling Europe, overthrowing hereditary thrones, and dispelling forever the ancient fiction of the divine rights of kings. The eighteenth century closed with him as First Consul of France ; but the people felt somehow that he was of them and that his cause was theirs. England, Austria, Italy, the German States, and all Europe recognized his power. The French Revolution had passed beyond the political boundaries of France. There was a great awakening; in some way the people had learned that ability and talent, rather than kingly birth, counted in human affairs. A new day had come to Europe. In America great events had transpired just prior to the close of the eighteenth century. Thirteen feeble colonies, wronged by unjust taxation, goaded by the calamitous inflictions of evil- minded ministers and a foolish stubborn king, had at last sought independence, and achieved the same after a long and distressing conflict. Their Declaration made in 1776, and their Constitution made operative in 1789, bear every evidence of their sturdy faith in the people to rule themselves. Their yearnings for self-gov- ernment were everywhere apparent : and their faith was clearly Ohio Centennial. 391 and distinctly a faith in the power of majorities. In America at least there was a distinctive tendency to trust the people with larger power. In a word, without effort at elaborate portrayal, it is safe to say that at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the larger world-tendency among governments was to trust the people themselves with larger civic powers, and to grant to each member of society a wider range of liberties. The individual members of society were assuming, each man for himself and all in their collective capacity, a larger work of managing governmental affairs, where in former times such matters were intrusted to the few. It was clearly the growth of democracy. PUBLIC EDUCATION A NECESSITY. But a democracy to be successful and efficient must be made intelligent and resourceful. To grant large civic rights to the people without providing the means for their proper education; to permit the exercise of the franchise and the control of the affairs of the state itself, without providing culture for all and a general spread of intelligence, in the end would lead to anarchy, strife and tyranny. These matters were foreseen even prior to the inauguration of the Republic. The literature of the later colonial and revolutionary period abounds in references to the necessity of education. The New England free school, like the New England town meeting, was the outgrowth of the spirit of democracy ; and' the spirit of democracy was much in evidence in the early colonies. In President Washington's farewell address among other ex- cellent recommendations he wrote the following : "Promote, then,, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a gov- ernment gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened." OHIO SYSTEM PART OF NATIONAL POLICY. The truth of the matter is, the public free school system of Ohio must be linked in history to the public school system of New England and the East. It is not perhaps wise to refer at t 392 Qhio Arch, and His. Society Publications, length to the history of the early attempts at education in. the colonies. Perhaps the free school system itself in the beginning was not definitely planned. The public school was a necessity that children should not grow up in ignorance. It was not the gift of any man, any prince, or any public benefactor. It was a growth, a development, an evolution. It simply grew — at first a makeshift and a community necessity, later a definitely recog- nized institution, recognized as fundamentally worthy of public approval. From the very beginning spontaneity has been its keynote. Recognized in the town meeting, in colonial assemblies, then later in the surveys of public lands, in state constitutions and state legislation, the free public school system of the United States has taken on many forms. Each state and territory has done about as seemed wise and expedient according to local con- ditions. There is lack of symmetry, and lack of definite form. Local preferences in all the states have made the systems dis- similar. Ohio is no exception to the rule. CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENTS. ACTS OF 1785 AND 1 787. As suggested already the public school system of Ohio must be connected with the system in vogue in the colonies at the time of the revolution. Very properly our school system must be rec- ognized as a part of the growth of that system which had from the earliest settlement and occupanc}/ of the East been growing and developing in the colonies and the original states. As early as May 20, 1785, by act of the Congress then oper- ating under the old Articles of Confederation, the public lands of the government were ordered to be surveyed in townships six miles square, section si^iteen of each township being reserved for common school purposes. The famous "An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio" was enacted on July 13, 1787. Said ordinance contained a strong declaration in Article III relating to education, which reads in part: Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. Ohio Centennial. 393 On July 23, 1787, just ten days after congress had passed said ordinance, whose strong words are here noted as related to education, and with equally significant utterances on religious freedom, the habeas corpus, trial by jury, slavery, inviolability of contracts and the like, a very important act often lost sight of was also passed. It was supplementary to the act of May 20, 1785, relating to the survey and sale of the public lands. This act, in addition to setting aside every sixteenth section of each township for common school purposes, also ordered that two whole townships were *'to be given perpetually for the purposes of a seminary of learning, to be applied to the intended object by the legislature of the state." In this way congress prepared the way for our irreducible school fund, by means of section sixteen, and also began the work of higher education at state expense, the Ohio University at Athens being the beneficiary of the two townships referred to. The names of Manasseh Cutler, Rufus Putnam, Nathan Dane, and Rufus King will live long in this chapter of our educational history. In this connection perhaps it would be interesting to note that the general government has during its history set apart over eighty-six million acres of land for the endowment of edu- cation — a territory as large as all of the six New* England states, New York, New Jersey, Maryland and Delaware all added to- gether; a territory as larere as the whole of the kingdom of Prussia ; as large as seven-tenths of all France. Said territory thus given by the government and supplemental moneys have a value of about or nearly $300,000,000 — surely a princely gift to education. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. CONSTITUTION OF l802. In compliance with the enactment of congress, **the people of the eastern division of the territory of the United States, north- west of the river Ohio," adopted a state constitution in 1802, and formed themselves into a free and independent state by the name of the state of Ohio. In the third section of their bill of rights — Article VI T I of their constitution — they reaffirmed with slightly 394 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. changed phraseology the utterances of the third article of the Ordinance of 1787. Said section 3 reads as follows: Seciion 3. But religion, morality and knowledge, being essen- tially n'ecessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encouraged by legislative provision, not inconsistent with the rights of conscience. To guard against possible injustice and discrimination, and to make even more emphatic the high ground taken for equal rights to poor and rich alike the following section number 25 was also added to the bill of rights: Section 25. No law shall be passed to prevent the poor in the several counties and townships within this state from an equal partici- pation in the schools, academies, colleges, and universities within this state, which are endowed in whole or in part from the revenue arising from donations made by the United States for the support of schools and colleges; and the doors of said schools, academies and universities shall be open for the reception of scholars, students, and teachers of every grade, without any distinction or preference whatever, contrary to the intent for which said donations were made. For the benefit of new institutions likely to apply for or- ganization and i^cognition the following section was also incor- porated in the constitution : Section 27. Every association of persons, when regularly formed, within the state, and having given themselves a name, may, on applica- tion to the legislature, be entitled to receive letters of incorporation, to enable them to hold estates, real and personal, for the support of their schools, academies, colleges, universities, and for other purposes. Much discussion has been indulged in by those interested in divining the intent of these three originial sections as related to the development of a state- system of education. In one way and another the landed gifts to Ohio for educational purposes have exceeded twelve hundred square miles of land. It is pos- sible that at the time of the adoption of the constitution of 1802, the expectation was that the several gifts would in time support the entire school system of ^'schools, academies, colleges and uni- versities." If so, their foresight was not good. They were soon shown to be entirely inadequate, for as early as in 1821 the general Ohio Centennial. BOS' t assembly enacted a law authorizing a school tax. Perhaps as a whole these three simple utterances on educatioii were as good as could be expected at the time they were written. At all events the school system was organized under them and they were the fundamental law of the state for the first half-century of our state- hood. CONSTITUTION OF 185I. The present state constitution, that of 185 1, superseded the constitution of 1802. The words of the new constitution relat- ing to religion, morality and knowledge were kept substantially as in the old constitution. They are at present as follows: ARTICLE I. Section 7. Religion, morality, and knowledge, however, being: essential to good government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass suitable laws to protect every religious denominaton in the peace- able enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of instruction. As the new constitution was in a way an attempt to get away from special legislation, and certain abuses possible under the old constitution there was placed in section 26 of Article II the fol- lowing significant language: ARTICLE II. Section 26. All laws, of a general nature, shall have a uniform operation throughout the state; nor, shall any act, except such as relates- to public schools, be passed, to take effect upon the approval of any other authority than the general assembly, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. The really significant part of the above quoted section is that part which permits elasticity and the referendum in school matters, while all general laws, including school laws, are to have uniform operation throughout the state. In Article VI, which is entirely devoted to education, there are two sections historically and practically very important. The first provides for the faith- ful custody of all funds arising from the sale, or other disposition of lands, or other property, granted or intrusted to the state for educational and religious purposes; and the faithful application t 396 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. of the income to the specific objects of the original grant or ap- propriations. The second, however, is regarded as a remarkably fine statement of the doctrine of the duty of the state in educa- tional affairs. ARTICLE VI. Section 1. The principal of all funds, arising from the sale, or other disposition of lands, or other property, granted or entrusted to this state for educational and religious purposes, shall forever be preserved inviolate, and undiminished; and, the income arising therefrom, shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants, or appropriations. Section 2. The general assembly shall make such provisions, by taxation, or otherwise, as, with the income arising from the school trust fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the state; but no religious or other sect, or sects, shall ever have any exclusive rijght to, or control of, any part of the school funds of this state. In Article XII there is also to be found section 2 which reads as follows : ARTICLE XII. Section 2. Laws shall be passed, taxing by a uniform rule, all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint stock companies, or otherwise; and also all real and personal property according to its true value in money; but burying grounds, public school houses, houses used exclusively for public worship, institutions of purely public charity, public property used exclusively for any public purpose, and personal property, to an amount not exceeding in value two hundred dollars, for ■each individual, may, by general laws, be exempted from taxation; but, all such laws shall be subject to alteration or repeal ; and the value of all property, so exempted, shall, from time to time, be ascertained and published, as may be directed by law. Now it has seemed to me that these important utterances •of the Ordinance of 1787, the three sections of the constitution of 1802, and the five sections of the constitution of 185 1, should be recounted for our correct understanding of the fundamental law m relation to public education in Ohio. The first represents that which preceded the time of our state organization; the second represents the fundamental law under which we projected and developed our school system during the first fifty years of our separate existence as a state; the last represents the past fifty Ohio Centennial. 397 years, and our present. In a way each is important; each is necessary to understand our educational history. SCHOOIy REVENUKb. SOURCES OF REVENUE. The state -of Ohio has within its history as a state raised and spent fully a half a billion of dollars in the public schools. The present cost of the public schools is about sixteen and a half million a year — a sum about equal to thirty-five per cent, of all revenues raised by every style of taxation in the state. It be- comes therefore a matter of interest to know the sources of its revenues. In general they are not numerous or difficult of understand- ing, as they come from state and local taxation on the one hand and from certain miscellaneous sources on the other. More defi- nitely stated the sources are, first, the general state tax of .95 of one mill collected on the grand duplicate of the state and dis- tributed to every district in the state at the rate of $1.50 for each enumerated child between the ages of six and twenty-one ; second, the annual distribution from the state sinking fund of six per cent, on all the irreducible state debt, the money going to those districts whence the fund is derived; third, the local levies made by the various boards of education in the various school districts for the several funds of the districts, all such funds being collected by the county treasurers and apportioned back to the school treasuries of the districts from which they were derived for ap- plication to the needs of the districts ; fourth, certain fines and penalties provided by law; and, fifth, the miscellaneous receipts of the boards of education for such items as outside tuition, sale of old materials, rentals and the like. Under the statutes now in force it is possible for village, township and special districts to levy ten mills ; and, with certain exceptions, all city districts can levy eight mills. Be- sides these levies it is possible by special vote of the people to increase these levies through authorized bond issues; and such a policy seems absolutely necessary at times. For the year ending August 31, 1902, out of a total of $16,463,216.02 spent •398 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. in the public schools of the state there was paid to teachers, ^,267,638.94; for supervision, $444,361.54; for sites and build- ings, $1,549,523.06; for interest and redemption of bonds, $1,- .594,217.04; and for the contingent expenses, $3,607,475.44. The sources of the funds were, from the state tax, $1,817,767.58; from the school lands, $249,159.87; and the remainder from local sources including the miscellaneous receipts. THE IRREDUCIBLE STATE DEBT. The so-called irreducible state debt of Ohio is in reality a ■great trust fund. Ohio, instead of creating a large permanent fund to be loaned on mortgage security, as was done in Massa- chusetts, Kansas, and many states east and west of us, provided early in our history that the proceeds of the sale of section ;sixteen and other school lands should be used by the state and be constituted into a great irreducible debt, held forever by the state with a fixed annual interest of six per cent, to be paid thereon to the districts from which the moneys originally were derived. Without entering into an analysis of the several items making this fund, which in a general way are named after the several surveys, or in any way attempting to be too definite, it is sufficient to say that said fund now aggregates a little over $4,000,000.00. In addition thereto the state holds in trust cer- tain university funds, now aggregating something like a half a million of dollars on which it also pays six per cent, per annum. The advantages of managing these funds in the manner prescribed by law are very apparent. Our early law-makers were wise in planning as they did in this matter. Other states, through bad loans, the fluctuation of interest rates, and the ex- penses of supervision and control, are not able to give to the beneficiaries of the funds either so large or so constant returns. In most respects the Ohio plan is without criticism. In this connection perhaps it is well to note that many districts still retain the control of their school lands, not always with advantage to the districts. . Ohio Centennial. 399 DISBURSEMENT OF MONEY. Under the laws of the state all moneys having once passed into the hands of the school treasurers are disbursed only upon order of the boards of education. Each voucher is supposed to be drawn by the clerk and countersigned by the president of the board of education before being paid by the treasurer. Teachers must have legal certificates covering the time and branches of study taught and file with the clerk all statistical items required by the state commissioner of common schools. In general, the boards of education are to represent the people, and are clothed with ample power within reasonable limits. The last general assembly, through the bureau of public accounting, has made provision for checking up and auditing all school ac- counts ; besides there are the checks and safeguards given to the board of education itself, and the authorization of inspection at the hands of an accountant sent from the office of the com- missioner of schools. It is safe to say in the main that school moneys are administered with a fair degree of honesty and fidelity. GENERAL CHARACTER OF SCHOOL SYSTEM. STYLE OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS. In 1902 there were 2,437 different school districts in the state. Of these 66 were city districts; 1,036 village and special; and 1,335 were township districts. Each year sees by change of boundaries these numbers slightly altered. In general the law gives sanction to four styles of districts — city, village, town- ship and special. On account of recent decisions made by the supreme court some changes may be necessary during the next session of the general assembly. The boards of education in city districts consist of several sorts. In some the board are elected by all the people at large, in some by wards, and in some partly at large and partly by wards. In number they range at present from three in Delaware and Wooster, and five at Toledo, to thirty-one in Cincinnati. As the matter, how- ever, will need to be adjusted in the next general assembly, perhaps it need not be discussed. The village boards of educa- 400 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. tion consist usually of six persons, elected at large, though by- special legislation some consist of five and three. Township boards consist of one person from each sub-district, except in specially centralized districts where they consist of five elected at large in the township. In each sub-district there is also a sub-district board, consisting of the member of the township board and two sub-directors; their duties are limited to the nomination of teachers for their sub-district schools. The boards of special districts consist of three or six members elected at large. Under the law each board must choose its own president, and usually its clerk and treasurer, except in township districts and where city treasurers act ex-officio. ENUMERATION AND ATTENDANCE OF YOUTHi Under the laws of the state the schools are to be free to all youth between six and twenty-one who are children or wards of residents of the district. No discrimination exists as to color, all are admitted free. During each summer boards of education are required t6 cause an annual enumeration of all youth in their respective districts to be taken. The returns thereof are filed with the county auditors and then in turn their abstracts are filed with the commissioner of schools, who in turn files a certified copy with the auditor of state. Upon this final return the auditor makes his semi-annual distributions of the state common school fund to each county. Under the compulsory education laws of the state all chil- dren between eight and fourteen must attend some recognized school for the full time the public schools of the district are in session; and all youth between fourteen and sixteen not reg- ularly engaged in some useful labor, or who can not read and write must also attend some recognized school. Boards of edu- cation are by law required to appoint truant officers and carry out the provisions relating to attendance. At present the law is fairly well executed, the law itself being one of the best com- pulsory education laws in the United States. No school can be run for a shorter time than twenty-four weeks nor longer than forty weeks in a year. By law boards Ohio Centenniai. 401 of education are authorized to make suitable and appropriate rules for the governing of the pupils in the schools. The safe- guards, in general, put about attendance, length of term, and the making of an efficient school are most excellent, and when rightly executed are calculated to provide good schools. BOARDS OF EXAMINERS. In order to insure teachers of worth and merit there have been from a very early day certain boards for the examining and licensing of teachers. By far the most useful board of this character is what is known as the board of county examiners. From 1825 to the present time there has been some style of examining teachers. At present the prolmte judge in each county appoints a board of three persons to examine and license teachers. Ten examinations are held each year, not to speak of two examinations for those who seek high school admis- sion from townships and special districts. Under the law county examiners can issue certificates, good in the county, for one year, two years, three years, five years and eight years from the date of the examination. The subjects in which the applicant must be examined are orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, including composition, the history of the United States, including civil government, physiology and hygiene, including scientific temperance, and the board must also certify to his moral character and that he possesses an adequate knowledge of theory and practice. In case the applicant is re- quired to teach other subjects than those above enumerated he must pass in such subjects. Besides the county boards of ex- aminers there are also city and village boards appointed by the boards of education in districts eligible for such purposes, whose duties correspond for their districts to the duties prescribed for counties. There is also a state board . of school examiners ap- pointed by the state commissioner of common schools, which issues life certificates good anywhere in the state. Said board issues three grades of certificates, all good for life, the com- mon school life certificate good only for the branches named therein; the high school life certificate, good in any part of the. 26 402 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. state and unlimited; and the special life certificate, good for the special subject covered by the certificate, as drawing or music. In 1864 the state commissioner of common schools was authorized to appoint a state board of school examiners con- sisting of three members. In 1883 this number was increased to five. The following- have served on the board since its crea- tion: Marcellus F. Cowdery, Thomas W. Harvey, Eli T. Tap- pan, Israel W. Andrews, William Mitchell, Theodore Sterling, John Hancock, Thomas C. Mendenhall, Andrew J. Rickoff, Al- ston Ellis, Henry B. Furness, John B. Peaslee, William W. Ross, Charles R. Shreve, Chas. L. Loos, A. B. Johnson, Henry M. Parker, William G. Williams, Elmer S. Cox, Chas. C. David- son, Marcellus Manley, Chas. E. McVay, Thomas A. Pollock, E. E. White, W. J. White, E. A. Jones, R. W. Stevenson, Ed- ward T. Nelson, Jas. W. Knott, J. C. Hartzler, L. D. Bone- brake, J. P. Sharkey, Charles Haupert, C. W. Bennett, J. D. Sim- kins, W. W. Boyd, W. H. Meek, M. E. Hard, W. H. Mitchell, C. C. Miller and Arthur Powell. The last five named are the present members of the board. 1 I SUPERVISION OF SCHOOLS. All boards of education are by law authorized to employ suitable persons to act as superintendents of the schools under their charge. In some of the larger cities the superintendents thus chosen are clothed with fairly comprehensive powers, even to the extent of nominating or appointing teachers. Not all dis- tricts have supervision, but in round numbers about a thousand have availed themselves of the opportunity oflfered by the law. The greatest need is in the rural districts of the state. All the cities without exception, practically all of the villages, some of the special districts and some of the townships have thus availed themselves. Undoubtedly much good comes from such super- vision ; indeed, it is difficult to understand why all districts do not thus avail themselves of the opportunity. Much of the im- perfect work of the rural schools is directly attributable to the fact that the teachers try to do their work without guide or ^compass or kindly criticism. Under the law two or more dis- Ohio Centennial. 403 tricts may unite and employ the same person as superintendent. Frequently it happens in the smaller districts that the super- intendent also teaches a part or all of the branches offered in the high school, and at the same time by visits to his schools, through teachers' meetings and examinations he keeps himself in touch with all the work of his district. In the largest districts of the state not infrequently the superintendent has a corps of assistants and supervisors who look after part of the work. Principals of buildings and special teachers also are to be ac- counted a part of the supervising force. STATE COMMISSIONER OF SCHOOLS. In connection with the work of supervision it is well also to note something of the duties and powers of the state com- missioner of common schools. Under the law he is the chief school officer of the state. He is elected by the people of the state at the regular November election, along with other state officers, for a term of three years from the succeeding second Monday of July. He is charged with numerous duties. He prepares and distributes blanks and compiles and prints the statistics relating to education. He exercises a general super- vision over the school funds ; appoints persons to examine into the condition of the funds when necessary; appoints the mem- bers of the state board of examiners ; prepares examination questions for those seeking high school admission through ex- aminations before the county examiners; grades and classifies the high schools of the state and issues their commissions ; visits the schools, counsels boards of education, addresses in- stitutes and other educational gatherings, compiles and causes to be printed that portion of the general laws whish relates to education, passes upon school law, and as secretary of the school book commission files text books and, prices being fixed, notifies boards of education of the names of publishers who thus have agreed to furnish their books. Many duties come to him from the nature of his position not enumerated in the law, and not easy of explanation. The office is a serviceable one, and has been in continuous existence for the past fifty years. 404 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. It is a statutory and not a constitutional office. The act of March 12, 1836, practically rewrote the Ohio school laws. By this act there was created the office of superintendent of comr^ mon schools, the provision being that such an officer was to be elected by joint resolution of the general assembly. The term was fixed at one year and the salary at $500. On April I, 1837, Hon. Samuel Lewis, of Hamilton County, was duly elected. When the general assembly convened in January follow- ing Mr. Lewis filed his annual report and that body, on Jan- uary 16, 1838, ordered 10,500 copies of it printed. On March 7, 1838, another general school law was passed and under section 8 thereof the term of the state superintendent was fixed at five years unless the incumbent was removed by joint resolu- tion. The salary was increased to $1,200. Two days later Mr, Lewis w^as elected for the term of five years. On March 23, 1840, politics evidently had an inning, for an act was passed abolishing the office of state superintendent and devolving its duties upon the secretary of state. He was authorized to em- ploy a clerk to perform these extra duties and to pay him $400- per year. This arrangement existed until after the adoption of the new constitution and on March 14, 1853, the office of state commissioner of common schools was created. Tt has ex- isted ever since and during the half century many additional duties have been added. The law of 1853 provided that the commissioner should be elected at the general election, the term was fixed at three years and the salary placed at $1,500. During fifty years' time this salary has only been increased to $2,000. The law of 1853 was also a complete reorganization of the Ohio school system and in addition to providing for the present classification of town- ship districts and cities and villages, contained provisions for separate schools for colored youth, county boards of examiners for teachers and for school libraries. Our subsequent legis- lation has followed in the main this law, which for fifty years has been the sub-structure of our free public school system. To Hon. Samuel Lewis belongs the honor of being Ohio's only state superintendent of schools. All officers since have been styled state commissioners of common schools. These in their Ohio CenteiuiiaL 405 order are as follows: Hiram H. Barney, served 1854 to 1857; Anson Smythe, 1857 to 1863 ; C. W. H. Cathcart, served a few months by appointment in 1863; Emerson E. White, 1863 to 1866; John A. Norris, 1866 to 1869, when he resigned and William D. Henkle was appointed and later elected, serving to 1871 ; Thomas W. Harvey, 1871 to 1875; Charles C. Smart". 1875 to 1878; John J. Burns, 1878 to 1881 ; Daniel F. DeWolf, 1881 to 1884; Leroy D. Brown, 1884 to 1887; Eli T. Tappan, 1887 to 1889, when he died and was succeeded by John Han- cock, who was appointed and later elected, serving to 1891, when he died while sitting at his desk at w^ork in the office; Charles C. Miller, served by appointment until he resigned in 1892 ; Oscar T. Corson, 1892 to 1898; Lewis D. Bonebrake, 1898,. term will expire on the second Monday in July, 1904. teachers' institutes. The teachers' institutes of Ohio became effective in 1864, since which time they have done a great work for the teachers of the state. At present about twenty thousand teachers a year meet in their annual institutes, which are held in each county of the state. The institutes are usually held in the latter part of July and during the month of August. Their management is by law placed in the hands of an executive committee con- sisting of the president and secretary of the institute and three other persons, one elected each year for a term of three years. All these are chosen by the institute. The funds for the con- duct of the institutes are the product of the fifty-cent fee charged applicants for certificates to teach. The instructors are chosen by the executive committee, no legal requirements being provided for their undertaking the work. Each com- mittee must file reports of the disbursement of money and of the institute. In the earlier days the instruction and lectures given in the institute had to do with the academic work of the schools, now they partake of a larger range and are much more pro- fessional in character. In addition to the regular annual institutes thus conducted it is the custom of teachers to hold monthly or quarterly county t 406 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. association meetings for the purpose of discussing education; and there are many teachers' meetings not enumerated. The states teachers' association is now over fifty years old ; and there are great district associations, as the Northeastern, North- western, Eastern Central, etc., which meet once or oftener each year. To these may also be added the Ohio Teachers' Reading Circle, now over twenty years old. This circle is a voluntary organization, having had the past year over seven thousand paid members, and doing a great amount of good in the state. Usually four lines of reading are offered, viz., pedagogy, lit- erature, history and science. As an outgrowth from this circle there is also a pupils' reading circle doing a great work among the pupils of the schools. In general the teachers of Ohio are very loyal to all the voluntary agencies in their midst for their professional uplift. THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM.. PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. The school curriculum is always a subject of perennial in- terest. It is not less so on this occasion. In the earlier days the ''three R's" — Reading, 'Riting, and 'Rithmetic — comprised the chief studies offered by the elementary schools ; and they are to-day the very heart and core of the elementary work. In the act of 1825 the preamble and first section read as is here given : Whereas, It is provided by the constitution of this state, that schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encouraged by legislative provision, therefore, Section L Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That n fund shall hereafter be annually raised among the several counties of this state, in the manner pointed .out by this act, for the use of the common schools, for the instruction of youth of every class and grade, without distinction, in reading, writing, arithmetic, and other necessary branches of a common education. The words in the last line or two of the above quotation are really significant — *'in reading, writing, arithmetic, and other necessary branches of a common education." These are a manifest attempt to indicate the work of the schools, and Ohio Centennial. 407 need to be pondered well and long. Over against them put section 4007-1 as passed April 9, 1902, seventy-seven years later, the last enactment of the lawrmaking department in trying to indicate the character of the work to be done in the elementary schools of the state : Section 4007-1. An elementary school is hereby defined as a school in which instruction and training are given in spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English, grammar and composition, geography, history of the United States including civil government, and physiology; but nothing herein shall be construed as abridging the power of boards of education to cause instruction and training to be given in vocal music, drawing, and other branches which they may deem advisable for the best interests of the schools under their charge. Both contain at least one element in common — they have the element of elasticity. Each leaves to the school authorities some choice in the curriculum. Each names "reading, writing, and arithmetic," but does not stop there. Each assumes that there are "other necessary branches." Of course it was to be expected that the curriculum of the elementary schools would change in the years between the two enactments. The wonder is that the change was not greater. The pioneer lads of the earlier day could hardly be expected to do the work of the modern elementary school. It was the day of the log cabin and the tallow dip. The day of urban life with its crowded tenements and congested population was not dreamed of. To-day, at the end of a century of state- hood, we are already discussing the industrial and social condi- tions fast coming upon us. The simplicity of the olden days is fast giving way to complexity. Legislation is proverbially tardy. Already such subjects as manual training, the cooking schools and sewing, industrial arts, drawing, paper - cutting, clay-modeling, typewriting, phonography, book-keeping, com- mercial geography, commercial law, scientific agrictilture and kindred matters have made some headway in our schools. Al- ready some schools are far in advance of the most recent leg- islation on the subject of our elementary school curriculum. *In general the elementary schools are the most important part of our whole school system. Of 832,044 different pupils 408 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. enrolled in the schools of Ohio for the year ending August 31, 1902, the elementary schools enrolled 773,533, and the high schools 58,511; while at the same time the value of the school property used for the elementary schools was $41,903,353, as against $6,354,608 used for high school purposes. The time spent in the elementary school for a fair and reasonable completion of the work offered is usually designated as about eight years, and in the child's life from six to four- teen. It would be too much to claim that each district has an organized course of study, with regular advancement from grade to grade. It is not too much to claim, however, that the ten- dency is without doubt in the direction of a closer gradation, of better inspection, and more definite and purposeful endeavor. The manifest tendency is to enrich the course of study, and touch the child in more ways and on all sides. As against narrowness and restriction, the trend of affairs is in the opposite direction — toward liberalization and the mul- tiplication of studies, particularly is this true in cities. PUP.LTC HIGH SCHOOLS. The development of the public high schools of the state from the academies and seminaries to be a very important part of the work offered by the public schools, is at once inter- esting and suggestive. In the earlier days of the state there were many small private academies, some of them incorporated institutions. All the larger centers of population, such as Day- ton, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus and Sandusky enjoyed the benefits of the old-time academy long before the formation of public high schools ; the same thing is true of many smaller places. ".At times during the earlier half of our first century of statehood there seemed to have been those who advocated the public high schools in place of the old-time academies. Gov- ernor \\'orthington, as early as in 18 17, recommended that a high school be established at the seat of government, at public expense, for the thorough education of poor boys for the work of teaching. This recommendation he renewed during the next session of the general assembly. The law^ of 1825 cited under Ohio Centennial. 401^ "the discussion of elementary schools, it will be noted, does not anywhere deny other branches of study besides the common school subjects. Indeed, it was often the practice during the 'twenties, 'thirties, and 'forties to employ teachers who were capable of instructing in Latin, algebra, natural philosophy, en- gineering and other advanced studies. The people were thus made ready for the advent of the public high school. As usually happens, legislation was tardy. The larger places had already begun the work before definite enactments legalized their endeavors. The first general high school law dates from 1853, now just fifty years ago. During these fifty years great progress has been made. In i860 in all the United States there were less than two hundred public high schools, now there are over seven thousand. In 1853 we began our public high school work, and now we have, according to the reports filed with the state commissioner of common schools, an aggregate of 941, an average of about ten and a half to the county. In the new high school legislation passed by the legislative session of 1902 there are many matters worthy of note. In the first place the high school is defined. Section 4007-2 is an at- tempt to define the work each high school is supposed to ofifer. It reads as follows : Section 4007-2. A high school is hereby defined as a school of higher grade than an elementary school, in which instruction and training are given in approved courses in the history of the United States and other countries; composition, rhetoric, English and American liter- ature; algebra and geometry; natural science, political or mental science; ancient or modern foreign languages, or both; commercial and industrial branches, or such of the above named branches as the length of its curriculum make possible, and such other branches of higher grade than those to be taught in the elementary schools and such advanced studies and advanced reviews of the common branches as the board of education may direct. Under this law there are three grades of high schools — the first grade being about equivalent to a four-year high school ; the second being about equivalent to a three-year high school ; and the third a two-year high school. All schools of a lesser rank are denominated elementarv schools. Bv law the state 410 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications^ commissioner is authorized to classify all high schools and issue commissions under the seal of his office. In a circular issued on March lo, 1903, to all boards o£ education, the following items of interest appear as explain- ing the present requirements of high schools in Ohio: HIGH SCHOOLS OF THE FIRST GRADE. Measured by the requirements of section 4007-4, a high school of the first grade will require an aggregate of not less than 512 recitations per year, and 2,048 in four years, for graduation. Each school must pro- vide four years of not less than thirty-two weeks a year of approved work and offer the equivalent of four courses a year of not less than four recita- tions a week in each course, or a total of sixteen courses for graduation, a course being defined as not less than four recitations a week continued' throughout a school year. When section 4007-2, which defines the high school, is analyzed and made to apply to the daily practices and nomen- clature in vogue in the schools, it will be found to cover about seven groups of studies. In practice these are styled — (1) Ancient and Modern Foreign Languages; (2) English (including Composition, Rhetoric, English and American Literature) ; (3) History (including U. S. History, Civil Government, General History, etc.); (4) Mathematics (including, advanced Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, etc.) ; (5) Science (including the various divisions of Natural Political and Mental Science) ; (0) Commercial and Industrial Branches, and (7) Advanced Reviews of the Common Branches. To give boards of education some freedom and choice in making their curriculums, and at the same time to represent all the essential lines of work enumerated in the law, it is thought best to exercise the power granted to the state commissioner of common schools in approv- ing the courses and to indicate a minmium of work for twelve of the six- teen courses required to be offered, as follows: In Latin or other foreign language not less than four years of work; in English not less than two years of work ; in History not less than one year of work ; in Algebra not less than one and a half years, and Geometry not less than one year of work; and in Science not less than two and a half years of work, one year of which must be in Physics. The remaining four courses may be selected at will from other approved courses, or be given to those named above, or if thought best be apportioned to both. In offering electives boards will.be governed by the statement of approved courses given elsewhere in this circular. All schools of this grade — the highest recognized by law — will be required to possess standard equipment, employ not less than two high school teachers, and otherwise meet all reasonable requirements and offer all the facilities necessary for standard high school instruction. Ohio Centennial. 411 HIGH SCHOOLS OF THE SECOND GRADE. Measured by the requirements for second grade high schools such schools will require an aggregate of not less than 51'2 recitations per year, and 1,536 in three years, for graduation. Each such school must continue not less than thirty-two weeks a year and offer an equivalent of not less than four courses a year of not leso than four recitations a week in each course. I have not deemed it important to outline definitely as to what will be required in second grade high schools in each course, preferring for the time being to examine each curriculum by itself. In general it is recommended that the Foreign Languages, English, History, Mathemat- ics, and Science be given proportionate representation in the curriculum. Schools of this grade will be required to possess a fair equipment, and have teaching force sufficient to do the twelve courses of work in a satis- factory manner. HIGH SCHOOLS OF THE THIRD GRADE. Measured by the requirements for third grade high schools such schools will require an aggregate of not less than 448 recitations per year, and 896 in two years, for graduation. Each such school must continue not less than twenty-eight weeks a year, and offer an equivalent oi not less than four courses a year of not less than four recitations a week in each course. Considerable choice will be allowed in selecting the eight ap- proved courses offered. STATEMENT OF APPROVED COURSES. /. Ancient and Modern Foreign Languages. a. Latin. The importance of this branch is acknowledged. No high school has been recognized thus far as belonging to the first grade which does not offer four years of work in this branch. The aim of those in- trusted to teach this study should be to secure not only ability to read and pronounce Latin, to construe and to render into idiomatic English, but also to make pupils acquainted with Roman antiquities, ancient history and geography. To these should be added a study of our own English speech, as influenced by the Latin language. The ordinary requirements and order of presentation are as here given : First Year — Beginner's Latin, and Grammar. Second Year — Cnesar's Gallic War (four books) or selections from miscellaneous sources. Third Year — Cicero's Orations (six orations). Fourth Year — Virgil's Aeneid (six books). b. Greek, German, Frencli, or Spanish. Certain high schools give in Greek the Beginner's Book, Xenophon's Anabasis, and Homer's Iliad; others offer the Elementary Book in German, French, or Spanish, and follow the same with selected classics. In high schools of the first grade, if any courses are offered in these languages, it is urged that not less than 412 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. two years be devoted to the language chosen, otherwise college recogni- tion of such work is likely to be denied. 2. English. a. Composition and Rhetoric. There are so many phases of the study of English that it is difficult to express the matter in short compass. Each pupil should be taught to write clear and correct English. His daily and ^ weekly practice in preparing written exercises and mailing para- graphs, abstracts, outlines and developing themes and giving reproduc- tions ; his study of the English sentence ; his choice of words and growth in vocabulary ; his acquiring a working knowledge of the rules and princi- ples of rhetoric and the development of correct habits of thought and ex- pression — these, it seems to me, are a very important part of high school w^ork. b. The History of Literature. The historical development of our literature ; the biography of the great writers ; the periods of special liter- ary activity, and the development of our English language, are matters for proper study in well-conducted high schools. While important, per- haps it is well to say they are not of supreme importance, but no person should be allowed to graduate from a first grade high school without some idea of the history of our great literature. c. English and American Classics. It is the practice of many of the better high schools of the state to read critically the books outlined by the association of eastern colTeges. The study of characters, plots, purpose, style, and the memorizing of choice quotations of standard classics are to be encouraged. The figures of speech should be understood; and outside reading should be looked upon with favor. For convenience the college requirements are here given. For care- ful study, 1903 and 1904; Shakespeare's Macbeth; Milton's L' Allegro, II Penseroso, Comus, Lycidas ; Burke's Conciliation with America-; Macau- lay's Essays on Milton and Addison. For general reading, 1903 and 1904 : Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, and Julius Csesar ; The Sir Roger de Coverley Papers ; Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield ; Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Scott's Ivanhoe; Carlyle's Essays on Burns; Teimy- Bon's Princess ; Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal ; George Eliot's Silas Marner. 3. History. a. U. S. History (advanced) . The advanced intensive study of the history of the United States must not be confounded with the study of the elementary text in the seventh and eighth years of the elementary schools. If taken in the high school as a separate branch it should be as- signed a place toward the end of the curriculum and be given not less than one-half of a year. All pupils should have ready access to a library of not less than fifty or seventy-five specially selected volumes on American his- tory and biography. The investigation of special topics and periods, to- Ohio Centennial. 413 geth'er with their causes and effects, and the liberal use of note books and participation in discussions are recommended. The correlation of this branch with civil government is in a way possible. b. Civil Government. The high school text book study of civil gov- ernment is not to be confounded with the incidental study of the subject as a part of the United States history course required in elementary schools. It must be a study of the whole subject as presented in some standard text, and continue not less than a half-year. Such documents as the Ordi- nance of 1787, the constitution of the state of Ohio, and of the United States, should be given special attention. c. General History. Many schools, especially in the smaller dis- tricts, use but one text on Ancient and Modern History, giving a year to the branch; others use separate texts on English History, Greek and Roman History, and American History, giving in effect a year and a half or more to the whole matter. It seems to me that a year to this important branch is as short a period as should be accepted in any school. In every instance the school library should contain some of the large standard gen- eral treatises, a number of the most important biographies, and provide a ready access to encyclopedias. Not only should pupils become acquainted in the high school with the general outline of history, but they should be taught to study individual epoch-making events, and learn something of the institutions, daily life and ideals of various peoples ancient and modern. 4. Mathematics. a. Arithmetic (advanced) . The assignment of this branch as a rec- ognized high school study is not looked upon with favor except as made supplementary to algebra and other subjects, or as used for advanced re- view work toward the end of the high school curriculum, or as one of the commercial courses offered in schools otherwise attaining the standard. As a rule arithmetic should be fairly completed in the elementary schools. However, after pupils have had algebra and geometry, a review of this branch will often be found of service. b. Algebra. This branch is so important in giving a new view to mathematics already learned and making possible subsequent investiga- tions, it is thought best to recognize no school which does not give the equivalent of one and a half years to the branch. Whether geometry is introduced before algebra is completed or afterward is not so important as that the work be thoroughly done. ^ c. Geometry. In schools offering both plane and solid geometry, a year is ordinarily given to plane geometry, and a half a year to solid geometry. Some schools do not teach solid geometry, substituting trigo- nometry therefor. The benefits derived by pupils from the accurate and definite process of mathematics, whether arithmetic, algebra, geometry, or trigonometry, are greatly increased by assigning to such branches, teachers who thoroughly understand their work. 414 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. d. Trigonometry. If this branch is taken in the high school at all, not less than a half year should be devoted to its consideration. A few schools require it, others offer it as an elective. 5. Science. a. Physiology {advanced) . The instruction given in this branch is not to be confounded with the ordinary work required in the elementary schools. Its character should be such as to merit recognition as advanced study, and a half-year to be given to it. Some laboratory study certainly is desirable. The microscope can be used to give a fair idea of the various tissues. Chemistry will assist in making tests in the composition of vari- ous substances, and in the study of foods. b. Botany. The subject of botany is given about a half-year of study in most higher grade schools. A laboratory is desirable with either simple or compound microscopes or both, and the usual equipment of water, gas, and tables. The collection of specimens, their analysis and classification, and the making of the herbarium are conducive to the scien- tific spirit and training. c. Physics. The great importance of this branch is acknowledged. Thus far no high school of the first grade has been recognized as such where less than one year is devoted to this branch. It must not be pur- sued simply as a text-book study. Experiments performed by the pupils themselves in laboratories properly supplied with apparatus and work tables, are indispensable to the correct study of the text. Two hours in the laboratory work to three in text book study is a fair division of time. A fair supply of apparatus for this work, outside of the construction of tables, and arrangements for heat, light, and water, can be bought or made at a cost of from $100 to $300, and a good supply can be had for $500 to $700. d. Chemistry: Quite a number of the better high schools offer a ■course of one year in chemistry. If such work is attempted a chemical laboratory with modern up-to-date equipment and opportunities for indi- vidual work is indispensable. Ordinarily speaking, the chemical and physical laboratories should be separate, but should be of easy- access to each other. e. Physical Geography. The text books on physical geography dif- fer materially, some being intended for the first years of the high school curriculum, the others for the latter part of the curriculum. Despite tech- nical distinctions it is safe to say that the teaching of the subject of physi- cal geography is attended with good results. A half-year devoted to this study is time well spent. It answers a demand. In connection with the text book study it presents an excellent opportunity to teach or review ItY, FOUNDED 1878. The legal title of this institution is Ashland University,, although for some years the catalogue has been issued as of Ashland College, doubtless for the purpose of more accurately setting forth the work in which the institution is engaged. The college was founded by a denomination known as the German Baptist or Dunkard Church. There was not general agreement in the church as to the need of higher education and in 1881 there was a division in the denomination as the outgrowth of a dispute in the annual conference of 1881. Ashland College had been chartered in February, 1878. After the division one branch of the church came to the relief of the school and char- tered Ashland University in July, 1888. The government is by a board of twelve trustees, provision being made that Ash- land County shall have three members and any supporting con- ference in a state entitles the state to a representation on the board much after the plan of Wittenberg College. Collegiate, preparatory, normal, commercial and musical de- partments are provided. The college was hindered in the be- ginning by adverse sentiment, but is now overcoming that and 476 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % gives prospect of leading the church into increased activity. The attendance has reached about two hundred students. The fac- ulty in all departments numbers fourteen. 22. . FINDLAY COLLEGE, FINDLAY, HANCOCK COUNTY, FOUNDED 1882. Findlay College was organized by the Church of God and incorporated January 28, 1882. Its aim was to furnish educa- tion that should not be sectarian, but under the influences of the church to all irrespective of sex, race or color. In the earlier years the financial struggle was trying, but since 1897 the college has lived within its income and added to its en- dowment until it has reached $100,000, while the debt is merely npminal. The college has a faculty of sixteen members and maintains collegiate, preparatory, normal, musical, commercial, oratorical, art and theological departments. The ownership and control is in the church and exercised through a board of fifteen trustees. The location of the college is fortunate and it gives promise of large usefulness. 23. DEFIANCE COLLEGE, DEFIANCE COUNTY, FOUNDED 1884. The legislature of Ohio chartered Defiance Female Sem- inary March 23, 1850. Articles of incorporation of Defiance College are filed in the ofiice of the secretary of state under date of July 10, 1903. The catalogue of the College for 1901-02 is called the "Fourteenth Annual Announcement and Catalogue of Defiance College." It further states that it was chartered by the legislature of Ohio, March 23, 1850; that the buildings were erected in 1884; that reorganization took place in 1896. There is a board of five trustees. Fourteen persons constitute the faculty. The catalogue announces that the charter provides against anything of a sectarian character, but no announcement is made concerning the relation of the church to the college. It has been understood to be under the foster care of the de- nomination known as Christians. The organization includes ■classical, scientific, philosophical courses and schools of peda- Ohio Centennial. 47T gogy, commerce, shorthand, music, oratory, art, and theology. The college announces twenty-five scholarships. 24. ST. IGNATIUS COLLEGE, CLEVELAND, CUYAHOGA COUNTY, FOUNDED 1886. St. Ignatius College, like St. Xavier's. is conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It was opened for scholars on September 6, 1886. The mcorporation was December 29, 1890. The institution at this time offers only a classical course and some preparatory studies looking to the classical course. It is the belief of the management as expressed in the catalogue of 190 1 - 1902, that "It has been found by long experience that this is the only course which harmoniously and fully develops all the fac- ulties of the mind, exercises the memory, cultivates a habit of reflecting, forms a correct taste and teaches the student the best use of his powers." The course as provided, comprises Chris- tian doctrine, the Latin, (ireek and English languages; rhetoric, poetry, elocution and English literature ; mathematics, physics and chemistry ; history and geography ; bookkeeping and penman- ship. 25. LIMA COLLEGE, LIMA, ALLEN COUNTY, FOUNDED 1 893. Lima College is an institution for the Christian education of young men and women. It was founded in 1893, when the cornerstone of the beautiful college building was laid, and has since been in successful operation. Its curriculum, besides the preparatory course of three years, offers a choice of four regular courses of study — the classical, the scientific, literary, and normal together with special courses in music, elocution and business. The college is under the control of "The Lima Lutheran Edu- cational Association," formed and incorporated under the laws of Ohio in 1889. The membership of the association consists of pastors and laymen of Ohio, Indiana and Western Pennsylva- nia. The facultv consists of eleven members. 478 ' Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. 26. CEDARVILLE COLLEGE, CEDARVILLE, GREENE COUNTY, FOUNDED 1894. The late William Gibson, of Cincinnati, provided in his will that the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars should he given for the endowment of a college at Cedarville, Greene County, Ohio. In May, 1885, during the sessions of the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Rev. David Steele, D. D., LL. D., •offered a resolution to found a literary institution of learning at Cedarville. This resolution was adopted. In January, 1887, the college was chartered by the state of Ohio. An effort to raise funds was made, and about ten thousand dollars subscribed. Little more was done until May, 1894, when the General Synod ^-elected Rev. David McKinney, D. D., of Cincinnati, the "first president. In the following September the college was opened with its classes in the building formerly used by Rev. Hugh Mac- millan, D. D., as an academy. It began with thirty-seven students. During 1895 ^ commodious building was erected and dedicated by the General Synod in May, 1896. The students now number over one hundred. The graduates have already found place in pursuing advanced work in universities and in useful citizenship. Cedarville has started out as a denominational college with the avowed purpose of confining itself to the work of a small col- lege, and with the purpose of emphasizing the importance of Christianity in education. The denomination in the country is small but active, and the constituency of the college is largely from the church and the immediate vicinity. This is the only ■college of the denomination in America. IV. THE CITY UNIVERSITY. I. THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, HAMILTON COUNTY, FOUNDED 187O. The University of Cincinnati is unique among educational institutions in that it enjoys the distinction of being the only city university in the state. Although established by law as late as 1870, at least one of the colleges now incorporated by law with the university was organized as early as 1819. A char- Ohio Centennial. 479 ter for a university in Cincinnati was granted in 1818. Later, organizations were effected, and now these local movements have, in the main, been in some form consolidated with the University of Cincinnati. The university thus gathers up tradition and history united with present comprehensive plans, and looks to the future for the realization of long cherished desires. In car- rying these forward generously disposed citizens have contrib- uted toward buildings and equipment, and the city, as authorized by law, levies an annual tax for the support of the university in the same way it provides for the expenses of the public schools. The history of the organization is substantially as follows : The general assembly of Ohio passed an act entitled "An act to enable cities of the first class to aid and promote education." This became a law April 16, 1870. On March 14, 1871, the com- mon council of Cincinnati passed an ordinance to provide for the university. The first section, which refers to the transfer of control and management, is as follows : Sec. 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the board of directors established by the ordinance passed December 12, A. D., 1859, entided "An ordinance to provide for the devise of Charles McMicken to the city of Cincinnati," are hereby authorized and directed to transfer and deliver over all the estate, property, funds and claims held or controlled by them, and all books and papers, relating to the same, to the board of directors estab- lished by said act, passed April 16, 1870, and elected. by said common council, December, 1870, and the custody, management and entire ad- ministration and control thereof shall henceforth be entrusted to said last-mentioned board, subject to the provisions of the last will of the said Charles AIcMicken and of the act aforesaid. Owing to some losses and shrinkage it became evident that the McMicken estate would not fully meet the conditions con- templated in the will. After a period of accumulation the city council appointed a committee to report as to the practicability of the union of the various educational trusts in Cincinnati — notably the Cincinnati College, the Mechanics' Institute and the McMicken University. This movement met with approval, and resulted in the passage of the act of April 16. 1870. Under the provisions of this act instruction was begun by the teachers of Woodward High School in September, 1873, and in 1874 the 480 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % academic department was opened. In 1872 the Cincinnati As- tronomical Society, founded in 1842, surrendered its property to the city for the university. In June, 1895, steps were taken looking to a medical department, which resulted in bringing the Medical College of Ohio, founded in 1819, into organic relation to the university, and an act authorizing such relation was passed by the legislature of Ohio May i, 1896. Next came the organi- zation of the department of law, and on June 14, 1897, the final terms of the contract were agreed to by which the Cincinnati Law School became a part of the university. Two other schools are affiliated with the university — the Clinical and Pathological School of the Cincinnati Hospital in 1887, and the Ohio College of Dental Surgery in 1888. The appointment of trustees by the act of 1870 was vested in the city council with the provision that six should be appointed from persons nominated 1)y the "board of education. Some changes in the mode of appointment were made until in Febru- ary 18, 1892. an act was passed that provided for the appoint- ment "by the judge or judges of the Superior Court of such cities where the same have such a court; otherwise, by the judge or judges of the Common Pleas Court of the county in which such cities are located." After twenty years of occupancy of the building on Mc- Micken avenue, it was found unsuitable for university purposes. It became necessary to remove if the purpose of the McMicken will was to be fulfilled. A petition was presented to the council,, and authority given to remove to Burnet woods. The authority for such removal was a matter of doubt, and a friendly suit was- instituted to determine the question. This resulted in a decision of the Circuit Court affirming the right of removal. This was affirmed by the Supreme Court in March, 1893. Thus the most important question was forever settled. On September 22, 1894, the cornerstone of McMicken Hall was laid, and the building was ready for use September. 1895. 1^" ^^95 Henry Hanna gave $50,000 for the erection of Hanna Hall for chemistry and civil engineering. In 1889 Mr. Rriggs S. Cunningham erected Cun- ningham Hall for physics and biology at a cost of $6o,ocx). In 1898 Asa Van Wormer gave $50,000 for the Van Wormer Li- Ohio Centennial. 481 brary. In 1901, through Hon. M. E. Ingalls, an anonymous ben- efactor gave $22,500 for the construction of a shop for the Col- lege of Engineering. Other benefactors have come forward with provision for needs. The endowment fund of $100,000 given by David Sinton is an encouraging fund. The property and endow- ment now represent substantially a million dollars, exclusive of the annual income. The government is by a board of eighteen directors appointed by the Superior Court, in six classes, for the term of six years. The mayor of the city is ex-officio a member of the board. V. THE FOUNDATION PROVIDED BY THE MORRILL ACT AND THE STATUTES OF OHIO. I. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLLMBUS, FRANKLIN COUNTY^ FOUNDED 1870. This institution differs from all other educational institu- tions of the state in a number of particulars. In the first place, unlike all others, it is not a corporation. Its trustees, seven in number, are appointed by the governor, for the term of seven years, and confirmed by the Senate. Their powers and duties are all prescribed by law. Among other limitations they may not in- cur an indebtedness except by the consent of the legislature and as provided for by law. The ownership of the property is vested in the state of Ohio. There are advantages and disadvantages in this method. It insures a conservative management and ex- penditure of funds. This is important to state institutions of all kinds. Inasmuch as all appropriations must be provided by the Legislature the university is held to a careful regard for the intelligent public opinion of the state. There being no corporate rights to be forfeited the Legislature .might, at any time, change the character, alter the methods or entirely abolish the institu- tion. On the other hand, the limitations of the State University are such as to hinder it from meeting emergencies as they arise, or devising plans looking far into the future. There is a limit to the resources available from the state, and this limits as well what may be undertaken. In origin the institution is unlike all others in the state, as will appear from the following sketch : 3i o. c. 482 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. What is now commonly known as the Morrill Act was a land grant made by the United States under an act approved by -President Lincoln, July 2, 1862, which provided that there should be granted to each state an amount of public land equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative to which the state was entitled by the apportionment of the census of i860. The proceeds under this act were to constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which was to remain forever undiminished, and the interest of the same was to be inviolably applied by each state which should take and claim the benefits of the act to the endow- ment, support and maintenance of at least one "college where the leading objects shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning aS are related to agriculture and the me- chanic arts, in such a manner as the legislature of the states niay respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pur- ;suits and professions of life." \ Under this law Ohio received in 1864 certificates of scrip for 630,000 acres after the legislature had formally accepted the conditions of the trust. The auditor of state, the treasurer of state and the secretary of state were made a commission to adver- tise for and receive proposals for the purchase of the scrip. The greater portion of the scrip sold at fifty-three cents an acre. The receipts amounted in all to $340,906.80. By law this became a part of the irreducible debt of the state, on which six per cent, interest is paid. As the school was not opened until 1873, the in- vterest was from time to time added to the principal. In 1871 'Congress gave to the state of Ohio all unpatented surveys within the, Virginia Military District, and in 1872 the state gave these lands to the university. These lands have been sold from time to time, and the proceeds turned into the state treasury as part of the irreducible debt of the state, constituting an endowment fund for the university. This fund now amounts to something more than $550,000. Governor Tod, in November, 1862, brought the subject of accepting the Morrill grant before the State Board of Agriculture, and later, to the attention of the legislature. In January, 1864, Ohio Centennial. 483 ' Hon. Columbus Delano introduced a bill accepting it. This be- came a law February 9th, 1864, and pledged the faith of the state to the performance of all the conditions and provisions contained therein. In 1866 an act, introduced by Hon. J. T. Brooks, was passed, which provided for the establishment of the Ohio x'\g-ricu-ltural and Mechanical College, but the provisions were not carried into effect, and a second act, introduced by Hon. R. P. Cameron, was passed in 1870, entitled "An act to establish and maintain an Agricultural and Mechanical College in Ohio." Under the provisions of this act the institution was located in Columbus, and the board proceeded to the organization of the college and the election of a faculty of instruction, and the insti- tution was opened for the reception of students on the seven- teenth day of September, 1873. In 1878 the legislature passed "An act to reorganize and change the name of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege and to repeal certain acts therein mentioned." The act pro- vided that the institution should be thereafter designated as "The Ohip State University." Up to this time but one appropriation had been made by the state for the support of the institution. With the reorganization came the larger and broader view of the state's relation to public education, and since that time the Ohio State University has shared with other public educational insti- tutions a more generous support by the state. The Ohio State University comprises six colleges, as fol- lows : The College of x\griculture and Domestic Science consists of those departments represented in the course leading to the de- grees of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, Bachelor of Science in Horticulture and Forestry, and Bachelor of Science in Domestic Economy, and in the course in Dairying, the short course in Agriculture, and the short course in Domestic Science. The College of Arts, Philosophy and Science consists of those departments represented in the courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Philosophy and Bachelor of Science. After June. 1903, all courses in this college will lead to the des:ree of Bachelor of Arts. 484 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. The College of Engineering consists of those departments represented in the courses leading to the degrees of Civil En- gineer, Civil Engineer in Architecture, Engineer of Mines, En- gineer of Mines in Ceramics, Mechanical Engineer, Mechanical Engineer in Electrical Engineering, and Bachelor of Science in Industrial Arts and Manual Training, Bachelor of Science in Chemistry or in Aletallurgy ; in the Short Course in Clay- working and Ceramics, and in the Short Course in Mining. The College of Law consists of those departments repre- sented in the course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws. The College of Pharmacy consists of those departments rep- resented in the courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, and in the Short Course in 'Pharmacy. The College of Veterinary Medicine consists of those de- partments represented in the course leading to the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, and to a certificate of Veterinary Surgeon. The Craduate School has been organized with a board of management and is making steady progress. Each college is under the direction of its own faculty, which has power to act in all matters pertaining to the work of students in that college. The Grozi'th of the Unii'ersity. In 1873 the school was opened with 17 students; in 1883 the roll was 355; in 1893 the roll was 642; in 1903 the roll was 1 71 7. The preparatory department was abolished in 1895. The original building has been enlarged and the university now uses for instruction sixteen buildings. In 1873 the fac- ulty comprised a president and seven professors. In 1903 more than one hundred and thirty persons are engaged in the work of instruction. There are thirty-eight distinct departments of instruction and the laboratories for instruction in the several sciences are not surpassed in the Central West. The finances of the institution have not grown as rapidly as demands require. The sources of income are, first, the in- terest on the endowment ; second, the annual grants from Ohio Centennial. 485 L'nited States Congress under the provision of the second Mor- rill act ; third, receipts from the fees of students ; fourth, mis- cellaneous receipts from rentals and incidental accounts ; fifth, the proceeds from the state levy. This last item is one-tenth of a mill on the grand duplicate, amounting to about $200,000 annually. For four years past the legislature has provided five one-hundredths of a mill additional, which has been used for the erection and equipment of needed buildings. General Statement. Passing now the question of origin, organization and classifi- cation, there are certain prominent features of the Ohio col- leges that are worthy of attention. And first let it be remarked that the problem of co-education has had its solution in Ohio. The first attempt to face the opposition to equal education for woman was made at Oberlin and has never been abandoned. Oberlin wears the crown among American colleges for this inno- vation that could not now be put aside. As the denominational colleges were organized they met the problem. For awhile some of them avoided the issue, but Oberlin's experience proved that "woman was not a foe to be feared and gradually all these institutions caught the pace of- progress and now gladly welcome woman to her rightful opportunities. On the other hand some of the privately endowed institutions stood long and steadfastly to traditions. Co-education was not welcome to some ; it was believed to be wrong in theory and unsatisfactory in practice. AVe find co-ordinate education at Western Reserve where the university faculty gives instruction to the college for women ; we find separate education by faculties of women, as at The Western College for Women at Lake Erie College. At Ken- yon we find separate education for men. The state institutions are lil^erally co-educational. While co-education has won its vic- tories and established itself beyond any question, the Ohio Col- leges in this regard represent every type of education and stand as a protest against intolerance of every kind. Second : Tt is proper to speak of the spirit that has lived in the Ohio colleges. The prosperity and progress of Ohio is as 486 ^ Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. truly due to the aspirations of the people as to their labor. We have been laughed at for our many colleges, but it is well to remember that they represent the faith of the people. Over Ohio's hills and valleys our people have believed in their chil- dren ; they have worked for them ; they have built colleges at great sacrifice as a testimony to their own faith. We have not proceeded upon the theory that only ideal conditions should obtain, but upon the better theory of doing the best possible under the circumstances. The spirit made the Ohio alumnus a man of power and adaptability as well as a high- minded citizen. They have filled every important office from that of chief executive of the Nation down ; they have been marked by high attainments in the pulpit, in the practice of law, in medicine, in business and in all the usual callings of life. They have been neither paupers nor beggars, neither failures nor visionaries, but clear-headed, warm-hearted, patriotic citizens conserving the best interests of the State and Church. When the Civil War broke out, the call was heard in every college, oftentimes taking both professor and student to the front. The war emptied the class rooms. The history of that period shows every college to have suffered in attendance as in support. They made this sacrifice willingly, as it was the prac- tical demonstration of the spirit nurtured in the colleges. Third : Again there has been a service to the locality not to be forgotten. Some of the Ohio colleges were founded be- fore the day of railroads and many of them before railroads were at all common. This takes us back to the days when transportation was slow and burdensome and often expensive. The local college then set the standard for its community and drew from its immediate vicinity nearly all its students. The prosperity of the college meant a certain uplift to the com- munity. Where some of these institutions have declined chiefly owing to the changed conditions of our day, there has often occurred a similar decline in the quality and character of the community. The public school has not yet served the same purpose as the small college of early days. This service to the community not only increased its own self-respect, but de- veloped men and women who were destined to leave the locality Ohio Centennial. 48T to serve in larger and wider spheres. These colleges cost some money and some of them have ceased to exist, but they paid for themselves again and again in character and manhood. Fourth: Another feature of the Ohio colleges is their in- fluence upon education and educational theory. Ohio has been singularly free from tradition and has shown great tolerance. Freedom of thought in education has been encouraged. Ac- cordingly many experiments have been tried. As has been said by Dr. W. T. Harris, "It seems that wherever a body of educational reforms with similar ideals become moxed with a strong impulse to put their principles into practice, they chose Ohio as the scene for their experiment." The colleges have been the battleground for many reforms, but on the whole they have represented a conservative progress and their alumni have given stability to education in the state. The Ohio colleges have educated a large number of men and women who have given themselves to teaching as a profession and a vastly larger num- ber w^ho have temporarily engaged in the work of education,, and in this way have exercised an unconscious but effective leadership. Fifth : Another characteristic feature of Ohio colleges has been their close co-operation with religion. In all the early colleges religion was given a distinct and permanent place, either in the charter or in the declaration of principles setting forth the reason for the organization. In some instances it is dis- tinctly stated that the church has organized these colleges in order to train her children under religious influence and thus conserve them to the church. In other cases a general state- ment is made of the supreme importance of religion and of its necessity to a well-developed system of education. In harmony with this conception the church has undertaken to make a large and generous provision for education. - The struggle to do this thing has been marked by great sacrifice and personal devotion. The leaders in education have not always been able in a young and growing commonwealth, where people were struggling for maintenance, to secure for the colleges a requisite amount of money. It is worth while, however, to observe that in the ad- ministration of funds at hand there has been singular ability 488 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. and wise economy in securing great returns upon the invest- ment. It is to the lasting credit of the management of higher education in Ohio that it has been so free from scandal, corrup- tion and fraud in the use of trust funds. It is probably true that in some instances men were not always wise enough to do what they really aimed to do, but it must be said that amid the perplexities of poverty surrounding these institutions in the early days, it is a matter of surprise and congratulation that so much has been accomplished. The high character of the men who have served the institutions and the persistent deter- mination that they should be under the inspiration of religion, has doubtless done much to determine both the quality of the education and the character of the graduates. This whole- some encouragement of religion has sent the alumni back to the church with renewed enthusiasm for both religion and educa- tion. The contribution that the colleges have made to the per- manent strength and prosperity of the church is worth far more than the colleges have cost. Th^se beneficent results are often- times overlooked in our eagerness to promote the cause of education. On the other hand, the attitude of the state has 1)een most kindly to such enterprises. The deepest sentiment of the state has been favorable to religion and entire freedom in education. Even the state institutions have been much influenced by the presence of religion. There can be no reasonable doubt that the denominational and private colleges, by reason of their em- phasis upon the importance of religion, have greatly influenced the atmosphere about state institutions. We find in Ohio a very happy condition in this regard. No college will make a declaration of sectarianism nor will a state institution stand for irreligion or immorality. Doubtless the great variety of insti- tutions in Ohio has emphasized the importance of a charitable view toward others and has cultivated a very lil:)eral spirit along with an intense loyalty to conviction. The sum total of influence therefore of both state and non-state institutions upon the population of our commonwealth has been decidedly helpful and stimulating. Our indebtedness to the colleges in this re- gard is greater than is commonly appreciated. Ohio Centennial. 48^ Concluding Remarks. There has been some difficulty in determining what institu- tions should be listed in this article. There are some institu- tions known as colleges in Ohio not included in this list. In some cases they are not doing the work of a college grade ; in others they are private institutions not incorporated in the state of Ohio, but incorporated under the laws of other states in order to avoid the double hability for stockholders. Prior to 185 1 there were 270 different educational institu- tions incorporated in the state of Ohio. Quite a number of. the colleges mentioned above have been incorporated since 1851. It is a simple statement of fact that probably 300 institutions, more or less permanent in character, have organized for educa- tional purposes in Ohio. Many of these have ceased to exist; others have continued as academies ; others have merged into public schools and colleges, and still others have no history that is of public importance. There is no doubt that the growth of the public school system has rendered unnecessary many of these efforts between the years 1803 and 1851. In their day they served a purpose and did a commendable work. Many existing institutions are struggling with the problem of ex- istence and others with the problem of a better existence as records above in this article will ' show. Quite a number of colleges have a permanent fund which is so small that they never can hope to do much beyond their present work and that in order to maintain themselves must depend largely upon the tuition of students who are doing work ordinarily done in the public high schools. The large freedonii provided under the statutes of Ohio and the lack of any system of state super- vision makes this condition possible and probably permanent. Meantime the better endowed institutions must continue to carry the greater portion of the work of higher education. THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF OHIO IN THE CARE OF HER UNFORTUNATE CLASSES. R. BRINKERHOFF. THE CARE OF THE POOR. The law existing at the opening of the century, and whicb continued, with minor modifications until 1816, was enacted by the governor and judges of the Northwest Territory June 19, 1795, and went into operation Oc- tober I, 1795. It provided for the ap- pointment by the Court of General Sessions, of two substantial inhabit- ants of each township to act as over- seers of the poor. The law authorized the overseers to use their discretion in contracting in the maintenance of the poor, and to levy a tax on the estimated value of real and personal property in the township, of not more than two cents on a dollar, and a per capita tax of seventy-five cents. In December, 1799, however, the law was amended so as to make it the ''duty of the overseers of the poor, in each and every township, yearly, and every year, to cause all persons, who have or shall become a public charge, to be farmed out at. public vendue, or out cry, to-wit: On the first Monday of May, yearly and every year, at some public place in each township in the several counties of this territory, respect- ively, to the person or persons who shall appear to be the lowest bidder or bidders, having given ten days' previous notice of such sale, in at least three of the most public places in their 490 R. BRINKERHOFF. Ohio Centennial. 491 respective townships ; which notices shall set forth the name and age, as near as may be, of each person to l^e farmed out^ as aforesaid." This method of dealing with the poor continued without material change until February 26, 1816, when our present sys- tem had its initiation. By a statute of that date it was provided, "That the com- missioners of each county in the state be, and they arie hereby authorized, to erect and establish poor houses, whenever in their opinion, such a measure shall be proper and advantageous." To govern these poor houses the commissioners were directed to appoint seven judicious persons, inhabitants of their county, who shall form a board of directors to take charge of and manage the affairs of the said poor houses." By act of March 8, 1831, the number of directors to be ap- pointed by the county commissioners was reduced to three, to continue in office for one year. By act of March 5, 1842, it was enacted "that the qualified electors for members of the General Assembly, in any county within this state, in which a poor house is completed, or may hereafter be completed, for the reception of the poor, shall elect at their annual election, three judicious persons, residents of such county, who shall form a board of directors for the poor; one of whom shall hold office for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, so that one of said directors shall be elected each year." By act of March 23, 1850, it was provided that the name of all institutions known and designated by the title of county poor houses erected by the several counties of the state under the provisions of the act passed March 8, 1816, should hereafter be known as county infirmaries. So at last, by legislative evolution and the survival of the fittest, we arrived at the condition of development, with some changes and additions, which we now have. The most important change in recent years was the codifi- cation of the poor laws by the General Assembly of 1898, which included the administration of out door relief by townships instead of counties. 492 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications; DEPENDENT CHILDREN. In the care of its dependent children Ohio has been especially noteworthy, and was among the first, and I am not sure but it was the very first state in the Union, to provide homes at public expense for all of these unfortunates. Of these institutions we now have fifty-five, known as county homes, in which over 3,000 children are received and cared for annually. In addition the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home estab- lished and supported by the state at Xenia has a daily average of 900 inmates, and in efficiency of management, and beneficent results, has no equal anywhere. The Ohio institution for the education of the blind, located at Columbus, was the fourth in the order of its establishment in the United States, and was founded in 1837, ^^^ i^s daily average of pupils now numbers over 300. The Ohio institution for the education of the deaf and dumb is one of the finest in the world, and was founded at Co- lumbus in 1827, and now has an average attendance of over 500 pupils. FEEBLE- MINDED YOUTH. The Ohio institution for feeble-minded children was founded in 1857, and is located at Columbus. I am very sure it is no exaggeration to say that among institutions of its kind, "it has no equal upon this planet," at any rate, that was the declaration of the late Dr. I. N. Kerlin. for many years the superintendent of the Pennsylvania Institution for Feeble Minded Children at Elwyn. Dr. G. A. Dorcn has been the superintendent of our Ohio institution since 1859, and to him is due, very largely, its com- manding position. During the past year the daily average of pupils has been over one thousand. In connection with our Ohio institution, and under the same management a colony for adult idiots has been established on a farm of i,574j acres, ten miles from Columbus, and ac- commodations have already been nearly completed for three hundred inmates with a promise for five hundred more durmg Ohio Centennial. 493 the present year. It is expected that in the near future a thou- sand patients will be cared for in this institution, and Dr. Doren is confident that they can be made self-supporting. In addition, buildings for three hundred females of this class are nearly completed at the home place in Columbus. THE CARE OF THE INSANE. In the care of the insane greater progress has been made throughout the civilized world during the past fifty years than in all previous history, and in this forward movement no state or country has been more conspicuous than Ohio. In fact, Ohio was the first state or country in the world that deliberately took the position that any citizen bereft of rea- son, ipso fa€to, becomes the child of the state, and was entitled to the best possible care, absolutely free of cost to the recipient. This was done by the adoption of Sec. i, in z\rticle VII of the State Constitution of 1851, which provides that "Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, shall always be fostered and supported by the state, and be subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by the General Assembly." Under this provision of the constitution, all insane in public care are provided for in seven hospitals for the insane, in which the average daily attendance for 1902 was as follows : Longvicw. established in 1821 1,140 Columbus, " 1838 .1.381 Cleveland, " 1855 1.163 Dayton, " 1855 906 Athens, " 1864 1,043 Toledo, " 1889 1,601 Massillon, " 1899 855 Gallipolis, " 1890 844 8,933 In the vast forward movement in the care of the insane during the past century, by far the most important event was the abolition of mechanical restraints in the care of patients. Thirty years ago such restraints were everywhere considered a necessity, and for excited patients strong rooms, straight jack- 494 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. -ets, cribs, muffs, camisoles, airing courts and other mechanical appliances were everywhere in evidence. Only twenty-five years ago, when I came upon the Board of State Charities, and began to visit asylums, there were only four or five institutions in the United States where these appliances were abolished to any large extent, and of these, two were in Ohio, brought so through the initiation of that prince of alienists, Dr. Richard Gundry, first at Athens (1872-76), and then at Columbus. Even then and for several years later, patients were only allowed outdoor liberty and exercise in airing 'courts, surrounded by high walls •or wooden stockades. In this great forward movement, Ohio was in the front rank, and I am not sure but she was the very first to inaugurate the new era in all of her state institutions. Another pioneer movement in Ohio in the care of the insane was the creation of the Toledo State Hospital upon what is known as the cottage system, and which has since been the model for all new asylums throughout the United States. THE CARE OF EPILEPTICS. In the care of epileptics, Ohio has the unchallenged ci^dit •of being the first state or country in the world to 4)rovide for this tmfortunate class at public expense. The State Hospital for Epileptics at Gallipolis was authorized by the General Assembly in 1890, and was opened for the reception of patients Novem- ber 30, 1893, and now cares for an average of over one thou- sand patients. This example of Ohio has been followed by sev- -eral other states (notably New York) and similar action is under •consideration in several other states. OHIO METHODS IN DEALING WITH THE CRIMINAL CLASSES. PRO- GRESSIVE STEPS IN LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION. That reformation, rather than punishment, should be the main object in dealing with the criminal classes was a conviction that found expression at the very threshold of Ohio history, and was embodied in the organic law of the state more than a hundred Ohio Centennial. • 495 •years ago, and some knowledge of its evolution, as shown in legislation and administration is absolutely essential to a proper understanding of existing conditions, for prison reform, external and internal, in Ohio is an evolution from within rather than an importation from without. For high intelligence, broad statesmanship, and moral worth, the pioneers of Ohio have had no superiors among the founders of states. LEGISLATIVE BEGINNINGS. The first English-speaking settlement within the present boundaries of the state of Ohio was established at Marietta July 13, 1787, under the ordinance creating the Northwest Ter- ritory. The first legislation in regard to crime and criminals was formulated by the governor and judges, authorized by Con- gress, and was promulgated at Marietta September 6, 1788, This criminal code specified twenty offenses to which penalties were provided. The only offense punishable by death was mur- der. This is probably the first criminal code in the world in which the death penalty was limited to one offense. Six years later (1794) Pennsylvania followed this example, and since then nearly all of the states have adopted the same rule. Manslaughter was punishable in accordance with the require- ments of the common law of England ; arson, by whipping not exceeding 39 stripes, the pillory not exceeding two hours, im- pmsonment in jail not exceeding three years, and full damages in money if the offender's estate would suffice ; burglary and robbery, similar to arson ; riots, fine not exceeding $16 and surety for good behavior; for obstructing authority, whipping not exceeding 39 stripes and security for good behavior; per- jury, fine, whipping, or pillory, and disfranchisement ; larceny, restitution, whipping, or imprisonment not exceeding seven years ; forgery, fine and pillory ; usurpation, assault and bat- tery, or fraudulent deeds, fines ; disobedience of children and ser- vants, jail and house of correction until subdued ; drunkenness, fine 5 dimes for first offense, and $1 for any succeeding offense. . The code closed with the following sections : 496 CXIiio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Section 21. Whereas idle, vain, and obscene conversation, profane cursing and swearing, and more especially the irreverently mentioning, calling upon, or invoking the sacred and Supreme Being, by any of the Divine characters in which He hath graciously condescended to reveal His infinitely beneficent purposes to mankind, are repugnant to every moral sentiment, subversive of every civil obligation, inconsistent with the ornaments of polished life and abhorrent to the principles of the most benevolent religion, it is expected, therefore, if crimes of this kind should exist, they will not find encouragement, countenance, or appro- bation in this Territory. It is strictly enjoined upon all officers and ministers of justice, upon parents and others, heads of families, and upon others of every description, that they abstain from practices so vile and irrational ; and that by example and precept, to the utmost of their power, they prevent the necessity of adopting and publishing laws, with penalties, upon this head. And it is hereby declared that govern- ment will consider as unworthy its confidence all those who may ob- stinately violate these injunctions. Section 22. Whereas mankind in every stage of informed society have consecrated certain portions of time to the particular cultivation of the social virtues and the public adoration and worship of the com- mon parent of the universe, and whereas a practice so rational in itself, and -comformable to the divine precepts, is greatly conducive to civiliza- tion as well as morality and piety ; and whereas for the advancement of such important and interesting purposes most of the Christian world have set apart the first day of the week as a day of rest from common labors and pursuits, it is therefore enjoined that all servile labor, works of necessity and charity only excepted, be wholly abstained from on said day. Of cotirse, this code was mainly prospective, for as yet there were no jails or pillories in the Territory, and it was not until August I, 1792, that a law was enacted requirinof each county to erect jails and ''also a pillory, whippino^ post, and as many stocks as may he convenient for the ])unishment of offenders," and each jail was to have two apartments — one for debtors and one for criminals. This criminal code remained in force without any material changes or additions until after the admission of Ohio Js a state in 1802, and the organization of its first General Assem- bly in 1803. RKFOKM.\TION TO THE FRONT. The first constitution of Ohio, adopted in 1802, is a monu- mental document in many ways, hut especially in its attitude Ohio Centennial. 497 toward crime and criminals, for it anticipated by many years the central idea of modern penology that reformation rather than punishment should be the objective point in dealing with criminals, and that indiscriminate severity, instead of preventing^ created crime. These declarations are contained in Article VTII, Section XIV, of this remarkable document, as follows : All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offence. N6 wise legislation will affix the same punishment to the crime of theft>, forgery, and the like, which they do to those of murder and treason-. When the same undistinguished severity is exerted against all offenses, the people are led to forget the real distinction in crimes themselves, and to commit the most flagrant with as little compunction as they do the slightest offenses. For the same reasons a multitude of sanguinary laws are both impolitic, and unjust, the true design of all punishments being to reform, not to exterminate, mankind. OHIO PENITENTI.VRV. The first penitentiary in Ohio was built in 1813, in the city of Columbus. It was a brick building 60x30 feet in size and three stories high, which included the basement, partly below ground. The basement contained the living rooms of the pris^ oners, and could only be entered from the prison yard. The second story was the keeper's residence. The third, or upper story contained the prisoners' cells, thirteen in number, nine of which were light and four dark cells. The prison yard, about 100 feet square, was enclosed by a stone wall from fifteen to eighteen feet high. In 18 1 8 a new brick building was erected and the prison yard enlarged to about 400x160 feet, enclosed by stone walls twenty feet high. In 1832 a new penitentiary was authorized and the present location on the banks of the Scioto was secured, and in 1834 the new building was occupied, and there it has since remained. From time to time it has been enlarged, until at present it has a prison population of over 2,000. It has always been operated upon the Auburn system, with associated labor by day and cellular separation at night. 32 o. c. 498 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications • Prior to 1834 the labor of the prisoners was employed upon state account in blacksmithing, cabinetmaking, coopering, weav- ing and tailoring, the manufactured articles being sold or ex- changed for provisions or raw material. Prison labor was also largely employed in erecting the state house and new peniten- tiary. After 1834 and until 1885 the labor of prisoners in the main was employed under the contract system, and the Ohio Penitentiary in its discipHne and industries did not differ ma- terially from other prisons in other states, and on the average compared fairly well with such prisons. REFORM SCHOOL FOR BOYS. The first long step forward in dealing with the delinquent classes was in 1857, under the administration of Governor Sal- man P. Chase, and largely owing to his initiation. By act of the General Assembly, passed April 16, 1857 (O- L., vol. 54, p. 175), section 7 provides: ^ The'ire shall be established a reform school, to be called the Ohio State Reform Farm, for the reception of such youth therein as may be sent thither under section 9 of this act and as may be provided by law. Section 2 of the act provided for a board of commissioners of three members, to be appointed by the governor, to carry out the provisions of the law. Section 8 provided: That said State Reform Farm shall be established by the board of commissioners, and under their control and supervision, upon a body of land containing, as near as may be, 1,000 acres of land. Section 9 provided, that upon obtaining possession of such farm, accommodations for forty male youths should be provided, and that the commissioners should select from the House of Refuge at Cincinnati, the Ohio State Penitentiary, and the county Jails of the state such boys as they should deem suitable for being received upon said State Reform Farm, "and said forty boys"^ shall constitute the first family of said reform farm." After that, in section 10, the law provided that — Ohio Centennial. 499 Whenever any minor male under the age of 18 shall be found guilty of an offense or crime against the laws of the state, the court shall have power to sentence the defendant to be committed to the reform school. Section ii provided that — In all cases when received, said minors shall be under the con- trol of the authorities of the reform school until legal age, and said authorities shall at all times have power to apprentice them and said minors shall be discharged from any reform school only upon order of the authorities aforesaid or in due process of law. ^ This law was introduced and championed in the house by Plon. James Monroe, afterwards a member of Congress for three terms, and for many years a professor in Oberlin College. THE AMERICAN METTRAY. The first three commissioners of this institution, and its famous superintendent, Mr. Cieorge E. Howe, who for twenty years shaped its destinies, were remarkable men and are worthy of a memorial volume, but suffice it to say here that the special form impressed upon this institution, which has since been known as *'the family system," was due largely to Commissioner Reeme- lin of Cincinnati. His associate commissioners were John A. Foote, of Cleveland, and James D. Ladd, of Jefferson County, both able and eminent citizens and admirably qualified for their work. Mr. Reemelin was a German by birth and of high culture in German universities, who had come to America early in his career and obtained fame and fortune in the land of his adoption. He proposed to his associate commissioners, after they had visited various reformatories in America, that he should go to Europe at his own expense and see what he could find there. This was assented to, and after months of travel and observation in foreign lands he returned and reported a plan for the Ohio State Farm, based upon the methods of the juvenile reformatory at Mettray, France. His report was adopted in the main by his associates, and our American Mettray was established on a farm of 1.210 500 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % acres in Fairfield County, six miles south of the city of Lan- caster, and the original cottage for "40 male youths" has since been transformed into a village now numbering a population of about 800. The first family buildings were four in number and built of hewn logs two stories high, and the old farmhouse was used as an administration building. From the beginning prison walls and grated doors were abolished, and each cottage under the charge of an **elder brother" and his wife was a family by itself, and now, as then, in every cottage its niem1)ers attend school, work in shops or upon the farm, go to church, and play upon the open grounds the same as the boys of any other well-regulated village. This institution became a model for juvenile reformatories all over the United States, and is now known as the Boys' Industrial School, and a large majority of its graduates have become hon- orable and self-supporting citizens. Since the opening of this institution there have been various minor changes of legislation in regard to it, and for many years it has had a board of managers of five members instead of three, but in the main it has been conducted upon the lines laid down by its founders and its accommodations have kept pace with the increasing population of the state. REFORM SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. A reform and industrial school for girls, now known as the Girls' Industrial Home, was authorized by the act of the General Assembly passed May 5, 1869 (O. L. Vol. 66, p. no) and was es- tablished in Delaware County, and is similar in character and administration to the Boys' Industrial School, and has an average population of over 400. NEW ERA TN PENITENTIARY LEGISLATION. The legislation of the General Assembly of 1884-85 marks a new era in Ohio methods in dealing with high-grade criminals, or felons, as they are known to the law, and was due, largely, to the initiation of the State Board of Charities and Corrections, Ohio Centennial. 501 and the hearty co-operatioii of Governor George Hoadly, and Hon. Allen O. Myers, chairman of Committee on Prisons and Prison Reforms in the house. As early as 1868, in its first annual report, the Board of State Charities had earnestly advocated the establishment of one new prison to be known as the intermediate penitentiary, exclu- sively for young men, and argued that "such a system would give us the foundation of a grand system of graded prisons ; with the reform farm on one side of the new prison, for juvenile of- fenders, and the penitentiary on the other, for all the more hardened and incorrigible class ; the discipline of each to be so adjusted as best to secure the results aimed at in each, and so connected and related that transfers could be made from one to the other, upon certain conditions, based upon the criminal's general character and conduct, to be determined by a careful system of marks, to be fully treated of hereafter." These recommendations with various others in regard to prison administration were fully amplified, and from year to year were repeated, and pressed upon the attention of the Leg- islature, and the general public, until at last the seeds thus sown culminated into law in a series of legislative acts by the Sixty- sixth General Assembly of 1884 and 1885, in which all the lead- ing ideas of the Elmira Reformatory system were embodied, to- gether with some additions and improvements. Ijy these acts the contract system of employing convicts was abolished, the indeterminate sentence was authorized, the classi- fication of prisoners provided for. the parole system established, and cumulative sentences for habitual criminals required. (O. L., vol. 82, pp. 60 and 236.) In addition to these requirements, which only applied to the existing Ohio State Penitentiary, an act was passed "to establish an intermediate penitentiary and to provide for the appointment of a board of managers" to locate, construct, and to manage the same. PRISON LABOR. ^ In abolishing contract labor in the penitentiary, it was evidently the intention of the General Assembly to employ the 50^ Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. prisoners upon state account (O. L., vol. 8i, p. 74, sec. 4), but in the absence of an appropriation for machinery and capital, it was provided in a separate act (O. L., vol. 82, p. 60) that it should be competent for the managers to employ prisoners upon what is known as "the piece-price plan." By this plan, which still continues, with a majority of prisoners, employers furnish machinery and materials, and the state furnishes and supervises the men, and secures pay by the piece for the product. The advantage of this system over the contract system is that the prisoner is not the slave of the contractor, but the employee of the state, and the state can lighten his labor,, change his oc- cupation, or shorten his hours, as his capacity or improvement may require. Intelligently administered, this system is a vast improve- ment upon the contract system for its opportunities for educa- tion and reformation are far superior, and these ought to be the main purpose in any well-regulated prison, whatever may be the immediate return in dollars and cents. THE INDETERMINATE SENTENCE. By section 5 of the act above named (O. L., pages 74 and 168) it was declared that "every sentence to the penitentiary of a person hereafter committed for felony, except for murder in the second degree, who has not previously been convicted of a felony and served a term in a penal institution, may be,, if the court having said case thinks it right and proper, a gen- eral sentence in the penitentiary. The term of such imprison- ment of any person so convicted and sentenced may be ter- minated by the board of managers, as authorizel by this act, but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced ; and no such prisoner shall be released until he shall have served at least the minimum term provided by law for the crime for which he was convicted." CLASSIFICATION AND PAROLE. By sections 6, 7 and 8 of this act, detailed requirements were made for the commitment, classification and parole of prisoners Ohio Centennial. 503 under the indeterminate sentence, similar to those in force, then and now, at the Elmira State Reformatory in New York. At the next session of the General Assembly, May 4, 1885, these provisions were so amended as to apply to all prisoners, whether committed under the indeterminate sentence or other- wise, except those "sentenced to murder in the first or second degree." (O. L., Vol. 82, page 236.) So far as ascertained this was the first application of the indeterminate sentence, or parole system, in any penitentiary, or state prison in America. Since their adoption there has been no material change in these laws. The indeterminate sentence has not been utilized by the courts as largely as it should, but under the rules of pro- gressive classification over twelve hundred prisoners have been paroled, and less than 10 per cent, have been returned, and it is known that a large majority thus paroled have been restored to honest and self-supporting citizenship. The system has not always been administered as wisely as it should have been, but with all shortcomings it has been a vast improvement in our prison management, and has steadily gained in favor with the public. CUMULATIVE SENTENCES. Still another notable enactment of the Sixty-sixth General Assembly was the second section of the act passed May 4, 1885, since known as the habitual-criminal act (O. L., Vol.82, p. 237), by which it was decreed that "every person who, after having been twice convicted, sentenced, and imprisoned in some penal institution for felony, whether committed heretofore or here- after, and whether committed in this state or elsewhere within the limits of the United States of America, shall be convicted, sentenced and imprisoned in the Ohio Penitentiary for felony hereafter committed shall be taken to be an habitual criminal, and on expiration of the term for which he shall be sentenced, he shall not be discharged from imprisonment in the peniten- tiary, but shall be detained therein for and during his natural life, unless pardoned by the governor, and the liability to be so detained shall be and constitute a part of every sentence to im- 604 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. prisonment in the penitentiary; provided, however, that after the expiration of the term for which he was so sentenced he may, in the discretion of the board of managers, be allowed to go upon parole outside of the buildings and enclosures, but to be while on parole in the legal custody and under the control of said board, and subject at any time to be taken back w^ithin the enclosure of said institution." There was some question as to the constitutionality of an enactment of this kind and therefore it was very carefully drawn by Governor .Hoadly himself, than wdiom there was no better lawyer in the state, and it has since been passed upon and ap- proved by the Supreme Court of the state, with the single re- quirement that the fact of a second conviction for felony should be stated in the indictment and proven upon the trial. The wisdom of this act has' been fully established, but its enforcement has not been as frequent as it should have been, on account of the failure of prosecuting attorneys to conform their indictments to the requirements of the Supreme Court. [prisoners' earnings. In the series of enactments now under consideration there is still another provision worthy of consideration, viz.. that con- tained in section 9 of the act passed March 24, 1884 (O. L., Vol. 3i> P- 75) ^s follows: The warden is hereby authorized to have placed to the credit of" each prisoner (except those serving a life sentence) such amount of their earnings as the managers may deem equitable and just, taking into account the character of the prisoner, the nature of the crime for which he is imprisoned, and his general deportment ; provided, that such credit in no case exceeds 20 per cent of his earnings, and the funds thus accruing to the credit of any prisoner shall be paid to him or his family at such time and in such manner as the l)oard of managers may deem best; pro- vided, that at least 25 per cent, of such earnings shall be kept for and paid to such prisoner at the time of his restoration to citizenship. GOOD-TIME LAW. As a part of the legislation under consideration, another important enactment was what is known as the good-time law Ohio Centennial. 505 \\o\. 8i, p. 187, sec. 7) 1)y which prisoners by good conduct could reduce their term of imprisonment for the first year five days ; for the second year, seven days for each month ; for the third year, nine days each month, and for succeeding years, ten days each month. This law has since been modified (May 4. 1891J so as to allow a prisoner sentenced for one year five days each month ; for two years six days each month for the entire two years; for three years, eight days for each month ; for four years, nine days for each month; for five years, ten days for each of the six months of his sentence ; for six years or more, eleven days for each month of good conduct. The principle of the original act, however, had not been changed, and has fully demonstrated it?s usefulness in maintain- ing better prison discipline. INTERMEDIATE PENITENTIARY. One of the most important of the series of acts now under consideration was that entitled ''an act to establish an inter- mediate penitentiary," passed April 14. 1884 (O. L., Vol. 81, p. .206). Section i provides : That there be established an intermediate penitentiary for the incarceration of such persons convicted and sentenced under the laws of Ohio as have not previously been sentenced to a state penitentiary in this or any other state or country. Sec. '1. That for the purpose of carrying into effect the provi- sions of this act, there shall be, and is hereby, appropriated for the year 1884 and 1885 ten per centum of all the moneys received under an act passed April 17, 1883, entitled "An act further providing against the evils resulting from the traffic in intoxicating liquors." The act of 1883, known as the Scott law, produced a large revenue and 10 per centtim of it would have been ample to com- plete promptly and carry on this institution, but unfortunately within a year it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, and the result was that the revenue of the state fell oflF to such an extent that the appropriations available from other sources were so limited that the completion of the institution 606 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications'. i has lingered until the present time. However, a location was-, secured at Mansfield, Ohio, comprising 182 acres of land, and in November, 1886, the corner-stone of the new structure was laid, and the work went on from year to year until in September, 1896, it was sufficiently advanced to receive prisoners, and 150 short term men were selected from the Ohio State Penitentiary for a beginning, and since then these have been added to by sentences from the courts, so that the institution now accommo- dates about 400 men. In the meantime the name of the institution was changed' to that of "The Ohio State Reformatory," and the laws govern- ing it have been made to conform to those governing the New York State Reformatory, at Elmira, N. Y., the main features of which are the intermediate sentence, progressive classification, and parole. (O. L., Vol. 88, p. 382.) With the appropriations already made it is expected that the institution will be completed within a year or two with a capacity for 800 prisoners, when all modern reformatory methods can be fully inaugurated ; certainly its equipment will not be inferior to any other reformatory of its kind in America. MISDEMEANORS. In Ohio all criminal oflFenses punishable by imprisonment for less than one year, are known as misdemeanors, and are pun- ishable by confinement in a county jail or city workhouse, WORKHOUSES. In Ohio there are now eight city workhouses, viz., at Can- ton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Toledo, Xenia, and Zanesville. These receive prisoners, not only from their own locality, but from any other city or county with which satisfactory contracts for support have been made. The average term of sentence to these workhouses is about thirty days. These workhouses in their character and conduct are similar to those in other states, and are as equally well administered, but in reformatory results they have never been satisfactory. A large majority of workhouse prisoners are chronic drunkards. Ohio Centennial. 50T for whom a commitment of ten, to twenty, or thirty days has no terrors, but rather the reverse, for every commitment for another debauch is an opportunity for restoration to natural con- ditions, by medical care and hygienic treatment at public ex- pense, and this accomplished he goes out to repeat his previous offense. To reform prisoners of this kind time is an essential element, and hence in Ohio, by recent legislation, a new feature in work- house sentences has been authorized, which is unknown elsewhere^ and which promises to be of special value. This act, passed April 27, 1896 (O. L., Vol. 92, p. 359) provides: That every person who, after having been convicted, sentenced, and imprisoned in any workhouse for an offense committed heretofore or hereafter in this state in violation of an ordinance of a municipality or a law of this state, shall be convicted of a second misdemeanor, whether committed in violation of an ordinance of a municipality or a law of this state, punishable by imprisonment in any workhouse within this state, shall for such second offense be punished by imprisonment for not less than double the penalty imposed upon the first offense ; and in case of two previous convictions for such misdemeanors, the penalty for a third misdemeanor shall not be less than double the penalty imposed for the last of such previous misdemeanors. But no greater punishment shall be inflicted for the second or third misdemeanor than the maximum penalty provided for by law or ordinance for that particular offense committed. Every person who, after being" three times convicted, sentenced, and imprisoned in any workhouse or workhouses for offenses committed heretofore or hereafter in this state, whether in violation of law or ordinance, shall be convicted of a fourth misdemeanor, whether committed in violation of an ordinance of a, municipality or a law of this state, punishable by imprisonment in any workhouse in this state, shall upon conviction for such offense be held and deemed an habitual offender, and shall be imprisoned in a, workhouse for a period of not less than one year nor more than three years. This law has not been in force long enough to furnish statistical results, but so far as tested it has fulfilled expecta- tions, and is certainly a vast improvement on previous conditions. COUNTY JAILS. In each of the eighty-eight counties in Ohio there is a county jail which is near to or adjoining the county court-house^ 508 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. • in which prisoners awaiting trial are confined. After sentence prisoners committed for felony are transferred to the state pen- itentiary or to the state reformatory, and misdemeanants to a workhouse, although to a limited extent in counties where there are no workhouses misdemeanants for less than thirty days' sen- tence are detained. Ohio jails, like all other American jails, are a survival of the English jail system of a century ago, but unfortunately they have not kept pace with the improvements in English jails, and the old vicious system which allows the promiscuous associa- tion of prisoners still remains in many counties, and contamina- tion, rather than reformation, is the result. This evil was early recognized, and the Board of State Charities in 1867, in its first report to the General Assembly, pre- sented it very fully and recommended radical changes based upon the separation and classification of prisoners. In its next report (1868) the board presented a carefully prepared plan of the jail construction by which classification could be secured, and also cellular separation in each floor could be maintained. This plan has since been known as the "Ohio Plan" or ^'Central Corridor" jail, and has been adopted to some extent in other states. In Ohio nearly all new jails have been constructed upon this plan, and fully one-third of our counties have it; and wherever its requirements have been carried out it has been found very beneficial, not only in reformatory results, but also in its efficiency in preventing escapes. A law has been passed (Vol. 88, O. L., p. 150) declaring that wherever the construction of a county jail will admit of the separation of prisoners, that such separation shall be maintained; but for one reason or another the local authorities, to a con- siderable extent, evade the requirements of the law, and the old evil goes on. However, there is a growing public sentiment in favor of the enforcement of the law, and it is -likely that in the near future the administration of county jails will be taken away from the local authorities and centralized in the -State, as thev were in Great Britain in 1877. Ohio Centennial. 609 Aside from the evils of associating prisoners together in common halls, Ohio jails, as a rule, are humanely administered, and their sanitary condition is good. CONCLUSION. In conclusion, it can be justly claimed that reformatory leg- islation in Ohio has kept abreast and possibly in advance of any other American state, and in the main is in accord with the best in other civilized countries. Our shortcomings are largely due to a faulty administration, to which any system, however perfect, is liable; but this can be, and we have the faith to be- lieve will be, corrected by an advancing public sentiment. I^AND OFFICE OF THE OHIO COMPANY, MARIETTA, OHIO. THE OHIO PRESIDENTS. THOMAS EWING, JR. Five Presidents of the United States out of the twenty-five were born in Ohio. If President Garfield and President Mc- Kinley had been permitted to Hve out the terms for which they were elected, we should have had a period beginning with 1869, and em- bracing thirty-six years, within which but one man not an Ohioan by birth occupied the White House. The history of the country fur- nishes only one parallel for this emi- nence among the states. Within the borders of Virginia seven of the Pres- idents were born. The parallel is sin- gularly close. From 1789 until 1825, a period likewise of exactly thirty- six years, there was but one Presi- dent not a native of Virginia — John Adams, of Massachusetts. The count by birth gives Virginia the advantage by two; but, one of the A^irginians, John Tyler, elected as Vice President, may fairly be excluded ; and President William Henry Harrison, who was born in Virginia and was a citizen of Ohio by adoption, is claimed by both states. Moreover, another splendid Ohioan, William Tecumseh Sher- man, would have received the Republican nomination in 1884 and all but certainly have been elected, had he not announced that he would not permit his name to be brought before *he convention, would not accept the nomination if tendered to him, and would not serve as President if elected. There have been notable instances of men who have felt constrained by considera- THOMAS EWING, JR. 510 Ohio Centennial. 511 lions of honor to decline a nomination. Major McKinley twice furnished such an example ; Samuel L. Southard is said to have declined the vice-presidential nomination in 1840 (which, as the event proved, carried with it the presidency), because his failure to secure a solid delegation from New Jersey for Mr. Clay had been criticised. But General Sherman is the only man in our history to refuse what he believed to be an offer of the presidency, when free to accept. There is an incident now quite forgotten, except as a family tradition, which I trust that I may be pardoned for mentioning. In the Whig Convention of 1848, after General Taylor had been nominated to the presidency, a member from Pennsylvania, seconded by a member from Tennessee, put in nomination to the vice-presidency Thomas Ewing, of Ohio. The nomination would have passed almost without opposition, had not an Ohio delegate, in the name of the Ohio delegation, withdrawn it, pro- fessing falsely that he did so with authorization from Mr. Ewing himself. But for this bit of trickery, Millard Filmore's place as thirteenth President would have been taken by an Ohio man. The explanation of the supremacy of this State has been found in the fact thart through it passed by far the larger part of that migration from the East which has shifted the center of population and the weight of political influence into the Ohio basin. It was not a mad rush like that of the argonauts across the plains in 1849. ^^ was like the spreading of a" forest, which takes root as it advances; it was like the maneuver of the Roman legion, when the younger and more lightly armed troopers passed through the line of veterans to engage in the battle. In a speech delivered before the Ohio Society cff N«ew York (May. 1886), Benjamin Harrison said: ' "After the feeble thirteen Colonies had struggled through years of bitter war, and had overcome the greatest empire in the world, that grand band of patriots who had made known in bleeding marks of footprints on the snow at Valley Forge their devotion to liberty and constitutional government — these men — poor in everything save honor, turned out of their old-time place by the vicissitudes of the long and wearying war — these men looked to some new field where they could repair the fortunes they had lost. And that high tide of intelligence and patriotism 612 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publicafions. was lifted above the crest of the Alleghenies and it poured into the valley of the Ohio. It was the first basin to receive the fresh crystal waters of the spring in their pristine purity, when they broke forth from the mountain-side where devotion, patriotism and courage had seen them born. Ohio stood at the gateway of the West, through which passed the tide that was to people and develop the mighty Northwest." In 1796 there were 15,000 whites in the Northwest Territory. When General Harrison welcomed LaFayette to Cincinnati in 1825, the population of Ohio alone was seven hundred thous- and ; by 1840, with a million and a half, she had become the third state in the Union. This place she held until passed by Illinois in the decade ending with the year 1890, Kentucky and Tennessee had been settled largely by Vir- ginia and North Carolina, which had owned their territory; but the population of Ohio was formed by the mingling of the blood of all of the Colonial states. Immigrants came from the entire region which includes Maine on the north and the Carolinas on the south. Virginia had her military bounty lands ; Con- necticut her western reserve ; New Jersey and Pennsylvania founded Cincinnati ; New England, Marietta. Ohio was thus the first-born child, when the young republic grappled with the great problem of continental dominion. Her settlers, as their de- scendants, were native-born Americans, living under free and equal laws, owning their own homes, knowing neither wealth nor poverty, and inheriting in purest form the great ideals and traditions of the Revolution. Such a people sprang to the front instantly and inevitably when our national existence was in jeopardy ; and after the terrible and tragic struggle of the Civil War was over, Ohio's sons, by natural selection, became party- leaders* and heads of the nation. My subject calls for a discussion of all six of our Presi- dents. It is manifestly impossible within the limits set to make more than a passing reference to so many and such great men. But I must, at least, call the honored roll. Of William McKinley, whose splendid service and lovable character are known intimately to all, it is too soon to speak fully. His administration was generally so successful that it is Ohio Centennial. 513^ difficult to choose where to bestow special praise. If 1 may be permitted to hazard an opinion, the Chinese incident called out the finest exhibition of his statesmanship and diplomacy. But of one thing we may be sure: that he w^ill be remembered as the President to whom, above all of the others, fell the great privi- lege, nobly exercised, of drawnng together the sympathies and aspirations of north and south for effecting the policies of our re-united country. Deep down under the passions and bitter- ness which slavery and the Civil War aroused was a noble feel- ing of brotherhood, cherished most strongly by those who were actually engaged in the conflict. It found expression in Cleneral Grant's historic saying, "Let us have peace." It was dear to (jeneral Hayes and General Garfield. It was evidenced by the great number of northern soldiers who, from sympathy for the south, after the warfare was over changed their party affiliation. It found perhaps most lasting expression in the policy of recon- ciliation which was so notable a feature of Major McKinley's administration. Benjamin Harrison, though a native of Ohio and a graduate of our Miami University, politically was a son of Indiana. Par- tisan ridicule represented him as hidden beneath his grand- father's hat. He far exceeded his grandfather in intellect and training; and in the years (all too few) to which his life was extended after his term as President, his splendid abilities and great labors in his profession won for him a career which has been equalled by no ex- Presidents of the United States other than Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams. James Abram Garfield, intellectually supreme perhaps among them all, appealed w'ith unrivalled force to the young men cf the country. While a member of the House, where, had he re- mained, he would have been chosen Speaker, he was elected to the Senate and to the Presidency. His service as a Representative has seldom been exceded in length, and never in distinction. But he lived for so short a time after induction into the office of President, that, as Mr. Blaine in his eulogv^ said. ''His reputation in history will rest largely upon his service in the House of Rep- resentatives." 83 o. c. 614 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Rutherford B. Hayes, simple christian gentleman and pat- riot that he was, suffered from the fiercest political antagonism since the impeachment-trial of Andrew Johnson. For this, how- ever, he was not responsible. The democratic party controlled the House of Representatives, which joined in the agreement to sub- mit the count to the Electoral Commission. President Hayes' administration was distinguished by its purity, and by the achieve- ment of the resumption of specie payments which has become a part of the settled financial policy of the government. And, how- ever we may differ as to the wisdom of this and other matters of policy, he will always be held by the entire country in grateful remembrance as the President under whom local self-government was restored in the southern states. Back of these comes Ulysses S. Grant. He stands first among them all by reason of his transcendent military services. Great as a soldier and patriot, rather than as a statesman, his ca- reer, in its truly significant aspects, belongs to the history of Ohio's sons in the Civil War. It is the first of the Ohio Presidents, General William Henry Harrison, "Old Tip," as his followers lovingly called him, to whose election and administration I chiefly invite your attention. My father's father was his Secretary of the Treasury. My mother's grandfather. General Reasin Beall, of Wooster, Ohio, was one of his companions-in-arms in an early campaign; he was also an elector-at-large, called a senatorial elector, in 1840, and was of- fered, but declined, the secretaryship of war. Harrison's char- acter and career have, therefore, strongly appealed to me. But aside from personal interest, it has seemed to me that at this centennial celebration we should recall the things that have passed from popular memory, rather than discuss and enlarge upon what is known of all men. William Henry Harrison was born in Virginia in the year 1774, a son of one of the signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence. Receiving a military commission from President Washington in 1791, Harrison served under General Wayne in the campaign and battle of Miami Rapids, and attained the rank of captain. Ohio Centennial. 515 In 1797 he was appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory, which embraced Ohio. In 1799 and 1800 he was a delegate to Congress. Here he procured the passage of an act requiring that the pubHc lands be surveyed and sold in small tracts. There- tofore, no lands were sold in sections of less than three or four thousand acres, and it was impossible for the emigrants generally to acquire their own farms. When, years afterward, he was nominated for President, one of the reasons most strongly urged for his election \vas : "He is the father of the present admirable system of disposing of the public lands, which has been so perfected that a poor man who can make up $]<>^> may become an independent freeholder.'** A note by Judge Jiurnet to the fifth of his famous letters contains a reference to General Harrison's political views at this time. It is interesting, also, for its reference to J\Tr. Jefferson, and I quote it in full, as follows: "I can now recollect only four individuals in this place and neigh- borhood [Cincinnati] who then [1800] advocated the election of Mr. Jef- ferson against Mr. Adams. These were Major Zeigler, General Harrison, William McMillan and John Smith. There might have been one or two others not remembered. . , . [One man said,] 'When I am convinced that skill in describing the qualities and beauties of a flower or in dis- cussing the wing of a butterfly qualifies a man for the duties of the presi- dential chair, I will vote for Mr. Jefferson.' " Evidently, knowledge beyond the common in any but one's recognized field of activity was dangerous then, as it is to-day. After his brief services in Congress, General Harrison was appointed Governor of Indiana and superintendent of Indian affairs. He negotiated .thirteen treaties with the Indians, one of v/hich added to the public domain a territory twice as large as the state of Ohio. In an interview at North Bend with a cor- respondent of Horace Greeley's paper, "The Log Cabin," General Harrison spoke of his office as Governor and his services as fol- lows : * From the Harrisonian. Zanesvillc, January 22, 1840. 516 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Puhlications. "Mr. Jefferson, by his commission as Governor of Indiana and Upper Louisiana invested me with an authority greater than a Roman pro- consul. ... "I think I have personally obtained for the country from the Indians more millions of acres of land than the sword of a conqueror ever per- manently won, and I trust, never dishonestly." Besides his great services as Governor and negotiator with the Indians, he made an heroic defense of Fort Meigs (May^ 1813), and fought two important hattles, one upon a little stream called Tippecanoe ( November 7, 181 1 ) , where he broke the charms and the influence of Tecumseh's great brother, the Prophet;, the other on the river Thames (October 5, 1813), where Tecum- seh was killed. In the latter campaign he had at one time as many as 10,000 volunteer militia in his command. The victory on the Thames and Commodore Oliver H. Perry's victory at Put- in-Bay together saved to this country the State of Michigan. The difficulties of campaigning in the wilderness may be judged by the fact that every barrel of flour, by the time it reached the army, had cost one hundred dollars. Judge Burnet, in his speech in the Whig National Convention of 1839, said : "A person who has not an accurate knowledge of the condition of the northwestern portion of Ohio at the time of the late war, when it was an unbroken wilderness, without inhabitants other than aborigines, without roads, bridges, ferries or improvements of any kind, cannot form any idea of the difficulties General Harrison encountered in feeding, sus- taining and keeping together his army. The difficulties and perplexities which beset him during his campaigns are known to but few, and cannot be justly appreciated by any; yet by unceasing activity and by the efforts of his powerful mind, he overcame them all. . . . It is not generally known that the fleet built at Erie by which the command of the lakes was obtained was a ])roject recommended by General Harrison, and that it was adopted by Mr. Madison in consequence of his unbounded confi- dence in the prudence and sound judgment of him who proposed it." Subsequently to these military services. General Harrison was a Representative in Congress from Ohio ; served in the Sen- ate of the United States from 1825 to 1828; was sent as minister to the Republic of Columbia ; and, in the campaign of 1836. was the most prominent candidate of the Whigs for the presidency, but was defeated bv VanBuren whom he in turn defeated in 1840.- Ohio Centennial. 517 During the later years of his Hfe, the General was living in his famous old residence on the banks of the Ohio at North Bend, where he enjo\ed the life and reputation incident to his true position, that of one of the great first-settlers in the Northwest Territory. In person he was lithe and wiry but riot tall, simple in manner, pfein of dress, with the keen eye and weather-beaten face of the woodsman, and the sturdy, kindly, comfortable counte- nance of the Virginia bottom-lands farmer. He had received more than the usual education of his asso- •ciates. Above all, he was a student of nature and of Indian life. In an interesting discourse on the Aborigines in the Valley of the Ohio, delivered before the Ohio Historical Society at Columbus in the year 1837, he displays an intimate knowledge of the Indians,, of the great forests, and of the remains of ancient peoples found along the Ohio River. Arguing for the antiquity of these re- mains and basing his arguments upon the character of the forests overgrowing them, he has one passage which is notable for first- hand observation of nature and for genuine eloquence. It is as follows : "The process by which nature restores the forest to its original state, after being once cleared, is extremely slow. In our rich lands, it is, indeed, soon covered again with timber, but the character of the growth is entirely different, and continues so, through many generations of men. In several places on the Ohio, particularly upon the farm which I occupy, clearings were made in the first settlement, abandoned, and suffered to grow up. Some of them, now to be seen, of nearly fifty years' growth, have made so little progress toward attaining the appearance of the im- mediately contiguous forest, as to induce any man of reflection to deter- mine that at least ten times fifty years would be necessary before its complete assimilation could be effected. The sites of the ancient works on the Ohio present precisely the same appearance as the circumjacent forest. You find on them all that beautiful variety of trees which gives such unrivaled richness to our forests. This is particularly the case on the fifteen acres included within the walls of the work, at the mouth of the Great Miami, and the relative proportions of the different kinds of timber are about the same. The first growth on the same kind of land, once cleared, and then abandoned to nature, on the contrary, is more homogeneous — often stinted to one, or two, or at most three kinds of timber. If the ground had been cultivated, yellow locust, in many places, will spring up as thick as garden peas. If it has not been cultivated, the black and white walnut will be the prevailing growth. The rapidity with which these trees grow for a time, smothers the attempt of other kinds 518 ^ Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publicafious. to vegetate and grow in their shade. The more thrifty individuals soorr. overtop the weaker of their own kind, which sicken and die. In this way, there is soon only as many left as the earth will well support to maturity. All this time the squirrels may plant the seed of those trees which serve them for food, and by neglect suffer them to remain, — it will be in vain; the birds may cirop the kernels, the external pulp of which have con- tributed to their nourishment, and divested of which they are in the best state for germinating, still it wall be of no avail; the winds of heaven may waft the winged seeds of the sycamore, cotlonwood and maple, and a friendly shower may bury them to the necessary depth in the loose and fertile soil — but still without success. The roots below rob them of moisture, and the canopy of limbs and leaves above intercept the rays of the sun, and the dews of heaven; the young giants in possession, like another kind of aristocracy, absorb the whole means of subsistence, and leave the mass to perish at their feet. This state of things will not, how- ever, always continue. If the process of nature is slow and circuitous, in putting down usurpation and establishing the equality which she loves, and which is the great characteristic of her principles, it is sure and effectual. The preference of the soil for the first growth ceases with its maturity. It admits of no succession, upon the principles of legitimacy. The long undisputed masters of the forest may be thinned by the light- ning, the tempest, or by diseases peculiar to themselves; and whenever this is the case, one of the oft-rejected of another family will find be- tween its decaying roots, shelter and appropriate food; and springing into vigorous growth, will soon push its green foliage to the skies, through the decayed and withering limbs of its blasted and dying adversary — the soil itself yielding it a more Jiberal support than to any scion from the former occupant. It will easily be conceived what a length of time it will require for a denuded tract of land, by a process so slow, again to clothe itself with the amazing variety of foliage which is the character- istic of the forests of this region. Of what immense age, then, must be those works, so often referred to, covered, as has been supposed by those who have the best opportunity of examining them, with the second growth after the ancient forest state had been regained?" There can be no doubt that there existed a real and wide- spread enthusiasm for the hero of Tippecanoe. His nomination, like his election, was due to a tremendous popular upheaval. As William Creighton, Jr.. of Chillicothe, wrote (Sept. 3, 1835) : "Old Ross will move this fall in all her strength. . . . We intend to call a great meeting for the last Saturday in this month to nominate Harrison for the Presidency. We cannot get along without heroism. We shall present in strong terms the hero of three wars, and will sweep the country. Our opponents will not see for the dust we raise." Ohio Centennial. 5 IS An old newspaper says : "A gentleman passing through the State of Indiana recently, says he stopped at a tavern in one of the principal towns, where a register of the names of ti-avelers was kept, and each individual was desired to write opposite his name the name of the person he would prefer for Presi- dent, and that nine out of ten were for Harrison, but few for Clay, and only one for Van Buren out of a list of several hundred." The Ohio Convention, held at Columbus, February 22, 1836, where General Harrison was first put in nomination for President^ is described in a letter from John M. Creed, of Lancaster (Feb. 23, 1836), as "the largest ever held in the western country, and perhaps in the Union." Everybody was for Harrison. In the resolutions Clay and Webster were lauded to the skies. They were eulogized as "god-like men ;" but when it came to nominat- ing a candidate Harrison got all of the votes. In the great national Whig Convention which met at Harris- burg in December, 1839, to place their candidate for President in nomination. General Harrison was overwhelmingly the choice. The campaign which followed will always be memorable. A few of the war-cries of the Whigs are well-known : "Van, Van is a used-up man"; "She's went, "Hell-bent, "For Governor Kent": "The Whigs, the Whigs, they come, they come" ; and the like. Van Buren w-as the "fox holed at Kinderhook ;" or after the analogy of "Old Hickory" was dubbed "Slippery Elm." The Loco-focos lacked the war cries, but were ready with attacks on General Harrison. These are fairly summarized by the Harrison Eagle (May 16, 1840) as follows: 'Among the serious, fatal and unanswerable objections which the Locos bring against General Harrison, we find the following, namely: He is poor, ignorant and a, coward — drinks hard cider, eats crackers, and treats his company with the same, instead of champagne — is an old granny — the petticoat candidate — the imbecile — the Log-cabin and hard- 520 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. . • cider farmer — who works with his own hands — is under the supervision of a committee who receive and answer letters, questions, etc., — is en- titled to no credit for any services, or bravery, during the last war, all his victories having been achieved by those under him." In point of fact, Gen. Harrison was proud and tenacious of his opinions and quite ready to express them freely. The Com- mittee of Correspondence was established largely to save him labor and postage. In a letter quoted in the Boone's Lick (Mo.) Times, he says : 'T have actually from necessity been obliged to give up the correspondence of many of my best friends." It was unwise to call attention to his poverty. Millions of the public money had passed through his hands, and they were empty and clean ; and on his farm at North Bend were the fam- ilies, not small, of three deceased sons, and an adopted child ttie orphan daughter of one of his military aides, all entirely depend- ent upon him. The Loco-foco sneers only gave zest to counter- cries such as the cry of "Gold-spoons," raised by the Whigs be- cause President Van Ruren had had gilded some of the spoons of the White-House furnishings. As to his personal courage, it was vouched for, with one voice, by all of his old soldiers, including the Loco-foco Vice- President Richard M, Johnson, who "slew the great Tecumseh." Some of the stay-at-homes of 1812 tried to question it, but to no avail. The Loco-foco Governor of New Hampshire, who called Harrison a coward in 1840, had named a son for him during the war of 1812. But the Locos committed their fatal blunder in ridiculing the General's log-cabin and his hard-cider hospitality. Thereby they gave the XVhigs something popular to shout about, and a fine drink to wet their whistles with. For it was a time when in many sections of the country log-cabins were still the only dwellings known. There was not a section in which they were not numer- ous, and the "raisin" was an event for neighborly service auvd merry-making. Mr. Webster, at Saratoga (Aug. 19, 1840) said: "It did not happen to me to be born in a log-caliin. but my elder brothers and sisters were born in a log-cabin, raised amid the snow- drifts of New Hampshire, at a period so early as that when the smoke first rose from its crude chimney and curled over the fiozen hills, there Ohio Centennial. 521 was no similar evidence of a white man's habitation between it and the settlements on the rivers of Canada. Its remains still exist. I make to it an annual visit. I carry my children to it to teach them the hardships endured by the generations which have gone before them. I love to dwell on the tender recollections, the kindred ties, the early affections, and the touching narratives and incidents which mingle with all I know of this primitive family abode." So it very nattirally came about t-hat log-cabins were raised in every hamlet, and the large cities like New York were dotted with them. Smaller cabins were mounted on wagons. A friend, born in 1840, told me recently that she remembers as a child hav- ing for a play-hotise one of these cabins, large enough for a number of children to play in, which had been hauled about over the whole of the northern part of the State of New York, and which her father bought at the close of the campaign. Mr. Carl Schurz, in his admirable life of Clay, has described the campaign briefly and vividly as follows : "There has probably never been a presidential campaign with more enthusiasm and less thought than the Whig campaign of 1840. As soon as it was fairly started, it resolved itself into a popular frolic. There was no end of monster mass meetings, with log-cabins, raccoons and hard cider. One-half of the American people seemed to have stopped work to march in processions behind brass bands or drum and fife, to attend large picnics, and to sing campaign doggerel about "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." The array of speakers on the Whig side was most imposing : Clay. Webster. Corwin, Ewing. Clayton. Preston, Choate. Wise, Reverdy John- son. Everett, Prentiss, Thompson of Indiana, and a host of lesser lights. But the immense multittides gathered at the meetings came to be amused, not to be instructed. They met, not to think and deliberate, but to laugh and shout and sing." But the songs were not all doggerel. It is true that we cannot defend more than a few lines of "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," nor that song, a mere snatch of which has come down to .me by tradition, about the Whig party, running : "they cannot spile her. While we have Tom the wagon-boy And Tom the old salt-biler." ''Biler" was an important word in the Whig rhyming dic- tionarv. 622 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. "Go it, Harrison, Come it, Tyler, And we'll bust Van Biiren's biler." There were, however, some stirring songs. All the familiar* airs — "Hail, Columbia," "The Old Oaken Bucket," "Auld Lang Syne," "Hail to the Chkf," "Bonnets of Blue," "Little Pig's- Tail," "There's no Luck in the House," "Old Rosin the Beau," — were brought into requisition, to carry to the hearts of the peo- ple verses telling of "the battles, sieges, fortunes," which their old hero had passed, and of the good times he would bring in again. Take this song for the Tippecanoe battleground gather- ing as a sample : "Come from the cabins, come ! Sons of the brave and free, As your fathers came when the stirring drum Beat loud for Liberty! 'Tis Freedom calls, as then She called upon your sires. Go forth like men, to the field again Where burned their battle fires." As Mr. Schurz says, the meetings were immense. I cite a. few instances: Twelve thousand are reported at Springfield,. Illinois ; fifteen thousand at Greenville, Ohio ; at Ft. Meigs, thirty thousand ; and on the Tippecanoe battlefield forty thousand gath- ered ; the meeting lasted for three days, and three thousand two hundred wagons were actually counted upon the grounds. At Hagerstown, Maryland, one of the speakers said he did not num- ber the crowd "by hundreds or by thousands, but by acres." At Syracuse, New York, in September, it is said that fifty thousand people were present. A newspaper of the day reports of the- meeting as follows: "A whole fleet of boats from the West came up the enlarged por- tion of the canal, three abreast, in a long line of procession. Every boat: had its banners and decorations and the fine looking and well clad free- men that thronged them made the welkin ring with their music, joyous- melodies and enthusiastic hurrahs." Ohio Centennial. 52^- At Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a procession was formed up- wards of three miles in length, eight abreast, the crowd in the procession and in the town being estimated at seventy-five thou- sand. At Chillicothe, where the idea of log-cabin raising originated, the procession at the first meeting. May i6, 1840, included a w^agon carrying a Buckeye-cal)in drawn 1)\- six horses, with a barrel of hard-cider outside the cabin, raccoon skins nailed to the logs, and a live raccoon climbing about the roof. The Kingston boys brought a canoe thirty feet long. The cabin raised was forty feet by seventy-five feet, and could seat a thousand people. On the occasion of General Harrison's visit to Chillicothe in Sep- tember of that year, the double column of carriages and the pro- cession of horsemen eight deep which went out to meet him ex- tended over two miles. The General came down the road into the town in a barouche drawm by four horses and followed by an es- cort of horsemen and carriages a mile in length. A single citi- zen of the town, Henry Brush, is said to have entertained at table twenty-five hundred guests. The procession at the log-cabin raising at St. Louis, the home of ''the Hon. Gold Humbug Benton," is described at length in the Harrison Eagle of May 30, 1840, and more briefly as fol- lows: First, the Tippecanoe Club with a banner showing an eagle strangling a green and yellow serpent whose tortuous folds were terminated with a fox's head : citizens with banners ; ladies in carriages ; the boys of the various schools ; uniformed companies with coon-skins dangling from their heads to their waists ; horsemen ; procession of laborer's carts ; laborers on foot with shovels, pick-axes, etc. ; printers with a press mounted on a car, printing Tippecanoe songs which were distributed among the crowd ; drays loaded with barrels of hard cider ; a log-cabin drawn by six horses with the inscription "The string of the latch never pulled in" ; blacksmiths with a forge and the motto "Strike for our country's good" ; joiners and cabinet-makers with a miniature shop and men at work ; a "tippe-canoe" drawn by six horses and filled with men ; tw^o smaller canoes filled with men throwing^ the lead and singing out the soundings : Fort Meigs, filled with soldiers, drawn by twelve yoke of oxen, ; in the Fort was a band of 524 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. drums and fifes, also cannons ; the brick-layers ; a log-cabin with an Indian canoe behind drawn by four horses; a regiment of Suckers; and finally, a body of men on foot with inscriptions: '■'Rhode Island victory," "Connecticut election 4,600 majority," and a comical looking wag with his thumb on his nose and twirl- ing his fingers in Sam Weller style and the legend "You can't come it, Matty." But the grand monster meeting, called, according to the lan- guage of the campaign, a "convention," was held at Davton, then a town of five or six thousand inhabitants. Here, on September loth, was gathered a crowd which, by actual survey of the space ■covered with people around the speakers' stand, and an allowance of four persons to the square yard, was estimated to number more than seventy-five thousand, while fully twenty thousand v/ere scattered about the town and its vicinity. The meeting be- came famous as the convention of one hundred thousand ! This gathering is described in the Cincinnati Gazette of the time as follows : "Delegates with their appropriate banners were there from Louisi- ana, Kentucky and Indiana. Old Kentuck told us she had finished her work and bade us go and do likewise. Louisiana pledged a majority of 4,200 for 'Old Tip' in November, and Indiana related a comical story of the way in which one Matty Van scampers down hill yelling 'Stop that cider barrel !' whenever he hears a report from one of the states as they successively cast their votes against the usurpers and spoilsmen. 'There is living in and animating our breasts at this time the one general impression of an immense congregation of the people, above whose countless heads rise banners without number, and among whom move hither and yon log-cabins, mechanics' shops, a fleet of ships, -canoes, cars, filled with young misses singing patriotic songs, bands of anusicians playing national airs, emblems of freedom, denunciations of tyranny and badges of Union which proclaim that one purpose gathered all this together, by one spirit is it pervaded, and to one result does it tend." At this time there were not more than fifty miles of steam- railwav in the Northwest Territory. The only other means of conveyance were by the rivers, canals, and wagon-road. Sixteen canal boats laden with people, on February 21st, made the trip from Chillicothe to Columbus, in a pouring rain. It took twenty hours to cover the fiftv miles. As for travel by road, an old Ohio Centennial. 525 story tells of a traveler who saw a hat in the road and picked it up ; under the hat was a man and under the man was a horse^ sunk down in the mud. Of course the crowds had their fun. They were American people, men, women and children, full of humor, good humor. Of course, large quantities of hard-cider were consumed. It was a campaign when staid old church-going farmers went about with canteens of hard-cider hung from their necks ; and we, perhaps, must not discredit the statement of the Toronto Patriot that "the folks who now so loudly cry out for hard-cider at the same time prudently drink rum," A raising had always been a time for jollification. Thomas Corwin, the Whig candidate for Governor of Ohio, was, with the possible exception of Harrison, the great- est drawing card. He complained bitterly in later years that he would go down in history as a buffoon. He was, in fact, a man of lofty ideals and fine sense ; but as a humorous stump-speaker, we probably never have had his equal in this country. One of his speeches during the campaign of 1840, delivered in the House of Representatives, will always be remembered. Isaac E. Crary, a young member from Michigan, attacked General Harrison's mili- tary career and reputation ; and in the course of his speech, mod- estly let it be known that he himself was a brigadier-general of militia in Michigan on the peace establishment. Corwin, in his memorable reply, suggests that Alexander the Great might have made a man of himself in the art of war, had he been a member of Congress and heard the military debates there. Then he goes on to describe what he calls a "water-melon" campaign of the Michi- gan militia. His speech contains one burst of satirical and mock- heroic declamation, which, though well-known, I must be per- mitted to quote. He said: "We all, in fancy, see the gentleman from Michigan in that most dangerous and glorious event in the life of a militia general on the peace establishment — a parade day; the day for which all the other days of his life seem to have been made! We can see the troops in motion; umbrellas, hoe and axe handles, and other like deadly implements of war overshadowing all the field; when lo ! the leader of the host approaches; 'Far off his coming shines.' His plum'e, white, after the fashion of the great Bourbon, is of ample :526 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. length, and reads its doleful history in the bereaved necks and bosoms of forty neighboring hen-roosts !" * But in appreciating- the fun we must not lose sight of the iiterling sense in this remarkable speech. It had only "wit enough to keep it sweet." It came to be quite the custom for the rival parties to hold meetings in the same town upon the same day. This started, probably, by way of joint debates, which frequently degenerated into rival meetings. I have a letter from the Hon. Samuel F. Vinton to Mr. Ewing (dated September lo, 1840), which gives a lively account of one of these affairs, as follows : "The Whigs of Athens had written to you and myself and I be- lieve to Murphy to come and meet a challenge which the loco-focos had put out for a debate yesterday with Allen and Shannon. I went. In the morning, before going to the grounds, they backed out, pretending to make a difficulty about terms. I sent word to them that I would meet them on any terms they might name. They refused. I went down to the grounds and before the speaking began challenged the whole cara- ^>an. told them to take their own terms; they publicly declined. I then told them they must consider themselves backed out. The Whigs shouted over them and hallooed backed out; crowed and bantered — some hallooed Petticoat Allen. They took it all as quiet as lambs. I then told the Whigs I would address them at the Court House. We formed a procession in front of them, took off more than one-half of the assembly, and spent the day in speeches and crowing." A letter from Thomas Corwin (dated September 12th, 1840), describes a joint debate at Zanesville as follows: "They had a real flare-up here last night. Taylor and Mathiot addressed the people by agreement, half an hour each, and Goddard was to close the case. He went reading Taylor's bank votes from the legislative journal, including his negative votes on the individual re- sponsibility clause, etc., until the General and his folks became furious and called out to leave, as Goddard's half hour had expired. Charley went on and two meetings sprung up, each addressed by its own orators. Amongst other things Goddard talked of M — 's drawing cash twice from the State Treasury some years ago, whereupon the Colonel talks of caning and all that to-day. You must know there is a two-days' muster here, ending to-day. The General is now out at the grounds and I have not yet seen him. As to the aforesaid caning, you know that is only Ohio Centennial. 527 in my eye. As to the charge, what is said is said, it will remain, for our friend Goddard is not the man to back out when he sets down his foot." Doubtless there was much provocation for the cry of the Loco-focos against the ''log-cabin foolery" of the Whigs, but they were themselves a good second. Senator Allen went about Ohio with Colonel Richard M. Johnson, then Vice-President, holding him up as the real hero of the battle of the Thames, and calling upon him to sliow his wounds. A specimen of Johnson's oratory has been preserved in a letter written from Piqua shortly after the close of the campaign, from which I quote as follows: "Colonel Richard M. Johnson delivered a speech among us, in which he said: 'I love the Germans and I love the Irish, for just as soon as they touch our soil they become good Democrats, and I love the democracy. If the democracy says, 'Possum up the gum stump,' I say, 'Possum up the gum stump' ; if democracy says, 'Kooney in the hollow,' I say, 'Kooney in the hollow.' I go with the democracy." General Harrison made a personal canvass. He was the first presidential candidate to do so ; and, referring to this in his speech at Chillicothe, lie deprecated the necessity for it lest it should prove the establishment of a bad precedent, but added : "I am here because I am the most persecuted and calumniated in- dividual now living; because I have been slandered by reckless oppo- nents to the extent that I am devoid of every qualification, physical, mental and moral, for the high place to which at least a respectable portion of my fellow-citizens have nominated vat." A portion of one of his tours is stated in one of the Cin- cinnati papers, as follows : On the afternoon of Friday, he passed from Chillicothe to Lancaster; on Saturday from Lancaster to Somerset and back, speaking three hours at Somerset and travel- ing thirty-three miles ; on Monday from Lancaster to Circlevillc ; on Ttiesday from Circleville to Columbus ; leaving Columbus on Wednesday, he reached Cincinnati on Thursday, after twenty- four consecutive hours of traveling. This was cited to give the lie to the cry of "granny petticoats," as the Loco-focos called him. Senator Allen had started this nickname. Just before the battle of the Thames some Indian deserters had reported that General Proctor had promised his Indian allies to turn Harri- 528 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. son over to them should he be captured. Harrison retorted that when he should capture Proctor the Indians would be permitted to dress the British General like a squaw. And Senator Allen re- lated how the ladies of Chillicothe presented Harrison with a pet- ticoat in token of his courage. In reply to this General Murphy^ of Chillicothe, in the Scioto Gazette of January 20, 1836, pub- lished a savage attack upon Allen. The amenities have grown in politics since that day, when. Whigs and Loco-focos held little social intercourse. The cam- paign was marked by much bitterness and by one tragedy. At the Baltimore convention, Thomas H. Laughlin, a marshal of the Whig procession, was killed while trying to prevent a gang of ruffians from breaking through the line. But underneath all the roistering, rollicking and horseplay,, underneath all the savagery of political warfare, there was on the part of the Whigs a deep and abiding feeling that our institu- tions were endangered by usurpations of the Executive and that they were rallying under a great and popular leader to save them. As John A. Wise put it, it was "Union of the Whigs for the sake of the Union." It was the cause of American liberty which they rallied to sustain. To quote from a letter by Mr. Ewing (May 12, 1840) : • "It is indeed the cause of self-government, the true Republican principle, the supremacy of the popular will acting by and through its constitutional agents, that we seek to reinstate and sustain against irre- sponsible and despotic power. "We maintain the supremacy of the constitution which that power tends to subvert. We go for the protection of property, of labor and its hard earned fruits, against the wild spirit of destruction which is clearly taking possession of our fair land and blasting the energies of the people. "We maintain the freedom of opinion, of thought, and action, in politics as in everything else. We maintain it against the tyranny of party, the most absolute and' unrelenting that ever fettered the human mind. "We go for the freedom of elections and require them to be un- controlled by executive interference; that an electioneering corps of exec- utive officers paid out of the public purse shall be no longer suffered to pervade and infest our land. "We go for the ancient democratic principle of appointment to- office, for the service of the country and not the service of the party. Ohio Centennial. 529 We claim the restoration of the ancient test 7^ he capable? is he honest? is he faithful to the Constitution?' instead of that which has usurped its place, and which practically is this — 'Is he loud? is he reckless? will he go through thick and thin for the party?' "We demand the safe keeping of the public money and that it be not entrusted or continued in the hands of men who consider it and treat it as spoils. "We go for retrenchment and reform, in solemn truth, and not as a mere catch-word of party — our suffering country requires it — the people demand it, and they know how to compel obedience. "And we have selected from among the great and good of this mighty nation a well-tried patriot and an honest man who stands forth the exponent, the visible representation of our principles; and with one heart and one voice we unite in his support. Long as I have known and highly as I prize him, I need not speak to you, citizens of Indiana, of his merits. Forty years of his valued life has been devoted to our com- mon service. In peace, in the councils of the nation he has been the advocate and friend, in war he has been the victorious defender, of the now great and powerful West, and the battlefield on which you meet is one enduring monument of his fame." The appeal was to all "who duly appreciate civil liberty" and were "identified with the great cause of constitutional freedom;" to all who would "unite in putting down the revolutionary dy- nasty now in power and in bringing again to the people the con- stitution which the present executive, like the past, has trampled under foot." One call for a meeting says (New Lisbon, Aug. 5, 1840) : "The present alarming degree of executive encroachment on the reserved rights of the people — its reckless disregard of the constitutional checks placed upon it in the other coordinate branches — its entire abandonment of the first principles of a popular and representative gov- ernment — and its settled determination to merge every consideration of patriotism and national policy in a pitiful scramble for place and power on the part of the President and of his political favorites — call loudly,, we think, to the people to rise in their strength — in their sovereign capacity, and assert and maintain their rights and liberties, and to rebuke those who have so wantonly disregarded the best interests of those over whom they have been appointed to rule." In a call signed, among others, by Millard Fillmore, for a meeting at Buffalo in October, the committee say : 34 o. c. 680 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. "We feel that we are approaching a crisis in the political history of this country, second only to that great struggle that gave us inde- pendence and freedom." The distinguished Whig manufacturer and philanthropist of Massachusetts, Abbott Lawrence, in a private letter of congrat- ulation on the election, says (Boston, Nov. 14, 1840) : "We have chosen General Harrison President of the United States, which gives confidence to the capitaUsts and will shortly produce an effect upon the labor of the country. You have done nobly in Ohio — but I pray you not to forget that the old Bay State has brought out the spirit of 76 and sustained her character gloriously." At the Baltimore convention Mr. Webster spoke as follows : "The States are here, everyone of them, through their representa- tives. The old thirteen of the Republic are here from every city and county, between the hills of Vermont and the rivers of the south. The new thirteen, too, are here, without a blot or a stain upon them. The twenty-six States are here. No local or limited feeling has brought them here, no feeling but an American one — a hearty attachment to the country. We are here with the common sentiment and the common feeling that we are one people. We may assume that we belong to a country where one part has a common feeling and a common interest with the other. . . . "We are called upon to accomplish, not a momentary victory, but one which should last at least half a century. It was not to be expected that every year, or every four years, would bring together such an assem- blage as we have before us. The revolution should be one which should last for years, and the benefits of which should be felt forever. Let us, then, act with firmness. Let us give up ourselves entirely to this new revolution." And Henry Clay said: "We received our liberty from our revolutionary ancestors, and we are bound in all honor to transfer it, unimpaired, to our posterity. Should Mr. Van Buren be re-elected, the struggle of restoring the country to its former glory would be an almost hopeless one." Lastly, I quote an editorial from the Harrison Eagle (Taun- ton, Mass., Oct. 31, 1840) : Ohio Centennial. 531 "Freemen! 'Awake! Friends — A mericans — Patrio ts — Citizens — You, who have wives and children, who look up to you for protection and support — you who have toiled on to the middle age of life — prospering and to prosper under our glorious institutions. Young men — you who have just started upon your untried career — you who are not born to wealth, and have nothing to depend upon but your good names, unblemished reputations, and the credit system for your ultimate success and prosperity in life — one and all, who value the honor, safety and glory of your coun- try, and would rescue her from a piratical baijd of spoilers — who would preserve, cherish, maintain, and transmit to posterity unimpaired, the privileges and immunities secured to you by the toil, blood and martyr- dom of the heroes of the revolution, our patriotic fathers — come up manfully, boldly, fearlessly to the rescue. Form in solid columns — let not one single man, lame, crippled, halt or blind, who loves his country, stay away. Come one, come all, to the rescue. March up undaunted to the ballot box, on the ninth day of next November, and deposit your votes for Harrison and Tyler — and by so doing, you will brand with the seal of your condemnation — agrarianism — blasphemy — atheism — Brown- sonism — and Van Burenism in Old Bristol. "Fear not — falter not — pause not. A glorious victory awaits you, if you but perform your duty — sleep not upon your posts — keep the watch-fires of liberty burning — put on your armor, and rally with brave indomitable hearts for the approaching contest — cleave down the temples of false prophets and false gods, and let them mingle with the dust — scatter the priests who have burned strange incense upon our altars like chaff before the popular whirlwind of your indignation — and then shall your country once more be free — and the car of State roll on in tri- umph manned by the friends of liberty and prosperity, and under the command of the veteran, patriot and the honest Farmer William Henry Harrison." Nor was this all overwrought political declamation. Within fifteen years the executive was overriding the will of the people in Kansas ; and, twenty years after, the very existence of the nation was put to the hazard of the sword. But it is unneces- sary to impute to the Whigs foreknowledge ; there were many live issues crying out for settlement. The twenty thousand federal offices were filled with men, all of one party, and aggressively partisan ; the national-banking system had been broken up ; the currency of multitudes of state banks was depreciated or worth- 532 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. less ; forty millions of surplus in the national treasury had been distributed among the States ; the revenues had decreased ; the expenses which had been $13,000,000 per annum during J. Q. Adams' administration, had increased under Van Buren to $37,- 000,000 ; the federal government, apparently, was on the verge of bankruptcy; wages had declined, in some cases as much as one-half; the cost of living had increased; and it was estimated that a million men were out of employment. To cap all, de- falcations, like those of Price and Swartwout, were extremely common. A single document communicated to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury contained a list of more than fifty de- faulting sub-treasurers, called ''leg-treasurers," the sums vary- ing from one thousand to more than one hundred thousand dollars. Such was the campaign and such the hero. How deeply the people had been stirred may be judged from the fact that the total vote at this election was nearly one million larger than at the election of 1836. Harrison's majority on the popular vote was about 150,000, and in the Electoral College he had nearly four- fifths of the electors. The President called about him a cabinet of great ability: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury ; John Bell, of Tennessee, afterward candidate for President on the Bell and Everett ticket, Secretary of War; George E. Badger, of North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy ; Francis Granger, of New York, Postmaster-General ; and John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, Attorney-General. In just one month, came the sad death of the President. Nothing had been done except to deal with the ravenous horde of office-seekers, whose importunities were largely responsible for his death. The state of public opinion in Ohio on the distri- bution of the offices may be surmised from the statement that, on the basis of population, aside from the postoffices, she was entitled to 642 places in the public service, and actually had only 137- The President was distressed by the attitude of his party toward the public offices. But the Van Buren administration, as Ohio Centennial. 533 already indicated, retained or appointed many unfit men. Edwin P. Whipple, in a lecture delivered in 1845, refers to the "spec- tacle of gentlemen taking passage for France or Texas, with bags of the public gold in their valises." Along the same line is the following defence of the removals which I find among Mr. Ew- ing's memoranda: "There was also another reason and a more just one for this opinion of the public and I may say mandate of the popular will. It had been the policy of the party just thrust from power to retain in office none but their active political adherents, those who would go for them thoroughly in all things; and the performance of official duty was far less requisite to a tenure of office than electioneering services. Hence the offices had become for the most part filled with brawling, offensive political partisans of a very low moral standard, their official duties performed by substitutes or not performed at all. ... It was thought wise and prudent to make many changes, and by so doing to elevate, as far as possible, the official standard, and insure a more faithful execution of official duties." Some of the traditions of the cabinet are worth noting. In the correspondence of M. de Bacourt, the French minister, we get glimpses of Mr. Webster, rather awkward as Master-of-cere- monies, lining the foreign representatives along the wall in order of seniority in service and marching the President and Cabinet in, in single file, at the first diplomatic reception ; of Crittenden chewing tobacco and Badger smoking; and of Bell, whom the minister chanced to meet at the home of the Secretary of the Treasury, throwing himself full length onto a sofa and putting his feet on the arm of a chair ; all very much to the disgust of the French minister. I remember a story of the first diplomatic reception which my father used to tell. Mr. Webster, who was much given to the grand manner, asked the Cabinet to meet at his office in the State Department, that they might pass in a body to the White House. He ranged them in the order which pleased him, himself first, little Mr. Badger last, and started the procession through the White-House grounds. There was one man in the line who felt himself misplaced. As they approached the White House Badger slipped around in front of Mr. Webster, and, assuming a particu- 634^ Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. larly irritating strut, led the way into the building. The Cabi- net were shown into an ante-room, where they awaited the coming of the President. Mr. Webster was magnificently arrayed in a blue coat and waistcoat, with brass buttons. As they were solemnly standing there. Badger stepped over to him and said: 'Tardon me, Mr. Webster, but would you mind telling me how much that waistcoat cost?" Mr. Webster, looking down upon him with good-humored disdain, exclaimed, "You egregious trifler!" When the Cabinet broke up by reason of the rupture with President Tyler over the bank-vetoes, Webster remained. Though all the other members retired, his defection impaired immensely the force of their demonstration, and strengthened the hands of the President. It led to bitter but temporary resentment. I find a memorandum in Mr. Ewing's hand which, though perhaps not quite germane, is so full of feeling that I cannot forbear to quote it. It was written in 1864. Speaking of Mr. Webster, he says: "The last time I met him, before some difference as to national policy cast a shade of unkindness betv/een us, was in the Supreme Court. I was there attending to my causes; he in the Senate, but waiting for the coming on of some very important case. I met him every morning about eleven for nearly a month — the Senate sat at twelve — and we walked behind the judges' seat and were social. One day I was detained at home. Next morning we met at the usual hour and as we shook hands, he said : 'One morn I missed him.' This was kindly and handsome, and when I read that on his death- bed he asked for Gray's Elegy, the scene rushed upon my memory with a force that almost unmanned me. How often, — morning, noon and even- ing, — have I since missed him." While we praise those who have reached the highest place in our - Government, it must not be forgotten that, though only six Ohio men ever attained to that distinction, many have stood, capable, and ready to fill the office. Out of an aver- age voting population in Ohio, during the past hundred years, of about half a million, but ♦a bare half-dozen have been chosen to the presidency ; only about one in one hundred thousand, I am reminded of an anecdote told me of President Hayes by Mr. John Brisben Walker : At a time when during the Hayes administra- tion the secretaryship of war fell vacant, Mr. Walker, among Ohio Centennial, 535 others, approached the President with the suggestion that he ap- point as Secretary Mr. Murat Halstead, of Cincinnati. Knowing that the President would question the propriety of making two ap- pointments to the Cabinet from the same State, Mr. Walker armed himself with precedents to sustain it, and when General Hayes raised the question, he cited them. *'Yes," said the President, "I know that there are precedents for the appointment of two men from the same State to the Cabinet, But can you find a precedent for the appointment of an Ohio Secretary of War, when the President and Secretary of the Treasury are from Ohio; an Ohioan is General of the army, another Lieutenant-general ; when the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court and one of the associate justices are from Ohio; when an Ohio man is min- ister to France and another minister to Japan?" — and so on through a long line of his fellow-statesmen all filling high offices, We honor the six Ohio Presidents for their ability in snatch- ing the great and coveted place. We honor them more for the patriotism and capacity which they brought to the discharge of its duties. They will be remembered because their careers and character are incentives to high ideals and great deeds. But they interest us, above all, as types of that native American people, which, in the brief span of one hundred years, changed twenty- five millions of acres of savage wilderness into this progressive, happy, proud commonwealth. ETHNOLOGICAL HISTORY OF OHIO. B. R. COWEN. The title to this paper was the suggestion of the Executive Committee of the Joint Centennial Commission. The wide dis- crepancy between the promise of the title and the performance of the paper would seem to call for an apology. Instead of which the writer merely suggests that he is responsible for the paper alone and not for the title. Ethnology is defined as "the science which treats of the division of man- kind into races, their origin, distri- bution and relations and the peculiar- ities which characterize them." So unique are the antecedents of the Ohio man that an ''Ethnological History" of the state would neces- sarily embrace the history of those races which constitute most of the civilized nations of the globe, because the most of those nations have contributed in a greater or less degree to make the Ohio man what he is to-day. The task may be greatly simplified, however, by eliminating all consideration of the humanity which peopled our territory b^ fore the coming of the white man ; that is from the Paleolithic man of the later Glacial Era, supposed to have lived here, through the vast intervening period of some thousands of years to the recent Indian who was so much in evidence when the real Ohio man made his appearance. Those who preceded the present occupants were the mere caretakers for the real possessor whose coming these broad B R. COWEN. Ohio CentenniLl. 537 savannas, far reaching forests and teeming hills plainly foreshad- owed as the future domain of a mighty empire. They left nothing behind them which in the slightest de- gree influenced the character, laws, or customs of the present oc- cupants and are not, therefore, connected, directly or indirectly, prejudices, his fierce and ungovernable passions, his vices, and still The history of those peoples though interesting in itself, is a thing apart from our history. True, they occupied the territory but they never possessed it in any true sense of possession. It is only by agricultural labor that man can be said to appropriate or possess the soil, and the Indian lived by the products of the chase. He was marked for destruction by his fixed and ineradicable prejudices, his fierce and ungovernable passions, his vices, and still more perhaps by his savage virtues. The coming of the white man with his peculiar civilization was the death knell of the Indian, for it had come to be an axiom of that civilization that barbarism has no rights which it is bound to respect, and that axiom was the rule and guide of the white man's conquest. So that the Indian has gone the way of the Mastodon, the Clifif Dweller and the Moundbuilder. He has sped away like a bird on the wing leaving behind him no memorials of his passage save his dishonored graves and his musical names which linger on mountain, lake and river to tell the. story of his sojourn and his exit. He is gone, but in the crimson trail of his retreat the spots where he made his stand are marked and honored by a people who admire courage even in an enemy, for no aboriginal race can point to a more desperate valor, a more stubborn resist- ance, or a more dramatic exit. Yet, defeated and driven from the graves of his fathers, not all the power of our high civilization with its superior appliances for warfare could reduce him to a tame submission, or awe him into non-resistance. His gallant deeds in Greece or haughty Rome, By Mars sung, or Homer's harp sublime, Had charmed the world's wide round, And triumphed over Time. To have supplanted the haughty Indian a hundred years ago when the white settlements were widely scattered and sparsely 538 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % inhabited was by no means the least important of the white man's achievements. From Massasoit, King Philip, Powhatan and Logan down to Ouray, Sitting Bull and Geronimo, every nation and every tribe of Indians produced men of mark. The Narra- gansetts, the Fequods and the Iroquois are extinct. King Philip, Powhatan, Red Jacket, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Logan, Black Hawk, Cochise, Captain Jack, Sitting Bull, a grim procession of fierce and untamable warriors, many of them men of striking diplomacy and statesmanship, have stalked across the pages of our history proving their humanity by leaving behind them one more trail of blood. They were forest bred, reared in the shadow of our hills and mountains, their familiar music the thunder of our cataracts, their daily haunts our forests, our lakes and our rivers. It is this Ohio climate, this teeming soil and this life-giving sunshine of ours, which we must rely upon, as did our fathers, to make us and continue us great, free, liberty-loving and God-fearing people, and which produced the race we have supplanted, whose deeds of valor should place them beside the Saxon and the Greek in history. Scientists have traced, with more or less minuteness, and apparently to their own satisfaction, at least, what they are pleased to call a natural evolution of the race through the centuries. So that if we shall accept their theories we must conclude that present conditions are simply the result of such evolution, and thus resolve all doubts as to the causes of our present condition, and thus end this discussion. But such theories take no account, or do not give due weight to what might be termed differing rates of evolution among different peoples or among the same peoples, with different en- vironment. Nor do they account for the decadence of the race wherever those things which we are accustomed to regard as civilizing influences are withdrawn. There are whole communities in this country where the pub- lic morals and the general intelligence are at a very low ebb; where the people have not only made no improvement for a hundred years, but where they have in fact retrograded, being probably more illiterate, immoral and bestial to-day than were Ohio Centennial. 539* the lowest classes in any section of the country a hundred years ago. So that what scientists are pleased to call evolution as applied to moral and intellectual development is not a law of general and uniform operation, but rather a something depend- ent, more or less, upon extraneous influences acting upon cer- tain people in certain favored localities. Why is it that there are communities in this country where illiteracy is the rule and intelligence the exception ; where human life is cheap and lawlessness prevails? In ante-war times we were wont to dismiss the question with the statement that it was because of the dehumanizing influence of human slavery, which degrades labor, destroys virtue, fosters idleness with its attendant ignorance, pride, luxury and vice, enervating the mental powers and benumbing activity. But similar conditions of illiteracy and immorality are found in some of the oldest settled portions of the New England and other northern states and we must look elsewhere for the causes of such decadence. A recent writer endeavors to show how far the principle of evolution is applicable to morals, to prove the evolution of morals; that the direction is guided by external influences in a manner analogous to that of the development of the forces of material nature. In the latter case the determining agencies are physical, while in the former social and spiritual influences are those which chiefly operate. The conclusion of the author re- ferred to is that moral evolution is the development of the prin- ciples and faculties of man's nature in response to the action of the social influences, the result being what we call morality. Physical causes are totally inadequate to produce results like those which make the history of our first century, for while our domain presented a unique field for human activities and inex- haustible materials for industry and labor, yet where under the sun shall we find more fertile plains, mightier rivers or more inexhaustible material resources than are found in South Amer- ica? Yet few communities are more turbulent and miserable than those of that continent. Here upon the Ohio territory was a fit place for the experi- ment of constructing society upon a new basis; here theories 540 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. hitherto unknown or deemed impracticable were to exhibit a spectacle for which the previous history of the world had fur- nished no example. The nature of the country, the origin of its inhabitants, the religion of the first comers, their former habits exercised, aside from and . independently of their democracy, a masterful influ- •ence upon their thoughts and feelings. The result was an ex- emplification of that evolution as a direct product of a happy com- bination of physical, moral and spiritual influences operating in a •chosen field upon a receptive people. In European countries men of restless disposition, masterful desire for wealth and position and pronounced love for inde- pendence were regarded as a serious menace to society. Here they were and are the very elements which ensure permanence and peace to our institutions. Without this unquiet element the popu- lation would have congested at the more favored localities of a century ago, and must have become subject to wants difficult to satisfy. These restless and independent elements, transplanted to their new environment, soon observed the intimate connection between public order and public prosperity, and realized that one could not exist without the other, so that prosperity has ever been a controlling influence for good in the process of development. The logical result is that the Anglo-American of to-day relies largely upon personal interest to accomplish his ends and gives free scope to the unguided and independent exertions and com- mon sense of the citizen. He did not acquire his positive notions and his practical science from books. Such books as he had may have prepared him to receive those ideas, but did not furnish them. He learned to know the laws by taking part in the act of legislation, and learned the forms of government by governing. The growth of society was proceeding under his very eyes and, as it were, under his hand. Experience is the main source of true knowledge and if the men of that early time had not been gradually accustomed to govern themselves their book learning would have been of little assistance. Ohio Centennial. 541 The foundation of this commonwealth presented a novel spectacle and the circumstances attending it were singular and origfinal. As a rule colonies, or new settlements, have been first made either by men of no education or resources, driven by pov- erty or crime from their native land, or by speculators or ad- venturers greedy of gain. Some less honorable were founded by pirates, as San Domingo, or as penal colonies, as Australia. Those who first settled here were largely of the independent classes of the communities from which they came. Their average intelligence was probably superior to that of any European state. "Few were uninstructed ; few were learned." Among them none was very poor ; none very rich. Patents of nobility and the serf- dom of a peasant class were equally unknown. Ohio being the most westerly of the eastern states and the most easterly of the western states, the abundance and variety of her natural resources were such as to fix the choice of the most desirable emigrants on this soil, so that we had the selection of the best from the oncoming tide that swept athwart the continent. The instinct of the buffalo directed his migration to the points of least resistance, in crossing the mountain ranges from the East. The wisdom of these selections was confirmed by the sagacity of the savage and later by the science of the engineer. Over these trails came the pioneers and Washington's early en- gineering was one of his greatest contributions to the conquest of Ohio. Scotch-Irish, Cavalier, Puritan, nor Huguenot could have been drawn thither to become the subjects of France, so that the shot fired by Washington in the Pennsylvania forest a third of a century before the Marietta settlement was the opening of the contest which made that settlement and the settlement of Ohio possible, for the destruction of the French power in the Ohio Val- ley was the keynote of the glorious epic of our history. These influences, which for want of space, I have little more than hinted at, are what have contributed to the evolution of the Ohio man. The product of that evolution has won his way in every department of human activity; in science, in art, in liter- ature, in adventure, in discovery, in invention, in politics, inr education, and in spiritual warfare, not only here at home but in 542 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. /Atant lands against the strongholds of superstition and unright- eousness. I have met him in all the various occupations and positions of life from the Executive Mansion to the Dakota "shack ;" from the general of the army to the private soldier pacing his lonely beat on the far Pacific; and have found him for the most part aggressive, self-reliant, self-respecting, patriotic, loyal to his 5tate and proud of his birthright. It is an interesting fact that the great event which seemed the ripe fruition of a thousand years of struggle, the adoption of our Federal Constitution was coeval with the first white settle- ment in Ohio. Then the United States for the first time could be said to exist as a people, to have acquired a name and a unity as a government and assumed its place among the nations. Then it was that these magnificent valleys and forests and uplands cried .aloud to the new civilization that the time was ripe for the com- ing of their legitimate occupants. And at once this territory became the great central way station, so to speak, in the rapid, but triumphal march of that civilization athwart the continent, which, beginning at Jamestown and Plymouth early in the 17th century, now, at the opening of the 20th century, has plumed itself for a further and bolder flight westward from the vantage ground of the Pacific slope. So rapid was the movement that, whereas a few years before the admission of Ohio into the Union the center of population was at tide water at Baltimore, only forty years later it was here ■at the "Ancient Metropolis" where we meet to-day. The East heard that cry and realizing that these lands be- longed to the first comer who had the courage and enterprise to occupy them, that they were to be the rich reward of the most fleet-footed pioneer and that no human power could close a fertile wilderness which ofifered such abundant resources to all industries and such a sure refuge from all want, the human tide began to flow in this direction. Following what a recent author calls the "Historic High- ways," marked out by the buffalo and the redman, across moun- tain and moor, came the tread of the emigrant which was the ^eat incident of our history for the next quarter of a century. Ohio Centennial. 543 In 1790 there were 4,200 white people between the western boundary of Pennsylvania and the Mississippi River. At the second census, in 1800, Ohio alone had a population of 45,365, which was increased in the next two years to 230,000, and in 18 16 it was estimated at 400,000. In 1820 it was 580,000, and the state had advanced from the eighteenth in rank to the fourth. In the East dull times, the coast blockade, taxes and a dis- ordered currency so accelerated the tide of emigration in this direction that the exodus became alarming. One hundred moving families crossed the Muskingum at Zanesville in a day says a historian of that time. Measures were taken in some of the sea- board states, notably Virginia and North Carolina, to stop the rapid depletion of their population by legislation, but nothing came of it, and the tide was unceasing. At first the immigration was attracted to certain points of original settlement, of which there were five in the state, and all by persons of different antecedents. At Marietta, the first white settlements, the pioneers were from Massachusetts and other New England states. For the most part they were the descendants of the English Protestant pioneers who came to our shores in search of religious freedom. Devout to a degree, when "they first landed they fell upon their knees, and, that pious duty performed, they fell upon the aborigines." In the century and a half between their landing and the settlement of their descendants in Ohio, they had drawn widely apart from the Virginia and other colonies and had acquired an individualism all their own. At Cincinnati, on what was known as the "Symmes Pur- chase," lying between the Great and Little Miami Rivers, the pioneers were chiefly from New Jersey, with a mixture of Hugue- not, Swedish, Holland and English blood. In the Virginia Military District, extending from the Scioto to the Little Miami Rivers with its centre at Chillicothe, the first settlers were principally from Virginia and were of English line- age with a mixture of Norman and Cavalier. On the "Seven Ranges," so called, being the first of the sur- veys and sales of public lands in Ohio, the first settlers were prin- cipally from Pennsylvania, some of Quaker stock, introduced 544 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. bArWilliam Penn, others of Dutch, Irish, Scotch and Scotch-Irish stock. On the Western Reserve they were from Connecticut with centre at Cleveland. West of the ''Seven Ranges" to the Scioto River and south of the Greenville Treaty line was the United States Military Reservation where the first settlers were holders of bounty land warrants for military service and they came from all the original states and from beyond the sea. Knowledge of the Ohio country was general in the colonies before and during the war of the Revolution, so that the patriots were not only fighting for their independence but for the rich in- heritance awaiting them and their children beyond la belle riviere. Longfellow says of the Puritan colony: "God sifted three kingdoms to find the seed for this planting." With equal propriety it may be said that He sifted every civilized nation to find the seed for the planting of Ohio. In the very nature of things those centers of settlement were isolated, self centered, and had all they could do in their unequal struggle for subsistence and their battle for life. They occu- pied the several isolated positions with all the peculiar prejudices and predilections of men of different races and conditions, in- tensified by the circumstances of their isolation, except that they were without animosity toward each other, because they were enlisted in a common cause, to subdue the wilderness and estab- lish a clear title to their domain. In the Indian wars and the second war with Great Britain Ohio furnished her full quota of men, some twenty thousand. Those soldiers came together from all those centers of original settlement in a common cause and the barriers of prejudice, social and racial, which had held them apart, were consumed in the fires of patriotism and, permeated by the swift contagion of a generous enthusiasm, they rapidly coalesced, socially, became better acquainted, more homogeneous, and the result was frequent intermarriages, so that the state became fertile of heroes and statesmen. At the opening of the Revolutionary War Patrick Henry said : Ohio Centennial. 545 "British oppression has effaced the boundaries of the sev- eral colonies ; the distinction between Virginia, Pennsylvania and New England is no more. I am not a Virginian but an Ameri- can." The same result was seen among our early settlers ; thances A. Harrison, of Columbus, and Mrs. George Hoadly of Cincinnati, are names notably associated with the work of the Sanitary Commission as heads of auxiliary societies in their respective cities, while the name of Hannah A. Maxon, nurse in the hospital at Gallipolis, is gratefully recalled by many ; and later, eminent for her philan- thropic work was Mrs. Kate Brownlee Sherwood, of Toledo. Who shall adequately measure the service to history of the ministration of Mrs. Herman J. Groesbeck, the Colonial Dames and the Daughters of the American Revolution? Under the ad- ministration of Mrs. Herman G. Groesbeck, the Colonial Dames in the state of Ohio have purchased the old land-office at Marietta where interesting memorials of the labors of General Rufus Put- nam are preserved. This purchase will insure the protection and permanency of this old building, the office of the memorable original survey of the lands of the Northwest Territory. In the archives of Marietta College are the letters of Rufus Putnam. . These have been preserved with the greatest care, but lack of funds for this j^urpose has prevented the college from putting these valuable memoirs into the more permanent form of a book. This the Colonial Dames will do ; Miss Rowena Buell, of Marietta, has been secured as com]3iler and the contract with Messrs. Houghton and Mifflin as publishers, signed. No more important service to the state, historically, has ever been rendered than this. The recent erection of the commemorative tablet on this spot is but a slight ensample of the work of the D. A. R. This state is dotted wnth tablets, bronzes, stones, recalling to the forgetful that on these spots great deeds were done, or, for us, history began or was made further glorious. Historic homes are preserved by them that our generation visiting them may be reminded of ^58 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. what stuff our men were made and live again those hours when souls "built statelier mansions." The regent of this band in Ohio is Mrs. Virginia Shedd Hodge. The whole order numbers 135,000; thirty chapters of which are in this state while the presi- dent general of the national society, Mrs. Charles H. Fairbanks, and the vice-president general for Ohio, Mrs. John A. Murphy, are both Ohioans. I'he "Little Red School House" has been battered by blows of convulsive oratory, has had each separate brick taken down by preacher, poet, artist and politician, and numbered; has fairly been swept from its foundation by floods of eloquence. It is affirmed that it is the source of our greatness, the raison d'etre ■of our strength in state and nation. Well ! who chiefly presides in the "little red school house?" The first school teacher in Ohio was a woman, Bathsheba Rouse, who was appointed to her work at Belpre in 1789, and the women of this state are the instructors, in the main, of the children of the state. They are also the librarians. They outnumber three to one the men en- gaged in these callings. They teach in our colleges, they teach our blind, our deaf, our dumb, and even the imbecile child awakens to new life under their inspiring tutelage. Following Miss Rouse came Elizabeth Harper at Harpersfield in 1802. The founder of the Sunday-school was also a woman — Mrs. Andrew Lake, of Marietta. A vast army of students of the Bible all over the ^lobe reverence the name of this gentle resolute woman, the founder of the only organization which steadily resists the inva- sion 0/ unbelief, stands for the sacredness of the Bible and its ■energizing, uplifting force in daily life. To American literature Ohio women have probably contrib- uted more than their quota. The first in a chronological sense, was Delia Salter Bacon born at Talmadge in 181 1, the original -exponent of the Baconian theory of the authorship of the works of ''one William Shakespeare." Julia Dumont, the "Hannah More of the west," a daughter of one of the original settlers of Marietta, was the preceptress of Dr. Edward Eggleston, whose grateful pen has honored her with merited praise. Ohio Centennial. 559 In "The Poetical Literature of the West," 184 1, we read of Mrs. R. S. Nichols, and of the thirty-seven, written of therein, seven were women. A very womanly woman was Frances Dana Gage, the most popular writer of keen, practical prose and didactic verse of her time in the West and familiar to us all as ''Aunt Fannie." Amelia Welby was a poetess well liked. The editors of "Aloore's West- ern Lady Hook," an early Ohio periodical of much vitality, were A. and Mrs. A. G. Moore. Ohio in poetry and fiction would be represented by a few names only were it not for our literary women : Harriet Beecher Stowe, Mary Hartwell Catherwood, educated at Granville, Sarah C. Woolsey, "Susan Coolidge," Sarah Knowles Bolton, Constance Fenimore Wool son, Kate Brownlee Sherwood. Mary A. Livermore and most classic of all our singers, Edith Thomas, Sarah Piatt, Alice and Phoebe Gary. A fine strain of French blood is represented in the literary ele- gance of Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren. Other writers are Gene- veive Farnell, Caroline Park, Anne Virginia Culbertson, Virginia B. Ellard, Helen Smith and Helen Hay, Maria Mitchel, Gertrude Clark, Pauline B. Mackie, Mary D. Steele, Eva Best, Catherine P)eecher, Electra E. Doren, Charlotte Reeve Conover, Dr. Alice B. Stockton, Dr. Mary Wood Allen, Elizabeth Chapney, Helen Watterson Moody, Lydia Hoyt Farmer, Lydia S. McPherson and Clara Morris, while all Ohioans thrill at the reading of Alice Williams Brotherton's sweet verses — The Rose and the Thistle, the Shamrock green And the Leek are the flowers of Britain ; The Fleur de lys on the flag of France In a 1)rand of blood was written ; But what shall we claim for our own fair land, What flower for our own true token? The golden-rod, or the lily, or the corn? For each, has its own bard spoken. Oh ! the tasseled corn for the whole broad land. For the Union none could sever ; But the Buckeye bloom for the Buckeye state The token be forever. In the field of journalism, the pioneer among our women, ^was Miss Lillian Darst, of Chillicothe. At the state capitol the 560 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. • first woman assigned to regular local work was Miss Georgia Hopley. She has ever since, both in foreign correspondence and at home represented that school, small in number alas, unin- fluenced by the tidal waves of yellow journalism which lower the standard of American newspaper work, making this calling, for w^omen, a doubtful vocation in the average newspaper office. Yet, to these women we look for a cleaner administration. Will they, like our men, be submerged by the present alleged de- mands of the public or will they raise the standard and teach us that the American newspaper is a leader of the best thought of the community, and not a caterer to the lowest? Brilliant, and almost alone in her field, is Miss Rowena Hewit Landon, of Columbus, whose cultivated mind is reflected in her work, which, though C:. diversion for leisure moments, is so faithfully and finely wTought. Of a similar type is Miss Katherine Pope whose "Letters of a Happy Poor Woman" show so fine a spirit of optimism. In the seventies there came to the women of Cincinnati an impulse toward the study of decorative art. The foremost of these was Miss Louise McLaughlin, the product of whose Jciln, and whose book on the subject, are known all over the country. She has a ])ottery of her own where she makes china of fine quality, decorating the pieces for the most part with the varied colors of copper glaze. Que of our painters named at the Salon and now in Paris, is Miss Elizabeth Nourse, of Cincinnati. The wife of the noted scientist, F. C. Wormly, was born in Columbus, where his analyses of poison crystals were illustrated by draw- ings made by her, "no one else being able to reproduce their ex- quisite delicacy and precision." "licr achievements in this art were hardly less than her husband's in science." Mrs. Mary McArthur Tuttle has served her state well both as writer and as artist. Her articles on color, her portraits and charming volume, "The Mother of an Emperor," entitle her to the place she holds in the esteem of art-loving people. To all such, the names of Caroline Ransom, Caroline Brooks, Marion Foster, Christine and Isabel Sullivan, Caroline Lord, Mary Spencer, Alice Cordelia Moore, Louise Lawton and Cornelia Davis are more or less familiar. But the most renowned of America's art products Ohio Ccntcjiiiial. 561 is the Rookwood Pottery, founded also by an Ohio woman, Mrs. Bellamy Storer, wife of our present ambassador to Austria. No finer pottery is anywhere made. Fine in quality, beautiful in decorative value, its fame is world-wide. Mrs. Storer invented the peculiar glaze effect which marks its distinction from all other pottery in the world. It was she who, for years, did the actual work and to her wonderful taste, energy and spirit is due a pro- duct which is admired by all connoisseurs and which alone, would have given America a place in the world of art. . In the field of geology and botany we have Laura Linton for whom lintonite, a variety of Lake Superior sandstone, is named, and Mary Emilee Holmes, first woman member of the Geological Society of America. In the realm of the drama and of music, among the many who might be named are Julia Marlowe and Clara Morris, Ella May Smith, songwriter ; pianists : Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler and Julia Reeve King ; vocalists : Corinne Moore Lawson, Ge- nevra Johnston I^)ishop, Marie Decca and Dora Hennings. And now a singular event claims attention. "Its history is as thrilling as anything written by Sir Walter Scott of the crusades of the middle ages and stirs one like the stories of Napoleon's Old Guard." The great temperance crusade had its origin in Hills- boro. The first ])resident was ]\Irs. Thompson, the only daugh- ter of old Governor Trimble ; a worthy daughter of her father is she. What memories are hers at eighty-seven, and what those of that other grand old woman, lovingly known as Mother Stew- art, who is still older. The history and result of the crusade is known to the whole world, the society of over 300,000 women known as the Christian Temperance Union, tracing its origin to this praying band of which Mrs. Annie W. Clark, of Columbus, is the head in Ohio. It is now a world's union with Lady Henry Somerset of England at its head. One catches inspiration from the very faces of these women, and leaders in humanitarianism richly appreciate their work. When some impulse to bravery is one's great need, the annals of the life of Frances E. Willard seem pages inspired. As writer and speaker she is known to the ends of the earth and her life was more eloquent than book or 36 o. c. 56^ Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. spoken word. She was born at Oberlin, Ohio. Here also hved Catherine Coffin, wife of the president of the "underground rail- way," and his chief assistant. It has been said that "Mothers are the only goddesses in whom the whole world believes." Much good should therefore result from a Congress of Mothers such as has been recently organized in this state. The Ohio congress owes its organiza- tion largely to the interest of Mrs. Edgar M. Hatton and is now under the leadership of Mrs, J. A. Jeffrey of Columbus. The Ohio Woman Suffrage Association has had something to do with the history and development of the state — and would like to have more to do with it ! Its affairs are wisely adminis- tered by Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton. Last, and in some ways, strongest of all the organized activ- ities of women in Ohio is the Federation of Women's Clubs now in its tenth year. Mrs. Edward L. Ruchwalter, member from Ohio, and first vice president of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was one of its founders. It numbers 'more than eleven thousand members and has a larger number of such clubs than any other state or territory. An enumeration of contributions to the public good from individual clubs would be absolutely impossible here. Thousands of dollars have been contributed to libraries, for the decoration of school interiors, the founding of vacation and manual training schools, in the erection of public drinking fountains, in work with humane societies, war relief and other organizations, art exhibits and sanitary measures. The school savings bank system in almost every case has been introduced at their instance. Their chief con- cern however is for the institution we call home. They believe this the natural ambition, the inborn pride, the happiest sphere toward which a woman ever turns and all those things which are its safeguards: education, religion, good food, cleanliness, the abolition of child labor, the encouragement of patriotism, the circulation of good books, receive their hearty support. But more valuable than all they do is the atmosphere which the considera- tion of such subjects by great numbers of persons gives us — atmosphere which to breathe, makes sounder moral lungs, clearer Ohio Centennial. 563 heads and consciences. Intelligent service has been rendered the state by the Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs as attested by the state librarian. Representatives of the Federation were the first to ask for a law giving Ohio free traveling libraries. Their in- fluence was a large factor. The bill was framed and passed and Ohio now leads the Union in the number of free libraries cir- culated. The commissioner of schools bears testimony to the quiet, unremitting work carried on for nearly five years in behalf of a state normal school, saying that the passage of the Seese bill resulted largely from the sentiment created by the Federation. Ohio has now, as a result, two training schools for teachers, hav- ing stepped out of the class with Delaware and Arkansas, now the only states in the Union offering no training of this charac- ter. The Federation has, at the present time, four petitions before the legislature, all of which are likely to result in laws certainly beneficial to the state. They are: A petition for the establishment of a juvenile court in the city of Columbus; for the adoption of the Federal plan in the proposed new school code for Ohio, and for a minority representation of good women on all boards whose functions are distinctly educational, especially public library and state normal school boards ; to raise the age limit of girls placed in industrial schools to eighteen, instead of sixteen years, as the period for discharge, the same as now pre- vails for boys ; and for the appointment of at least one woman factory inspector on the list of the fourteen employed. The able president, of the Federation is Mrs. Samuel B. Sneath, of Tiffin. The first club ever organized had as its president an Ohio woman. We have thus chronicled five world movements having their source in Ohi6 and all originated by women ; the Sabbath School, by Mrs. Lake, of Marietta ; the woman's club movement, Alice Cary, president of the first club organized ; theory of au- thorship of Shakespeare's works, by Delia S. Bacon ; the world's temperance union, Mrs. Thompson, and Mrs. Stewart ; the Rook- wood Pottery, Mrs. Bellamy Storer ; while the first school teacher in the state, whose school system at Cleveland is acknowledg'ed the peer of any in the world, was a woman. 66A Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. These facts fire the imagination, yet it is with no feehng" of exultation, but with profound thankfuhiess that we contem- plate the results of the past. What shall be our future destiny? With such men, with such women what may Ohio not become if we are faithful as well as fervent, wise as well as fearless, not desiring- to ''command the applause of the hour, but the judgment of posterity." O women of Ohio! why may it not be that in this western world prophecy shall in you be fulfilled and hope reach , its full fruition ! O men of Ohio ! that union of high achievement and pure minds, which it seemeth God has here enjoined, let not man put asunder, then shall your feet be set upon the head of the enemy. Regnant Ohio ! not a dream, not a dream, but the most sober, inevitable reality. The Voice of the People, a har- mony like the fabled astral bell ; the State, a vision glorious like that seen by John on the Island of Pacmos ; O most dear priv- ilege, O sweet opportunity, for thee, alma mater Ohio, to rise and With one awakening smile Bid the serpent's trail no more thy beauteous realms defile. THE PRESS OF OHIO. S. S. KNxKISENSHUE. The Ordinance of 1787, for the government of the North- west Territory, declared : "Religion, morality and knowl- edge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools, and the means of education, shall forever be en- couraged." The importance of the press, not only as a factor of popular education, but as the conservator of freedom of speech was evidently realized by the men who settled Ohio, the first-born of the states into which the Northwest was divided ; for with- in four years after its settlement at Marietta, the first newspaper within its boundaries was set up. This was the Centinel of the North- western Territory, first issued No- vember 9, 1793, by William Max- well, postmaster of Cincinnti. It was printed on a half sheet, 10 by 13 inches in size, and hence resembled a handbill. In those days, newspapers were very partial to mottoes, and the Centinel displayed this : "Open to all parties — influenced by none." In 1796 Edward Freeman bought the paper, changed the name to Freeman's Journal, published it until the beginning of 1800, when he removed to Chillicothe. It would appear that he continued the publication there : for in the records of the ter- ritorial court at Chillicothe is found an order that an adver- tisement for contracts to build the old court house there, after- vy^ards Ohio's first state house, should advertise in "Freeman's paper." The Scioto Gazette was then in existence. Freeman 565 S S. KNABENSHUE. 566 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. dielj and Nathaniel Willis bought his office, partly or wholly, and cornbined the papers. Willis was the executor of Freeman's estate. It would seem that the Scioto Gazette has a fair title to being the first paper established in Ohio, as the successor by purchase of the paper founded at Cincinnati in 1793. It is hard to realize the difficulties under which the pio- neers of journalism labored in the region west of the Alle- ghanies. Their type and other material, their paper and ink, had to be purchased in the cities of the Atlantic seaboard, and brought across the mountains in wagons, thence by river or lake, when such transportation was available. Nor were their issues at all like the newspapers of to-day. There was very little original matter in them — notwithstanding the fact that most of the early editors were men of culture and ability, able to write well. Local news was almost entirely ignored. Clippings from Eastern papers giving the foreign news and the proceedings of Congress, formed the staple of the matter in their meager columns. The Scioto Gazette, with becoming modesty, claims only to date from April 25, 1800. It was founded by Nathaniel Willis, who was born in Boston in 1755. was a member of the famous Boston Tea Party, and is traditionally believed to have learned the art and mystery of printing as an apprentice under Benjamin Franklin. He published the Independent Chronicle in Boston from 1774 to 1784. He then removed to Winchester, Virginia, where he published a paper. In 1790 he removed to Martinsburg and established the Potomac Guar- dian, which he published until 1796. He then came to Ohio, and founded the Ohio Gazette. When was the Gazette begun? Richard Storrs Willis, his grandson, in 1900, wrote to the proprietors of the Gazette this statement, which is printed in the paper's centennial issue April 28, 1900, after stating that Nathaniel Willis ended his work in Martinsburg in 1796: "He then removed to Chilli- cothe and founded the Scioto Gazette." The fact of its found- ing in 1796 is asserted by an article in Harper's Magazine for January, 1858. and by the Scioto Gazette of September 10, 1867. Mr. Frederic Hudson, in his "Journalism in the United Ohio Centennial. 567 ^States," also says: "It was not until 1796 that he issued the Scioto Gazette as the organ of the Territorial government." It seems probable that the Scioto Gazette was really founded in 1796; and that either it was discontinued for a time, or that Mr. Willis, for some reason unknown, started his volume and issue numbers anew in 1800. The date claimed by the publishers is April 25, 1800, and the proofs are clear and convincing of the continuous publication of the paper un- der the same name from then to the present. It is the oldest living paper in the West, and one of the oldest, if not the oldest, paper of continuous publication in the United States. The third paper to be established in Ohio was the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, which began issue in Cincinnati in 1799. In 1823 its name was changed to the National Re- publican and Ohio Political Register. One of its editors was Sol. Smith, later w^ell known as an actor and manager in St. Louis and elsewhere, and the maternal grandfather of the actor, Sol. Smith Russell. The first number of the Ohio Register and Virginia Her- ald, the progenitor of the present Marietta Register, was issued from a primitive little printing office in the old stock- ade in that city, on December 18, 1-80 1. Wyllys Silliman and Elijah Backus brought from Philadelphia a printing outfit, including a wooden Ramage press, with stone bed. The type faces were inked with "balls" made of sheep pelts, stuflfed with wool to give elasticity. This press was preserved by the Register until 1888, when a fire destroyed the office and its contents. The paper was sold in 1810 to Mr. Caleb Emerson who, on October iq of that year, issued the first number of the American Spectator. In 1813 it was sold again, and issued as the American Friend, edited by David Everett, one of the brightest literary men of whom Marietta can boast. In 1833, the name was changed to Marietta Gazette. It was merged in the Intelligencer in 1842, under Beman Gates. This paper was purchased in 1862 by Hoi: R. M. Stimson, and the name changed to the Register, which it now bears. On December 9, 1804, the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury was founded in that city, by Rev. John W. Browne, 568 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ccHor, almanac publisher, town recorder, bookseller and vender of patent medicines. It endured for eleven ■ years, when it was purchased by the Cincinnati Gazette, founded in 1806. The name was perpetuated with that of the weekly edition of the latter for many years. The writer recalls seeing this paper, under the title Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Weekly 'Gazette, about the time of the beginning of the civil war. The next founded Ohio newspaper which is still existing was the Western Star of Lebanon. It dates from March, 1807. Its name has never been changed. Its founder was Hon. John McLean, afterwards justice of the United States supreme court, then a young law student, who married in the spring of that year, and who was not admitted to the bar until the fol- lowing autumn. Probably one factor in the hazardous experi- ment of starting a weekly paper in the shire town of a county which did not contain over 800 people, was the fact that his younger brother, Nathaniel McLean, had learned the printer's art in the office of the Liberty Hall, at Cincinnati. Years afterward, Nathaniel McLean founded the Pioneer at St. Paul, Minn., the first paper in the present northwest. The press on which the Western Star was printed was a Ramage, with Vv^ooden frame and stone 'bed, like the first Marietta press, and it is believed it was the same press which was used in Cincinnati in 1793 to print the Centinel of the Northwestern Territory. The present editor, Mr. Will S. McKay, writes : The oldest copy of the Star in existence is dated September 10, 1810. The paper was then edited and managed by Nathaniel McLean. This issue referred to is a small folio, printed on strong, coarse paper, now yellow with age. It contains no editorial matter and no local intelli- gence whatever, except such as may be gleaned from advertisements. It has intelligence from Europe more than two months old, and intelligence from New York and St. Louis three weeks old. The only matter, aside from advertisements, prepared for the issue is a communication proposing Thomas Worthington for governor, Jeremiah Morrow for congress, John Bigger for the state senate ;and Mathias Corwin, ^lichael H. Johnson and David Morris for the lower house of the General Assembly. The adver- tisements contain nine notices of estray horses taken up and their appraise- ment, at from $20 to $35, and a reward of C)\ cents for a runaway apprentice. Offers are made to 50 cents for wheat, arid notice is given that good rye Ohio Centennial. 569 whiskey, at 40 cents per gallon, will be taken in exchange for goods at Lebanon. This is quoted as a fair sample of the contents of the news- papers of Ohio for at least a score of years after the admission of the state into the union. The absence of local news from their columns is remarkable. The advertisements, in the vast majority of mstances, give the only clue to the sequence of local events, the mode of life, the industries and progTess of the pioneer inhabitants. It is unfortunate that the p^ublishers of those early days did not carefully preserve complete files of their papers. Or the fault may have been with stibsequent publishers, in not preserving as valuable historical documents, the issues of their predecessors. Too many of them seem to have looked upon their papers merely as a means of livelihood, and to be utterly oblivious to the historical value of their files. Of all the cai*- liest papers of the state the only complete file, so far as can be learned, is that of the Marietta Register and its ancestors, which are preserved in the library of Marietta college. It is safe to say that it was due to the college authorities, rather than the proprietors, that the earlier volumes were preserved. It will be noted that the establishment of newspapers fol- lowed the lines of settlement. The earlier colonization was along the Ohio, and then northward along the streams tribu- tary to the "beautiful river." In 1796 congress enacted a law atithorizing Colonel Ebenezer Zane to open a trail from Wheeling to Limestone, Ky., now Maysville, for which ser- vice he was to receive the privilege of locating military war- rants upon three sections of land, each a mile square — one at the crossing of the Muskingum, one at the Hockhocking and one at the Scioto. He located the first where Zanesville now stands, the second on the site of Lancaster and the third on the eastern bank of the Scioto, opposite Chillicothe, as the Scioto formed the eastern boundary of the Virginia military district. Zane's Trace, as it was called, soon developed into a line of settlements, of which Lancaster was one. Manv of the pioneers of that town and of Fairfield county were Ger- Jiians. This led to the establishment at Lancaster of the first 570 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.^ OUrman paper west of the AUeghanies, under the patriotic title of Der Ohio Adler — which, being translated, is the Ohio Eagle. It was founded by Jacob Dietrich, but the year is somewhat in doubt. Mr. Wetzler, the present editor of the Lancaster Eagle, remembers that General Sanderson, a noted pioneer citizen of 1799, told him that Mr. Dietrich emigrated to Lancaster in 1807, and at once started the Adler. This paper passed into the hands of Edward Shaeffer about 1813, and an English edition was begun, called the Eagle. The pres- ent proprietor of the Eagle, whose father, Thomas Wetzler^ purchased it in 1870, is unable to state when the German edi- tion was discontinued. Mr. Carl Pletz, of the Cincinnati Volksblatt, however, is confident that some time in the thir- ties its name was changed to the Lancaster Volksfreund, that it was purchased and removed to Columbus in 1841, then re- verting to the old name of Adler. In 1843 Jacob Reinhard and Frederick Fieser bought it, changed its name to the Co- lumbus Westbote, which paper is still in publication. At any rate, the Ohio Eagle, under the same name, continues to flourish to the present, and is one of the journalistic land- marks of Ohio. The first paper in the Seven Ranges of Eastern Ohio was the Ohio Patriot, established at Lisbon (then New Lisbon) by William D. Lepper, a German. It has retained the same name down to the present time. Its present editor,. Mr. W. S. Potts, claims it to be the oldest paper in Ohio bear- ing the same name continuously. The Steubenville Herald was established in t8o6, but under a different name. The Marietta Register is in the same category. He questions whether a name acquired by purchase entitles a newspaper to assume the earlier date. This must be a matter of indi- vidual opinion. At any rate the claim of the Patriot to be the oldest Ohio paper bearing the same name can not be main- tained against the claims of the Scioto Gazette and the West- ern Star. Its place as third in this category cannot be dis- puted. Its history is almost coextensive with that of Colum- biana countv, and it is an honor to the press of Ohio. Ohio Centennial. 571- The present Zanesville Courier is the legitimate succes- sor of the Muskingum Messenger, the first paper published m Zanesville, dating from 1809. Its founder was Hon. Ezekiel T. Cox, father of the widely-known Hon. Samuel Sullivan Cox, perhaps better known by the nickname of Sunset Cox, once a member of congress from the Columbus district, and later from New York city. Ih 1812 the title was changed to the Express and Advertiser, and in 1823 it appeared as the Ohio Republican. Various changes in the management took place, until 1845, when David H. Layman purchased it, changed the name to the Courier, under which title it has re- mained. It was the third newspaper founded in towns located upon Zane's Trace, and like the other two, it has had a career of prosperity, all things considered. The wave of settlement and civilization kept sweeping northward from the Ohio river during these years. The news- paper stage of development next reached what is now Frank- lin county. Col. James Kilbourne, a native of Connecticut, born in 1770, who ha(i taken orders in the Episcopal church, conceived the lofty purpose of establishing a Christian colony in the wilds beyond the Aileghanies. In 1803 he came to Ohio to spy out the land. Reaching the northern part of what is now Franklin county, he surveyed and purchased a tract of 16,000 acres of land. The next year the first party of emigrants came out and settled at Worthington, a village some seven miles north of the present city limits of Columbus. Col. Kilbourne realized fully the power of the press as an educator and civilizer, and in 1808 arranged the purchase of printing materials. For some reason, the issue of a paper was delayed until 181 1, when the Western Intelligencer saw the light, the first newspaper in the central section of Ohio. Col. Kil- bourne then sold the establishment to Buttles & Smith. Their enterprise was successful, not because of any large number of subscribers, but on account of the war of 1812 with Great Britain, which made that section of the state a base for the preparation, provisioning and reinforcement of the expedition under Gen. Hull against Detroit. 672 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. • The Western Intelligencer passed through the hands of several proprietors', one of whom was Ezra Griswold, later identified with the Delaware Gazette. Some time in 1813 the paper was removed to Columbus, and shortly after its name was changed to the Columbus Gazette. Like all others of the pioneer papers of the state, the changes of proprietorship were frequent. John Al. Gallagher, who owned the Ohio Politi- cal Register, consolidated that paper with the Gazette in 1837, when he bought an interest in the latter. The name was then changed to the Ohio State Journal and Register. The last two words were soon dropped from the title, and the Ohio State Journal it has remained since. In 1839 the paper blossomed into a daily, which has for many years been one of the leading papers of the state. Among the noted men who have been associated with it may be named Judge William B. Thrall, Oren FoUett, John Greiner, the writer of many popular Whig songs in the famous "hard cider" Harrison campaign of 1840; William Dean Howells, the distinguished author; William T. Coggeshall, Gen. James M. Comly, A. J. Francisco, Samuel J. Flickinger, now the Associated Press representative at Cincinnati, and Samuel G. McClure, the pres- ent editor. The Ohio Statesman was a notable Columbus daily in the mid-years of the nineteenth century, and the Dis- patch dating from the seventies, is one of the leading dailies of Central Ohio. As the first settlements were made on the Ohio river, and as the earliest lines of emigration moved either from the river northward or westward from the regions surrounding Pittsburg and Wheeling, the earliest newspapers were in the southern half of the state. These comprised the first and second lines of settlement of Ohio. The third was that of the Western Reserve. On July 10, 1800, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, the territorial governor, by proclamation, erected the entire area of the Western Reserve into one county named Trumbull, the shire town of which was Warren. The first newspaper in this magnificent area, now the seat of Cleveland, the metropo- lis of the state, was begun at Warren on June t6. t8i2, with the pretentious title, the Trump of Fame — Thomas D. Webb, Ohio Centennial. 67S editor and publisher. Eacii of its four pages was but little larger than an ordinary magazine page of to-day, and set in large type. Nothing in the first issue would have led a reader to anticipate the declaration of war with Great Britain, two days later, for it then took more than a week for news to come from Washington city. The Trump of Fame had the speedy changes of ownership usual to papers of that day. In 1816 Fitch Bissell was the proprietor. One Septeml^cr day, Benjamin Stevens, a recent arrival from Vermont, met Mr. Bissell at the postofHce, and in conversation about the paper expressed the opinion that a less high-sounding title would l)e more appropriate for a paper printed in the backwoods, and suggested that the Trump of Fame be called ''The Western Reserve Chronicle, or Gazette, or something of that sort." Mr. Bissell scouted the suggestion with some heat ; but three weeks later the paper came out headed "Western Reserve Chronicle, volume i. No. i." With this change of name, it was enlarged to four columns on each of its four pages, the sheet being 18 x 22 inches. Under the name of the Chronicle the paper has continued to the present day, and is one of the leading country papers in Northwestern Ohio. The Belmont Chronicle, of St. Clairsville, claims to date from 181 3, when Charles Hammond, who later earned fame as the founder of the Cincinnati Gazette, began a paper named the Federalist. When Mr. Hammond removed to the Queen City in 1823. the National Historian advocated the same prin- ciples. It was published by Horton J. Howard. The name of this paper was first changed to the Journal and Enquirer, and in 1836 to the Belmont Chronicle, which is its title to-day. A similar history is true of the St. Clairsville Gazette, which dates its beginning in 18 12, but did not adopt the present title until 1825. The drift of immigration through Cincinnati up the fertile valley of the Great Miami led to the settlement of Hamilton, and as a matter of course to the foundation of a paper. On June 22, 1814, the Hamilton Intelligencer was first issued. There were frequent changes of ownership, which is true of ^4 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. all early Ohio papers, but the Butler County Democrat of to-day is its lineal successor. The next Ohio newspaper in point of time is the Ohio Repository, of Canton, founded in 1815 by John Saxton, the grandfather of Ida Saxton McKinley, widow of the martyred President. A notable fact regarding Mr. Saxton's editorials was that, from 1815 to 1871, the year of his death, he composed his editorials and put them in type by hand, instead of writing them and committing them to another compositor. Mr. Sax- ton was in many respects a remarkable man. He not. only chronicled in the Repository the fall of the first Napoleon at Waterloo in 18 15, but set up the abdication of Napoleon III, after Sedan in 1870. His son, Thomas W. Saxton, succeeded him in the management of the paper, until his death in 1885. He established the daily edition in 1878. On his death, Wil- liam McKinley, the executor of the Saxton estate, selected George B. Frease to take charge, which position he still holds. The Repository was the personal organ of Mr. McKinley dur- ing the presidential campaigns of 1896 and 1900, and came into national prominence thereby. The first newspaper in Pickaway county was issued Au- gust 9, 1817, by James Foster, a bookbinder. It was a folio, i6| by 9^ inches. Its title was the Olive Branch. Several changes of names were made, but after the civil war began, it was called the Circleville Union, as indicating its political tenets. It is now entitled the Union-Herald. Next comes the Delaware Gazette, founded with the name* it has borne ever since, in 1818, by Drake and Hughes, two preachers. It was afterward published by Judge Ezra Griswold. referred to previously. In 1834, Abram Thomson became connected with it; and for 62 years he retained that interest, all of which time he was in editorial control, except the interval 1869-1871, when his partner, Capt. A. E. Lee, was ■editor. Abram Thomson was not only editor, but horticul- turist ; and to him is due the discovery and development of the Delaware grape — named from the town and county of his residence. Ohio Centennial. . 575 The Springfield Republic, whose daily edition is called thePress-Republican, dates from 1817, when the Farmer was started — the first paper in that city and county. After the iisual number of changes of name and proprietors, it was entitled the Republic in 1849. The Springfield Democrat -dates from 1839, and is one of the few papers which has re- tained its name through its whole career. The Cleveland Leader claims to date from 1818, assum- ing that the Gazette and Commercial Register, then founded, Avas the predecessor of the Herald, whose first issue was in October, 1819. It became a daily in 1837. The germ of the Leader was the Ohio American, founded in 1844 in Ohio City, now the West Side of Cleveland. It passed the next year into the hands of Edwin Cowles, then but 18 years of age. It was consolidated with the Democrat, a Free Soil paper, in 1848, In 1852 Joseph Medill, later the noted editor of the Chicago Tribune, established the Daily Forest City. There were too many papers for a city the size of Cleveland at that time, and a consolidation of papers and proprietors took place the next year, the paper taking the clumsy name of the Daily Forest City Democrat. In 1854 this was changed to the Leader. In 181 5 the Herald was united with the Leader, the latter continuing as the title of the morning edition, while the evening issue was and is called the News and Herald. The Hillsboro Gazette's first issue was dated June 18, 1818, when the only news])apers in Southern Ohio were those at Cincinnati and Chillicothe. Its founder was Moses Car- others, who guided its fortunes for ten years. It is one of the few early Ohio papers which still bear their original names. The first paper in Gallia county was the Gazette, founded by Joshua Gushing, in November, 1818, and it has been in continuous publication ever since, now being known as the Gallipolis Journal, which title it has held since 1835. In 1818, two years after Harrison county was formed, a newspaper was established at Cadiz, which had several names and many proprietors, until it passed into the ownership of Wm. R. Allison in 1840. He bestowed upon it the name Republican, which it has kept for the intervening 63 years. 576 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. • The Mansfield Shield is the oldest business institution in- that thriving city. It was the pioneer paper of Richland county. It claims to be the lineal descendant of the Olive, founded in 1818. The name Shield and Banner v^as given in 1838, by Judge Meredith, its proprietor, and the latter half was dropped a few years ago. In 1885, W. S. Cappeller began the publication of the News, the first daily in Mansfield, and it and the Shield are two of the most influential papers in that section of Ohio. The Guernsey Times of Cambridge, had its beginning in September, 1824. Its first editor was John Aitken, a represen- tative of the Guernsey Island pioneers who settled in Guernsey County about 1806. Afterward it was edited by John and Zaccheus Beatty, of the original settlers and town proprietors and founders of the county and county seat. Later it had among its editors Hon. Charles J. Albright, wdio went from The Guernsey Times sanctum to the Congress of the United States, as did likewise Hon. Joseph D. Taylor, the brother and predecessor of Hon. D. D. Taylor, who is now, and has been for over fifty years, a printer, and the editor of a longer period than all of his predecessors, and who, while his brother was in the congress, was the representative of Guernsey County in the Ohio Legislature. From this time there was a rapid increase in the number of newspapers in Ohio. It is the design of this article to record by name all founded within the first quarter-century of statehood, ending with 1828. Beyond that date, this paper would assume the character of a catalogue rather than a his- tory. Of existing papers established from 18 18 to and includ- ing 1828, are the Painesville Telegraph and Sandusky Regis- ter, both dating from 1822; the Cambridge Times, 1824; Coshocton Age, 1825 ; the Athens Messenger and Herald, the direct successor of the Mirror and Literary Messenger, founded by Hon. A. G. Brown, in 1825; Lancaster Gazette, 1826; the Holmes County Farmer, founded in 1828 by Wil- liam McDowell, as the Gazette, its present title having been retained since 1840; and the Clermont Sun, at Batavia, Ohio Centennial. oil founded in 1828, with the famed Samuel Medary as its first editor. This completes the roster, to the best knowledge and belief of the writer, of all the papers now existing in Ohio which were founded previous to the close of the first 25 years of her statehood — "errors and omissions excepted," as the bills of lading say. Any one familiar with the present newspapers of Ohio will rec-^ ognize the list as one of papers of high standing and influence in their respective sections. For it is as true in the newspaper bus^ iness as in all other afifairs of life that high ideals of duty, and energy and capacity in carrying them out, are the factors of true success. There are many of the largest and most influential papers of the state which date from a later period. Ohio grew rapidly, for in 1828 the era of canals had been but fairly inaugurated, and the era of railways had not begun. The state increased rapidly in population and wealth, and the newspapers multiplied, as a matter of course. Naturally this was notably the case with the larger cities. The Cincinnati Enquirer, while claiming to date from 1842, can certainly look back to Moses Dawson as its founder. He led the way in print to the naming of Andrew Jack- son for president, and in the thirties founded a tri-weekly in the Queen City. Tn 1841, the Rrough brntliers, Charles and John, came to Cincinnati. Their father was of Irish origin and came over with Blennerhassett in 1805. They were printers by trade, and in addition John was a lawyer of marked ability, who became distinguished as a statesman, and as the last of the great "war governors" of Ohio. The liroughs bought ]\lr. Dawson's Phoe- nix and Advertiser, changing the name to the Enquirer. They conducted the paper until about 1848. Then it passed into the hands of James J. Faran and Washington McLean. Mr. Faran retired from the firm after the w^ar. leaving Mr. McLean the sole proprietor. To him succeeded his son, John R. McLean, its present proprietor, who modernized the paper in every respect and made it one of the great dailies of national reputation. Another notable Cincinnati daily was the Commercial, founded in 1845 by Greeley Curtis. In the fifties M. D. Pottei 37 o. c. ■ 578 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. succeeded as proprietor, and on his death, early in the civil war, Murat Halstead took the helm. His brilliant work for many years is known to all Oliioans. In the early eighties the Gazette was consolidated with it, under the title Commercial Gazette. Afterward the proprietors of the Cincinnati Tribune purchased a controlling- interest, and changed the title to the j^rcsent one — Jthe Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. Reference has already been made to Charles Hammond, and to the Cincinnati Gazette," founded in 1806. Mr. Hammond was a strong and vigorous writer, and made a deep impress upon the times in which he lived. Richard Smith was at the head of the Gazette during- the civil war era, and remained there until the sale to the Commercial. The Gazette always had strong influence over the educated conservative element in the Republican ' party of Ohio, and in its day was a notable factor in the politics of state and nation. Another pajier which is to-day among the leading sheets of the state is the Cleveland Plain Dealer. In 1834 the Advertiser was established in the Forest City, in 1841 passed into the hands of T. W. (iray, who changed its name to the Plain Dealer. In 1868 it was sold to W. W. Armstrong. It was solely an even- ing paper until 1885, when Hon. L. E. Holden bought it, and be- gan the publication of a morning and a Sunday edition. It and the Leader are the two great Cleveland dailies of to-day. The Cincinnati Times-Star dates its origin from the found- ing of the Times by C. W. Starbuck in 1840. It was very pros- perous until his death in 1870, when the paper was purchased by the Daily Chronicle. In 1880 this paper and the Star were con- solidated, whence the present title. Under the vigorous manage- ment of Hon. Charles P. Taft, its proprietor, it is now what the old Dailv Times was under Starbuck — one of the leading organs of its party in the state, blessed with abundant prosperity. The northwest quarter of the state — the Black Swamp region — was the last to be settled. It is safe to say the territory bounded in the east by Ottawa, Wood and Hancock counties, thence west to Indiana and north to Michigan, is to be considered at least 50 years later in its development than the remainder of Ohio. Of the great Black Swamp region it may be stated with Ohio Centennial. 579 truth that the first i^eneration was occupied in clearing the dense forests that covered it; the second in bearing the burden of cost of the vast system of ditches to drain it, the main ones of which are canals in section ; while the third generation has grown wealthy from the mighty fecundity of the one-time swamp lands, and the stores of oil and gas in which that region abounds — the latter era dating practically from about 1887. Because of the importance of the mouth of the Maumee as a lake port, and as the terminal of the Miami and Erie and of the Ohio and Wabash canals, Toledo grew rapidly during the late thirties. About the middle of August, 1834, the Toledo Herald appeared — the first paper within the present limits of Lucas county. It was really published in the interests of real estate men in Toledo, w^ho desired a medium through which to adver- tise their lands. Tlie first actual newspaper in Toledo was The Blade, started early in 1836^ — as a weekly, of course. On April 17, 1848, the daily edition made its first appearance. The paper, daily, tri-weekly and weekly, had the numerous changes usual to the early days in proprietors, until David Ross Locke, known to fame under his pen-name of Petroleum V. Nasby, assumed its editorship in 1867. In 1876 the Toledo Blade Company was organized, with Mr. Locke as president and owner of a controlling interest. D. R. Locke died February 15, 1888. The control of the paper, one of the most important Ohio dailies, then came into the hands of Robinson Locke, his eldest son, where it still re- mains. The enormous popularity of the Nasby Letters developed the Weekly Blade, which up to that time had but a country circu- lation, into a national weekly, a position it still maintains. It is, so far as the writer knows, the only instance in American jour- nalism of a great weekly newspaper which was built up oli the name and work of one man, retaining its success after his demise. For the year of ]\Tr. Locke's death, its paid weekly circulation averaged 112,000 copies; for the present year its average is over 160,000 per week. Among the Ohio weeklies of great national circulation, the first m point of time was the Dollar Weekly Times, under Mr. Starbuck's management, which ran Up at one time to 125,000 — a most remarkable circulation for that era. The weekly edition 580 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Fnblications. of the Cleveland Leader was very large, as it received the title of "The Republican Bible of the Western Reserve." The Weekly State Journal was another notable example of large circulation. Besides the Toledo Blade, the only weekly of more than state note in Ohio is the weekly edition of the Cincinnati Enquirer, which stands among the farmers of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, West A'^ir- ginia, and perhaps other states, as high as the Weekly Toledo Blade does among the same class all over the United States. In speaking of Der Ohio Adler and its English counterpart, the Ohio Eagle, mention has been made of the beginnings of the German press of Ohio. The second German newspaper in Ohio was the Westliche Beobachter und Stark und Wayne County Anzeiger, began at Canton in 1826 by Edward Schaeffer, from Frankfort-on-the-Main. Then he removed to Germantown, and published the third German paper. Die National Zeitung der Deutschen. About the same time the Ohio Chronik was founded in Cincinnati. It and Der Deutsche Patriot, founded in 1832, did not last long. In 1834 Der Weltburger made its appearance in Cincinnati. When it came out for Harrison in [836, the betrayed German Democrats of Cincinnati clamored for an organ, and the X'olksblatt was founded, which is to-day one of the influential German dailies in the United States. The Cincinnati V^olksfreund was founded in 1850, and the Freie Presse in 1874. Cleveland had for many years two German papers, the Waechter am Erie, Democratic, founded by August Thieme in 1852, and the Anzei- ger. Both papers were combined a few years ago and now ap- ])ear under the name Waechter. und Anzeiger, a strong Demo- cratic afternoon ])aper. The German press of to-day fairly rep- resents, in number of papers and in inrtuence, the great German element in our poi)ulation. The mutations of politics, esj^iecially in the period following the repeal of the Missouri compromise, led to many newspaper changes, and the starting of many new sheets. The gradual de- 'velopment of the telegraph, which became commercially available to Ohio newspapers in the late -fifties of the century recently ended, conduced to the growth of the daily press ; but the Civil War, with the insistent public demand for news, caused a revolu- tion in newspaper methods, and a rapid multiplication of papers Ohio Centennial. 581 in the years following the ending of the great conflict. The founding of establishments to furnish stereotype plates of tele- graphic news matter, in the late seventies, led to the development of daily issues by all the leading weekly papers in the count) seats. Naturally, as these towns increased in population, their dailies were able to assume the cost of regular news dispatches. Hence, Ohio has to-day, in all her cities of what may be termed the second magnitude, a class of daily newspapers which surpass, as regards their news departments, any daily of the war period, and even to the later seventies. Youngstown, Akron, Zanesville, Springfield, Dayton, Steubenville, and other manufacturing cities have papers which surpass anything in Ohio at the date of com- parison named, and among the multitudinous small dailies and the weeklies, the inij^rovement within the past quarter century has been ])1ienomenal. It was the hope of the writer that he would be able to include in this article due mention of the individuals most noted in Ohio journalism : but its length precludes more than general mention. It must suffice to say that the newspaper men of Ohio have been and are men of affairs, many of whom have taken high positions in state and nation. The adequate mention of the men connected with journalism in this state would of itself require more space than that occupied by this paper. The sincere thanks of the writer are tendered to the news- paper men who have answered his inquiries most cordially and in the fullest degree. His only regret is that the prescribed limits of this paper would not permit the using of the vast amount o^ interesting matter they kindly placed at his disposal. OHIO LITERARY MEN AND WOMEN. W. H. VENABLE. INTRODUCTORY. In a recent issue of the New York Sun a writer who obtained his facts from the official report informs his readers that there are more than a milHon natives of Ohio Hving in other states and that no other state has such a record. Not even the commonwealth of New York contributes so much to the population of other states as does Ohio. The figures show that 200,000 natives of Ohio live in Indiana, 90,000 in Michigan, 90,000 in Kansas, 30,000 in California, 15,000 in Oklahoma, 10.- 000 in Texas and nearly 5,000 in Washington City. "Ohio is not so populous a State as Illinois/' says the article in the Sun. "but at the time of the last Federal enumeration it had a larger number of persons in the mili- tary and naval service of the United States than its more populous neighbor. It has more of its natives in Hawaii than Peiins} I^/ania has and it is practically the only Western State which has contributed much to the popu- lation of New England." The exodic habit upon which the metropolitan journalist dilates, appears to affect Ohioans of every rank and vocation, the soldier, the man of politics, the man of money, the captain of industry, the scientist, the artist, the author. But, "'once a Buckeye always a Buckeye," whether at home or away from home. Wherever the Greek goes, there is Hellas: Ohio's migratory sons and daughters go forth equipped with a varied assortment of ''Ohio Ideas" adapted to all environments and ready for immediate use. 582 W. H. VENMBIvE. Ohio Centennial. 583 The literary men and women from one or another of the eighty-eight shires of Ohio have done and are doing their full part in aiding to establish the supremacy of things true, honest, just, pure and of good report. They have done the State effi- cacious service and their vital influence has pervaded the nation and helped to create public opinion. In every field of intellectual labor their energy has been exerted. Their power has wrought in the upbuilding of institutions political, social and educational, no less than in raising the House Beautiful of letters and art. Their' aggregate contribution to the knowledge and culture of the last hundred years is copious and of an average excellence sufficiently high to command the respectful attention of the re- viewer and the historian. A prodigious mass of printed matter has been manufactured in Ohio since the date of its admission to the Federal Union. The magnitude of the publishing industry in the State may be inferred from the immense trade in special kinds of books, such, for instance, as works on education or law or hisrory. Statistics show that in the school book business Ohio has long held a leading rank among the producmg centers of the world. Millions upon millions of copies of school and college text-books have been published in the State within the last three quarters of a century. Few others states have developed so large a quota of pedagogical authors as has Ohio. A single American company of educational publishers advertises in its trade catalogue, among numerous other issues, about two hundred difiFerent books by Ohio authors alone. In the production and distribution, of law-l)Ooks Ohio has been signally active and progressive. One firm in the Queen City publishes ninety-seven, and another firm fifty-seven stand- ard words^in all one hundred and fifty-four volumes and sets of volumes among which are included many of the most import- ant treatises known to the legal profession — and these are not only published in Ohio, — they are. in the main, composed by Ohio authors. The output in the State, of original works in medicine, surg- ery, and allied specialties, though not so voluminous as that in law-books, is nevertheless plentiful. 584 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. w But perhaps the energy of the Ohio intellect has nowhere been more effectively exerted than in the sphere of history and archaeology. The State itself and the several counties of it, afford numberless attractive themes for the annalist, the politician, the student of civilization. Some idea of the amount that has been written concerning the state may be obtained by a glance at Thomson's ''Bibliography of the State of Ohio," 1880, which brieliy describes over fourteen hundred different books and pamphlets relating almost wholly to the history of Ohio. This number of titles is far greater than is to be found in any printed list of publications bearing upon any other state. The exceptional distinction in which Ohio is held as a center of historical interests and collections was strikingly w^itnessed to by the late John Fiske who, in his "History of the United States," advised his readers to apply to the "Robert Clarke Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, who keep by far the largest collection of 1)ooks on America that can be found on sale in this country." Ohio writers have shown as much energy and enterprise in historical research and statement as have book-sellers in collecting and cataloguing. Probably the richest and fullest department of the literature produced in the State is the department of history. The great outside world in general, and, in special, the academic and critical world, will naturally inquire what Ohio has contributed, within the century, to literature proper, literature restricted to writings which appeal to the taste and imagination and which depend for their acceptance upon the artistic and beautiful use of words in fitting forms of prose or poetry. That the accomplishment of Ohio authors, native and adopted, in pure belles lettres, — that is, in polite essay, criticism, oratory, fiction and poetry, — is all that could have been expected and is on a par with the similar work of cotem])orary writers in the other states, — it is part of the purpose of this paper to demonstrate. It would seem from the evidence afforded by the publishing industry, the libraries, colleges and bibliographies, that, in literary activity, Cincinnati holds the lead. Cleveland, of course, ranks next in order and Columbus, third. Other centers of culture m which the vocation of quill-driving has flourished or is now in the flowering or fruiting season, are Chillicothe, Oberlin, Toledo and Springfield. Tn the oldest burg of the State, the Ohio Centennial. 585 dignified little city of Marietta, at least seventy different books by native authors have been published, not to mention a large number of sermons, addresses and magazine articles, by local clergymen and professors. Da}'ton, Sandusky, Akron, Norwalk, Steubenville, Ashtabula, and a dozen other places within Ohio's borders, have each produced their quota of men and women who write. Almost every village in the State has its library; its literary society, its newspaper, — and can point with pride to its risen or rising stars in the heaven of magazine fame. The statistics and generalized facts just given, afford suf- ficient evidence that the pen, the press and the bindery, in Ohio, have not been idle during the century the close of which is sig- nalized by a celebration this year, in the old capital, Chillicothe. There is no disputing that books in great abundance and of great variety, have been, and are to be, recokned among the staples pro- duced by a considerable class of Ohio citizens. The old scripture applies to the new age, — "Of making many books there is no -end." What, it may be asked, may be said of the worth, relative and absolute, of this accumulating mass of facts, thoughts, and imaginings, in print? The value of a literature must be tested not by quantity but by quality, nevertheless a prolific yield of books implies fecundity in the mental world, as increase of population does in the physical. Some vigor and intelligence are required in making even the feeblest pamphlet. The "American Review of Reviews," for April 1903, contains an article, written by Alurat Halstead and entitled, ''A Century of the State of Ohio," in which timely and eloquent contribution to Buckeye literature occurs this forceful paragraph : 'Tn addition to the heroic quality of the immigrants who possessed Ohio there seemed to be influences of soil and climate, of airs and waters, of the fruitful woods and living streams; and there was, by the mighty magic of creation, in the brains and blood, the tissue and sinew of men and the grace and faith of women that yielded a growth of manhood and woman- hood in a race equal to the founding of a mighty nation, with the inheritance of all the Empires gone before — the conquest of the beneficient continent, that in a few generations has given 5^86 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ■v\»ght to .'Vmerica, in the scales of destiny, equal to that of^ Europe." The influences, the fruitfulness, the brains and blood in which Mr. Halstead discovers the creative cause of the political, and military prowess of the Ohio people, are also the source from which flow the literary energy and enterprize manifested in the 'State. By virtue of its location and history Ohio is a typical com-' monwealth, an exponent of the spirit and of the general culture prevailing in the Ohio Valley and in the region bordered by lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior. The five sister states who now divide among them the ownership of what was the Old Northwest are daughters of the Ordinance of 1787, and Ohio, the first born of the five, once held potential sway over the destiny of the whole domain. She transmitted to the younger members of the geographical family, as one by one they took up the functions of maturity, the virtues and aspirations in herited from her stalwart and ambitious progenitors. A per- sistent likeness of features common to them all denotes the con- sanguinity of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and WiscCJnsin. These states are in commercial and political sympathy, their, interests are alike, their organic laws are similar, their systems of education agree, their conceptions of life and art and liter- ature are in essential harmony. There was an era, and that not so long ago, when the states now called Central, including Kentucky, called themselves dis- tinctively The West, and considered their literature" an indi- genous species for the honor and glory of which they contended with passionate provincialism. They were jealous of competi-. tion and would protect their infant industry of prose and poetry,, by a wall of prejudice. But in the process of nationalization more liberal ideas were evolved and educated people gradually gave up the crude notion that there ought to be or could be an independent, local hterature, fostered mainly for home con- sumption. They realized that art is art the world over. A novel or a poem which is worthless in Ohio cannot be good in Massa- chusetts or in Alaska, though it may be marketable; — a book which is intrinsicaiiy excellent is excellent everywhere, whether accepted or rejected by the readmg public. Ohio Centennial. 58T The State of Ohio has become a vital member of the Na- tional Republic of letters. Her authors are not merely Ohio- men and women, they are American men and woipen.. An element of state pride necessarily and properly enters- into one's feelings and judgments in literature, as in politics, trade or any other sphere of human effort and purpose. But local, considerations must merge and lose themselves in larger views.. Literature, like patriotism has regard to the whole nation. Not that we love Ohio less, but the United States of America more. In the realm of books, — in the spacious commonwealth of the fine arts in general, — no state lines are drawn, no bigotry can exist, but universal magnanimity is the law and the motive there. Even national boundaries are freely crossed by the- devotee of liberal culture, — genius ranges the globe and is- modern through all time. The few great and ])ermanent classics, are the world's common treasure no matter in what continent or country they happen to come to birth. nONEER BOOKS AND PENS IN OHIO. The founders- of Ohio were not illiterate men. On the- contrary many of them had formed the reading habit in the east and they did not neglect to loring books along when they moved to Marietta, Cincinnati, Chillicothe and Cleveland, to establish a new state. There was a public library in Belpre as early as the year 1796. The first Cincinnati library was opened in March 1802, and the far famed "Coonskin Library," in Athens County, began to circulate its precious volumes in the backwoods, in 1803, exactly a century ago. The first book printed in Ohio was "Maxwell's Code," a. small octavo containing the laws of the Northwestern Territory. This appeared in 1796. Dr. Daniel Drake's potent little hand- book, "A Picture of Cincinnati," came out in 1815. In it the author says: "Ten years ago there had not been printed in this place a single volume: but since the year 181 1, twelve different books besides many pamphlets, have been executed." In 1820, John P. Foote started a Type Foundry and a Book Store, in the Queen City, and there, ten years later, the publishing •588 ^ Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. h^use of Morgan, Lodge and Fisher had business enough to require five presses each of which threw off 5000 printed sheets daily. At about the same date, was organized the firm of Tru- man and Smith, which in time grew to be the most extensive schoolbook house in the world. The veteran U. P. James, began to publish in 1832. and his establishment became so flourishing, that it was popularly distinguished as the "Harpers' of the West.'' There existed in Cincinnati, in 181 3, an organization called "The School of Literature and the Arts," the first president of which was the Honorable Josiah Meigs. Twenty years later, sprung up the "Western Literary Institute and College of Pro- fessional Teachers," of which, an eminent alumnus of Princeton wrote: "It is doubtful whether in one association, in an equal time, there was ever concentrated, in this country, a larger measure of talent, information and zeal."' The proceedings of this renowned college may be found in six published volumes of "Transactions," a set of books now rare, and not without value to the student of pedagogics and of early western culture. The energies of the association were eventually transmitted to The Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, The Mechanics' Institute, The Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, The Academy of Fine Arts, and other educative bodies. That such agencies for intellectual advancement were fostered so early in the history of the Buckeye Commonwealth, goes to show that letters and arts had made considerable progress in some parts of the State long before Johnny Appleseed distributed bibles and tracts among the frontier settlers, or Francis Glass, the nomadic schoolmaster of the wildwood, wrote in the Latin language his life of George Washington. At a comparatively early period in the development of C)hio, the kingdom of the quill and the type-case was largely con- trolled, in the then "West," by five able and energetic enthusiasts, Dr. Daniel Drake, Rev. Timothy Flint, Judge James Hall, Hon. E. D. Mansfield, and the poet Wm. D. Gallagher. Three of the number were born near the close of the eighteenth century, and two, at the very beginning of the nineteenth. Their lives and services I have endeavored to chronicle in a published -volume,* * The Beginnings of Literary CuUure in the Ohio Valley. Ohio Centennial. 589 and there is no need for more than a mere allusion to them in this condensed summary. Suffice it here to say that every one of the five mentioned deserves to be remembered gratefully for his devotion to the things of the mind, and that credit is especially due to the memory of Mr. Gallagher, who labored indefatigably in the cause of literature for its own sake. EAKLV PERIODICAL LITERATURE. The newspaper, especially the Sunday newspaper of the present day, has become the vast circulating library of the people. Most of the magazines which are so widely distributed and read throughout the country, come from the East. The curious inves- tigator who examines the dusty files of old Western newspapers and periodicals, will be astonished to discover how great was the quantity and variety of this kind of literature, issued from Ohio presses, before the State had reached even her semi- centennial. Of a list of 1 20 periodicals, monthly and weekly, published in the Ohio Valley anterior to i860, more than 90 were printed in Ohio. The Ohio State Library contains in bound volumes, fifty-two different literary periodicals published in Ohio. Neither newspapers nor professional journals are in- cluded in the catalogue : the periodicals referred to were devoted chiefly to literature, and they furnished their readers with much that was original and often well written, — in prose and verse — story, poem, comment, criticism, and essay. A bare transcription of the names of a few of the most meritorious and influential of these early ventures, is all the notice I can give them now. From the ninety I select the following eleven: "The Literary Cadet," Cincinnati, 1819, Editor, Dr. J. R. Buchanan; "The Literary Gazette," Cincinnati, 1824-5, John P. Foote; "The Western Review," Cincinnati, 1827-30, Timothy Flint; "The Cincinnati Mirror," 1830-36, W. D. Gallagher; "The Western Monthly Magazine," 1832-37, James Hall; "The Western Mes- senger," 1835-41, James Freeman Clarke; "The Hesperian," Co- lumbus and Cincinnati, 1838-41, W. D. Gallagher; "The Ladies^ Repository," 1841-76; "The Herald of Truth/' 1847-8, L. A. .'590 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Jjjine; "The Genius of the West," 1853-56, W. T. Coggeshall; ^''Jhe Dial," i860, M. D. Conway, Since the Civil War, the business of publishing literary magazines has not flourished in Ohio, or, to any great extent, in the west generally, the demand for such periodicals being supplied mainly by New York, Boston and Philadelphia. But the newspapers during the war period, as before and after, were maintained as indispensable vehicles, not only to purvey news and politics, but to carry popular literature to almost every house and home. The excitements of the years 1861-5 intensified men's thoughts and feelings, and gave force and color to what was written for print. Those times of storm and stress brought out the best powers of many editors, field correspondents, and purposeful contributors to the press. The State of Ohio enjoys a full share of distinction on account of her newspaper men and newspaper literature. Some of her journals made it an object to encourage and reward praiseworthy effort in the higher forms •of composition, — that is, in literature proper, as distinguished from ordinary reportorial work and editorial commonplace. Many men and women, in Ohio, learned to write skillfully, by taking pains to meet the most exacting requirements of critical editors, and were thus trained in the school of practical jour- nalism to become ready with the pen, and, in some cases, fitted for the authorship of successful books. SOMK OHIO JOURNALISTS. Charles Hammond (1779-1840), born in Baltimore and edu- cated in the University of Virginia, came to Ohio in his early manhood ; started the "Ohio Federalist," in Belmont County ; was a member of the state legislature (1816-21), and reporter for the Supreme Court of Ohio (1823); and from 1825 to 1840, editor in chief of the Cincinnati Gazette. He was a man of Hamiltotlian power and versatility, admired by Clay and eulogized b^ Webster as the "greatest genius whoxever wielded the political pen." His formidable rival on the Jackson side was Moses Dawson, editor of the Cincinnati "Advertiser." Ohio Centennial. 591 • Edward Deering Aianstield (1801 -1880;, a graduate of West Point and of IVinceton. migrated to Cincinnati in 1825, formed a law partnership with O. M. Mitchell, the astronomer, and became a political writer of great influence. He was for a time a professor in Cincinnati College, and afterwards editor of the Gazette, and correspondent of the New York Times, under the pseudonym of "Veteran Observer." Besides his work as pub- licist and newspaper man, Mansfield engaged in authorship, pro- ducing a popular "Political Grammar," a ''Life of Daniel Drake," "Life of Scott," "History of the Mexican War," a book on "American Education," "Personal Memoirs," etc. Orville James Victor (1827 — ), was born in Sandusky and brought up to the newspaper business in Ohio. After achieving a reputation as a writer, he removed to New York where he now resides and is still engaged in active literary pur- suits. In addition to his labors in miscellaneous journalism, he has found time and energy to write an elaborate "History of the Southern Rebellion," "A History of American Conspiracies," and several biographies. Murat Halstead (1829 — ), born in Butler County, educated in the common school and in Farmer's College, one of the fore- most of American journalists, is a typical Ohio man, self made and thoroughly made. His trenchant pen has been, and is, like unto a sword, and has helped to fight many political battles. Aside from his prodigious labors in the field of controversy, he has done a great deal in lines distinctively cultural and literary, being a brilliant and successful magazine writer and general author. While proprietor of the Cincinnati Commercial, Mr. Halstead did much to raise the standard of newspaper matter and to encourage merit in writers. His influence on the litera- ture of the Ohio Valley has been great. Among his published works are the following : "The Convention of i860," "The White Dollar," "The Story of Cuba," "The Life of Wm. McKinley," "The Story of the Philippines," "The History of American Ex- pansion," "Our Country in War," "Official History of the War with Spain." "Life of Admiral Dewey," "The Great Century," "The Boer and the British War," "The Galveston Tragedy,'' '"A Life of Roosevelt." 592 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Henry Van Ness Boynton (1835 — )» another distinguished journaUst from Ohio, and not less famed as a miHtary hero in two wars, — now chairman of the Chattanooga National Mili- tary Park Commission, is the author of two notable books : "Sherman's Historical Raid, a Response to and Criticism of Gen. Sherman's Memoirs," and "The Chickamauga National Military Park." Whitelaw Reid (1837 — )> editor of the New York Tribune, late U. S. Minister to France, was born in Xenia, and educated in Oxford, Ohio, and though he has long been a resident of New York, he remains faithful to his native state and makes frequent pilgrimage to the scenes of his boyhood experiences on the banks of the Little Miami. Mr. Reid has won many honors as journalist, diplomat and author of vital books. His great work, "Ohio in the War," ranks among the standard authorities in the history not only of Ohio but of the Republic. It is a book which grows in value as the years pass. Other books by the same author are: "After the War." 1867; "Schools of Jour- nalism," "Newspaper Tendencies," "Two Speeches at the Queen's Jubilee," "A Continental Union,'' "Problems of Expansion," and "Our New Interests." Colonel Donn Piatt (1819-1891), "Donn Piatt of Mack-o- chee," one of Ohio's most original, daring and picturesque char- acters, was conspicuous during a long and varied career in which he acted a brilliant though often eccentric part. His bold and aggressive course, as lawyer, diplomat, and partizan editor has been detailed in Charles Miller's "Donn Piatt : His Work and his Ways." Mr. Piatt was the author of "The Life of General George H. Thomas," a narrative which was described in the Westminster Review, as "The record of great genius told by a. genius." Besides his historical writings and his varied news- paper work, Donn Piatt produced several books in imaginative literature, viz: "Poems and Plays," "Sunday Meditations," and "The Lone Grave of the Shenandoah." As in politics and military affairs, the genius of Ohio has shown itself bold and aggressive in journalism, employing the press as a powerful agency for the enligtenment of public opin- ion. Never has the "small drop of ink," been put lo more direct, Ohio Centennial. . o93 practical and potent use, than Ijy some of the resolute and fear- less young journalists of the Buckeye State. The modern world has developed man\ famous newspaper correspondents, knights errant of the note-book, adventurous souls who forged to the front of danger to report the climaxes of history and of battle. These men have shown indeed that often Captain Pen is mightier than Captain Sword. They have Avielded words to conquer armies, — and to lift up states. Two conspicuous examples may here be given of soldiers of fortune who won better than fame at the point of the pencil. George Kennan (1845 — )' born in Xorwalk, Ohio, started self-supporting life by practicing the telegraphic art, in Cincin- nati. He it was who traversed fifteen hundred miles of Siberia, saw the prisoned exiles of the Czar, learned the facts concerning Russian despotism, and gave to the civilized nations such knowl- edge as must eventually result in reform. The American peri- odical in which his graphic accounts were published was sup- pressed in Russia liy the authorities at St. Petersburg. Never- theless Kennan's searchlight shone and still shines, illuminating darkest Russia. His books, ''Tent Life in Siberia," "Siberia and the Exile System,'' may fairly be assumed to have hastened those changes of national and inter-national sentiment, which compelled alterations in the policy of the Czar, and induced him a few months ago to issue a decree enlarging Russia's liberties and abating despotic ills. On Ohio's beadroll of heroes is the name of Januarius Aloy- sius MacGahan (1844-1878), the American journalist who may be said to have used the sword of Russia to strike off the Turkish shackles from an oppressed state and on whom history has be- stowed the name ''Liberator of Bulgaria." In the words of Henry Howe : "His experiences, in variety, during the few years of his foreign life, probably were never equalled by any journalist, and never did one accomplish so much, excepting Stanley." Of MacGahan's work, regarded as to its literary merit, the great English war-correspondent Forbes says, "there is nothing which excels it in vividness, in pathos, in a burning earnestness of purpose, in a glow of conviction that fires from heart to heart." 38 o. c. 594 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Tj^e name and fame of AlacGahan have been lauded with just enthusiasm, by several distinguished pens. The man was born and is buried in Perry County, a shire which took its name from the victor in the Battle of Lake Erie, and in which Sheridan was reared to manhood. In the catalogue of men of Ohio birth who have attained distinction in journalism and have written important books, Wongs the name of Wm. Elroy Curtis (1856 — ), author of "The United States and Foreign Powers," "Life of Zachariah Chandler," "Japan Sketches," and "Venezuela." „ Another worthy and unalienated though absent-from-home son of Ohio, is Albert Shaw- of New York City (1857 — )» who was born in Butler County. So well known to the public are his good works in behalf of economic and social improvement that his name is a synonym for civic benefactor. He is the pro- prietor of the "Review of Reviews," and the author of "Icaria: a Chapter in the History of Communism," and of those solid and suggestive books: "Municipal Government in England," and "Municipal Government in Continental Europe." PERSONAL JIISTORIES, MEMOIRS, ETC. Closely allied to the literature of journalism and connecting it with history proper, is the class of books giving individual views of events military or civil, in the experience of Ohio citizens. To this department belong the writings of Joshua R. Giddings (1795-1864), a volume of whose strong, clear, radical speeches was published in 1853, and whose incisive book, "The Kebellion; Its Authors and Causes," came out on the year of his death. His "Exiles of Florida," published in Columbus in 1858, recounts with power and pathos the history of the negroes in Florida. The "Memoirs" of U. S. Grant (1822-1885), "dedicated to the American soldier and sailor." a model of simple, sincere and unassuming narrative, is always charming and often impressive with the eloquence of plain truth. The volumes were composed in the shadow of death, with the brave purpose of paying bor- rowed money and of providing for the author's family ; and the published work eventually brought to Mrs. Grant, nearly half Ohio Centennial. 595 a million dollars, the greatest success, it is said, that "sl single work has ever had." Following 'the example of their great chief, two other scarcely less honored Ohio generals, William fecumseh Sherman (1820-1891), and Philip Henry Sheridan (1831-1888), prepared volumes of "Memoirs" for posthumous publication. These liter- ary performances, though they have not escaped sharp .criticism, are worthy of the clear headed, generous hearted heroes who wrote them. James Abram Garfield (1831-1881), was at the head of a college long before he rose to distinction in politics and in war, and his interest in matters of culture and education was always keen. The wide range of his reading, his power of thought and tof terse expression and his zealous advocacy of good principles, all appear to advantage in his published ''Works," edited by his friend I^. A. Hinsdale, also an Ohio author and scholar. Many of President Garfield's sayings found- lodgment in the affectionate memory of the people. Manning F. Force (1824- 1899), gallant soldier and incor- ruptible judge, was a life-long student, an accurate scholar and precise writer of high merit. He is the author of the war his- tories : "From Fort Henry to Corinth," "Marching Across Caro- lina," "Recollections of the Vicksburg Campaign," and of several pamphlets on archaeological questions. Jacob Dolson Cox (1828-1900), Governor of Ohio, and gen- eral in the Civil War, and member of the U. S. Cabinet, an ac- complished orator and writer, one of America's progressive men of science and culture, was a master of style and his work belongs to standard literature. His principal books are: "At- lanta : the March to the Sea," "Second Battle of Bull Run," and "Military Recollections of the Civil War," the last being pub- lished since its author's death. Henry Martyn Cist (1839-1903), lawyer, soldier, originator of the Chickamauga Park project, another highly esteemed son of Ohio, is the author of two historical books : "The Army of the Cumberland," and "The Life of Gen. George H. Thomas." 696 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % Gen. Joseph Warren Keifer (1836 — ), ex-speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives, a brave ofificer in the Civil War and distinguished also in the war with Spain, chairman of the Ohio Centennial Commission of 1903, has contributed to our national literature a comprehensive and judicious work entitled "Slaver}' and Four Years of War." Gen. Roeliflf Brinkerhoff (1828 — ), sociologist and prison reformer of international repute, — chairman of the executive committee of the Ohio Centennial, has recently published an exceedingly valuable and entertaining volume bearing the title: ■'Recollections of a Lifetime." In the list of autobiographical writers in Ohio stands the name of Levi Coffin reputed president of the "Underground Rail- road," a sturdy abolitionist, whose intensely interesting book, "Personal Reminiscences," is one of the unique and permanently useful products of Buckeye history. Another absorbing narrative of varied personal observa- tion and experience is Wm. Cooper Howells's (1807-1894), "Recollections of Life in Ohio, from 1813 to 1840," a book of rare charm, intelliegnce and suggestiveness. Not one page of this most delightful and authentic record of things as they were, could be spared. Col. Wm. E. Gilmore (1824 — ). Chillicothe, soldier, lawyer, man of genial culture and magnanimous sympathies, is rightly described by Ohio's chief historian as "an adept both with tongue and pen." He it was who made the last speech delivered in the old State Capitol at Chillicothe. Colonel Gilmore is a wit, a poet and orator. His principal published work is, "The Life of Edward Tiffin, First Governor of Ohio," a succinct and authentic ])iography. Among nis poems some of the most noteworthy are, "Say-O-Wis, the Elk Chief," "Ossian at the Grave of Oscar," and "Destruction of the Priesthood of Baal." To a period somewhat prior to that of the writers just men- tioned belongs Rev. James B. Finley, whose "Autobiography," first published in "The Ladies' Resopitory." and afterwards in book form (1871), abounds with anecdote and incident illustrative of earlv life in Ohio. Ohio Centennial. 597 IIISTOKIKS. LOCAL AND GENERAL. The first attempt to collate the annals of Ohio was made by Nahum Ward, whose "Brief Sketch" was printed in 1822. Eleven years later was issued Salmon P. Chase's ''Preliminary Sketch," prefixed to an edition of the "State Laws.'' After these publications came: Caleb Atwater's "History of Ohio," 1838; James W. l^erkins's "Annals of the West,'' 1846; Jacob Burnet's "Notes on the Northwestern Territory," 1847; Henry Howe's ''Historical Collections," 1847; S. P. Hildreth's "Pioneer His- tory," 1848, and "Early Pioneers," 1852; and James W. Taylor's "History of Ohio," 1854. The fore«'oing- bcloni^' to the early history of Ohio, — to a period considera1)ly before that of the Southern Rebellion. A partial list of historical books of later orig-in, written by Ohio pens, is the following: "The Blennerhassett Papers," Wm. H. Safford: "The St. Clair Papers," and "A Political History of the United States," Wm. Henry Smith (1833-1896; ; "The Pub- lic Domain." etc., Thomas C. Donaldson (1843-1898); "History of Ohio," Rufus King (1817-1891); "The Old Northwest," Burke A. Hinsdale (1837-1900) ; "History of the Declination of the Great Republic," Hiram H. Munn (1838 — ) ; ''Life of Lin- coln," "Life of Hayes," and "History of the Louisiana Purchase," James Quay Howard ; "Oliver Cromwell," Samuel Harden Church (1858 — ); "History of American Coinage," David Kemper Watson (1849 — ) 5 "History of Ohio," Daniel J. Ryan (1855 — ); "Side Lights on American History," Wm. Henry Elson (1857 — ) ; "The Mother of an Emperor," Mrs. Mary Mc- Arthur Tuttle ; "Che-le-co-the ; or Glimpses of Yesterday," bv L. W. Rcnick and others, of Chillicothe; "Life of Lincoln," bv J. H. Barrett, — translated into German by John Eggers ; "The Life of Thomas Corwin," Josiah Morrow ; "Historv of the First Congregational Church, Marietta, Ohio," by Rev. C. E. Dickin- son, D. D. : "Anti-Slavery Opinions before 1800," W. F. Poole: "Four Great Powers" and "The Navy During the Rebellion," C. B. Boynton ; "Life of Douglas" and "Life of S. P. Chase," R. B. Walden : "Rosecrans' Campaign with the 14th Army Corp?.' W. D. Bickham; "Ohio Historical Sketches," F. B. 598 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Pearson and J. D. Harlow; "Story of a Regiment," E. Hanna- ^d; ''History of the Second Regiment, U. S. V. Engineers," Wm. Mayo Venable (1871 — ); "The Underground Railroad," "Handbook of Ohio Government," etc., Wilbur H. Siebert (1866. — ) ; "History of Political Parties," J. P. Gordy (1851 — ) ; "Modern European History," "A Source Book of History," Prof. Merrick Whitcomb ; "Education in the United States," Richard Gause Boone; "Centennial History of Cincinnati," by Charles T. Greve; "Concerning the Forefathers," Caroline Reeve Conover. See also Robert Clarke's "Ohio Valley Historical Series," 12 vols. James Florant Meline (1813-1873), a .Cincinnati author of distinction may be remembered in this connection, on account of his most noted work, a controversial history written from a Catholic point of view and ' in reply to Froude. The book bears the title: "Mary, Queen of Scots, and her latest English Historian." Emilius Oviatt Randall (1850 — ), of Columbus, official Reporter of the Supreme Court of Ohio, educated at Andover, Cornell and the O. S. U., an ''all around" scholar, a professor of law, a member of many learned societies. Secretary of the Cen- tennial Executive Committee, is a clear and accurate writer mainly on topics of western history. He is the author of a "History of Blennerhassett," "History of the Separatist Society of Zoar," and editor of the "Ohio Historical and Archaeological Quarterly." Mr. Randall has edited ten volumes of the publi- cations of the Ohio Historical Society and fifteen volumes of Reports of the decisions of the Supreme Courjt of Ohio, and he also assisted in editing the "Bench and Bar of Ohio," a substantial work in several volumes. Eugene F. Bliss (1836 — ), ex-president of the Ohio His- torical Society, and member of the American Historical Associa- tion, translated and edited the "Diary of David Zeisberger," an important contribution to the history of the Moravians in Ohio. Special distinction should be given to the name of Philip Van Ness Myers (1840 — ), late dean of the University of Cin- cinnati, author of "Life and Nature under the Tropics," "Remains of Lost Empires," "Mediaeval and Modern History," "Eastern Nations and Greece." "History of Rome," "History of Greece," Ohio Centennial. 59& etc. Dr. Myers holds rank as an authority among scholars and his admirable works are studied wherever English is spoken. There are several historians of national reputation, who, though not now resident in Ohio, were born in the State and may properly be included in this outline. Among these are: Her- bert Howe Bancroft (1832 — ), who, with the aid of collabora- tors, prepared for the press, five volumes on the "Native Races of the Pacific States," and thirty-nine volumes on the ''History of the Pacific States"; — James Ford Rhodes (1848 — ), now of Boston, formerly of Cleveland, author of an elaborate "His- tory of the United States from the Compromise of 1850," a work now in the course of publication and to be completed in eight volumes; — and Wm. Milligan Sloane (1850 — ), a native of New Richmond, Ohio, now professor in Columbia University, — author of "The Life of James McCosh," "The -French War and the Revolution," and of a four volume "History of the Life of Napoleon." There are in Ohio four principal Historical Societies each of which possesses a library and has published much valuable matter. They are named and located as follows : Firelands His- torical Society, Norwalk; Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, Cincinnati ; Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society,. Columbus; Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland. SCIENCE. Almost from the time when white settlers began to occupy the lands between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, much attention has been given in that region to geology, archaeology, and the study of what used to be called comprehensively the Natural Sciences. Bright on the record of original investigators whose writings are known in Europe as well as in America, are the names of Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793- 1877), of Cuyahoga County, — a naturalist whom Agassiz delighted to honor ; Dr. Charles Whittlesey (1808-1866), also of Cuyahoga, an archae- ologist of high standing; Wm. S. Sullivant (1803-1873), of Columbus, — a botanist and bryologist of international fame ; and John Strong Newberry (1822- 1892), of Cleveland, late of 600 Ohio Arch, ond His. Society Publications. the Columbia School of Alines, one of the foremost masters of g^logy and paleontology. — These four belong geographically to the northern part of the State. To find their intellectual peers among the earlier scientific men of Ohio, we may look to the vicinity of Cincinnati, which, like Cleveland, Columbus, and other leading cities of the State, produced her quota of savants. Three may be remembered as nobly representative of their class. First of these, in the order of time, was Ormsby AlacKnight Mitchell (1809-1862), the astronomer.- whose once popular books, "The Planetary System and Stellar Worlds," "The Orbs of Heaven," gave to the. written page the glow of eloquence characteristic of the living speech vvhich won for the author the reputation of an orator. When the war broke out, Mitchell put aside the telescope for the sword, and earned the laurels of battle to mingle with the evergreen leaves of scientific renown. Daniel Vaughan (1818-1879), a native of Ireland, came to America in his youth and was attracted to Cincinnati by its literary privileges. There he made more use of the public library than perhaps any other man has ever made. His biographer, Mr. Youmans of the "Popular Science Monthly," describes him as a master of German, French, Italian and Spanish and of Ancient and Modern Greek, and adds that "He pursued a wide course of scientific inquiry with great vigor and enthusiasm, devoting himself mainly to astronomy and to the larger aspects of natural phenomena, which he treated with the freedom and independence of a strong original thinker." His writings are marked by a daring boldness and a splendor of diction which reveal the workings of a poetic imagination coupled with a logical reason. An idea of his eloquent style may be obtained by read- ing a chapter of his "Popular Physical Astronomy," published in Cincinnati in 1858. The last act of the philosopher's life was Socratic in its calm pathos. — on his death-bed he sat up to correct the proofs of an article he had recently written on "The Origin of Worlds." The name of Johann Bernhard Stallo (1823-1900), a man of whom his bioorrapher, FI. T. Rattermann. says that "all the Germans in the United States should be especially proud," may Ohio Centennial. 601 be enrolled aliKe upon the roster of scientists and philosophers, as upon the list of g^reat lawyers and diplomats. Stallo was a man of extraordinary range of intellectual abiHty. His home in Cincinnati was a kind of vmiversity, his library a rich col- lection of vital books in different languages. As long ago as the year 1848, this speculative thinker, m a young western state, occupied himself in the erudite task of writing a book entitled, "The General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature." More than thirty years later, when his powers were at their best, be produced his master-piece, a bold and critical work on "The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics." One has only to glance over the proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to convince himself that Ohio ranks with the most progressive states of the Union, in respect to scientific discovery, investigation, and discussion. Of late years the universities and leading colleges of the State have caught the inquiring spirit of the age, and many specialists in various lines of research have issued articles as contributions to scientific journals or in book form. Besides numerous pub- lications in mathematics and in purely physical science, not a few books on psychology, sociology and allied subjects, have gone forth from the desks of professors who are imbued with modern ideas. The mention of Judge Stallo's thesis on the "Philosophy of Nature," recalls the somewhat surprising fact that the Scotch teacher of classics, Alexander Kinmont, who came to Cincinnati in 1827 and there died in 1838, w^as the author of a volume df "Lectures on the Natural History of Man," wliich was published in 1839, anticipating Stallo by ten years. Kinmont's work is still extant, having been reprinted by a leading eastern publisher. It was highly esteemed by Henry James, Sr., who considered Kinmont a remarkable genius born before his time. The science of man seems to have been a favorite study with speculative thinkers in Ohio during the decade just pre- ceding the Civil War. Dr. J. R. Buchanan started his "Jo^^i*"^^ of Man" in 1849, ^^id published his "System of Anthropology" in Cincinnati, in 1854. "The Natural History of Human Tem- peraments," by J. B. Powell, and "The Races of Mankind," by 602 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. A. W. Gazlay, both appeared in 1856, from a western press. In- thg same line of investigation were David Christy's several books, "Lectures on African Colonization," 1849; "Ethiopia," and "Cotton is King," 1856, which last created a great furore. Christy was a resident of Cincinnati, and a noted authority on Chemistry and Geology. Under the liberal generalization of things scientific, may be mentioned a book issued in Cincinnati, in 1826, expounding the hypothesis that the "Earth is hollow, is Hal^itable within, and widely open at the Poles." The book is entitled "Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres," and was written by J. McBride. It is one of the curiosities of Ohio literature. Another famous work by a more famous Ohio man is the "Modern Art of Taming Wild Horses," published in 1858. Of this book 15.000 copies were sold in France alone in a single year. John S. Rarey, the author (1828-1866), was the most successful "tamer of horses" the world has known. Neglecting the restrictions of severe classification, I may de- vote a paragraph to the catologuing of some writers and writings, concerned with the scientific study of the constitution of man and problems of social life. — Washington Gladden (1836 — ), a prominent and influential writer on political, social and reli- gious themes, has been a resident of Columbus, Ohio, since 1882, and he is universally esteemed as one of the commanding intellec- tual forces of the State. He has achieved distinction as a poet and story writer, but his fame rests upon his more severe and argumentative works such as "Social Facts and Forces," "Things Old and New," "The Young Man and the Churches," "Applied Christianity," "Burning Questions," "Tools and the Man," etc. — Thomas Lee Wright (1825 — ), produced a book of originality and vigor, which he named "Notes on the Theory of Human Existence." — Charles Edward Bolton (1841 — ), of Cleveland, is known to students of economics as the author of the book, "A Few Civic Problems," and of suggestive articles in the "Review of Reviews." — Wayland Richardson Benedict (1848 — ), professor of philosophy, ethics and logic, in the Uni- versity of Cincinnati, a searching thinker of unusual literary ability, has published "The Nervous System and Consciousness," Ohio Centennial. 608- "Ethics and Evolution," 'Theism and Evolution," a text-)30ok on Logic, and "Outlines from the History of Education." In subtile and analytic power, impressive and convincing argument and a certain luminous felicity of statement and illustration. Dr. Benedict has few peers among those who elucidate psychic and ethical truth, whether by lecture or on the printed page. LAW AND MEDICINE. The law literature of Ohio, as is stated in the introduction to this sketch, is very abundant, having steadily accumulated from the comparatively early period in which Judge Timothy Walker wrote his learned work on "The American Law," down to the present year in which was published Ellis's "New Ohio Municipal Code." Every legal practitioner is familiar with the names Scribner and Swan and Bates and Kinkead and Love-^ land and Rockel and Yaple and Wilson and Page and Whittaker and Matthews, and a score of other Ohio men whose treatises on various phases of the great profession, are to be found in all the law libraries and are text-books in the law schools. And what is said of Ohio law-books, — that they are numer- ous and important of their kind, — may be said of the books in medicine. Even in the pioneer period of the science, original books and journals testified to the learning and industry of great physicians in different sections of the commonwealth. Dr. Drake's monumental treatise, "The Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America," to the making of which its author devoted thirty years, was pronounced by Allibone "probably the most important and valuable work ever written in the United States." Since Drake's day the progress of pharmacy, surgery and general medicine, has been much advanced by the writings of such men as Blackman, Gross, Mendenhall, Wright, Williams, King, Howe,, Scudder, Pulte, Conner, Bartholow, Wormley, Whittaker, and many other doctors, eminent in the healing science and in the great art of surgery. — The State is well supplied with pro- fessional journals and libraries. It is doubtful whether there exists anywhere in the world, another collection of books in botany, pharmacy, chemistry, and allied sciences, that will com- 604 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. pare in extent and value, with the • famous Lloyd Library of C^cinnati. This unique collection gathered at great expense of time and money, by the brothers, John Uri and Curtis Gates Lloyd, "is incorporated, is free to the public, and is pledged to be donated intact to science." THEOLOGY AND DENOMINATIONALISM. The theological and sectarian literature of Ohio is extensive and diverse. All shades of belief are represented, Jewish and Christian, Catholic and Protestant, — orthodox and agnostic. There are in the State some famous theological seminaries, in- cluding Lane Seminary, the Oberlin Theological School, the Hebrew Union College and the old Jesuit stronghold, St. Xavier's, and from these several seats of biblical learning as well as from the more secluded studios of representative clergymen of different creeds, have gone forth numerous volumes of doctrine, controversy and exposition, and church history. In the Library of the "Ohio Church History Society," of Oberlin, the number of publications does not fall far short of 400, nearly all per- taining to a single denomination, the Congregational. Only a very few books of the class indicated can be here specified, and it seems invidious to select. The titles which follow were chosen almost at random, and will suggest to the reader many more of equctl importance. — Rev. Frederick Augustus Kemper published in Cincinnati, in 183 1, a meditative and devotional l)ook, "Conso- lations for the Afflicted," which breathes a pure and gentle spirit and shows the culture of a college bred gentleman. — Rev. David Austin Randall (1813-1884). was the author of two books, "The Wonderful Tent of the Mosaic Tabernacle." and "God's Hand- writing in Egypt, Syria and the Holy Land," which latter had an enormous sale, fully 100.000 copies being called for. — Rev. AVm. Burnet Wright (1838 — ), a distinguished preacher, holds a secure place in literature, by virtue of his two notable works, "Ancient Cities from the Dawn to the Daylight," and "The Ser- mon on the Mountain, Practiced on the Plain." — All who are interested in the so-called "Higher Criticism" in modern thought, have heard of the Rev. Henry Preserved Smith (1847 — )» ^^^^ Ohio Centennial. 605 professor in Lane Seminary, now of Princeton, and thousands have read his books, "Inspiration and Inerrancy," and "The Bible and Islam." — Isaac M. Wise, the most eminent Rabbi in Amer- ica, founder of the Hebrew Union College and of Liberal Juda- ism, was the author of many learned works, and the editor df the "American Israelite." Dr. Wise was a truly great man, pro- foundly respected by both Jews and Christians, and his influence did much to advance learning and literature. His "Life and Writings," by Drs. Philipson and Grossman, was published some years ago. His principal theological work is entitled, "Pronaos to Holy Scripture." — Dr. Moses Milziner (1828- 1893), who ranks with the leading Semitic scholars of the world, is the author of an "Introduction to the Talmud." — Dr. Jired Dewey Buck (1838 — ), president of the Theosophic Society of America^ author of "A Study of Man and the Way to Health," "Mystic Masonry," etc., also wrote "The Nature and Aims of Theosophy,'^ and "Why I Am a Theosophist," books which have circulation in England as well as in America. — John l^orter Brown (1814- 1872), a native of ChilHcothe, was U. S. Minister to Turkey and a thorough student of Eastern languages and customs, and wrote a scholarly book, "The Dervishes of Oriental Spiritualism." — Hudson Tuttle (1836 — ), of Berlin Heights, Ohio, exponent of spiritualism, has a large clientage of readers of his occult books, "The Arcana of Nature," "Studies in Psychic Science," "What is Spiritualism," etc. — Persons curious to study uncom- mon phases of religious faith and worship, may be interested in the fact that in Lebanon, Ohio, was published, in 1808. the rare book known as "The Shaker Bible;" and that, in Kirtland, Ohio, was issued in 1837, ^^'^^ second edition of the "Book of Mormon," a scripture which has since been translated into Italian by an Ohio man. Lorenzo Snow, president of the Mormon Church. I can only allude to the amount and variety of denomina- tional literature. — religious books and newspapers, uttered in the State. Several sects, the Methodists, for instance, and the United Brethren, have extensive publishing houses. The clergv- men of Ohio, generally speaking, are promoters of literature, and many of them are accomplished writers. *606 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % The conflict of opinions on religious subjects, in the Ohio Valley, has given rise to some public discussions of great interest, reports of which were published. One secular debate on the use of the Bible in the Public School was circulated in book form, viz.,'*The Battle of the Giants." See also "Debate on Evidences of Christianity," R. W. Owen and A. Campbell, 1829; "Debate on the Roman Catholic Religion," A. Campbell and J. B. Purcell ; "Debate on Universal Salvation," E. M. Pingree and N. L. Rice; *'Roman Catholic Church and Free Thought," J. B. Purcell and Thos. Vickers. MISCELLANEOUS. Allied to the literature of creed and opinion, though not always sectarian, are numerous books of a more or less didactic nature, designed to instruct or to admonish in regard to the con- duct of life. To this department of useful reading belong many juveniles, school text-books, and volumes of sermons, lectures, and essays for readers of all ages. A goodly array could be shown, of names of Ohio men and women, who, in this field of authorship, have labored successfully. The late Professor David Swing (1830-1894J, exerted a strong and salutory influence, not only by his pulpit utterances, but through his books, "Truths for To-day," "The Motives of Life," and "Club Essays." — Rev. Louis Albert Banks (1855 — ), Cleveland, Ohio, is a prolific author of books mainly moral and religious, for young and old. Some of his later publications are : ^'Twentieth Century Knighthood," "Poetry and Morals," "Hid- den Wells of Comfort." — Mrs. Lydia Hoyt Farmer, of Cleve- land, is known to a host of grateful admirers, through her "Boys' Book of Famous Rulers," "Girls' Book of Famous Queens," "Life of Lafayette," "A Moral Inheritance," "What America Owes to Women," etc. Mrs. Sarah Knowles Bolton (1841 — ), another Cleveland woman of recognized literary prominence, in both prose and verse, is especially noted for the excellence, in style and in sub- stance, of her twenty or more entertaining books for youth. ;Some of the titles are: "Bovs Who Became Famous," "Girls Ohio Centennial. 607 Who Became Famous," "Famous American Authors," *'How Success Is Won." Charles Frankhn Thwing (1853 — ), president of Western Reserve University, is an author whose contributions to high class magazine literature and whose published volumes, mainly on educational themes, deserve and receive strong commendation from exacting critics. Of the numerous books written in the United States, on cultural processes and ideal conduct, there are few, if any, that are equalled by those from the pen of Dr. Thwing. Some of the titles are: "American Colleges: Their Students and Work," "The Reading of Books," "Within College Walls," "The College Woman," "The Best Life," "The Youth's Dream of Life," and "God in His World." Addison Peale Russell (1826 — ) was born in Clinton County and his conduct and ideals have been shaped almost wholly by Ohio influences and associations. Mr. Howells alludes to him as the author "whose charming books of literary comment have so widely endeared him to book-lovers; but whose public services to his state are scarcely known outside of it among the readers of 'Library Notes' or of 'A Club of One'." Mr. Russell was in public life from 1855 to 1868, as legislator, Secretary of State, and Financial Agerit for Ohio. During the term of the last named office, he resided in New York City, where in 1867, he published his first book "Half Tints." For the last thirty years or more, he has devoted himself entirely to literature, in undis- turbed retirement in the quiet town of Wilmington. He leads the contented life of a philosopher whose books are his world and whose mind "his kingdom is." In powers of assimilation he has been likened to Bayle, who had "the art of writing down his curious quotations with his own subtile ideas." Every library in Ohio should certainly contain his books, "Library Notes," "A Club of One," "In a Club Corner." "Characteristics," "Sub Coe- lum," and "Thomas Corwin." Mrs. May Alden Ward (1853 — ), a descendant of John Alden, the Plymouth Pilgrim, was born in Ohio. She now lives in Boston, and is one of the most accomplished of American critical writers. Her books, "Old Colony Days," "Life of Dante," '"Life of Petrarch," are clear, succint. scholarly and sympathetic. 608 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Latest and best of her writings is the Httle volume entitled" Proph- *s of the Nineteenth Century," being essays on Carlyle, Ruskin and Tolstoi. To the academic literature of the State belong the books. **Refercences for Literary Workers," and "Knowledge and Cul- ture," by Rev. Henry Matson (1829 — ), of Oberlin ; "The De- velopment of the English Literature and Language," and "Eng- lish Literature of the Eighteenth Century," by Alfred Hix Welsh (1850-1889) ; "A History of the Novel Previous to the Seven- teenth Century," by Frederick Morris Warren (1859 — )' ^^ Adelbert College; "Master Virgil, as He Seemed in the Middle Ages," by J. S. Tunison ; "Modern Poet Prophets ; Essays Criti- cal and Interpretative," by William Norman Guthrie ; and "Ten- nyson's Debt to Environment." "The Poetry of Robert Brown- ing," and "Studies in Literature," by Prof. Wm. G. Ward ( 1848 — ), now of Boston, but born and brought up in Ohio. David Philipson ( 1862 — ), Rabbi of the Congregation B'nai Lsrael, Cincinnati, has contributed to critical literature a work entitled "The Jew in English Fiction." This clear and forceful writer is the author of "Old European Jewries," and "A Holiday Sheaf," the latter a volume of sermons. That most stimulating of all provocatives to literary com- mentary and controversy, the Shakesperean drama, has furnished a theme for more than one Ohio publication. Whatever may be thought of the merits of the Shakespeare-Bacon discussion, the bibliographer notes with some surprise that the first gun in that strange battle was fired by a young woman of Tallmadge, in the County of Summit, — Miss Delia Salter Bacon (1811-1859), v/hose famous book, "Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare, Unfolded," wnth preface by Nathaniel Hawthorne, was published ill London, 1857, it being the author's zealous purpose "to solve the enigma of those mighty dramas" which the audacious critic devoutly admired though she endeavored to prove they could not have been written by "that booby," Wm. Shakespeare. Carlyle, to whom she came with a letter of introduction from Emerson, laughed at her theory, which, nevertheless, has found many ad- vocates. One of the latest books on the mooted question, is a. Ohio Centennial. 609 Cincinnati publication and bears the title "The Shakespcrean Myth." More important than the "Cryptogram" literature, are the scholarly speculative works of Denton Jaques Snider (1841 — ), an author who was born and raised in Ohio and who now lives in St. Louis. His critical writings on Shakespeare are regarded by so competent a judge as Dr. Wm. T. Harris, as of especial Value in revealing the ethical significance of the immortal dramas. Dr. Snider, a graduate of Oberlin College and one of the lectur- ers of the Concord School of Philosophy, devotes himself ex- clusively to authorship and to the elucidation of his somewhat transcendental doctrines, from the platform. He is a man of profound erudition and of very bold speculative views. Besides his nine volumes of "Commentary on the Literary Bibles," viz., Shakespeare, Goethe, Homer and Dante, he has published five volumes of poems, three volumes on psychology, three on Froe- bel and the Kindergarten, and several miscellaneous books, includ- ing one novel. His latest publications are: "The Father of History," "Ancient European Philosophy," and a political treatise entitled "The State." In concluding these rambling notes relating mainly to dram- atic criticism by Ohio writers, I would mention that Henry Hoop- er of Hamilton County, who has written luminously on the phil- osophy of Shopenhauer, is also the author of various scholarly article^ published in "Shakesperiana." James E. Murdock, the celebrated actor whose home was in Warren County, wrote "A Short Study of Hamlet," "A Short Study of Macbeth," and other critical pieces ; and his volume en- titled "The Stage," published in 1884, is replete with suggestive comments on the dramatic art. One chapter discusses the topic "Shakespeare and his Critics." FICTION. Tn the days long ago, when James G. Percival was consid- ered the chief of American poets, and when the old "Knicker- bocker Magazine," and the "Port Folio," were arbiters of liter- ary destiny, there dwelt within the borders of Ohio at least two 39 o. c. 610 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. men of national reputation, who essayed to write novels. These ^oneers of the imaginative pen were Timothy Flint (1780-1840), and James Hall (1793-1868). Of Flint's masterpiece, "Francis Berrian, or the Mexican Patriot," 1826, Mrs. Trollope, who was a neighbor to the author, in Cincinnati, says in her "American Manners," "It is excellent: a little wild and romantic, but containing scenes of first rate in- terest and pathos."— Other of Flint's novels were "Arthur Clen- ning," and "(George Mason, the Backwoodsman." One who had read Flint's "Recollections" would expect to find charm in his works of fiction. A reviewer of his "Geography and History of the Mississippi Valley," declared those books "too interesting to be useful !"— Many readers found as good as fiction in Flint's delightful pseudo-biography, "The First White Man of the West, or the Life and Exploits of Colonel Daniel Boone." Though somewhat prolix and too much given to moralizing, Timothy Flint is characteristically delightful and two or three of his books are of such permanent interest and charm of style that they should be reprinted. '4 Judge James Hall, the author of an elalx>rate "History' of the Indian Tribes," and other noted books in biography and his- tory, wrote several historical romances, modeled somewhat after the style of Cooper, and valuable on account of their fidelity to life and scenery in the early west particularly in Kentucky. His best works are "Legends of the West," "Harpe's Head," and "Tales of the Border." "The Western Souvenir," first of the so-called Annuals is- sued west of Philadelphia, was published in Cincinnati, in 1829. It was "embellished" with six steel engravings, and was made up of stories, sketches and poems, by James Hall, Timothy Flint, Otway Curry, and others. Perhaps the most interesting contri- bution in it is a character sketch of "Mike Fink, the Last of the Boatmen," by Morgan Neville. A volume of original pieces collectively called "Tales of the Queen City," by Benjamin Drake, brother of Dr. Daniel Drake, was pijblished in Cincinnati, in 1839. The merit of this book is that it attempts to delineate local scenes and characters with -simplicity. But the "Tales" are not nearly so readable as the Ohio Centennial. till author's other ventures, "The Life of Tecumseh," and the "Life of Black Hawk,'' which are romantic in their essence. The first woman to gain Hterary reputation in Ohio was Mrs. Juha L. Dumont (1794-1841), preceptress of Edward Eggleston, the author of "The Hoosier Schoolmaster." Mrs. Dumont wrote lespectable verse and good honest prose. Her stories had vogue in the Ohio Valley and some of them foimd publishers in the East. She wrote "The Brothers," ''Gertrude Beverly," "Ashton Gray," "Sketches from Common Paths''. — Of livelier imagina- tion and brighter touch than Mrs. Dumont, was Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz (1800-1854J, a popular writer who, for several years was a resident of Ohio. Some of her numerous novels are of a mildly sensational character, which perhaps accounts for the fact that nearly ioo:ooo copies of them were sold within three years. She is the author of several tragedies, one of which, "Lamorah, or the Western Wild," was written and acted in Cincinnati. — Mrs. Francis D. Gage ( 1808-1884), born and bred in Ohio, was a prac- tical writer, of strong common sense and much energy, who, like Mrs. Dumont. Mrs. Hentz, Mrs. Stowe, Alice Gary and other talented women of her day, helped to create a love for literature in the West. Her best story is one entitled "Elsie Magoon." Early in the sixties she published a volume of poems. Mrs. Gage was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet, "The Tenth Muse," who wrote the first book of verse published in New England. The relations of the Beecher Family to the educational and literary development of Ohio were intimate and vital. From 1832 to 1850, Dr. Lyman Beecher, as president of Lane Seminary and pastor of. a prominent church, was a commanding character. He and his energetic sons and daughters received much from the rapidly developing society by which they were surrounded, to which they gave much in return. Henry Ward Beecher studied theology and learned to preach in Cincinnati ; there Catharine Beecher organized and conducted a decidedly radical and progres- sive school for girls, and wrote some "up to date" text-books. The writing tendency was strong in several members of the bril liaent family. — The famous novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," though not actuallv written in Cincinnati, was conceived there. The 612 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ^nhor tells us in her Autobiography that many of the characters, scenes and incidents, in the story, were suggested by what she had observed in her own house, on Walnut Hills, or witnessed on occasional trips to Kentucky. Mrs. Stowe lived in Cincinnati for eighteen years, — the most vigorous and formative portion of her life. She wrote for a Western magazine. She was an active !iiember of the Semi-Colon Club, of the Queen City, and to that society she dedicated her first book, "The May Flower," 1849. It is reasonable to claim that Ohio was the literary Alma Mater of the author of one of the world's most potent works or fiction. l^resident Lincoln, when he first met Mrs. Stowe, said in his epi- grammatic way : "So here is the little woman who caused the big war!" .Alice Cary (1820-1871), published her first book of stories, "Clovernook," in 1851, and her first regular novel. "Hagar: a Story of To-day," in 1852, the year in which "Uncle Tom's Cab- in" appeared. Other of Alice Cary's novels were "Married, Not Mated," "Holywood," and "The Bishop's Son." Of this Ohio writer the Westminster Review declared, "No other American woman has evinced in prose or poetry anything like the genius of Alice Cary." T)elonging to the same period as do the group of woman authors just spoken of, are several literary men who wrote or published novels, in Ohio. Thomas H. Shreve (1808-1853), a friend and associate of Mr. Gallagher, produced many short stories and one ambitious romance, "Drayton : an American Tale," 185T. — Frederick W. Thomas (t8it — ), of Cincinnati, wrote "Clinton Rradshaw." "East and West." and "Howard Pinkney." — successful novels in their time and of better artistic quality than much that passes current to-day as good literature. — The same may be said in commendation of the two novels which Ed- mund Flagg (181 5 — ). composed while a resident of Marietta in 1842-3, — viz. : "Carrero : or the Prime Minister." and "Fran- cis of Valois." These compare very favorably with the histori- cal novels of more recent origin. — Wm. W.. Fosdick (1825 — ), a poet of no mean ability, attempted fiction with some success, producing a romantic novel. "Malmiztic, the Toltec and the Cav- Ohio Centennial. 613 aliers of the Cross," a study of Mexican traditions, and said to have furnished the prototype of Wallace's "The Fair God." The decade from about 1846 to 1856 was prolific of sensa- tional stories such as have been denominated in slang phrase, "yellow-backs," ".dime novels," "blood and thunder tales," etc. Two of the most conspicuous and most entertaining spinners of this class of yarn made their appearance in Ohio, in the forties. These were E. C. Judson, "Ned Bunthne," (1823-1886), and Emerson Bennett. Judson came to Cincinnati in 1844 and embarked, with L. A. Hine, in the conduct of "The Western Literary Journal and Monthly Magazine," to which he contributed letters and editor- ials. He did not write any novel during the time he was in the West. He was greatly. admired by the patrons of flashy litera- ture. Of his lurid master-piece, "The Mysteries and Miseries of New York." 100.000 copies sold. "Ned Buntline's" income was said to be $120,000 a year. Emerson Bennett (1822 — ), now living in Philadelphia and an octogenarian, came to Cincinnati when he was only twenty- two years old, and in that city, between the years 1846 and 1850, wrote and published an incredible number of lively romances, which were eagerly sought and greedily read by the multitude. A recent sketch of Bennett, printed in a biographical handbook, says, "He began writing poetry and prose at 18; has since fol- lowed literature and written more than fifty novels and serials, and some hundreds of short stories." At the very beginning of his career he caught the knack of constructing the "best sellers," and made money for himself and his publishers. His most popu • lar books were "The Prairie Flower," and "Leni-Leoti," each of which had a sale of 100,000, having been. I believe, more in de- mand than any other novel ever published in the State, whatever that may signify. Hundreds of elderly men and women in the Ohio Valley, will confess, with a smile and a sigh, that in their school days they concealed in pocket or desk "The Bandits of the Osage," or "Mike Fink," or "Kate Clarendon," or "The League of the Miami," or "The Forest Rose." After all is said, these exciting romances were innocent enough, — the hero always tri- 614 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. umphant, the heroine an angel. The sharp crack of a rifle rang d^t and the villain fell with a thud. In a way, "Ned Buntline" and Emerson Bennett were mast- ers of their craft. They had a host of imitators. — George Lip- pard's "New York: Its Upper Ten and Lower Million," though not written in the West was published in Cincinnati, in 1854. So also was "The Trapper's Bride," by the English author C. M. Murray. In the same city, in 1855, was issued a feeble perform- ance entitled "The Mock Marriage: or the Libertine's Victim: being a faithful delineation of the Mysteries and Aliseries of the Queen City," by H. M. Rulison. Less extravagant than the foregoing and less naughty than they affected to be, but scarcely more meritorius, were "Mrs. Ben Darby: or the Weal and Woe of Social Life," 1853, by Maria Collins ; "Life's Lesson, a Novel," 1855, by Martha Thomas ; "The Old Corner Cupboard," 1856, Susan B. Jewett ; "Emma Bartlett : or Prejudice and Fanaticism," ' 1856; "Zoe : or the Quadroon's Triumph," 1856, Mrs. E. D. Livermore; "^label : or Heart His- tories," 1859, Rosetta Rice, — all which are Ohio books. During the period of the Civil War (1861-5) few novels were written in the United States, though the events of that stirring time educated authors and supplied material for whole libraries of history, fiction and poetry. In fact the war did much to elevate and nationalize American literature. The old distinc- tions between eastern literature and western were no longer much regarded. Even the southern writers ceased to be sectional. Secession ended in concession. Provincialism began to give way to a higher and broader and more tolerant culture, and books of artistic finish came from the South and from the West, to compete with the best from Massachusetts or New York. Tennessee was represented by Miss Murfree : Kentucky by James Lane Allen ; Indiana by Riley ; and Ohio by Mrs. Catherwood ; writers who were in their early teens when the war began, and who were among the first of a rapidly increasing number of painstaking writers developed by the influences of a modern regime. The same influences, of course, modified the ideas and methods of the earlier generation of writers to which belong Wallace and Ohio Centennial. 616 Howells and Tourgee and many more. A few names may here be chronicled of Ohio authors born before 1850. Albert Gallatin Riddle (1816 — ), whose distinguished career as lawyer and legislator furnishes a brilliant page in Ohio's his- tory, found time, after he had reached middle life, to record, in a series of. clever novels, much that he observed of men and events in northern Ohio, in the days of his youth. He tells the reader in the preface to one of his books that in his stories "an effort is made to preserve something of the freshness, gather up a few of the names, some of the incidents, catch the spirit and flavor of the life which has past, leaving only its memory in the cher- ishing hearts of the contemporaries of the author." In the author of "Bart Ridgely," "The Portrait," "House of Ross," and "An- selm's Cave," Cuyahoga County and the Western Reserve in gen- eral have a faithful delineator of scenes and characters. His style is simple, vigorous and picturesque, — his story is true to fact and is free from sensationalism. Mr. Riddle is a man of solid attainments and sound judgment. His historical romances supplement his more serious works : "Life and Character of Garfield," "Life of Benjamin F. Wade," and "Recollections of War Times." William Dean Howells (1837 — ), who, perhaps, may be regarded as the leading man of letters in the United States, be- longs, in a sense, to the old and to the new, to the West and to the East, to the self-schooled and to the academic class of Ameri- can authors. Born and bred in Ohio, he spent, as boy and man, nearly a quarter of a century in the state for which he has ever cherished a loyal and filial affection. His name appears upon the title page of some sixty different volumes, embracing works of biography, history, travel, description, sociology, fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism. This prolific and versatile author possesses a rare faculty of remembering all he has experienced, and he enters into delicate sympathy with the young as with the mature. His "Life of Hayes," "A Boy's Town," "Ohio Stories," "My Year in a Log Cabin," derive their subject matter from his knowl- edge of his native state, while in many of his novels, notably in "The Kentons," much of the local color and characterization were obviously suggested by scenes and people observed in the Buck- 616 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. eye State. The style of Mr. Howells is invariably elegant and Dleasing; he has mastered the art of clear and graceful writing. His work in poetry, in criticism, and in picturesque description, commands admiration in both hemispheres. But his special genius is discovered in the department of fiction, and few will dispute the verdict of an eminent critic who says, *'Mr. Howells was un- questionably the founder of the latter-day natural school of Am- ermican fiction, in which truth to every-day life is given preced- ence, while rhetoric, forced situations, and the arts of the melo- dramatist are sedulously avoided." Mr. Howells is author of the following: "Poems of Two Friends" (with Mr. Piatt) ; "Life of Abraham Lincoln"; "Ven- itian Life" ; "Italian Journeys" ; "Suburban Sketches" ; "No Love Lost"; "Their Wedding Journey"; "A Chance Acquaintance"; "A Foregone Conclusion" ; "Out of the Question" ; "Life of Rutherford B. Hayes"; "A Counterfeit Presentiment"; "The Lady of Aroostook"; "The Undiscovered Country"; "A Fearful Responsibihty, and Other Tales" ; "Dr. Breen's Practice" ; "A Modern Instance"; "A Woman's Reason"; "Three Villages"; "The Rise of Silas Lapham" ; "Tuscan Cities" ; "A Little Girl among the (Jld Masters"; "The Minister's Charge"; "Indian Summer"; "Modern Italian Poets"; "April Hopes"; "Annie Kil- burn" ; "A Hazard of New Fortunes" ; "The Sleeping Car, and Other Farces" ; "The blouse Trap, and Other Farces" ; "The Shadow of a Dream" ; "An Imperative Duty" ; "A Boy's Town" ; "The Albany Depot"; Criticism and Fiction"; "The Quality of Mercy" ; "The Letter of Introduction" ; "A Little Swiss Sojourn" ; "Christmas Every Day" ; "The Unexpected Guests" ; "The World of Cliance" ; "The Coast of Bohemia"; "A Traveler from Alt- ruria" ; "My Literary Passions"; "The Day of Their Wedding"; "A Parting and a ]^Ieeting" "Impressions and Experiences'' ; "Stops of Various Quills" ; "The Landlord of the Lion's Head" ; "An Open-Eyed Conspiracy'' ; "Stories of Ohio" ; "The Story of a Play": "Ragged Lady": "Their Silver Wedding Journey"; "Literary Friends and Acquaintances". Deservedly conspicuous among American authors, stands the jurist and diplomat, Albion Winegar Tourgee (1838 — ), now U. S. Consul in Bordeaux, — an Ohio man thoroughly loyal to his Ohio Centemiial. 617 State as to his Nation. His reputation is well established in the minds of the thousands who have read his purposeful and effec- tive novels: "A Fool's Errand"; "A Royal Gentleman*"; "Figs and Thistles"; "Bricks Without Straw"; "Hot Plowshares"; ''Black Ice"; "Button's Inn"; "With Guage and Swallow''; "Pac- toius Prime"; "Murvale Eastman"; "John Eax" ; "The Hip-Roof House"; "A Son of Old Harry"; "Out of the Sunset Sea", and "The Man Who Outlived Himself". Ambrose Bierce (1842 — ). one of the many sons of Ohio who have found scope in California for the exercise of their tal- ents, is the author of "Fantastic Fables", "The Monk and the Hangman's Daughter," "Can Such Things Be?" and other books. Charles Humphrey Roberts (1847 — ), born near Mt. Pleas- ant, Ohio, has written an interesting historical study, "Down the O-h-i-o, a Novel of Quaker Life," in which the operation of the Underground Railroad is well pictured. Maj. Hugh Boyle Ewing (1826 — ), of Lancaster, O., late \J . S. Minister to the Hague, is the author of two clever books : "A Castle in the Air" and "The Black List." Gen. John Beatty ( 1828 — ), of Columbus, is known to many readers of his patriotic volumes. "The Citizen Soldier," "Belle o' Becket's Lane," and his prehistoric novel, "The Acolhuans." Alexander Clarke (1834-1879) will be remembered in Ohio l)y his once popular and noteworthy books, "The Old Log School House" and "Starting Out: a Story of the Ohio Hills." These stories have local flavor. Mrs. Metta Victoria Victor (1831 — ), wife of O. J. Victor the literator, has written a good many volumes in verse and in prose. Among her novels are, "The Gold Hunters,' "The Back- woods Bride," "Blunders of a Bashful Man," etc. Mrs. Julia P. Ballard's (1828-1849) name is cherished on of Newark, Ohio, demon- strated her ability to create a bright, piquant, epigrammic and witty novel, when she produced her only published work, "An Earnest Trifler," t88o. Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood (1847-1902), who was born and educated in Ohio and whose literary work is of a very high order, entitling her to a permanent place among American authors, was an indefatigable student of the history of the French settlements in Canada and the United States, an admirable delin- eator of character, an artist of delicate taste and lively fancy. Her novels are excellent. I give the chief titles : "Craque-o- Doom," "Old Caravan Days," "The Secret of Roseladies," "The Romance of Dollard," "The Bells of Ste. Anne," "The Story of Tonty," "The Lady of Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia," "The White Islander," "The Chase of St. Castin," "Lazarre." Of authors born since the Civil War, or not longer ago than 1850, many have risen into prominence, in the Middle West- Ohio Centennial. 619^ The sudden blossoming of literature in the State of Indiana has been the subject of much press comment. There has been a noticeable revival of authorship in Ohio. Let me catalogue, in the briefest manner, the names and books of half a dozen writers of good reputation who belong to the Buckeye Commonwealth by birth and breeding, but who have wandered to other states: George Henry Pickard (1850 — ), is the author of "A Mat- ter of Taste," "A Mission Flower," "Old Boniface," and "Madam Noel. — "James Eugene Farmer (1867 — ) the scholarly author of "Essays in French History," wrote also "The Grenadier," and "The Grand Mademoiselle." — John Randolph Spears (1850 — ), whose superior work has been commended in England and France as well as at home, and whose sea stories are among the best of their class, is author of "The Port of Missing Ship," "Skipper of the Nancy C.," "Tales of the Real Gipsy." Claude Hazelton Wetmore (1862 — ), born at Cuyahoga Falls, recently won repu- tation from the signal success of his novel, "The Sweepers of the Sea." The present decade has witnessed, in Ohio, the rise of a score of romance writers, several of whom attained sudden celeb- rity. The work of these recent candidates for public favor or for the approval of the judicious critic, is of widely varying quahty, good, bad or indifferent, though I have no hesitation in saying that the average Ohio novel is quite up to the conventional stand- ard, and, in a few cases, it is of exceptional force and originality. The prevailing tendency of the writers to whom I refer, is toward a faithful realism, the result of close and conscientious study o£ nature and human society. . Adele E. Thompson, of Cleveland, has earned a deserved and generous recognition from reviewers and readers, owing to mark- edly praiseworthy qualities in her brace of bright novels : "Beck's Fortune," and "Brave Heart Elizabeth." John Bennett (1865 — ), of Chillicothe, artist and poet, as well as story-writer, author of that dainty classic "Master Sky- lark," and of the no less delicately wrought story of "Bamaby Lee," enjoys a reputation extending over the United States, and wears some laurels from abroad. Burton Egbert Stevenson (1872 — ), also of Chillicothe, edi- 620 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. tor and magazine writer, has demonstrated his abiHty to construct ^stained historical romances which appeal to a large circle of admiring readers. His novels, "At Odds With the Regent," and '•x\ Soldier of Virginia," are well worth reading, for both sub- stance and style. Dr. James Ball Nay lor 's rather hastily prepared novels, "In the Days of St. Clair" and "The Sign of the Prophet," deal with stirring events in Ohio history, and are lively and entertaining. The same author's "Ralph Marlowe," a rough and ready novel, the scene of which is laid in an. oil village on the Muskingum, is an amusing record of jokes, stories and humorous incidents, written with enthusiasm, and containing some vivid and admira- ble descriptions of local scenes and "characters." John Uri Lloyd (1849 — )» of Cincinnati, whose name has long been familiar to the scientific world which is indebted to his pen for important works in chemistry and pharmacy, is also known to a wide circle of readers of fiction. He possesses a bold and fertile fancy, and a very accurate eye for nature and for types of character, as may be discerned by the perusal of his imique stories of Northern Kentucky, "Stringtown on the Pike," and "Warwick of the Knobs," and his marvellous "Etidorpha ; or the End of the Earth." Professor Lloyd sees with his own eyes and records what he sees with remarkable originality and independence, not giving much heed to literary convention. Nathaniel Stephenson, also of Cincinnati, belongs to the later school of analytic writers who pay a good deal of attention to form and to art for art's sake. He is a man of cultured taste and wide reading, and has a polished style, a delicate perception, and a sense of humor. He is the author of "They That Took the Sword," a historical novel the plot of which is laid in Southern Ohio, and of "The P)eautiful Mrs. Moulton," a story of modern society. Charles Frederick Goss (1852 — ). author of "The Redemp- tion of David Corson," "The Loom of Life," "Little Saint Sun- shine," "The Philopolist," etc., is a writer of "fiction with a pur- pose," some of whose popular romances have been much dis- cussed and diversely judged. Mr. Goss has an ardent love for nature, a deep sympathy with all classes of humanity, and a vivid Ohio Ceil feu Ilia I. 621 pictorial fancy. His style is vigorous, fluent and earnest, and he has an aptitude for brilliant scenic effects. John Brown Jewett, of Newtown, Ohio, a poet and recluse, of fine sensibility, is the author of "Tales of the Miami Country." Mr. Jewett is one of Ohio's most charming- writers, albeit his work is but little known. In his exquisite sketch, "Fiddler's Green," and in other simple and beautiful compositions, he re- veals himself a man of true literary instincts who possesses the seeing eye and the understanding heart. Dr. Howard A. M. Henderson, an cloc|uent Methodist preacher of Ohio, is the author of a widely circulated religious novel, "Diomede the Centurion," the design of which is "to give the average reader a panoramic view of the planting period of the Christian Era." The book is written in a style at once fervid and ornate. It is logical that the state which put forward the first Aboli- tionist candidate for the president of the Republic, and originated the first university for negroes, and harbored the chief managers of the underground railroad, and inspired Mrs. Stowe to write "Uncle Tom's Cabin," should be one of the states readiest to encourage literary endeavor on the part of men of African des- cent. Charles Waddell Chesnutt (1858 — ), of Cleveland, is fairly entitled to rank among the leading writers of our country. His novels are published by one of the foremost firms of Boston and are commended by able critics. Here and there his work is crude and abrupt, but it is in terrible earnest and his stories move straight on with dramatic and even tragic power. His writings include a "Life of Frederick Douglass," the novels: "The Wife of His Youth," "The Conjure Woman," "The House Behind the Cedars," "The Marrow of Tradition." Paul Lawrence Dunbar (1872), who was born and reared in Dayton, Ohio, has achieved a comfortable reputation as a poet, from his books of verse, "Oak and Ivy," "Majors and Minors," and "Lyrics of Lowly Life." and he has written suc- cessful novels, viz., "The Sport of the Gods" and "The Fanatics." These books show their author to possess humor, pathos and vivid imagrination. 622 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. We should add to the catalogue of works of fiction : "Wall *treet and the Woods," by Wm. J. Flagg; "The Lost Model," and "Wash Bolter," by Henry Hooper ; "Mrs. Armitage's Ward," by Judge D. Thew Wright; "The Log of Commodore Rolling- pin," and "Thomas Rutherton," by John H. Carter ; "The Secret of the Andes," by Fred. Hassaurek ; "Her Ladyship," by Dr. T. C. Minor; "Silas Jackson's Wrorfgs," and "The Marquis and the Moon," by Nicholas Longworth; "Vawder's Understudy," and "The Three Richard Whalens," by James Knapp Reeve; "The Freeburgers," by Denton J. Snider; "Tales for a Stormy night," translated from the French, by Eugene F. Bliss; "Charles Killbuck, an Indian Story of the Border Wars of the American Revolution," by Francis C. Huebner; "Iturbide, a Soldier of Mexico," by Dr. John Lewin McLeish ; "My Lord Farquhar," a romance of Armenia, by the brilliant and witty poet and editor Thomas Emmett Moore ; "Ezra Cain," a study in morbid psy- chology, by Joseph Sharts ; "A Buckeye Baron," by William Alpha Faxon; and "The Quaker Scout," by Nicholas Patterson Run van. HUMOROUS WRITERS. William Tappan Thompson (1812-1882), a native of Ohio, who went to Georgia and became a prominent journalist, was renowned in his day and generation for the rough and extrava- gant portraitures and caricatures which he made of southern types, and which were published under the titles "Major Jones's Courtship," "Major Jones's Sketches of Travel," "Characters of Pineville," etc. He also wrote a very droll farce, "The Live Iffldian," which furnished John E. Owens with one of his laugh- able roles. Samuel Sullivan Cox, "Sunset Cox" (1824-1889), of Zanes- ville, journalist, orator, statesman, diplomatist, one of the most brilliant and accomplished of Ohio's honored sons, added to his distinction as a political and descriptive writer the reputation of a man of rare wit and humor. All his writing and speeches abound in keen passages, and in one elaborate volume entitled, "Why We Laugh," he discusses the philosophy of humor. Like ^Tom" Corwin, Mr. Cox had a genius for the wisdom of the ludicrous. Ohio Centennial. 623 David Ross Locke (1833-1888), author of "Divers Views, Opinions, and Prophesies of Yours Trooly, Petroleum V. Nasby," M^hose keen, satirical letters purporting to be written by a seces- sionist of "Confederate Cross Roads, Kentucky," dehghted Pres- ident Lincoln and were accounted by Secretary Chase as of power- ful effect in helping to save the Union, was certainly a humorist -of extraordinary endowment — a genius in his particular sphere. He laughed his enemies to scorn and "drew out Levathian with an hook" of sharpest wit. Mr. Locke was a native of the State of New York, but the greater portion of his life was spent in Ohio, chiefly in Toledo. He published one novel, "A Paper City." The inimitable Artenms Ward (1834-1867) came to Ohio about the year 1850, and though his sojourn in the state was not long, he wrote, while living on the Western Reserve, a num- ber of his brightest and drollest papers. POETRY. In the year 1824 the editor of the Cincinnati Literary Ga- zette printed in his "Notes to Contributors" the following apolo- getic excuse for declining a poetical effusion from a Kentucky •correspondent: "F'oetry is in so flourishing a state on our side of the river that the limits alloted to this department are preoccu- pied." Timothy Flint, in the Western Magadne and Reviezu, for May, 1827, wrote, "We are a scribbling and forth-putting people. Little as they have dreamed of the fact in the Atlantic •country, we have our thousand orators and poets. ''' "^^ * We believe that amid the freshness of our unspoiled nature, beneath the shade of the huge sycamores of the Miami, or cooling the forehead in the breeze of the beautiful Ohio, and under the ■canopy of our Italian sky, other circumstances being equal, a man might write as well as in the dens of a dark city." A volume of "Selections from the Poetical Literature of the West," compiled by W. D. Gallagher, was published in Cincinnati in 1841. It contains 210 pieces, and represents 38 writers, seven of whom are women. Coggeshall's well known "Poets and Poetry of the Ohio Valley," a volume of 680 pp., issued in i860, gives sketches of 152 writers, with selections from their best book. Twenty-nine of the poets' names belong to Ohio. The admirable 624 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Fublications'. volume, "American Poetry and Art," edited by J. J. Piatt and piTOlished in Cincinnati in 1882, presents, with discriminating" judgment, many of the choicest poems written in the Ohio Valley- There is no need to record here the long list of books of; Ohio verse which now exist only in old catalogues or in rare- collections. Enough to say that not a few of these possess con- siderable merit, and were sought after, scrap-booked and admired in their little day. It has been the good fortune of a number of the early writers to hold a more secure place in the public memory Ijy virtue of the anthologies in which their ix)ems are- kept alive, perhaps under the title of "old favorites." ' By far the most eminent of the early poets of tl]e Ohio- Valley was the bard who sang of the ''Days When We Were Pioneers," and of the "Green Forest Land," the "Golden Wed- ding on Rolling Fork," the solitude of "Miami Woods," and the song of the "Brown Thrush" and "The Cardinal Bird." We refer to the good poet Wm. D. Gallagher, a truly inspired singer, gifted with the "love of love, the scorn of scorn," and with a Wordsworthian discernment of the feelings, beauty and signifi- cance of nature. As an artist he deserves a fuller appreciation than he has yet received, for he possesses unusual skill in melody, and a command of blank verse seldom attained in American literature. There are passages in his carefully wrought pastorals which, for dignity, noble simplicity and genuine reverence for spiritual beauty, compare wnth the masterful work of the so- called Lake School of poets. It is to be regretted that some of his most characteristic poems are out of i)rint, but fortunately a few copies of his "Miami Woods and Other Poems" are preserved in libraries. The now almost forgotten name of Otway Curry ( 1804- 1855) was familiar to the eye and ear of all who, in the West of forty years ago, cared about poetry. The school readers con- tained extracts from Curry's "Eternal River," "Kingdom Come," and "The Lost Pleiad." James H. Perkins was likewise esteemed and quoted. There are scores of persons living in Ohio, who can recite lines from that once hackneyed "declamation," "O Were You Ne'er a School-boy?" or "The Young Soldier/' Charles A, Ohio Centennial. 626 Jones ('835-1851) is remembered by his oft reprinted "Te- cumseh," "Stop, Stranger! there Teciimseh lies;" and by his faithfiiUy descriptive pieces, "The Pioneers" and "Lines to the Ohio River." F. W. Thomas stiii holds a place in our books of "Selections," by virtue of his fidelity to truth and nature in some meritorious stanzas of his descriptive poem, "The Emigrant," and because of the sentiment and melody of the song, " 'Tis Said that Absence Conquers Love." W. W. Fosdick, on whom his contemporaries and patrons, M. D. Con- way, VV. H. Lytle and others, bestowed the title, "Laureate of the Queen City," wrote an ambitious volume, "Ariel, and Other Poems," the more, labored contents of which have passed into oblivion, while a few of its simple, unpretentious, but genuine poems, faithfully reporting visible and vital fact, continue to exert a charm and to win a due meed of praise. Of these cherised few none are better than the lyrics : "The Maize" and "The Pawpaw." Born five years later than Fosdick, Florus B. Plimpton (1830-1886), journalist and poet, achieved more than a local reputation for the form and quality of his carefully finished literary work. Holmes and Whittier took him into fel- lowship. Though his death occurred less than twenty years ago, and though a beautiful memorial edition of his poems was issued in 1886, almost the only piece of his verse which survives is the vigorous ballad, "Lewis Wetzel," another instance of the vitality of compositions dealing with the actual in a direct and sympa-r thetic style. Yet it see^ns that other of Plimpton's lyrics should be recognized by common consent as worthy of the favor be- stowed upon this one ballad. The anthologies might well in- clude, from his poems, "A Poor Man's Thanksgiving," "Sum- mer Days," "Her Record," "Tn Remembrance," and the sonnet, "Pittsburg." Byron Foreseythe Willson (1837-1867), whose lit- erary work Mr. J. J. Piatt displays and reviews at great length in the "Hesperian Tree," for 1903, was undoubtedly a poet of rare gifts, but he never was nor will be popular. One of his poems, "The Old Sargeant," had a temporary popularity soon after its publication in the time of the Civil War, but now it i.« 40 o. c. 326 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. seldom read and only by literary folks. Willson was charac- terized by Air. Stedman as "A strongly imaginative balladist. whose death was a loss to poetry." The departed singers whose work has scarcely more than been glanced at in the above paragraph, though not poetical stars of first magnitude, have at least "fixed their glimmers." In their constellation belong three other lights, which whether from ■^accident or because of their intrinsic superiority, have attracted more attention than their contemporaries. These are Thomas Buchanan Read (1822-1872), William Haines Lytle (1826-1863), and Alice Gary (1820-1870). Thomas Buchanan Read used to say he had four principal homes, Philadelphia, Boston, Florence and Cincinnati. He had many friends in Ohio, to whom he acknowledged his indebted- ness for patronage in art and letters. During his sojourn in •the Queen City, he was constantly busy at the easel or the desk, and in that city he painted some of his finest pictures and com- posed some of his best poems. The house in which he lived, on ii:5eventh street, and in which he wrote the poem "Sheridan's Ride," lis imarked with a bronze tablet, commemorating these facts. Gen. W. H. Lytle, though not a "one poem poet," gained his secure place in literature through the merit of his mastrepiece, the lyric, "Antony and Cleopatra," a stroke of genius and true inspiration, — a passionate glorification of love and war, of the *'Great Triumvir" and the "Star-eyed Egyptian," — and the author rose to renown. Like Kinney's "Rain upon the Roof," and O'Hara's "The Bivouac for the Dead," the "Antony and Cleo- patra" appears to be "booked for immortality." In the small volume of Lytle's Poems collected by the writer of this sketch and published in 1894. readers will find a number of pieces well worthy to be preserved with the "Antony and Cleopatra." Specially excellent are the lyrics: "Popocatapetl,". "Macdonald's Drummer," "Jaqueline," "The Volunteers," "Farewell" and "Sweet May Moon." A third of a century has elapsed since Alice Cary died ; more than half a century since she gathered her first laurels as a poet. At the very beginning of her literary career she was received with ^applause, and from year to year her reputation steadily ad- Ohio Centennial. 627 A^anced. It is to be donljtcd if any other American woman has ever, through the accomphshment of verse, attained so much celebrity as did this country girl of Clovernook. Even to-day, she has numerous readers and admirers, not only in Ohio, but in all parts of the United States. This is not because her poetry stands the test of severe criticism, for it does not. Yet it has some of the rare and potent qualities essential to excellent poetic composition as a fine art, and»she herself was gifted generously with those qualities of genius which, when adequately developed, make the creation of good poetry possible. She was one of the poets "sown by nature ;" she was sensitive to all beauty and truth ; she had broad sympathies ; she had the "vision and the faculty divine." Readers loved her personality and felt in- stinctively that she understood their feelings, and that she wrote of what she really knew, from direct observation and experience. Phoebe Gary was also a genuine poet, though by no means the peer of her sister. The two women exerted, and still exert a sweet, pure and stimulating influence, especially upon the young in the public schools and upon sentimental readers who care more for melodious common sense than for the subtleties and re- finement of poetic art however masterfully employed. Coates Kinney (1826 — ) holds the seniority and the pri- macy among our poets. Nature endowed his large brain richly with the power of thought and the faculty of song. Though he has been a man of affairs — a lawyer, journalist, military officer, state senator — he has never neglected the higher "business of his dreams," but is one of those "twice blest who in age pursues His art with young desire." In his youth he gave to the world the spontaneous music of "Rain Upon the Roof," which has maintained its popularity for more than fifty years and which, in its revised form, will no doubt continue a favorite with all who have the gift of nice apprecia- tion. Representative of the author's mature power and of especial interest to the student of Ohio literature is the Ohio Centennial Ode, i8cS8, a forceful production giving eloquent expression to 828 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. what is best and noblest in Ohio history, tradition and ideals, m\d worthy to be classed with Lowell's Commemoration Ode. Of Kinney's poetry in general, Julian Hawthorne wrote : "It expands the brain and touches the heart. * * "^ What he has done will last." W. D. Howells assigns to the poet a place among- "the few who think in the electrical flushes known only to the passions of most men," and the same critic testifies that Kinney's verse "brings to the reader the thrill imparted by mas- tery in an art which has of late seemed declining into clever artis- try." It is impossible, in this brief sketch, to give and adequate idea of the scope and quality of Coates Kinney's verse. The strength of his imagination, his profound insight into the heart of man and of nature, his vigorous intellectual grasp and subtle analytic acumen, his daring fancy, and his facile command of rythm and rime are revealed in the two important volumes, "Lyrics of the Ideal and Real," 1887, and "Mists of Fire," 1899, which contain a great variety of poems dealing with themes phil- osophical, religious, patriotic, social, and purely aesthetic. When at his best Kinney writes with a vividness, originality and beauty which gives a surprise and delight such as none but poets of first rate genius can awaken. If called upon to select from his later volumes the lyrics which in our judgment entitle him to a place of distinction among the poets of the century, our list of titles would include : "The Old Apple-tree," "Apostrophe of Death," "Alone," "Ships Coming In," "Mars," "Singing Flame," "Vesuvius," "Madonna," and "Our Only Day.'' John James Piatt (1835 — ), has long occupied a secure and deservedly conspicuous position as one of Ohio's indefatigable promoters of bcUcs Icttres. He is one of those "planters of celes- tial plants," who have never lost faith in high ideals nor in the divinity of the Muses. He has devoted much of his energy to elevating the literary profession in the Ohio Valley, both by his discriminating work as an editorial writer and by his many pub- lications in choice prose and genuine poetry. The country owes him a debt of gratitude for editing that notably elegant and compendious volume, "The l^nion of American Poetry and Art." and for issuing the more recent sumptuous volumes cf "The Hes- perian Tree," a AW^stern Annual containing some of the best Ohio Centennial. 629 literature of the period. Mr. Piatt's reputation as a poet is estab- lished ; he needs no new encomium, i^roud and jealous of the region in which he was born and educated, he has chosen to write much on local themes, "The Pioneer's Chimney," "The Lost Farm," "The Mower in Ohio," and he has ^iven subtle and delicate poetic expression to thoughts and emotions evoked by the idylic, the home-bred and the pensive. Since 1893 he has resided at North Bend, Ohio, devoting his time to literature. In i860, he published, in collaboration with W. D. Howells, a first book, "Poems of Two Friends." Other of his poetical writings are: "The Nests at Washington," "Poems in Sunshine and Fire- light," "Western Windows," "Landmarks," "Poems of House and Home," "Lyrics of the Ohio Valley," and "The Ghost's Entry and Other Poems." Flis prose style is show^n at its best in a volume of delightfully artistic essays, entitled, "Penciled Fly Leaves." Mrs. Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt (1836 — ), wife of John James Piatt, is a w^oman of original and exceptional genius — a poet whose name shines in American literature "Like some great jewel full of fire." She is unrivalled, in her province of song, by any living writer of her sex, wdiether native to this continent or of foreign birth. Though her range of concept and invention is not wide, nor her methods of expression remarkable for variety, she is inimitable in her own, vivid, bold and suggestive invention and manner. Wliatever she writes has meaning — and the significance is often deep — sometimes strange and elusive — never commonplace. Mrs. Piatt's rare artistic skill has been admired by many who appreciate the technical difficulties of the poetic craft. A London critic of severe discrimination pronounces that her work is "not easy to equal, much less to surpass, on either side of the Atlantic." She is the author of the following: "A Woman's Poems," "A Voyage to the Fortunate Lsles," "That New World," "Poems in Company w^ith Children," "Dramatic Persons and Moods," "An Irish Garland," "In Primrose Time," "Child's World Bal- lads," "The Witch in the Glass," "An Enchanted Castle." Her 630 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ''Complete Poems," in two volumes, appeared in 1894, from the jljess of Longmans, Green & Co., New York and London. Edith Matilda Thomas (1854 — ), a brilliant exponent of the culture of the Western Reserve, modified by the influence of New England training, was born in Medina county, and educated in a Normal School at Geneva, Ohio, in which latter tillage her lit- erary tendencies were encouraged and largely developed. In her early womanhood she came under the influence of >\Irs. Helen Hunt Jackson who was her friend and counsellor. In 1888, Miss Thomas removed to New York City, where she still resides, and where, as did Alice Cary, she devotes herself to authorship, being an accomplished writer in prose and in verse. In poetry she has published several small volumes : "A New Year's Masque," "Lyrics and Sonnets," "The Inverted Torch," "Fair Shadow Land," 'Tn Sunshine Land," "In the Young World," and "A Winter Swallow, and Other Averse." That she is a true poet, one who has "slept on the Mountain of Song," and brought home pure Parnassian dews, those who appreciateively read her books will testify. A keen and trained intellect, a versatile and often daring fancy, an almost passionate love of nature, an Em- ersonian fondness for the occult, a fine taste for classicism and for the suggestive beauty of myth, are among the elements for her mind and of her artistic equipment. Her poetry, though not characterized by intense passion, spontaneity or haunting melody, is remarkable for strength, feeling, delicacy, variety of stanza form, and for a finish found only in the work of literary virtuosi. Of recent years only a comparatively few writers in Ohio have chosen to "strictly mediate the Muse," thankless or other- wise, and of those few, the majority are not of the younger gen- eration. No list of Western poets would be complete without the name of "Kate Brownlee Sherwood" (1841 — ), of Toledo, whose patriotic pen gave the State and the Republic those in- spiring books, "Camp Fire and Memorial Day Poems," and "Dreams of the Ages, a Poem of Columbia." Nor should the record forget the name of Alice Williams P)rotherton, accom- plished scholar and lecturer on literary topics, contributor to the "Century," and author of two books of well conceived and care- fully wrought verse, "P)eyond the Veil," and "The Sailing of Ohio Centennial. ' 631 King Olaf." William Norman Guthrie (1868 — ), author of "Songs of American Destiny, or a Vision of New Hellas," "To Kindle the Yule Log," "The Old Hemlock," and "The Christ of the Ages," sings a subtle Orphic strain in forms of poetic art which follow the cult of Leopardi and George Meredith. To Dr. John Martin Crawford (1845 — )> o^ Cincinnati, late U. S. Consul to St. Petersburg, is due the credit for having ren- dered into English verse the famous national epic of Finland, the "Kalevala." Thomas Ewing, Jr., son and grandson, respectively, of the two Ohio statesmen whose name he bears, is the author of "Jonathan : a Tragedy," a dignified, scholarly poem elaborating the story of Jonathan and David as told in the first book of Samuel. The scenes are well wrought in blank verse and the whole work is a creditable achievement in the difficult art of dramatic poetry. SOURCES OF INFORMATION. A few of the reference books consulted in the preparation of the foregoing sketch are: Coggeshall's "Poets and Poetry of the West," i860; Thomson's "Bibliography of the State of Ohio,"' 1880; "Biographical. Cyclopaedia of the State of Ohio," 1887;: Stedman's "A Library of. American Literature," 1891 ; Sted- nian's "An American Anthology," 1900; Adams's "A Dictionary of American Authors," 1902 ; and "Who's Who in America,"' 1902. Much use has been made of library catalogues and pub- lishers' lists. Grateful acknowledgment is made of special cour- tesy and aid received from The Library of Congress and The Public Library of Cleveland. The writer returns personal thanks. for assistance rendered by Hon. E. O. Randall, of Columbus;. Hon. C. P>. Galbreath, Librarian of the Ohio State Library; Mr. N. D. C. Hodges, Librarian of the Public Library of Cincinnati ,-. and by Hon. A. R. Spofiford, of Washington, D. C. LIST OF OHIO AUTHORS WHO HAVE WRITTEN WITHIN RECENT YEARS. The following list was kindly prepared under the direction of Mr. N. D. C. Hodges, Librarian of the Public Library of 682 OJiio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Cincinnati. The names given, nearly 300 in number, are those tf literary people resident in Ohio, who have writen, chieUy within recent years, books, pamphlets or articles, the titles of which are catalogued in the Cincinnati Public Library or in the Cleveland Public Library, or in both. To save space, a few abbreviations are used, as Cin. for Cincinnati, CI. for Cleveland, and Col. for Columbus. Allen. Emory Adams. History, Cincinnati. Ambler, Henry Lovejoy. CI. Andreae, Percy. Fiction. Ashley, Barnas Freeman. 1833 — : Ravenna. Avery, Mrs. Elroy McKendree. 1844 — : History and Science. CI, Bains, Minnie Willis Miller. 1845 — : Springfield. Baldwin. Charles Candee. Genealogy. CI. Banks, Louis Albert. 1855 — : Religious works. CI. Barnitz, Albert. Poetry. CI. Barrows, John Henry. 1847-1892: Religons works. Oberlin. Bashford. James Whitford. 1849 — : Oratory. Delaware. Bauder, Levi F. 1840—: CI. Beal, James Hartley. 18G1 — : "Scio. Beatty, John. 1828 — : Fiction. Col. Beecher, Edward N. CI. IBeneuict, Anne Kendrick. 1851 — : Story. Cin. Benedict, Wayland Richardson. 1848 — : Psychology. Cin. Benjamin, Charles Henry. 185<) — : Science. CI. Bennett, Henry Holcomb. 1863 — : Ornithology, Story. Chillicothe. Bennett, John. 18G5 — : Fiction. Poetry. Chillicothe. Bennett, V/hj^iam Zebina. 1850 — : Botany. Wooster. Beyer, Fred^ptck Charles. 1858 — : Editor Leader. CI. Bishop, John Remsen. 1860 — : Classics. Cin. Bliss, Eugene F.jederick. 1836 — : History, biography, translatioiL Cin. Bolles, James A. Theology. CI. Bolton, Charles Edward. 1841 — : Civics, municipal science. CI. Bolton, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth. 1841 — : General literature, iuveniles. CI. Bookwalter. John Wesley. 1837 — : Finance, trade, travel. Springfield. Booth, Mrs. Emma Scark. Poetry. CI. Boone, Richard Cause. 1849 — : Education. Cin. Bourne, Edward Gaylord. 1860 — : History. CI. Bourne, Henry Eldridge. 1867 — : History, civics. CI. Brain, Belle M. 1859 — : Religion, sociology. Springfield. Braine. Robert D. 1861 — : Music, etc. Springfield. Bray. Frank Chaptn. 1866 — : Editor The Chautauquan. CI. Brewer, Abraham T. Law. CI. Ohio Centennial. 683 TBrockhoven, John A. 1852 — : Music. Cin. Brotherton^ Mrs. Alice Williams. Poetry. Cin. Brown, William Kennedy. 1834 — : Woman Suffrage, etc. Cin. Brown, William M'ontgomery. 1855 — : Bishop, author of "The Church for Americans." CI. Buck, Jirad Dewey. 18G4 — : Medicine, theosophy. Cin. Burnett, C. CI. Burnet, Margaretta. Zoology. Cin. 'Cadwallader, Starr. 1869 — : Social settlemetit literature. CI. Chesnutt, Charles Waddell. 1858 — : Novels. CI. Colby, Henry Francis. 1807 — : Biography, religion. Dayton. Collins, Clinton. Poetry. Cin. CoNKLiN, Dr. W. T. 1844 — : Medicine. Dayton. Conover, Charlotte Reeve. History, Dayton. Collins, Mrs. Laura G. Poetry. Cin. CoLLORD, IsoRA. Genealogy. Cin. Conner, Levietta Bartlett. Compiler "Parents' Heart in Song," Cin. Conner. Dr. Phineas Sanborn. 1839 — : Surgery. Cin. CooKE. J. Edmund Vance. CI. Cory. Harry Thomas. 1870 — : Engineering. Cin. Cox, Jacob Dolson. Military history. Cin. Crile. George W. CI. Crook. Isaac,, ex-president O. W. University. Biography, church history, etc., Ironton. Curtis. Mattoon Monroe. 1858 — : Philosophy, ethics, etc. CI. Gushing, Henry Platt. 1860 — : Science. CI. Danziger, Henry. 1852 — : Editor. Cin. Davey, John. Davis, Emma C. CI. Denney, Joseph Villiers. 1862 — : Rhetoric, literature. Col. Devereaux, Mary. Author of "From Kingdom to Colony." CI. Edgar, John F. 1814 — : Pioneer life. Dayton. Ellard, Mrs. Virginia G. Story and poems. Cin. Ellard, Harry. Story and poems. Cin. Elliott. Henry Wood. 1840 — : Science, Alaska, etc. CI. Emerson, Oliver Farrar. 186u — : Literary critic, philologist, author "Memoirs of Gibhon." CI. Emmett, Daniel Decatur 1815 — : Famous song writer. Mt. Vernon. Everts. Orpheus. 1826 — : Temperance, sanitation, etc. Cin. EwTNC. Emma Pike. 1838 — : Cookery, etc. Marietta. Ewtng, Hugh Boyle. 1826 — : Fiction. Lancaster. Fairchild, Gerard James Harris. 1817 — : Theology, ethics, education. Oberlin. Farmer, Mrs. Lydia Hoyt. Books for the young. CI. Farmer, James Eugene. 1867 — : Essays, fiction. CI. Farmer, Silas. 1839 — : History. CI. 634 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications^ FoRAN, Martin A. CI. Fdl^TER, Leonard G. CI. FowKE, Gerard. 1855 — : Archseology. Chillicothe. Freese, Andrew. CI. Fowler, Harold North. 1859 — : Greek and Latin texts. CI. Galbreath, Charles Burleigh. 1858 — : "Lafayette's Visit to Ohio."" 1903. Col. Gantvoort, Arnold J. 1857 — : Music. Cin. GiAouE, Florian. 1843 — :, Numerous law books. Cin. Gilchrist, Rosetta L. CI. Gladden, Washington. 1836 — : Religion, sociology, civics, etc. CoL Glacier, Jessie. CI. Gleason, W. J. CI. Gordy, John Pancoast. 1851 — : History, education. Col. Goss, Charles Frederick. 1852 — : Fiction. Cin. Groesbeck, Telford. Author of ''The Incas." Cin. Grossman, Louis. 1863 — : Judaism. Cin. Guilford. Linda Thayer. CI. Gulick, John Thomas. 1832 — : Evolution theory, etc. Oberlin_ Guthrie, William Norman. 1868 — : Essay, poetry. Cin. Haacke. Heinrich. 1832 — : Poems in German. Cin. Hailman. William Nicholas. 1836 — : Education. Dayton. Hall, Charles G. Railway history. Cin. Halsted, Murat. 1829 : Politics, history, biography. Cin. Hanscom, Alice Emily. CI. H.arbaugh, Thomas Chalmers. 1849—: Poems. Casstown. Harrington. Vernon C. CI. Hardin, Willett Lepley. 1868 — : Science. Lima. Harris, Charles. CI. Harvey. Charles M. Cin. Hatch, Mrs. Arthur E. CI. Hathaway, B. A. Grammar. Lebanon. Haydn, Hiram Collins. 1851 — : Sermons, etc. CI. Hayes. Max S. 1866 — : Editor Cleveland Citizen. CI. Henderson. Edwin. Municipal history. Cin. Herholz, Alfred. 1851 — : Translating journalist. Cin. Herrick, Charles Judson. 1858 — : Biology. Granville. Herrick, Francis Hobart. 1858 — : Biology. CI. Herrick, Lucius Carroll. 1840: Genealogist. Col. Hickenlooper, Andrew. 1837 — : Fuel Gas. Cin. Htnman, Wilbur F. Fiction. CI. Hill. Mrs. Marian. 1870 — : Story and verse. CI. Hobbs. Perry L. 1861 — : Chemistry. CI. Hodge. Orlando John. CI. Hopkins, Wm. Rowland. Street Railways. CI. Horr, Norton Townsend. 1862 — : Municipal law. CI. Hosea, Mrs. Lucy. Fiction. Cin. Ohio Centennial. 635-- HoTCHKiss^ Willis R. CI. Howe, Frederick Clemsen. 1867 — : Taxation, revenue, etc. CI. Howe, Henry. 1816 — : History. Col. HuBBELL, Gabriel G. Spiritualism, psychic research. Cin. Hudson, Thomas J. 1834 — : Psychic phenomena. CI. HuLBERT, Archer Butler. Historical Highways, etc. CI. Hyde, Edward Wyllys. 1843 — : Mathematics. Cin. Ingham, Mrs. W. CI. IsHAM, Asa Brainard. 1844 — : Medicine, war history. Cin. Jagger, Thomas Augustus. 1839 — : P. E. bishop. Religion. Cin. Jaggar, T. a., Jr. Geology. Cin. Jones, George James. 1856 — : Theology, philosophy. Jackson. Jones, Nelson Edwards. 1821 — : "The Squirrel Hunters of Ohio," etc.. Circleville. Jones, Samuel M. 1846 — : "Golden Rule Jones." Socialistic books- Toledo. Jones, Myrtle Leonora. CI. Jones, Virginia Smith. 1827 — : "Nests and Eggs of Birds of Ohio."^ Circleville. Karr, Mrs. Elizabeth. Author of "The American Horsewoman." North Bend. Keeler, Harriet Louise. Trees. CI. Kellerman, Wm. Ashbrook. 1850 — : Botany. Col. Keifer, Gfn. Jos. Warren. 1836 — : Slavery, war. Springfield. Keister, D. a. CI. Kelley, Michael J. History of St. Mary's Sem. Cin. Kephart, Isaiah La Fayette. 1832 — : Editor "Religious Telescope." Dayton. Kimball, Kate Fisher. 1860 — : Editor "Round Table," in the "Chau- tauquan." CI. King, Henry Churchhill. 1858 — : Theology, philosophy. Oberlin. Kinney, Coates. 1826 — : Poet. Cin. Kirchner, Adelaide Rosalind. Author of "A Flag for Cuba." CI. Knight, George Wells. 1858 — : History. Col. Langley, John Williams. 1841 — : Electricity, etc. CI. Latchaw, John Roland Harris. 1851 — : Psychology, theology, educa- tion. Defiance. Lawrence, James. CI. Lazenby, Wm. Rane. 1852 — : Horticulture, forestry. Col. Lee, Benjamin Franklin. 1841 — : Bishop, African M. E. Church. Methodism. Wilberforce. ■* Leggett, Mortimer D. 1821-1896 : Author of "A Dream of a Modest Prophet." CI. Lenski, Richard Charles. 1864 — : Religious writings in English and in German. Anna, O. Leonard. Wm. Andrew. 1848 — : P. E. Bishop of Ohio. Christian re- ligion, etc. CI. Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. LiNDAHL. John Harold Josua. 1848 — : Science, zoology. Cin. Unscott, Mrs. Hilda Bates. CI. Lloyd, John Uri. 1849 — : Pharmac}^ chemistry, fiction. Cin. Lloyd, J. U. & Curtis C. Author of "Drugs and Medicines of North America." Cin. Locke, Robinson. 1856 — : Jonrnahst, '"Toledo Blade." Toledo. Long, Simon Peter. 18G0 — : Religion. Col. Lord, Nathaniel Wright. 1854 — : Metallurgy, mineralogy. Col. LoY, Matthias. 1829 — : Theology. Col. Ludlow, Arthur Clyde. CI. Ludlow, Mrs. Rose Roeder. CI. Mac Dill, David. 1820 — : Biblical subjects. Xenia. McLaughlin, Mary Louise. Ceramics, painting. Cin. McLeish, Dr. John Lewin. Novels. Cin. Macmillan, George Whitfield. Moral Science, religion. Richmond, O. McRae, Milton A. 1858 — : Scripps, McRae League. Cin. McWhinney, Thomas Martin. Christian ethics and Psychology. Day- ton. Matson, Henry. 1829 — : General culture. Oberlin. May, Max Benjamin. Historic sketches. Cin. Mears, David Otis. 1842 — : Religous biography, sermons, etc., CI. Mees, Theo. Martin K. 1848 — : Pedagogics, etc. Woodville, O. Mielziner, Rev. Moses. 1828-1903: 'Judaism, etc. Cin. Minor, Dr. Thomas Chalmers. 1840 — : Medicine, fiction, Cin. Montfort. Francis Cassatt. 1844 — : Theology, etc. Cin. MooREHEAD, Warren King. 1800 — : Archaeology. Circleville. Morgan, Anna Eugenia Felicia. 1845 — : Scripture, philosophy, etc. Oberlin. MoRLEY, Edward Williams. 1839 — : Chemistry. CI. Morris, Edward Dafvdd. Theology. Col. Morris, Homer. 18()8 — : Cin. Morrow, James B. 1850 — : Editor "Leader." CI. MuNN, Hiram H. 1830—: History. CI. Murray, Charles Burleigh. 1837 — : Statistics. Cin. Myers, Philip Van Ness. 1840 — : History, College Hill. Nelson, Henry Addison. 1820 — : Theology. Wooster. Norton, Sidney Augustus. 1835 — : Chemistry, physics. Col. Norton, Thos. H. 1851 — : Chemistry. Cin. Orr, Charles. CI. Osborn, Herbert. 1850 — : Biology, embryology. Col. Page, Lorence M. CI. Painter, Mrs. J. V. CI. Parsons, Richard C. CI. Patterson, S. Louise. CI. Peaslee. John Bradley. 1842 — : Education. Cin. Pennock, Anna M. Psycholog)', education. Toledo. Ohio Centennial. 637 Perdue, Eugene Hartley. 1845 — : Journalism. CI. Perry, Alfred Tyler. 1858 — : Biblical works. Marietta. Peschan, F. W. E. 1849 — : Lutheran writer of prose and verse. Mi- amisburg. Philipson, David. 1862 — : Judaism, literature. Cin. Phister. Montgomery. 1852 — : Dramatic criticism. Cin. Piatt, John James. 1835—: Poet. North Bend, O. Piatt, Mrs. S. M. B. 1836—: Poet, North Bend, O. Pitman. Benn. 1822 — : Phonography. Cin. Platner, Samuel Ball. 1863. Greek and Latin Classics. CI. Porter, W. T. Railroading. Cin. Prosser, Charles Smith. 1860 — : Geology. Col. Randall, Emilius Oviatt. 1850 — : History, general literature. Col. Ravogli, Augustus. 1851 — : Medicine. Cin. Reed, Chas. A. Lee. 1856 — : Surgery, etc. Cin. Reeve, James Knapp. 1856 — : Fiction. Franklin. Ohio. Reeve, John Charles. 1826 — : Medicine. Dayton. Reeve, Sidney Amor. 186() — : Science. Dayton. RoBH. Mrs. Isabel H. CI. ' Robertson, George A. 1851 — : Journalism, history. Editor "Recorder."' CI. Roe. George M. Municipal history. Cin. Roe, Mary Josephine. Genealogy and general literature. Cin. Rohe, Charles Henry. 1846-1902. Fiction, poems. Col. Rose. Mrs. Martha E. CI. RoYSE, Noble K. Essays, school-books. Cin. Russell. Addison Peale. 1826 — : General literature. Wilmington. Ryan. W. A. Cin. Sal?n, Chas. P. CI. St. John. Chas. Edward. 1857 — : Physics, astronomy. Oberlin. Sanders. Thos. J. 1855 — : Theology, philosophy. VVesterville. Sargeant, Kate. CI. Sattler. Eric E. 1859 — : Medicine, etc. Cin. Scarborough. Wm. S. 1852 — : Education, philology, etc. Wilberforce; ScHAFF. David Schley. 1852 — : Biography. Cin. ScHUETTE, Conrad H. L. 1843 — : Church affairs. Col. ScovEL. Sylvester Fithian. • 1835 — : Morals, sociology. Wooster. Scribner, Harvey. 1850 — : Author, "My Mysterious Clients." Toledo.. Scudder. John Milton. M. D. Many books on Eclectic Medicine. Cin, Sharts. Joseph. Fiction. Cin. Sherwood, Isaac R. 1835 — : Journalist, author of "The Army Gray- back." CI. Sherwood. Mrs. Katherine M. Brownlee. 1841 — : Poet. Toledo. Shoemaker. Michael Myers. History, travel. Cin. Shuey, Edwin L. Sociology. Dayton. Siebert. Wilbur Henry. 1866 — : Historv. Col. '638 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Slocum, Chas. Ehlin. 1841 — : History, Genealogy. Defiance. ♦erry, Lyman Beecher. 1841 — : Physical science, morals. Oberlin, Sprague, Mary Aplin. 1849 — : Fiction. Newark, Ohio. Sprecher, Samuel P. CI. Springer, Narcissa S. CI. Sproull, Wm. Oliver. 1848—: Latin and oriental literature. Cin. Staley, Cady. 1840—: Of the Case School. Sewerage, etc. CI. Stanberry. Mrs. Geo. A. Cin. Steele, Robert W. History. Dayton. Steele, Mary D. Essay. Dayton. Stellhorn, Frederick W. 1841 — : Theology. Col. Stephenson. Nathaniel Wright. Fiction. Cin. ■Stevens. Geo. W. 186t) — : Poems. Toledo. Stevenson. Egbert Burton. 1872 — : Fiction. Chillicothe. Stewart, Eliza Daniel. 1816 — : "Mother Stewart," Temperance. Springfield. Stockwell, John Nelson. 1832 — : Astronomy. CI. Super, Charles W. 1842 — : Romance languages, education. Athens, O. -Swasey, Ambrose. 1840 — : Machinery. CI. SwEETZER, Delight. AIrs. F. F. Prentice. 1873 — : Stories, translations, etc. CI. Taft. Chas. P. 1843—: Education. Cin. Tapi'an. David Stanton. 1845 — ■: Religious works. Oxford. Taylor, Archibald A. E. 1834 — : Poems. Col. Terry, Theodore Brainard. 1843 — : Farming. Hudson. Thalheimer, Mary Elsie. History. Cin. Thompson, Adela E. Fiction. CI. Thompson, Eliza J. T. 1816 — : "The Mother of the Crusade." Tem- perance. Hillsboro. Thompson, HENR^' Adams. 1837 — : Biographical and historical books relating to church. Dayton. Thompson, Ralph Seymour. Editor of the "New Era." Temperance. Springfield. Thompson, Will L. 1847 — : Song writer. East Liverpool. Thomson, Peter Gibson. Bibliography. Cin. TnvyiNG, Charles Franklin. 1853 — : College life and general culture. CI. Tuttle, Hudson. 1836 — : Religion, spiritualism. Berlin Heights. TuTTLE, Emma Rood. 1839 — : Reform poems. Berlin Heights. Tuttle, Mary M. T. 1849 — : Temperance. Hillsboro. Venable, Wm. Henry. 1836 — : History, fiction, poetry. Cin. Venable, William Mayo. 1871 — : Military history, engineering. Cin. Venable, Mary. Writings on Music. Cin. Vincent. Boyd. 1845 — : P. E. Bishop. Religion. Cin. Wald. Gustavus Henry. 1853 — : Law. Cin. Walden, John Morgan. 1831 — : M. E. Bishop. Methodism, etc. Cin. Ohio Centennial. 639 "Walker. Paul Francis. Spanish icxt-books. Cin. Walton. Charles Eugak. 1849 — : Aledicine. Cin. Warner, Auoniran Judson. 1884 — : Finance. Marietta. Warren, Frederick Morris. 185!)—: Romance languages, etc. CI. Watson, David Kemper. 1849 — : Coinage, law, etc. Col. Whitco.md. Merrick. History. Cin. West, Thomas Dyson. Metallurgy and foundry work. CI. White. Emerson Eldridge. 1829 — : Pedagogics, school text-books. Col. Whittaker. Dr. James T. 1843-1900: Medicine. Cin. Whittaker, William Henry. Law. Cin. Williams. D.\vu). 1848 — : Medicine. Col. AVlson. Moses Fleming. 1889 — : Criminal Code. Cin. Wise, Rai',]',! Isaac Mayer. 1819-1900: Theology, history, polemics. Cin. Wright, Geor(;e Frederick. 1888 — : Editor "Bibliotheca Sacra," volu- minous writer on scientific and religious topics, special student of glacial phenomena. Oberlin. Wright. Henry Collier. Cin. Young, Jessie Row. max. 1844 — : Author of "Days and Xights on the Sea," "Helps for the Quiet Home," etc. Cin. Zollars, Eli Vaughan. 1847 — : Biblical Studies. Hiram, O. POETRY. some OHIO writers of verse and their works. The following list was furnished by Hon. C. B. Galbreath, State Librarian. It comprises an approximately complete catalogue of the Ohio verse-writers who have published in book form. All the earlier books and many of the later ones are to be found in the State Library, Columbus, Ohio. Adams, Charles Josiah. 1850 — : The Matterhorn' head and other poems, 1899. Adams, James Barton. 1843 — : Breezy western verse, 1898. Albaugh, N. H. Wayside blossoms. Dayton, 1885. Arey, Harriet Ellen G. 1819 — : Household songs and others poems. New York. 1885. Bacon, Delia. 1811-1859: The Bride of Fort Edward : a drama. 1850. Barnes, Henry : Guerilla bride. 1858. Barnitz, a. T. S. Mystic delvings. Cin. 1857. Barritt, Mrs. F. F. 18-2()- ? : Azlea : a tragedy. 1846. Bell. James Madison. 1826-1902: Poetical works of James M. Bell. 1901. BiDDLE. Horace P. 1811- ? : A few poems. Laporte. 1857. Brannan. Wm. Penx. 1825-18(56: Vagaries of Van Dyke Browne. Cin. 1865. 640 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Brothekton, M(rs. Alice Williams : Beyond the veil. Chicago. 1886'.- A Sailing of King Olaf. Chicago. 1887. Brown, W. W. : Bread if you please. Cleve. n. d. Burnett, Alfred. 1825- ? : Poems and recitations. Cin. 1847. Cary, Alice. 1820-1871 : Poems. Boston. 1855. Last poems. 1873. Poetical v/orks. 1883. Cary, Phoebe. 1824-1871: Poems and parodies. Boston. 1854. Cary, Alice and Phoebe : Poetical works, with memorial. Boston. 1880, Cist, Lewis J. 1818-1885: Trifles in verse. Cin. 1845. Coffinberry, Andrew: The Forest rangers. A poetic tale of the western wilderness of 1794. Columbus. 1842. Coffen, J. F. : The fate of genius. Cin. 1835. Collins, Laura G. : Immortelles and asphodels. Cin. 1893. Collins, Charles H. : Echoes from the Highland Hills. The New Year comes, my lady. Buffalo. 1895. Cooper, Dr. W. C. : Tethered truants. Poems, etc. Cin. 1897. CoRwiN, J. H. : The harp of home: or the medley. Cin. 1858. Crihfield, a. : The Universaliad. Cin. 1849. Criswell, R. C. : The new Shakespeare and other travesties. 1882. Denton, William. 1823- ? : Poems for reformers. Cleve. 1859. Dexter, Charles : Versions and verses. Boston. 1865. In memoriam, Versions and idle measures. 1891. Dillon, John B. : Burial of the beautiful. 1826. DooLiTTLE, J. C. : Poems. Toledo. 1858. DoRSAY. G. Volney : Oedipus Tyrannus of Sophocles. 1880. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. 1872 — : Oak and ivy. Dayton. 1893. Majors and minors. Dayton. 1895. Lyrics of lowly life. New York. 1896. Lyrics of the hearthside. New York. 1899. Lyrics of love and laughter. New York. 1903. Edgerton. James Arthur. 1869 — : Poems. 1889. Eldredge, Elizabeth Florence: Heart Songs. Cin. 1902. Ellard. Harry G. : Poems. Emerson. W. D. 1813- ? : Occasional thoughts in verse. Springfield. 1851. Emmett, Daniel Decatur. 1815 — : Hundreds of songs, including Old Dan Tucker, Dixie, etc. EwiNG. Thomas Jr.: Jonathan: a tragedy. New York. 1902. Flash. Henry Lynden. 1835- ? : Poems. 1860. Flint, Micah P. 1807-1830: The hunter and other poems. Boston. 1826. FosDicK, William White.max. 1825-1862: Ariel and other poems. New York. 1855. Frankenstein. John : American art. A satire. Cin. 1864. Fuller, Frances A. and Metta V. : Poems of sentiment and imagination. New York. 1851. Furnas. Boyd E. 1848-1897: Poems of heart and home. 1895. Gage, Mrs. F. D. 1808-1884: Poems by Frances Dana Gage. 186—. Ohio Centennial. 641 Gallagher, William Davis. 1808-1894 : Erato. In three small volumes. Cin. 1835-7. Poetical literature of the We^t. Cin. 1841. Mi- ami Woods and other poems. Cin. 1881. Gazlay, J. W. 1784—1874 : Sketches of life and social relations, with other poems. 1860. Gennin, Thomas H. 1822- ? : The Napolead in twelve books. St. Clairsville. 1833. Guest, Moses. 1756- ? : Poems and extracts from journal. Cin. 1823- GuNSAULUs, Frank Wakeley. 1856 — : Songs of night and day. 1896, Loose leaves of song. Phidias and other poems. Guthrie, Wm. .Norman. 1868 — : To kindle the yule log. Cin. 1899. A Vision of New Hellas. Cin. 1900. The old hemlock. Cin. 1902. The Christ of the ages. Cin. 1903. Hanby, Benjamin R. 1834-1867 : Nellie Gray and other songs. Harbaugh, T. C. 1849—: Maple leaves. Cin. 1884. Harrison, Jennie M. : Leola Leroy. 1872. Hay, John. 1838 — : (Sometime of Cleveland, Ohio.): Pike county ballads. 1871. Castilian days. 1871. Poems. 1890. Hentz, Mrs. Caroline Lee. 1800-1856: Lamorah; or the western wild; a tragedy. De Lara; or the Moorish bride; a tragedy. 1843. Con- stance of Werdenberg; a tragedy. Hodson, Joseph : Miscellaneous Poems. Wellsville. 1866. Howe, Mrs. Sarah J.: Boselas II; or the seige of Kiow, drama. 1847. Howells. William Dean. 1837 — : Poems. 1867. Stops of various quills. 1895. Isler, Arnold: Wild thoughts in rhymes. Columbus. 1873. Jones, Charles A. 1815- ? : The Outlaw and other poems. 1835. Kinney, Coates. 1826 — : Keeuka and other poems. Cin. 1855. Lyrics of the real and the ideal. Cin. 1887. Mists of Fire and other poems. Chicago. 1899. Lawrence, Wm. V. : Ellina, the bride of Montrose, Cambridge. 1873. Lawrence, Mrs. Ida Eckert : Day dreams. Cin. 1900. Leavitt, John McDowell. 1824-1888: Faith: a poem. Cin. 1856. Lloyd, Mrs. Sophia Webster: Poems. Cin. 18 — ? Locke, David Ross. 1833-1888: Hannah Jane. 1882. Longworth, Nicholas : Electra. Cin. 1878. LovEMAN, Robert. 1864 — : Poems. 1897. Book of verses. 1900. Lute. : Poems. Dayton. 1858. Lytle, William Haines. 1826-1863: Poems, edited by W. H. Venable. Cin. 1894. McGaffey, Ernest. 1861 — : Poems of gun and rod. 1892. Poems. 1895. Poems of the town. 1900. Sonnets to a wife. 1901. McLaughlin, E. A. 1798- ? : Lovers of the deep and other poems. Cin. 1841. Mering, Anna S. : Songs in the night. Cin. 1855. Moore, Thomas Emmett: Poems. (Ready for the press) 1903. 41 o. c. 642 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Nevin, William Channing. 1844—: Norsemen. Legend of Katama ^ Bay. Martha's Vineyard. Nicholas, Mrs. Rebecca S. 1820—: Bernice and other poems. Cin. 1844. Songs of the heart and the hearthstone. Phil. 1851. O'Hare, Teresa Beatrice: Songs at twihght. 1897. Piatt, Donn. 1819-1891 : Poems and Plays. Cin. 1893. Piatt, John James. 1835—: Poems in sunshine and firelight. Cin. 1866. Western windows, New York. 1869. Landmarks, New York. 1871. Poems of house and home, Boston. 1878. Idyls and lyrics of the Ohio Valley, Cin. 1881. At the Holy Well, Dublin. 1887. Book of Gold. 1889. Little New World idyls. 1893. The Ghost's Entry and other poems. 1895. Poems of two friends. (Piatt and W. D. Howells.) 1860. Piatt, Sarah Morgan Bryan. 1836—: Nests at Washington and other poems, (with Mr. Piatt). 1864. Children out of doors. Cin. 1885. A Woman's poems. Boston. 1871. A Voyage to the Fortunate Islands, Boston. 1874. That New World and other poems, Boston. 1876, Poems in company with children. 1877. Dramatic persons and moods. 1880. Irish Garland. 1885. Selected poems. 1885. In Primrose time. 1886. Child's world ballads. 1887. The W^itch in the glass. 1889. Irish wild flowers. 1891. The Enchanted Castle. 1893. Complete poems. 1894. Pierce, Thomas : Odes of Horace in Cincinnati, Cin. 1822. Muse of Hesperia. Cin. 1823. Plimpton, Florus B. 1830 — : Poems. (Illustrated memorial edition.) Cin. 1886. Pummill, James. 1828 — : Fugitive poems. Cin. 1846. Read, Thomas Buchanan. 1822-1872: "Sheridan's Ride," etc. Cin. 1861-7. Reid, Peter Fische: Voices of the wind. Chicago. 1868. Rice, Harvey. 1800—? Mount Vernon and other poems. 1860. Select Poems. Boston. 1878. Roberts, Anna S (Rickey). 1827-1858: Forest flowers of the West. Phil. 1850. Ross, Alex. Coffman. 1812-1883: Tippecanoe and Tyler too. Scrimpton, Charles : The Inebriate. Cin. 1858. Sew all, Alice Archer, 1870 — : Ode to girlhood, and other poems. 1899. Ballad of the prince. 1900. Seymour, Thomas Day, Ed. 1848 — : Selected odes of Pindar. Boston. 1882. Homer's Iliad. Boston. 1887-90. Shade, W. H. T. : Buckeyeland and Bohemia. Hillsboro. 1895. Shannon, Mrs. M. E. (Fee). 1824-1855: Buds, blossoms and leaves. Poems by Eulalie. Cin. 1854. Sharp, Kate Dooris : Eleanor's Courtship. 1888. Sherwood, Katharine Margaret. 1841 — : Camp-fire and Memorial- Day poems. Chicago. 1885. Dreams of the ages; a poem of Co- lumbia. 1893. Ohio Centennial. 643 Snider, Denton Jaques. 1841 — : Delphic days. 1878. Agamemnon's daughter. 1885. Prorsiis Retrorsus. 1890. Homer in Chios. 1891. Johnny Appleseed's rhymes. 1894. Sutliffe, Albert. 1830 — : Poems. Boston and Cambridge. 1859. Symmes, Frances Newton : Brier bloom. Cin. 1893. Tait, John Robinson. 1834—: Dolce far Niente. 1859. Taylor, Archibald A. E. 1834-1903 : Claudia Procula and other verses. 1899. Taylor, Mrs. Enoch : Naughty biography. 1878. Taylor, Wm. A. 1837 — : Roses and rue. 1895. Twilight or dawn? Thomas, Edith Matilda. 1854 — : New Year's masque and other poems. Boston. 1885. Lyrics and sonnets. Boston. 1887. The inverted torch. Boston. 1890. Fair Shadowland. Boston. 1895. In the young world. Boston. 1895. A winter swallow and other verse. 1896. Thomas, Frederick W. 1811-1866 : The Emigrant. Cin. 1833. Thomas, Lewis Foulke. 1815-1868 : Osceola : a drama. 1838. India : a legend of the lakes, and other poems. 1842. Torrence, F. R. : The house of a hundred lights. 1900. Truesdell, Mrs. Helen : Poems. Cin. 1856. Tuttle, Emma Rood. 1839 — : Blossoms and our spring. Gazelle. From soul to soul. Unseen city. Asphodel blooms. Yenable, William H. 1836 — : June on the Miami. Cin. 1872. Melo- dies of the heart. Cin. 1885. The teacher's dream. Illust. New York. 1881. Songs of school days. Cin. 1889. The last flight. Cin. 1894. Wallace, William Ross. 1819-1881 : Battle of Tippecanoe and other poems. 1837. Alban; a metrical romance. 1848. Meditations in America. 1851. Ward, James Warner. 1818 — : Yorick and other poems. 1838. Home- made verses. 1857. Warden, Robert Bruce. 1824 — : Ardvoirlich; a romantic tragedy. 1857. Warren, Manley : Rhymes, 1852. Welsh, Joseph S. : Harp of the West. 1839. Wheeler, Edward Jewitt. 1859 — : The Dutchman. White, John W. : George Seymour, or disappointed revenge, a drama. Mt. Vernon. 1858. Wilson, John M. : After office hours, and other poems. 1898. Woodmansee, James: The closing scene; a vision. Cin. 1857. Woolsey, Sarah Chauncey. (Susan Coolidge) : 1845 — : Verses. 1880. Ballads of romance and history. 1887. A few more verses.' 1888. Worth. Gorham A.: American bards; a modern poem. Cin. 1819. (First book of original verse published in the West.) Wright, Frances. 1795-1852: Altorf: a tragedy. Phila. 1819. 644 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. g PROSE WRITERS — SUPPLEMENTAL LIST. The following list of prose writers, in addition to the one already given, has been submitted by State Librarian C. B. Galbreath. Thf names of the authors and their works are taken from a list that he is pre- paring for use in the Ohio State Library. Adams, Charles Josiah. 1850 — : Where is my dog? or Is man alone immortal? 1892. Does man alone reason? 1901. Andrews, Israel Ward : 1815-1888. Manual of constitution. 1874. Albach, J AMES R. : Annals of the west. 1857. Armstrong, William Jackson : Artist historian. 1899. Siberia and the Nihilists. 1890. Greatest living man. 1902. Avery^ Elroy McKendree. 1844 — : Text books on chemistry and physics. Ballard, Harland Hoge. 1853 — : Three kingdoms. The world of matter. Open sesame. Re-open sesame. (With Barnes) : Barnes' readers and American plant-book. Barr, Granville Walter, 1860 — : In the third house. 1899. The ver- dict in the Rutherford case. 1899. The woman who hesitated. 1899. Larry McNoogan's cow. 1900. In the last ditch. 1900. Shacklett. 1901. Monograph on the valley of the Mississippi. 1899 Bates, Margaret Holmes. 1844 — : Manitou. 1881. The chamber over the gate. 1886. The price of the ring. 1892. Shylock's daughter. 1894. Jasper Fairfax. 1897. Six school speakers. 1887-1893. Beard, Lina and Adelia B. : American girl's' handy book. 1890. Beard, Thomas Francis. 1842 — : Blackboard in the Sunday School. Beecher, Lyman. 1775-1863. Plea for the West. 1835. Views on theology. 1836. Lectures on political atheism, etc. 1852. Sermons on various occasions. 1852. Views on theology. 1852. Beecher, Willis Judson. 1838 — : Farmer Tompkins and his Bibles. 1874. Benham, George Chittenden. 1836-1887 : Year of wreck. 1880. Benham, William George. 1860 — : Laws of scientific hand reading. 190v. Bergen, Fanny Dickerson. 1846 — : (With husband) The development theory. Glimpses at the plant world. (Editor) : Current supersti- tions ; animal and plate lore ; etc. Bessey, Charles Edwin. 1845—: Geography of Iowa. 1876. Botany for high schools and colleges. 1880. The essentials of botany. 1884. Elementary botanical exercises. 1892. (Editor) : American naturalist, 1880-97; Science, since 1897; Johnson's Cyclopedia, since 1893; McNab's Morphology, physiology and classification of plants. Bierce, Ambrose. 1842—: Cobwebs from an empty skull. 1874. Black beetles in amber. 1892. Can such a thing be? 1893. In the midst of life. 1898. Fantastic fables. 1899. (With Dr. A. Danziger) : Ohio Centennial. 645 BiEKCE, Ambrose. 1842 — Concluded. The Monk and the hangman's daughter. 1892. (Editor) : Argo- naut and wasp. BiTTiNGER, Lucy Forney. 1859—: Memorials of the Rev. J. B. Bittin- g-er. 1891. History of the Forney family of Hanover, Pa. 1893. The Germans in colonial times. 1901. BcLTON. Charles Knowles. 1867—: Saskia, the wife of Rembrandt. On the wooing of Martha Pitkin. Love story of Ursula Wolcott. The private soldier under Washington; and articles on library ad- ministration. BoMPiANi, Sophia Van Matre. 1835 — : Italian explorers in Africa. Short history of the Italian Waldenses. BosvvoRTH, Francke Huntington. 1843 — : Hand-book of diseases of the throat and nose. 1879. Treatise on diseases of the nose and throat. 1893. Text-book of diseases of the nose and throat. 1896. Brinkerhoff. Roeliff. 1828 — : Supplement to the 'Tamily of Joris Dircksen Brinkerhoff. 1892. Recollections of a life time. 1900. Brock, Sidney G. 1837—: Hawaiian Islands, their history, products and commerce. History of the navigation, commerce, tonnage, etc., of the Great Lakes. History of the Pacific states and Alaska — ac- quisition, wealth, products, commerce, etc. Advance of the United States for a hundred years, from 1790 to 1890. Brooks. William Keith. 1848 — : Handbook of invertebrate zoology. Stomalopoda of H. H. S. Challenger, a monograph of the genus salpa. Foundations of zoology. Oyster. Burke, Milo Darwin. 1841—: Brick for street pavements. 1893. Burkett, Charles William. 1873—: History of Ohio Agriculture. Burnett, Jacob. 1770-1853: Notes on the Northwestern Territory. 1847. BuTTERFiELD, CoNsuL W. 1824-1899: History of Seneca County, Ohio, 1848. Historical account of expedition against Sandusky. 1873. Washington-Crawford letters. 1877. Discovery of the Northwest by J. Nicolet. 1881. History of the Girtys. 1890. Brule's dis- coveries and explorations. 1898. Burton, Ernest DeWitt 1856—: Syntax of the moods and tenses in New Testament Greek. 1893. Letters and records of the apostolic age. 1895. Handbook of the life of Paul. 1899. (With W. A. Stevens) : Harmony of the gospels for historical study. 1894. Handbook of the life of Christ. 1894. (With Shailer Mathews) ; Constructive studies in the life of Christ. 1901. (Editor) : Bib- lical world since 1892 and of the Am. Jour, of Theology, 1897. Burton, Theodore Elijah. 1851—: Financial Crises. 1902. BusHEY, L. White. 1858—: Battle for 1900 (Republican). Byrne, Thomas Sebastian. 1842 — : Man from a Catholic point of view. (Translator with Rev. Dr. Pabisch) : Dr. Alzoy's church history. 1874-8. 646 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Cj\.ldwell, Howard Walter 1858 — : History of the United States, 1815- * 1861. 1896. Studies in history. 1897. Survey of American his- tory. 1898. Some great American legislators. 1899. Life of Henry Clay. 1899. Expansion of the United States. 1900. Campbell,, William Wallace. 1862 — : Elements of practical astronomy. 1899. Carpenter, Frank George. 1855 — : Carpenter's geographical readers — Asia, 1897; North America, 1898; South America, 1899; Europe, 1902. Through Asia with children. 1898. Through North America with children. 1898. South America— social, industrial and politi- cal. 1900. Carson R. B. Humorous thoughts. Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. 1847 — : Craque-o'-doom. Old caravan days. Secret at Roseladies. Romance of Dollard. Bells of Ste. Anne. Story of Tonty. Lady of Fort St. John. Old Kaskaskia. White islander. Chase of St. Castin and other tales. Spirit of an Illinois town and the little Renault. Days of Jeanne d'Arc. Bony and Ban. Mackinac and lake stories. Spanish Peggy. Lazarre ; etc. Chambers, Julius. 1850 — : Mad world and its people. On a margin. Lovers four and maidens five. Chats on journalism. Missing, a romance of the Sargasso sea. Rascal club. One woman's life. Cist, Charles. 1793-1868: Cincinnati in 1841. 1841. Sketches and sta- tistics of Cincinnati in 1851. 1851. Sketches and statistics of Cin- cinnati in 1859. 1859. Cincinnati miscellany, or antiquities of the West. 1846. Cist, Henry Martyn. 1839—: Army of the Cumberland. 1882. (With Col. Donn Piatt) : Life of Major-General George H. Thomas. Coblentz, Virgil J. 1862 — : Handbook of pharmacy. Newer reme- dies. (With S. P. Sadtler) : Medical and pharmaceutical chem- istry. Coggeshall, William T. 1824-1867. Stories of frontier adventure in the South and West. 1863. Poets and poetry of the West. 1860. His- torical sketch of the Ohio State Library, Columbus. 1858. An ac- count of newspapers in Ohio. Lincoln memorial. 1865. Advan- tages of local literature. 1859. Easy Warren and his contemp- oraries. CoMAN, Katherine. 1857 — : Growth of the English nation. 1895. His- tory of England. 1899. History of England for beginners. 1901. Commons, John Rogers. 1862 — : Distribution of wealth. Social re- form and the church. Proportional representation. Municipal elec- tric lighting. Representative democracy. Conner, Jacob Elon : Uncle Sam abroad. Cooper, Jacob 1830 — : Eleusian mysteries. 1854. Loyalty demanded by the present crisis. 1862. Biography of George Duffield, D. D., 1899. Biography of President T. D. Woolsey, D. D., LL. D. 1899. Biography of President William Preston Johnston, LL. D. 1900. Ohio Centennial. 647 Cooper, Jacob. 1830 — Concluded. Natural right to make a will. 1894. Creation, a transterer.^e of power. 1899. Passage from mind to matter. 1901. Corson, Ella May. Glimpses of Longfellow. 1903. Cox, Samuel S. 1824-1889: Arctic sunbeams. Isles of the princes. Orient sunbeams. Why we laugh. De jure and de facto. 1877. Eight years in Congress, 1857-1865. Our revenues and their treat- ment, etc. 1884. Tariff and protection. 1884. Cox, William Van Zandt. 1852—: Settlement of the Northwest Ter- ritory (monograph). 1896. Historical addresses on the Northern section of the District of Columbia. 1898. When Lincoln was under fire, Success. 1900. (With H. M. Northrup) : Life of Samuel S. Cox. 1899. Crew, Henry. 1859 — : Elements of physics. 1899. (Asst. Editor): Astrophysical Journal. Crosry, William Otis. 1850 — : Common minerals and rocks. Dyna- mical and structural geology. Tables for the determination of common minerals. Culbertson, James Coe. 1840 — : Luke, the beloved physician. 1899 (Editor) : Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, since 1873; Journal Am. Med. Assoc. 1891-93. Curtis, William Eleroy. 1850 — : Tibbalses folks. 1875. Summer scamper. 1881. Life of Zachariah Chandler, .187Q Children of the sun. 1882. Capitals of Spanish America. 1886. Land of the Nihilist. 1887. Trade and transportation. 1889. Handbook to the American republics. 1890. Guatemala. 1891. Costa Rir-a. 1891. Ecuador, 1891. Venezuela: a land where it is always sum- mer. 1891. United States and foreign powers. 1892, 1893. Exist- ing autographs of Columbus. 1893. Relics of Columbus. 1893. Recent discoveries concerning the early settlement of Americ? '' the archives of the Vatican. 1894. Yankees of the East. 1896 To- day in France and Germany, 1897. Between the Andes and the ocean. 1900. Custer, George Armstrong. 1839-1876. My life on the plans. 1872. Daggett, Mary Stewart. 1856 — : Mariposilla. 1895. 'Broad isle. 1899. X-Ray developments. 1900. Dahlgren, Madai jne Vinton. 1835-1898 : Etiquette of society in Wash- ington. 1873. South Sea sketches. 1874. Memoirs of Admiral Dahlgren. 1882. South mountain magic. 1882. Washington win- ter. 1884. Light and shadow of a life. 1887. Secret directory. 1896. Woodley Lane ghost and other stories. 1898. Thoughts on female .' jffrage. 1871. Lost name. 1886. Divorced. 1887. Chim : his Washington winter. 1892. Dana, E. : Geographical sketches of the western country. 1819. Daniels, Winthrop More. 1867 — : Revision and continuation of Alex- ander Johnston's History of the United States. 1897. Elements of public finance. 1894. 648 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Darrow^ Clarence S. 1857 — : Persian pearl (essays). Ha VIE, Oliver. 1857 — : Nests and eggs of North American birds. Methods in art of taxidermy. Reveries and recollections of a naturalist. Life histories of the birds of Ohio. Odds and ends, 1902. Davis, Lemuel Clark. 1835 — : Stranded ship. Dawes, Charles Gates. 1865 — : Banking systems of the United Sta^es. Dawson, Moses : Historical narrative of the civil and military services of Major-General William H. Harrison. 1824. Delafield, John Jr. : An inquiry into the origin of the antiquities of America. 1839. Brief topographical description of the County of Washington, in the State of Ohio. 1834. Dessar, Leo Charles : Royal enchantress. 1900. Dick, Samuel Medary. 1857 — : Short talks on our national flag. 1895. Principle of synthetic unity in Berkeley and Kant. 1898. Dillon, John B. : History of Indiana. 1859. Dolley, Charles Sumner 1856 — : Biological terms in Standard Dic- ~, tionar}'. Biological department of Gould's Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine and Biology. Drake, Benjamin. 1794-1841 : Cincinnati at the close of 1835. Life and adventures of Black Hawk. 1838. Tales and sketches of the Queen City. 1839. Life of Tecumseh and his brother the prophet. 1841. (With Mansfield) : Cincinnati in 1826. 1827. \)rake, Daniel. 1785-1852 : Natural and statistical view of Cincinnati. 1815. Geological account of the valley of the Ohio. 1818. The people's doctors. 1830. An account of the epidemic of cholera in Cincinnati. 1832. Drone, Eaton Sylvester. 1842 — : Law of property in intellectual pro- ductions, embracing copyright and playright. (Editor): New York Herald. Dtt Bois, Augustus Jay. 1849 — : Elements of graphical statistics. 187C. 1883. The new method of graphical statistics. 1876. Strains in framed structures. 1883. Elements of mechanics. 1893-5. (Trans- lator) : Hydraulic motors. (Weisbach). 1877. Calculation of strength and dimensions of iron and steel construction. (Wey- ranch.) 1890. Principles of thermodynamics. (Rontgen.) 1889. Du Bois, Constance Goddard : Martha Corey : a Tale of the Salem witch- craft. 1890. Columbus and Beatriz. 1892. Modern pagan. 1895. Shield of the Fleur-de-Lys. 1895. Soul in bronze. 1900. Dudley, Lucy Bronson. 1848 — : Contributions to the knowledge of the Semites. 1893. Letters to Ruth. 1896. Royal journey. 1900. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. 1872 — : Folks from Dixie. 1898. The un- called. 1898. Strength of Gideon. 1900. Love of Landry. 1900. Fanatics. 1901. Edgerton, James Arthur. 1869 — ; Populist hand-book for 1894. Pop- ulist hand-book for Nebraska. 1895. Edwards, Samuel E. : The Ohio hunter. 1866. Ohio Centennial. 64?) Elliott, Byron K. 1835 — : Work of the advocate. Appellate procedure. Law of roads and streets. Law of railroads. Elliott, George. 1851—: Abiding Sabbath. 1884. Ellis, Anna M. B. : Bermuda romance. Tragic marriage. Part of a summer. New Edinburgh notes. Actors at home. Clubs are trumps. Sketches in Bermuda ; etc. Ellis, Edward Sylvester. 1840 — : Eclectic primary history of tlie United States. 1885. Youth's history of the United States. 1887. Standard arithmetics. 1887. History of our country. 1896. Stand- ard history of the United States. 1898. Deerfoot series of juven- iles ; etc. Elson, Henry William. 1857 — : Side lights on American history. 1899. Four historical biographies for children : Andrew Jackson, U. S. Grant, Daniel Boone and Frances Willard. 1899. How to teach history. 1901. Elson's history of the United States. Ernst, Harold Clarence. 1856 — : Infectiousness of milk. 1896. In- fection and immunity. 1898. Prophylactic hygiene. (Editor) : Jour. Boston Soc. Med. Science. Ernst, Oswald Herbert. 1842: Manual of practical military engineering. Evans, Lawrence Boyd. 1870 — : Civil government in the United States. 1901. Federal government. 1901. Evans, Nelson W. 1842 — :History of Scioto county, and pioneer rec- ord of southern Ohio. 1903. (With Stivers, E. B.)': History of Adams county, Ohio. EwiNG, Hugh BdvLE. 1826 — : Castle in the air. Black list. Fairchild, George Thompson. 1838 — : Rural wealth and welfare, eco- nomic principles illustrated and applied in farm life. 1900. Farmer, James Eugene. 1867 — : Essays on French history. 1897. The grenadier. 1898. Grand mademoiselle. 1899. Fassig. Oliver Lanard. 1860 : Bibliography of meterology. Report of the Chicago Meteorological Congress, held in 1893. FiNLEY, James B. 1781-1856 : History of the Wyandot mission at Up- per Sandusky, Ohio. 1840. Sketches of western methodism. 1854. Autobiography of James B. Finley. 1857. FiNLEY, Martha. 1828—: Elsie Dinsmore. 1868. Elsie's holidays. 1869. Elsie's girlhood. 1872. Elsie's womanhood. 1875. Elsie's mother- hood. 1876. Elsie's children. 1877. Elsie's widowhood. 1880. Grandmother Elsie. 1882. Elsie's new relatione. 1883. Elsie at Nantucket. 1884. Two Elsies. 1885. Elsie's kith and kin. 1886. Elsie's friends at Woodburn. 1887. Christmac with Grandma Elsie. 1888. Elsie and the Raymonds. 1889. Elsie's yachting with the Raymonds. 1890. Elsie's vacation. 1891. Elsie at Viamede. 1892. Elsie at Ion. 1893. Elsie at the world's fair. 1894. Elsie's jour- ney on inland waters. 1894. Elsie at home. 1897. Elsie on the Hud- son. 1898. Elsie in the south. 1899. Elsie's young folks. 1900. Mil- dred Keith. 1878. Mildred at Roselands 1879. Mildred and Elsie 1881. Mildred's married life. 1882 Mildred at home. 1884. Mii 650 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ■-^iN LEY, Martha. 1828 — Concluded. % dred's boys and girls. 1886. Mildred's new daughter. 1894. Cassella. 3 807. Old fashioned boy. 1870. Our Fred. 1874. Wanted a pedigree. 1870. Signing the contract and what it cost. 1878. Thorn and the nest. 1880. Tragedy of Wild River Valley. 1893. Tiddledewit. 1898. Fletcher, Robert Howe. 1850 — : Blind bargain. Johnstown stage. Marjorie and her papa. Flick, Alexander Clarence. 1869:— Loyalism in New York. 1901. History of New York. 1901. Flickinger, Daniel Kumler. 1824—: Offhand sketches in Africa. Sermons. Ethiopia, or twenty-six years of missionary life in. Western Africa. Church's marching orders. Our missionary work from 1853 to 1889. Flint, Timothy. 1780-1840: Letters from America. 1822. Recollections of the last ten years. 1826. A condensed geography and history of the western states. 1828. Indian wars of the West. 1833. FoOTE, Edward Bliss. 1829 — : Medical common sense. Plain home talk. Science in story. Dr. Foote's home cyclopedia of medical and. social science. Foraker. Joseph Benson. 1846 — : Ohio in the Senate of the United States. 1903. Foster, Randolph Sinks. 1820 — : Objections to Calvanism. Christian purity. Centenary thoughts. Beyond the grave. Studies in the- ology. Philosophy of Christian experience. Union of Episcopal Methodism. F'rechette, Annie Howells : On grandfather's farm. Farm's little people. (With Count de Premio-Neal) : Popular sayings from old Iberia. Freedley, Angelo Tillinghast. 1850—: General corporation law of Pennsylvania. 1880. Limited partnerf'^ip association laws of Penn- sylvania. 1884. Funk, Isaac Kaufman. 1839 — : Editor-in-chief; Standard Dictionary. (Editor) : Metropolitan pulpit (now The Homiletic Review) 1876; The Voice, 1880; The Missionary Review, 1888; The Literary Digest, 1889. Gallagher, William D. 1808 — : Facts and conditions of the progress of the Northwest. 1850. (Editor): Backswoodsman, 1830; Mirror, 1831—; Western Literary Journal and Monthly Review, 1836;. The Hesperian. 1838-1839; Selections from the Poetical literature of the West. 1841. Garfield, James Abram. 1831-1881 — :Discovery and ownership of the Northwest Territory. 1874. Gates, Elmer. 1859 — : Psychurgy, or the art of using the mind. Art and mind-building ; etc. Ohio Centennial. 651 Gates, W. Francis. 1865 — : Musical mosaics. 1889. Anecdotes of great musicians. 1895. Pipe and strings. 1894. In praise of music. 1898. Hand gymnastics for piano students. 1898. Melodic vocal- ises. 1901. GiDDiNGS, Joshua Reed. 1795-1864. Exiles of Florida. 1858. Speeches 1853. The Rebellion : its authors and causes. 1804. Gladden, Washington. 1836 — : Plain thoughts on the art of living. 1868. From the Hub to the Hudson. 1869. Working men and their employers. 1876. Being a Christian. 1876. The Christian way. 1877. The Lord's prayer. 1880. The Christian league of Connecticut. 1883. Things new and old. 1884. Young men and the churches. 1885. Applied Christianity. 1887. Parish prob- lems. 1888. Burning questions of the life that now is and that is to come. 1889. Tools and the man. 1893. Cosmopolic city club. 1893. Who wrote the Bible? 1894. Ruling ideas of the present age. 1895. Seven puzzling Bible books. 1897. Social facts and forces. 1898. The Christian pastor and the working church. 1898. Art and morality. 1898. How much is left of the old doctrines? 1899. Witnesses of light. 1903. Gordon, Joseph Clabaugh. 1842 — : Education of the deaf children. Notes and observations on the education of the deaf, etc. Granger, Moses Moorehead. 1831 — : Washington versus Jeflferson. Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-1885 : Personal memoirs. 1885. Graves, Henry Solon. 1871 — : White pine. 1896. Gray, William C. 1830 — : Campfire musings. Clear creek, etc. Grimsley, George Perry. 1868 — : Study of granites of Cecil Co., Md. Gypsum deposits of Kansas. Microscopical study of limestones of Ohio. Mineral resources of Kansas. Gypsum and cement plasters, 1899; etc.- Gunsaulus, Frank Wakeley. 1856 — : Transfiguration of Christ. Monk and Knight. Life of William Edward Gladstone. Meta- morphosis of a creed. November at Eastwood. Man of Galilee. Hall, Edward Henry. 1831 — : Orthodoxy and heresey in the Christian church. Lessons on the life of St. Paul. Discourses. Papais and his contemporaries. 1899. Hall, James. 1793-1868: Letters from the West. 1828. Western sou- venir. 1829. Legends of the West. 1832. Sketches of history, life and manners in the West. 1835. Memoirs of the public services of William Henry Harrison of Ohio. 1836. Statistics of the West. 1836. Notes on the western states. 1838. Reply to strictures on sketches of the West. 1838. Wilderness and the war-path. 1836. The West; its commerce and navigation. 1848. The West; its soil, surface and productions. 1848. Romance of western history. 1857. Harper, William Rainey. 1856 — : Elements of Hebrew. Elements of Hebrew syntax. Hebrew vocabularies. Prospects of the small col- lege. 1900. (With Weidner) : Introductory New Testament, Greek 652 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Harper, William Rainey. 1856 — Concluded. A method. Teacher's manual for an inductive Latin primer. (With Burgess) : Elements of Latin. 1900. Harrison, Benjamin. 1833-1901 : Speeches. 1892. This country of ours. 1897. Harrison, Jonathan Baxter. 1835 — : Certain dangerous tendencies in American life. Latest studies in Indian reservations. Harrison, William Henry. 1773-1841 : Discourse on the aborigines of the valley of the Ohio. Reply to charges against. 1830. Harvey, Thomas W. 1821-1892. Harvey's grammars. Hay, John. 1838—: Castilian days. 1871. . Pike county ballads. 1871. Translations of Castelar's Democracy in Europe. 1872. Sir Walter Scott: An address. 1897. (With Nicolay) : Abraham Lincoln, a history. 1890. Hayes. Ellen. 1851 — : Elementary trigonometry. 1896. Algebra. 1897. Calculus, with applications. 1900. Heckwelder, John G E. 1743-1823: History, manners and customs of the Indian nations, etc., 1818. Narrative of the mission of the United Brethren, etc. 1820. Heistand, Henry Olcot Sheldon. 1856 — : Alaska, its history and de- scrpition. 1898. Heitman, Francis Barnard. 1838 — : Editor: Historical Register Offi- cers U. 3 .Army and Volunteers. 1890. Historical Register Offi- cers of the Continental Army, war of the Revolution. 1893. Herrick, Sophia M'Ilvaine Bledsoe. 1837 — : Chapters in plant life. Earth in past ages. Wonders of plant life. Kervey, Walter Lowrie. 1862 — : Picture work. 1896. Hildreth, S. p. 1783-1863: Pioneer History. 1848. Biographical and historical memoir of the early pioneer settlers of Ohio. 1852. Con- tributions to the early history of the North West. 1864. Original contributions of the American Pioneers. Observations on the salif- erous rock formation in the valley of the Ohio. Observations on bituminous coal deposits of the valley of the Ohio. Results of meteorological observations made at Marietta. Hinsdale. Burke Aaron. 1837-1900: Schools and studies. 1884. How to study and teach history. 1894. Discovery of America. 1892. President Garfield and education. 1895. I^orace Mann and the common school revival in the U. S. 1898. Old Northwest. 1899. (Editor) : Works of James Abram Garfield. 1883. Hinman. Russel. 1853 — : Eclectic elementary geography. Eclectic com- plete geography. Eclectic physical geography. (With Redway, J. W) : Natural elementary geography. Natural advanced geography. (Editor) : School and college text-books. "Hodder, Alfred. 1866 — : Specious present; a metaphysical treatise. 1901. (With J. F. Williard) : Powers that prey. 1900. Hogue, Addison. 1849 — : Irregular verbs of Attic prose. 1889. Ohio Centemiial. 65S HoLBROOK, Martin Luther. 1831 — : Hygiene of the brain and cure of nervousness. Eating for strength. Parturition without pain. Liver complaint. Mental dyspepsia and headache. Chastity. Marriage and parentage. Hygienic treatment of consumption. Stirpiculture, etc. Holmes, William Henry. 1846 — : Archaeological studies among the cities of Mexico. 1895. Stone implements of the Potomac-Chesa- peake tidewater province. 1897. Preliminary revision of the evi- dence relating to auriferous gravel man in California. Howells, William Dean. 1837 — : Life of Abraham Lincoln. 1860. Venetian life. 1890. Italian journeys. 1894. Suburban sketches. Howell, William Dean. 1837 — Concluded. 1893. No love lost. 1869. Their wedding journey. 1894. Chance acquaintance. 1894. Foregone conclusion. 1892. Out of the ques- tion. 1877. Life of Rutherford B. Hayes. 1876. Counterfeit pre- sentment. 1877. Lady of Aroostook. 1879. Undiscovered coun- try. 1893. Fearful responsibility and other tales. 1893. Dr. Breene's practice. 1881. Modern instance. 1881. Woman's reason. 1882. Three villages. 1884. Rise of Silas Lapham. 1884. Tus- can cities. 1894. Little girl among the old masters. 1884. Minis- ter's charge. 1887. Indian summer. 1885. Modern Italian poets. 1887. April hopes. 1888. Annie Kilburn. 1888. Hazard of new fortunes. 1889. Sleeping car and other farces. 1889. Mouse-trap and other farces. 1889. Shadow of a dream. 1890. Imperative duty. 1892. Roy's town. 1890. Albany depot. 1893. Criticism and fiction. 1893. Quality of mercy. 1891. Letter of Introduc- tion. 1892. Little Swiss sojourn. 1893. Christmas every day. 1893. Unexpected guests. 1893. World of chance. 1893. Coast of Bohemia. 1883. My year in a log cabin. 1893. Traveler from Altruria. 1894. My literary passions. 1895. Day of their wed- ding. 1896. Parting and Meeting. 1896. Impressions and ex- periences. 1896. Stops of various quills. 1895. Landlord at Lion's Head. 1877. Open-eyed conspiracy. Stories of Ohio. 1897. Story of a play. 1898. Ragged lady. 1899. Pair of patient lovers. 1901. Heroines of fiction. 1901. Their silver wedding journey. 1902. Literary friends and acquaintance. 1902. Ken- tons's. 1902. Literature and life. 1902. (Editor) : Choice auto- bibographies with essays. 1877. Library of universal adventure. HoYT, John Wesley. 1831 — : Resources of Wisconsin. 1860. P..e- ports, Wis. State Agr. Comm'rs. 1874-5. Progress of university education. 1870. Studies in civil service. HoYT, Wayland. 1838 — : Hints and helps for the Christian life. Pres- ent lessons from distant days. Gleams from Paul's prison. Brook in the way. Saturday afternoon. Light on life's highway. Along the pilgrimage. At his feet. For shine and shade. Hubbard, Lucius Lee. 1849 — : Hubbard's guide to Moosehead Lake and northern Maine. Woods and lakes of Maine. 1884. 654 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Hudson, James Fairchild. 1846—: Railways and the republic. 1887. Silver symposium. 1890. WuNTER, William H. : Pathfinders of Jefferson County, O. 1898. Huntington, Webster Perit. 1865 — : The Signor. 1898. Huntley, Florence : Dream child. 1893. Harmonics of evolution. 1899. Hyde, Solon. 1838 — : Captive of war. Hyslop, James Hervey. 1854—: Elements of logic. 1892. Ethics of Hume. 1893. Elements of ethics. 1895. Democracy. 1899. Logic and argument. 1899. Syllabus of psychology. 1899. Irish, Frank V. American and British authors. Grammar and analysis by diagrams. Orthography and orthoepy. (Compiler) : Treasured thoughts. Jackman, Wilbur Samuel. 1855 — : Nature study for the common •schools. 1891. Number work in nature study. 1894. Field work in nature study. 1894. Nature study and related subjects. 1898. Nature study for the grammar grades. 1898. Nature study record. 1895. Jefferson, Charles Edward. 1860 — : Quiet talks with earnest people in my study. Johnson, Elias Finley. 1861— : Johnson on bills and notes. Johnson, Franklin. 1836 — : Dies Irae. 1880. Stabat mater Dolorosa and the Stabat Mater Speciosa. i386. Gospel according to Mat- thew, with notes. 1873. Moses and Israel. 1874. Heroes and judges from the law-givers to the king. 1875. True womanhood — Hints on the formation of womanly character,. 1884. Romance in song — Heine's lyrical interlude. 1884. New psychic studies in their relation to Christian thought. 1886. Quotations of the New Testament, from the Old, considered in the light of general liter- ature. 1896. Home missionaries. 1899. Johnson, John Butler. 1850 — : Theory and practice of surveying. 1886. Modern framed structures. 1893. Engineering contracts and speci- fications. 1895. Materials of construction. Johnston, Nathan Robinson. 1820 — : Looking back from the sunset land, or, People worth knowing. (Editor) : Free Press, anti- slavery paper, New Concord, O. 1848-9. Our Banner in Phila- delphia. Jones, Marcus. 1852 — : Excursion botanique. 1879. Ferns of the west. 1883. Salt Lake City. 1889. Some phases of mining in Utah. Kennan, George. 1845 — : Tent life in Siberia. 1870. Siberia and the exile system. 1892. Campaigning in Cuba, 1899* etc, Keyser, Leander Sylvester. 1856: — Only way out. 1888. Birddom. 1892, In bird land. 1894. News from the birds. 1898. Kester, Paul. 1869—: Tales of the real gypsy. Plays): Countess Roudine (with Fiske). Zamar, Student of Salamanaca. Nell Gwynne. What dreams may come. Meg Merrilles. Eugene Aram. Cousin of the king (with V. Kester), Sweet Nell of Old Drury. When knighthood was in flower, (dramatization). Ohio Centennial. 655 KiNGSLEY, Florence Morse. 1859 — : Titus : a Comrade of the cross. 1894. Stephen. 1896. Paul. 1897. Prisoners of the sea. 1897. Cross triumphant. 1899. Transfiguration of Miss .Philura. 1901. KiTCHELL, Joseph Gray, 1862 — : American supremacy. 1901, Ladd, George Trumbull. 1842 — : Principles of church polity. 1882. Doctrine of sacred Scripture. 1884, Lotze's outlines of philosophy, transl. 1887. Elements of physiological psychology. What is the Bible. 1888. Introduction to philosophy, 1889. Outlines of physiological psychology. 1890, Philosophy of the mind. 1891. Primer of psychology. 1894. Psychology, descriptive and explan- atory. 1894 Outlines of descriptive psychology. 1898. Philoso- phy of knowledge. 1897. Essays on higher education, 1899. Theory of reality. 1899, Lectures to teachers on educational psy- chology. Lamptox, WiLLiAivx James : Yawps and other things. JLaughlin, James Laurence. 1850 — : Anglo-Saxon legal procedure in Anglo-Saxon laws. 1876. J. S. Mill's principles of political ■economy. 1884. Study of political economy. 1885. History of bimetallism in U. S. 1886. Elements of political economy. 1887. Gold and prices since 1873. 1887. Facts about money. 1895. Re- port of monetary commission. 1898. Xee, Alfred Emory. 1838 — : Battle of Gettysburg. 1888, European days and ways, 1890. History of the city of Columbus. 1893, Silver and gold. 1893. Lee, Elmer. 1856 — : Treatise on Asiatic cholera. Medical treatment of appendicitis. The 20th century health book. Leonard, Charles Henry. 1860 — : Pocket anatomist. Reference and dose book. Manuai of bandaging. Hair and its diseases. Materia medica and therapeutics. Physicians' account books. Lesquereux, Leo. 1806-1899: Works palentology, botany, etc. Lewis, Charles B. 1842 — : Field, fort and fleet: Sketch book of the civil war. Lime-kiln club. Sawed-off sketches. Mr, and Mrs, Bowser. Quad's odds. Lewis, William G. W. : Biography of Samuel Lewis. 1857, Locke, David Ross. 1833-1888 : Divers views, opinions and prophesies of yours truly. 1865. Swingin' round the cirkle. 1866. Echoes from Kentucky. Moral history of America's life struggle. 1872. Struggle of P. V. Nasby. 1873. The morals of Abou Ben Adhem, or eastern fruit in western dishes. 1875. A paper city. 1878. Hannah Jane (poem). 1882. Nasby in exile. 1882. Long, John Harper, 1856 — : Elements of general chemistry, 1898. Text book of analytical chemistry, 1898. Text book of the urine analysis. 1900. Laboratory manual of physiological chemistry. 1894. Long, Simon Peter. 1860 — : Prepare to meet thy God. LuccocK, Naphthali . 1858 : — Christian citizenship. Living words from the pulpit. 666 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. McBride, James: Pioneer biography. 1869-70. Symmes' theory of con- centric spheres. 1826. ;N#Clain, Emlin. 1851—: McClain's annotated statutes of Iowa, 1880;. supplement, 1892. Outlines of criminal law and procedure. 1884. Digest of Iowa Reports. 1886 ; supplement, 1892. Cases on the law of carriers. 1896. Treatise on the criminal law as now admin- istered in the United States. 1897. Selection of cases on constitu- tional law. 1900. McCooK, Christopher. 1837 — : Agricultural ants of Texas. Honey and Occident ants. American spiders and their spinning work. Tenants, of an old farm. Old farm fairies. Woman friends of Jesus. Gospel in nature. Object and outline teachings. Ecclesiastical emblems. Latimers, a Scotch-Irish historic romance of western insurrection. Martial graves of our fellow-heroes in Santiago de- Cuba ; a Record of the Spanish-American war. MacCkacken Henry Mitchell. 1840 — : Tercentenary of Presbyter- anism. Kant and Lotze. Metropolitan university. Leaders of the church universal. Lives of church leaders : or, Heroes of the cross. 1900, etc. McCuRDY, Stewart LeRoy. 1859 — : Manual of orthopaedic surgery, 1898. Oral surgery. 1901. MacDill, David. 1826 — : Bible a miracle. Mosaic authorship of the Bible. Premillennialism discussed. McDonald, John : Biographical sketches of General Nathaniel Massie, General Duncan McArthur, Captain William Wells and General Simon Kenton. 1838. Macgahan, Januarius Aloyssius. 1844-1878: Campaigning on the Oxus. ' 1874. Under the northern lights. 1876. McGraw, James F. : Philip Seymour, or, Pioneer life in Richland county, Ohio. 1830. McGuffey, Alexander Hamilton. 1816-1896: McGuffey's Fifth Reader. McGuffey, William Holmes. 1800-1865. McGuffey's eclectic spelling: book. McGuffey's readers, 1-4. McLean, John Patterson: Examination of Norse discovery of America. 1892. Scotch Highlanders in America. 1900. Indians, their man- ners and customs. 1889. Examination of Fingal's Cave. 1890. Mastodon, mammoth and man. 1880. Mound-builders. 1879. McPiiERSON, Logan Grant. 1863 — : Monetary and banking problem. 1896. Manatt, James Irving. 1845 — : Mycenaean age. 1897. Mansfield, Edward D. 1801-1880. Memoirs of the life and services of Daniel Drake. 1855. Personal memories. 1879. Lives of U. S. Grant and S. Colfax. 1868. Mexican war. 1850. Martin, Victoria Claflin Woodhull. 1838 — : Origin, tendencies and principles of government. Social freedom. Garden of Eden sii||pi- culture. Rapid multiplication of the unfit. Human body the temple of God. Argument for woman's electorial rights; etc. Ohio Centennial. 657 Mather, Frederick Gregory. 1844 — : (Editor and compiler) : New York in tlie Revolution 1899. Mayo-Smith, Richmond. 1854 — : Emigration and immigration. 1890. Sociology and statistics. 1895. Statistics and economics. 1899. Maxwell, William. (Editor) : Maxwell Code. 1796. Mead, George Whitefield. 1865 — : Modern methods in church work. 1897. Mees, Arthur. 1850 — : Chorus and choral music. Merrill, Stephen Mason. 1825 — : Christian baptism. New Testa- ment idea of hell. Second coming of Christ. Aspects of Chris- tian experience. Digest of Methodist law. Outline thoughts on prohibition. Mary of Nazareth and her family. Union of Ameri- can Methodism. Crisis of this world. Miller, Walter. 1864 — : Latin prose composition for college use. 1890. Mills, Job Smith 1848 — : Mission work in West Africa. 1898. Man- ual of family worship, 1900. Mitchel, Frederick Augustus. 1837 — : Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel, astronomer and general. . War romances — Chattanooga ; Chick- amauga ; etc. Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight. 1809-1862 : Planetary and stellar worlds. 1848. Concise elementary treatise of the sun, planets, satellites and comets. 1860. Astronomy of the Bible. 1863. Montgomery, Edward Emmet. 1849 — : Practical gynecology. 1900. Moody, Helen Watterson : Unquiet sex. 1898. Morris, B. F. : Life of Thomas Morris. 1856. Morrow. Josi.\h : Life and speeches of Thomas Corwin. 1896. Cen- tennial sketch of Lebanon. 1902. Nash, Henry Sylvester. 1854 — : Genesis of the social conscience. Re- lation between the establishment of Christianity in Europe and the social question. 1896. Ethics and revelation. 1898. History of the higher criticism of the New Testament. 1900. Naylor, James Ball: Ralph Marlowe. 1901, Sign of the prophet. 1901. In the daysof St. Clair. 1902. Nettleton, Alured Bayard. 1838 — : Trusts or competition. 1900. MuRDOCK, James Edward. 1811-1893: Stage. 1880. Plea for spoken language. 1883. Analytic elocution. (With William Russell) : Orthophony, or culture of the voice. 1845. Nevin, William Channing. 1844 — : History of all religions. Life of Rev. Albert Barnes. Blue ray of sunlight. Slight misunder- standing. Wild goose chase. In the nick of time. Joshua Whit- comb's tribulations. Summer school adventure. Is there real danger? etc. Newberry, William Belknap. 1867 : — (With brother) : Chemical constitution of Portland cement. Norton, William Harmon. 1856 : — Artesian wells of Iowa. 42 o. c. 668 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Oliver, Charles Augustus. 1856—: Correlation theory of color per- ^ eeption. Opthalmic methods in recognition of nerve diseases. • 1896. NoRRis, W. F.: Text book of opthalmology. (Ed. with Norris, W. F.) : System of diseases of the eye. 1897-1900. Ocular thera- peutics. 1900. Summary of errors of refraction. 1900. Injuries to the eye. 1900. Annals of ophthalmology. Annales de oftal- mologia. Opper, Frederick Burr. 1857—: Folks in Funnyville. Orr, Charles. 1858—: (Editor) : Pequot war. 1897. Philobiblon. 1899. Bibliomania in the middle ages. OsMUN, Thomas Embley. 1834—: Orthoepist. 1880. Verbalist. 1881. Acting and actors. 1894. Mentor. 1897. Essentials of elocution. 1897. Some ill-used words. 1901. Ott, Edward Amherst, 1807—: How to gesture. 1892. How to use the voice in reading and speaking. 1893. Sour grapes. 1897. Philip Guard. Paine, Halhert Eleazer. 1826—: Paine on elections. 1888. Palmer, Arthur Hubijell 1859—: (Editor): Riehl's Burg Neideck. 1893. Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, with introduction, notes and vo- cabulairy.. 1898. Schiller's Thirty years' war. 18D9. Goethe's Her- majirr and Dorothea. Parsons, Albert Ross. 1847 — : Wagner's Beethoven. 1870. Science of pianoforte practice. Parsifal, or the Finding of Christ through art. New light from the great pyramid. 1893. Cornet Joseph Parsons, A. D. 1636-55. 1901. Garrard-Spenser family chart, A. D., 1000-1876. 1897. Paxson, W. a. : Buckeye Baron. 1901. Pbake^ Elmore Elliott. 1871 — : Darlingtons. 1900. PEARSiCkN. Francis Ball. 1853^ — : (Complete): Ohio history sketches. 1903. Peet, Stephen Denison. 1830 — : Ashtabula disaster, 1876. History of the the Congregational church, CHnton, Wis. 1812. History of the early missions in Wisconsin. 1898. Religious beliefs of the aborigines of North America. 188(). Clan centers and clan habitat of the effigy builders. Explorations in the Mississippi Valley. 1896. JPkppek» Charles M. I860—: To-morrow in Cuba. 1899. Perkins, James H. 1810-1849. Annals of the west. 1850. Channing, W. H. Memoirs and writings of. 1851. PiCARD, George Henry. 1850 — : Matter of taste. 1887. Mission flower. 1887. Old Boniface. 1888. Madame Noel. 1900. PlTTtNGER, WiLLJA.M. 1840 — : Daring and suffering. 1863. Oratory, sacred and secular. 1867. Capturing a locomotive. 1881. Ex- tempore speaker. 1886. Interwoven gosepls. 1887. Great loco- motive chase. 1889. Debater's treasury. 1891. Toasts. 1894. ItANDALL, David Austin. 1813-1844. Handwriting of Ciod in Egypt, Sinai and the Holy Land. 1862. Ham-mishkan, the wonderful tent. 1886. Ohio Centennio 669 Ray, Joseph. 1807-1865. Ray's arithmetics. Ray's algebras. Raymond, Rossiter Worthington. 1840 — : Mineral resources of the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains. Glossary of min- ing and metallurgical terms. Die Leibgarde. Brave hearts. Man in the moon. Two ghosts. Life of Alix L. Holley. Life of Peter Cooper. (Editor) : Am. Jour, of Mining, 1867-8; Engineering and Mining Jour, since 1868. Reed, Verner Z. 1863—: Lo-To-Kah. 1897. Tales of the suniand. 1897. Adobeland stories. 1899. Reid, Whitelaw. 1837 — : After the war, a southern tour. 1867. Ohio in the war. 1868. Schools of journalism. 1870. Newspaper ten- dencies. 1874. Town hall suggestions. 1881. Two speeches at the queen's jubilee. 1897. Some consequences of the last treaty of Paris. 1899. Our new duties. 1899. Later aspects of our new duties. 1899. Continental union. 1900. Our new interests. 1900. Problems of expansion. 1900. Remsburg, John E. 1848 — : Life of Thomas Paine. False claims. Image breaker. Bible morals. Sabbath breaking. Fathers of our republic. Was Lincoln a Christian. Six historic Americans. The Bible. The Christ. Rennelson, Clara H. 1845 — : Social heroism. 1878. Kinsmen all. 1899. Rhodes, James Ford. 1848 — : History of the United States from the compromise of 1850-64. RiNGWALT, Ralph Curtis. 1874 — : (Editor) : Briefs for debate. 1896. Modern American oratory. 1898. Roberts, Charles Humphrey. 1847 — : Down the O-h-i-o, a novel of Quaker life. 1891. Rogers, Willl\m Allen. 1854 — : Hits at politics. 1899. (Assoc. Ed- itor) : Harper's Weekly. Russell, A. P. Half Tints. Literary notes. Characteristics. Thomas Corwin. A club of one. In a club corner. Sub-coelum. Ryan, Daniel J. 1855—: Arbitration between capital and labor. 1885. Cuba in American diplomacy. History of Ohio. 1888. Safford, James Merrill. 1822—: Geological reconnoissance of Tennes- see. Geology of Tennessee. Safford, William H. 1821— : Life of Herman Blennerhassett. 1850. Blennerhassett papers. 1891. St. Clair, Arthur. 1734-1818: A Narrative of the manner in which the campaign against the Indians . . . was conducted. 1812. Schuyler Aaron 1828—: Complete algebra. Elements of geometry. Principles of logic. Surveying and navigation. Scott, John. 1824—: Encarnacion, or the prisoners in Mexico. 1848. Hugh Scott and his descendants. History of the thirty-second Iowa Infantry. 660 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Scott, William Berryman. 1858 — : Introduction to geology. 1897. S|VERANCE, Mark Sibley. 1846 — : Hammersmith : his Harvard dsiys. 1878. Seymour, Thomas Day.. .1848— : (Editor with White, J. W.) "Collie Series" of Greek authors, classical review. (Editor) : Selected odes of Pindar, with notes. 1882. Homer's Iliad, books I-VI in "Col- lege series." 1887-1890. Introduction and vocabulary to school Odyssey, 8 books. 1897. Homeric vocabulary. 1889. School Iliad, books I-VI. 1889. Shaw Albert. 1857 — : Icaria: a chapter in the history of communism, 1884. Local government in Illinois. 1883. Co-operation in the Northwest. 1888. Municipal government in Great Britain. 1895. Municipal government in Continental Europe. 1895. (Editor): National Revenues. 1888. Sheridan, Philip H. 1831-1888 : Personal memoirs. 1888. Sherman. John. 1823-1901 : Correspondence with W. T. Sherman. 1891. Select speeches on finance. 1893. Recollections. 1895. Sherman, William T. 1823-1891 : Memoirs. 1892. Shields, G. O. 1846 — : Big game of North America. Cruising in the Cascades. American game fishes. Hunting in the great west. American book of the dog. Camping and camping outfits. Battle of the Big Hole. Shutter, Marion Daniel. 1853 — : Wit and humor of the Bible. 1892. Justice and mercy. 1894. Child of nature. 1895. Applied evo- lution. 1900. Sloane, William Milligan. 1850 — : Life and work of James Renwick Wilson Sloane. Life of James McCosh. French war and the Revo- lution. Napoleon Bonaparte, a history; etc. Smith, Hariette Knight. 1855 — : History of the Lowell Institute. 1898. Smith, Henry Preserved. 1847 — : Inspiration and inerrancy. 1893. Bible and Islam. 1897. Commentary on the books of Samuel. 1899. Smith, Joseph Patterson 1856-1898: (Compiler):. Speeches and ad- dresses of William McKinley. 1893. (Editor) : History of the Republican party in Ohio. 1898. Smith, William Henry. 1833-1896. The St. Clair papers. 1882. Biog- raphy of Charles Hammond. Influence of journalism on men of action. 1893. Political history of slavery. 1903. Snider, Denton Jaques. 1841 — : Commentaries on the literary Bibles. 1877-93. Walk in Hellas. 1882. Freeburgers. 1889. World's fair studies. 1895. Commentaries on Froebel's play-songs. 1895. Psy- chology and the psychosis. 1896. Will and its word. 1899. Psy- chology and Froebel's play-gifts. 1900. Life of Frederick Froebel. Father of history : Herodotus. Snow, Lorenzo. 1814 — : Italian mission. Only way to be saved. Voice of Joseph. Palestine tourists. (Translator) : Book of Mormon into Italian. Ohio Centennial. 661 Spahr, Charles Barzillai. 1860 — : Present distribution of wealth. 1896. America's working people. 1900. Spkars, John Randolph 1850 — : Gold diggins of Cape Horn. 1895, Port of missing ships and other stories of the sea. 1896. History of our navy. 1897. Our navy in the war with Spain. 1898. Fu- gitive. 1899. History of the American slave trade. 1900. Stevens. William Arnold. 1839 — : Select orations of Lysias. 1876. Commentary on the epistles of the Thessalonians. 1887. (With Burton) : Outline handbook of the life of Christ. 1892. Harmony of the gospels for historical study. 1894. Stewart, George Black. 1854 — : Life of Jesus for juniors. 1896. Stewart, Harlon L. 1861—: Sioux raid. 1882-99. Stoaks, Charles E. 1859 — : Aaron Burr; or, Kingdom of silver. Stoaks' school grade system. Stockham, Alice Bunker. 1833 — : Tokology, a book of maternity. 1883. Koradine. 1893. Karezza. 1896. Tolstoi, a man of peace. 1900. Strohm, Gertrude. 1843 — : Compiler and author: Social fireside games, calenders, etc. Word pictures. 1875. Flower idylls. 1887. Uni- versal cookery book. 1887. Strom, Isaac : Speeches of Thomas Corwin, with sketch of his life. 1859. Symmes, Americus • Symmes' theory of concentric spheres. 1878. Tait, John Robinson. 1834 — : European life, legend and landscape. 1859. Taylor, Frederick William. 1855 — : Confession of our Christian faith, commonly called the creed of St. Athanasius, with brief notes. 1883. Taylor, James W. 1819—: History of Ohio. 1854. Manual of the Ohio school system. 1857. Victim of intrigue. 1847. Taylor. William A. : Intermere. 1901. Ohio Statesman and Hun- dred year book. 1892. Ohio in Congress. 1901. Ohio States- man and Annals of progress. 1899. Thilly. Frank. 1865 — : Leibnitz's controversy with Locke, Heidel- berg. 1891. Introduction to ethics. 1900. (Translator) : Paul- sen's introduction to philosophy. 1895. (Editor and translator) : Weber's history of philosophy. 1896. Paulsen's system of ethics. 1899. Thoburn, James Mills. 1836 — : My missionary apprenticeship in New York. Missionary sermons. India and Malaysia. Light of the east. Deaconess and her vocation. Christian nations. Church of the Pentecost. 1901. Thomas, Edith Matilda. 1854 — : The round year. 1886. Thomas, Frederick W. 1811-1866: East and West. 1836. Thruston, Gates Phillips 1835 — : Antiquities of Tennessee and ad- jacent states. 1890. 662 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. T»FANV, l\iNA Moore: Pilgrims and Puritans. Colony to common- wealth. Samuel E. Sewall, a memoir. Todd, James Edward. 1846 — : Preliminary report on the geology of South Dakota. 1895. Quarternary deposits of Missouri. 1896. Moraines of the Missouri Cotteau. 1896. Bulletin 144, 1st and 2d biennial reports on the geology of South Dakota. 1898. Moraines of southeastern South Dakota, with their attendant deposits. 1899. Geology of northwestern Minnesota. 1899. Geology and water resources of southeastern South Dakota. 1900. TouRGEE, Albion Winegar. 1838 — : Royal gentleman. Figs and thistles. Fool's errand. Bricks without straw. Hot plow shares. Black ice. Button's inn. With gauge and swallow. Pactolus prime. Mur- vale Eastman. John Eax. Hip-roof house. Son of old Harry. Out of the sunset sea. Man who outlived himself. Story of a thousand. Outing with the queen of hearts. Appeal to Caesar. Let- ters to a king. War of the standards. Code with notes, N. C. Digest of cited cases, N. C; etc. Vallandingh.v.m, James L. 1836 — : Life of Clement L. \"allanding- ham. 1872. Victor, Orville James. 1827 — : History of the southern rebellion. In- cidents and anecdotes of the war. History of American conspir- acies. Biographies of John Paul Jones, Israel Putnam. Anthony W^ayne, Ethan Allen, Winfield Scott, Garibaldi. (Editor) : Cos- mopolitan Art Jour. 1856-61 ; U. S. Jour., 1858-60, in N. Y. Bio- graphical Library, 1862-70., etc. Vincent, Thomas McCurdy. 1832 — : Military power of the United States during the war of the rebellion. Waldo, Frank. 1857 — : Modern meteorology. 1893. Elementary meteorology, for schools and colleges. 1896. Walker, Charles Manning. 1834 — : History of Athens County. Ohio; First settlement of Ohio at Marietta. Life of Oliver P. Mor- ton. • Life of Alvin P. Hovey ; etc. Walker, James Barr. 1805-1887. Living questions of the age. 1869. Doctrine of Holy Spirit, etc. 1870. Wallace, James: (Editor): Harper-Wallace Anabasis. 1892. Wallis, Louis. 1876 — : Examination of society. 1903. Wambaugh, Eugene. 1856 — : Study of cases. 1892. Cases for analy- sis. 1894. Cases on agency. 1896. Cases on insurance. 1901. Ward, May Alden. 1853—: Life of Dante. 1887. Petrarch, a sketch of his life and works. 1891. Old colony days. 1896. Prophets of the nineteenth century. 1900. Ward, William G. 1848 — : Tennyson's debt to environment. 1898. Poetry of Robert Browning. 1898. Art for schools. 1899. Studies in literature. 1901. Weed, Clarence Moores. 1864— : Insects and insecticides. 1893. Fungi and fungicides. 1894. Ten New England blossoms and their insect visitors. 1895. Spraying crops. 1895. Life-histories of Amer- Ohio Centennial. 663 Weed, Clarence Moores. 1865 — Concluded. ican insects. 1897. Stories of insect life. 1899. Insect world, 1899v Wells, Amos Russell. 1862 — : Numerous religious volumes and tracts^ Wetmore, Claude Hazeltine. 1862 — : Sweepers of the sea. 1900. Wheeler, Edward Jewett. 1859 — : Prohibition: the principle, the policyt the party. (Editor) : The Voice, 1884-1898 ; Literary Dige.st since 1895. WiiiTE, John Willl\ms. 1849 — : Greek and Latin at sight. First les- sons in Greek. Beginner's Greek Book. An illustrated dictionary to Xenophon's Anabasis (with Morgan). Whitlock, Brand. The 13th di.strict. 1902.- Williams, Miles Evans. 1843 — : (Editor): Ohio Farmer since 1874 Williams, William George. 1822 — : Exposition of the epistle of Paul to the Romans. 1902. Wilson, Edward S. An Oriental outing. 1894. Keynotes of Education. 1898. Political development of Porto Rico. Wood, Charles S. : On the frontier with St. Clair. 1902. Wood- Allen, Mary. ,1841 — : Man wonderful in house beautiful. 1883>. Teaching truth. 1892. Child confidence rewarded. 1893. Marvek of our bodily dwellings. 1896. Almost a man. 1896. Almost a woman. 1897. Baby's first. 1898. What a young girl ought to know. 1897. What a young man ought to know. 1898. WooLLEY, Celia Parker. 1848 — : Love and theology. 1887. Girl grad- uate. 1889. Roger Hunt. 1893. WooLLEY, John Granville. 1850 — : Seed: the Sower. Civilization by faith. Christian citizen. 1897-8. Lion hunter. 1900. Woolsey, Sarah Chauncey. 1845 — : New year's bargain. What Katy did. Guernsey lily. For summer afternoons. In the high valley. Short history of Philadelphia. Barberry Bush, etc. Cross-patch and other stories. Eyebright. Just sixteen. Mischief's Thanksgiving> What Katy did at school. What Katy did next. Worden, James Avery. 1841 — : Westminster normal outlines. Bible teachers' guide. Bible correspondence school. Wright, Mary Tappan. 1851 — : Truce, and other stories. 1895. Wright, William Burnet. 1888 — : Ancient cities from the dawn to the daylight. 1887. World to come. 1887. Master and men. 1894. Sermon on the Mountain practiced on the plain. Young, Clark Montgomery: History and government of South Dakota. Elements of pedagogy. (With Smith) : State and Nation. Zahm, John Augustus. 1851 : Evolution and dogma. Bible science and faith. Sound and music. Catholic science, and Catholic scien- tists. Scientific theory and Catholic doctrine. Science and the church. Zeisberger, David. 1721-1808. Delaware and English spelling-bookv 1776. Collections of hymns for the Christian Indians. 1803. Ser- mons for children. 1803. Dictionary in German and Delaware 1887. Essay toward an Onondaga gramniar. 1888. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES IN OHIO. BISHOP C. C. M CABE. It would not take much argument to convince me that Ohio is a favorite of Heaven. If God has favorites among the nations, surely Ohio is one of them. And why should he not have? The Hebrew bard who wrote and sang the 147 Psalm said, "He hath not dwelt so with any nation." We who were born and reared upon her sacred soil are proud and happy to say in any country to which we may wander, *T was born in my native land and my native land is Ohio." Paul never claimed Roman citizenship more proudly than we, the sons of Ohio, claim that we are or have been her citizens. Ohio has done many great things in these hundred years that are passed since her admission into the Union, but her greatest achievement is this: she has taught the world a lesson in the art of Nation building and any people of any race which will follow Ohio's example can become a great, free, pros- perous and happy commonwealth. Her history is well worthy of universal imitation. There are some things that came to her at the very beginning of her history as the direct gift of God and which marked her for a glorious career. These blessings came to her as part of her inheritance from New and Old England. Let the historian tell of the rapid increase of her wealth. Let the soldier tell of the valor of her sons and the vastness of her armies, but the underlying reasons for her greatness and prosperity and power are to be found in the fact that her soil was dedicated to Liberty from her verv birth. 064 C. C. M CABK. Ohio Centennial. Q^ti No slave could breathe her air and remain a slave. And then there came the adoption of her constitution which gave to her people religious liberty forever. Mr. Alfred Mathews, in his history of Ohio and her Western Reserve, tells us how the great Ordinance of 1787 came to be adopted. The account is to me of thrilling interest. ' It seems that an ordinance had been before Congress for three years barring out slavery from, the whole Northwest for- ever. The bill hung fire. It was a critical moment. Even Thomas Jefferson failed to secure its passage. There was a band of in- tending settlers in New England, 288 in number, waiting for the passage of that bill before they should start westward. A Con- gregational clergyman by name Manasseh Cutler was agent of the company. Mathews says, "Manasseh Cutler got into his gig and rolled leisurely down to New York, where Congress was in session at that time, to accomplish in one week what had baffled others for three years." He secured the passage of the immortal ordinance on July 13, 1787. Mathews describes Cutler as "a prince of diplomats and a pioneer of lobbyists." Thus a mere handful of intending settlers of Ohio dictated and secured the fundamental law for the whole Northwest Territory and made her soil free soil forever. Seldom in our history has so momentous a result proceeded from so insignificant a cause. All honor to the memory of Manasseh Cutler. Lofty monu- ments have been built to men who have accomplished for humanity far less than he. I would like to see a splendid picture of this Congregational parson, riding to New York in his old gig, hanging on the walls of the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. Another great event soon drew national attention to Ohio — the adoption of her constitution. Article 8, section 3, reads as follows : That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Al- mighty God according to the dictates of conscience. That no human 666 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. authority can in any case whatever control or interfere with the rights- of(|ponscience. That no man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or sup- port any place of worship or maintain any minister against his consent and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious society or mode of worship; and no religious test shall be required as a quali- fication to any office of trust or profit. With what wondering eyes the slaves of ecclesiastical des- potism in the old world must have read these words, one hun- dred years ago. Ohio gave religious liberty to her people for- ever. Even the non-conformist rate-payers of Great Britain must have read that article with a longing to break for Ohio at once to found new homes for themselves and for their children. Here then were two reasons why such a sifted population flowed into Ohio. Physical liberty was guaranteed to all her citizens by the immortal Ordinance of 1787, and soul liberty, mind liberty, heart liberty, liberty of conscience, that priceless boon for the attain- ment of which gallant nations like the Swiss Republic and the Dutch Republic have fought even to the verge of annihilation, was given to the people of Ohio without the shedding of a drop of blood. I have looked upon 580 instruments of torture used, every one of them, to coerce the human conscience, to compel men to think alike upon religious subjects. I have wandered through the Tower of London and have seen the axes that were used to sever heads from the bodies of those of whom the world was not worthy because they would rather die than lie. Those terrible blocks upon which beautiful and noble heads were laid in the far away past are there still, to teach us faith in God and in the resistless march of humanity toward that better day so sure to come when religious liberty shall be proclaimed throughout the whole world. Think what it would mean to the persecuted Christians of Turkey and the persecuted Jews of Russia to live imder such a constitution as this. A religion that denies religious liberty to others may be labelled Christianity but it is not Christianity. It needs but the testini^ time to show to the world that it is only veneered sav- Ohio Centennial. 66T agery. Such a revelation we have had from Russia within the past few days. There is nothing of the spirit of Christ in such a rehgion as that. \\^hat other nations secured through seas of blood and Geth- semanes of anguish, Ohio was born into. It was of course to be expected that all denominations of Christian people would share the enthusiasm for the young state. The Moravians were first to come. Christian Frederick Post was the first to arrive in 1761. His was the first white man's cabin built in Ohio. The Moravians built the first house of worship in 1772 near where Marietta now stands, and here was the spot where the first colony of 47 persons came from New England in 1788 and founded the city of Marietta and there they found a Christian church which had been built 16 years before. The Roman Catholics came in the early years of the century. Rev. Edward D. Fenwick, a Marylander, born in 1786 — a Do- minican friar educated in France — was the first missionary to- Ohio of the Roman Catholic faith. He came from Kentucky where Roman Catholicism had been already established about 1810, to visit the few families of his church which he found along the frontiers. In 182 1 the Diocese of Cincinnati was cre- ated and included all the Northwest Territory. Mr. Fenwick was appointed by Pope Pius VIL as the first bishop. He then estimated there were 8,000 Roman Catholics in his jurisdiction,, but about the year 1830 the migration from Ireland and Germany very greatly increased the population of that faith, since which time its growth has been steady. The planting of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio^ was done by faithful laymen. The prayer book was read in log- cabins and rude school houses. Formal organization took place in September, 1809, at Boardman, Trumbull County. Rev. Phil- ander Chase preached the first sermon in Ohio at Covenant Creek, March 16, 1817. Judge Solomon had read prayers in the woods for several years so that when the clergyman came he found fifty persons ready to be baptized. The Evangelical Lutherans first came to Ohio with the waves- of immigration from Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolinai 668 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. in the last decade of the eighteenth century. The first mission- ii|^ pastors came over the mountains on horseback, baptized and confirmed the children of these pious Germans and organized the first congregations in 1802- 1806. Soon the immigrants from Germany came in increasing numbers to the new state forming a not inconsiderable element of our religious forces. In army and legislative hall the members of this conservative church have ever been loyal and faithful to Buckeye principles of liberty. To- day Ohio Lutherans number 125,000 communicant members and support, in the state, three colleges, two theological seminaries, an orphans' home, a dozen periodicals and report over six hun- dred churches with a valuation of three million dollars. The Presbyterians came early in the century and have been a mighty force for good in Ohio. They have been lovers of righteousness and haters of iniquity. They and the Methodists had many a battle for years, but the stern creed of John Calvin has softened a little with passing years and the Arminian and the Calvinist now work together in perfect harmony. In the autumn of 1789 a number of Baptist families went down the Ohio River and began a settlement where the town of Columbia now stands. In 1790 the Reverend Stephen Gano or- ganized the first Baptist church and baptized three persons. Ohio has fully shared in the vast increase of the Baptist denomin- ation which now counts upon her muster rolls in the whole nation four and one-half millions of communicants and nine millions of a population. Puritanism has made a wonderful contribution to the relig- ious history of Ohio. The colonizing of the Western Reserve was a sublime event. These colonists were the descendants of the Puritans of whom Macaulay wrote, "They thought so intently on one subject that they were tranquil on every other" ; and con- cerning whom he further says, "The Puritans brought to civil and military afifairs a coolness of judgment and an immutability of purpose which some writers have thought inconsistent with religious zeal, but which were in fact the necessary effects of it." Even Hume the historian though a scoffer at Christianity says, "They, the Puritans, alone kindled and preserved the pre- cious spark of Liberty"; and Hallam says, "The Puritans were Ohio Centennial. 669 depositories of the sacred fire of liberty and revived its smolder- ing embers." Carlyle speaks of Puritanism as *'the last of all our hero- isms which was in all verity as noble a heroism as ever transacted itself on the earth." It gave England constitutional liberty and America political freedom, self-government and the beginnings of a true democracy. Puritanism came to Ohio with the stern creed of John Cal- vin, John Knox and William the Silent and whatever defects that creed may have, it has so much of the truth of God and of his Gospel in it that it can build nations that endure and conquer. There is iron in the creed and there was iron in the men who believed it. The descendants of these men peopled the Western Reserve. Their children of to-day illustrate their moral fibre. Is there any community on earth more law^ abiding, more true to the lofty ideals of our holy Christianity than these descendants of the Puritans? Time would fail to speak of all the denominations which were here at the very beginning, but there is one more to which I must refer — the Methodist Episcopal Church. Puritanism and Methodism have very much in common. Both movements were protests against the wickedness of the world and the worldliness of the Church. Both suffered fearful persecutions and both were triumphant at the last. They differed in creed, the one Calvinistic and the other Arminian, but they agreed in the great essentials. They believed in Christ Jesus as the only Savior. They believed the Bible to be the Word of God and at last they saw that their objects and aims were one and that they ought to work together in perfect harmony ! Meth- odism brought with her from England the itineracy, which was certainly a providential scheme for preaching the Gospel in the western world. How wonderful it all seems as we look back upon it now. John Wesley was denied the pulpits of the established church and even the privilege of preaching in his own father's pulpit. He mounted his father's tomb and there he preached Jesus and the great salvation to the people. He was hooted at and scorned •670 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. and stoned and mobbed, but he went up and down through the United Kingdom for half a century until all opposition ceased -and his fame grew into collossal proportions and all England joined in applause as he approached the end of his life-long labors -and declared that he was ready to "cease at once to work and live." Never was there a finer illustration of the truth of Paul's declaration when he said, "We can do nothing against the truth but for the truth ;" as though he had said, "Every blow ye strike will be for the furtherance of the Gospel." If Wesley had been welcomed to the churches of England, we should never have had the itineracy of Methodism, that ecclesiastical, military system which enabled him even before he died to reach every part of -Great Britain and that emboldened him to invade America. That was a great day for Ohio and every other state when John Wesley said to George Shadford, one of his preachers, '"George, 1 turn you loose on the continent of America. Publish your commission in the face of the sun." I have before me the record of the first conference of these itinerants that ever met in this country. It was held in Philadelphia in June, 1773, just -one hundred and thirty yeais ago. It was composed of ten preachers. After several days deliberation the appointments were read. We can imagine that little band closing their session with Charles Wesley's parting hymn which has been sung by the Methodists ever since it was written. And let our bodies part, To different climes repair, Inseparably joined in heart, The friends of Jesus are. Then the question was asked, "How are the preachers sta- tioned?" New York. Thomas Rankin, to change in four months. Philadelphia, George Shadford, to change in four months. New Jersey, John King, William Watters. Baltimore, Francis Asbury, Robert Strawbridge, Abraham Whitwork, and Joseph Yearbay. Norfolk, Richard Wright. Petersburg, Robert Williams. Ohio Centennial. 671 And then they mounted their horses and rode away, some to the north and some to the south. Never since the day when Jesus spread his pierced hands over the heads of his disciples at the Mount of OUves and sent them out to preach the Gospel has there been witnessed a sub- limer sight than that little band going out to preach the Gospel to the people, literally not knowing whither they went. They were men of great abihty. Francis Asbury would have graced the Senate of the United States, he would have graced the supreme bench of this country or of England, but these men went forth on a salary that rarely averaged as much as $64 a year. The people showed them abounding hospitality. Their preaching, their prayers, their songs made them welcome every- where. Year by year, they kept going farther west as their numbers increased. They followed the settlers into the valleys and over the mountains and in the closing years of the century they reached Ohio. The Western Conference was organized. It took in all the great West from the summit of the Alleghany Range to the limits of civilization. That Western Conference met in Chillicothe in 1807. The state of Ohio was at that time one great district. I have seen the minutes of that conference. I.et me read them to you. Ohio District, John Sale, presiding elder. Miami, Benjamin Lakin, John Collins. Mad River, Agget McGuire, Isaac Quinn. Scioto, Anthony Houston, Milton Ladd. Hock Hockin, Joseph Hayes, James King. Muskingum, Peter Cartwright. Little Kanawha, William Vermillion. Guyandotte, John Klingham. White River, John Hellmuns, Sela Paine. Licking, William Ellington. A band of twelve men from whose labors came Ohio Meth- odism, as it stands to-day. with its five great conferences, its 6co,ooo people, its $12,000,000 worth of church property, its schools and colleges all through the land. Other denominations adopted the itineracy and one pastor was often given charge of four or five groups of believers. These 672 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. itinerant preachers were strong men. It would be a delight had vj^ time, to select from them a few types and describe them. Tneir immediate successors were such men as Bigelow, Christy, Raper and a host of others. Recently, I heard Joseph Parker, a great preacher of London, preach a magnificent sermon. I lis- tened to him with delight and I know that these men I have men- tioned would stand shoulder to shoulder with him if they were alive to-day and in the pulpit. They were scholarly men. What they lacked of education at the beginning, they gained by hard work. They studied on horseback. They studied in the cabins of the poor. Thousands were converted under their ministry. Think of men like Russell Bigelow getting a salary of $300 a year while the Archbishop of Canterbury, a very nice man and a very good man, but judging from his published sermons in no sense the equal of Russell Bigelow, receiving $75,000 a year for his salary. But these great men who helped to make Ohio what it is have received their reward in the results of their lives. They wove their lives into the destiny of Ohio and that destiny is to brighten forever beneath the smile of God. Therefore, they have found their reward. They had the strange and wonderful powder to cause men to cry out, "What must I do to be saved?" and the story of their triumphs is among the most thrilling and wonderful in the history of the Church of God. But the religious influences of Ohio did not altogether pro- ceed from the ministry. Christian homes abound, homes like that where Abraham Lincoln was reared, who was trained by his Baptist mother to love the Bible and to read it until his soul was filled with its great thoughts and he made it the guide of his life. No wonder that when he stood by his mother's grave he said, "All that I am or ever hope to be I owe to my angel mother." If you will look carefully into the lives of the greatest men Ohio has ever produced, you will find that they came from such homes as this. U. S. Grant, who was incapable of an unmanly or an unchristian act, came from a Christian home. William McKinley had a mother who was devotedly pious. She taught her boy to believe in God and revere his commands. He showed the result of her teaching and as he was dying drew the whole world nearer to God when he sang, ** Nearer my God to Thee, nearer to Thee." Ohio Centennial. 673 Last Sabbath I heard Bishop Joyce preach. He told the fol- lowing incident. In one of his great congregations far out in Montana, he called upon all those who were willing to give their lives TO Jesus Christ from that day forward to rise. Many re- sponded to his appeal and among them was the owner of the mine in which most of his congregation were employed. When the services were over, the mine owner came to the bishop and said, '*! have not been inside of a church for seven long years. Why I am here to-day I can not understand. Your appeal brought to me sacred memories. When I bade my mother goodbye in old Scotland, she said, 'I want to say three things to you. Don't forget God. Don't forget your Bible. Don't forget your mother,' and wdiile you were talking, my mother's face glided before me. That mine owner became a Christian. Several years after, he was injured in his mine and was taken home to die. Although called suddenly away from earth, he was ready. He said to his wife, 'I am glad I gave my heart to God that day when the bishop asked us to rise'." Volumes might be written of such instances as this that came to the knowledge of the frontier preachers, and they were not slow to appeal to the holiest and most sacred impulses of the human heart. We can not trace the religious influences that made Ohio w^ithout taking this into account. Before we can do it ac- curately, we must catch the holy gleam on many a mother's face as she sorrowfully bids her boy goodbye and sends him out to seek his fortune in the new state. Yea, before we can trace ac- curately the religious influences that made Ohio, we must be gifted w^ith spiritual insight to enable us to tell how the Holy Spirit of God, who convinces men of sin and of righteousness and of a judgment to come, calls men to repentance, awakens their consciences and as the supreme Teacher leads them into conscious fellowship with Jesus Christ, We must be able to tell how that Spirit dealt with each individual soul, for it is written that "He lighteneth every man that cometh into the world." And now what of the future? Let us have no fears but go forward to meet it confident that all will be well. In 1857^. I heard George D. Prentiss, the editor of the Louisville Journal,'^^ deliver a lecture on American Politics. It was as gloomy a lee- 43 o. c. 674 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ture as I ever heard. He spoke of the Ship of State driving ujAn the breakers and he said, "The pilots are all dead." He referred to the death of Clay and of Webster ; and then m his beautifully classic way he said, "Ulysses has gone forth to his wanderings and there is no one left at Ithaca strong enough to bend his bow. Atlas has gone to the shades of Erebus and there is no one left to support the falling skies" and he sat down and left us in the darkness. But God had a Ulysses that George D. Prentiss did not know about. He was in a tan-yard in Galena, Illinois. He had been trained by a Christian mother. And God had ready an Atlas in a law office in Springfield, Illinois, whose character had been moulded and fashioned by a noble Christian woman who taught him to fear God and nothing else. His name was Abraham Lincoln. Let us go forward then to meet the future, believing that He who has brought us thus far will still be our guard and guide through all the coming years, and furnish us leaders in every great crisis. TENT IN WHICH CKNTENNIAT. EXERCISES WERE HELD. ADDRESS OF CHARLES FOSTER. Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen : I have no manu- script, and in fact until about ten minutes ago I did not know that I was even expected to talk, and besides that my landlady notified me that I must be home to dinner at half- past twelve or I would not get any- thing to eat. (Laughter and cries of "Its past half after twelve now; go on.") Its past half-past twelve now, dinner is gone, and perhaps for that reason I may detain you a little longer than T otherwise would. (Laughter.) Egotism as a rule is intolerable, but when fully justified it may be tolerated as is the case in the state of Ohio. (More laughter.) We care but little to-day about the precise date on which the state was admitted into the Union, or whether Thomas Jefferson and his political associates performed the high political finan- ciering, so-to-speak — I don't want to use any harsher term — to secure the admission of the state without submitting to a vote of the people. What do these things matter when noM% to-day, we have four and one-half millions of people, happy and con- tented, every one of them. A condition exists in Ohio and in the whole country for that matter which does not exist anywhere else in the world. There is not a man in all this broad state and country in good health, who to-day can not make a living for himself, secure a home and lay up something besides. * Stenographer's Report, CHARLES FOSTER. 675 676 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. A Our friend, General Cowen, in his most charming paper undertakes to show and I think does show some reason for the extraordinary success of the people of this state of Ohio ; for it is extraordinary. It does not happen to other states, and there must be some reason for it. He shows that the liberty-loving and best people of Western Europe, through Virginia and Massachusetts, were the' first settlers of the state of Ohio, and the mingling of the blood of these people has produced this magnificent type of people that we now possess in this state. I have no doubt that that is one reason and a very potent reason, but it strikes me, my fellow-citizen, that there is another reason. Conditions exist in Ohio that do not exist in any other state in this Union. The great mineral, manufacturing, mercantile and farming interests exist in Ohio in about equal proportions. In other states one or the other of these great interests predominate ; hence it is that these great interests operating upon the minds of our people so equally produce a level-headed sort of people (applause and laughter) while in other states one factor being potential makes the people of that state just a little lop-sided compared with the people of Ohio. (More applause and laughter.) My fellow-citiens, I think perhaps if I stop I can yet get that dinner, and you have had this centennial discussion from all points and had many very able papers, and I do not care about continuing my speech because it won't get into that book of six- teen volumes. Having said this much I desire to express my great gratifi- cation at meeting you and to compliment the officers of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society upon the success of their enterprise. (Great applause.) ADDRESS OF BISHOP B. W, ARNETT.- Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: (Cries of "What shall we do with the Colored Race?" "Hear him." "Hear him.") I am more than pleased to be here, pleased because of the occasion that brings us together in the reception vestibule of the twentieth century. I am here to rep- resent in part ninety-six thousand Buckeyes of the buckeye color. (Laughter and applause.) We are not painted buckeyes, but are buck- eyes (more laughter) ; every one of us. You see it is our buckeye; you have adopted it ; we have the color and you have the buckeye. (Laugh- ter.) If it were not so late I would like to go back one hundred years and speak of the grand work of the pio- neer fathers, but I know it is too late for that. My dear friends, in this grand work of laying the foundation of the Northwest Territory, no class of people in this land was more interested and had a deeper interest in its consummation than the race with whom I am identified, by blood, by history and by destiny, for the Northwest Terri- tory was the first gift to posterity, from the fathers that fought for the establishment of a country here whose cornerstone was that "God has created all men equal and endowed them with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." The Northwest Territory was the Ten Commandments; the Northwest Territory was the Golden Rule; the Northwest Ter- ritory to us was the land of Canaan, the promise of liberty, of honey, and milk, and wine. (Laughter and applause.) * Stenographer's Report. (577 BISHOP B. W ARNETT. 678 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. We have not always received the wine; we don't want it; as Doctor Thompson says, we can do without it; but there is this ahftut it : In the organization of the Northwest Territory our fathers were in harmony with the spirit that laid the foundation of our republic. They believed what they said ; they believed in the doctrine of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. But the subject with them was how to supply that; how to take the power of the strong and give it to the weakest; how to take the wealth of the wealthiest and distribute it among the poor ; how to take a race that was down and lift it up. For our fathers in the past hundred years their sons have solved that mysterious problem- and to-day we stand in Ohio. In 1802 my race was denied the oath in the courts ; we were denied the right to carry a gun; we were denied the jury box; we were denied the cartridge box ; and we were denied everything that was in those two boxes. But we have lived to see the chil- dren of the fathers who laid the foundation of this government, come up to the point where we are this day. There is not a statute on the books of the great state of Ohio that discriminates against any man or woman on account of race, color of previous condition (applause) ; we stand to-day equal before the law. A hundred years ago my race was standing with not a star appear- ing above the horizon ; no stars appeared above the horizon of our civilization except the two stars that guide the pilgrims of all nations — the Star of Bethlehem and the Star of Hope. For American citizens they are the brightest stars in the firmament of our civilization. To the Negro there was no star, but thank God we have lived to see the day when our sons — every one — have the oppor- tunity to make of themselves men ; to take upon themselves the responsibilities of citizenship, and we have come to you, not to criticise the past, but to gird ourselves for the duty of an American citizen ; to, in the future, increase the wealth, the intel- ligence and the virtue of this grand republic of ours. (Applause.) We hope that the coming century may be broader even than the past, and we want to assure you, Mr. Chairman, that one hundred years ago when the state was organized there was not a Negro Ohio Centennial. 679 who owned a house in this great territory, but to-day twenty- seven thousand homes belong to our race. In eighteen hundred when the census was taken there were only one thousand five hundred negroes in all the Northwest Ter- ritory ; but to-day there are two million five hundred and seventy- six thousand, five hundred and forty negroes — I think there has been some addition since that (laughter), since the census was taken, but we will let those figures stand. (Applause and laughter.) But we are here to take our part ; our soldiers in, the past have fought in the war; we have fought for our country, as a race we have fought; our soldiers went out and fought for the union and the constitution. Why it is said we fought like de- mons upon the battle-field. Both slave and valiant freemen faced the glittering steel; our blood, beneath the banner, mingled with the whites; beneath its folds we now have received justice and equal rights, — let it wave. (Applause,) Let the glorious banner wave, let it wave, but never over a slave. (Great applause.) That is the message we have for you, my fellow-countrymen. Fellow-citizens, let us adopt for the coming century the motto of Kentucky. Kentucky has two white men standing — they made a mistake — and holding each other's hands, and above them is written "United we stand, divided we fall." So I say to this audience, to this congregation and all the state of Ohio, let us stand as the motto says. United the Negro and the White stand. We know that one hundred years ago the Indians outnum- bered us, but the Indian is passing away and the Negroes have increased. The Indians rejected your Bible; they rejected your civilization; they rejected your coat; they rejected your pants; they rejected your shoes; they rejected all of these; the Negro, he has appropriated your shoes (laughter), appropriated your coat (more laughter) — when the weather is stormy he had to have it, if you didn't give it to him he would take it anyhow (great laughter), because in our civilization to-day we must have a coat. And the reason we have appropriated the best of your civilization is the reason we are here to-day, and where are the Indians? It has come to be as General Cowen said last night, when he was talking about the Clifif Dwellers, the Mound Build- t)80 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ers and the Tent Dwellers who had inhabited this country, com- ina to the people who had dwelling houses, school houses, court houses and watch houses. (Laughter.) Now, who own the dwelling houses of this country ? — The negro and the white man. Who own the school houses of this country ? — The negro and the white man. Who own the court houses of this country ? — The negro and the white man. You furnish the judge and we furnish the prisoner. (More laughter.) The sixteen million families of this country live in fourteen million houses, and of the fourteen million houses more than two million of them belong to us — we are the only people in this country that own houses. -We have our titles clear to the houses on earth as w^e have to the mansions in the sky. And that is the reason why we are here. Talk about the Negro going away. We can't get away if we wanted -to, and we wouldn't go if you did want us to. Your fathers supported us when we were slaves ; your fathers educated us when we were ignorant ; your fathers helped us when we had nothing ; now we are enlightened, now the school houses are open to us, now we are doing our duty, and we are going to with your help. The Negroes of this country, the nine million Negroes of this country have been in a normal school — America is a normal school teach- ing some how to teach the rest, teaching others how to realize the best. Why the Negro and the white man are the ones who know how to get things ! Do you know that there is not a statute on the books of the nation or state that was put there except by us two? Show me an instance. The Indians, there are only about two hundred and fifty thou- sand of them ; the other colored peoples, there are about one hun- dred and seventy-five thousand of them ; but there are nine millions of us and sixty-six millions of you, and every statute on the books of this nation is there, proposed and put there by you or us. Do you know^ that the only people ever sitting in the speak- er's chair of the House of Representatives .of the United States are us two ? Nobody ever got there but the Negro and the white man. (Laughter.) And do you know that the first colored man who ever occupied the chair of the House of Representatives was Ohio Centennial. 681 invited there by an Ohio man? (Applause.) When General J. Warren Keifer was speaker of the House of Representatives, on one occasion the house was turbulent — you know how it is when they are going" to close up, the spirit was on them and the spirit was in them — he looked over the house to find a man with a level head and the only man he saw with a level head was Mr. Rainey, of South Carolina, and J. Warren Keifer, when he pre- sided in the House of Representatives, has the distinction of in- viting Mr. Rainey to come up and take the chair for the first time in the history of the world. Nobody ever got there before us and we would not have gotten there if it had not been for an Ohio man (laughter and applause), and I would not move out of Ohio if I could. (Applause.) All honor to J. Warren Keifer. (More applause.) And you know the Speaker's chair of the Senate. Nobody was ever in that but us two. It is a fact. I am not telling you anything new, anything that you didn't yourselves all know. B. K. Bruce was a senator from Mississippi, he was elected senator from Mississippi, and he went there, and the vice-president of the United States asked Mr. Bruce to come up — you know it is a senatorial courtesy to invite them — when the time came he shut his eyes and said, *'Mr. Bruce, come up and take the chair" ; he didn't say, "The gentleman from Mississippi will please take the chair," and Mr. Bruce came up and took the chair and he presided over the Senate of the United States. Nobody has been there but us two, and do you suppose I am going to leave you now? There is only one more chair for us to fill. We have been constable; we have been justice of the peace; we have been in- justice of the peace; we have been representative; w^e have been misrepresentative ; we have been in Congress, and the only other chair is over at the White House, and as long as there is an Ohio man in the White House we don't want it. (Applause.) And when an Ohio man was elected to that we furnished him the Bible on which he took the oath of office (applause), so while we have not the president we have the Bible. My friends, I must stop. All I ask of you in the future, all I ask in the name of the ninety-six thousand negroes of this state is that you give us your sympathy in our struggle ; give us your 682 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. prayers ; and we ask the press to be fair to us and to record our virtues as well as our vices. (Applause.) If a negro is lynched, tell why he is lynched, but if the negro does a good deed put it in your paper. That is all we ask. If you find a negro man going to jail, let him go on like any other man, and hang him like any other man but don't hang the wrong man and try him after he is hung. We ask justice for the children of the fathers, as true to the principle as their fathers. We start out in the new century, standing with the motto of Kentucky, "United we stand but divided we fall." In the future you may expect us to do our duty every time. If our nation is in danger, call upon us; if there is any danger call upon us. We are the oldest daughter in this state of the Methodist Church, and my Church happens to have the distinction of being the oldest daughter of the Methodist Episcopal Church, so he C referring to Bishop McCabe) is the bishop of the mother and I am a bishop of the daughter, both one in religion, equal in re- sponsibility. Let the work of educating the negro go on with Wilberforce the light of the race in this state. When we educate the hand, we educate the heart and the head. We are educating for the duties of American citizenship, and when we march on and are celebrating the coming bi-centennial they will look back into the record of this day, and the first will be that rendered by the African Methodist Church. (Loud and long continued ap- plause.) THE OHIO CENTURY. AUSTIN MATLACK COURTENAY. A Spirit high and nobly wise, ^ Who saw creation's dawn of old, And watched with musing, wondering eyes The great world-drama slow unfold, Led Abram's faith, and thrilled afar From David's heart the shepherd's song. Swung from his hand bright Beth- I'hem's star And wept for Calv'ry's holy wrong ; Then, and thence, for many an age He scanned this heart of all the world Unknown, unsought of King or Sage, No flag its wildness o'er unfurled ; God kept its maiden beauty fast From old world lust, and greed, and hate Until a worthy race at last He chose for her love-wedded mate. Earth's heart, of fairest soil and sky, From Alleghany's laureled height To far Sierra's snow-crown high, Lay sleeping yet in undreamed might. All draped in lustrous robe of green, Wrought whole in Nature's mystic loom, Stream-broidered with a silver sheen, And clasped with jewelled-prairie bloom. M. COURTENAY. 683 684 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. The sentinel Angel sagely saw ^ The tide-like torrent of a race Which Freedom loved, yet reverenced Law, And gave Religion temple space. Blown landwise over seas appears j By trackless forest, mountain crest, Through years, wars, treaties, blood and tears, This Winner of God's virgin West. I And firstborn of their mighty brood, I Begotten of the Land and Race, t Ohio, like Minerva stood - f Full-armed, brain-born, with heart of grace; | The Century struck to chime this birth J Of its incarnate inmost self f Where Labor, Learning, Native Worth, I Faith, Freedom, make the Commonwealth. I Had waited long to take his task | This guardian Genius of our Age, Compact of all the vital past, | Inheritor of Saint and Sage; ^ At last he guides her destiny, I And shapes the fashion of her fate, I Then crowns with Immortality I The splendid myriad of her great. f Her pondering brow is Science' throne, '• Her lips breathe sweetest poesy, Her bounty stills pale famine's moan, i Her will doth order Liberty ; ^ About her feet lie shattered crowns, And trampling them in reasoned rage The mass of men, whose shouting drowns The droning lies of privilege. Her strong right hand hath knighted toil, Her heart-arm jjathers to her breast Ohio Centennial. 686* Woman and Childhood, from the coil Of ancient wrong, so sore oppressed; She shelters on her affluent lap The maimed of body and of mind — The martyrs of mankind's mishap — And nurtures at her bosom kind. She teacheth Law the grace of Love, And bids sweet Charity be wise ; She wooeth wisdom from above And marrieth our Earth and Skies ; She loveth Earth and yet her eyes, Serene, profound, most gently bright, With lowly reverence seek the skies Adoring God who gave her might. O ! great, immortal Era, rise ! Thou latest born of Time, ascend! And in the Court of Centuries, * Before thee all the Ages bend; While stands Ohio proudly by — First, fairest offspring of thy state — With image, stature, spirit nigh Thine own, O ! Mother of the Great. Then hail ! Ohio, Hail to thee ! Be holy-wise and generous-strong, Law-true, home-pure and bravely free, Yet patient while thou curbest wrong, Then hail, heart's hail, dear land we love ! Thine Elders pray, while Childhood sings, Thy dead acclaim thee from above ; Grace! Peace! beneath God's sheltering wings t OHIO CENTENNIAIv COMMISSION. rushIr. sloane. DAVID S. GRAY. R. W. MANLY. J. WARREN KEIFER. JAMES BARNETT. BENJ. R. COWEN. C^iAS. M. ANDERSON. (686) PERSONAL SKETCHES OF THE SPEAKERS, COMMISSION AND TRUSTEES OF THE OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Anderson, Charles M. Born in Juniata county, Pa., January 5, 1845. Son of James and Ruth (McCahan) Anderson, the former born in Lancaster County, Pa., April, 1792, the latter in January, 1800. His paternal grandparents were Irish and lived about twenty miles from Dub- lin, emigrated to America in 1791. Parents of Chas. M. were married in November, 1820. Family came to Ohio in 1855. Boyhood and youth of Chas. M. spent on a farm. Later taught school. Served as private in Co. B., seventy-first Regiment, Ohio Vol., and was honorably discharged Jan- uary 6, 186G, at twenty-one years of age. Attended Normal school at Lebanon, Ohio, and also engaged in teaching. Studied law under direc- tion of Judge D. L. Meeker, of Greenville, and admitted to the bar May 21, 1868. Opened an office at once and gradually rose to a position as a leader of the bar. Democratic candidate for nomination to congress in 1878. Defeated in convention by only one-fourth of a vote. Candidate August 7, 1884, in Dayton district. Nominated on first ballot. Elected in following October. Appointed one of the Board of Visitors at West Point. In January 1884, commissioned Judge-Advocate General of Ohio by Governor Ho^dley. Second in command of Ohio troops during Cin- cinnati riot. In 1890 appointed by Governor Campbell one of Ohio's com- missioners at the World's Fair (Chicago). In 1894 chosen by congress as one of the board of managers for the National Home of Disabled Vol- teer Soldiers. Re-appointed April 1900. Member Red Men, K. of P., and Masonic orders. Gen. Anderson is an orator of great power and has been heard by audiences in all parts of the country. Married June 7, 1870, to Miss Ella Hart, daughter of Moses Hart, of Greenville. Two sons, William H., graduate of West Point, and Robert T., a law partner with his father. Appointed by Gov. Nash a member of the Ohio Cen- tennial Commission. Andeksox, James II., son of Judge Thomas Jefferson and Nancy Dunlevy Anderson; born March 16, 1833, in Marion, Ohio; edu- cated in the select schools, in the Marion Academy, and Wesleyan University at Delaware, Ohio. Graduate from the law depart- ment of Cincinnati College ; admitted to the bar. Delegate to the first republican state convention in Ohio, July 13, 1855. Elected mayor of Marion and prosecuting attorney of Marion county. Married to Miss (6871 688 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Princess A. Miller. Appointed^ (March 16, 1861) by President Lincoln- U. JS. Consul at Hamburg; Mr. Anderson's official duties were those of botn Minister and Consul. He remained abroad five and a half years. Elected a member of the American Geographical and Statistical Society ; also corresponding member of the American Institute; on May 30, 1863^ he was appointed a delegate to represent the American Institute at In- ternational Agricultural Exhibition at Hamburg. In 1866, Mr. Ander- son tendered his resignation as consul. On his return home he wa.s^ sent as a delegate from the eighth congressional district of Ohio, to the National Union convention at Philadelphia. In 1866 President John- son appointed him territorial judge, but declining that judicial position he accepted the office of collector of internal revenue for same district. ' In 1878 appointed by Governor Bishop, trustee of the Ohio State Uni- versity. The year that Gen. Thomas Ewing ran for governor of Ohio, Mr. Anderson served as a member of the state executive committee, and as its secretary. President of the Old North West Genealogical Society, and was an active member for years of the Historical Society of Vir- ginia. Member Ohio State Bar Association and American Bar As- sociation. Went to Columbus in 1873, and has since that time been identified with the business interests .and growth of the capital city. Married to Miss Princess A. Miller ; children (now living) are Mary Princess, wife of Professor Edward Orton, Jr., of the Ohio State Uni- versity ; Lieut. James T. Anderson, U. S. A. ; and Charles Finley of Paducah, Ky. Life member and trustee Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Anderson, Thomas McArthur. Was born near Chillicothe, Ohio, January 22, 1836. Son of W. Marshall and Eliza McArthur; grandfather was Governor Duncan McArthur. Gen. Anderson naturally adopted the military profession, for his paternal grandfather was a colonel in the Continental Army. Major Robert Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter, George Rogers Clark, and a lot of fighting Marshalls, Croghans and McDonalds were blood relatives, taking part in nearly all our wars from those of the French and Indian war to the last fight in the Philippines. General Anderson graduated at Mt. St. Mary's College, Md., 1885 and Cincinnati Law College, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1858. On opening of the Rebellion enlisted as a private soldier in the Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry ; transferred to the reg- ular army, and recruited a company in Fairfield, Pickaway and Fayette counties; served through the Civil War, commanding a battalion of the twelfth infantry; took part in eighteen battles in that war, and was twice wounded, and twice brevetted for bravery in action. At the close of the war he mustered out our Andersonville prisoners who- had been collected at Camp Chase, Columbus. Subsequently he was a reconstructing officer in the South. After the close of that duty, he- served on the extreme western frontier, having his full share 'of Indian Ohio Centennial. 689 campaigns. " He served twelve years as colonel of the fourteenth infantry. In winter of 1898 commanded Columbia district in Alaska, during the Klondike excitement. At the breaking out of the Spanish War he was made a brigadier general of volunteers, and commanded the first detach- ment to the Philippines ; the first military expedition from this country which ever crossed an ocean. After the arrival of General Merritt a month later, he was second in command ; landed and organized the forces sent to Luzon, and commanded the division of the eighth army corps which attacked and took Manila. On return home' was placed 'v\ command Department of the Lakes at Chicago. Is a member of the G. A. R. ; a thirty-third degree Mason ; Past Commander of the Oregon Loyal Legion and was seven times Vice-President General of the S. A. R. He married Elizabeth Van Winkle (N. J.) Commandant of State Soldiers and Sailors Home, Sandusky, Ohio. Life member Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Andrews, Martin Register, born near Meigs, Morgan county, Ohio, April 6, 1842; is a descendant of John Andrews, who settled in Dan- bury, Conn., about 1640. In the same family were E. A. Andrews, the author of the well known Latin grammar, President Lorin Andrews, of Kenyon College, and many other teachers. Martin R. Andrews learned to read and write in a little log school house, and he soon supplemented that instruction by devouring all the volumes of the "Ohio School Library" to be found in his own and adjacent dis- tricts. Graduated from the McConnellsville High School in 1859 ; from the Marietta College in 1869. A long interval between high school and college was spent in teaching a district school and in following the Stars and Stripes through Dixie ; served in the sixty-second Ohio for sixteen months, was in the Signal Corps nearly two years, and for a few months was adjutant of the 43d battalion O. V. M. Principal of the Harmar public schools for three years, and superintendent of schools at Steubenville from 1870 to 1879; Since that time he has been in the employ of the trustees of Marietta College for fifteen years, as principal of the academy ; for a short time as instructor ; and, more recently as Putnam Professor of History and Political Science. Published and edited the Ohio Teacher from 1899 to 1902. On November 13, 1903, Governor Nash appointed Prof. Andrews trustee of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Arnett, Benjamin William, born Brownsville, Pa., March 16, 1838 ; son of Samuel G. and Mary Louisa Arnett; educated in the common schools of Bridgeport, Pa., and graduate of Wilberforce University (Ohio) with degrees of D. D. and LL.D. ; special course in divinity at Lane Sem- inary, Cincinnati. He was married at Uniontown, Pa., May 25, 1858, to Miss Mary L. Gorden. Ordained to ministry in the A. M. E. Church in 44 o. c. 6P0 Ohio Arch, and His. Societv Publicatio ns. 1868; bishop since 1888. Elected by the Sunday-school Union of Ohio to repftsent it at the Robert Raikes Centennial, London, England, 1880. Elected to represent the Inter-Denominational Sunday-school Union of South Carolina at the World's convention, London, England, July 2, 1889. Member of the Ohio Legislature from Green County, 1886-7. Author of the bill abolishing the "Black Laws" of the state, and to provide for teaching scientific temperance in all the schools. Delivered address at the centennial celebration of the first settlement of the Northwest Ter- ritory, 1888, Marietta, Ohio; delivered address at the Jubilee of Freedom, Columbus, Ohio, 1888. Chaplain of the National Republican convention at St. Louis in 1896. Presided, over Parliament of religions at Chicago September 15, 1903; presided at Ecumenical Conference of Methodists, London, September 7, 1901. Life member and trustee Ohio State Archceological and Historical Society. Avery, Elroy McKendree, Ph. D., LL. D., was born at Erie, Mon- roe county. Michigan, July 14, 1844, the son of Caspar Hugh and Dor- othy (Putnam) Avery. He served as a soldier during the Civil War, and was mustered out at its close as sergeant-major of the eleventh Mich- igan Volunteer Cavalry. Married Catherine Hitchcock Tildcn, daugh- ter of Judge Junius Tilden, of Monroe, Michigan, July 2, 1870. Gradu- ated from the University of Michigan in 1871. Principal high school at Battle Creek, Michigan, and East High School, and City Normal School at Cleveland. Member Cleveland City Council, 1891 to 1892, and of the 6hio State Senate, 1893 to 1897. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of many other historical and economic societies. Member Grand Army of the Republic, and of the Sons of the American Revolution. Thirty-second degree Mason, Knight Templar, etc. Author series of high-school text-books on physics and chemistry, published by the American Book Co., and of many other pub- lished works. His "History of the United States and Its People," an illustrated work of twelve royal octavo volumes, is now in press. Life member and trustee Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Bareis, George F., son of George and Ernestina (Finkbiner) Bareis, born July 23, 1852, near Bremen, Fairfield County, Ohio. Father native of Wittenberg, Germany, as were also his grandparents on his maternal side. Was educated in the district schools and attended the high schools in Logan and Canal Winchester, Ohio. In 1871 began an apprenticeship at the carpenter trade, in the meantime studying architecture; in 1880 he entered upon the lumber business, which he has since conducted. Mar- ried March 17, 1875, to Miss Amanda J. Schock. President Board of Regents of Heidelberg University; member executive committee Ohio State Sunday-school Association. Active in local school and village affairs. Superintendent of his (Reformed) Sunday-school for more than .twenty-five years. Author and publisher of a "History of Madison Town- Ohio Ccntciuual. 591 ship. Franklin County," Ohio (1902). Life member, trustee and vice- president Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Barnett, James, was born June 20, 1821, at Cherry Valley, Otsego county, New York, the son of Melancton and Mary C. Barnett. Came to Cleveland in 1825, and learned the hardware business. At the breaking out of the RebelHon entered military service and was given command of the First Regiment Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery. Took the field in April, 1861, participated in the campaign in Western Virginia, and the affairs at Phillipi, Bealington, Carrick's Ford, and elsewhere. On 'Sep- tember 8, 18()1, was commissioned colonel of the First Ohio Light Ar- tillery (three years). General Buell placed him in command of the Ar- tillery reserve of the Army of the Ohio. Afterwards he was appointed Chief of Artillery on staff of General C. C. Gilbert, commanding the , Third corps. Army of the Ohio, and later appointed chief of artillery on the Staff of General A. McD. McCook, commanding the right wing of the Fourteenth Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. Assigned to duty hy General W. S. Rosecrans as chief of artillery. Army of the Cumber- land, November 24, 1862, and participated in all its movements and battles. Was honorably mustered out of service October 1864. On re- turn to civil life, he was appointed director of the Soldiers' and Sailor f' Home, Xenia, Ohio, which office he filled until 1870, when he was aj. pointed one of its trustees. Trustee of Cleveland Asylum for Insane for seven years. In 1875 was appointed police commissioner by Governor Hayes. President First National Bank, Cleveland, from 1876 to present time. Member Cleveland City Council, 1873. Trustee and life member of Case Library for twenty years; member of G. A. R. since its oi- ganization. A delegate to the Republican National conventions at Chicago, 1880, and at Philadelphia, 1900. In 1881 was appointed mem- ber of the Board of Managers of National Home Disabled Volunteer Sol- diers. Member Order of the Loyal Legion. President Cleveland Humane Society, and Cleveland Associated Charities ; member Western Reserve Historical Society; Cuyahoga Monument Committee for Soldiers and Sailors. Member of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and the Union Club. By act of congress was brevetted as Brigadier General of Volun- teers, which promotion was afterwards advanced to Major General of Volunteers. Appointed by Gov. Nash member of the Ohio Centennial Commission. BoNEBRAKE, Lewis D. ; bom in Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, August 23, 1859 ; father was Rev. Daniel Bonebrake, and a great-grand- father served in the Revolutionary War ; his mother was Esther Ann Bishop, daughter of Captain John Bishop, who served in the War of 1812, and came from Dutchess County, New York, to Franklin County, Ohio, in 1818. Attended the district school ; graduated from Westerville high school, and also from Otterbein University in 1882 ; degree of LL. D. TRUSTEES OF THE OHIO ARCH^OLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. M. D. FOLLETT. E. M. AVERY. D. J. RYAN. R. BRINKERHOFF. (692) a. F. BAREIS. S. S. RICKLY. E. O. RANDALL. Ohio Centennial. 693 from his alma mater, and also from Ohio University at Athens. Has served as school examiner of his city and county ; superintendent of schools at Sparta. Elmore, Athens and Mt. Vernon, serving in the latter place for eight years. Elected state commissioner of common schools at the November election, 1897, for three years, reelected fall of 1900. Has delivered educational addresses in every county of the state. Also deliv- ered institute lectures extensively in Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylva- nia, Michigan and other states. In 1884 Mr. Bonebrake was married to Miss Mary F. Beal, of Hamilton, Ohio ; they have one daughter. Mr. Bonebrake is a Mason, member of Knights of Pythias, and Maccabees. . Brinkerhoff^ Roeliff. born Ovvasco, Cayuga county, New York, June 28, 1828, of Holland ancestry ; educated common schools and Auburn and Homer (N. Y.) academies; began teaching at age of sixteen; went South at eighteen, and was for three years tutor of family in Hermitage, home of General Andrew Jackson : returned North at twenty- one ; studied law with kinsman. Judge Jacob Brinkerhoff. Mansfield. Ohio; began practice, 1852 ; editor and proprietor Mansfield Herald. 1855-9 ; mar- ried Mary, granddaughter of Gen. Robert Bently of Ohio. Entered army as first lieutenant and quarter" master 04th Ohio Vol. Infantry; served five years, and attained rank of colonel in quartermaster's department, and brevetted brigadier general for meritorious service. Resumed law prac- tice until 1873, when he became cashier of the Alansfield Savings Bank, of which he is now president ; since 1878 member of State Board of Chari- ties, and for several years past its chairman. President National Con- ference of Charities and Correction in 1880 ; vice-president of the Inter- national Prison Congress, Paris, France, 1895, and president of the Amer- ican delegation ; for ten years', from 1884, vice-president of the American National Prison Congress, with Gen. R. B. Hayes as president, becoming president at latter's death. Organized (in 1875) the Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society ; in 1893 succeeded Gen. Hayes as president of that society, and has been retained in said office to present time. Author : "The Volunteer Quartermaster," "Recollections of a Lifetime," 1900. Life member of Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Campbell, James Edwin, born at Middletown, Butler County, Ohio, July 7, 1843. His father, Andrew Campbell, was a physician of promi- nence., and his uncle, Lewis D. Campbell, a statesman of note. One of his maternal ancestors took part in the battle of Lexington, and one of his paternal ancestors was with Montgomery at the assault on Quebec. Both of his grandfathers were soldiers in the War of 1812. During the Civil War he served in the navy upon the Mississippi and tributary rivers; was discharged for serious physical disability, but recovered; studied law, and began practicing at Hamilton in 1867. He was prose- cuting attorney of Butler county from 1876 to 1880. In 1882 he was elected to congress as a democrat in a strongly republican district; was' Ohio Arch, and His. Society Piihlications. re-elected in 1884. and again in 188G, gaining the last victory by the me^re plurality of two votes in a total of more than thirty-two thou- sand. In 1889 he was elected Governor of Ohio over J. B. Foraker, now U. S. Senator, receiving a larger vote than ever cast before for any guber- natorial candidate ; and while in the governor's office was noted for an inflexible adherence to that which he deemed to be right. In 1891 he was defeated for governor by Wm. McKinley (late president of the United States), and in 1895 was again defeated by Asa S. Bushnell. Claypool, Horatio C. ; born at McArthnr. Ohio, February 9, 1858; father, John Claypool, was born at Morefield, Va. ; mother was Rose Peterson, born in Augusta, Me. Attended country and village school until seventeen years of age. Engaged in teaching and then pursued studies in school at Normal, 111., and Lebanon, Ohio. Subsequently again taught in tiie villages of Sciotoville, Kingston and Bainbridge ; at the same tim.e studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1882. Began the prac- tice of law in 1884, and was elected prosecutor of Ross County in 1898 and again in 1901. CouRTENAY, AusTiN Matlack, pastor of Walnut Street Church,. Chillicothe, Ohio, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, of Irish and Scotch ancestry; educated in the public schools of his birthplace, at a private academy in Maryland, and in England ; has served pastorates in the state of Maryland, and the cities of Baltimore, Allegheny and Meadville; has written occasionally in prose and verse for the current reviews, magazines and papers. CowEN, Benjamin Rush, was born in ]\Ioorficld, Harrison county, Ohio, August 15, 1831. His father, Benjamin Sprague Cowen, a native of Washington county, N. Y.. (son of revolutionary soldier) was a sol- dier in the War of 1812, member of congress, 1841-2; of the Ohio House of Representatives 1845-6, and judge of the court of common pleas 1848-57. Removed to St. Clair sville, 1832, where Benjamin R., the sub- ject of this sketch resided until 1857. Was educated at the public schools and St. Clairsville Classical Institute; learned the trade of printer, and was editor and publisher of the Belmont Chronicle, 1848 to 1857. Mar- ried September 19, 1854, to Ellen Thoburn, St. Clairsville, Ohio. Chief clerk Ohio House of Representatives 1860 and 1861 : elected Secretary of State, 1861, resigned in May, 1862. Private soldier, 1st lieutenant, major, brevet lieutenant-colonel and brigadier general of Volunteers, 1861-5, and adjutant general of Ohio, 1864-8; supervisor of internal revenue for Cali- fornia, Arizona, Nevada and Utah, 1869-70; assistant secretary of the In- terior, 1871-7; editor Ohio State Journal 1883-4; clerk U. S. circuit and district courts since 1884. Special commissioner to treat with Sitting- Bull in 1872; to remove the Modoc Indians in California in 1873; to in- vestigate the New Orleans White League troubles in 1874, with Admiral Rodgers, and, in 1875, to investigate the Mormon troubles in Utah. Ohio Centennial. . 695 Past Commander Ohio Commandery of Loyal Legion ; Past Colonel Union Veteran Legion ; member of G. A. R. ; ex-president Ohio Society Sons of Revolution; member Society of Colonial Wars; of the War of 1812; of American Wars ; the New England Society ; Cincinnati Literary Club ; Young Men's Blaine Club; 32d degree Scottish Rite Mason; member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Appointed by Gov. Nash member of the Ohio Centennial Commission. EwiNG, Thomas, Jr., was born in Leavenworth, Kansas, May 21, 18G2; father Gen. Thomas Ewing, at that time chief justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas, later member of congress from Ohio, 1877 to 1881, and candidate for the democratic (Ohio) party for governor in 1879. His grandfather, the famous lawyer and Whig statesman, served twice in the U. S. Senate from Ohio, was secretary of the treasury under Gen- eral Wm. Henry Harrison, and secretary of the interior under General Taylor. On the side of his mother, who was the daughter of the Rever- end Wm. Cox of Piqua, Ohio, Mr. Ewing is the great-grandson of Gen. Reasin Beall of Wooster, Ohio. After two years attendance at Wooster University, Thomas Ewing, Jr., entered Columbia University in New York City, where he was graduated in 1885, receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1886. After three years of post graduate study of the natural sciences, he entered the U. S. patent office and served as an assistant examiner from 1888 to 1890. He was graduated from the law school of the Georgetown University in 1890, and, removing to New York, he was admitted to the bar in 1891. He has made a specialty of the law of pat- ents since 1892. Mr. Ewing, when not in Washington, has resided in Yonkers, a suburb of New Yory City, where he was twice the candidate of the democratic party for mayor, and served for five years as a member of the board of trustees of the public schools. In 1894 he was married to Miss Anna Phillips Cochran, daughter, of Mr. and Mrs. Wm. F. Cochran, of Yonkers. They have four children, Alexandra, Thomas, William Francis Cochran, and Sherman. Author of drama in blank verse, entitled "Jonathan, a Tragedy," (Funk and Wagnalls, 1902). It is founded upon the Bible story of the first Prince of Israel. Mr. Ewing is a vice-president of the Ohio Society of New York, of which his father was one of the founders and the first president. FoLLETT, Martin Dewey; born at Enosburg, Vermont, 1826; son o£ John Fasset and Sarah Lemira (Woodworth) Follett ; great-grandfather killed at Wyoming Massacre, grandfather a soldier with Stark in the Revolution ; graduate of Marietta College with highest honors, 1853, A. M., 1856; married first, 1856, Harriet L. Shipman, Marietta, Ohio, second, 1875, Abbie M. Bailey, Lowell, Mass. ; admitted to bar, 1859 ; elected Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, 1883, served, till 1888; delegate. Democratic National Convention, 1864 ; Democratic nominee for congress, 1866, 1868 ; delegate to the International Prison Congress at Brussels, 1900 ; mem- 696 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. befj^the American Bar Association ; National and International Prison Associations ; State Board of Charities ; Ohio National Society of Charities and Correction ; Sons of the American Revolution ; life member and trustee of the Ohio State Archseological and Historical Society. FoRAKEK, Joseph Benson, born July 5, 1846, near Rainsboro, High- land county, Ohio. Enlisted July 14, 1862, at age of sixteen, private in 89th O. V. I., and served to end of war, becoming first lieutenant and brevet captain; entered Wesleyan University, Delaware, 1866; graduated, Cornell University 1869 ; married October 4, 1870, Julia, daughter of Hon. H. S. Bundy, Jackson county, Ohio. Admitted to bar and began practice at Cincinnati, 1871. Judge of the Superior Court, Cincinnati from 1879 to 1882 ; resigned on account of ill-health. Republican candidate for gov- ernor of Ohio in 1883 ; was defeated by George Hoadley but was elected governor in 1885 over George Hoadley and in 1887 over Thomas E. Powell ; again defeated in 1889 by James E. Campbell for the same office. In the Republican national conventions of 1884, 1892, 1896 and 1900 Mr. Foraker was a delegate at large from Ohio in the "Big Four." Placed William McKinley in nomination at St. Louis, 1896, and at Philadelphia, 1900. Brilliant orator and wise statesman. Elected by the Ohio Legisla- ture United States Senator from Ohio, January 15, 1896, for the term from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1903 ; re-elected January 14, 1902 for the term from March 4, 1903, to March 3, 1909. Life member Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society. Foster, Charles; born near Tiffin, Ohio, April 12, 1828; educated in public schools, Norwalk, Ohio Academy, and private studies. Partner in father's general store at eighteeen ; entire charge at nineteen. Mem- ber of congress. Ninth Ohio District, 1871-3, Tenth District, 1873-9; served on committee to make examination of Louisiana aflfairs, 1874, visiting New Orleans as chairman of sub-committee ; governor of Ohio, 1880-4; appointed by President Harrison chairman of the commission to negotiate a treaty with the Sioux Indians; Republican nominee for U. S. Senator, 1890 ; candidate for congress, 1890 ; member of President Benjamin Harrison's cabinet as Secretary of the U. S. Treasury, 1891-3. Long identified with business interests of town of Fostoria, founded by his father. President of the Board of Trustees State Hospital, Toledo, since 1887; President of the Association of Trustees and Officers of Hos- pitals for the Insane since 1895; life member, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Granger Moses M., born in Zanesville, Ohio, October 22, 1831 ; ed- ucated in Zanesville schools and Kenyon College, Ohio; graduated 1850; studied law under Judge Charles C. Convers, and was admitted to Ohio bar at Columbus, January 3, 1853. Was city solicitor of Zanesville, 1865-6 ; prosecuting attorney of Muskingum county 1866 ; Judge of com- Ohio Centennial. 697 mon pleas eighth judicial district of Ohio, 18t>G-1871 ; Reporter to Ohio Supreme court 1872-3 ; Chief Judge of Second Ohio Supreme Court Com- mission. 1883-5. Was Captain 18th U. S. Infantry 18()l-2 ; major and lieu- tenant colonel 122d Ohio Vol. Infantrj-, 18l)2-4 ; brevet colonel U: S. Volunteers, October 19, 1864. His army service was in Kentucky, Ten- nessee and Mississippi, in Gen. George H. Thomas's division, in 1861-2 ; in Maryland and Virginia in 1862-4, in the 8th, 3d, and 6th corps; in Grant's campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg, and Sheridan's Shen- andoah battles. His father, James Granger, was of the Suffield, Con- necticut family; his mother. Matilda Vance Morehead, of Maryland and Virginia ancestry; his wife, Mary Hoyt Reese, a grand-daughter of Judge Charles Robert Sherman. Since April,. 1865, he has been the managing "administrator of the educational trust created by the will of John Mclntire, the founder of Zanesville. x\uthor "Washington vs. Jeflferson ; the Case Tried by Battle in 1861-5." (Houghton, Mififlin & Co., 1898). The battle of Cedar Creek in Vol. 3, Ohio Commandery War Papers. His eldest son, Alfred Hoyt Granger, is an architect in Chicago ; his second son, Sherman Morehead Granger, is his partner in law practice ; his only daughter, Ethel, is wife of Wm. Darl- ington Schultz of Zanesville. Gray, David Simpson; born in Sussex county, Delaware, February 8, 1829 ; brought to Ohio by his parents when three months old ; his father was a Methodist circuit rider of pioneer days. David Gray's education was that of the district schools of his time, except two years at the Nor- walk, Ohio Seminary under the principalship of Dr. Edward Thomson. Mr. Gray entered the railway service as clerk in the office of the C. C. & C R'y- Co. at Wellington, in 1849, and has been engaged in the railroad business continuously since that time. Was transferred to Columbus about 1850, and to Louisville, Ky., 1852, where he was appointed general freight and ticket agent. In 1853 returned to Columbus, and appointed general agent of the Central Ohio Railway ; during the Civil War, 1861- 65 was general agent in Chicago of traffic jointly of several main rail- roads leading west from Chicago ; in January, 1864, was appointed gen- eral superintendent of the Union Railway and Transportation Company, the through freight line of the Pennsylvania system ; in February 1869 elected second vice-president and general manager of the P. C. & C. Ry. In 1873, manager of the Union Line through freight traffic of the Penn- sylvania . system ; January, 1896,; elected representative of the Pennsyl- vania Railway arid its affiliated lines in the Joint Traffic Association, which held its sessions continuously in New York City. Continued with this association in that position until its dissolution, January, 1900. After over ; fifty years of active railway service Mr. Gray retired ; trustee and director of various public educational and charitable institutions. Is a member of the board of trustees of the Ohio Wesleyan University, of which he was president for thirteen years ; a life member of the Ohio State Archaeo- TRUSTEES OF THE OHIO ARCH^OLOGICAlv AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. JAMES KILBOURNE. N. B. C. LOVE. J. H. ANDERSON. GEO. B. WRIGHJ (698) W. H. HUNTER. .■. W, HARPER. R. E. HILLS. Ohio Centennial. 699' logical and Historical Society, and was appointed by Governor Nash a member of the Ohio Centennial Commission. Grosvenok, Charles H., born at Pomfret, Connecticut, September 20, 1833. His grandfather was colonel Thomas Grosvenor of the Revolution and his father was Peter Grosvenor, major in the Connecticut militia, and who served in the war of 1812. His mother was Ann Chase, born in Mas- sachusetts and educated in Providence, R. I. Peter Grosvenor with his family, came to Ohio in 1838, and settled in Rome Township, Athens county, Ohio, on a portion of a section of land which had fallen to Col. Thomas Grosvenor as a part of his share in the Ohio Company's purchase. Charles attended three short winter terms in a log school- house, which was constructed (1844) by voluntary contributions of labor and material by the settlers, who had made homes within a radius of three or four miles. Extreme poverty made it impossible for the family to send their children away, or to buy suitable books for their education. But Charles was sent for a single brief term to a country school in the neighborhood of Marietta. He taught school in Athens County three winters. Went to Indiana in the spring of 1854, intending make it his home. Returned to Athens County, and has lived there ever since. He studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1857. Elected to the Ohio Legislature in 1873, and again in 1875. Speaker of the house of (Ohio) representatives in 1876-1877. He was el-ected to congress in 1884, and with a single exception caused by the change in the congressional district, he has retained his seat in congress ever since, and was nominated on each occasion bj' acclamation. Chosen presidential elector in 1872, and carried the vote of Ohio to Washington. Elector at large in Ohio in 1880, and the spokesman of the Ohio electoral college when it visited Mentor to notify Mr. Garfield of his election. Delegate at large from Ohio to the republican national conventions in 1896 and 1900. General Grosvenor served in the Union army from July, 1861, to October, 1865, in the 18th Ohio Infantry. Governor Dennison appointed him major of that regiment. Later lieutenant colonel, and colonel of that regiment. Bre- vetted by President Lincoln, first to the rank of colonel, and then rank of brigadier general. Hanna, Marcus Alonzo; born New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Ohio, September 24, 1837; son of Dr. Leonard and Samantha Converse Hanna; residence in Cleveland since 1852 ; educated in common schools of Cleve- land, and Western Reserve College, from which he graduated ; LL. D., Kenyon College, 1900; married September 27, 1864, C. Augusta, daughter of Daniel P. Rhodes, Cleveland. Enlisted May 5, 1864, in 150th O. V. I., was first lieutenant of Company C ; Governor Nash was member of Com- pany K; became employe and later partner in wholesale grocery house (Cleveland, Ohio) until 1867; now head of M. A. Hanna & Co., coal; director Globe Ship Mfg. Co. ; president Union National Bank ; presi- 700 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. dent Cleveland City Railway Co., all at Cleveland ; president Chapin Min- in^Co., Lake Superior. Directed campaign which secured nomination and election and re-election of William McKinley as President. Governor Bushnell appointed Mr. Hanna U. S. Senator March 2, 1897, vacancy -caused by resignation of John Sherman ; in January, 1898, Mr. Hanna was elected (by majority of two votes) over Robert McKisson to the U. S. Senate for the unexpired term of Senator Sherman and for the full term ending March 3, 1905 ; candidate for re-election to Senate for second term, and will undoubtedly be chosen (by largest legislative majority evei given a U. S. Senator) to succeed himself to March 3, 1911; one of the "Big Four" delegates from Ohio to Republican National conventions of 1884, 1892, 1896 and 1900 ; chairman, National Republican Committee since 1896 ; life member Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Harper, John W. ; ancestors of British origin; emigrated to America about the year 1675, settling in Snow Hill, Maryland, where they resided until the year 1808, when the family moved to Ohio and settled near Chil- licothe, whence they moved in 1816 to Indiana. John W. Harper was born February 11, 1830, in Indianapolis ; educated in private schools, and went to Cincinnati in 1862. Engaged in mercantile business and fire in- surance. For many years a member of the council and school board of Avondale. He was aide de camp on Governor Hoadley's staff with rank of colonel, and rendered faithful service in the memorable Cincinnati riot, receiving special praise from the Governor ; was appointed by Gov- ernor Foraker Trustee of the Central Insane Asylum at Columbus ; re- appointed by Governor Campbell. On the Board of Supervisors at Cin- cinnati for one term, appointed by Mayor Mosby. A member of the State Decennial Board of Equalization in 1890 ; member of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce; one of the projectors of the great Dramatic Fes- tival in 1883 and 1884. Mr. Harper's grandfather was a private in the Maryland Line during the American Revolution, was in the battle of Brandy wine, and with Washington at Valley Forge. A member of the ^ons of the American Revolution, and was president (1900) of the Ohio "Society; a member of the Ohio Senate in the year 1898 and 1899 from Hamilton county. Though a democrat, he recalls with pleasure the fact that he voted twice for Abraham Lincoln and once for General Grant. Has been a Mason for forty-five years. For many years has been con- nected with the Unitarian church. He was married in 1860 to Miss Jennie Ellis of LaFayette, Indiana. They have three children and seven grandchildren. Appointed by Governor Nash trustee Ohio State Arch- aeological Historical Society, February 18, 1903. Halstead, Murat ; born on Paddy's Run, Ross Township, Butler -county, Ohio, September 2, 1829; son of Griffin and Clarissa (Willets) Halstead ; reared on farm, attending school winters ; attended select school one term ; taught school two terms : graduated, Farmers College near Ohio Centennial. 701 Cincinnati (1851) ; married March 2, 1857, Mary Banks, Cincinnati. Mr. and Mrs. Murat Halstead are parents of twelve children, nine sons and three daughters. Began newspaper work on a literary weekly; joined staff of Cincinnati Commercial March 8, 1853, bought interest 1854 ; head of firm, 18G5; later consolidated with Gazette, as Commercial Gazette, of which he became editor-in-chief. Nominated, 1889, by President Harrison as Minister to Germany; rejected by Senate because of articles he had written about the purchase of senatorial seats. Later edited Brooklyn Standard Union; during past few years special correspondent and mag- azine writer. Went to Philippine Islands during war with Spain. Au- thor: The Convention of 1860; The White Dollar; The Story of Cuba; Life of William McKinley ; The Story of the Philippines ; The History of American Expansion ; Our Country in War ; Official History of the War with Spain; Life of Admiral Dewey; The Great Century; The Boer and British War ; The Galveston Tragedy ; etc. He has written six volumes of American Wars and over twenty books in all. Has traveled the world over and visited and written about nearly every country. Harmon, Judson, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, February 3,. 1846. His father was Reverend B. F. Harmon, a Baptist minister ; his mother, Julia Brunson, both from the state of New York. After a pre- paratory education by his father at home, graduated Denison college at Granville, Ohio 1866 ; and soon after entered the office of George Hoadley as a law student ; graduated Cincinnati Law School, and was admitted to the bar, March, 1869. He at once began practice in Cincinnati. In October, 1876, he was elected judge of the Common Pleas Court, but after a service of a few months was unseated by a contest in the Ohio Senate. In April, 1878, he was elected Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. He was re-elected April, 1883, and served until March, 1887, when he resigned to join the firm of Harmon, Colston, Goldsmith & Hoadley. In June, 1895, he was appointed by President Cleveland, Attorney-General of the United States, and served until the close of Mr. Cleveland's term, March, 1897, when he resumed his practice at Cincinnati. He was president of the Ohio Bar Association in 1898, and is one of the Faculty of the Cincinnati Law School. Hills. Reuben E., born at Oxford, Ohio, 1853; grandfather Dr. James Harvey Hills, emigrated from Connecticut to Ohio in 1807, set- tling in Worthington ; father, Reuben E. Hills, was born at Worthington, Ohio, 1812, subsequently lived at Oxford and Delaware, Ohio; Reuben E., the subject of this sketch, spent his early life in Delaware, and grad- uated Ohio Wesleyan University in 1873 ; entered the real estate business in Chicago, but returned in 1874 to Delaware where he has since been associated with his two brothers in the wholesale grocery business. Served two terms as president of the Delaware city council;, since 1887 has been an elder in the Presbyterian church, and was a delegate to the 702 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. general assembly of 1901, which adopted the revision of the Westminister Confession of Faith. In 1885, married to Miss Ida Worline, Sidney, Ohio ; has two daughters. Member since 1891 of The Ohio State Arch- aeological and Historical Society ; twice elected trustee by the Society ; and is now trustee by appointment by Governor Nash. HoPLEY, Elizabeth Sheppard, (Mrs. James R. Hopley) ; born Gran- ville, Ohio, December 11, 1870; daughter of Thomas J. and Margaret (Collins) Sheppard; descendant of Huguenot and revolutionary ancentry; father Baptist clergyman well-known as the "Andersonville chaplain;" •educated at Shepardson College, Granville, and graduated later in Bucy- rus, where her father was then pastor; graduated Armour Institute, Chi- ■cago, and studied under Wm. L. Tomlins, Central Music Hall, Chicago, .and Edmund Russell ; post-graduate in kindergarten system, Armour In- stitute ; taught in Chicago Mission kindergartens two and a half years ; married, Granville, Ohio, November 15, 1893, James R. Hopley, manager of the Bucyrus Evening Telegraph and the Bucyrus Journal; president (1900-2) Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs; member from Ohio of Library Committee, General Federation of Women's Clubs ; chairman •Conference Committee, Ohio College AlumncC ; only woman speaker at the Ohio Centennial Celebration at Chillicothe. Hunter, William H. ; born at Cadiz, Harrison county, Ohio, May 26, 1852; son of Joseph R. and Letitia McFadden Hunter; grandfathers, James Hunter and John Sloan, Scotch Presbyterians in Pennsylvania, and soldiers in the American Revolution; a great-grandfather (Thomas Hunter), equipped and led a company in the French-English War; his father, Joseph R., emigrated from Pennsylvania to Cadiz in 1830 and studied law in the office with Edwin M. Stanton. William H. Hunter Avas educated in the public and private schools of Cadiz, and engaged in wood carving and the production of artistic pottery, originating the ware known as "Lonhuda." Mr. Hunter early entered the office of the Cadis Sentinel, and before the age of eighteen was in charge of the editorial 7 graduated from the National Normal University, receiving Ph. D. degree in 1894; graduated from the divinity department of St. Lawrence Uni- versity, 1869; completed a course in medicine and surgery in the Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincirfnati, 1873; specialist in comparative anatomy; student in archaeology, and in 1886 had charge of the mound explorations in southwestern Ohio for the Government Bureau of Ethnology; in 18ST visited Scotland in search of material for his "History of the Clan Mc- Lean." Made an examination of Fingal's Cave by request of the Smith- sonian Institute, Washington, D. C. ; under direction of Professor G. Frederick Wright made a glacial survey of Butler County, Ohio : for threq years in charge of the Western Reserve Historical Society at Cleveland; for fifteen years lecturer on archaeology and kindred subjects, from Main? to Minnesota; published books are: History of Clan McLean; Antiquity of Man; The Mound Builders; Mastodon; Mammoth and Man; Norse Discovery of America's Fingal Cave: Introduction Study St. John's Gos- pel; Jewish Nature Worship; The Scotch Highlanders in America; The Journal of Michael Walters. Contributor to leading historical and archae- ological periodicals, American. English and Scotch, and government re- ports, and to official reports of Smithsonian Institution. In 1896 Repub- . lican candidate for congress in the fourth district. Life member Gaelic Ohio Centennial. ^ 707 Society of Glasgow, and Clan MacLean Association of Glasgow ; corre- sponding member Davenport Academy of Sciences, and Western Reserve' Historical Society ; life member and trustee Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Manly, Robert Woolf ; son of Robert Woolf and Mary Cook Manly, and grandson of Governor Tiffin ; born Portsmouth, Ohio, June 19, 1873 ; father, Robert Woolf, was a minister in the M. E, Church, and died in 1883 while stationed in Denver, Colo. ; since the death of his father Rob- -el^t Manly has made his home with his mother in Chillicothe, Ohio; at- tended preparatory schools and college, and graduated from the law school •of the-Uftjyersity of Michigan in 1896: admitted to the bar of Ohio, 1897. Engaged m law practice in Chillicothe. Married at Chillicothe, April 22, 1902, to Miss Helen Entrekin, daughter of the Hon. John C. and^Mary F. Entrekin. Appointed by Governor Nash member of the Ohio Centennial ■Commission. Maktzoi.ff. Clement L. ; born in Monday Creek Tp., Perry county, ■O., November 25, 1809; German descent, grandparents came from Alsace in 1834, and were among the pioneers of Perry county ; spent his boyhood bn the farm ; attended district school till nineteen ye'ars of age. Engaged in the vocation of teaching from then until now, excepting one year, when he was a student at Capital University, Columbus, Ohio. Has taught all grades of public school work ; is now superintendent of schools -at New Lexington, Ohio ; lecturer at teachers' institutes, schools and col- leges: author of a history of Perry county; life member and trustee Ohio State ArchcTological and Historical Society. Massie, David Meade; son of Henry Massie, the youngest child of General Nathaniel Massie, founder of Chillicothe; born in that city in 1859 ; graduated at Princeton and Cincinnati Law School ; elected to the sitate senate of Ohio in 1887, and re-elected in 1889; trustee of the Ohio State U.niversity since 1888; delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion in 1890; since July 1, 1902 has been Commissioner to take testimony in Cuba, in causes pending before the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission; life member Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Mayo, Archibald; born at Oxford, Ohio, June 11, 1839. Spent most of his youth at home of his grandparents in Philadelphia, where he prepared for college. Obtained college education at Miami University; three months' service in company of college companions in Civil War; studied law and admitted to the bar; elected to Ohio State Legislature, 1864; prosecuting attorney of Vinton County and later of Ross County (1870-2) ; father was Herman Boseman Mayo, distinguished lawyer of Philadelphia. New Orleans, Cincinnati, and later resided with his son in Vinton County, of which he was the probate judge for six years. CHAIRMEN OF CHILLICOTHE COMMITTEES OF ARRANGEMENTS. W. D. YAPLE. A. R. WOLFE. W. H. HUNTER. B. E. STEVENSON. RICHARD ENDERLIN. (708) W. B. MILLS. W. H. BRIMSON. K. S. WENIS. Ohio Centennial. 709 Mills, William C. ; born in 18G0, Pyrmont, Montgomery county, Ohio; attended public schools of his native place; taught four years ; entered Ohio State University in 1881; at the close of his junior year took the regular course in the Cincinnati College of Phar- macy and Cincinnati, Ohio Medical College ; re- entered Ohio State University, 1897 ; graduated, 1898, degree of B. Sc. ; in 1902 received degree of M. Sc. ; appointed Curator of the Archaeological Museum, Ohio State University, and elected Cura- tor and Librarian of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1898. Lecturer on An- thropology. Librarian, Ohio zA.cademy of Science ; president Wheaton Ornithological Club ; associate editor Ohio Naturalist ; member American Asso- ciation Advancement of Science and American Ornithologists' Union. Nash, George Kilbon ; born York Township, Medina county, Ohio, August 14, 1842; parents, Asa Nash and Electa (Branch) Nash of New England stock; they came to Ohio from Massachusetts; educated Western Reserve University and Oberlin College; left latter institution as sophomore to enter army, enlisting as private in 150th O. V. I., served with honor till close of war; soon after discharge from army came to Columbus; taught school; studied law with Judge Robert B. Warden; ad- mitted to bar 18(i7; edited Ohio State Journal Jthirteen months; became chief clerk in office of Secretary of State of Ohio ; prosecuting attorney of Franklin county, 1871-5; in 1876 defeated for congress by Hon. Thomas Ewing ; attorney general for state of Ohio, 1879-1883; member. Supreme Court Commission, 1883-5 ; chairman of the state Republican Committee several years ; elected Governor of Ohio for terms 1900-2, defeating John R. McLean, and 1902-4, defeating James Kilbourne. Married, April, 1882, to Mrs. Wm. K. Deshler, who died October, 1886. Life member Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Pkince. Benjamin F. ; born December, 1840, near Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio ; descendant of first settlers in western Ohio ; maternal grandparents settled in Champaign County, Ohio, in 1805, and his paternal grandparents in 1809; grandfather participated in the War of 1812. Ben- jamin was raised upon a farm, and received the usual education in the country schools ; in 1860 entered the preparatory department of Wittenberg College (Springfield) and graduated from that institution in 1865; entered upon the study of theology, but was appointed instructor in his alma mater in the spring of 1866 ; been connected with that institution since that date, serving for more than twenty years as professor of Greek and His- tory, and now occupying the professorship of History and Political Sci- ence ; ex-president Clark County Historical Society; life member and 710 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ernir Nash, of the Ohio State Archgeological and Historical Society. Randall, Emilius Oviatt; born Richfield, Summit county, Ohio, October 28, 1850; son of Rev. D. A. Randall, D. D., and Harriett, O. Ran- dall (three great-grandfathers fought in American Revolution) ; educated Columbus High School, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., 1869-70 ; grad- uated Cornell, Ph. B., 1874 ; graduate College of Law, Ohio State Univers- ity, LL. B., 1892, (LL. M., same, 1892) ; married, Ithaca, N. Y., October 28, 1874, Mary A. Coy. Admitted to the bar, Ohio Supreme Court, 1890 ; official reporter Ohio Supreme Court since 1895 ; Professor of Law Ohio State University since 18^3 ; secretary Ohio State Archaeological and His- torical Society since 1894 ; . member American Bar xA.ss'n ; American His- torical Ass'n ; and American Library Ass'n ; Society of American Authors and Sons American Revolution ; member Columbus Board of Education, 188*^-9; president Columbus Board of Trade, 1889; trustee Columbus Pub- lic Library since 1887. Author: History of Blennerhasset (1889); His- tory of the Separatist Society of Zoar (1899) ; associate editor "Bench and Bar" of Ohio, two vols. (Chicago, 1897) ; editor nine volumes historical publications Ohio State Historical Society. Edited seventeen volumes Ohio State Reports of Supreme Court Decisions. Editor Ohio Archaeo- logical and Historical Society Quarterly, since 1897; life member Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society; appointed trustee of the society by Governors McKinley, Bushnell and Nash. Rickly (Rickli), Samuel Strasser; born January 2, 1819, at Buetz- burg, Canton Berne, Switzerland ; only survivor of family of eighteen children ; parents emigrated to America in 1834, locating at Baltimore,, Fairfield county, Ohio. Spent his boyhood as carpenter and clerk, de- pending entirely upon his own efforts. Entered Marshall College, Mer- cersburg. Pa., in 1839, graduated, 1843 ; studied theology and taught ; mar- ried in 1845 ; came to Columbus in 1847 as educator, and in 1848 was principal of the Columbus high school. In 1849 established an academy at Tarleton, Pickaway county, Ohio, which school was, in the spring of 1850, adopted by the synod of the Reformed Church as the nucleus of a church institution called Heidelberg College, of which Mr. Rickly was made president. The same year this institution was re-located at Tiffin, Ohio, where it now exists as one of the leading colleges of the state ; superintendent of schools at Tiffin, Ohio, 1851, and professor of pedagogy in Heidelberg College; journal clerk Ohio House of Representatives 1854 ; member Columbus Board of Education, 1863 and City Council, 1874 ; organizer Franklin County Teachers' Association (1848) and Ohio Teach- ers' Association (1849) — of which he was secretary — and the National Teachers' Association at Cleveland in 1852; one of the organizers of the Ohio Sunday-school Teachers' Association at Cincinnati, 1858, and Na- tional Sunday-school Teachers' Association at Philadelphia, 1858. Mer- Ohio Centennial. 711 chant, manufacturer and banker until 1875, when he organized the Capital City Bank, of which he has since been president : January 6, 1885, sub- mitted to Board of Trade plan that the City of Columbus, in 1892, com- memorate the fourth centennial of the discovery of America by Christo- pher Columbus. This idea was subseqtiently carried out by the Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago. Trustee Columbus public library; director Columbus Board of Trade and chief promoter in the erection of Board of Trade building. Regent of Heidelberg University, and regent of Otter- 'bein University. Westerville, Ohio; life member, trustee and treasurer of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. RvAN, Daniel Joseph; born, Cincinnati, January 1, 1855; son of John and Honora (Ryan) Ryan; graduated Portsmouth, Ohio high school; studied law, 1875-77; married, Delaware, Ohio, January 10, 1884, Myra L. Kerr. Admitted lo bar of Ohio 1877; practiced at Portsmouth; City So- licitor of Portsmouth two terms ; member of the sixty-sixth and sixty- seventh general assemblies of Ohio, (speaker pro tem, sixty-seventh) ; first president, the Ohio Republican League, two terms ; temporary chair- man first National Convention of Republican Clubs, New York, 1887; Secretary of Slate of Ohio, 1888-91 ; executi\e commissioner of Ohio at World's Columbian Exposition, and organized Ohio exhibit ; member ex- ecutive committee Association of American Exhibitors, 1893. and its com- missioner to Antwerp Exposition, 1893 : delegate from Ohio to Western Water-ways convention at Vicksburg ; president Columbus, New Albany & Johnstown Traction Co., Columbus Lithograph Co.. Homeopathic Hos- pital Association; director and counsel Miami & Erie Canal Transporta- tion Co. Author : A History of Ohio ; Arbitration between Capital and Labor; contributor to North American Review and other magazines; life member and trustee Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. Sloaxe, Rush Richard; born Sandusky, Ohio, Septeml)er 18, 1828; son of John Nelson and Cynthia (Strong) Sloane ; grandfather, William Sloane who located at Lyme, N. H. in 17(14 was an officer in the American revolution. Educated in private schools and at Wesleyan Academy, Nor- walk, Ohio; married, Elyria, Ohio, Helen F. Ilall ; City Clerk two terms; Probate Judge two terms ; appointed by President Lincoln as General Agent of the Postoffice Department. March, 1801 ; was delegate to Pitts- burg convention, 1856, which organized the republican party, and was an invited guest at Philadelphia National Republican Convention, June, 1900. Aided in organizing the "Cassius M. Clay brigade." April, 1861, to pro- tect city of Washington, was a member of the brigade; chairman. Republi- can State Committee of Ohio, 1865-6; candidate of Liberal (Greely) party for congress, 1872; mayor of Sandusky, 1879-81. In 1852 was sued for $6,000.00 damages in U. S. Court for professional services as a lawyer in defending six slaves, escaping to Canada, under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; was mulcted in damages and paid the judgment. Was Railroad CHAIRMEN OF CHILLICOTHE COMMITTEES OF ARRANGEMENTS. E. R. MCKEE. JOSEPH GERBER. H. H. BENNETT. MRS. JOHN A. NIPGEN. WM. POLAND. MISS ALICE BENNETT. (712) ALBKRT DOUGLAS. FERD. MARZLUFF. F. C. ARBENZ. Ohio Centennial. 713 president ten years. President of the Firelands Historical Society; mem- ber Sons of the American Revolution ; life member and trustee of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society ; appointed by Gov. Nash a member Ohio State Centennial Commission. Thompson^ Henry Adams ; born, Stormstown, Centre county, Penn- sylvania, March 23, 1837 ; son of John and Lydia Thompson ; graduate of Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa., 1858 ; studied theology. Western The- ological Seminary, Allegheny City, Pa., (Hon. D. D., Jefiferson College, 1873; LL. D. Westfield College, 111., 1886) married Galena, Ohio, August 7, 1862, Harriet E. Copeland. Taught select school at Marion and Nobles- ■ville, Ind., 1861; professor of mathematics. Western College, Iowa, 1861-2; 5ame, Otterbein University, Ohio, 1862-7 ; superintendent public schools, Troy, O., 1867-71 ; professor of mathematics, Westfield College, 111., 1871-2; president Otterbein University Ohio, 1872-86 ; candidate for congress, prohibition ticket, 1874 ; for Lieutenant-governor of Ohio, 1875 ; for gov- ernor of Ohio, 1877 ; chairman, National Prohibition convention, 1876 ; nominated for vice-president on ticket with Neal Dow, 1880 ; delegate to Ecumenical conference, London. 1881 ; commissioner, department of sci- ence and education at Ohio Centennial Exposition at Columbus, 1889; ■associate editor, editor-in-chief Sunday-school literature, U. B. Church, 1893-1901; editor United Brethren Review since 1901. Author: Schools of the Prophets ; Power of the Invisible ; Our Bishops ; Biography of Bishop J. Wearer. Life and charter member and trustee Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Socitey. Thompson, Wtlli.km Oxley; born Cambridge, Ohio, November 5, 1855; son of David Glenn and Agnes Miranda (Oxley) Thompson; boy- hood on farm ; from age of twelve supported himself ; attended and taught country schools ; graduated Muskingum College, 1878 ; taught school at Lawn Ridge, 111.; graduated Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny City, Pa.. 1882; A. M., 1881; D. D., 1891, Muskingum College; LL. D., Western University of Pennsylvania, 1897 ; ordained to Presbyterian min- istry, 1882 ; pastorate at Odebolt, Iowa, 1882-5 ; president, Longmont Col- lege, Colorado; president Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1891-99; pres- ident, Ohio State University, 1899 ; married, Cleveland, Ohio, June 28, 1894, Estella Godfrey Clark; life member Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Venable, William Henry; born, Warren county. Ohio, April 29, 1836; son of William and Hannah (Baird) Venable; graduated National Normal School, Lebanon, Ohio, 1860 (A. M., De Pauw University, 1864; LL. D., Ohio University, 1886) married, Indianapolis, Ind., 1860, Mary Vater. Taught in Lebanon Normal School and later principal Jennings Academy, Vernon, Indiana ; professor natural sciences, 1862-81, principal and proprietor 1881-6, Chickering Institution ; professor English Litera- 714 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Public ations. ture, Hughes High School 1889-95; Walnut Hills high school, Cincinnati,, siime 1895. Member Literary Club of Cincinnati, Historical and Philo- sophical Society of Ohio ; A. A. A. S. ; National Educational Association. Organized and was president of Cincinnati Society for Political Edu- cation ; first president Teachers' Club, Cincinnati ; president. Western As- sociation of Writers. Author: A History of United States 1872; June on the Miami, etc. ; 1872 ; The Teacher's Dream, 1881 : Melodies of the Heart, 1865 ; Footprints of the Pioneers, 1888 ; Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley, 1891; John Hancock, Educator, 1892; The Last Flight, 1894; Life of General William Haines Little, 1894; Let Him First be a Man, 1894; Tales from Ohio History, 1896; Selections from Burns, Byron and Wadsworth, 1898 ; Santa Claus and The Black Cat, 1898 ; Dream of Empire, or the House of Blennerhasset, 1901 ; Tom Tad, 1902.. Wood, Edwin Forest; born in Bradford County. Pa., October 3, 1863; parents. Earl P. and Maritta J. Wood. When Edwin was two years of age his parents moved to Ohio, settling in the little village of Jersey, Licking County. The're Edwin attended the district school, and- later the Presbyterian Academy at Central Col- lege, Franklin County. Came to Columbus in 1879, and in 1884 entered the Capital City Bank,, with which institution he has since been con- nected, serving for many years past as assist- ant cashier. April 15, 1886, married at Colum- bus to Miss Jesse B. McKim. Have three sons. From early manhood Mr. Wood has been an en- thusiastic and efficient worker in his church E. F. WOOD. (Congregational), and Sunday-school. Is treas- urer of the Congregational Club of Columbus and also of the Columbus and Franklin County Sunday-school Associations. In 1890 he became identified with the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, and for the past ten years has been its assistant treasurer, having practical, charge of its funds and financial afifairs. Wright. George Bohan : born near Granville, Ohio, December 11,. 1815; son of Spencer and Abbie (Cooley) Wright; educated Western Re- serve University, and Ohio University, class of 1840; left in senior year; married in 1846, Hetta A. Taylor (died January 25, 1888). Admitted to bar April, 1843 ; practiced at Newark, O., until 1856 ; after that devoted to railway business; until 1861. Served in quarter-master's department of Ohio equipping Ohio soldiers for service ; assistant quarter-master and quarter-master general until January, 1864; appointed military storekeeper by President Lincoln ; appointed colonel 106th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, but Secretarv Stanton objected to his leaving the service at Columbus Ohio Centennial. 715 and detailed him to that place; first state commissioner of railroads and telegraphs, Ohio, 1867-71 ; vice-president Atlantic & Great Western R. R. Co., 1870; later receiver, Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western R. R. Co. until 1887; member military order Loyal Legion; G. A. R. ; Sons of American Revolution; life member, trustee and vice-president Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. General Wright died at Columbus, Ohio, September 11, 1903. Wright, George Frederick ; born Whitehall, N. Y., January 22, 1838 ; son of Walter and Mary Peabody (Colburn) Wright; graduate of Ober- lin 1859 (A. M. 1862), Oberlin Theological Seminary, 1862 (D. D., Brown University, 1887; LL. D., Drury" College, 1887) ; F. G. S. A., 1890; soldier in U. S. Army five months in 1861 ; married August 28, 1862, Huldah Maria Day (died 1899). Pastor, Congregational Church, Bakersfield, Vt., 1862- 72, Andover, Mass., 1872-81. Professor of Langauge and Literature New Testament, Oberlin Theological Seminary, 1881-92 ; of the harmony of sci- ence and religion since 1892. Assistant geologist Pennsylvania survey, 1881-2 ; U. S. survey 1884-92. Deliverer of popular and scientific lec- tures in all parts of the country. Author: Logic of Christian Evidences, 1880 ; Studies in Science and Religion, 1882 ; The Relation of Death to Probation, 1882 ; the Divine Authority of the Bible, 1884 ; Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky ; Ice Age in North America, 1889 ; Charles Grandison Finney, 1891 ; Man and the Glacial Period, 1892 ; Greenland Ice Fields and Life in the North Atlantic, 1896 ; Scientific Aspects of Chris- tian Evidences, 1898; Asiatic Russia (2 vols.), 1902; etc. Editor Bibli- otheca Sacra since 1884. Life member and trustee Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society. Yaple, Wallace D. ; born in Eagle Township, Vinton County, Ohio, May 2, 1870; parents were William Ross Yaple and Elizabeth (McDonald) Yaple ; great-grandfather, John Yaple, was a soldier in the American Revolution, and with four other associates, at the end of that war, founded the city of Ithaca, New York. John Yaple left Ithaca 1813, and settled in Ross County, Ohio. William Ross Yaple, father of Wallace, was born in Ross County in October, 1833. Wallace D. was the eldest son of his parents ; educated in the public schools, and after the death of his father, in 1887, taught school several years. Read law with his uncle. Judge Alfred Yaple, of Cincinnati, and admitted to the bar December 6, 1894. Practitioner in Chillicothe ever since. Defeated as Democratic candidate for probate judge of Ross County, 1896; elected city solicitor of Chillicothe, 1897; re-elected, 1899; in April, 1901, elected mayor of Chillicothe, and re-elected in April, 1908. Member of the Masons, I. O. R. M. and B. P. O. E. INDEX, Abolition — Chase, a believer, in, 251; Ohio, in, 179, 299. "Achievements of Ohio in the care of her unfortunate classes," Brinkerhoi?, 490. Adams, John, represents U. S. in West- eern Boundary Controversy, 66. Addresses (Ohio Centennial) — Andrews, 71; Anderson, 147; Arnett, 677; Bone- brake, 389; BrinkerhoflF, 490; Camp- bell, 249; Claypool, 45; Courtenay (Poem), 683; Cowen, 536; Ewing, 510; Foraker, 273; Foster, 675; Granger, 318; Grosvenor, 292; Halstead, 207; Hanna, 382; Harmon, 59; Hopley, 550; Keifer, 50. 165; Knabenshue, 565; Manley, 2; Massie, 238; Mayo, 28; M'Cabe, 664; McClintick, 8; Nash, 50, 53; Randall, 120; Ryan, 13; Sloane, 90; Thompson, 426; Venable, 582; Yaple, 3, 48. Allen, William^ — descendants of, 5, 7; Mention of, 46, 51, 148, 275; Sketch of, 261; U. S. Senator from Ohio, 283. Anderson, Charles — goes to England in Civil War, 257; sketch of, 256; personal sketch, 687. Anderson, Thomas M. — "Militory his- tory of Ohio, including War of 1812," 147; portrait of, 147; personal sketch, 688. Anderson, James, H., personal sketch, 687. Andrews, Martin R. — "History of North- west Territory from Marietta settle- ment to organization of State," 71; portrait of, 71; personal sketch, 689. Anti-slavery, Gov. Andrews advocates, 257. (See Abolition.) Armstrong, Gen. criticizes Gen. Harri- son, 160. Arnett, B. W. — address of, 677; por- trait of, 677; personal sketch, 689. Anbury Francis, 671. Athens, "Log Cabin" Campaign at, 526. Atwater, Caleb, discusses date of Ohio's admission, 95. Authors (Ohio) — list of poetical, 639-643; list of recent, 631-639; prose writers, list of, 644-663. Avery, Elroy McKendree, personal sketch, 690. Baldwin, Michael, appointed on Ohio Ju- diciary, 101, 104. Bank, U. S., mention of, 480. Bar, Chillicothe's, in 1840, 12. Bareis, George F, personal sketch, 690. Barnett, James, personal sketch, 691. Bartley, Mordecai, sketch of, 246. Bartley, Thomas W., sketch of, 240. Barton, Mary C, Civil War, in, 195. Battles (Civil War) — Ohio soldiers in, 184; Fallen Timbers, 156; l^ort Meigs, 154; Lake Erie, 160; Malcolm's Mills, 161; Opequon, 187; Point Pleasant, 153; Raisin, 154; Thames, 160. Bebb, William, sketch of, 246. Beecher, Henry Ward, mention of, 611, Bennett, H. H. — designs memorial tab- let, 1; portrait of, 7. iBennett, John, suggests erection of memorial tablet, 1. Bingham, John, A. — Congress, in, 303; mention of, 432. Bishop, Richard M., sketch of, 264. "Black Laws," 247. Boats, Early, on Ohio River, 75. Bonebrake, L. D. — portrait of, 389; "The Public Schools of Ohio," 389. Bond, Col. Wm. Key, recollections of, McClintick, 9. Boone, Daniel, mention of, 129. Bouquet, Indian expedition of, 150. Bowman, Capt. John, campaign against Indians, 127. Bradford, Indian expedition of, 150. Brant, Joseph, mention of, 138, 142, 143. Brice, Calvin S., U. S. Senator, 288. Brinkerhoff, Gen. R. — book by, 596; "The achievements of Ohio in the care of her unfortunate classes," 490; personal sketch, 693; portrait of, 490- (7L7) 718 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. aUks of, 12T: Indi British — aid Indiaias, 156, 157; esti- mate of Geti. Wayne, 141; Indian at Battle Point Pleasant, Indians supported by, 134, 136, 137, 138, 142; invade Nortriwest Terri- tory, 128, 132; posts of Northwest held by, 134; surrender forts in Ohio, 80. Borebrake Lewis D., personal sketch, 691. Brough, John, sketch of, 255. Brown, Ethan Allen — mention of, 8; recommends new Constitution, 24; sketch of, 244. Buell, Gen. D. C, Mexican War, in, 174. Burgoyne's surrender, St. Clair at, 57. Burnet, Jacob — Burr-Smith, account of, by, 281; opposes slavery, 33; recollec- tion of, McClintick, H; supports St. , Clair, 21. Burr, Aaron — Influences Senator Smith, 281; Tiffin counteracts, 43. Bushnell, Asa S., sketch of, 271. Byrd, Charles — appointed on Ohio Ju- diciary, 101, 104; mention of, 44; suc- ceeds St. Clair, 104. Campbell, James E. — "(iovernor of Ohio under the Second Constitution," 249; portrait of, 24!t; sketch of, 269; perso- nal sketch, 693. Cass, Gen., mention of, 157. Claypool, Horatio C, personal sketch, 694. Centennial Celebration (Ohio's Admis- sion) — Addresses at, (See "Addres- ses at Centennial"); beginning of, 48; distinguished visitors at, 48, 52; Nash's address at, 53; opening ad- dress, 53; opening of, 26; school music at, 58; Society at, 48, 51. Centennial Celebration (First Constitu- tion), 1-47, (see Tablet); distinguished visitors at, 7; Memorial Hall, exer- cises at, 7; Memorial Tablet unveiled at, 1-7. Century Club take initiative in erection of Memorial Tablet, 1. 3, 5. Charitable Institutions. (See Reforma- tories.) — Dependent children, 492; epileptics, 494; feeble-minded youth, 492; insane hospitals, 493; State Board of Charities, 500. Chase, Bishop, Kenyon College founded by, 450. Chase, Salmon P. — discusses date of Ohio's admission, 94; opposes slavery. 179; sketch of, 251; U. S. Senator from Ohio, 284. Chatham, Earl of — opposes Indians as allies, 123; opposes Quebec Act, 121. Chiefs — Blue Jacket, speech of, 137; Cornstalk, 153, 154, Battle Point Pleasant at, 122; Little Turtle, 154; Tecumseh, 154, 157, death of, 160. Chillicothians oppose St. Clair, 239, 240. Chillicothe — beginnings of, 16; Capital of Ohio, 90; Capital of Territory, ,83; Court House, new at, 13; distin- guished sons of, 5; early political ascendency of, 84, 85; first newspaper at, 565; founder of, 9; historic associa- tions of, 208; Indian habitations near, 50; location of, 213; "Log Cabin Cam- paign at," 523; Mt. Logan at, view of, 70; part taken in making Ohio a State, 49, 50, 51; political scenes in, 87, 88; prominent citizens of, 57; pro- verbial hospitality of, 50. Churches (Ohio) — Afro-Methodist-Epis- copal, 466; Baptist, .668; Catholic, 477, 667; Christian (Campbellite), 461; Church of God, 476; Dunkard, 475; Free Will Baptist, 474; Lutheran, 464, 477, 667; Methodist, 4f>8, 669; missio- naries of, 671; Moravians, 667; pioneer ministers of, 670; Presbyterian, 468 668; Protestant-Episcopal, 667; Puritan 668; Reformed, 4^3; Reformed Pres byterian, 478; Swedenborgian, 463 Universalist, 471. Cincinnati — pioneer newspapers of, 567 "School of literature and arts," in 588. Civil War — battles of, Ohio soldiers in 184; cause of, 177; Garfield in, 181 Generals (Ohio) in, 195, 197; Hayes in, 181; McKinley in, 181; Ohio in 55, 176-199, 253, 254; Ohio men sup- port, 179, 180, 181; contributed to, 182 Ohio's human sacrifice in, 192; Ohio's infantry in, 183; Ohio's quota in, 183 Ohio's specific part in, 178; Ohio's volunteer army in, 1S2; political effect of, 285; women in, 182, 195, 556; ser- vice of Ohio soldiers in, 184; Union loss of men in, 193. Clark, George Rogers — campaign of, in Northwest, 124; conquest of North- west by, 63, 64, 65; holds Kaskaskia and Vincennes, 152, 154; Indian expe- dition of, 151, 154; repels British in- vasion of U. S., 12s, 1.32; result of conquest of, 163. Index. 719 Claypool, Horatio C. — accepts Tiffin medallioti, 45; portrait of, 45. Colleges — Adelbert, 433; Antioch, 445; Ashland University, 475; Baldwin, 456; Buchtel, 471; Capital University, 464; Case School, 448; Cedarville, 478; Cincinnati, University of, 478; Cleve- land Medical, 435; Co-education in, 483; Defiance, 470; Dennison Univer- sity, 452; Denuininational Universi- ties, 44!); educational influence of, 485; Findlay, 476; Franklin, 432; growth of, 489; Heidelberg, 463; Hi- ram, 4til; Kenyon, 449; Lake Erie College and Seminary, 444; Lima, 477; local services of, 486; Marietta, 441; Miami University, 429, land grants for, 429; Mt. Union, 458; Muskingum, 453; National Normal, 447; Oberlin, 487, co-education at, 439, slavery at- titude of, 440; Ohio Northern Uni- versity, 470; (Jhio State University, 481; Ohio University, growth of, 427, •origin of, .':93, revenue of, 428; Ohio Wesleyan, 454; (Jtterbein, 459; Oxford Western College for Women, 446; re- ligious intiuence of, 487; Rio Grande, 474; Scio, 467; St. Ignatius, 477; St. Xavier's, 451; Urhana University, 463; Western Reserve, 433, College for Women, 435, Dental School, 436, Graduate School, 437; "Backus" Law School. 436; Wilberforce, 466; Wil- mington, 472; Wittenberg, 457; Woos- ter University, 468. Colonial Charters, boundaries fixed by, 59. Congress, act of, for relief of officers of Northwest Territory, 108. Connecticut cedes land claims to North- west Territory, 67, 215. Constitutional Convention (First) — meeting of, 32; Tiffin, president of, 21. Constitutional Convention (Second), president of, 250. Constitution, (Ohio's First) — address, Ryan, 13; character of, 240, 241; con- vention for, 90; courts under, 318; criminal jurisprudence of, 497; duties of governor of, 238, 240; Jefferson's opinion of, 23; liberties provided in, 46; not ratified by people, 21, 22, 84; objections to, 24; power given to legislature, 23; refuses veto power, •23; religious element in, 666; school prorision in, 393; stability of, 23, 24; veto clause of, 40; Western Reserve opposes, 25. Constitution (Ohio's Second) — courts under, 319; governor under, 249; school provision in, 395. Continental Congress, St. Clair President of, 57. Corwin, Thomas — compromises on slavery, 180; "Log Cabin" campaign in, 526; mention of, 148; military re- cord of, 202; opposes Mexican War, 284; resigns as U. S. Representative, 297; sketch of, 246; Tod debates with, 255; U. S. Senator from Ohio, 283. Counties — Northwest Territory, of, in 1798, 81; Trumbull organized, 572. Courtenay, A. M. — Invocation at Cen- tennial by, 48; portrait of, 683; "The Ohio Century," 683; personal sketch, 094. Courts (See Judiciary) — character of judges in, 352; Circuit, 320; common laws in, 326; Common Pleas, 319; conflict of jurisdiction of, 334, 336; election of judges, 318; federal judges in Ohio Circuit District, 354; federal jurisdiction of, 335; first constitution's, 318; first judges of, 322; judges of, 320; judges in U. S. District Court of Ohio, 354; judges' offices vacated, 328; judges of Ohio Common Pleas, 360; judges of Ohio Circuit, 357, 359: judges of Ohio Supreme, .355; judges of Superior, in Ohio, 380; jurisdiction of, 325; jurisdiction of in slavery cases, 337, 338; justice's, established, 324; Lincoln on jurisdiction of, 338; Ohio, 318; Ohio, in U. S. Supreme, 381; Ohio Senators served in, 276; order of precedence of judges, 320; organization of, in Ohio, 215; place of holding Supreme, 321; room for, in Old State House, 11; Second Con- stitution's, 319; St. Clair appoints, 2; Supreme, 319, 321; Supreme appellate jurisdiction of, 333; Supreme jurisdic- tion, 332; territorial judges, 354. Covven, B, R. — "Ethnological History of Ohio," 536; portrait of, 536; per- sonal sketch, 694. Cox, Jacob D., sketch of, 258. Cox, S. S., mention of, 571. Crawford — Indian expedition of, 130; execution of, 149. Creighton, William, Jr., recollections of, McClintick, 9. Croghan, George, Ft. Stephenson de- fended by, 159. 720 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Crook, Gen., in Civil War, 189. Cutler, Ephraim, mention of, 22. Cu^r, Manasseh — mention of, 427; ^dinance of 17S7, secured by, 665; supports St. Clair, 21. I>ana, VVm. H., in navy, 220. Day, Wm. R., mention of, 202. Daughters of American Revolution assist in erecting Memorial Tablet, 1, 3, 5. Daughters of Revolution assist in erect- ing Memorial Tablet, 1, 3, 5. Democracy and education, 390, 391. Democracy, Ohio, in, 82; St. Clair's ideas of, 34. Democratic Party — slavery attitude of, 300; slavery's influence on, 37; "States Rights"" influence on, 37. Dennison, William, sketch of, 252. Detroit — campaign against, 125; surren- der of, 158. Doughty, Major, erects Fts. Harmar and Washington, 153. Douglas, J. C. — mention of, 13; presides at Memorial Hall exercises, 7; pre- sides at session of Centennial, 26. Douglas, Stephen A., Ohio's vote for, 179. Dunmore, Lord — campaign of, 153; re- solutions of officers of, at Ft. Gower, 122. Dunmore's War, cause of, 121. Edison, Thomas, mention of, 148. Education and Democracy, 390, 391. Education (See Schools), (See Colleges), (See Universities) ; French Revolution influences, 390; necessity of public, .391; Northwest Territory, in, 54; Ohio's encouragement for, 91; Ohio's growth in, 389; Ordinance of 1787 on, 41, 392; progress of, 385; Tiffin on, 41; "Universities of Ohio," Thompson, 426; Washington on, 301. Electoral College of 1800, 279. Enabling Act, Ohio's education, 97, 102. Enactments for Ohio's seal, 109, 110, 111, 113. England cedes claims in Western Boun- dary Controversy, 66; Florida ceded to, 65. "Ethnological History of Ohio," Cowen, 536. Ewing, Thomas, Sr. — "Log Cabin" Cam- paign, in, 528; mention of, 148, 511; U. S. Senator from Ohio, 282. Ewing, Thos. , Jr. — Supports Civil War, 283; portrait of, 510; "The Ohio Presi- dents," 510; personal sketch, 695. Expansion territorial, 167. Fallen Timbers, battle of, 79, 144. Fearing, Paul, Northwest Territorial del- egate, 106. Federalists— - early, in (Jhio, 20; ideas of, 35, 37, 38; part taken in Ohio's admission, 21. 40 Fiction (Ohio) — Ballard, Julia P., 617; Bates, Margaret H., 618; Beatty,John, 017; Bennett, Emerson, 613; Bennett, John, 619; Bierce, Ambrose, 617; Buntline, Ned, 614; Gary, Alice, 612; Catherwood, Mary H., 614, 618; Charles, Humphrey R., 617; Chesnutt, Chas. W., 621; Clarke, Alexander, 617; Dumont, Julia L., 611; Dunbar, Paul L., 621; Ewing, Hugh B., 617; Flint, Timothy, 610; Gage, Francis D., 611; (toss, Charles F.,'620; Hall, James, 610; Henderson, Howard, A. M., 621; Howells, Wm. D., 615; Jewett, John B., 621; Judson, E. C; 613; Keeler, Ralph, 618; Lesser productions of, 612, 614, 622; Lloyd, John Uri, 620; "Martha Farquharson," 617; Naylor, James Ball, 620; Pickard, Geo. H., 619; Riddle, Albert G.,615; Severence, Mark S., 618; Sprague, Mary A., 618; Stephenson, Nathaniel, 620; Ste- venson, Burton E., 619; Stowe, Har- riet Beecher, 611; Thompson, Adele E., 619; Tourgee, Albion W., 616; Victor, Metta V,, 617; Woolsey, Sarah C, 618. Filson, Charles P., Tiffin Medallion by, 26. Filson, John, mention of, 26. Finley, Gen., mention of, 157. "Firelands," grant of, 105. Florida, Spain cedes to England, 65. Follett, Martin D., personal sketch, 695. Foraker, J. B. — mention of, 202; "Ohio in U. S. Senate," 273; portrait of, 273; sketch of, 268; personal sktech, 096. Ford, Seabury, sketch of, 247. Forts — erected by Wayne, 141; Gower, resolutions of Dunmore's officers at, 122; Greenville, Wayne erects, 153; Hamilton erected, 153; Harmar, erec- tion of, 152, view of, 248; Jefferson erected, 153; Laurens erected, 125, 151; Mc Arthur erected, 153; Mcintosh erected, 135; Meigs erected, 153, 159; Meigs, battle of, 154; Recovery, Wayne erects, 153; St. Clair erected, 153; Stephenson, 153; Stephenson, Index. 721 Croghan's defense of, 159; Washing- ton erected, 152. Foster, Charles — address of, 675; Con- gre'Js, in, 303, 304, 305; portrait of, 675; sketch of, 265; personal sketch, 696. Franklin, Benjamin, represents U. S. in boundary dispute, 65. French and Indian War — Colonies' part in, 121; St. Clair in, 5i. French Grant, 76. French — claims in Northwest Terri- tory, 60; explorations of, 60; Iroquois enemies to, 60; Northwest Territory lost by, 61. Fugitive Slave Law, Passage of, 280. Funston Frederick, Aguinaldo captured by, 205. Gallatin, Albert, letter of, indicating Ohio's admission, 107. Gallipolis, settlement of, 70. Garfield, Jas. A. — Civil War, in, 181; Congress, in, 298, 302, 303, 304; men- tion of, 275; President, 513; "Works" of, 395. Garretson, Geo. A. — Spanish-American War, in, 2(i8. Generals (Ohio) — Civil War, in, 195; died in Civil War, 192, 193; list of, in Civil War, 197; Mexican War. in, 174. Generals, Brigadier (Ohio), list of, in Civil War, 197. Generals, Major (Ohio), list of, 197. Germans in Ohio, 41. Gibson, Col. John, commands Fort at Pittsburg, 125. Giddings, Joshua R. — Abolition record of, 299; congressional services of, 298; opposes slavery, 179; resigns U. S. representation, 297. Gilmore, Quincy A., military record of, 196. Gist, Christopher — descendants of, 219; explores Ohio valley, 217, 220; ex- tracts from journal of, 218. "Governors of Ohio under the First Con- stitution," Massie, 238. "Governors of Ohio under the Second Constitution," Campbell, 249. Governors (Ohio) — AUen, William, 261; ancestry of, 245, 249; Anderson, Charles, 256; Bartley, Mordecai, 246; Hartley, T. W., 246; Bishop, K. M., 264; Brough, John, 255; Brown, Ethan Allen, 244; Bushtiell,' A. S., 271; Campbell, James E., 269; Chase, S. P., 251; (Zorwin, Thomas, 246; coun- *46 o. c. ties furnishing, 247; Cox, J. D., 258; Denmore, Wm., 252; duties of, under First Constitution, 240; Foraker, J. B., 268; Ford, Seabury, 247; Foster, Charles, 265; Hayes, R. B., 259; Hoad- ley, Geo., 266; Huntington, Samuel, 243; Kirker, Thomas, 243; Lucas, Ro- bert, 245; McArthur, Duncan, 245; McKinley, William, 269; Medill, Wil^ Ham, 250; Meigs, R. J., 242, 243; Nash, Geo. K., 271; Noyes, Edward F., 260; Shannon, Wilson, 246; Tiffin, E., 241; Tod, David, 254; Trimble, Allen, 245; Vance, Joseph, 246; Wood, Reuben, 247, 346; Worthington, Tho- mas, 243; Young, Thomas L., 263. Granger, Moses M. — Civil VVar, 189; portrait of, 318; "The Ohio Judici- ary," 318; personal sketch, 696. Grant, U. S. — Civil War, in, 185; me- moirs of, 594; mention of, 072, 074; Mexican War, in,- 175; military char- acter of, 195; President, 514. Gray, David S., personal sketch, GdJ,. Greenville, treaty of, 80, 144. Crosvenor, Chas. H. — mention of, 202, 256; "Ohio in National JJouse of Rep- resentatives," 292; portrait of, 292; personal sketch, 099. Halstead, Murat — ancestry of, 307; "Ohio in the Navy," 207; portrait of, • 207; personal sketch, 700. Hamilton, Alexander, mention of, 34, 35, 57. Hancock, John, mention of, 56. Hanna, M. A. — "Industrial I*rogress of Ohio," 382; mention of, 202; portrait; of, ;is2; personal sketch, 699. Harmar, Gen. Josiah — invades Indiatn territory, 77, i:?8, 154; mention of, 72. Harmon, Judson — "History of Norths west Territory to Marietta Settle- ment," 59; personal sketch, 701; por- trait of, 59. Harper, John W., personal sketch, 700. Harrison, W. H. — cabinet of, 532; com- mander of troops against Indians, 152, 153; Governor Indiana Territory, 83^ mention of, 148, 154, 103, 181; mili- tary services of, 513; presidential cam- paign of, 516, 517; President, 513, 514; recollections of, (McClintick's), 9; re- signs in War of 1812, 161; territorial delegate, 31. 81; War Department cen- sures. 160; War of 1812, in, 158; Wayne's Army, in, 145; Webster on election of, 530. 722 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. % Harris "Tour" (of Ohio), date of Ohio's admission discussed by, 94. Hay^ R. B. — anecdote of, 534; charac- ter of, 260; Civil War, in, 181, 188 Congress, in, 302, 303; President, 514 resigns as U. S. Representative, 298 sketch of, 259; Hayes-Tilden dispute, 287, 288. Hay, John, mention of, 202. Heer, Fred. J., present at unveiling Memorial Tablet, 7. Henry, Patrick — commissions G. R. dark, 124; Governor of Virginia, 63, 15L Hildreth, Dr., manuscript collection of, 86. Hills, Reuben E. , personal sketch of, 701. Historical Society, Ross County, assist in securing tablet, 1. Historians (Ohio) — Bancroft, H. H., i599; Bliss, Eugetie F., 598; Brinker- hofr. Gen. R., 596; Cist, Henry M., 595; Coffin, Levi, 596; Cox, Jacob D., -595; Finley, James B., 596; Force, Manning F., 595; Garfield, James A., -595; Giddings, Joshua R., 594; Gil- more, Wm. E., 596; Grant's Memoirs, 594; Hinsdale, B. A,, 595; Howells, Wm, C, 596; Keifer, J. Warren, 596; local and general, list of, 597; Meline, James F., 598; Myers, Philip Van Ness, 598; Randall, E. O., 598; Rhodes, James F, 599; Sheridan, Philip H., 505; Sherman, Wm. T., 595; Sloane, Wm. M., 599. Historical Societies, Ohio's, 599. "History of Northwest Territory from N Marietta Settlement to organization of State," Andrews, 71. Hoadly, George — mention of, 501, 504; sketch of, 266. Holy Grail, reference to, 44. Hopley, Mrs. James R. — "Part taken by Women in the history and devel- opment of Ohio," 550; portrait of, 550; personal sketch, 702. Howells, Wm. D. — estimate of Kinney by, 628; writings of, 615. Hull, Gen. — court-martial of, 158; War cf 1812, in, 158. Humorous Writers (Ohio) — Cox, S. S., 622; Locke, David R., 623; Thomp- son, William T., 622; Ward, Artemus, 623. Hunter, W. H. — Mayo's tribute to, 28; mention of, 45; portrait of, 26; Tiffin Memorial Medallion presented by, 26; personal sketch, 702. Huntington, Samuel — death of, 8; des- cendants of, 7; impeachment of, 24; sketch of, 243. Illustrations — Anderson, Thomas M., 147; Andrews, Martin R., 74; Arnett, B. W., 677; Bennett, H. H., 7; Bonebrake, L. D., 3S9; BrinkerhofT, Gen. R., 490; Campbell, James, E., 249; Campus Martins, 388; Claypool, H. C, 45; Courtenay, A. M., 683; Cowan, B. R., 536; Ewing, Thomas, Jr., 510; Foraker, J. B., 273; Fort Harmar, 248; Foster, Charles, 675; Granger, Moses M., 318; Grosvenor, Charles H., 292; Halstead, Murat, 207; Hanna, M. A., 382; Harmon, Judson, 59; Hopley, ^Irs. James R., 550; Hunter, W. H., 26; Keifer, J. Warren, 165; Knabenshue, S. S., 565; Manley, Robert W. , 2; Massie, David Meade, 238; Mayo, Archibald, 28; M'Cabe, Bishop C. C, 664; Mc- Clintock, Wm. T., 8; Mt. Logan, Chillicothe, 70; Randall, E. O., 120; Ryan, Daniel, J., 13; Sloane, Rush R., 90; Tablet, 6; Thompson, W. O., 426; Tiffin's Medallion, 27; Yaple, W. D., 4. Impeachment of Ohio Judges, 24. Indiana — organization of Territory of, 83; suspension of anti-slavery clause asked for, by, 33. Indians — allies of British in Revolution, 122, 123, 125, 126; Bouquet's expedi- tion against, 150; Bowman's campaign against, 127, 154; Bradford's expedi- tion against, 150, 151; British influence over, 79; British support, 134, 136, 137, 138, 142, 156, 157; Captain Pipe, 72; character of, 150; Clark attacks at Piqua, 129; Clark's expedition against, 151, 154; Crawford's expedition against, 130; Harmar's expedition against, 77, 138; Harrison's dealings with, 514, 515; Iroquois, enemies to France, 60; Logan's expedition against, 153, 154; massacre of the Mo- ravian, 130; military prowess of, 150; national army against, 152, 157; north- west, 218; Northwest Territory, of, 59; wars with, 165; wars with, last, in Ohio, 245; Wayne's expedition against, 141, 156; Wayne's expedition against, from Hildreth MSS., 86; white leaders of, 73; Wilkinson's ex- Index. 723 pedition against, 139; Ohio, 71, 537; Ohio, Revolution in, 126; Ordinance of 1787, regarding, 69; pioneer con- flicts with, 77, 149, 150, 154; Scott's expedition against, 139; St. Clair's ex- pedition against, 78, 139; Todd's expe- dition against, ISi; treaty with, in War of 1812, 162; trouble with in North- west, 140. •'Industrial Progress of Ohio," Hanna, 382. Internal Improvements — progress in, 247; Tiffin supports, 278; Worthington favors, 244. Jay, John, represents U. S. in Western Boundary Controversy, 65. Jesuits, explorations of, 60. Jefferson, Thomas — commends Tiffin in Burr episode, 43; ideas of, concerning Judiciary, 38; interested in Ohio's ad- mission, 296; mention of, 46, 47; offi- cial act of, indicating date of Ohio's admission, 99; Ohio's admission in- fluenced by, 104; opinion of Ohio's Constitution, 23; political ideas of, S5; result of election of, 38; slavery, opposition to, 33; successors to ideas of, 38. "Jewels, These are my," 148. Journalists (Ohio) — Boynton, Henry Van Ness, 592; Curtis, William E. . 594; Halstead, Murat, 585, 591; Ham- mond, Charles, 590; Kennan, George, 593; MacGahan, Janarius Aloysius, 593; Mansfield, Edward Deering, 591; Piatt, Colonel Don, 592; Reid, White- law, 592; Shaw. Albert, 594; Victor, Orville James, 591. Judiciary — conflict of, with Legislature, 24; Dartmouth College decision, 338; impeachment cases of, 24; Jefiferson appoints for Ohio, 101, 103, 104; Jeffer- son in Ohio's, 23; Jefferson's ideas concerning, 38; Ohio, 318; seal for Ohio Supreme Court, 110, 111, 118, 115; territorial compensation of, 89; under First Constitution, 24. Judges, 320; (See Courts), (See Judi- ciary); associates, 330; Bartley, Tho- mas W., 335; character of Ohio, 352; circuits of early, 323; Common Pleas of Ohio, 360-380; election of, 318; federal, in Ohio's Circuit District, 354, 355; first, in Ohio, 322; Frazier, Wil- liam Hugh, 351; Hitchcock, Peter, 344; Huntington, Samuel, 326, 327, 829; McLean, John, 323; Morris, Thomas, 328; Ohio Circuit, 357-359; Ohio Supreme Court, 355; order of precedence of, 320; Pearl, Calvin, 328, 329; Peck, William R., 342; Peters, 327; public services of Ohio's, 352; Ranney, Rufus Putnam, 346; salary of, 322; Scott, Josiah, 337, 341; Sher- man, Charles Robert, 342; Supreme Court, in Ohio, 380; Swan, Joseph R., 337, 338; law publications of, 340; terms of service of, 352; territorial, 354; Tod, George, 325, 327, 328, 32!) ; U. S. District Court, of Ohio, 354, 355; U. S. Supreme, from Ohio, 381; White William, 348; Wood, Reuben, 345. Ivaskaskia, Clark captures, 63. Iveifer, J. Warren — book by, 596; Civil War, in, 190; Congress, in, 303, 30.'); introduces Gov. Nash, 52; mention of, 081; "Military History of Ohio from War of 1812 including Civil and Spanish Wars," 165; portrait of, 165; present at unveiling of Memorial Tab- let, 7; presides at Centennial, 48; re- sponds to address of welcome, 50; Spanish-American War, in, 203; per- sonal sketch, 703. Kenton, Simon, mention of, 129, 148. Kentucky, pioneers of, in Revolutionary War, in Ohio, 127. King, Rufus, Ohio's First Constitution, on, 238. Kirker, Thomas — descendants of, 7; sketch of, 243. Knabenshue, S. S. — portrait of, .565; present at unveiling of tablet, 7; "The Press of Ohio"; personal sketch, 703. Knox, Gen., Secretary of War, 152. Land Grants (Ohio), 74; College, 480; "Firelands," 105; Moravian Indians, 77; Scioto Company, 76; Scioto Pur- chase, 76; uncertair ./ of Indian titles to, 72; Virginia Military Lands, 105; Western Reserve, 77, 105. La Fayette, mention of, 57. La Salle, explorations of, GO. Laurens, Fort, capture of, 126. Laurens, Gen. Henry, builds Fort, •125. Laws — Congressional Act recognizing Ohio, 214; poor, 491; reformatory, 494, 507. Legislature (Ohio) — Constitution gives power to, 23; judiciary conflicts with, 24; powers under First Constitution, 240, 241; "Sweeping Resolutions," of, 328. 724 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Letters— Haskell, Major, to Griffin, Gr^ne, 86; Oliver, Col. Robert, to Grmn, Grene, 87; St. Clair to Fear- ing, 87; Symmes to Meigs, 89; Symmes to Griffin, 89. Lewis, Gen. Andrew, commands at Bat- tle Point Pleasant, 122. Libraries, first, in Ohio, 587. Lincoln, A. — mention of, 672, 674; Ohio's vote for, 179. Literary Men and Women of Ohio, 582. Literature (Ohio), 689. (See Fiction). (See Poetry.) (See Historians.) — Authors, list of recent, 631, 639; Bol- ton, Sarah Knowles, 606; cities pro- ducing, 584; Civil War, influence on, 590; Drake, Dr. Daniel, 587; "Early Literary Periodicals," 589; early liter- 'ary periodicals, 589; first book of, 587; Gallagher, Wrn. D., 589; geographical influence on, 585; histories and me- rnoirs, 594, (see Historians); his- tories, local aijd general, 597; .his- torical writers, 622, (see Humorous Writers);,. journalistSji 590; law and medicine, 603; law bookg, 583; mis- cellaneous, 604, 608;, Murdock, James E., 609; Philipson, David, 608; pio- neer books, 587;.pi9neer writers, 588; poetry, 623, (see Poetry); prose writ- ers, list of, 644, 663; Russell, Addi- son P., 607; scientific, 599, (see Sci- ence); school books, 583; Shakes- pearian Controversy in, 608; theology. 604, (see Theology) ; Thwing, Chas. F., 607; Ward, May Alden, 607. Logan, Capt. Benjamin, in Clark's army. 129, 133. Logan, (Jen. John, Indian expedition of. 153. "Log Cabin" Campaign, 518-526. Looker, Othtiiel, sketch of, 243. Love, N. B. C, personal sketch, 705. Lucas, Robert, sketch of, 245. MacLean, John B., personal sketch, 706. Manly, Robert W. — portrait of, 2; pre- sents Memorial Tablet, 2; personal sketch, 707. Manufacturing in Ohio, 53. Marietta — Campus Martius at, 388; first newspaper in, 565; first summer at, 74; Hildreth collection of MSS. from, 86; newspapers at, 567; settlement at, 73, 152, 216. Marquette, mention of, 60. Martzolfif, C. L., personal sketch, 707. Maryland, claims of, in Northwest Ter- ritory, 67. Massachusetts cedes claim to Northwest Territory, 67. ; Massie, David Meade — "Governor, of Ohio under First Constitution," 238; portrait of, 238; personal sketch, 707. Massie, Nathaniel — comes to Ohio, 14; Chillicothe founded by, 29; mention of, 20, 44, 47. 49, 81, 85, 148; re- collections of, McClintick's, 9. Mayo, Archibald — address at unveiling of Tiffin Medallion, 28; portrait of, 28; personal sketch, 707. . McArthur, Duncan — descendant of, 6, 7; mention of, 44, 46, 148, 157, 159; recollection of, McClintick's, 9; sketch of, 245; War of 1812, in, 161. M'Cabe, Bishop C. C. — portrait of, 664; "Religious influences in Ohio," 664; personal sketch, 705. McClintfck, William T. — Address at Centennial (First Constitution), 8; Old State House purchased by, 12; por- trait of, 8; personal sketch, 705. "McCooks," The — military record of, 193. ::<';«. McDonald, John — mention of, 44, 51; ""Sketches" of,' 14. ' McDowell, Gen. Irvin, in Mexican War, 174. McKinley, William — Civir War in, ISli 189; estimate of, 547; mention of, 148, 163, 201, 672; personal newspaper of, 574; President, 512, sketch of, 269. Mcintosh, Gen. — campaign of, against Indians, 125; commandant at Fort Pitt, 152. Mclntire, Alfred R, personal sketch, 706. Mcpherson, Gen. J. I'.., death of, m'J. Medill, W^illiam, sketch of, 250. Meigs, Return J. — death of, 8; mention of, 20, 44; postmaster at Marietta, 75; reports on claims indicating Ohio's admission, 107; sketch of, 242, 243; Symmes letter to, 89. Mexican War — cause of, 167; Corwin opposes, 284; Fifteenth U. S. Infantry in, 173; First Ohio Volunteer In- fantry in, 168; Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry in, 170; independent com- panies in, 172; justification of, 167; Ohio in, 167, 168; Ohio officers and regiments in, 168-176; Ohio's naval men in, 75; regular officers in, from Ohio, 174; results of, 167; Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry in, 169, 171; Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry in, 17.0; U. S. forces in, 168. Index. 725 Mianiiti, the, 210. Michigan-Ohio boundary dispute, 246. Military History of Ohio, including War of 1812, Anderson, 147. Military History of Ohio, including Civil and Spanish Wars, Keifer, 165. Military service," kinds of, in U. S., 155. Militia, military services of, 155. Mills, W. C, personal sketch, 709. Mining in Ohio, 53. Missionaries — Heckenwelder, John, 77; pioneer, 670; Zeisberger, David, 77; Mississippi River, western boundary U. S., 65. Moravian Massacre, 130-149. Moravians — Ohio, in, 213; settlements by, 77. Morgan's Raid, 183. Morrow, Jeremiah — character of, 282; mention of, 20, 23, 44, 148; Ohio's first representative, 296. Mound Builders — Ohio, in, .537; Scioto Valley, in, 16. Mt. Logan, Chillicothe, view of, 70. Nash, George K. — Keifer introduces, 52; mention of, g; opening address at Centennial Celbration, 53; sketch of, 52, 271; St. Clair monument suggested by, 58; personal sketch, 709. National Government, Ohio settlements made by, 74. Nationality, spirit of, 55. Naval Academy, organization of, 234. Navy — Ammen, Daniel, in, 231, inven- tions of, 236; Blake, Homer C, in, 233; Cornwell, John J., in, 233; Febi- ger, John C, in, 233; Fitzhugh, Wm. E., in, 225; Folger, Wm. M., in, 221; Franklin, Charles L., in, 228; Tyflfee, Joseph, in, 222; Gilmore, Ferdinand P., in, 221; Greer, James A., in, 223; Hemphill, Joseph N., in, 222; Hun- ker, John J., in, 221; Impey, Robert E., in, 232; importance of, 209; Ide, George E., in, 228; Kautz, Albert, in, 223; Logan, Leavitt C, in, 232; Lowe, John, in, 227; Marvin, Joseph D., in, 228; McCook, Roderick S., in, 232; Mexican War, in, 175; Miller, Joseph N., in, 231; Miller, Merril, in, 226; Ohio in, 207, 220, 234, 237, Dana, Wm. H.,.220, Day, Benjamin F., 221, Tyfee, Joseph S., character- istics of, 235, Werden, Reed, in, 221; Ohio supports, 209; Porter, Admiral, reports naval battle, 236; Ranson, Geo. M., in, 225; Rowan, Stephen C, 224; Schenck, James F., in, 229; Skerrett, Joseph A., in, 226; Stembel, Roger N., ■ in, 229; Taylor, Henry C, in, 228; Walker, Henry, in, 230; Weaver, . Aaron W., in, 229; Wilson, ■ Byron, 231; Wood, Edward P., in, 233. Negroes — Civil War, in, from Ohio, 183; Ohio, in, 677, 679; progress of, 678; Wilberforce University for, 466. Newspapers. (See Press of Ohio.) New York cedes claim to Northwest Territory, 67. Northwest — building of, 135; British support of Indians in, 142. Northwest Territory — beginning of, 70; British hold forts in, 134; British in- vade in Revolution, 128, 132; Clark's conques^t of, 63, 64, 65; Colonial claims to, 59, 67; Colonies cede claims to, 67; Connecticut cession of, 215; counties of, in 1798, 81; county of "Illinois," 63; development of, 512; early French government in, 64; early politics of, 81; English policy toward, 61; extracts from Gist's Journal on, 218; French claims to, 60; French occupation of, 61, 216, 220; Gist ex- plores, 217, 220; government for, 68, 81; history of, from Marietta settle- ment to organization of State, 71; his- tory of to Marietta settlement, Har- mon, 59; Indians of, 69, 218; lands surveyed in, 68; pioneer settlers of', 63; post revolutionary conflicts in, 136; prehistoric races of, 59; rival claims for, 61; slavery forbidden in, 69; slavery in, 54; Spain gedes to England rights of, 65; "Squatters" ordered from, 68; St. Clair, Gover- nor of, 19, 57; Virginia, act of cession of, 215; Virginia control of, 63, 64; Washington visits, 63. Noyes, Edward F. , sketch of, 260. Ohioans — noted, 148; other states, in, 582. Ohio — a century's change in, 10; a cen- tury's progress in, 292; act of Con- gress indicating date of admission of, 106; act of Congress recognizing the state, 214; admission of, 294; Atwater on admission of, 95; authorities on date of admission, 94, 95; boundaries of, 214; census of 1800 of, 80; Chase on admission of, 94; Civil War, in, 176-199; Civil War record of, 183; con- test on admission of, 83, 88; Clark's campaign in, 125; cosmopolitanism of people of, 41, 71, 293, 540, 543, 676; date of admission of, 94; development 726 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. of, ^42, 664; early distinguished men of, " eminent men from, 546; enabling act for admission, 21; ethnologgy of, 536; federalists in admission of, 40; first American fort .in, 125; Gallatin's letter indicating date of admission, 107; genral summary of record of, in war, 206; geographical influence of, 586; governors of, 8; growth of early settlements of, 80; Harris, on admission of, 94; history of admission, 92; honorable position of, 5; Indians in, 71; Industrial progress of, 382; in 1860, 176; Magazine of American History on date of admission, 96; making, the, of, 212; material growth of, 53; military character of the people of, 163; mineral resources of, 383; natural advantages of, 384; natural conditions of, 211; navy, in, 234; noted sons of, 5; plans for boundary of, 84; politics in admission of, 104, 296; pre-pioneer days of, 211; presidential election of 1860, in, 179; race location in, 83; real date of admission of, 101; religious liberty in, 666; representatives of, alphabetically arranged, 306; Revo- lutionary War scenes in, 123, 125; settlement of, 135; .Sloane discusses date of admission of, 97; social com- munities in, 213; Spanish-American War, in, 199; St. Clair's plans for admission of, 34; transition of a cen- tury, 91; War of 1812, in, 157, 544. Ohio Company, reference to, 152. "Ohio in American Revolution," Randall, 120. "Ohio in Congress," extract from, 293. "Ohio Jn the National House of Repre- sentatives," Grosvenor, 292. "Ohio in the Navy," Halstead, 207. "Ohio in the Senate of the United States," Foraker, 273. Ohio Journalists, 590. "Ohio Judiciary," Granger, 318. "Ohio Literary Men and Women," Ven- able, 582. "Ohio Residents," Civil War, in, 181. "Ohio Presidents," Ewing, Thomas Jr., 510. Ohio University, origin of, 393. Old State House, purchase and dis- mantling of, 12. Ordinance of 1785, reference to, 295. Ordinance of 1787, 81; continuance of, 105; educational influence of, 392; edu- cation in, 54; Indian clause of, 64; national idea of, 54; passage of, 1&, 68; reference to, 54; religious clause in, 54. "Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State," Sloane, 90. Paris, treaty of, 1783, 133. Payne, Henry B.. U. S, Senator, 28a Pendleton, George H. — Congress, in, 301, 302; U. S. Senator, 288. Perry, Oliver H., Battle of Lake Erie, 160. Pioneers — conflicts with Indians, 149, 150, 154; home products of, 75; indus- tries of, 382; Northwest Territory of, 63; Ohio's, 149, 543, 548; tribute to, 47; women among, 554. Pitt, Wm. (See Chatham.) Poetry (Ohio) — authors, list of, 639-643 Cary, Alice, 626; Cary, Phoebe, 627 Crawford, John M., 631; Curry, Ot- way, 624; Ewing, Thomas, Jr., 631 Fosdick, W. W., 625; CJallagher, W D., 623; Kinney, Coates, 627; Lytle, W. H., 626; Perkins, James H., 624; Piatt, John J., 628; Piatt, Sarah M., 629; Plimpton, Florus P., 625; Read, Thomas Buchanan, 626; Sherwood, Kate W., 630; "The Ohio Century," Courtenay, 6n8; Thomas, Edith N., 630. Point Pleasant. Battle of, 79, 122. Poor Laws, 490. Porter, Admiral, naval fight on Mis- sissippi River reported by, 236. Post office. Marietta, at, established, 76. Post roads, first in Ohio, 75. Prehistoric races in Northwest Terri- tory, 59. Prentiss, tJeo. D., quotations from, 673. Presidents — Garfield, James A., 513; Grant, U. S. , 514; Harrison, Benja- min, 513; Harrison, W. H., 514; Hayes, R. B., 514; McKinley, Wil- liam, 510; military antecedents of, 613; Ohio's, 510; Van Buren, Martin, 532; Virginia's, 510. Press of Ohio — Belmont Chronicle, 573; Canton newspapers, 574; Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, 578; Cincinnati Enquirer, 577; Cincinnati Newspapers, 567; Cincinnati Times-Star, 578; Cir- cleville newspapers, 574; Cleveland's newspapers, 572; Cleveland Plain Dealer, 578; Columbus Westbote, 570; contents of pioneer newspapers, 569; Cox, Ezekial T., 571; Delaware Ga- zette, 574; early newspapers, 590, 591 Index. 72T 592; editors of Ohio State Journal, 572; first German newspaper, 570; Gallia county newspapers, 575; German news- papers, 580; Guernsey Times, 576; Harrison county newspapers, 575; Hillsboro Gazette, 575; Howells, W. D., 572; Kilbourne's Col. Jas., paper at Worthington, 571; Lancaster Eagle, 569; Lebanon Western Star, 568; Lis- bon Ohio Patriot, 570; Locke, David R., 579; Mansfield Shield, 576; Ma- rietta newspapers, 567; newspaper of Northwestern Ohio, 579; Ohio State Journal, 572; recent growth of, 580; Scioto Gazette, 566; Springfield Re- publican, 575; Toledo Blade, 579; To- ledo newspapers, 579; Willis, Na- thaniel, 566; Zanesville newspapers, 571. "Press of Ohio,' Knabenshue, 565. Prince, Benj. F. , personal sketch, 709. Printer^ first Ohio State, 214. Proctor, Gen., War of 1812, in, 160. Puritans in Ohio, 551, 668; influence of, 669. Putnam, Gen. Rufus — Marietta settle- ment by, 73; mention of, 148; sup- ports St. Clair, 21; visits Gallipolis, 76. Quebec Act, 121; passage of, 64. Quebec, St. Clair at Battle of, 56. Railroads, Ohio, 53. Randall, E. O. — editorial note on Kei- fer, 181, 190; "Ohio in the American Revolution," 120; portrait of, 120; present at unveiling of tablet, 7; writ- ings of, 598; personal sketch, 710. Ray, Joseph, jnention of, 432. Reformatories, tsee Brinkerhoflf) — clas- sification and parole, 502; county jails, 507; cumulative sentence, 501; good time law, 504; indeterminate sentence, 502; intermediate penitentiary, 505; laws providing for, 494; Mettray sys- tem of, 499; Ohio Penitentiary, 497; prisoners' earnings, 504; prison labor, 501; Reemelin, commissioner, 499; school for boys, 498; school for girls, 500; workhouses, 506. Religion — clause of, in ordinance of 1787, 54; college influence on, 487. "Religious Influences in Ohio," M'Cabe, C64. Representatives (Ohio's) — alphabetical list of, 306-317: become president, 298; Bingham, John A., 303; Butterworth, 305; character of, 294; Cox, Samuel S., 301, 302; Danford, Lorenzo, 303; Delano, Columbus, 300, 3a3, 304; died in office, 297; Foster, Charles, 303, 304, 305; Garfield, James A., 298, 302, 303, 304; Giddings, Joshua R., 298; Hayes, R. B., 302, 303; Hutchins, Wells A., 301,. 302; Keifer, J. Warren, 303, 305; Martin, Chas. D., 301; Mc- Kinley, William, 298, 304, 305; mem- bers of long experience, 298; Morrow, Jeremiah, 296; Ohio in House of, 292; Ohio's present corps of, 306; Ohio's record in House of, 299; Outhwaite, Joseph H., 305; Pendleton, George H., 301, ^02; resignation of, 297; Schenck, Robert C, 300, 303, 304; Shellabarger, Samuel, 302, 303; Sher- man, John, 300, 301; Vallandingham,. 301; Vinton, Samuel F., 298, 299. Republican party, organization of, 300. Revolutionary War — British invade Northwest Territory, 128, 132; disas- trous year of, 1780, in, 127; Dun- more's War, a prelude to, 127; loss of men in, 194; militia in, 155; Ohio in, 120, 129, 145; scenes in Ohio Valley during, 123; St. C'lair in, 56; veterans, of, settle Ohio, 135. Rickley, S. S., personal sketch, 710. Roosevelt, Theodore, "Winning of the West," by, 150. Rosecrans, Gen., military record of, 19C. Ross, Senator, mention of, 26, 28. Ryan, Daniel J. — pays tribute to Tiffin,. 40; portrait of, 13; "The First Con- stitution," ]3; Tiffin, on, 242; perso- nal sketch, 711. Sandusky, Crawford burned at, 132. Schenck, Robert C, supports Civil War,. 180. Schools (see Education) — buildings for,. 422; centralization of rural schools,. 418; century's progress in, 424; chil- dren from, at Centennial, 48; commer- cial studies in High School, 415; com- pulsory attendance in, 400; congres- sional enactments for, 392; Constitu- tion's (First) provisions for, 393; Con- stitution's (Second) provisions for,. 395; curriculum for the High School, 410; definition of a High School, 409; development of, 389; development of the High School, 408; disbursement of money for, 399; elementary curri- culum for, 406; English in the High School, 412; enumeration of youth for, 400; examination of teachers for, 401; 728 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. Gove gi^Puation from the High School, 415; history in the High School, 412; irreducible state debt for, 398; land endowments for, 393; lan- guages in the High School, 412; libra- ries for, 423; list of State Commis- sioners for, 404; mathematics in the High School, 413; music by, at Cen- tennial Celebration, 58; Ohio, of, 54; Ohio system a national policy, 391; origin of Ohio's, 392; pioneer curri- culum for, 407; public, of Ohio, Bone brake on, 389; revenues for, 397; sci- ence in the High School, 414; State Board of Examiners, 402; State Com- missioners of, 403; State Normal School, 419; style of districts, 399; suspension of, 402; Teachers' Insti- tutes, 405; terms of, 400; text books f for, 5S3; text books and apparatus for, 421; township graduation from, 416; urban and rural, 416. School System, Oiiio's, founded, 42. Science (Ohio)— books of, 601; Gladden, Washington, 602; Mitchell, Ormsby M., 00^; noted men of, 599; Rarey, John S., 602; Stallo. Johan B., 600; \'aughan, Daniel, 600. Scioto Company, organization of, 76. Scioto County, historic association of, •207, 213. Scioto Valley — Indians of, 16; Mc- Donald's description of, 14; pre- , historic man in, 16; prominent men of ■ 46. :- Scotch-Irish in Ohio, 41. Scott, Gen. Chas., expedition of, against Indians, 139. Scott, Miss Effic, Tablet unveiled by, 3. Seal — change in Ohio's, 111; different, in Ohio, 117; engravings on Ohio's, 109; first enactment for in Ohio, 109; Ohio's, 109; Ohio's Great, 90; required for various offices, 113, 115; symboliza- tion of Ohio's, 110; uses of, 109. Senators (Ohio) 273 291; Allen, William, 283; Brice. Calvin S., 288; Burnet, Ja- cob, 282; Campbell, 282; character of, 277; Chase, Salmon P., 284; Corwin, Thomas, 283; counties furnishing, 275; Ewing, Thomas, 282; lawyers among, 276; list of, 274; Morris, Thomas, 282; Morrow, Jeremiah, 282; nativity of, 277; Payne, Henry B., 288; Pendleton, Geo, H., 288; political services of, 275; politics of, 276; Pugh, George E., 284; Ruggles, Benjamin, 282; Sker- man, John, 288, 289; Smith, John, 280; Thurman, Allen G., 286; Wade, Ben., 284, 286; Worthington, Thomas, 280. Settlements, slow growth of, 80. Shannon, Wilson, sketch of, 246. Shawn ees in Northwest Territory, 70. Shellabarger, Samuel — Congress, in, 302, 303; supports Civil War, 180. Sheridan, P. H. — Civil War, in, 186, 188; first great victory of, 191; me- moirs of, 595; military character of, 195. Sherman, John — Congress, in, 300, 301; mention of, 202; opposes slavery, 179; public services of, 291; resigns as U. S. Representative, 297; U. S. Senator, 288, 289. Sherman, Wm. T. — Civil War, in, 185; memoirs of, 595; Mexican War, in, 174; military character of, 195. Skerrett, Admiral, anecdote concerning, 235. ' Slaves — Tiffin frees, 17, 30, 242; Worth- ington frees, 30. Slavery — character of institution of, 176; Democratic party on, 299; forbidden in Northwest Territory, 33, 69; Fugi- tive Slave Law, 337; Indiana asks for suppression of anti-slavery clause, 33; influence on Democratic party, 37; Jefferson opposes, 33; Mexican acqui- sitions, in, 167; Northwest Territory, in, 54; Oberlin College on, 440, Ohio, in, 665; Ohio's position on, 179; re- sults of, aoO; Tiffin's opposition to, 33. Sloane, Rush R. — Ohio's Great Seal, 109; "Organization and admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State*," 90; portrait of, 90; present at unveiling of Tablet, 7; personal sketch, 711. Smith, John — Burr implicates, 281; first U. S. Senator from Ohio, 280. Society at Centennial, 48, 51. Spain cedes Florida to English, 65. Spain connives with England concerning U. S. boundary, 65. Spanish-American War — cause of, 199; colonels and regiments of, from Ohio, 204; Ohio soldiers in, 199, 202, 203; Ohio's death record in, 205; re- sults of, 201. "Squatters" — Ohio, in, 72; ordered from Northwest Territory, 68. Index. 729 "'Squatter Sovereignty," Ohio Senator endorses, 285. "Squirrel Hunters," 183. Stanton, Edwin M., mention of, 181. State House (Old) — description of, 10, 11; erection of, 3; historic interest of, 2; recollections of, McClintick's, 10; Tablet erected on site of, 1. State rights, influence of, on Democra- tic party, 37. 5t. Clair, Arthur — American Revolu- tion, in, 56; ancestry of, 19; Court of Quarter Sessions appointed by, 2; defeat of, 78, 154, 156; early life of, 56; expedition of, against Indians, 139; Governor of Northwest Terri- tory, 57;^ Jefferson removes, 84, 104; letter of, concerning Ohio's admis- sion, 87; Legislature conflicts witii, 31, 34; military and political career of, 36; military services of, 56; mili- tary record of, 19; militia in defeat of, 155; Nash suggests monument for, 58; nation's ingratitude to, oi ; ohl age of, 57; opposes popular govern- ment, 34; opposition to, 82, 239; plans - for Ohio's admission, 34; political ideas of, 37; political life of, 57; state- hood of Ohio opposed by, 49; sup- • porters of, 21; Symmes arraigns, 89; Tiffin opposes, 20; veto, abuse of, by, 39; veto habit of, 20; Washington, friend of, 56; Washington recom- mends Tiffin to, 30. Symmes, John Cleves — letters of, 89; settlements made by, 73. Tablet (Memorial) — acceptance of, 3; appropriateness of erection of, 4; ceremonies attending unveiling of, 2; Chillicothe citizens decide on erec- tion of, 1; description of, 1; design- ing of, 1; distinguished visitors at un- veiling of, 7; inscription on, 2; Mr. Bennett suggests, 1; presentation of, 2; unveiling of, 3; view of, 6. Tariff, Ohio's position on, in Congress, 303. Taylor, William A., reference to, 292. Tecumseh — birthplace of, 129, 219; con- tention of, 157; death of, 160. Terry, Ellen P., Civil War, in, 195. Thompson, H. A., personal sketch, 713. Thompson, W. O. — portrait of, 426; "Universities of Ohio," 426; personal sketch, 713. Thurman, Allen G. — Hayes-Tilden elec- toral commission in, 287; mention of. 5, 12, 51, 148, 180; political services of, 287; U. S. Senator, 286. Tiffin, Edward — birthplace of, 44; came to Chillicothe, 16; came to Ohio, 29; character of, 30, 32; Claypool accepts medallion of, 45; constitutional con- vention, 32; counteracts Burr episode, 43; descendants of, 5, 7, 20, 44; do- mestic life of, 43; educational ideas of, 41; enters politics, 31; fights for Ohio's admission, 21; Jeffersonian ideas of, 36, 40; letter indicating date Ohio's admission, 99; liberty's expo- nent, 46; manumits slaves, 17, 30; medallion to, 26, 27; mention of, 51, 81, 85, 148, 239, 279, 282; opposes slav- ery, 33; opposes St. Clair, 32, 33; po- litical associates of, 20; political ideas of, 40; political services of, 32; pub- lic services of, 17; recollections of, McClintick's, S; religious life of, 42;' Ryan's tribute to, 40; sketch of, 241; St. Clair opposes, 20; supports "In- ternal Improvements," 278; versatility of, 17; Washington recommends to St. Clair, 30; Washington's personal friend, 35. Tod, David— mention of, 482; sketch of, 254. Todd, Gen., Indian expedition of, 153. Tories, 126. Transportation, early means of, 75, 76. Treaties, Greenville, 156. Trimble, Allen — mention of, 148; sketch of, 245. United States — population, of, in 1860. 178; western boundary of, 65. Universities (see Colleges) — congres- sional endowments for, 426; founded by close corporations, 431; Ohio Uni- versity, origin of, 427, revenue of, 428. "Universities of Ohio," Thompson, 426. Vallandingham, Clement L. — account of, 256; Congress, in, 301; mention of, 180. Van Buren, Martin, campaign of 1840, 518, 519. Vance, Joseph, sketch of, 246. Venable, W. H., "Ohio Literary Men and Women," 582; personal sketch. 714. Veto — power of, denied in Ohio, 23: St. Clair uses, 20, 39; wisdom of Ohio's Constitution on power of, 39, Vincennes, Clark captures, 63. 730 Ohio Arch, and His, Society Publications. Vinton, Samuel F. , congressional ser- vi^ of, 298. Virginia — cedes claim to Northwest Territory, 67, 215; third charter of, 212. Virginians in Ohio, 41. Wade, Benjamin — mention of, 148; op- poses slavery, 179; U. S. Senator, 284, 285. War of 1812 — history of, 147; Ohio in, 157, ICl, 544; principles of, 157. War — general summary of Ohio, in, 206; Mexican, 167; governors, Ohio's, 181; Spanish-American, Ohio in, 199; United States participate in, 166. Washington, George — French mission of, 212; opinion of, on Ohio Valley, 216; political ideas of, 35; St. Clair friend of, 56; Tiffin personal friend of, 35; Tiffin recommended to St. Clair by, 30; visits Northwest Terri- tory, 63. Wayne, Gen. — British estimate of, 141 : death of, 80; defeats Indians, 78, 144; forts erected by, 153; Hildreth MSS. on Indian expeditioti of, 86; Indian expedition of, 141; mention of, 29, 72. Western Reserve, 105; opposes Ohio's Constitution, 25; slow growth of, 77. Whig Party, mention of, 37. Whigs, prominent Ohio, 300. Whipple, Commodore, commands ship to West Indies, 76. Wilkinson, Gen. James — buries slaiti ' of St. Clair's army, 140; expedition of, against Indians, 139. Willis, N, P. — father of, state printer, 214; founder of Scioto Gazette, 566. Wirt, William, date of Ohio's admis- sion indicated by, 103. Wolfe, Gen., mention of, 62. Women — actresses among, 561; artists among, 560; Bailey, Ann, 555; club workers, 503; colonial dames, 557; Daughters of American Revolution, 557; journalism among, 559; Ohio's first teacher, 558; Ohio's literary, 558, 559; Ohio's production of, 556; pa- triotism of, 556; pioneer, 554; Rouse, Bathsheba, 558; temperance work of, 561; Zane, Elizabeth, 555. "Women in the history and development of Ohio," Hopley, 550. Wood, E. F., personal sketch, 714. Wood, Reuben, sketch of, 247. Worthington, Thomas — comes to Ohio, 29; descendant of, 7; letter of, con- cerning Ohio's admission, 98; men- tion of, 5, 44, 46, 49, 51, 81, 85, 88, 89, 148, 279, 280, 282; political ideas of, 40; recollections of, McClintick's, 8, recommends new Constitution, 24; sketch of, 243; slaves manumitted by, 30. \Vright, G. B., personal sketch, 714. Wright, Geo. F., personal sketch, 714. Vaple, W. D. — accepts "Tablet," 3; portrait of, 4; "Welcome" address at Centennial, 48; personal sketch, 714. Young, Thomas L. , sketch of, 263. Zane's Trace — laying out of, 569; post road over, 75. Zanesville, "Log Cabin" campaign at, 526. Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, 77. 14 DAY USE LOAN DlPi. — »i8ie5s*wf — -DfC-«-1957 44AR— Z^e^-^^^^ LiD 21-100m-6,'56 (B931l8l0)476 678018 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY