Lib. ... LIBRARY OF THE University of California. CIRCULATING BRANCH. Be turn in two .weeka j or a week before the end of the term. A POPULAR CALIFORNIA FLORA, OB, MANUAL OF BOTANY FOE BEGINNERS. CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OP FLOWERING PLANTS G3OWINQ IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, AND WESTWARD TO THE OCEAN, WITH ILLUSTRATED INTRODUCTORY BY VOLNEY KATTAN, TEACHER OF NATURAL SCIENCES IN THE GIRLS' HIGH SAN FRANCISCO. (Ctitttan, UcmstiJ antj SAN FRANCISCO: A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY. 1880. -A ? Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, Pr A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. I HAVE endeavored to prepare an inexpensive manual which will enable beginners in botany to determine the names of all plants with conspicuous flowers, that may be found growing wild in the Central Valley of California from Visalia to Marysville and through the Coast Ranges from Monterey to Ukiah. Over six hundred species of plants are characterized by descriptions condensed, for the most part, from Vol. I of tho "Califor- nia Botany," and Sereno Watson's "Revision of the North American Liliaccre." Valu- able material has also been obtained from a "Revision of the Eriogonese," by Torrey and Gray, Gray's "Synoptical Flora of North America," and "Gray's Manual of Botany." Plants belonging to the Parsnip, Aster, Willow, Oak and Pine Families, are not de- scribed, being mostly too difficult for beginners, or of little interest to them. The Introductory Lessons are designed to show the learner how to study the growth of plants, as well as to give such knowledge of their structure as will enable him to under- stand the descriptions in the Flora. The " Glossary of Generic and SpecinV Names" will enable the student to make ap- propriate common names for most plants. To tho authors, whose works have furnished the materials for this book, is duo the credit for whatever of excellence it may possess; to the compiler, who may, in a 'few cases, have misrepresented these authors, attaches the blame for most of its defects. I am indebted for suggestions and criticisms to Prof. E. W. Hilgard, Dr. C. L. Ander- son, Prof. W. H. Brewer and Dr. Asa Gray. To the latter I am especially grateful for his kind interest in my humble work. V. R. SAN FRANCISCO, February, 1850. CONTENTS. PAGE. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS v SYSTEMATIC BOTANY , 1 ANALYTICAL KEY 9 ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHOR'S NAMES 14 FLORA: POLYPETAL^E 16 GAMOPETAL^E 64 APETAL.E 104 ENDOGENS 108 ADDENDA 121 GLOSSARY '. . 123 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES 127 INDEX.. . 135 INTKODUC IN STRUCTURAL BOTANY. SECTION 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF PLANT LIFE. 1. If the first rain of the wet season is followed by warm, sunny weather, specks of green will soon appear among the dry steins of last year's weeds; and in fence corners or other eddy nooks where summer winds have drifted seeds and covered them with dust, yon may find per- fect mats of baby plants. "With a shovel skim off a f'e\v square inches of this plant-bearing soil, and carefully examine it. Except, a, few green needles, which you recognize as spears of grass, most of these little plants seem to consist of white stems, which split at the top into pairs of green leaves. Looking sharply, you may find between each pair of leaves a 1 . Ssed of Bur-clover just be- fore it appears above ground. 2- Same three days older. 3. Mus- tard. 4. Uur- clover showing the first nnd second plumule leaves; the former simple (apparently), the 1 ,tter with three leaflets. 5. Mallows (Malvuborealis), show- ing the long-pet oled see 1 leaves (Cotyledons , and one plumule leaf unfolded. 6- Filaria (Ero- dium), with lobecl or sub-com- pound seed leaves. tiny bud; or, in the older plants, this may have grown other leaves, which curiously enough are not like the first two. (Figures 1 to G). Searching through the shovelful of earth you will likely find plants in all stages of growth, from swollen and sprouting seeds to steins, which are jusfc push- ing their bowed leaf-heads into the sunlight. Here, then, is material from which you ma^r learn how plants grow; a lesson, remember, which no text-book or schoolmaster can teach you. It will bo easier, however, since most of these early wild plants come from very small seeds, to take VI INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. your first lessons from plants which have larger beginnings. You should first study 2. The Plant in the seed. Get many kinds of large seeds, such as peas, beans, squash-seeds, buckeyes, castor beans, corn, etc. Put them in water that they may become soft enough to be readily separated into their parts. In a day or two starchy seeds, such as peas or beans, will be in good condition. 3. First take a bean and make drawings showing the outlines as seen sidewise and edgewise. Any marks that seem to be found on all beans must be put down in the drawing, but do not bother about the shading. These attempts to represent what you see will lead to the discovery of certain marks on the concave edge of the bean, the meaning of which you may sometime learn by studying the growth of the seed in the pod. After you have thus studied the outside of the seed, slit it along the back with a sharp knife and take out the kernel. It readily splits into halves which are held together near one end by a short stein. Upon breaking them apart the stem sticks to one half, and you discover growing from the inner end a pair of tiny embracing-leaves. Make another drawing and compare it with Fig. 7. Presently it will be clear to 3 r ou that this entire kernel is a little plant. The plant in this dry apparently lifeless first stage of its existence is called 4. The Embryo, or Gorm. This, as you have f Uljiyp ''/ \^ ! | seen, is made up of the stem, or Radicle ; the thick parts called Cotyledons, and the two-leaved 7 8 , n . 7. One cotyledon of a benn with bud, Or Pllimule. The embryo Of a pea IS Sim- the radicle and lar! plumule. 8. i 11 L c i -i i ji i 1- Embryo of a peanut, a. inni r 8ido ilar to that of a bean, but the plumule is more O f one cotyledon with the radicle decidedly a bud. Fig. 8 represents the straight ^ e plm embryo of a peanut. The radicle is not bent around against the cotyle- dons as in the pea and bean, and the plumule shows two divided leaflets. The cotyledons of the squash are thin and the plumule is scarcely visible. Lupine, though its seeds resemble beans, has a long radicle and a minute plumule. The buckeye seems to have a long radicle, but since it splits nearly to its point, where you will find a large plumule, it is evident that the apparent radicle is mostly made up of the cotyledon stems (petioles). INTRODUCTOKY LESSONS. 10 12 ^ 5. Albuminous Seeds. Remove the shell-like coat' of a castor bean, and carefully split it flatwise. What at first seems to be a large plumule proves to be free from the rest of the kernel, and with czke you jnay tid j^ 9. SeadoV* get- Pine cut the Btra'gut embryo in the center of tiiooily albumen, a nud l>, embryo taken out, the cotyledons (M separated. 10- Seed of the castor-bean. a, th broad thin embryo nea ly dividing tha albu- rn n ; b , t he embryo rem< > ved and the leaf-like cotyledons separated. 11. Se.-d of Da- tura (Brngmaneia\ showing at " the bent embryo in the scanty albumen; 6, th<3 embryo taken out and the blender cotyledons separated. 12. A grain of coffee, a, the straight embryo. able .to get it out whole (Fig. 10.) It is a straight embryo with beautifully veined, leaf-like cotyledons, embedded in a white, oily substance, which makes up the mass of the kernel. This substance is called Albumen, a name which applies to anything inclosed with the embryo by the seed coats. Peas, beans, acorns, nuts, and most large seeds have no albumen. Carefully cut thin slices from a well soaked coffee grain until its embryo appears as represented in Fig. 12. The horny, folded albumen makes up most of the seed. A similar, but smaller embryo, may be found in the brain-shaped, fleshy albumen of the ivy seed. The embryo of the Tree-Datura, or Stramonium, is shown in Fig. 11. It has slender cotyledons, folded down against a thick radicle, the whole embedded in tough, fleshy albumen. Take the embryo of a Morning-Glory seed and pick the bits of transparent, jelly-like albumen out of the pockets in the crumpled coty- ledons. An attempt to flatten "out the cotyledons will probably result in something like 6, Fig. 13, which may lead you to suppose that the coty- ledons are separately crumpled, which is not the case. They stick closely together by their inner faces, as do the cotyledons of other seeds you have examined, and they are crumpled as one; but, being notched at the end, they readily split down the center. Buckwheat seeds will give you some trouble. a 13. Morning - Glory Just appearing above tha ground with thi- seed cout sticking to the cotyle- dons, a, the Rwollen seed; b, embryo, with the crumpled cotyle- dons B/lit down the middle 'in the attempt to flatten them.- Indeed, it will Vlll INTKODUCTOEY LESSONS. be much easier to make, out the exact shapes and positions of the em- bryos in most albuminous seeds after they have begun to grow. 6. Monocotyledonous Embryos. Corn, wheat, oats, and possibly a few other seeds in your collection, are different in plan from any yet described. In corn the soft portion called the chit is the embryo. Wheat and oats have smaller but similar embryos. You cannot easily distin- guish the parts of these embryos, but you can, at least, determine that they have not two cotyledons. Really they have one cotyledon, and are therefore said to be Monocotyledonous. When j r ou study the growing seeds you will see how widely they differ from seeds which have 7. Dicotyledonous Embryos. These are embryos, which, like the bean, have two cotyledons. A few plants belonging to the Pine Family have 8. Polycotyledonous Embryos. Fig. 12 shows the embryo of the common Willow or Digger Pine, which has more than two cotyledons in a whorl at the top of the radicle. 9. The Germination of Seeds. Plant the remainder of your seeds those of a kind together in boxes or pots of sand, or any kind of loose soil you can get. Keep this little experimental garden in a warm place, where it can get a bit of sunshine, and water it daily. At intervals of three or four days dig up one of each kind of seed, and, after careful examination, make drawings to illustrate the successive stages of growth. It is of the greatest importance that you repeatedly attempt to draw what you see; it is of the least importance that your drawings are pretty. 10. You will learn, among many interesting facts, that most seeds are pushed up to the surface of the ground by the growth of the radicle. There the seed-coats drop off (except that in seeds without albumen the cotyledons are apt to slip out of their coats on the way up); the cotyledons Spread apart, become longer and broader, and turn green; lastly, the plumule becomes a leafy stem. Meanwhile, roots grow from the lower end of the radicle. Some cotyledons, like those of the pea, do not ap- pear above ground, but send the plumule up. The seeds of Big-root a pest which grows in nearly every field behave in a remarkable manner. If the seeds are lightly covered, the united stems (petioles) of the cotyledons, by their growth, push the radicle and plumule directly downward four or five inches into the soil, then the plumule comes up, and the radicle INTRODUCTORY begins to grow a " big root." In a -Jnllrnr- nitr, lilir nrrn may grow as represented in Fig. 14. Orange seeds may have puzzled you, but now 14. Germinating seed of Big-root (Mejarrhiza) three fourths natural sizo. two or three plumules and as many radicles growing from one seed prove that it has more than one embryo. You readily distinguish the grass-like plumules of the monocotyledonous seeds from the broader leaved plumules of the dicotyledons. The rad- icles, too, send out roots in a differ- ent way. (Figures 15 to 17.) 11. By this time you cannot fail to see that the embryo is a little plant in the seed. The radicle answers to the stem and roots ; the cotyledons are leaves, and the plumule is a bud from which is to grow the entire above-ground portion of the plant. Study the relations between the facts you observe until you can, at least, answer the following '* * r f /^* 17 15. Germinating corn. 10- Whea. 17- Wild onts: a colorless sheath iuclnsinf* the fir-t plumule l"af l>; <, the twisted and bent beard which enables it to plant itself. QUESTIONS. 1. How many coats have most of the seeds which you have examined? 2. What part or parts of the embryo be- come green ? 3. What causes the green- nes'3 of plants ? 4. What kind of cotyledons remain underground in germination ? 5. What can you say of the plumule of embryos whose cotyledon:; become leaf-like? 6. Do the cotyledons of albuminous dicotyledons appear above ground? 7. Why should the plumule of a bean be larger than that of a squash ? 8. What becomes of the albumen in a seed ? 9. What nourishes the growing radicle and plumule of an acorn or a pea? 10. Can you give reasons for calling the cotyledons seed-leaves INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. SECTION 2. THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 12. Stems. While awaiting the development of germs in your experi- mental garden, you can study plants which have already reached maturity in wild gardens. Go out and dig up the first plant not too large that you find in blossom. I will suppose that you have found the very com- mon Filaria (also called Pin-clover; aud children call the curious seeds with twisted tails, clocks). Its parts are Roots, Stem, Leaves, and Flowers. (Some time, if you continue studying Botan} r , it will be proved to you that flowers are forms of stems, or stem-branches.) 13. Crush the stem. It is made up of stringy fibers and a soft sub- stance filled with juice. The former is generally called Fibrous Tissue or Wood; the latter, Cellular Tissue. The lower part of the stem and the upper part of the root the older portions, of the plant contain more wood than the branches and the rootlets, while the leaves have only net-like skeletons of wood. It would be interesting to study these tissues with the aid of a microscope, and thus become acquainted with the inner- most structure of plants; but for the present it will be sufficient if you can distinguish, in a general way, wood from cellular tissue. 14. Cut the stem squarely across near the upper end, and from one piece take a thin slice. Stick this on a pin and hold it up to the light. It is nearly transparent, except a green ring of skin outside and a ring of white dots inside. The latter are cut ends of woody fibers which run lengthwise of the stem. Make a similar section of the lower part of the stem and you will find a continuous ring in place of the dots, showing that in the older part the fibers have become so numerous as to form a hollow cylinder of wood. The inclosed cellular tissue is called the Pith. 15. Exogens and Endogens. If the stem lives year after year there will be added successive layers of wood outside of the first one. Such stems are woody, and if they grow many years become Bushes, Shrubs, or Trees. Plants that grow in this way are called Ecoyens. Examine Asparagus, Soap-root, Iris, or any Lily and you will find the wood fibers scattered irregularly through the stems. These plants are Endogens. All our native INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. XI trees and most other plants are exogens. Palm-trees, Century-plants, grasses, and the "small grains," are endogens. 1G. Herbs are plants whose stems die, at least to the ground, after they have blossomed and matured fruit. These are Annuals when their lives are limited to one season; Biennials when they die the second year not producing fruit the first year; Perennials when they live on year after year, their steins dying annually down to the. ground. The under- ground portions of such stems are called 17. fiootslucks. This name applies more particularly to such stems as grow nearly horizontally under ground, or become thick and fleshy with nutritious matter, which enables the plant to mate rapid first growths each year. A rootstock can usually be distinguished from a true root by its bearing buds. 18. Bulbs are formed by a peculiar bud growth in which the leaves or their bases become very thick and fleshy, with a store of nourishment, whilo the stem grows in diameter, but scarcely at all in length. 19. Coated or Tunicated Bulbs are those in which the leaves form a succession of envelopes, as in the onion. If the leaves or leaf-bases are narrow, as in the lily, the bulb is Scaly. 20. Conns resemble bulbs, but are solid, and have more the nature of Tubers, which are the thickened ends of slender, branching, under- ground stems, as potatoes, ground artichokes, etc. 21. Leaves. Collect the leafy stems of many kinds of plants. Ob- serve the arrangement of the leaves on the stems. A few like Erodium (Filaiia), the Catchfly, Pink, Fuchsia, Mint, etc., have Opposite leaves. Possibly you may find a Collinsia, or stem of Cleavers, with the leaves ia Whorls of three or more. Most plants have Alternate leaves. You will find somo plants like Plantain, with a bunch of leaves growing from the ground, but no leafy stems. Such leaves come from rootstocks, and are said to be Radical. Plantain, Dodecatheon, Primrose, etc. have the leaves all radical. Many perennial herbs have radical leaves, as well as ordi- nary stein leaves, and these usually differ more or less from the stem leaves. 22. Observe that stems and branches end in buds or flowers, and that Xll INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. there is usually a bud, or branch, or a flower at the base of a leaf be- tween it and the stem from which it grows. 23. Buds and flowers at the ends of stems or branches, are Terminal ; when between the stems and leaves, Axillary. 24. Examine the leaf of a Violet or Pansy. You can readily distin- guish three parts: A broad Blade ; a stem or Petiole, and a pair of appen- dages at the base of the petiole called Stipules. The latter in the Pansy are leaf-like. Sometimes they are mere scales, and frequently there are none at all. The petiole may be wanting, also; the leaf is then said to be Sessile. Leaves with but one blade are 25. Simple Leaves. The illustrations (Figures 18 to 32) show the principal forms of simple leaves or leaflets of compound leaves. Care- fully compare the blades of your leaves with these shapes. If the leaf in hand does not correspond with any of the figures, you may describe it by combining the descriptive words, or by adding a word. A leaf, for example, too broad to be lanceolate, and narrower than ovate, if about half way between the two forms, is Ovate-lanceolate or Lance-ovate; the first, if nearer ovate; the latter, if nearer lanceolate. Or, if merely a lit- tle broader than lanceolate, we may say it is Broadly-lanceolate ; when more slender, N arrowly -lanceolate ; if slender and nearly as broad in the middle as nearer the base, it is Linear-lanceolate, etc. So, too, there are interrne- 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 FOKMS OF LEAVFS. in. Linear. 10. Oblong. 20. Elliptical. 21. Orbicular. 22. Peltate ( Shield-shaped ). 23. Hastate ( Spear-shaped ). %&. Sagitt&te (Arrow-shaped). diate forms described by such terms as: Oblong-lanceolate ; Narrowly-ellip- tical; Broadly-elliptical which approaches orbicular; Broadly-cordate INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. Xlll which becomes reniform if the apex, is rounded, etc. Obovate ; Oblance- olate ; Obcordate, etc., apply to forms the reverse of ovate, lanceolate, etc. 27 28 31 32 20 30 FORMS OF LEAVES. 2/5. Lanceolate. 28- Oblanceolate. 27- Rpahilate. 28 shaped). 29. Cordite (Heart-shaped). 30- Reniform [Kidney-shaped). 31. shaped. 32- Hastate (Spear-shaped) . 32a. Auriculate (Eared) base. 26. Apexes of Leaves. There are terms descriptive of the upper ends) of leaves. Fig. 18 has a Cuspidate apex; Fig. 19, Emarginate; Figures 23, 24, 29, Acute; Fig. 25, Acuminate; 1^ Obtuse. 27. Margins of Leaves. All these forms are represented as havi 33 34 35 36 LEAF MARGINS. 33. Serrate. 34- Dentate. 35- Crenate. 39. Erose. 37 38 39 !. Wavy. 37. Sinuate. 38. Incised. entire or nearly entire margins, but the margins may be notched or cut in various ways. Figures 33 to 39 will assist you in describing the mar- gins of your leaves. Here, also, you will find it necessary to combine ad- XIV INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. jectives or use adverbs. Leaves may be Finely-serrate or Coarsely-serrate ; and Dentate, Crenate, etc., may be similarly modified. 40 40. Pinnately lobed leaf, of White Oak (Quercus lobata). 41. Finnately partr-d leaf of phila anrita (Lobes ret-orse). 42. Pinnaio leif of J'irodium moschatuin. 43. Palmately lojed leaf of Maple. 44- Palinately parted leaf of Viola lobuta. 28. Lobed Leaves. These may be P innately or Palmatebj lobed, de- pending upon whether there is more than one rib proceeding from the INTRODUCTORY L base of the leaf. Fig. 40 represents a [ jimuluj^ulMT'trTf; ri . 43, palmately lobed. When leaves are deeply lobed, as in Figures 41 and 44, they are said to be Parted. Divided leaves are cut quite to the midrib if phmately divided, or to the end of the petiole when palmately divided. Cleft leaves have the sinuses between the lobes sharp as in Fig. 38. When leaves are pinnately cleft about half way to the midrib they are said to be Pinnatifid. If the lobes are pinnatifid it is described as Blpinnalifid. It is common to give the number of lobes in the descriptive phrase, as pin- nately nine-lobed (Fig. 40); pinnately eleven-parted (Fig. 41); palmately five-lobed (Fig. 43); palmately five-parted (Fig. 44). 29, Compound Leaves have distinctly separate leaflets usually jointed to a common petiole, just as simple leaves are jointed to the stem. A leaf is Pinnate, when the leaflets grow along opposite sides of the petiole (Fig. 42); Palmate, if they all grow from the end of the petiole (Fig. 46). Fig. 45 represents a pinnately 3-fuliolale leaf; Fig. 46, palmately 3-fvliolate. When there is no odd leaflet at the end the leaf is ab- ruptly pinnate. Leaves may be twice, thrice, etc., compound, that is, the leaflets may be compound as in some acacias. 30. Bracts are leaves among flow- ers, or small undeveloped leaves anywhere on the stem. 31. Stipules may be adnate to 45. rinnately 3-foliolate leaf of Bur-clover, with ,, , ., ... . ,1 email stipules. 46- I 'alimtely or digitately 3-foliolate the base OI the petiole, as in the leaf of a true clover, the broad udnate stipules lacerate. rose and clover (Figures 45, 46); they may grow on the stem; or, as in some plants of the Buckwheat Family the stipules form a sheath surround- ing the stem at the base of the petiole. Do not mistake the first leaves of a growing axillary bud for stipules. 32. Veination of Leaves. All the leaves thus far described are said to be Netted-veined or Reticulated, because their skeletons of wood fiber XVI INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. resemble nets. Examine the leaves of Iris, Calla, or any that are grass- like, and you will see why they are called Parallel-veined. 33. Nelled-veined leaves grow on Exogenous stems. Parallel-veined leaves grow on Endogenous stems. The former belong to plants which grow from Dicotyledonous seeds; the latter to plants from Monocotyledonous seeds. 34. Flowers. Get a bunch of Mustard flowers AVall-flowers, single Stock, or Radish flowers will do as well. Pluck a single blossom and note these facts: The most conspicuous part consists of four yellow leaves; outside of these are four smaller greenish yellow leaves in pairs not quite alike. The latter are Sepals, and together form the Calyx ; the former are Petals, and together form the Corolla. Pull off the sepals, observing that they alternate with the petals. Next remove the petals. The broad part of each petal is called the blade, the narrow part, the claw (corresponding to the petiole of an ordinary leaf). Inside of the petals you find six yellow-headed bodies with white stems, two of which are shorter than the remaining four. These are the Stamens. Their stems are Filaments ; the yellow heads are Anthers, and the yellow powder which they contain is Pollen. In the center of the flower is a club-shaped body called the Pistil. This is the young seed-pod, and by splitting it open you may see the minute Ovules, which are the beginnings of seed. The part containing the ovules is the Ovary ; the naked upper end of the pis- til is the Stigma, and the part connecting the stigma with the ovary is the Style. The end of the stem upon which the parts of the flower grow is the Receptacle, and the stem is called a Pe- duncle. Fig. 47 will assist you in learning these names. 35. A Complete Flower must have calyx, corolla, Btamensand pistils; but, since the office of a flower is to pro- duce seeds, and these grow from ovules, which pollen has reached by way of the stigma, ,'4. t 11 **-u L 47. Magnified MnRtard flower with four of the stamens, It IO11OWS tliat three petals and throe sepals removed. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. XV 11 36. A Perfect Flower may consist of pistils and stamens only, and of these the styles and filaments are not essential. 37. Cohesion of Floral Organs. When sepals cohere or grow fast to each other (Figs. 48- 51) the calyx is Gamo- sepalous. So, also, the corolla may be Gamopetalous. When stamens cohere they are Mbnadetphous if in one set, Diadel- phous if in two sets (usually 9 and 1), etc. Cohering pistils (car- pels) form a Com- pound Pistil The de- grees of cohesion in calyx and corolla is described, as in leaves, by the terms entire, Ciejt Or lOOea and 4 g Bnd Qf Eschseholtzia, with the mitriform calyx removed nnd Varied Thus* Bind- pllown above. 49. Open flower of thJ same, with two of the petals * removed, one of these below with the 8tirnens adhering to the claw. Weed (Fi ". 50) has an *0. Flower ttd laf of Convolvulus arvensis; above is the corolla split down, displaying five unequal stamens. entire corolla limb; Zauschneria (Fig. 51) has a 4-lobed calyx; Nemophila has a 5-parted or deeply 5-lobed corolla, etc. If the flower has a limb (border) dis- tinct from the tube, these terms apply to the limb. 38. Adhesion of Floral Organs. The calyx may grow fast to the ovary (Fig. 51), then it is said to be Superior (ovary in- ferior). The corolla and stamens fre- quently grow on the calyx, as in Fuch- sia, Strawberry, etc.; then they are said XV111 INTRODUCTOKY LESSONS. to be Perigynous or the stamens may grow on the corolla (Fig. 50) as in most gamopetalous flowers, and in Eschscholtzia (Fig. 49). In the Orchis Family the stamens grow on the pistil. 39. Irregular Flowers are those in which parts of the same kind are unlike in form or size. 40. Inflorescence. The forms of flower-clusters are almost as various as the shapes of the flowers, but they may all be referred to two plans, viz. : Terminal and Axillary. The Raceme (Fig. 52) is .a simple form of axillary inflorescence in which the leaves are reduced to bracts. If the flowers are sessile (without pedicels) the raceme becomes a Spike (Fig. 53). If the older flowers are raised on long pedi- cels the flat-topped cluster is called a Corymb (Fig. 55). In an Umbel the pedicels all grow from the end of the 54. Cyme. 53. Spike. 52. Raceme. peduncle (Fig. 5G). If these are very short or obsolete a Head is formed. A Panicle is a loose com- pound raceme. A Tliyr&e is a dense panicle. Fig. 54 represents a Cyme, the type of terminal inflorescence. A many-flowered cyme is a Fascicle ; more densely flowered, a Glomerule. Cymes and Fascicles resemble' Corymbs; but in the former, the central flowers are the older, while in the latter, the younger flowers or buds occupy the center. Glomerules differ from heads in the same way. NOTE. It is believed (hit the p- eceding lessons, together with the glossary on page 123, will enable tho learner to understand tho descriptioua m the Flora. Those who wish to pursue the t-tudy of struc- tural botany farther, are advised to get Gray's Lessons; or, better still, Gray's Botanical, Text-book. CG. Umbel. 55 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. NAMES OF PLANTS: CLASSIFICATION. 41. In a general way we designate the objects around us by single names. We speak of a stone, a wolf, or a pine; but to distinguish the kinds wo naturally use two names, as lime stone, sand stone; grey wolf, prairie wolf; nut pine, j'ellow pine, etc. This is one step in classifica- tion, and the only one commonly taken. This natural plan of double names was adopted by the great naturalist, Linnaeus, who gave names to most European plants, as well as to many of this continent. He wisely gave the Latin form to his names, since that language (being the base of most languages spoken in civilized countries) is the natural source of cos- mopolitan names those truly common to all people. Botanical names, then, differ from so-called common names principally in form, and they have these decided advantages: they more exactly represent the rela- tions between kinds of plants, and they are names that are common to people of all languages. In short, they are the true common names. 42. It is not true that botanical names arc harder than local names. The most com- mon of our ornamental plants are well known by their scientific names. No one thinks of calling the following botanical names hard : Geranium; Aster; Verbena; Petunia; For. tulaca; Crocus; Phlox; Fuchsia; Iris; Magnolia; Oxalis; Azalea; Dahlia; Lobelia; Ar- nica, etc. Most people talk familiarly of Camellias, Callas, Begonias, Acacias; etc.: while our beautiful California plants, Clarkia, Collinsia, Eschscholtzia Nemophila, etc., are well known by their proper names at least, in other countries. 43. Generic Names correspond to the second parts of the compound com- mon names, as oak, pine, rose, etc. Some of these are the old Greek or Latin names of the plant. Most generic names are either derived from Greek or Latin words descriptive of some peculiarity of the plant, or they are commemorative of some botanist, as Thysanocarpus, from Greek words meaning fringe and pod; Kelloggia, in honor of Dr. A. Kellogg, a veteran botanist of this coast. Sometimes genera are named in honor of those who are not botanists, as Fremontia, Hollisteria, etc. 2 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 44. Specific Names are adjectives corresponding to the first parts of com- mon names. They are usually descriptive of some characteristic of the plant, as Gilia liniflora, Flax-flowered Gilia. Frequently a species is named for the discoverer, as Gilia Bolanderi, Bolander's Gilia; often for the country where it was first found, or where it abounds, as Ranunculus Cali- fornicus, California Buttercup. Sometimes there are varieties of a species as Trifolium barbigerum, Var. Andrewsii, Andrews' Bearded- Clover. 45. Orders and Classes. Genera are grouped in Orders or Families, and these in Classes. There are two classes of flowering plants, Exogens and Endogens. ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 46. This whole matter of naming and classifying can be well under- stood only after you have analyzed many plants; i. e., you must have carefully examined them part by part, and patiently compared their pecul- iarities with the descriptions in the Flora until you have determined their names. In the beginning there will be many failures; but do not allow them to discourage you, for each victory will make the way easier to other conquests. 47. Choose for your first studies plants with large flowers. Do not attempt to determine the name of a plant unless you have specimens which show the kind of inflorescence and the arrangement of the leaves on the stem. If possible, secure specimens of the fruit and the roots. If in any plant you cannot readily distinguish the parts of the flower and their relations to each other, lay it aside until the study of easier plants has given you more skill. 48. The first thing to be determined in analyzing a plant is the Class; i. e., you must decide whether it is an Exogen or an Endogen. You have learned in the preceding lessons how the seeds and stems of these two Classes of Flowering Plants differ. Usually, however, the leaves and flowers sufficiently distinguish the class. In our plants, if the leaves are parallel-veined; or, if the parts of the flower are in threes the plant is an endogen. In other words, if there is no network of intersecting fibers between the ribs of the leaves the plant is an endogen; if the flower has SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. O three sepals and three petals (i. e., a perianth of six leaves or lobes), three or six stamens and three or six pistils (generally united to form a compound pistil with a three or six-celled ovary) the plant is an endogen. When the leaves are netted-veined, and the parts of the flower are not all in threes, the plant is an exogen. 49. It is a good plan to write out a description of a plant before attempting to ascertain its name. The parts may be described in this order: Boots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruit. The roots may be omitted unless they are peculiar. 50. With the plant before you and the book open at Stems, p. 10, you will be ready to begin the work. The book will generally supply the proper descriptive terms. Suppose the following to be a description of the plant in hand, the words in parentheses indicating the tecbnical ad- jectives which would make the description more exact and concise: 51. An exogenous annual with hairy erect stems about a foot high bearing opposite leaves which are narrow, with the broadest part near the blunt upper end (spatulatc) and no stipules (extipulate. ) The small pinkish flowers grow on short stems (pedicels) close together along one side of the main stem for several inches to the end (in a close raceme); the five sepals of the calyx unite to form a narrow tube (tubular, 5-lobcd) nearly half an inch long, marked by ten ridges (nerves); the five petals are separate from each other (corolla polypetalous) and very narrow inside the calyx (clawed), tho part outside (blade) short and rounded, broadest near the end (obovate); two little teeth standing up on each petal just where it bends outward from the calyx (blade 2-append- aged at the base); the petals twisted so as to make one edge higher than the other; stamens 10; pistil one, with three short straight styles and a short stem below the ovary (stipe) on which the petals and stamens grow; the seed pod (capsule) ovoid and rough, containing seeds which grow fast to a central part (placenta). 52. Turning to the Analytical Key for Exogens, p. 0, we determine that it belongs under Division 1, because the petals arc separate. Since our plant cannot belong under A, the stamens being only 10, we turn to "B. Stamens 10 or less," etc.; under this head we read: "1 Ovary or ovaries superior," etc., which is the case with our plant; then follows: "* Pistils more than one and distinct ;" but there is only one pistil incur flower, so we pass onto "** Pistil only one" below which is "+- Simple, i. e., of one carpel, as shown by single style," etc., but there arc three styles in the pistil of our flowers, so we try "4 {- Pistil compound," etc., which suits our case; then we read the next line, but upon looking up the word "placenta," conclude that our plant cannot be found under that head ; the next line of the same length docs not suit because our pod is not "2-cclled;" but the third reads: "Ovary and capsule 1-celled, seeds on a central SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, placenta," which applies to our seed pod; in the next line "Sepals 2; fleshy herbs " is wrong, so we try "Sepals 5 or 4; leaves opposite," etc., which leads us to ORDER CARYO- PHYLLACE^E, p. 22. The description of the order is satisfactory. Evidently our plant belongs to the first genus named in the Synopsis of Genera, viz. : 8'ilene, and the first species under that genus is our plant, the proper name of which is S'dene Galllca. We find, too, as we always shall, that some things were omitted in our description; also .that all the characteristics of the plant are not given in this book. Having determined the name, you should next write out a description, as nearly complete as possible, and make drawings showing the outlines of the leaves and the separate parts of the flower. 53. You may find a smooth plant bearing a loose raceme of red flowers, one of which is represented in Fig. 57. The floral leaves are all colored, but there are evidently two sets; -viz. ; a calyx of 5 sepals inclosing a corolla of 4 petals. The parts of the flower, then, ttre not in threes; and, since the palmately lobed leaves are iietted-veined the plant must be an exogen. Turning to the key, we proceed as follows: 54. The plant must belong in "DIVISION 1," since by carefully removing the sepals and petals we find that the latter are separate from each other. It must be found under "A," for there are many stamens. The stamens are free from the calyx and corolla, i. gTi regttlar. Petals none; shrubby climbers ........................................ Clematis. 1 Petals none ; small herbs. ............................................ Anemone. 2 Petals 5 or more; carpels numerous. ................................ Ranunculus, 3 Petals 5, sparred; carpels 5. ......................................... Aquilegia. 4 * * Plovers irrfytdar; colored ttpoJs comfpicuotts. Upper sepal spurred. .............................................. Delphinium. 5 Upper sepal hooded. ................................................ Aconitum, 6 * * Sepal* laryc, fea/-/0*, p>r*is*t*L Rowers large ......................................................... Faeonia. 7 X CLEMATIS, L VIRGIN'S BOWER. Sepals 4. colored and petal-like, valvate in the bud. Pistils numerous; styles persistent, becoming long feathery tails in fruit. Half-woody climbers or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves. 1. C. ligusticifolia, XutL Stems climbing by the petioles of the 5-foliolate leaves; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, li to 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parted. Flowers dioecious, paniculate; sepals thin, silky, white, 4 to 6 lines lon^; akenes pubescent; tails 1 to 2 inches long. Var. Californica, Watson. Leaves silky -tomentose beneath, often small. 2. C. lagiantlm, XutL Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, 1 to 1 inches long, acute, coarsely toothed or 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted. Flowers solitary on 1-2-bractcd peduncles; sepals obtuse, thick, 6 to 10 lines long. 2. ANEMONE, L Sepals 4 to 20, colored and petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils numerous; style short; stigma lateral; akenes compressed, pointed, in a head. Erect perennial herbs, with lobed or divided leaves, which are radical, except those which form an involucre below the flower. BASUHCULACEJE. (CBOWFOOT FAMILY.) 17 1. A. nemorosa, L. (WooD AXEMONE.) Smooth or somewhat villous; stems from a slender rootstock, 3 to 12 inches high, without radical leaves, one-flowered; invo- lucre of 3 petioled ternato leaves, the divisions cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely toothed or lobed, or the lateral ones 2-parted, about an inch long; the 4 to 7 sepals pinkish or white; akencs 12 to 20, oblong, with a hooked beak, Here belongs Thalictrum Fendleri, Englm. A smooth apetalons dkecious herb; also, rus minimus, L. A very small herb, with a tuffc of linear or spatulate entire radical leaveg, and solitary flowers on simple scapes; called MouzfMail, from its loii^, narrow receptacle, densely covered with small akenes. I 3. RANUNCULUS, L. BCTTEBCUP. Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 18, Pistils numerous. Akmre in a head, usually flat- tened, beaked with the persistent style. 1. Aquatic herbs; petals trfdte, with^ a pit at tJie base, tit* claw yellow; akems trans- versely icrinkkd. 1. R. hederaceus, L., var. Glabrous; stems 6 to 12 inches long, floating; leave* commonly all floating, 3 to 8 lines wide, deeply 3-lobed, truncate or cordate at the base; the lobes equal, oval or oblong, the lateral ones usually with a broad notch in the apex; submersed leaves none or rudimentary and resembling adventitious roots; peduncle* opposite the upper leaves, thicker than the petiole, 6 to 8 lines -long; sepals a line long; petals 2 lines long, obovate oblong; stamens 5 to 9; akenes 4 to 6. 2. R. aquatais, L., var. tricophylltis, Chair. Stems long, filiform; leaves all submersed and cut into numerous capillary segments, which are 4 to 10 lines long; flowers 3 to 5 lines in diameter; akenes numerous in a globular head. 2. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places; sepals green; petals yellow, wUk a scale at tfte base; akenes neither wrinkled nor Jtispid. * AH the leaves vndanded, the margins entire. 3. R. Flamnula, L., var. reptans, Gr. Glabrous throughout; stems filiform, creep- ing and rooting at the joints, 4 to 10 inches long; leaves mostly lanceolate and acute at each end, entire; flowers 2 to 5 lines in diameter; petals broadly obovate, one half longer than the sepals; akenes few, in a small globular head, plump, smooth; beak very short and curved. 4. R. alismaeiolins, Geyer. Similar to the last species, but with stootish, erect terns, longer flowers and obtuse leaves; akenes straight-beaked. * * Some or att the leaves Urnately compound. 5. R. Califormcos, Benth. More or less hairy; stems erect, or nearly so, 12 to IB inches high; radical leaves, commonly piimately ternate, the leaves laciniately cut into 3 to 7 parts, which are usually linear; flowers bright yellow, 5 to 10 lines in 18 RAUNCULACE2E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) petals 10 to 14, narrowly obovate; sepals shorter than the petals, reflexed; akenes nearly 2 lines long, flat, with sharp edges; beak short and curved; heads compact, ovato or globular. This is by far the most common species, and usually the only one collected by begin- ners. It varies greatly. The leaves are sometimes simply three lobed and sometimes much cut up. C. R. macranthus, Scheele. Stems stout, 2 to 5 ft. high; flowers 14 to 18 lines in diameter; petals commonly 5 or 6, broadly obovate, shining yellow. 3. Akenes rough; otherwise as in 2. 7. R. hebecarpus, Hook. & Arn. Rather slender, more or less hairy; flowers minute; petals 5, not more than a line long; sepals hairy, about equaling the petals. 8. R. muricatus, L. Smooth; flowers 5 or moro lines in diameter; akeiies large and rough, with recurved beaks. Introduced from Europe. 4. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE. Sepals 5, regular, colored and petal-like; petals 5, produced backward (upward) into a long tubular spur; stamens numerous, cxserted, the inner ones reduced to thin scales; pistils 5; styles slender. Flowers nodding, showy, terminating the branches. 1. A. truncate, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high; flowers usually red, tinged with orange or yeUow; leaves usually ternately compound, leaflets lobed. 5^ DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular, the upper one prolonged backwards at the base into a long spur, which (in our species) contains spur-like prolongations of the upper pair of petals. Petals 4, small and irregular. Stamens many. Pistils 1 to 5. Erect herbs, with palmately-cleft, lobed, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers. 1. D. simplex, Dougl. Canescent throughout, with a fine, short, somewhat woolly pubescence, rarely smooth; stem stout and strict, 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy; leaves all much dissected with linear obtuse lobes, on stout, erect petioles; racemes usually dense and many-flowered, the pedicels often short and nearly erect; flowers small, blue, varying to nearly white or yellowish; sepals 4 or 5 lines long, about equaling the stout, straight spur; ovaries and capsule pubescent. 2. D. variegatura, Torr. & Gr. Foliage similar to the last, but the flowers much larger, on longer pedicels, forming a short, open raceme; ovary and capsule pubescent. 3. D. decorum. Fisch. & May. Lower leaves 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, the upper with narrow divisions. Flowers similar to the last, but the spur is usually longer, and the ovary and capsule smooth. 4. D. Californicum, Torr. & Gr. Stems stout, 2 to 7 ft. high; leaves large, 3 to BERBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19 5 cleft, the divisions variously lobed; pedicels and dull bluish flowers densely velvety pubescent. 5. D. nudicaule, Torr. & Gr. Distinguished by its red flowers. 6. ACONITUM, Tourn. MONKSHOOD. Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular; the upper one arched into a hood or helmet, which conceals tho spur-like blades of the upper pair of petals. General appear- ance similar to Delphinium. 1. A. Fischeri, Eeichenb. Sufficiently characterized by the generic description. Rare. 7. PJEONIA, L. Sepals 5, herbaceous. Petals 5 to 10. Stamens inserted on a fleshy disk. Pistils 2 to 5. Fruit leathery follicles. Perennial herbs with compound leaves. 1. P. Brownii, Dougl. Leaves thick, 1-2-tcrnately compound, the leaflets ternately and pinnately lobed, glaucous; petals leathery, dull, dark red, about equaling the sepals. ORDER 2. BERBERIDACE.2E. Shrubs or herbs, with compound alternate exstipulate leaves; flowers remarkable for having the bracts, sepals, petals and stamens before each other, instead of alternating. Low shrubs, with rigid pinnate leaves and small yellow flowers Berberis. 1 A fern-like herb, with white flowers Vancouveria. 2 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6 each, with 3 or G bractlets. Carpel 1, forming a berry. Smooth shrubs, with yellow wood, and yellow flowers in bracteate racemes. * Leaflets pinnately veined. 1. B. repens, Lindl. Less than a foot high; leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute, 1 to 2^ inches long, not shiny above; short racemes terminating the stems. 2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. 2 to 4 ft. high; leaflets 7 or more, the lower pair distant from the stem, 1^ to 4 inches long, shining above, spiny; racemes chiefly clustered in Bubterminal axils. 3. B. pinnata, Lag. Like the last species, but the leaves more crowded, and the lower pair of leaflets near the base of the petiole; usually 5 to 7 leaflets. * * Leaflets palmately nerved. 4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Simple stems but a few inches high; leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, of 11 to 17 leaflets. 20 PAPAVERACE.3S. (POPPY FAMILY.) 2. VANCOUVERIA, Morren & Decaisne. Sepals and petals 6 each, reflexed, with C to 9 bractlets. Stamens C. Carpel 1 ; the stigma cup-shaped. A slender perennial herb, with radical 2-3-te^rnately compound leaves, and the open paniculate raceme upon a naked scape. 1. V. hexandra, Morr. & Dec. The long petioled leaves rising like tho fronds of a fern, leaflets 1 to 2 inches broad, petiolulate, obtusely 3-lobed, the margin thickened; the minute flowers on a scape exceeding the leaves. ORDER 3. NYMPEUEACEJE. Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or deeply cordate leaves; solitary axillary perfect flowers on long peduncles. Stamens numerous. Water- Shield. (Brasenia peltata, Pursh.) May be found in ponds. Its elliptical, pel- tate, floating leaves (green above and brownish-red beneath) and its jelly-coated stems characterize it quite well enough. The Yellow Pond-Lily (Nuphar polysepdlum, Engl. ) is more common. ORDER 4. PAP AVERAGE-SB. Herbaceous plants (in one instance shrubby); the perfect flowers with sepals, petals and stamens hypogynous and not in fives; the sepals 2 or 3, and falling when the flower opens; the petals twice as many, in two sets; the stamens indefinite. In Eschscholtzia the sepals unite to form a mitriform cap. * Herbs with entire leaves, the uppermost whorled or opposite. Carpels 6 to 25, slightly cohering Platystemon. . 1 Carpels 3 united; 3 stigmas Platystigma. 2 * * Herbs or shrubs with divided or lobed leaves. Sepals 2 Meconopsis. 3 Sepals united to form a cap Eschscholtzia. 4 Shrub, with entire leaves Dendromecon. 5 1. PLATYSTEMON, Benth. CREAM-CUPS. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear anthers. Torulose carpels at first united; stigmas free. 1. P. Californicus, Benth. Slender, branching, 6 to 12 inches high; villous, with spreading hairs; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear, obtuse, PAPAVERACE.E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 pale-green. Sepals hairy; petals pale-yellow, shading to orange in the center, 3 to 6 lines long. 2. FLATYSTIGMA, Benth. Sepals 3. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens few or many, with narrow filaments. Ovary 3-angled, oblong or linear; stigmas 3, ovate to linear. Low, slender annuals, resembling Platystemon in habit, with pale-green, entire, opposite or verticillate leaves and long- peduncled pale-yellow or creamy-white flowers. 1. P. lineare, Benth. Hairy, short-stemmed; stamens many, with dilated fila- ments; stigmas broad; capsule ovate. 2. P. Californicum, Beiith. & Hook. Smooth, long-stemmed; stamens few (10 to ]2) with filiform filaments; stigmas narrow; capsule linear. 3. MEUONOFSIS, Viguier. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers. Style distinct; stigma 4-8-lobed. Seeds numerous. 1. M. heterophylla, Benth. Annual, smooth, slender, 1 to 2 ft. high; lower leaves long petioled, pinnately divided, the segments oval to linear and 2 to 12 lines long; upper leaves sessile; flowers scarlet to orange, the petals 2 to 12 lines long; peduncles elongated. Very variable. 4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisso. Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, which drops off from the top shaped torus When the flower opens. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and long anthers. Smooth annuals, with colorless, bitter juice; finely dissected, pale-green alter- nate petioled leaves, and bright orange or yellow (rarely white) flowers. 1. E. Californica, Cham. Has stout branching stems, 1 to 1^ ft. high; flowers 2 to 4 inches in diameter, brilliant orange toward the center; capsule 2- inches long, curved. V,ar. Douglas!!, Gr. More slender; flowers yellow. Var. csespitosa, Brewer. Scape-like peduncles; small yellow flowers. 5. DENDROMECON, Benth. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear; style short; stigmas 2, short and erect. The many seeded capsule dehisr cent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs. A smooth branching shrub, with alternate vertical entire thick and rigid leaves and showy yellow flowers. The only true woody plant belonging to the order. 1. D. rigidum, Benth. A shrub 2 to 8 ft. high, with slender branches and whitish bark; leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, very acute or rnucronatc, sessile or nearly so, twisted into a vertical position, margin rough or denticulate. 22 CEUCIFERZE. (MUSTAKD FAMILY.) ORDER 5. FUMARIACEJE. Tender herbs with dissected compound leaves, and irregular hypogynous flowers, the parts in twos, except the 6 diadelphous stamens. 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Sepals 2, small and scale-like, sometimes caducous. Corolla of two pairs of petals, flattened and cordate; the outer pair the larger and sacked at the base, the tips spreading; the inner, spoon-shaped, lightly united at the apex, inclosing the anthers and stigma. Stamens in two setsj 3 before each of the outer petals, filaments slightly cohering. Stylo slender; stigma 2-lobed, each lobe sometimes 2-crested. 1. D. fonnosa, DC. Leaves radical, and the compound racemes of rose-colored flowers borne on naked scapes. 2. D. chrysantlia, Hook. & Arn. Tho flowers in long terminal paniculate racemes on leafy stems; corolla narrow, scarcely cordate, golden yellow. ORDER 6. CRUCIFERS3. Herbs with pungent watery juice. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with blade narrowed into a claw, the lamina spreading to form a cross, rarely wanting. Stamens C, two of them inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter than the other four. Ovary 2-celled by a thin partition, rarely 1 -colled. Leaves alternate, and flowers usually in racemes without bracts. Since a careful examination of the fruit is usually necessary for the determination of Bpecics in this difficult order, only such plants as have large flowers or remarkable fruit are here described. 1. Pod .dehiscent, 2-valved. * Pod elongated, compressed parallel with the partition; seeds flat. Pctioled leaves, lobed or divided; root tuberous Cardamine. 1 Stem leaves sessile, entire; root perpendicular. Flowers purple - Arabis. 2 Flowers orange Cheiranthus. 3 Flowers yellowish Erysimum. 4 * * Pod terete; seeds globose. Flowers Yellow Brassica. 5 * * * Pod flattened contrary to the partition. Pod linear; flowers axillary, yellow Tropidocarpiim. 6 Pod obcordatc; flowers minute Capsella. 7 Pod obovate, 2- winged at the top Lepidium. 8 CEUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 2. Pod indehiscent, 1-celled. Pod orbicular, winged with a thin broad margin; flowers minute. ..Thysanocarpus. 9 Pod long, pithy; seeds large; flowers large, veiny . . Raphanus. 10 1. CARDAMINE, L. Pod linear, with somewhat thickened margins, merely pointed or beaked above; valves flat, nerveless. Seeds in one row somewhat flattened, wingless; cotyledons flat, accum- bent. Sepals equal. Petals white or pinkish. 1. C. paucisecta, Benth. Stems from small deep-seated tubers, erect, 8 to 18 inches high; leaves various; the upper deeply lobed or parted, the lower often simple; petals G to 9 lines long; pods 1 to 1^ inches long. 2. ARABIS. L. Pod linear; valves 1 -nerved, not strongly. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows, flattened; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals short or narrow, rarely colored. Petals with a narrow claw, white, rose-colored, or purple. 1. A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Am. Stems often tufted 4 to 12 inches high; leaves strongly ciliate, sometimes sparingly sinuate- toothed, the lower obovate or broadly Bpatulate, the cauline oblong, sessile; petals bright purple, G to 9 lines long. 2. A. Breweri, Wat. Cespitose, canescent, with dense stellate pubescence; stems 2 to 10 inches high; petals 1 to 4 lines long, deep rose-color; sepals purplish; pods spreading or recurved. 3. CHEIRANTHUS, L. Pod elongated, compressed; valves 1 -nerved or carinate. Seeds in one row, flattened, not winged; cotyledons accumbent, or rarely oblique. Calyx not colored, the outer sepals strongly gibbous. Stigma with two spreading lobes. 1. C. asper, Cham. & Sch. Ptather sparingly pubescent with appressed 2-parted hairs; stem simple erect, leafy, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower long pctioled, entire or sinuate-toothed; sepals broad 4 to 6 lines long, half the length of the bright yellow or orange petals; pods 1.^ to 2 inches long. 4. ERYSIMUM, L. Pod 4-angled by the prominent mid-nerve of the valves, not stipitate; cotyledons incumbent or oblique. Sepals, petals and stigma like the last. 1. E. asperum, DC. Similar to the last; sepals narrower; petals usually creamy white to yellow. 5. BRASSICA, L. MUSTARD. Pod nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a long conical beak. Seeds in 24 CRUCIFERZE. (MUSTAED FAMILY.) one row globose; cotyledons infolding the radical. Lateral sepals usually gibbous. Petals yellow. 1. B. campestris, L. Smooth; lower leaves pinnately divided, with a large ter- minal lobe; the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, with a broad clasping base; pods 2 inches long or more. 2. B. nigra, Boiss. Larger; leaves all petioled; pods less than an inch long. Not to be confounded with Sisymbrium officiiiale, Scop., which has runcinately pinnatifid leaves, small yellow flowers and closely appressed, subulate sessile pods half an inch long; or, with S. acutangulum, DC., similar to the last, but the pods on short pedicels, erect and over an inch long. The last are called Hedge Mustards. 6. TROFiDOCARFUM, Hook Pod linear, flattened, often 1-celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition. Seeds in two rows, minute; cotyledons incumbent. A low hirsute branching annual, with pinnately divided leaves, and yellow, solitary axillary flowers. 1. T. gracilo, Hook. Steins weak; petals 1^ to 3 lines long, broad; pods 6 to 20 lines long, pointed at both ends. 7. CAFSELLA, Mcench. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Pod obcordate, much flattened, many-seeded; cotyledons incumbent. Slender and mostly smooth annuals, with minute flowers. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mrench. Somewhat hirsute at base; radical leaves mostly runcinate-pinnatifid, the cauline lanceolate, clasping. 2. C. divaricata, Walp. Very slender; pods elliptic-oblong; is more rare. 8. LEFIDIUM, L. PEPPERGRASS. Pod orbicular or obovate, emarginately 2- winged at the summit; the cells 1 -seeded. Low herbs, with pinnatifid or toothed leaves, and small white flowers; the petals in some species wanting, and the stamens only 2 or 4. 1. L. latipes, Hook. Stems stout, simple 1 k> 3 inches high, surpassed by the irregularly and coarsely pinnatifid leaves; racemes capitate, in fruit an inch long or less; sepals very unequal; pod strongly reticulated, the acute wings nearly as long. 2. L. oxycarpum, Torr. & Gr. Stems simple or branched 3 to 6 inches high; smooth; raceme lax, elongated; pod smooth, rounded, nodding, the broad acute teeth short and divergent; petals none. 3. L. nitidum, Nutt. Similar to the last, but larger; petals present; pods smooth and shining, acutely margined. 4. L. Menziesii, DC. Hispid; petals none; pods not margined, except by the very short teeth at the summit. V (VIOLET FAMILY.) : Var. (?) strictum, Wat. Sepals green, persistent; fruiting racemes crowded cyli dric-capitate, the pedicels erect, low and spreading. This plant seems to be a separa species. It has been found in San Francisco, by Miss Annie Hughes. 9. THYSANOCARFTTS, Hook. Pod 1-celled, 1-seeded, plano-convex, mostly pendulous on slender pedicels. Flowers minute, white or rose-colored. 1. T. curvipes, Hook. Six inches to two feet high; the upper leaves clasping by a broad auricled base; pods densely tomentose or smooth, 2 to 4 lines in diameter, the wing entire or crenate, veined and often perforate, emarginate at the top and tipped with the purple style. The perforate -wing form called Lace-pod. 2. T. laciniatus, Nutt. Smaller and more slender; the cauline leaves scarcely auricled at the base; pods obovate, cuneate at the base, 2 to 3 lines long. Var. crenatus, Brewer. The broader wing deeply crenate or fringed. Fringe-pod. 3. T. radians, Benth. Pods round, 4 to 5 lines in diameter, scarcely emarginate, with a broad entire translucent wing conspicuously marked by radiating nerves. 4. T. pusillus, Hook. May be known by its minute pods hirsute with hooked hairs. 10. RAFHANUS, L. EADISH. Coarse introduced annuals. 1. R. sativus, L., has a pointed 2-seeded pod. 2. R. Raphanistrum, L., has a necklace-shaped pod, long beaked, 1-9-seeded ORDER 7. CISTACE^E. Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals 5, persistent; and two of them smaller, wholly exterior, and bract-like. Petals 5, usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite, with filiform filaments; anthers short. Style one. Capsule 3-valved. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Petals broad. Stamens numerous (about 20). Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Low branching herbs, or somewhat woody; flowers yellow, opening only once, in sunshine. 1. H. scoparium, Nutt. Much branched, hairy or smooth, about a foot high; leaves narrow, 4 to 12 lines long, alternate; flowers on slender pedicels, one or several termin- ating the branches; petals 4 lines long. ORDER 8. VIOiLACEJE. Herbs distinguished by the irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, adnate introse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a club-shaped style with a one sided 26 YIOLACE2E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) etigma, a one celled ovary, forming a capsule, which splits at maturity into three parts. Represented only by the familiar genus 1. VIOLA, L. Sepals unequal, auricled at the base. Petals unequal, lower one spurred. Anthers nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which are inclosed by the spur of the petal. (See ADDENDA. ) * Leaves undivided. 4- Flowers not yellow, or orange. 1. V. canina, L., var. adunca, Gr. Flowers violet or purple. Low stems sending out runners; leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at the base, obscurely crenate; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, lacerately toothed; spur as long as the sepals, curved; lateral petals bearded. Var. longipes, Wat. The obtuse spur straight. 2. V. ocellata, Torr. & Gr. Stems nearly erect, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves cordate to cordate-ovate, acutish, conspicuously crenate; stipules small, scarious; upper petals white within, purple-brown without, the others pale-yellow veined with purple. 4-4- Flowers yellow, tinged with purple. 3. V. pedunculata, Torr. & Gr. Stems with a decumbent or procumbent base; leaves rombic-cordate, with truncate or abruptly cuneate base, obtuse, coarsely crenate; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or gashed; showy flowers on peduncles exceeding the leaves; petals C to 9 lines long, the upper tinged with brown on the outside, the others veined with deep purple; lateral petals bearded; capsule smooth. 4. V. aurea, Kellogg. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate at base, obtuse, coarsely crenate; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, laciniate; peduncle but little longer than the leaves; petals 4 to 6 lines long, as in the last, but lighter yellow; capsule pubescent. 5. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into a long petiole, entire, or obscurely sinuate; stipules entire; peduncles usually shorter than tho leaves. -1-4-4- Flowers yellow. G. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Leaves rounded-cordate, reniform, or sometimes ovate, finely crenate, usually punctate with dark dots. Flowers small. * * Leaves divided or lobed; flowers yellow, tinged with brovm-purple. 7. V. lobata, Benth. Distinguished by its stout stems and large palmately 5 to 9-lobed leaves. Flowers large. 8. V. chrysantha, Hook. Stems short; leaves bipinnatifid, with narrow seg- ments. Flowers large, like V. pedunculata, but the lateral petals are not bearded. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. (PINK FAMILY.) 27 OKDEE 9. POLYGALACE-ffi. Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire exstipulate leaves, remarkable for the papilio- naceous-looking flowers. In our genus the ovary is 2-celled. 1. FOLYGALA, Tourn. Sepals 5, very unequal, the 2 lateral ones large and petal-like. Petals 3, united to each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one hooded and often crested or beaked. Stamens 6 to 8, the filaments united below into a split sheath, adnate at the base to the petals. The 2-celled ovary forms a capsule flattened contrary to the partition, notched or retuse above. 1. P. cucullata, Benth. Stems slender from a woody base, 2 to 8 inches high; leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptical, ^ to 1 inch long, short petioled; flowers rose-color; outer sepals 2^ lines long, rounded-saccate at the base; the wings broadly epatulate, 4 to 6 lines long. 2. P. Californica, Nutt. Stouter; flowers greenish white. ORDER 10. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. Herbs with regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals 4 or 5 and imbricated or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens commonly twice as many as the petals, ovary 1 -celled with a free central placenta. Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often united at the base by a transverse line, in one group with interposed scarious stipules. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers terminal, or in the forks, or in cymes. Many species in this order are difficult to determine. * Sepals , united into a 4:-5-toothed calyx. Petals long-clawed. Petals with bifid appendages Silene. 1 * * * Sepals distinct; petals without claws. Petals bifid; capsule cylindric Cerastium. 2 Petals bifid capsule globose Stellaria. 3 Petals entire; capsule globose Arenaria. 4 Stipules present; styles 5 Sperguia. 5 Stipules present; styles 3 Lepigonum. 6 1. SIIiENE, L. Calyx tubular, cylindrical to campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5, with nar 28 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) row claws; the blade mostly bifid or many-cleft and usually crowned with 2 scales at the base. Stamens 10; styles 3, erect. Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3 teeth. 1. S. Gallica, L. Hairy; leaves spatulate, 1 to 1^ inches long; calyx oblong- cylindric, becoming expanded by the growth of the ovoid capsule; flowers small, rose- colored, in one-sided close racemes; petals entire, slightly twisted. 2. S. Californica, Durand. Glandular-pubescent; stems 6 inches to 3 ft. high, lax, leafy; flowers large, deep scarlet, few at the ends of the branches; calyx 7 to 10 lines long; petals deeply parted with bifid segments, the lobes 2-3- toothed or entire, with often a lateral one. 3. S. Douglasii, Hook. Stems simple few-flowered; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, an inch or two long; calyx oblong-cylindric, often inflated, 5 to 7 lines long; petals rose-color or nearly white; 8 to 10 lines long, bifid with broad obtuse lobes; claw broadly auricled; capsule oblong-ovate, long stiped. 2. CBRASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 5, rarely less. The curved capsule dehiscing by twice as many teeth as there are -styles. Flowers white. 1. C, pilosum, Ledeb. Erect, rather stout, more or less densely pilose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, to an inch or more long, acute, almost sheathing at the base; flowers from ^ to 1 inch in diameter. C. ARVENBE, L., has clowny acute leaves. C. VTJL.GATUM, L M hag ovate or obovato obtuse leaves; flowers clustered. 3. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-cleft. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Low herbs with minute white flowers and 4-angled stems. 1. S. media, L. Weak and spreading, rooting at the lower joints; the ovate leaves less than an inch long on hairy petioles, or the upper ones sessile; stamens 3 to 10. Introduced from Europe. 2. S. iiitens. Nutt., has small sessile lanceolate leaves and narrow shining sepals surpassing the minute petals. 3. S. littoralis, Torr., is rather a stout hairy plant, with ovate leaves; flowers in a terminal cyme. May be found on the sea-shore. 4. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. Distinguished chiefly from Stellaria by the entire petals and usually by the tufted stems and subulate rigid leaves. In our species the 3 valves of the capsule are entire; bracts foliaceous. 1. A. Douglasii, Torr. & Gr. Slender, much branched, 3 to 6 inches high; leaves PORTULACACE.E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) filiform, 3 to 12 lines long; flowers on long slender pedicels; sepals 3-nerved; petals obovate, 2 lines long or more; longer than the sepals. 2. A. Californica, Brew. Leaves lanceolate, 1 or 2 lines long; flowers smaller than the last; petals spatulate. 3. A. palustris, Wat. Stems weak, 4 to 8 inches high; leaves linear, flaccid, 6 to 12 lines long; flowers few on long pedicels; petals 3 or 4 lines long. In swamps. 5. SPERGULA, L. CoRN-SpURRY. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled; styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Annuals dichotomously branched, with awl-shaped apparently whorled leaves (fascicled). 1. S. arvensis, L. The almost filiform leaves 1 or 2 inches long; flowers white, the long pedicels at length reflexed. Naturalized. 6. LEPIGONUM, Fries. SAND-SPTJRRY. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely fewer. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Ovary 1-celled, many ovuled; styles 3, or rarely 5. Low herbs, with setaceous or linear fascicled leaves; flowers white or pink, pediceled. 1. L. macrothecum, Fisch. & Mey. Rather stout, often a foot high; leaves fleshy to 2 inches long, with large ovate stipulec; pedicels becoming reflexed; sepals 3 or more lines long, equaling the pinkish petals. In salt-marshes. 2. L. medium, Fries. More slender than the last, with smaller flowers on shorter pedicels. ORDER 11. PORTULACACE-ZE. Succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical perfect flowers; the sepals only 2, the petals 2 to 5 or more; the stamens opposite the petals When of the same number; the ovary 1-celled. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous, commonly adhering to the base of the petals, these sometimes united at the base. Style 2 to 8-cleft. Stipules none. * Sepals Hi, distinct, persistent. , Stamens more than 5 Calandrinia. 1 Stamens 5 Claytonia. 2 * * Sepals 4 to 8 Lewisia. 3 1. CALANDRINIA, H B K. Petals mostly 5 (3 to 10). Stamens 5 to 15. Ovary free, many-ovuled; style 3-cleft, short. Capsule globose or ovoid, 3-valved. Seeds shining-black. Low succulent herbs with alternate leaves. 30 HYPERICACE.E. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 1. C. Menziesii, Hook. Smooth, branching from the base, the stems ascending; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, the lower on slender petioles; sepals keeled, the calyx 4-angled in the bud; petals broadly obovatc, red to purple, 2 to G lines long. One of the most abundant of open ground early flowers. 2. CLAYTONIA, L. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 5. Style 3-cleft. Capsule and seeds as in Calandrinia. Radical leaves numerous; cauline perfoliate, or a pair. 1. C. perfoliata, Bonn. Stems 2 to 12 inches high; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly rhomboidal, or deltoid, or deltoid-cordate, ^ to 3 inches broad, obtuse; the cauline pair usually united to form an almost orbicular perfoliate leaf, concave above; the lax raceme of small pinkish flowers nearly sessile in the leaf-cup. Var. parvifloia, Torr. Radical leaves linear, or linear-spatulate. Var. spathulata, Torr. Radical leaves linear; the cauline pair distinct or partly united on one side, ovate to lanceolate. Low and slender. Var. exigua, Torr. Low, radical leaves narrowly linear or filiform; the cauline distinct, linear. 2. C. Siberica, L. Stems G to 15 inches high; radical leaves lanceolate to rombic- ovate or nearly orbicular, long-petioled; the cauline pair ovate or varying from lanceolate to spatulate-obovate, sessile, distinct; raceme loose; the rose-colored or white petals 2 to 4 lines long. 3. LBWISIA, Pursh. Petals 8 to 16, large and showy, rose-colored. Stamens numerous (40 or more). Style 3 to 8-parted nearly to the base. Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, with fusiform roots, and short 1 -flowered scapes. 1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong, subterete, 1 or 2 inches long, smooth and glaucous; scape jointed in the middle, bearing on the joint 5 to 7 subulate verticillate bracts; petals sometimes white, 8 to 16 lines long. ORDER 12. HYPERICACEJG. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire punctate leaves, no stipules and perfect flowers with 4 or 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a septicidal many-seeded capsule. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals. Filaments mostly in 3 sets. Styles 2 to 5, usually distinct. 1. HYFERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sepals and petals 5. The numerous stamens in three bundles. Ovary 1 to 3-celled, the ovules growing on the parietal placentae. Flowers cymose, yellow. MALVACE.E. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 31 1. H. Scouleri. Hook. Stems erect from a running rootstock to 2 feet high, terete, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves ovate to oblong, clasping, an inch or less long ; petals punctate, 3 to 5 lines long; capsule 3-celled. 2. H. concinnum, Benth. Stems from a woody base, 3 to 6 inches high; leaves from oblong to linear, acute, an inch long or less, not clasping, usually folded. 3. H. anagalloides, Cham & Schlecht. Stems numerous, weak, rooting at the lower joints, 1 to 10 inches long; leaves broadly ovate or elliptical, 2 to 6 inches long, obtuse, clasping; sepals exceeding the petals; capsule 1-celled. ORDER 13. MALVACE^J. Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves; distinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with the base of a column of many united stamens, these with reniform anthers. Calyx 5-cleft or parted, persistent, with Bometimes a calyx-like involucel of bracts. Petals 5, usually withering without falling off. Pistil usually either a ring of ovaries around a projecting receptacle or a 3-10-celled ovary; styles united at least at the base. Leaves usually palmately ribbed- Flowers axillary. (See ADDENDA.) 1. LAVATERA, L. TREE MALLOW. Involucel 3 to C-cleft. Stamineal column divided into numerous filaments. Styles filiform. Fruit depressed ; the several carpels separating from the prominent axis, 1-seeded. 1. L. assurgentiflora, Kellogg. A shrub 6 to 15 ft. high; flowers 1 to 4 in the axils on drooping pedicels; petals rose-purple, 1 to 1^ inches long, with a broad truncate limb and narrow claws having a pair of dense hairy tufts at the base. Commonly culti- vated, but a native (?) of this State. 2. MALVA, L. MALLOW. Involucel 3-leaved. Petals obcordate, small. Herbaceous. Otherwise as Lavatera. M. borealis, Wallman. Annual; leaves round-cordate, crenate, 5-7-lobed; peduncles ehort; petals pinkish-white, 2 or 3 lines long. Distinguished from the biennial M. rotundifolia by its short pedunceles, small flowers and rugose carpels. 3. SIDALCEA, GR. Involucel none. Stamineal column double; the filaments of the outer series usually united into 5 sets, opposite the petals. Flowers in a terminal raceme or spike. Herbs. *Perennial. 1. S. malvaeflora, Gr. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves on elongated petioles, 32 LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.) orbicular to semi-circular in outline; the lower toothed or cleft, the upper more narrowly and deeply, 5 to 9-lobed or parted; the segments sparingly toothed, often linear and entire; flowers in naked elongated racemes; bractlets small, lanceolate; pedicels short, naked; calyx often tomentose; petals emarginate, 6 to 12 lines long, purple; carpels smooth. 2. S. Immilis, Gr. Much resembling the last, but lower, and often decumbent at the base; leaves smaller; flowers fewer and more scattered; calyx larger, 3 to 6 lines long; carpels reticulated and pubescent. * * Annual. 3. S. diploscypha, Gr. Pubescent with long spreading hairs, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves deeply 5-9-cleft with lobed segments; bractlets conspicuous, 5 to 7-parted, hispid; flowers nearly sessile in close 3 to 5-flowered clusters; petals C to 12 lines long, broad and emarginate. 4. S. malachroides, Gr. Stout, hirsute, 3 to 6 ft. high, tufted; leaves large; flowers small, white or purplish, nearly sessile in close terminal heads on the short leafy branches; petals narrowly obcordate; sets of stamens indistinct. OKDER 14. LINAGES. A small order represented and characterized by the one genus 1. LINUM, L. FLAX. Parts of the flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments united at the base with commonly alternating teeth. Styles 5, or sometimes only 2 or 3, distinct or united. Stigmas capitate or oblong; ovary globose. Seeds twice as many as the styles. Herbs with sessile entire leaves without stipules, and cymose or panicled flowers. 1. Styles 5. Flowers blue. 1. L. perenne, L. Smooth, 1 to 2^ ft. high, branching above, leafy; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 18 lines long, acute; stipular glands none; flowers on slender pedicels, scattered, large. 2. Styles 3; petals appendaged at base, with a tooth on each side and a third adnate to the inner face of the claw. * Flowers yellow; pedicels short. 2. L. Breweri, Gr. Smooth, slender, 3 to 8 inches high or more, few flowered at the summit; leaves linear-setaceous, G to 8 lines long; stipular glands conspicuous; petals 3 or more lines long. * * Flowers rose-purple to white. 3. L. congestum, Gr. Nearly smooth, excepting the calyx, about a foot high; GERANIACE.E. (GERANIUM etipular glands very small; flowers in close terminal capsule globose. 4. L. California urn, Gr. Smooth, glaucous, 6 to 18 inches high; stipular glands conspicuous; flowers in small cymes or the lower solitary; petals 4 lines long, capsule acute, shorter than the calyx. 5. S. spergulinum, Gr. Smooth, 6 to IS inches high; leaves without stipular glands; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, and mostly solitary; sepals slightly glandular, minute; capsule obtuse, exceeding the calyx slightly. ORDER 15. GERANIACEJE. Flowers perfect on axillary peduncles, regular (in our species) and symmetrical, tho parts in fives. Stamens mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes sterile. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, with a prolonged axis, or 5-celled. 1. Carpels 5, one-seeded, separating at maturity from the long central axis; the -styles forming long twisted tails. Fertile stamens 10; tails of the carpels not bearded .................... Geranium. 1 Fertile stamens 5; tails of the carpels bearded .......................... Erodium. 2 2. Carpels 5, one-seeded, Jleshy, distinct ........................... Limnaiithcs. 3 3. Carpels combined into a 5-celled ovary ................................ Oxalis. 4 1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. Stamens 10 with anthers, a gland behind the base of each of the shorter 5; filaments bearded at the base. Ovary 5-lobed; style 5-lobed at the top; the roundish-oblong carpels splitting away from the persistent beaked axis. Leaves palmately lobed and mostly opposite, scarious stipules; swollen- jointed stems. 1. G, Carolinianum, L. Diffusely branched, pubescent; leaves 1 to 2\ inches in diameter, palmately 5-7-parted, the divisions cleft into linear lobes; petals rose-colored equaling the awned sepals, 2 or 3 lines long; carpels hairy; tails half an inch long. G. iiicisum, Nutt., with large purple flowers, grows in the Sierra Nevada, and in Humboldt County. 2. ERODIUM, L'Her. Characters as in the last; but the filaments dilated, the 5 opposite to the petals sterile and scale-like; carpels attenuate to a sharp bearded base; the tails long bearded on the inner side. Leaves commonly pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed; peduncles umbellately 2-several-flowered with a 4-bracted involucre at the base of the pedicels; flowers small. 1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. (FILARIA OR PIN-CLOVER.) Hairy, much branched, 3 34 RUTACE^S. (ORANGE FAMILY.) decumbent; leaves pinnate the leaflets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes, the opposite leaves unequal; the long peduncles in the axils of the smaller leaves bearing 4' to 8-flowered umbels; the slender pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still erect; the bearded carpels with spirally twisted tails. 2. E. mo3chatum, L'Her. (MUSKY FILARIA.) Similar to the last but of a lighter green and the leaflets unequally and doubly serrate, not pinnatifid. Gives out a musky odor when wilted. 3. E. macrophyllum, Hook. & Arn. Leaves reniform-cordate, 1 to 3 inches broad; sepals broad, 5 to C lines long. 3. LIMNANTHES, E. Br. Glands 5, alternating with the petals. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. An- nual low diffuse herbs, with pungent juice, growing in wet places; leaves pinnate, without stipules; flowers yellowish-white or rose-colored, solitary 011 axillary peduncles. 1. L. Douglas!!, R. Br. Glabrous, yellowish green, weak and succulent stems; leaflets incisely lobed; peduncles at length 2 to 4 inches long; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long, half the length of the oblong or obovate, emarginate or truncate petals. Var alba, Hartweg. Villous sepals; shorter, white petals. 4. OXALIS, L. The parts of the flower in fives. Stamens 10; the filaments dilated and united below. Capsule columnar or ovoid, beaked with the short style. Low herbs with sour watery juice; leaves alternate or radical, digitately trifoliolate, leaflets obcordate. 1. O. Oregana, Nutt. (REDWOOD SORREL.) Acaulescent, rusty- villous; rootstock creeping; leaflets broadly obcordate, 1 to 1^ inches broad; petioles 2 to 8 inches long; scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves, mostly 1-flowered; petals 6 to 12 lines long, white or rose-colored, often veined with purple. 2. O. corniculata, L. (YELLOW SORREL.) Distinguished by its slender branching stems, and smaller yellow flowers. ORDER 16. RUTACEJE. Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with definite hypogynous stamens and definite seeds characterize this order, although some of the orange-tribe have many stamens. 1. PTELEA, L. HOP-TREE. Flowers polygamous. Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5; ovary with a short, thick RHAMNACE2E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 35 etipe, 2-celled; style short; fruit a broadly winged orbicular samara, 2-seeded. Flowers email, greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs. 1. P. angustifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 ft. high, with chestnut colored punc- tate bark; leaves 3-foliolate. ORDER 17. CELASTRACE.ZE. Sufficiently characterized by the genus 1. EUONYMTJS, Tourn. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading; Stamens as many very short on an angled disk; ovary immersed in the disk, 3-5-valved, colored, often warty. Fruit a red aril. Shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite petioled exstipulate serrate smooth leaves, and flowers in loose cymes on axillary peduncles. 1. B. occidentalis, Nutt. 7 to 15 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 2 to 4 inches long; peduncles 1-4-flowered; flowers dark reddish- brown, 4 to 6 lines in diameter, the parts in fives. ORDER 18. RHAMNACE-ffi. Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, and small regular flowers, the stamens borne on the calyx and alternate with its lobes; ovary 2 to 4-celled. Flowers often apetalous; a conspicuous disk adiiate to the short tube of the calyx; petals often clawed; style or stigma 2-4-lobed; fruit berry-like or dry, con- taining 2 to 4 seed-like nutlets. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; filaments short; fruit berry -like Rhamnus, 1 Calyx and disk adherent to the ovary; filaments long; fruit dry Ceanothus. 2 1. RHAMNUS, L. Small greenish flowers; calyx 4-5-cleft, with erect or spreading lobes, the campanulate tube persistent; petals 4 or 5 or none, on the margin of the disk; claws short; stamens 4 or 5; leaves evergreen. 1. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, solitary or fascicled in the axils. 1. R. crocea, Nutt. Much branched, 3 to 15 ft. high; leaves coriaceous, oblong or obovate to obicular, 3 to 18 lines long, acutely denticulate, usually yellowish brown or copper-colored beneath; fruit red. 2. Flowers mostly perfect in pedunculate cymes. 2. R. Californica, Esch. Spreading 4 to 18 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong to ellip- 36 EHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) tical, 1 to 4 inches long, denticulate or nearly entire; petals very small, broadly ovate, emarginate; fruit blackish-purple. 2. CEANOTHUS, L. Catyx 5-cleft; the lobes acute; disk thick adhering to the tube and to the ovary; petals on long claws, hooded; stamens 5; filaments long-exserted; ovary 3-lobed; style short, 3-cleft. The small flowers are in showy thyrsoid orcymose clusters. Species difficult. 1. Leaves 3-nerved. 1. C. thyrsiflorus, Esch. (CALIFORNIA LILAC. ) Smooth, 6 to 15 ft. high; branches strongly angled; leaves rather thick, oblong to oblong-ovate, 1 to 1^ inches long, usually smooth and shining above, canescent beneath; flowers bright blue in dense compound racemes, terminating the long and somewhat leafy peduncles. 2. C. integerrimus, Hook & Arn. Slender, 2 or 3 ft. high; branches round, usually warty; leaves thin, bright green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; thyrse large, white-flowered. 3. C. dentatus, Torr & Gr. Low, not rigid; leaves small glandular-serrate, fascicled, the margin strongly undulate or revolute, somewhat resinous; flowers blue, in small roundish clusters. 4. C. sorediatus, Hook & Arn. Rigid; inflorescence pubescent; leaves silky on the nerves, ^ to 1^ inches long; flowers blue in shortly peduncled simple racemes \ to 2 inches long. 5. C. divaricatus, Nutt. Grayish, usually spinose; leaves small, not tomentosa beneath; flowers light blue or white, in nearly simple often elongated racemes, 1 to 4 inches long; fruit resinous.* G. C. incamis, Torr & Gr. Spinose; leaves hoary beneath with a very minuta tomentum, cuneate to cordate at base; flowers in short racemes, white; fruit resinously warty. A straggling shrub along creeks. 2. Leaves pinnately veined. 7. C. papillosus, Torr. & Gr. More or less hispidly villous or tomentose, 4 to 6 ft. high; leaves glandular-serrulate, and the upper surface glandular-papillose, narrowly oblong, 1 to 2 inches long on slender petioles; flowers blue, in close clusters or short racemes, terminating slender naked peduncles; fruit not resinous. 3. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick, with numerous straight lateral veins; stipules mostly large and warty; Jlowers in sessile or shortly pzdunded axillary clusters; fruit larger, ivith 3 horn-like or warty prominences below the summit. 8. C. crassifolius, Torr. Erect 4 to 12 ft. high, the young branches white with a villous tomentum; leaves somewhat spinosely-toothed or rarely entire and revolutely margined; flowers light blue or white, in dense clusters. SAPINDACEJE. (BUCKEYE FAMILY.) 37 9. C. cuneatus, Nutt. Similar to the last, but less tomentose; leaves cuneate* obovate or oblong, retuse above, on slender petioles; flowers in looser clusters. 10. C. rigidus, Nutt. Erect, 5 ft. high, the branchlets tomentose; leaves 2 to 5 lines long, cuneate-oblong or broadly obovate, few toothed above, very shortly petioled; flowers bright blue. ORDER VITACE.ZE has but one representative; the well-known California wild grape, Vitis Calif ornica, Benth., which is common on the woody banks of streams. OKDEB 19. SAPINDACE.2E. Trees or shrubs, mostly with compound or lobed leaves, with unsymmetrical or irregular flowers; the order best characterized under its suborders. Under the order proper belongs 1. ^BSCULUS, L. BUCKEYE. Leaves opposite, palmately 4-7-foliolate. Calyx tubular, unequally 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, unequal, with claws. Stamens 5 to 7, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style long. Fruit a large leathery 3-valved pod. 1. .ZE. Californica, Nutt. Leaflets, usually 5, smooth, oblong-lanceolate, acute, obtuso at base, slenderly petiolulate, serrulate, 3 to 5 inches long; flowers in a close finely pubescent thyrse which is 6 to 12 inches long; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes scarcely toothed; petals white or pale rose, half an inch long or more; stamens 5, to 7; anthers orange colored. Fruit pear-shaped, 1| to 2 inches long, containing, usually, one seed. SUB-ORDER. ACERINE.ZC. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, regular, often apetalous. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, each 1-seeded cell producing a wing. Leaves opposite without stipules. 2. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. Leaves palmately lobed. Calyx colored. Petals, usually 5. Stamens 3 to 12 inserted with the petals on a lobed disk. Styles 2. Fruit divaricately 2-winged. 1. A. macroplayllum, Pursh. (LARGE-LEAFED MAPLE.) A tree 2 or 3 feet in diameter; leaves 6 to 10 inches in diameter, deeply 3-5-cleft; flowers fragrant, yellow, in crowded pendulous racemes; fruit densely hairy; the smooth wings 1 inches long. 2. A. circinatum, Pursh. (VINE-MAPLE.) A shrub or small tree; leaves 3 to 5 inches broad, 7-9-lobed, lobes sharply serrate; flowers in corymbs loosely 10-20-flowered, on slender 2-leaved branchlets; sepals red or purple, exceeding the greenish petals; fruit smooth. 38 LEGUMINOS^. (PEA FAMILY.) 3. NEGUNDO, Mcench. BOX-ELDER. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petals and disk none. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary and fruit as in Acer. Trees; leaves pinnate; sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedi- cels, the fertile in drooping racemes. 1. N v Califoriiicum, Torr. & Gr. Usually a small tree; leaves 3-foliolate, villous; leaflets ovate or oblong, acute, 3 or 4 inches long, the terminal largest and 3-5-lobed or coarsely serrate, the lateral ones coarsely serrate; fruit pubescent; wings slightly spreading. ORDER ANACARDIACE.31 is represented by Rhus, diversiloba, Torr. & Gr. (PoisoN OAK); and R. aromatica, var. trilobata, Gr. The former has striped whitish nutlets; the latter, not poisonous, has red nutlets. OKDEK 20. LEGUMINOSJE. The single and simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit, the alternate leaves with stipules and, in our genera, the papilionaceous corolla with 10 stamens, mark this order, one of the largest and most important in the vegetable kingdom. Flowers irregular. Calyx 3-5-cleft or toothed, persistent. Corolla of 5 petals, the upper larger and always external, covering the lateral pair in the bud, and these covering the lower pair, which are more or less united, forming a keel which encloses the stamens and pistil. Filaments 10, rarely 5, commonly united around the pistil, either all united or nine and the upper one free. Ovary forming a pod with a single row of seeds attached to one side; style usually inflexed or curved. In. Cercis the upper petal is small and enclosed by the wings. In Amorpha there is but one petal. (See ADDENDA.) 1. Stamens distinct. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Herbs; yellow flowers Thermopsis. 1 Shrub; purple flowers Pickeringia. 2 Leaves unequally pinnate; shrubby; 1 petal Amorpha. 9 2. Stamens all united into a sheath. Anthers of two forms; leaves digitate, more than 3 leaflets Lupinus. 3 Anthers all alike; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate Psoralea . 8 3. Stamens diadelphous (2 sets, 9 and 1). * Leaves 3-foliolate; pods small. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent Trifolium. 4 Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. Pod globular, wrinkled Melilotus. 5 Flowers in axillary spikes. Pod one-seeded Psoralea. Pod spirally coiled or reniform Medicago. 6 LEGUHINOSJS. (PEA F\MILT.) 39 * * Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets entire; no tendril. Flowers umbellate or solitary, axillary Hosackia. 7 Flowers white or pinkish. Pod short, prickly Glycyrrhiza. 10 Pods mostly inflated or nearly 2-celled Astragalus. 11 * * * Leaves terminated by a tendril or bristle or an imperfect leaflet. Style filiform, hairy around the apex Vicia. 12 Style flattened dorsally toward the apex, hairy on the inner side, usually twisted half round Lathyrus. 13 1. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. Calyx companulate, cleft to the middle. Standard roundish, shorter than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, its petals somewhat united, equalling tho wings. Perennial herbs with the aspect of Lupine; leaflets entire; stipules foliaceous; flowers large in long terminal racemes, with persistent bracts. 1. T. Californica, Wat. Woolly -tomentose; stipules lanceolate; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, an inch or two long; bracts ovate; pod hairy. 2. PICKBRINGIA, Nutt. Calyx campanulate, turbinate at the base, repandly 4-toothed. Petals equal; standard orbicular, the sides reflexed; wings oblong; keel petals oblong, distinct, straight, obtuse. A low stout much branched spinose shrub; leaves evergreen, small, nearly sessile, 1-3-foliolate, without stipules; flowers large, solitary, axillary, nearly sessile. 1. P. montana, Nutt. Spreading, densely branched, 4 to 7 ft. high, silky-tomentoso or smooth; leaflets 3 to 9 lines long; flowers from light cinnamon-red to purple, 7 to 9 lines long; stamens persistent. 3. LTJPINUS, L. LUPINE. Calyx deeply bilabiate, bibracteolate. Standard broad, the sides reflexed; wings united at the ends, enclosing the incurved beaked keel. Stipules adnatc to the petioles; leaflets entire. Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillate or scattered, bractcate. A large and difficult genus. * Annuals. Ovules 2; bracts persistent; flowers in whorls; leaves long petioled, approximate; stout. Long-villous; flowers mostly purple L. microcarpus. 15 Smoother; flowers yellow to white L. densiflorus. 16 Ovules several; bracts deciduous; flowers in whorls; petioles 1 to 3 times the length of the leaflets. Puberulent; leaflets broad, smoother above; bracts short L. affinis. 8 40 LEGUMINOS^E. (PEA FAMILY.) Villous; leaflets narrow, both sides pubescent. Bracts elongated; flowers rather large L. nanus. 9 Bracts short; flowers small, narrow L. micranthus. 10 Ovules several; bracts somewhat persistent; flowers scattered; petioles 1 to 4 times the length of the leaflets. Slender; leaflets smooth above; bracts long. L. leptophyllus. 11 Slender; leaflets linear; bracts short L. sparsiflorus. 12 Stout; leaflets truncate; bracts short L. truncatus. 13 Stouter; leaflets broad; bracts short; very hispid L. hirsutissimus. 14 * * Perennials; herbaceous, tall; flowers large; ovules 8 to 12. Stout; long petioles; leaflets 10 to 1G, very large L. polyphyllus. 4 Stout; short petioles; leaflets 7 to 10, large L. rivularis. 5 Slender, decumbent; short petioles; leaflets small L. littoralis. 6 Stoutish, erect; short petioles; keel narrow, falcate L. albicaulis. 7 * * Perennials; shrubby, leafy, silky -pubescent. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate; flowers yellow L. arboreus. 1 Densely silky-pubescent; flowers blue to white L. Chaniissoiiis. 2 Pubescence short, tomentose; shrubby at the base. ...,.*. L. Douglasii. 3 1. L. arboreus, Sims. Often 4 to 8 ft. high; sulphur-yellow, fragrant flowers, ver- ticillatc in a loose raceme; pods large, pubescent, 10-12-seeded. 2. L. Cliamissonis. Esch. Less shrubby, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaflets 7 to 9, cuneate obovatc, a half to an inch long, very silky on both sides; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx; flowers sub-verticillate, blue, violet, rarely white. A variety about San Francisco with long bracts. 3. L. Douglasii, Agardh. Slightly woody at base; pubescence short, tomentose or silky; leaflets 7 to 9, oblanceolate to cuneate-oblong, 1 to 1^ inches long, pubescent on both sides; bracts linear-setaceous, exceeding the calyx; flowers, blue or purple; calyx with long setaceous bractlets. 4. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Stout, erect, 2 to 5 ft. high, sparingly villous; stipules large, triangular to subulate; leaves distant, long petioled; leaflets 2 to G inches long; racemes a foot or two long; flowers mostly scattered on long pedicels, blue, purple or white; bracts oblauceolate, equaling or shorter than the calyx; keel naked. 5. L. rivularis, Dougl. Stout, erect, 2 to G ft. high, nearly smooth; stipules subu- late or setaceous; leaflets 7 to 10, about equaling the petioles, \ to 5 inches long; raceme often 1 to 2 ft. long; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx; flowers purple or rarely white; keel slightly ciliate. G. L. littoralis, Dougl. Stems slender decumbent or ascending, 1 or 2 ft. long; leaflets a half to an inch long, at least half as long as the petioles; flowers blue or violet, Vvith some yellow, in short racemes; keel ciliate; calyx large, with small bractlets. >> \.\^ LEGUMINOS2E. (PEA FAMILYl)^ V *f \\* '* 7. albicaulis, Dougl. Distinguished by its flowers; whiejj ae*light~bl the standard strongly reflexed, the margins cohering near the apex,' liakeji, acute;, narrow keel very strongly falcate. 8. L. afSnis, Agardh. Stem a foot high; leaflets broadly wedge-obovaTy, eHTargin- ate or obtuse, an inch long or more; the petioles twice longer; petals 5 lines long; the keel usually naked; bracts short. 9. L. iianus, Dougl. Slender stem 6 inches to a foot high, villous, often branching from the base; leaflets linear to oblanceolate, half to an inch long, the petioles 1 to 3 times longer; bracts exceeding the calyx; petals very broad, 5 to 6 lines long, bluish- purple, or at first nearly white; the standard shorter and usually marked with purple lines. 10. L. micranthus, Dougl. Similar to the last, but the flowers smaller, in usually shorter more dense racemes; bracts shorter than the calyx; petals 2 to 3 lines long, narrow. Var. microphyllus, Wat. The lower and more hirsute form, with leaflets but 3 to 6 lines long. Var. bicolor, Wat. Flowers larger, more like L. Nanus. Var. trifidus, Wat. Very hairy; lower lip of the calyx 3-parted. 11. L. leptophyllus, Benth. Rarely branched, 1 or 2 ft. high, villous; leaflets narrowty linear on slender petioles; smooth above; bracts setaceous, much exceeding tho calyx; petals 5 or 6 lines long, bluish-lilac, with a deep crimson spot upon the standard. 12. L. sparsiflorus, Benth. Very slender, sparingly branched, 1 to 1 ft. high, vil- lous, with spreading hairs; upper leaves very small; leaflets 5 to 9, linear, to 1 inch long; petals violet, 5 lines long, the standard shorter; pod half an inch long. 13. L. truncatus, Nutt. Stout, branched, 1 to 2ft. high; leaflets linear, narrowed from the truncate or somewhat 3-toothed apex to the base, smooth above, to 1 inches long, nearly equaling the petiole; petals deep-purple, 4 or 5 lines long, the standard shorter; pod about an inch long. Here belongs L. STIVEKI, Kellogg. A beautiful species of the Sierra Nevada, with yellow standard and rose-colored wings. 14. L. hirsutissimus, Benth. A foot high or more, very hispid, with spreading straight and viscid stinging hairs; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate, obtuse or retuse, rarely acute, mucronulate; flowers in loose racemes, reddish-purple, large. 15. L. microcarpus, Sims. Villous, with long hairs, 6 to 18 inches high; leaves approximate on long petioles; leaflets usually 9, cuneate- oblong, obtuse or emarginate, smooth above, 1 to 2 inches long; calyx densely villous, large; petals purple to white, 6 or 7 lines long; the hairy 1-2-seeded pods 8 lines long. 1C. L. densiflorus, Benth. Much resembling the last; calyx smooth or finely pubescent; petals yellow or ochroleucous, rarely white or pink. L. luteolus, Kellogg, may be found, distinguished by its more slender habit, smaller and fewer leaflets, and bracts exceeding the calyx. 42 LEGUMINOSJ3. (PEA FAMILY.) 4. TRIFOLIUM, L. CLOVER. Calyx 5 cleft with nearly equal teeth, persistent. Corolla withering, persistent; wings narrow, keel short obtuse. Stamens usually diadelphous. Style filiform. Pod small and usually inclosed in the calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent or dehiscent at the ventral suture, 1 to 6-seeded. Herbs with leaves palmately 3 or rarely 5-7-foliolate; stipules adnato to the petiole; flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, rarely few or solitary; peduncles axillary or only apparently terminal. All our species annual. 1. Heads not involucrate; ovules 2. * Heads apparently terminal; flowers sessile, not reflexed; calyx teeth plumose, filiform. 1. T. Macrsei, Hook. & Arn. Somewhat villous, erect, 6 to 12 inches high; sti- pules ovate to lanceolate; leaflets obovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, serrulate, about half an inch long; flowers dark purple, 3 lines long, in dense ovate long peduncled heads; calyx very viilous; the straight teeth as long as the petals, often tinged /rith purple; pod 1 -seeded. Var. dichotoinum, Brew. A taller and stouter form, with larger flowers in heads nearly an inch long; corolla more conspicuous, tipped with white. * * Heads axillary, small; flowers on short pedicels, at length reflexed; calyx teeth subu- late; mostly smooth. 2. T. ciliatum, Nutt. Erect, often 1 to 2 ft. high; leaflets similar to the last; corolla white or purplish, little exserted, 3 lines long; calyx tube campanulate; the lanceolate teeth very acute, rigid, the scarious margin rigidly ciliate. 3. T. gracilentum, Torr. & Gr. Erect, slender, a foot high or less; stipules lanceo- late; leaflets cuneate oblong to ovate or obcordate, retuse, about half an inch long, serrulate; flowers pale rose-color or purplish on pedicels a line long or less; calyx cam- panulate, the subulate teeth nearly equaling the corolla. 4. bifidum, Gr. Exactly like the last, but the leaflets narrow, the sides sparingly toothed or entire, and all deeply notched or cleft at the apex. 2. Heads subtended by an involucre; peduncles axillary; flowers sessile, not reflexed. * Involucre not membranaceous, deeply lobed, and the lobes laciniately and sharply toothed; corolla not becoming inflated. 5. T. involucratum, Willd. Smooth; stems ascending, often a span high or more; leaflets mostly oblanceolate and acute at each end, a half to an inch long; flowers half an inch long, in close heads, purple or rose-colored; the narrow calyx teeth all entire; ovules mostly 5 or 6. Var. heterodon, Wat. Heads larger and leaflets broader; some of the calyx teeth setaciously cleft. 6. tridentatum, Lindl. Smooth or glandular-puberulent, slender and usually erect, LEGUMINOS2E. (PEA FAMILY.) 43 %..\ a half to two feet high; leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate; heads rather large, the flowers 6 to 8 lines long, purple, often tipped with white; calyx strongly nerved; the rigid teeth usually shorter than the tube, abruptly narrowed into the spinu- lose apex, often with a stout tooth on each side; ovules usually 2. Yar. obtusiflorum, Wat. Stouter and often glandular-puberulent, with broader leaflets and larger flowers; calyx teeth entire. 7. T. pauciflorum, Nutt. Smooth, very slender; stems ascending or decumbent; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate or sometimes linear, half an inch long or less, serrulate; heads few flowered; involucre small; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, not much exceeding the calyx; deep purple to light rose-colored; calyx teeth subulate, entire; pod 2-seeded. * * Involucre membranaceous, at least at the base, less deeply lobed; corolla not inflated. 8. T. microceplialum, Pursh. Villous, with soft hairs, slender, erect or decum- bent; stems often a foot or two long; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, usually retuse, serrulate; heads small, dense; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes acuminate 3-nerved, entire; calyx hairy, nearly equaling the white or light rose-colored corolla; ovules 2; pod 1 -seeded. 9. T. microdon, Hook & Arn. Resembling the last; involucre broader, nearly inclosing the head; its lobes about 3-toothed; calyx smooth. * * * Standard becoming conspicuously inflated and inclosing the rest of the flower; invo- lucre nearly obsolete in No. 12. 10. T. barbigerum, Torr. Somewhat pubescent; stems rather stout, decumbent or ascending, a span high or less; stipules scarious; involucre as broad as the heads, shortly lobed; calyx-tube short, membranaceous; its teeth setaciously awned, plumose, the lov/er' usually exceeding the purple corolla, sometimes 3-parted; pod 2-seeded. Var. Andre wsii, Gr. A stout villous form, the heads sometimes an inch broad; calyx teeth very long. 11. T. fucatum, Lindl. Smooth; stems stout and succulent, a foot or two high; stipules large and scarious, usually very broad and entire; leaflets obovate, \ to 1^ inches long; heads large; involucre broad, deeply cleft; flowers often an inch long, pale rose- colored or purplish; 2-6-seeded. 12. T. depauperatum, Desv. Smooth, low, slender; heads only 3-10-flowered; involucre scarcely more than a scarious ring. 13. T. amplectans, Torr & Gr. Like the last; the involucre larger. Probably only a variety. 5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. SWEET CLOVER. Flowers as in Trifolium, except that the petals are free from the stamens and decidu- ous. Pod 2-seeded. 1. M. parviflora. Desf. Annual, smooth, erect, often 2 or 3 ft. high; leaflets 44 LEGUMINOSJ2. (PEA FAMILY.) mostly cuneate, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, an inch long or less; flowers yellow, a line long, in slender axillary pedunculate racemes; pedicels a line long. 6. MEDICAGO, L. Characters nearly as the last; style subulate; pod compressed, falcate, incurved or spirally coiled. 1. M. sativa, L. (LucERN, ALFALFA.) Stems erect, 1 to 4ft. high; from a deep perennial root, smooth; leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, toothed above; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, racemed; pods numerous, spirally twisted, veined, smooth. 2. M. denticulata, Willd. BUR-CLOVER. Annual, nearly smooth, prostrate or ascending; leaflets cuneate-obovate or obcordate, toothed above; flowers small, yellow, usually 3 to 8 in an axillary cluster; pods spiral, armed with a double row of hooked prickles. 3. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent, procumbent; flowers very small, yellow, in short spikes; pods smooth, reniform, 1-seeded. 7. HOSACKIA. Douglas. Calyx teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal; standard ovate or roundish, the claw often remote from the others; winga obovate or oblong; keel somewhat incurved. Style incurved. Pod linear, sessile, several- seeded, partitioned between the seeds. Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent; leaves pinnate, 2-many-foliolate; stipules minute and gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous; flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary sessile or pedunculate umbels. The flowers usually change to reddish or reddish-brown in drying. Matured pods are necessary for the determination of species. 1. Pod shortly acute, linear and many-seeded, straight, smooth; seeds suborbicular; flowers and fruit not rcflexed; peduncles long; keel broad above mostly obtuse. Stipules large, foliaceous; villous, viscid H. stipularis. 1 Stipules scarious; smooth. Bract small or none; wings usually white H. bicolor. 2 Bract 1-3-foliolate, at the umbel; keel and wings purplish H. gracilis. 3 Stipules reduced to blackish glands. Appressed-pubescent; tall, stout; pod long, smooth H. grandiflora. 4 Flowers very small, solitary H. parviflora. 5 2. Pod shortly acute, 3-7-seeded, straight; flowers small, mostly solitary; keel acute; stipules gland-like; villous. Blade of the standard cordate; leaflets 3 to 5; nearly smooth. H, parviflora. 5 (PEA FAMILY.) 45 Flowers peduncled; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; leaves nearly sessile, 1-3-foliolate H. Purshiana. 6 Flowers nearly sessile, not bracteate; corolla larger; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate; low. Calyx-teeth about equaling the tube, pod 5-seeded H. subpinnata. 7 Teeth much longer than the tube; pod 2-4-seeded H. brachycarpa. 8 3. Pod long -attenuate upward, incurved, pubescent; stipules gland-like; leaflets 3 to 7; seeds 1 or 2; peduncles short or none; flowers and fruit reflexed. Somewhat woody; nearly smooth; stems angled; leaflets mostly 3, oblong to' linear. Umbels sessile; teeth narrow, erect .glabra. 9 Peduncles short or nearly wanting; teeth usually recurved H. cytisoides. 10 Peduncles shorter; teeth short and blunt H. juncea. 11 Very silky-pubescent or tomentose; stems herbaceous: pod pubescent, short; umbels on short peduncles. Very pubescent throughout; flowers 3 or 4 lines long H. tomentosa. 12 Less pubescent; stem smooth; flowers smaller H. Heermanni. 13 1. H. stipularis, Benth. Rather tall, stout, two feet high or more, glandular; leaf- lets 15 to 21, obovate oblong, acute and mucronate, a half to an inch long; stipules large ovate; often fragrant. 2. H. bicolor, Dougl. Smooth, erect and stout; leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or obloag, a half to an inch long; stipules rather large; peduncles longer than the leaves, 3-7 -flowered, naked or sometimes with a small 1-3-foliolate bract at the summit; flowers nearly sessile yellow, the wings often white; pod slender nearly 2 inches long. 3. H. gracilis, Benth. Much like the last; usually low and slender, the weak stems a span high or more; umbel with a petioled 1-3-foliolate bract; flowers yellow, keel and wings purplish. 4. H. grandiflora, Benth. Stout, 1 to 5 ft. high, more or less appressed silky- pubescent; leaflets 5 to 7 on an elongated rachis, 6 to 9 lines long; peduncles elongated; umbel 3-8-flowered, usually subtended by a single leaflet; flowers nearly sessile, C to 11 lines long, yellowish or greenish white, often tinged with purple, pod slender, smooth. 5. H. parviflora, Benth. Smooth or nearly so, stems slender, ascending, a span high or less; leaflets 3 to 5, obovate and very small to narrowly oblong and 6 to 8 lines long; bract 1-3-foliolate; flowers about 2 lines long, yellow. H. Purshiana, Benth. Silky-villous, rarely smooth, often a foot high or more; leaflets varying from ovate to lanceolate, 3 to 9 lines long; peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; the solitary flowers 2 or 3 lines long. 7. H. subpinnata, Torr. & Gr. Villous or smooth, decumbent, a span high or less, leaflets half an inch long or less; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; pod linear oblong, about 5-seeded. 46 LEGUMINOSJE. (PEA FAMILY.) 8. H. brachycarpa, Benth. Resembling the last; softly villous; pod villous, 2-4-seeded. 9. H. glabra, Torr. Very nearly smooth; stems woody at base, 2 to 8 ft. long, erect or decumbent; leaflets oblong to linear-oblong, 3 to G lines long; umbela numerous, Bessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; seeds 2. 10. H. cytisoides, Benth. Resembling the last; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, or sometimes very short, usually with a 1-3-foliolate bract at the top; calyx- teeth attenuate, mostly recurved. 11. H. juncea, Benth. Somewhat shrubby, erect; leaflets obovate to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long; umbels on very short peduncles or sessile; flowers about 3 lines long; calyx 2 lines long or less; teeth short and blunt. 12. H. tomeiitosa, Hook & Arn. Very pubescent, weak and flexuose, prostrate or ascending, a foot or more long; leaflets 5 to 7, cuneate-oblong to obovate, acute, 3 to 6 lines long; umbels on short bracteolate peduncles, or the uppermost sessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; calyx half as long or more, very villous. 13. H. Heermannii, Durand & Hilgard. Less pubescent, much branched and spreading; leaflets smaller; flowers smaller. 8. FSORALEA, L. Calyx lobes nearly equal, or the lower one longer; the two upper often connate. Keel broad and obtuse above, united with the wings. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous. Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1 -seeded, thick, sessile. Perennial herbs punctate with dark glandular dots. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules free. * Stems prostrate, creeping; leaves orbicular. 1. P. orbicularis, Lindl. Petioles G to 12 inches long; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches across, slightly cuneate at the base; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, bearing a close villous spike of large flowers; the lower tooth of the calyx much the longest and about equaling the purplish corolla; stamens diadelphous. * * Stems erect. 2. P. strobilina, Hook & Arn. Two or three feet high; petioles 3 or 4 inches long; leaflets rombic ovate, softly pubescent beneath, about 2 inches long; stipules large, membranaceous; flowers in short oblong spikes, smaller than the last; stamens monadel- phous. 3. P. macrostachya, D C. Three to even twelve feet high; leaflets ovate-lance- olate, an inch or two long or more; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spikes cylin- drical, silky villous, the hairs often blackish; the lower tooth of the calyx but little tho longest, scarcely equaling the purple petals; tenth stamen nearly free. 4. P. physodes, Dougl. A foot or two high, nearly smooth, slender; leaflets LEGUMINOSJE. (PEA FAMILY.) 47 ovate, mostly acute, about an inch long ; the white or purplish flowers in short, close racemes; calyx at length inflated; stamens monadelphous. 9. AMORPHA, L. Calyx obconical, nearly equally 5-toothed; wings and keel wanting; the standard erect, folded together. Stamens slightly united at the base, exserted. Pod 1-2-seeded. Shrubs, glandular-punctate; the unequally pinnate leaves with the leaflets stipellate; flowers purple or violet in dense clustered terminal spikes. 1. A. Calif ornica, Nutt. Three to eight feet high, puberulent; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, an inch long; spikes 1 to 6 inches long. 10. GLYCYRRHIZA, L. LIQUORICE. Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Erect perennial herbs, glandular viscid; leaves une- qually pinnate; stipules deciduous; flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes; root large and sweet. 1. G. lepidota, Nutt., var. glutinosa,Wat. Two or three feet high; flowers yellow- ish white or pinkish; the short peduncles covered with stout viscid hairs. Bare; on water courses. 10. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. RATTLE-WEED. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla and its slender clawed petals usually narrow; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Legume very various, commonly turgid or inflated, one or both sutures usually projecting inward, frequently so much as to divide the cell into two. Seeds few or many on slender stalks, generally small for the size of the pod. Herbs, or a few woody at the base; with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, chiefly in simple spikes or racemes from the axils. A vast genus of five or six hundred species; about fifty on the Pacific coast. The fruit is needed for the determination of the species. * Root annual; pod not inflated, 2-celled. Pod wrinkled, 2-lobed, 2-seeded A. didymocarpus. 1 Pod not wrinkled, several-seeded A. tener. 2 * * Hoot perennial; pod bladdery -inflated, 1-celled. Stipe a little exceeding the calyx; pod with pointed ends A. oxyphysus. 3 Stipe much exceeding the calyx; pod obtuse, one-sided A. leucophyllus. 4 Stipe, none; pod large and very bladdery, many seeded; leaflets mostly in many pairs; spike or raceme many flowered. Stipules distinct; pod rather firm walled A. Crotalariae. 5 Stipules united; pod thin. A. Menziesii. 6 Stipules membranaceous; corolla yellowish A. Douglasil 7 48 LEGUMINOS^. (PEA FAMILY.) 1. A. didymocarpus, Hook. & Arn. Slender from 3 inches to a foot high; leaflets 9 to 15, narrowly oblong to linear and more or less cuneate, deeply notched at the apex; small flowers white and violet; pod not over two lines long, short oval and deeply 2-lobed lengthwise. 2. A. tener. Gr. A span or so in hight; leaflets similar to the last, not so deeply notched or entire; pod about half an inch long, 5-10-seeded; corolla 4 or 5 lines long, bright violet to pale and violet-tipped. 3. A. oxypliysus, Gr. Canescent with very soft silky pubescence; stem erect, 2 to 3 ft. high; leaflets oblong an inch or less in length; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; corolla greenish-white 8 lines long; bladdery pod acuminate and tapering into the recurved stipe which a little exceeds the calyx. 4. A. leucophylluo, Torr. Gr. Less canescent than the last; flowers about half an inch long; corolla yellowish-white; the thin pod rmequal-sided, an inch and a half long on a filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length. 5. A. Crotalarise, Gr., var. virgatus, Gr. Smooth or the young parts villous; stems 2 or 3 ft. high, stout; stipules scarious, triangular or subulate, distinct; peduncles elon- gated; racemes virgate and loose, 4 to 10 inches long; the white flowers soon deflexed. 6. A. Menziesii, Gr. Vil]ous with whitish hairs or soon green and almost smooth; stems sometimes decumbent, 1 to 4 ft. high; the lower stipules united opposite the leaf; inflorescence similar to the last but more dense; pod larger (an inch and a half or more long) and more bladdery. 7. A. Douglasii, Gr. Cincreous-puberulent, almost smooth in age, stems ascend- ing, a foot or so in height; leaflets in numerous pairs; linear or linear-oblong, 4 to 9 lines long; spike, half to an inch long; 10-20-flowered; pod gibbous-ovoid, 1^ to 2 inches long. 11. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, iisually unequally. Wings adherent to the middle of the short keel. Stamens diaclelphous or nearly so. Style filiform, inflexed, the apex sur- rounded by hairs or hairy upon the back. Pod flat 2-valved, shortly stipitate. Herbs, with angular stems climbing by branched tendrils terminating the pinnate leaves; leaflets entire or toothed at the apex; stipules semi-sagittate; flowers solitary or in loose axillary racemes. * Perennials; flowers in pedunculate racemes. 1. V. gigantea, Hook. Stout and tall, climbing several feet high; leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, an inch or two long; stipules large; peduncles 5-18 -flowered; corolla 6 or 7 lines long, pale purple; pod broadly oblong, 1J inches long or more, smooth 3-4-seeded. The seeds are large and edible; blackens in drying. 2. V. Americana, Muhl. Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 ft. high, smooth: leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to acute, to 2 inches long; pedun- ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 49 cles 4-8-flowered; flowers purplish, 6 to 9 lines long; style very villous at the top; pods an inch long or more, 3-6-seeded. Var. truncata, Brewer. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets truncate and often 3-5- toothed at the apex. Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves all linear. Only the varieties are likely to be found. * * Slender annuals; flowers mostly solitary. 3. V. exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, somewhat pubescent; leaflets about 4 pairs, linear, acute, a half to an inch long; peduncles usually short, rarely 2-flowered; flowers 3 lines long, purplish; pod about 6-seeded. 4. V. sativa, L. Rather stout, somewhat pubescent; leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, obovate- oblong to linear, retuse, long-mucronate; flowers nearly sessile, an inch long, violet- purple. The common tare of Europe. Introduced. 12. LATHYRUS, L. Style dorsally flattened toward the top, and usually twisted, hairy on the inner side. Peduncles usually equaling or exceeding the leaves and several flowered. * Rachis of the leaves tendril bearing; pod sessile; racemes several flowered. 1. L. venosus, MuhL, var. Californicus, Watson. Very stout, several feet high; stems often strongly winged; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute; flowers nearly or quite an inch long, purple; pod about 2 inches long. 2. L. vestitus, Nutt. Slender, a foot to 6 or 10 feet high; stems not winged; Btipules narrow, often small; flowers pale rose-color or violet, usually 7 to 10 lines long; ovary pubescent. 3. L. palustris, L. Slender, a foot or two high; stem often winged; leaflets nar- rowly oblong to linear, acute, an inch or two long; flowers purplish, half an inch long. Var. myrtifolius, Gr. Stipules broader; leaflets ovate to oblong, shorter. * Rachis of the leaves not tendril bearing, or rarely so; pod shortly stipulate, peduncles long; 2-6-flowered. 4. L. littoralis, Endl. Densely silky-villous throughout; stems numerous, from creeping root-stocks, stout, decumbent or ascending, to 2 ft. high; leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, with a small linear or oblong terminal one; calyx teeth nearly equal; standard bright purple, 6 to 8 lines long, exceeding the paler wings and keel; pod villous, an inch long. ORDER 21. ROSACES. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, mostly numer- ous stamens borne on the calyx; distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one sub- 50 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) order few and coherent with each other and adherent to the calyx forming a 2-scveral celled inferior ovary. Nearly all the cultivated fruits of the temperate zones belong to this order. SUB-ORDER 1. AMYGDALE.2E. Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, this or its lobes deciduous. Trees or shrubs with bark and seeds tasting and smelling like those of the peach or cherry. Stipules few, deciduous. Flowers perfect; carpel solitary Fmnus. 1 Flowers not all perfect; carpels 5 Nuttallia. 2 SUB-ORDER 2. ROSACES PROPER. Carpels free from the persistent calyx becoming akenes, follicles or berries. 1. Carpels few, becoming follicles; calyx open. Shrubs; follicles 2 to 8; flowers minute, in panicles Spiraea. 3 Shrubs; follicles 1 to 5; flowers larger, in corymbs Neillia, 4 2. Carpels several or numerous, on a spongy receptacle, forming a compound berry Rubus. 5 3. Carpels one or many, becoming dry akenes. Shrubs; solitary, axillary apetalous flowers Cercocarpus. 6 Herbs; carpels many, on a fleshy receptacle Fragaria. 7 Herbs; carpels many, on a dry receptacle Stamens 20 to 25 Fotentilla. 8 Stamens 10 Horkelia. 9 Shrub: heath-like, with subulate fascicled leaves Adenostoma. 10 4. Erect shrubs; showy Jlowers Rosa. 11 SUB-ORDER 3. FOMEJE. Carpels 2 to 5, inclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube, in fruit becoming a berry-like pome. Trees or shrubs, with free stipules. Stamens 10, in pairs; fruit red Heteromeles. 12 Stamens 20; fruit black Amelanchier. 13 1. FRTJNUS, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, ETC. Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 25, inserted with the ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 61 petals. Ovary solitary, free, with two pendulous ovules; style terminal. Fruit a drupe, with usually a long stone containing one seed. Deciduous; flowers white. Corymbose; appearing before or with the leaves P. emarginata. 1 Racemose; appearing after the leaves P. demissa. 2 Evergreen; leafless racemes axillary P. ilicifolia. 3 1. P. emarginata, Walp. Four to eight feet high, with bark like the ordinary cherry tree, and chestnut- brown very slender branches; leaves oblong-obovate to oblan- ceolate, obtuse, narrowed to a short petiole; corymb 6-12-flowered, shorter than the leaves; flowers 4 to 6 lines broad; fruit globose, black; stone with a thick grooved ridge Upon one side. 2. P. demissa. Walp. ( WILD CHERRY.) Slender, 2 to 12 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base; racemes 3 or 4 inches long; fruit purplish -black or red, edible but astringent. 3. P. ilicifolia, Walp. (EVERGREEN CHERRY. ) Much branched, 8 to 12 ft. high, With grayish-brown bark; leaves thick and rigid, shining above, broadly ovate to ovate- lanceolate, spinosely toothed; flowers small in racemes ^ to 2 inches long; fruit red or dark purple, half an inch or more thick. 2. NUTTALLIA, Torr. & Gr. Oso BERRY. Petals 5, broadly spatulate, erect. Stamens 15 in two rows, 10 inserted with the petals, and 5 lower down upon the disk lining the calyx-tube, filaments very short, the lower declined. Carpels 5, inserted on the persistent base of the calyx-tube, free, smooth. 1. N. cerasiformis, Torr. & Gr. A shrub 2 to 15 ft. liigh; leaves rather broadly oblanceolate, short petioled; racemes of greenish white flowers, appearing with the branchlets from the same bud; drupes blue-black; with a slight furrow on the inner side, 6 to 8 lines long, bitter. 3. SPIR^IA, L. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens 20 or more, inserted with the petals. Carpels distinct and sessile, becoming several-seeded follicles. 1. S. discolor, Pursh. A diffuse shrub, 4 ft. high or more with grayish brown bark, pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, pin- nately toothed or lobed, the lobes often dentate; panicle of dingy white flowers much branched, tomentose. Var. ariaefolia, Wat. Taller, 5 to 15 ft. high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, panicle larger. Var. dumosa. Wat. Only 1 or 2 ft. high, leaves an inch long or less, cuneate into a short margined petiole. 4. NEIHLIA, Don. NINE-BARK. Carpels 1 to 5, inflated and divergent; flowers large, white, in simple corymbs. 52 .. '" KOSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 1. N. opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. A shrub 3 to 10 ft. high, with slender spreading or recurved branches and ash-colored shreddy bark; leaves ovate to cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, 1 to 3 inches long. 5. RUBUS, L. Calyx persistent 5-lobed. Petals 5, conspicuous. Stamens numerous. Carpels numer- ous, on a convex receptacle, becoming small globose 1-seeded drupes, forming a com- pound berry. Fruit edible. 1. Fruit with a bloom, separating from the receptacle when ripe. Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stem soft, woody Nutkanus. 1 Leaves 3-foliolate, or on the flowering branches simple, rarely 5-foliolate; stems soft, woody, prickly Flowers large, red spectabilis. 2 Flowers white leucodermis. 3 Stems herbaceous, trailing unarmed pedatus. 4 2. Fruit persistent, black and shining; stems prickly, fiowers white ursinus. 5 1. R. Nutkanus, Moc. (THIMBLE-BERRY.) Stems erect, 3 to 8 ft. high; older bark shreddy, no prickles; leaves 4 to 12 inches broad; flowers large white, rarely rose-col- ored, an inch or more across; fruit red, large. 2. R. spectabilis, Pursh. (SALMON-BERRY. ) Stems 5 to 10 ft. high, similar to the last, but armed with a few prickles. Distinguished by its large red flowers and cylin- drical-ovoid yellow or purplish berries. Var. Menziesii, Wat. Densely tomentose and silky. 3. R. leucodermis, Dougl. (RASPBERRY.) May be known by its leaflets, white, tomentose beneath, prickly stem, white flowers, and its yellowish red white-bloomed fruit. 4. R. pedatus, Smith. Stems slender pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, an inch or less in length; flowers white; the at length reflexed sepals exceeding the petals; berry of only 3 to 6 large red pulpy drupelets. 5. R, ursinus, Cham. & Schl. (BLACKBERRY. ) Stems weak or trailing, 5 to 20 ft. long; fruit oblong. 6. CERCOCARFUS, HBK. Calyx narrow, tubular, the campanulate 5-lobed limb deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Carpels solitary. Fruit a villous akene, included in the enlarged calyx-tube, tailed with the elongated exserted plumose twisted style. Evergreen shrubs or trees. C. ledifolius, ISTutt. is the MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY of the Sierra Nevada. The following is found in the Coast Range. EOSACE^E. (ROSE r urn r ) i 53 1. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub 2 to 10 ft. high, or rarely a tree, branching from a thick base. Tails of the fruit often 4 inches long. 7. FRAGARIA. Tourn. STRAWBERRY. Calyx persistent; limb 5-toothed, with 5 alternate bractlets. Petals white, spreading. Stamens in one row. Carpels numerous, smooth; styles lateral short. Receptacle much enlarged in fruit, conical, scarlet, bearing the small akenes on its surface. 1. F. Chilensis, Ehrh. Densely villous, with silky hairs; leaflets thick, smooth above; flowers often an inch broad; fruit ovate; akenes deeply pitted. 2. F. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat villous; leaves thin, veiny; fruit email; akenes not in pits. 8. FOTENTILLA, L. Calyx as in Fragaria. Petals yellow, rarely white. Stamens 20 to 50, marginal in 1 to 3 rows. Carpels numerous. Akenes small, on a dry receptacle. 1. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Perennial, erect, a foot or more high; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 to 9, rounded, ovate, coarsely serrate; flowers cymose; calyx 4 to 6 lines long, usually villous, with coarse hairs ; bractlets shorter than the lobes; petals not exceeding the calyx; stamens 25 in one row. 2. P. Anserina, L. (SILVER- WEED. ) White tomentose and silky -villous leaves, all radical, often a foot long or more; leaflets 3 to 10 pairs, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, tomentose, at least beneath; flowers yellow, solitary, on scape- like peduncles. 9. HORKELIA, Cham. & SchL Petals obovate to linear, often clawed, white or pink. Stamens 10, in two rows; fila- ments more or less dilated; those opposite to the sepals broadest. Flowers cymose. * Bractlets nearly as broad as the calyx-lobes. 1. H. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Glandular-pubescent; stems a foot high or more; leaflets 5 to 10 pairs, 3 to 8 lines long; calyx about equaling the spatulate petals. Var. sericea, Gr. Canescent throughout, with a dense, silky pubescence; leaf- lets larger. * Bractlets much narrower than the calyx-lobes. 2. H. tenuiloba, Gr. Canescently villous, a foot high; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, deeply incised, 2 or 3 lines long. 3. H. Bolanderi, Gr. Densely hoary-pubescent, cespitose, the stems 3 or 4 inches high, the numerous leaflets minute, with rounded lobes. 10. ADENOSTOMA, Hook & Arn. CHAMTSO. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed; tube obconical, 10-ribbed; lobes membranaceous, broad. 54 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, usually 2 or 3 together between the petals. Fruit a membranaceous akene, included in the indurated calyx-tube. Ever- green shrubs, som'ewhat resinous; flowers small, white, in terminal, racemose panicles. 1. A. fasciculatum, Hook & Arn, A diffusely branching shrub, 2 to 20 ft. high, with reddish virgate branches and grayish shreddy bark; leaves fascicled, linear subulate, 2 to 4 lines long, usually channeled on one side, smooth. Alchemilla arvensis, Scop., belongs here. Its minute, greenish, apetalous flowers are fascicled in the axils of the small leaves and inclosed by the cleft stipules. A small under herb, growing on sandy hillsides. Acaeiia trifida, R. & Pav. Is another apetalous herb, with silky, villous leaves and stem rising from a woody caudex; 3 to 15 inches high. The leaves are pinnate, the leaf- lets pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments. The greenish flowers with purple stamens are in a crowded terminal spike. Habitat similar to the last. 11. ROSA. Tourn. ROSE. It is not necessary to here characterize this well-known genus. 1. R. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Erect, 2 to 8 ft. high, sparingly armed with usually recurved prickles, tomentose; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs; calyx lobes tomentose, often' glandular leafy; petals 6 to 9 lines long; fruit globose. 2. R. gymiiocarpa, Nutt. Slender, 1 to 4 ft. high, armed with straight slender prickles or unarmed, smooth; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, glandular; flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3, rarely an inch in diameter; calyx lobes at length deciduous; fruit small, ovate or pear- shaped. 12. HETEROMELES, J. Rcemer. PHOTINIA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens in pairs, opposite the calyx-teeth. Fruit red, berry-like. An evergreen shrub or small tree, with coriaceous, simple, sharply serrate leaves. Flowers white in terminal panicles. 1. H. arbutifolia, Roem. Leaves dark green above, lighter beneath, narrowly to oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles, slightly revo- lute margins; fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter. Pirus rivularis, Dougl., the Oregon Crab-Apple, may be found in Sonoma County. 13. AMELANCHIER, Med. SERVICE-BERRY. Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, ascending. Stamens 20, short. Carpels 3 to 5 inferior, becoming membranaceous and partially 2- celled; styles united below or distinct. Fruit berry like, globose. Shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, serrate; flowers white, racemose; fruit purplish, edible. 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 ft. high; leaves broadly ovate, sometimes cordate at the base, serrate only toward the summit, \ to 1^ inches long. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 55 ORDER CALYCANTHACE.ZG, is represented by Calycanthus occidentalis, Hook. & Arn., an erect shrub 6 to 12 ft. high, with opposite entire lanceolate leaves, 3 to 6 inches long and large solitary livid or purplish red flowers; sepals and petals numerous, linear-spatulate. The common name of the Eastern species Sweet-Scented Shrub is scarcely applicable to our species. ORDER 22. SAXIFRAGACE-33. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, distinguished from JRosacece by albuminous seeds; usually by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; commonly by the want of stipules; sometimes by tiie leaves being opposite; and in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to o carpels into a compound ovary. Seeds usually indefinite or numerous. Petals and stamens on the calyx. Styles inclined to be distinct. Only the Hydrangiece, have many stamens. Tribe 1. SAXIFRAGEJE. Herbs, leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. Styles or tips of the carpels distinct. Fruit capsular or follicular. * Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells, or of as many distinct carpel-s. Stamens 10, rarely more Saxifraga. 1 Stamens 5 Boy kinia. 2 * * Ovary ^.-celled. Stamens 10, included Tellima. 3 Stamens 10, cxserted Tiarella. 4 Stamens 5, and styles 2 Heuchera. 5 Tribe 2. HYDRANGIE.S3. Shrubs, leaves opposite, simple, no stipules. Fruit capsular. A tall shrub. Large white flowers Philadelphia. 6 Low, scarcely shrubby. Small flowers Whipplea. 7 Tribe 3. GROSSULARIEJEJ. Shrubs, leaves alternate with stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary Ribes. 8 1. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx 5-lobed, free, or its tube coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals 5. Fruit of 2 follicles, or a 2-lobed capsule. In our species stemless; flowers white. 1. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Leaves thickish, oblong-ovate to spatulate-obovate, coarsely toothed or almost entire, an inch or two long and the margined petiole often as long; scape viscid pubescent, 4 to 12 inches high, at length loosely many flowered in a paniculate cyme; flowers, small white. 5G SAXIFKAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 2. S. iiitegrifolia, Hooker. Larger; leaves shorter petioled; flowers in a thyrsiform panicle; calyx lobes reflexed. 3. S. Merteusiana, Bong. Scape and leaves from a scaly granulate bulb; leaves rounded and cordate on long naked petioles; crenately or incisely lobed, the lobes often 3-toothed at the end; 2 to 4 inches across; calyx free. 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, entire, closed. Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary and capsr.le 2-celled. Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks, simple leafy stems; the leaves alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petioles mostly with stipule-like appendages at the base. 1. B. occideiitalis, Torr. & Gr. Smoothish, or with some rusty hairs; a foot or two high; leaves thin-membranaceous, 3-7-lobed; petals white, 2 or 3 lines long. 3. TELLIMA, K. Br. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed; the base coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat or sinuses of the calyx, laciniate-pinnatifid, 3-7-lobed, or entire. Stamens 10, short. Ovary short, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae; styles 2 or 3, very short; stigmas capitate. Capsule conical, slightly 2-3- beaked. Perennials, with round-cordate and toothed or palmately divided chiefly alter- nate leaves, few on simple stems, their pStioles with stipule-like dilations at the base, and the flowers in a simple terminal raceme; petals white or pinkish. Petals laciniate-pinnatifid T. grandiflora. 1 Petals entire, spatulate-obovate T. Cymbalaria. 2 Petals entire; pedicels very short T. Bolanderi. 3 Petals obtusely 3-lobed T. heterophylla. 4 Petals acutely 3-lobed T. affinis. 5 1. T. grandiflora, Dougl. A foot or more high, from short stout tufted rootstocks, hirsute or pubescent; leaves lobed, 2 to 4 inches in diameter; flowers dull-colored. 2. T. Cymbalaria, Gr. Stem or scape filiform, 4 to 12 inches high, bearing mostly a pair of opposite 3-lobed or parted leaves; radical leaves somewhat 3-5-lobed, half an inch across, flowers few and slender pediceled, white. 3. I 1 . Bolanderi, Gr. Stems a foot or two high, 1-4-leaved; radical and lower leaves lobed, the upper 3-5-parted; petals rarely with a small tooth on each side, white. 4. T. heteropliyila, Hook. & Arn. Stems slender, a foot or less in height 1-3- leaved; leaves similar to the last, but smaller; flowers fewer and smaller, sometimes flesh-colored. 5. T. afilnis, Gr. Rougher-pubescent; stem and leaves similar to the last; calyx densely rough glandular-pubescent; petals 4 or 5 lines long, white or flesh-colored. SAXTFBAGACE.E. (SAXIFBAGE P. 4. TIARELLA, L. Distinguished by the minute, slender petals, long eiserted stamens, and the very qual horns of the 2-carpeled ovary. 1. T. unijfoliata, Hook. Somewhat hairy; flowering stems 4 to 15 inches high, 1-3- leaved; leaves thin, cordate, 3-5-lobed, crenate-toothed; flowers small, panicled. 5. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-BOOT. Calyx tube coherent with the lower half of the ovary. Petals small, entire, clawed. Ovary more or less 2-beaked; the beaks tapering into either filiform long, or subulate shorter styles. Herbs with small, dull-colored paniculate flowers. Scarious stipules adnate or distinct. Leaves round-cordate, obtusely lobed, crenate-toothed. 1. H. micrantha, Dougl. Scape, or few leaved flowering stems, a foot or two high; leaves 2 to 4 inches in diameter; calyx acute at the base, lobes erect; styles Blender. 2. H. pilosissima, Fisch. & Mey. Very villous-pubescent or hirsute, with viscid hairs; calyx rounded or obtuse at the base, the broad, short lobes incurving, densely hairy; styles short. 6. PHILADELFHUS, L. MOCK OBANGE. Calyx adhering to the ovary nearly or quite to the summit, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, large, obovate or roundish. Stamens 20 to 40. Styles 3 to 5, united at the base or nearly to the top. Shrubs with opposite leaves and showy white flowers. 1. P. Gordonianus, Lindl. Six to twelve feet high; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, mostly coarsly-serrate, 2 to 4 inches long; flowers in loose clusters, which are leafy at the base; petals frequently an inch long. 7. WHIFFLEA, Torr. Calyx lobes thin, white or whitish. Petals ovate or oblong. Ovary 3 to 5-celled. Styles distinct, subulate. Small, trailing or diffuse, ours half shrubby plants, with opposite, short petioled, 3-ribbed leaves, no stipules and small white cymosc-clustered flowers; peduncles naked, terminal. 1. W. modesta, Torr. Leaves membranaceous, ovate or oval, obtusely few-toothed or entire, an inch or less long. Flower 2 lines long, clusters close-flowered, fragrant. 8. RISES, L. Calyx tube adnate to the globose ovary and extended beyond it, the limb commonly petaloid. Petals erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes. Stamens alternate with the petals. Berry crowned by the withered remains of the flower. Shrubs with alternate palmately lobed leaves. 58 CRASSULACE2E. ( STONE-CROP FAMILY.) 1. Thorny under the fascicles. GOOSEBERRIES. Berry prickly R. Menziesii. 1 Berry smooth R. divaricatum. 2 Berry dry; flowers large, bright-red R. speciosum. 3 2. Thornless and priceless. CURRANTS. Flowers rose-red to white R. sanguineum. 4 Flowers golden yellow R. aureum. 5 1. R. Menziesii, Pursh. Calyx about half an inch long, purplish red; its oblong lobes spreading or recurved, longer than the funnelform tube, hardly longer than the stamens which surpass the whitish petals; berry thickly covered with prickles. 2. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Flowers one-third of an inch long; calyx livid-pur- plish or greenish-white; its lobes about twice as long as the fan-shaped white petals, these only one-third as long as the stamens and villous 2-cleft style. 3. R. speciosum, Pursh. Very tall; flowers 2 to 5 on a bristly-glandular peduncle, drooping, fuchsia-like, almost an inch long and stamens as much longer. 4. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Racemes drooping, many flowered; calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a campanulate tube 2 or 3 lines long, about equaling the lobes. Buns into indefinite varieties. 5. R. aureum, Pursh. Flowers golden yellow, spicy-fragrant, in 5-10-flowered, leafy-bracted racemes. ORDER 23. CRASSULACE.2E. Succulent or fleshy plants, with completely symmetrical as well as regular flowers. Parts of the flower each 4 to 7; stamens twice as many. Petals distinct. . . . Sedum. 1 Petals somewhat united Cotyledon. 2 1. SEDTTM, L. STONE-CROP. Sepals 4 or 5 united at the base. Carpels distinct or rarely connate at the base. 1. S. spathulifolium, Hook. Stems ascending from a branched rooting caudex, 4 to G inches high; leaves obovate or spatulate, flat, 6 to 10 lines long; flowers secund in a forked cyme, nearly sessile, 3 lines long; petals yellow, lanceolate acute. 2. COTYLEDON, L. Petals united into a 5-lobed pitcher-shaped or cylindrical corolla. Stamens 10, in- serted on the corolla-tube. Carpels usually distinct. 1. C. farinosa, Benth. & Hook. Acaulescent, more or less mealy-pulverulent; rosulate leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones 2 to 4 inches long; flowering branches a span high with scattered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping leaves. Flowers yellow. ONAGRACK3E. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 59 2. C. caespitosa, Hawworth. Similar to the last; smooth glaucous-green; flowering branches 6 to 12 inches high, with broadly triangular-ovate clasping leaves. The most common species. TILL^EA MINIMA, Miers., a small herb 1 to 3 inches high with clusters of minute white flow- ers in the axils of the opposite leaves is a common under- herb in moist places; as is also T. angusti- folia, Xutt., only an inch high with solitary flowers. ORDER LYTHRACE.2E is represented by Lyihrum alatum, Pursh.,var. linearifolium, Gr. An herb a foot or two high with angled stemes and small deep purple 6-petaled flowers solitary in the axils of the entire sessile leaves. ORDER 24. ONAGRACE-S2. Herbs (snrubby exotics), with the parts of the flowers in fours, the calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the petals borne on its throat, and the stamens as many or twice as many. Style always single. Aquatic stems creeping '. Jussiaea. 1 Flowers scarlet, fuchsia-like . Zauschneria. 2 Flowers small, purplish, leaves mostly opposite Epilobium. 3 Anthers attached near the center CEnothera. 4 Flowers purple, calyx lobes reflexed Godetia. 5 Petals clawed, calyx-tube short Clarkia. 6 Petals clawed, calyx-tube filiform Eucharidium. 7 Flowers purple in leafy spikes Boisduvalia. 8 Flowers minute, white, parts in twos Circaea. 9 1. JUSSL2EA, L. The 4 to 6 herbaceous lobes of the calyx persistent. Petals as many, obovate, spread- ing, yellow. Stamens twice as many. Capsule clavate. 1. J. repens, L., Var. Californica, Wat. Characterized sufficiently by its creeping stems and its solitary axillary flowers nearly an inch in diameter. 2. ZAUSCHNERIA, Presl. Tube of the calyx much prolonged beyond the linear ovary, colored, the 4-lobed limb with 8 small deciduous scales, 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Stamens 8, exserted. 1. Z. Californica, Presl. The scarlet fuchsia-like flowers over an inch long cannot be mistaken. 3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. The seeds tufted with silky hairs in linear 4-sided, 4-valved capsules best mark this difficult genus. . 60 ONAGRACKE. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMTLT.) 4. CBNOTHERA, L. Calyx tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; segments reflexed. Petals 4; in our species yellow. Stamens 8, equal, or those opposite to the petals shorter. Style filiform; stigma 4-lobed or capitate. (See ADDENDA. ) * Acaulescent. Calyx-tube filiform above the under-ground ovary. Leaves ovate to lanceolate QJ. ovata. 1 Leaves linear CB. graciliflora. 2 * * Caulescent. Calyx-tube obconic; capsule sessile, linear. Leaves thick; flowers small; capsule thick CE3. cheiranthifolia. 3 Flowers large; petals with a spot at the base GEJ. bistorta. 4 Flowers small; capsule contorted CB. micrantha. 5 Slender, leafy annuals; leaves linear; flowers small; capsule narrowly linear. Flowers rarely reddening CB. dentata. 6 Flowers usually reddening CB. strigulosa. 7 1. CB. ovata, Nutt. The radical leaves 4 to 6 inches long; calyx-tube scape-like, 1 to 4 inches long. 2. CB. graciliflora, Hook & Arn. Canescently villous; calyx-tube equaling the leaves, 6 to 18 lines long; petals obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long, smaller than the last. 3. CB. cheirantlilfolia, Horn. Canescently pubescent; stems decumbent or ascend- ing, 2 ft. long or more; leaves oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, sometimes broadly ovate or cordate, ^ to 2J inches long, mostly entire, the lower petioled, the upper often clasp- ing; ovary and calyx villous; flowers 2 to 5 lines in diameter; capsule 4 to 8 lines long. Near the sea on drifting sands. 4. CB. bistorta, Nutt. Less common than the last; distinguished by its petals, 4 to 6 lines long, usually with a brown spot. 5. CB. micrantha, Horn. A variable species distinguished from the last by its flowers, only 2 to 4 lines in diameter, with the petals sometimes 3-lobed; and by the con- torted slender capsules, 8 to 18 lines long. 6. CB. dentata, Cav. A span high or less; leaves linear, sessile, denticulate, 6 to 18 lines long; petals rounded, 2 to 4 lines long; capsule slender, attenuate, an inch long or more. 7. CB. strigulosa, Torr. & Gr. Like the last; the capsule obtuse, scarcely attenu- ate. More common than the last. CEnothera, biennis, L., the Evening Primrose, if found, may be known by its tall, erect stem and large flowers. ONAGKACE3J. (EVENING PRIMBOSE FAMILY.) 61 5. GODETIA, Spach. Distinguished from CEnothera by the anthers not versatile, and flowers not yellow. * Flowers in a strict, mostly compact spike; capsule ovate to oblong; stems leafy. Petals deep purple G. purpurea. 1 Petals rose-colored with a spot G. .lepida. 2 Petals bluish-purple, 3 to 5 lines long G. albescens. 3 * * Flowers in usually a loose spike or raceme, mostly nodding in the bud; capsule linear; leaves distant. HE- Capsule sessile; stigma-lobes purplish. Ovary and capsule short, villous, 2-costate G. quadrivulnera. 4 Capsule puberulent, not costate G. tenella. 5 HE- HE- Capsule pedicellate, not costate, stigma-lobes mostly yellow G. amoena. 6 Small, hispid G. hispidula. 7 Small, petals 2-lobed G. biloba. 8 1. G. purpurea, Wat. Mostly very leafy, a foot or two high, puberulent, the ovary densely villous; leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, an inch or two long, entire, sessile; flowers mostly in a leafy terminal cluster; petals 4 to 6 lines long; style shorter than the stamens; stigma-lobes very short, purple; capsule 6 to 9 lines long, not costate. 2. G. lepida, Lindl. Canescently puberulent, the stem usually white and shining. Easily distinguished by its flowers; the rose-colored petals with a dark spot near the top 9 to 12 lines long. 3. G. albescens, Lindl. SmaUer leaves than the last, and much smaller almost blue flowers. Rare. 4. G. quadrivulnera, Spach. Puberulent, ovary and capsule more or less villous; stems usually slender, a foot or two high; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, sessile or attenuate to a short petiole, entire or slightly denticulate, an inch or more long; petals deep-purple or purplish, 3 to 6 lines long; stigma-lobes short, purple. 5. G. tenella, Wat. Chiefly distinguished from the last by the capsule, which is 8 to 14 lines- long, with nearly flat sides. 6. G. amoena, Lilja. Petals and purple anthers, frequently rather villous, varying from nearly white to rose-color, with more or less of purple, 8 to 15 lines long; capsule attenuate at each end. 7. G. hispidula, Wat. Is about a span high, often but 1-flowered; leaves narrowly linear; purple petals, 6 to 12 lines long. 8. G. biloba, Wat. Petals 2-lobed. Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. 6. CLARKIA, Pursh. Petals 4, with claws, entire, purple. Stamens 8. Stigma with 4, at length spreading, 62 LOASACE.E. (MENTZELIA FAMILY.) sometimes unequal lobes. Capsule linear, 4-angled. Annuals, with erect brittle stems and alternate leaves on short petioles. 1. C. elegans, Dougl. Stems from 6 inches to 6 feet high; leaves broadly ovate to linear, repandly toothed; petals rhomboidal; stigma-lobes equal; capsule nearly sessile. . 2. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Is smaller; leaves petioled; claws of the petals toothed; capsule short, pediceled. 7. EUCHARIDIUM, Fisch. & Mey. Distinguished from ClarJcia by the filiform calyx tube prolonged above the ovary, and stamens only 4. 1. E. concinnum, Fisch. & Mey. Closely resembles ClarJcia rhomboidea in habit and foliage, calyx-tube an inch long; petals 3-lobed. Common. 8. BOISDUVALIA, Spach. Petals 4, obovate-cuniform, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Anthers not versatile. Leaves alternate, simple, sessile; the small flowers in leafy spikes; our species villolis. 1. B. densiflora, Wat. Canescent; 6 inches to 2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long; the floral leaves usually short and broad ; flowers in utually a close terminal leafy spike or numerous short lateral spike- lets; petals 3 to 6 lines long. 2. B. Torreyi, Wat. Rather slender, a span or two high; leaves 4 to 9 lines long; the floral leaves scarcely smaller; flowers very small. 9. Circaea, Pacifica, Asch. & Magn. In moist woods. Distinguished by its small indehiscent pear-shaped fruit covered with bristles and thin ovate opposite leaves. ORDER 25. LOASACE^EJ. Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed" and rough -barbed hairs; no stipules, calyx tube adnate to the 1 -celled ovary. Stamens usually very numerous. 1. MENTZELIA, L. Calyx cylindrical to ovoid; the persistent limb 5-toothed. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx; filaments free or in clus- ters opposite the petals, filiform or the outer petaloid. Style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted. The leaves are alternate, mostly coarsely-toothed or pinna tifid; flowers white to yellow or orange. (See ADDENDA.) 1. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, 6 to 12 inches high or more; leaves linear-lance- olate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broader and often lobed CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 63 at the base only; flowers near the ends of the branches; petals 5, spatulate or obovate 2 to 3 lines long; capsule 6 to 9 lines long. 2. M. gracilenta, Torr. & Gr. Stems similar to the last; petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, an inch long; capsule 12 to 15 lines long. 3. M. laevicaulis, Torr. & Gr. Stout 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate 2 to 8 inches long; flowers sessile on short branches, very large, light yellow; petals acute, 2 to 2^ inches long. ORDER CUCURBITACE-S1 is represented by Megarrhiza Marah, Wat. (Bio- ROOT). The cucumber- like vines, often 10 or even 30 ft. long; the sterile flowers white in racemes 4 to 12 inches long; the fruit ovate oblong, more or less covered with weak spines inclosing several nut-like seeds. M. Californica, Torr., has stiffer spines on smaller fruit; the fertile flowers without abortive stamens. ORDER FICOIDE^l is represented by Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale, Haw., a very fleshy herb, with opposite three sided leaves 1 to 3 inches long and solitary red flowers; the petals numerous, linear. On the sea shore Mollugo verticellata, L., will scarcely be noticed. ORDER 26. UMBELLIFERffi. Herbs with small flcfwers in umbels, stamens and petals 5, borne on a 2-celled ovary which in fruit splits into a pair of dry usually flat indehiscent carpels. Since the generic distinctions depend upon characters of fruit and seed difficult of determination, the plants of this order are not here described. ORDER ARALIACE.ZE is represented by Aralia Californica, Wat. (SPIKENARD.) Grows in woods, along streams. Herbaceous stems, 8 to 10 ft. high; the white flowers in panicles a foot or two long and more. ORDER 27. CORNACEJE. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes, capitate clusters or spikes; the petals and stamens 4, epigynous; calyx adnate to the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a drupe or berry. 1. CORNUS, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4- toothed. Petals 4, oblong or ovate. Stamens 4, with slender filaments. Style slender; stigma capitate or truncate. Fruit ovoid or oblong. * Flowers greenish, in a close head, surrounded by an involucre of J^. to 6 large, white, petal- like bracts. 1. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Usually a small tree; the involucre of yellowish or 64 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) white, often reddish bracts, 1| to 3 inches long, abruptly acute. Fruit a large cluster of crimson berries. 2. C. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, herbaceous, 3 to 8 inches high; leaves in a whorl of 6 at the top, and a pair below; the 4 bracts 4 to 8 lines long. * * Flowers white or cream colored, cymose, not involucrate. 3. C. Californica, C. A. Meyer. A shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, with smooth, purplish branches; leaves ovate acute, obtuse at the base, 2 to 4 inches long, lighter colored beneath, with loose, silky hairs; flowers in small, dense, round-topped cymes. 4. C. glabrata, Benth. Bark gray; leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, acute at each end, alike green on both sides; flowers in open, flat cymes. GARRY A ELLIPTIC A, Dougl. and G. Fremontii, Torr., dioecious shrubs, belong here. The ever- green coriaceous leaves are opposite on the 4-angled branchlets, the short petioles connate; the apeta- lous flowers in axillary aments. Leaves of the former elliptical, undulate margins; the staminato amenta long ; leaves of the latter ovate to oblong, not undulate, lighter green. DIVISION 2. GAMOPETAL^E. ORDER 28. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. In our species shrubs with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx adherent to the 2-5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the rotate or tubular corolla. Corolla rotate, regularly 5-lobed; white , Sambuctis. 1 Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5-lobed, pinkish Symphoricarpus. 2 Corolla tubular, irregular Lonicera. 3 1, SAMBUCUS, Touru. ELDER. Calyx teeth corolla lobes and stamens 5. Stigmas 3 to 5. Berries really drupes. Shrubs whose rank shoots are filled with a pith, half an inch in diameter. Leaves pinnately 5-11-foliolate. Flowers small, in large compound cymes. 1. S. glauca, Nutt. Cyme flat, 5-parted; fruit black, with a white bloom. 2. S. racemosa, L. Cyme ovate or pear-shaped; fruit bright red. Hare. 2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. (SNOWBERRY). Calyx 5-toothed, occasionally 4- toothed, persistent. Corolla nearly or quite regular, from open campanulate to salver-form, 5-4-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Fruit globular, white. Low shrubs, with oval or ob- EUBIACE2E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 65 long leaves, mostly entire; and 2-bracteolate flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; rarely solitary. 1. S. racemosus, Mich. Erect, smooth; corolla very villous within. 2. S. mollis, Nutt. Low, diffuse or decumbent, softly pubescent; leaves small; corolla slightly villous. 2. LONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. Corolla tubular, the tube commonly gibbous at the base and irregularly lobed. Stamens 5 inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style filiform; stigma capitate. 1. L. hispidula, Dougl. Stems disposed to twine; leaves mostly oval, the lower short petioled, the upper pairs commonly connate; foliaceous stipule-like appendages between the leaves common; flowers sessile in a terminal head, pink or yellowish; berries red or orange. Variable. 2. L. involucrata, Banks. An erect shrub, 4 to 10 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, short-petioled ; flowers a pair on axillary peduncles; below them a conspicuous involucre of 4 bracts, tinged with red or yellow; berries purple-black. OEDEE 29. RUBIACE.ZE. Known by having opposite entire leaves' with intervening stipules, or whorled leaves without stipules, along with an inferior ovary and regular 4-5-merous flowers; the teeth of the calyx sometimes wanting. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube, distinct. 1. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. Flowers in a dense spherical head. Calyx inversely pyramidal, 4-5-toothed. Corolla with a long, slender tube and a small 4-clef t limb. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the corolla, short. Style very long and slender. Shrub with opposite leaves and stipules, or in whorls of 3 or 4. Peduncles axillary; flowers white. 1. C. occidentalis, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long; flower heads an inch in diameter. 2. GALIUM, L. CLEAVERS. Limb of the calyx obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted. Styles 2. Ovary 2-lobed. Fruit twin, biglobular. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with square stems, whorled leaves and minute flowers. Leaves in fours, hispid, ovate G. Californicum. 1 Leaves in fours and pairs, smooth G. Nuttallii. 2 Leaves mostly in whorls of eight G. Aparine, 3 5 66 COMPOSITE. (ASTER FAMILY.) Leaves in fives and sixes; fruit hairy G. triflorum, 4 Leaves 4, 5 or 6 in a whorl; flowers white G. trifidum. 5 Leaves in fours, 3-nerved, lanceolate G. boreale. 9 1. G. Californicum, Hook and Arn. Low, branching; sterile flowers terminal, in threes, corolla yellowish; fertile ones solitary, recurved in fruit; fruit purple. 2. G. Nuttallii, Gr. Leaves 2 to 5 lines long, thickish, varying from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, margins ciliate; flowers solitary. 3. G. Aparine, L. The margins midrib, and angles of the branches armed with spinuloso bristles; peduncles 1-2-flowered; fruit large, white. (?) 4. G. triflorum, Michx. Bright green, nearly smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, the margins and midrib often beset with hooked bristles; peduncles once or twice 3-forked; with hooked bristles. 5. G. trifidum, L. Nearly smooth, except the roughened angles of the slender stems; leaves 3 to 9 lines long; lobes of the white corolla often only three; fruit smooth. 6. G. boreale, L. Cymes many flowered, in a thyrsiform panicle. ORDER 30. VALERIANACEJE. Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules; the distinct stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and borne on its tube; the inferior ovary with two empty cells, and one con- taining a solitary ovule, ripening into a kind of akene. 1. PLECTRITIS, (Lindl.) DC. Limb of the calyx obsolete. Tube of the corolla very gibbous, spurred at the base; the short limb bilabiate; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Fruit winged by the open sterile cells. Flowers white, small. 1. P. congesta, DC. Corolla about 3 lines long; its spur much shorter than the tube. 2. P. macrocera, Torr. & Gr. Corolla smaller; its thick spur about the length of the body. ORDER 31. COMPOSITE. Flowers, usually many in a dense head, sessile, on a common receptacle, surrounded by a calyx-like involucre; the calyx reduced to hairs or scales, or obsolete; .the corolla tubular, equally lobed, ligulate or bilabiate, the 5 stamens united by their anthers into a tube inclosing the 2-parted style; the ovary inferior forming in fruit an akene which is usually crowned with the persistent calyx (pappus). This the largest of all the orders, is represented in California by over 500 species, 140 CAMPANULACE.E. (BELLFLOWER FAMILY.) C7 of whieli grow within the limits of this Flora. Although the flower heads are frequently large, the separate flowers, with but few exceptions, are too small to be examined with- out the aid of a microscope skillfully used. The order is, therefore, far too difficult for the beginner. ORDER LOBELIACE^. Downinfjia elegans, Torr., and D. pulchella, Torr., are two beautiful plants (the flowers resembling the cultivated Lobelias) sometimes cultivated under the name Clintonia, which pr perly belongs to an endogenous herb. The former has light blue flowers; the latter, deep azure- blue; both with white or yellowish centers. May be found in wet places. ORDER 32. CAMPANULACE^. Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules and regular flowers, having the calyx adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens (5, rarely 4) inserted with the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Calyx persistent. Stamens with introse anthers, opening in the bud. Style single, its upper portion beset with hairs which collect the pollen, its summit 2-5- lobed or cleft. . * Ovary and capsule long and narrow. Capsule opening at the top; calyx-lobes long Githopsis. 1 Capsule opening by 2 or 3 holes on the sides Specularia. 2 * Ovary and capsule short and broad, or globular. Capsule bursting indefinitely; calyx-lobes broad Heterocodon. 3 Capsule opening on the sides by 3 to 5 holes; calyx-lobes narrow Campanula. 4 1. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. Flowers all alike. Calyx with a clavate 10-ribbed tube, and 5 long and narrow folia- ceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3. Capsule strongly ribbed, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length or longer, opening between them by a round hole. 1. G. specularioides, Nutt. An inch to a span high; leaves lanceolate-oblong or linear, sessile, coarsely toothed; flowers erect, deep blue, usually with a white center; the ovate lobes of the corolla about equaling the rigid calyx-lobes. 2. SPECULARIA, Heister. Flowers in our species of two kinds; the lower and earlier usually with no corolla, Calyx-tube prismatic or elongated-obconical ; the lobes 5, narrow. Corolla short and broad, rotate when fully expanded, 5-lobed. Stigmas 3 or 2. Capsule opening by round holes on the sides. 1. S. biflora, Gr. Stems slender; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, crenately toothed, the upper reduced to lanceolate bracts; flowers 1, rarely 2, in each axil, nearly sessile; the 68 ERICACEJS. (HEATH FAMILY.) lower mostly apetalous, with 3 or 4 short calyx-lobes; the upper with 5 longer calyx- lobes, which are shorter than the blue or purple corolla. Capsule with openings near the top. 2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stouter, with clasping cordate leaves. 3 HETEROCODON, Nutt. Flowers of two sorts. Stamens and styles as in Campanula. Capsule 3-angled. Otherwise sufficiently characterized in the synopsis. 1. H. rariflorum, Nutt. A delicate annual, with leafy filiform stems, diffusely branching; the thin leaves clasping by cordate bases, coarsely toothed. Corolla blue. 4. CAMPANULA. Tourn. BELLFLOWER. Flowers all alike. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla campanulate or near it, 5-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments dilated at the base. Capsule 3-5-celled, opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifting valves leaving round holes. 1. C. prenaiithoides, Dur. A foot or two high; stems several-flowered; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate, sessile, or the lower short-petioled; lobes of the blue corolla narrowly lanceolate, widely spreading; style long exserted; capsule 5-ribbed. OKDER 33. ERICACEAE. "Woody plants or perennial herbs, with symmetrical and mostly regular flowers; the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and inserted with but rarely upon it; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells opening by a terminal pore; the ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or calyx; the seeds small. Corolla generally gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, the insertion and that of the sta- mens hypogynous, or when the calyx is adnate epigynous around an annular disk. Style single. Leaves simple. SUB-ORDER 1. VACCINIE^B. Shrubs. Ovary wholly or partly inferior. Fruit a berry, crowned with the vestiges of the calyx-teeth Vaccinium. 1 SUB-ORDER 2. ERICINE.33. Shrubs or trees. Calyx free. Corolla gamopetalous (in our own species). Stamens hypogynous. Anthers introse in the bud. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) G9 * Fruit a berry, or berry-like drupe; corolla-tube inflated or urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Evergreen. Tree; ovary 5-celled; berry many-seeded Arbutus, 2 Shrub; ovary 5-10-celled; drupe few-seeded Arctostaphylos. 3 Shrub; low; berry purple-black Gaultheria. 4 * * Fruit a naked capsule; corolla funnelform or campanulate, large, 5-lobed. Shrubs, with showy flowers Rhododendron. 5 SUB-ORDER 3. PYROLE^B. Calyx free. Corolla of 5 (rarely 4) separate petals. Anthers extrose in the bud, the pores downward; iutrose (by bending downward on the end of the filament) in the open flower, the pores upward. Stem woody, leaves whorled. Chimaphila. 6 Flowers on a scape Pyrola. 7 SUB-ORDER 4. MONOTROFE.2E. Root-parasitic, scaly-bracted herbs, wholly destitute of green foliage. Flowers racemose, corolla globular-ovate Pterospora. 8 1. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY, BILBERRY, ETC. Calyx 4-5-toothed on the summit of the ovary. Corolla various. Stamens 8 to 10; the anthers with the two cells separate, tapering upward into a tube opening at the top. Style long. 1. V. ovatum, Pursh. (CALIFORNIA HUCKLEBERRY). Shrub, erect, 3 to 5 ft highj evergreen; leaves thick, shining, ovate, acute, serrate; flowers with the parts in fives, stamens 10; corolla campanulate, pink; berries purple-black. 2. ARBUTUS, Tourn. MADRONO. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; anthers flattened, furnished with a pair of reflexed awns. Style rather long; berry with a rough surface. 1. A. Menziesii, Pursh. A handsome tree, with smooth bark turning brownish- red, which exfoliates except on the trunks of the larger trees; corolla white; berries deep orange. 3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adan. MANZANITA. Flowers like those of Arbutus (but occasionally 4-merous and 8-androus), except that the 5 to 10 cells of the ovary contain each a single ovule, and the berry-like fruit has 5 70 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) to 10 bony seeds. The white or rose-colored flowers in terminal racemes; the bark smooth, exfoliating. * Ovary and depressed -globose fruit more or less pubescent; branchlets often 1. A. Andersonii, Gr. Erect, 6 or 10 ft. high; branchlets minutely tomentose, hispid with long, white, bristly hairs; leaves thin-coriaceous, green, lanceolate-oblong or ovate lanceolate, with a strongly sagittate-cordate base, sessile or nearly so, mostly epinulose-serrulate; fruit nearly or quite half an inch in diameter, with viscid bristles. 2. A. tomeiitosa, Dougl. Leaves thick and very rigid-coriaceous, varying from oblong' lanceolate to ovate and even cordate, entire or rarely serrulate, usually becoming verti- cal, smaller than the last; flowers in very short clustered racemes; fruit not viscid. * Ovary glabrous; no hispid hairs on the branches and pziioles. 3. A. pumila, Nutt. Erect, dwarf, less than a foot high, tufted; leaves broadest near the apex, less than an inch long. 4. A. pungeiis, HBK. Leaves commonly becoming vertical by a twist of the dis- tinct or pretty long petiole, very rigid, often glaucous or pale, entire or with a few teeth, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval; flowers on smooth pedicels; filaments ciliate, bearded; fruit yellowish, turning dull red. Very variable. A. GLAUC.V, Lindl., if found, nviy be recognized by its large fruit, with the seeds consolidated into ono woody stone, half an inch in diameter. A. licolor, Gr., is smaller and has small apparently one-seeded berries. 4. GAT7LTHERIA, L. WINTERGREEN. SALAL. Calyx 5- cleft, generally colored like the corolla. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 included, similar to those of Arbutus. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded, inclosed in the calyx, which enlarges and makes a juicy berry-like fruit. 1. G. Sliallon, Pursh. Shrubby, stems ascending a foot or two in height; leaves ovate or slightly cordate, 2 to 4 inches long, finely serrate, shining; flowers white or rose- colored, in glandular- viscid racemes. 5. RHODODENDRON, L. Calyx very small. Corolla often slightly irregular. Stamens 5 to 10; filaments fili- form. Style long, commonly declined or incurved. Shrubs with alternate, entire leaves, usually crowded on the flowering branchlets; the showy flowers in terminal umbels or corymbs from ample scaly buds. 1. R. occidentale, Gr. (AZALEA.) A deciduous shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high; leaves obovate-oblong, bright green and shining above; corolla minutely viscid-pubescent out- side, white, the upper lobe yellowish inside; the narrow funnel-form tube equaling the deeply 5-cleft slightly irregular limb; stamens and style much exserted, curved. The showy fragrant flowers are sometimes nearly three inches long; rarely pinkish. R. CALIFORNICUM, Hook., is a larger evergreen shrub, with large bell-shaped rose-purple flowers - a true Rhododendron, probably not found south of Mendocino County. PLUMBAGINACEJE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 71 6. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA. Corolla of rotately spreading, orbicular and concave petals. Stamens 10. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed ovary; stigma broad, its border somewhat 5-crenate. C. umbellata, Nutt. A nearly herbaceous evergreen, 6 to 18 inches high; the usually whorled leaves oblanceolate, bright green; peduncle bearing 3 to 7 white or flesh-colored, waxy flowers. Mt. St. Helena, Miss E. Swett. 7. PYROLA, Tourn. Corolla of 5 concave and converging petals. Stamens as in Chimaphila. Style gen- erally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Low and smooth perennial herbs, with broad and petioled leaves, close to the ground, and more or less scaly-bracted scape bearing a simple raceme of white, greenish or rose-colored, nodding flowers. 1. P rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, varying to round-obovate or round-reni- form, on slender, naked petioles; scape 6 to 14 inches high; probably our plants are of the Var. bracteata, Gr. A large form, with leaves 2 or 3 inches long; scape often over a foot high. 2. P. picta, Smith. Leaves thick, coriaceous; pale, sometimes purplish below; com- monly blotched with white, ovate to obovate and lanceolate-oblong, on short petioles, 1 to 2 inches long; smaller than the last. 8. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Calyx deeply 5-parted, short, persistent. Corolla withering-persistent, globular-ovate, with contracted mouth; the 5 very short lobes, recurved. Stamens 10, included, short; stigma 5-lobed. 1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A stout, purplish-brown or chestnut-colored and clammy-pubescent herb, 1 to 3 ft. high; raceme long, many-flowered; corolla white, 3 lines long. BARCODES SAN GUINEA, Torr. The SNOW PLANT of the Sierra Nevada belongs here. ORDER 34. PLUMBAGINACEJE. Chiefly maritime herbs, with regular flowers, the parts in fives; the stamens opposite the petals. Calyx tubular or funnel-form, 5-plaited, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla in our genera with the long-clawed petals scarcely united. Stamens aclnate to the base of the petals. Flowers in a globose head on a simple scape Armeria. 1 Flowers on a branching scape : Statice. 2 72 '. PRIMULACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 1. ARMERIA, Willd. THRIFT. Calyx scarious, funnel-form. Styles 5, filiform. Stemless perennials, with linear grass-like leaves in close tufts, the naked scape bearing a head of rose-colored flowers. 1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Scapes a foot or two high. On sandy hills along the coast. 2. STATICE, L. MARSH-ROSEMARY. Flowers in small spikes or clusters, crowded at the extremities of a branching scape; their structure nearly as in Armeria. Leaves commonly with a broad blade, tapering into a petiole. 1. S. Limonium, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; spikelets 2-3-flowered. Salt marshes. ORDER 35. PRIMULACE-ffi. Herbs, with perfect, regular flowers, well marked, by having the stamens as long as the lobes of the corolla, and opposite to them, inserted on its tube, a single entire style and stigma, a one-celled ovary, and capsular fruit. Calyx 4-8-cleft, commonly 5-cleft, hypogynous. Leaves simple; stipules none. In Glaux the corolla is wanting; stamens on the calyx alternate with its lobes. * Flowers umbellate on a naked scape. Corolla deeply 4-5-parted, the lobes reflexed Dodecatheon. 1 * Flowers axillary, on leafy stems. Corolla 5-9-parted, rotate Trientalis. 2 Corolla 5-parted; prostrate stems V . - Anagallis. 3 Corolla wanting; calyx colored Glaux, 4 1. DODECATHEON, L. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed in the flower, afterwards erect over the ovate or oblong capsule. Corolla with a very short tube, a dilated, thickened throat and an abruptly reflexed 4-5-parted limb; its divisions long and narrow, entire. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, erect, cohering around the slender exserted style. Acaulescent perennial smooth herbs, with a tuft of radical leaves. Corolla purple, pink, or rarely white. Frequently the parts are in fours. 1. D. Meadia, L. Leaves varying from obovate to lanceolate, entire or toothed; scape 3 to 15 inches high; umbel, 2-20-flowered. A variable species. Ours is chiefly the Var. brevifolium, with leaves round-obovate or spatulate, less than an inch to an inch and a half long. ASCLEPIADACE.2E. (MILKWEED 2. TRIENTALIS, L. STAR-FLOWER. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla about 7-parted. Filaments slender, spreading. Low and glabrous perennials, with simple stems, which bear a whorl of leaves at the summit, in their axils slender peduncles supporting star-shaped, white or pinkish flowers. 1. T. Europaea, L., Var. latifolia, Torr. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, springing from a little tuber. 3. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. Divisions of the rotate 5-parted corolla broad. Capsule globose. Spreading, prostrate herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves and axillary flowers. 1. A. arvensis, L. Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles, sometimes in threes; flowers scarlet, purple, or nearly salmon-colored, rarely blue: 4. GLAUX, L. SEA MILKWORT. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Filaments rather shorter than the calyx. Style filiform; stigma capitate. 1. G. inaritima, L. Low, glabrous; branching stems 3 to 9 inches high, leafy to the top; leaves commonly opposite, fleshy, oblong, half an inch or less long, minutely dotted; flowers axillary, almost sessile, white or purplish. ORDER OLEACE^ES is represented by Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt., the OREGON ASH. ORDER APOCYNACEJE is represented by Apocynum cannabinum, L. (INDIAN HEMP. ) An herb with milky juice, tough bark, opposite entire exstipulate leaves, regular flowers, the sepals, petals and stamens five, the latter borne on the corolla alternate with its lobes and conniving around the stigma. The commonly sessile, oblong leaves often 3 or 4 inches long. The greenish-white small flowers in close cymes. A. androscemifolium, L., has smaller ovate leaves, conspicuously petioled; flowers rose-colored. ORDER 36. ASCLEPIADACEJS. Herbs with milky juice, no stipules, and regular flowers, with the parts in fives, except that there are two carpels with distinct ovaries and a common stigma to which the sta- mens are attached; the latter (in our genera) with hood-like appendages. Leaves entire, generally opposite, sometimes whorled. Flowers usually in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of follicles. Seeds almost always with a coma of silky down. 1. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. The calyx and corolla deeply 5-parted; the small divisions reflexed; filaments short, crowned behind each anther with a conspicuous hood from the cavity of which rises the subulate and usually falcate hern; anthers with thin scarious tips inflexod 74 GENTIANACEJE. ( GENTIAN FAMILY. ) over the truncate summit of the stigma, their wing-like edges meeting and projecting between the hoods; pollen in 10 wax-like masses. Follicles ovate or lanceolate. Seeds numerous, flat, downwardly imbricated all over the large, soon detached placenta; the upper end with a long tuft of down (coma). Hoods in our species erect and not exceed- ing the stamens and stigma. 1. A. fascicularis, Decaisne. Smooth, slender, 1 to 5 ft. high; leaves in whorls of 3 to 5, or some in pairs, linear and linear-lanceolate; flowers white or whitish; horns longer than the hoods. 2. A. vestita, Hook & Arn. White-woolly; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, almost sessile; umbels almost sessile; flowers about half an inch long, the hoods flesh-colored. 2. GOMPHOCARFUS, R. Br. No horn to the hood of the stamens; otherwise as Asclepias. 1. Hoods saccate, pointless, lower than the anthers, opening down the back, as if 2-valved. 1. G. tomentosus, Gr. White-tomentose, closely resembling Asclepias vistitia; stem acutely angled; leaves ovate or oblong (about 4 inches long); corolla greenish-white or purplish. 2. G. purpurascens, Gr. Canescently puberulent; stems 4 to 12 inches high; leaves ovate and somewhat cordate, an inch or two long; flowers small; the corolla red- purple; the hoods white. 2. Hoods erect, open down the front, somewhat surpassing the anthers. 3. G. cordifolms, Benth. Green and smooth, 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, with cordate clasping base, opposite, rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long; flowers large; corolla dark red-purple; the hoods purplish. ORDER 37. GENTIANACEJE. Glabrous herbs, with' colorless, bitter juice, entire opposite and sessile leaves, no sti- pules, perfect and regular flowers, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube, the anthers free from the stigma; ovary 1-celled; style one or none; the stigmas commonly two. Calyx persistent. 1. Corolla withering-persistent. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, sessile. Corolla salver-form, red; calyx 5-parted Erythrsea. 1 Corolla short, salver-form, yellow; caylx 4-toothed Microcala. 2 Corolla funnel-form, blue Gentiana, 3 2. Corolla deciduous. Leaves alternate, with sheathing petioles. Flowers borne on a naked scape Menyanthes. 4 POLEMONIACEJ2. (GILI A FAMILY.) 75 1. ERYTHRJEA, Pers. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong or linear, twisting spirally after shedding the pollen. Style filiform; stigma wedge-shaped or fan-like. Capsule oblong, tapering upward. Corolla occasionally only 4-parted. 1. E. trichaiitha, Grise. A span or less high, branched; lobes of the rose-red corolla lanceolate, fully half the length of the tube at the time of expansion, 3 or 4 lines long; calyx-lobes filiform, 3-angled. 2. E. Muhlenbergii, Grise. Two inches to a span high, simple or branched; leaves oblong, half an inch long; lobes of the corolla oval, very obtuse, becoming oblong, rose-red. 2. MICROCA,A, Link. Anthers round-cordate. Stigma peltate-dilated, at length separating or separable into 2 plates. 1. M. quadrangularis, Grise. An inch or two high, filiform, simple and 1 -flowered, or branched at the base, with 1 to 3 pairs of minute oval or oblong leaves; peduncles naked, square; calyx short, square; corolla saffron-yellow. 3. GENTIANA, L. GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-toothed or cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often with plaited and toothed folds in the sinuses. Stamens included; anthers sometimes cohering. Style none or very short; stigmas 2, thin and flat. 1. G. affinis, Grise., var. ovata, Gr. A span to a foot or two high; leaves ovate or oblong; flowers mostly 5 or more, in a leafy thyrsus; corolla blue, an inch or more in length; appendages mostly 2-cleft or 2-4- cuspidate, shorter than the round-ovate lobes. 4. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. The campanulate corolla densely white-bearded on the upper surface, the lobes with the margins turned inward in the bud. 1. M. trifoliata, L. The alternate leaves long petioled, 3-foliolate; scape termi- nated by a short raceme of white or pinkish flowers; anthers dark-brown, sagittate, In shallow water or on wet ground. ORDER 38. POLEMONIACE-ffi. Chiefly herbs with simple or divided leaves, and no stipules; all the parts of the regu- lar flower five, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style. Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla convolute in the bud. Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes distinct; anthers introse. In Gilia the cells of the ovary and the stigmas are occasionally reduced to two. 76 POLEMONIACK3E. (GILIA FAMILT.) Stamens unequally inserted and included in the narrow tube of the salver- form corolla Collomia. 1 Stamens equally inserted on the throat or tube of the corolla; filaments not declined Gilia. 2 Filaments more or less declined; otherwise as Gilia. Leaves all pinnate and alternate; corolla short Polemonium. 3 1. COLLOMIA, Nutt. The throat of the corolla commonly enlarged. Stamens more or less exserted, with slender filaments, mostly glandular- viscid; with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, various. * Leaves simple and sessile, entire, the lower ones opposite. 1. C. gracilis, Dougl. A span or two high, in age much branched; the flowers at length somewhat scattered; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oval or obovate, an inch or less long; corolla rose-purple, turning bluish, less than half an inch long, narrow. * * Leaves deeply cleft or compound, the lower petioled; stems loosely branched. 2. C. gilioides, Benth. A span to 3 ft. high; lower leaves simply pinnately parted into linear lateral lobes, or the terminal lobe oblong and toothed, upper leaves 3-5- divided; corolla pink or purplish, its slender tube about half an inch long, twice or thrice the length of the calyx; capsule globular, 3-seeded. 3. C. heterophylla, Hook. A span or two high, diffuse; leaves mostly pinnately parted or the upper pinnatifid, and the lobes incised or cleft; the upper most often entire and broader, subtending the capitate- clustered flowers; corolla purplish, half an inch long; stamens very unequally inserted. 2. GILIA. Euiz & Pav. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes short-campanulate or rotate, regular. Stamens equally inserted (but sometimes with unequal filaments), not declined. Leaves various. * All of the leaves opposite, at least on the main stems, sessile and palmatety parted or rarely entire. (Seeds mucilaginous in water.} Corolla from short funnel-form to almost rotate; the lobes obovate; filaments slender; anthers oval. Low or slender, loosely and mostly small flowered annuals; the leaves with filiform or setaceous divisions, appearing as if whorled. In ours, the flowers on filiform pedicels, loosely paniculate. 1. Dactylophyllum. Corolla salver-form, but the tube shorter than the calyx, the broad cuneate-obovate ^^> POLEMONIACE.ZE. (&ILIA FAMILY.) lobes slightly crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud; stamens inserted low on corolla tube, included; erect, smooth; leaves entire or 3-5-divided. Z.'" L'tna-nihux. Corolla salver-form,, with usually a filiform elongated tube, and the throat sometimes abruptly dilated; stamens inserted in the throat; anthers short. Erect annuals, with leaves as in the last, and the flowers in a terminal capitate cluster. 3. Leptosiphon. * * All the leaves alternate and palmately parted. Corolla similar to 3. Stems woody; leaves much fascicled in the axils, 3-7-parted, rigid; flowers sessile, solitary or few at the ends of short branches. 4. Leptodactylon. * * * All, or all but the lowest leaves alternate and pinnately compound, cleft or toothed, or rarely entire. Flowers capitate-glomerate or densely clustered, leafy-bracted; bracts and calyx-lobes often laciniate, rigid-acerose or spinulose-tipped. Corolla slender tubular-funnelfonn, with small oblong lobes; cells of the ovary and stigmas sometimes only 2. Annuals, mostly viscid-pubescent, never white-woolly, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their lobes commonly pungent; the bracts sometimes palmately cleft. 5. Navarretia. Flowers, inflorescence, etc., nearly as in 5; but the anthers always exserted; corolla salver-form, more conspicuous; plants all white-woolly, not viscid. 6. Hugelia. Flowers capitate-glomerate, or panicled, or scattered, usually bractless; corolla (blue, purple or violet) from funnel-form to campanulate or almost rotate; stamens included or not surpassing the corolla lobes; leaves mostly pinnately incised. 7. Eugilia* 1. Dactylophyllum. Benth. 1. G. liniflora, Benth. From a few inches to over a foot high; leaves with nearly filiform divisions an inch long; corolla white, rotate, when fully open, 10 to 6 lines across, 5-parted down to the very short tube. Var. pharnaceoides, Gr., is similar but smaller; the (sometimes pinkish) corolla half an inch across, or less. 2. G. pusilla, Benth. Small, 2 to 6 inches high; leaves less than half an inch long, shorter than the scattered pedicels; corolla nearly white, or purplish with a yellow throat, 1^ to 2 lines long, little exceeding the calyx. Var. Californica, Gr., has a corolla 3 lines long, twice the length of the calyx; the throat often brownish. The most frequent form. 3. G. Bolanderi, Gr. Very like the last, but the tube of the blue or purple tinged corolla longer and narrower (3 or 4 lines long). 4. G. aurea, Nutt. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high; divisions of roughish leaves nar- rowly linear, 3 lines long; peduncles shorter or but little longer than the flowers; corolla usually yellow, short, funnel-form half an inch or less across; the roundish-obovate lobes about the length of the obconical throat and the shprt proper tube. 78 POLEMONIACE2E. (GILIA FAMILY.) Var. decora, Gr. Corolla white or pale violet, with or without a brown-purple throat; peduncles longer. 2. Linanthus, Endl. 5. G. dichotoma, Benth. A span to a foot high, remotely leaved; flowers nearly sessile in the forks, or terminating the branches; calyx-tube white scarious; the teeth green; corolla white; the lobes from half to nearly an inch long; the tube sometimes purplish. 3. Leptosipkon, Endl. 6. G. densiflora, Benth. A span to 2 ft. high; leaves in somewhat distant apparent whorls; tube of the white or rose-purple corolla about equaling the villous-hirsute bracts and calyx; its lobes nearly half an inch long, obovate. 7. G. androsacea, Steud. Erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high; corolla lilac, rose, pink or almost white, with a yellow or dark throat; its tube about an inch long. Var. rosacea, Gr., is a dwarf tufted form with many rose-red flowers. 8. G. micraiitlia, Steud. Slender, about a span high; tube of the corolla very slender, 9 to 18 lines long; the lobes 2 or 3 lines long, from yellow to cream color and pale purple, or whitish. 9. G. tenella, Benth. Low and mostly depressed; tube of the corolla 6 to 9 lines long, the rose colored or pink lobes barely a line and a half long, the throat yellow; bracts and leaves hispidulous-ciliate. 10. G. ciliata, Benth. More rigid and hirsute than the preceding, a span to a foot high; tube of the rose-colored or purple, or in age whitish corolla, little if at all exserted beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, the lobes only a line and a half long. 4. Leptodactylon, Hook & Arm 11. G. Californica, Benth. Two or three feet high, with spreading rigid branches; corolla rose-color or lilac, an inch and a half in diameter. 5. Navarretia, Gr. * Stamens included in the throat of the corolla. 12. G. squarrosa, Hook & Arn. Rigid, rather stout, becoming much branched, very glandular- viscid, fetid with the odor of a skunk; upper leaves and bracts spinescent; corolla blue, 4 or 5 lines long. * * Stamens more or less exserted; corolla slender, 3 to 5 lines long. Leaves twice pinnatijid. 13. G. cotralaefolia Steud. Rather stout and rigid, a foot or much less in height; villous pubescent and minutely glandular; upper bracts spinescent; tube of the violet or whitish corolla hardly longer than the calyx; capsule usually 1 -seeded. Exhales the odor of Anthemis cotula (MAYWEED). 14. G. intertexta, Steud. At length diffusely much branched, a span high, neither POLEMONIACE.E. (GILIA FAMILY.) 79 viscid nor glandular; stems retrorsely pubescent; leaves mainly smooth, scarcely bipin- natifid; base of the bracts and tube of the calyx densely white-villous; corolla white. 15. G. leucocephala, Gr. A span high, rather slender, loosely branched, smooth, except a little woolliness at the top; leaves soft; bracts hardly pungent; heads dense; corolla white, longer than the calyx. * * * Stamens exxerted; leaves only once pinnatifid, rigid, linear; corolla violet or purple, barely half an inch long, about twice the length of the pungent calyx-lobes. 16. G. viscidula, Gr. A span high or less, at length much branched, viscid-pu- bescent; bracts palmately cleft. 17. G. atractyloides, Steud. Much more rigid than the last; leaves broader, the floral ovate, all with subulate spiny lobes; few flowered. 6. Hugelia, Benth. * Hoot perennial; stems woody at the base. 18. G, densifolia, Benth. A foot or two high; stems leafy, leaves linear, rigid, the short lobes subulate; flowers numerous in a compact head; corolla over half an inch long, violet blue, exceeding the calyx, the lobes 3 lines long; anthers sagittate. * * Hoot annual, stems slender, afoot or less in height; leaves and their few (if any) divisions filiform. 19. G. virgata, Steud. Tube of the blue corolla longer than the calyx; anthers sagittate. Var. floribunda, Gr. Low and rather stout ; even the upper leaves pinnately 3-7-parted; the numerous heads and flowers as large as G. densifolia. 7. Eugilia, Benth. * Flowers numerous in dense head-like clusters on long naked peduncles; stems erect; stamens inserted in the very sinuses of the short and broad corolla; leaves twice or thrice pin- nately dissected into linear divisions. 20. G. capitata, Dougl. Mostly smooth; stem slender, loosely branched above, a foot or two high; lobes of the light blue (rarely white) corolla narrowly oblong, 2 lines long. 21. G. achilleaefolia, Benth. Stouter and lower than the last, often glandular; the capitate clusters and flowers larger; calyx woolly; lobes of the deeper blue corolla broad. * Flowers in small, rather loose clusters, or scattered in an open panicle. 22. G. multicaulis, Benth. A span to a foot high, simple in early plants, loosely branched in later; flowers few in a cluster terminating the slender naked peduncles, almost sessile; the violet corolla 4 lines long, tube shorter than the viscid calyx; throat funnel-form; capsule ovoid. 80 HYDROPHYLLACE-E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Var. tenera, Gr., is a depauperate form; frequently the peduncles only 1 -flowered. 23. G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, in age diffusely branched; flowers few, in loose, rather short-peduncled clusters; corolla with a very short proper tube and an ample campanulate throat which is pale yellow or orange below, dark pur- ple above; the lilac or violet lobes longer than the stamens. 24. G. iiiconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot high, somewhat viscid or glandular; corolla violet-purple or bluish, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, but small, the lobes only a line long. It passes by gradation into Var. sinuata, Gr., with the tube of the corolla more slender and exserted and the lobes often 2 lines long. 3. POLEMONIUM. Tourn. Flowers as in Gilia, Eugilia, but the corolla short and broad, the stamens somewhat declined, the filaments hairy appendaged at the base. Calyx herbaceous, its divisions and those of the pinnate leaves pointless. 1. P. caeruleum, L. (GREEK VALERIAN. ) Smooth or viscid-pubescent, 2 or 3 ft. high, leafy, usually bearing numerous flowers; corolla an inch or more across, bright blue varying to white; stamens and style exserted. ORDER 39. HYDROPHYLLACE.ffi. Inflorescence usually scorpioid; flowers perfect, regular, 5-androus, the two styles dis- tinct at least at the apex; stigmas terminal, small, capitate. Only in Romanzoffia are the stigmas as well as the styles united. Ovary commonly hispid or hirsute, at least at the top. Mostly herbs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves and no stipules. Tribe 1. HYDROFHYLLE-SI. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Style 2-cleft. Corolla almost always convolute in the bud. Herbs. Flowers solitary or loosely racemose. Calyx with reflexed appendages Nemophila. 1 Calyx naked at the sinuses Ellisia. 2 Tribe 2. FHACELIE-SJ. Ovary 1-2-celled. Style 1-2-cleft. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Calyx naked at the sinuses. Herbs. Corolla not yellow, deciduous Phacelia. 3 Corolla yellow, persistent Enameiiaiithe, 4 Style and stigma entire Romanzoffia. 5 Tribe 3. NAME-33. Ovary, capsule, dehiscence, etc., nearly of Phaceliece. Styles distinct to the base, stigmas capitate. Low shrubs . . Eriodictyon. 6 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 81 1. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the throat appendaged with 10 internal plates or scales Tender herbs with diffuse and procumbent stems, and pinnately lobed or divided leaves, more or less hirsute, * Leaves mostly alternate; stems long and weak, beset with stiff reftexed bristles. 1. N. aurita, Lindl. Leaves large, with auriculate dilated and clasping base or winged petiole deeply pinnatifid into 5 to 9 retrorse lobes; corolla violet, 5 to 12 lines in diameter. * * Leaves opposite not auricled at base. 2. N. maculata, Benth, Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the uppermost only 3-lobed; corolla white, with a violet spot at the top of each lobe, over an inch across. 3. N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves similar to the last;' corolla bright blue, its scales short and roundish, partly free. 4. N. Menziesii, Hook & Arn. Leaves less divided than the last; corolla from light blue to white and sprinkled with dots toward the center, its scales narrow and ad- herent by one edge. * * * Upper leaves often alternate, mostly longer than the peduncles, and slender-pet toled, many only 3-5-lobed, one-sided. 5. N. parviflora, Dougl. Slender and weak; corolla 2 to 5 lines across, light blue or white. 2. ELLISIA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, short in proportion to the calyx; scales minute or obsolete. Stamens and style not exserted. 1. E, chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Stem 1 or 2 ft. high, erect, branched; leaves dis- sected into very many small and short divisions; flowers, small, white; capsule remark- able, viz. : the mostly four ordinary rough seeds enclosed between the placentae, while, between each placenta and the valve which it lines, is hidden a single thin, meniscoidal, smooth seed. 3. PHACELIA, Juss. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions usually narrow and similar; corolla from almost rotate to narrow-funnelform; commonly with appendages upon the inside of the tube in the form of 10 vertical plates, approximate in pairs between the bases of the filaments, or adnate to the filaments, one on each side. Stamens equally inserted low down or at the base of the corolla. Herbs, mostly hirsute or hispid and branched from the base; with simple or compound alternate leaves, or the lower opposite and more or less scor- pioid infloresence. Corolla never yellow except in the throat. Ovules and seeds 4 in all except the last species. (See ADDENDA. ) 6 82 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.; * Leaves simple and entire, or with a pair or two of similar and smaller leaflets or lobes. 1. P. circinata, Jacq. f. A span to a foot or two high from a stout root, hispid and the foliage strigose, either green, grayish or canescent, with a soft pubescence; leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute, the lower tapering into a petiole and some bearing laterffi. leaflets; inflorescence in dense scorpioid hispid spikes, crowded; corolla dull or bluish white; filaments much exserted. A very variable species; usually many stems from one root; some with large entire, ovate green leaves only. 2. P. Breweri, Gr. Foliage and habit similar to the last, but smaller and more slender, from an annual root; leaves seldom an inch long, many of them 3-5-parted, the lanceolate lateral lobes ascending; corolla smaller (scarcely 3 lines long), blue or violet; filaments not exserted. * * Leaves simple, rounded, cordate, lobed and serrate. 3. P. malvaefolia, Cham. Stout, loosely branching, hispid with stinging hairs; leaves 2 inches or more in diameter; spikes solitary, or in pairs; corolla 3 to 6 lines long, dull white or bluish; stamens much exserted. * * * Leaves once to thrice pinnatifid or pinnately compound, oblong in general outline. Calyx bristly hispid, its lobes not rarely unequal. Annuals, the sjjecies difficult to dis- criminate. 4. P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, roughish, hirsute or hispid; leaves 9-17-divided in narrow once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so; the scorpioid spikes clustered; the short pedicels erect or ascending; corolla usually of a dirty mottled white or bluish; stamens and style much exserted; calyx lobes not twice the length of the capsule. 5. P. ramosissima, Dougl. Straggling, somewhat viscid above; leaves pinnately 5-7-divided or parted into linear pinnatifid-incised divisions; the short pedicels soon horizontal; stamens and style moderately exserted; calyx lobes more than twice the length of the globular capsule; flowers bluish. 6. P. ciliata, Benth. A span to a foot high; leaves rarely divided but incised or cleft and toothed; spikes simple or in pairs; stamens usually not surpassing the open corolla; calyx lobes ciliate with glandular bristles; corolla blue. * * * * Leaves entire, or the lower 1-2-lobcd, not cordate, the veins parallel or converging, as in P. circinata; no glandular pubescence ; calyx with long hairs; seeds more than 4- 7. P. divaricata, Gr. Diffusely spreading, a span or more in height; leaves ovate or oblong; style 2-cleft at the apex only; corolla violet, about 10 lines in diameter. 4. EMMENANTHE, Benth. Distinguished from Phacelia by the persistent yellow or cream-colored corolla. BORRAGINACE.E. (fiORR AGE FAMILY.) 83 1. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high; somewhat viscid; leaves pinna* tifid; pedicels filiform, abont half an inch long, equaling the nodding corolla. 5. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. Stamens unequal; style filiform. Low perennial herbs, with the aspect of saxifrages; the leaves mainly radical, round-cordate, or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long petioled. 1. R. Sitchensis, Bong. Scapes weak, a span long, bearing several pink or pur- ple, varying to white flowers; corolla veiny. 6. ERIODICTYON, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form to salver-form. Stamens included. Low ehrubs; the leaves alternate, of rigid coriaceous texture, the finely reticulated veinleta conspicuous on a fine woolly ground, at least underneath, their margins beset with rigid teeth. 1. E. glutinosum, Benth. (MOUNTAIN BALM, or YERBA SANTA.) Smooth, glu- tinous with a resinous exudation, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long; cymes in a naked panicle; corolla tubular, funnel-form, violet or nearly white, half an inch long. E. tomentosum, Benth. , grows farther down the coast. It is larger vrith smaller almost salver-f onu fiowers; densely villous. ORDER 40. BORRAGINACEJE. Mostly roughly pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves without stipules, scor- pioid inflorescence, and perfectly regular 5-androus flowers; the ovary of 4 lobes or divisions around a central style, ripening into seed-like nutlets. Calyx free, 5-parted or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb, commonly imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with its lobes. The one-sided and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blossoms develop. All our species except the first belong to the true Borrage Tribe. * Fruit not prickly. Corolla with plaited sinuses; stigma sessile Heliotropium. 1 Corolla yellow. Bristly-hispid plants Amsinckia. 2 Corolla white Eritrichium. 3 * * The nutlets prickly, bur-like. Flowers sky-blue (rarely white) in bracteate racemes Echinospermum. 4 Flower purple, blue and violet in a peduncled raceme Cynoglossum. 5 Flowers minute; nutlets winged, or boat-shaped Pectocarya. 6 84 ' BORRAGINACEJ3. (BORRAGE FAMILY. J 1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Corolla with plaited sinuses. Filaments short or none; anthers connivent and some, times cohering. Style entire or none; stigma a fleshy ring or the edge of a peltate or umbrella-shaped disk. Fruit dry, splitting into 4 nutlets. 1. H. Curassavicum, L. A smooth and somewhat glaucous succulent herb with spreading or prostrate stems; leaves oblanceolate, an inch or two long; flowers crowded, white or blue; stigma sessile, flat- topped. Blackens in drying. 2. AMSINCKIA, Lehm. Corolla salver-form, or somewhat funnel-form, more or less plaited in the bud at the sinuses, with the tube exceeding the calyx, lobes rounded. Filaments short. Style fili- form; stigma capitate-2-lobed. Nutlets ovate-triangular. Hispid annuals with oblong- ovate to linear leaves, and yellow flowers in at length loose scorpioid spikes or racemes, without bracts, except sometimes the lowest. * Nutlets rough, the back convex. 1. A. spectabilis, Fisch. & Mey. Erect, a span to a foot high; leaves mostly linear; tube of the bright orange-yellow corolla, two or three times the length of the linear, rusty-hispid calyx, nearly half an inch long; the throat enlarged, and the expanded limb a third to half an inch in diameter. 2. A. intermedia, Fisch. & Mey. Erect, usually a foot or two high; leaves linear or only the lower lanceolate; corolla bright yellow, 3 or 4 lines long; its tube a little surpassing the calyx-lobes; the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter. 3. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decum- bent, sparsely hispid with bristles, which on the leaves have conspicuous pustulate bases; leaves from lanceolate to ovate, the margins usually undulate; upper flowers mostly bractless; corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long; the throat little enlarged; the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter. Passes into Var. bracteosa, Gr., a smaller-flowered decumbent form, with most of the flowers bracteate. * * Nutlets nearly flat on the back, coarsely granulate. 4. A. tessellata, Gr. About a foot high, rather stout, coarsely hispid, the bris- tles of the calyx rusty; corolla orange-yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, the throat plaited, the tube rather longer than the obtuse calyx-lobes; nutlets broadly ovate, thickly covered with warty granulations closely fitting like the blocks of a pavement. * * * Nutlets at maturity, whitish, smooth and polished. 5. A. vernicosa, Hook & Am. Sparsely bristly; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate; corolla light yellow, 4 or 5 lines long, and the limb narrow; nutlets shaped like a grain of buckwheat. BORRAGINACEJE. (BORRAGE P. Var. grandiflora, Gr. Robust, more hispid and large flowered, the limbs broader; calyx lobes often combined, so as to appear as 3 or 4. 3. ERITRICHIUM, Schr. Most obviously distinguished from Amsinckia and the nearer Echinospermum by its usually smaller white flowers, with shorter corolla tube. The species difficult of deter- mination. 1. E. Calif ornicum, DC. The slender stems decumbent, a span or more long; the leaves narrowly linear; stems flowering from near the base; flowers almost sessile, mostly with leaves or bracts, at length scattered; the corolla only a line long; calyx open in fruit. Passes into Var. subglochidiatum, Gr. Slightly succulent; lower leaves inclined to spatulate, nutlets somewhat barbed. Wet ground. 2. E. Scouleri, A. DC. Slender, erect a span to a foot high; leaves narrowly linear (1 or 2 inches long); flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes, most of them bractless; pedicels not more than a line long; calyx erect in fruit; corolla surpassing the calyx, the limb almost rotate, 2 to 5 lines in diameter. Seems to pass into the next. 3. E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon spreading or decumbent; larger leaves, 2 to 4 inches long; flowers in lax, usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy-bracted; pedicels sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long; corolla more funnel-form, its limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter. This may be a wet ground form of the last, which grows on dry ground. 4. E. fulvum, A. DC. A span to a foot high, slender branched from a leafy base, pubescent; leaves linear, or the lower lanceolate or spatulate; spikes at maturity nearly filiform, bracteafe only at the base; calyx, etc., densely clothed with rusty or fulvous hairs; calyx deciduous, only the lower part remaining under the fruit; corolla limb 2 lines across. 5. E. canescens, Gr. Stouter and larger than the last; the pubescence whitish, not rusty; leaves linear; calyx hardly deciduous. 6. E. oxycaryum, Gr. May be known by the solitary ovate-acuminate, smooth, shining nutlet enclosed in the persistent bur-like calyx; corolla 2 lines wide. 4. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Calyx lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla short, salver-form, and with con- spicuous arching crests at the throat. Short filaments, style, etc., as in Entrichium. Nutlets with barbed prickles. 1. E. floribundum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2 ft. or more high, or sometimes smaller; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate; racemes numerous, usually geminate; the tri- 86 CONVOLVULACE^. (MORNING GLORY FAMILY.) angular nutlets armed with prickles on the margins; limb of the rotate corolla 2 to 5 lines in diameter, blue, rarely white. 5. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the broad large leaves, the bractless racemes and the nutlets clothed over the whole back with stout barbed prickles. 1. C. grande, Dougl. About 2 ft. high, pubescence soft; radical and lower stem leaves ovate oblong, usually rounded or cordate at the base, long petioled; pam'cled racemes or cymes small, on a long naked terminal peduncle; corolla tube exceeding the calyx; its limb blue to violet, with usually purple crests; 3 to 5 lines wide. G. PECTOCARYA, DC. Structure of the minute white flowers similar to the preceding; nutlets widely spread- ing in pairs, horizontal, oblong or almost linear, surrounded by an incurved wing-like border which is toothed, the apex beset with hooked bristles. 1. P. penicillata, A. DC. Very slender, diffusely branching, spreading, with nar- row linear leaves, and small flowers scattered the whole length of the stem, on very short pedicels; nutlets only a line long. ORDER 41. CONVOLVULACEJE. Herbs, usually twining or trailing, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular perfect flowers; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate with them (5, rarely 4); the free persistent calyx of mostly distinct imbricated sepals; ovary 2-3-celled; capsules generally globular; seeds 1 to'4. Inflorescence axillary. Corolla plaited in the bud; style single Convolvulus. 1 Corolla 5-cleft; styles 2 Cressa. 2 Twining parasites, leafless, yellowish Cuscuta. 3 1. CONVOLVULUS, L. Corolla campanulate or short and open funnel-form, with a 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed border, deeply plaited down the sinuses in the bud. Stamens included. Stylo filiform; stigmas 2, in ours flat, from linear to oval. (See ADDENDA.) * A pair of bracts dose to the calyx, enveloping it. 1. C. Soldanella, L. Maritime, low, smooth; stems a foot or less in length, trail- ing; leaves reniform entire or obscurely angulate-lobed, an inch or two broad, long petioled; corolla pink, purplish, or nearly white. CONVOLVULACEJ3. (MORNING GLORY FAMILY.) 87 2. C. occidentalis, Gr. Mostly smooth; stems twining several feet high; leaves from broadly ovate-triangular with a deep and narrow basal sinus to narrowly lanceolate- hastate; the posterior lobes often 1-2- toothed; peduncle elongated, not rarely 2-flowered within the bracts; these ovate or rarely oblong, commonly surpassing the enclosed calyx; corolla white or pinkish, 1 to 1 J inches broad; stigmas linear. 3. C. Californicus, Choi. Minutely and rather densely pubescent, a span or less high, or with trailing stems a foot long; leaves from ovate or obovate and obscurely hastate to triangular-hastate, the basal lobes sometimes 1-2-toothed, long-petioled; pe- duncles shorter than the petiole; bracts oblong or oval, about equaling the sepals, or shorter; corolla white, cream-color or flesh-color, 1 J to 2 inches long. 4. C. villosus, Gr. Densely silky-villous or woolly; corolla cream colored, an inch long. * * No calyx-like bracts; sometimes a pair of leaves close under the flower or a pair of bracts at some distance below it. 5. C. luteolus, Gr. Stems twining several feet long; leaves triangular-hastate or sagittate, the basal lobes sometimes 2-lobed; peduncles bearing a pair of linear or lan- ceolate entire bracts, a little below the flower; a second flower occasionally from the axil of one of them; corolla pale yellow or purplish, an inch or more in length; stigmas linear. 2. CRESSA, L. Corolla deeply 5-cleft; the oblong or ovate lobes more than half the length of the somewhat campanulate tube. Stamens and the 2 distinct styles exserted. Stigmas capitate. 1. C. Cretica, L. A span or two high, silky-villous and hoary; leaves very numerous, 2 to 4 lines long, almost sessile; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils; corolla 2 or 3 lines long, white. On saline or alkaline soil. 3. CUSCTJTA, Tourn. DODDER. -Calyx 5-4-cleft or parted. Corolla campanulate or short- tubular, the spreading limb 5_4-parted. Styles in our species 2, distinct. Seeds germinating in the soil, but the thread-like, branching, leafless, yellowish or reddish twining stems becoming parasitic on the bark of herbs or small shrubs; being attached by means of suckers. Flowers small, cymose or densely clustered, white or whitish. * Capsule depressed-globose. 1. C. Californica, Choisy. Flowers pedicelled in loose few-flowered cymes; lobes of the calyx acute; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, delicate white; no scales below the stamens. Var. breviflora, Engel. Flowers scarcely over a line long; calyx lobes equaling the corolla-tube. 88 SOLANACEJS. (POTATO FAMILY.) Var. longiloba, Engel. Flowers 1| to 2| lines long; calyx-lobes often with recurved tips; capsule mostly only 1 -seeded, enveloped by the withered corolla. * * Capsule pointed, capped or enveloped by the withered corolla. 2. C. salina, Engel. Flowers 1| to 2^ lines long delicate white; corolla lobes often overlapping, denticulate; capsule surrounded but not capped by the corolla, usually 1-seeded. Growing in saline marshes, usually on Salicornia. 3. C. subinclusa, Dur. & Hilg. Flowers sessile or nearly so (at length in large clusters), 2^ to 4 lines long; lobes of the corolla short, the tube somewhat urn-shaped, only partly covered by the fleshy, usually reddish calyx. The most common species growing on coarse herbs and shrubs. ORDER 42. SOLANACE-33. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers on bractless pedicels, a single style and a 2-celled ovary; the fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule. Corolla rotate; fruit a berry Solanum. 1 Corolla funnel-form; capsule large, spiny Datura. 2 Corolla funnel-form; capsule smooth Nicotiana. 3 1. SOLANUM, Tourn. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Filaments short; anthers usually conniving. Style elongated. (See ADDENDA. ) * Corolla small, white ; deeply 5-cleft. 1. S. iiigram, L. (BLACK N IGHT&IADE. ) Widely branching; leaves usually ovate and sinuate toothed; flowers in umbellate clusters; berries black. Variable. Var. Douglasii, Gr. Leaves apt to be coarsely toothed; flowers sometimes half an inch broad. * * Corolla large, blue, 5-angled. 2. S. umbellifemm, Esch. Somewhat shrubby; flowers in umbel-like clusters, violet-blue to rarely white, about 9 lines broad. A variable species similar to S. Xanti (which is less shrubby and has larger flowers), a common species farther south. 2. DATURA, L. STRAMONIUM. Calyx prismatic, partly deciduous. Corolla with ample 5-pointed limb. Style long; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule spiny. 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth, green; corolla white, about 3 inches long; cap- sule beset with short stout prickles, the lower shorter. SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 8Q 2. D. Tatula, L. Stem reddish-purple; corolla pale violet; prickles- about 3. D. quercifolia, HBK. Green; corolla violet- tinged; prickles flatter some an inch long. Lower Russian River. 3. NICOTIANA. Tourn. TOBACCO. Calyx campanulate or oblong, persistent. Corolla commonly funnel-form, the limb plaited. Style long; stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Very viscid he'rbs. 1. N. rustica, L. Leaves petioled, ovate, or the lower slightly cordate; corolla short and broad, dull-white, less than an inch long. 2. N. Bigelovii, Wat. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, only the lower ones petioled, these scarcely exceeding 6 inches long; corolla nearly salver-form with tube 1 inches long, the limb an inch or more wide, its lobes acute. ORDER 43. SCROPHULARIACEJE. A corolla more or less bilabiate with the lobes imbricated in the bud; didyriamous or diandrous stamens; a single style and a 2-celled ovary and capsule marks this large order. In Pentstemon there is a fifth rudimentary stamen. Verbascum has five perfect stamens. (See ADDENDA.) Two species of Verbascum (Mullein) are found in the State, but probably not within our limits; V. Thapsus, L., with woolly decurrent leaves and V. virgatum, Withe., distinguished by nearly smooth not decurrent leaves and violet bearded filaments. * Leaves mostly alternate; corolla personate. Corolla spurred at base Linaria. 1 Corolla gibbous at base Antirrhinum. 2 * * Leaves opposite or whorled. Corolla erect, the anterior lobe reflexed, the other 4 erect, a scale in the throat on the upper side Scrophularia. 3 Corolla declined, the middle lower lobe infolding the stamens and style . . . Collinsia. 4 Carolla with a fifth sterile filament on the upper side Pentstemon. 5 Stigma 2-lipped or disk-like Mimulus. 6 * * * Corolla rotate or short-campanulate. Calyx 5-toothed; corolla campanulate Limosella. 7 Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed, rotate Veronica. 8 * * Corolla tubular; the upper Up erect or incurved, laterally compressed, iisuaUy en- closing the ascending stamens. Corolla narrow with almost obsolete lower lip ,Castilleia. 9 Corolla with saccate lower lip of 3 lobes Orthocarpus. 10 90 SCBOPHULARIACE^. (FIQWOET FAMILY.) Lips of corolla, both short; the lower 3-crenulate Cordylantlms. 11 Upper lip of the corolla arched; many large radical leaves Fedicularis. 12 1, LINARIA, Tourn. Calyx 5-partecl. Corolla with the throat nearly closed; the base in front (below) pro- longed into a spur. 1. L. Canadensis, Dum. (TOADFLAX.) Smooth; leaves linear, alternate on the erect flowering stems, but smaller and broader ones often opposite or whorled 011 the procumbent shoots; flowers blue in a terminal raceme. 2. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON. Like Linaria, except that the corolla has a saccate protuberance instead of a spur. In ours the upper lip is spreading and the lower lobes deflexed. 1. A. glandulosum, Lindl. Glandular and viscid; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile; flowers in a dense spike or raceme, half an inch or more long, pink with yellowish palate. 2. A. vagans, Gr. Very diffuse, often glandular, branchlets frequently prehensile; leaves short, lanceolate to ovate; flowers scattered, purplish blue, half an inch long. Var. Bolaiideri, Gr. Has broader and thinner leaves, those on the prehensile branch- lets orbicular. 3. A. Breweri, Gr. Has smaller flowers, only 3 lines long; style strongly deflexed. 3. SCROFHULARIA, Tourn. FICWORT. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes broad. Corolla short, with an oblong tube unequally 5-lobed, 4 erect, the two upper the longer. Stamens 4, inserted in pairs, low down on the corolla tube, a rudiment of the fifth stamen in the form of a scale above. Coarse herbs, with inconspicuous flowers. 1. S. Californica, Cham. Nearly smooth, 2 to G ft. high, with deltoid or truncate' ovate doubly toothed opposite leaves; flowers small greenish or lurid red (rarely yellow) in a terminal thyrsus. 4. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with the tube gibbous or saccate on the upper side, commonly declined, conspicuously bilabiate; the upper lip 2-cleft, and its lobes recurv- ing; the lower 3-lobed and larger, its side lobes pendulous-spreading, the middle one folded into a keel-shaped sac and including the declined stamens and style. Stamens in pairs, with long filaments, anthers round-reniform. A gland at the base of the corolla on the upper side answers to the fifth stamen. Beautiful annuals with simple opposite or whorled leaves, all but the lower sessile; pedicels solitary or whorled in the axils of leaves which diminish to small bracts above. SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 91 * Flowers short-pediceled or nearly sessile, verticillate. 1. C.,bicolor, Benth. A foot or more high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper usually ovate-lanceolate and sessile by a nervose veined base; pedicels shorter than the acute lobes of the calyx; the lower lip or the corolla violet or rose-purple and the upper paler to nearly white; the saccate throat very oblique to the true tube, fully as broad as long; gland short. The most showy species, with flowers nearly an inch long. 2. C. tiiictoria, Hartw. Foliage, etc,, like the preceding; generally more viscid- pubescent; flowers almost sessile; corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with purple dots or lines; upper lip very short. East side of Sacramento Valley. . 3. C. bartsiaefolis, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular; leaves from ovate- oblong to linear; flower- whorls 2 to 5, rarely only one; the lateral lobes of the lower lip emarginate or obcordate; gland elongated. Flowers nearly as large as the preceding, purplish, pale violet, or whitish; upper lip with a transverse callosity at the origin of tha limb. 4. C, Greenei, Gr. Upper lip of the violet purple corolla about half the length o\ the lower, crested below with a pair of callous teeth on each side connected by a ridge. Corolla 5 lines long. Lake County. * Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or umbellate-whorled. 6. C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & Mey. Slender; upper leaves linear-oblong or linear- lanceolate, merely opposite or the upper minute floral bracts in threes; pedicels solitary in the axils, longer or shorter than the flower which is 4 to 8 lines long; corolla mostly violet; the upper lip and the middle lobe of the lower commonly yellowish and purple- dotted; calyx usually purple-tinged. 7. C. parviflora, Dougl. Low, at length diffuse about a span high; the blue, or partly white flowers solitary or 2 to 5 in a whorl, 2 to 4 lines long; stigma cleft, gland capitate, short-stipitate. 5. PENTSTEMON, Mitch. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a conspicuous mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the limb more or less bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-cleft, recurved or spreading. The conspicuous sterile filament strongly marks the genus, remarkable for its many beau- tiful species. (See ADDENDA.) 1. P. Menziesii, Hook. Tufted at the woody base, a span to a foot high; leaves oval or ovate, a half to an inch long; corolla about an inch long, pink-red; anthers with the diverging cells long- woolly. Mt. St. Helena, Mrs. M. L. Swett. 2. P. corymbosus, Benth. A foot or two high, soft-pubescent or nearly smooth, leafy to the tip; corolla scarlet, an inch long; anthers smooth; steril filament, bearded down one side. 3. P. breviflorus, Lindl. 3 to G ft. high, with long, slender, flowering branches; corolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half an inch long; the tipper lip beset with long viscid hairs; sterile filament naked. 92 SCKOPHULAEIACE^E, (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 4. P. Lemmoni, Gr. Is smaller and may be distinguished from the last by its yellow bearded sterile filament. 5. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Stems 1 to 5 ft. high from a woody base; leaves lan- ceolate or linear; corolla an inch or more in length, ventricose, rose-purple or pink chang- ing to violet, an inch or more in length. Difficult to distinguish from the next. Coast Range. 6. P. azureus, Benth. Usually smaller than the last; the larger corolla azure blue changing to violet; the base sometimes reddish; the expanded limb sometimes an inch broad. Sierra Nevada. 6. MIMULUS, L. Calyx mostly plicately o-angled. Corolla funnel-form, with the included or rarely exserted tube bilabiately 5-lobed; the lobes roundish, more or less spreading or the upper turned back; a pair of ridges running down the lower side of the throat. The anthers of terl approximate in pairs, their cells divergent. The lobes of the stigma com- monly petaloid-dilated or peltate-funnelform. Flowers axillary on simple peduncles; commonly showy. 1. M. tricolor, Lindl. Stem, when beginning to flower, only a quarter of an inch high, at length 3 inches. Corolla about 1| inches long, with a long exserted slender tube, a short funnelform throat, and similar nearly equal lobes; pink, with a crimson spot on the base of each lobe, a yellow stain along the lower lip. Leaves sessile. 2. M. Douglasii, Gr. Similar to the last; leaves contracted into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla much shorter than the erect upper one or even obsolete; the throat more ample. Stem from a ^ to 6 inches high. 3. M. glutinosus, Wendl. A brittle-stemmed shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high, with thick glutinous-sticky leaves and mostly buff or salmon-colored flowers, but running into varieties with red, red-brown, or scarlet flowers. 4. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous, with viscid hairs'; the large leaves ovate, the upper often connate; corolla frequently 2 inches long; the tube hardly exceeding the long calyx, the limb very oblique, scarlet. Along water courses. 5. M. luteus, L. Mostly smooth, varying greatly in size from a foot to even 4 ft. high; leaves ovate oval or cordate; corolla deep yellow, usually spotted within, and the base of the lower lip blotched with brown-purple, from 1 to 2 inches long. Moist ground. 6. M. inconspicuus, Gr. Smooth, 2 to 7 inches high; the ovate or lanceolate leaves sessile, a half inch or less long; corolla 5 lings long, yellow or rose-color; calyx teeth very short. 7. M. moschatus, Dougl. (MusK PLANT.) Very villous and usually musk-scented; stems spreading and creeping; flowers yellow. Our form is chiefly Var. longiflorus, Gr., with very clammy leaves and flowers an inch long, scarcely musky. SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILT.) 93 8. M. pilosus, Wat. A span to a foot high, much branched, soft, -villous and slightly viscid, many flowered from near the base; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, sessile, entire; calyx tube not prismatic; corolla yellow, obscurely bilabiate, 3 or 4 lines long, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on the lower lobe. 7. LIMOSELLA, L. MTJDWORT. Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, nearly regular. Style short; stigma thickish. Diminutive annuals, with narrow fleshy leaves in clusters around the 1 -flow- ered scapes. Flower small, white or purplish. 1. L. aquatica, L. An inch to a span high, growing in brackish mud or in fresh water. 8. VERONICA, L. The lower lobe and sometimes the lateral ones of the rotate corolla sometimes smaller than the others. Stamens' 2, one on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Cap- Bules compressed. Flowers small (a line or two broad), in racemes or spikes, or solitary in the axils; blue, purplish, or white. 1. V. Americana, Schw. Stems a span to two feet long; leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, rather succulent, short-petioled, an inch or two long, opposite. Flowers in axil- lary racemes, bluish, with purple stripes. Common in damp places. 2. V. peregrina, L. A span or more high, all the upper leaves alternate, linear- oblong; flowers minute, in the axils of the leaves, and mostly narrow bracts; capsule obcordate. 9. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. Calyx tubular, more or less cleft in front or behind, or both; the lobes 2 and lateral, or 4. Corolla tubular, laterally compressed, especially the long upper lip (galea); the lower lip very short or minute, 3-toothed, and somewhat saccate below the short teeth; the tube usually inclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, inclosed in the galca; anthers 2-celled, the long cells unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner ones smaller, pendulous. Style long; the capitate stigma sometimes 2-lobed. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with mostly alternate, sessile leaves, the floral ones or their tips, as well as the calyx lobes, commonly petaloid and colored red, yellow, or white. Flowers in terminal, simple, leafy spikes. 1. C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. Annual; a foot or two high; leaves narrowly lanceo- late, entire; the upper floral bracts usually broader, the apex toothed, red; spike with scattered, frequently pedicellate flowers below; calyx red; an inch long, its front fissure hardly twice as deep as the back one, the narrow loes acutely 2-cleft; corolla 1 to 1 inches long, exserted so as to expose the callous lip; the galea about equal to the tube, yellowish or tipped with red. 2. C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. Perennial (as are all the following); branching from 94 SCROPHULAKIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) the base, 1 or 2 ft. high, villous-hirsute and viscid; leaves oval, obtuse, half an inch or more long, some above 3-5-lobed and red; calyx 2-cleft to the middle, the lobes entire or emarginate, almost equaling the corolla; corolla 8 lines long, the short teeth of the lip inflexed. 3. C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 ft. high, villous-hirsute above; leaves variously cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline are mainly entire and nar- row; calyx lobes oblong and 2-cleft at the apex or to below the middle; corolla an inch or less long; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted A variable species. As in the preceding species, the bracts and calyx are usually colored red or crimson, but some- times varying to yellow or even white. 4. C. miniata, Dougl. Commonly 2 ft. high, strict, often slender; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, almost always entire, the broad floral ones of the close spike some- times incised or 3-cleft, visually bright red, rarely whitish; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; corolla over an inch long, exserted, exposing the short ovate teeth of the lip. 5. C. foliolosa, Hook. & Arn. Densely white- woolly, the matted hairs loosened with age; many-stemmed from a woody base; leaves narrowly linear, an inch or less long, crowded below and fascicled in the axils. 10. ORTHOCARFUS, Nutt. Chiefly distinguished from Castilleia by the upper lip of the corolla (galea) which but little, if at all, surpasses the usually more conspicuous and inflated 1-3-saccate lower lip. 1. CASTILLEIOIDES, Gr. Lower lip of the corolla simply or somewhat triply saccate, and bearing 3 conspicuous teeth; the galea broadish or narrow; stigma capitate; anthers all 2-celled; bracts with colored tips. * Filaments smooth; galea straight or nearly so, naked, narrow; the lip moderately ventricose ; its teeth erect. 1. O. attemiatus, Gr. Slender, strict, a span or two high, mostly simple; leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes; spike slender; lower flowers scattered; bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped; corolla narrow, half an inch long, white or whitish; narrow teeth of the purple-spotted lip nearly equaling the galea. 2. O. densiflorus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from the base 6 to 12 inches high; spike dense, many flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers rather distant; bracts 3-cleft, about equaling the flowers, their linear lobes purple and white; corolla from 8 to 12 lines long, the tips usually purplish, the teeth of the lip shorter than the galea. 3. O. castilleioides, Benth. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched; leaves from lanceolate to oblong, usually laciniate; the upper and the bracts cuneate-dilated and incisely cleft, green or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish; spikes dense, short and thick: corolla nearly an inch long, dull white or purplish- tipped; lip ventricose- dilated. SCKOPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 95 * Filaments pubescent ; galea densely red-bearded ; the obtuse tip incurved. 4. O. purpurascens, Benth. Bracts and corolla usually crimson to rose-color. Distinguished by the bearded, hooked galea, and large stigma. 2. TRIPHYSARIA, Benth. Loiver Up of the corolla conspicuously 8-saccate, and very much larger than the slender galea, its teeth small, the tube Jiliform; stigma capitate, some- times 2-lobed; bracts like the leaves and not colored. 5. O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, 3 or 4 inches high; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, and bracts 3-5-parted into filiform divisions; flowers scattered, inconspicuous, shorter than the bracts; corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; lip moderately 3-lobed; galea soon exposing the stamens. 6. O. floribundus, Benth. Slender, erect, 4 to 12 inches high; spike many-flowered, dense above; corolla white or cream-color, half an inch long; the tube twice the length of the calyx; stamens about the length of the soon open galea; the lip with 3 divergent oval sacs, their scarious teeth erect. 7. O. erianthus, Benth. Erect, a span or more high, much branched, pubescent; corolla sulphur-yellow, with the slightly falcate galea brown-purple; tube 6 to 8 lines long, filiform, densely pubescent, thrice the length of the calyx; the lip of 3 globular- inflated sacs, 1 to 2 lines long; the galea subulate, inclosing the stamens more strictly than the preceding. Var. roseus, Gr. Corolla rose-purple, shorter. 8. O. faucibarbatus, Gr. Nearly smooth, less branched, and leaves with coarser divisions than the last; corolla with smaller sacs and less beard within the lip; the straight galea pale. 9. O. lithospermoides, Benth. Hirsute above; stem 4 to 12 inches high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy; bracts of the dense many-flowered spike about equaling the flowers; corolla an inch or less long, cream-color, often turning pale rose-color; sacs 3 lines deep; the teeth inconspicuous; anthers 2-celled. 11. CORDYLANTHUS. Nutt. Calyx of an anterior and a posterior leaf -like division, or the former wanting. Corolla tubular, a little enlarging upward; the lips short and of nearly equal length; the lower very obtusely and crenulately 3-toothed; he upper straight and compressed, with the apex incurved. Style mostly hooked at the tip. Branching annuals with alternate nar- row leaves either entire or 3-5-parted; the floral ones not brightly colored. Flowers one to each bract, dull- colored, yellowish or purplish; the corolla not much exceeding the calyx. 1. ADENOSTEGIA, Gr. Calyx 2-leaved; flowers short pediceled or nearly sessile, sub" tended by 2 to 4 bractlets; floral leaves and bracts tipped with a gland. 1. C. filifolius, Nutt. A foot or two high; leaves filiform; the lower entire, the 96 OROBANCHACE^. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) upper 3-5-parted, the floral with cuneate base and ciliate margins; corolla purplish, 6 to 9 lines long. 2. C. pilosus, Gr. Larger, soft-villous and hoary; the floral leaves 3-toothed at the tip; corolla yellowish with some purple, less than an inch long. 2. KEMISTEGIA, Gr. Calyx 1-leaved; flowers without bractlets, each sessile in the axil of a claspiny bract; no glands at the tips of the leaves. 3. C. maritimus, Nutt. Leaves smooth, somewhat fleshy, all entire; flowers in a capitate spike; corolla dull-purplish; pairs of .filaments very unequal. In salt marshes. 4. C. mollis, Gr. Stamens only 2, with smooth filaments; the upper leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Salt marshes. 12. PED1CULARIS, Tourn. Calyx 2-5-toothed, irregular. Corolla strongly bilabiate; the galea arched and laterally compressed; the lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, inclosed in the galea; anthers transverse, equally 2-celled. 1. P. densiflora, Benth. Nearly smooth, stout, becoming a foot or more high; leaves broad-lanceolate in outline, twice-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, and the divisions irregularly and sharply incised or toothed; the upper bracts of the dense elongated spike or raceme simpler; calyx-teeth, 5; corolla red or scarlet. ORDER 44. OROBANCHACEJE. Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of leaves and green color. Distinguished from Scroph- ulariacece, by the 1 -celled ovary. 1. APHYLLON, Mitch. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, regular or nearly so. Corolla tubular and curved, almost regular, or bilabiate. Stamens included; cells of the anthers deeply separated from below upward, mucronate at base. Stigma peltate or bilamellar. Low pale or brownish herbs; the flowers yellowish or purplish. * Scapes or peduncles naked; corolla ivith an almost regular 5-lobed border. 1. A. uniflorum, Gr. Coralla about an inch long, bluish purple, violet-scented. 2. A. fasciculatum, Gr. Scaly stem rising out of the ground 2 or 3 inches, bearing many peduncles; lobes of the calyx not longer than the tube; flowers dull yellow or purplish. * Stems rising above the ground; flowers bracteate; corolla plainly bilabiate. 3. A. comosum, Gr. Low, branching at or near the surface of the ground; flowers LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 97 on slender pedicles in a corymb or short raceme; corolla rose-purple or purple, an inch or more long, or twice the length of the deeply parted calyx; anthers' woolly. 4. A. Calif ornicum, Gr. Flowers crowded in an oblong thyrsus or raceme; calyx lobes nearly equaling the tube of the yellowish or purplish corolla; anthers smooth or nearly so. 5. A. tuberosum, G. Flowers small, sessile in a compact cluster; yellowish. BoschniaJcia strobilacca, Gr., if found may bo known by its resemblance to a spruce cone, 3 or 4 inches long, the flowers striped with white and brownish red; scale-like bracts brown. ORDER 45. LABIATJE. Chiefly aromatic herbs with square stems, opposite simple leaves, and no stipules, bilabiate corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a 4-lobed ovary with a single style, forming seed-like nutlets in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Flowers perfect, axillary. Calyx 3-o-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate. Stamens on the tubes of the corolla. Style, 2-clet at the apex; often unequally so, or one of the lobes obsolete; stigmas minute. Tribo 1. SATUREIE.S3. Stamens erect or ascending; the posterior pair shorter or wanting; anthers 2-celled, and the short lobes never far separated, sometimes partly confluent but not blended. Upper lip of the corolla never hooded; all the lobes flat or nearly so. * The small corolla about equally 4-lobed; tube naked within. Stamens 4, nearly equal Mentha. 1 Stamens 2, with anthers; posterior pair sterile or wanting Lycopus. 2 * Corolla bilabiate; no hairy ring within the base of the tube. 4- Calyx about equally 5-toothed and 13-nerved; style beardless. Flowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight. Stamens distant and divergent Pycnanthemum. 3 Stamens cxserted Monardella. 4 Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils. Stamens 4, curving, shorter than the corolla Micromeria, 5 4- 4- Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft, mostly 15-nerved; style bearded above. Stamens 4, sometimes the upper pair sterile Fogogyne. 6 * * * Corolla not manifestly bilabiate; a hairy ring at the base of the tube within. Shrubby. Flowers large, campanulate Sphacele. 7 Tribo 2. MONARDE^K. Stamens only 2, fertile, the upper pair rudimentary or want- ing; anthers apparently or really of a single linear-oblong cell, or of 2 cells widely sep- arated upon the ends of a filament-like connective. 7 1)8 LABIAT2E. (MINT FAMILY.) Connective longer than the filament itself, which it strides, a narrow anther- cell at its upper end, a smaller one or a long process at the lower Salvia. 8 Connective much shorter than the slender filament and continuous or barely articulated with its apex, or apparently none; anther 1 -celled, no rudi- ment of the second cell below Audibertia. 9 Tribe 3. STACHYDE^E. Stamens 4, with anthers, ascending and parallel under the concave or galeate upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 5-10-nerved. Herbage less aromatic than the preceding tribes. Calyx with a projection on the upper side, casque-shaped Scutcllaria. 10 Calyx bilabiate. Filaments 2-forked, one fork bearing the anther Brunclla. 11 Calyx 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed Stachys. 12 Tribe 4. AJUGOIDE^E. Stamens parallel, and protruding from the cleft on the upper side of the corolla; the anterior longer. Corolla with 5 similar oblong lobes Trichostema. 13 i. MENTHA, L. MINT. Calyx about equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a short included tube, and a campanulate border; the upper lobe broadest, entire or emarginatc. Odorous herbs, with very small flowers in dense clusters forming an apparent whorl in the axils or spikatc at the tops of the branches. 1. M. Canadensis, L. Leaves from oblong-ovate to almost lanceolate, sharply ser- rate, acute, short-potioled; flowers all in axillary clusters, whitish or purplish. 2. LYCOPU3, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND. Chiefly distinguished from Mentha by the stamens. Flowers white, in false whorls. 1. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Amerioanus, Gr. The subterranean runners producing tubers; leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely serrate, sessile 'or nearly so. 3. PYCNANTHEMT7M, Michx. Corolla short, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx. Anther-cells close and parallel. Perennial erect herbs with small flowers. 1. P. Californicuni, Torr. About 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, sweet-odor- ous, whitened with soft pubescence, or in age smoothish : leaves from ovate to ovate-lan- ceolate, closely sessile by a slightly cordate or roundish base, sparingly denticulate or entire; heads of flowers very dense at the summit, white- villous; flowers whitish. 4. MONARDELLA, Benth. Marked by the flowers compacted in terminal heads iuvolucrate with bracts, flesh-color or purple. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 99 * Perennial, in tufts from a procumbent and almost woody base. $ ~ 1. M. villosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous a foot or two high; leaves ovate, often with a few obtuse teeth, being 6 to 10 lines long, petioled. Sometimes nearly smooth. * * Annual; leaves entire or undulate. 2. M. undulata, Benth. A span to a foot or more high; leaves from oblong Bpatulate to nearly linear with a narrowed base, obtuse, undulate-margined, about an inch long; bracts and calyx villous; corolla rose-color. Has the odor of Peppermint. 3. M. Breweri, Gr. A span or more high; leases oblong or ovate, pinnately veined, the larger an inch long; bracts broadly ovate, cuspidate, whitish-scarious, the outer pinnately and the inner nervosely 7-9-ribbed; corolla rose-purple. 4. M. Douglasii, Benth. Loosely branclied; leaves lanceolate, an inch long, taper- ing into the petiole; the silvery white or purple-tinged bracts mostly transparent, with a Btrong marginal vein connected with the midrib by pinnate veins. Strong-scented; co- rolla deep rose-color. 5. MICROMERIA, Benth. Calyx not gibbous. Corolla short; upper lip erect, flattish, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, 3-parted. Low plants, sweet-odorous, with small axillary flowers. 1. M. Douglasii, Benth. YERBA BUENA. Perennial herb, with long slender creep- ing and trailing stems; leaves round-ovate, thin, sparingly toothed, short petioled, an inch long or less; flowers mostly solitary on a long filiform 2-bracteolate peduncle; co- rolla purplish or white, 4 lines long. 2. M. purpurea, Gr. Erect, much branched; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely serrate; flowers in umbel-like clusters; corolla purple-blue, 2 lines long. 6. POGOGYNE, Benth. Calyx cleft to below the middle; the 2 lower teeth longer; corolla straight, tubular- funnclform, with short lips; the erect and entire upper lip and the three lobes of the spreading lower one oval and somewhat alike. Stamens with the upper shorter pair sometimes sterile; the anther cells parallel and pointless. Style somewhat exserted, bearded above. Low annuals, sweet-aromatic; with oblong or oblanceolated leaves nar- rowed into a petiole; flowers mostly crowded and interrupted spicate; bracts and calyx hirsutc-ciliatc; the corolla blue or purplish. * Stamens all four with anthers; style conspicuously bearded above, and its subidate lobe* almost equal; corolla 6 to 9 lines lonr/; Jlowers densely crowded into an oblonrj cylindri- cal spike, which is conspicuously white-hirsute with the long, stiff, ciliate hairs of the calyx. 1. P. Douglasii, Benth. Hather stout, a span to a foot high; leaves veiny, some- 100 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) times sparingly toothed; bracts linear, acute; lower lobes of the calyx much longer than the others. 2. P. parviflora, Benth. Smaller; bracts mostly obtuse; corolla 5 or 6 lines long. * * Upper stamens sterile; style, sparingly hairy, its lobes very unequal; flowers barely 2 lines lony. 3. P. oerp ylloidos, Gr. Stems 3 to G inches high; leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 2 or 3 lines long; lower flowers remote and of ten solitary; the upper usually interruptedly spicate. 7. SFHACELE,. Benth. Calyx thin, membranaceous and reticulated. Corolla with 5 broad, rather erect lobes, the lower one longest. Anther cells diverging. Somewhat shrubby, veiny-leaved. G. calycina, Benth. Villous-pubcscent or tomentose, leafy, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, ovate or oblong crenate or serrate, or almost entire; the floral, ovate- lanceolate, sessile; flowers an inch long, mostly solitary in the upper axils, purplish or lead-color. 8. SAL VIA, L. SAGE. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, straight or falcate, 2-lobed, the lower spreading or drooping, its middle lobe sometimes notched or obcor- date. In our species the upper lip of the calyx is longer than the lower, 3-2-toothed; the lower 2-parted; the teeth spinulose; corolla ringent. 1. S. carduacea, Benth. White- woolly with cobwebby hairs; steins nearly naked, surrounded at the base with thistle-like leaves; head-like false whorls 1 to 4, an inch or more iu diameter, about equaling the involucre of spiny-toothed bracts; corolla 10 to 12 lines long, blue or purple. 2. B. Columbariae, Benth. (CmA.) Soft pubescent; flower whorls lor 2; involu- crate bracts, sometimes purplish; corolla 3 or 4 lines long, blue; leaves not spinescent. 9. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. Sufficiently distinguished from Salvia in the synopsis. Mostly hoary perennials, her- baceous or shrubby; with rugose-veiny, crenulate, sage-like leaves, and densely capitate- glomerate flowers. 1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a somewhat woody base; lower leaves 3 to 8 inches long; floral ones broadly ovate and membranaceous; corolla an inch and a half long; purple-crimson; stamens much exserteoL 2. A. humilis, Benth. A span high, cespitose; leaves mainly radical; spike of 3 or 4 small, sessile, head-like clusters; corolla half an inch longer less, bluish purple. 3. A. stachyoides, Benth. Shrubby, 3 to 8 feet high; style and stamens little exserted; corolla about as the last. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 101 10. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. Calyx, with two entire lips and a gibbous projection on the back, closed after flower- ing. Corolla, with an elongated and curved ascending tube, a dilated throat, an erect arched or galeate upper lip, with which the lateral lobes appear to be connected; the anterior lobe appearing to form the whole lower lip. Herbs, not aromatic; with single axillary, rather conspicuous flowers. 1. S. angustifolia, Pursh. A span to a foot high; leaves about an inch long; the radical ones often roundish or even cordate; corolla blue or violet, an inch long, with a slender tube; lower lobe villous inside. Ours is mainly Var. canescens, Gr. A form with soft, hoary pubescence, and the tube of the corolla bent so as to throw the upper part backward. 2. S. Californica, Gr. Puberulent; stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender; leaves from lanceolate-oblong to oval-ovate; the lower an inch or more long, often serrate; upper gradually reduced to half an inch or less; lips of the yellowish corolla about equal. 3. S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft, pubescent or villous; stems slender, erect and short, or trailing a foot in length; tho filiform subterranean shoots bearing tubers; leaves mostly ovate, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed or entire, 5 to 18 lines long; corolla deep bluo or violet. 11. BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. Calyx-lips closed in fruit. Corolla with ascending tube, open lips, and slightly-con- tracted orifice; upper lip arched and entire; lower 3-lobed, its middle lobo drooping, rounded, concave, denticulate. Low perennials, the flowers crowded in a terminal ob- long or cylindraceous head or spike. 1. B. vulgaria, L. A span to a foot or more in height; leaves ovate or oblong, slen- der-petioled; corolla violet, purple, or rarely white; calyx purplish. 12. STACHYS, L. Corolla with cylindrical tube not dilated at the throat; the tipper lip erect and concavo or arched; the lower spreading, its middle lobo larger. Stamens ascending under tho upper lip; filaments naked; anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled. Herbs, not aro- matic, with flowers clustered, capitate, or scattered, often spicato at the end of the branches; flowers sessile or nearly so. * Corolla white or whitish; the upper lip bearded or woolly on the lack; herbage tomcntose or soft hairy. 1. S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high; silky-villous with whitish hairs j leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 3 inches long, tho tipper sessile; flow- ers about 3 in the axils of tho distant upper leaves, and loosely leafy-spicate at the sum. mit. Moist ground. 102 VERBENACE.E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 2. S. albens, Gr. Soft-tomentose with whitish wool, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves mostly cordate at base, obtuse, crenate, 2 or 3 inches long; flowers several or many in capitate clusters which usually exceed the small floral leaves and form an interrupted spike; corolla white with purple dots on the lower lip. 3. S. pyciiautha, Benth. Very hirsute, with long and mostly soft spreading hairs, not white, two feet high or more; flowers in a dense cylindraceous naked spike (an inch or two long), exceeding the small bract-like floral leaves except in the lowest and some- times rather distant clusters; corolla white or cream-color, with purple on the lower lip. (?) * * Corolla purple, the upper Up hairy on the back; pubescence somewhat hispid; no tomentum. 4. S. bullata, Benth. Stem retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves somewhat rugose, nearly all petioled, 1 to 2 inches long; flowers usually 6 in the false whorls, these rather distant, forming a narrow interrupted spike; lower lip of the corolla fully as long as the tube, 4 or 5 lines long, the upper half as long. Variable. * * * Tube of the rose-red corolla twice as long as the calyx, G to 9 lines long. 5. S. Cliamissonis, Benth. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, stout, mostly rough-hispid, with retrorse rigid bristles; leaves 2 to 5 inches long; lips of the corolla pubesc'ent outside. Wet ground. 13. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE-CURLS. Calyx campanulate and almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with short or slender tube and an almost equally 5-parted limb. Stamens with long capillary curved filaments, some- times cohering at the base. Strong scented herbs; with entire leaves, and blue or purple corolla and stamens. In ours the flowers are in cymose axillary clusters, somewhat raceme-like in age; the corolla about 5 lines long, and the stamens twice as long or more. 1. T. laxuni, Gr. Minutely soft pubescent, about a foot high, simple or loosely branched from the base; leaves rather distant, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole at the base; flower clusters distinctly peduncled, usually forked and in age equaling the leaves; corolla almost smooth. 2. T. lanceolatum, Benth. Leafy; leaves much longer than the internodes, lance- olate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, 3-5-ncrved, an inch or less long; flower clusters nearly sessile, short, one-sided; corolla somewhat pubescent. Its odor sicken- ing, tarry. ORDER 46. VERBENACEJE. Herbs or shrubs differing from Labiatce mainly in the ovary and fruit, which is undi- vided and 2-4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlets, or drupaceous, containing as many little stones. PLANTAGINACE.E. (PLANTAIN K^IILY.') 103 1. VERBENA, L. Calyx 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter. Corolla salver-form, the limb unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included, the upper pair sometimes sterile. Stigma unequally lobed. Ovary 4 -celled. Herbs with small flowers, ours about 2 lines in diameter. 1. V. officinalis, L. Some of the lower leaves pinnatifid; spikes mostly solitary, filiform; corolla purple or lilac, 2 or more lines in diameter. 2. V. hastata, L. Stouter and taller, 3 to G ft. high;- leaves serrate or incised, the lower hastate-3-lobed; spikes panicled, densely flowered; corolla blue, 2 lines in diameter. 3. V. prostrata, R. Br. Soft hirsute, diffuse, a foot high; villoua spikes long; corolla violet or blue. ORDER 47. PLANTAGINACEJE. Stemless herbs with flowers in spikes, the 4-cleft regular corolla dry and scarious. 1. PLANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. Flowers in spikes or heads, bracteate. Calyx of 4 persistent sepals free from the ovary. Stamens 2 or 4 on the corolla alternate with its lobes, anthers versatile. Style filiform, bearded above. ^Stemless herbs with nerved or ribbed radical leaves and naked scapes of small greenish flowers. * Flowers with 4 stamens. 1. P. major, L. Mostly smooth; leaves ovate or broadly oblong, abruptly con- tracted into a channeled petiole, 5-7-ribbed; spike long and slender; capsule 7-16-seeded. 2. P. hirteUa, HBK. Leaves smooth, rather fleshy, oblanceolate to obovate, 3-7- ribbed, tapering into a narrow base or wing-margined petiole; scape 1 to 3 ft. high; flowers large. 3. P. lanceolata, L. Mostly hairy; leaves lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed; scape deeply grooved. 4. P. maritima, L. Leaves linear, fleshy; scapes usually short. 5. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Leaves linear to filiform, thin, usually silky-woolly. Dry ground. * * Flowers with 2 stamens. G. P. Bigelovii Gr. Leaves linear; small Salt marshes. 104 NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) DIVISION 3. APETALuE. ORDER 48. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. Twining shrubs or low herbs with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate in the bud and coherent witli the 6-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded G-celled, pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Gray's Manual. 1. ARXSTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Calyx tubular, inflated above the ovary. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the short stigma. 1. A. Californica, Gr. (Pipe-Vine.) A twining shrub with large cordate leaves, flowers curved like a Dutch pipe, greenish, marked with brown or purple. 2. ASARUM, Tourn. Calyx regular, 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments; their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Stemless herbs with creep- ing rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two leaves, and terminated by a short pedunclcd-flower close to the ground. 1. A. caudatum, Lincll. (Wild Ginger.) The smooth broadly cordate leaves usually mottled with white; calyx bell-shaped, the acuminate lobes spreading, brownish purple. Common in forests; the flowers likely to be hidden under leaves. ORDER 49. NYCT AGIN ACE M. Herbs with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems swollen at the joints, the tubular calyx corolla-like, its persistent base contracted, inclosing the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and becoming a sort of indehiscent pod. 1. ABRONIA, Juss. Calyx salverform, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the tube. Style included; stigma, capitate or clavate. Fruit 5-winged. Embryo by abortion inono- cotyledonous, enfolding mealy albumen. Low herbs, with the opposite thick petioled leaves unequal, and the flowers in involucrate heads. Common on sandy sea beaches. A viscid exudation causes sand to stick to every part of the plants. 1. A. arenaria, Menz. (Yellow Sand-Verbena. ) Eoot perennial; stems procum- bent; leaves very thick, sub-cordate to reniform, on thick petioles; flowers orange-yel- low, fragrant. POLYGOXACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 105 2. A. umbellata, Lamb. (Pink Sand- Verbena.) Annual; stems decumbent, leaves oblong or ovate, attenuate at base into slender petioles; flowers pink. ORDER CHKXOrODlACEJB is represented by introduced weeds of the genus Chenopodium, viz.: Goosefoot, Lamb's-quarters, Pigweed, Jerusalem Oak, Wormseed, etc. Sulicornia (Glasswort) grows in salt marshes, and inny be known by its fleshy leafless jointed stems, with opposite branches. ORDER 50. POLYGONACE^I. Herbs, with alternate leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths, or. obsolete, above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary, bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single seed. Stamens 4-12 inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually entire. 1. POLYGONUM, L. Calyx 5-parted; the divisions petal-like, persistent in fruit, and surrounding the usually 3-angled akene. Stamens 3 to 8. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Herbs with small flowers on jointed pedicels. (See ADDENDA.) * Flowers in spikes. 1. P. acre, HBK. (Water Smartweed.) Leaves lanceolate with sheathing fringed stipules; calyx pinkish, dotted; stamens 8; style 3-parted. Wet places. * Greenish white flowers axillary; stamens usually 5 ; stigmas ylobose nearly sessile. 2. P. aviculare, L. (Knotgrass, Door- weed.) Prostrate or spreading; leaves lan- ceolate, sessile. 3. P. maritimum, L. (Coast Knotgrass.) Glaucous; leaves thickened, the stipules large; flowers larger than the last. 2. RUMEX, L. Calyx of C sepals; the three outer herbaceous, spreading in fruit; the three inner larger, Bomewhat petaloid, covering the akene in fruit (then called valves), and often bearing grain-like appendages on the outside. Stamens C. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. Introduced weeds with small greenish flowers crowded and whorled in panicled racemes. 1. R. crispus, L. (Curled Dock.) Leaves with wavy margins; heart-shaped valves with grains. A tall weed, in moist cultivated ground. 2. R. maritimus, L. (Golden Dock.) A smaller plant; the valves of the fruiting calyx bearing 2 or 3 awns on each side, and a large grain on the back, yellowish or orange- colored. Sea coast. 3. R. acetoaella, L. (Sheep Sorrel. ) A low weed with mostly halberd-shaped leaves; flowers dioecious. 3. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers borne in a many-to-few-no wered calyx-like involucre of united bracts; the pedicels exserted, jointed to the flower, with bractlets at the base. Calyx corolla-like; 106 POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 6-parted or deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 9. Akene triangular. Herbaeous or somewhat woody plants, usually with a woolly or scurfy pubescence; the entire leaves without stipules and mostly radical; juice frequently acid. Over 80 species grow west of the Mississippi. 1. Involucres usually deeply 5-9-cleft umbellate, with spreading or reflexed lobes ana many flowers, 1. E. polyantlium, Benth. Leaves mostly virticillate, ovate or oblong, acute, white- woolly; peduncles solitary or few, and umbellate; flowers yellow. 2. E. compositum, Dougl. The scape-like peduncle rising from the prostrate stem bearing a compound many-rayed iimbel involucrate with linear-lanceolate bracts; involucre about 5-cleft; flowers whitish; radical leaves oblong ovate and cordate, densely tomentose beneath. 3. E. umbellatum, Torr. Scape-like peduncle rising from prostrate stem 4 to 12 inches high, naked except the verticillate bracts; umbel usually simple; leaves broadly spatulate or oval, white-woolly beneath; involucre G-S-cleft; flowers yellow or white. 2. Involucres sessile, capitate; the usually naked globose heads solitary or subumbellate upon a naked simple peduncle; involucres short-campanidate, truncate, the 58-teeth united by a membrane ; flowers white, bractlets plumose at length exserted. 4. E. latifolitim, Sm. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, oval, base broad and rounded or cordate; involucres woolly, 5- toothed. 5. E. oblongifolium, Benth. Leaves oblong and oval, base usually acute; involu- cres smooth, 6-8-toothed. 3. Involucres truncate, subdentate, in small bracteate heads terminating the forking or cymose umbellate peduncles. Shrubby, leafy. 6. E. parvifolium, Sm. The small ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves very numerous; involucres often sub racemose along the peduncle; flowers white or pinkish. 4. Involucres 5-G-toothed, cymose on a naked peduncle, the pedicels short or none. 7. E. truncatum. Torr. & Gr. Loosely floccose-woolly, 1 ft. high; stems leafy only below; involucres truncate. . 5. Involucres sessile along one side of the usually virgate branches of the panicle, mostly small or narrow. 8. E. -virgatum, Benth. Slender stem sparingly leafy; involucres 2 to t% lines long, 5-toothed. Very white-woolly. Chorizanthe is distinguished by a 1-flowered involucre. Pterostegia has opposite lobed-leaves with axillary flowers. A small under-herb. LAURACE^J is represented by Umbellularia (Oreodaphne) California, the California Laurel. THTMELACILE is represented by Dirca palustris or leathenvood. SAURURACRE. (LIZARDS-TAIL FAMILY.) 107 ORDER 51. SAURURACE-ffi. Herbs with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes. 1. ANEMOPSIS, Hook. Flowers in a simple conical spadix, which is surrounded by a 5-8-leaved persistent col- ored involucre, each flower subtended by a free colored bract. Stamens 6 to 8, free, growing upon the immersed ovary. 1. A. Californica, Hook. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 15 inches high, with a single broad clasping leaf in the middle, and an axillary branchlet reduced to 1 or more petioled leaves; radical leaves oblong-oval, cordate at base, 2 to 6 inches long; involucre 1 to 1 inches broad, wliite, becoming brown. 108 ORCHIDACE^. (OBCHIS FAMILY.) CLASS II. ENDOGENS OB MONOCOTYLEDONS. Stems consisting of woody tissue and cellular tissue (pith) intermixed. Embryo monocotyledonous. ORDER 52. ALISMACEiE. Marsh herbs, with leaves all radical, scape-like flowering stems, and (in our species) perfect flowers. Sepals and petals each three and distinct. Ovaries 3 to many; distinct, or, at least, separating at maturity, forming 1-2-seeded pods. Stamens from G to many; anthers extrorse, 2-celled. (See ADDENDA. ) * Calyx and corolla colored alike, deciduous. Carpels 6, united. Leaves rush-like. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. ARROW-GRASS. Flowers small, sessile, on a naked scape. Sepals and petals ovate, greenish-white. Stamens 6, filaments short. Stigmas sessile. . 1. T. maritinmm, L. Fruit ovoid-oblong, grooved, separating into 6 linear carpels; scape surpassing the leaves, angled In salt marshes. * * Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Carpels many, distinct (Alisma}, or 8 to 10 cohering (Damsonium). Leaves long^etioled, with broad Hade. 2. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN. Flowers small, verticillate, in a panicle on a scape. The numerous ovaries becoming flattened akenes, arranged in a somewhat three-sided whorl. 1. A. plantago, L., var. Amoricanum, Gr. Leaves long-petioled ovate or oblong, often cordate at the base, 3-9-nerved; scapes 1 to 4 feet high; the white or pinkish petals entire, broadly-elliptical; carpels 15 to 20, obliquely obovate, channeled around the outer end. 2. DAMSONIUM. Distinguished from Alisma chiefly by the 8 to 10 long-beaked carpels cohering by their inner edges in a stellate whorl. 1. D. Californicum, Torr. Leaves on long petioles, oblong or lanceolate, with obtuse or cordate base, 2 or 3 inches long; whorls distant, G-9-flowered, on scapes 12 to 18 inches high; flowers twice as large as those of Alisma plantar) o; the petals incisely cut at the apex; akenes 4 or 5 lines long. ORDER 53. ORCHIDACE-2E. Herbs with irregular G-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary; the ovules innu- merable on 3 parietal placentae, becoming fine sawdust-like seeds. One petal, called the lip, is unlike the other two. Stamens consolidated with the style forming the Column. ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 109 * Anther one (but distinctly 2-celled.) Anther adnate to the face of the stigma Habenaria. 1 Anther adnate to the back of the stigma. Lip free from the column Epipactis. 2 Lip adherent to the base of the column Spiranthes. 3 Anther like a lid over the stigma. (See ADDENDA.) Lip with a spur adherent to the ovary Corallorhiza. 4 * Anthem two, one on each side of the column. Lip a conspicuous inflated sac Cypripedium. 5 1. HABENARIA, Willd., R. Br. REIN ORCHIS. Flowers ringent; the sepals and petals similar; lip spur-like; ovary twisted. Swamps. 1. H. elogans, Lindl. The white flowers in a dense spike; spur filiform. 2. H. dilatata, Gr. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high; spikes 4 to 18 inches long; flowers small, greenish, the spur about equaling the entire lip, 3 or 4 lines long. 2. EPIPACTIS, Hall. Petals and sepals similar, spreading, nearly equal. Lip oblong, the upper portion con- cave and fleshy, the lower petaloid, undivided. Stigma square, projecting downward. 1. E. Americana, Lindl. Leaves plicate; flowers brownish or purplish, pediceled in a spicate raceme, pubescent. Borders of streams. 3. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES. Flower oblique on the ovary, the 3 tipper segments erect, and more or less cohering, the bases of the lip covered by the remaining two segments, and bearing a pair of callosi- ties. Flowers in a twisted spike, small, green or greenish- white. 1. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Leaves all radical or nearly so, soon withering; flowers on a slender smooth scape; bracts small; lip green, with a thin white margin. Hillsides. 2. S. decipiens, Hook. Redwoods. (Bolander's Catalogue. ) 4. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CoRAL-RooT. Perianth-segments nearly equal, the lower one (lip) bearing at the base a pair of pro- jecting ridges. Brownish or yellowish, leafless herbs with sheathing bracts; flowers in spiked racemes. 1. C. striata, Lindl. Plant purplish, simple stems 12 to 18 inches high, bearing 20 or 30 flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth-segments 4 to 6 lines long, inarkeu v,ilh 3 dark stripes; capsules reflexed. 5. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. Sepals spreading, distinct, or two lower united. Petals resembling the sepals. Lip a largo inflated sac. Stylo bearing on each side a short stamen, the stigma covered by a triangular petal-like sterile stamen, which bends down over it 110 LiLiACKaL (LILY FAMILY.) 1. C. Californicum, Gr. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, bearing several to twenty or more flowers; lip nearly white, 5 to 7 lines long. Cool swamps. 2. C. inontanum, Dougl. Stems shorter; flowers rarely more than 2 or 3; lip much larger, white marked with yellow and purple. Forests. ORDER 54. IRIDACE-ffi. Herbs with 2-ranked leaves, the flower buds inclosed by bracts. Perianth adherent to the ovary, segments in two, often unequal, sets. Stamens 3, anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled, style 1, stigmas 3, often petaloid. 1. IRIS, L. FLAG. Outer segments of the perianth spreading or reflexed and larger than the erect or incurving petals. Stamens distinct, covered by the petaloid stigmas. Plants springing from thickened rootstocks, with sword-shaped leaves and showy flowers. 1. I. longipotala has large, light blue flowers, with rather slender petals. Grows in masses on moist hill sides. 2. I. Douglasiana has (usually) light yellow flowers, with the tube of the perianth prolonged considerably beyond the ovary. Open woods. 3. I. macrosiphoii. Torr. Stems very short from a slender rootstock; leaves slender; flowers bright purple; perianth tube very long and slender; ovary tapering to a short peduncle. 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Flowers small; the segments of the perianth flat, equal. Stamens united. Stigma 3 cleft. Grass-like plants, with winged scapes. 1. S. Bormudianum, L. Flowers blue; ovary globular. Hill sides. 2. S. linoatuni, Torr. Flowers yellow, larger; ovary nearly ovoid. Swamps. ORDER 55. , LILJ ACTJ-33. Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical flowers; the perianth free from the chiefly 3-celled ovary, with the divisions all petaloid (except in Trillium and Calochortus), the stamens opposite the divisions of the perianth (in some Urodicea, 3 alternating with 3 staminodia), with 2-celled anthers; fruib a few-many-seeded pod or berry; the seeds with copious albumen. SERIES I. Floral bracts present and more or less scarious. Perianth persistent; segments 1-several-nervcd. Stamens perigynous; anthers introrse. Style undivided, persistent (except in Chlorogalum}. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with black seeds (except in Smilacitia and Maiantliemum). See Leucocrinum at the end. 1. Inflorescence umbellate, upon a naked scape arising from a corm or bulb. * Bracts 2 (sometimes 4), broad and spathaceous; capsule lobed Allium. 1 LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) Ill * * Bracts several, not spathaceous, distinct; capsule not loled. +- Perianth parted to the base or nearly so; segments spreading, closely 2-3-nerved; stamens in one row at the base; anthers versatile; capsule obovoid or subglobose, sessile or nearly so. Flowers greenish-white; pedicels not jointed; leaves several Muilla. 2 Flowers yellow; pedicels jointed; leaf solitary Bloomeria. 3 + HE- Perianth with segments more or less united and the stamens on the throat; pedicels jointed. Perianth funnel-form, not saccate at the base, blue-purple, white or yellow. . Brodiaea. 4 Perianth tube 6-saccate at base, deep scarlet Brevoortia. 5 2. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. Flowers on a scape, blue Camassia. 6 Flowers on a leafy stem, white. Stem from a large densely fibrous-coated bulb Chlorogalum. 7 Stem frprn a creeping rootstock; leaves cordate to lanceolate. Leaves many, sessile. Flowers 3-merous Smilacina. 8 Leaves 2 or 3, mostly petiolate. Flowers 2-merons .... Maiantliemum. 9 Stem stout, with rigid sheathing bracts Yucca. 10 SERIES II. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Perianth deciduous (except in Trillium}; segments distinct. Stamens hypogynous or at the very base; anthers more or less extrorse (introrse in Trillium). Styles deciduous (or sessile stigmas persistent). Flowers mostly large and showy. (See ADDENDA.) 1. Stem more or less leafy from a. bulb or corm. Fruit capsular.. * Perianth segments similar. Anthers distinctly versatile; style undivided Lilium. 11 Anthers obscurely versatile; style divided to the middle Fritillaria. 12 * * Perianth segments unlike. Anthers basifixed; stigmas sessile Calochortus. 13 2. Stem from a rootstock. Perianth segments similar. Fruit a berry. Flowers apparently axillary on leafy branches Streptopus. 14 Flowers terminating the leafy branches Frosartes. 15 Flowers on a scape-like peduncle Clintonia. 16 3. Stem from a thick rootstock. Perianth segments dissimilar. Flowers umbellate subtended by a pair of radical leaves Scoliopus, 17 Flowers solitary subtended by a cauline whorl of 3 leaves Trillium. 18 SERIES III. Perianth persistent; segments distinct. Stamens at the base of the perianth; anthers extrorse, versatile, small, distinctly 2-celled (except in \ r eratrum). Styles distinct. Flowers in simple racemes or panicles. 112 LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) Stem from a thick rootstick; leaves broad and sheathing Veratrum. 19 Stem from a bulb; leaves narrow Zygadenus. 20 Stem covered with rigid bracts; leaves grass-like Xerophyllura. 21 1. ALLIUM, L. ONIOX. LEEK. GARLIC. Flowers deep rose-color to white. Capsule sub-globose or obovoid, inclosing the base of the style between the lobes; the filiform style jointed upon the short axis. Fila- ments tapering upward from the dilated bases. Leaves one to several. Scape from a coated bulb or corm. 1. Bulbs globose to ovoid, mostly solitary; leaves narrowly linear, 2 to 4, shorter than or equaling the scape. 1. A. attenuifolium, Kellogg. Leaves channeled; slender scape 6 to 15 inches high, leafy below; spathe-valves short and abruptly acute; umbel usually dense; perianth segments 3 or 4 lines long, oblong lanceolate, nearly white. 2. A. serratum, Wat. Resembling the last; leaves very narrow; spathe-valves narrowly acuminate; the deep rose-colored perianth segments 4 to C lines long, broadly ovate-lanceolate and rather rigid. 3. A. bisceptrum, Wat. Bulbs light-colored; leaves of ten 2 or 3 lines broad; scapes frequently in pairs; flowers few to many, rose-colored, 3 or 4 lines long, segments oblong- lanceolate; the alternate filaments with a broad deltoid base; the thin crests of txc ovary conspicuous. 4. A. lacunosum, Wat. Flowers similar to the last, usually few (5 to 20) on pedi- cels 3 to 5 lines long; filaments all narrowly deltoid at base; ovary scarcely crested. 2. Bulbs ovoid; leaves 2, broadly linear, flat and falcate, thick; s"ape stout, much com- pressed and 2-winged, mostly shorter than the leaves; spathe 2-valved ; rose-colored flowers. 5. A. falcifolium, Hook & Arn. Scape 2 or 3 inches high; the spreading segments of the perianth 4 to 6 lines long, nearly twice longer than tho stamens and style, min- utely glandular- serrate; capsule acute with 3 short narrow central crests. G. A. Breweri, Wat. Segments of the perianth nearly erect, not serrulate, a third longer than the stamens; ovary with a thick slightly-lobed crest at the apex of each cell. 3. Bulb an ovoid corm propagating by an offshoot from the lower part of the tall terete scape ; capsule, not crested. 7. A. unifolium, Kellogg. Scape a foot or two high; flowers bright rose-color, 5 to 7 lines long, on pedicels an inch long or more. 2. MUILLA, Watson. Sufficiently characterized in the synopsis and by the solitary species. LILIACE:. ^LILY FAMILY.) 113 M. maritima, Wat. Corm small; leaves scabrous, a line wide or less; the slender scabrous scape 2 to 6 inches high, with 4 to 6 linear bracts; perianth subrotate, the seg- ments 2 or 3 lines long. In saline localities. 3. BLOOMERIA, Kellogg. Filaments free, surrounded by a somewhat cap-shaped and winged appendage. One species only. B. aurea, Kellogg. Corm small, leaf 3 to 6 lines broad; scabrous scape 6 to 18 inches high; flowers numerous on slender pedicels, subrotate, the segments 4 to 6 line? long; appendages of the filaments nearly a line long, with a terminal cusp. 4. BRODLSJA, Smith. Perianth more or less narrowly funnel-form, not contracted at the throat. Stamens 6 in one, or two rows with winged or naked filaments, or 3 and alternate, with as many staminodia. Capsule ovoid to oblong. Stamens in one row on the throat; anthers basifixed; purplish perianth mostly broadly funnel-form, the tube shorter than the limb. 1. Eubrodicea. Stamens in two rows (except in D. Bridgesii), with more or less distinctly versatile anthers and naked filaments; capsule stipitate; perianth segments equaling or shorter than the mostly narrow tube. 2. Seubertia. Stamens in one row, with deltoid or wing dilated filaments and versatile anthers; cap- sule stipitate; perianth segment twice longer than the turbinate tube. 3. Cattiprora. 1. Eubrodicea. * Stamens 3, opposite the inner segments, and alternate with as many staminodia; seg- ments 2 or 3 times as long as the tube. Hi- Pedicels (usually few) more or less elongated. 1. B. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves a line broad, subterete; scape 4 to 10 inches high; flowers an inch long; staminodia entire, obtuse, about equaling the linear anthers; fila- ments 1 J, lines long or more; capsule oblong, narrowed at base; cells G-8-seeded; seeds a line long. Var. major, Benth. Leaves flattened broader; scape stouter, a foot or two high; pedicels more numerous and longer; capsules with usually a broader base; seeds larger. 2. B. minor, Wat. Scape very slender, 3 to G inches high; flowers a half to an inch long; staminodia broad and usually emarginatc, longer than the oblong anthers; capsule obovoid. acute, 3 lines long; cells 3-sccdcd. 3. B. terrestris, Kellogg. Leaves nearly terete; scape very short; pedicels very slender, 3 or 4 inches long; flowers 8 or 10 lines long; staminodia cmarginate, yellow, exceeding the oblong sagittate anthers; capsule acute at base, a half inch long; cells G-8- seeded. 114 LILIACE-E. (LILY, FAMILY.) 4- +- Flowers subcapUate. 4. B. congesta, Smith. Corm often deep-seated; scape 2 to 4 ft. high, smooth; umbel often produced into a short dense raceme; flowers about 9 lines long; staminodia deeply clef t, exceeding the nearly sessile emarginate anthers; capsule ovoid; seeds usually solitary^ 2 lines long. 5. B. multiflora, Benth. Corm less deeply seated; scape 1 or 2 ft. high, some- what scabrous; umbel not produced; staminodia broad, entire, obtuse, about equaling the anthers; seeds several in each cell. * * Stamens 6, those opposite the inner perianth segments with their short Jllaments con- spicuously winy-appendayed; segments little longer than the tube; Jlowers subcapUate. 6. B. capitata, Benth. Scape usually 1 or 2 ft. high; flowers G to 10 lines long; outer filaments dilated at the base; inner anthers linear, little shorter than the oblong- lanceolate wings; ovoid capsule 3. lines long. 2. Seubertia. * Perianth more or less attenuate at base; umbel open; flowers blue or purplish, rarely white. 7. B. Bridges!!, Wat. Scape a foot high or more; flowers 12 to 15 lines long, the very narrow tube exceeding the segments; filaments deltoid in one row on the throat; anthers linear, 2 lines long; capsule ovoid shorter than the stipe, beaked by the very slender style; seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. 8. B. laxa, Wat. Scape G inches to 2 ft. high, smooth or scabrous; flowers few to many, 12 to 20 lines long, the very narrow tube equaling or exceeding the segments; filaments very slender, the upper on the throat opposite the inner segments; capsule oblong, long-stipitatc; style rather short; seeds several. 9. B. peduncularis, Wat. Scape 1 or 2 ft. high, smooth; flowers G to 9 lines long, on very slender pedicels, the segments a little longer than the turbinate tube; lower anthers sessile, the upper on short filaments; stipe 1 or 2 lines long. B. crocea Wat. and B. gracilis, Wat., with yellow flowers, grow in the northern counties. The latter only 2 to 4 inches high; leaf solitary. 3. CalUprora. 10. B. ixioides, Wat. Scape 3 inches to 2 ft. high, usually scabrous; flowers yellow, more or less tinged with purple or nearly white (the brown mid- vein often double or triple), 5 to 10 lines long, on pedicels 1 to 4 inches long; filaments winged their whole length, bicuspidate above; capsule ovoid-oblong. 11. B. lactea, Wat. Scape usually 1 or 2 ft. high, smooth or scabrous; flowers white, with green mid-veins or sometimes purplish, 4 or 5 lines long on slender pedicels; filaments deltoid, a line long; capsule subglobose. A stouter form north. Stropholirion Californicum, Torr., may be distinguished from Brodicea by its rose- (LILY FAMILY.) 115 colored saccate perianth, and lax often twining scape. The short perianth tube contracted at the throat and the nearly sessile ovary separates it from Drevoortia. 5. BREVOORTIA, Wood. Perianth-tube broad, C-saccate at base, deep scarlet, several times longer than the short erect or reflexed yellowish limb. Stamens 3, alternate with three broad truncate stam- inodia; anthers basifixed, nearly sessile. Capsule long-stipitate. 1. B. coccinea, Wat. Scape erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, with reddish bracts; pedicels C to 15, an inch long or less; flowers 12 to 16 lines long. Sometimes called Vegetable Fire Cracker. 6. CAMASSIA, Lindl. Perianth-segments narrow, widely spreading, mostly deciduous. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Flowers in a loose raceme. 1. C. esculenta, Lindl. (Wild Hyacinth or Camass). Scape stout, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves flat, 3 to 8 lines broad; pedicels mostly shorter than the dark-blue (rarely white) flowers; the perianth-segments 7 to 15 lines long, a little exceeding the stamens. The tunicated bulb is an article of food among the Indians. 7. CHLOROGALUM, Kunth. Flowers white or pinkish, in loose paniculate racemes; bulbs with membranous 01 densely fibrous coats. C. pomeridianum, Kunth. (SoapKoot.) Bulb large, thickly coated with coarse brown fibers; stem and spreading panicle 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers purple- veined, 8 to 10 lines long on spreading pedicels 2 to 9 lines long. C. angustifolium, Kellogg. Bulb-coat, thin; flowers smaller, greenish- veined. 8. SMILACINA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. Flowers small white, trimerous, with minute scarious bracts, in a racemose panicle or simple raceme on an erect leafy stem. Stamens at the base; filaments subulate; the short anthers versatile. Style short, persistent; stigma 3-lobed. 1. S. ampiexicaulis, Nutt. Leaves pubescent, ovate to lanceolate, rarely at all acuminate, mostly clasping at base; the close raceme compound, Iwrrios ivddish. 2. S. stellata, Desf. Leaves smooth or pubescent, lanceolate, acutish, closely clasping, usually ascending and folded; raceme simple, few-flowered, about an inch long; perianth-segments 2 or 3 lines long exceeding the pedicels; berry 3 lines broad, blue- black. 3. S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Taller than the last (a foot or two high) leaves acumi- nate, usually flat and spreading; raceme larger, the pedicels 2 to 7 lines long; berry 3 to 5 lines in diameter, blue-black. 9. MAI ANTHEM UM, Weber. Flowers white, in a simple narrow raceme; perianth 4-parted; stamens 4. Leaves 2 or 3, with cordato base. Berry roil. Otherwise as tiinilacina. 116 LILIACE^J. (LILY FAMILLY.) M. bifolium, DC. Somewhat pubescent; about six inches high; leaves ovate-cor- date with a broad sinus; style long and slender; berry 2 lines in diameter. 10. YUCCA, L. Perianth campanulate, white or whitish; segments ovate-lanceolate, many nerved', Filaments clavate; anthers small. Style stout and persistent (or none); the emarginate stigmas connate into a stigmatic tube. 1. Y". Whjpploi, Torr. Caudex none or short; leaves rigid, serrulate, smooth, ending in a brown spine; scape 4 to 12 ft. high with imbricated sheathing bracts; panicle narrow and spike-like, dense; greenish-white flowers sub-rotate; segments oblong, lanceolate, 1 or 2 inches long; stigma slightly 3-lobed. 11. LILIUM, Tourn. LILY. Perianth-segments spreading or recurved, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base. Anthers linear, distinctly versatile. Style long; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule not sharply angled; seeds flat. Stem simple, bearing many whorled or scattered sessile leaves and one to many showy flowers. * Perianth-segments narrowing gradually into a claw. 1. Ii. rubescens, Wat. Leaves oblanceolato moro or less verticillate; flowers ascending or nearly erect, usually 1^ or 2 inches long, with revolute segments, pale lilac or nearly white, becoming rose-purple; anthers 2 or 3 lines long. Ii. Washingtonianum, Kellogg, of the northern counties, is much larger, the fragrant white flowers 3 or 4 inches long. * * Perianth-segments oblanceolate, yellow or orange, coarsely spotted with brown. 2. L. maritimum, Kellogg. Stem rather low; leaves usually scattered; narrow, often obtuse; flowers solitary or few, horizontal, 1 to 2 inches long, deep reddish- orange. Style and stamens short, anthers 2 lines long. 3. L. pardalinum, Kellogg (Tiger Lily). Rhizome thick and branching; scales jointed below; leaves flat, smooth, narrowly lanceolate to linear, the middle in whorls of 9 to 15; flowers bright orange red, lighter to yellow in the center, 2 or 3 inches long; segments strongly revolute; anthers 4 or 5 lines long. L. PAHRYI, WAT., of San Bernadino Co., has pale yellow flowers. L. PARVUM KELLOGG, of the Sierra Nevada, lias small yellow cr orange flowers on large Btems from rhizomatous bulb. L. COLUMBIAN!, HANSON, of the northern Sierra Nevada, resembles L. PABDAKCKOM; but the bulb is small, not rhizomatous. L. HuMBOumi, closely resembles the last, but has a large bulb, 10 to 20 leaves in a whorl, larger flowers and an obovoid capsule. 12. FRITILLARIA, L. Perianth segments mostly broader than in Lilium and concave; the anthers more obscurely versatile. Nectary a shallow pit. Styles united to the middle in our species. ULIACRE. (LILT FAMILY.) 117 Bulb-scales mostly short, very thick; the flowers 18 lines or less in length; frequently mottled. * Capsule rather obtusely angled; bulb-scales 3 or 4 lines long. 1. F. recurva, Benth. Bulb-scales numerous and thick; leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly in two whorls near the middle of the stem; flowers 1 to 7, tinged or blotched with light purple or scarlet, 12 to 18 lines long; segments narrowly oblanceolate with recurved tips; stamens shorter, equaling the very slender style. Sierra Nevada. 2. F. liliacea, Lindl. (Green Lily.) Bulb-scales few, very thick; leaves oblan- ceolate to linear, approximate or whorled near the base; flowers 1 to 5 greenish white (not blotched), 8 to 12 lines long, segments oblanceolate, spreading; stylo stout. 3. F. biflora, Lindl. Usually low; bulb-scales few, ovoid, often tipped with a small scarious blade; leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, few, scattered or somewhat whorled near the base: flowers 1 to 3, dark brownish or greenish purple, seg- ments widely spreading; capsule broadly obovoid. * Capsule acutely angled or winged; bulb-scales thick, about G lines long. 4. F. lanceolata, Pursh. Leaves in 1 to 3 whorls above the middle of the stem; flowers 1 or 2, brownish purple mottled with greenish yellow; segments narrowly oblan- ceolate; stamens C or 8 lines long. Var. floribunda, Benth. Flowers 4 to 8, or rarely fewer, greenish yellow blotched with purple; segments 4 to 6 lines broad, strongly arched with broad nectaries, acute; lower pedicels an inch long or more. Var. gracilis, Wat. Flowers smaller than the last, with narrow segments. 5. F. parviflora, Torr. Leaves linear, whorled; flowers small on short recurved pedicels, yellowish, tinged with purple. Sierra Nevada. F. plurifloia, Torr., with styles united to the summit, a tall species with reddish purple flowers, grows in the Sierra Nevada. 13. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. Flowers mostly largo and showy, broadly campanulate; the outer segments sepaloid, the inner dilated and mostly with pifctad and boarded, or crested glands. Stigmas sessile, distinct, recurved, persistent. Capsule usually deeply triquetrous. Stem usually branched and lax or flexuous, from a coated corm, sparingly leafy; leaves with transverse veinlets. Inner perianth-segments strongly arched and broadly pitted, the gland usually with a transverse scale or fringe; flowers or fruit more or less nodding, and stem usually lax. 1. Encalijchortus. Flowers open-campanulate with usually densely hairy glands without scales; outer seg- ments often hairy or glandular within; pedicels stout, erect; stems stouter. 2. Mari- posa. 1. Eucalychortus. * Flowers subglobose, nodding ; stem usually tall and branching. 118 LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 1. C. albus, Dougl. (Snowy Lily-Bell.) Stem 1 to 3 ft. high; flowers white with purplish base; petals acutish, an inch long; bearded and ciliate; gland lunate, with four transverse imbricate fringed scales. 2. C. pulchellus, Dougl. (Golden Lily-Bell, ) Stem usually a foot high or more; flowers yellow or orange; petals ciliate and bearded with glandular tipped hairs, deeply pitted, the gland covered by the reflexed stiff hairs of its upper margin. Coast Range. * Flowers campanulate, erect when open ; pedicels becoming recurved ; stem mostly low and flowers often subumbellate. 3. C. Benthami, Baker. Resembling the last; stem low and leaves narrow; the yellow flowers nearly erect, petals 6 lines long, mostly obtuse, often deep brown at base. Sierra Nevada. 4. C. Maweanus, Leichtlin. Low, usually branched; bracts an inch long or more; petals white, purplish at base, hairy, 6 to 8 lines long, somewhat pitted, the gland cov- ered by a broad semicircular scale. Coast Range. 5. C. caemleus, Wat. Low, umbellately 2-5-flowered; pedicels very slender, petals 6 or 7 lines long, hairy, lilac dotted and lined with blue, the gland covered by a fringed scale; capsule orbicular or nearly so, C lines long. Sierra Nevada. 6. C. uudus, Wat. Low; leaf solitary, 3 to 10 lines broad; bracts rarely an inch long; flowers 1 to 6 in an umbel; petals 4 to 10 lines long, white or pale lilac, without hairs, denticulate. Sierra Nevada. 7. C. lilacinus, Kellogg. Stem bulbiferous near the base, with broad leaves and long conspicuous bracts; flowers 4 to 10, on long pedicels in 1 to 3 umbels; petals pale lilac with purplish claw, 6 to 12 lines long; somewhat hairy below the middle; gland ciliate-marginetl, scale narrow; capsule elliptical, an inch long. Coast Range. 8. C. tmiflorus, Hook & Arn. Stem very short, bulbiferous, 1-2-flowered; petals lilac with purplish claw, the lower half hairy above the small purple densely hairy gland. Coast Range. 2. Mariposa. Butterfly Lily. * Flowers yellow or orange, marked with brown or purple. 9. C. Weedii, Wood. Corm fibrous coated; stem leafy, 1-3-flowered; leaves con- volute; sepals with a slightly hairy brown spot; petals deep yellow, dotted and often margined with purple, covered with slender hairs and ciliate an inch longer more; gland small, densely hairy. Coast Range. 10. C. luteus, Dougl. Stem bulbiferous near the base, 1-6-flowered; leaves nar- row; sepals narrowly lanceolate with a brown spot; petals an inch or two long, yellow to deep orange, lined with brownish purple especially on the middle where it is slightly hairy; claw purplish; gland round or somewhat lunate, densely covered with ascending hairs. Variable in color and markings, perhaps running into C. venustus. Coast and Sierra Nevada. LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 119 11. C. venustus, Benth. Petals white or pale lilac, with a more or less conspicu- ous reddish spot at top, a brownish yellow-bordered center, and a brownish base; gland large, oblong, usually densely hairy. Var. purpuruscens has deep lilac or purplish petals. Coast Range. 14. STREFTOFUS, Michx. The pendulous flowers solitary or in pairs, on thread-like peduncles, which bend around from nearly opposite the leaves so as to appear axillary. Anthers sagittate. 1. S. amplexifolius, D C. (Twisted Stalk. ) Leaves very smooth, strongly clasp- ing; flowers greenish white, half an inch long; fruit a slightly 3-lobed reddish berry. 15. PROSARTES, D. Don. Flowers in fascicles or solitary terminating the branches, white or greenish, sub-erect or pendulous; segments acute or acuminate. Anthers on slender filaments, oblong, obtuse, dehiscing laterally. Styles united. Fruit a somewhat fleshy, obtusely-lobcd reddish berry. Leaves with reticulated veinlets. 1. P. Hookeri, Torr. More or less rough-pubescent, with short usually spreading hairs; leaves ovate or sometimes oblong, cordate-clasping base, acute or shortly acuminate; perianth usually rather broad at base, spreading segments acute, 5 or 6 lines long, about equaling the stamens; ovary pubescent, stigma entire; fruit obovoid, obtuse. Coast Range. 2. P. trachyandra, Torr. Resembling the last; leaves less deeply cordate and broader toward the apex; stamens a third shorter than the perianth; ovary smooth; fruit beaked. Sierra Nevada. P. Menziesii, Don., of the northern coast has ovate leaves and a 3-cleft stigma. 16. CL1NTONIA, Raf. Flowers in our species umbellate upon a scape-like peduncle, rose-colored. Ovary 2-celled; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Fruit a deep-blue berry. Leaves radical; large oblan- ceolate, sheathing, ciliate. 1. C. Andre wsiana, Torr. Scape a foot or two high, usually with a foliaceous bract and one or more few-flowered lateral fascicles; inflorescence more or less pubescent; flowers suberect, deep rose-color, the oblanceolate segments gibbous at base, 4 to 7 lines Long, exceeding the stamens and style. C. uniflora, Kunth., has a large solitary white flower on a short scape. Sierra Nevada and North Coast. 17. SCOLIOPUS, Torr. Flowers purplish, on slender flexuose pedicels; outer segments lanceolate, inner nar- rowly linear. Anthers oblong; filaments short. Style short; stigmas recurved. Fruit triquetrous. Whole plant brown -punctate, smooth. 1. S. Bigelovii, Torr. Leaves oval-elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, 4 to 15 inches long; pedicels 3 to 12, 3 to 8 inches long. 120 LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 18. TRILLIUM, L. THKEE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. Flowers white to purple; outer segments green, inner petaloid. Anthers adnate iutrorsc. Stigmas linear, sessile. Stem bearing at the top a single whorl of 3 broad nettcd-veined leaves. 1. T. sessile, L. var. Californicum, Wat. The sessile leaves broadly rhombic- ovate, 3 to G inches long; flower sessile, petals oblanceolate to rhombic -ovate, 1 to 4 inches long, purple or rose-color or white. 2. T. ovatum, Pursh. (Wake Robin. ) Leaves similar to the last, smaller; flower on a pedicel, white, turning rose-color. 19. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELEBORE. Perianth slightly adherent to tho ovary. Anthers cordate or reniform, peltate after opening. Capsulo membranous, 3-beaked. Stems stout and leafy from thick rootstocks. 1. V. Californicum, Durand. Stem several feet high; lower leaves broad-elliptical, upper leaves lanceolate; bracts usually exceeding the pedicels; perianth-segments broadly oblanceolate, whitish with greener base, often denticulate, 3 to 8 lines long; capsule an inch long. Moist places. 2. V. fimbriatum, Gr. Leaves narrowed at base, 6 to 18 inches long, 2 to 6 inches wide, acute or acuminate; perianth-segments rhombic-ovate 3 to 5 lines long: capsule 4 lines long. Swamps. 20. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Flowers white or grcfenish, erect in paniculate or simple racemes. Perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mostly glandular and somewhat narrowed at base. 1. Z. Fremontii, Torr. Stem G inches to 3 ft. high; leaves glaucous, an inch broad, or less; bracts mostly green; perianth 3 to 7 lines long, gland irregular and notched on its upper margin. Flowers perfect. 2. Z. venenosus, Wat. Stem slender, G inches to 2 ft. high; leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, scabrous; racemo simple, rarely compound, short, with narrow scarious bracts; perianth-segments 2 or 3 lines long. Flowers polygamous. 21. XEROPHYLLUM,. Michx. Flowers white, in a sub-pyramidal many -flowered raceme. Styles reflexed or recoiled, Btigmatic down the inner side. Cauline leaves numerous, setaceous. 1. X. teuax, Nutt. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves about 2 lines broad, often 2 or 3 ft. long; racemo* becoming a foot or more long; perianth-segments oblong, 4 or 5 lines long, scarcely equaling the stamens. LEUCOCRINUM MONTANUM, Nntt., is an acanlesrent plant which produces 4 to 8 fragrant -white flowers on short perlicelj arising from a (subterranean stem; the slender tube of the saivtr-form periauth an inch or two long. Sandy valleys. Order ARACE.-E is represented by SYMI T.OCARPUS KAMTSCHATICUS Bong. (Skunk Cabbage) a marbh plant \\ith large erect leaves, the liesliy spadix becoming au oblong-ovoid fruit two or three inches in length. ADDENDA. [To PAGE CO.] GESnothera aibicaulis, Nutt. Stems white, erect, to 4 ft. high; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire or repand-denticulate or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base, 1 to 3 inches long; flowers axillary, white becoming pinkish, 1 to 2 inches in diameter; calyx tube an inch long or less; capsule an inch or two long. Sand hills near Antioch. [To PAGE 62.] Mentzelia Lindleyi, Torr. & Gr. Slender, 1 to 3 ft. high, branched; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, pectinately pinnatifid, or coarsely sinuate- toothed; flowers axillary and terminal; calyx lobes 5 to 9 lines long, lanceolate; petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, an inch long. Corral Hollow, Mt. Hamilton. [To PAGE 82.] Phacelia Douglasii, Torr. Pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; leaven elongated-oblong or linear, pinnatifid, or pinnately parted into pairs of lobes, tho terminal lobo hardly longer than the others; flowers loosely racemose, long-pediceled; calyx lobes spatulate. Low spreading stems with blue flowers resembling Nemopkila insignis. Autioch, A. A. Bailey. [To PAGE 86.] Convolvulus arvensis, L. (Bindweed. ) Stems procumbent and twining from deep rootstocks; leaves hastate to sagittate, to 1^ inches long; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, with a pair of minuto bracts near the center; corolla a half to nearly an inch long, white, tinged with brownish red. A troublesome weed now abundant in San Jose, Stockton, Oakland, etc. Tho flowers appear late in the dry season. [To PAGE 88.] Solanum Carolinense, L. (Horse Nettle.) Stems prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate-toothed, rough with stellate hairs, yellow prickles along the midrib, and on tho calyx; flowers pale blue or white, large; berries globular, orange-yellow. Introduced at Vallejo, C. B. Towle. [To PAGE 91.] Tonella Collinsioides, Nutt. A slender plant distinguished from Collinsia by tho leaves, some of them being 3-parted. Flowers minute, tho tube slightly gibbous* stamens free from tho lower lobe of the limb; capsule considerably exceeding the calyx. Marin Co., Mrs Oaldcy. [To PAGE 91.] Pentstemon centranthifolius, Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate, leafy 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves thick, ovate-lanceolate, sessile; corolla deep and bright red, tubular, an inch or more long, tho lobes nearly equal, very short; sterile filament naked. A showy species well worth cultivating for its deep vermilion flowers. Very abundant on the sand -hills near Antioch. A. A. Bailey. 122 ADDENDA. [To PAGE 26.] Viola glabella, Nutt. Stems 5 to 12 inches high, from a creeping, root-stock, erect, leafy above, with a few bracts below; leaves cordate to reniform, acute, serrate or crenate; flowers yellow, veined with purple. Redwoods. [To PAGE 31.] Sida hederacea, Torr. Stems decumbent; leaves reniform, one-sided, irregularly crenate or dentate; flowers solitary or clustered in the axils, half an inch long, yellowish; calyx with one or two slender bractlets. [To PAGE 105.] Polygonum Paronychia, Cham. & Schlecht. Stems woody, prostrate, leafy; leaves linear, revolute, the midrib channeled, and each side ciliolate; the pinkish flowers in dense spikes, Common near the coast. [To PAGE 108.] Qagittaria variabilis, Engelm (?). Flowers in whorls of three on an angled . scape, one to several feet high, the upper flowers on longer pedicels and steril; calyx green; petals broad, 3 or 4 lines long, white; stamens many; ovaries forming a head of beaked achenia. A marsh herb, with obtuse, sagittate leaves, or some (without a true blade) linear. [To PAGE 109.] Calypso borealis, Salisb. Bulb globular, solid, bearing a 1 -flowered scape, 5 or 6 inches in height, and a solitary ovate leaf; sepals and petals linear, pinkish, the lip slip- per-shaped, 2-pointecl underneath the apex, an inch long, variegated purple and yellow. Moist woods, Duncan's Mill, Russian River. Miss Wood. [To PAGE 111.] Erythronium grandiflorum, Pursh. Var. (?) Scape arising from an oblong corm, which bears a pair of broad leaves; flowers lily-like, racemose or solitary, yellowish, an inch or two long. Healdsburg, 7?. //. Thomson. Cloverdale. E. Hartwegi, Wat., has usually mottled leaves, the flowers solitary, or two or three in a sessile umbel. Yuba Co., E. K. Hill. E. purpurascens, Wat., may be known by its large bulb, undulate leaves and purple tinged flowers. Sierra Nevada. GLOSSARY. ABORTION, the imperfect formation or ab- sence of a part. ABRUPT, ending suddenly. ACAULESCENT, apparently stemless. ACCUMBENT, the radicle lying against the edges of the cotyledons. ACEROSE, needle-shaped, like pine leaves. ACUMINATE, ending in a tapering point. ACUTE, merely sharp-pointed. ADNATE, growing fast to. When the an- ther seems to be attached by its whole length to the filament. AGGREGATE, crowded into a cluster. AKENE, a 1 -seeded seed-like fruit. ALBUMEN, nourishment in the seed not forming part of the embryo. ANDROUS, refers to stamens. ANTERIOR, on the side of the flower next the bract. APETALOUS, without petals. APPRESSED, lying flat, or close together. ASCENDING, rising obliquely. ATTENUATE, tapering gradually. AURICULATE, car-like lobes at the base. AWN, an appendage like the beard of barley. AXIL, the angle between leaf and stem. BIFID, 2-cleft to about the middle. BILABIATE, 2- lipped. BLADE, the broad portion of a leaf. BRACT, the leaf which subtends the flower. BRACTLET, a bract on a pedicel. CADUCOUS, falling off at the time of ex- pansion. CAMPANULATE, bell-shaped. CANESCENT, whitened with fine close pu- bescence. CAPILLARY, like a hair. CAPITATE, having a head, or collected into a head. CAPSULE, any compound dehiscent fruit. CARPEL, a simple pistil, or element of a compound one. CAUDATE, tailed. CAULESCENT, having an obvious stem. CAULINE, relating to a stem. CILIATE, fringed with hairs. CLAVATE, club-shaped. CLAW, the narrowed base of a petal. CLEFT, cut to about the middle. COHESION, the union of like organs. CONFLUENT, running together, or blending. CONGLOMERATE, thickly clustered. CONNATE, united from the first. CONNECTIVE, the part of an anther con- necting the cells. CONNIVENT, coming together or meeting. CONVOLUTE, rolled up. CORDATE, heart-shaped with the point up. 124 GLOSSARY. CORYMB, a flat-topped flower cluster, the pedicels unequal. COSTATE, ribbed. COTYLEDONS, the leaves of the embryo. CREEPING, running on the ground and rooting. CRENATE, the margin scolloped. CUNEATE, wedge-shaped. CUSPIDATE, tipped with a rigid point. CYME, a flower cluster in which the oldest flowers are in the center. DECIDUOUS, falling off before withering; or, if leaves, before winter. DECLINED, turned to one side. DECUMBENT, reclining on the ground, the end rising. DEFLEXED, bent downwards. DEHISCENT FRUITS, etc. , open by DEHISCENCE, splitting as pods do. DENTATE, toothed, the teeth pointing di- rectly away from the margin. DEPRESSED, flattened from above. DIADELPHOUS, stamens united by the fila- ments in two sets. DICHOTOMOUS, forking into two branches. DICOTYLEDENOUS, having two seed leaves. DIFFUSE, widely and loosely spreading. DIGITATE, compound with the parts arising at one point. Di(ECiou3, with stamens and pistils in separate blossoms on different indi- viduals. DISSECTED, cut into pieces, or nearly so. DISTINCT, when parts of the same name do * not cohere. DIVARICATE, separating widely. DIVERGENT, the summits inclined from each other. DRUPE, a stone fruit (like a cherry). EMBRYO, the rudimentary plant in a seed. ENTIRE, the margin whole and even, not lobed or toothed. EPIGYNOUS, growing on the ovary. EROSE, irregularly notched as if gnawed. EXSERTED, protruding beyond other organs. EXSTIPULATE, without stipules. EXTRORSE, turned outward. FASCICLE, a close cyme, a bundle of leaves. FERTILE FLOWER, one having pistils. FILAMENT, the stalk of an anther. FILIFORM, like a thread. FOLIACEOUS, like a leaf. FOLIOLATE, consisting of leaflets (5-folio- late means with five leaflets). FOLLICLE, a simple pod opening down one side. FRUIT, the seed and all that belong to it. GLAUCOUS, covered with a whitish bloom which rubs off, as the surface of a cabbage leaf, or a plum. GLOMERATE, clustered into a ball. GLOMERULE, a capitate cyme. HASTATE, with a spreading lobe at the base on each side. HIRSUTE, clothed with coarse hairs. HISPID, beset with bristly hairs. HOARY, grayish white from a white pubes- cence. HYPOGYNOUS, growing under the pistil, free from the calyx and corolla. INCUMBENT, when the radicle lies against the back of one of the cotyledons. INFERIOR, underneath or anterior, INNATE, borne on the apex or end. INTRORSE, turned inward. GLOSSAET. 125 INVOLUCRE, a set of bracts surrounding a flower cluster. INVOLUTE, rolled inward. IRREGULAR, unequal in size or shape. LACINIATE, cut into narrow incisions. LAMINA, blade of a leaf or petal. LATERAL, pertaining to the side. LEGUME, fruit like a pea-pod. LIMB, the exposed part of a corolla, calyx, etc. , or the blade of a petal, etc. LINE, the twelfth of an inch. LINEAR, narrow and much longer than wide, the margins parallel. LOBE, any division or projecting part. MEROUS, the parts of a flower (5-merous, the parts in fives). MUCRONATE, abruptly tipped with a short point. NERVES, parallel and simple veins. NODDING, the apex or top pointing down- ward. OB-, prefixed means reverse of; as, ob-cord- ate, inverted heart-shaped, i. e. t the stem attached to the apex. OBLIQUE, one-sided. OBLONG, long-elliptical. OCHROLEUCOUS, pale dull yellow. OVAL, broadly elliptical. OVARY, that portion of the pistil which becomes the seed vessel. OVATE, like the longitudinal section of an egg- OVOID, egg-shaped. PALMATE, lobed so that the lobes point away from the end of the petiole, as in an ivy or a maple leaf. PANICLE, a raceme branching irregularly. PARTED, cut almost through. PECTINATE, like the teeth of a comb. PEDICEL, the stalk of a single blossom in a cluster. PEDUNCLE, the stalk of a cluster or of a solitary flower. PERFOLIATE, when the stem seems to pass through the leaf. PERFORATE, with holes or transparent dots. PERIGYNOUS, borne on the calyx. PERSISTENT, remaining until the fruit has grown. PETIOLE, the leaf stem. PETIOLULE, the stem of a leaflet. . PILOSE, with distinct straight hairs. PINNATE, a compound leaf with the leaflets along the side of a common petiole. PlNNATELY CLEFT, LOBED, etc., with the lobes along the sides of a long leaf. PLACENTA, the part of the ovary which bears the seeds. POD, a dry dehiscent fruit. POME, a fruit like a pear or apple. POSTERIOR, next the stem. PROCUMBENT, lying along the ground. PROSTRATE, lying flat like a melon- vine. PUBESCENT, with soft or downy hairs. PUNCTATE, dotted as if by holes. PUNGENT, rigid sharp-pointed. RACEME, elongated flower bunches, with the oldest flowers below and on ped- icels. RADICAL, coming from the root (apparently). RADICLE, the stem of an embryo. RENIFORM, kidney-shaped. REPAND, the margin slightly wavy. RETRORSE, directed backward. RETUSE, slightly notched at a rounded apex. 126 GLOSSARY. REVOLUTE, rolled backward. RACHIS, the main stem in a spike, etc. ROOTSTOCK, an underground stem. ROTATE, wheel-shaped. RUNCINATE, teeth pointing backward. SAGITTATE, like an arrow-head. SALVER-SHAPED, tubular, the border spread- ing at right angles to the tube. SCAPE, a flower-stalk rising from the ground or near it. SCORPIOID, coiled round like a scorpion. SECUND, all turned to one side. SERRATE, with teeth like a saw. SETACEOUS, like a bristle. SPATULATE, like a druggist's spatula. SPIKE, a long inflorescence of sessile flowers. STELLATE, star-shaped. STIGMA, the part of a pistil which receives the pollen. STIPE, the stalk of an ovary. STIPEL, the stipule of a leaflet. STIPELLATE, having stipels. STIPITATE, having a stipe. STIPULE, appendage on each side at the base of a leaf. STRICT, very straight or close or upright. STRIGOSE, clothed with close-pressed stout sharp hairs or scale-like bristles.' STYLE, the slender part of a pistil. SUBULATE, tapering to a sharp rigid point. SUFFRUTESCENT, or suffruticose, shrubby at the base. TERETE, cylindrical, long and round. TERMINAL, at the end or summit. " TIIYRSE, a thick panicle (Lilac blossoms). TOMENTOSE, clothed with a close and mat- ted down. TORULOSE, swollen at intervals. TRUNCATE, as if cut off at the end. UMBEL, umbrella-like inflorescence. VERTICILLATE, whorled, forming a ring around the stem. VILLOUS, with long soft hairs. VISCID, sticky. ADDITIONAL "WORDS. ADVENTITIOUS, out of the usual place; as roots on stems. CAUDEX, an upright rootstock. CUSP, a spear-like point. DELTOID, triangular. FLACCID, soft, weak, drooping. FUSIFORM, spindle-shaped. GLABROUS, smooth. INVOLUCRATE, provided with an involucre. LOCULICIDAL, splitting down the middle of the back of a cell. LUNATE, crescent-shaped. MUCRONULATE, tipped with a minute point. PAPILIONACEOUS, like the corolla of a pea. PERIANTH, calyx and corolla together. RETICULATED, netted-veined. RUGOSE, wrinkled, rough with wrinkles. SACCATE, with sacks or pouches. SCABROUS, rough or harsh. SCARIOUS, thin, dry, membranous. SEPTICIDAL, splitting between the cells. SPADIX, a fleshy spike of flowers. SPATHE, a bract which inwraps flowers. SUCCULENT, fleshy, juicy. STAMINODIA, Sterile stamens or bodies like stamens. TURBINATE, top-shaped, an inverted cone. GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. All the generic and specific names found in this work are here defined except a few of obscure or unknown meaning and some which have undoubtedly been overlooked. Commemorative namc3 aro followed by the names when known to me of those thus honored. Specific names arc given sometimes in one gender, sometimes in another. The learner must know that, as a rule, if a specific name ends in us, a, or um, it may end in either of the other two to correspond with the gender of the generic name; as. Convol- vulus Caltfornicvs (Masculine), Polygala Californica (Feminine), Galium Catifornicum (Neuter). Or, the specific name may end in is or c, the former agreeing with masculine and feminine generic names, the latter with neuter names. The meaning of each name, where possible, 13 given in a form suitable for a common or English name of the plant. ACIITLLU/EFOLIA, Yarrow-leaved. ACONIT UM, the ancient name. ADENCSTOMA, glandular stoina (breathing pores). AFFINIS, near, or related to. AJUGOIDES, Ajuga-like; 'i. e., like Bugle, a labiate plant. ALCENS, white. ALBESCENS, becoming white. ALBICAULIS, white-stemmed. ALCIIEMILLA, the Arabic name. ALISM^EFOLIUS, Alisma- leaved, i. e., leaves like those of Water Plantain. ALLIUM, the Latin name of Garlic. ALNIFOLIA, Alder-leaved. AMELANCHIER, the French name. AMERICANA, American. AMCENA, charming. AMORPIIA, without form (flower wanting four petals). AMPLECTANS, twining or embracing. AMPLEXICAULIS, stem-encircled, i. e., by embracing leaves. AMSINCKIA, William Amsinck, of Ham- burg. ANAGALLIS, from a Greek word meaning to laugh. ANAGALLOIDES, Anagallis-like* liko Pim- pernel. ANDERSONI, Dr. C. L. Anderson, a Califor- nia botanist. ANDRE wsi ANA, Dr. Andrews, a pioneer botanist. ANDREWSII, Dr. Andrews, a pioneer bot- anist. ANDROMEDIA, in honor of tho goddess of that name. ANEMONE, from Greek for wind. ANGUSTIFOLIA, narrow-leaved. ANSERINA, from tho Latin for goose. 128 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. APARIXE, the Greek name. APOCYNUM, dog-bane; dog-poison. AQUATALIS, aquatic; water. AQUIFOLIUM, Holly -leaved. AQUILEGIA, from Latin for eagle (the petals like eagles' claws). ARABIS, from Arabia. ARENARIA, sand, belonging in sand. ARBOREUS, tree-like. ARBUTIFOLIA, Arbutus-leaved. ARBUTUS, the ancient name. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Bearberry. ARI^FOLIA, Aria-leaved. ARMERIA, the Monkish Latin for the Pink. AROMATICA, aromatic. ARVENSIS, field (growing in cultivated fields). ASCLEPIAS, Esculapius, God of Medicine. ASPER, rough. ASPERUM, rough. ASSURGENTIFLORA, flowers bending up- ward. ATTENUATUS, slender. ATTENUIFOLIUM slender-leaved. AUDIBERTIA, M. Audibert, a Frenchman. AUREA, golden. AURITA, little- eared (referring to the leaves). AZUREUS, blue. BARBIGERUM, bearded. BARTSLEFOLIA, Bart.iia-leaved. BERBERIS, the Arabic name for the Bar- berry. BICOLOR, two-colored. BIENNIS, biennial (i. e., flowering the sec- ond year and then dying). BIFIDUM, bifid, divided. BIFLORA, two-flowered. BIFOLIUM, two-leaved. BIGELOVII, Dr. J. M. Bigelow, a pioneer botanist. BILOBA, two-lobed. BISCEPTRUM, two-stemmed, i. e., two scapes. BISTORTA, twice-twisted. BLEPHAROPHYLLA, eyelash-leaved. BLOOMERIA, H. G. Bloomer, a pioneer bot- anist. BOLANDERI, H. N. Bolander, a well-known botanist of this coast. BOREALIS, northern. BOSCHNIAKIA, Boschniaki, a Russian. BOYKINIA, Dr. Boykin, of Georgia. BRACHYCARPA, short-pod. BRACTEATA, bracted. BRACTEOSA, bracted. BRASSICA, old name for cabbage. BREVIFLORA, short-flowered. BREVIFOLIUM, short -leaved. BREWERI, Wm. H. Brewer, Botanist of the California Geological Survey. BRUNELLA, from German name of a throat disease which this plant was supposed to cure. BULLATA, jeweled; blistered. BURSA-PASTORIS, shepherd's purse. CLERULEUS, deep blue. (LESPITOSA, tufted. CALIFORNICA, California. CALOCHORTUS, beautiful grass. CALYCANTIIUS, cup-flower. CALYCINA, cup-like. CAMPANULA, bell. CAMPESTRIS, field (uncultivated). CANADENSIS, Canadian. CANESCENS, white-haired; hoary. CANINA, dog. CANNABINUM, hemp-like. CAPITATA, capitate (bearing a head of flowers). GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CAPSELLA, little-pod. CARDAMINE, heart-cure. CARDINALIS, cardinal; chief. CARDUACEA, thistle-like. CAROLINENSE, Carolina. CAROLINIANUM, Carolina. CASTILLEIA, Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. CASTILLEIOIDES, Castilleia-like. CEANOTHUS, old name. CENTRANTHIFOLIUS, Centranthus-leaved. CERASIFORMIS, cherry-like. CERASTIUM, from Greek for a horn (refer- ring to the horn-shaped pods). CERCOCARPUS, tailed-fruit. CHAMMISSOXIS, A. von Chamisso, a poet and botanist who visited this coast with Eschscholtz early in this century. CHEIRANTHIFOLIA, wallflower-leaved. CHEIRANTHUS, Arabic name. CHILENSIS, Chili. CHIMAPHILA, winter-lover. CHLOROGALUM, greenish milk. CHRYSANTHEMIFOLIA, Crysanthemum- leaved. CHRYSANTHA, golden-flowered. CILIATA, hair-fringed. CIRC^EA, Circe, the enchantress. CIRCINATA, coiled; crosier-like. CLARKIA, General Wm. Clarke, who crossed the continent in 1803-1806. CLAYTONIA, Dr. John Clayton, an early botanist of Virginia. CLEMATIS, ancient name of a climbing plant. CLINTONIA, Governor De Witt Clinton, of New York. COLLINSIA, Zaccheus Collins, of Philadel- phia. COLLINSIOIDES, Collinsia-likc. COLLOMIA, from Greek for glue, on account of the mucilaginous seeds. COMOSUM, hair-tufted. CONCINNUM, beautiful. CONGESTA, bunched. CORDIFOLIUS, heart-leaved. CORDYLANTHUS, club-flower. CORYMBOSUS, corymbose (flowers in a cor- ymb). COTUI^EFOLIA, Cotula-leaved. CRASSIFOLIA, thick-leaved. CRENATUS, crenate. CRESSA, Cretan woman. CRETICA, Cretan. CROCEA, yellow; saffron-colored. CROTELLARLE, rattle -pod. CUNEATUS, wedge-shaped. CURVIPES, curved-pedicel. CYNOGLOSSUM, hound's-tongue. CYPRIPEDIUM, Venus's slipper. CYTISOIDES, like snail-clover. DATURA, an altered Arabic name. DECORUM, comely; pretty. DELPHINIUM, dolphin. DEMISSA, lowly; humble. DENDROMECON, tree-poppy. DENSIFLORUS, dense-flowering. DENSIFOLIA, densely-leaved. DENTATA, dentate; notched. DENTICULATA, denticulate; finely toothed. DICENTRA, twice-spurred; two spurs. DICHOTOMUS, two-forked. DISCOLOR, variable (as to color or form). DIVARICATA, spreading. DODECATHEON, twelve gods. DOUGLASII, David Douglas, a Scottish ex- plorer of the Botany of this coast. DUMOSA, bushy. ECHINOSPERMUM, hedgehog-seed. ELEGANS, elegant; beautiful. ELLISIA, John Ellis, an English botanist. EMARGINATA, emarginate; notched. 130 GLOSSARY OP GENEEIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. EMMENANTHE, persistent-flower. EPILOBIUM, a violet on a pod. ERIANTHUS, woolly-flowered. ERIODYCTYON, a network of wool (on the leaves). ERITRICHIUM, woolly-hair. ERODIUM, from Greek for heron (the fruit like the bill of a heron). ERYSIMUM, from a word meaning to blister. ERYTHR^EA, from a word meaning red. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, J. F. Eschscholtz, a Ger- man botanist, who visited California early in this century. EUBROD:LEA, true Brodisea. FALCIFOLIUM, falchion-leaved. FARINOSA, starchy. FASCICULATA, fascicled (referring to the leaves). FAUCIBARBATUS, beard-throat. FILIFOLIA, thread-leaved. FLAMMULA, a little banner or flame. FLORIBUNDA, many-flowered. FOLIOLOSA, leafy. FORMOSA, beautifully formed. FRAGARIA, fragrance. FRAXINUS, from a Latin word meaning easily split. FRITILLARIA, from Latin for checker-board, the petals of the first-named species being checkered. FUCATA, colored, FULVUM, tawny; yellow. GALLICA, Gallic (French). GAULTHERIA, Dr. Gaulthier, of Quebec. GENTIANA, Gentius, king of Illyria. GIGANTEA. gigantic; huge. GILEA, Philip Gil. GITHOPSIS, resembling Gith (Corn-cockle). GLABRUS, smooth. GLABRATUS, smooth. GLANDULOSUS, glandular. GLAUCUS, bluish-gray, or with a bloom. GLATJX, from Greek for sea-green. GLUTINOSUS, glutinous; sticky. GLYCYRRHIZA, sweet-root. GODETIA, Dr. Godet. GOMPHOCARPUS, nail-pod. GRACILE, slender. GRACILENTUS, slender. GRACILIFLORUS, slender-flowered. GRANDIFLORA, grand-flowered. GREENEI, Rev. E. L. Greene, who has dili- gently explored the Botany of this State. GYMNOCARPUS, naked-fruited; naked-pod. HASTATUS, spear-bearing. HEBECARPUS, blunt-pod (?) HEDERACEUS, Ivy -like. HELIOTROPIUM, from Greek for sun and turn. HETEROPHYLLUS, variously leaved. HEUCHERA, J. H. Heucher, a German bot- anist. HEXANDRA, six-stamened. HIRSCTISSIMUS, bristly, or very hairy. HISPIDULA, bristly; prickly. HTJMILIS, low; small. HYPERICUM, the Greek name. ILICIFOLTUS, Holly-leaved. IXCANUS, gray; hoary. ICISUM, incised; cut. INCONSPICUUS, inconspicuous. INSIGNIS, remarkable; marked. INTEGERRIMUS, most vigorous. INTEGRIFOLIA, entire-leaved. LSTTERMEDITJS, intermediate. INTERTEXTUS, intertwined. INVOLUCRATUS, involucrate. GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 131 IRIS, rainbow. IXIOEDES, Ixia-like. JUNCEA, rush-like. JDSSI^EA, Bernard de Jussieu, founder of the Natural System. LABIATE, from labia, a lip. LACINATCTS, laciniate. LACTEA, milk-white. LJSVICAULIS, smooth-stemmed. LACUNOSUM, pitted. LANCEOLATUS, lanceolate. LATIFOHUS, broad-leaved. LATHYRUS, the Greek name of a similar plant. LATIPES, broad-pediceled. LAXUS, loose. LEPIGONUM, scaly- joint. LEPIDIUM, scale-pod. LEPTOPHYLLUS, slender-leaved. LEPIDOTUS, scaly (?) LEPIDUS, charming. LEPTOSIPHON, slender-tubed. LEMMONI, J. G. Lemmon, a very successful California botanist. LEUCODERMIS, white-skinned. LEUCOCEPHALTIS, white-headed. LEUCOCRINUM, white-lily. LEUCOPHYLLUS, white-leaved. LEWISIA, Capt. M. Lewis, who crossed the continent with Clarke in 1803-1806. LIGUSTICIFOLIUS, Lovagc-leaved. LILIACEUS, lily-like. LIMNANTHES, pond-flower. LIMONIUM, mud-plant (an old generic name. ) LIMOSELLA, from limus, mud. LINARIA, from Linum, the botanical name of Flax. LINEARIFOLIUM, narrow-leaved. LINIFLORA, flax-flowered j the Latin name Linum. LITHOSPERMOLDES, like Lithospermum, LITTORALIS, sea-beach. LOBATUS, lobed. LONGIFLORUS, long-flowered. LONGILOBA, long lobed. LONGIPES, long-pediceled. LUTEOLUS, yellowish. LUTEUS, yellow. LUPINUS, wolf. LUPULINUS, hop-lil LUCIDTTS, bright, LYCOPUS, wolf-foot. LYCOPSOIDES, Lyco LYTHRUM, from Greek MACRANTHUS, large -flowered. MACROCERA, large-horned. MACROCARPA, large-fruited. MACROSTACHYA, large-spiked. MACROTHECUM, large-anthered. MACULATUS, spotted. MAIANTHEMUM, mountain nymph. MAJOR, greater; larger. MALVA, from a word meaning soft. MALV^EFLORUS, Mallows-flowered. MALV^EFOLIUS, Mallows-leaved. MARIPOSA, butterfly. MARITIMUM, coast. MEADIA, Dr. Mead, of Illinois. MECONOPSIS, Poppy-like. MEDICAGO, from Media, its native country. MEDIUS, middle. MEGARRHIZA, big-root. MELILOTUS, honey-flower. MENTHA, from the name of a Nymph fa- bled to have been changed to mint. MENYANTHES, month-flower. MENZIESII, Dr. Archibald Menzies, a com- panion of Vancouver. 132 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. MENTZELIA, Dr. C. Mentzel. MERTENSIA, Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Bre- men. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, midday-flower. MICRANTHTJS, small-flowered. MICROCEPHALUM, small-headed. MICROCARPUS, small-fruited. MICROMERIA, small-part. MIMULUS, ape; mimic. MINEATUS, vermilion-colored. MINIMUS, smallest." MINOR, smaller. MODESTUS, modest. MOLLUGO, the Latin name. MONTANUS, mountain. MONARDELLA, little Monarda, a genus named for Nicholas Monardes, a writer on medicinal plants. MOSCHATUS, musky. MUHLENBERGII, Dr. H. Muhlenberg, an American botanist. MUILLA, Allium reversed. MULTICAULIS, many-stemmed. MURICATUS, rough, with hard points. MYRTIFOLIUS, myrtle-leaved. NANUS, dwarf. NEMEROSA, wood; forest. NEMOPHILA, grove-lover. NICOTIANA, John Nicot, who introduced tobacco into Europe. NITEUS, beautiful; bright. NITIDUM, shining. NUDICAULE, naked-stemmed. NUDUS, naked. NUTTALLIA, Thomas Nuttall, botanist and ornithologist. OBTTTSIFOLIA, blunt-leaved. OCELLATA, spotted with little eyes, OCCIDENTALS, western. CENOTHERA, wine - sucker (roots cause thirst). OFFICINALIS, medicinal. ORBICTILARIS, round. OREGANA, Oregon. ORTHOCARPUS, erect-fruit. OVATA, egg-shaped (leaves). OXYCARPUM, sharp-fruited. OXYCARYUM, sharp-nut. the ancient name. PACIFICA, Pacific. PALUSTRIS, swamp; marsh. PAPILLOSTTS, warty. PARVIFLORUS, small-flowered. PARVIFOLIUS, small-leaved. PATAGONICA, Patagonian. PAUCISECTA, few-lobed. PECTOCARYA, comb-toothed nut. PEDATUS, foot-shaped. PEDICULARIS, from pediculus, a louse. PELTATUM, shield; shield-shaped. PENDULIFLORA, hanging flower; drooping- flower. PENICILLATA, brush-like. (Stigma with a tuft of hairs). PENTSTEMON, five stamens. PERFOLIATA, perfoliate (the stem growing through the leaf). PHARNACEOIDES, Ginseng-like. PHILADELPHUS, Philadelphus, a King of Egypt. PICTA, painted; colored. PILOSISSIMA, most-hairy. PINNATA, pinnate; feather-like. PIRTJS, old Latin name of the pear tree. PLATYSTEMON, flat-stamen. PLATYSTIGMA, flat-stigma. PLURIFLORA, many-flowered. POGOGYNE, bearded-pistil. GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 133 POLYGALA, much milk (said to increase secretion of milk). POLYSEPALUM, many-sepaled POMERIDIANUM, after-noon. PRENANTHOIDES, Prenanthus-like. PROSARTES, from Greek to hang. PROSTATA, prostrate. PSORALIA, scurf. PTEROSPORA, wing-seed. PTELEA, Greek for elm. PULCHELLA, beautiful. PUMILA, dwarf; little. PUNGENS, pungent; biting. PURPURASCENS, growing purple; purplish. PYCNANTHEMUM, dense-flowers. PYCNANTHA, dense-flowering. QUERCIFOLIA, oak-leaved QUADRANGULARIS, four-sided. RACEMOSA, racemose; raceme-bearing. RADICANS, rooting. RAMOSISSIMA, branching; full of branches. RANUNCULUS, from Latin for frog (some of the species aquatic). RAPHANUS, quick -grower. RARIFLORUM, seldom-flowering. RECURVA, recurved. REDIVIVA, reviving. RHOMBOIDEA, rhomboidal. RHUS, red (the prevailing color of the plentiful fruit in the genus). RIBES, the Arabic name. RIGIDUS, stiff; rigid. RIVULARIS, river. ROMANZOFFIA, Nicholas RomanzofF, a Rus- sian nobleman, who early in this cen- tury sent Kotzebue (accompanied by Chamisso and Eschscholtz) to this coast. ROSA, the ancient name. ROSEUS, rosy. ROTUNDIFOLIA, round-leaved. RUBESCENS, reddening; reddish. RUBUS, red (the color of the fruit). country; rustic. SALVIA, from a Latin word meaning to save. SAMBUCUS, from the name of an ancient musical instrument, said to have been made of Elder. SANGUINEA, bloody. SARCODES, from the Greek for flesh. SARMENTOSA, running (as strawberries). SATIVA, cultivated; tame. SAXIFRAGA, rock-breaker. SCOLIOPUS, worm-peduncle. SCROPHULARIA, scrofula cure. SCUTELLARIA, from scutella, a dish (be- cause of the calyx). SERPYLLOIDES, Thyme-like. SERRATUM, serrate; toothed SESSILE, sessile; stemless. SESSILIFOLIA, sessile-leaved. SHALLON, the Indian name. SIDALCIA. SILENE, from a Greek word meaning saliva. SIMPLEX, simple. ' SITCHENSIS, Sitka. SOLDANELLA, the generic name of another plant. SOREHLATUS, covered with granules. SPARSIFLORUS, sparse-flowered. SPATHULATA, spatulate. SPECIOSUS, showy. SPECTABILIS, notable; admirable. SPECULARIA, from speculum, a looking- glass. SPIRAEA, old name of Meadow Sweet. STACHYS, the ancient name. STACHYOIDES, Stachys-like. 134 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. STATICE, the ancient name. STELLARIA, from stella, a star. STELLATA, starry; star-like. STIPULARIS, stipulate. STIVERI, C. H. Stivers STRICTUM, iipright. STRIGULOSUS, bristly. STROBILACEA, cone-like (a pine cone). STROBILINA, little cone. STROPHOLIRION, twisted-lily. SUBPINKATA, nearly-pinnate. SYMPHORICARPUS, cluster-fruit. SYMPLOCARPUS, united-fruit. TAISTACETTFOLIUS. Tansy-leaved. TATULA, an old generic name (?). TELLIMA, anagram of Mitella. TENAX, tough. TENELLA, tender; delicate. TENER, soft, tender. TENUILOBA, slender-lobed. TENUIFOLIUS, thin-leaved. TESSELLATA, checkered (seeds). THYSANOCARPUS, fringe-pod. THYRSIFLORUS, thyrse-flowered. TIARELLA, a little mitre (the pod). TINCTORIA, useful as a dye. TOMENTOSUS, woolly; tomentose. TRACHYANDRA, rough anther. TRIDENTATUS, three -toothed; three- pronged. TRICHANTHA, hair-flowered. TRICHOPHYLLUS, hair-leaved. TRICOLOR, three-colored. TRIFIDUM, three-parted. TRIFLORUS, three-flowered. TRIFOLIATA, three-leaved. TRIFOLITJM, three-leaves. TRILLIUM, triple (leaves, petals, etc., in threes). TRUNCATA, truncate. TUBEROSA, tuber-bearing. UMBELLATA, umbellate. UMBELLIFERUM, umbel-bearing. UNDULATA, wavy. UNIFLORUS, one -flowering. UNIFOLIATA, one-leaved. URSINUS, bear. VACCINNIUM, the ancient name. VAGANS, wandering; spreading. VANCOUVERIA, Capt. George Vancouver, who explored this coast in 1792-1794. VENENOSUS, deadly-poisonous. VENOSUS, veiny. VENUSTUS, beautiful. VESTITA, clothed; covered. VERNICOSA, varnished. VERONICA, for St. Veronica (?). VERTICILLATA, whorled, VILLOSUS, hairy. VISCIDULA, sticky. VIRGINIENSIS, Virginian. VITIS, the ancient name. VULGARIS, common. WHIPPLEA, Gen. A. W. Whipple, who visited this coast in 1849, in command of a Government Survey Party. XEROPHYLLUM, dry-leaf. YUCCA, the Indian name. ZAUSCHNERIA, M. Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist. ZYGADENUS, yoked-glands. INDEX OF GENERIC AND COMMON NAMES. %* The names of orders are in capitals. Figures following names in parentheses denote the numbers of the species to which the common names apply; e. g., Baby-Eyes is the common name of the third species of Nemopliila. PAGE Abronia ..... 104 Acama 64 Acer 37 Aconite ( Aconitum) 19 Adenostoma 53 JSsculus 37 Alchcmilla 54 Alfalfa 44 Alfilaria (Erodium) 33 Alfillarilla (Erodium) 33 Al.ium 112 ALISMACE2E 108 Alisma 108 Alum-root 57 Ainelanchier 54 Amorpha 47 Amsinclna 84 AN A< 'AUDIACE2E 38 AuagaLis 73 Anemopsis 107 Anemone 16 Antirrhinum 90 Aphyllou 96 APOCYNACE.& 7:3 Apocynum 73 Aquilegia 18 Arabis 23 ARACE2E 120 Aralia G3 ARA1JACE2E 03 Arbutus 69 Arctostaphylos 6'J Ai'enaria 28 ARIS TOLOCHIACE^ 104 Aristolochia 104 Armcria 72 Arrow-grass 108 Asarum 104 ASCLLPIADACE^ 73 Asclepias 73 Ash 73 Astragalus 47 Audibertia 100 Azalia 70 PAGE Baby-Eyes (Nemopliila, 3) ... 81 Barberry 19 Beard-tongue (Pentstemon) . 91 Bedstraw (Galium) 65 Bellflower 68 BER13ERIDACKZE 19 Berberis 19 Big-Root 63 Bind-weed 121 Blaccberry 52 Bleeding-Heart (Dicentra, 1) 22 Ulo nicria 113 Biue-curls 102 Blue-eyed Grass 110 Boisduvalia 62 BORRAGINACILE 83 Boschniakia 97 Box-Elder 38 Boykinia 56 Brasenia 20 Braesica 23 Brevoortia 115 Brodisca 113 Brunella 101 Buckbcan 75 Buckeye 37 Bur-Clover 44 Burning bush (Euonymus) . . 35 Buttercup 17 Butterfly Lily 118 Button-bush 65 Calandrinia 29 California Holly (Hetero- mcles 54 California Lilac 36 California Poppy (Esch- sc'holtzia 21 Calliprora 114 Calochortus 117 CALYCANTHACE/E Calycanthus 53 Campanula 68 CAMPANULACE.Z 67 PAGE Camassia 115 CAPKIFOLIACLE 64 Capsella 24 Cardamino 23 Carpet-Weed (M.olluo) 03 CARYOPHYLLAUE/E 27 Castilleia 93 Catchfly (Sileuei 27 Ceauotju^ 30 CELASTRACE.i; 35 Cephalanthus 65 Cerastiuiu 28 Cercocarpus 52 Chamiso 53 Chciranthus 23 CHENG. ODIACL/E 105 Chenopodium 105 Cherry 51 Chia 100 Chickweed .8 Chimapliila 71 Chlorogalum 115 Chorizanthe 10G Circaea 62 CISTACE^E Clarkia 61 Ciaytonia 30 Cleavers 65 Clematis 16 Clintonia ( 7) n-. Clover 42 Coffec-Treo ( llhamnus, 2) 36 Co linsia 90 Collomia 7 ; Co:u;nbino 18 'Sir.t: 06 CUNVOLVULACEJE 86 Convolvulus 121-86 Corallorhiza 109 Coral-Root 109 Cordylanthus 95 <&:: 63 Cornus 63 Corn-Spurry 29 136 INDEX. PAGE Cotyledon 68 Cranesbill 33 CRASSULACEaS 58 Cream-Gups 20 Cressa 87 CRUCIFER2E 22 CUCUKBITACE2E G3 Currant , 58 Cuscuti 87 Cynoglossum 86 Damsonium 108 Datura 88 Delphinium 18 Dendromecon . . .. 2i Dicentra 22 Dirca ... 10G Dock 105 Dodecatheon 72 Dodder 87 Dogwood (Cornus, 1) 63 Downingia 07 Ear-Drops (Dicentra) 22 Echinospermura 85 Elder 64 Ellisia 81 Einrnenantho 82 Enchanter's Nightshade (Cir- cssa) 62 Epilobium 69 Epipactis 109 ERICACE2E CS Eriodictyon 83 Erii igonuni 103 Eritrichiuin 85 Erodium 33 Erysiirium 23 Erythraa 75 Eschscholtziii 21 Eucharidium 62 Euonymus 35 Evening Primrose 60 Feverwort (Scrophularia) ... 90 FICOiDE/E 63 Figwort 90 Filaria (Filaree) 33 Flag 110 Flax 32 Fragaria 53 Fraxinus 73 Fringe-pod 25 Fritiliaria 110 FUMAEIACE2B 22 Galium 65 Garlic 112 Garrya 64 Gaultheria 70 Gentiana 75 Gentian . 75 GESTlANACEffi 74 GERAKIACE.E 33 Geranium .33 PAGE Gilia 76 Ginger 104 Githopsis 67 Glasswoit 105 Glaus 73 GJycyrrhiza 47 Godetia 61 Gorn^hocarpus 74 Gooseberry 58 Goo^efoot 105 Grape 37 Greek Valerian 80 Green Lily 117 Habenaria 109 Hedge Mustard 24 Hedge Nettle (Stachys) 101 Helianthemum 25 Heliotrope 84 Heliotropium 84 Hemp 73 Heron's Bill (Erodium) 33 Heterocodon 68 Heteromeles 54 Heuchora 57 Honeysuckle (Aquilegia) 18 Honeysuckle 65 Horkelia :. 53 Hop-Tree 34 Horse is^ettie 121 Hosackia 44 Hound's - tongue (Cynoglos- sum) 80 Huckleberry 69 Hyacinth 115 HYDROPHYLLACEJE 80 1 lYPEUICACE^E 30 Hypericum 30 Indian Hemp 73 Indian Lettuce ( Claytonia, 1) . 30 IRIDACE^E 110 Iris 110 Jamestown-Weed (Datura) ... 88 Jerusalem Oak 105 Jussiaea 59 Knot-Grass. 105 LABIATES 97 Lace-pod 25 Ladies' Tresses 109 Lady's-mantlo (Alchemilla).. 54 Lady's-sdipper 109 Lamb's-quarters 105 Larkspur 18 Lathyrus 49 LAURACE^ 106 Laurel 106 Lavatera 31 Leatherwood 106 Leek , 112 LEGUMINOaaa 38 Lepidium 24 PAGE Lepigonum 29 Leucocrinum 120 Lewisia 30 Lilac 36 LILIACEJI 110 Li-iurn 116 Lily 116 Lily-Bell - 118 Lirnosella 93 Lirnnanthes 34 LINAGES 32 Linaria 90 Linum 32 Liquorice 47 LOASACE.E 62 LOBELIACE^ 67 Louicera 65 Loupewort ( Pedicularis) 96 Lovegrove (Neraophila, 1) ... 81 Lucern 44 Lupine 39 Lupinus 39 Lycopus 98 LYTHRACEJE 59 Ly thrum 59 Madrono 69 Mahonia (Berberis) 19 Maianthemum 115 Mallow 31 Malva 31 MALVACE2E 31 Manzanita 69 Maple 37 Marsh Rosemary 72 Meadow-Hue (Thalictruin)... 17 Heconopsis 21 Med.cago 44 Megnrrhiza 63 Melilotus 43 Mentha 98 Mentzelia 62, 121 Menyanthes 75 Mesembryanthemum 63 Microcala 75 Micronieria 99 Milkweed 73 Mimulus 92 Mint 98 Mock-Orange 57 Mollugo 63 Monardella 98 Monkey-flower (Mimulus) ... 92 Monk's Hood 19 Morning - Glory ( Convolvu- lus) 86 Mosquito-Bills (Dodecatheon) 72 Mountain- Balm 83 Mountain Mahogany 52 Mouse-tail 17 Mudwort 93 Muilla '. 112 Mullein \. 89 Musk-Plant ...> 92 Mustard 23 INDEX, 137 PAGE Myosurus ................... 17 Negundo .................... 38 Neillia ..... ................ 51 Nemophila .......... ........ 81 Nicotiana ................... 89 Nightshade .................. 83 Nine-Bark ................... 51 Nuphar .................... 20 Nutta'.lia .................... 51 NYCTAGINACE2E ........... 104 20 (Enothera ................ 60, 121 OLEAC&E ............... ... 73 ONAGRACE.E ............... 59 Onion .......... .......... 112 ORCHID ACE2E ............. 108 Oregon-Crabapple ........... 54 Oregon Grape (Berberis, 2) . . Oreodaphne ................. 106 PROBANCHACE^E .......... 96 Orthoc.irpus. . .............. 91 Oso 1 Jerry ................... 51 Oxalis ....................... 34 Pseonia ..................... 19 Paeony ...................... 19 Painted-cup ................. 93 Pansy (Viola) ............... 26 PAPAVELIACE4: ............ 29 Pea-Vino (Vicia) ............ 48 Pectocarya .................. 88 Peppergrass ................ 24 Pedicularis .................. 96 Pentstemon .............. 91, 121 Phacelia ............ ,....81, 121 Philadelphia ................ 57 Photinia .................... 54 Pickcringia ................. 39 Pigweed .................... 105 Pin-Clover .................. 33 Pimpernel .................. 73 Pipe-Vino .................. 104 Pipsissewa .................. 71 Pirns ........................ 54 PLANTAGINACEJ3 .......... 103 Plantago .................... 103 Plantain .................... 103 Pl:tystemon ................ 20 Platystigma ................. 21 Plectriti.s .................... CO PLIJ.MBAGINACE.E ......... 71 Pogogyne ................... 99 PoisonOak .................. 38 POLEMONIACE/E ........... 75 Polemonium ................ 80 Polygala .................... 27 POLYGALACE2E ............ 27 POLYGONACE.E ............ 105 Bolygonum .................. 103 Pond-Lily ................. 20 Poor - man's Weather - glass (Anagallis) ................ 73 PORTULACACE2E ........... 29 PAGE Potentilla 53 PRIMULACKE 72 Prosartes 119 Prince's-Pine (Chimaphila).. 7.1 Prunus 50 Psoralea 46 Ptelea 34 Pterospora 71 Pterostegia 106 Pycnanthemum 98 Pyrola 71 Radish... . 25 RANUNCULACKE 16 Ranunculus 16 Raphanus 25 Raspberry 62 Rattle-weed 47 RHAMNACKE 35 Rharnnus 35 Rhododendron 70 Rhus 38 Ribes 57 Rib-grass (Plantago) 103 Romanzoffia 83 ROSACES 49 Rosa 54 Rose 54 RUBIACEJ3 65 Rubus 52 Rumex 105 RUTACE33 34 Sage 100 Salal 70 Salicornia 1C5 SalmonBerry 52 Salvia 100 Sambucus 64 SaudSpurry 29 Sand Verbena 104 Sandwort 28 SAPINDACE2E 37 Barcodes 71 SAURURACE-E 107 Baxifraga 55 SAX1FRAGACKE 55 Saxifrage 55 Scoliopus 119 Scrophularia 90 SCROPHULARIACKE 89 Scutettaria 101 Sea Milkwort 73 Sedum 58 Keif-heal 101 Service-Berry 54 Seubertia 114 Shad-Berry 5i Sheep Sorrel 105 Shepherd's Purse 24 Shouting-Star (Dodecatheon) . 72 Sidalcia 31 Silene 27 Silver-weed 53 Sisyinbrium 24 PAGE Sisyrinchium .... 110 Skull-cap 101 Skunk-Cabbage 120 Skurk-weed (G. squarrosa) . . 78 Smartweed 105 Smilacina 115 Snapdragon 90 Snow-Berry 64 Snow-Plant 71 Soap-Root 115 SOLANACE^ 88 Solanum 88, 121 Solomon's Seal 115 Sorrel 34 Specularia 67 Spergula 29 Spikenard 63 Syiraea 51 Spiranthes 109 Sphacele 100 Squash Fam. (Cucurbitaceaj) . 63 Spurry 29 Squirrel's Grandfather (Bos- chniakia) 97 Stachys 101 Star-Flower 73 Statice 72 Stellaria '23 St. John's-wort Stick-seed (Echinospermum) 85 Stone-crop 53 Stramonium 83 Strawberry 53 Strawberry Tree (Arbutus) . . 69 Strept >pus 119 8un-Dial (Lupinus) 39 Sweet-clover 43 Sweet-scented Shrub 55 Symphori carpus C4 Symplocarpus 10 Tare . . 48 Tellima 56 Thaiictrum 17 Thermopsis 39 Thimble-berry 52 Three-leaved Nightshade. ... 120 Thrift 72 THYMELACE-i; 106 Thysanocarpus 25 Tiarella Tiger Liiy lit. Tillma 59 Toad-Flax 90 Tobacco 89 To:lon (Heteromeles) 54 Tonella 121 TreoMallow 31 Trichostema 102 :is r ; Trifolium 42 Triglochin 108 Trillium 1^0 Tropidocarpum 24 Twisted-Stalk 119 138 INDEX. PAGE Umbellaria 106 UMBELLIFER^E 63 Vaccinum 69 VALERIANACE2E 66 Vancouveria 20 Venus Looking-glass (Specu- laria) 67 Verbascum 89 VERBENACE2E 102 Veratrum 120 Verbena 103 Veronica 93 Vetch 49 Vicia 48 PAGE VineMaple 37 Viola 26 VIOIACE2E 25 Violet 26 Virgin's Bower 16 V1TACE-E 37 Vitis 37 Wall-flower (Cheiranthus) .. 23 Water Plantain 108 Water Horehuund 98 Watershield 20 Wheat-Thief ( Amsinckia) ... 84 Whipplea 57 PAGE White Forget-me-not (Eri- trichium) 85 WildHyacinth 115 Willow-herb 59 Wintersreen (Pyrola).. ..70 (71) Wood Anemone 17 Wormseed 105 Xerophyllum 120 Yerba Bnena 99 YerbaSanta 83 Yucca 116 Zauschneria 59 Zygadenus 120 RETURN BIOLOGY LIBRARY TO*- 3503 Life Sciences Bldg 642- m LOAN P ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS Renewed books are subject to immediate recall DUE AS STAMPED BELOW JUN - 2 19 87 FORM NO. DDA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720 $ U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY