yC-NRLF 
 
 ^B ^M 3T7 
 
GIFT OF 
 MICHAEL REESE 
 
FAMILY 
 BUDGETS: 
 
 BEING THE INCOME 
 AND EXPENSES 
 OF TWENTY-EIGHT 
 BRITISH HOUSEHOLDS. 
 1891-1894. 
 
 MffNIVERSITT 
 
 THE ECONOMIC CLUB, 
 
REESE LIBRARY 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 z/liressioiis No. (p^^/S'- Chm No. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/familybudgetsbeiOOeconrich 
 
FAMILY BUDGETS: BEING 
 THE INCOME AND EXPENSES 
 OF TWENTY-EIGHT BRITISH 
 HOUSEHOLDS. 1891-1894. 
 
 COMPILED FOR THE 
 ECONOMIC CLUB, WITH 
 An INTRODUCTION. 
 
 UNIVERSIT-r^ 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 P. S. KING & SON, 
 
 12 & 14, KING STREET, 
 
 WESTMINSTER, S.W. 
 
 1896. 
 
 PRICE TWO SHILLINGS 
 AND SIXPENCE NETT. 
 
^^' 
 
 0^' 
 
 i« 
 
 PRINTED BY 
 PENNY AND HULL, LEMAN STREET, LONDON, E. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAG 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 Notes on the Families — - 
 
 London, Nos. 1-8 ... ... ... ... ... 17 
 
 Provincial Towns, Nos. 9-17 31 
 
 Rural Distrias, Nos. 18-28 48 
 
 Tables of Income and Expenditure — 
 
 Summary .. ... ... ... ... ... 70 
 
 Food 72 
 
 Expenses other than Food 74 
 
 Percentages ... ... ... ... ... ... 7^ 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THIS little book is the result of an effort to study family life in 
 Great Britain through details of family expenditure, and 
 from this it takes its title ." Family Budgets." It follows humbly, 
 and at some distance, in the footsteps of Le Play. Being (he 
 work of several hands it lacks uniformity of treatment. In 
 exchange it gains, perhaps, something in vividness and variety. 
 It sets forth its wares to meet the taste of two different 
 classes of readers, or at least appeals to very different sides of 
 any reader's mind. As the outcome of an ♦• Economic Club " it 
 puts in the forefront tables which bring together and lay open for 
 comparison the numerical, economic fa(5ts, and from these it 
 leaves the reader or student to draw his own conclusions on the 
 special points that may interest him. Many more than twenty- 
 eight Budgets would be requisite to justify complete, self-sustained, 
 unquestionable conclusions ; more questions are suggested than 
 answered ; but the material, so far as it goes, is good. 
 
 Beyond this stridll}^ statistical interest the short stories which 
 precede the tables, and to which the tables serve as an index, give 
 us a warm human interest in the lives described. The Budgets 
 are not confined to one locality or to one class. They extend 
 from Sussex to Scotland — from London to St. Ives. Town and 
 country conditions are represented as well as many varieties of 
 circumstances, from the middle class comfort to the pinch of 
 great poverty. 
 
 It may be well to give a short history of the steps by which 
 this collection has been brought together. 
 
 In i8gi, at a meeting of the Economic Club, the subject of 
 Workmen's Budgets was introduced ; and a proposal that the 
 members should, under the general auspices of the Club, collect 
 such Budgets was favourably received and referred to the 
 Executive, by which a Special Sub-Committee was subsequently 
 appointed. 
 
6 Introdudtion. 
 
 A few weeks later a specimen Budget (now No. la in the 
 series printed), was prepared and circulated among the members. 
 In July, 1892, a circular letter was addressed to them, accompanied 
 by a schedule of questions and instructions. Both were distri- 
 buted in the first place among the members, but also through 
 ihem amongst a certain number of friends likely to co-operate. 
 In the letter the importance of choosing families that were as 
 typical as possible and whoso accuracy might be counted upon, 
 both in filling up the schedule and in keeping the accounts, 
 was emphasized. It was also urged that the accounts should be 
 kept day by day, and item by item, for as long a period as possible, 
 and in no case for less than a month. In the schedule twenty-seven 
 questions were enumerated and a specimen of the method of keep- 
 ing the accounts was added. 
 
 In all, about thirty-eight Budgets have been sent in to the 
 Committee, about half the number being accompanied by a 
 descriptive monograph. As was to be expected, the material was 
 found to possess very different degrees of value, and a few sets of 
 accounts were rejecfted as being useless for the purpose of the 
 Club. Eventually it was decided to print tabular results of 
 twenty-eight Budgets, in the majority of cases with brief notes 
 on the families, and in seven cases with the monographs in full, 
 these last being selected from those that had most intrinsic value 
 and were most representative in character. In some cases, it is 
 to be noted that only cursory schedule notes on the figures and 
 the family to which they refer were sent in, and these had to 
 be thrown into connecfted form. The whole of this work of 
 amplification as well as that of abstracfling the longer monographs, 
 which it was decided not to print in full, and the still more 
 laborious task of summarising the accounts, as shown in the 
 tables, was undertaken by Miss Edith Collet and Miss Robertson, 
 to whom the Club is greatly indebted for the time and trouble 
 they have given to the work. 
 
 The Budgets that have been printed, including eight from the 
 Metropolitan area, nine from Provincial towns, and eleven from 
 the rural districts, have been sent in by ten members and three 
 non-members of the Club. 
 
 Although the method of account-keeping in the various 
 families has varied somewhat, it has been found possible, with 
 
Introduction. 7 
 
 rare exceptions, to tabulate the accounts in accordance with a 
 uniform plan. Most of the figures in the raw material reached 
 the Committee in the small account books in which the items had 
 been originally entered by a member of the family. 
 
 The monographs, however, show a much greater variety of 
 form than the accounts, and vary from the brief notes appended to 
 the schedules, which, indeed, hardly deserve the name of mono- 
 graphs, to a full description of the family. A well-defined class of 
 monographs will be observed by all readers in the three cases 
 (Nos. 4, 5 and 15) in which the text has been written, not by the 
 observer or compiler, but by the head of the family himself. 
 
 The general plan of the tables will explain itself on examni- 
 nation. The first (A) is a general summary of the composition, 
 income and expenditure of the family, with particulars concerning 
 the period covered by tlie accounts ; the second (B) is an analysis 
 showing the weekly average expenditure on food and drink ; the 
 third (C) gives a corresponding analysis of the weekly average 
 expenditure for all articles other than food and drink, including 
 such headings as rent, boots, recreation, etc., and the fourth (D) 
 shows the percentage of certain sele(5led and significant items : 
 {a) to the total weekly expenditure, and {h) to the total weekly 
 expenditure on food and drink. 
 
 The Budgets, in spite of their imperfedlions, will be found very 
 fruitful and suggestive. Sometimes they will be found so from the 
 light which they throw upon some economic point, the importance 
 of which is already well known ; sometimes, however, they direct 
 attention to the very existence of some question which is not 
 likely to have been previously under our notice, and which will 
 be recognised, perhaps for the first time, as deserving further 
 attention. It is often as useful to have an important economic 
 point suggested to us for further consideration, as it is to secure a 
 general answer to a problem already formulated, the existence and 
 importance of which is present to the mind. 
 
 Some of the points, framed as questions, to which the Budgets 
 direct attention, and to which some of them give partial answers, 
 are the following : — 
 
 I. To what extent is the elimination of the small general 
 
 shop in process ? What method of distribution is taking its 
 
Introdudlion. 
 
 place ? Is it, in the country, the co-operative store or the 
 ^Jarger firm of the neighbouring town that reaches its customers 
 by the van or the Parcels Post ; or, in the city, the larger 
 and more attra(5live establishment of the neighbouring main 
 street ? To what extent is this normal effect of competition, 
 to " eliminate the unnecessary middleman," hindered by 
 (a) convenience ; and (b) the prevailing system of credit ? 
 (cf. Budgets Nos. 7 and 27). 
 
 2. To what extent is loss to the small consumer^caused 
 by the necessity of purchasing in small quantities? The 
 widespread and well-founded notion is, that the loss is con- 
 siderable and inevitable, but such a passage as the following 
 reminds us that there is another side to the question : in 
 monograph No. i, for instance, the compiler, who states else- 
 where that the only commodity in which the wife thinks much 
 loss is incurred through her small purchases is coal, writes as 
 follows : — 
 
 The children are not old enough to earn money. The boy of eight is, 
 however, sent to do small errands. He is found to receive sympathetic 
 attention when he has a farthing or hali-penny to lay out ; while his 
 father and mother would often be told that orders of such small value 
 cannot be executed. When there is no definite measure for a " ha'porth " 
 his parents think he '• gets the benefit of the doubt." 
 
 There is also a widespread opinion among housewives 
 that the danger of greater consumption arising from the 
 possession in the house of large quantities is almost certain 
 to follow. This is most likely to happen in the case of 
 attractive articles of food unless the wife is careful in 
 management. One case, e.g., has come before the notice of 
 the Committee in which the wife intentionally bought very 
 small quantities of jam because of the rapidity with which her 
 husband made it disappear if a larger quantity were put upon 
 the table. 
 
 3. To what extent does the want of comfort in lodgings 
 lead to hasty or early marriages ? In two cases at least 
 (Nos. I and 4) the heads of the families were hurried into 
 marriage by the discomfort of living in lodgings, and the 
 compiler of No. i in a note (page 22) states that London 
 workmen, when spoken to on the unwisdom of marrying 
 before due provision has been made to avoid distress, not 
 infrequently say that they are led into precipitate marriage 
 
Introdtidion. g 
 
 owing to the discomfort and swindling to which they are 
 subjected in their lodgings. 
 
 4. To what extent is the marked absence of supplementary 
 earnings* in comparison with the extent with which they figure 
 in the Budgets of continental families, due to the absence of 
 the habit and custom among our own people of seeking for 
 such resources ; and how far, when land is necessary in order 
 to secure them, is their absence due to the special difficulty of 
 securing it in this country ? 
 
 5. On the habits of thrift, on the extent to which, and 
 the forms in which, the Friendly Society System operates 
 throughout the country, a considerable amount of interesting 
 fadl may be collected from the Budgets. But most significant 
 in this connection is perhaps the light they throw upon the 
 attitude of humble families towards the Poor Law, and the 
 widespread prevalence they illustrate of the habits of sturdy 
 self-dependence. 
 
 6. On the more general question of the composition of 
 working-class dietaries but little further light is thrown. The 
 detailed accounts suggest a much greater variety than do the 
 summaries given in the printed tables, and this becomes still 
 more apparent when the details and the number of articles 
 consumed are compared with, let us say, any correspondmg 
 Budget of the last century. Important questions are sugges- 
 ted as to the extent to which the expenditure is intelligent, and 
 as to how far the elementary principles of domestic economy 
 are understood by the wives of wage-earners. But generaliza- 
 tions on the character of their expenditure and still less on the 
 prevaiHng Standard of Comfort cannot be hazarded upon the 
 insufficient data that we possess. 
 
 In the same way very little fresh light is thrown upon the 
 question of the yeal value of earnings. One important poin 
 however in this connecftion is abundantly emphasized, viz 
 that the real value to the individual family will by no means 
 be altogether determined by any ruling range of prices, but 
 also to a very great extent by the habits and capacities of the 
 wife. 
 
 * It may be noted that, while particulars of income are always difficult to 
 secure, this item of supplementary earnings is one that is especially likely to be 
 omitted. 
 
lo Introdudion. 
 
 7. On the question as to where economies are most likely 
 to be pracflised when means are more than usually straitened, a 
 careful examination of Budgets Nos. i and 26 will throw some 
 light, and a useful comparison on this point might be made 
 between the Budgets of some of the more well-to-do families 
 and those of the more indigent. 
 
 8. Concrete instances are constantly brought to our notice 
 in the following pages of the importance of mobility as a 
 means of securing industrial experience ; and also cff the 
 importance of distinguishing between that form of mobility that 
 indicates enterprise and increased economic efficiency and 
 that which indicates shiftlessness — the absence of the power 
 of persistent application, and which leads to economic waste. 
 The first of these points has far-reaching importance and has 
 much more than an ethical significance. In one aspect, for 
 instance, it touches the whole question of apprenticeship and 
 training, and the widespread opinion in many branches of the 
 Building Trades in London in favour of " picking up " a know- 
 ledge of a trade — of going first as a boy and then as an improver, 
 and of moving from shop to shop in order to secure the advan- 
 tages of various experiences, forms one, but of course only one, 
 of the obstacles to the extension of systematic training among 
 the younger workers in this group of trades. 
 
 9. As regards the incidence of indirecfl taxation, very little 
 information can be obtained from the Budgets, and a 
 calculation of the amount paid by the various heads of the 
 families, if based upon the figures of the Budgets, would, 
 doubtless, to some considerable extent, be misleading.'-' 
 
 10. The table of percentages (D) shows interesting and 
 suggestive differences in the ratio of certain items to the total 
 expenditure, but little further light is thrown upon the question 
 as to the extent to which the varying ratio, as, for instance, of 
 rent or food, to total expenditure can be reduced to any 
 general law. 
 
 In several of the preceding paragraphs it has been admitted 
 that as regards many special points, the statistics and the descriptive 
 
 * In some cases when particulars of earnings were not forthcoming, the 
 independent expenditure of the husband is not stated, and in other cases his 
 private disbursements in tobacco, beer and spirits are probably omitted, being 
 included, perhaps, under the head of " pocket money " and " other expenses." 
 
Introduction. jj 
 
 material of the Budgets are of secondary importance. On the 
 real meaning of the family, however ; on the importance of the 
 family life and the strength of the family tie ; and on the strong 
 instmas that make the family still the fundamental social faa and 
 the true economic unit, the value of the Budgets seems to us to be 
 of quite another order. Almost every detail given may be said to 
 help in increasing this value. Our material has been collected, it 
 is true, in a somewhat unsystematic way, but, on these general 
 questions, it is none the less scientific and light-giving. 
 
 It may be said, indeed, that while similarity in the method of 
 presenting the accounts is an essential, variety in description is at 
 least a desideratum. The vitality of the collecftion of Budgets is 
 secured by this variety. By its help we are enabled in some 
 degree to measure the influences at work in the individual family ; 
 to detect its idiosyncrasies ; to judge whether the dominant forces 
 within it make for continuous life or for disintegration — for 
 economic strength or for weakness and waste. A small collection 
 of pictures giving us such insight has been secured, in some 
 respects, in a very admirable form. Our records, it is true, do not 
 cover a sufficiently long period of time to make us feel that we 
 have much more than an instantaneous picffure of any individual 
 family. The material affords a basis, however, upon which, if time 
 and patience were given to it, a collection might be formed that 
 would have, not more human interest than ours, but considerably 
 greater scientific value. 
 
 In forming such a collection it is probable that the method 
 of enquiry here adopted must, on the whole, be followed, j.^., that it 
 must be intensive in form, the investigators contenting themselves 
 with a comparatively small number of families, and not endeavour- 
 ing to cover the greater number that could, it is true, be secured by 
 the adoption of the extensive method. On the latter plan, while a 
 larger number of particulars might be obtained, the more imposing 
 statistical array would be comparatively barren of teaching, because 
 lacking the material needed to place the unit of the household 
 in the framing of home, of training, of industrial environment, of 
 habit, of influence and of charadler that its proper comprehension 
 would demand. We have secured a series of pi(51:ures framed in 
 a way that gives us at least some insight into a(5luality, and it is 
 in this facfl, it seems, that the chief value of the Budgets is to 
 be found. 
 
12 Introduction, 
 
 In conclusion we would refer to certain general lines of 
 criticijBm to which the Budgets will certainly be subje(5ted. Some 
 are obvious. For instance : — 
 
 1. The absence of any Budget of many important repre- 
 sentative classes of the community ; 
 
 2. In many cases the incompleteness of the analysis and 
 enumeration {e.g., we have frequently no account of incomings, 
 and in only one case is a detailed record given of the furni- 
 ture — that important gauge of the persistent well-being T)f the 
 family). 
 
 3. The small number of Budgets given. 
 
 The recognition of the validity of such lines of criticism will 
 guard us against any attempt to draw wide generalisations from 
 the small array of facts and figures that we possess. 
 
 One objection that is often advanced against Budgets is 
 sure to be raised against the collection of the Club, viz., that as 
 soon as accounts are kept at the request of another person, no 
 matter how trusted the person may be, they are sure to be affected 
 by the knowledge that they will be seen by other people ; that 
 little luxuries will be omitted, or will perhaps appear under 
 the head of some necessary : boots, for instance, may figure 
 for even more than their normally large proportion as an item 
 of expenditure; and we may perhaps look in vain for the cost 
 of personal indulgences, and still more in vain for that of graver 
 extravagancies.* 
 
 Doubtless there are a certain number of omissions of this kind ; 
 and in looking down such columns as ''Alcoholic Drinks" and 
 *' Tobacco " one is certainly struck by the abstemiousness and even 
 the self-denying lives that most of the adult males, whose expendi- 
 ture is in most cases supposed to have been given in full, must 
 have led. But two points are pertinent and weaken the importance 
 of the criticism. 
 
 I. The accounts are probably in all cases those of respecfl- 
 able folk ; the Budgets of the ne'er-do-weels, be they rich or 
 
 * Sometimes the risk of omissions and concealment may be increased by the 
 very intimacy of the person for whom the accounts are kept. In certain cases it 
 might be worth considering whether the accounts might not be passed on unread 
 by, let us say, the friend who has colletfled them to the unknown member of 
 some economic club. 
 
Introduction. 
 
 13 
 
 poor, will always be difficult to secure. From the general 
 characfter of the families, therefore, the margin of expense 
 for which there will be motive for concealment will, by 
 hypothesis, be small. 
 
 2. The accounts of the respecftable family are most useful 
 and most representative. The consciously wasteful and 
 extravagant expenditure of the rank and file of the wage-earn- 
 ing classes may be safely said to represent, not indeed a 
 negligible quantity, but certainly a small proportion of their 
 total annual outgoings. 
 
 This opinion is corroborated by a volume of accounts in the 
 possession of a member of the club. The period covered by them 
 exceeds ten years, and the record was kept entirely for private 
 reasons without any idea of their being used for any scientific 
 purpose. There is abundant internal evidence that any omissions 
 are due to carelessness, and not to any motive of concealment. 
 
 The accounts are interspersed with occasional diary notes, 
 and many of the pages throw a somewhat lurid light on the ex- 
 periences of the young artizan who kept them, especially in the 
 years immediately preceding his marriage. Expenses for cigars, 
 visits to music halls, "sprees," presents to his lady-friends, 
 " rows," and notes of the occasions (sometimes with and some- 
 times without a statement of their money cost), when he got 
 "tight," are all recorded, and the whole statement is one of 
 extraordinary frankness and freedom. 
 
 But even these accounts in the years of his greatest extrava- 
 gance show a large balance on the side of what may be called 
 reasonable expenditure. There are, indeed, some weeks when his 
 "sprees" were very costly; and when wasteful expenditure 
 exceeded that of every other kind. But these are quite the excep- 
 tion. Examination shows that he may fairly be said to have 
 " thrown away" about 15 per cent, of his earnings during these 
 early years of his working life. He was earning about 36/- per 
 week. 
 
 In making all reasonable allowance, therefore, for intentional 
 omissions (and the Cambridge Budgets, it may be mentioned, 
 were not kept for the Club, but quite independently for their 
 own practical use in house-keeping) we may fairly say that the 
 
H 
 
 Introdudiion. 
 
 strong impression left behind, after a perusal of these Budgets, 
 that the pictures they present are true ones, is well-founded ; and it 
 may well be urged that, even if there be some defects, a modicum 
 of truth has still its own independent value. We cannot, in 
 enquiries of this kind, expect to be able to give '* the truth, the 
 whole truth, and nothing but the truth." All we can hope to 
 arrive at is the truth, nearly all the truth, and very little but the 
 truth, and this has been secured. 
 
 CHARLES BOOTH, 
 ERNEST AVES, 
 HENRY HIGGS, 
 
 Committee. 
 
MONOGRAPHS, 
 
XJNIVERSIT- 
 
 NOTES ON THE FAMILIES 
 
 MONOGRAPHS AND ABSTRACTS. 
 
 
 1; 
 
 
 V THE COMPILER.] 
 
 [LONDON.] 
 
 
 Jobbing Plumber, age 30. 
 Wife age 29. 
 
 Children . 
 
 : Boys, ages 8 and 5, 
 Girl, age 3. 
 
 I89I, 
 
 I. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY. 
 
 History of the Family. — The man's parents were Londoners, 
 but his father's mother was born in France. His home was 
 unhappy, owing to the drinking habits of his father, and, as 
 the eldest child, he was kept much at home to help his mother and 
 look after the children, with the result that his education was 
 much neglected. Nominally at school for four or five years, he 
 was absent more than half the time. At the age of twelve he 
 was glad to leave school, and start work as an errand boy. In 
 this capacity he served 2 months with a greengrocer, 8 months 
 with a linendraper, and 12 months at a china shop, returning next 
 to the greengrocer. His mother now died, and he went to live 
 with an aunt, and engaged himself at a low wage to a plumber. 
 Having a natural liking for this work, and thinking his want of 
 education would not seriously impede him in it, he deliberately 
 chovse it as his trade, soon picked it up, was entrusted with skilled 
 work, and stayed with the same employer nearly 7 years. At this 
 time his aunt died. Though he paid her for his lodging, he was 
 " not too comfortable " with her ; but, when he removed to other 
 lodgings, he found them much more uncomfortable.t He was now 
 thrown out of work, through a quarrel with his foreman, and could 
 get nothing to do for a fortnight. Having, however, saved £ 10 or 
 £11, he married during this fortnight within a few weeks of his 
 aunt's death. 
 
 The wife was born in London. She lost her father (a 
 cabman) when she was very young, and went to the King Edward's 
 Schools for destitute children at Southwark, a charitable institution, 
 whence she was drafted at the age of 15 into domestic service as a 
 general servant. This situation was so uncomfortable, that she 
 left it at once for another. In all, she tried five places, remaining 
 3 years as nursemaid in one of them, and marrying from the last. 
 
 * The numbers correspond with those in Tables A, B, C, D. 
 t See Note (a), page 22. 
 
1 8 Notes on the Families : 
 
 Since his marriage, the man's employment has been marked 
 by. extreme irregularity and uncertainty. When her first-born 
 was 6 months old, the wife fell ill of bronchitis and required more 
 nourishing food. To obtain this, her husband, who had no work 
 at the time, allowed the rent to fall in arrear iis., when their home 
 (worth about £5 to them) was distrained upon, and broken up. 
 Since then, they have not been able to get on their legs again. 
 On one occasion, when he lay ill for a month in St. Thomas's 
 Hospital, his wife was forced to apply for out-door relief, havmg 
 absolutely no resources. The necessary steps of appearing before 
 the Guardians, receiving the Overseer's visit, &c., ^ere not 
 surmounted for nearly a fortnight, when they were " almost 
 starving." They were allowed 2s. 6d. a week, and received this 
 for two weeks. Directly the husband came home convalescent, 
 the relief stopped. It has not been applied for except this once. 
 The misfortune of the time, the tardiness of the relief, and the 
 surliness of the Overseer, are looked back upon with some bitter- 
 ness of recoUecftion by the man, who is devoted to his wife and 
 children. Some months ago their fourth child, a boy of two 
 months, died of inflammation of the lungs, on a cold day, when 
 the last penny had run out, and there was no fire in the room. 
 The loss of the child is keenly felt : they repine too, that the 
 funeral was necessarily of the cheapest (30s.) and plainest. As 
 the man puts it ; '' We could not have the little fall-things, wot 
 shows respecft."''' Neither trials in the past nor fears for the future 
 have, however, broken down their honesty, cheerfulness, or self- 
 respe(5t. The wife extorts the maximum of utility from their 
 slender resources. Her husband has no further aspiration than 
 the hope of permanent and regular employment. A good week, 
 when it comes, clears off the debts and shadows of the bad, and 
 provides for the time some satisfaction of the more urgent needs 
 of clothing or substantial food which have been forced into abey- 
 ance. Comfort arising from neatness of home and person is 
 relatively high ; but the standard of this precarious living is so 
 low, that it is difficult to conceive of a lower, apart from acTtual 
 starvation. 
 
 Moral circumstances. — On Sunday afternoons the children 
 are sent to a Wesleyan Sunday School. In the evening they 
 are put to bed early, and their parents go to the Wesleyan 
 Chapel "to pass away an hour." They incur no expenses in these 
 respetfts. The man does not smoke ; neither he nor his wife 
 drinks. The family is orderly, truthful and honest ; but offers no 
 soil for the cultivation of foresight in the diredtion of saving. 
 Earnings are spent within the week. The eldest boy is sent to 
 the Board School at a cost of 3d. per week levied for each week 
 during which he is at least once present. Last winter he was ill 
 for II weeks and rarely attended; the fees were then remitted 
 after his mother had been before the Local Managers.! 
 
 Hygiene. — The man is of strong constitution. His only 
 illness since marriage arose from lead poisoning, due to the 
 inhalation of ingredients of colour on a day when he resumed 
 
 * See Note {b), page 22. + See Note (c), page 22. 
 
London. ig 
 
 work with an empty stomach after two weeks enforced idleness. 
 This was the occasion of his transfer to the hospital. The demand 
 for beds led, as he asserts, to his premature discharge. Having 
 no money to pay his fare, he walked home (3 miles), and the 
 same night had two fits— his first and last attacks— attributed to 
 weakness and fatigue. 
 
 The wife was strong until after the birth of her first child, when, 
 endeavouring too soon to get about her work in the house, she 
 caught cold, which brought on a lung trouble, never since got rid 
 of. Her mother came to nurse her ; but the evi(ftion of the family 
 {seep, 18) happening at the time, she was, through the kind offices 
 of her doctor's sister, sent the same day to a convalescent home at 
 Kilburn, and there kept for four weeks at 8/6 a week, her husband 
 ultimately bearing half the expense. The oldest boy is consumptive. 
 The family often lacks the warmth and nutrition necessary for the 
 preservation of health. In case of illness appHcation is made to a 
 charitable dispensary which provides medical advice, medicine, 
 bandages, &c., to accepted patients, who must pay id. on each visit 
 on application, and find their own bottles. The doctor now attend- 
 ing the wife, spoke to a charitable lady of her want of coal during a 
 severe illness, and the want was supplied. A previous (charitable) 
 docftor, as already stated, interested his sister in this poor patient. 
 
 The children play in their school-yard, and sometimes in a 
 neighbouring park, but this is restridted by the fear of their parents 
 that they might get into bad company. 
 
 n. 
 
 ITS MEANS OF EXISTENCE. 
 
 Sources of Income. — The man describes himself as a three- 
 branch man. His main business is that of a jobbing plumber. 
 The usual wages of a London plumber are said to be gd. an 
 hour, and the weekly hours of labour 56J generally, in the suburbs, 
 53 in the " City," and large suburban firms. This plumber trusts 
 to his local connexion, and the information supplied by comrades, 
 for his jobs. When out of work he applies to firms, and sometimes 
 to likely householders. Other resources failmg he tries to earn 
 a trifle as a porter at audlion rooms, or wherever he can get 
 a job for the time. He is not deft at paper-hanging, and it took 
 him 14 hours to hang 9 pieces at 6d. a piece, with his own paste 
 (costing 2f d.) His tools, worth about 5s., would cost 30s. to replace. 
 He is often unable to do a job because his tools have been pawned. 
 There is nothing else upon which he ' can raise a loan. The 
 interest charged is ^d. in the is. for each month, and Jd. for the 
 pawn-ticket. 
 
 The wife is too delicate to do charing, or take in work. To 
 oblige an unmarried brother " who is rather particular," she 
 washes and mends his linen, but the 6d. a week which he sends in 
 payment does not cover the expense of mangling and washing 
 materials. She would like, slie says, to do the work for nothing. 
 She makes the children's stockings and all their garments, except 
 the girl's dresses. She has a small sewing machine. But her main 
 
 B 2 
 
20 Notes on the Families: 
 
 contribution to the economy of the family is her very skilful 
 house-keeping, which circumvents poverty by the most ingenious 
 expedients. 
 
 The children are not old enough to earn money. The boy of 
 eight is, however, sent to do the small errands. He is found to 
 receive sympathetic attention when he has a farthing, or half-penny 
 to lay out ; while his father or mother would often be told that 
 orders of such small value could not be executed. When there is 
 no definite measure for a " ha'porth " his parents think he " gets the 
 benefit of the doubt." He is also useful about the house, and, for 
 his mother's health, lights the fire before she gets ug ; but 
 complaint is made that he burns more wood in the process than a 
 grown person would do. 
 
 The family has no credit, nor can it count upon the aid of 
 relatives, except that at rare intervals it gets a cast garment, 
 which the wife makes up. When they lost tlieir baby, the man's 
 brother, though adtually out of work, " made " 30s. {i.e.^ by pledging) 
 and lent it to them to pay the funeral expenses. And the wife's 
 mother, now dead, took in the man and his children when they 
 were homeless. Last Christmas they received a 4-lb. joint of beef 
 and ^-Ib. of tea from a lady at the chapel, who observed that they 
 ** used the place regular." The pleasures of memory as to this 
 feast are still very vivid. The wife was recently discovered by an 
 old fellow-servant, whose mistress now gives the man an occasional 
 job, and his wife a few odd things, surplus food, a remnant of 
 linen and the like. But the family receives no visits and conceals 
 its privations ; so that this spasmodic help does not always come 
 at the best time. 
 
 Their last lines of defence are (i.) to fall back upon cheaper and 
 scantier food ; (ii.) to pawn. Neither resource will bear much 
 strain. 
 
 III. 
 
 ITS MODE OF EXISTENCE. 
 
 Meals. — Breakfast 8.0 a.m. Tea, bread and margarine or 
 fat bacon. 
 Dinner 12.45. Bread and margarine. Two or three 
 days a week, meat and vegetables, or fish. On 
 Sunday, when possible, suet pudding is added. 
 Tea 5 p.m. Tea, bread and margarine. 
 There is never supper. The man takes a tin flask of tea with 
 him in the morning, and warms it where he is working ; he carries 
 his bread and butter. His dinner, bread and cheese, or bread and 
 a rasher of bacon, at an eating house costs 2d. or 4d. When he is 
 working within easy distance he comes home to dinner. He 
 complains that the children are given food between meals when 
 they sometimes cry for it out of mere whim, though at other times 
 they suffer real hunger. 
 
 The fat bacon, used instead of " butter," is melted in a frying- 
 pan, and a slice of bread put into the pan to absorb the fat. The 
 children are fond of this economic dish, which is nutritive and a 
 change from " butter." 
 
London. 21 
 
 The eldest boy is sent before 7 a.m. to a neighbouring baker's, 
 to buy bread baked two days earlier, and sold at a very low price, 
 five twopenny loaves for 3d.'^= The baker's supply is, however, too 
 small to be counted upon daily. Syrup is found to be cheaper 
 than treacle because it is thinner and spreads further. 
 
 The only commodity in which the wife thinks much loss is 
 incurred through her want of means is coal. This is bought at 
 14-lb. for 2d, though the price per ton is rgs., and per cwt. is. 2d. 
 Block fuel is bought in emergencies, but it provokes her cough 
 and is no saving. Asked whether Indian tea at is. lod. would not 
 yield more cups than dust at is. 2d., she replies that she is fanciful 
 about her cup of tea, and finds the Indian tea too rough. When 
 times are good a tin of Swiss milk is bought (s^d.) This is ample 
 for a whole week ; and on Sunday the children have suet pudding 
 with Swiss milk spread upon it. Loaf sugar is never bought, the 
 children would want pieces to eat. 
 
 Dwelling, Furniture, and Clothing. — The house is 
 situated near Loughboro' Jundlion in the S.E. of London, in a 
 neighbourhood thickly peopled by the lower middle class, by 
 artisans of small regular earnings, railway servants, etc. This 
 family occupies the top or second floor. Its two rooms are well- 
 lighted and ventilated. The front room, looking upon a street of 
 considerable width, is the living room of the family and the bed- 
 room of the parents. The boys sleep in the back room, the girl 
 on a bed-chair in the large room. There is no attachment to a 
 particular dwelling. They have removed seven times in all. Their 
 furniture is too trifling to make this process expensive or dangerous. 
 They are anxious to remain here because the rent 4s. a week, is 
 6d. lower than their last lodging, and they could not expecfl to find 
 equally good rooms elsewhere at the same rent. They find that 
 householders objecft to poor families with young children as tenants. 
 Their last residence was an undertenancy of a workman, who, 
 himself, got into arrears and was evidled. They were obliged by 
 the superior landlord to leave at the same time. They have a 
 good water supply and sanitary accommodation. Trains run 
 very near the top of the house. The immediate vicinity is cheer- 
 less and depressing. 
 
 The furniture and clothing are very scanty, but kept fairly 
 (not perfectly) clean. The best room has a rough carpet, a few 
 cheap prints, a chest of drawers, and a little American clock, 
 which they have owned (if not possessed) ever since their marriage. 
 Out of doors the man wears an overcoat, which is warm and 
 conceals deficiency of other clothing. Indoors, or at work, the 
 overcoat is removed, and reveals him in shirt sleeves. The bed- 
 clothes, in like manner, are a thin counterpane, and little more. 
 
 Recreation. — The man plays a Httle upon the flute, mainly 
 to amuse the children, in whom he finds his chief pleasure. 
 Sitting, coatless, before the fire of an evening a boy on one knee 
 and a girl on the other, he sings or whistles, and, as he says, ** 'as 
 a game with 'em in my way." At 7.30 p.m. (having arisen at 7 a.m.) 
 the children go to bed ; and the man goes to his brother's to have 
 a game of dominoes. These visits are no t returned. The brother, 
 
 * See Note [c), page 22. 
 
22 Notes on the Families : 
 
 " being a single man and a little better ofT, he thinks as my place 
 ain't quite good enough for him." Expenses are scarcely ever 
 inciirred for recreation, but last Bank-holiday they all went for 
 a country walk towards Dulwich, and hired a mail cart for the 
 children, three hours at id. an hour. The man himself has never 
 been into a Museum, although born in London. He is sensitive 
 to the feeling that, in any public building, he or his children might 
 be looked down upon as having ** no right to be there " because 
 they are not smartly dressed. Neither he nor his wife has been to 
 a theatre or entertainment since marriage. '' We have pantomine 
 enough at home," they say. The children play with each other, 
 and with the neighbour's children in the street. They have never 
 been on a steamboat, taken part in an excursion, nor visited any 
 place of special interest. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 (a) When London workmen are spoken to on the unwisdom 
 of marrying before due provision is made to avoid distress, they 
 not unusually reply that they are led into precipitate marriage 
 owing to the discomfort and swindling experienced in lodgings. It 
 is worthy of consideration whether the economies of community 
 might not be utilized to combine for unmarried workmen some of 
 the comforts of a well managed home with some of the advantages 
 of club life. Compare what is (with special advantages, no doubt) 
 done at the Students' Residences at Wadham House, and Balliol 
 House, close by Toynbee Hall, for the class from which junior 
 clerks are drawn. 
 
 (b) The superstitious extravagance of the poor in funeral 
 expenses is well known. One of the attracftions of the Salvation 
 Army is said to be the quasi-military funeral promised to those 
 who enlist. A brother of this plumber's wife quarrelled with his 
 mother and went to Australia, where he succeeded well. Learning 
 of his mother's illness, he sent home ^"30 to a comrade, to be 
 applied only to funeral expenses in case of death, and refusing 
 personal correspondence. ;^i6 of the £^0 was laid out in the 
 event, 
 
 (c) On the abolition of school fees the family ceased to trouble 
 to send early to the baker's for cheap stale bread (page 21). See 
 further details of this family in the Royal Statistical Society's 
 Journal, June, 1893, page 284. 
 
 2. 
 
 [LONDON.] 1892. 
 
 Painter, age 51. Children : Girls {adopted), ages 14 and 8. 
 
 Wife age 34. 
 
 Budget 2, is that of a house-painter, his wife, and two adopted 
 children. As the period under inquiry is winter, the husband has 
 had no regular employment, while an accident to his hand which 
 he crushed in the cog-wheel of the mangle has been in the way of 
 
tjniversitt) 
 
 London. ^^C >U.iFOFlNlA ^>-^ 23 
 
 occasional work. The household has, therefore, been wholly 
 dependent, except for a loan of 2S. 6d. and £1 los. received as 
 payment of a debt, on the profits of a mangling business taken up 
 by the wife when the husband's work began to fail. The mangle 
 half fills the little kitchen, while the parlour and the passage from 
 the front door are often blocked with bundles of clothes. 
 
 The house is in East London ; there are four rooms with a 
 kitchen, built out into the yard, and a small scullery beyond ; the 
 upper floor, usually sub-let for 5s. or 6s. a week, is so much out 
 of repair that the full house rent of us. has been reduced to 
 5s. 3d. A pair of bantam fowls is kept in the yard. 
 
 The husband lived a very unsettled life before marriage. As 
 a boy he tried several .trades, and then ran away to sea. He 
 served in the American navy during the war , was, at one time, at 
 the diggings, at another, an overseer in a West Indian plantation. 
 He went, at least, one voyage after marriage, when his wife 
 returned to her trade as dressmaker. He finally settled down as 
 a painter and made a comfortable livelihood till lately. 
 
 [LONDON.] 1892. 
 
 Painter's Labourer ) ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^^^ Children : Boys, ages 16 and 14. 
 
 Budget 3, is that of a painter's labourer in London. He has 
 been married 27 years and has a son of 26, and a daughter of 
 21, living away from home. The two boys at home are shop 
 assistants ; they give their entire wages, 12s. a week between them, 
 to the household. The mother earns 3s. a week by charing. 
 The husband has been six years at his present occupation and 
 with his present employer. During this time, he has been seven 
 weeks without work one year, and two or three weeks without it 
 other years. He is paid 6d. an hour, and works 52^ hours in the 
 week, except from November to March, when the hours are 47^. 
 He provides his own aprons, blouses, and knives, at a cost of los. 
 a year. 
 
 They live in two rooms and have no garden or yard. 
 
 4. 
 
 [LONDON.] 1891. 
 
 [by the head of the family.] 
 
 Assistant-Relieving Officer, age 26. Children : Boys, ages 3, and 2 weeks. 
 Wife age 27. Girl, age i. 
 
 Mother age 64. 
 
 *' At the time of my birth my father was 42 years of age, 
 and was working as a warehouseman in a large firm of house 
 furnishers. He had served an apprenticeship to cabinet-making, 
 but, through failing sight, had abandoned his trade. 
 
24 Notes on the Families : 
 
 ** Between the ages of 4 and 5, I was sent to school (a voluntary 
 Church School) and I have a lively recoUecftion of the loving care 
 and ''attention I received, both in the infants' division and upper 
 classes, the head master at the present time being one of my 
 best friends. At the age of 8 years, having a good treble voice, I 
 joined the church choir, and received from 7s. to i6s. per quarter 
 for my services, a welcome addition to the family income. 
 
 " Shortly after my 12th birthday, my father was attacked by a 
 cancer in the tongue and was compelled to give up work. He was 
 a member of a Friendly Society which brought in los. per week. 
 My mother had some time previously obtained the care o^f some 
 offices, earning about los. per week, and my sister, four years older 
 than myself, was apprenticed to the pianoforte silking, and was 
 earning a few shillings and partial food. I had, beside, a brother, 
 four years younger, going to school. 
 
 *• Father continuing to get worse, I was taken away from school, 
 having passed the seventh standard examination, and put to work 
 in his old firm, being promised a junior clerkship, a promise which 
 was never kept ; and I continued to do the work of a furniture 
 porter, which was very distasteful to me. My wages were 6s. per 
 week. 
 
 *' After one year of this, I applied for a berth in the Railway 
 Clearing House and passed the examination, but, having no 
 influence, 1 did not obtain work. 
 
 " My father died after being at home, ill, for twelve months, I 
 being 14 years of age, and then the struggle for existence began, 
 but we never asked or received charity of any description, and 
 always managed to dress well and live in respedlable houses. My 
 mother, at this time, worked very hard and lived harder. This 
 continued until I was nearly 17, when, owing to a quarrel with one 
 of the men, a drunkard, I refused to work with him and was fined 
 2S. 6d. for insubordination, refused to pay it and left as an 
 alternative. 
 
 " I now applied again to the Clearing House, passed two more 
 examinations, and, being recommended by the chairman of one of 
 the London Railways, obtained employment at £'^$ per annum, 
 rising /lo each year up to £y^. About this time I became 
 acquainted with my wife, who was the sister of a shopmate, and 
 was a linendraper's assistant. 
 
 " I had also joined the volunteers and served three years, going 
 to the reviews at Brighton, and Portsmouth, my first real holidays, 
 having never before been for more than the annual school excur- 
 sion, and I would like to say, for the satisfacflion of those who 
 subscribe to these treats for children, that it was always the 
 happiest day of the year to me. 
 
 " The next four years were very pleasant, although the hard 
 work and the unfamiliar nature of it tried my sight and health very 
 much, but I liked it, and appreciated the Library and Magazine 
 clubs, also the swimming club, of which I was a member of the 
 committee, and then I had my sweetheart and her friends to visit ; 
 altogether, I was very happy. At the end of the four years, I was 
 a successful candidate for my present appointment at ^80 per 
 annum, and left home, having to reside in my distridt. At the 
 
London. 
 
 25 
 
 end of six months I got married owing to the discomfort of my 
 lodgings, and the effect of the bad living, long hours, standing in 
 close, hot, unhealthy shops on my sweetheart's health. 
 
 '* I may say, that, with one or two exceptions, my remarks 
 about the bad and insufficient food and the long hours, coupled with 
 the petty tyranny of the shopwalkers and the bad moral eftecft of 
 men and women working all day long (frequently 16 hours, never 
 less than 12) in the same shop, are universally true and make 
 the drapery trade about the worst a girl can enter. The pay 
 is, however, usually high. Twelve months after marriage I 
 was shifted to another distridl, and was provided with house 
 accommodation, coals and gas, in addition to my ;^8o. One week 
 after moving my wife was confined, the baby dying through an 
 accident at birth ; the nurse got drunk and I had to turn her out, my 
 wife was very ill and had to go to the seaside as soon as she was able. 
 This same week my mother was, also, taken ill and was bedridden 
 twelve months, and has never been able to support herself since. 
 At this time I got into debt about ;f 20 and it has hung like a mill- 
 stone round my neck since, with the interest of io°/<, to i5°/q. 
 When my mother was able to get about, we took a room for her, 
 and my brother and I allowed her 3s. 6d. per week each. This 
 lasted for about one year, when -she gave up her room and came to 
 live with me, my brother allowing me 2S. per week ; this lasted till 
 he got married, when he discontinued his allowance, and now she 
 has been wholly dependent on me over twelve months. 
 
 ** We have now three children, but they are very healthy and 
 so are we. My wife plays the piano and sings very well, and I the 
 violin, a little. I am also a member of the church choir. We have 
 a good many friends to visit, and who visit us, and we go to theatres 
 and concerts as often as we can afford it, or get free passes, and 
 when we are at home alone, we amuse ourselves with music and 
 reading, I still being a member of the Clearing House Literary 
 Societies. 
 
 *' Two years ago my salary was increased to ;f90 per annum, 
 and we are gradually recovering from the expenses and losses of 
 our early married life." 
 
 5. 
 
 [LONDON.] 
 
 [by the head of the family.] 
 
 Dispenser, age 44. Children : Boy, age 8. 
 
 Wife age 39. Girls, ages 10, 6, and 2. 
 
 *' History of the Family. — The husband's parents were 
 born in London. His home was till 4 years old in East London. 
 His father sold his business, when the mania for going to America 
 was at its height, 1852. (' To the West, to the West, to the land 
 of the Free &c.') Arrived at Liverpool, he was persuaded to leave 
 his family and go to New York and establish himself, then send 
 for family ; this he did, and after two years returned, like * Martin 
 Chuzzelwit,' minus his capital. 
 
 " He then engaged with a commissariat company to go to the 
 Crimea (Russian War) to feed the English soldiers ; this turned 
 
26 Notes on the Families : 
 
 out more profitable than the American expedition. The war 
 being over, he returned and went again to New York with the 
 same'result as before. 
 
 " Returned to Liverpool, he tried refreshment house keeping, 
 until the American War broke out. He then went to the Southern 
 States and tried blockade-running, with some measure of success, 
 the first time ; the second time the ship sank and he was drowned. 
 
 *' His mother then boarded the three children out at Liverpool, 
 and went as a nurse and companion to a lady at Southport. Their 
 kind foster parents then (after a few weeks at school) sent them 
 to a factory and bribed them not to tell their mother ; this went on 
 for some time till a friend took his sister, another took his brother, 
 and another took him. 
 
 " His new foster parent was a chemist and druggist, who 
 made him an apprentice, making a great sacrifice on his account. 
 Like ' OldSqueers,' he said he would teach him all the mysteries of 
 his business lor nothing, for which under ordinary circumstances 
 he charged /200. 
 
 '* He was 13 years old then, and was with him eight years, 
 and had nothing but drudgery the whole of the time. He had to 
 open shop at 7.30 a.m., and keep in it till 11 p.m. No time for 
 reading or study, and he expects he would have been there still, 
 had not one of his assistants persuaded him to leave and try 
 another situation. This he did, his master upbraiding him for his 
 ingratitude like * Poor Tom Pinch.' Like a freed slave, he did 
 not know what to do, and would have begged his employer to 
 forgive him and take him back, had not the assistant come to his 
 aid and encouraged him to leave. He then took a junior 
 assistantship with a chemist at Crewe. This was a great improve- 
 ment ; shorter hours 8 a.m. till 9 p.m. He managed to get to the 
 Crewe Literary Institute from 9 till 10 p.m. occasionally, got 
 some books to read and began to study for the pharmaceutical 
 examination. Rising at 6 a.m. with two other assistants in the 
 town, they got together and worked hard for two years, as he 
 found the ;f 200 premium so generously sacrificed by his master 
 had not done much for him in the way of education. 
 
 " He would here pay a tribute of gratitude to the L. & N. W. 
 Railway Company's Literary Institute at Crewe. Had it not been 
 for its reading room and free library, he does not knov/ what he 
 would have done for the necessary books, &c., also for the classes 
 in chemistry, physiology, &c. Free libraries are a boon that 
 should exist everywhere. 
 
 "He came to London in 1872 and passed the examination, 
 took a situation in the City, where he stayed on a progressive 
 salary four years. Having saved ;^ioo, he bought a partnership in 
 a business at Islington. As there was not enough for both himself 
 and partner to do, he went out as locum tenens ; this lasted two 
 years, finding long hours and poor pay not conducive to his 
 health — 8 a.m. till 10 p.m., Sundays 6 till 10 p.m. Total receipts 
 ;f 16 a week. After paying expenses there was very little to divide, 
 so he sold his share and took a dispenser's place ; hours 9 am, till 
 6 p.m., and finds himself better off every way. 
 
 " He has been in this situation 15 years and does not wish to 
 leave it unless he can find a nice business in the country. In London 
 
London, ^y 
 
 the competition is too great, medicines are made up by Drapers' 
 Stores, &c., so that few who keep open Chemists' Shops make 
 niore than a bare Hving, except those who sell quack medicines to 
 simpletons who are easily pursuaded to buy them, and this he 
 strongly objects to, as he looks upon it as a form of robbery that 
 should be suppressed. 
 
 " The wife's father was born in Basingstoke, her mother in 
 London. 
 
 " The wife is banker and makes best use of the money, and 
 they manage to live very comfortably ; have had nothing to com- 
 plain about since marriage. 
 
 " Moral Circumstances. — The children are taught to fear 
 God and honour the Queen and all in authority under her, to 
 love their neighbours as themselves, and to obey their parents in 
 all things. They all attend the Board School free because there is 
 no school so good near enough to send them to ; they make good 
 progress, never miss unless through illness. 
 
 *' Father non-smoker ; both take stout with dinner and supper ; 
 attend a meeting of Christians twice on Sunday, when possible. 
 
 " Hygiene. — Husband, wife and children all of good con- 
 stitution, had very little illness -except influenza and complaints 
 common to children. The one five years old fell into the fire-place 
 on Christmas-day, 1891, and was very badly scalded through 
 a pan of water falling on her. This caused an increase in 
 expenditure for beef-tea, chicken-broth, &c., but no expense for 
 medical advice, or medicine ; living at the Dispensary all that is 
 free. This is an advantiage. There is also the disadvantage of 
 living where there are so many sick daily, as there is great risk of 
 contagion. We frequently find cases of scarlet fever among the 
 patients and other like diseases, although every precaution is taken 
 to prevent their spreading. 
 
 " The children play in the public gardens close by, as there is 
 no yard or garden at home. 
 
 II. 
 
 "The husband is engaged from 9 a.m. till 6 p.m. daily; 
 Saturdays, 9 a.m. till 3 p.m., at the dispensary; and occasionally 
 does a little work after dispensary hours for the docftors, at is. per 
 hour. 
 
 " The wife does all the house work with the assistance of a 
 charwoman once a week; she also makes and mends all the 
 clothing for herself and the children. 
 
 '< The children are taught to be useful so far as their age 
 permits ; the eldest girl minds the baby, and the others are 
 allowed to play between school hours. 
 
 III. 
 
 ''Meals.— Breakfast 8.0 a.m. Cocoa, bread and butter with 
 fish, or eggs and bacon. Bread and milk for 
 children. 
 "Dinner i p.m. Meat with two vegetables. 
 Milk or suet pudding, pancakes or any seasonable 
 fruit stewed. Beer. 
 
28 Notes on the Families: 
 
 "Tea 5 p.m. Tea, bread and butter; children 
 milk and water instead of tea. The children 
 have jam, syrup, or butter, as they like. 
 •* Supper 9.30 p.m. Fish, bread and beer. 
 
 '* House, coals and gas are supplied free; the house is situated 
 in London, in a very populous district mostty of poor people. 
 
 " The family occupies the 2nd and 3rd floors (the rest of the 
 house being used for business purposes). 
 
 "Its four rooms are well lighted and ventilated, the front 
 rooms looking upon an open space. 
 
 '* The 2nd floor is used as kitchen and sitting room, the 3rd 
 as bed rooms. Two girls sleep in the back room, husband, wife, 
 boy and baby in front, which is 15 feet square by 6 feet high. 
 They are not attached to the neighbourhood, the neighbours being 
 very poor and many of them dirty. 
 
 '* They are frequently disturbed by drunken fights, and rows 
 in the night after the public houses close. The children are often 
 set upon and robbed on their way to and from school. 
 
 •' Their last residence was in the suburbs in a very quiet 
 corner. The wife feels the change very much, and hopes they 
 will not be long in the same house ; after nine years' residence, 
 the vicinity is very cheerless and depressing. 
 
 " There is a constant water supply and every convenience, 
 but no yard or garden. 
 
 "The furniture and clothing are all that can be desired by 
 persons in their circumstances ; everything is as clean and sweet 
 as the smoky neighbourhood will permit. 
 
 " Recreations. — The husband, wife and children are fond 
 of home, where they are mostly to be found. 
 
 "The eldest girl plays the piano, the wife used to, but 
 domestic matters, sewing, mending, &c., will not permit of it now. 
 The children are out, when fine, till six p.m. in the Summer, 
 playing in the public gardens ; they go to bed at 7.30 p.m. and 
 get up at 7 a.m. 
 
 " The husband goes to the Library and Reading Room, or to 
 assist one of the dodlors for an hour or two. Saturday afternoon 
 a trip to Gospel Oak, Hampstead, the Parks or a Museum. 
 
 " Have a fortnight at the sea-side in the Summer, which is 
 very much appreciated. 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 ''Thrift. — The money saved (^230) has been invested in 
 three Building Societies. 
 
 " On withdrawing from the first, 50 per cent, was charged for 
 depreciation of property in the hands of the Society, this was a 
 loss of ^65. 
 
 " The second gave no interest. 
 
 " The third became insolvent and although notice of with- 
 drawal was given five years ago, nothing has been received from 
 it as yet. 
 
 '" The Post Office Savings Bank is now the receiver of their 
 quarterly balance, and is safe, sure and reliable." 
 
London, 29 
 
 [LONDON.] 189I. 
 
 Soapboiler, age 41. Children: Girls, ages 12 and 10. 
 
 Wife age 40, 
 
 Female hoarder, age 34. 
 
 Budget 6 is that of a vegetarian family. The husband is 
 a soap-boiler in London. He was born near the Strand, was 
 left an orphan at sixteen, and then lived with a grandmother, 
 whom he helped to keep. He was at that time in the retail 
 shop of a small firm of soap-boilers. He is still with the same 
 firm, but was long ago transferred to the fadtory at Finsbury. 
 
 He has been married fourteen years. His wife was a domestic 
 servant, the daughter of a recruiting-sergeant, who died when she 
 was two years old. Besides the two children, there is another 
 member of the household — the head mistress of a small infants' 
 school, who has boarded with them nearly two years. She pays 
 6s. for board, and 5s. 6d. for two unfurnished rooms for her mother 
 and herself. The mother provides her own board, independently 
 of the rest of the household. 
 
 The husband's special work is the perfuming of scented soaps. 
 The ordinary wages for his post are 30s. ; he receives 35s. because 
 of his long service. The hours are from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with 
 one hour for dinner and half-an-hour for tea. On Saturdays he 
 goes on till two o'clock with no intervals. He takes his dinner 
 and bread and butter for tea from home, but buys his own tea from 
 the 2s. a week he reserves for his private purse. 
 
 They live in a seven-roomed house in a pleasant and airy 
 situation. The furniture is rather scanty, and all the rooms are 
 not used. On the boarder's recommendation, they have adopted 
 Dr. Allinson's system of diet, and live chiefly on wholemeal flour 
 and fruit ; these appear in some form at every meal. They also 
 use vegetables, eggs, butter, porridge, tea, and fish occasionally. 
 Only the husband eats meat. For recreation, he reads a few 
 newspapers, such as the Echo and Tit-Bits, the Strand Magazine, and 
 a Sunday weekly. He takes long walks on Saturdays and 
 Sundays. A recent visit of six days to the home of his mother-in- 
 law near Southampton is the longest holiday he has ever had. 
 His wife and children stayed a month, incurring no expense 
 except for travelling and 4s. a week for one bedroom out. 
 
 Their savings are small. Before the last two years they had 
 a(5led as caretakers to unlet houses in various parts of London for 
 seven years. Now that they have incurred the additional expense 
 of house-rent, they find it difficult to keep their expenditure much 
 below their income. 
 
 7. 
 
 [LONDON.] 1892. 
 
 Journeyman Slipper-inaker, age 38. Children: Boys, ages 11, 10, 6 and i. 
 
 Wife age 37. Girls, ages 8 and 4. 
 
 Budget 7 is that of a Jewish family. The husband is a 
 journeyman slipper-maker, born in Germany and taken to England 
 
30 Notes on the Families : 
 
 when six months old. He was brought up in Manchester, but has 
 been jnany years in London. He has been married twelve years. 
 His wife's father was foreign, her mother English. The husband 
 has been twenty-five years at his trade, and eight years with his 
 present employer. He works eighty to eighty-four hours a week, 
 thirteen or fourteen hours a day not being considered long at his 
 trade. He finds his own grindery : — hemp, wax, cardboard, paste, 
 sand-paper, nails, emery cloth, etc., estimated to cost ^d. for each 
 dozen pairs of slippers made. Prices for making range from 3^d. 
 to 5^d. per pair, and are declining. When without work, he buys 
 his own material (funds allowing) and makes to sell in th^ open 
 market. Materials thus bought make up a good part of " expenses 
 of industry." The wife makes 2s. 6d. a week by slipper-binding 
 at home. 
 
 The food is bought from a small general-shop in the neigh- 
 bourhood. High prices are knowingly paid for some articles for 
 the sake of the convenience of getting credit in hard times. They 
 live in a four-roomed cottage in East London. See further details 
 of this family in the Royal Statistical Society's Journal, June, 1893, 
 page 283. 
 
 8. 
 
 [LONDON.] 1892. 
 
 Widow. Children : Sons, ages 19, [13] and g. 
 
 Two Servants. Daughters, ages 23, 21, 17 and 15. 
 
 This family, whose budget (No. 8) is given for one year, is in 
 good circumstances, the mother, a widow, having a private income 
 oi£7i5 a year. 
 
 The eldest son is in business. Of the four daughters, the 
 eldest teaches ; the second has just left college ; the two younger 
 girls and two boys are at school, the elder of the two boys at a 
 boarding-school. The eldest son and daughter have small salaries, 
 out of which they pay personal expenses, such as clothes, travelling, 
 and dinners away from home ; the daughter also contributes £1^ a 
 year towards household expenses. 
 
 The house is in a suburb of London ; the rent is ;f 90, or, 
 including taxes, water rate and garden expenses, just over ^120. 
 
 So far as can be gathered from the budget and short 
 monograph, the family is a typical one of the well-to-do middle 
 class ; two servants are kept ; the early dinner is supplemented by 
 a meat or fish supper. The yearly summer holiday and occasional 
 " outings " form the main recreations. 
 
 In tabulating the budget, many of the items could not be 
 separated to fit the various divisions framed with special reference 
 to the budgets of working-men ; thus butter, fats, bacon, cheese, 
 were included under '* cheesemonger ; " milk and eggs under 
 ** milkman." The stationers' bill, covering paper, stamps, news- 
 papers, magazines, was tabulated under '' other expenses." 
 
Provincial Towns. 31 
 
 PROVINCIAL TOWNS. 
 
 9. 
 
 [LIVERPOOL] 189I. 
 
 [by the compiler, fictitious names have been used.] 
 
 Carpenter, age 65. Lodgers {see text.) 
 
 Wife age 50. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Walker live in a six-roomed house in Turner 
 Street, Liverpool. Mrs. Walker is an acftive woman of about 50. 
 Her husband is much older, possibly 65. They have no family, 
 the only child of the marriage having died shortly after birth. 
 
 Walker is by trade a carpenter, and has been accustomed to 
 regular wages in connecflion with the care of property. He was 
 formerly, and for a long time, conne(5led with the office of Lord 
 
 D 's agent but on the death of the latter, lost his place. His 
 
 wife was waitress at a restaurant before marriage, and while her 
 husband was out of work earned money as a cleaner at the 
 Municipal offices. After a considerable period out of work, 
 Walker obtained employment from a rather skin-flint owner of 
 small property, who now only pays him 15s. a week in summer 
 and I2S. in winter. With this Walker has to be satisfied, if not 
 content, as he is too old and possibly too little skilled to obtain 
 work at trade prices. His wife makes up the income by taking 
 lodgers and letting off some of the rooms. The house is well 
 situated for this purpose. It is very central with a south aspecfl, 
 and stands on the brow of rather a steep hill, in a fairly wide 
 street. Great thoroughfares, along which the tram cars run, lie 
 on every side, but through Turner street itself the traffic is for the 
 most part on foot, and the street has become a children's play- 
 ground. The upper part of this street is dignified on the one side 
 by the district church, and on the other by a Quaker meeting 
 house ; at the back of the Walker's house is situated a diminutive 
 *• square " which, if it were less respectable, would be called a 
 *' court." Immediately round about there is a net-work of courts 
 and narrow streets, many of them of the poorest kind, and all 
 swarmmg with inhabitants. Among these there is a colony of 
 Italian organ-grinders, who may be heard in the morning tuning 
 and trying their instruments, and changing or putting in order 
 the pegged barrels which constitute the mechanism of the tunes 
 they play. 
 
 Sources of Income are : — 
 
 (1) Wages at 15s. up to November, and afterwards at 12s., 
 except that in one week only 7s. is acknowledged to have been 
 received. The 5s. was, I believe, nevertheless received, and 
 should appear as " pocket money " for Mr. W., or be added to the 
 money " not accounted for." As a rule, Mr. W. gives all his 
 wages to his wife, who buys his tobacco and gives him money for 
 
32 Notes on the Families : 
 
 shaving. He also takes an occasional shilling for the public- 
 house. ^ If he is treated by a lodger, he must return the compli- 
 ment at times. 
 
 (2) Letting of Rooms, &c. Shortly before the account begins 
 things had gone astray, and at first none of the rooms were well let. 
 The parties occupying the first floor front, a painter and his wife, 
 were unsatisfactory. The woman had a disreputable appearance. 
 Mrs. Walker said she could not do with the woman standing in 
 the door with a shawl over her head. So they left, and after 
 being unoccupied for several weeks, the room was taken by Mr. 
 and Mrs. Park, with one little girl. Park was employed on^the 
 construdlion of the Dockside Railwaj^ Both he and his wife 
 drank a good deal, but they paid their rent regularly. In the 
 parlour (ground floor) there was a sailor and his wife. He went 
 to sea and she left, and the room was taken by Mr. and Mrs. 
 Wheatley. W. was a clown, and was mostly away with some 
 circus. His wife, who had charge of some performing dogs, 
 finally left in the seventeenth week because the Walkers objedled 
 to a sick dog sharing her room. It was then taken by Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hill at 6s. a week. Hill was nominally a cabinet maker, and she 
 ** such a lady-like looking woman." They v/ere people who alv/ays 
 ** expected money" which seldom came. They left at last, 
 £2 8s. 6d. in debt to the Walkers. The back room on the first floor 
 was unfurnished but was taken for a few nights by an American 
 who did without a bed. An old debt paid in the fourth week 
 provided funds to complete the equipment, and the room was 
 then let furnished, first to a sick artist, who paid 4s. 6d. with 
 attendance, and afterwards to a married couple at 4s. without 
 attendance. These three rooms brought in, in all, /"ii 15s. 6d. 
 in the twenty-two weeks. 
 
 The front cellar is let to an advertising agent, at is. 3d. a 
 week, as a store for '* sandwich " boards. The back part of the 
 cellar beneath the kitchen is used for the Walkers' coals. The 
 front room on the second floor holds two beds, and accommodates 
 two, three, or at times four men, who are charged 3s. 6d. a week, 
 or IS. for a single night ; no less than £6 14s. came in from this 
 source of income. Three weeks yielded the full 14s., five weeks 
 los. 6d. or IIS., and the other weeks smaller sums or nothing. The 
 married occupants of the separate rooms find their own food and 
 expect no service, beyond what arises from friendly consideration ; 
 but the men usually take their suppers in the kitchen and sit there 
 in the evening, and Mrs. Walker cooks and washes for them. The 
 charges made for what they have are very moderate, but, still, 
 leave a small margin on the money actually laid out, this being 
 very well earned by the work done by Mrs. Walker.''' The bills 
 amount in total to about £10, of which more than half fell in the 
 eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth weeks, when the house was filled 
 with stage carpenters and scene-shifters belonging to two London 
 theatrical companies successively visiting Liverpool. But towards 
 the end of the time the room became regularly occupied by three 
 artisans, who are the most desirable tenants, as being most regular 
 and permanent. 
 
 ♦Mrs. Walker charges gd. for Sunday dinner, about 6d. for a meat tea, and 3d. or 4d. for breakfast 
 
 or tea with fish or egg. 
 
Provincial Towns, 33 
 
 (3) Loans Returned. — A first item, 6s. 46., is the landlord's 
 proportion of taxes paid in a previous week and recovered from 
 him. A second item, £1 gs., represents the payment of a debt 
 of long standing, being six weeks rent of the parlour at 5s. The 
 tenants left with this in arrears, and Mrs. Walker held some pawn 
 tickets as security. The debtor received money from a son settled 
 in Austraha for a passage out, and used part to redeem his watch, 
 &c. One shilling v/as spent to secure the 29s., which had been 
 almost despaired of. The remaining amounts, £1 2?. ^d. in all, were 
 sums repaid by lodgers or neighbours, against £1 los, 6d. lent, from 
 which it appears that 7s. iid. was due at the end, but it may be 
 that part of this had been collected and forgotten. 
 
 The smallest total income in any week was £1 and the largest 
 £^ 14s. 4d. The smallest amount spent was £1 is. and the largest 
 £3 35- Hd. Amid such ii regularities it is useless to talk of averages, 
 but on the whole, in twenty-two weeks ^47 12s 7d. was received 
 and £^i los. i id. was spent, or ;f 42 gs. id., if we include money not 
 accounted for, the final result being savings in hand of £5 3s. 6d. 
 
 There were ten weeks"' in which only los id. altogether was 
 charged to lodgers for supplies. In these ten weeks 112s. ijd. was 
 spent for food,! Deducting the los. id., we have an average cost 
 of maintenance for Mr. and Mrs. 'Walker of a little over los. a 
 week. The whole average expenditure of iis. 2 J per week may 
 be divided as follows: — cereals, is. 2|d,, fats, is. y^d., milk, &c., 
 IS. i^d., meat, &c., 2s. gd., vegetables, is. 3jd., sugar, gd., drinks, 
 2s. i-^d., cat and bird, 4d.=iis. 2^d. The los. id. received from 
 lodgers would probably be represented by a slight increase in the 
 meat and vegetable bill connecfted with Sundaj^ dinner. 
 
 Mr. Walker begins work at six o'clock, and may sometimes 
 return for breakfast or dinner, or both, but more generally he 
 carries breakfast and dinner " cut up," together with two small 
 packets of tea mixed with sugar which, infused in boihng water, 
 make his beverage. Slices of bread and butter are supplied for 
 breakfast, and ot bread and meat for dinner, with sometimes a 
 piece of pie or cake. He comes home to tea and eats again bread 
 and butter, with occasionally an egg or a little fish, but more com- 
 monly some pudding or a piece of pie. Mrs. Walker is a very fair 
 cook. She herself has usually a slice of bacon or an egg for break- 
 fast and takes tea with her husband. I do not know what she 
 does for dinner, probably nothing very set. They have coffee at 
 g or g.30, with a biscuit or bread and cheese or slice of cake or 
 remains of a cold pudding. 
 
 The habits of the lodgers vary very much. For some Mrs. 
 Walker " cuts up " meals, as for her husband ; some get all their 
 meals out ; most commonly, they have tea or supper at home. 
 They may eat bread and butter with a haddock or a herring or an 
 egg, or have a good supply of meat and potatoes, but they usually 
 drink tea. Some share the evening coffee, and some drink beer at 
 bed time. The stage carpenters and scene shifters had a very 
 solid late breakfast, and looked for a hot supper at midnight, when 
 their work was done. 
 
 *The 22nd week is not included as it contained only six days, and no Saturday— Saturday being 
 
 1st January. 
 tThe sum of as. jjd. was not accounted for in these weeks, and may have been (all or part) spent on 
 
 food 
 
 C 
 
34 Notes on the Families : 
 
 Expenditure : — 
 
 An analysis of the expenditure will throw some further light 
 on the habits and conditions of life in this household. Provisions 
 are bought at shops in the immediate neighbourhood. 
 
 Cereals — As much is spent on flour as on bread. Mrs. 
 Walker bakes every week, unless she is very busy, as was 
 especially the case in the tenth, eleventh and twelfth weeks, when 
 the theatrical men were lodging with her. She makes excellent 
 bread. Baker's bread, when she buys it, consists of the best 
 small loaves costing about i^d. a lb. The rice is used for puddings. 
 She also makes a bread pudding of the scraps once a week. Flour 
 is 8-lbs. for is. ; rice 2d. per lb. 
 
 Fats. — About equal amounts are spent on butter and on 
 bacon. Mrs. Walker pays : butter is. or margarine 8d., bacon 6d., 
 dripping 4d., and lard 6d. per lb. She uses lard for frying and 
 dripping for pastry, of which Mr. Walker is very fond. 
 
 Milk is used with tea and coffee three times a day, and the 
 cat alwa3^s has his share. It is also used for the rice puddings. 
 On the whole nearly as much is spent on milk as on butter. The 
 price is 3d. per quart. Mr. W. takes buttermilk sometimes. Eggs 
 are mostly used for the lodgers. The cheese costs 6d. per lb. 
 
 Meat costs 6d. or 6Jd, with occasionally a bit of steak at 
 8d. per lb. Haddock and herring are the fish used, and price 
 varies with the size. 
 
 Vegetables — Potatoes cost gd. or lod. per peck (20 lbs.) ; 
 other vegetables and fruit include a considerable variety, according 
 to the season. 
 
 Sugar costs 2d. per lb., white-crystallized or loaf only being 
 used. 
 
 Tea costs is. lod., or 2s. for *' ticket tea," and is. 4d. for 
 cheap tea, where no '* tickets " are given (tickets are a discount). 
 It may be noticed that tea, milk, butter and bacon all account for 
 about the same sum. 
 
 Coffee costs is. per lb., and a quarter-of-a-pound is the regular 
 weekly allowance for themselves. 
 
 Beer, &c., charged is all for lodgers. When Mr. W. has a 
 glass he goes out for it, and the cost comes out of pocket-money. 
 
 Tobacco costs i|d. per oz., and half-an-ounce is Mr. W.'s 
 usual daily consumption. 
 
 Medicine was for Mr. Walker's rheumatism. He got better 
 gradually. 
 
 Pets — The old cat — a singular character and great favourite — 
 died the week before Christmas. He slept on his mistress's pillow, 
 and would sit on the table beside her at tea time, and help himseli 
 to milk by dipping his paw in the jug. He never left the house. 
 On one occasion, venturing into the street he was lost, and after 
 many days was found, exhausted with hunger, in the cellar of the 
 adjoining house, into which, by some mistake, he had found his 
 way. The birds were two linnets, whose cages hung by the 
 kitchen window. 
 
 Rent began a week in arrears, and this back week was made 
 up gradually from the twelfth to the sixteenth week — thus twenty- 
 three weeks are included in the account, ihe poor rate, &c., 
 
Provincial Towns. 35 
 
 £1 5s. 4d., is for twelve months. Taxes, £^ i8s., had been paid 
 before this account begins, and of this 6s. 4d., the landlord's tax, 
 appears as a receipt in the first week of the account. On the 
 whole the true share of rates and taxes for twenty-two weeks would 
 be £2 IS. id., whereas only 19s. was paid out on this account; 
 this disposes of £ i 3s. of the apparent surplus. The landlord 
 appears to be a just man, ready to do what repairs and decorations 
 are needed from time to time. 
 
 Fuel — Coals were lod. per cwt. Chips are usually home- 
 made as Mr. Walker has opportunities of getting old wood. 
 
 Light used is petroleum, costing 2d. a quart. Bed room 
 candles are sometimes used. 
 
 Furniture, besides bed and bedding bought for the back room, 
 consists of a general plenishing ; rather more may have been spent 
 than would ordinarily be necessary to maintain the house. The 
 principal items are : Bed stocks, palHasse and bed, los. 6d. ; sheets 
 IS. 7d., 3s. 6d., IS. 3d. ; towels is. 6d. ; kettle is. ; mending clock 
 IS. 6d. ; recovering stolen clock is. 6d. ; and another iron bedstead 
 4s. : this was to replace an old wooden half-tester, broken up 
 because infested with bugs ; constant war has to be waged in this 
 direction. 
 
 Washing. — Mrs. Walker washes for the house, including 
 lodgers' clothes — a service which is included in the charge of 3s. 6d. 
 a week — but gives out collars, cuffs, &c., to the laundry, charging 
 the cost in the men's weekly bills. She pays for mangling of the 
 household linen, &c. The £1 6s. 4d. expended is thus made up of 
 cost of washing materials, and payments to laundry and mangle. 
 Laundry charges : Collars, id. ; fronts, i|d. ; cuffs, 2d. ; shirts, 
 4d. Mangling is a id. and wringing id. per dozen. 
 
 Service is for the assistance of a woman on washing days, 
 when Mrs. Walker is busy. 
 
 Clothing is mainly for herself, but includes whatever Mr. 
 Walker spends — chiefly on boots. 
 
 Pocket Money includes shaving, and pays for an occasional 
 evening at the " Castle." Mr. Walker takes no other amusement, 
 and brings all his wages home ; except that, as already stated, 
 one week he seems to have kept 5s. for some purpose not explained. 
 
 Club is really an insurance in the Prudential ; 6d. per week 
 lor Mr. \Valker, begun 11 years ago when he was accepted as 50, 
 gives ;fi8 at death; and 3d. a week for his wife, begun at same 
 time, she being 38, gives ;^i4 at death. 
 
 Lent — This account requires some further explanation. 
 Money paid out on account of lodgers explains part ; the tenants 
 occasionally borrow small sums, and, finally, a running account 
 appears to have been kept with two intimate neighbours. Mrs. 
 Walker is always the lender, and it may be supposed that to have 
 cash in hand is the exception amongst the residents in Turner 
 Street. 
 
 It may be of interest to consider the value to be found in the 
 business of letting lodgings, as shown by the accounts. 
 
 To make the figures complete it is necessary to include in the 
 receipts 4s. a week for the second floor back room, which Mr. and 
 
 c 2 
 
36 
 
 Notes on the Families 
 
 Mrs. Walker slept in. This is the rent they charge for it when 
 they occupy another room themselves. Twenty-two weeks at 4s. 
 wcnild be £^ 8s. If they lived elsewhere they would have to pay 
 at least as much as this. We then have for twenty-two weeks : 
 
 Cellar produced for 22 weeks £1 80 
 
 Parlour 4 2 o 
 
 Front room I st floor .. .. 42 6 
 
 Back ,, ,, .... 3 II o 
 
 Receipts { Lodgers in top room . . . . 614 o 
 
 Mr. & Mrs. Walker, for use of 
 
 top back room 4 8 o 
 
 Lodgers' bills for food and 
 
 washing 916 
 
 Rent for 22 weeks £g 5 
 
 Proportion of Rates & Taxes 2 i 
 
 Fire and light 2 8 
 
 Furniture 2 7 
 
 r Total £^^ is. lod. 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 Washing and hired service . . 
 
 Cost of lodgers' food;^i9 8s. yd. 
 less ;^i2 2S. od., taking the 
 Walker's own expenditure 
 for food and washing of 
 clothes at iis. per week . . 
 
 Expended and not accounted 
 for 
 
 ) Total £25 i6s. iid. 
 
 o 18 
 
 7 
 2/ 
 
 Receipts 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 6 
 
 Total £2^ los. iid. 
 
 Total /20 is. iid. 
 
 This shows a profit margin of £S 4s. iid. or 7s. 6d. per week 
 earned by Mrs. Walker — the rooms bringing in 22s per week 
 against 29s. gd. per week if fully occupied, or an allowance for 
 failure in letting of 25^/^. 
 
 The account of Mr. and Mrs. Walker would then stand 
 thus : — 
 
 ( Mr. Walker's wages for 22 \ 
 
 weeks, (adding the 5s. 
 
 omitted) £15 6 
 
 Mrs. Walker's earnings ... 8 4 
 
 Food, &c., for 22 weeks . . ;^i2 2 
 
 Clothing I 18 
 
 Pocket money — Mr. Walker 
 
 (adding the 5s.) o 16 
 
 Insurance , o 16 
 
 ^ Rent 48 
 
 Showing a margin of ;^3 gs. od."^" 
 
 It must not be forgotten that Mrs. Walker's earnings require 
 the possession of capital in the form of furniture. On the other 
 hand, the money spent on furniture in these twenty-two weeks 
 would probably suffice to meet depreciation as well as renewal 
 and interest. Depreciation as well as renewal must be provided, 
 because in case of sale, or even removal, there is a heavy loss on 
 furniture. Mrs. Walker informs me that when she came into the 
 house six years ago, she spent about ;f 15, buying what she required 
 at the au(5lion rooms. Assuming, however, that /20 would be 
 needed at the outset, and taking ten per cent, depreciation and 
 five per cent, interest, and another ten per cent, for renewals, we 
 should require £5 per annum, whereas an expenditure of £2 ys, 
 for twenty-two weeks is equal to £5 us. per annum. 
 
 * This margin of £3 gs. can be compared with that of £s 3s. 6d. shown in the a<5lual account by 
 adding 29s. old debt coUedled, and 21s. proportion of rates and ta.Kes not paid, making £5 19s., 
 and deducting one week's extra rent, 8s. sd., and 7s. iid., apparently due for loans, making £^ 2S. 8d. 
 (error rod). 
 
Provincial Towns, 
 
 37 
 
 An inventory of the furniture will complete this story. 
 
 Top / mt room. 
 
 2 full size beds complete 
 
 I dressing table and looking glass 
 
 I washstand and crockery service 
 
 4 chairs. 
 
 Carpet and fender 
 
 Muslin curtains and roller blind 
 
 Recess cupboard (fixture) 
 
 Top back room. 
 
 I full size bed complete 
 
 I dressing table and looking glass 
 
 1 washstand and crockery 
 
 2 chairs 
 
 2 pairs of curtains for windows 
 (no fireplace) 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 1 sofa 
 
 2 tables with oilcloth covers 
 I arm chair 
 
 1 rocking chair with arms 
 
 2 Windsor chairs and i stool 
 Fender and fire stools. &c. (very good) 
 Cupboard and drawers in recess 
 Bird cages 
 
 Medicine chest -(used as desk) 
 
 2 work boxes and stand for cotton reels 
 
 Oilcloth on floor 
 
 2 hearth rugs (i kept for best) 
 
 6 brass candlesticks (bright) 
 
 6 dish covers „ 
 
 2 coffee pots „ 
 
 2 japanned tea trays ,, 
 
 Walls decorated with oleographs 
 
 ist floor front room. 
 
 I full size bed complete 
 I centre table and cloth 
 I large chest of drawers 
 I dressing table and looking glass 
 
 1 washstand and crockery 
 3 chairs 
 
 Oil cloth and strips of carpet 
 
 Fender 
 
 Muslin curtains and roller blind 
 
 2 recess cupboards — fixtures 
 Chimney ornament and 8 or lo pidlures 
 
 ist floor back room. 
 
 I single bed complete 
 
 I dressing table and looking glass 
 
 I chair 
 
 Fender 
 
 Hanging bookcase 
 
 Picture 
 
 Carpet 
 
 Window curtains and roller blind 
 
 Passage, S'C. 
 
 Oil cloth, brass rods on stairs 
 
 3 mats 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 I full size bed complete 
 
 1 small table 
 
 I mahogany folding card table 
 
 4 chairs 
 
 Toilet service on fixture in recess 
 
 Fender and fire irons 
 
 Mantel glass and small glass on wall 
 
 Ornaments and a large number of pictures 
 
 Carpet and hearth rug 
 
 White curtains and roller blind 
 
 Plants in window 
 
 Linen, S-c. 
 19 sheets 
 
 12 single and i double blankets 
 7 quilts 
 
 Pillow slips, towels 
 Toilet covers 
 
 I table 
 
 I plate rack 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Utensils in Scullery and elsewhere in 
 the house. 
 
 3 rolling pins 
 I potatoe masher 
 I pastry board 
 
 1 chopping board 
 
 2 dutch ovens 
 
 3 kettles 
 9 pans 
 
 1 fish kettle 
 
 5 baking tins (meat) 
 
 4 cake tins 
 
 2 small trays 
 
 2 strainers 
 
 I nutmeg grater 
 
 1 flour dredger 
 
 3 candlesticks 
 
 2 oil cans 
 I milk can 
 
 1 knife box 
 12 knives 
 12 forks 
 
 4 table spoons 
 
 2 dessert spoons 
 12 tea spoons 
 
 I corkscrew 
 I soup ladle 
 I fish slice 
 
 3 wash bowls 
 I soap box 
 
 1 comb box and 
 
 comb and brush 
 
 2 looking glasses 
 
 1 knife board 
 
 2 sweeping brushes 
 2 hand brushes 
 Shoe brushes 
 
 2 clothes lines 
 
 3 pan mugs 
 9 tumblers 
 5 dishes 
 
 I large vegetable 
 dish 
 
 4 small, ditto 
 3 pie dishes 
 
 3 sauce boats 
 I cruet stand 
 I mustard pot 
 
 3 salt cellars 
 
 57 plates (various 
 kinds) 
 
 4 jugs 
 25 cups 
 28 saucers 
 
 5 slop basins 
 4 sugar basins 
 3 butter dishes 
 
 3 teapots 
 
 I coffee pot 
 
 4 milk or cream jugs 
 7 egg cups 
 
 1 glue pot 
 
 2 coal shovels 
 I coal hammer 
 
38 Notes on the Families: 
 
 Note by Compiler. — In this household I have myself lived a great deal, lodging 
 here a part of every week for months in succession. Altogether I have known the 
 W^^lkers in this way, pretty intimately, for three years. Mrs. Walker takes a great 
 deal of trouble to make her lodgers comfortable, doing everything for them in a 
 spirit of downright kindness, and Mr. Walker on his part, being a ready riser, gives 
 a call to any who have to begin work early. A home like this, with bed and fireside, 
 cooking, washing, and mending, and an early call if required, to say nothing of 
 pleasant company and kind words, doe.s not seem dear at 6d. a day, and the small 
 profit made out of what is charged to the lodgers for meals well cooked and nicely 
 served, in Mrs. Walker's comfortable kitchen. 
 
 The period of the budget was for the Walkers a time of more than usual 
 difficulty and of extra effort. Mrs. Walker is a very hard working, thrifty, and 
 most respedable woman, and as an ordinary thing never takes even^a glass of 
 beer, but occasionally this excellent habit breaks down, and when it breaks down 
 it does so very much, and the household goes to pieces. Mr. Walker then stays 
 from work to look after his wife, and first priming and then loading himself with 
 drink (he too, usually, a quiet sober man) his remonstrances grow more and more 
 forcible, both of tongue and fist. I believe these outbreaks have been periodic. 
 I have witnessed two. The last of these in the Spring of 1891 was the worst, and 
 lasted two or three months, on and off. Before it began the Walkers had been 
 doing very well. Their apartments were let, they had respedlable lodgers in the 
 spare room, and there was a substantial sum in the savings bank. When the fit 
 was over, the apartments were empty, the lodgers had left, the money was spent 
 and the bank book burnt, the rent was at least a week behind hand, the taxes 
 were due, and Mr. Walker was out of work. After a short drilling of enforced 
 idleness he was reinstated by his employer, but instead of 20s. a week in Summer 
 and 153. in Winter, which before had been thought little enough, he was offered 
 and dare not refuse, 15s. for Summer and 12s. for Winter. 
 
 The Walkers then borrowed £7^ i8s. to pay the taxes, and bravely set to work 
 to retrieve their position. The budget shows with what success. By Christmas 
 they had reorganized the house and had saved ^5. To this they were able to add 
 the 22s. paid for the keeping of these accounts, and so made up a total of £6 2s. 
 to pay £1 i8s. owed. Nor has the effort been relaxed, for in spite of losing 
 £2 8s. 6d. by the parlour lodgers in the Spring, they have paid the taxes, and 
 there is now on the 30th August, 1892, ;^io los. in the bank ; Mrs. Walker has 
 joined the Good Templars, and all seems well. 
 
 10. 
 
 [MANCHESTER.] 1893. 
 
 Widow, age 66. Daughter, age 23. 
 
 Number 10 is the budget of the widow of a German clock- 
 maker, living with her daughter. She was born in Shropshire, 
 and has been a widow four years. She has always been poor, 
 and now her daughter is her sole support. The daughter is a 
 machinist, making fancy aprons in a warehouse. Her income is 
 limited by the amount of work she can get ; she never has as 
 much as she can do. They are much more comfortable when 
 they have a lodger, but have been without one for nearly a year. 
 Through agencies at the church and chapel which they attend, the 
 mother gets gifts of clothing and help in illness when she would 
 otherwise be in great difficulties. 
 
Provincial Towns. on 
 
 ]i. 
 
 [Manchester]. ^893. 
 
 Widow. Son, age 18. 
 
 Budget II is that of a widow. The husband was a labourer, 
 and died nine years ago. When her three daughters were at 
 home working, she was comfortabl)^ off, but they married young. 
 She has occasional help from one of them, and is otherwise 
 dependent on a son of eighteen, a "hooker" in a warehouse. 
 She has no regular employment, but does charing and caretaking 
 v/hen she can get it. 
 
 12. 
 
 [ST. IVES, CORNWALL.] 1892. 
 
 Railway Labourer. Sons (2). 
 
 Wife. - Daughters (3). 
 
 Budget 12 is that of a railway labourer born and brought up 
 in St. Ives. He has been married fourteen years, and has been 
 thirteen years at his present occupation. His hours are uncertain, 
 generally eleven-and-a-half hours a day, though sometimes longer. 
 During the period under inquiry he has been engaged in light 
 work because of an accident the previous year. He also had to 
 give up the stable work which he had done for the docftor before 
 and after railway hours. This was taken up by his eldest son for 
 4s. a week. Since the monograph was drawn up, the man has 
 died, ten days after an epileptic seizure. 
 
 The house is a two-roomed cottage with an out-house ; it looks 
 on a stable-yard, and there are stables below the bedroom. The 
 place is unsanitary and dirty. There is no garden. 
 
 The accounts have been kept by the eldest son, as the mother 
 cannot write. She is a bad manager, and constantly gets into 
 debt. 
 
 13. 
 
 [ST. IVES, CORNWALL.] 1893. 
 
 Fisherman. Children : Boys, ages 8, 7 and 4. 
 
 Wife. Girl, age 5 m.mths. 
 
 The household of budget 13 consists of a fisherman, his wife 
 and four children, two of them step-children. The husband was 
 born in St. Ives, Cornwall, and has always lived there. He has 
 been married five years. 
 
 He has been a fisherman for twelve years. He goes out line 
 fishing, on all-night work, working on his own account, but 
 
40 Notes on the Families : 
 
 owning neither net nor boat ; to hire a boat he clubs with three 
 others. He has no regular earnings, sometimes making nothing 
 for weeks, sometimes 8s., us., or 14s. per week. He also does 
 odd work occasionally, such as boat painting. The harbour dues, 
 divided between the four who hire the boat, are los. for the 
 season ; other expenses are 3s. 6d. or 4s. each for lines, and a 
 share of the catch for the hire of the boat, and for the use of other 
 men's labour. One shilling is entered for travelling to and from 
 work (period not stated), in the note book provided by the 
 Economic Club, but is not entered in the accounts, nor mentioned 
 in the monograph. • 
 
 The family lives in a three-roomed cottage, one of a small 
 double row forming a narrow alley. They seldom eat meat, and 
 live chiefly on bread and tea. 
 
 The wife cannot read or write ; the accounts were dictated to 
 the compiler. She cannot get credit at the shop, but gets a little 
 help from a sister and from neighbours. 
 
 14. 
 
 [ashforp.] i8gi. 
 
 Railway Foreman, age 54. Childyen : Sons, ages t8 and 11. 
 
 Wife, age 52. Daughters, ages 13 and 8. 
 
 Budget 14 is that of a foreman in the S.E. Railway Com- 
 pany's service in a town in Kent. He was born near Hythe. 
 After leaving school, he worked on his uncle's farm for three 
 years ; he was for two years a cleaner in the S.E.R. Co.'s factory 
 for the production of rolling stock ; after a few years in the Militia 
 he obtained employment in the Goods Department of the Com- 
 pany, and in seven years became foreman. He has been in the 
 service of the Company about thirty-four years. He has been 
 married thirty-two years. His wife is a native of Kent, and was 
 formerly a domestic servant. Two sons are away from home ; 
 the eldest, a driver on the S.E.Ii., is married and living at 
 Deal ; the second is in the army. The two elder girls are in 
 service near London, as parlour-maid and upper housemaid ; they 
 clothe and help to keep an invalid sister, who is apprenticed to a 
 dressmaker.* The third son is a turner in the railway factory ; he 
 gives a small contribution to the family income, which probably 
 covers the apparent deficit of 4s. 6^d. a week. 
 
 Besides his wages, 24s. a week, the husband has uniform pro- 
 vided by the railway company, and has the right of privilege fares 
 at id. a mile. Wages are not withheld during illness. The hours 
 are from 6.30 a.m. to 7.30 p.m., with intervals of half-an-hour for 
 breakfast and one hour for dinner ; these he has at home. The 
 work, moving heavy goods, is very exhausting and the warehouse 
 is draughty. 
 
 They live in a healthy four-roomed cottage belonging to the 
 railway company. It is fairly well furnished. There is a garden 
 attached to the house, and they also hold a strip of land from the 
 
 * The daughter (20) mentioned in list of family, but not elsewhere, is apparently not at home. 
 
Provincial Towns. ^X 
 
 railway company, for growing potatoes, at the nominal rent of 3s. 
 a year. The annual value of both together is about £^, and they 
 obtain from them all the vegetables they need. They use a good 
 deal of meat and milk. They purchase coals, boots, and the 
 greater part of their clothing through clubs ; the wife pays is. a 
 fortnight to a coal club, is. a week to a clothing club, and the 
 husband pays 26s. per quarter for two shares in a shoe club. 
 
 The family is delicate, and the doctor's bills are often heavy. 
 A bill of £8 is still unpaid. The husband is far from strong, and 
 has a constant cough. 
 
 15, 
 
 [SCOTLAND.] 1892. 
 
 [by the head of the family.] 
 
 Artisan. Children : ages, 11, 7, 4 and 2. 
 
 Wife. 
 
 ** Family budget written for the purpose of showing how much 
 comfort can be attained and provision made for the contingencies 
 of life, and these are want of work when trade is dull, sickness, old 
 age, and the needs of wife and family in the event of death over- 
 taking the father while the family is young. 
 
 '* As shown by the family budget given on the other side, it 
 will be seen that for a family of six persons living in comfort and 
 on the best of food (believing that it is best to buy a good thing, 
 and it is always found to be cheapest in the end) that it takes on 
 an average 23s. to provide us with the necessaries of life, giving 
 an average per head of 3s. lod. per week ; to that has to be added 
 an outlay of los. 5d. per week, composed of the following items : — 
 
 ;^ S. d. 
 
 '' Burgh Assessments, which include Poor Rate, 
 School Rate, for Police maintenance, &c., 
 
 Water Rate, &c., an average per week of ... o i 3 
 
 Coal 012 
 
 Gas ... ... ... ... ... ... 007 
 
 Benefit Societies ... ... ... ... ... 019 
 
 Life Insurance for ;f 100 012 
 
 Newspapers, &c. ... ... ... ... ... 005 
 
 Average for up-keep of clothes, boots, &c. ... o 2 6 
 
 Church purposes ... ... .. ... ... 017 
 
 Total o 10 5 
 
 For food 130 
 
 ;^i 13 5 
 
 '♦ Income. — My average income for this year has been about 
 43s. per week, but when trade is good it will be about 47s. per 
 week, and that leaves me an average balance of about 135. per 
 week, or ^^33 i6s. per year, out of which I meet my rent. The 
 
A 2 Notes on the Families: 
 
 average rent of artizans' houses with us is £g los. per year, giving 
 a surplus of £2^ 6s. per year. I did not put down my rent 
 because I have no stated rent ; I can pay as much or as Httle as I 
 wish, having built my house through our building society. I can 
 pay any sum from /12 10s. yearly, only I have this incentive, 
 that the more I pay in the form of rent the sooner it will be my 
 own. Again I have an average income of from /"la to £1^ per 
 year which I do nothing to earn, and that is the profit on purchases 
 made m the co-operative society of which we are members and out 
 of which we purchase all our goods. 
 
 ** Societies. — The benefits I would receive for the is. od. per 
 week that I pay are these — if sick I would receive for the first six 
 months 22s. per week and during illness los. per week, with 
 do(5lor's attendance and medicine free, also ;^22 at death. If I 
 meet with an accident from which I could not follow my employ- 
 ment I would be able to claim ;f 100 from one society and 5s. per 
 week from another, and if spared to see old age, that is 60 years, 
 I will have los. per week of superannuation benefit, and los. per 
 week if out of work through dulness of trade. 
 
 " Insurance. — For the is. 2d. per week I am insured for ;f 100 
 at death, wlenever that may happen, so that in all my wife and 
 children would receive ;^I22 at my decease. 
 
 " In the works with which I am connected there is an accident 
 fund, but it is so httle we pay that we never know anything about 
 it. By agreement with the workmen our masters keep 3d. per 
 month of the pay of all men earning £ 1 per week and upwards, 
 2d. of all men under £1 per week, and they add an equal amount. 
 The fund is managed by an equal number of representatives from 
 masters and men, and gives 15s. per week to first class and los. per 
 week to second class, when off work by accident, be it ever so 
 slight, so long as the dodlor sa^^s you are unfit to work ; and when 
 a fatal accident happens the friends* of the first class receive £^0 
 and the second £^0, and all under iis. pay id. per week, and they 
 receive 5s, per week and ;f 20 if accident proves fatal. 
 
 *' Dodlor's expenses I have not put down any ; the children are 
 all very healthy and we do not have the doctor very much ; last 
 year the bill was only 12s. We had a good deal of dodlor's 
 expenses when first married, 
 
 "Table shewing dinners for week beginning Sunday, 31st 
 January : — 
 
 Sunday. — Apple tart and tea.f 
 
 Monday. — Soup, meat and potatoes ; J-lb. boiling meat. 
 
 Tuesday. — Stewed meat and vegetables and potatoes ; f -lb. 
 stewing meat. 
 
 Wednesday. — Soup made with bone, and remainder of apple 
 tart left from Sunday. 
 
 Thursday.— Collops, vegetables and potatoes ; |-lb. collops. 
 
 Friday. — Soup and semolina pudding 
 
 Saturday. — Stewing meat and potatoes ; |-lb. meat. 
 
 *' Children get no butcher's meat, the}' get the sauce and 
 potatoes, and a piece of bread after, and mother and I have always 
 a cup of coffee after dinner. 
 
 * Scotch for relatives, 
 t No meat as a rule, partly to leave the mother leisure for church, &c. 
 
Provincial Towns. 43 
 
 " Sir, — I will give you a short account of what we have done 
 since we were married. In the first ten years we saved past £150, 
 and that after taking all the pleasures of life. We are all well 
 clothed ; our house is comfortably furnished (the household goods 
 are insured for £150 in case of fire) ; every holiday, that is at the 
 fair and new year, during the first eight or nine years of our 
 married life, we were always away from home, we never refrained 
 from enjoying ourselves in a legitimate way, but we always took 
 care to keep it within bounds. I had not always as large an 
 income as I now have, but I remember my wife saved i8s. of her 
 first pay, although there were many things she could have spent it 
 upon, but she has always made her needs subservient to her 
 means. She was not many days married until she began to knit 
 me under-clothing, and' from that to this neither my children nor 
 myself has ever worn any under-clothing that has not been made 
 with her own hand ; the children's clothes have all been made by 
 her own hands, she having a sewing machine. If there is anything 
 bought at any time, made and ready, it is for the purpose of getting 
 a pattern from for future things. 
 
 " To show what can be done I will give an example : there was 
 a sale of goods that had been lying in stock for some time ; my wife 
 bought a piece of strong cloth for 15s., out of which she has made a 
 suit of clothes for church, one pair of trousers for school, for our 
 eldest boy, aged 10 past, a little overcoat for his brother aged 3J- 
 years, and there is as much left as will make an overcoat for some 
 of them in the coming winter if required, that is why I am able to 
 put 2s. 6d. per week down for the upkeep of boots, clothing, etc. 
 She also for the first five or six years made all her own dresses, 
 but gave it up when the children began to need her time. 
 
 " I think I have said enough to show how we have saved means 
 while taking the good of life ; we are now reaping the benefits ; we 
 are able to live in our own house at a comparatively early age ; we 
 have a house of five apartments, with bath-room, closet and 
 out-houses, with a piece of garden. My own part in the house- 
 keeping is not much ; I give up into her hands my pay as I get it, 
 have no purse of my own, if I need it I get the keys of the drawers ; 
 I account for all that I may spend of my own free will. I give her 
 my opinion, if needed — I let her see that I appreciate her efforts, 
 and have in her my only companion. I do not take any strong 
 drink on principle ; I do not smoke, but that is because I have 
 never learned it, not that I objecft to it — I consider it a harmless 
 indulgence. 
 
 " We find our chief amusement in reading ; I take some little 
 part in the social affairs of the town (I am a native of the town), 
 and the training of our children takes up our time, and we have 
 our friends whom we visit, and who visit us in return and then 
 there is the garden ; we have always plenty to amuse us, the only 
 thing we find is that the time is too short for all that we have 
 to do. 
 
 " The children, two of them, are at school, and when they come 
 home and get their home work done for the next day, play about 
 the place ; as our cottage is in the suburbs of the town they have 
 plenty of space and freedom to play with the other children; the 
 
44 Notes on the Families: 
 
 two youngest, one I year and lo montlis the other 3J years play 
 about the garden all day long. 
 
 *' My wife is not a native of the town we are in, she came to 
 it as a domestic servant. Had been a servant from 15 years of 
 age, was 23 years of age when married, and I 24 years, but she 
 had a noble example in her mother who is one of the noblest 
 women I have ever known. 
 
 '* It may be asked is such a life possible for the majority of 
 men ? I say it advisedly, that it is the fault of 50 per cent, of 
 the skilled artizans (I speak for my own town) that they do not 
 have a home life ; there are many men who would think my pay 
 a very small pay indeed, and most of the skilled artizans e^rn 
 about from 40s. to 60s. per week, and that applies not only to the 
 town I live in, but along the riverside in general. 
 
 ** It may be asked does the writer of this paper know what 
 poverty is ? There is none knows it better. Up to the age of 
 15 years I never knew what it was to want anything, but when 
 father died we were left with nothing, and I was just at my trade, 
 and had only 5s. per week. My brother then went to work, and 
 between his pay and mine we managed to scramble through my 
 apprenticeship, but it was a hard struggle for a while. What 
 made it worse was the fact that mother was without the use of one 
 arm and could do very little housework, so that I have had 
 experience of both sides of the question. 
 
 " Sir, — When you asked me if I would give you a table such 
 as that I have given, I very readily agreed to do so, for as you well 
 know I was suffering from a very great disappointment, a friend 
 having died at that time whom I would have expedted to have 
 saved some money to keep his children from needing help from 
 anyone ; indeed it was a great disappointment to many of his 
 friends, but he was not the only one ; there has been five of my 
 fellow workmen died, and they were all in receipt of good wages, 
 from 40s. to 60s. per week — all good workmen and all very intelli- 
 gent men. Now what was the result after long years of steady 
 work at the pay I have stated above. They left nothing to keep 
 their wife and children — three of them needed to be kept them- 
 selves, during their illness, by subscription from their masters and 
 their fellow workmen. Two died somewhat suddenly ; only one 
 had the forethought to insure his life for ;f 100, and that just two 
 years before he died. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — This I am sorry to say is an example of 50 per 
 cent, of the present day artizan's life, and I admit it with great 
 regret. The reasons of it are not far to seek. It is so easy 
 to spend an artizan's wage — an hundred times easier, indeed, than 
 it is to save anything from it. Indeed, so much depends upon the 
 wives of working men, that unless they are economical and indus- 
 trious, and know the science of management, a working man will 
 never get out of the bit. All the money a thriftless wife could get 
 would go, and she would turn round and tell another that she had 
 done well — that she did not know how she could do all she did. 
 
 " It is a thing that can be seen every day in life ; two wives 
 of working men, with the same wage to keep house upon, and the 
 same circumstances to deal with. The one can keep her house in 
 
101TIVERSITT; 
 
 Provincial Towns. 45 
 
 comfort and her children a pleasure to look upon, and the other is 
 never comfortable and her house and children are anything but 
 pleasant to see. While thriftlessness plays a large part in keeping 
 many artizans from ever having any means, there is another cause 
 that operates far more, that we see upon our streets and in our police 
 courts — the effecfts of over-indulgence in strong drink. But that is 
 not where all the evil lies — it is in this so-called moderation 
 (which, [ admit, does no harm among those who have the means 
 to afford it), but. Sir, I think I have shown by the tables of expen- 
 diture given, that there is no room for such an illegitimate luxury 
 in an artizan's expenditure ; even where it is kept within a very 
 small limit, it is still acting indirecftly, for it leaves such a small 
 margin of a balance, that it is not thought worth while to 
 save it. Sir, if you — and all like you — who are interested in the 
 welfare of the working class, knew the horrible evil that this thing 
 is working in our midst — morally, physically and financially— you 
 would do all that is in your power to stop the supply; the greatest 
 curse of all is the grocers' license. Sir, it is sapping the woman- 
 hood of our country, and if not soon stopped, will w^ork an evil 
 that it will take generations to undo, if ever. If I were asked to 
 give my opinion as to the remedy it would be this : while trying 
 to take away the cause, as I have said above, let the teaching of 
 our womanhood be more diredl ; teach them the responsibility 
 that attaches to them in their various positions in life, as sisters, 
 as wives and mothers ; teach them also the science of manage- 
 ment, and this must be done from without, for the present mothers 
 are sadly lacking the qualifications that are needed to teach their 
 daughters ; and for the men, well, the same applies to them, if 
 you could only hear as I have heard (when urging them to do 
 something for the sake of their chddren if not for their wives) the 
 careless remarks that I have been put off with, you would not 
 think I was speaking too strongly in saying they need to be taught 
 their duty as fathers and as husbands. While not seeking to 
 disparage in any way the work of social reform that is going on in 
 our midst — they are all good towards an end, and that is to help 
 them that cannot help themselves ; but while that is being done 
 the fact is being overlooked that if those who have the means to 
 help themselves would be taught (or made) to do so, the remainder 
 could be easily looked after. Look at that great meeting held in 
 Glasgow on social reform ; in all Lord Rosebery's speech, which, 
 mind you, I agreed with, and thought one of the best I had read on 
 the subject, there was lacking this one element — that personal 
 responsibility of each man making the best of what they have. It is 
 not a pleasant thing to do, but in my opinion it will have to be done 
 in the pulpit, on the platform and in the press, in season and out 
 of season, until it becomes a principle in men to look before themi, 
 and not to live only for the day they are in. Presently, if one of 
 themselves exhorts them they will tell him he is a fool, and if a 
 rich man tries they tell him, or rather they say behind his back, 
 that it is all very well for him to speak, although he may have 
 become rich by doing what he wants them to do. 
 
 ** And as those of us who take an interest in the temperance 
 question have our chief hope in the young, so also will this 
 
46 Notes oil the Families : 
 
 question need to be dealt with, our young men and our women will 
 need to be tanght the principles of thrift, of self-denial and of fore- 
 thought fur themselves and for those who belong to them, and for 
 whom they are responsible. 
 
 *' This budget is not written for the purpose of showing how 
 little a family can live upon, but rather to show that the average 
 artisan can and ought to be independent of the ordinary troubles 
 and tiials of life, unless they should be quite exceptional. That 
 the opposite is the case there is no denying, and I have tried to 
 show the reason for it in the budget. It may be said that wliat is 
 left over our expenditure is not very large to meet holiday iind 
 incidental expense. It is here that the whole thing lies. If there 
 is no preparation made when first entering upon married life, for 
 the extra expense that is sure to come when the children that may 
 be born are growing up to the age at which ihey are able to help, 
 then the result is a continual grind ; and when the least trouble 
 comes, the parents are unable to meet the additional expense, or, 
 if it is the head of the family, the result is that they are left 
 destitute. If all men that could, would strive to make themselves 
 independent, it would be easy to succour the really poor and 
 unfortunate amongst us." 
 
 16. 
 
 [SCOTLAND.] 1892. 
 
 Painter. Children : Boys, ages 12 and 9. 
 
 Wife. Girls, ages 11 and 8. 
 
 Number 16 is the budget of a painter in a ship-building 
 
 yard in . He was born in Perthshire, brought up 
 
 in Stirling, and spent most of his school days in bird's-nesting. 
 His six years' apprenticeship to a painter was disturbed by 
 a plunge into " Geology and Freethinking " — a time when 
 " Shakespeare, Shelley, Byron, and Scott had more charms for 
 him than the Sermon on the Mount." After some years in 
 Edinburgh and London, however, *' he returned to his old way of 
 thinking," and became a member of the Free Church of Scotland. 
 He married in Greenock fourteen years ago, with kitchen furniture 
 and 2S. 6d. as his property in hand. 
 
 Since his marriage he has been very unfortunate. His wife 
 has had several long illnesses, and his work has been very 
 irregular. When on full time he works fifty-four hours a week, 
 but at the time of his budget he was working only thirty-nine 
 hours. This, at 7^d. an hour, brings in £1 4s. 4jd. a week, while 
 his eldest boy earns 3s. 6d. a week as message-boy to a jeweller. 
 During the fourteen years of his married life he has been out of 
 work entirely about ten months, and has been on short time — 6| 
 hours instead of nine hours a day — for about six months. He has 
 saved nothing, but has no debts. 
 
Provincial Towns. 47 
 
 17. 
 
 [CAMBRIDGE.] 1892-4. 
 
 Watchmaker's Assistant. Servant: age 14. 
 
 Wife. Infant {from 1893). 
 
 Sister-in-law {iSg;^— June, '94). 
 
 Number 17 is the budget of a young married couple living in 
 Cambridge. The wife, who was a cook, is well educated, and 
 sews well. The husband is a skilled assistant to a watch-maker 
 at a weekly salary ; he receives in addition a percentage on the 
 sales made. His chief amusements are cycHng and music. For 
 these, and also for his oWn clothes, he pays himself. His wife 
 does not know what his income is, nor whether there are other 
 savings beyond £1 a month for insurance. They have been 
 married three j^ears. 
 
 They live in a tastefully furnished little house with a small 
 flower-garden ; two rooms have been occupied for a year by a 
 lodger at 9s. a week. The little maid servant, paid 6s. a month, 
 does not sleep in the house. One friend or another has been with 
 them about ten weeks of the year. 
 
 The wife has kept the accounts with no view to publication ; 
 she was accustomed to do so for some years before marriage. 
 They include household expenses and her own personal expenses. 
 Both husband and wife were away from home for three weeks in 
 summer, when no accounts were kept. 
 
 By 1893 the family has changed a little; there is a baby, and 
 a sister of the wife lives with the family ; she works at a shop 
 during the day, but has breakfast and supper at home. At Mid- 
 summer they went into a new and larger house, but as it is more 
 in the country they get better accommodation for the same rent as 
 before. The taxes are rather lighter. 
 
 The expenses of moving, and of new furniture, were paid by 
 the husband, and are not entered in the accounts. 
 
 Nofe (1894). — The only change in circumstances since last year is that in June 
 the sister who had been lodging, partly boarding with the family, left them. There 
 is a change in the form of saving. The society in which they had been investing 
 during the last few years broke up ; they lost about £^6. This year, as is shown, 
 the wife has saved about los. a week, and the husband has insured his life. 
 The last item does not appear in the accounts. 
 
48 Notes on the Families: 
 
 RURAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 18. 
 
 [SOMERSETSHIRE.] 1892. 
 
 Agricultural Labourer, age 45. Children : Boys, ages 9, 6 months. 
 
 Wife, a§e 41. Girls, ages 13, 7 atid 5. 
 
 Budget 18 is that of an agricultural labourer in Somersetshire. 
 He was born in Devon, came to Somersetshire about nineteen 
 years ago in search of work, and has been ever since wi^h his 
 present employer. He has been married eighteen years. Besides 
 the five children at home, there are three others away— two girls 
 of sixteen and eighteen, at service in the neighbourhood, and a 
 son of twenty-one, a cripple from birth, who has been apprenticed 
 to a boot-maker by the Board of Guardians. The wife earns 
 nothing beyond the proceeds of a few pairs of stockings she knits 
 in the year and sells to the neighbours. 
 
 The husband's work is not that of the ordinary farm labourer ; 
 his employer lives five miles away on another farm, leaving the 
 man in charge of a farm of 220 acres and a flock of sheep some- 
 times numbering from three to four hundred. No other labour 
 is regularly employed on the farm, of which, for the last six years, 
 only fourteen acres have been arable. His hours are from seven 
 a.m. to five p.m., but he is often at work longer ; half-an-hour 
 is allowed for breakfast at eight o'clock, and an hour for dinner 
 at one o'clock. He does hedging in overtime, getting in return 
 the wood he cuts for firewood. His wages, iis. a week, are paid 
 fortnightly. He has no money perquisites, but in addition to his 
 right to firewood, he has a rent-free house and a garden of three- 
 eighths of an acre. He realizes a net profit of about los. a year 
 on the sale of his pig in February; he buys the pig from his 
 employer in Odlober for about 17s., the price being deducted from 
 his wages at the rate of is. or more per week. He keeps fowls, 
 and generally sells his chickens and also eggs, unless the price is 
 as low as yd, a dozen or under. His gross annual income is not 
 more than £^y. 
 
 He lives in an old farmhouse, too large for his needs — three 
 of the six bedrooms are not used ; there are also two kitchens and 
 a parlour. The food consists chiefly of tea, bread, butter, and 
 potatoes ; bacon at nearly every meal, vegetables and pudding at 
 dinner. Fresh meat is never eaten. 
 
 19. 
 
 [SOMERSETSHIRE.] 1892. 
 
 Agricultural Labourer, age 46. Children : Boys, ages 19, 12 and 6. 
 
 Wife, aqe 41. Girls, ages 10, 8 atid i. 
 
 The second agricultural labourer was born and brought up in 
 a Sornersetshire village, six miles from his present home. The 
 only time he has been out of the district was when, at twenty-three 
 
Rural Distrids. 49 
 
 years of age, he made a two years' tour through England, visiting 
 Wales, Yorkshire, Bristol, and London, partly to look for work, 
 partly to see the country. He worked in iron mines till he was 
 thirty-nine years of age. Seven years ago, on the close of the 
 mines, he got work on a farm, at first in his native place. He has 
 been four years v^^ith his present employer. 
 
 The farm is 300 acres in extent, 200 acres arable, 26 meadow, 
 and the rest pasture. Two other men are employed, one of them 
 a horse-driver ; also two boys, one to drive the horses, the other 
 as cow-boy. The farmer would employ more regular hands if he 
 could get them. At haymaking and harvest he has extra men. 
 The hours are, as usual, from seven o'clock till five, and longer at 
 haymaking and harvest. The man breakfasts before starting, at 
 six o'clock, and takes lunch' and dinner of bread and cheese or 
 bacon from home ; he has tea at home and a hot supper at eight 
 o'clock. They use fresh meat " once a year," but have bacon two 
 or three times a day. 
 
 They live two miles from the husband's work, in an old farm- 
 house very much out of repair and scantily furnished ; there are 
 two kitchens, four small bedrooms, and a dairy. The net value 
 of the produce of the garden amounts to about 30s. a year. The 
 man keeps pigs and fowls, and gets £1 extra at harvest and 4s. at 
 haymaknjg. 
 
 He has been married tw^enty-two years. One son, twenty-one 
 years of age, is a private in a line regiment stationed in Upper 
 Burmah ; a girl of seventeen is a housemaid in a private school in 
 the neighbouring town, and another, a girl of fifteen, is in farm 
 service near. One boy of nineteen living at home does odd work 
 on the farm ; he gets 12s. a week wages, of which he gives 5s. for 
 bed and board. 
 
 The man is a teetotaller, but until recently was allow^ed 
 nothing at harvest and other times instead of beer; nov/ he has 
 IS. a week extra from Lady-Day to Michaelmas. He is a keen 
 politician — a Radical, and a member of the Village Liberal 
 Committee. 
 
 20. 
 
 [SOMERSETSHIRE.] l8g2. 
 
 Woodman and Gardener, age 45. Children : Boys, ages 9 and 7. 
 
 Wife age 49. Girls, ages 5 and 3. 
 
 Budget 20 is that of a woodman and gardener in Somerset- 
 shire. He was born in the district, and has lived there all his life. 
 He has worked on the land since a child of seven, when he earned 
 3d. a day. When ten years of age he went to live in farm service. 
 He has been woodman and gardener to his present employer for 
 twenty-one years. His wife was also born and brought up in the 
 district. Both husband and wife have been married before, the 
 wife to an ironstone worker in the neighbouring mines ; her three 
 sons by her first marriage are miners, her one daughter is in 
 service. The husband's children by his first wife are also away 
 
^o Notes on the Families : 
 
 from home, two girls in service, one boy a private in a line 
 regiment, and another learning electrical engineenng. 
 ^ The wife earns 5s. a week by working as laundress to her 
 husband's master. The husband's hours are from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., 
 with half-an-hour for lunch and one hour for dinner. For lunch 
 and dinner he carries with him from home, bread and cheese, cold 
 salt meat and tea. In addition to the usual bread and butter and 
 tea for breakfast, they have bacon, potatoes, and sometimes eggs ; 
 and for their hot supper at seven o'clock they occasionally have 
 even a little fresh meat. 
 
 The man makes a profit of £1 6s. a year on his pig, and also 
 earns a few pounds in the year by repairing clocks an(i watches 
 in the evenings. He is a very well-read and intelligent man ; a 
 Radical and a member of the Village Liberal Committee 
 
 They hve in a good, comfortably furnished cottafre, and, 
 although another family lives under the same roof, have for their 
 own use a kitchen, pantry, and three bedrooms. The garden 
 produces enough potatoes and vegetables to last all the year. 
 
 21. 
 
 [surrey.] 
 
 Labourer and Gardener. Children, Son (1). 
 
 Wife. Girls (5). 
 
 Budget 21 is that of a gardener in Surrey, living in the same 
 distridl as the widow in monograph 22. He was born in a neigh- 
 bouring parish. There he was a labourer and gardener until, 
 ab:nit fifteen years ago, he migrated with his present employer to 
 the village where he now lives. Besides the six children at 
 home, there are four daughters in service ; the eldest son is a 
 gardener in a distant part of the country, and the second son in a 
 neighbouring village. The third son is at home, apprenticed to 
 his uncle, a carpenter. The fifth daughter helps at home, and 
 earns enough in summer to buy her own clothes. The four 
 younger ones are at school. 
 
 In addition to his wages, 25s. a week, the man has his house 
 rent free, and coals and lighting ; a gun license, given by his 
 employer, enables him to provide the household with rabbits. The 
 wife earns some pounds in summer by washing. The children 
 away from home do not, perhaps, make any regular contribution, 
 but probably give presents. 
 
 22. 
 
 [surrey.] 
 
 Widow, age So. [Grandchild, age 10.] 
 
 Budget 22 is that of an old widow living in a solitary cottage 
 on the southern borders of Surrey. She was born and brought 
 up in the district, and has never been further away than Chichester. 
 
Rural Distri^s. 51 
 
 Her husband was of yeoman stock. He worked as " useful" man 
 at the place where his wife was dairy maid, and by middle life 
 became working bailiff on a small estate. Of their five children 
 two are living. The eldest son is a struggling farmer m the 
 valley, with a wife and several young children. A daughter, now 
 a widow, lives in the neighbouriug village. On her husband's 
 death, two year's ago, the old widow w^as persuaded to live with 
 her son, but the air of the valley '♦ choked her," and she '< pined 
 and dwined away " for want of her hillside home. She returned 
 to the old cottage where she had lived for nearly sixty years, and 
 has been there ever since. She does her own household work, 
 and a little grandchild who comes after school hours to spend the 
 night with her, is her main source of communication with the 
 outer world. 
 
 Her own and her husband's savings were spent in setting up 
 their son in his farm, and now she lives rent free, with occasional 
 help from him, on a pension of 3s. 6d. a week from her former 
 employers. 
 
 23. 
 
 [SUSSEX.] 1892. 
 
 Journeyman Carpenter. Children : Girls, ages 15, 13 and 11. 
 
 Wife. 
 
 Budget 23 is that of a Sussex journeyman carpenter. He has 
 been married nineteen years ; has followed his present occupation 
 for twenty-five years, and has been with his present employer 
 fourteen years. He supplies his own files and tools at a cost of ^i 
 a year. Ihe family makes about £5 a year by hop-picking, in 
 addition to the father's weekly wages. They live in a very small 
 four-room cottage, and have a garden, the produce of which is 
 worth about £1 a year. 
 
 24. 
 
 [CUMBERLAND.] 1892. 
 
 Bobbin Turner, age 30. Children : Boy, age 3 {utttil death). 
 
 Wife age 28. Girl, age 5. 
 
 Budget 24 is that of a married couple hving near Keswick. 
 The man's parents were Cumbrians, and, as a boy, he went to 
 work at a bobbin Qiill. He ran away when nineteen in order to 
 enlist, but was not accepted as he had lost the sight of an eye. 
 He returned to his old work and when twenty-three, having saved 
 ;f 25, he married. He has been married six years, and of the two 
 children one is alive, the other having died in May of the year 
 covered by the accounts. 
 
 The husband's wages have been about 21s. a week, but in 
 addition to that, his wife has been able to go out charing and 
 
 D 2 
 
52 Notes on the Families : 
 
 washing a great deal, which has helped to make the income 
 considerably greater. The man neither smokes nor drinks, and 
 usually gives his wife his entire wages. 
 
 The house stands on the main street of the village. There are 
 practically only two rooms, but upstairs the small landing holds 
 a bed comfortably. From September this was let to a brother, 
 who, with the exception of a month at Christmas, when he paid at 
 the rate of 15s., paid los. a week for board and lodging. 
 
 The health of the man has on the whole been good, but when 
 absent from work through illness he receives gs. a week from a 
 Mechanics' club. 
 
 The husband takes his breakfast and dinner with him,l3ut has 
 his tea at home at six p.m., which often consists of meat and 
 vegetables. They pay about 7s. a week in subscripliDns to various 
 clubs — Mechanics', British Workman's, Coaling and Clothing, and 
 two Building Clubs. Generally both husband and wife go away 
 for a holiday v/hen the mill is closed during Whitsun week. 
 
 Notes on some of the Characteristics of the Village 
 OF Whitestone. 
 
 (By the Compiler of Budgets Nos. 25, 26, 27 and 28. 1891.^ 
 
 With a view to make the information given in the four 
 following monographs more complete, I have put down a few 
 details describing the village to which all the four families (Nos. 
 25, 26, 27 and 28) whose budgets are given belong. 
 
 Whitestone is a fair-sized village, lying prettily enough among fields and 
 hedgerows, but depending for its support very little upon agricultural labour. 
 The occupation given to its people comes almost entirely from the coal pits, which 
 extend far and wide beneath its cottages and lanes. In olden times, before the 
 mines were worked, it was a weaving village, and though but few traces of this old 
 industry remain, there may still be found in one or two of the larger cottages 
 an old hand-loom more or less out of repair. The only surviving relic of the old 
 occupation is the "reaming" stockings and socks, done by the women. These 
 articles leave the loom in one flat piece, and are sewn into the requisite shape by 
 hand. In the old days, they were made in hand-looms in the village itself, but 
 there are few such looms remaining in the cottages now. The stocking making is 
 done in large fadories in the neighbourhood. The stockings in their flat condition 
 are despatched from the fadories to women in the surrounding villages, who 
 undertake to have them " seamed," and give out this work to the cottage house- 
 wives. After seaming, the stockings are collected again, and sent in to the dyers. 
 "the work is very ill-paid, being largely done by married women in their leirsure 
 hours. The skill required for it is soon gained ; and no implement is needed but 
 a needle. The wool with which the seam is worked is always supplied from the 
 factory, as it is most important that it should be of precisely the same quality 
 and kind as that used for the weaving of the stockings. Otherwise there is a 
 danger lest, after the process of dyeing, a difference between the fabric and the 
 stitches of the seam might make itself visible. Several years ago, one woman in 
 the village seamed her stockings with thread or wool of her own supplying. 
 Nothing was known until several weeks later, when the women went as usual to 
 take their week's supply of work from the undertaker or "sweater." She told 
 them that she had none to give. The fadory managers had written to say that 
 complaints of the seaming had been received from the dye works. The work 
 complained of had been part of that sent from Whitestone, and the factory had 
 determined to give out no more work to be seamed there. The consternation was 
 great, especially among the widows and spinsters dependent on earnings of their 
 
Rmal Districts. 53 
 
 own. Representations were made, and after a few weeks the faftory manager 
 relented. The prices paid vary from 8d. a dozen pairs for long stockings down 
 to 4d. and 3d. for socks ; even to 2^d. for the very coarse and comm^on kinds. 
 Little children do a great deal of this seaming, and it is charaderistic of 
 Whitestone to see the women standing at their doors with a pile of stockings 
 thrown over the left shoulder, while they chat and look about them, their hands 
 busily employed picking up the seam stitches, working with a peculiar motion 
 difficult to unlearn when they have other kinds of sewing to do, and the habit of 
 which brings the children into periodic trouble with the school inspedlor, the 
 code requiring not only neat execution but a proper way of holding the needle in 
 the hand. 
 
 Even this home industry bids fair to become obsolete, as some new inventions 
 in machinery enable the weavers to manufadure the hose and vests in circular 
 shape without any seam at all, so that the fadlory managers need have no recourse 
 to hand needlework. 
 
 A large number of the girls and young women work at an Elastic Factory, 
 some of the men at an iron foundry, and some at brickmaking; but the main 
 source of livelihood for the village comes from the pits. 
 
 There are the highly trained colliers, " the proper colliers with the pick," the 
 colliers' labourers, who work with and under these in the actual labour of 
 detaching the coal, there are the men who mind the horses, the men who see to 
 the trucks, the la^.ourers on the pit bank, the colUery briclclayers and stable 
 attendants above ground, the hauliers, clerks and superintendents. 
 
 The colliers, properly so called, receive a monthly allowance of 16 cwt. of coal. 
 They pay for the hauUag, which costs 2s. a load (16 cwt.) from the pit's mouth to 
 Whitestone. The banksmen have simply the privilege of buying their coal cheap. 
 They pay for coal delivered at their cottage doors 6s. a load, or 7s. a ton. The 
 villagers, who have to buy coal without this privilege, pay gd. and g^d. a cwt. 
 
 The home of these people is not an unattractive one. The air is light and 
 invigorating, the air of the Midlands redeemed from flatness by the neighbourhood 
 of moorland and forest. The ground about the place, though not strikingly 
 beautiful, is well broken. There is the interest of hill and valley, brook and wood, 
 vnth peeps of widely stretching landscape bounded by distant hills. The village 
 proper consists mainly of one long irregular winding street, beginning in low lying 
 ground, and meandering past schools, church, and one or two chapels, up to a 
 dreary space of ground dignified as " the green," but with hardly a patch of grass 
 remaining on it, then running up hill, and abutting on to a cross road, the 
 boundary between Whitestone and a neighbouring village. 
 
 Along one side of the cross road and down the hill again are more Whitestone 
 cottages, clustering round a brook and a well. The well has no pump, and the 
 buckets dipped into it at random are often foul, spreading impurity and causing 
 illness. If fever is about, and gets a chance, it rages here. Otherwise illness is 
 not common, for the place is healthy, and if the cottages present a somewhat dull 
 and formal red brick face to the village street, a step to the back will show them 
 to be piduresque and pleasant. There are good gardens well supplied with 
 vegetables. Sufficient room for clothes lines and drying, and in most cases 
 a bed or two of garden flowers. The colliers are very fond of flowers, and many 
 cultivate them carefully and with good success. 
 
 The gardens and the country beyond make a wholesome background, and 
 though there is at Whitestone a sad want of enlightened views as to the opening 
 of windows, especially bedroom windows, the doors stand mostly open at back 
 and front, and the air finds its way into the recesses of the small homes pretty 
 thoroughly. 
 
 Inside the houses are not too charming. Perhaps it is on account of the 
 seaming, which continually occupies the women, who are rarely seen at their doors 
 without a stocking foot drawn over the left hand, a needle in the right, and a skein 
 of wool thrown over the shoulder ; perhaps it is on account of this constant pre- 
 occupation over the duty of making up the rent of the house rather than on that 
 of adorning it ; but certain it is that neither the dainty charm of a south country 
 cottage nor the well ordered and solid comfort of a northern homestead are often 
 to be seen. 
 
 There is a lack of the brilliant polish of the wood, the spotless cleanliness of 
 the floor which are the pride of the northern housewife, but in the better sort of 
 homes there are still some indications of the varied tastes and artistic needs. 
 Handsome bibles and bound volumes of religious periodicals, china and glass 
 
^4 NoUs on the Families : 
 
 ornaments, or the bead-work trophies of school girl dexterity abound, and where- 
 ever the family live there is at least always the charm of a good fire. 
 
 The people themselves have generally warm kind hearts. They are easy to 
 talk with, easy to please ; I am speaking principally of the women, as I know them 
 much better than the men, at least in their every day life and aspedt. The men 
 I see when accident or old age or illness keeps them at home, not often other- 
 wise. I should say that they were less ready to accept a stranger and to credit 
 him Ywth good intentions than their wives, less easy and natural in manner, 
 and more conscious of differences of rank, but when the outer crust thaws, they 
 shew well. They seem fond of their children, and, with one or two black 
 exceptions, are fairly kind to their wives, who have, however, a hard time of it, 
 with little relief or pleasure beyond the one inalienable, invaluable privilege of 
 gossip. 
 
 When good health prevails, and the heads of the family do not drinlj, a very 
 fair standard of solid comfort prevails. There would seem to be no lack of food, 
 and, on gala occasions, the children and young folk turn out exceedingly well 
 dressed. 
 
 The men are mostly vigorous and well grown, this is in part owing to the fad 
 that of late years the colliers have been rarely overworked. Work has, indeed, 
 been often sadly short, especially in the summer of 1887. For the coal at White- 
 stone being of the best kind suitable for private house consumption, a long hot 
 summer, such as the Jubilee summer was, seriously affects the demand. The 
 mines are dry, and much less dangerous than most. There is no fire-damp. But 
 the calling necessarily involves continual small hazards. The colliery owners 
 seem to be fairly liberal in their treatment of accidents within the limits of their 
 own responsibility; but many fall outside this line. The men grow reckless about 
 dangers which are daily faced, and when they are hurt by their own fault they 
 and their families have often much hardship to go through, only very partially 
 relieved by the adion of the Friendly Societies. There is rarely anything laid by 
 in addition, the usual plan being to obtain credit with the shops in summer, and 
 become a little, often not a little, in debt before the winter, when four and even 
 five days' work a week may be counted on to help to straighten accounts. The 
 memories of the colliers, however, are reported to be very faulty with regard to 
 past indebtedness, and they seem to have a truly aristocratic horror of a dun. 
 
 The hours of work are short, 7^ to 8^ hours adlually below ground, but the 
 long walks in all weathers to and from work make a serious addition, especially 
 for those not constitutionally robust. 
 
 ^ The colliers spend their leisure time in working at their plots of garden or 
 their allotments, in summer a good deal also in cricket, and a good deal always in 
 sauntering and chatting. Of late, after two successful contests with the masters, 
 they have been very well off, and have had plenty to spend on such amusements 
 as they care for. Among the worse sort, betting and immoderate drinking have 
 prevented their prosperity from being of lasting good, but the better men have 
 added perceptibly to the family comfort. Perambulators have become a common 
 sight. 
 
 There are in the village ten houses licensed for the sale of drink, one general 
 drapery shop, and six for the sale of chandlery, groceries and bread. The farmers 
 sell meat and milk to such as want it. There is a post office for letters, not for 
 telegrams or money orders. There is no resident dodlor in the village, no family 
 above the lower middle class, and no minister of religion except the Church of 
 England clergyman. It is difficult to form an estimate of the number of people 
 who pay serious allegiance to the established religion of the country. The 
 attendance in church on Sunday morning is almost nil. In the evening it is a 
 trifle, but not much better. On the way to church, on Sunday morning, one may 
 meet group after group of men walking away towards the open country. Sometimes 
 they have their younger children with them, and are, no doubt, fulfilling the duty 
 of keeping them out of the way of the " Missus," whilst she is absorbed in the 
 grand task of preparing dinner. The people, as a rule, welcome the clergyman to 
 their houses, extol his kindness, sympathise with his family anxieties and 
 pleasures, and in all distress invoke his aid with confidence. But their adherence 
 to his religion is not of that vigorous kind which prompts self-sacrifice. On the 
 other hand, the Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists and Particular Baptists make 
 considerable efforts to render their services decent and popular. The principal 
 rnembers of each flock provide the minister's Sunday dinner and tea, and see to 
 his comfort when, on special occasions, he visits Whitestone for a service in the 
 course of th e week. 
 
Rural Distrids. 55 
 
 The ministers on their side are most energetic on occasions of school treats or 
 prize givings. They distribute tea and buns, direct the games, and preside over 
 class leaders and choir, when, at the end of a day's pleasure, the whole party of 
 holiday makers will gather together, after our serious English fashion, "to 
 conclude with the Doxology." 
 
 There are few Roman Catholics in Whitestone proper, and no chapel nearer 
 than that at the neighbouring village where there is a large colony of Irish people. 
 
 Politics are not vehemently disputed. There is a lack of intelledual life, and 
 a great lack of the means of supplying intelledlual needs. Few of the colliers take 
 a daily paper or appear to be much interested in the concerns of the world 
 outside Whitestone. 
 
 Second Note on the Village of Whitestone (^1892^. 
 
 The condition of the village, generally, is much the same as in 1891. The 
 colliers are prosperous, and there is little or no want of employment. _ It may be 
 noted that in 1890 there was only one case of indoor relief, that of a girl of seven- 
 teen, who had given her parents (respedtable people) much trouble. She would 
 not stay in service, but ran away and slept in barns. After entering the work- 
 house she behaved well. Out relief was given to twelve aged people, to one 
 widow of 42 with a large family, to one woman suffering from " dementia," but 
 cared for by her family, and to one man with an ulcerated foot. Medical relief 
 is easy to obtain in Whitestone, and old people of good charader are generally 
 allowed out relief when they apply for it. 
 
 There is a branch of a co-operative society at a village two miles from White- 
 stone, but it does not yet obtain much custom at Whitestone itself; having to 
 fight against the influences of the complicated evils of the long credit system 
 adopted in the village shops. 
 
 Note on Whitestone— January, 1896. 
 
 Since this village was described in 1892 it has gone through some changes. 
 The colliery strike of the summer and autumn of 1893 has been its most remark- 
 able event. The strike of the miners threw out of employment all those not 
 miners who are employed about a colliery — stablemen, banksmen, blacksmiths, 
 hauliers, &c. These lost work from the beginning of the strike, and within a few 
 weeks from this date the want of coal caused a stoppage also in the work at the 
 elastic and mosaic fadories, and at the iron foundry ; the labourers and operatives 
 in these employments, of course, receiving no strike pay. The miners received 
 7/- a week each, with an extra allowance of i/- a week for each child under 
 working age. This money was paid at a village two miles off on market night to 
 the men, a plan causing much temptation to expenditure and drink ; so that in 
 many cases little of the money reached the hou.seholds at Whitestone. This pay 
 altogether ceased after the strike had been going on for some weeks, and, 
 practically, the whole population of the village became dependent upon the 
 kindness of the shops or of benevolent friends. The Roman Catholic Priest and 
 a Dissenting Minister of the neighbouring village organised relief; neighbours and 
 friends gave in various ways, and loaves were distributed pretty freely, but in the 
 last weeks many were insufficiently fed, and as the autumn drew on the want of 
 coal became a serious hardship. The strike ended in a victory for the men. 
 After this, there was a short period of very good work, but before Christmas a 
 period of depression came on, which has lasted almost uninterruptedly through 
 1894 and 1895. 
 
 The credit system, the complicated evils of which were referred to in the note for 
 1892, was of infinite value to the miners during the strike. The shops which had 
 the advantage of their regular custom were expeded to continue to provide the 
 necessaries of life, and actually did provide them to a surprising extent, 
 although the tradespeople felt great doubts as to the likelihood of ultiniate 
 repayment. Partly, they were, no doubt, influenced by good nature and neigh- 
 bourly feeling. They reckoned up the cost, however, and knowing that they 
 stood to lose in any case by the strike, preferred to hazard present cash rather 
 than the popularity on which future receipts would have to depend. The 
 Co-operative Society of the neighbouring village, however, stuck to its principles, 
 gave no credit, but allowed its members to draw to the extent of the value of their 
 share capital, and, though with some difficulty, weathered the storm. 
 
56 Notes on the Families : 
 
 Of the families described in the four Whitestone monographs, the Hunters 
 (No. 28) are fairly flourishing. In fact the Primitive Methodists, as a body, are 
 doiftg well. They have some fresh members among families lately settled in some 
 new houses in the village. They are mostly thrifty and temperate people, and 
 the body is planning the erection of a new and superior chapel. 
 
 The Forts (No. 27) are less prosperous. Fort has only brought his wife four 
 shillings in the course of the last year. He has bad health, occasional times of 
 real illness from bronchitis and cold, and his irregular habits increase. His wife 
 and youngest daughter work hard to maintain themselves and him, and the 
 youngest boy is now earning moderate wages and is good to his mother. 
 
 The collier's family (No. 26) described has suffered from the depression in 
 his trade. His wife complains much of the altered times. 
 
 25. 
 
 [LEICESTERSHIRE.] 189I. 
 
 [by the compiler, fictitious names have been used.] 
 
 Boot Maker. Boy, age 12. 
 
 Wife. 
 
 The family consists of Welldon and his wife, hardly arrived at 
 middle age, and a son of twelve years old, who has just passed 
 his sixth standard at the National School. An older girl (about 20) 
 is the only other child. She used to be a pupil teacher at the 
 same school, and to live at home, but is now an assistant mistress 
 at a school at a distance. Welldon was an orphan brought up in 
 the union, and apprenticed by the parish authorities to the boot- 
 making trade, which he has pursued ever since. He is a steady, 
 respedlable man, cheerful tempered and acftive, but not very strong 
 in health. He is a particularly kind husband and father, took 
 great pride in the school achievements of his daughter, and was an 
 excellent nurse to his wife during a long illness, and to one of his 
 children who was severely scalded and ill a long time. Two chil- 
 dren are dead. 
 
 For many years Welldon worked at boot-making in his own 
 house and on his own account, but was forced to give up this 
 about four years ago owing to bad debts. The people would 
 not pay, and Mrs. Welldon says that she and her husband were 
 nearly " stripped bare of all," before they decided to give up. 
 Welldon took work under a master boot-maker in the neighbour- 
 hood. It was at this time that I first became acquainted with 
 the family, when the wife was very ill, her illness being brought on 
 partly by grief for the loss of a little child, partly by worry about 
 money matters. I never suspected the latter cause, as the house 
 — a good four-roomed cottage — is always beautifully kept ; the 
 furniture good and spotlessly clean, ornaments and pictures in 
 abundance on the walls and shelves, and the woman's bed-room 
 during her illness perfecflly neat and clean. 
 
 When Welldon left off business on his own account, he had 
 to pay off a good deal of debt. This burden was a trying one, 
 but is lifted now, and the family is clear of the world. Welldon 
 makes from 15s. a week to something over a pound at his work. 
 A litile extra money comes in once a fortnight when he goes round 
 on behalf of the doctor to collect subscriptions to his medical 
 club ; to which a regular payment secures attendance and medicine 
 
Rural Distrids. 57 
 
 in time of sickness. He is a Forester, and ver}^ active in the man- 
 agement of the local lodge, expressing an opinion that the Foresters 
 could set an example to the Houses of ParHament by the way 
 in which they transact business, without unnecessary fuss or more 
 talk than is absolutely needed. He is above the level of the people 
 round him in intelligence. 
 
 His wife is refined and gentle, but not clever, but his daughter 
 is remarkably so. The latter was very successful as a pupil 
 teacher, and is reported to be doing excellent work at che school 
 where she now teaches. If the children do not come clean to 
 school, she takes them down to the cellar (where appliances for 
 washmg are kept) and scrubs them well. At Whitestone school, 
 she used to beg her mother for old garments and boots to be made 
 as good as could be for the poor and neglecfted children of the 
 school. The Welldons are very charitable. A poor old crippled 
 neighbour of theirs, who lives on 2s. 6d. a week from the parish, 
 and what she can earn by mending the colliers' breeches and shirts 
 when their wives are busy, tells me that Mrs. Welldon looks in 
 every day to see what she can do for her, and that the little boy 
 fetches her a bucket of water from the well before he goes to school 
 in the morning. The Welldons keep a pig, and have never been 
 without one, though at times it has been hard to find food enough 
 for it. They have a small piece of ground besides their own 
 garden, and grow potatoes and vegetables and some fruit. 
 
 Mrs. Welldon is rather a low-spirited woman, of very delicate 
 health. She and her husband have made a gallant fight against 
 misfortune, never looking poor or asking help, with the result that 
 she is a little embittered. She lives surrounded by many neigh- 
 bours who waste their money in drink, look miserable, and ask for 
 assistance at the first breath of trouble. She says that many of the 
 parents who send their children ill-clothed and not fed to school, 
 could afford to make them thoroughly comfortable, if it were not 
 for the drink. 
 
 The method of life of the Welldons is a little unlike that of 
 their neighbours, who are either colliers or employed on work con- 
 nected with the pit. Welldon does not leave home as they do in 
 the middle ot the night, and the family sits down to an orderly and 
 substantial breakfast, at which their own home-cured bacon gener- 
 ally figures. They are proud of its excellence, and when their 
 daughter Lizzie left home to live at a distance, she specially begged 
 that her parents would find her in bacon. The mother demurred, 
 she told me, but the father, without saying anytiiing, went out, and 
 cut her a good sized piece from the side hanging up. At the time 
 of the accounts, however, the family seem to have been buying 
 bacon. 
 
 The rent covers the sum paid for the extra piece of land taken 
 by Welldon, in addition to his cottage garden. No article seems 
 to have been purchased oftener than once a week, except sugar, 
 when in the third week an extra quantity was procured when Mrs. 
 Welldon was making jam from some of her garden fruit. On one 
 occasion the detailed accounts showed a sum of 13s. 8d. paid all at 
 once for coal ; this was characteristic of the family, the large 
 expense having been no doubt anticipated and prepared for. 
 
58 Notes on the Families : 
 
 Note by Compiler, 1892 (25 b). 
 
 lAi\^Q change has taken place in the circumstances of this family since 1891. 
 The man still works at shoe-making, earning 4s. a day when in work, but cannot 
 count on making six days in the week. The family has moved from the cottage 
 formerly inhabited into a fresh one, new and well-built, with good ventilation It 
 has a pleasant sitting-room, a kitchen, and two upstairs bed-rooms. At the back, 
 across an opan space, is an outhouse with conveniencies for washing. Mrs. 
 Welldon washes at home. There is also a pig-sty, and a good sized piece of 
 ground plinted with vegetables, with borders of flowers. 
 
 The family breakfasts at 7 a.m., on bread and butter and bacon and tea. The 
 man takes with him to his work his dinner, consisting of cold meat and bread, and 
 a slice of cake. At 12.30 p.m., after the return of the son from school, he and his 
 mother dine together, and have tea at 4.30 p.m. At 6.30 p.m. Welldon has tea, 
 sometimes with meat and potatoes, but oftener not. • 
 
 Before going to bed the son has some bread and cheese, or a little fruit pie or 
 cake, but his father rarely takes anything after the 6.30 tea. Mrs. Welldon takes 
 some bread and cheese with her son if she feels inclined. 
 
 During the time covered by the accounts, the price of eggs rose, being first 
 sixteen, then fourteen, and finally ten a shilling. 
 
 The Foresters' Club gives benefit for the man to the amount of los. a week 
 in sickness, for 26 weeks ; 5s. a week for a second 26 weeks ; and in case of con- 
 tinuous disabling illness 2S. 6d. a week through life. 
 
 The landlord of the Welldons used to be a neighbouring publican. They 
 moved because he wanted to raise the rent is. a week. They now live under a 
 cousin of Mrs. Welldon's, who has a shop for fancy goods at the sea-side, and 
 owns land at Whitestone on which he has built thirteen cottages, including the 
 one occupied by the Welldons. 
 
 26. 
 
 [LEICESTERSHIRE.] 189I. 
 
 Collier. Children : Sons, ages 19 and 13. 
 
 Wife. Girl, age 4. 
 
 Budget 26, for two periods, the autumns of 1891 and 1892, is 
 that of a colHer in a Leicestershire village. His son, a colliery 
 labourer, died in the interval between the two periods. The 
 father has been at pit work for about thirty-seven years — since he 
 was seven years old. He and his son were supposed in the village 
 to earn £2, a week between them, of which the father contributed 
 15s. to 17s. a week, and the son los., to the household. Both 
 clothed themselves from their reserve funds. 
 
 There is a daughter, married, in the village, and two younger 
 children at home. The wife distributes out-door relief as agent 
 to the relieving officer. 
 
 The house looks on the village green — a desolate patch. It 
 has one large room, living room and kitchen combined, on the 
 ground floor, and a scullery. Above the living room is a bed- 
 room, and another above that. The garden in front, across the 
 road, supplies potatoes and vegetables for about half the year. 
 
 The customs of the family, with regard to meals, are the 
 same as those of the other collier households in the village {cf. 
 No. 276). 
 
 The groceries and chandlery were not classified for the first 
 three weeks of the period covered by the budget ; the sum has 
 been distributed in the tables between the various items on the 
 same scale as in the remaining weeks. 
 
Rural Distridls. 59 
 
 27. 
 
 [LEICESTERSHIRE.] 189I. 
 
 [by the compiler fictitious names have been USED.l 
 
 Colliery Groom. Sons, ages 22 and 17. 
 
 Wife. Daughters, ages 19 and 13. 
 
 The family consists of six members. Fort, the father, works 
 as a groom at the neighouring colliery. In former days he was a 
 gentleman's coachman, and subsequently for some time coachman 
 at an inn. His wife says that he has seen foreign parts and 
 America, but in what capacity he travelled, I failed to discover. 
 He bears the character among his neighbours of being a good, easy 
 man, kind enough to his wife, but " one who would never notice if 
 she clemmed,''' as long as he had a good dinner himself," as a 
 neighbour remarked to me. I suspecft that irregular habits, or too 
 much easy going have contributed to prevent him from doing as 
 well in the world as he might have done. His position seems low 
 for a man of his age, especially one of whose cleverness and 
 experience his wife speaks so highly, and who has had oppor- 
 tunities as a servant. Perhaps all he does, or rather all he makes, 
 does not make itself entirely known to his family. Mrs. Fort does a 
 little ''seaming," {cf. note, p. 52) but is mainly occupied with the care 
 of her family. She is a helpful neighbour also, and I have often 
 found her churning, or making up butter, or cutting out a garment 
 for a village friend. She is also a ready helper in the household of 
 her eldest son, who is married, and lives close to her. She papered 
 and whitewashed his cottage, and I found her this summer ener- 
 getically performing the same good office for her own. George, 
 the elder son, works as a blacksmith's stoker at the pit, he pays 
 for his own clothes, and pays his mother 15s. a week. Charles, the 
 5''ounger boy, is apprenticed to a boot maker. He pays his mother 
 6s. weekly. Next year he hopes to make his contribution 7s. With 
 what he keeps for himself, he pays for his own clothes, except 
 boots, which his master provides, gratis. The master also helps 
 with other clothes, but I think that this is beyond his contradl, and 
 is only a matter of kindness and good feeling. Ellen, the elder 
 daughter, is a dressmaker, just setting up. She provides for her 
 own clothes, and pays her mother what she can for board. She is 
 helped in her work by Patty, the youngest child, who is still at 
 school ; but is able to devote the early mornings and a little time 
 in the evening to sewing the easier parts of Ellen's work. Later 
 on she will, probably, pursue the same calling, as she is fond of 
 her needle, and is already distinguishing herself at school in this 
 subjecft ; gaining a prize of is. 6d. for a piece of neat plain work. 
 Ellen was a pupil teacher at Whitestone school for some time after 
 ceasing to be a scholar, but did not care for the occupation, and 
 wished to be apprenticed to the dressmaking. Her apprenticeship 
 fee was paid for in part by a grant of £g from a local charity, the 
 proceeds of which are divided between four neighbouring villages. 
 
 Each village takes its turn in the enjoyment of a year's income 
 of this charity, which provides for the apprenticeship of poor and 
 
 ♦ Clemmed= Starved. 
 
6o Notes on the Families : 
 
 deserving girls. A similar charity helped Charles with his appren- 
 ticeship to the boot-maker. 
 
 George is a well grown, a(5tive-looking young man. Ellen 
 used to look anaemic and under-fed, but has lately become far 
 more rosy and healthy in appearance. During the years of her 
 apprenticeship, her hours were very long, and she suffered from 
 the heat oi the workroom and the want of fresh air. Now she 
 says that she is her own mistress, and though she has to work early 
 and late, she can vary the monotony of needlework by a chat at 
 the door with a friend, an errand for a neighbour, or a turn at 
 helping her mother in the house. She was engaged durijig the 
 time covered by the accounts, in making several dresses for neigh- 
 bours, and was proud of having to make those of the young 
 daughters' of a neighbouring publican, and of having the good 
 word of the village blacksmith and his wife, at whose house she 
 had spent a week, sewing and making up clothes for the family. 
 She takes in two fashion books, each costing id. a month. These, 
 besides being of use to her in her trade, are much enjoyed as 
 general literature by her mother and sister, as well as herself, and 
 are produced for the entertainment of visitors. 
 
 The manners of the family are very gentle and affectionate ; 
 much more so than is common at Whitestone. They occupy an 
 excellent four-roomed cottage, for which they pay 2S. a week. 
 The rates are paid by their landlord. They occupied until lately, 
 a low gloomy cottage, for which they paid the same rent, and rates 
 in addition. This cottage had no windows at the back. It faced 
 north, and its windows and door opened opposite to a farm yard, 
 where manure heaps were constantly stacked within a few yards 
 of the cottage. The Forts used to suffer from a chronic low state 
 of health, and are now very full of the enjoyment they derive from 
 freer air and more sunshine, as well as from a greater feeUng of 
 health and appetite. 
 
 The total income at the disposal of Mrs. Fort consists of the 
 contributions from George and Charles, already mentioned, 15s. a 
 week and 6s. a week, respectively ; an uncertain but probably 
 small contribution from Ellen, and a sum from Fort himself, which 
 varies from gs. to 12s., and occasionally reaches as much as 15s. 
 when special expenses have to be met. He makes 3s. a day at the 
 colliery stable, but there is not always a full week's work for him."^' 
 He makes a little extra money by horse clipping, for which pur- 
 pose he owns two clipping machines, one of which cost 8s. 6d. and 
 the other 12s. 6d. 
 
 The prices paid by Mrs. Fort for goods are the same as those 
 given at the end of the monograph No. 27, as current in White- 
 stone village. The meat is all fresh meat at 8d. a pound, with the 
 exception of one purchase of a tin of corned beef for iid. The 
 amount spent for liquid nourishment seems extraordinary small, if 
 not quite inadequate. Possibly the tea and coffee is consumed 
 mainly by the three female members of the family. The Forts are 
 not peculiar in abstaining from milk. At Whitestone it is very 
 unusual among the people to drink it with tea, and I know of one 
 well-to-do family in which there are four young children, and 
 
 * The colliery owners keep back something out of his wages, as a contribution to a fund which 
 givts 7s. a week to all men, employed by them, who are hurt at their work. 
 
Rural Disiri6ts, 6i 
 
 where no milk is ever taken. The small farmers have no market 
 for their skim milk, and it is largely given to the pigs. The 
 absence of a charge for vegetables is accounted for, as in the case 
 of the Hunter family, by the faa that the Forts have a garden 
 yielding potatoes and vegetables in sufficient quantity. In their 
 case it is more difficult than in that of Hunter, to make out a satis- 
 factory balance sheet ; Fort's contribution to the family income 
 being irregular, and Ellen's unknown to me. Omitting the latter, 
 which is very small and uncertain, and taking Fort's at the lowest 
 sum mentioned by his wife, the expenditure for the six weeks 
 would exceed the income by a sum of i8s. id. 
 
 List of the articles purchased oftener than once a week : — 
 Bread was bought 26 times in 6 weeks. 
 
 Flour 
 
 ,j 
 
 '/4 
 
 Butter 
 
 >> 
 
 24 
 
 Sugar 
 
 J, 
 
 14 
 
 Cheese 
 
 )j 
 
 IS 
 
 Meat 
 
 5> 
 
 7 
 
 Bacon 
 
 5» 
 
 12 
 
 Tea 
 
 >> 
 
 7 
 
 Oil 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 Note by Compiler, 1892 (27 b)* 
 
 Since 1891, George Fort and Ellen have both married, and are no longer 
 members of their father's household. George's contribution of 15s. a week is 
 greatly missed by the mother, who spoke gratefully, however, of his kindness in 
 having paid for a load of coal in the summer, and having given her 2S. 6d. one day. 
 In the good days, before George married, and still more before the marriage of the 
 eldest son, Tom, Mrs. Fort s housekeeping was condudted on a more liberal scale 
 than now. The whole family sat down regularly to a good meat meal at 5 p.m. 
 on the return of the men from work. Now a poorer regime prevails. Fort's work 
 has been slack ; during the weak preceeding the six weeks of which the expenses 
 are given above, he only made 5s. The woman does all she can ; has been hay- 
 making, charing, washing, nursing, and sewing for neighbours. The people at the 
 neighbouring public house are kino, and give her a day's work whenever they can, 
 when she gets her food and a little money. 
 
 At present the habits of the Forts, as to meals, are not unlike those of the 
 Hunters. Fort gets his breakfast for himself early, and takes bread with butter 
 or bacon for his ii a.m. "snap." Mrs. Fort and Patty breakfast at 8.30, and take 
 dinner, consisting of bread with dripping or cheese or bacon, at one. At five the 
 man returns, and a dinner of meat and potatoes and pudding is cooked for him ; 
 his wife and Patty partake, if there is enough ; if not they eat potatoes and " what 
 there is." A supper of bread and cheese is eaten at 8.30 p.m. 
 
 Patty earns nothing, but helps her mother, either by undertaking the house- 
 hold work when her mother is out at any of the employments mentioned above, 
 or by doing the easier parts of dressmaking for neighbours, undertaken 
 occasionally by her mother. 
 
 The landlord of the Forts is a farmer, born in the village. His father was a 
 good workman, who saved money. His wife seems to take the most adive part 
 in looking after his tenants, collects the rent, and inspects the premises, to see that 
 they are properly kept. Mrs. Fort asked her if she would allow her something in 
 consideration of her having papered and whitewashed the cottage herself, "It is 
 an improvement " she urged. " Yes, but you get the benefit of it yourself, my 
 wench," replied the landlady. She is, however, on good terms with her tenants, 
 and assures them that they may count on not being turned out if they pay their 
 rent regularly. 
 
 The club to which Mrs. Fort contibutes is. a fortnight is on her youngest 
 son's behalf, (learning to be a bootmaker, as described in 1891). The benefits are 
 los. a week in sickness, for twenty weeks, then 5s., and £\o at death. 
 
 * For further particulars (1896) see page 56. 
 
62 Notes on the Families : 
 
 18. 
 
 [LEICESTERSHIRE.] 189I. 
 
 [by the compiler, fictitious names have been used.] 
 
 Colliery Blacksmith. Children : Son, age 22. 
 
 Wtfe. Daughters, ages 25 and 14. 
 
 The family whose expenditure for six weeks is given in the 
 accompanying sheet, resides in Leicestershire, in a village which 
 may be called Whitestcne, and consists of five members : Hunter 
 and his wife, both elderly people, a daughter, Mary, aged twenty- 
 five, a son William, aged twenty-two, and a younger daughter 
 Jane, aged fourteen. 
 
 The neighbourhood is rich in coal mines, and Hunter is a 
 collier's blacksmith, or more stricftly, a blacksmith's striker His 
 trade brings in steady weekly earnings, but he is hampered with 
 old debts incurred to tradespeople who supplied him some years 
 ago with goods for the maintenance of a small shop for groceries, 
 bread and chandlery, which he used to keep at Whitestone. This 
 shop prospered well for a time, until he began to give credit to his 
 customers. During a strike of sixteen weeks at the pit the colliers 
 could pay little or nothing, and when they went to work again 
 many ignored their obligations. Mrs. Hunter complains that her 
 appeals to them were not seldom met by abuse and bad language, 
 instead of payment. Hunter was forced to give up his shop, but 
 would not go through the bankruptcy court. A neighbour whom 
 he highly respecfted advised him not to do so, telling him that he 
 would never hold up his head again if he did. 
 
 So he steadily continued to pay, and has now nearly cleared 
 himself, having been helped by the generous condudl of a Leicester 
 firm, which forgave him the last part of his debt. He had been 
 paying it off regularly in small fortnightly instalments to an agent 
 of the firm, who called to collecfl the money, when he had his leg 
 badly scalded in an accident at the pit, and was seriously ill for 
 some time. For several fortnights he could pay nothing. At last 
 he received a letter from the firm, but as both he and his wife are 
 poor scholars, they could not understand it, and feared that it 
 boded legal proceedings, or at least impatience for payment. 
 When the agent called next, however, he asked why they had not 
 answered the letter, and explained that the " gentlemen at 
 Leicester," being convinced of their good faith and genuine 
 inability to pay, had cancelled the remainder of the debt, a sum 
 of about £g. 
 
 Hunter's heart is not strong, and the dodlor disapproves of his 
 continuing to work as a blacksmith, but he does not know what 
 else to do, and his wife is of opinion that the work does not ''maul" 
 him so much as it would a man not used to it. She hopes, however, 
 that he may soon have a chance of returning to his old work of 
 sharpening tools for the colliers. This is lighter work, and is better 
 paid — 3s. 8d. a day, and a small sum in addition, paid by the men 
 of each stall in the pit, as a sort of gratuity for having their tools 
 
Rural Distrids. 63 
 
 placed for them handily and in good order. The man who is at 
 present doing this work is old, and talks of giving it up. If he 
 does so Hunter may obtain his place. 
 
 The Hunter family is a large one. There are two elder sons 
 married and away from home, and two married daughters in 
 addition to the three young people still living with their parents. 
 The sons married early, and though good and kind, have had their 
 own families to see to, and were unable to aid materially in 
 relieving Hunter from his load of debt. **The main help we have 
 had is from the girls," Mrs. Hunter told me. The eldest seems to 
 have delayed marriage for some time in order to be of assistance 
 at home, and Mary, (aged twenty-five), intends to stay with her 
 parents at least a year longer. By that time, they hope to be 
 finally free of debt. The elder daughter also provided a home for 
 William when at one time he worked at a distance from White- 
 stone. She even did not wish to charge him for his board, but he 
 insisted on paying her, so as not to be beholden to anyone. 
 
 William used to work on the pit bank, under his father and a 
 married brother, who is also a blacksmith, but was not content 
 with the wages, and has a fancy for a miner's work. He obtained 
 it lately, as a collier's labourer*, at a pit which has been closed for 
 some years, and is now re-opened. It is very wet. The water 
 gains ground in spite of the pumps, and there are fears that it will 
 have to be closed again. William was working for several weeks 
 up to his knees in water, with the result that he was laid up with 
 acute rheumatism. His ambition, however, is still to be a collier, 
 and he has returned again to pit work. 
 
 Mary works at a neghbouring elastic factory. This work is 
 hard, and as the fadlory is four miles distant from her father's 
 cottage, the long walk before and after work is trying. She 
 generally leaves home at five o'clock in the morning ; but lately, 
 whilst suffering from the effecfts of a severe cold, has been starting 
 several hours later, apparently without losing her work, or getting 
 into trouble with the manager. 
 
 Jane (aged fourteen), has left school, but does not go to work. 
 She could have work at the elastic fadlory, but Mary dissuades her 
 mother from sending her, saying that she is sure that Jane, who is 
 delicate, could not stand it. So Jane helps her mother in the 
 house, does a little " seaming, "f and looks forward to domestic 
 service as her probable career. 
 
 Mrs. Hunter, from time to time, earns a little money herself 
 by " seaming "f stockings and socks. 
 
 The only remaining source of income to the Hunter family 
 came to an end last year. Mr. Hunter used to earn a little by 
 selling hot peas on cricket grounds, or at neighbouring village 
 greens, at fair time. But the machine for stewing the peas '* hot 
 and hot " is worn out, and it would cost 14s. 6d. to renew it. 
 
 The cottage occupied by Hunter is one of a row of four- 
 roomed cottages. They are set a little back from the village street, 
 and have small flower gardens in front, mostly well kept and gay 
 with flowers in season. The Hunter's front door opens straight 
 
 * ef. note p. 53, " Some characfteristics of Whitestone." 
 1- See note p. 52. 
 
64 Notes on the Families: 
 
 into the sitting-room, full of small ornaments and pictures, 
 with a sofa, several chairs, a side table, and that indispensable 
 necessary of respectable cottage existence, a mahogany chest of 
 drawers, with an antimacassar of crochet work on its top. The 
 room, however, is generally fireless, and is not so comfortable as 
 the kitchen, which has a good scullery out of it, and looks out on 
 to a large piece of ground used in common by the inhabitants of 
 this row for the drying of clothes. Beyond this again are the 
 cottage gardens, with a good stretch of open country behind all. 
 
 The members of the family are all Primitive Methodists, and 
 devote much time and thought to the concerns of their little 
 chapel. There is no resident minister in the village, and the 
 chapel is served on Sunday and on special week day occasions by 
 one from a neighbouring town. The sect has a Sunday school, 
 where Mary teaches regularly. It has an excellent reputation in 
 the village, and numbers fifty scholars, members of other sects 
 sending their children. The discipline enforced by the authorities 
 of the Primitive Methodist communion is strict. It had been 
 arranged last year that a childrens' treat should be celebrated by 
 the Whitestone Primitives, on a particular date, but the resolution 
 had been taken without any communication with the town centre, 
 whose committee wrote a severe rebuke to Hunter, who was orga- 
 nizing the treat, and peremptorily ordered that the projedl: should 
 be given up. This decision reached Hunter only a day or two 
 before the date fixed for the festivity, and it was extremely incon- 
 venient to alter arrangements, and countermand supplies of food. 
 But the order was obeyed with unquestioning submission. 
 
 The Hunters are not hostile to the Church. They welcome 
 the clergyman's visits, and complain that they are so rare, excusing 
 him, however, on account of his large family. They, and all the 
 Primitive Methodists of Whitestone, are on excellent terms with 
 the Wesleyan Methodists, who also own a chapel in the village. 
 One of the crowning glories of the Wesleyan Harvest Festival last 
 year was that all the Primitives were present, and were delighted. 
 
 The available household income at the disposal of Mrs. Hunter 
 during the time covered by the accompanying accounts consisted 
 of a weekly contribution of los. from William, of 7s. from Mary, 
 and of a sum varying between 12s. and 14s. from Hunter himself. 
 William and Mary clothe themselves, but their food (some of which 
 they take with them to work) is entirely provided out of the money 
 which they pay to their mother. I do not know the total amount 
 of their earnings. Hunter earns i8s. a week, but keeps back some, 
 out of which he pays regular instalments of the old debt, before 
 spoken of. He works at a pit at a considerable distance from his 
 own cottage, and has to lodge out from Monday till Saturday, 
 paying is. a week for his room. He takes with him on his back 
 on Sunday nights a loaf, some cocoa, butter and sugar, some raw 
 meat or a made pie, and provides himself at the place where he 
 spends his working week with any further food which he may 
 require, some bread always, and sometimes extra cocoa and butter. 
 Mrs. Hunter counts on being able to supply herself with potatoes 
 and vegetables from the back garden, from Summer till Christmas. 
 
Rural DistriCU. 65 
 
 After Christmas she generally has to begin to buy potatoes, till the 
 new crop comes in again. The garden is in full yield now, which 
 accounts for the absence of any payment for vegetables in the 
 accounts. Fruit is bought from a travelling huckster who gives 
 what a middle class housekeeper would consider very remark- 
 able value in return for Mrs. Hunter's sixpence. For shoes and 
 drapery, she also deals with " gentlemen who come round," and 
 who are content to receive payment in small weekly sums, for 
 goods supplied. Mrs. Hunter thinks that this plan costs a little 
 more than paying ready money down, but says it is the only plan 
 for poor people. She attends a mothers' meeting, where she is 
 able to adopt a similar method, and pay gradually for goods 
 ordered, but does not have- them delivered to her till fully paid for. 
 Coal can be had very cheaply in the village, which is near to 
 several pits. 
 
 Every collier has a right to a load of coal weekly. In families 
 where the father and one or two sons are colliers, the coal supplied 
 is more than can be used, and is re-sold to neighbours at very 
 reasonable prices. The death club, mentioned in the accounts, 
 is one of long standing. The original undertaking intended to 
 provide sick pay as well as £^ at death, and did so provide for a 
 considerable time, but it has failed to attracfl new members, and is 
 now reduced to a membership of six, Hunter being one. These 
 six met last spring to consider their position, and finding the club 
 funds very low, resolved to give no more sick pay, but to concen- 
 trate their efforts on the Death provision, for the present. They 
 still do not give up hope of inducing fresh members to join ; but it 
 is not easy to share their confidence. 
 
 A sick club is subscribed to by both father and son, and I 
 believe, provides 7s. a week in case of illness disabling from work. 
 Two-pence a week is paid to the village do(ftor, who in return 
 provides attendance, medicine, and surgical appliances, when 
 necessary. 
 
 Why neither docftor's club nor death club received any money 
 from Mrs. Hunter in the second week, I do not know. It will be 
 seen that the sum put down for ale is only 4^d. in six weeks. I 
 think Mrs. Hunter must have omitted to enter some paj^ments. 
 The expenditure for candles is mainly for candles used in the pit. 
 In the statement of income and expenditure appended to the 
 accounts, I have taken Hunter's contribution as 12s. a week. 
 This was the minimum given by his wife, so that the sum un- 
 accounted for is probably larger than 8s. yd. 
 
 Six articles mentioned in the accounts were purchased more 
 than once weekly.* 
 
 Bread was purchased 22 times in 6 weeks. 
 Flour „ 7 „ 
 
 Butter ,, 9 „ „ 
 
 Sugar ,, 8 „ „ 
 
 Cheese ,, 7 ,, ,, 
 
 Bacon ,, 8 ,, ,, 
 
 * Milk is taken in daily, but paid for once a week. It is often contracted for for a payment of 
 6d. per week, giving about a pint daily. 
 
 E 
 
66 Notes on the Families : 
 
 During the period covered by the accounts, the prices current 
 in the village lor the main articles of food and common necessity, 
 were as follows : — 
 
 Bread, 5d. and 5jd. the quartern loaf. 
 
 Flour, 5jd. and 6d. per quarter stone. 
 
 Rice, 2d. per pound. 
 
 Sugar, 2d. to 2\d. per pound. 
 
 Butter, IS. 3d., is. 4d. and is. 5d. per pound. 
 
 Lard, 7d. per pound. 
 
 Dripping, 4d. and 5d. per pound. 
 
 Bacon, yd. and 8d. per pound. 
 
 Ham, 8d. and 8^d. per pound. 
 
 Meal, yd. and 8d. for mutton, iid. for beef, per pound. 
 
 Milk, 2jd. and 3d., skim milk id. a quart. 
 
 Tea, IS. lod. and 2s. a pound. 
 
 Coffee, 2S. a pound. 
 
 Cocoa, 4d. a packet. 
 
 Oil, 3d. a quart. 
 
 Candles, 4^d. a pound. 
 
 Coals, gd. a cwt. 
 
 Tobacco, 3d. an ounce. 
 
 Note by Compiler, 1892 (28ft). 
 
 Since i8gi no change has taken place in the personnel of the family, but the 
 grown up daughter, working at an Elastic Fadtory, will shortly cease to be a 
 member of it. She has put off her marriage for some time in order to help her 
 parents to get clear of debt ; but is now preparing her trousseau and looks forward 
 to marriage soon. Hunter has been able to do as he wished, and return to his 
 old trade of tool sharpener to the colliers. He has now been three years with his 
 present employer, where also a married son and the son still at home, are working. 
 His hours of work are from six in the morning to five in the evening, with an 
 interval of an hour for dinner. The wages are 3s. 8d. a day with the small extra 
 sum earned for laying the colliers' tools in good order in their stalls. His 
 expenses in connexion with his trade are 3d. a week for his train on Saturday. 
 On Sunday evening he walks back to his place of work. His tools are provided, 
 with the exception of the hammer. He has used the same hammer for thirty 
 years. His wife earns a little, at times, by seaming ; but she had none to do at 
 the time of the second instalment of accounts (1892). The wages of Mary and 
 William are irregular. The mother prides herself on never enquiring as to their 
 total earnings. " They are always straight with me," she explained, Mary paying 
 her 7s. and William los. a week with perfedt regularity, and she asks no more. 
 
 The youngest daughter, who has left school but is delicate, still lives at home 
 and helps her mother, who does not wish her to undertake any regular occupation 
 until her health is better. 
 
 The hours of the family are very irregular, in consequence of the work its 
 members have to do. 
 
 William gets up at four a m. and pokes up the fire which has been banked up 
 overnight for his convenience. He makes his tea for himself, eats bread and 
 butter, or bread and bacon, or sometimes, if inclined, a "sop" which he con- 
 cocts of bread, tea and milk, and departs, taking with him a little bread and cheese 
 to eat at " snap " time, eleven o'clock. 
 
 In another hour Mary comes down, prepares for herself a similar breakfast, 
 and starts for the Elastic Factory, carrying with her the materials for her dinner. 
 Convenience for cooking anything she wants is provided at the fadory. At about 
 8.30 a.m. Mrs. Hunter and her youngest daughter come down and breakfast. 
 They take dinner together about one, and at 4.30 make ready William's dinner of 
 meat and potatoes, early in the week. On Thursday, when the butcher kills, he 
 generally has a piece of sheep's fry, and later, if all the meat bought at the 
 beginning of the week is exhausted, he has bacon or eggs. Mary comes in later 
 
Rural Districts. 
 
 67 
 
 than her brother, and takes a meal, (tea and bread and butter"). The mother and 
 little sister take " a bite '" either with her or William, as suits them best. After 
 the little sister's bed time, Mrs. Hunter, Mary, and William sit down to a 
 supper of bread and butter, cheese or cold bacon, between 8 and 9 p.m. When 
 William is not at work, then Mrs. Hunter and he and Jane sit down to a regular 
 dinner of meat and potatoes, at about one. On Sunday, the whole family take 
 breakfast at about nine, dinner at one, and an afternoon meal of tea before 
 Hunter leaves. 
 
TABLES OF 
 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE, 
 
70 
 
 TABULAR 
 
 II 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Number in Family. 
 
 Males. 
 No. Age. 
 
 Females. 
 No. Age. 
 
 Weekly 
 Average 
 Income. 
 
 Weekly 
 
 Average 
 
 ExDen- 
 
 diture. 
 
 Weekly 
 Average 
 Surplus 
 
 OR 
 
 Deficit. 
 
 Accounts kept. 
 
 No. 
 of 
 
 wks 
 
 Period. 
 
 London — 
 Camberwell 
 
 Stepney 
 Paddington 
 
 White- 
 chapel 
 
 Highgate 
 Provincial 
 Towns — 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Manchester 
 Manchester 
 
 St. Ives 
 St. Ives 
 Ashford 
 
 Scotland 
 Scotland 
 Cambridge 
 
 RuralDistricts 
 Somerset 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Surrey 
 
 Surrey 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Leicester- 
 shire 
 
 Leicester- 
 shire 
 
 Leicester- 
 shire 
 
 Leicester- 
 shire 
 
 Jobbing plumber 
 
 Painter 
 
 Painter's 
 
 labourer 
 Assistant Reliev 
 
 ing Ofl5cer 
 Dispenser 
 
 Soap-boiler 
 
 Journeyman slip 
 per-maker 
 
 Carpenter 
 
 Widow, & daugh- 
 ter, a machinist 
 
 Widow, and son, 
 a hooker in a 
 warehouse 
 
 Railway 
 labourer 
 
 Fisherman 
 
 Railway foreman 
 
 Artisan 
 
 Painter 
 
 Skilled assistant 
 to a watch 
 maker 
 
 Agricultural 
 
 labourer 
 Agricultural 
 
 labourer 
 Woodman and 
 
 gardener 
 Labourer and 
 
 gardener 
 
 Journeyman car- 
 penter 
 Bobbin turner 
 
 Bootmaker 
 
 Collier 
 
 Colliery groom 
 
 Colliery black- 
 smith 
 
 Colliery tool- 
 sharpener 
 
 30, 8, 5 
 II i> »i 
 
 31. 9. 6 
 51 
 
 F. 
 
 16, 14 
 
 26. 3. 
 
 14 days 
 
 44.8 
 
 41 
 
 38. II, 
 
 10, 6, I 
 
 19 [13] 9 
 
 est 
 
 18 
 
 F, 2 sons 
 F. 8. 7. 4 
 54, 18, II 
 
 F, 
 
 4 childre 
 F, 12, 9 
 
 F. 
 F. 
 
 F. 
 
 45. 9. ^ 
 
 46, 19, 
 12, 6 
 
 45i 9. 7 
 
 F, son 
 
 F. 
 
 30*1 3t 
 
 F, 12 
 
 F. 13 
 F, 19, 13 
 
 F,i4 
 F, 22, 17 
 
 F, 18 
 
 F, 22 
 
 F, 23 
 
 I & 
 
 ser 
 
 vant 
 
 3& 
 
 do. 
 
 I & 
 
 do. 
 
 4 
 
 29. 3 
 
 30. 4 
 34. 14. 8 
 
 M. 
 
 27, 1. 64 
 
 39. 10, 6, 2 
 
 40, 12. 10, 34 
 
 37. 8, 4 
 
 M, 23, 21, 17, 
 15 and 2 ser- 
 vants. 
 5ot 
 
 66, 23 
 
 M. 
 
 M, 3 daugh- 
 ters 
 M.^ 
 
 52, 13. 8 
 
 M. 
 
 II, 7.4. 2 
 M. II. 8 
 
 M, sister, 
 baby, ser- 
 vant, 14 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 on 7 
 169 
 
 o 14 iif 
 
 o 19 10^ 
 
 2 I 3 
 
 2 I 3 
 
 2 14 6^ 
 
 266 
 
 2 17 5i 
 14 o 9j 
 
 2 3 3i 
 o II 7i 
 o 15 o 
 
 100 
 
 10 10 
 
 1 5 6 
 
 280 
 
 I 7 10^ 
 
 41. 13. 7. 5 
 41, 10, 8, I 
 
 49. 5. 3 
 
 M, 5 daugh- 
 ters 
 80 [10] 
 
 M, 15, 13, u 
 
 28,5 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 M, 4 
 
 M,5 
 
 M, 19, 13 
 
 M, 14 
 
 M, 25, 14 
 
 M, 26, 15 
 
 o II 6J 
 
 o 17 1^ 
 
 19 3 
 
 [I 5 o] 
 
 1 8 loj 
 I 12 if 
 
 15/- to 20/- 
 
 15/- to 20/- 
 
 160 
 
 30/- to 33/- 
 
 15/- to 20/- 
 
 190 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 on 6| 
 I 7 8| 
 
 14 9| 
 
 1 o I 
 
 1 19 4* 
 
 2 I 7| 
 
 239 
 2 9 8i 
 
 2 10 2^ 
 
 14 O 7 
 
 I 17 10 
 
 o II 3i 
 o 15 o 
 
 o 16 o 
 
 9 3t 
 
 1 8 6J 
 
 1 17 o 
 160 
 
 2 13 3i 
 
 2 14 8^ 
 
 2 2 10 
 o 7 10 
 
 O 12 2f 
 
 14 4i 
 
 1 I iif 
 036 
 
 I 4 lOf 
 
 I 9 o| 
 
 19 33 
 
 1 1 34 
 I 5 7f 
 I o i^ 
 I 13 o 
 
 17 IlJ 
 190 
 
 1 9 3i 
 
 s. d. 
 + o oj 
 
 - I 8| 
 
 + 02 
 
 - O 2j 
 
 4- I loj 
 
 - o 4I 
 + 10 9^ 
 
 - 3 2i 
 + •7 i^ 
 
 + O 2j 
 
 + 5 5i 
 4-04 
 
 4-40 
 4- I 61 
 - 3 oi 
 
 4-11 o 
 4- I loi 
 
 4- 3 8i 
 
 4- 4 lof 
 
 4- 4 10^ 
 
 4- 3 oj 
 
 + 3 iif 
 
 4- 3 li 
 
 4- o 4j 
 
 * Also brother from September. 
 
 + Died in May. 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 14 
 4 
 
 15 
 52 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 22 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 52 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Feb., '91 
 
 4 Apl.-i May 
 
 1891 
 
 24 Sept .-9 
 
 Dec, '92 
 
 Dec, '91- 
 
 Feb., '92 
 
 31 July-27 
 
 Aug., 92 
 
 Sept.-Oct., 
 
 1891 
 
 Sept., '91- 
 
 Jan., '92 
 
 June, '91 
 
 Sept. -Dec, 
 
 1892 
 [1892] 
 
 Aug.-Dec, 
 
 1891 
 Jan.-Mar., 
 
 1893 
 Jan., '93 
 
 i4Aug.-S3pt 
 
 25. '92 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1892 
 
 Aug., Nov., 
 
 Dec, '91, 
 
 Jan., '92 
 
 31 Jan. -21 
 
 Feb., '92 
 
 Jan. or Feb., 
 
 1892 
 
 Jan.-Dec, 
 
 1892 
 
 f} 
 
 Jan.-Dec, 
 
 1893 
 
 Jan.-Dec, 
 
 1894 
 Nov., '91- 
 April, '92 
 Nov.,' 91- 
 April, '92 
 
 1892 
 
 Jan. -Dec, '92 
 
 Feb.-Feb., 
 
 1891 
 Aug.-Sept. .'Jt/ 
 
 1891 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1892 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1891 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1892 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 iSgi 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1892 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1891 
 Aug.-Sept., 
 
 1892 
 
 J Also Lodgers. 
 
71 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 Income for the whole period. 
 
 Expenditure for the whole period. 
 
 
 Husband. 
 
 Wife. 
 
 Children. 
 
 S?rs. Total. 
 
 Food and 
 Drink. 
 
 Rent, Rates, 
 Taxes. 
 
 Other Items. 
 
 Total. 
 
 No. 
 
 i s. d. 
 
 2 I I 
 
 5 7 o 
 
 I s. d. 
 010 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 043 
 
 £ s. d. 
 264 
 570 
 
 18 
 
 1 16 
 
 d. 
 
 .1 
 
 £ s. d. 
 16 
 16 
 
 £ s. 
 II 
 2 18 
 
 d. 
 9h 
 7h 
 
 ;^ S. d. 
 
 2 6 2| 
 
 5 10 Hi 
 
 ifl 
 16 
 
 770 
 
 16 6 
 
 003$ 
 
 010 
 
 8 4 9* 
 
 3 19 
 
 5l 
 
 240 
 
 I 19 
 
 5i 
 
 8 2 II 
 
 ic 
 
 — 
 
 8 6 3i 
 
 — 
 
 I 12 6 
 
 9 18 9j 
 
 5 II 
 
 oh 
 
 2 12 6 
 
 I 17 
 
 3i 
 
 10 10 
 
 2 
 
 550 
 
 12 
 
 280 
 
 — 
 
 850 
 
 5 10 
 
 I 
 
 J 4 
 
 I 3 
 
 4l 
 
 7 17 5i 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 10 
 
 16 10 
 
 10 14 
 
 7i 
 
 Free 
 
 5 18 
 
 6| 
 
 16 13 2^ 
 
 4 
 
 38 3 8J 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 38 3 81 
 
 21 14 
 
 9 
 
 Free 
 
 8 17 
 
 II 
 
 30 12 8 
 
 5 
 
 700 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 260 
 
 960 
 
 4 13 
 
 10 
 
 2 12 2 
 
 2 12 
 
 9i 
 
 9 18 9i 
 
 6 
 
 42 19 8f 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 42 19 8f 
 
 13 2 
 
 €>i 
 
 706 
 
 17 9 
 
 I0| 
 
 37 12 Hi 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 715 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 730. 
 
 230 14 
 
 7 
 
 121 14 
 
 377 I 
 
 3 
 
 729 9 10 
 
 8 
 
 15 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 32 II 7 
 
 47 12 7 
 
 18 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 18 II 
 
 12 17 
 
 I 
 
 42 2 7 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 12 II 
 
 - 
 
 4 12 II 
 
 I 15 
 
 
 
 I 12 
 
 I 3 
 
 31 
 
 4 10 3h 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 12 
 
 080 
 
 300 
 
 I 10 
 
 I 
 
 18 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 300 
 
 II 
 
 4 16 
 
 — 
 
 140 
 
 — 
 
 600 
 
 4 9 
 
 4 
 
 Not paid 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 16 I 
 
 12 
 
 350 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 5 
 
 I 17 
 
 I 
 
 050 
 
 13 
 
 9i 
 
 2 15 loi 
 
 13 
 
 20 8 
 
 — 
 
 Uncer- 
 tain 
 
 
 [20 8 0] 
 
 13 7 
 
 9 
 
 2 I 6 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 
 
 22 16 7 
 
 14 
 
 690 
 
 — 
 
 
 15 
 
 740 
 
 3 5 
 
 iii 
 
 14 9 
 
 I 10 
 
 3f 
 
 5 II oi 
 
 15 
 
 I 4 A\ 
 
 — 
 
 036 
 
 — 
 
 I 7 lOj 
 
 15 
 
 III 
 
 5 7i 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 160 
 
 16 
 
 Not known 
 
 — 
 
 
 23 8 
 
 — 
 
 48 6 
 
 7f 
 
 16 
 
 73 9 
 
 loi 
 
 137 16 6J 
 
 17a 
 
 1) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Board 
 
 money for 
 
 sister 
 
 — 
 
 56 14 
 51 8 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 65 10 
 39 19 
 
 9 
 6i 
 
 142 5 3 
 III 7 loi 
 
 17b 
 
 17c 
 
 12 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 12 14 
 
 5 12 
 
 2| 
 
 Free 
 
 2 19 
 
 lOj 
 
 8 12 I 
 
 18 
 
 II 15 
 
 — 
 
 500 
 
 7 8J 
 
 17 2 8i 
 
 5 18 
 
 4 
 
 I 5 
 
 5 I 
 
 5 
 
 12 4 9 
 
 19 
 
 160 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 026 
 
 I 18 6 
 
 I 3 
 
 3 
 
 Free 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 I 8 9 
 
 20 
 
 7 10 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 [7 10 0] 
 
 5 8 
 
 li 
 
 Free 
 
 I 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 II loj 
 
 21 
 
 70 4 
 
 I I 
 
 Uncer- 
 tain 
 
 Garden 
 4 17 
 
 75 I 
 
 15 
 29 17 
 
 7 
 
 2| 
 
 Free 
 740 
 
 5 
 27 12 
 
 5 
 
 I I 
 64 14 if 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 49 I 7 
 
 12 4 5i 
 
 — 
 
 22 6 
 
 83 12 o\ 
 
 38 17 
 
 5 
 
 600 
 
 30 19 
 
 9 
 
 75 17 2 
 
 24 
 
 /5 to i^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 £5 to £6 
 
 3 17 
 
 II 
 
 15 
 
 I 2 
 
 Hi 
 
 5 15 loi 
 
 25^1 
 
 Is to i^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 £5 to £6 
 
 4 4 
 
 io| 
 
 18 6 
 
 I 4 
 
 4i 
 
 679 
 
 25b 
 
 4 16 
 
 — 
 
 300 
 
 — 
 
 7 16 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 I 17 
 
 10 
 
 7 13 10 
 
 26a 
 
 Not known 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 3 13 
 
 li 
 
 18 
 
 I 9 
 
 7i 
 
 609 
 
 26b 
 
 £2 14/- to 
 
 £2. 14/- to 
 
 3 12 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 [6 10 0] 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6 18 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 2 3 
 
 8 
 
 9 18 I 
 
 27a 
 
 " 
 
 [2 0] 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 18 
 
 6J 
 
 090 
 
 I 
 
 3i 
 
 5 7 9l 
 
 27b 
 
 — 
 
 520 
 
 — 
 
 8 14 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 2 18 
 
 6 
 
 8 14 
 
 28a 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 3 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 2 17 
 
 6 
 
 8 15 10 
 
 28b 
 
B 
 
 72 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 No. 
 
 Average 
 Weekly 
 
 F.XIENDI- 
 
 ture on 
 
 Food and 
 
 Drink. 
 
 Bread. 
 
 Flour 
 
 and 
 
 Biscuits. 
 
 Other 
 Cereals. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 1 Lard, 
 Dripping 
 j Suet. 
 
 1 
 
 Ml 
 
 2AT. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Fish, 
 Poultry. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 a 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 4 7i- 
 
 s. d. 
 II 
 
 s. d. 
 2i 
 
 s. d. 
 oj 
 
 S. d. 
 4 
 
 s. d. 
 i^ 
 
 s. 
 
 
 d. 
 8f 
 
 s. d. 
 oj 
 
 s. d. 
 6f 
 
 s. d. 
 3 
 
 s. d. 
 of 
 
 I ■ h 
 
 091 
 
 \' 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 2f 
 
 2 
 
 6^ 
 
 5l 
 
 3i 
 
 c 
 
 7 2^ 
 
 I 7 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 2^ 
 
 I 
 
 7l 
 
 2j 
 
 7 
 
 5i 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 11 I^ 
 
 2 3J 
 
 2i 
 
 I 
 
 8| 
 
 li 
 
 3 
 
 4* 
 
 2j 
 
 i^ 
 
 9i 
 
 If 
 
 3 
 
 I 7 6J 
 
 2 4^ 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 4 
 
 4j 
 
 5 
 
 3 J 
 
 3^ 
 
 I 6i 
 
 I I 
 
 9i 
 
 4 
 
 1 6 10 
 
 2 6i 
 
 5 
 
 5i 
 
 I 8i 
 
 3i 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 oi 
 
 I I 
 
 2 2f 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 I II oj 
 
 I iij 
 
 2 
 
 5i 
 
 2 8J 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7i 
 
 3 
 
 5 2i 
 
 2 II 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 I 3 5i 
 
 4 of 
 
 6i 
 
 ii| 
 
 2 4 
 
 I If 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 ^. 
 
 2 6 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 17 6 
 489 
 
 i5 8 
 
 4 4 
 
 3S 
 
 ij 
 
 Included 
 under 
 dried 
 
 fruit, etc. 
 i^ 
 
 I 3i 
 
 Included 
 under 
 cheese 
 
 I i| 
 
 I 
 
 Included 
 under 
 cheese 
 
 2j 
 
 2 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 7i 
 
 
 8i 
 
 Included 
 under 
 cheese 
 
 I 2j 
 
 I I 
 3 
 
 11^ 
 
 I 5 
 
 4J 
 5 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 j 6 6 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 I I* 
 
 10 
 
 044^ 
 
 8| 
 
 0(J 
 
 o\ 
 
 9 
 
 o| 
 
 I 
 
 oi 
 
 2j 
 
 — 
 
 4i 
 
 oj 
 
 II 
 
 7 6J 
 
 I 8i 
 
 If 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 loi 
 
 4i 
 
 — 
 
 4j 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 14 io| 
 
 4j 
 
 3 loi 
 
 2i 
 
 2 3i 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 6^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 062 
 16 8| 
 
 8^ 
 
 2 2 
 
 of 
 
 I 8 
 I 9 
 
 2f 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 of 
 
 oi 
 
 2i 
 
 2 
 
 of 
 
 1 8 
 
 5i 
 
 14 
 
 4 8i 
 
 
 15 
 
 120 
 
 2 5 
 
 I 8J 
 
 I 3i 
 
 2 8i 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 10^ 
 
 2 8f 
 
 I 6i 
 
 16 
 
 15 Ji-i 
 
 3 9 
 
 61 
 
 9i 
 
 I 5i 
 
 I^ 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 2 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 18 7 
 
 2 la 
 
 3h 
 
 i| 
 
 8f 
 
 2f 
 
 5 
 
 3i 
 
 I 9 
 
 9J 
 
 I 2 
 
 I 3^ 
 
 17 • 
 
 h 
 
 I I 9l 
 
 2 2j 
 
 lof 
 
 2j 
 
 I 2j 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 6i 
 
 8| 
 
 2 6f 
 
 2 
 
 
 ,c 
 
 19 9i 
 
 I loj 
 
 8i 
 
 4 
 
 iij 
 
 2i 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 I 3i 
 
 10 
 
 I II 
 
 I 4i 
 
 18 
 
 5 li 
 
 I 8 
 
 3i 
 
 of 
 
 2j 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ii| 
 
 — 
 
 oj 
 
 — 
 
 19 
 
 5 II 
 II 7^ 
 
 2 
 
 6J 
 
 of 
 
 3i 
 
 1 2 
 
 3i 
 
 
 - 
 
 I I 
 
 3 2J 
 
 — 
 
 If 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 ir 
 
 3 li 
 
 21 
 
 18 0^ 
 2 7j 
 
 on 5l\ 
 j 
 14 11^ 
 
 5 7l 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 is 
 
 I I 
 
 i-ib. 
 
 given 
 
 I lOj 
 I lOf 
 
 I If 
 
 3i 
 6f 
 7f 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 6f 
 
 I 3 
 
 2j 
 
 1 
 
 of 
 2 
 
 I 2 
 
 I 
 io| 
 
 2 
 li 
 6i 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 2 8|' 
 
 24 
 
 r" 
 
 2 11^ 
 
 25 ■ 
 
 I* 
 
 13 
 14 li ; 
 16 8 
 
 12 2I 
 
 I 9 
 
 6 
 
 oj 
 
 I 4 
 I 4i 
 I 7 
 6J 
 
 I . 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 9i 
 
 I 
 8 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 3i 
 
 2 
 
 10^ 
 
 1 
 6 
 5l 
 
 6 
 7 
 oi 
 li 
 
 '^ ■ V- 
 
 2 5i 
 
 26 
 
 
 2 9J 
 
 ~i~ 
 
 2 
 
 27 ■ 
 
 a 
 
 I 3 I ! 
 
 4 iij 
 
 I 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 2I 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 3S 
 
 2 2j 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 b 
 
 13 I 
 
 2 6| 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 2 7i 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 8f 
 
 of 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4i 
 
 a 
 
 28 -^ 
 
 16 9 
 
 2 8 
 
 I I 
 
 If 
 
 I 8i 
 
 2^ 
 
 4 
 
 8i 
 
 I 4i 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 17 3 
 
 2 5 
 
 I 
 
 o.i 
 
 ii| 
 
 5l 
 
 5 
 
 9^ 
 
 I 5 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
73 
 
 Weekly Averages. 
 
 B 
 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Other 
 Vege- 
 tables. 
 
 Fresh 
 Fruit. 
 
 Dried 
 Fruit. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Jam, 
 Treacle, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 Condi- 
 ments. 
 
 Meals 
 out. 
 
 Tea. 
 
 Coffee, 
 Cocoa, 
 Non-Al- 
 
 COHOLIC 
 
 Drinks. 
 
 Alco- 
 holic 
 Drinks. 
 
 No. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 O 2 
 
 s. d. 
 O 2 
 
 s. d. 
 o oj 
 
 s. d. 
 
 O 0^ 
 
 s. d. 
 o 3i 
 
 S. d. 
 O I 
 
 s. 
 o 
 
 d. 
 
 s. d. 
 O 2 
 
 s. d. 
 o 4i 
 
 s. d. 
 o o| 
 
 s. d. 
 
 a' 
 
 
 
 
 5f 
 
 o 3 
 
 — 
 
 oj 
 
 o 3i 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 o| 
 
 o io| 
 
 5f 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 b 
 
 Ki 
 
 
 — 
 
 o 3l 
 
 4 
 
 o oi 
 
 — 
 
 o 4i 
 
 o li 
 
 o 
 
 li 
 
 o oi 
 
 ,i 
 
 o oj 
 
 oi 
 
 c_ 
 
 
 
 o oj 
 
 o 5.^ 
 
 o 5i 
 
 — 
 
 O If 
 
 5J 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 o 7l 
 
 o 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 o 8 
 
 5i 
 
 o 8 
 
 o 4| 
 
 — 
 
 o 7i 
 
 — 
 
 o 
 
 oi 
 
 5 2j 
 
 2 O 
 
 of 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 4j 
 o 4 
 
 8f 
 
 1 o 
 
 O lO^ 
 
 o 8^ 
 
 O I 
 
 Ilf 
 O lO 
 
 o o^ 
 
 O 2f 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 : 
 
 o 8 
 
 O lOj 
 
 7i 
 o 6^ 
 
 3 2i 
 3 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 o Ilf 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 — 
 
 I o 
 
 I 11^ 
 
 I 11^ 
 
 o 6 
 
 I 
 
 o 3i 
 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 — 
 
 I 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 f 
 
 o 5 
 
 12 
 
 6S 
 
 o 3i 
 
 o 5f 
 
 i^ 
 
 I I. 
 
 8| 
 
 ° 
 
 a 
 
 6 9 
 
 5i 
 
 Included 
 dried 
 
 o 7l 
 
 under 
 fruit, etc. 
 
 I oi 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 9 o 
 
 
 
 ... . -y- 
 
 20 6 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 o 4S 
 
 9f 
 
 o 6^ 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 o li 
 
 o 
 
 2i 
 
 — 
 
 I 2 
 
 o 6J 
 
 4i 
 
 9 
 
 
 O I 
 
 3i 
 
 oi 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 O 2^ 
 
 o of 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 o 4i 
 
 o o^ 
 
 o oi 
 
 ID 
 
 
 O 0^ 
 
 — 
 
 O 2j 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 O lO^ 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 I 2i 
 
 If 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 
 of 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 o 3J 
 
 o 3j 
 
 o 8J 
 
 
 
 Ij 
 
 — 
 
 8| 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 o li 
 
 2i 
 
 o li 
 
 — 
 
 o 
 
 oi 
 
 — 
 
 o 3i 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 
 o 8J 
 
 Garden 
 
 
 o 4l 
 
 o 4i 
 
 O 10 
 
 2J 
 
 o 
 
 li 
 
 — 
 
 o 6J 
 
 o 3f 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 o 9 
 
 o 5f 
 
 o 4 
 
 o li 
 
 I 3i 
 
 lO^ 
 
 o 
 
 of 
 
 — 
 
 I oj 
 
 I 6f 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 
 3i 
 o 51 
 
 O I 
 
 o 6 
 
 2 
 
 ; 
 
 o 4^ 
 
 2j 
 O 2i 
 
 3 
 
 O 10 
 
 9f 
 
 1 2 
 
 O 10^ 
 
 9i 
 o 5 
 o 4J 
 o 5 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 3 
 
 Unclassi- 
 fied grocery 
 
 o 8* 
 
 o 9j 
 o 7i 
 6^ 
 
 3i 
 
 o 3i 
 3 
 
 O 2f 
 
 2i 
 
 o loj 
 4f 
 
 i6 
 
 k* 
 
 
 2 4i 
 
 
 a' 
 
 
 
 I Hi 
 
 
 6. 17 
 
 
 
 I 6f 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 5 
 
 6^ 
 
 Garden 
 
 Garden 
 
 o oi 
 
 o H 
 
 O If 
 
 o 
 
 oi 
 
 — 
 
 o 3l 
 
 o oj 
 
 o oi 
 
 i8 
 
 
 o 8J 
 
 Garden 
 
 o oi 
 
 M 
 
 O If 
 
 O 2 
 
 O 2i 
 
 o 
 
 oi 
 
 — 
 
 o 3i 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 19 
 
 
 o 7 
 o 9l 
 o ., 
 
 I 3 
 
 Garden 
 
 Garden 
 
 Garden 
 
 5 
 o 6| 
 
 o 7i 
 o 5 
 o 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 o 8 
 o 6 
 
 o li 
 
 home- 
 brewed 
 ale 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 
 6f 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 O I 
 
 O If 
 
 O 10^ 
 
 o oi 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 — 
 
 o 8J 
 
 o 3 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 
 o 6^ 
 
 o I^ 
 
 O I 
 
 O 2f 
 
 If 
 
 I oi 
 
 - 
 
 o 
 
 I^ 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 of 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 «. 
 
 o 8 
 o 8 
 
 Garden 
 
 Garden 
 
 o 3 
 o 9 
 
 o 3i 
 o 4i 
 
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 o 
 
 2f 
 2i 
 
 : 
 
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 o 6 
 
 : 
 
 
 
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 25 
 
 b 
 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 '• 
 
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 — 
 
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 o 
 
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 a 
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 i> 
 
 M 
 
 Garden 
 
 — 
 
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 o 
 
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 7 
 
 I 
 
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 a 
 
 
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 — 
 
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 2j 
 
 — 
 
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 — 
 
 b 
 
 * Sums paid for grocery. Particulars not given. 
 
74 
 
 EXPENSES OTHER THAN 
 
 No. 
 
 Total 
 Average 
 Weekly 
 Expendi- 
 ture. 
 
 Rent, 
 Rates, 
 Taxes. 
 
 Fuel. 
 
 Light, 
 Matches. 
 
 Furni- 
 ture AND 
 
 House 
 Utensils 
 
 Washing 
 
 AND 
 
 Cleaning 
 Mate- 
 rials. 
 
 Clothes. 
 
 Boots. 
 
 Travel- 
 ling. 
 
 Service. 
 
 Recrea- 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o II 6f 
 
 s. d. 
 4 
 
 s. d. 
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 s. d. 
 
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75 
 
 FOOD- 
 
 Wee 
 
 kly Averages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 O 2j 
 
 Reli- 
 gious 
 Obser- 
 vances. 
 
 Charity 
 
 AND 
 
 Gifts. 
 
 Pocket 
 Money. 
 
 Pet Ani- 
 mals. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Insur- 
 ance. 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Health 
 Medi- 
 cine AND 
 Drugs. 
 
 Expen- 
 
 SKS OF 
 
 Indus- 
 try, 
 
 Loans 
 
 Repay- 
 ment OF 
 Loans. 
 
 Other 
 Expen- 
 ses. 
 
 No. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 S. d. 
 ci 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
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 •28 
 h 
 
 ♦ Tncludinv fard^.nincr. 
 
D 
 
 76 
 PERCENTAGES OF EXPENDITURE. 
 
 (rt) As a whole. {b) On food and Drink. 
 
 No. 
 
 Total 
 Average 
 Weekly 
 Expendi- 
 
 TURK. 
 
 Food 
 
 AND 
 
 Drink. 
 
 Rent, 
 Rates 
 
 AND 
 
 Taxes. 
 
 Other 
 Items. 
 
 Total 
 
 Average 
 Weekly 
 Expendi- 
 ture ON 
 Food 
 AND Drink. 
 
 Bread 
 
 AND 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Meat. 
 
 Other 
 Food. 
 
 tea. 
 
 Other 
 Non- 
 alco- 
 holic 
 
 Drinrs 
 
 Alco- 
 holic 
 Drinks 
 
 ITot 
 
 (" 
 
 II 
 
 ^1 
 
 39-81 
 
 34-59 
 
 2560 
 
 100 
 
 4 7i 
 
 23-9 
 
 167 
 
 507 
 
 7-7 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 I ■ 
 
 6 
 
 I 7 
 
 8| 
 
 3276 
 
 14-42 
 
 5282 
 
 100 
 
 091 
 
 19-3 
 
 264 
 
 45-5 
 
 5-3 
 
 — 
 
 3-5 
 
 10 
 
 
 c 
 
 14 
 
 9i 
 
 4880 
 
 27-01 
 
 2419 
 
 100 
 
 7 2| 
 
 254 
 
 25-4 
 
 43-2 
 
 5-2 
 
 -5 
 
 -3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 5529 
 
 2614 
 
 1857 
 
 100 
 
 1 II ij 
 
 223 
 
 321 
 
 34-5 
 
 5-8 
 
 2-3 
 
 3-0 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 I ig 
 
 4^ 
 
 6989 
 
 15-24 
 
 14.87 
 
 100 
 
 I 7 6i 
 
 104 
 
 203 
 
 53-7 
 
 7-2 
 
 •2 
 
 8-2 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 I 
 
 7? 
 
 6443 
 
 Free. 
 
 35-57 
 
 100 
 
 I 6 10 
 
 IIO 
 
 35-5 
 
 36-8 
 
 24 
 
 2-4 
 
 119 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 2 3 
 
 9 
 
 7095 
 
 Free. 
 
 2905 
 
 100 
 
 I II oj 
 
 67 
 
 222 
 
 54-5 
 
 27 
 
 1-8 
 
 121 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 9 
 2 10 
 
 8* 
 
 2j 
 
 4719 
 3487 
 
 / 2624 
 \ 2176* 
 1868 
 
 2657 
 4645 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 I 3 5i 
 17 6 
 
 196 
 26-5 
 
 107 
 150 
 
 63-3 
 462 
 
 6-4 
 2-6 
 
 37 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 I 17 
 11 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 3i 
 
 3163 
 4405 
 3874 
 
 / 1669 
 112 33* 
 j 26 27 
 j 19-23* 
 3542 
 
 51-68 
 2968 
 25-84 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 489 
 ' 16 8 
 4 4i 
 
 73 
 
 lO'O 
 
 17-6 
 
 22-5 
 
 35-2 
 
 286 
 
 702 
 42-2 
 
 434 
 
 7-0 
 8-6 
 
 33 
 
 -9 
 
 23 
 -9 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 5014 
 
 3000 
 
 1986 
 
 100 
 
 7 6J 
 
 24-4 
 
 29-4 
 
 44'3 
 
 1-9 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 310 
 
 Free. 
 
 690 
 
 100 
 
 14 lof 
 
 284 
 
 378 
 
 292 
 
 4-6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 3l 
 
 66-22 
 
 8-95 
 
 24-83 
 
 100 
 
 1 6 2 
 
 466 
 
 138 
 
 35-2 
 
 44 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IO( 
 
 M 
 
 I 8 
 
 6^ 
 
 5862 
 
 912 
 
 3226 
 
 100 
 
 io 16 8f 
 
 28-0 
 
 25-5 
 
 41-4 
 
 33 
 
 1-8 
 
 — 
 
 IO( 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 I 17 
 I 6 
 
 
 
 
 5942 
 
 6l'2I 
 
 \ 13-31 
 
 \ 9-91* 
 
 2163 
 
 2727 
 1716 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 120 
 15 iij 
 
 187 
 268 
 
 IO-6 
 i8-3 
 
 59-0 
 50- 1 
 
 4-6 
 4-8 
 
 71 
 
 : 
 
 IOC 
 IOC 
 
 17- 
 
 a 
 
 2 13 
 2 14 
 
 3i 
 8i 
 
 3506 
 
 3987 
 
 f 15-25 
 
 |lI-20* 
 14-05 
 
 49-69 
 4608 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 18 7 
 
 1 I 9l 
 
 124 
 142 
 
 35*9 
 34-6 
 
 45-6 
 43-6 
 
 3-4 
 2-5 
 
 1-6 
 12 
 
 i-i 
 3-9 
 
 IO( 
 IO( 
 
 
 ,c 
 
 2 2 
 
 10 
 
 4621 
 
 1800 
 
 35-79 
 
 100 
 
 19 9i 
 
 129 
 
 33-4 
 
 49-1 
 
 1-4 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 I0( 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 6516 
 
 Free. 
 
 34-84 
 
 100 
 
 5 U 
 
 384 
 
 200 
 
 34'3 
 
 61 
 
 •8 
 
 •4 
 
 IOC 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 2| 
 
 4838 
 
 10 22 • 
 
 41-40 
 
 100 
 
 5 II 
 
 426 
 
 i8-3 
 
 34*2 
 
 4-9 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 4i 
 
 8086 
 
 Free. 
 
 1914 
 
 100 
 
 II 7i 
 
 269 
 
 27-6 
 
 37-6 
 
 79 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 21 
 
 I I 
 
 III 
 
 8199 
 
 Free. 
 
 1801 
 
 100 
 
 18 0^ 
 
 31-3 
 
 35-6 
 
 28-8 
 
 3-8 
 
 -5 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7440 
 
 Free. 
 
 25 60 
 
 100 
 
 2 7j 
 
 320 
 
 80 
 
 408 
 
 192 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 23 
 
 I 4 
 
 I0| 
 
 46 II 
 
 II-I3 
 
 4276 
 
 100 
 
 II 5| 
 
 238 
 
 189 
 
 49-0 
 
 61 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 24 
 
 I 9 
 
 oi 
 
 51-28 
 
 797 
 
 4075 
 
 100 
 
 14 iij 
 
 19*6 
 
 302 
 
 43-6 
 
 6-2 
 
 •4 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 •'i: 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 6731 
 
 1295 
 
 19-74 
 
 100 
 
 13 
 
 17-3 
 
 369 
 
 420 
 
 3-8 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 I I 
 
 3J 
 
 6624 
 
 14-48 
 
 1928 
 
 100 
 
 14 If 
 
 17-2 
 
 34-8 
 
 44-5 
 
 3-5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 26 
 
 I 5 
 
 7i 
 
 6499 
 
 IO-39 
 
 2462 
 
 100 
 
 16 8 
 
 168 
 
 460 
 
 25-7 
 
 5-5 
 
 — 
 
 60 
 
 IOC 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 6056 
 
 14-91 
 
 24-53 
 
 100 
 
 12 2i 
 
 164 
 
 52-6 
 
 190 
 
 4-1 
 
 -7 
 
 7-2 
 
 IOC 
 
 •'i: 
 
 I 13 
 
 
 
 6995 
 
 8-o8 
 
 21-97 
 
 100 
 
 I 3 I 
 
 264 
 
 369 
 
 33-8 
 
 2-5 
 
 •4 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 17 
 
 "i 
 
 7285 
 
 836 
 
 1879 
 
 100 
 
 13 I 
 
 22-8 
 
 29-0 
 
 430 
 
 4-4 
 
 •8 
 
 — 
 
 IOC 
 
 a 
 28 
 
 I 9 
 
 
 
 5776 
 
 862 
 
 33-62 
 
 100 
 
 16 9 
 
 22-4 
 
 361 
 
 328 
 
 6.6 
 
 i"7 
 
 •4 
 
 I0( 
 
 6 
 
 I 9 
 
 3l 
 
 5885 
 
 8-53 
 
 3262 
 
 100 
 
 17 3 
 
 198 
 
 418 
 
 326 
 
 fVIP 1 1 
 
 41 
 
 1-7 
 
 1 
 
 I0< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦H 
 
 ouse Rent ain 
 
 ™«. > 
 
 r^ 
 
 Bfc fal 
 
 '^^^fi^ 
 
 '\ 
 
 
 — ■ 
 
RETURN TO the circulation desk ot any 
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 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
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