TC 824 C2 A2 no. Ill appx. C-D CALlfORl«A ^lll- /Impend, X d VtlVlltSITI OF C* LBRARV COPY < THE RESOURCES AGENCY OE CALIFORNIA Department of Wa ter Resources BULLETIN No. Ill SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY APPENDIX C PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS By Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Sanitation Department of Public Health, Division of Laboratories AUGUST 1962 EDMUND G. BROWN Governor State of California WILLIAM E. WARNE The Resources Agency of California ond Direcfor Department of Water Resources state ot California THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA Department of Water Resources BULLETIN No. ill SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY APPENDIX C PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS By Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Sanitation Department of Public Health, Division of Laboratories EDMUND G. BROWN Governor State of California AUGUST 1962 LlkKAKy DAVIS WILLIAM E. WARNE Administraior The Resources Agency of California and D/recfor Department of Water Resources TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ORGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES viii ORGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEAI/TH ix ORGANIZATION, CALIFORNIA WATER COMMISSION ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Authorization of Stxidy 2 Objective and Scope 3 Area of Investigation h Related Investigations and Reports 5 CHAPTER II. SURVEY AND SAMPLING PROGRAMS 9 Field Surveys 9 Sxirvey of Domestic Water Supplies 9 Sxirvey of Waste Discharges 9 Survey of Recreationed. Use 9 Sampling Programs 10 Monthly Mineral Sampling Program 10 Bacteriological Sampling Program 10 Establishment of Sampling Reaches 11 Locations of Sampling Stations 11 Selection of Intensive Sampling Periods 12 Methods of Sampling lU Transportation 15 Laboratory Facilities 15 Monthly Plankton Sanrpling Program l6 Organic Sampling Program l6 -i- Page Saripling Equipment and Technique l8 Description of Sampling Program 20 Laboratory Facilities 21 CHAPTER III. LABORATORY TESTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE ... 23 Chemical Analyses 23 Bacteriological Analyses 23 Coliform Bacteria 23 Fecal Coliform Bacteria 25 Methods of AnaO^sis 26 Plankton Analyses 27 Methods of Analysis 29 Concentration 29 Microscopic Examination 30 Carbon Adsorption Method Analyses 31 Methods of Analysis 32 Significance of Results 35 CHAPTER IV. WATER QUALITY AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH .... 39 CHAPTER V. BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY hi History kf Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria in the River h^ Statistical Procedures k9 Arithmetic Average 50 Median 50 Geometric Mean 51 Upper Reach 55 Middle Reach 57 -11- Page Lower Reach 59 Disappearance Rates of Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria .... 65 Redding 69 Red Bluff 69 Sacramento 71 Comparison of Average Disappearance Raties 72 Effect of Increased Postchlorination at Sacramento Sewage Treatment Plemt 7^ Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Waste Discbarges 77 Relative Percenteige of Fecal Coliform Bacteria 8I Total Numbers of Coliform Bacteria 85 Evaluation with Respect to Domestic Use 89 Bacteriological Quality of Present Domestic Water Supplies . . 91 Water Contact Sports 92 Hamilton City to Rio Vista 93 Redding to Hamilton City 9^ CHAPTER VI. CHEMICAL AOT) PHYSICAL QUALITY 99 Chemical Quality 99 Constituents with Maximum Allowable Limits 99 Constituents with Maximum Recommended Limits 100 Corrosion Potential 102 Hardness lOU Physical Quality lOlj- Chemical and Physical Quality in Present Domestic Water Systems . . 105 City of Redding Water System I06 Rockaway Estates Mutual Water System I06 Enterprise Public Utility District Water System 107 -iii- Page City of Sacramento Water System 107 Specific Occurrence of Tastes and Odors 108 City of Vallejo Water System 110 CHAPTER VII. PLANKTON HI Quantitative Aspects HI Correlation of Stream Conditions with Total Plankton Populations Il6 Plankton, Temperature, and Flow 119 Plankton, Temperature, £ind BOD 120 Discussion 121 Qualitative Aspects 123 Relative Distribution of Plankton 125 Discussion 131 CHAPTER VIII. ORGANIC QUALITY 133 CHAPTER IX. RADIOACTIVITY 137 River 137 Domestic Water Supply 139 Fallout li»0 Isotope Licensees lUl CHAPTER X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ll+3 Bacteriological Quality 1^3 Chemical and Physical Quality 1^7 Plankton ll+8 Organic Quality IU9 Rsidioactivity 150 -IV- Page LIST OF TABLES Table Title 1. Toxicity to Fish and Certain Insecticides l8 2. Organic Sanipling Program - Sampling Periods 22 3. Coliform Bacteria and Probable Habitats 2k k. U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards .... hk 5. Raw Water Bacteriological Limits for Various Types of Water Treatment ^5 6. Determination of Geometric Mean Coliform Density 53 7. Average "K" Values for Coliform Disappearance 73 8. Factors Possibly Influencing Coliform Bacteria Disappearance Rates - Redding and Red Bluff 73 9. Coliform and Fecal Colifonn Bacteria Waste Discharges, Drains and Tributaries 79 10. Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Upper Reach of Sacramento River 8k 11. Total Numbers of Coliform Bacteria in River and Waste Discharges 88 12. Public Use of Recreational Facilities Redding to Butte City 96 13. Langelier Saturation Index of Sacrsunento River Water .... IO3 Ik. Plankton S\irvey - Sampling Stations 112 15. Vitamin B-^ Analyses 122 16. List of Plankton Algae - April I96O - Jvne I96I 12k YJ . Organic Chemicals in Water 13^ 18. Radiological Assays - Sacramento River I38 19- Gross Beta Radioactivity - MunicipaQ. Water Supply Soiirce . . 139 20. Rainfall Radioactivity - Redding and Sacramento lUO LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1. Apparatus for Organic Sampling 19 2. Schematic Analysis of Chloroform Extract 314- 3. Determination of Geometric Mean Coliform Density euicL Confidence Limits 5**- k. Bacteria in Sacramento River - Upper Reach 56 5. Bacteria in Sacramento River - Middle Reach 58 6. Bacteria in Sacramento River, Lower Reach - Coliform Bacteria 6I 7. Bacteria in Sacramento River, Lower Reach - Fecal Coliform Bacteria 62 8. Disappearance of Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria Downstream from Redding and Red Bluff 67 9- Disappearance of Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria Downstream from Sacramento 68 10. Comparison of Disappearance Rates of Coliform Bacteria in the Sacramento River with Other Rivers . . 75 11. Relationship of River Coliform Density and Sacramento Sewage Treatment Plant Postchlorinatlon Dosage .... 78 12. Ratio of Fecal Coliform to Total Coliform Densities for Discharges, Drains £ind Tributaries 82 13. Total Quantity Units of Coliform Bacteria in Sacramento River and Waste Discharges 86 Ik. Minimum Water Treatment Requirements Based on Streeter's Guide 90 15. Water-Contact Sports and Bacteriological Quality - Hamilton City to Rio Vista 95 16. Water-Contact Sports and Bacteriological QustLity - Redding to Butte City 97 17. Sacramento River, Plemkton, Total Plankton Per ML by Month and Station 113 18. Average Total Plankton Population in Sacramento River . . llll- 19. Total Diatoms as Percent of Total Plankton 126 -vi- Page Figure Title 20. Coccoid Green Algae as Percent of Total Plankton 127 21. Pennate Diatoms as Percent of Total Plankton 129 22. Centric Diatoms as Percent of Total Plankton 130 BASIC DATA TABLES Table Title T-1 Bacteriological Data T- 1 T-2 Plankton Sirrvey Data T-11 T-3 Plsuikton Survey, Selected Physical and Chemical Data T-17 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Sampling Programs and Area of Investigation (bound at end of appendix) -Vll- STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES EDMUND G. BROWN, Governor WILLIAM E. WARNE, Administrator, The Resoxirces Agency of California and. Director, Depeurtment of Water Resources ALFRED R. GOLZE, Chief Engineer DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING Willieun L. Berry Division Engineer Wesley E. Steiner Chief, Planning Management Branch DELTA BRANCH Carl A. Werner Branch Chief Willard R. Slater Chief, SpecisJ. Investigations Section The investigation leading to this report was conducted under the direction of Planning Arthvtr J. Inerfield, Senior Engineer Field Operations Edward E. Whisman, Senior Engineer Chemical Analysis and I. W. Walling, Supervisor Laboratory Coordination of Chemical Laboratory Report Charles G. Gunnerson, Senior Engineer -vlil- STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMEM' OF PUBLIC HEALTH EDMUND G. BROWN, GOVERNOR MALCOLM H. MERRILL, M.D. , DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC HEALTH Division of Environmental Sanitation Frank M. Stead, Chief Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Edward A. Reinke, Chief Paul C. Ward, Supervising Sanitary Engineer Division of Laboratories Howard L. Bodily, Ph. D., Chief Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory .... Arnold E. Greenberg, Chief This appendix was written by William F. Jopling Sanitary Engineering Associate Arnold E. Greenberg .... Chief, Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory CALIFORNIA WATER COMMISSION RALPH M. BRODY, Chairman, Fresno WILLIAM H. JENNINGS, Vice Chairman, La Mesa JOHN W. BRYANT, Riverside JOHN P. BUNKER, Gustine IRA J. CHRISMAN, Visalia GEORGE FLEHARTY, Fresno JOHN J. KING, Petaluma NORRIS POULSON, Los Angeles MARION R. WALKER, Ventura WILLIAM M. CARAH Executive Secretary GEORGE B. GLEASON Principal Engineer -ix- CHAPTER I. IMTRODUCTION The Sacramento River has perfonned many valuable services through the years for the people of CstLifomia. In addition to its role as an artery of commerce, the waters have found increasing use as a sovirce of domestic and industrial water supply, a site of recreational activities, euid a spawning sirea for a leurge portion of the State's game fish. These uses have increased in proportion to the rapid agriciiltural, industrial, and residential development of the Sacramento Valley. With the develop- ment of The California Water Plan the river will play an important part in supplying water to water-deficient areas in the south. The river has also served as a vehicle for the disposal of sewage and ind\istrial wastes from some of the communities along its banks and agricxiltural drainage from irrigated areas. Present waste discharges to the Sacramento River can be said to be "few and far between" when compared to the waste discharges enter- ing other rivers in heavily industrialized areas of the country. In these areas, however, the people have suffered the loss of many of the beneficial uses of the river and experience hais pointed out the difficulty in attempt- ing to regain beneficial uses that are once lost. The Sacramento River Water Pollution Survey is em important step toward the preservation of the beneficial uses of the Sacramento River. After an initial planning period, the field work for the Sacramento River Water Pollution Survey was undertaken by the State Department of Water Resources in March I96O, and continued imtil June 30, 1961. The scope and direction of the survey work was overseen by an advisory committee mcule up of members of the Department of Water Resoxirces, Central Valley Regional Water Pollution Control Board, Department of Fish and Game, 6uicL Department of Public Health. The work was classified vinder six major beaxilngs: Hydrology, Water Utilization, Laboratory and Field Procedures, Water Qxiality, Public Health, suid Fish and Aquatic Life. When water is used for domestic, certain recreational emd agri- cultureJ. purposes, public health considerations are paramount. Where the public health aspects of water qvtality were the most important, the study was directed by the California State Department of Public Health. This appendix contains that portion of the survey related to the public health. Authorization of Study As a result of a series of meetings held among a number of State agencies, the need for a pollution survey of the Sacramento River was established in 1957 • In subsequent meetings between the Department of Water Resources and the Department of Public Health, it was recognized that the Depaartment of Public Health could make a valuable contribution In the planning and conduct of the survey. It was agreed that by virtue of speciSLLlzed experience, the Department of Public Health was most com- petent to perform certain types of suialyses of the river water and could contribute significantly to the s\irvey by overseeing the collection euid evaluation of data pertaining to the public health aspects of the study. Assembly Bill 290U in 1959 appropriated funds from the California Water Fund for expenditure by the Department of Water Resources to study and Investigate pollution in the Sacramento River. In April i960, the Department of Public Health and the Depart- ment of Water Resources entered into an Interagency Agreement whereby the Department of Public Health wovild provide laboratory services and the services of a ssmitaxy engineer to evaluate and report on the public health aspects of the study. .2. Objective aind Scope The major objective of this phase of the survey was to study and evaluate the quality conditions in the Sacramento River and their relation to the public health. This objective was reached in two steps. The first step was to locate present waste discharges and to evaluate their effect on the river. These discharges were surveyed and an attempt was made to establish, by sampling and analysis, the amounts of specific contaminants discharged to the river. The effects on the river water qviality were determined by a number of comprehensive river sampling programs taking into consideration vsurious waste loadings and flows including the worst expected conditions. The second step was the determination of the type, location, and extent of the uses of the Sacrajaento River that are particularly related to the public health. To accomplish this, surveys of the domes- tic water systems along the river and field investigations of the recrea- tional uses of the river were made. These findings were combined to achieve the major objective of the study, namely, the public health evalxiation of water quality conditions . The survey was directed at and limited to the main stem of the Sacramento River from Sheista Dam to Mayberry Slough which is near the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The field investi- gation, saarple collection, laboratory work, eund evsuLuation were designed to determine the cavises, effects, and degrees of change of the water quality in the main channel of the river. Samp]j.ng of the many accretions W8U3 genereJJy limited to the point at which they entered the river. Little field work was done upstream on the tributaries aind drains. -3- Area of Investigation The Sacramento River flows for a distance of 310 river miles from Shasta Dam to Mayberry Slovigh (Plate 1) . The river cam be divided into three sections in terms of the uses made of its adjacent lands. In the upper reaches, the river bed is vide and shallow with many riffle areeis. The valley in this area is narrow, heavily wooded and contains several small communities as well as the towns of Redding and Red Blxiff . The economy of this area is based predominantly on feunning, logging and wood processing. In the middle reach, the valley broadens and the bottom land is used for eigriculture . The land is ideally suited to rice production and rice is the major product of the area. The river banks in this reach are higher emd the velocity decresises as the river deepens, sman agri- cultural communities, a few of which sure close to the river, are located throughout this portion of the valley. The Sacramento River in the lower reach flows through the sec- tion of the valley which has been mostly highly developed for residential and industrial purposes. High levees have been constructed to protect the rich agricultural lands and communities. The City of Sacramento is the major commercial center in the lower reach a^ well as in the entire valley. Fruits and vegetables grown in the vsuLley are processed at can- neries in the city. Beef and other meat products are prepeured for market at slaughter houses located in the West Sacramento area. Granaries, rice mills, dairies, and other industries in Sacramento handle the products and needs of the valley. The Feather and Americem Rivers which drain watersheds to the east, are the two major tributeuries to the Sacramento River below Shsista Dam. They join the Sacramento River 20 miles above Sacramento and at Sacramento, respectively. There are mjmerous minor tributaries along the northern reach of the river which drain small watersheds and are nor- mally dry or have extremely low flows during the summer months . In the upper reach, there are two significant discharges from sewage treatment plants and several minor discharges from Ijog ponds smd paper mills. In the middle reach of the river, the only discharges are from the network of drains carrying agricultural drainsige to the river. In the more popvilated and developed lower reach, there are numerous efflu- ents from sewage treatment plants entering the river either directly or hy means of tributary drains and rivers, and a large seasonal flow of industrial waste from a sugar beet processing plant below Sacramento. Related Investigations and Reports The State Department of Public Health has made majiy investiga- tions related to the Sacramento River throughout the years. Stvidies have been conducted to determine the effect of waste discharges on water quality. Periodic inspections and surveys of domestic water systems using Sacramento River water are made by the State and local health departments. Inves- tigations of recreational activities along the river have been made to determine the types and extent of this use of the waters. Sewage treat- ment facilities have been inspected routinely suid recommendations of improved treatment procedures have been offered to the waste discharger. The department's investigations have been usually confined to specific areas for the p\irpose of making a specific determination. None of the previous investigations have attempted to present the overall evaluation of the entire Sacramento River system. -5- Investigations and Reports of the Bacteriological Queility of the Sacramento River 1. Report No. 2U2 and Report No. 2Mf. "To the California State Board of Health on Quality of Sacramento River Water at Sacramento". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Report. July 28, 1920 and Augxist k, 1920. The two reports presented information on the qxiallty of water in the Sacramento River at the City of Sacramento water intake. 2. "BacteriologiceJ. Qxiality of the Lower Sacramento River". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Memorandum. May 3» 1957 • The memoremdum contains the bacteriological and chemical test resxilts collected by the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering in the Saci-amento River from Sacramento to the mouth of the river from 1913 to 1956. The results of approximately ^0 sampling programs conducted during these years are summarized and evaluated. 3. "Progress Report on the Quality of the Lower Sacramento River Water and Domestic Sewage Effluent Discharges". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Report. April 1957- The report presents the bacteriological data collected diiring monthly sampling programs conducted in 1955 and 1956 from Sacramento to Walnut Grove. k. "Report on City of Redding Sewage Discharge Effects on Sacramento River Water and Downstream River Uses". Bureau of Seuiitary Engineering Report. May I96I. Findings of a bacteriological saoipling program carried out monthly from Redding to Butte City since 1957 are reported. Sanltstry Surveys of Domestic Water Systems . The surveys of domestic water systems made by the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Include an evalua- tion of the water source, the main works and distribution system, laboratory control, euad the other factors that enter Into a sanlteiry engineering appraisal of a water system. These are listed as follows: -6- 1. "Enterprise Public Utility District Sanitary Survey". Bureau of Ssuiitary Engineering Report. December 9> 1953' 2. "Redding Sanitary Survey". Bureau of Saniteuy Engineering Report. January 10, 1955- 3. "A Study of the Effectiveness of Alum Coagiilation and Chlorination in the Redding Water Supply". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Report. June 1959* k. "City of Vallejo Water Supply System, Report of Sanitary Engineering Survey". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Report. September 1959- 5. "City of Sacramento Municipal Water System". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Report. Jxme I96I. Investigations Related to Recreational Use of the Sacramento River 1. "Sacramento River Sxirvey — October, 1956"- Bureau of Saniteuy Engineering Memorandxim. October 195^. 2. "SacraiBento River Survey — September, I96O". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Memorandum. September 6, 1960. The recreationeJ. use of the Sacramento River from Anderson to Butte City was presented in the two memoranda. Investigations Related to Sewage Treatment Facilities 1. "Appraisal of Red Blviff Sewage Treatment Plant Operations". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Memorandum. August 20, 1958* 2. "Reconmendations for Operating the Red Bluff Sewage Treatment Plant". Bureau of Saniteury Engineering Report. September 10, 1959- 3. Reports of plant inspections at Coming. Bureau of Sanitary Engineer- ing "monthly notes". July 29, November 5, 1959; June 1, I96O; February 6, I96I. h. "Report of City of Redding — Sewage Discharge Effects on Sacramento River Water and Downstream Uses". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Report. May I96I. 5. "Sewage and Sewage Treatment of the City of Rio Vista". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Memorandum. May I6, I96O. 6. 'Vest Sacramento Sanitary District — Sewage Disposal Expansion Project". Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Memoremdum. November k, 1957- 7. Reports of plant inspections at Isleton, Bureau of Sanitary Engineer- ing "monthly notes". April 9, 1958; September 30, 1958 . -7- The treatment f8u:illties and the operation were eval\iated in the reports and menoranda. Inspections reported in the "monthly notes of activities" were xxsually made at the request of the plant operator to help resolve an operation problem. Investigations Related to Industrial Waste Discharges 1. "A Study of the Sacramento River as Influenced by Waste Discharges from the American Crystal Sugar Corporation, Clarksburg, California". California State Department of Public Health Report, 1950. The report examined the effect of the siagfiur beet discbarge on the oxygen content of the river. A great deal of the saisgpling work, observations and inspection of conditions along the Sacramento River done by the Bureau of Saniteuy Engineering has not been presented in reports. This work v&s generally done in conjunction with a saniteuy survey of a water system, axi inspec- tion of sewage treatment feuiilities, or as a part of a surveillance pro- gram. The information is kept in the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering files and has been drawn upon extensively in preparing vsurious sections of this report. Additional References . Many related investigations have been made throvighout the world and axe reported in the literature. Additional references are listed at the end of this appendix. Numerals in parentheses, thus (1), refer to corresponding items in the 2j.st of references. -8- CHAPTER II. SURVEY AND SAMPLING PROGRAMS Field Surveys Three survey prograjns relating to public health aspects were conducted. These covered domestic water supplies, waste dischsurges, and recreational use of the river. Survey of Domestic Water Supplies The water systems which divert water for domestic vise along the Sacramento River from Keswick Dam to Mayberry Slough were s\irveyed in order to obtain information on the quality of the diverted water. Inspections were made of each of five domestic water systems that use river water. The county hestLth departments were contacted and informa- tion from their files regarding the systems was obtained. Also, the State Department of Public Health records were reviewed. Sxarvey of Waste Discharges A svirvey of all waste discharges that could affect the quality of the Sacramento River was conducted. Sixteen discharges, which incl\ided municipal sewage discharges, lx>g pond flows, industrial waste discharges, and agriculttiral drainage were inspected and sampled to detennine the amount and type of wastes that were entering the rtver and to determine the characteristics of the waste that might affect the river. Extensive use was made of the records • of the Central Valley Regional Water Pollution Control Board, the Depsartment of Public Health, and county health departments. Survey of Recreational Use A field study of the recreational use of the Sacramento River was conducted by boat from Hamilton City to Rio Vista. The Department -9- of Public Health recently had conducted recreation surveys from Redding to Hamilton City and this information was used for determining recreation use in the V5)per section of the river. Sampling Programs Water qixality information pertinent to the public health was obtained in four sampling programs shown on Plate 1 and described below. Monthly Mineral Sampling Program Samples were collected once-a-month at 22 river stations located along the main stem of the river and from each of the major discharges and tributaries. The saa5>les were analyzed for chemical and physical properties. The program is discussed in detail in Appendix IV. Bacteriological Sampling Program It was felt that one sample per month from a number of stations along the river would not provide svifficiently reliable data for these considerations, therefore, intensive studies were carried out during periods when river flows and waste discharge flows were such that maxi- mum effects wovild be expected. The studies were conducted during four- day periods so that sxifficient data were collected for statisticeQ. evaluation. There were several steps associated with the establishment of the four-day intensive sampling program for the collection of bacterio- logical data. First, the river wsis divided into three reaches. Sampling station locations were then selected in each reach with relation to the point of waste discharge. Finally, information on the seasonal variations in flow and quality of the waste discharges and the river was obtained so that the critical saaipling periods could be scheduled. -10- Establishment of Sanipllng Reaches . The river vas divided into three reaches corresponding to the reach concept discussed previously in Chapter I. The Cities of Redding and Red Bluff discharge primary sewage effluent into the upper reach of the river. It wets felt that the effects of the two discharges covild be properly evsLluated by examining the water quality from a iKJint above the Redding discharge to Ord Ferry, which is 60 miles down- stream from the Red Bliiff discharge. This stretch of river, 110 miles in length, was designated as the "upper reach". From Ord Feiry to Sacramento, a distance of approximately 120 river miles, the only major discharges are the agricviltural drains. This section wsis designated as the "middle reach" in the Intensive saaipling program. The mayimum use of the river for disposal of sewage and industrial waistes is made between Sacramento and Mayberry Slough, a distance of 6o river miles. The major discharges incltide wastes from West Sacramento, Sacramento and the sur- roxmding area, Rio Vista, Isleton, eind a large sugar beet processing plant at Clarksburg. This stretch of river was chosen as the "lower reach" for the intensive sampling program. Location of Sampling Stations . The sanipllng stations for the bac- teriological survey of the upper reach of the river were selected to best determine the effects of the discharges of Redding and Red Blviff . It was decided to have at least 30 samples from each station in order to obtain reliable data. To accon^>lish this in a four-day period meant that saisples would have to be collected from each station at approximately three-hour intervals. Due to the limitations of laboratory capacity, sampling stations were restricted to 20. In selecting stations on the river, those immediately below the discharges were spaced only two or three miles apart so that the peak of the bacterial densities wovild be -11- well defined. The distance between stations then was gradually increased with the distance from the discharge. Allowing one sampling point at each discharge, there remained 18 sampling points for river stations. Nine were selected between Redding emd Red Bluff, a distance of 50 river miles, and the remainder were located along the 60 river miles below Red Bluff. In the middle reach of the river where agricultural drainage Is the predominant source of waste water, there exe eight major drains. Each of the drains was established as a bacteriological saaipling point. This left only a limited number of river sanrplang stations, so that, for the most part, a river saaipling station was selected Immediately above each drain and at the ends of the reach. In the lower reach of the river, sampling stations were selected close together below the effluent discharge from the City of Sacramento sewage treatment plant, the major discharge in the reach, and above and below the other discharges In the reach. In addition, samples of all sewage effluents and major accretions were collected. In each reach saH5>le8 were collected from midstream, either from boats or bridges. Locating easily accessible sampling points involved a considerable amount of field work consisting of contacting local per- sons In the various eureas to obtain permission for access or for the use of boats and landings . A preliminsoy sanrpllng program was carried out in all three reaches to determine the general range of bacteriological quality of the river water. Selection of Intensive Sampling Periods . A preliminary Investiga- tion of the V5)per reach of the river from Redding to Ord Ferry revealed that the sewage discharges from the Cities of Redding and Red Bluff had -12- very little seasonsiL vaxiations. The tvo tovns had no canneries or other seasonal industries. The major variation of the Sacram e nto River bacterial quality resulting from the sewage discharges in that area would be almost directly related to the amovmt of flow in the river. The flow in the river is regulated by discharges from Shasta Dam to meet the various downstream demands. During the siiimner months the releases closely follow the needs for irrigation waters in the agri- cultural areas. In June, the winter runoff has practically ceased and the water releases from Shasta Dam have not been increased to meet the Slimmer* 8 heavy irrigation demand. In October, the rice growing season is over and the reservoir releases are consequently greatly lowered. June and October, axe, therefore, considered to be the most critical from a quality stsuodpoint in the upper reach since these axe the periods when the river flow is at its minimum. Intensive saii5>ling programs for the upper rea<:h were conducted during the periods June 6 to 10, i960, and October 3 to 7, i960. In the middle reach of the river, from Ord Ferry to Sacramento, all diversions from the river are for agrictiltural uses. During the rice growing season from May to September, water is circulated slowly tharough the ponded fields and returned to the Sacramento River. The heaviest loading of agriciiltural return waters occiors in mid-September when, for a period of approximately ten days, the rice fields are drained and allowed to dry preparatory to harvesting. Also, in mid-September, releases from Shasta Dam have been reduced in anticipation of the decreased irri- gation demands. The intensive sampling programs for the middle reach were con- ducted from September 12 to 16, i960, and May 8 to 12, 196I, coinciding with the periods of rice field drainage and initial flooding. -13- In the river below Sacramento, there axe many factors involved in determining the criticeuL period of waste loading to the river. The City of Sewjramento, which is by far the major discharger to the river, has a number of large canneries contributing indvistrial wc^stes to the sewerage system. The ceuaneries have two periods of peak operation. In May and Jvine, such commodities as spinach and asparagus sure processed ar}e\ during August and September, tomatoes, peaches and apricots are the principal canned products. The fall ceuming season is the greater and the industrial flow during August and Septeniber greatly increased the volume and oxygen demand of the city's discharge. Approximately ten miles south of Sacramento, a large sugetr beet processing plant at Clarksburg discharges waste water to the river during its operating season, which was from August through December in I96O. Other discharges in the area of Sacramento and downstream are primarily domestic sewage discharges and do not have a significant seasonal variation. Seasonal changes in the river flow in the lower rea^h are also a factor to be considered in the degree of water quality impairment. The minimum river flow at Sacramento is recorded in the fall months when the irrigation season is over and releases from Shasta Dam sure reduced to a minimum. Accordingly, the sampling periods in the l^wer reach of the river were June 20 to 2k, i960, Avigust 29 to Septeniber 2, I96O, and October 2k to 28, I96O. Methods of Sampling . There were two methods used to obtain the river water sang)les for bacteriological analyses . In all cases samples were collected from the center of the main flow of the river and the procedures for care emd handling of saiiples described in the lOth edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage and Indxistrial Wastes" were followed. At the relatively few bridge stations, the sample bottle was -14- lowered on a string to the river. At river stations where boats were used to reach the center of the stream, the boat was turned vrpstream emd the collector dipped the sample bottle in a sweeping arc moving upstream. Transportation . Two-man crews were responsible for the collection of samples at each set of three or four stations. Because of the distances involved, it would not have been possible for each crew to deliver saaiples to the laboratory and still maintain their sampling schedule; therefore, one man was given the assignment of meeting the sampling crews at some convenient point and collecting their sasQ)les for transfer to the labora- tory. This entailed a very close time schedule for the operation. The "pickup" man met each crew at approximately six-hovir intervals after the crew had completed two circuits of their stations . The time interval between collection of sample and commencement of the analyses at the laboratory generally ranged from several minutes to slightly over six hours. During this period, samples were stored in ice chests. Laboratory Facilities . The necessity of analyzing bacteriologicsLL samples in as short a time eifter collection as possible has been estab- lished by numerous stMies of the effects of storage on the bacteriological content of water W . in order to begin the bacteriological analyses as soon as possible aTter collection, a mobile laboratory of the State Department of Public Health was moved to the survey area to perform the analyses. The mobile laboratory is a converted house trailer equipped with twin incubators having a maximum capacity of 6,kO0 fermentation tubes, a pressure cooker for sterilizing sample bottles, washing facilities, storage space, and work eureas for performing the required bacteriologi- cal analyses. The laboratory was towed by a two-ton truck that carried -15- all the glasBvare, media, and other equipment necessary to make the labora- tory an independent tinit. The Red Bluff sewage treatment plant was chosen eis the labora- tory site for sanpling of the upper reach. The site was approximately at the midpoint of the upper reach. Running water, electricity, and nearby housing facilities were available at this location. For the middle emd lower reach sampling programs, the mobile laboratory was located at the Bryte water chemistry laboratory of the Department of Water Resources. This is west of Sacramento, at the bound- ary of the middle and lower reaches. It was within a reasonable travel time of the sampling points along the two reaches and had the desirable features of having both the chemiceJL and bacteriological laboratories at the same location. Prior to any sampling, meetings were held with members of the Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory of the Department of Public Health to determine the nvmiber of bacteriological water samples that could be handled daily by the mobile laboratory and the procedtires to be used in collection, transportation, and identification of the sangples. A number of sanples were collected at vairious points along the river on a prelimi- nary sampling run. The results were \ised by the laboratory to assist them in planning for the subsequent intensive studies. Monthly Plankton Sampling Program Plankton samples were collected monthly at stations along the main stem of the Sacramento River. Organic Sampling Program Early in the planning steiges of the survey it wa^ decided to include an organic sampling program using the carbon adsorption technique -16- in order to obtain information on the present levels of organic material in the Sacramento River. Such programs have been carried out as part of an over-all monitoring program on other major rivers of the country to provide measures of the organic pollution. It is expected that the best use of the information obtained in the organic sanpling program on the Sacramento River will lie in the futiire when the present levels of organic material in the river can be compared with future levels. At the present time, little is known of the limits of organic material that are \uidesirable or harmful in a water supply. It has been found that when a water supply has a concentration of chloroform extract- able material higher than 200 parts per billion (ppb), taste and odor problems may be anticipated. Certain insecticides have been reported to be toxic to fish in minute concentrations as shown in Table 1. The tabulated data are included herein not as criteria for limiting concentrations in water, but as an indication of the ranges of toxicity of the variotis insecticides. ■17- TABLE 1 TOXICITY OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES TO FISH ^^^ : 9t>-Ho\ir TLm (median tolerance Unit) : ppb (microgi-ams/liter) active agent Insecticides ; Fathead : ; Minnows in : : soft water : Fathead Minnows in hard water Guppies in soft water Chlorinated Hydrocarbon BHC 2300 2000 2170 Chlordane 52 69 190 DDT 32 3^* 1*3 Endrin 1.0 1.3 1.5 Lindane 62 56 138 Toxaphene 7.5 5.1 20 Organic Phosphorus KFH 0.25 TEPP 1.0 9ystox 1^.2 Malathion 12.5 Dipterex 51 OMRA 135 With the present trend toward increased use of organic chemicals in agriciiltvire, industry, and even the home, information obtained from the organic sajopling program is expected to be valuable in preventing pollution of the Sacramento River by organic material in the futvire. Saiig>ling Equipment and Technique . The sampling apparatus vised in the Sacramento River Study is shown in Figure 1. The major components are: a pump and pressure tank, sand filter, carbon filter, flow meter -18- and flow regiilatlng valve. The piping and valves are located so that the sand filter may be %ackfl\ished" when the differential pressure across the filter indicates that the medium has become clogged. The flow regulating valve maintains the desired flow of l/2 gallon per minute through the carbon filter and the meter records the total flow that has psissed through the apparatus. Approximately 5,000 gallons of water were passed through the filter in order to obtain sufficient adsorbed material on the csurbon for analysis. Description of Sampling Program . The organic sampling program called for sampling at five stations on the river, a station on a major agricul- tureJL drain, and stations on the supply and drain from a typical rice field. The most upstream station was located at Keswick Dam. There are no waste discharges above the dam other than mine drainage from Spring Creek which would have little, if any, effect on organic quality of the river j therefore, the station at Keswick is believed to yield the bsise level organic quality of the river. Hamilton City was selected as the next downstream river site. The findings at this station would show the effects due to discharges that enter the river from Keswick Dam to Hamilton City; the Redding and Red Bluff sewage discharges, industriaJ. water from a paper mill and a few minor log pond overflows. AgriculturfiJ. drainage water is dischstrged to the river thro\jgh a number of large drains and sloughs located between Hamilton City and Sacramento. Station sites above the Colusa Basin Drain emd at Bryte near -20- Sacraaiento vere selected to determine the increase in the organic content of the river caused by the drainage water. A sainpling station was located on the Colusa Beisin Drain to determine the organic material in the drainage water. Walnut Grove was selected as the site of the fi n al river saii5)l- ing station. This is near the Delta Cross Channel on the lower end of the river where water is diverted for export to the San Joaquin Vsilley and near where water will be diverted to southern CeLLifomia under The CeO-ifornia Water Plan. The organic analysis of the water from this sta- tion woxold reveal the increment of organic pollution due to the sewage discharges in the Sacramento area eind the industrial discharge at Clarksburg. The rice field area selected was a 55 acre plot in the north- west corner of Sacramento County. The supply and drainage water was saapled during the I96O growing season so that the relationship between insecticide application and drainage quality cotild be determined. The dates on which sanrples were collected at the stations are given in Table 2. A total of 27 samples were collected. One was lost in the laboratory and one was voided due to an unreliable sample source. Laboratory Facilities . Arrangements were made for the analyses to be conducted by the State Department of Public Health, Division of Labora- tories at Berkeley. All analyses were performed at Berkeley except three (one of which was a duplicate sent to both laboratories ) which were sent to Terminal Testing Laboratory in Los Angeles. -21- (U H -s E^ e CO H H H H HH VO VO M3MD VOVO (1) 1 1 1 1 § H v£» VO -* t— m OJ OJ H H •=3 1 1 VOMD \£,KO • • •• H H H H ^ 1 1 CVIOO 1 1 on o £ 1 1 CVJ CO 1 1 • • •« H H H H HrA H VO VX5 VOVO MDVO •H 1 1 1 1 1 1 »4 P4 ^OJ 8^ ^^ ^ 1 1 J-^ 1 1 " " H H M M3MD V 1 1 OJ 0\ 1 1 ro on H H • 1 1 fi t^-* 0) H CVJ Pm CVJ cy • • •• H H VOVO H H • 1 1 1 1 § cvi p H OJ ^d h> 1 1 H H 1 1 H H •• •• V D P • • «• • ^S 1 1 55 1 1 ^ J- on H CVJ ^^ OJOJ :z; ;id rfd 1 1 ?1^ • • •• • ^S «^ -p ro CO ^-^ t/\CVJ o H OJ +i CVJ H o 1 1 33 (0 5 1 1 •• •• o o 55 VOMD • 1 1 -p \X) t- ^i»— s rO(7\ Pi CVJ -d H i) 1 1 •H 1 1 CO cjno 1^ ^ c^o^ • • *• 55 ss • 1 1 1 1 3" -* vo vo i^ H OJ H C\J < 1 1 QOCO 1 1 00 CO •• •• 55 t 1 1 J^^ ^ 1 1 •• •• a •H o to u It >, ^1 U -P u C V i) -p (U 0) 0) o; o •M m > -H > fn > k •H •H CJ •H •H O •H O +> K Q PC K Q) K X) e u 0) O M a o o o I oS o^ CO ■P o +> -p -P H -p -p -p fl -H C H G O c (u c :3 u a CO a .OJ g H P 1-4 u « U w ^ ^ ^1 PQ in IS K o o o O vS +J ed -P oO ^ 05 +> (d -p CO oJ CO oJ CO a CO OS CO oS +^ a -p CO I CO -^ o CO \0 VO I I O l/N cy CVJ I I 55 I I u\ o OJ I I ONCTs 5 VO I I l/NVO H CVJ I I COCO g CO on U t) -P T^ a> o OS Q 0) I o o .22- CHAPTER III. LABORATORY TESTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Chemical Analyses A detailed disciission of the methods used in the chemical analy- ses of the water samples is presented in Appendix B, Water Quality. Bacteriological Analyses Samples of the Sacramento River water and the waste discharges were analyzed for coliform and "fecal" coliform bacteria. Discussions of coliform organisms are included in standard references. The concept of "fecEil" coliform organisms and the fairly recently developed differ- ential test for their presence used in this study are not as well known. AneLLyses for "fecal" coliform orgajiisms were carried out in order to investigate the possibilities of using the differential test as a more precise indicator of fecal contamination. Coliform Bacteria The coliform bacteria group includes all of the aerobic and facxilative anaerobic gram-negative nonspo re -forming bacilli which ferment lactose with gas formation within U8 hoxirs at 35 °C. Table 3 shows the various types of coliform bacteria and their probable habitat. ■23- Table 3 COLIFORM BACTERIA AND PROBABLE HABITATS (From the Bacteriologicsil Examination of Water Supplies No. 71 of Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects, Ministry of Health, 1939-) Coliform Type Probable Habitat E. Coli, Type I, (Faecal) Human and animal intestine E. Coli, Type II. Intermediate, Type I Intermediate, Type II A. Aerogenes, Type I A. Aerogenes, Type II A. C3joacae Irregula r , Type I Irregular, Type II Irregular, Other Types Doubtful, probably not primarily intestinal Mainly soil Mainly soil Mainly vegetation Mainly vegetation Mainly vegetation Hvaaan and animal intestine Doubt fiol Doubtful Coliform bacteria are found in far greater numbers in domestic sewage than pathogenic bacteria. Their death rate is comparable to that of the pathogens and since the test for coliforms is sensitive enough to detect a few organisms in 100 milliliters of water, an absence of coli- form organisms is a good, sensitive indication of an absence of pathogenic bacteria. A major reason for using this indirect method in place of demonstrating directly the presence of pathogenic organisms, is the rela- tive simplicity of the coliform test as compared to the technical diffi- culties involved in isolating specific pathogens. The chief drawback to the routine coliform analysis is that the types of coliforms generally not associated with sewage will also show positive results and may give a false indication of fecal contamination. .2k. The routine test for coliform bacteria consists of fermentation tests based on ability of the bacteria of this group to produce gas in a media containing lactose. The results of the fermentation tests are expressed in terms of MPN, the Most Probable Number of coliform organisms per unit volume. Fecal Coliform Bacteria The types of coliform bacteria in Table 3 can be differentiated by means of a series of time consuming tests known as the IMViC reactions. In order to differentiate between the so-called fecal and nonfecal coli- forms without resorting to the IJWiC tests, several types of selective media have been proposed that tend to inhibit the growth of bacteria of nonfecal origin without inhibiting the growth of fecal coliform. Cultxire media developed by Eijkman, MacConkey, and the bile salt medium of Hajna and Perry (EC medium) '^^ are the three media which tend to accomplish this selectivity with some degree of success when used at higher incuba- tion temperature (about k^'C) . When such differentiation is desired, these media are generally used to replace the brilliant green lactose broth in the confirmatory test. Geldreich and others ^ ' conducted a study in 1958 to determine the selectivity of the EC medium. Coliform cultxires of 12 IMViC types were incubated in standard lactose broth for kQ hours at 35 "C. Transfers from positive tubes were made to EC broth which were incubated at 45.0°C ± 0.3*C. E. coli Type I and E. coli Type II gave positive EC reactions in, respectively, 93 and 22 percent of the cultures. The other 10 types which are usually considered of nonfecal origin gave only 8 percent positive reactions in EC media. The U. S. Public Health Service has recently conducted and directed studies in shellfish resesirch which have included evaluations -25- of the EC confirmed test w>d) . The relationships between EC positive tubes and the presence of E. coli Type I were investigated in several studies with sea water, sind from 92-95 percent of EC gas positive tubes at k^.^'^C were foxmd to contain E. coli Type I. In sumnary, studies have shown that the EC medium when used in the confirmatory test at higher incubation temperatures indicates the presence of E. coli Type I and II with a fair degree of reliability while generally suppressing other coliform organisms. The term "fecal coliform" used in this stvidy was a label given to the bacteria which produced gas in EC medium in the confirmatory test at Mf.5*C. The term is perhaps not the best to describe these organisms, but it has been \ised before, and is convenient. It is important to keep the definition in mind and realize that the tern is more relative than absolute . Method of Analysis All bacteriologicsJ. smalyses were performed by chemists and bacteriologists of the Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory of the Depeurt- ment of Public Health under the direction of the supervisor of the BacteriologicsJ. Section. A totsQ. of four to six persons were required to perform the analyses during each of the intensive sampling periods. The analysis for coliform bacteria was performed in accordeuice with the procedures set forth in the llth edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater". Five fermentation tubes of each of at least three decimal dilutions were inoculated and incubated for 2U ± 2 and W ± 2 hoxirs at 35*C ± 0.5"c. Transfers from the tubes show- ing gas were made to brilliant green lactose bile broth and incubated for k8 ± 2 hours at 35 *C ± 0.5*C in accordance with "Standard Methods". -26- Transfers from all gas positive presumptive tubes also were made to fer- mentation tubes containing EC medivmi and which were incubated in a water bath at kk-^'C ± O.B'C for 48 ± 2 hours. This parallel differential test was performed to determine the number of "fecal" coliform organisms in the saaiple. The different incubation temperat\ire and the closer tempera- ture control involved necessitated the sepecrate water bath type incubator for these tubes. Due to limitations of water bath space, only heLLf of the samples collected at each san5)ling station were analyzed for fecal coliform. Plankton Analyses The term plankton, as used in this report, designates microscopic and nestr-microscopic free-floating organisms irrespective of their origin. Organisms ordinarily growing along the shore or at the bottom, when de- tached and floating freely in the water are included as are those organ- isms indigenoTis to the water mass. Excluded from the plankton are bacteria and higher plants and animals. Typically, the term plankton covers such plant gro\Q)s as Chrysophyta (diatoms), Chlorophyta (green algae), Cyanophyta (blue-green algae), and Euglenophyta; and, among the animals, the Protozoa, the Rotifera, the Crustacea, and the Nematoda. Ground waters seldom, if ever, have plankton in them. Sirrface waters, on the other hand, usually contain plankton organisms which may canplicate the provision of a potable water. Some problems are taste suid odor, filter clogging, water blooms, suid toxicity. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater"^*^) presents an inclusive list of reasons for the biologiceLL examination of water, as follows: "a. To explain the cause of color eind turbidity and the pres- ence of objectionable odors and tastes in water and to -27- indicate possible methods for their prevention or removeil . b. To aid in the interpretation of the various chamical analy- ses, as, for exaniple, in relating the presence of biologic forms to oxygen deficiency or sxrpersaturation in natural waters . c. To identify the source of a water that is mixing with another. d. To explain the clogging of pipes and. filters and to aid in the design and operation of water works . e. To indicate pollution by sewage or industrial wastes. f . To indicate the progress of the self -p\xrifi cation of streams and other bodies of water. g. To aid in explaining the mechanism of biologic sewage treatment methods or to serve as an index to the effec- tiveness of the treatment. h. To aid in the study of the ecology of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic organisms. To obtain information on food, parasites, said other factors affecting the well- being of these forms. i. To determine whether or not ground water is contaminated by unfiltered surface water. . To determine optimvm times for treatment of raw surface water with euLgicides and to check on the effectiveness of such treatment. k. To determine, within the water plant, the effectiveness of various stages in the treatment of water." -28- While all of these objectives are not pertinent to this study, many of them obviously axe, A plankton identification scheme modeled after that used by the U. S. Public Health Service, National Water Qxiality Network (S), was used. This was based on generic or genus-type identification with the assignment of all organisms to a larger group for counting purposes. The groups used were: blue-green algae, coccoid or filamentous; green algae, coccoid or filamentous; flagellates, pigmented or unpigmented, diatoms, centric or pennate; protozoa, amoeboid or ciliated; rotifers; Crustacea, and nematodes. This classification is based on major taxonamic groupings and organism morphology within the major groupings . Method of Analysis Preserved samples (l6o ml formal in per gallon) were delivered to the laboratory and stored in the dark at refrigerator temperatures until analyzed. Analysis proceeded in two steps: l) concentration and 2) microscopic examination. Concentration . Samples were concentrated by means of a Foerst elec- tric centrifuge. This is a continuous flow centrifuge which operates at a fixed speed of about 15,000 RPM. The rate of flow through the cen- trif;jge was adjusted to approximately 175 ml per minute. The typical sample aliqiiot taken for concentration was one liter. The concentrate was adjusted in volume to 25 ml smd stored until examined microscopically. Preliminary trials with the centrifuge indicated that recovery of plankton with a single pass of the sample yielded incomplete recovery. Two passes, however, removed at least 95 percent of the suspended material, consequently, all samples were passed through the centrifuge twice. -29- Microscopic Exaalnaoion . A 1.00 ml aliquot of the well-mixed, con- centrated sample was pipetted into a Sedgwick-Rafter cell and a cover slip was floated on. The inside dimensions of the cell were 19-5 x 50 x 1 mm deep. Cell examination was made first under a stereoscopic dissecting microscope with a magnification of 25 X. All organisms larger than 30 microns were noted and recorded. The cell was then examined with a stand- ard binociolar microscope eqxiipped with a 10 X ocular containing a previously csuLlbrated Whipple ocular micrometer and a 21 X objective lens. The total magnification wets 210 X. The kind, number and size of plankton forms in each of 20 fields was recorded on an appropriate work sheet. To obtain the number of organisms per ml, the following calcu- lations were necesssay; Factor = ompfo^r of fields in cell ^^ ml concentrate number of fields counted ml original sample 19.5 X 50 = Io3piE X ^ From the number of organisms enumerated in 20 fields, the number of organisms per ml was obtained: plankton per ml = number of organisms in 20 fields x factor = number of organisms in 20 fields x 4.6 To obtain information on the mass of plankton, that is, the area occupied by the plankton, the recorded data on plankton size, in terms of areeuL standard units (an areal standard unit is UOO square microns), was multiplied by the same factor as above: ■ 30- areal standard vinlts per ml = number of standard units In 20 fields x factor = nvimber of standard units x k,6 Carbon Adsorption Method Analyses Analyses of organic materieuL collected by carbon filter appa- ratus are more appropriately designated by the term "Carbon Adsorption Method (cam) for Organics in Water". Basically^ the procedure is to psiss the water sample over activated carbon which has a relatively high adsorp- tive capacity for organic materials. Following removal of the carbon from the sampling assembly, the ceurbon is dried and sequentially extracted with chloroform and ethanol. The chloroform extract is subsequently separated into fractions based on differential solubility and chromatography. The objective of this procedure Is to isolate all of the organic materials present in the water. Unfort\mately, only an unknown fraction of the total organics in water is meas\ired. It has been shown, by work- ing with known organic materials, that adsorption may be close to one htindred percent, and that desorptlon, under the conditions of the test, may range from 50 to 90 percent. In working with natural waters, it is Isipossible, however, to determine how much of the orgajilc material is adsorbed on the carbon or how much of the adsorbed organic material is extracted from the carbon. The U. S. Public Health Service (°) estimates that the sampling emd analytical techniques are reproducible to within ± 10 percent when applied to replicate samples. For this reason, this technique is best suited to the measurement of relative pollutional loads on streams. The results obtained by the National Water QueuLlty Network of the U. S. Public Health Service '"/ have shown that cleaji waters may con- tain between 20 and 50 ppb of chloroform extractables and 50 to 100 ppb -31- alcohol extractables. Polluted waters, on the other hand, may contain several times these concentrations. In order to make more meaningful the discussion of the organic materials which are recovered by these techniq.ues, it would he helpful to first present the analytical methods themselves. Methods of Analysis The aneuLytical method developed by Braus, Middleton, and Walton^"' modified by subsequent work at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center ' ^, and the State Department of Public Health, was used. The method may be summarized as follows: 1. The dried caxbon was sequentially extracted with chloroform and ethanol and the sepeirate extracts were weighed. Sol- vent removal and drying are critical operations, and, to obtain reproducible results, the procedures must be followed exactly. Initial solvent removal was on a steam bath main- tained at a temperature below the boiling point of the sol- vent. Filtered, dried air was passed over the extract to hasten evaporation. After solvent odors were no longer detectable, the extracts were dried under infrared lamps for five minutes, cooled, smd weighed. ResxiLts are reported as psurts per billion (ppb) chloro- form or eilcohol extractables. grams of extract x 10" PP^ = gallons of water x 3-7«5 2. The chloroform extract was further frB,ctionated in accord- ance with the scheme shown in Figure 2. The six major fractions — ether insolubles, water solubles, amines, strong acids, neutrals, weak acids — are each reported in ppb. -32- The difference between the sum of the fractions and the initisuL amount of chloroform extract is reported as loss. As a restilt of the number of manipulation involved in the separations and the partition coefficients of the solutes, losses may be appreciable. The neutral fraction was euiditionally fractionated by column chromatography yielding eiliphatics, soromatics, and oxygenates. As before, the difference between the sum of these fractions and the initial amount of neutral frac- tion is reported as loss. 3. The infrared spectra of the chloroform and alcohol extracts and the nine fractions of the chloroform extract were deter- mined in the range from 2 to 15 microns by means of an in- frared spectrophotometer. k. All extracts and fractions were placed in tightly sealed glass vials for permanent future reference. -33- Figure 2 SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT Chloroform extract I Add ether, filter I Ether solution I Extract with water . I 1 Residue I dry, weigh I ETHER INSOLUBLES (l) Ether layer water layer I I Extract with HCl dry, weigh I WATER SOLUBLES (2) I Ether layer I Extract with NaHCO- 1 Water layer make basic, extract with ether \ . I Ether layer I Extract with NaOH I Ether layer I dry, weigh I MEITTRALS (5) 1 Water layer I make acid, extract with ether Water layer I make acid, extract with ether I Ether layer I dry, weigh I AMINES (3) Water layer I discard Ether layer Water layer I I dry, weigh discard I STRONG ACIDS (k) Ether Water layer layer I I dry, weigh discard I WEAK ACIDS (6) Column chromatography I isooctane elution dry, weigh I ALIPHATICS (7) benzene elution dry, weigh I AROMATICS (8) chloroform-methanol elution dry, weigh I OXYGENATES (9) -31^- Significeince of Results Mention has been made in Chapter II of the taste euid odor prob- lems which may be associated vith certain organics. Mention was also made of the toxicity of organic chemicals to fish. From the point of view of hvmian health, little is known of the possible inmediate or long term effects of these materieils. The U. S. Public Health Service '°^ has published a valuable summcury on the significance of the various fractions of organic compoxmds which may be found in water. The following material is based on that summfiury: I. Chloroform Extract The organic material included in chloroform extract is ex- tremely complex. Direct interpretation of the results from a qualitative point of view is practically impossible. More significance, however, can be attributed to the various frac- tions of the chloroform extract. A. Ether Insolubles This material is usually a brown humjos-like powder apparently composed, to a large extent, of carboxylic acids, ketones, and sQ-cohols of complicated structiire. The material is considered to be an indicator of "old" pollution which has its origin in peurtially oxidized sewage and indtistrial wastes. Streams with little or no history of pollution have little or no ether insoluble materials ♦ B. Water Soluble Materials These substances axe largely acidic materiauLs of low molecvilar weight. Probably included in this group -35- are hydroxy- acids, keto-acids, and keto-alcohol^ . The origin of this material is probably from partially oxidized hydrocarbons. There is little odor associ- ated with the water solubles . C. Weak Acids The best known of the weak acids is phenol which is frequently involved in taste and odor problems, par- ticularly where industrial wastes are discharged to a stream. Other weak acids are enols, imides, sulfo- namides, and some sulfur compounds. Materials of this group also occur in nature. D. Strong Acids These acids are usually the carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, salicylic, or butyric. Many of these acids sure used indvistrially, but they may eilso be pro- duced by natural processes such as fermentation. While some of these materials are highly odoroxis, their signi- ficance can be interpreted only in the light of stream pollution conditions. E. Amines This group includes organic amines such as aniline, and pyridine, which are of commercial inrportaiice . Lower amines may occur as a resvilt of decomposition. Amines are frequently odorous, however, the low con- centrations which are usually found sire not likely to ca\ise objectionable conditions . In the instance of wastes which contain amines, this group may be of considerable significance. -36- F. Neutrals The neutral group frequently constitutes the major portion of the chloroform extracts. These materials axe less reactive and tend to persist in streams longer than many other types of organic materials. Among the more iitportant examples of neutrals sure hydrocar- bons^ aldehydes, ketones, esters, emd ethers. 1. Aliphatic s This portion of the neutral group represents petrolevan-type hydrocarbons . It is usually com- posed of mineral oil types of compounds. The most likely so\irces of aliphatic s are petroleum and petroleum wastes. 2. Aromatics These are principally the coal tar hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and other cyclic organic compounds. The presence of this group is any significant amount is a reliable indication of indiistrial and/or agricultural pollution. These materials are highly odorous and possibly may be toxic, since a number of the insecticides which are widely used in agriculture belong to the aromatic fraction. 3- Oxygenates This group includes neutreJL compounds which con- tain oxygen such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters. They may have originated by direct discharge or may represent oxidation products from both -37- natviral and indxistrial materials. They help to indicate "age" of the pollution, since pol- lution exposed to oxidation forces for a long time would be expected to contain large amoxints of oxygenates. These substances are odorous. II. Alchol Extract The euLcohol extrac table material genereilly consists of more polar substances than the chloroform extract and includes such compounds as synthetic detergents, proteins, csurbohy- drates, and miscellaneous natural substances. In waters with mixed industrial and domestic pollution, the chloroform and alcohol extracts may be of eqxial magnitude. In some streams where the industrial pollution is rather low and much natiiral or sewage pollution is present, the alcohol extract may exceed the chloroform extract by a factor of l*- to 6. In the program of the U. S. Public Health Service, it has been found that one to two percent of the alcohol fraction is meuie up of synthetic detergents. -38- CHAPTER IV. WATER QUALITY AND THE PUBLIC HEAI/TH The public health interests in water qxiality are manifold, since many of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water deter- mine its svdtability for drinking, recreation, and the preparation or growing of foodstuffs. Msai's drinking water must be free of disease -producing organ- isms and chemical substances that are harmful. It should be cool, clear, and free of odors and tastes. It should be suitable for an househoM purposes such as culinary use and the washing of clothes. Domestic water shoxild not stain, corrode, or fovil pipes or plumbing fixtures. Waters used for aquatic sports must be safe not only from the standpoint of disease transmission but eilso reasonably free of accident hazards. Clarity of recreational waters shoixld be such that submerged logs and rocks are visible to bathers, and not so turbid that swimmers and divers cannot be readily seen by lifeguards. Food crops mjist not be contaminated by waters used for their irrigation. The foodstuffs which axe usually eaten raw are of particular concern if they should be wetted by water which has been contaminated by sewage. Water used in the processing of foods also must be free of filth and disease-producing organisms. Devastating epidemics of typhoid and other "water-borne" bac- terial diseases are now a matter of history in the United States, due to the application of knowledge, continuously growing, in the sanitary sciences and preventive medicine. In large part, the near eradication of "water-borne" bacterial diseases is due to progress in water purifi- cation and pollution prevention, control, and abatement. The threat of "water-borne" disease, however, will persist as long as wastes from the -39- human body are placed where they may find their vay into man's sources of water. At the present time, increasing attention is being directed toward viruses and the role water and sewage may play in transmission of virus diseases. Within the past few years about 75 enteroviruses, those found in the intestinal tract and sewage of man, have been identified, thoxigh not all have yet been associated with specific diseases. It is known that conventional water treatment practices are not sufficient to destroy certain of these viruses which are found in human excreta. Of particvilar concern is the virus of infectious hepatitis. Overwhelming evidence has established that this disease can be 'Vater-bome", but laboratory methods have not yet been found to isolate the causative organ- ism of this diseeise. Until laboratory techniques have been developed which will ascertain the type auid degree of treatment that is necessary J to destroy hepatitis, control must depend on judgements based on experience. Also of concern is the presence of the new types of chemicals in sewage, indxxstrial wastes, and land drainage. Typical of these new j contajninants resulting from our dynamic industrial technology are radio- | isotopes, synthetic detergents, and pesticides. Accurate laboratory methods have not been developed to identify or measure the amounts of most of these new chemiceuLs that now may be reaching our waterways. Some of the synthetic organic chemicals do not break down in receiving waters, nor are they removed by normal sewage or water treatment methods. The subtle and long-range effects of these new chemicals on the public health must be learned, and threshold limits established. Until this is done, policies muBt necesseurily be conservative. The common mineral constituents in water originating in the geological formations through which the water passes and, frequently, -ko- from agricultiiral waste waters, are also of public health concern. High levels of sodiiaa cannot be tolerated by people sxiffering from certain heart and kidney diseases, and by many pregnant women. Such people must carefully limit their toteuL sodium intake, including that portion con- tributed by their drinking water. Natural waters high in sodium are not often suitable for such people, and alternate water sources are necessary. Excessive amounts of fluorides in water will have major detrimental effects on the physical structxire of teeth of children drinking such waters. In addition to these, and possibly other adverse physiological effects, waters high in total minerals (including chlorides, s\ilfates, and magne- sium) have a brackish, salty or bitter flavor, and at higher levels axe most unpalatable and therefore unacceptable to the public. Flavor of water is of particuleo* significance since the State Board of Public Health, in granting peimit for domestic water supply, must find that the water delivered will, among other things, be wholesome and potable. Only costly demineralization processes will remove such undesirable common minerals. In addition to the ideas already expressed, the following are axioms that are fundamental to the public health interest in water q\iality. 1. In order to serve the widest range of human needs, the waters of the State must be maintained as clean as possible. (^) 2. It shovild be the responsibility of the water user to retiim the water as clean as it is technically possible. v^) 3. Beneficial uses of a water must not be destroyed, or even serioxisly inqpaired, by a waste discharge. k. Pollution and contamination axe best dealt with at the sources. Treatment of a seriously degraded water even in those cases where possible, and quarantine of contaminated -in- areas, are undesirable alternatives to prevention of water degradation. 5. The most complete and efficient types of sewage treatment utilized today do not, of themselves, produce from sewage, water that is restored to Its original quality. Natural p\irification and dilution afforded by receiving waters must be available to further reduce concentrations of undesira- ble constituents. Moreover, on esthetic grounds, the public demands a separation of time and distance between waste discharge and water use. 6. Singular dependence on water treatment or sewage treatment should be avoided. For a high degree of public health pro- tection, there must be reliable and effective treatment of both sewage and water. 7. Water and sewage treatment axe not infallible. Treatment processes for both water and sewage are subject to mechani- c£lL failure euid human error. 8. Sudden and unexpected changes in raw water qttality axe likely to upset water treatment I>roces3es to a degree such that the plsmt may fail to produce am acceptable quality water. 9. With relation to many taste- and odor-producing substances, seriously degraded waters tisually cannot be retximed to a high quality condition by even the most complete water treat- ment processes general 1 y utilized. 10. A water quality management program, to be successful, must be based on engineering studies and evalviations of all -l42- pertinent factors influencing water quality, siipplemented by sampling programs of effluents and receiving waters. It is not practicable to keep all wastes out of waters. It is, however, practical to require maximum possible treatment of wastes discharged to usable waters . A complementing program of health saf eg\iards throvigh adeqtiate water treatment makes possible the maintenance of a high level of water quality in all the waters of the State. The U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards of 191*^6 eire used as a quality standard for public water supplies in California. The Drinking Water Sttndards include maximum allowable and maximum s\iggested values for physical, chemical, and bacteriological quali- ties of the water. The I9I+6 standards ^^' and the I962 chemical standards are svamnarized in Table k. -U3- Table k CHEMICAL LIMITS U. S. PUBLIC HEAI/TH SERVICE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS Reconmended Maximum Limits C^) [(milligrams per liter) Concentrations which" : constitute grounds for rejection of supply : (tni 1 1 igrams per liter) I9U6 1962 19^^ 1962 Alkyl benzene sulfonate - 0.5 (Detergent) Arsenic - 0.01 0.05 O.O5 Barium - 1.0 Cadmium - 0.01 Carbon chloroform extract - 0.2 (exotic organic chemicals) Chloride 250. 250. Chromium 0.05 Copper 3.0 1.0 Cyanide - 0.01 Fluoride - (2) I.5 Iron / manganese O.3 Iron - 0.3 Lead 0.1 Manganese • O.O5 Nitrate - 45. Phenols . 001 . 001 Selenium . 15 . 01 Silver - 0.05 Sulfate 250. 250. Total dissolved solids 5OO. 500. Zinc 15. 5. 0.05 0.2 (2) 0.05 (1) Concentrations in water should not be in excess of these limits, when more suitable supplies csm be made available. (2) Maximum levels of fluoride concentrations are related to average air tenrperatxires . See text of proposed standards. ■hk. In determining the degree of treatment required for any particu- lar source of domestic water, major dependence lies with the sanitary evaluation of the watershed; however, raw water quality guides are a use- ful tool in the evsuLuation. Based on the operating records of Ohio River water treatment plant, Streeter has proposed a guide for the maximum degree of coliform bacteria that can be accepted by various water treatment methods if the treated water is to meet the standsurds of the U. S. Public Health Service (^3) . The 19^6 gtiide is presented in Table 5« Table 5 RAW WATER BACTERIOLOGICAL LIMITS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF WATER TREATMENT Monthly Average Coliform MPN/IOO ml Limits of Variability Treatment Method 50 5,000 5,000 None Not more than 5,000/l00 ml in more than 20^ of monthly saniples. More than 5,000/l00 ml in more than 20^ of monthly samples but not more than 20,000/100 ml in more than 5^ of monthly sainples More than 5,000 None Chlorination Filtration and Postchlorination Pre sedimentation, prechlo- rination or their eqviiva- lent, filtration and postchlorination . Prolonged preliminary storeige or other reliable measures in addition to prechlorination, filtra- tion and i)ostchlorination. The State Board of Public Health has not yet adopted bacterio- logical stemdards for irrigation water, except those in the board's regulations governing the direct use of sewsige effluents for crop irri- gation. Also, no bacterieuL standards have been established for fresh .45- water recreation areas. The present bacteriological methods of water analyses can not in themselves he used to evaluate its serfety for recrea- tion or irrigation. Bacteriological qviality is an Import suit parameter, but the acceptance or rejection of a water for irrigation or for water- contact sports must depend on a complete sanitary engineering appraisal of 8lL1 factors influenceing water quality. -46- CHAPTER V. BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY History There is very 2J.ttle data available on the bacteriological qiiality of the entire Sacramento River before 1951' In April of that yeetr a statewide monthly stream sampling program was initiated at the request of the State Water Pollution Control Board and six saarpling sta- tions were established on the Sacramento River from Keswick Dam to Rio Vista. Before the stream sampling program was established, virtually all bacteriological saarpling was limited to the area from Sacramento to Rio Vista and was csurried out to determine the degree of contamination caused by the waste discharges at emd below Sacramento. Although bacteriological results are not available above Sacramento before 1951^ a fair indication of the water quality can be pieced together from descriptions of conditions in sanitary svirveys smd miscellaneous reports. In the early 1900's, sxamner resorts, lumber camps, individual residences, and many small comaunities were discharging raw sewage or septic tank effluent into the Sacramento River above the present site of Shasta Lake. In I916, officials of the City of Redding declared that the river neeu: the city was grossly contaminated. The Sacramento Union in referring to the problem stated; "Redding Declares Water Polluted". The Redding City Covmcil prepared a written protest asserting that "residents and inhabitants of (Dunsmuir, Kennett, Shasta Springs, and Shasta Retreat) . . . are depositing sewage, garbage, filth, offal, and other poisonous matters into the waters of the Sacramento River". In January I916, nine cases of typhoid in Redding were investigated by Dr. T. J. Cummings, Director of the Bureau of Comnunicable Diseases. He reported that the probable source of the disease was the water supply -1^7- (at that time raw Sacramento River water) and advised that the water should be boiled before being consumed. The bacteriological quality of the north- em end of the river was improved with the gradual adoption of sewage treatment by the northern communities and the construction of Shasta Dam in I9U3. Beginning in 1951, bacteriologies^, analyses became available at six stations established in the statewide stream sampling program. Results of emalyses from a station at Keswick Dam demonstrated that the quality of water in this 6u:ea was good. The coliform MPN vaJLues of samples generally were below lOO/lOO ml. A station three miles below the Redding discharge showed high MPN values. These usually ranged be- tween 18,000 and 36,000/100 ml. Stations at Hamilton City, Knights Landing, and Sacramento usually had a mean MPN value of from 230O to 6200/IOO ml. In the lower reach of the river, the City of Sacramento experi- enced problems with contaminated water axe recorded as far back as the late 1800 's. The typhoid death rate averaged 53-1/2 per 100,000 annually for each five-year period from I9OO to 1915 • In contrast, the average for California during the same three 5-year periods wets 22.1 per 100,000. In the early 1900's, the water intake was located only 11 city blocks above one of the city's sewage discharges and during low river flows and high tides, sewage backed up to the water intake. An emergency schedxile for pumping sewage to the river was set to reduce contamination to the water supply d\iring these low flow periods. In addition, upstream raw sewage discharges to the Sacramento and American Rivers were threats to the public health. Below Sacramento, typhoid cases in labor camps were traced to the use of river water for drinking. Water samples for bacteriological analyses were collected from the river below Sacramento as far back as 1913 . From I913 to 1931 the level of coliform bacteria downstream from Sacramento remained almost -48- unchanged. The average coliform MPN was 2,500/lOO ml and the major por- tion of saiapleB ranged between 250 and 6, 200/100 ml. From 1932 and 19^ no samples were collected from the river on a routine has is. In IShQ, routine sampling was again underteiken. The results of four sainpling runs in that year showed higher levels of coliform bac- teria than ever recorded before. Also, it was noted that significant variations in coliform densities occurred over a short period of time. All saiiQ>les collected from Sacramento to 20 miles downstream showed a MPN of 7,000/lDO ml in mid-Axogust. Two weeks later 10 of 11 sauiples in the same area had MPN values of 700,000/100 ml. The increase in the coli- form bacteria level was attributed to peak cannery and rice field discharges in conjtuaction with the low September river flow. In 19^9-195^* river samples taken below Sacramento generally remged from 10,000 to 70,000/100 ml during the spring and early summer months and from 70,000 to 700,000/100 ml in the late summer and fall. In January 1955^ the primary sewage treatment plant at Sacramento weis put into operation and in Jxily 1955> West Sacramento sewage was given primary treatment. The coliform level in the river downstream dropped to 6,000 in the summer and 20,000 - 60,000 in the fall. In 1956, the bacterisuL qxxality of the Sacramento River continued to improve. The median colifonn MPN value in the spring and early svmmier was 2,300/lOO ml and, except for one period in September when values were consistently >100,000/lOO ml, the late summer MPN values were between 1,800 and 23,000/100 ml. Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria in the River Statistical Procedxires Statisticians acquainted with the problems and limitations of bacteriological data were consulted esurly in the study for advice on the -lf9- techniques of evaluation most suitable for the large amount of bacterio- logical data collected. Reports on other major rivers throughout the country were reviewed and their approaches were considered. Other litera- ture on the subject was examined for discussions of the advantages and disadvantsiges of the varioiis methods of eveuLxiation. Arithmetic Average . The aritbmetxc average, usually a monthly aver- age, has been the most often used approach in the other river studies. The fact that most bacteriological standards are based on an arithmetic average and that the average is readily iinderstood and easily con5)uted undoubtedly have had much to do with its popularity. One drawback to the arithmetic average is that it is very sensitive to the occasional extremely high veilues that may occur. In the lower reach of the river, the arithmetic averages at several stations below Sacramento were greatly influenced by a few extremely high results. Altho\:igh the effect was les- sened by the 30 or so other results at each station, the average indicated a much poorer water qviality than actually existed for the major portion of the time. The use of the average veuLue produced variations in the coliform profile that were not related to effects of waste discharges but rather were caused by the sensitivity of the arithmetic average to extreme values. Median . For the purposes of constructing coliform profiles, the use of the median value was found to have one significant disadvantage. The median is the center value of a series of values when they are arranged according to size. Plots of median MPN values for the Sacramento River often showed a large variation or no variation between adjacent stations where, in reality, intermediate smooth v6d.ues exist. ■ 50- Geometric Mean * The sbortcomlngs of the other methods of presenta- tion discussed previously were overcome by the use of the geometric mean. The geometric mean is obtained by finding the average of the logarithms of the bacteriological results and determining the anti-log of the aver- age. This anti-log is the geometric mean. By using the geometric mean the effects of a few extremely high numbers in a series are lessened with- out being ignored and when used in presenting the bacteriological data of the survey, a coliform profile was obtained which more accvirately reflected the observed sanitary conditions. The geometric mean was chosen, therefore, for the presentation of the bacterial profiles of the river. The numerical computation of the geometric, mean values would have been extremely time consuming. The values, however, can be closely approximated by a graphical method described by Velz^-'-^/ . For a complete, cogent discussion of the graphical method, this inference is recommended. No complete discussion of the principles on which the determination of the geometric mean (and the ranges described below) are based will be attempted here. There were, of covirse, fluctuations in the bacteriological quality of the river water during the four-day sampling period. The greatest changes would be expected in areas below sewage effluent discharges where the effects of di\jrnal vsiriations in sewage flow wo\ild be most sharply defined. With the graphical method, it is possible to obtain an indication of the degree of real change in qiiality that takes place in the river, eliminating the variation resulting from the test method. From the graph, ranges which will include the true geometric mean dviring the sampling period can be obtained for any desired degree of reliability or confidence. Perhaps the best \ise of the "confidence range" whether it is a 50, 80, or 90 percent range is in the comparison of its spread -51- from station to station. A widespread between the limits of the range indicates that there has been a significant veuriation in the water quality; a narrow range indicate that the water quality has been fairly stable. The 50 percent range was chosen to show the rel-ative variation in water quality dviring the sampling period. A typical determination of the geometric mean density and the 50 percent confidence range is described below: The data were arranged in order of ascending magnitude (column 1), of Table 6. A serial number (m) was assigned to each value (column 2) and the plotting position of each serial value for the probability sceCe was computed (colximn 3) . The data of coliunns 1 and 3 were then plotted on the log probability paper as is shown in Figure 3) and a line of best fit (distribution line) was drawn. The point at which the 50 percent line cut the distribution line is considered the geometric mean. The value obtained graphically was checked by computing the geometric mean analytically from the data in col\imn h. In the exaaple, the graphical value was U,600/lOO ml and the check value was l+,68o/lOO ml. The 50 percent range was obtained by projecting a line parsQlel to the standard slope (the slope that would occur if there was no change in water quality) from the intersection of 25 and 75 percent and the dis- tribution line to the 50 percent line. The points at which these lines crossed the 50 percent line gave the upper and lower limit of the geometric mean for the 50 percent range. ■52- Table 6 DETERMINATION OF GEOMETRIC MEAN COLIFORM DENSITY RIVER MILE 283.0, JUNE 6 - 10, I96O Coliform MPN/100 ml : Serial : Plotting ; Check (in order of : Nvmber : Position log of Magnitude) : (m) : (2) (m/(n+l)as ^) : MPN/100 ml (1) (3) W 1300 1 3.1 3.11'+ 1300 2 6.3 3.11^ 1300 3 9.2 3.11^ 1700 k 12.1+ 3.230 2200 5 15.5 3.3^2 2300 6 18.6 3.362 2300 7 21.8 3.362 3300 8 25.0 3.519 3300 9 28.1 3.519 3300 10 31.2 3.519 3300 11 3h.k 3.519 1^600 12 37.5 3.663 1^900 13 1+0.6 3.690 1+900 11+ 1+3.8 3.690 1+900 15 1+6.9 3.690 1+900 16 50.0 3.690 1+900 17 53.1 3.690 1+900 18 56.3 3.690 1+900 19 59.2 3.690 7000 20 62.1+ 3.81+5 7000 21 65.5 3. 81+5 7000 22 68.6 3. 81+5 7900 23 71.8 3.898 7900 21+ 75.0 3.898 7900 25 78.1 3.898 7900 26 81.2 3.898 7900 27 8I+.1+ 3.898 nooo 28 87.5 l+.Oi+l 13000 29 90.6 1+.III+ llKX)0 30 93.8 1+.16I+ 17000 31 96.6 1+.230 113.763 113-763 T 31 = 3.67O; log "-^ 3.670 = = l+,680 = Geometric mean -53- (O \ \ • \ \ A. \ ^ ^ It V z < L 5 _ • 1 i ^ ^ Q 1 ^ > •^ h- • } •- -H .. E UJ o 13 O- 1 o a: o CVJ ° § O to o 00 «) \ \ UJ o — 1 ^ V • RIVE JU \ • \ o (O llJ o z in UJ o UJ O o o o < to UJ o o: o o o < UJ o q: I- UJ o UJ o ^ o 8 M 8 8 o o o "* o o o o o o N <0 o o o m o o o o o o o o liJ o ro luiOOI/NdM -54- Upper Reach Coliform and fecal coliform bacterial profiles for the upper reach of the river sure shown in Figure k. Basic data are listed in Table T-1 at the end of this appendix. It should be noted that the analysis for fecal coliform was performed only dxorii^g the J\ane sanipling program. An inspection of the coliform profiles reveals a difference in the levels dviring the two sampling periods. The amounts of sewage effluent discharged to the river by Redding and Red Bluff did not change significantly from Jxine to October so that the higher bacterial density in the river during October is probably the result of the decreased amount of dilution water available. The river flow for the June and October periods was 8,500 cfs and 6,000 cfs, respectively. Although the amount of dilution was reduced by approximately 30 percent the bacterial density generally increased by 100 percent. For both saarpling periods, there is a sharp, well-defined peak in the coliform concentration downstream from the Redding sewage treatment plant's outfall; however, below Red Blxxff 's effluent discharge the peak in the coliform profile is blunt and extends over a longer downstream stretch of the river. Log pond water and seepage from a pulp plant industrial pond enters the Sacramento River one mile downstream from the Red Bluff discharge. The five-deiy BOD of the industrial discharges generally ranged from 30 to kO milligrams per liter in the samples collected diiring the survey and the flow was esti- mated at 1.5 mgd. This waste water may have an influence in sustaining the bacterisLL life over a longer period by supplying an additioneO. source of nutrient. This assumption can not be proven with the data available and further work would have to be done to substantiate it. In the October period, chlorinated sewage effluent from the Coming sewage treatment plant entered the river at river mile 217. 5. -55- 5l F< MOST PROBABLE NUMBER PER 100 MILLILITERS o 8 c .■^ CD > O H m > o JO > m 3D < m I c TJ "D m m > o o 9 O 3 n o o s 3 •< O 3 a o o o 3 3 2 s ^ »i — o ^==:r 31 "^ 5' N i / O J / o en //-^ y • < o V 9 ffi 4 1 t* i \ • > 3 '^ ji c » o // ' 3 O Iff to o 1 d> » 1 M J_ d o 1 T3 1 O 3 a. ■ 1 -n In m ro JI o I (- o o r X — \ -n ^ : CP £ c 5 "CD > o 15- _o_ o \ - O CD •■3 > < - Q (J ; '^ to O H « o o o 3 o / c ; 3 // " IS i / T ° / 5 o o (0 o ^ l» o o 9 o 1 o £ s *< N -J A o -56- I During the summer months the sewage effluent is diverted by a farmer to irrigate his pastures and does not reach the river. The discharge in October appeared to have no noticeable effect on the bacteriological quality of the river. The 50 percent range indicates a greater variation in water quedity during the October sampling period with the exception of the area immediately downstream from Redding. The profile of concentrations of fecal collform bacteria in the upper reach is simileu: to that for coliform bacteria. There was only one area where there was a question as to the cause of an increase in the fecal coliform density. The rise can be seen on the graph between stations 279-6 suid 275* The small Increase in this area occvirs along a stretch of the river in which there are no sewaige discharges ajid the only tributary of any size entering the river is Bear Creek, which drains a relatively unpopulated watershed. The reason for this increase is iinknown. The 50 percent range for the fecal coliform profile clearly indicated the wide variations in river quality downstream from the waste discharges. As the distance from the discharges increased, it appeared that the variations were dampened out and at the fsurther downstream sta- tion, the river quality remained fairly stable. Middle Reach The first sainpling program for the middle reach of the river was carried out in September i960, at the time when the rice fields were being drained. The second program was in May of the following yeeu: after the fields were first flooded. On both occsisions the drains in the reach were discharging agriciiltural return water to the river. The bacterio- logical quality of the river water is shown in Figure 5« It will be •57- -1 C7 52 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER PER 100 MILLILITERS S w r-< OJ j> " mm C z X 0)3 5 S o o o o S ajOo o oo o o o g f < Tl »^ S >- S W § - 1/ / / / / / o / / / X -n M / / y^ lO /- A ' y\ c ^ - o ii~ V\ ' j/^ CO 1 o* I V / T3 9 A A y a • ///"' 3 at ^ 1 k /LA CD _ O) 1 f i\ _ > o / <0 n ' \ o I o> I I ® I j\l 1 m H i If \ m o O II / m \ :xj 9 o III 11 / 1 \ > 3 • n g ' 11 \ \ ^^ 3- Im 1 z • is * - 1 1 > • 1 o- p ■n m o > 1 ■^ o :d ^ z I- \ 1 1 (B o > a 3 p --I - o g - o ill ' k (- o III J '_ o o. (- 1 ^ m Ul K Tl III 1 ^ z z H O o o o 1 1 OD > o OD III 1 H > III 1 m :d a. o III 1 3) ^^ • III 1 > < 3 o m / 1 m • X > 1 3J 1 t- 3' P - z o " p /// 1 1 w o Z D w III o o o Z 9 8 III I 1 o OD O \\\ \ \ m o o a 3 \\-, \ ^ \ m o 5 o / . z Q P w ■ ?. 3) g O l(/ o o < 3" / \ o o X p to (0 (0 5 o 9 1 \ ^f» \\ ^s^ *^*^ T ^ N \ > CD □ 3 3) P 1 Y / 1 / 1 m o m z p O Q 3 3 ?3 - / / O Z <' 1 1 IT 1 / ' • • '* B "- 5-1 £> -58- noted that the vertical scale for this figiire has been expanded over that of Figure k. In the September period, the residual effects of the upstream discharges can be noted at the upper end of the reach, however, these effects did not appear at the uppermost station in May. The waste water flow from Butte Slough caused em increase in the coliform level of the river during the September period but in May, perhaps because of the higher level of coliforms in the river or the lower flow from the slough, no effect was noted. Increases in coliform concentrations appeared downstream from Reclamation District 108 (R. D. 108) Drain, the Sacramento Slovigh - Feather River exee., and the East Natomas Main Drain - American River area during both saaagpling periods. On the coliform profile the increases down- stream from the major drains were fairly well defined, although minor. The 50 percent ranges indicated that the water qiiality was fairly stable in September and fluctviated more in May. It appears that the coliform level in the middle reach is increased by the agricultural drainage from above R. D. IO8 to Sacramento. From the coliform profiles of the September sampling period, it can be seen that only increases in feceQ. coliforms occurs below the Feather emd American Rivers. The two agricultural drains, Butte Slough and. R. D. IO8 drain which caused an incresise in the coliform density heui no effect on the fecal colifonn density of the river. This suggests that the fecal coliform test can be used to differentiate types of discharges. The 50 percent range indicated, as did the coliform range for the same period, that concentrations were relatively uniform. Lower Reach Three sampling programs were carried out in the lower reach of the river. On the first two of these programs both coliform and fecal -59- coliform analyses were made. It was difficvilt to present all the profiles on a single graph, therefore, the coliform profiles axe shown on Figure 6 and the feceQ. coliform profiles are shown on Fig\ire ?• During the second san5)ling program the final drainage of the rice fields along the middle reach of the river had begun, consequently, the coliform level inanediately above Sacramento in the August 29 - September 2 period was higher than in the other periods. The effect of the American River and East Natomas Main Drain is depicted by a small rise in the coliform density below these accretions. There are several discharges of sewage and indvistrisuL waste that enter the river within a short distance of each other in the Ijower reach. West Sacramento discharges a highly chlorinated effluent at mile 58.0. No immediate effect of this discharge can be noted on the coliform profile and the next station downstream actually shows a decrease in coliform concentration. Below the Sacramento outfall (river mile ^k.l) there is a rapid increase in the coliform concentration and an added in- crease below the Meadowview sewage discharge (river mile hJ.S). This is the zone of peak concentrations of coliforms in the entire river. The Sacramento sewage treatment plant dischaurge, due to its far greater vol\ime was believed to be the cavise of the peak concentrations of coli- form found below both pl-ants . However, a closer inspection casts some doubt on this assumption. The Sacramento sewage treatment plant applies an average of 10.0 mg/L of chlorine to the plant influent for odor control and varying amounts of the effluent for disinfection. For the three sanipling periods the i>ostchlorination dosage weis as follows: 1.0 - 2.0 mg/L was applied in J\me; 3.0 - 3.5 mg/L in the A\jgust - September period; and k.O mg/L in October. The effect of the incremental increase in postchlorination -60- W e _j o u c a> ;o c o o ss o IO xt c < >« w c O c o « o a> E o • O < UJ q: UJ o _i q: UJ > o t- z UJ < q: o < z < a: UJ H O < m u> o k. 3 ii. < K UJ (- O < m s K O _l o o si Xo o H 1 Ui uj y \ J ^ IP 1 O K) 1 o ! 1 1 o ; » s u / / » c o o o o 9 6 / • ■ • » .a > O M • o ■ o c a "5 ^ / o 11 \ j o E o ! c o 1 1 c o c c o d4 ^\ i O E j=^ ^ ^« ■*! 1 > ? I o I-' a. UJ w 1 o> CM < > — 2 1 1 5 > \ ■f o ! ^ 1 1 // > ;^ / K • « > • > > 1 b io c o o o o g 6 z d /; :/ y O o o . , 1 ^ -— ^ 1 • o • o c • > o c e o o < z' /" 6 a c • 1 V* o o CO ' ■■ — ^ ■^ ■^ ^ z e ^ ^ 7i 13 < /I £ o « \\V o (0 ? CM 1 o CM UJ Z /Z > — 5 J ; y # 1 ' i c 'x 1 ^ O M • 1 o O C 3 £ o 3 ,/"■, 7 a « o o i i r- • • > o o 2 r- ^ ^^ o o o o ° \ 1 ^ < \ » o • A\ ^ ^ : ^ .^' o a> ■o o c • E o o O c o • 9 £ o « c o o • 8 \ F=: ^ - o E r \- "■"■ ' — ~~~~ PSM ♦ 1 £ o 4 ^\ trt to tf» >OOOOOOOC > o o o o o o o > o. o_ o. o q_ q. o » V O" J Z > a: o d X o w o a -61- MOST PROBABLE NUMBER PER 100 MILLILITERS c -^ a S CD > O H m m _ J? > 2 m ?H o O m 3) X — m JO o m :o :d m J> o X o CD O 3 Q. o o O 3 3' (' '\ o z o o o o o o 3' en ut (S o 3 O o c o rr o> o GD j> o ! « o 2, ■^ ^ :^- 3 < rt 5 s - 3 S 1 • c o o 3 o ^ ^"^ ^ P" — ~ ^ ... 3 O (/» 9 < O — •■ ^ ^ • GD > ^ J r /° — n b — / / — -^ f / if \ > c o N w m TJ N <0 o o o 3 r // \ -^ ^^ ^ \ 1 1 o o \ r- 11 OD ^ 5' < o O |\ 2 o 5- 3 TT ^ »< -62- dosage cein be seen by the general reduction in the coliform concentration downstream. (The effect of the change in postchi nrinat ion dosage will be discussed in detail in a subsequent section.) During the June period there was only one station between the Sacramento discharge and the Meadowview discheirge, therefore, there was no possibility of determining whether the results at this station depicted the peak attained by the coliform contributed by the Sacramento discharge or was merely a point on the upslope of the peak. On the second emd third sainpling runs an additional station was established between the two discharges and the coliform bacteria showed a "leveling off" at the two stations followed by a second increase below the Meadowview treatment plant. This level area would tend to indicate that the coliform bacteria contributed by the Sacramento discharge caused a density of 6,000 - 8,000 coliform per 100 milliliters in the river during the Axigust - September and October periods. The Mesidowview discharge then catised the second increment of rise suid resulted in the peak of 10,000 to 15,000 coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters. The flow at the Meadowview plant is small (0.25 mgd), rovighly 1/200 of the flow of the Sacramento plant; however, the effluent is not disinfected and contains more than 200 times the nximber of organ- isms per unit volume than that of the Sacramento discharge. Thus, in spite of the great difference in flows, the total nvmiber of organisms added to the river by the two discharges is roughly equal. The sugar beet processing plant at Clarksburg (river mile 43. 3) discharged process water to the river during the Aiigust - September and October sanpling periods. Its effect on the coliform level of the river appea^rs to be minor in comparison with the effect of the Sacramento and Meadowview discharges. -63- A secondary peak can be seen on the Jime profile in the area of river mile 35* This peak occurs in an area of the river vhere there are no waste discharges entering the river. The cavise of this rise in the coliform level was not found. The Isleton discharge at river mile 17.8 increased the coliform level during the Jtrne santpling period. For several days during that period the plant cBlorination equipment was not in operation. During the other saiDpling periods when the sewage effluent was chlorinated, no change in the coliform density weuB observed. The Rio Vista sewage dis- charge produced no noticeable effect, although a local effect might have been missed, since the river in that area is wide and samples were col- lected at mid-stream while the sewage discharge is near the right bank. The 50 percent ranges of the coliform bacteria showed that great variations in coliform density occurred dviring the June sampling period below the Sacramento and Meadowview discharges. The variations were de- creased in the August - Septeniber period and in October remarkably stable conditions were foxind. Fecal coliform analyses were performed during the Jvine and August September periods. The geometric mesin profiles show increases below the Sacramento and Meadowview plants. Although the sugar beet plant at Clarksburg was discharging process water during the August - September period, there was a definite decrease in the fecal coliform level at the first station downstream. A similar decrease can be seen in the June period when the plant was not in operation. This would indicate that the plant discharge does not have an effect on the fecal coliform content of the river. The \mexplained peak in the June coliform profile at river mile 35 also was revealed in both feceJ. coliform profiles. At the lower end of the reach the Isleton suid Rio Vista sewage effluent discharges -6U- caused minor increases in the fecal coliform level. The 50 percent range indicated that there were much greater fluctuations in the feceO. coliform concentrations dviring the August - Septeinber sainpling period than in the June period. Disappearance Rates of Coliform ajad Fecal Coliform Bacteria Receiving waters are generally an xmfavorahle environment for bacteria of intestinal origin. When the environment is completely unfavor- able to their existence, the bacteria may aXso immediately begin a die- away phase at a rate that, like the decay of a radioactive material, can be expressed by a xmi molecular equation. Chick ^ -'', in her studies on the effect of disinfectants on B^ paratyphosa , proposed a formula for the logarithmic die-away rate that can be expressed; _ = lO"^"** No Where, No = stirvivors after time t. Nt = initial population at t = K = rate of constant and K = ^S Nt/No t Chick and others observed that after extended exposiire, the death rate (K) gradually diminished. This was believed to be due to the higher re- sistajice of hardier cells among the surviving bacteria. St\idies of the pollution and self -purification of several rivers in the mid-west provided more information regarding the rate of die-off of bacteria \^°>^T) . in each stxidy it was noted that after a prolonged travel time in the river below a waste discharge, the rate of die-off gradually diminished. Again, the change in rate was believed to be due to the disappearance of the less resistant strains of bacteria and to the predominance of more resist- ance types. In order to allow for this situation, Streeter ^-^^^ developed a formula for a mixed bacterial population; (expressed in the same terms) IT *■+• Mi. = ±zi£. which allowed for a decreasing die-away rate . Ho 2.3 K't -65- These other river studies also indicate that there was a time interval downstream from the waste discharges dxxring which the bacterial density increased. The period from the point of discharge to the point of peak density is genersOLly referred to as the lag period. The disinte- gration of sewage psurticles and subsequent exposxire of additions^, bacteria, the growth of bacteria which had been inhibited previously by chlorination, and the more rapid initial multiplication of bacteria over the predators are some explanations that have been proposed for the lag period. The logarithmic die-away portion of the curve may be expressed with Chick's formula by allowing for the lag period. Then, ^ = 10-K (t2 - ti) where tj_ = lag period in days. tg = time in days from ti. There are three major discharges on the Sacramento River that lend themselves to an evaluation of disappearance rates. These are the sewage dischsurge from the communities of Redding ajad Red Bluff and the combination of discharges in the Sacramento area which enter the river within a few miles of each other. The travel times from the discharges to the downstream river stations used in the bacteriologiceQ. sampling program were determined. The mean density of the bacterial popvilatlon at the first point below the discharge was given the value of 100 percent and the percentage of collform at the downstream stations were computed on this base. The disappesurance rates were plotted on semi -log paper. (Figures 8 auid 9-) The plots are more acc\irately described as disappestr- ance c\irve8 rather than die-away curves since the bacteria axe also sub- ject to removeO. by sedimentation of sewage particles. .66^ 1000 900 300 200 O z > 100 > q: z> UJ O 50 UJ Q- 40 30 20 ' Disoppearonce Below Redding ————— Disappearance Below Red Bluff /'" N V. :<^s:-- I — Coliform, Oct. 10 10 20 30 TRAVEL TIME -HOURS FROM DISCHARGE Figure 8. DISAPPEARANCE OF COLIFORM AND FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA DOWNSTREAM FROM REDDING AND RED BLUFF -67- 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 160 200 220 240 260 TRAVEL TIME -HOURS FROM DISCHARGE Figures. DISAPPEARANCE OF COLIFORM AND FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA DOWNSTREAM FROM SACRAMENTO -68- Redding The Redding sewage treatment plant discharges an unchlorinated primary domestic effluent into the Sacramento River. Here the river is clear, cold, and low in organic and mineral constituents . On the June and October sampling programs, l6 and 9^ percent, respectively, of the coliform bacteria discharged in the effluent appeared at the first sta- tion downstream, which was the peak point in the disappearance curve, approximately two miles or 1.2 hours below the discharge. From that point moving downstream for a travel time of 22 - 27 hours, there was an almost straight line logarithmic drop-off of the percent coliform and fecal coli- form in the river. The results would indicate that the river is a decided foreign environment to the bacteria in this area and that because of the influence of various factors such as sedimentation, competitive life and unfavorable temperatures, the bacteria cannot survive in this water. The Immediate drop-off in bacterial density observed at Redding differed from results found in previous studies of the Ohio, Illinois, and Upper Mississippi Rivers (1T,19,20) ^i^^re it was indicated that the peak coli- form density may be expected after a travel time of 10 - 2k hours below the soxirce of pollution. These previous studies dealt, for the most part, with raw sewage discharges containing large particles of fecal matter that would gradually disintegrate in the river. At Redding, the primary treatment had removed the larger particles and consequently, there was less exposure of additional bacteria by the breakdown of sewage particles. This may accovint for the lack of a lag period. Red Bluff The wastes treated at the Red Bliiff primary sewage treatment plant are domestic sewage from the community and waste water from a -69- slaughter hoiise and tallov works in town. The tallow works and slaughter house wastes are discharged during the night when there are low flows. The water temperature, velocity of flow, turbidity, Eind general mineral quality of the river below Red Bluff are similar to the area below Redding. There is a waste water discharge of approximately 1.5 mgd from a pulp smd paper mill that enters the river downstream from the Redding discharge. The major portion of flow from the pulp mill is log pond water and the rest is process water which percolates through the bauiks of holding ponds • In the J\ine sampling program only h6 percent of the coliform bacteria in the Red Bluff discharge was found at the first station, 3-7 miles (two hours) downstream. The coliform bacteria in the river then disappeared at a fairly regular l£)garithmic rate. The fecal coliform bacteria had a nine-hour lag period before entering the die-away phase. Since, in comparison to Redding, a small percent of the coliform bacteria introduced by the Red Bluff sewage dischs^rge appeared at the first down- stream station, it was felt that the peak concentration may have occurred closer to the discharge and that the first station was actually on the downslope of the coliform profile. For the October program an additional station was established only a haJ.f-hour below the discharge. There was some doubt that results from this station woxild be a valid representation of conditions in the river, since it was so close to the sewage outfall that complete mixing may not have occurred. The bacteriologicsJ. results of the October sampling program indicated that there was an increase in coliform below the new station ajid that the peak was in the area of the station 3.7 miles below the discharge. This time 100 percent of the coliform in the waste discheurge was fotmd at the peak. In view of the uncertainty of the results obtained at the new station and in order to better compeire the disappearance curve for two periods, the station 3.7 -70- miles below the outfall was taken as the 100 percent vsuLue for both dis- appearance ciirves. It appears that the lag period for the coliform bac- teria below Red Bluff, if indeed there is one, extends for less than two hovtrs. The reason for the low percent of coliform in the June sanpling period at the first downstream station was not resolved. Sacramento The river near Sacramento receives the effluents of many small secondary treatment plants serving outlying areas and the heavily chlorin- ated sewage effluent from the West Sacramento primary treatment plant. The Sacramento primary sewage treatment plant discharges Uo - 65 mgd of chlorinated effluent at river mile 5^.1. A sma3JL flow of unchlorinated primary effluent (O.25 mgd) enters the river several miles below the Sacramento discharge from the Meadowview sewage treatment plant, and approximately 10 miles below the Sacramento outfall a significant amovmt {k mgd) of sugar beet waste water enters the river from August to December. The coliform peak occurs below the Meadowview discharge and appeeors to be the result of the combined effect of the Sacramento and Meeuiowview discharges . The peak of the coliform curve occurred several hours downstream from the Meadowview discharge, however, the peak point on the fecal coli- form curves appeared approximately 11 hours further downstream. Thus, the fecal coliform disappearance curves were the only disappearance curves that exhibited a definite lag period. After reaching the point of peak population, the disappearance of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria in all cases proceeded at a remarkably similar rate. During the survey program, subresidual postchlorination dosage at the Sacramento sewage treatment plant was gradxxally increased from the first to the third -71- sampling runs. It appeared that increased postchlorination had some ill- defined effect in extending the lag period of the fecal coliform. It also had the effect, not shown on these graphs, of reducing the concen- tration of coliform organisms in the river, however, it apparently had no effect on the disappearance rate when the peak poptilation was achieved. During two sampling periods, the travel time downstream from the peak coliform population was sufficiently long for a decrease in the disappearance rate to appear. Approximately 60 - 80 hours below the peak there is a change in the slope of the disappearance cvirve. Conrparison of Average Disappearance Rates Because of the constant logarithmic disappearance of the coli- form and feceil coliform bacteria for most of the disappearance curves, it was felt that Chick's equation, modified for the lag period where necessary, could be used to express the disappearance of the bacteria, and the death rate constant (k) could be foxind from K = — §__iL_§.. In the case of Sacramento, the initieQ. disappearance rate for the first 60 - 80 ho\irs below the peak was computed. The average K values of the dis- appeairance cxirves were determined by the method of least sqviares and eire tabiolated in Table ?• The rate of disappearance of the fecal coliform was generally greater than for the coliform group. In the upper reach, the K values for coliform bacteria were smaller during the October period thsui in June; the Red Bluff values were considerably smaller than those for Redding. Factors that might influence disappearance rates were investigated to see if there was a relationship that coiild account for the difference in K values at Redding and Red Bluff. These are shown in Table 8. .72- Table 7 AVERAGE "K" VALUES FOR COLIFORM DISAPPEAEANCE K = L0GJ!iZ!!2 Redding : : Fecal .Coliform.coiiform Red Bl\ilT 1 : Fecal .Coliform.coiiform Sacramento J ; Fecal jColiformJcoiiform 6/6-10/60 1.095 1.352 6/6-10/60 0.232 0.695 6/2O-2V6O O.M12* 0.i^36* 10/3-7/60 0.i^l5 10/3-7/60 0.190 8/29-9/2/60 0.529 0.564 IO/2I+-28/60 0.305 ♦ * Initial disappearance rate. Table 8 FACTORS POSSIBLY INFLUENCING COLIFORM BACTERIA DISAPPEARANCE RATES REDDING AND RED BLUFF Redding ; Red Bluff ; Jun< "K" Value Velocity (ft. /sec.) Temperature (*F) 5 -Day BOD Below Discharge (mg/L) Turbidity (Turbidity Units) June : October : June : October 1.10 0.42 0.23 0.19 2.8 3.3 2,k 2.9 51. 54.5 59. 59. 0.85 0.79 0.66 0.75 5 - 6 2 - k 5 - 6 3 - h -73- 1 There does not appear to be a difference in the factors inves- tigated that might account for the difference in K values. In Figure 10 the average disappearance curves dovmstream from the Redding, Red Bluff, emd Sacramento discharges have been compared with the disappearsLnce curves in the Illinois River below Chicago and Peoria ^^' and the Mississippi River below Minneaix)lis - St. Pavil V-^' / . In these other rivers the bacterieO. densities were followed for much longer travel times than were available in the Sacramento River. The disappearance curves shown axe the lines of best fit for the bacterial concentrations in the rivers under summer conditions. It can be seen that the disappearance of coliform orgauiisms in the Sacramento River from the point of peak population proceeded more slowly than in the other rivers, with the exception of the Jvine period below Redding. The Sacramento River is a "clean stream" in compaxison to these other rivers . The differences in disappeeirance rates supports observations by others that more polluted streams will have a higher initial die-away rate. Effect of Increased Postchlorination at Sacramento Sewage Treatment Plant In order to evaltiate the effects of chlorination at the Sacramento" sewage treatment plant on the bacterial qusulity of the river downstream from the discharge, it is necessary to describe the rather involved chlorin- ation practice that is carried out. Raw sewage contributed by several sanitation districts to the Sacramento sewerage system is chlorinated at each district's pumping station for sulfide control. The treatment plant is surroxonded by costly modern homes whose proximity requires a close control of odors. For odor control an annual average of 9-3 milli- grams per liter (mg/L) of chlorine is added to the raw sewage at the plant -Ik- 20 30 40 50 TRAVEL TIME-HOURS FROM PEAK Figure 10. COMPARISON OF DISAPPEARANCE RATES OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE SACRAMENTO RIVER WITH OTHER RIVERS -75- headworks. The dossige is dependent upon the amount needed to control odors so that, during the winter months, when the sewage is diluted with storm water, the average dosage of chlorine may be from 7 to 8 mg/L and dxzring the heavy canning season in August emd September, the dosage may rise to 11 mg/L. Postchlorination is practiced d\iring the recreational season. This is designated as the period when the air temperature in the area reaches or exceeds 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The postchlorination dosage rate is governed by the results of bacteriological samples taken at downstream stations . If the resxilts of such samples are extremely high, the chlorination dosage is increased vintil the coliform values drop. Normally postchlorination is practiced from May until mid-October. During the i960 recreational season, the following postchlorination schedtile was carried out: May 27; postchlorination commenced - 2.0 mg/L June 9j 12 noon; chlorination reduced - 1.0 mg/L June 22; 3 p.m.; chlorination increased - 2.0 mg/L Aiagust 18; chlorination Increased - 2.5 mg/L Ax;ig\ist 26; chlorination increased - 3'0 mg/L Aug\ist 3I; noon; chlorination increased - 3.5 nig/L September Ik; chlorination increased - 4.0 mg/L Although the changes in chlorination were made completely in- dependent of the river survey, they gave an opportunity to evaJ-uate the effects of various postchlorination dosages on the bacteriological quality downstream from the discharge. On June 22, I96O, during the first sam- pling period, the postchlorination dosage was increased from 1 to 2 mg/L. The travel times from the point of discharge to the downstream stations were xised in separating samples taken from the river when the effluent was given a 2.0 mg/L postchlorination dosage from those taken from the -76- river when the chlorination dosage was 1.0 mg/L. During the second sam- pling period from August 29 to September 2, the postchlorination dosage was 3.0 to 3*5 mg/L. During the last sampling period from October 2U to 21, the chlorination dosage was maintained at U.O mg/L. The median MPW veilues for the downstream stations are plotted in Figiire 11. There are other discharges which influence the bacteriological quality in the river JOelow the City of Sacramento. The West Sacramento amd the Meadowview sewage treatment plants discharge effluent near Sacramento, and the Americsm CrystaQ. Sugar Company at Clarksburg discharges sugar beet processing water from August to December. Despite the inability to determine the separate effects of each discharge, there still was a decided decrease in the coliform content of the river below the Sacramento outfsLLL when the postchlorination dosage of Sacramento was increased to 2.0 mg/L or higher. The results indicate that increased chlorination significantly decreases the coliform content below the Sacramento outfall, however, the effects of still higher postchlorination dosages will have to await future investigation. Coliform and Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Waste Discharges The coliform and fecal coliform content of all waste discharges, drains, and major tributaries to the river are summarized in Table 9* It can be seen from the table that the sewage treatment plants discharg- ing unchlorinated sewage to the river, although variable from discharge to discharge, showed consistent results for each discharge during the different sampling periods. The agricultural drains located in the mid- dle re8u:h of the river consistently showed relatively low numbers of coliform organisms. The West Sacramento sewage treatment plant provides a chlorination dosage resulting in a residual of 0.5 to 1.0 ppm free ■77- >- z UJ Q q: o o o UJ > X en UJ 0) ii- -78- ■it Is •3 +> f > H O r s ja ONI- CO 00 an |5 »^ SPS (D V( It § 3! -a ! s H H oTh ■5 1 '■,S CVJ OJ ■«< J- 2i OJ\D a I I www W CTvirv O i/N B p. OS t a a +J +i -P I J J I I S S & ^a ?'a s 5 ss -79- ■d^ 9 7!" 4i '8 h ^-a S^ p I « ft -p ^ A HI 4) ^1 a a »S 1 1 P +* 5 n X ■a ■a M H 8* * 4> i.* RSS S38 88^ ^!h^ a!Q^ ;18^S7 I 7 « a 0) h +j d »4 13 il^ I !?^ ! SI S ! I -* I I— I ;8! gf I I -p Pi V S^ « ^ Hit 2 _ — woo UJco 3 "^.^OJ CO voco 3 Si, . >SL13 8a5L vo'o5"3 Si u P< .(UCO 8^-SL vS"co"3 a ■P u m v> o -p 51 53 |S I \0\6 Q'55y5 Q'S^S QuS'S Q^^ Q^^ Q>3^S Si, . -» . oo OJ <\J — — .1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-^-^ 1 -^ 1 ^' 4, ' 1 1 _ 1 1 10,1960 October 3-7, 1960- 1 5 l/^ LL) c ixj q: a 3 T (E 3 1 -1 Redding (I.7MGD) > l_.-„=^. _— — — ^— — 1 ■O lO w • (t 3 o On O O- Scole For Quontity Units June -86- ^ In Table 11 it can be seen that there is a relationship between the nximbers of organisms added to the river by the waste discharges in the upper reach and the nvmibers found in the river downstream. In June, with an average river flow of 8,500 cfs in the area, the total nxjmbers of coliform in the river decreased rapidly. In October, when the river flow averaged 6,000 cfs, the total numbers of coliform below the waste discharges remained fairly high. The total numbers of organisms found during the August -September sind October periods in the lower reach are shown. Very few coliforms are added by the West Sacramento sewage treatment plant discharge because of effective chlorination of the effluent. There was no significant in- crease of numbers in the river below the plant. Post chlorination at the Sacramento sewage treatment plant has also reduced number of coliforms added by this discharge, however, it can be noted that the increase in coliforms downstream from the discharge is much larger than discharge. The cause of the greater increase was not determined. As was previously mentioned, the sampling point for the discharge from the Sacramento sewage treatment plant may have given low results because of dilution with river water. Also, the river samples which were collected near the surface may have been higher than the average for the river if vertical mixing of the water euid sewage was incomplete. In the August-September period the greatest number of organisms appeared at river mile k^ indicating that there was a growth or increase of coliform in the river from the Meadowview discharge to this point. This increase was not observed in the October period. The effect of chlorination on the total numbers of coliforms added by the discharges is shown in the figure. West Sacramento provides -87- Table 11 TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA IK RIVER AND DISCHARGES* • • • • • River Mile '. River • ! Discharge \ Discharge • • ! River • June 6-10, i960 October 3 - 7, i960 293.9 k 997 Redding 808 16 291.7 759 770 288.3 687 650 285.9 527 627 283.0 37^ 598 279.6 271 275.0 232 U29 265.5 153 1^53 256.3 YLh 378 2UI+.I in 708 Red Bluff U67 271 238.1 h^e 7I+3 235.2 381 705 228. U 386 506 22U.i)- 316 506 217.6 310 512 207.1 2ii8 U87 199.6 169 1+28 181^.5 167 302 AiJgust 29 - September 2, i960 October • 2k - 28, i960 62.6 75.5 32.2 58.2 193 28.5 0.06 West Sacramento 0. 01 5U.1 158 U5.7 Sacramento I03 31.1 50.9 58U 555 if8.3 Glh 85.2 Meadowview 117 539 J+6.2 1020 820 1+3-^ IU90 775 16.5 Clarksburg 39 . 3 39.9 1310 767 37.2 1070 5U7 3U.2 5i^5 1+52 27.5 222 216 * Flgiires are in quan tity xinits = geometric mean coliform MPN/ml X flow (cfs) -88- effective pre- and postchlorination to greater sewage flows than either Redding or Red Bluff. Evaluation With Respect to Domestic Use In Chapter IV of this appendix, Streeter's guide to raw water bacterial quality limits for sources of domestic water supply was presented. The bacteriological quality of the river during each of the six intensive sanip3a.ng programs was applied to these criteria to find the type of treat- ment that is indicated for providing a safe drinking water at all points along the river. Since the bacteriological data was collected during a four-day period, no monthly average is available; however, the degree of treatment indicated for the critical periods that were investigated can be foimd by applying the arithmetic averages for these periods to the criteria. It might be well to reiterate that the California State Depart- ment of Public Health does not base its requirements for water treatment on this or any other "cut and dried" set of raw water quality standards. The presentation here is merely another way of looking at the bacterio- logical quality of the river. Figirre 1^+ pictorially shows the treatment requirements based on Streeter's guide for the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river. The type of treatment indicated for the upper reach reflects the greater degradation in bacteriological quality during the October sampling period. The waters below Redding in that period fall in Streeter's lowest classification, those requiring prolonged storage or some other means of bringing the coliform concentrations down to treatable levels prior to complete treatment. In the middle reach, the bacteriological content requires at least filtration and postchlorination, but the effects of the agricultural -89- < q: q: UJ o Sui s s o sa A • f 1 ft t t/) o 1 s • o ? O o e CO c cE •) > en « b o o ■o s S M >• g • > -!?<* V) s o a: i-"0 8S ,111 1 1 1 1 1 1 F >V:':v:;;Jl Sis .III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■•;.;-;v,;.-r 3 < uTo ,111 1 1 1 1 1 Li- 3^ Ai^ .1— o < 1- < z o t- < UJ o < a: z UJ Z n- z o 4 CE o _l X o o -J X o (E O -1 X o 1- V) o a. (- CO >- a: UI o: (- UJ (0 a. z UJ a z o a z" o Z -1 -1 a. z iij Ui o z 1- z < n: o o z •« < a. UJ o z o _l 1- z z o K < z o z o Z (- n 1- 7 o o IT UI ^- -j O 1 t- X _) UJ o rr o o g 2 cO: • 2 CO g CD o « t O o ri 5 O^ ig 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II l~ 1 o o n CM O in CM O O E5 CO I- UJ UJ q: O z UJ < UJ q: q: UI < I 5 5 o < UJ tr oc UJ CL Q. 3 ^i^^i^^uui^uu S o C: -90- I drainage waters apparently have not had a significant effect on the need of treatment. The lower reach shovred almost the same minimum treatment re- quirements for all three critical periods . AlthoiJigh the point at which a recovery of quality depicted by a lessening of minimum treatment require- ments appears much closer to the Sacramento discharge than at Redding or Red Bluff, the actual travel times to the points of recovery are similar. Bacteriological. Quality of Present Domestic Water Supplies There are five domestic water systems that presently use the Sacramento River as a source of supply. Three of these have intakes located in the Redding area above the city's sewage discharge. The river water above the Redding sewage discharge is of good bacterial quality, except during periods of storm runoff from local watersheds between Lake Shasta and Redding. During Jione 6-10, I960, and October 3-7, I96O, the aver- age coliform MPN value of 32 samples collected in each period was 76/IOO ml and 201/100 ml, respectively. The City of Redding provides chlorination and settling. During storm flows, alum may be added to aid turbidity removal. The water served to the consumers has consistently met the bacteriological requirements of the U. S. Public Health Service "Drinking V/ater Standards". The Rockaway Water System serves a small subdivision of 2k homes. The diverted water is chlorinated prior to distribution. Monthly samples taken from the system have occasionally failed to meet the bacteriological requirements of the "Drinking Water Standards". The Enterprise Public Utility District obtains a part of its supply from an infiltration gallery below the river bed. The water is chlorinated prior to distribution. Bacteriological samples taken from -91- the distribution system have consistently met the "Drinking Water Standards " . The City of Sacramento has an intake on the Sacramento River a short distance below the confluence of the American River. The water entering the intake may be from either river, depending on flow conditions and local currents. The \intreated water is sampled routinely by the city and the average coliform content for i960 was a MPN of 3,000/lOO ml. The monthly coliform MPN average ranged from 46o/lOO ml - 7,(XX)/lOO ml. The water is given complete treatment; prechlorination, floc- culation, sedimentation, lime treatment, filtration and postchlorination. The treated water has consistently met the U. S. Public Health Service "Drinking Vfater Standards". The City of Vallejo diverts water from Cache Slough, a water- way branching from the Sacramento River. The raw water quality in the slough is affected by agricultural drainage and the storm flows from numer- ous intermittent creeks. The water is chlorinated for slime control at the point of diversion and is then piped to two plants; one serving Travis Air Force Base and the other at Vallejo. The plants provide prechlori- nation, floccxolation and sedimentation, filtration, fluoridation, post- chlorination, and pH adjiistment. The treated water has consistently met the U. S. Public Health Service "Drinking Water Standards". Water Contact Sports The Sacramento River is the site of many types of recreational activities. In the course of certain activities the public comes in con- tact with the water, and consequently, the water quality becomes sua environmental factor that may affect the public health. Waterskiing, swimming, ajod wading are such 'Vater-contact" sports. -92- In order to protect the public from water-borne diseases while engaged in water-contact sports, health agencies of many states have pro- posed various coliform bacteria limits for acceptable bathing water. However, there is little epidemiologiceil evidence available on which to base the limits. Bacteriological treatments that have been established range from an arithmetic average coliform MPN of 50/IOO ml to 3,000/lOO ml. Accordingly, arithmetic averages of MPNs have been computed and are dis- cussed below in connection with reaches of the river where water-contact sports are significant. In inland waters, significant numbers of coliform originating from non-fecal sources are often present. The application of a common coliform standard to inland waters containing high numbers of such coli- form coxild be unnecessarily restrictive and yet the limit might not be adequate where a sewage discharge is the predominant source. For these reasons California has not established a coliform bacteria limit for water-contact sports areas in inland waters. Due to the degree of dif- ferentiation provided by the fecal coliform test, a common standard based on this group of indicator organisms might be possible, and is worth further investigation. Hamilton City to Rio Vista On Labor Day weekend, September 3-5^ 19^0, a s\rrvey of recrea- tional use was conducted by boat from Hamilton City to Rio Vista. One phase of the survey was to determine the location of popular water-contact sports areas and the numbers of people engaged in these sports . In the entire area surveyed, 285 persons were observed wading, swimming or water- skiing. The total daily use is xindoubtedly much greater than that observed at one moment in the day, as was the case in the survey. The location -93- of the persons is shown in Figure 15 • Most of the activity was observed in the lower portion of the river. It was not possible to observe all areas during the hours of maximum use, however, in spite of the time of observation, certain points along the river attracted large n\anbers of people and were quite evidently the most popular water-contact sports areas. Four popular sites were: the mouth of the Feather River, Clay Bank Bend (five miles below Sacramento), Steamboat Slough and the Isleton area. Numbers of persons engaged in water-contact sports and arithmetic avereiges of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria in these areas are shown in Figure 15. The bacteriological quality of the water in Steamboat SloTJgh, which is joined at both ends to the Sacramento River, was esti- mated from the quality in the river at the ends. The poorest bacteriological quality for the popular water-contact sports areas was at Clay Bank Bend which is immediately below the Sacramento sewage treatment plant outfall. The coliform bacteria content in this area exceeds the most liberal bacteriological standards for a water- contact sports areas. ^9k. § S o UOt»|S| 1 ~J/ 1 • 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 , . . in \ ~'\ 1 ° 9iy% o f^^^^Ty "''■'^ °'y CM SA0J9 inuiOM / /"(I s. t^ w o\ /§, ^ o z / " \/ 1 to UJ / "^ o o: y y ^ 1 1 . s III i yy- o o J ^ o w t ^ o \- ^ / V Q '■lo^-n UJ >- Z UJ O UJ -1 o ^3« 1 II UJ ~| "S^ o t^t — sis cc 80 ^L 6UIPUD~1 Sm6lU){ 1 1 1 o ' >" * UJ 1- o ,000 ,000 liles 2 S J o at o « * 09/2/6-62/8 '|iu00l/NdW ? < - J 1 O (rt o in Z -2 *? O UJ _J - <"= O J o z q: \^ o t- / UJ ^\^^ V H S - K \^ .-II OS -1 O ^ \ ^ II °- 1 O 1 M -T- 1 ° C4 «o -V o (IfrS »I!W)~~~— -.,^ \ 1- o UDipuawTT^ o Z*^ aBoMJs OiuaujDjJDS — »- #' "1 / ^ ^-^^ DSniOQ fO if • • ! o (0 2 o Slo ODE o O 5i 1 J 5 d^ a: - 1 1 1 I o UJ O o o D*; °/F o lO o q. tn 10,00 5,00 R.M < S/» 09/2/6-62/8 '|Ul00l/NdW a 7^ O ,„; lf> / * (0 ^5 S — y 'f o ^ 5 « ..•« *o 5ir ® SSI ^ o o» J o o li. -J 4 UJ o a: ** (66Z "I'M) i OC JSAIM J»ljt094 — ^ \ UJ ' = ,n o >^ a> o CO - c O at > UJ W. A|io uoiiiUJDH X o a» o^ UJ S i ..1.1. O u. L 1 • o o O*^ o o o •- O lO o o e o. °. 1 Sd3IXS e SdaMWIMS'SdBQVM nvioi O to "- 09/91-21/6 '|ui00l/NdW -95- Redding to Hamilton City The recreationeuL use of the river from Redding to Butte City was obtained from studies made by the Department of Public Health in 1953» 1956, and i960. Data shovm in Table 12 obtained from resort owners re- vesiled that the use of the river for water-contact sports had increased greatly in the four-year interval between 1956 and I96O despite the less favorable water temperatures in the area (55* - 65 *F). Table 12 PUBLIC USE OF RECREATION FACILITIES REDDING TO BUTTE CITY Year '. Nvimber of Resorts Number • County of Parks Swi mmers • : M. . Water-Skiers • 1953 9 1 No Data No Data 1956 22 1 1^5 IJl* i960 21 k HO 1^18 * Maximum number of persons/day. The most popular water-contact sports areas from Anderson to Redding are shown in Figure I6. Above Anderson there is very little use of the river for water-contact sports. Also shown on the figure are the greatest numbers of water-skiers and swimmers that were in the areas on any one day. These numbers were obtained from resort owners near the end of the recreational season. The coliform and fecal coliform bacteria content of the river in these popular water-contact sports areas are shown in Figure 16 with the location of the resorts that reported swimmers and water-skiers. In the Red Bluff area the bacteria in the river represents the residual effects of the Redding discharge which enters the river 50 miles -96- ^* ~ ■^ - '-' 1- 5 "> Z IE (D U) 1- 1 1 1 S83MINIMS 01-9 Sa3IXS M3iVM S9-9E O H"ia P9a o o o <0 o o o o o o |i»JOOI/NdW \ r _ «• "1 Buippsa S9i/ IfOIMSa^t < 3 _l CD O UJ o s tn < o < o o o _l o o < CD CO •= o ^ Q- ^ CO « H- O < o o I UJ I- < CO a> o o o

> 1 • • •• * u Pi H < X3 • • •• ON • H Jh S. • • •• P (D f^ • • •« • C a .."l. u o s • « •• • -p u o • • •• • •p p< (D CO • • •• • s ^ 0> < rH «• *• f • • •• 0) c :i t-3 • • •• >, • « «• • u Pi < "u' (U H .:^A. c o •H +J a t) 3 c o •H ■P d +J CO V c '.' aJ O O •p -H a CO -p 1 HO 0JCOO-4-O O OnH H H oooj Lrstp>o\LfNi-«ir\rOLrN X X X X XX XXX XXX X XX XXX XXXXXXXXX X X X XXX X X XX XXX X X X X X XXX XX XXX XXX XX X XXX XXX xxxxx X X X X XXX xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx X xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx f-t-ONO 0OCOM3VO cnOJ H H irNl/NMDJ-J-OJ^COOOO ^^^-Lr\u^MDo^^-o^-:tco-d■co o Hojmd en i~ t~ co (\i ^ OCJNOOt-LTNCvjrH ONCOVDJ- H a\ao\o^-^cnc^r-{r-\ mOJaJOJCVICMCVJiHHrHHH P H a C •H AS s o 2 ^ 1 ^ P (U f^ p o q M 0) Q) ^ ^ c CO u M ^ ;^ •H OJ o •H CO H dj •H 0) 0) u •H H to o o 00 ^ CO 0) CO o P ^ m CO ^ ^ OJ ^ ^ O ^1 o pq o >5 u Q) o -P « ^ fl od a) •H CO H i! (h •H c U (U ^H ^ o ^1 ^ •rH U ;^ ^ o pq a o (0 p pq a) 1 Qi CO <^ d •H U a o •H PQ •H o O a) CO ^ t: CO <^ c -p CO CP m •p (U > > > f— J TJ > d i -p ;:$ 5 > > $ 0) > > (U > o o o 1—4 fl o fi -2 -p H H o o 0) 5 Q o H O o ,Q ,Q fi m .^ ^ •H s o •S ,Q ^ u fi c fil CO S ^ < < < m <: > W o CP u < < pp P^ 5 CO < M o h- z < o: o < CO >- CD -113- RIVER MILES 300 »0 200 ero 260 290 240 290 220 210 200 190 160 170 MO ISO 140 150 120 110 100 90 «0 70 «0 90 40 30 20 K) LEGEND AM«r«9« No. of Algoa — April, I960 rhrough Jun«,l96l Avtrogi Mo of Algoa — Junt through Nov 1960, and Moy, Junt 1961 Avttoga No o' Algo« — April, Moy, 0»c I960, ond Jon through Apn( 1961 r\ RIVER MILES lOPOO 9000 1 1 t 1 LEGEND Avtrogo No. of Algo* for Slollona -10 -1 z 0. z e ^ 60O0 Q. U. O £ 5000 3 Z UJ g 400O % 3000 < i •, ^ ) Avtraga Aviroga 40. of Algo* 4a of Algo* for StoHont for Stollont 1-17 e-28 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 f 1 J V / / / ) / / / / / / / ( / 1 1 / \ \ / / / / / \ \ 1 1 - — , Ni i_ 1000 < ^■^--^ / / , / / < >^^. ^ ^\ r~^ -~^ Y i-"" v , -^ b-^. ^^ s;^<^^ " ■ ^^ r^^ APRIL,I960 MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN, 1961 FEB MAR APRIL MAY Figure 18. AVERAGE TOTAL PLANKTON POPULATION IN SACRAMENTO RIVER -114- were collected. Nonetheless the general trend of changes in plankton population is clearly shown. As the river progressed downstream, there was a gradual but definite increase in the niiinber of plankters. A rela- tively great increase in plankton occurred at river mile I8.8, a point about 35 miles downstream from the sewage discharge of the City of Sacramento. When averages at each station are made on a seasonal basis, the warmer months (June, July, August, September, October, November I96O and May and June I96I) showed even more sharply the plankton increase with downstream travel and the maximum at Isleton Bridge (river mile I8.8) and Rio Vista Bridge (river mile 12.8). The colder months (April, May, December I96O and January, February, March and April I96I) showed a slight increase during the upper hundred miles of the river then an essentially unchanged plankton population for the remaining 200 miles of the river. In a similar way, the lower portion of Figure I8 shows plankton variations with time in that the total number of plankton for all stations was averaged for each month and selected stations were averaged for each month. Again the objections to such averaging mentioned above are perti- nent yet the gross picture is informative. As the year progressed to the warmer seasons with more sunlight, the average number of plankton for the whole river increased. In i960 this increase began in June, reached a peak in September and declined to a minimum during the months of December through March. In I96I, there was an earlier development of the plankton (May rather than Jxme) . Althoiigh, the study was not continued long enough to establish the peak of the plankton curve for I96I, the river average for June I96I, was almost foxir times that for the peak in September I96I. -115- Correlation of Stream Conditions with Total Plankton Populations Various authors have attempted to correlate plankton populations in rivers with physiceil and chemical attributes of the river. One of the earlier students of river plankton wrote what has since been termed Schroder's Law, namely, that the amount of plankton in running water is inversely- proportional to river slope (^^^ . In his monumental study of the Illinois River, Kofoid ^^'^^ concluded that age of the water was an important fac- tor in plankton production. Young waters from springs and creeks were relatively barren. Inipounded waters, on the other hand, were rich in plankton. Kofoid considered that the most immediately effective factor in the environment of stream plankton was fluctuations in the stream's hydrographic conditions. Rising stream levels produced sharp declines in plankton content whereas falling levels were periods of increase in plankton. Hydrographic stability was conducive to high production and instability was always destructive to plankton. Temperature too, affects plankton profoundly; for example, at temperatures below ^4-5"? the plankton content was only 9 percent of that found at higher temperatures. At temperatures of about 80**? or higher production again fell to kh - 87 percent of the maximum. Still another factor considered by Kofoid was light. He showed that the half-year with more illumination and fewer cloudy days produced 1.6 to T times as much plankton as the less well lighted half-year. Allen ^^"^z studied the San Joaquin River and concluded that temperatures, within certain limits, was the determining factor in sea- sonal distribution of plankton. He considered that sewage additions stimulated growth and water currents above a moderate rate were inimical to plankton development. Wundsch ^^°/ similarly concluded that the temperature effect was a primary one. -116- On the other hand, Galstoff ^ 9} who studied the Upper Mississippi River wrote that current velocity was the principal factor affecting life in a river. Reinhard ^^^) who also studied the Upper Mississippi River, considered various physical, chemical and biotic fac- tors. Of the physical factors he wrote "It may be said that if other conditions axe equal, the productivity of a streajn is proportionate to the age of its water and inversel;y' proportionate to its velocity". Among the chemical factors mentioned were water hardness and silica content. The principal biotic factors were predators and biological competition. Roach ^-> ' studied another midwestern stream, the Hocking River in Ohio, and concluded that "of the factors studied, light, acidity, cur- rent, chemical condition of the water, and temperature, only the latter two showed variation that corresponded with changes in plankton". He felt that plankton could not be used as an index of pollution. Coffing^-^ ' worked on the White River Canal at Indianapolis, Indiana and observed that although the plankton maxima were not definitely correlated to tempera- ture, in general, plankton production and temperature were fairly well correlated. Diatoms especially, followed the temperature curve. She concluded that "in general, temperature seemed to be a primary factor influencing plankton production". In England, Rice ^->-'J studied the Thames River and related the phytoplankton to the water level. He observed that plankton numbers varied inversely with river current. The nitrate content of the water also had a marked effect on productivity. Brinley and Katzin y->^J who studied the Ohio River system concluded that while temperature was an important determinant in plankton growth, organic pollution vras probably more signi- ficant. Lackey, Wattie, Kachmar, and Placak ^35) also felt that the great- est potentially modifying factor in unpolluted streams was the entrance -117- of sewage. This conclusion was reached despite the observations that phosphorus and nitrogen might seldom be limiting because such low concen- trations were necessary for msiximum plankton growth. Pennak ^^o) in 19!^^ reviewed much of the literature on factors affecting fresh water plankton and wrote: "As recently as 20 years ago it was widely held that plankton populations were controlled, quantitatively and qualitatively, by some one or several obvious environmental factors, such as pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrates, and temperature. As more and more work has been done, however, it has become apparent that the plankton ecosystem is far more complicated than most earlier workers had imagined, and that factors previously re- garded as limiting factors in themselves are now regarded as being of little importance. Present tendencies are directed toward the study of the interreactions of many factors with special emphasis on some of the less obvious and less easily measured factors, such as the probable significance of 'trace' elements and biochemical relationships between organisms." With respect to the importance of trace nutrients the work of Hutchinson on thiamin w7) and niacin (3o) and Rohde C39) on nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, magnesium, and potassium may be cited. From the foregoing review it is obvious that a wide variety of environmental factors has been considered as affecting plankton develop- ment. Unfortunately, none of the previous workers were able or attempted to relate these environmental factors to plankton on a quantitative basis. Such an attempt follows. The quantitative problem can be approached first, graphically by means of scatter diagrams and second, mathematically by use of regres- sion analysis. To simplify the massive task of making computations, data from a limited number of stations were selected for analysis. These sta- tions and the selected data are shown in Table T-3 at the end of this appendix. Unfortunately, adequate flow data belov/^ Sacramento is unavail- able, therefore, correlations involving flow were made at only the first -118- eight selected stations. Correlations of plankton, temperature, and BOD were made at all 10 selected stations. Ideally m\iltiple regressions should be evaluated simultaneously for all variables. Manual computation is possible only with three vari- ables; inclusion of more variables requires the use of a computer which was not available. For this reason, only two multiple regressions were computed, namely for plankton count, temperature, and flow and plankton count, temperature and BOD. Visual inspection of the other data included in the tables and the use of selected scatter diagrams indicated the un- likelihood of significant correlations with plankton by any of the other tabvilated parameters of stream conditions . Plankton, Temperature, and Flow The data used in this computation were eight sets of observa- tions of two independent variables, temperature and stream flow, and one dependent variable, plankton count (Tables 36 - ^3) • A relationship among these variables was assumed: Y = A + Bi Xi + B2 X2 where Y = log plankton count (number/ml) X]_ = log temperature ("F) X2 = log stream flow (cfs x 10"3) and A3_ B2_ and B2 are constants Following standard theory and computation procedures for multiple regres- sions ^^^J the equation, using the eight sets of observations taken to- gether rather than individually, was solved to give Y = -^.066h + ^.6882 Xi -0.2168 X2 with a coefficient of multiple correlation of 0.686. This is interpreted as meaning that (0.686)'^ or O.k'Jl is the proportion of the total variations which can be attributed to vsiriations in temperature and stream flow. In other words, the changes in temperature and stream flow account for Uy.l percent of the changes in plankton count. -119- Using an appropriate (f) test for significance of this corre- lation coefficient it was found that the value is significant at the one percent level or, stated differently, a correlation coefficient of this magnitude cannot be attributed to chance. Inspection of the eq.uation Y = -5-0661+ + 1+.6882 Xi -0.2168 X2 and the calculations used in deriving it, show that the correlation be- tween stream flow (X2) and plankton count (y) is small. To evaluate the effect of stream flow on plankton count a partial correlation, holding temperature constant, was made. It was determined that elimination of stream flow increased the variability by only O.OIO6 or about one percent. On this basis stream flow may be dropped as a significant variable or by recomputing, using a function of stream flow (f (Xg)) other than log (stream flow), significance may be observed. This recomputation was not done. The correlation between plankton count and stream flow, as tested by both F and t tests was significant at the 10 percent level but not at the five percent level indicating a fair probability than the correlation could have occurred by chance. On this basis it may be reasonably concluded that stream flow was not a significant factor but that temperature was. Plankton, Temperature, and BOD The data used in this computation were 10 sets of observations of the tv;o independent variables, teiiiperatiire and BOD, and the dependent variable, plankton count (Tables 36 - 1+5). The calculations described above were repeated yielding an equation Y = -6.13 + 5.19 Xi + 0.50 X3 whereas Y and X2^ are defined as above and X3 = log BOD (mg/l) -120- and a coefficient of multiple correlation of 0.713- Recalculating the equation for the data on the eight stations used in 1. gave Y = -7.30 + 5.83 Xi + 0.70 X3 with a coefficient of mxiltiple correlation of O.752. On the basis of this later coefficient, 57 percent of the variations in plankton are re- lated to variations in temperature and BOD. As before the coefficient of multiple correlation is signifi- cant at the one percent level indicating that the correlation is not attributable to chance. Discussion It is obvious from inspection of the data and these calculations that temperature is the major single factor affecting plankton develop- ment. Roughly about 50 percent of the variations in plankton count were associated with variations in temperature. Stream flow and BOD were each related to plankton count. Both effects are relatively small. It should be noted that plankton count varies directly with the temperature and BOD and inversely with the stream flow. These conclusions correspond favorably with those reported in the literature. They differ, however, in that they represent an attempt at a quantitative evaluation of the effect of a physical (temperature), a hydrographic (stream flow), and a chemical (BOD or organic pollution) factor on plankton development. In the Sacramento River from above Spring Creek to below Sacramento River, about 60 percent of the variations in plankton numbers are related to teraperatxire, stream flow, and BOD. Many other factors are undoubtedly involved and most of these have been men- tioned. The sharp peak in plankton count downstream from Sacramento has not been explained quantitatively. There is a strong suggestion that -121- decreased velocity may be responsible. Table 31 shows an average velocity of about 1.7 feet per second at river mile hS.k as contrasted to an average velocity of about 2.5 feet per second at river mile 90*5 (Table 29). Adequate information is not available to further explore this point. There is also suggestion that the trace nutrient, vitamin B2_2^ oay have been involved. The data in Table 15, obtained from bioassays utilizing Lactobacillus leichmannii , are, unfortunately, too scanty to permit detailed evaluation. Table 15 VITAICEN B12 ANALYSES River Mile Vitamin Byp millimicrograms per liter June 1-2, 1961 ; June 13 - 15, igbl 297.7 293. 8r (Redding Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent) 275.0 2i+2.9R (Red Bluff Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent) 217.6 11^1+. 1 90.5 9O.2R/O.3 (Colusa Basin Drain) 81.5 62.6 5^.1L (Sacramento Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent) 52.0 k6.k 37.2 27.4 18.8 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.017 0.002 o.9i^ o.ooU >1.0 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.022 0.013 O.OlU 0.60 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 ■122- Qualitative Aspects The accumulation of accurate data on kind and number of plank- ton is difficult. Some of these difficulties have already been described. In addition to classifying the plankton into the major groups: coccoid and filamentous blue green algae, coccoid and filamentous green algae, pigmented and unpigmented flagellated algae, centric and pennate diatoms, protozoa, rotifers, crustacea, and nematodes, an attempt was made to identify, to genus, the dominant algae and the frequently observed plankters. Data on the distribution of plankton in the major categories is given in Table T-2 at the end of this appendix. The dominant forms are indicated by a code number v;-hich is explained at the end of the table. The most common dominating genus was Synedra with Melosira and Cyclotella next in frequency. Thus diatoms were the dominant forms except for a few stations at which the green alga Ankistrodesmus was dominant. The dominance of genera or groups will be discussed further. A summary of the genera of aJLgae identified is shovm in Table l6. In this tabulation by genus, and by station, are included 95 genera of euLgae distribution as follows: blue greens, 15; greens, 38; flagellates, 13; and diatoms, 29. The n\;mibers of genera recovered, by station, irre- spective of time or numbers of individuals increased from an upstream low of about 20 to a maximum near 60 and then, in the last few miles of the river decreased slightly. The following genera were recovered at least once from all stations: Ankistrodesmus , Cyclotella , Melosira , Asterionella , Cocconeis , Cymbel 1 a , Fragilaria , Synedra , and Tabellaria . All but the first of these are diatoms. Other genera which appeared in at least half of the stations were Anabaena, Lyngbya , Oscillatoria , Actinastrum , Oocystis , Pediastrum , Scenedesmus , Ulothrix , Euglena, Glenodinium , Pandorina , Trachelomonas , Achnanthes , Amphora , Ceratoneis , -123- SACMioRO nvn Msn nuunm maena Liar cr pumn* algu tfniL i960 - jun 1961 •UtlOD Ri^Mr , 13 I i>« . 15 , i£ J 17 ' 19 ! _i 9t«tloaa «t ~: Vblcb G«nua ODceold ftp>'*'\liB— nop T^*~** ■ Iplioa] Pl«cton»aa RlYul*rl« IRDXS aoatertuM x x X 3 CloatrldliM X X CDttl**tnM X xxxxxxxx 9 Cruc Iggpla Die ty o apb*er 1 ua arrcrcll* HlerfcctlnTvS Hephjocytlua Qocyatla QphlocytluM 3c«n*1"tw'* X xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx SO SeleoaBtCTim XXX xxxx 7 3pbaerocyrtla type x xxxxxxxx9 StraurMtr\a xxxxx X xx o Tatraedroo X X * xxxx7 Treubarla XX Z dadopbor * xxxxx | MiweeQtla X * 1 3ehlionerl8 type * Sflrogyra x , - ^ 6 Stlgeocloalua lllotbrlx FUCOIATES Co ■ c Loodl scuj3 JlchD*Jrthe« ABtertooellA Catlonelfl type Cm^^ylodl>c T«b«lUrt« type'* TM*1 malber af (•Dar« p«r atatloo 22l628 2e35to29 35 31363736373751563850W57h9U. IS PlgBCDted , ^ti- « « ... I 6 OUobnon .. «« ...... 30 Dlnoniis^Uiit* Spore " rudorloA type . * " w Euel^M type .................... 20 CUDOdlalua type .. »» ... ..... 12 ».til». type . .........W DUt-.typ." . . . ............... >» Bunotl.* typ« _ . » 19 ??mWl . type ...............»»««•«» ^ rirufltulie~ type G^eSW , • . ........... U Ifcriaiip type* . , . , I , 9 ».TleJ. type , » « 'i;...., Ifl Plnaiilfcrl. type » . .* ** * * ... 11 Sflrell. type _ ' I . I . I I , . . . , , !2 • ftlfM en Hated imepectlT* of tliatr m^ier «r tiae of appouvoee. ftotttiteat 1 U.O.P. - ttocUaained Italcallular Cr^ao PlagalUtaa ^ ^ .« , ,. . 2 CiclfftoU* type Uicli^aa GydgtaUA. 8tepbanodlacua. Ooaelnodlacua, oT rtiloh Mat foima vera about 10„ la AlMOtar. t Thla iShara bean a Miptao^tea^ alailA. but ImMeiittnad aarina 41«t«. 20-5au Ifl dlaMtar. $ OyroalJ» type Incl^^ea all al^mld foisa af cbanctarlatlc abive aiKb aa n«uj«al£H. 6 iliucEia typo inclA^aa raUtad fowa i^^cb aa Hantaachla aod B a r-Ill a r ia wblcb mn rare. ».„._- * cet-j .- 7 sS^lnei^KlSn^aU aUxl. lOM a.™, a lat... allj ttlj -«lla° t« t.»»° Pol" ""»~« W»~t t™a rapbe. Sl~ i«xe r™ 2CW to -124- Cymatopleura , Diatoma, Epithemla , Gomphonema , Gyrosigma , Nitzschia , Pinniilaria ^ and FOioicosphaenia . Relative Distribution of Plankton The tabular data show strikingly that zooplankton, that is, animal plankton (Protozoa, Rotifers, Crustacea, and Nematodes), represented an insignificant fraction of the toteuL plankton. The percentage of zoo- plankton was most frequently zero, or when zooplankters were recovered, they averaged less than one percent of the plankton. In only one saniple did their proportion approach 10 percent (out of a total of 110 organisms) . This low recovery of zooplankters can be attributed to a real reflection of the river flora and fauna, to inadequate laboratory procedures, or both. Recognition and identification, particularly of protozoans, in preserved samples is extremely difficult and this difficulty may be re- flected in the low counts observed. Despite any analytical problems, the results are not inconsist- ent with the observations of others who found that the zooplankton repre- sented less than 20 percent of the plankton (30, 31^ ^1). Kofoid (^2) found that the aO^ae were five times as n\mierous as the zooplankton in the Illinois River. The river data of the Public Health Service National Water Quality Network '^3) even more closely resembled these on the Sacramento River. As has already been indicated, among the algae, and consequently among the total plankton, the single most important group were the diatoms. This is best shown in Figure 19 which is an isometric plot of total dia- toms as a percentage of total plankton. The percentage of diatoms ranged from a low of 25 to a high of about 99 with an average of about 75- Figure 20 shows the coccoid green algae as a percent of total plankton. -125- ^ ss z o < _l II a. z o _i w < > 1- Q o H UJ _J < U- o £° (/) " H X o • z < 3 HJ u o> o iT 0^ i,,„i,, u. uJ 0. UJ CO -I < < o 05 en _l S < o o H p < (T UJ Q > _J < 1- O o -126- O H ^ Z < _l Q. _l ss < o h- O II h- z o U- w o > h- z llJ UJ _l < o o o a: Crt CM LiJ I o » < w UJ 3 CO C^ < b. UJ < UJ _i -I < < CO z < u 1- UJ o: UJ > o u o o o -127- The coccoid green algae constituted the only group beside the diatoms which were relatively significant. In the Sacramento River, al^ae other than diatoms, when they appeared in significant numbers, appeared dviring the warmer months of the yesir, March or April thro\;igh September. Also shown is the trend towards higher relative numbers of coccoid green algae as the river proceeds downstream. The maximum percentage of coccoid green algae (6k percent) occurred at the most downstream station in May I96O. Figures 21 and 22 are isometric plots of the pennate and cen- tric diatoms as percentages of total plankton. The pennate diatoms generally were quantitatively more important than the centric diatoms although variations with time and distance did occur. For example, there is evidence of a slight tendency for maximum numbers of centric diatoms during the winter months and a definite trend towards higher relative (and absolute) numbers of centric diatoms with downstream progress of the river. The maximum percentage of centric diatoms (92 percent) occurred at the most downstream station. These results are in general agreement with those obtained by others. Kofoid '^^/ for example found 29 different diatoms and 33 dif- ferent green algae with about seven times as many individual diatoms as green algae. Allen ^^'^J who studied the San Joaquin River at Stockton also found diatoms to be most n\mierous. Galtsoff ^ "' observed that dia- toms were dominant in the Mississippi River, comprising, with the blue green algae, 75 percent of the plankton. Melosira was the predominant alga. Similar observations were made by des CiUeuls on the Loire ^^^/, Reinhard on the Mississippi wO) ^ Roach on the Hocking v.31)^ Southern and Gardiner on the Shannon \^^), Rice on the Thames C33)^ and Brinley and Katzin on the Ohio (3^). Coffing ^32; qj^ ^j^g other hand, found in the White River Canal that the green algae were 2.5 times as numerous -128- o Z < a. < I- o u. O UJ • o u. CO < CO o I- < llJ I- < z z UJ cu z o w > UJ _i < o w X u < 4 u < o: UJ > -129- % < o z o — > O I- O o N Z (NJ UJ O « q: w UJ ^ CO < to I o < UJ 4 O O < Q Ul > O q: I- z UJ u -130- as the diatoms. She explained this as being due in part to the slow cur- rent and low silica content in the canal. Des Cilleuls \ ^°) in his monu- mental review showed that slow current rivers were characterized by lower diatom contents than rivers with more rapid currents. Discussion The typical pattern of plankton distribution in lakes in temper- ate climates especially is described as follows: there is a large pxilse of plankton in the spring, a decreased popiilation in the summer, a smaller but well pronounced pulse in autumn and a minimvmi population in winter. Diatoms as a whole are most abundant in spring and autumn, blue green algae in late summer and early autumn, and green ailgae in mddsummer. Most river studies have confirmed the occurrence of two peaks in plankton population although the distribution of algae has not necessarily been the same. In the Sacramento River only a single plankton peak in mid- sinmner occurred. Diatoms were predominant at all seasons except that at a niunber of downstream stations green algae were numerous in midsxjunmer. Blue green and other algae were never relatively numerous . An explanation for the occurrence of a single plankton peak may be associated with water temperature and diatom temperature optima. Kofoid ^ ' showed reduced planlrton population above SCf. He also showed that the average water temperature in the Illinois River in July and August was at least Sl^F. Galtsoff ^^' recorded water temperatures as high as 91 "F in July. These high temperatures presumably resulted in decreased plankton growth, but as the temperature decreased, the plankton count again increased. In the Sacramento River observed temperatures never exceeded the apparently critical 80°?, hence produced no decline in plank- ton number associated with excessive water temperature. -131- It is difficult to make meaningful comparisons of plankton num- bers on different rivers. With the exception of summer peaks and the generally high plankton count at the most downstream stations, the plank- ton co\ints correspond well with those observed on other major American rivers ^^3) . jf vater downstream from Sacramento were to be used for water supplies, diffic\alties with the plankton could reasonably be expected. -132- CHAPTER VIII. ORGANIC QUALITY A tabiilation of the results of the organic sanrple analyses is given in Table l?. Infrared spectra are available for all samples, but have not been included in this report. The best use of the data obtained in this study will lie in the fut\ire when these results can be compared with later anaQ^ses, so that changes in the organic quality of the river can be related to changes in discharges of organic pollutants. Present knowledge does not permit a detailed evaluation of the significance of the results included here. Such an evaluation may be possible when there has been more background information accumulated. The data in Table l6 are reported in groups of broad chemical classes and the res\ilts are expressed in parts per billion (ppb) . Gen- erally, the chloroform extractables will include the organic material attributable to man made pollutants. A significant exception to this generalization is that the alcohol extract will include synthetic detergents. Among the fractions that make up the chloroform extract, the neutral group is generally considered of prime importance because it con- tains groups of compounds that are notorious for taste, odor, and possibly, toxicity. The ratio of chloroform to alcohol extractable material is a helpful indicator of the type of pollution present. Where industrial pollution is relatively low and domestic sewage is present, the alcohol fraction may exceed the chloroform fraction by a factor of U to 6. It can be seen that the amount of organic material in the river increases roughly three fold from Keswick Dam to Walnut Grove. The level -133- u o ■ u u u u ti h F^ Ih ^ qfi I. h H rR J > 4* « -H +3 a OJ 0; x in tf d d b C 3 » » Q D. a la is- •d 09 la H ft) 4J tJ C -H 4J -tS e 43 a 0) d Q d 3 :« a Q O CJ* a^ X n: : cu cu o. I U3 CO &1 ( J,si x a:: X CU (!• CU 03 CO LO O u^O OJ MD m ir\H on CL C h CU t-3 CU CL^ CO CO Ul CO Eh CO to OOOOJH O^H J- ir\vo \0 O O t— HOOOO HOO HrHr-(00 CVJHH on LA o o H H cy C7\C0 CO t^cO 6 O O O H OJ h- 0\(?\ if\ m-d- J- O O O ^ iH H ^^ 03 CO O d H H O O CM H OJ H H O 2 W r-t r-( r MD Cr\ vO J- iTvtrv^D CO r^ rn^G. J^33<^d ^ 333:^ ci^& on o\ f- CO Q C?Mr\ On (?N t-f-t- H H LA lA i •^asia ■^ss C\i o\ C^ O O rH O rH H r-i r^ oJ d H r-4 rH d H rH H LA H OJ J- ir- o> on -J- m m-3- on rnif\-^ on H OJ LA on on J lA on-:*- OVO,- o\>~i OJ on OJ on on OI on -d-\D LA lA-d- m on OJ CO c^ -=f CO J- on-d- _3- \0 ^ lA aiijass d^d °^^^3:j rH on t^rH\£l on rH r-l rH SJSSi -3- t^ t- t- W O OCO J^ lA OJ d oso H rH vo m JM^VO \0\0 H irwo CO Q iTi^ Q "SS H-J -3- onH LAO\ONC0 MD OS S rH ^I^S m H H v£) H O H t- ro ro m j- m a\t-oj oniAj- t^v£i LA lACO ro OJ on lA on ^ 0\ ^ ■d o5 lAOJcq > OJ H H PI CM CO CO OJ f-H ^O on ^s& ^l^s^ 3 OJ 1.81 220 212 O O H H H <0<0 \0 \Ci "-^ VD --0 U3 Q rH H H -H ^ \0 '^ ^ ^O Co *-S ^0 VO "-O ^ \D ^\0 C— m O ONCO OJ OJ VOONO 01 OJ ro ^ o>cu J- f-J- H OJ OJ rH ^i^ O H H no lA Ci^uk t- 0\ 01 OJ J- ^£) rj lAMD O O O O O 4a +J +J +> +» 000 4> +> 4^ S5255 5 Q 43 4J 4^ 43 43 000 +a 4J 4* ^-3- OJ OJ OJ OJ H H ^ ^ vi) lA ro H rH OJ nn J- -:J lArH -d r-l OJ •H 1 1 1 1 1 q rH H J-VO 21 ■^ass^ lAO\r- OJ OJ Ov^ iH on lA ci^^uk f-d\H cy ^ vo aA^ ■^^Si-asgi ^as J- lAlA CJN t*- H H H rH OJ m t— -:* f- l/^ H H OJ w <-4 OJ 01 •e & &g Aid t;tjij<^^ ^25 1^ ti F^ .p ^ ^ A ^ Xi u 3 3 % a o s X =□ a: x CO CO CO CO l>-rHrH H H rHOi H H O on 01 -3^ Cy rH rH on OJ H MD OJ H MD rH oi OJ rH on m OJ 01 OJ H C— OJ H O OS -* r-lA a CD -3- ON H rH OJ VO >^ J- (JNCOOT r- O on CT. LA CO on t— OJ OJ cy -J- \0 Co Co vD V. 0000 +3 4J 4J 43 r- CO oma OJ lAto on ^fi S ^ E 5fl ■i . 0) 10 X v as 11 ^■3 CO e^ -134- of chloroform extractables which has been associated with taste and odor (200 ppb) is not reached at any point in the river. The saiiiples collected from the supply and drain of a rice field indicate that there is a significant increase in organic material, par- ticiJLarly in chloroform soluble material, as the water passes through the rice field. The rice field drain sample was collected shortly after the field had been sprayed with the herbicide, MCPA. Application on the field was 12 ounces per acre, estimated to be equivalent to approximately 1 ppm, and 1 ppb of the herbicide was found by ultra-violet spectrophotometry in the drainage water. Samples of the agricultural drainage water from the Colusa Basin Drain had concentrations of organic material comparable to those found in the river near Sacramento. In one sample from the drain, however, 0.3 ppb of DDT and traces of dieldrin and DDD were found utiliz- ing paper chromatographic techniques. The usual ratio of alcohol to chloroform extractables for all stations fell between 2:1 and 3«5!l with no particular trend from station to station. -135- CHAPTER IX. RADIOACTIVITY Data collected over the past eight yeaxs have demonstrated thax the radioactivity of the water of the Sacramento River is only slightly above miniraim levels detectable with the sensitive equipment and proce- dures used in the laboratories of the California Office of Civil Defense and Department of Public Health. Because it had been foiind that the back- ground radiation from natural sources was low, that the use of radioisotopes throughout the watershed was small, that there was no nuclear reactor in- stallation on the watershed, and that atmospheric fallout was low during the river pollution survey, no special rad.iological samples were collected. Accordingly, data obtained from existing radiological surveillance pro- grams axe summarized and presented in this report. River Since October 1952, samples for raxiioassay have been collected twice yearly, usueOly in May and September, as paort of the Statewide Periodic Stream Sampling Program. Assays were made by the Division of Radiological Safety, California Disaster Office. All of these data are not included here since it had been made available previously by the Office of Civil Defense, but a summary is given in Table l8. It will be noted that on frequent occasions, the re- sults found were so low that they were considered as having no signifi- cance. "Suspended" activity is that radioactivity associated with particulate matter of approximately 0.2 microns diameter or larger which is retained by filtration through a membrane filter. "Dissolved" activity is that of the filtrate. -137- 0) H EH I CO CO -d o\ CO CK -:d- CO -d- S 5h • • • • 3 (U MD L/> t-^ I-- t- t- O -P d P^ -H +J +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 h:i (U >5 pp C3N t- H CO (M CO 0) ■p u Td • • • • • • ^ ■r-\ Q) (U -d- a\ J- J- CT\ CO -P > P-, tf cu H H •H c ^ -p to a) • • •• o O (U ft •rH • Oj -H w CO LTN O O O ir\ ,E1 >>, .2^ :3 • • • • • • > -p CO o on ir\ U-N J- J- •H S o ^ +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 O -H K ^ ft Cm 4J o ^ • CO f- o\ O • J- • CJ CO cfl o vo ro t-^ ro ;:! 0) e o H H H rd X O ft OJ S 2 -=^ -* ^ OJ ^ CO (1) • • • • • CO vo tr- o\ LOi 0\ H H s CVJ >M C H oJ cfl o • • •• ^ w '-^-P CO -d- vo H 1^- I^ t- •H • • • • • * < fn O tr\ -* ^ ro oo -^ • 0) ^ +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 CO -P ft S — u to o rH VO 0^ ^ vo m ■H O •H O -P +^ -p ;3 o O -P (S H Ch ^ C O -P n5 >j -p rs •H o -p C C7< !h S -H -H cfl 0) LfN ^ vo CO t— t— o ^ W -H -H •H 0) g a CO •H to CO to -p ■H 2 a C -M tH rd H O W (1> H-o, (U -p MHO •H O (U ft (1) m d c- vo vo t^ > e |ld H H H f-l H 3 CO o •H a o d as conf Q) -P ^ -p-fe^ G •H •H O OS o o Tl ft •rH C! OJ tJ +^ a oJ o in O a M §> o ►J •p 0) -P +j o +j c +J to Cfl CO •H •H H to CO ^'^ > •d •r -p rt •H fH (0 tJ E ,cl > ft o 0) 0) 0) a bO U S rH p> i^ « W •H O O c3 05 u !h ^ S ^ CO o a oJ * respectively. (All coliform and fecal coliform bacteria figures given in the summary are geometric mean densities of approximately 30 a-nd 15 samples respec- tively unless otherwise indicated.) 2. Downstream from Redding and Red Bluff, the bacteriological quality of the river water is ajiversely affected by the undisinfected sewage discharged from the two cities. The highest coliform bacteria MPN peaic values were found in October when the river flow was low: below Redding, 13,5O0/lOO ml and below Red Bluff, ll,100/lOO ml. Peak fecal coliform densities in June were 3,600/lOO ml and l,300/lOO ml below Redding and Red Bluff, respectively. In all cases the peak coliform bacteria concentrations were found at the first station downstream from the dis- charges. The fecal coliform bacteria below Red Bluff in June exhibited a nine-hour lag period before reaching peak concentrations. 3. A flow of 0.25 MGD chlorinated primary effluent from the City of Coming was discharged to the river at river mile 217.6 during .li^3- the October period. There was no noticeable effect on the river water quality. During the June period, the effluent was confined to land. h. Agricultural drainage discharges in the middle reach of the river (mile l8i4-.5 - 62.5) caused increases in the coliform bacteria numbers in the river immediately below the drains. No similar increases in the fecal coliform concentrations of the river were observed. 5. The lowest numbers of coliform bacteria in the middle reach were found at river mile 100.2, immediately above the R. D. ifloQ discharge. Coliform bacteria MPK's/lOO ml were 25O and 520 in September i960, and May 1961, respectively. From this point to mile 62.5 north of Sacramento, the coliform level was increased to 510 and TOO for the two periods . The increase is attributed to five agricultural drains which discharge to the river between these two points . 6. In the lower reach, the coliform bacteria quality is affected by the sewage effluent discharges in the Sacramento area. The West Sacramento Sanitation District discharge, 2 MGD of disinfected primary effluent, had no noticeable effect on the river water bacteriological quality. The City of Sacramento discharges are kO - 65 MGD of primary effluent which has been given prechlorination and subresiduaJL postchlori- nation at the main plant and 0.25 MGD of unchlorinated effluent from the Meadowview sewage treatment plant. The coliform bacteria content down- stream from these two discharges was 10,800/lOO ml to 28,800/l00 ml during three sampling periods in Jtme, August - September, and October. The lower peak values occurred when postchlorination at the main plant was increased. The fecal coliform peak content was 2,000/l00 ml and 2,800/100 ml during the June and August - September periods. The Meadowview discharge apparently causes a significant portion of the bac- teriological concentrations foimd downstream from both discharges. Any -ll^i+- increase in the bacterial densities of the river that may be caused by waste water from a sugar beet processing plant at Clarksburg is overshad- owed by the effects of the upstream discharges. The Isleton and Rio Vista sewage discharges had a local effect on the bacteriological quality of the vmter in June . No effect was noted in the other sampling periods . 7. The profile of coliform bacteria for June revealed a minor peak at river mile 35 which is 12 miles (10 hours) downstream from the Meadowview sewage discharge. There are no local sewage discharges near mile 35 to account for the peak. The fecal coliform profiles for both June and August-September periods exhibited a major peak at the same point. The peak in the June coliform profile appears to be similar in magnitude to fecal coliform peak for June and may be the result of a so-called "aftergrowth" of fecal coliform bacteria. 8. Investigation of the disappearance rates of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria revealed that the disappearance rates below Red Bluff were extremely low. The rates of disappearance of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria below the Sacramento and Meadowview discharges were consistent for the three sampling programs and the most rapid rate of disappearance was found downstream from Redding during June. In all cases the coliform bacteria exhibited no lag period before the disappear- ance phase . The fecal coliform exhibited a 9 to 11 hover lag period in most cases. 9- An increase in the postchlorination dosage at the Sacramento sewage treatment plant from 1 ppm to 2 ppm reduced the coliform concen- tration in the river downstream. The effect of further increases in the postchlorination rate was not reaxiily apparent because of the influence of the nearby Meadowview sewage discharge. -145- 10. The coliform bacteria content of the sewage discharges ranged from 3OO/IOO ml at West Sacramento (pre- and postchlorination) to 39,000,000/100 ml at Redding (no chlorination) . The coliform bacteria content of the agricultural drainage water from seven major drains fell within a close range; l,l8o/lOO ml to 4,600/lOO ml. 11. The fecal coliform MPN of the sewage discharges ranged from 19^0, 285 persons were observed engaged in water-contact sports from Butte City to Rio Vista. This was an instantaneous count and the total number of persons over the entire day would have been much larger. In the Sacramento area one of the popu- lar sports areas is at Clay Bank Bend, immediately downstream from the Sacramento sewage discharge. Occasionally detergent foam from the sewage discharge collects along the banks of the river below the discbarge and the coliform bacteria concentrations range from 6,000 to 20,000/100 ml. Other popxJ^r water-contact sports areas are: Red Bluff, Tehsuna to Vina, below Hamilton City, mouth of the Feather River, Steamboat Slough, and the Isleton area which are affected to lesser degrees by upstream sewage dischargers . 15. FecaJ. coliforms may provide a better indicator of deter- mining the suitability of aji area for water-contact sports since they are influenced to a lesser degree by non-sewage discharges than are the coliform bacteria. Chemical and Physical Quality 1. An examination of the chemical quality of the river water showed that the river from Keswick Dam to Rio Vista met all mandatory and recommended limits of the "Drinking Water Standards" for chemical constituents. A minor exception which has little public health signifi- cance was the iron-manganese content of the river in the Redding area during storm periods which slightly exceeded the recommended limit. -IU7- f 2. The river water has a negative Langelier "saturation index" indicating that the water will tend to be corrosive and pH adjxistment is desirable. 3- Water systems using Sacraxaento River water have experienced corrosion problems. Redding, Sacramento, and Vallejo have installed lime feed equipment for pH adjustment. k. The river water may be classified as soft to moderately hard and would not require softening treatment. 5. The greatest effect on turbidity and color is caused by storm flows with turbidities of 350 ppm. During the dry periods the river turbidity in the upper reach is generally less than 10 ppm. Turbidity is increased 10 - 15 ppm by agricultural drainage. 6. Seasonal occurrences of taste and odor in the Sacramento water system are believed to be due to the flushing of creeks that receive industrial wastes and which discharge to the river immediately upstream from the water intake. 7. The Influence of bay waters downstream from Rio Vista in- creases the chloride, sxilfate, magnesium, and dissolved solids content of the river. The color and turbidity are also increased in this area. Plankton ^ I 1. Samples analyzed for plankton showed that there was a grad^ ual Increase in the total nimiber of plankton as the river progressed downstream. At the Isleton Bridge, about 35 miles downstream from Sacramento,' there was a major plankton pulse. 2. Of the chemical physical factors studied, water temperature j was the single most important factor affecting plankton development. -11^8- In addition to varying directly with temperature, there were less marked variations, directly with BOD and inversely with streaiE flow. 3. Diatoms of the genera Synedra , Cyclotella , and Melosira were generally the predominating algae. Blue green and other algae were never relatively numerous. Although at some downstream stations green eilgae, usually Ank i s t rode smus , were numerous in mid-summer. h. If water downstream from Sacramento v/cre to be used for water supplies, difficulty with the plankton could reasonably be expected. Organic Quality 1. Samples for organic analyses were collected using the car- bon adsorption method. General interpretation and evaluation of results of organic analyses have not been fully developed at present. However, in specific instances this technique and the results it yields are of immediate significance. 2. Pesticides when suspected or known to have been applied to fields or crops were recovered quantitatively. Specifically, the her- bicide MCPA was found (l part per billion) in a rice field drain. The Colusa Basin Drain had O.3 part per billion of DDT and traces of dieldrin and DDD. 3- The analyses of river samples revealed that the average total extractable material increased from Ilk parts per billion at Keswick Dam to 350 parts per billion at Walnut Grove. The major increases approxi- mately 170 parts per billion, took place bet\reen Sacramento and Walnut Grove . h. The average chloroform extractable material increased from 35 parts per billion to 100 parts per billion from Keswick Dam to Walnut -IU9- Grove. The maximum value at Walnut Grove, 120 pajrbs per billion, is be- low the value of 200 parts per billion which has been tentatively associated with the presence of tastes and odors in water. 5. The average alcohol extractable material increased from 83 to 250 parts per billion over the same area. 6. The best general use of the data will lie in the future when the present results can be compared with later analyses . Radioactivity 1. The natural or background level of radiation in the waters of the Sacramento River is low. 2. The levels of radiation found are well below any limits that have been proposed for domestic water supply. 3. There is no evidence that any of the radioisotopes being used by the licensees of the Atomic Energy Commission located thro\;ighout the watershed are in any way reaching the river in measurable quantities. k. Rainout following past atomic weapons tests has been the only significant source of radioactivity found in the Sacramento River Basin. ] 5. At the present time, the Sacramento River is safe as a source ' of water supply from the standpoint of radiological quality. .150. REFERENCES 1. Greenberg, A. E. 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"A Study of the Pollution and Natural Purification of the Illinois River." Public Health Bulletin No. I7I. I927. 21. Langelier, W. F. "The Analytical Control of Anticorrosion Water Treatment." Journal American Water Works Association 28, I5OO. 1936. "~ 22. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. "Surface Waters of the United States, 1957." Parts 9-14- Water Supp3^ Paper I523. 1961. 23. Ingram, W. M. and Bartsch, A. F. "Graphic Expression of Biological Data in Water Pollution Reports." Jour. Water Poll. Cont. Fed. 32:297-310. i960. 2k, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission. "Water Quality and Flow Variations, Ohio River and Tributaries, I956-57." April 1959. II 25. Schroder, B. "Das Plankton der Oder." Berichte d. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellschaft 15:U82. I897. 26. Kofoid, C. A. "Plankton Studies." IV. The Plankton of the Illinois River, I89U-I899. With Introductory Notes Upon the Hydrography of the Illinois River and Its Basin. Part I. Quantitative Inves- tigations and General Results. Bull. Illinois State Lab. of Nat. History. 6:95-629. I903. 27. Allen, W. E. "A Quantitative and Statistical Study of the Plankton of the San Joaquin RLver and Its Tributaries in and near Stockton, California in I913." University of California Publications in Zoology 22:1-292. I920. .152. 28. Wimdsch, H. H. "Beitrage Zur Frage Nach Dem Einfluss Von Teniperatur Und Emahrung auf die Quantitative Entwicklung von Susswasser Organismen." Zool. Jahrbucher. Abt. f. aXLg. Zool. n. Plysiol. 38:1-1^. 1920. 29. Galtsoff, P. S. "Limnological Observations of the l^per Mississippi, 1921." B\illetin of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 39:3^7-^38. I92J+. 30. Reinhard, E. G. "The Plankton Ecology of the Upper Mississippi, Minneapolis to Winona." Ecol. Monograph. 1:395-^6^+. 1931' 31. Roach, L. S. "An Ecological Study of the Plankton of the Hocking River." Ohio Biological Survey. 5:253-279. 1932. 32. Coffing, Charlene. 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Hydrogiol. n. Hydrogr . 20 : I7U . 1928 . ■151^- Sacramento River Water Pollution Survey Appendix C BASIC DATA TABLES 1 I s i? ossf fsls .-1 s ?-'?'! ciA •^•o^*? 8-j?^ -* ^ Ilil If 7^ 2a3a to till III! a 'ss a«f5^ n'-R SS35 ISRRS 5S 3-|* RSiSS 3SIRJ SS^S RSSR JICS BR tlTlQ^ Q''^ 0QQQ ^OlTiQ QQ^i^ QC*^ Ssa ss i««a saaa 8«ia 3398 i«6a saSs 8« I 3a,^s S'asa as'S-. e»,ap mH jlPlpm OMnpii^ ^ cr^r-H ■<«* m HM uJi'i Kirvcljcu cun^SSSS Su'^Sw as 8S«8 Saa9 ssisl S3a^ fti " 5^ ft Hsas) _ ms 12 ^^-P^ aae ^ ^f^^^ ~se " •-I W H V V ■*'* s u. (O 2 UJ or o o ir -1 Q- < z ? < -I a 2 2 < o fr V) to p b. > o -1 O z UJ 1 o 1- T „ a,e ^ PS-." as." ^ -.".n- as<^ '^ ^ H ^^ V -^ ." Hm^.^ ^ _ „<»e .o- ^ ."»> ?."»." a."S»> a — .- ^ ^ sPa, .„ '^ 3^<. ^-, -,^.00, rfO,.n j™ 0, vHrt." 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PP " V 01 ./N s PftR«, R -^H^? ^^3-R ^^?;ti ^ 5-1^^ mfo S^jr, w H H '^'^ m^ ■* '^>/^'/^ •-(•-I tf%tfv^ 2120 30/0030 0330 0620 0915 EM MM 1750 1/0015 0315 0605 0840 SI pfa 5 8..I 1 1 ji*a!f j^3 2 o^J t-.* P ^S.o3^ SPPP »,™ ^ ^;j,^^ W (-■»■» J H ^rf Cy m H -"-•s" '-'•~~ »•" s ?a3a s aasR a aaas ssSa II nil III! |l s a^ is sssa 258 8SSS aaas a fssa Saa sss 8sR8 Sw=i*i ^S-*" ^^w(M N«°^ "nq SOOO H-H^H SOOO Mr^^ci 0000 HH-5 2"! SB id SSi -163- aap fg S Ut^ ?&«§ SH8 I ? ffi » nil 1132 nil 1 1 3^3 ~ASS 5»?^t M/Mr\l/> lAtA isa fg^g IISI |ISg fl « 1 1 >- K 1^ c w UJ 5 2-0 iij u. > -S _ tf -I UJ c V) ' S UJ III n- z > li. X < :i K- (3 £ (n 3 m UJ 5 1- rr "* 2 -1 UJ S (T -> « i m y a: c ^^Si igR? S S'S I? ^ ~S PS .5 P lis asr-^ ^ V V H J " "^aa .... movrrtv* CTvn-iCT> irt u^^^/^ fvj t-f^-;» J m J 1- h 2 a R pli UJUJ J >/\^ i/\ t-';?-* "^ 3Sa RSS? 883^ s -I H CU 03--ICJ S J ^ CM O A 0\ tft SO Ov Q\ '5'- 3"' "«aa S's-*' "^a SS 55 1538 3a5S 11 -164- ?^ ? CO <0 -1 en s H S o UJ 1- (£ 111 m . J UJ o m U- I o H CE n U ^ (^ » \0 (J. 0\0\0K « R 8 8«9S 8«SS |^« a'^ftlft h3h3 3'iH'l aSrjH H triT iQdt^T' iij355? SdsS? n r4CU OrJHCV OH^2U U. S. Plywood fSW pond) 1.1 9.2 U. S. Plywood Cm pond) 5.i^ >2k U. S. P3^ood (SE area pond) .22 2.2 R. flmith Lumber Co. (W end) .OU5 1.7 R. Smith Limber Co. (center) <.00l8 .17 R. Smith Lumber Co. (s end) .2 7.9 fl) Date/Time [2) Coliform bacteria, METl/lOO ml, thoiisands. -166- T4BLE T-2 SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY PLANKTON SURVEY DATA 1960-1961 |i iMtloni ">on Sprii^ CtmIc STATION NO. 1 mtt mu«: 3os.7 1 I960 1961 I Jpi-11 »W Juno Juljr Al^. s.pt. Oet. Hot. Dae. Ju. P«b. Htroh «pm "V Jun* WULPUMTOa 1» 360 260 120 190 95 91 86 120 540 450 8UnUrd ATMl 78 190 uc w 60 75 24 20 35 120 160 gnsiuiiT nuB^ U 11,12 l( IC U 10 10 10 31 10 ■BOIBNS 4.? 9.6 ! "V SD* ■(.l 1.. «4 3.7 2.: 4.1 • sn 66 i 1.: ■E^-i^ "4 86 u i.l 22 22 26 9.6 i;a 130 120 ^.-T-.™ li, u.i 2i7 ^- jyv; jja -- - ■ IB 0.9 : rUQKLUTES H 1 f « l,i SD 1 Dijrrcwe 29 34 50 u 24 u 29 9.6 72 140 26 ^ , 24 37 13 l-*^ * ii.3 1.i U.7 12,6 14.6 31.9 U.l hnnat* Ho. 81 1?0 In 53 270 300 a 15 Jl 1? 1 • t tj.l 65.9 61.5 69.2 b\-\ 70.5 68.2 81.8 44.2 50.0 66.7 ' mo»u 4.8 3D 16 X l.( 1 aiutM No. • so 1.6 ' ■ t 5.fc 1.0 I miFBIS HO. 2-4 1.. Jl o.< 1 mTTA''" >^, % ' • so' _ " * i LoMtioni ibore Chun CrMk STATION NO. 5 Blw Hlle: 285.9 1 1S60 1561 1 »prU »iw Juo* Ally Ai^. S.|«. Oct. No*. Doc. Jul. FA. Kmnb April *I Jun« nriL tuuxoft S30 6» 460 uo 140 260 550 580 220 590 220 L200 Unlta^ 240 350 320 180 UO 100 220 310 65 150 140 360 BONTlUn FGOtS^ 10 20 10 10 30 10 10 » 10 10 10 10 lUS OHBIB Coceold No.' 4.6 u 4.6 ^ 3D J i* 0,9 4.6 2.2 9.6 1.0 4.6 12 9.6 aTb "a;8- 4.8 4.a -^ ^- 1.0 0.9 20 1.5 ^ ^ -- 3.8 1.7 2.9 O.fl a 7.5 0.A * 77 ^ -VT 6Z -lif 'A -TO U 4.8 320 H — ^ irf- aff- un- yA- 10.0 3.7 ■fk t>.i -PVB- 26.7 1 niaMDtoiia No. 9.6 u 41 44 45 » t 1.6 2.2 1.7 2.1 0.8 rumuTS FliMnt^ No. V8 2.4 7.2 '•^ 1.6 4.8 30 7.7 S.l 6,t 6.5 14 ^.B 1 " « 0.7 0.5 0.9 2.2 O.B lkiat«Mni«l Md. 1 '•"'^T'''^ sn t niron 26 M> 77 51 32 170 2S 29 16 i! n.7 7.i 15.7 12^1^ _a,l_ 10.0 l^.A 32.8 1£.5_ HA, 21.1 2.7 160 ,M 880 « sn no TO) JUC- t>8 12 60 nn -UiL 32 110 71 290 t ft^.-^ 71.1 ' nonuu hrcodlxa No. 4.8 4.6 - SO u U « 0.9 0.7 QLU^tM Ho. J.B * 3.4 1 BTIRRS Ho. 1 ■ ^ 7«) i fmttffi -. J^ na ^ mattn^ 1^,, • sp ? u>...... 4K.- ^,^ „.. - STATION Naz u,, ^u. «,., | mo «i 1 Aim JU1,T An|. S«pC. 0«. lOT. Dm. Un. r*. Iknli iprll *T ilUM TOTAL PUWTOW 210 160 170 140 87 110 UO 170 !ao no Standard Ar«ttl Onlta/Ml 68 66 45 39 20 40 350 ta 90 M tDHtUNT POtSe^ 10 10 10 10 10 10 30 u 10 0,26 po^M NO.' u 2.4 —. V- 6.7 I.l" Pll»«t«B. ■». 4.8 1 H ^ 2.1 1.1" — ' r*,i 50 7! 5 „ — „ 9.6 1.0 4.6 0.5 4.8 42 9Ju 1.0 M^ J9_ i niMMntoos Ho. 20.1 L.l 25.3 JSJ_ 211.1L , ^11.0 4.4 3*L JJl 1.7 17.7 -^ 71 PUOBLLATS Plnwnt«d No. UniJinwnlwl No. 1 DlATOfB 34 U 19 17 7.2 34 43 « 67 rt —, ^— -li- -■^-T 12 J^ _3-6 ifl. * u 26 ^ 110 2^ 00" 91 70 72 V^ fS^ si^ 4?0 _! a_ 28 -S- 2i-J 20 "1?"5 -^ ^ St- i4 14fi_ PROTOZOA • SD* ■ SD t i i f LocatlMii Balls •rrrBrldce STATION NO. 6 ■!▼«■ MU*: 275.0 U60 1961 AprU "T Aim A.V la|. S.pt. Oct. HOT. Dm. Jan. F*. Itarch April *7 Auw TOTAL PUIIEiai 780 940 500 510 310 420 aoo 530 200 jao 230 640 1X0 StAiHUrd ATo^ Dnlta/kl 370 6« 330 200 180 170 350 240 70 120 130 180 430 DOWNAffr POOC* 10 10 10 10 30 10 10 30 10 10 10 10 10 CoocoU Hoi' t." 30i 1.0 0.2 t* n.t n,s A. ft -4-B-. 12 9.f -9.6- 19 4.C ^ 24 IS SD 3.n 4S iJ- 10 7.1 9-6 9.1 10 iri 7i? R,l t cRzae Coccold Ho. i»n i?n ftn iA 1? 17 1i 9.6 9ift 120 300 SD ift 11 13 1.7 1.7 _U4. l.O , ;t,tH] 12 1? * Ti-* 12^ i?.n 9.1. 1.9 4.0- 1.7 .4A 4.2 lfli7 23.1 ? 1 t 1 R 7.n n.i 4.? 0.7 Pl0Mllt«l No. 9.^ 4tS 2,4 4.8 4.8 u ■ SB o.s 11 7.L 3JL 0,6 0,9 i 1.2 o.s o.« VA thiolnMit«l Id. t DIATOM Cwttrte Bo, » 100 UO <^ }0 4i fffi 48 86 38 a 60 SD 59 1(V) 170 m n? 10 W « J* 11 96 i 10,^ 2?.Q iM 1^1 9.8 12,0 2^1? 24,0 22,4 14.1 7.5 ■ i.fi <«r 770 140 270 156 «6 ??n _2aa. iin -MB. n 91 710 SI TI "7 W 27rt t 71.2 70.2 ^.9 74.5 TTi* V).} 8>,« ^.8 TO.0 71.1 45.2 71.9 ft>.2 PROTOZOA Su-eodim te. k9 4.9 SD » t Ot» ^tO ailMtm fc. 4.B 2.4 < 1«? mtmaa bo. • 8D 6.6 Jt OnBTAClA Ho. SD T MATOIB ■>. SD « ? 1.2 3 80 - StMoUjd Are*l Dnlta/Bl >• luAwr of pLuktoa/Hl lo glren group u percent of taktoii/«l. -167- TABLE T-2 IConlinind) SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY PLANKTON SURVEY DATA 1960-1961 UMtinii B«d trU ^ STATION M0.7 n^ wi.. 5i6.J | I960 Wl 1 »prU »» JUM *.!, 1^. 5.p«. Ort. No*. 1000 500 10 IWo. Jan. rab. Marah April *y Julf TOTAi. pf Annul *S0 _7TO UO 470 *)0 xo 570 . DO 10 4» 10 J» 1700 170 710 CDMHUKT POVB* 10 10 - 1?_ ._10 -JO 10 10 BLLik cniEie 1.0 0.3 ■ Mil — -OJ I1.S t* ; iS 7.4 u ^'1 19 22 33 -ik- i 1. mnoB IM u 77 II U 7.! 2U 6.1 9.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 «,0 «•? 280 SD 9<] li ,i n < ll.S «.1 10.0 2.4 i.a li.? ni*tf*™'f 1^1 i.f ?^ ■ so :.9 1.0 ^_~: 1'\ o.i 7,; (.1 *■ li7 ruMUJita u 1 1 1.1 3J 1.1 4.1 0,1 9i7 i . oj 0.0 VllBlMMlUd M. an t Duron Cwtrle ■<>. 47 T 160 7J m Ifi .» M !9 V 230 _SBJ «5 ^ JIUL 74 e.4 70 h < „2A 12,6 A6.0 9.1 1.Q z- «- f 7*.* _HU Ml' 77.S 71.7 &6.0 60.9 78.0- S8.9_ 7^11 PROraZOA StfCodlM NO. 1.6 '■4 3U 11 A'l l.i 8.8 - 1.8 9i7 < :.i 0.^ muraa ae. • so 1.7 < CHOSTACU He. SU • _ ._!. JCflyitCBES Mo, 4.8 50 1(i l.Z Lo«tlo.. v,« arKlg. STATION NO. 1 1 ^,„ ^^, a7.6 1 1!«0 1961 1 apru *» JUfW Jul, »««• Sopt. Oct. L200 1200 n«c. J«n. Pall. Kwch April *r Juna TOTiXPUAnm lfcu*.w/«l 1)00 laoo !7& 730 950 1000 UO 250 St«r.) ).l 17 )( „ 2.8 dtasB '1? 140 3- "t^o 19 24 _ 37* 4.8 2.4 9.6 4.6 0.8 4.8 _o;y 4.8 a J9 4, 22 2)4 ' -•- ij mo u » M i.i 0.1 PLMKUxrra _58 9.6 4.e u_ ^-i !•! t'l -?T _• J Ilra.lj>.«.d Ifc. t; . O.t . 0.6 1.9 2.C 1.0 0.4 0,8 — ^ ^ — ■ DUTCM Cwiirle Ito. It w UO IBJ- 9.; 150 no- li!^ 120 120 16.4 100 UO .10.5 62 74 - 100 iro .».3 140 100 U,7 u L;.7 53 "ziTa -^ 1- 7H 490- JlLi iisL 7i.4 .91,7 M0~ -li n CillaiU. £. lU 2.fr 2^ 2; ?■« "i 21 s? ^ 0.2 2.( s,7 • f ID --- » at" _0J - OJ « 9»* coda kt and of t«bla for IdantlflcAtLoa. Vi^ter of plAaktOfi tn (1t«b frv^/mX. m - >taad«f4 Ara«l OUU/al. f > H*>r of pljiokteo/al In k1t«d cra\9 u parcaot of toUl pl«idKoii/Hl . -168- ^,(.41^, Aben Ud*T er»*l< STATION NO. 10 tlw mi.. 1560 1961 iprU •*ff Aim Jul, 4«I. Sapt. Oct. Hov. Daa. Jan. Pab. Ikrdi April *7 ja, TOT«L|LAIKt(* .W 1200 770 740 1800 760 1200 1100 170 540 260 >90 C900 1900 St«ntUrd Ar«*l ltnlta/»l 720 720 500 310 620 250 420 460 30 170 85 BO LOOO m roiaiUffT PORHS* 10 10 10 31 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 LO,20 10 u BU)K GRIEB 4,6 13 SO V 0.5 l>t i* 0.4 l.i . , • ao 29 99 19 6.9 5.6 24 2.9 — t; T3r lif-» X 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.4 oa .. nROJC 170 UO ««.^ 11 12 .4,< -?1 9.6 -3«4 U 4,6 14 9.6 170 510* » 30 21 .J0_ S-'^ 1.2 J^ _Si| -M 2.9 it *, r^ niiMntoiu No. 4,11 -19- ?.4 2.4 --•- ti -^ ^1ir Ifi t 0,4 J.i i.i 0,1 0.4 1.8 PUOKLUTES J4. J12_ M_ 2,4 U 4.6 U 4.8 w H. JA. % i.n 1.0 l.( D.J 0.1 0.6 1.2 0.4 2.1 9«f Oil l!r,^ IfBi-nl.-l Mu. DIATOK Cartrte *.. 0.? -14- 99 120 13Q_ J6— -J6.- -96_ 12D 14 w -25_ »r/.l Standard Araal lInltB/«l J50_ 470 UOO 630 570 9n 430 710 310 1700 500 LTDO too 640 490 m 22D UDO DowNArrr poric^ U 10 10 U ID ID U 10 10 IS suit CREEKS Coccold No.' 19 2U 74 SO' ?•* o.s H PllMwntoua No. 9,6 26 7,2 7.2 ^1 9.6 ^:a ■ 4.6 : f- 0.7 0,7 0.? 5:i 1* ~ - oa Coccold Ho. UO 140 55 7.* 36 14 19 3i4 24 24 5.^ ,1. 29 7J0 ^ ?f9 19.1 PlUiMntous Ho. SII -it^ -s^ 4i« ?4 * 0.1 2.9 Co PUUKLUTB ngMntod H0| 3D 58 12 9,6 11 19 2,4 29 4.8 4.9 4.. 4.6 _ " f. 6. 0.9 1.9 0.2 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.4. 0' llriplr««ntMl No. SD * DlATOW C«rtrl«f Iter _ » 94 no UO 91 ■n 140 100 77 160 ~. ^ Fannato Ho. _. AM -690 a.6 790 21.0 li.6 4.5 1600 6.2 7.7 "£ 13.1 ffiOIOZOA J2.7 71.8 SJl JSJ JW .54.2 88. J 'n-t — =^ Hi « IS - - Clllat«i lb. "is SD T* 1 _au KTlms K. 0.3 ■ I 1 flMR/WM r^i """!™ S' .... i ■nnm m. 4.a i1 ? 1 0.5 0^ ' — TABLE T-2 (Conlinued) SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY PLANKTON SURVEY DATA 1960-1961 mt^, (WT.rr, STATION NO. 13 rit«- mii.= 1B4.5 1560 1 W61 1 *prU ftar Jun* Ju^ir lUf. Sept. OcTt. Not. Dm. Ju. rab. )terch April »*7 JUM OtaLFUVKTOR 1200 970 IfiOO ?00 1100 LSOO 900 ooo ,100 aunUrd ATMl Onlta/bl ^W 680 790 570 400 600 660 760 TOO OtaWW FOIOB* 10 10 10 S IDE CRSBB Coccold No:' 9.8 2.1, 4.E ?f> ri: 9.. —. T5" Q.t Or pU.' __4.3 _?-» li 1^3 sn -#- 2 ^h ^ fUOELUTES ' PljDwntad NOl 38 ' ( 67 7.3 ?4 4.! H • 3D 10 _4j 2d i:, li -Vj -H — ^ —**' 9.2 M OJSOIC Qantrle No. li 120 300 SID 96 110 IW 140 240 11 1^ J4fi_ 16. { _19Q 120.. _120_ 6.1 140 13Q_ __.7.0 ao _; ^ UP 60.: 77.1 400 ■no 7S.C .25!L ftO.f _440- -45Q_. «4,- 90.C TO 77." mrozQt V 40 1? o.< ClllAtM No, 7.: 2.J U • so 96 u l.« i [ansTicu Mo. f ■^- SD* 8.' * Coutlont Col «. aridg. STATION NO 15 uvw mi-: 144.1 I960 1961 1 Aprtl "^ June JulT *"«• S.pt. Oct. Not, Dae. Ju. POb. Hkrcb April H« Juna TOTAL rUIDON !000 2500 rToo aoo 730 6700 St*ncUrd ITMa 650 >40 100 980 980 1000 860 800 I» 310 1700 auauMr rone^ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10.20 10 BLD£ GRESMS Coccold *>;' 18 4.8 ^ SD* 2.^ 0,^ t* 2.: n!- 1 niMMitau Ho. 9. 9.6 9.1 9.. ■ SD 1, 2.' 12 t 0. 0.4 0.4 0.5 .' Coccold No. 420 .70 230 312 1» 67 9? _8,6 19 .1^ 19 ao 1600 44 A3_ ?? f6 -^ 1.9 22 170 _^i8 t n^l 0, nUEUATES < 6,1 sn < C-ntrtc No. SD M 3fin IfV) 11^ llVl IP J HIYI ■ SD LSD JO 580 Sifl S60 A50 6Tn 6A1 >Rn ?hn isnn 1 60.0 66.7 70.0 6?.l 75. 76.0 89.0 90.1 a^.7 65.8 6fl.7 fttorozoA Su-codlm No. sn t CllUteo No. SO 1? t 6.. 3,i •OTiyESS No. 4.B l-i i b.% SD 5 aUTCSS No. 4.G SD ^ ^ 0.: LoMtloni Ritt* City Brldg. STATION NO 14 »»«■ mi*: 166.2 I960 1 1961 1 .•..«. Oct. Not. Dm. Ju. P«t>. tareh Ifrtl *7 JWM TOTAL PUKDOI 600 890 1000 1«0 UOO 200 1 ZIOO 2400 720 »0 5000 StAjKUrd Araftl Onlta/al 760 610 620 630 610 800 870 970 280 no lUO DOMIKIW FOTB^ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 JB BLII£ OREEKS ■ SD 1 • «• PUuMDtotu No. 24 4.S 1$ ^9^ 19 ir H V dUEKS Coccold No. 240 ^6 0.3 120 47 0.5 50 100 PIT U 34 29 24 24 19 2.0 WO f 15.0 13.5 7.2 5.0 2.4 6.1 _i;>- J.: ?100 ■ t o.e 0.2 0.; PUQELUTES uo 3.4 2.4 49 19 .9.6 14 2? 14 _i!. IS. « nil 6.9 Q.7 M U _Q-t ^QJ _JU2 1.9 l.« (k3 ynplff>nt*d NO, -fe — ; < u DUT0I6 230 300 200 250 130 IW 86 62 HO 51 is iqo —7 -^ n TLt _ll.i hi 6.? n.Q u 600 «o J?00 370 350 510 6fin 770 IK) 1»0 — i ^ 7a' 1 B6.S 91 ,( e?,i 88.? 7»( PROroZQA 9.6 CllKtM Ho. 9.A ' SD^ 9.6 % 0,i VI '~' r~ CV ■ f i n.i Q.I 1 1 Location Below WllkinB Slough STATION N0.I6 RItm- Mil*: 118.1 | I960 1961 1 Apria "•r Juno July lUft. Sopt. Oct. NO^. Doc. Jan. rob. March April >tar Jun* TOTAL PUITCTOH VaMjer/ta wx> (Wl 1700 ■100 1600 ?500 !500 •600 590 490 t400 Standard Aroftl nnito/*! fioo 650 820 840 690 880 JLOO 930 310 250 400 DOW HAW FCB»^ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 BLUE GREEK Coccold No.' 19 9.6 SDi 5.* l.i i* 1.4 -tt S 0.^ 0^ 0,8 0.? trnsoB M 7fO /,fl 96 '>'* 19 no SD 58 11 _58_ ,JP 22 .,J3_ -.12_ _46_ 7.2 2.9 JKL -^S % « Tl 1^ & 24 ii % 13,6 0.4 4.* 2.C ?.' 5.: 0.: «■! 1.0 PnDl«!Mntwl No. 9.2 17 DIATOK Cantrle No. 4^ 98 240 34D 230_ 450 _ 390_ 230 67 58 ^ 11 1 ll.fi ^ PORMt* No. /■70 •JOO 4V 4ID aoo 500 670 i A/„l 66.1 7^t; 68.C 84.( 84.' 72.T 8>,8 P.l PROTOZOA SATCodlna No. ',.« 4.8 SD ■;> 7.3 " * 0.3 1.0 CllUtM £,. (.H 9.1 14 • SD 17 fV^ R0TIFHB3 No. • SD i ■ SD t NSUICSES No. f 1 See code »t end of table for Identlflcfttlon. 2 Ri^mr of plankton la given group/al. ) 5U • Stai^ard Areal Onite/Ml. % ll - Rxaber of planktoi^^ In given group •• percent of tot*l planktoo/Ki -169- TABLE T-2 (Conllnuld) SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY PLANKTON SURVEY DATA 1960-1961 lOMilont ""■" ^l^».i.»^. STATION NO. 17 K» «u. 90.5 »60 1S61 l{rU at tarn '"^ *«• aq*. Oat. ■m. Dm. Ju. r*. tfAl ■^ JWM TCKALrUOI « m HA uw mo 1200 i7» 1000 2400 uoo zin MO fMl s» an no 1000 1000 "0 „ 270 i» t?~. LflOO 20 'r' 10 10 10 10 10 _»_ J8— L0.20 3/t 20 ■4' J.( f' « "-• 9.1 ,9i> Oloria ■ •^ l.i l9 ?•' 9.2 tr^ -^ -K -^ 4i 1 -i^ j;* (XBIB OnaU ■». *!? zm t, -*s- .^ >!!! u 9.6 2'S MO UOO jaoo -T- 4t ^ T-H 4i- it ■%5 v» •- • nir 1.J 075] i^ u 'V.i • » "■} o.s ruocLura ». Ufi 1? 72 H 4> 66 77 1^ 9.6 4.8 51 37 s n ii » ii K tf ^.A 7.7 iri' IT > >,1 ?.o 5»1 I.I 2.4 1.2 ?.o 0.? 2.<> OlBlMMlUd ■». 9- • "I < 0.; Dums OMrU at. V K 270 160 210 600 480 ^20 w V) SD « in WO 110 m Ito 130 U 77 < Nnu. ■m SD i«o 160 GO 620 110 580 ita qio vn 2W « It.i. i*.i 6^.7 65.5 70.0 TCa Iftfi W.I S7.0 B7.<) 57.9 ^.T 11.0 nwrazo* ».. 9.6 i.B U 24 f 0.6 0.5 CllUtM ■o. *•« n il u > 0.3 1.6 •jruna ■D. =5 T inmiru «. a 1 musma Ito. t,.e SD 96 • l" "•f LoMtlMti tboT* i«cr .MDto ilo^. STATION NO. 19 ai«w mill ai.;| IMO IM 1 VU ■^ Jbm Ml If. 9.1*. Oet. ten. Dm. Jan. r*. ito^ ipAl ^ Jtt TavALruuni ■ JOO 610 uo» tut 2300 2900 gjgO 2300 330 «eo uo uoo DntuM 610 500 950 950 UOO 920 1000 760 160 380 290 aoo DDNmuir rom* 20 W 10 10 u 10 10 10 10 10 10 K,Ui OoeooU io.' i.n 9.6 nS 7.2 1»S-. 44 0.4 -nhr^ V'" ^ ^ _1«~ -1.9 - 0.5 — 0.i 0,t Is oa 9^ 9.7 iTo^ 7lfi 210 Ug 50 w ao uo uo 4t8 u 1900 ao 210 ai 5B 17 211 « 21 iO .1 1.1 m « 49.1 J*«i ID.t 210. n.* _a»2 _Ai«J 5.2 0.7 ).3 13.2 1.0 9i* an '9 « fUlwWI fc. 120 « » 9« it K 29 4a 7« 100 3» 52 15 an J2 . 11 1? IT « 18.0 5.1 A 1 1 . f-= ImA^ „3j) 1-1 M,i 1.6 impii,»ni.d ao. m « Dixrom 0«Arl. ■>. U }« JOO no 500 m fOO 220 58 210 06 100 H — ^ 51 97 m_ J3S_ iSO. .».. .J«L UO It Ti te SO 110 55(1 670 170 2QQ_ iai_ .lOLj 110 ML 5110 .900 610_ l22(l_ 79 2« 710 BOO » An.n 50.1 U.I u.< _5l*i n.i B2.6 6«.80 is 47 : IG 29 17 96 19 -19" 2& 2.i 120 1300 ITO 2800 "'r^lS- ffl 'JTT- « 0.6 1.6 puonuffaa -^ "^ 120 96 77 ?1 110 67 100 U 4.8 racr~ 200 ~7H~ WiBUaM.< ao. i.< _-i.5 -10,1 -4^L _1.2 2i4 _>*? .2^ -fr: 2.3 O.fi A.1 __?lA . 1- nURlB Ontrlfl Id. 86 ^ !g- M 1000 S i50_ J*. 360 77 UO 190 UO 3100 ^.i^^r-lr -^ tS^ 1J^ 25. < tS^ ^ ^ # # t? ife' nOKOQl a«odij» 10. , 61.1 sa,} ■, u i-' J.' J? 4. 5. IB -: f- -^ -^, M ^ 4 ^ -^ mnt po. f< 9.' 1 -; 9- -»i U — ^ 1_ ".* 0, oaiaai — g,_ ~¥ 1 O.i Location 1 rnvort aide STATION NO. 22 ^-nr ail.. <**! 1960 1961 ' 1 Srtl »T JttlM J.1, *»i Sopt. Oct. Nov. Doe. JU. p«. aw«ta iprll "v TOTAL PUNlTOII 1900 790 UOO 1800 2000 3«» 2400 Z300 6iO 7U 360 520 aao MOO Stwidu^ Ar«ftl Unita^ 6)0 m 780 880 930 2500 UOO 24fiO lam 3W 190 JJD 960 UOO DOnURT POBS^ 20 u 10 30 31 17,30 17 10A7 17,30 XI ID ».a ID Cooootd Iki.^ 86 1» 9.6 9.6 II H ^ -Jf iA tS- rl -. ^ !.< 0.1 Ji»i- -^ BMSoU «o, —. ^ 810 - 92 290 110 390 70 500 •4 210 77 116 170 110 17 9.> 2a"^ 91 29 4,* 82 2100 "ST niwwoo.1^, i.t J0.> -M* 0.9 ?•? iSA ^ orS , FLUKLUTD 3n at u I 8 210 — 72 "isio 110 — 5« 120 IBD 29 u 91 9.6 9.6 51 9J ^-'i'^S- 9.T Ij ( DUnn c««rtc ao. ^ ^ 73 SL 1.3 77 _110 -1.9 210 290 .i6Jl 5» 2eo -a.1 820 390 11.C aooo 1000 32.7 ttO MO 2S^ 580 lOW^ 25.2 220 "JUL-" J2J_ 150 -a. 96 26.7 100 S£2_ 250 LLUL ■,.L^ 750 250 lt.1 H f^ IKOROQl SuccUn ao. 250 l.a 290 _J2D 1.8 ^130 J9^. J30O. 740 U.7 190 50.7 100 76.9-^ ao -51.0. .J6.1 sn 11 » 0.3 t^ ciiutM ao. 4.J 4.< i.i i^ i. iA ?.< T^ — TI fit TIT TT Tir w 7.2 "1 f-4 a T, M »- —ft ^- n' "Ti TT « 0,J 0,4 o3 0,9 o< la3 TjT w o^r "<&■ ■nima »■, i*a 0.5 SJ 1 0.) mmtuma »,. _! ai « BunSB ■.. » 1 Saa coda at aod of UU« far LdaatlflMtloo. 3 tester of pljttktoa In (Itm ^Vf^/ml. 3 SD > SUndKrt Arvftl tknu/al. h ♦ - li^Mr of pUnktoa/al to girao (rotv m pareviit of tot«l piMiktM^*l> -170- TABLE T-2 (Continuld) SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY PLANKTON SURVEY DATA 1960-1961 Abovo ClorkatuTg STATION N0,23 RiTW Mli»! i?*i t fTiX eoKHAxr rome' aUIE GRSIB I Cpccold mOTDZQA "i^Z^ UOO 17,30 1900, 1600 31jl7 Oct, ^S 21PQ_ 2700 10 17,30 ■tea. r«b. ttorch April Hr U«tlon, 3«.d«r«. Slo«gh STATION N0.24 m^ HU*. 37.2 I960 U61 1 ttrU HV Jniw juir Sopt. «. ,„. IMa. Ju. r*. Itanh l^rtl "T JIUM TOr*L iTAino» TOO 900 1600 2200 3W 1400 UOO !300 1500 2500 eoo -300 5» TflO 240 640 1)00 3500 noo Urll»/"1 460 560 670 940 6» 340 100 UO 490 1200 2300 DOKIIUNT PORKS^ 0,20 20,27 10,20 31 31 31 1,17 -7.30 n 31 lo.a 31,10 20,10 31 BUm. ORfZlC 62 /|.R U 16 37 -L-'^ 10 9^ 0.1 -Jd )-4 — - 1^ ^ !^ 1.5 ^:_ 0.: FS- 1.! — = -^ -V (RBSHS (!i>ocoU Nn. ^- ^ ■^ 4ap_ ^ s^ m 3» u -^ A% 43 2» 1100 2000 -. T- 43.1 it, i?,i 21. ( -ki ■^ ^, 1. J.5 r^ ^ -t7 16.9 ^ -ijTo nUMntoiw No. 4. ■»■' ■ t Ofi 0.; PUOELLtfB 24 _43_ 170 48 ej 240 19 U « 29 9.6 te 37 170 "^f" I'i •1.4 « 4) * )a 59 26 ■ < 4J _1G.' 3J 1,' _5.il O.B 2.^ B.i 12.] l-> ^v 111 DliTOW C«nirle Ho. ^S 29 T40 940 2400 ^ 7» 240 210 19 180 480 590 4100 ^ LOOO .OT 230 92 44 69 mo 4IU — i T" 3.2 21.3 42.' 1ft, _58Jj 30.C 29.: u/l 26.9 ■'t' i.l J6,9 16,5 47,2 W' ,<« 2» 460 170 41x1 }10 MO 2400 190 72 i*l 2iU 6?J 779 « «.< ti.l ».' r».o 70.1 62.4 39,« 4«.6 27.6 ntotozoA Svcodlna Ho. 4.6 ■ $ O.S '? "^ 4.1 4. 48 IS V' 3» 9-2 f} ■ 71:1 4.d 270 6,2 )■' 9.2 ' i 0.7 0.5 0. n? 0.4 ,0.4 1. 0.1 J 1.1 29. i er/Ml 1500 810 1900 2600 3500 4300 3200 2500 690 320 3600 St«ncJ»nl ilra»l Unlla/Wl 430 660 910 540 UOO 2400 2300 2600 330 330 L400 DDHIHAHr PORHS^ 20 20 30 31 31 31 31,17 17,30 31 10 20,10 BLUE GREBE 19 q.( sds V V i< FLUMiitou. Ho. „„U__ 9^ ^ ^.6 ___ : 'I- —— "0.3 Coccold Ho. _aw J70 J3Q_ J20 IfiO 330 130 150 .40. _ 120 L200 -^ ^ 120 ai .-LiO- Afi u •il -Al^ 17 T- b^ < OJ FUOELLWIS SI 130 160 46 96 36 9.( 140 -56- ^6 IS ISP 1^ 1.5 K < ' 3.7 3.E 5.5 U DUT0»6 2700 400 720 200 67 780 3'' * p,oo ^ 'M.< _52Q- 610 .600 (rc 500 iAb UOO 100 160 t 27. 21. 5 45.7 25.6 ■«.( 60.C 47.S 7S. PROTOZOA » CllUtM Ho. <>,f^ i.S 9' I A 19 19 ■ SO 13 7.2 11 " 7.? 29 t U 0.6 0.' 0.2 0. 4.ft i 0,: CRDSTACU Ho. 4.B jl 0.2 - SD * Location 1 ,.,.„.».,.„ STATION NQ26 ,^,„ »ii., le.e 1960 1961 1 AprU Juno JuljT "«• S.pt. Oct. No*. Dm. Jul. Fob. lUrcli jprtl •V Juiw TOTAL PliHTTjB lluM>ar/«l 200 980 5100 5400 8100 4800 1500 2100 2200 1000 290 740 Standard Aroal DnltB/al 420 610 2300 1900 2400 2800 1600 2400 2200 580 390 350 590 1300 JJOO DOWHAHr POKKS^ 20 10 31 31 31 31,17 31,17 30,17 17 ?l.lo 10,31 Jl ^,10 , Jl BLUE (HISIB CoccoU Iki;! 34 ^^ m 9.6 -^i SOT- 5.3 <).; .-A^i- 14 — ; ^ P.R 0.6 ' - ol PUaMDtnu Ho. JA - -A-J _IS_ ±^ li_ _aj. 5^ -^ T- 1.4 ^^ Ot4 0.2 „5*flL H 0.1 o.y. (KEEKS Coccotd Ho. 50 720 'S" 800 660 "120 soo UO ao 49 -120. 17 67 22 17 LU 24 -5 29 7.2 2ttl 10 JSO_ LUl UOO 4.Y. Mo. 60.0 4.8 4.8 JJi 12.; 9.' ^4.4. J.0 2,3. 2.6 14.C 1.7 1.9 ia.7 2iJ. _a.2 X 0.4 O.S PLAOELLKTES Qjljwntod Ho. 29 19 ML IM .ISL «1 9.6 » 29 fi: 14 16 14 ai_ 260 X 1.4 _2.fl JJl 2.2 XJ J3.6 _l.fi 1.3 s.i 2.1 4.9 1.7 No. ■^ SD t DiATOm ContTlo Ho. 34 82 1400 3600 tTOO 3300 540 9<0 3au joo 3.300 ?20 f^ !»0 510 900 1300 200 J9OO w ?70 770 5*5 i.fleQ_ t 54.C 5i.i 77.1 56.C }8.< M,3 34.7 79.4 22.< PBOrOMA SarcodLoM Ho. 9.6 H t 1.0 CllUtM Ho. 9.6 M l,.S 4.B 9-' 5.5 y> so S3 24 )S «« ?.6 4.8 9-i U, u ISO t 1.0 4.. 0.4 0.4 U.5 0.7 o.J 0.3 4.t i 0.; acastUMA Ho. 1 " ? 1 Seo coda at «Dd of table for Ideotirieatlon. 2 H\iBb«r of plankton Id elveo group/nl. 3 SD - Standard Areal ITaita/Hl. k f m Ria^r of planlcton/^ La glvan grot^ as percent of total plank:ton/*l- -171- TABLE T-2 (Conlinueil) SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY PLANKTON SURVEY DATA 1960-1961 LoMtlocii Mi^iuuanof STATION NO.g? Rl».r rai.< 12J I960 l?6l » rl! "■7 780 -no 0D 3*00 2«00 2300 UOO 2000 1300 240 , UOO [ 940O CnHm/ml ^ su SJOO' 2KI0 680 210 tM) 4400 OONIKAin PQVe' ao ao.a n 51 XI n nA» S »^7 17 n 31 31 BLw mmiB (Mpold Ho.' ^ «.« » 9.t : ; 4.2 -3.7 0.1 =f _ -^J ^1 li - - — 12 "03 03 -: "5 0.7 u 0.3 17 0.4 i.9 0.1 0.7 0.7_ 29 0.2 dtOJC i« W IW 144 230 190 52 ^ lU 13 « 94 m 290 _ > 5D |o U 7) * su 24 ^.d u 11° 110 110 110 120 41 19 » 43 « 37 . ■ JD 12 )» J5 y « >_ >.: 2.0 l.< 2.0 2.0 2.i 3.2 l.« 1.4 ♦•5 17.9 5.i 0.4 ttn^i/^antad No, ". _" an t DUTWe Ortrto HO. ---if- _J3« 1.7 UO - 160 U.1 «D0 2100 «0.« 4600 1300 85J «.7 3400 1700 M.O 2200 laoO 57.9 UOO ijoo 53.9 390 27.9 420 Ho 32,3 72 _74_ 5^7 7700 : ^ Su-codin Mo. _UI1 X. u 200 J4.J Uoo 15.7 3W 9.3 920 9.« loco 24,0 1400 34.3 880 37,1 Itoo 65.8 420 57.0 ».0_ 31*7 15.t 3U Vt u CHUtM Ho. i.a A.« -^ iS _0J 29 9.6 19 V^t. !•! U 1 Boiirais »>. 0.4 ^_0J -- „Q^ 9i2 0.6 9.' 0.3 0.7 O'l 0.7. ^ so 20 lis jf O.T 0.3 CROBTACti No. ■ W 1 K9UTC0ES NO. SO f Se« code at end of t*ble for tdsntlfl cation Riabar of plankton la given groiigjml. SU - Staadard Areal lAUta/Kl- i ■ 1t\mtb*r ot plankton/al in given group • percent of tot&l pLankion/Bl. ARBITRUnr COK mnrriFicATioii or PLmocrEBS Code Hiabcn Genu* or G«Qu*-tyi>e 10 E^edra-type u JUtorlonoUa u Fraffllarla 13 CyMbella XT Tabellarla-iype SO a AnUatrodeuus Scerwdeaaua S7 Aotlnutna 30 31 MBloatra Qrelotalla-type -172- in 8 O S ir > a: CO o 3 UJ < > S (r. '=' 3 _i (/) < o c O o o lO I < O I- z < _l Q. > O g (0 z -1 UJ 3 < (0 q: o < UJ « < o (/) >■ X O UJ I- o ^8 8< -it. I I I I I >o §»3 OI«^piHOQ*OWi gj^S3-"5Pl H r^ fNJ CN CJ N oi •TV eg o I I I JSS R M fj ooooo ooo H H H OOO 1 1 1 oooodoooo H O O OOO 1 1 1 • •••••••• OOOOOOOrHH OOO 1 1 1 OOOOOrHOrHH 1.21 0.86 0.66 0,56 o HcJrHHCMoIcJcJpJ « <^(»\cv cy Ol H COnO 00 O O^ •8d . 00 g Q (M to f^ 1 1 1 1 1 CO CM ass , UJ I ^ 2 CJrHirv CM«OJN«c3oJCy rj Rs:;) ' ^ 1 OHOHrH MrHrH 0' CD 0' ' «)trnf\ \0 -vKM^ »H »-t *0 in VN O^nO u\ 1^ 5 'S ' ^• ill g,8 , UN -4 a. X> U 9> 9 ^ll H V UJ 1 ^ ^ 2 fl K ^ UJ > I :3S 3I^ I I I I I QnO c^«o eg o to s o 31^ .330,5,3^35^ J Js rK S N r>< rH c3 000000000 3c3 »rv(M »r»«Q ■4C-^eQ H H H ■-* H H Stop <>J C^O rd -^nO ^ fi C i-t CO iH r^H rNr- > ■»» ■< f»\ cy ir\ c^ c»\ I CM CM 01 CM OJ CM 01 O O rH O O O O r <^-^HO<-t-4''^fcAr-€Oa>a)l>eo cm 8u^8oQQOQw i-i CV CM f^ (M fV ^3l^^ SSkI cn CM CM I I I odd CM CM CM I I I o d o >0 trtsO I I I o o d fN CM R0 rH iH «^-l --i .-* r~t rHfHfH r-t CM CM d d d d d ' d d d d ' ' ' OrHCMrHCMCM rHCD V (T- §§ B. 4 93POUOC r-4 3lVdG.4? -174- > ■- a. I < (E > >- UJ > a: tn o I- >£. Z < _l Q. > O z < (T. O < CO (O z> (O UJ a: o R * UJ i? _l :^ s 1 a: 111 > y (T (D £ C\J S 9 * OJ C o X rH pL4 a < o S UJ X o Q z < < o V) >■ X Ol gf 31^ I I I 1 I r-' J IT. 1-1 cy ir\ c- •A-^-A ' ' ' Is- "la 1 rr\ -4 ITS in ^ i^pisassas 00 0*00 000 r^ rj f\j o*o o' ' 1 1 OWrHcycjfN(fVO, ^«0 < O rH O O r-( I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5 r- 1> c^^o ^o I ooooooooo OOOOOQOOQ or^t~-aio^Oryt-o X> ^ O I I I I I I I I I 1 1 O O O O O Q O IT- -•->< tn o s o "^ («. s; < £ -^ I I I >o O SSr! OOOOOOOOO HtVOifSIWrSCMHH OOOOOOOOO ONtft-^uj^Ot^irvc^O OOOOOOOOOrH O^tO ICMQirtOsONO C^rH f^-*C^Ot^C* HH HHOrHHH I I I I I t (N f^ rj I I I O O o C4 i-iM I I I o o o ^0 vO sO I I I o o o 8u^ O-O «0 (T. rH H C>J O O H I I I r I I I I I I I *^ *^ 9C":1 "^ 91 'OQ'*^ NO vO sD C- t^ JD ^3 §88888885 K ir\vo 3) t- -175- PLATE I LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATION, RIVER MILE. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND IN- DUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES. SAMPLED MONTHLY. SAMPLED ONCE OR TWICE MONTHLY FOR PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND OXYGEN ANALYSES. SAMPLED MONTHLY OR BIMONTHLY FOR PLANKTON. BOTTOM ORGANISMS, SEDI- MENT GRADATION, DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND TEMPERATURE. SAMPLED DAILY FOR TEMPERATURE AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF COMPOSITE SAMPLES. PERIODIC ORGANIC ANALYSES SAMPLING USING CARBON ADSORPTION METHOD. CONTINUOUS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY RECORDER. ■■•'», STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH SACRAMENTO RIVER WATER POLLUTION SURVEY SAMPLING PROGRAM AND AREA OF INVESTIGATION 1960-61 "1= SCALE IN MILES 5 /T- if- THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL UCu LlbKAKY AN 5i97 OUE Ji\N 51970 \U6171992 SEP2 9RK'D NOV 6 197?' DEC 2 RtC-O^ RECEIVED AUU^i? 1992 i^nysicahsc'ences OV 14 1990 MAR 1 J 2002 PHVSSCV UBB'^^'' LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book SIip-50m-8,'63(D9954s4)458 I-^ 1 1 -for n 1^ PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY no . in LIBRAH UNIVEKSITY OF CAiitUKAil PAVJS 306033 lb