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EASY ENGLISH PIECES 
 
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 TRANSLATION INTO LATIN PROSE 
 
 ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF MIDDLE FORMS 
 IN SCHOOLS 
 
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 MDCCCLXXXIX 
 \_New Editioii\ 
 
7 3 6^/ 
 
PRE FA CE 
 
 Pekhaps some apology may seem to be necessary for 
 adding another to the already numerous collections of 
 pieces for Latin Prose. Our excuse must be that 
 we have not as yet been able to meet with a book 
 exactly answering the requirements of Middle Forms in 
 Schools, such as the Fourth Form and " Shells " at 
 Marlborough. The fault, of most of the existing books 
 appears to be that they are too hard, that they expect boys 
 at that stage to be able both to turn English into Latin 
 idiom, and at the same time to observe the ordinary 
 rules of Latin Composition. On the principle that it is 
 impossible to do two things at once, the result frequently 
 is that if the boy is able to supply a more or less equivalent 
 Latin expression, he indemnifies himself by making a verb 
 govern the nominative case. Having therefore been 
 driven to compose and adapt pieces for our own Forms, 
 we think that our experience thus acquired may be 
 useful to others in the like circumstances. 
 
 We have endeavoured then to make the English 
 suf&ciently like Latin to present no insurmountable 
 
vi PREFACE, 
 
 difficulties in translation, but at the same time to give 
 some practice in the use of the Latin equivalents for the 
 commonest English idioms, such, for instance, as the 
 indiscriminate use of "and" in connecting words and 
 sentences. At the same time, the pieces will, we hope, 
 supply sufficient exercise in the use of those rules of 
 Latin Composition which are necessary for boys to master 
 at the age for which these Exercises are intended. 
 
 So many words have been supplied at the end of each 
 piece as should make the use of an English-Latin Dictionary 
 unnecessary, those only being left untranslated which 
 would naturally form part of a very modest Vocabulary, 
 and which are of constant occurrence in Caesar and Livy. 
 The number decreases to some extent as the pieces 
 become more advanced, these being roughly graduated 
 into three groups. Where two words similarly spelt are 
 liable to be confused, such as djico and d%co, we have not 
 marked the quantities, not wishing to discourage the 
 intelligent use of the Latin-English Dictionary. The 
 rules which have been prefixed do not pretend to be 
 exhaustive. They are merely those which we have found 
 least understood and most habitually violated in Latin 
 Prose, stated to the best of our powers, in a simple form. 
 They have been, to some extent, tested by experience. It 
 is taken for granted that the elementary Concords, and 
 
PREFACE, vii 
 
 rules such as those about Verbs governing the Dative and 
 Ablative, have been taught from some Grammar, and are 
 pointed out in construing lessons. 
 
 Where words are enclosed in brackets they are not 
 meant to be actually translated, but are inserted, either 
 for the sake of the English idiom, or to show the character 
 of the sentence ; for instance, " (as he said) " implies that 
 the clause is '' Virtual Oratio Obliqua." 
 
 A. C. C. 
 
 G. W. R 
 
 Marlborough College. 
 
 PREFACE rO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 In this edition we have revised both rules and pieces 
 carefully. A few additions and alterations have been 
 made to render the rules clearer. Practical use of the 
 book in teaching has shown us where expressions in the 
 pieces may with advantage be altered, fresh words given, 
 or old words left out. We have therefore incorporated 
 the results of our experience in the text and vocabularies. 
 At the same time, we hope that the changes are not so 
 numerous or vital as to make the first edition useless. 
 Twelve new pieces in simple Oratio Obliqua have been 
 added, and are placed last in the book. We have also 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 given at the end a list of the Latin equivalents for a 
 few English words of frequent occurrence, such as we 
 have constantly found boys unable to put into Latin. 
 The lists do not pretend to be exhaustive, nor are the 
 meanings elaborately explained, for our aim is that the 
 learners may be encouraged to select the right word by 
 studying the examples in a dictionary. Some of these 
 Latin words are also given in the vocabularies, but this re- 
 petition will hardly, we hope, be regarded as a drawback. 
 
 A. C. C. 
 ' G. W. E. 
 Marlborough, March 1887. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Introductory Rules, 
 
 exercises- 
 Part I. . 
 
 Part II. . 
 Part III. 
 
 List of Common English Words with their Latin Equi- 
 valents, 
 
 PAGB 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 74 
 
 109 
 
I.— RELATIVE. 
 
 When you get a Relative Sentence, e.g, 
 
 (1) 75, quern nost% advenit=T'he man, whom you know, has 
 
 come, 
 
 (2) Eurn, qui advenit, nosti=You know the man who has 
 
 come, 
 
 the first thing is to look at the antecedent, i.e. the word to 
 which the Relative refers, and ask (1) What is its gender? 
 (2) What is its number ? 
 
 Then the Relative must have the same number and 
 gender ; but in case the Relative has nothing to do with its 
 antecedent. 
 
 Thus in example (1) quern is ace. after nosti . . . ; in 
 example (2) qui is nom. to advenit. 
 
 The Relative may be in the same case as its antecedent, 
 but this is merely an accident, e.g. 
 
 Eum, quern nosti, vidi. 
 
 II.— SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 
 
 Tenses are divided into two main groups, (1) Primary, 
 (2) Historic. 
 
 (1) Primary Tenses are — 
 Present. 
 Future. 
 Perfect with have : " / have seen!' 
 
 A 
 
LA TIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 (2) Historic Tenses are — - 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Pluperfect. 
 Perfect without have : " / saiu!* 
 
 In sentences containing more than one clause (Com- 
 pound Sentences), having begun with one of these two 
 classes, you must not change to the other. Thus — 
 
 Rogo^ quis sit=l ask who he is. 
 
 Fug% ne morerer-^I ran away that I might not die. 
 
 This is generally expressed shortly thus — 
 Primary follows Primary. 
 Historic ,, Historic. 
 
 III.— ORATIO OBLIQUA. 
 
 A. Oratio Obliqua is the mode of reporting a man's 
 words (or thoughts) not in the very words which he used. 
 
 Thus Caesar's own words were " / came, I saw, I con- 
 quered ^ When one Eoman told another about Caesar's 
 letter, he put it thus : " Caesar said that he came, saw, and 
 conquered'' (Oratio Obliqua). So Veni, vidi, vici become 
 Caesar se venisse, vidisse, vicisse scripsit. 
 
 B. When you have a speech in the very words of the 
 speaker (Oratio Recta) to be translated into Latin Oratio 
 Obliqua, first pick out the Principal Sentences. 
 
 PiiiNCiPAL Sentences are those which are able to stand 
 by themselves,^ and 
 
 1 . Directly state a Fact : He runs. 
 
 2. Directly ask a Question : Who runs ? 
 
 3. Directly give a Command : Run. 
 
 ^ Thus Venissem, nisi negotiis impeditus essem. Here Venissem makes 
 sense by itself ; but nisi . . . essem does not. 
 
O RAT 10 OB LI QUA, 
 
 0. Then in Latin Oratio Obliqua, as regards Moods : of 
 these 
 
 1. (Statements) become accusative with infinitive. 
 
 2. (Questions) „ the proper interrogative with 
 
 subjunctive. 
 
 3. (Commands or „ 3d person of subjunctive, 
 
 Petitions) „ either jpresent or infiperfect 
 
 according as the verb intro- 
 ducing the sjpeech is primary 
 Examples — or historic. See F. p. 4. 
 
 1. Dixit se currere. 
 
 2. Quaesivit quis curreret. 
 
 3. Hortatus est ut curreret (or, if the command comes in 
 
 the middle of a speech, simply curreret). 
 Questions are introduced by such words as quis? qui 
 
 homo ? qualis ? quantus ? quot ? quando ? cur ? quomodo ? 
 
 -ne ? nam ? utrum ? an ? 
 
 A Rhetorical question, i.e. one which does not really 
 
 expect an answer, is in accusative with infinitive. Thus, 
 
 Cottae consilium quern habere exitum ? (Caes. B. G. v. 29.) 
 Commands are introduced by ut, ne: sometimes by 
 
 nothing. 
 
 D. Subordinate Sentences are brought in, or connected 
 with the Principal sentence, by — 
 
 (a) Eelatives : qui, qualis, quantus, etc. 
 
 (b) Eelative words expressing place or time : ubi, qua, 
 
 quo, quum, postquam. 
 
 (c) Other conjunctions : si, nisi ; quod, quoniam, quia ; 
 
 ut (=in order that, so that, as, when, although); 
 quamquam, quamvis, etsi. 
 
 These sentences in Oratio Obliqua are ahvays in the 
 Subjunctive.^ 
 
 N.B. — Of course all sentences which are in the Infinitive or Sub- 
 junctive in Oratio Recta are so in Oratio Obliqua as well. 
 
 ^ AU sentences beginning with qu- have tJiek^Mchjnthe subjunctive 
 in Oratio Obliqua. "~ 
 
LA TIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 E. Tenses of the Infinitive in Oratio Obliwa. 
 
 Here there is a difficulty ; e.g. " He said that he liked." 
 Is this " Bixit id sibi placere" or " Dixit id sibi placuisse " ? 
 
 Time, past, present, or future, is judged from the time at 
 which the speaker spoke. Thus, if it pleased him at the 
 time of his speaking, it is placere ; if it pleased him pre- 
 vious to the time of his speaking, it is placuisse. 
 
 That is to say : If he used the words, '' It pleases me'' 
 put placere ; if he used the words, " It pleased^' or '' It has 
 pleased me'' -^ut placuisse. 
 
 Hence The Eule — 
 
 Pres., Imperf. Indie, of Oratio Eecta become Pres. 
 Infinitive in Oratio Obliqua ; 
 
 Perf. and Pluperf. become Perf. Infinitive ; 
 
 Future remains the same. 
 
 F. Tenses of the Subjunctive in Oratio Obliqua 
 depend on the tense of the verb that introduces the Ee- 
 ported Speech. Thus — 
 
 (1) If a piece begins, " Caesar says that he will come if 
 
 he can," etc., all the Subjunctive Tenses must be 
 Primary, i.e. Pres. or Perf. Subjunctive. 
 
 (2) If it begins, " Caesar said that he would come, if he 
 
 could," etc., all the Subjunctive Tenses must be 
 Historic, i.e. Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunctive. 
 Hence all that goes on at the same time as, or after the 
 act of speaking, is in (1) Present Subjunctive, in (2) Im- 
 perfect Subjunctive^; all that goes on he/o7'e the act of 
 speaking is in (1) Perfect, in (2) Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 Primary instances — 
 
 He says that Cicero will defend Chientius, who is accused. 
 Affirmat Oiceronem A. Cluentium, qui reus sit, defen- 
 
 surum esse. 
 They say that Caesar, who has returned to Gaul, will 
 
 repress the insurrection. 
 Ferunt Caesarem, qui ad Galliam redierit, seditionem 
 compressurum esse. 
 
 ^ But fut. perf. becomes in (1) perf. subj., in (2) pluperf. subj. 
 
OR AT 10 OB LI QUA. 5 
 
 Historic instances — 
 He sa^ that Cicero would defend A. Cluentius, who 
 
 was accused. 
 Affirmavit Ciceronem A. Cluentium, qui reus esset, defen- 
 
 surum esse. 
 They said that Caesar, who had returned to Gaul, would 
 
 repress the insurrection. 
 Ferebant Caesarem, qui ad Galliam redisset, seditionem 
 
 comjpressurum esse, 
 
 G. Pkonouns in OiiATio Obliqua. 
 Ego, nos of the Oratio Eecta become ipse, ipsi in nom., 
 se in ace. and abl. 
 
 3feus, noster become suus. 
 
 N.B. — Se, suus, as a rule, refer to the speaker ; but on occasion se 
 may refer to the nominative of subordinate sentences. Often the sense 
 may be made clearer by attaching ipse in its proper case to " se," as 
 Nautis imperavit ut se ipsos in mare projicereyit. 
 
 Tu, vos, become is or ille. 
 
 Tuus, vester become ejus, illius, eorum, illorum. 
 
 Is or ille remain the same. 
 
 ff. Summary. 
 
 In writing a piece of Oratio Obliqua there are three 
 things to be noticed before beginning the piece — 
 
 (a) Who is speaking or thinking (= subject of verb 
 introducing or stating the Oratio Obliqua). Then 
 all the Pronouns referring to him, or to him along 
 with others, become ipse or se. See G. above. 
 
 (0) Is the principal verb (verb introducing the speech), 
 as nuntiat, quaesivit, oravit, in primary or historic 
 time ? Then all the verbs in the subjunctive must 
 be primary or historic accordingly. 
 
 (c) If the piece is in Oratio Eecta in English, turn it 
 into Oratio Obliqua in English, either in your 
 head or on paper, before attempting to translate 
 it into Latin. 
 
LA TIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 I. Cautions. 
 
 1. No moods to be used except Infinitive in statements, 
 Subjunctive in questions/ commands, and subordinate 
 clauses. 
 
 2. After a historic tense, no tenses of the subjunctive 
 except Imperfect and Pluperfect. 
 
 3. No persons except 3d Singular and Plural. 
 
 4. No personal or possessive pronouns except those of 
 the 3d person. 
 
 The following pieces are adapted from Caesar and 
 Livy :— 
 
 Oratio Recta. 
 
 (1) Envoys come from them, 
 whose speech is as follows : — 
 " We Germans are not the first to 
 make war upon the Roman people ; 
 yet if we are attacked, we do not 
 refuse to decide the question by 
 arms, since it is a German custom, 
 handed down by our forefathers, 
 to resist whoever make war upon 
 us, and not to beg off. Yet we 
 have come against our will, driven 
 out from home. If you Romans 
 wish for our friendship we can be 
 useful friends to you. Either 
 give us lands, or allow us to hold 
 those which we have got by fight- 
 ing. We yield the first place to 
 the Suevi alone, for whom not 
 even the immortal gods can be a 
 match. There is no one else on 
 earth whom we cannot overcome." 
 
 Oratio Obliqua. Oratio Obliqua — Historic. 
 
 (2) Caesar answered that there (2) Caesar respondit,^ sibi nul- 
 could be no friendship between lam cum his amicitiam esse posse, 
 him and them, if they stayed in si in Gallia remanerent ; neque 
 
 ^ Except of course rhetorical questions. See III. c. above. 
 2 Principal Verb. 
 
 Oratio Obliqua — Primary. 
 Legati ab his veniunt, quorum 
 haec estr' oratio : Germanos neque 
 priores Populo Romano bellum 
 inferre, neque tamen recusare si 
 lacessantur, quin armis conten- 
 dant ; quod Germanorum consue- 
 tudo sit, a majoribus tradita, 
 quicumque bellum inferant, resis- 
 tere neque deprecari. Se tamen 
 venisse invito s, ejectos domo : si 
 suam gratiam Romani velint, posse 
 eis utiles esse amicos; vel.s^6^ agros 
 attribuant, vel patiantur eos ten- 
 ere, quos armis possederint: sese 
 unis Suebis concedere, quibus ne 
 dii quidem immortales pares esse 
 possint : reliquum quidem in 
 terris esse neminem quem non 
 superare possint 
 
ORATIO OBLIQUA. 
 
 Gaul ; and that it was not reason- 
 able that those, who had been un- 
 able to protect their own territory, 
 should seize upon that of others ; 
 but they might settle down, if 
 they wished, in the territory of 
 the Ubii, whose ambassadors were 
 with him, complaining of the 
 wrongs done to the Suevi, and 
 asking for help from him : he 
 would lay this command upon the 
 Ubii. 
 
 Oratio Recta. 
 
 (3) Quid ego haec interrogol 
 Quum si ego tacitus abissem, tamen 
 tibi ad voluntatis interpretationem 
 meae dirigenda tua sententia fuer- 
 it, quin tu respondes, vetuerimne 
 te quicquam rei me absente agere, 
 vetuerimne signa cum hostibus 
 conferre ? Hoc tu imperio meo 
 spreto ausus es cum hoste confli- 
 gere. Ad haec, quae interrogatus 
 eSf responde : at extra ea cave 
 vocera mittas. Accede, lictor. 
 
 verum esse, qui suos fines tueri 
 non potuissent, alienos occuparej 
 sed licere, si vellent, in Ubiorum 
 finibus considere, quorum essent 
 legati apud se, et de Sueborum 
 injuriis quererentur, et a se auxi- 
 lium peterent; hoc se Ubiis im- 
 peraturum. 
 
 Oratio Obliqua, 
 
 Quaesivit^ dictator quid ipse 
 haec interrogaret ? quum, si ipse 
 tacitus abisset, tamen illi ad volun- 
 tatis interpretationem suae diri- 
 genda illius sententia fuisset, 
 quin ille responderet, vetuissetne 
 ilium quicquam rei se absente 
 agere, vetuissetne signa cum hos- 
 tibus conferre'^ Hoc ilium imperio 
 suo spreto ausum esse cum hoste 
 confligere. Ad haec, quae inter- 
 rogatus esset, responderet ; at extra 
 ea caver et vocem mitteret Acce- 
 deret lictor. 
 
 Why do I ask these questions ? Since, if I had gone away without 
 speaking, yet your views ought to have been guided in accordance 
 with your interpretation of my wishes, pray answer (lit. Why do you 
 not answer ?), whether I have forbidden you to do anything in my 
 absence, whether I have forbidden you to attack the enemy. Yet you, 
 despising my command, have dared to fight the enemy. Answer 
 these questions which you have been asked ; but take care you do 
 not utter a word besides. Lictor, come here. 
 
 These pieces follow strictly the rule of the Sequence of 
 Tenses. But in the Latin authors themselves variations 
 are common for the sake of vividness; however, these 
 should not be imitated. 
 
 ^ Priucipal Verb. 
 
8 LA TIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 IV.— QUUM. 
 
 1. Qimm (cum), meaning '^ when," takes Imperfect or 
 Pluperfect Subjunctive after a Past tense.^ 
 
 2. Quum in its other meanings takes Subjunctive with 
 any tense. 
 
 v.— HINTS AS TO STYLE. 
 
 A. Avoid present participles in the nominative.^ The 
 English present participle can often be translated by — 
 (l)the perfect participle of a deponent vert ; as, 
 
 Occasionem ratus copias castris eduxit. Thinking it a 
 good opportunity, he led the troops out of the camp. 
 
 Or (2) by ablative absolute ; as, 
 
 Germani post tergum clamor e audita se ex castris ejece- 
 runt. The Germans, hearing a cry behind their back, 
 rushed out of the camp. 
 
 Or (3) by quum with subjunctive ; as, 
 
 Germani, quu7n suos interfici viderenty se in flumen prae- 
 cipitaverunt. The Germans, seeing their comrades 
 being killed, flung themselves into the river. 
 ^. Avoid et, atque, -que as much as possible in connect- 
 ing sentences. They are not nearly so common in Latin 
 as " and'' is in English. Use instead — 
 
 (1) qui. 
 
 Qua spe adducti Germani latius vagabantur, — and the 
 
 Germans drawn on by this hope . . . 
 Legati ad regem venerunt. Ad quern cum essent intro- 
 
 ducti . . ., — and when they had been introduced to 
 
 him. 
 
 1 Unless the fact that the two things happened at exactly the same 
 time, and that one was not the cause of the other, is to be emphasised, 
 e.g. Sol oriehatur, quum projlclscebar. 
 
 2 Present participles are of course not unfrequently used in Latin, 
 when the two actions take place at exactly the same time, as Haec 
 ridens dixit. It is thought, however, that avoiding them in the 
 nominative case at this stage will give a better result in Latin Prose. 
 
HINTS AS TO STYLE, 
 
 Or (2) ablative absolute. 
 
 Diebus decern omni opere effedo exercitus traducitur. All 
 the work was finished in ten days and the army led 
 across. 
 
 Or (3) dejoonent participle. 
 
 Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus se in fines 
 Ubiorum recepit. Caesar stayed a few days and then 
 retired. 
 
 Or (4) passive participle. 
 
 Urbem captam incendit. He fooJc and burnt the city. 
 Hi comprehensi necati sunt. They were seized and 
 killed. 
 
 Or (5) quum with historic subjunctive. 
 
 Hie, quum fratri auxiliuni ferrety ilium ex periculo eripuit. 
 He came to the help of his brother and rescued him. 
 
 Or (6) auteniy where there is any contrast implied, e.g. 
 Auxilia oravi ; hi autem se missuros esse negaver- 
 unt — " I sent to ask for reinforcements, and they 
 refused to send them." This notion of contrast, 
 or change of subject, is often expressed in English 
 by " now!' 
 
 C. Where more than two substantives, adjectives, or 
 verbs are joined together, put in all the " ands " or none : — 
 
 Ossa, cruor, venae, calor, humor, viscera, nervi. — (Lucre- 
 tius.) 
 
 D. Do not translate '' and not," " and nothing," " and 
 never," by et non, et nihil, et nunquam., but by neque, neque 
 quidquam, nee unquam. 
 
 Also remember that 
 
 in order that no one is ne quis. 
 
 „ nothing „ ne quid. 
 
 „ never „ ne tcnqtiam. 
 
LATIN PROSE EXERCISES, 
 
 WhUe 
 
 so that no one is %it nemo. 
 
 „ nothing „ ut nihil. 
 
 „ never „ ut minquam. 
 
 Also, " He says that war is not declared," 
 not dicit non, hut negat. 
 
 E, A preposition, .with the substantive which it 
 governs, is not in Latin attached to another substantive, 
 but only to a verb, participle, or adjective; thus, "The 
 man in the moon," would not be. Homo in luna, hut 
 
 Homo qui in luna est ; 
 Homo qui lunam hahitat. 
 
 An island in the river, 
 Insula in flumine sita. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 PART I. 
 
 I. Letter of the Mahdi. 
 
 The prophet^ of the Arabs'^ greets^ his lieutenant. I have 
 received a letter sent from Dongola (which announces) that the 
 vanguard"^ of the English^ army, which the English consul has 
 sent to subdue^ the Soudan,'^ has arrived there. I therefore 
 order you to hasten^ with all your troops to Berber!^ There 
 . 2000 men are posted,'^^ which being added to your army, you 
 ^il\ command^^ 8000 men altog ether, ^'^ With these go to meet^^ 
 the English. Announce to our men before the battle that all 
 things which are found in the camp of the Christians shall be 
 theirs. The heads of the generals are to be sent to Digna. 
 Farewell. 
 
 1. vates. 2. Arabs. 3. salutem dico. 4. say, the first column-of- 
 march. 5. Anglus. 6. subigo. 7. Aethiopia. 8. contendo. 
 9. Barbaria. 10. loco. 11. praesum. 12. omnino. 13. ob- 
 viam eo. 
 
 2. Letter of the Mahdi to smart Digna. 
 
 The prophet ^ of the Arabs ^ greets ^ ivarmly his (friend) 
 Digna. Why do I hear nothing about Suakim ? ^ How long ^ 
 will you allow the Christians to ride^ the town? How can 
 I expect reinforcements from Arabia across the sea,*^ if all 
 
EXERCISES. [Part I. 
 
 approach ^ is cut offli ^ You therefore, whom I trust most, open 
 the way to the sea for me. I will soon send you the names of 
 those who inform me of what goes on'^^ in the towns already 
 seized ^^ by the enemy. You can trust them, for they are most 
 worthy of trust,^^ since they hate the soldiers of that Christian 
 woman. The English troops have already arrived near the 
 besieged city ; I hope, therefore, that the heads of their generals 
 will soon be sent to you. Farewell. 
 
 1. vates. 2. Arabs. 3. salutem plurimam dico. 4. Sacis, g. 
 -is. 5. quamdiu. 6. dominor. 7. transmarinus. 8. aditus. 
 9. intercludo. 10. agitur. 11. occupo. 12. fides. 
 
 3. Battle of Marathon. 
 
 The Athenians} victorious on both wings,'^ drove the enemy 
 to the shore ^ and marshes.^ But the centre ^ of the Athenians 
 was broken by the Persians ^ and Sacae, and turned to flight. 
 Then Miltiades, leading back his wings, which were pursuing 
 the flying enemy, charged '^ the Persians and Sacae ; and the 
 latter could not withstand^ the attach.^ When the battle had 
 already lasted^^ some time}^ and the sun was setting}'^ the Persians 
 fled along the whole line}^ and made for the ships, pursued by 
 the Greeks. Then the Athenians, on trying ^^ to set fire td^^ 
 the ships of the Persians, were able to burn^^ only^*^ seven, 
 since the latter, urged'^^ by despair}^ fought most bravely. 
 Thus went the battle ^^ of Marathon. 
 
 Atheniensis. 2. cornu. 3. litus. 4. palus. 5. Media acies. 
 6. Persia. 7. irruo. 8. sustineo. 9. impetus. 10. use the 
 passive of pugno impersonally. 11. aliquamdiu. 12. occido. 
 13. use the abl. 14. conor. 15. incendo. 16. cremo. 
 17. tantum. 18. incite. 19. desperatio. 20. use the jx^ssive 
 of pugno impersonally. 
 
Part I.] EXERCISES. 13 
 
 4. Horatius. 
 
 When the Tarquins'^ had been driven out of Eome, they 
 asked help from Lars Porsena of Clusium. And he promised 
 to do what he could. Therefore he collected'^ an army of his 
 allies, and came to Eome so quickly that the citizens could not 
 destroy^ the SuUician Bridge.^ Then Horatius promised to 
 defend the bridge while they were hrealdng ^ it down. And so 
 he, with Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius, kept driving 
 hack ^ the enemy. When the bridge was nearly ^ broken down, 
 the latter retreated into the city ; but Horatius stayed at his 
 post^ till^ the bridge fell with a great crash}^ Then, having 
 prayed Father Tiber to hold ^^ him up, he threiu^^ himself into 
 the river, and, though ^^ weighed down ^^ by his arms, got out ^^ 
 safe on the nearer ^^ bank. And the Fathers honoured ^"^ him 
 with a statue and other rewards}^ because (a^s they said) he had 
 saved the city of Rome. 
 
 1. Tarquinius. 2. cogo. 3. interrumpo. 4. Pons Sublicius. 
 5. rescindo. 6. propulso. 7. paene. 8. static. 9. donee. 
 10. fragor. 11. sustineo. 12. projicio. 13. quamvis. 14. gra- 
 vatus. 15. emerge 16. citerior. 17. decoro. 18. praemium. 
 
 5. Battle of Lake Regillus. 
 
 When peace had been made by Porsena with the Romans, 
 Tarquin hetook ^ himself to Mamillius at Tusculum. Then the 
 Latins of the Thirty cities promised to restore 2 him to the 
 kingdom. And two years afterwards, having appointed^ 
 Mamillius dictator, they attacked the Romans. Having heard 
 of which, the Romans themselves thought they ought to appoint 
 a dictator, who should hold the magistracy for six months, and 
 
14 EXERCISES. [Part I. 
 
 should liave sovereign 'power * both in the city and outside ^ the 
 
 city. And so they appointed Aulus Postumius, who chose ^ Titus 
 
 Aebutius Elva as Master "^ of the Horse. The battle was fought ^ 
 
 at Lake Regillus, and there, by the help of^ Castor and 
 
 Pollux, the Romans conquered. For when the Romans were 
 
 giving way,'^^ Aulus had vowed that he would build a temple to 
 
 them, if they helped the Romans. Then they say that Twin ^^ 
 
 Brothers, riding '^^ on white horses, were seen in the Roman 
 
 line. (And) that they too}^ when the Latins had been put to 
 
 flight, were the first to inform the Romans of the victory. 
 
 1. confero. 2. restituo in. 3. dico. 4. imperium. 5. extra. 6. eligo. 
 
 7. magister. 8. use passive impersonally. 9. succurro. 10. cedo. 
 
 IL Gemini. 12. vehor. 13. idem. 
 
 6. The end of the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 After the battle had been fought ^ at Cyzicus, the commander 
 of the Spartans sent a messenger ^ to Sparta, to tell them that 
 their good luck ^ was lost, Mindarus slain, the soldiers dying of 
 hunger, and that they did not know what to do. But soon 
 (after) Darius sent doivn ^ Cyrus, his younger son, to the coast ^ 
 to supply^ pay^ to the Spartan sailors.^ And the latter 
 attacked the Athenians unawares^ whose leaders, they say^^ had 
 been corrupted by a bribe^^ and took the whole fleet. Then the 
 Athenians, being compelled by famine, coidd not help ^^ surren- 
 dering their city, to be henceforth ^^ an ally ^^ of Sparta. Thus, 
 when the war had been carried on with doid)tful ^^ result ^^ for 
 27 years, the Athenians were at length ^"^ conquered. 
 
 \. use the passive impersonally. 2. mmtius. 3. fortuna. 4. demitto. 
 5. litus. 6. suppedito. 7. stipendium. 8. nauta. 9. incautus. 
 10. aio. 11. merces. 12. facere non possum, quin. 13. exinde. 
 14. socius, adj. 15, diibius. 16. victoria. 17. tandem. 
 
Parti.] EXERCISES. 15 
 
 7. Philip's Moderation, 
 
 Even when men utter ed^ against him injurious'^ words, Philip, 
 king of Macedonia, displayed^ great moderation.^ Once some 
 Athenian ambassadors came to complain that the king's generals 
 had committed an act unfriendly to their State. Having heard 
 their complaint ^^ the king asked what help he could give them. 
 And Demochares, one of the envoys, replied, *' If thou wert to 
 hang^ thyself, thou wouldest do^ us the greatest benefit/' Then 
 although Philip saw that these words were most hateful to the 
 bystanders, he himself, with the utmost calmness^ answered, 
 " Go, tell the magistrates at Athens that those who dare to use 
 such insolent^ language are more haughty^^ and less anxious'^^ 
 for peace than those who can forgive^'^ them." 
 
 1. edo. 2. contumeliosus. 3. utor. 4. temperantia. 6. questus. 
 6. suspendo. 7. say, give. 8. tranquillitas. 9. insolens. 
 10. superbus. 11. studiosus. 12. ignosco. 
 
 8. The Elder Pitt. 
 
 I do not think that any one ever deserved^ better of his 
 country than this consul. For, thinking'^ that England^ ought 
 to seize"^ India and America, where the French held a great 
 power, ^ he, when a war arose^ with the French in Europe, made 
 such a speech in the Senate (as follows) : " I will conquer 
 America for you in Europe ; for I shall, with your help, 
 supply'^ money to that king of the Germans who has made 
 war upon France, that they may be able to send the fewer 
 troops across the sea.'' So he chose generals fit^ to carry on 
 the war, and the Senate was soon informed that the chiep city 
 
 OP THE 
 
i6 EXERCISES [Part I. 
 
 which the French had in America had been taken, after a battle 
 had been fought on the hill nearest (it). 
 
 1. mereor. 2, reor. 3. Angli. 4. occiipo. 5. imperium. 6. orior. 
 7. suppedito. 8. idoneus. 9. say, greatest. 
 
 9. The Conquest oj Kent. 
 
 After the Eomans had left Britain, the Britons had to endure^ 
 very many trouhles^ the Scots^ ravaging the island 07i one side,^ 
 the Saxons^ on the other, ^ (and) the Plots'^ plundering^ the middle 
 of the country. And so King Yortigern sent ambassadors to 
 two chiefs of the Jutes? who lived in Denmarlc}-^ to promise 
 that he would give them lands and pay ;'^'^ let them only^^ (said 
 he), allied^^ with him, drive off^^ the Picts. And they, having 
 accepted these conditions, came to the help of the Britons. But 
 when they had defeated the Picts, as more of the savages'^^ came 
 from desire"^^ of pay and lands, a qnarrel^"^ arose^^ about the 
 money. And so the Jutes attacked their hosts,'^^ who, having 
 been defeated in two battles, left Kent^^ and fled, greatly 
 frightened?^ to the city of London. 22 
 
 1. tolero. 2. malum. 3. Scoti. 4. hinc. 5. Saxones. 6. hinc. 
 7. Picti. 8. praedor. 9. Juti. 10. Dania. 11. stipendium. 
 12. modo. 13. conjungo. 14. propulso. 15. barbarus. 
 16. studium. 17. rixa. 18. orior. 19. hospes. 20. Cantium. 
 21. perterreo. 22. Londinium. 
 
 10. The Mtidir of Dongola. 
 
 The English? some on foot? some carried in hoats^ against 
 the^ stream, hastened^ to free the general shut in^ by the troops 
 of the Arabs? Their cavalry, using camels instead of^ horses. 
 
Parti.] EXERCISES. 17 
 
 and having already become accustomed^ to them, set off across 
 the desert, in order that they might the more quickly come to 
 the help of their fellow-soldier.'^^ But the prophet^^ of the Arabs 
 having been informed that a certain chief, who was thought a 
 very holy man, had entered into friendship with the English, 
 ordered his men to attack him at once.^^ And they answered 
 him that they were willing, but let him (said they) accompany'^^ 
 them, and fight among the foremost. Then, having thought^^ 
 the matter over, he told them that the chief was so holy that he 
 could not be conquered. 
 
 1. Anglus. 2. use plural. 3. navicula. 4. adversus, adj. 5. fes 
 tino. 6. intercludo. 7. Arabs, 8. pro. 9. assuefacio. 10. com- 
 milito. 11. vates. 12. extemplo. 13. comitor. 14. delibero. 
 
 II. General Gordon {i). 
 
 The General, having seized^ the city, and got tuyether'^ as much 
 corn^ as possible, began to harass^ the enemy who came to 
 besiege his army. For h^iwmg prepared ^ some ships which should 
 carry mantlets^ to keep off^ the darts of the enemy, he used to 
 attack the rehels^ who had pitched their camp near the river. 
 When all approach^ had been cut off^^ for very many months, 
 he was able at last^'^ to send messenger s^'^ to the consuls, to tell 
 them that he was about to order his lieutenant to take and 
 hurn^^ a city of the barbarians, (and) that then he would lead 
 back the garrisons^^ which the Egyptians^^ had placed in the land 
 of the Arahs,'^^ which he himself had been sent to deliver. And 
 this message'^^ with difficulty "^^ reached the English'^^ in Egypt. 
 
 1. occupo. 2. confero. 3. frumentum. 4. lacesso. 5. omo. 
 
 6. vinea. 7. defendo. 8. rebellis. 9. aditus. 10. intercludo, 
 
 11. tandem. 12. nuntius. 13. cremo. 14. praesidium. 
 
 15. Aegyptius. 16. Arabs. 17. nuntius. 18. aegre. 19. Anglus. 
 
 B 
 
1 8 EXERCISES, [Part I. 
 
 12. Ge7teral Gordon (2). 
 
 But the lieutenant, having set out with two ships to accom- 
 plish?- what had been orderedP' him, hy chance^ was shipwrecked.^ 
 And to him, shipwrecked^ and cast out upon the hanlc^^ certain 
 Arahs^ came, who asked who he was, and why he had come. 
 And when he had answered them that he had been sent by the 
 English^ General, they declccr-ed^ themselves friendly to the 
 English, and promised to be his guides?^ But when they had 
 gone only two miles, the signal being given, the barbarians, 
 surrounding'^^ them on all sides ^'^^ attacked them when not 
 expecting it?'^ And so, the lieutenant himself having been 
 killed, with ahout'^^ 200 of his men, the rest were taken 
 prisoners. And when the General had been informed of this, 
 the prophet'^^ who was commanding^^ the barbarians, thinking"^^ 
 it a (good) opportunity,'^^ sent ambassadors to him to require'^^ 
 that he should surrender ^^ the city. And to them he answered 
 that he had already held the city ten months, and would hold 
 it ten years. 
 
 1. perficio. 2. impero. 3. forte. 4. naufragium facio. 5. nau- 
 fragus. 6. ripa. 7. Arabs. 8. Anglus. 9. profiteer. 10. dux. 
 11. circumdor. 12. undique. 13. inopinans. 14. fere. 15. vates. 
 16. praesum. 17. reor. 18. occasio. 19. postulo. 20. dedo. 
 
 13. Results of the B timing of Sardis. 
 
 When Darius heard this he was extremely angry ; and, being 
 indignant^ that so small and so unknown'^ a state^ should have 
 dared to invade his territories and burn the city of Sardis,^ 
 he asked whence^ and who the Athenians^ were. And when he 
 had been informed of this, he took his bow, and shooting'^ an 
 
Part I.] EXERCISES, 19 
 
 arrow towards the sky, he prayed Jupiter to allow him to take 
 
 vengeance^ on the Athenians. Then he ordered a slave to 
 
 remind^ him every day^^ that Athens was to be destroyed.^'^ 
 
 First of all, however, the revolt^^ had to be put down}'^ which 
 
 was daily^^ growing, since even the island of Cyprus had now 
 
 joined^^ the lonians. * 
 
 1. indignor. 2. ignotus. 3. civitas. 4. Sardes. 5. unde. 
 
 6. Atheniensis. 7. emitto. 8. poenas sumo. 9. moneo. 
 
 10. quotidie. 11. deleo. 12. defectio. 13. coerceo. 14. in dies. 
 15. me addo. 
 
 14. Courage of Socrates, 
 
 While the Thirty Tyrants were governing'^ Athens, th.Q famous^ 
 
 Socrates was summoned to the Senate-house,^ and ordered to go 
 
 with certain others to seize an innocent citizen named Leon. 
 
 This Socrates refused to do ; and said why he was unwilling. 
 
 ^' I will never," he said, " of my own accord,^ help those who 
 
 are committing an unjust act." But Charicles answered him 
 
 with great bitterness,^ " Dost thou think, Socrates, that thou 
 
 wilt never suffer punishment, if thou dost always use such bold 
 
 words *? " Then Socrates replied, " Far from it ;^ for I expect 
 
 to suffer a thousand ills, but to do unjustly would be the 
 
 greatest of all." 
 
 1. praesum. 2. illustris. 3. Curia. 4. sponte mea. 
 5. acrimonia. 6. minime. 
 
 15. Isandula (i). 
 
 If you are well^ it is well. I also am well. Such has been 
 
 our danger, my friend, that for more than two days I did not 
 
 expect ever to see you again. I believe you heard that our 
 
 general had determined to advance into the enemy's country. 
 
20 EXERCISES, [Part I. 
 
 Having therefore collected troops and many ivagons'^ to carry 
 the stores,^ he ordered us on the fourteenth day to cross the river 
 and invade the barbarians' land. Having done this, we pitched 
 our camp not many miles from the river, in a place protected 
 neither by nature nor art. When this was finished, our general 
 marched out with several cohorts, both of our men and the 
 allies, to reconnoitre^ the country. But either not knowing how 
 many the enemy were, or how near they were, he did not leave 
 enough men to defend the camp. 
 
 1. valeo. 2. carrus. 3. commeatus. 4. explore. 
 
 1 6. Tsandula (2). 
 
 The general being absent, the enemy, with a force which 
 could not be resisted, fell upon that part of our army which 
 had been left in the camp. A fierce fight tooh jplace^ for the 
 struggle was one which would determine^ for some time at any 
 rate^ who was to rule that region. For our men knew that, if 
 conquer ed^^ they would meet with^ a cruel death; the barbarians 
 that, if our men ivere defeated,^ they would gain great glory and 
 much booty. So when the battle had lasted long^ our men, 
 having used all their missiles, did not know where they could get 
 more ; and, being surrounded by the huge forces of the enemy, 
 they fell fighting with the utmost bravery. Such was the 
 slaughter that six men scarce escaped to bring the news to 
 our camp, which was pitched by the river. Their countrymen 
 grieved much at the slaughter of the soldiers, and there was 
 no one who did not think that they were worthy to be reckoned^ 
 among the bravest heroes. 
 
 1. impersonal. 2. decerno. 3. certe. 4. participle. 5. oppeto. 
 6. particip. abl. absol. 7. impersonal. 8. numero. 
 
Part L] EXERCISES. 
 
 17. Russian Conspiracy. 
 
 We have been informed that in Russia a great number of the 
 
 people are conspiring^ against the government^' '^o one except 
 
 those who are plotting know who is engaged^ in the matter, (or) 
 
 by whom orders are given. So terrified are the king and the 
 
 chief men, that they have appointed^ generals to see that the 
 
 State suffer no harm.^ It is certain that many of the highest 
 
 rank^ are engaged in the affair ; for even women, born of noble 
 
 houses,'^ are found to assassinate those who have been condemned 
 
 to death by the leaders. Many, indeed, have been executed;^ 
 
 but no one believes that there is an end of the danger. Some 
 
 say that the king himself will be murdered ; others, that not 
 
 only the king, but all the patricians, will be either slain or 
 
 driven from the country. We see, then, in what condition is 
 
 that people to whom liberty has been always denied. 
 
 1. coujuro. 2. respublica. 3. versor. 4. constituo. 5. detrimen- 
 tum. 6. say^ sprung from the noblest race. 7. gens. 8. ulti- 
 mo supplicio afficior. 
 
 18. Alfred and the Danes. 
 Alfred} having been driven out of his kingdom, fled to a 
 little camp. It was a place most difficult of approach,'^ situated^ 
 on an island surrounded on all sides^ with marshes.^ Here his 
 friends kept coming together to him. But in the beginning of^ 
 summer^ he marched out with his forces. And when his conntry- 
 men^ heard this, they rejoiced, and^ flocked together^^ from all 
 directions'^^ out of the neighbouring districts}'^ And so he 
 dared to attack the Danes }^ who were wasting his territories, 
 and drove them back, thoroughly frightened}^ to their camp. 
 Here he besieged them for fourteen days, imtil'^^ at length}^ con 
 
22 EXERCISES. [Part L 
 
 quered by hunger, they sought for peace, which was granted ^^ 
 them on these conditions : " that they should move'^^ out of his 
 kingdom to that part of Britain which lies"^^ towards the north j^^ 
 and not return, and that tlieir king should adopt'^^ the religion 
 
 of the Englishy ^2 
 
 1. Aluredus. 2. aditus. 3. positus. 4. undique. 5. palus. 
 6. use, primus. 7. aestas. 8. civis. 9. use laetus. 10. con- 
 curro. 11. undique. 12. regio. 13. Normannus. 14. perterreo. 
 15. donee. 16. tandem. 17. concedo. 18. migro. 19. vergo. 
 20. Septemtriones. 21. accipio. 22. Anglus. 
 
 19. Hezekiah. 
 When the king of the Jews^ saw that the barbarian king, who 
 had compelled him to give tribute,'^ was unable to take the city 
 of Tyre? he determined to rehel^ against him. And to attain^ 
 this end,^ he fortified his cities, and, collecting a large force, 
 proclaimed*^ t]i2it no one should pay money to the enemy; for 
 that he indeed would resist the Assyrians with all his strength. 
 But the barbarian king, because the revolt^ was a great incon- 
 venience^ to him, marched against Judaea to siibdue^^ the prince 
 who had been so bold as to cast off^^ his authority. Then as 
 soon as he entered the province, he exhorted three of his chief 
 men, and sent them to bid the people in whose city Hezekias 
 had shut himself up,'^'^ to surrender with all their arms. " If 
 they will not do so," he said, " I will attack them with a 
 mighty host ; then, taking the city, I will burn it ; and casting 
 doiun'^^ the glorious Temple, I will carry "^^ all the citizens aivay'^^ 
 as prisoners to my own land of Assyria." 
 
 1. Judaeus. 2. tributum. 3. Tyrus. 4. armo sumo. 6. facio. 
 6. hy pronoun. 7. edico. 8. defectio. 9. incommodum. 
 10. subigo, devinco. 11. abjicio. 12. includo. 13. dejicio. 
 14. abduco. 
 
Part I.] EXERCISES. 23 
 
 20. A Prussian Patriot (i). 
 
 The Prussians had imwillingly^ made alliance'^ with the 
 French. Therefore as soon as the latter were forced to retreat 
 in great confusion,^ the commander of the Eussian garrison sent 
 news to the Prussian general, Jorx, that Napoleon's army was 
 almost destroyed,"^ and implored him to take up arms against the 
 common foe. Now Jorx, being a man of the greatest prudence, 
 first sent an officer to discover what the condition of^ the French 
 army was. He, returning on 8th December, related that he had 
 seen the soldiers wasted^ with disease, without food, almost with- 
 out clothes. Moreover, a letter reached Jorx from the Eussian 
 sovereign, who promised to treat*^ the Prussians as friends, not 
 enemies. Nevertheless Jorx, being most zealous ^ for his duty as 
 a soldier y^ was unwilling, ivithout the order s'^^ of his king, to 
 break the treaty. He therefore long considered^^ whether he 
 should obey his own wdshes and the demands of his lieutenants, 
 ov follow'^'^ the orders of his king. At last he determined to do 
 what seemed most useful for his country ; and so, maldng an 
 agreement^^ with the Eussians, he delivered up to them a strong 
 fortress}^ and broke the alliance witJi^^ the French. 
 
 1. invitus. 2. foedus icere. 3. multum perturbatus. 4. deleo. 
 5. fortuna. 6. confectus. 7. utor. 8. studiosus. 9. miHtare 
 officium. 10. injussu. 11. delibero. 12. obsequor. 13. foedus 
 paciscor. 14. castellum. 15. say, of. 
 
 21. A Prussian Patriot (2). 
 
 Although Jorx had made this agreement'^ with the Russians,^ 
 the Prussian^ king, being terrified by the French troops in the 
 capital,^ declared in a letter that the treaty must be cancelled ;^ 
 and he ordered the general himself to be brought to trial.^ When 
 
24 EXERCISES, [Part I. 
 
 the news was brought to the faithful soldier, he grieved exceed- 
 ingly because his act did not please the king ; nevertheless he 
 determined to do what (he believed) would benefit'^ his country. 
 "To me, indeed," he said, "it is a very great sorrow to resist 
 the orders of my king, and to carry on war under my own 
 auspices. But both the soldiers and the people desire war with 
 France ; even the king himself desires it, but he is a slave to 
 others. It is the duty of the soldiers to liberate him from this 
 slavery ; let them do it at once." 
 
 1. foedus paciscor. 2. Russus. 3. Prussus. 4. urbs. 
 5. rescindo. 6. in jus vocor. 7. prosum. 
 
 22. The Sacred War, 
 Philip, king of Macedon, wishing to be considered^ the friend 
 of^ the god Apollo, attacked the Phocians, because (as he said) 
 they had cultivated sacred land. But the Athenians^ and 
 Thebans were not so foolish'^ as to believe him, (and) they there- 
 fore remained in their friendship with the Phocians. Now the 
 great orator Demosthenes was warning the Athenians that Philip 
 intended^ to subdue^ all Greece, little by little,^ for that he was 
 a king, and wished to make all the Greeks slaves to him. 
 Aeschines, on the other hand^ used to say that Philip was not 
 taking care of his own interests^ only}'^ becanse^^ he was a good 
 man, and wished to do only what was just}^ And so at first 
 they did not oppose^^ Philip energetically,'^^ but afterwards, 
 when he was besieging Byzantium, by helping'^^ the city, they 
 prevented^^ him from taking it. 
 
 1. habeo. 2. use dative. 3. Atheniensis. 4. stiiltus. 5. in animo 
 habeo. 6. subigo. 7. paullatim. 8. contra. 9. consulo, 
 dat, 10. tantum. 11. quoniam. 12. aequus. 13. adverser. 
 14. strenue. 15. subvenio, dat. 16. impedio. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 25 
 
 PART II. 
 
 23. Marius to the Cimbrian Envoys. 
 
 After destroying the Teutones, C. Marius turns against the 
 Cimbri, who, having entered Italy from another direction} had 
 crossed the river Athesis, not by a bridge, nor in boats, but 
 filling the channel'^ with logs^ which should afford^ them a 
 dry^ passage. And when Marius had marched against them, 
 they sent envoys to ask him to give them lands for themselves 
 and their brethren. On his asking whom they called brethren, 
 they named the Teutones. Then Marius laughed, and told 
 them to leave out^ the word ^* brethren ] '' for the Teutones, he 
 said, had already land which they had received from the Romans, * 
 and would keep it for ever. The envoys saw that they were 
 being mocked at} and threatened Marius with vengeance^ as 
 soon as the Teutones should come. '* And yet they are here 
 already," said Marius, ^' and you ought not to go away before 
 you have greeted'^ your brothers." Then he bade the Teuton 
 chiefs be led in who had been taken in the battle. 
 
 I. pars. 2. alveus. 3. lignum. 4. praebeo. 5. siccus. 
 6. omitto. 7. ludibrio esse. 8, ultio. 9. saluto. 
 
 24. French Troubles. 
 
 The great king Louis^ ruled'^ France for seventy years, and 
 waged many wars, especially^ with England and her allies. In 
 these wars his generals ivon^ many victories, and gained^ much 
 glory ; but so much money was spent,^ (and) so many thousands 
 
26 EXERCISES, [Part II. 
 
 slain, that at last the people were wearied with the toil and 
 slaughter. Hence for some time*^ there was no war. But a 
 new king, fearing that England would get too mucli^ power, 
 some years after determined to attack her. So more hlood 
 was shed, and^ the French were ohliged'^^ to accept terms^^ of 
 peace. The people were enraged^'^ at this ; wherefore, being 
 also in want'^^ of money, the king summoned men from the 
 three orders to assemble in a council at Paris}^ From that 
 began^^ the great chajigef^^ and at last the king was slain, and 
 the nobles'^'^ were either driven from the country or massacred. 
 
 1. Ludovicus. 2. imperium habeo. 3. praesertim. 4, pario. 
 5. conseqiior. 6. expendo. 7. aliquamdiu. 8. nimius. 
 9. say^ more having been killed. 10. cogo. 11. conditiones. 
 12. ira commotus. 13. indigeo. 14. Lutetia. 15. orior. 
 16. mutatio. 17. nobilis. ■ 
 
 25. Caedmon, 
 
 Some wonderful things are told of Caedmon, the famous'^ 
 English'^ poet, but many have doubted whether they are true. 
 For he, as they say, who was a serf,^ in Northumbria, was once^ 
 present at^ a feast,^ where they began in twn'^ to sing to the 
 harp. But he, not knowing (how) to sing, left the feast, and 
 sadly went away to sleep. Then some one appeared to him, 
 who asked him to sing something ; but he said that he could 
 not sing. But the former again^ asked him to sing something 
 nevertheless. Then Caedmon inquired what he should sing; 
 and the other begged.^ him to sing the beginning'^^ of created 
 things. And so the serf began to sing verses and words, which 
 he did not know before. In the morning he wolce up,'^^ and 
 came to the Abbess,'^^ whose serf he was, and related to her what 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 27 
 
 had happened to him. And henceforth^^ he kept writing many- 
 sacred poems, which still remain in writing, ^'^ and are the most 
 beautiful of all which the old^^ English wrote. 
 
 1. nobilis. 2. Anglus. 3. colonus. 4. quondam. 5. intersum. 
 6. epulae. 7. ordine. 8. iterum. 9. oro. 10. initium. 
 11. expergiscor. 12. Abbatissa. 13. say, from that time. 
 14. use the passive participle. 15. priscus. 
 
 26. The Girondins. 
 
 The first Assembly^ was dismissed,^ and another called together, 
 in which were most conspicuous^ the men who came from the 
 region about the river Gironde.^ These were disting^dshed ^ for 
 their great ability,^ and most eagerly*^ desired to make war upon 
 other nations ; for they believed that by war the king's power 
 would be diminished.^ So as they were the first to cry for'^ war, 
 the chief authority'^^ was placed in their hands, and they fancied 
 they had triumphed.^^ But on the one side,^^ the enemy defeated 
 the armies of France, on the other, ^^ the peasants'^^ in the west- 
 ern^^ regions took up arms against the murderers of the king. 
 Then those who, in the Assembly, were still more violent, declared 
 that the men from the Gironde^^ had betrayed'^^ France, and that 
 they must be prevented from doing any more injury. They were 
 thrown mio prison,'^^ yet most escaped, and persuaded thepeople^^ 
 of some towns and districts to cast ojf ^o the authority of Faris.^^ 
 At last, however, most of them were taken, and at once execiUed.^^ 
 
 1. Comitia. 2. dimitto. 3. insignis. 4. use Garumna. 5. clarus. 
 6.. ingenium. 7. vehementer. 8. diminuo. 9. posco. 
 10. summa imperii. 11. triumpho. 12. hinc. 13. illinc. 
 14. rusticus. 15. which look {specio) towards the setting 
 {occidens) sun. 16. Garumnenses. 17. prodo. 18. vincula. 
 19. incola. 20. abjicio. 21. Parisii. 22. ultimo supplicio 
 afficere. 
 
28 EXERCISES, [Part II. 
 
 27. Knavish Tricks, 
 
 Certain men were thinking of^ being present^ at a public 
 dinner.^ And one of them, named Apella, thinking it a (good) 
 opportunity^ of stealing^ plate,^ had got'^ some hoots^ made 
 larger than usual^ to carry away the plunder with. Then, 
 dinner being finished, a friend, who saw what he was doing, said 
 that he would amuse^^ the gnests^^ with conjuring}'^ for that a 
 silver spoon^^ hid in his pocket'^^ would be found in Apella's 
 boot. And when he had done this several times ^^^ he told them 
 to search'^^ the boots. And they, when the guests searched, 
 were found to be full of spoons. And so Apella lost the plate, 
 but the former got off'^*^ safe with his booty. 
 
 It is said that two foreigners}^ having been badly received^^ 
 by the keeper of a restaurant ^'^^ went away angry. Then one of 
 them said, " Juppiter will punish the man for treating'^^ strangers 
 badly." And the other answered him, "Juppiter has already 
 punished him, for I have his spoons in my pocket." 
 
 1. meditor. 2. intersum. 3. epulae. 4. occasio. 5. furor. 
 6. argentum. 7. euro, with gerundive. 8. cothurnus. 9. soli- 
 tum. 10. delecto. 11. conviva. 12, praestigiae. 13. cochlear. 
 14. zona. 15. saepius. 16. scrutor. 17. evado. 18. pere- 
 grinus. 19. excipio, 20. popinarius. 21. utor. 
 
 28. Thermopylae. 
 
 Leonidas, king of Sparta, was sent with 3000 Peloponnesiaris, 
 400 Thebans, 700 Thespians, 1000 Phocians, and some 
 auxiliary troops'^ of the Locrians^ to defend the pass^ of 
 Thermopylae. It is astonishing that Sparta did not send a 
 larger number of men ; if this had been done, Thermopylae 
 
03? THtB 
 
 IVERSI: 
 Part 11.] EXERCISES, . r=ag 
 
 could scarcely have been taken. But, when Leonidas came to 
 the spot, he found that he had not only to defend the pass 
 itself, but also that there was a path"^ which led across the 
 mountains, by which the Persians might get round ^ him. So 
 the Locrians were sent to seize the top of the mountain, because 
 (as Leonidas thought) they knew the district well. The fight 
 was carried on for three days in the pass with great slaughter^ 
 of the Persians, but on the third day a certain traitor,'^ named^ 
 Ephialtes, told Xerxes of the path which led across the 
 mountains, and the king sent a strong army of Persians to seize 
 it. These, setting out by night, so terrified the Locrians on their 
 approach, that they thought only of their own safety, and took 
 refuge on the peaks'^ of the mountains. And so the Persians 
 crossed^^ the mountains in safety'^'^ and the pass was lost, which 
 a stronger army posted'^^ on the path would have saved. 
 
 1. auxilia. 2. Locri. 3. fauces. 4. semita. 5. circumeo. 
 
 6. strages. 7. proditor. 8. say, to whom the name was to 
 
 Ephialtes. 9. cacumen. 10. transgredior. 11. tuto. 
 12. loco. 
 
 29. Vercingetorix after the fall of A varictim. 
 
 On the next day he comforted'^ and encouraged them not to 
 lose heart'^ or be put out by this reverse.^ The Romans, he said, 
 had not won by courage or in open battle, but by a certain 
 cunning^ and knowledge of siege warfare,^ in which they them- 
 selves were unskilled. If any expected every chance of war to 
 turn out^ favourably, they were lurong.^ He himself had never 
 wished Avaricum to be defended, and of this he had themselves 
 as witnesses; but the rashness of the Bituriges, and the too 
 
30 EXERCISES, [Part II. 
 
 ready compliance^ of the rest, liad caused them to receive^ this 
 reverse. Yet he would quickly remedy'^^ it by greater successes}^ 
 For by his zeal he would unite to them those states of Gaul, 
 which ivere not of one mind'^^ with the rest, and would produce 
 a unanimous opinion^^ throughout the whole country, which 
 even the whole world would not be able to withstand. And 
 this he had already almost accomplished. 
 
 1. consoler. 2. animos demitto. 3. incommodum. 4. artificium. 
 
 5. oppugnatio. 6. evenio. 7- erro. 8. nimia obsequentia. 
 
 9. had brought on them. 10. sano. 11. commodum. 12. dis- 
 sentio. 13. unum consilium. 
 
 30. Battle of Tamanieby March 13, 1884 (i). 
 
 The troops, having set out from the sea, marched forward 
 eight miles, until they came near to the wells?- At times'^ a halt 
 was made^ until the troops were so drawn up that they could 
 easily repel the sudden attacks^ of the enemy, the beasts of 
 burden^ being placed in the centre, that they might not by flying 
 disturb our ranks. In the evening^ they encamped near the 
 enemy, the cavalry being sent back to water^ because there was 
 too little^ water in the place where the encampment had been 
 ordered. At night sentinels^ were posted^^ since the bushes"^^ 
 were only fifty paces distant, and no enemy could be seen before 
 he came into the open (spaces). But the barbarians, advancing 
 one by one,^^ kept harassing"^^ our men from a distance?^ And 
 so an unquiet night was passed. 
 
 1. puteus. 2. interdum. 3. signa consistere jubeo. 4. impetus. 
 
 5. jumentum. 6. vesper. 7. aquor. 8. parum. 9. statio. 
 
 10. dispono. 11. arbustum. 12. singulatim. 13. lacesso. 
 14. eminus. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 31 
 
 31. Battle of Tamanieb (2). 
 
 In the morning the general ordered the bugles^ to soiind,^ and 
 the soldiers to advance, as before, in a square.^ But when they 
 had come near the barbarians, who were concealed by a narrow^ 
 valley, the latter burst out, and in troops^ charged our men. 
 And they, having advanced too quickly, being thrown into 
 confusion by the sudden attack,^ began to give ground. Then 
 the battle was fought hand to hand, since, the ranks having been 
 disordered, thej fought it out,"^ on the one side^ with hayonets^ 
 on the other^^ with spears, our men retreating'^^ little hy little}'^ 
 until the reserves}^ who had followed the first line on their flanhy'^^ 
 came to the rescue, and the fight was renewed.^^ Then the 
 Arabs, no match^^ for our troops, were overthrown^*^ on all sides, 
 and, though they once more made an attack, were driven out of 
 the valley and left their camp to the conquerors. 120 English 
 and about 2000 Arabs were killed in that battle. 
 
 1. use signum. 2. cano. 3. quadratum agmen. 4. angustus. 5. cater- 
 vatim. 6. impetus. 7. dimico. 8, 10. hinc. 9. use pilum. 
 11. cedo. 12. paullatim. 13. subsidia. 14. a latere. 
 15. redintegro. 16. impar. 17. proturbo. 
 
 3 2 . Callicratidas. 
 
 Callicratidas,* a Spartan of most honourable character,'^ was 
 sent to command'^ the fleet off the coast of Asia, which in the 
 previous year Lysander had commanded. The latter, not wish- 
 ing to be recalled, made every effort^ to prevent Callicratidas 
 from being well^ received either by the sailors or by Cyrus. And 
 therefore he sent back to Cyrus, at Sardis, all the money which 
 
32 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 had been intrusted to him to pay the men with,^ Again,^ he 
 tampered witK^ the population of Miletus, and they accordingly^ 
 showed dislike^ to Callicratidas. He however summoned their 
 chief men, and said, " I indeed must obey the home government ;^^ 
 and you, I consider, ought to carry on the war with the 
 barbarians with the utmost zeal and alacrity, seeing that you 
 have suffered innumerable'^^ evils at their hands. You ought to 
 explain^'^ to the rest of the allies how they can most ej^edually'^^ 
 damage the enemy. If you thus help me now, you will soon get 
 your reward ; for before many days have passed, the messengers 
 will, I hope, return, whom I sent to demand money at Sparta." 
 
 1. honesti mores. 2. praesum. 3. operam do. 4. benigne. 5. say^ 
 from which [unde) he should give pay {stipendium) to the soldiers. 
 6. idem. 7. soUicito. 8. ob earn causam. 9. declaro inimi- 
 citiam. 10. patres. 11. <raws^. scarcely to be counted (wwmero). 
 12. expono. 13. transl. best. 
 
 33. Perkin Warbeck. 
 
 Henry} having conquered the kingdom, asked the Parliament 
 to sanction'^ his power. And this having been done, he at first 
 considered himself safe, but was also obliged to marry Elisabeth,^ 
 whom many of the English considered as their rightfid^ Queen. 
 Yet soon (after) a certain man, named Warbech,^ caused^ a 
 rebellion. He said that he was one'^ of the two princes, who, 
 most people believed, had been murdered in the Tower of London,^ 
 but that he had really^ escaped}^ and now claimed^^ the crown. 
 Having stayed^'^ about a year in Scotland, he landed^^ in 
 Cornwall}^ and got together a small army. But soon after, 
 having tried in vain to take the city of Exeter}^ and fearing 
 that he was no match'^^ for the king's army, he surrendered to 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 33 
 
 the king, by whom he was sent to London, and lived nine 
 months as a prisoner in his house.^'^ At length, after various 
 misfortunes, having confessed his falsehood, he was condemned 
 to death and hanged^^ at Tyburn?-^ 
 
 1. Henricus. 2. sancio. 3. Elisabetha. 4. use, jure. 5. Verbecius. 
 6. auctor sum. 7. alter. 8. arx Londinensis. 9. re vera. 
 10. elabor. 11. mihi vindico. 12. commoror. 13. navem 
 appello. 14. Damnonia. 15. Isca. 16. impar. 17. in libera 
 custodia. 18. arbori infelici suspendo. 19. Tyburnia. 
 
 34. .4 GeneraVs Caution. 
 
 Having led out his army from the camp, Caius engaged^ in 
 a cavalry skirmish. When it was over^'^ he saw that the 
 enemy was retreating on the (main) column with considerable 
 loss. Seeing this, the general urged his troops to pursue^ with 
 all possible speed, since he feared that the foe would recover^ 
 strength, and once more advance on Telodunum. They gladly 
 obeyed the general's orders, and overtaking^ the rearguard cut 
 it to pieces.^ Then recalling them by the bugle (sound), Caius 
 addressed them thus : — "that they ought to take care not to waste*^ 
 their strength, and that they must strive to keep a stricter watch^ 
 than (they had) hitherto (done) ; for the same barbarian leader, 
 who had already caused them so much trouble, would not 
 neglect any opportunity of giving annoyance ;^ he could only be 
 kept off by the utmost vigilance ; if they (the soldiers) felt the 
 toil too great, they must appeal to^^ the Governments^ to send 
 more troops to reduce'^^ the untiring^^ enemy to subjection, 
 
 1. dimico. 2. f actus. 3. persequor. 4. recipio. 5. assequor. 
 6. ad unum trucido. 7. dissipo. 8. accurate vigilo. 9. lacesso. 
 10. imploro. 11. consules. 12. in ditionem redigo. 13 assiduus. 
 C 
 
34 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 35. ^;^ Eastern Conqueror. 
 
 Sampsiceramus therefore invaded the king's territories with 
 a large army, and having laid waste the fields, took some towns 
 by storm, others by a voluntary surrender.'^ For he thought 
 that when he had gained possession of the rest of the towns, he 
 would more easily besiege the capital.^ But having been 
 informed that the king of Aethiopia was about to attack him, 
 he wished to take the city as soon^ as possible by a voluntary 
 surrender. And so he sent three ambassadors to persuade the 
 king, or at least^ the people, to surrender the city. They 
 reminded^ (them) that Sampsiceramus and his ancestors^ had 
 subdued*^ almost all nations, whom even the immortal gods had 
 helped in vain.^ To whom then did they trust, since they 
 themselves had scarcely 2000 cavalry? And to these insidts^ 
 of the enemy the people answered nothing, for the king had 
 ordered them to answer nothing at all.^^ And so the ambas- 
 sadors returned without success. ^^ But soon (after), Sampsicera- 
 mus, a great disaster^^ having been brought upon his army /rom 
 heaven,'^^ by which 130,000 men were killed, was compelled to 
 return home. 
 
 1. deditio. 2. urbs. 3. celeriter. 4. saltern. 5. commemoro. 
 6. majores. 7. subigo. 8. nequidquam. 9. contumeha. 
 10. omnino. 11. say, the thing not having been done (infectus). 
 12. clades. 13. divinitus. 
 
 36. Gordon's Mission. 
 
 Not knowing how to pacify'^ the province of Soudania, the 
 Government ^ resolved to send some officer famous for his previous 
 exploits,^ to drive out the barbarian leader, and save the garrisons 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 35 
 
 wluch were besieged in several towns. They asked Gordon, a 
 man of the utmost skill and bravery, to do what he could in 
 that country, which already a few years previously he had ruled 
 with great wisdom. He consented^ to try ;^ and travelling as 
 fast as possible, sometimes by boat, sometimes on the hack of^ a 
 camel, he arrived at the capital, Chartomum, which was many 
 miles distant from the sea. Holding it for many months against 
 the swarms of barbarians, he repeatedly^ sent letters to the 
 Government to ask for help ; but they for a long time refused 
 to send reinforcements. At last, however, thinking that he was 
 in danger, they carefully organised^ an army, and intrusted'^ 
 the command to the best general they had. 
 
 1. paco. 2. consules. 3. res jam gestae. 4. promitto. 5. rem 
 conari. 6. camelo vectus. 7. saepius. 8. compare. 9. 
 trado. 
 
 37. Beginning of the War with France, 
 
 Then the French, having killed their king, (and) driven out 
 the nobles^ began, from eagerness^ for revolutions^ to threaten the 
 neiglibouring^ nations with war, unless they themselves also drove 
 out their kings.' And Pitt^ thinking that these plans ought to 
 be opposed^ in every way, kept supplying^ help to those of the 
 French who were on the Icing's side.^ At the same time, having 
 got together^ a large fleet, he ordered those colonies to be seized, 
 which the French had across the sea. But, since the English^^ 
 had not yet^^ enrolled^^ large forces, he sent ambassadors to the 
 kings of the neighbouring nations, and promised that a large 
 sum of money should be paid'^^ them every year}^ as long as^^ 
 they carried on war with the French. But the French general, 
 
3^ EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 a man most shilful'^^ in war, at length conquered all except the 
 English. 
 
 1. optimates. 2. studium. 3. res novae. 4. finitimus. 5. say, 
 Piso. 6. resisto. 7. suppedito. 8. use stare ab. 9. comparo. 
 10. Anglus. 11. nondum. 12. conscribo. 13. solvo. 
 14. quotannis. 15. quamdiu. 16. peritus. 
 
 38. Khartou7n (i). 
 
 In the last battle, the general, dear to the soldiers beyond^ all 
 
 other men, had been grievously wounded. Yet another officer 
 
 of almost equal ability'^ was not wanting to take his place.^ At 
 
 last then with toil and danger, scarce to be narrated, our gallant 
 
 army reached the Nile. As they approached the bank, some 
 
 vessels were seen to be swiftly descending^ the stream. Scarcely 
 
 can it be imagined^ with what joy they learnt that these vessels 
 
 had been sent to meet them from the city so long beleaguered, 
 
 that a letter had been brought from the heroic^ commander, in 
 
 which he said that Khartoum^ was still safe, and could be 
 
 defended for many months. A camp was at once formed on 
 
 the bank of the river, and men, though wearied with their great 
 
 labours, were sent out to reconnoitre^ the neighbouring^ town, 
 
 where it was believed that many thousands of the barbarians 
 
 were. It was soon found that this expectation^^ was true. 
 
 Therefore the general resolved that the majority of the troops 
 
 should stay in the camp, but that he himself with some men 
 
 should go up the river ^^ to the city. 
 
 1. praeter. 2. ingenium. 3. in locum succedere. 4. secundo 
 flumine ad venire. 5. animo fingere. 6. say, bravest. 7. Charto- 
 mum. 8. exploro. 9. vicinus. 10. use relative clause. 11. ad- 
 verso flumine. 
 
Part 11.] EXERCISES, 37 
 
 39. Khartoum (2). 
 
 Ordering the men to embarh on hoard^ two of the vessels, the 
 general began to ascend the stream;^ and nothing was heard 
 from him for some days. At last a small hoat^ with a few men 
 was seen to approach. A captain came ashore from it, and told 
 the sorrowful tidings,'^ that they had as quickly as possible gone 
 on towards the city ; that, when they were yet far off^ some 
 barbarians had shouted from the banks that the city had been 
 taken; that they had not delayed, but had advanced within 
 sight^ of the place j that then against their will they were com- 
 pelled to believe their eyes, because there was no longer any 
 douW that the barbarians had possession of the place ; from the 
 banks they were assailed with a multitude of weapons. 
 
 1. conscendo. 2. adverse flumine progredi. 3. navicula. 4. res. 
 5. longe, procul abesse. 6. in conspectum. 7. say, no longer 
 could it be doubted. 
 
 40. Khartoum (3). 
 
 The enemy, he said, were seen in crowds^ in the city, and even 
 the palace where the gallant Gordon had lived was completely 
 'plunder edP' Nothing could be learnt about the hero, whether he 
 were alive or dead ; nor could they, owing to the hostile host, 
 land^ to search^ the city. On descending the river ^ again they 
 had suffered shipwrech,^ and the general with the rest of the men 
 was now encamped on an island exposed^ to the weapons of the 
 enemy. Who can describe^ with what feelings this news was 
 received in the camp ? They who just before had believed that 
 
38 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 they were on the point^ of saving^^ the hero, were now bitterly 
 cast down}^ 
 
 1. frequens. 2. diripio. 3. navi descendo. 4. explore. 5. secundo 
 fiumine redeo. 6. naufragium facio. 7. obnoxius. 8. memoro. 
 9. use Juture 'participle. 10. periculo eripere. 11. tota spe 
 dejecti. 
 
 41. The end of the Syracusan Expedition. 
 
 When the Athenians had been conquered in the sea-figlit^ at 
 Syracuse, Nicias urged'^ the sailors to prepare to fight again the 
 next day, since they had still (he said) more ships than the 
 Syracusans. But these were so cast down^ that they said they 
 would not fight on^ the ships, but urged him to retreat by land. 
 So after two days they set out, leaving their dead and wounded^ 
 behind, and tried to take by force a^jass^ which the Syracusans 
 had fortified ; but, being driven back thence, retreated hy way 
 op the shore. The Syracusans followed and harassed^ them. 
 Demosthenes, having been by chance left behind by Nicias in 
 the night, was the first to be captured with 4000 men. Nicias 
 crossed two rivers, but when he came to the third was unable to 
 drive off the enemy; and so, his soldiers being turned into a 
 rabble^ by thirst and desire for water, he was obliged to surrender. 
 
 1. pugna navalis. 2. cohortor. 3. afilictus. 4. ex. 5. saucius. 
 6. fauces. 7. per. 8. lacesso. 9. turba. 
 
 42. Sie^'e of Jotapata. 
 
 The town could only be entered on the northern side} where 
 -the ridge descended with a more gradual'^ slope.^ On this 
 sloping^ ground the city was built ; and this part Josephus had 
 fortified with a very strong^ wall. On the other sides were 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 39 
 
 cliffs so steep^ that there was scarcely a view dowii^ to the 
 bottom of the valleys. Vespasian called his officers to a council 
 (of war). They resolved to raise^ an embankment against the 
 lowest part of the wall. All the troops were sent out to get^ 
 stones and timber'^^ from the neighbouring mountains, whence 
 a huge suppl^'^^ could be collected. In order to protect them- 
 selves from the javelins and arrows of the defenders, the 
 Eomans stretched'^^ over their palisades^^ a kind of^^ roof made 
 of wickerwork.^^ Under this penthouse^^ there ivas no fear^*^ that 
 they would be injured while building the embankment. They 
 worked in three divisions ;'^^ some brought earth, the others 
 stones or wood. Nor did the Jews prove'^^ themselves less 
 active j'^^ for they hurled down immense stones and every kind 
 of missile,'^^ which, if they did not cause inuch^'^ damage, yet 
 terrified the enemy by the awful noise, and sometimes^^ hindered 
 the work. 
 
 1. a septentrionali parte. 2. tenuis. 3. fastigium. 4. declivis. 
 5. firmus. 6. praeruptus. 7. despectus. 8. exstruo. 9. con- 
 quiro. 10. materia. 11. copia. 12. praetendo. 13. vallum. 
 14. quasi tectum quoddam. 15. crates. 16. vinea. 17. non 
 metus erat. 18. tripartite. 19. praesto. 20. strenuus. 
 21. missile. 22. minus. 23. interdum. 
 
 43. London (i). 
 
 London} a city placed on'^ the Thames^ is the largest and 
 richest^ of all which are in the world. Many bridges unite^ (to 
 it) those streets^ and hidldings*^ which are across the river. 
 These, being built of stone, are at once^ very strong and very 
 beautiful. There are most splendid^ shops^^ in the streets, and 
 in most^^ districts public gardens, which are cultivated with the 
 greatest care. Old houses are uncommon}'^ because both nearly 
 
, 40 EXERCISES, [Part II. 
 
 the whole city, which was then, was burnt dowii^^ two hundred 
 years before our time,^^ and many are being destroyed every day 
 that they may be built larger and higher. The temple, placed 
 on a small hill, which is distant half-a-mile from the river, was 
 burnt down in the same fire.'^^ This the king and people haci^^ 
 restored. Lest the city should suffer the same disaster ^'^ again, 
 guardians^^ are placed in every district, who, if by chance a fire 
 has arisen, drive^^ very quickly in chariots to this place,^^ and 
 with engines^^ put out^^ the fire. 
 
 1. Londinium. 2. ad. 3. Tamesis. 4. opulentus. 5. jungo. 
 6. vicus. 7. aedificium. 8. use idem. 9. lautus. 10. taberna. 
 11. plerusque. 12. rarus. 13. comburo. 14. aetas. 15. in- 
 cendium. 16. use euro. 17, ealamitas. 18. eustos. 19. vehor. 
 20. hue. 21. machina. 22. restinguo. 
 
 44. London (2). 
 
 It is handed doivn^ by tradition^ that the river Thames^ once 
 formed^ a large lake near the city, and even in our own times 
 we have seen the lower districts of the city overflowed^ by it. 
 So great is the breadth^ and depth^ of the river, that even very 
 large ships, getting^ 2. favourable tide^ can reach so far y^ Thus 
 the froductions^^ and the wealth of all countries flow^'^ to the 
 city. The citizens themselves elect their own magistrates every 
 year. And when the chief of these, who is called mayor}"^ 
 enters upon his office, ^^ a sort of triuinph'^^ is celebrated, in 
 which are seen elephants and other beasts of strange'^^ shape,^*^ 
 and men armed in the ancient fashion. The mayor himself, 
 marked out'^^ by a gold chaiuy^^ rides"^^ in a chariot which his 
 predecessors'^^ have used for 200 years. In the evening a 
 
/ op THF 
 
 PartIL] EXERCISES. \^^^ =4*. 
 
 hanquet'^'^ is given, at which the minister s'^^ sometimes^^ state 
 their views on politics.^^ 
 
 1, prodo. 2. say, memoriae. 3. Tamesis. 4. efficio. 5. inundo. 
 6. latitude. 7. altitude. 8. nanciscor. 9. aestus secundus. 
 10. hactenus. 11. fructus. 12. confluo. 13. decurio. 
 14. magistratus. 15. quasi triumphus quidam. 16. inusitatus. 
 17. forma. 18. insignis. 19. torques. 20. vehor. 21. ante- 
 cessor. 22. epulae. 23. consul. 24. aliquando. 25. say, show 
 {ostendo) what they think {sentio) about the state {res publica). 
 
 45. Liberty of the Colonies, 
 
 The question^ about preserving the empire being referred to 
 the Senate, many opinions were given. Some wished that the 
 Colonies should be permitted to act according to their own will ;^ 
 others said that they ought to obey the commands of the Senate 
 and people. At last Caius said : — *^ I am an old man, and for 
 that reason I am perhaps 21, ftt^ person to point out what 
 concerns^ the safety of the state.^ The dwellers in the provinces 
 are both of the same race as yourselves, and they enjoy the same 
 liberty. It is the mark of foolish men to restrain them from 
 their old custom. Do not attempt to hind^ them by laws 
 which please them not. If you do this, it wiU surely^ follow 
 that they will ask by what right they are held under rule. 
 And unless you repent of your rashness,^ they will cast off^ 
 your authority. Then it will be necessary for you either to 
 conquer them again, or to diminish by one half^^ your glorious^^ 
 empire." 
 
 1. res. 2. suo arbitrio. 3. idoneus. 4. interest. 5. publicus. 
 
 6. obligo. 7. sine dubio. 8. temeritas. 9. abjicio. 
 
 10. dimidia pars. 11. tantus. 
 
42 EXERCISES. [Part 11. 
 
 46. France and the Kings of Europe. 
 
 The nobles, who had fled beyond the borders of France, 
 implored foreign'^ kings to restore^ them, and to save their 
 country from the people who wished to change the old order.^ 
 Some of the kings demanded that the French should receive 
 back the exiles.^ This they asked, because they hoped by war 
 to take some part of the French territory and add it to their 
 own. But the French were not of so mean^ a spirit as to obey 
 such arrogant^ men. They compelled their king to declare 
 that the enemy would be attacked if he did not cease^ to disturb 
 his neighbours.^ Although the French showed^ such courage, 
 the other kings ordered their generals to assemble^^ armies and 
 march into France. The French having lost their best generals, 
 at first could not resist the invader s^'^'^ but soon taking a position 
 from which they could not be driven, they caused^^ the foreign 
 troops to retreat to their own land. 
 
 1. externus. 2. restituo. 3. consuetude. 4. exul. 5. abjectus, 
 
 pravus. 6. arrogans. 7. desino. 8. vicinus. 9. praesto. 
 
 10. cogo. 11. tacursionem facio {use relative sentence). 12. effi- 
 cio ut. 
 
 47. T/ie War with Pyrrhus (i). 
 
 The people of Tarentum, who by chance^ were sitting in the 
 theatre, saw the ships of the Eomans sailing across the bay'^ of 
 Tarentum. Seeing which, they were angry, because (as they 
 believed) the treaty was being broken,^ which forbade the 
 Eomans to enter the bay. Then a certain orator persuaded 
 them to take vengeance on^ the Romans. At once a rush was 
 made^ to the ships ; then, many having been manned^^ they 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 43 
 
 easily conquered the small Roman fleet. The admiral himself 
 was killed, four ships were siink^ (and) one was taken. Then 
 the senate of Eome sent ambassadors to Tarentum, to complain^ 
 of the wrong done^ them ; for they knew that the wealthier 
 citizens did not wish to carry on war with them. And they 
 having been brought in to the theatre at the Dionysia,'^^ were 
 scarcely able to talk Greek.^'^ And so the Greeks began to 
 laugh at them. Then a certain hiiffoon^'^ for the sake of 
 pleasing the moh^^ defiled^^ the toga of Postumius with mud.^^ 
 And when they applauded'^^ this, Postumius said, " Though you 
 laugh now, this robe shall soon be washed in your blood." 
 
 1. forte. 2. sinus. 3. violo. 4. ulciscor. 5. concurro. 6. com- 
 pleo. 7. deprimo. 8. queror. 9. infero. 10. use the ablative. 
 11. Graece. 12. scurra. 13. vulgus. 14. foedo. 15. lutum. 
 16. plaudo. 
 
 48. Tke War with Pyrrhtis (2). 
 
 Then the Tarentines, thinking^ that they themselves were 
 unequaV^ to carrying on so great a war, sent to Pyrrhus in 
 Epirus to ask for help. Now Pjrrrhus had, thirteen years 
 before, at the age of twenty-three, gained possession of the 
 kingdom of Epirus. He, having received the message,^ 
 promised to come to their help with a large army. So on the 
 1st December he came to Italy with 20,000 foot, 5000 horse, 
 and 20 elephants. Now the Eomans used to engage^ drawn up 
 with great spaces^ (between them), and, having thrown their pila, 
 used to do their fighting^ with swords; the Greeks, on the other 
 hand, used to fight in close order*^ with long spears, which were 
 called " Sarissae.^' In the first battle which was fought^ at 
 Heraclea, the Romans were defeated, their cavalry being 
 
44 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 thoroughly frightened^ by the elephants, which they called 
 Lucanian^^ oxen. Yet he had lost several thousand men, and 
 on the next day, seeing that the Eomans slain all had wounds 
 in front^'^ he is said to have exclaimed, "If I were the general 
 of these soldiers, I should conquer the world." 
 
 1. reor. 2. impar. 3. nuntius. 4. proelior. 5. intervallum. 
 6. rem gero. 7. confertus. 8. committo. 9. perterreo. 
 10. Luca. 11. adversus, adj, 
 
 49. The War with Pyrrhus (3). 
 
 Then Pyrrhus sent Cineas, a man famous^ for his eloquence, 
 to offer terms of peace to the Eomans ; for the king used to say,'^ 
 " I have gained^ more by the tongue of Cineas than by the 
 sword.^'^ And he was of such a good^ memory, that when he 
 had been but a few days in the city, he was able to call every 
 one of the Senators by name, (and) to address every one accord- 
 ing^ to his character 7 And he, having been brought in^ to the 
 Senate, said that the Eomans had now made trial^ (of) what the 
 king was able to do. Let them therefore make use of the 
 opportunity^^ and receive the peace offered them. For how 
 could they hope that they would ever conquer Pyrrhus, who in 
 the first encounter^^ had been so easily defeated by him? And 
 since he argued^^ these things with the utmost skill,'^^ the 
 Fathers at first were wishing to receive these terms ; but after- 
 wards being persuaded by ^^ Appius Claudius, they said that they 
 would not make peace before Pyrrhus had left Italy. And so 
 Cineas returned to Pyrrhus without success^^ 
 
 1. insignis. 2, dictito. 3. adipiscor. 4. ferrum. 5. tenax. 
 
 6. pro. 7. ingenium. 8. introduco. 9. experior. 10. occasio. 
 
 11. congressus. 12. dissero. 13. peritia. 14. use auctor. 
 15. say, the thing not having been done {infectus). 
 
Part 11] EXERCISES. 45 
 
 50. The War with Pyrrhus (4). 
 
 And so Pyrrhus, having taken the colony of Fregellae by 
 storm, (and) the citadel^ of Praeneste having been surrendered 
 to him, advanced so far that he was distant only'^ 18 miles from 
 E-ome. But since Coruncanius was defending the city itself, 
 and Laevinus threatening him from the rear^ he determined to 
 lead his army into winter quarter 8^ at Tarentum. The winter 
 \^ famous^ for the embassy of C. Fabricius, who was sent by 
 the Senate to arrange^ that the prisoners should be mutually^ 
 restored.^ And to him Pyrrhus said, that he would restore no 
 Roman citizen whom he had taken, unless the Senate accepted 
 the terms offered through Cineas. Let them however (said he) 
 return home in the month of December, for the sake of keeping^ 
 the Saturnalia, provided only^^ they gave their word^^ that they 
 would return. And them, though they tried^^ in vain to 
 arrange'^^ a peace, the Senate ordered to a2:>pear'^^ at Tarentum 
 on the day appointed.^^ 
 
 1. arx. 2. tantum. 3. tergum. 4. hiberna. 5. insignis. 
 
 6. euro with gerundive. 7. say^ by both. 8. restituo. 9. ago. 
 
 10. dum modo. 11. fides, 12. conor. 13. compono. 14. com- 
 pareo. 15. dico. 
 
 51. Tke War with Pyrrhus (5). 
 
 In the next^ summer'^ the Romans were defeated in a second 
 battle. But since Pyrrhus saw that he could put^ too little^ con- 
 fidence^ in his allies, and that the Romans would not be easily 
 conquered, he restored the latter their prisoners, (and) told the 
 former that he should go away to Sicily to carry on war with 
 the Carthaginians. And having returned thence after two years, 
 
46 EXERCISES. [Paxt II. 
 
 he renewed^ the war with the Eomans. Curius, the consul, was 
 able at last^ to attack his army entangled*^ in the mountains, 
 where (as he thought) the close-packed^ ranks were of less 
 avaiL^ Now he had thought out"^^ such (a device as follows) 
 for the purpose of frightening the elephants. He had had^^ 
 arrows bound^^ with, tow ;'^^ these being lighted}^ were shot^^ 
 against the elephants. And they, greatly frightened^^ by the 
 light and heat}^ broke through the ranks of their friends. 
 Then Curius, attacking them with his infantry, routed^^ them. 
 The king having returned to Tarentum, determined to quit 
 Italy. 
 
 1. proximus. 2. aestas. 3. confido. 4. use the comparative. 
 5. redintegro. 6. tandem. 7. impedio. 8. confertus. 
 9. use valeo. 10. excogito. 11. euro with gerundive. 12. vin- 
 eio. 13. stuppa. 14. incendo. 15. eonjieio. 16. perterreo. 
 17. ardor, 18. fundo. 
 
 52. Comtis. 
 
 Formerly} in the country far from any town was a wood in 
 the midst of which dwelt a magician,'^ who was able by his 
 wicked arts to change men into swine or any other animal. A 
 maiden, born of a noble house, while travelling homewards with 
 her two brothers, lost her way, and was separated^ from the 
 youths. Not knowing where she was or who might dwell in 
 the wood, she hoped by singing to bring some friendly person 
 to her aid. After the first sweet notes^ were uttered,^ the 
 magician came disguised^ in the dress^ of a shepherd, and offered^ 
 to guide her to a place where she would find rest^ and food ready. 
 She gladly followed, not thinking that any one would wish to 
 harm a maiden who had never done an unlcind^^ act. On reach- 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 47 
 
 ing the house, where the magician exercised?-^ his art, she took 
 the food, but could not be persuaded to drink the wine ; for 
 she felt that she was forbidden'^^ by modesty '^^ to do so. While 
 the magician was urging her, the two brothers rushed in, 
 having been guided by a servant of the gods to whom had been 
 assigned^^ the care oi protecting^^ the innocent^^ maiden. 
 
 1. olim. 2. . magus. 3. disjungo. 4. sonus. 5. edo. 6. celo. 
 7. habitus. 8. promitto. 9. quies. 10. iniquus. 11. exerceo. 
 12. prohibeo. 13. pudor. 14. trado. 15. tueor. 16. innocens. 
 
 53. ^ Patriot' s Exhortation, 
 
 The Gallic chieftain said : " You ought for safety's sake to 
 neglect your Aome comforts;^ you ought to burn the villages^ 
 and buildings in every part, where the enemy seem to be able 
 to CMt forage.^ Supplies^ are abundant^ for yourselves, because 
 you are helped by the resources^ of those in whose territory the 
 war is being carried on. But the Romans will either not endure 
 the privations,'^ or will with great risk seek forage at a greater 
 distance^ from the camp. Then you can either destroy them 
 one by one^ or seize their camp. And it does not matter'^^ 
 whether you kill them or strip'^^ them of their baggage ; for if 
 this is lost they cannot longer carry on the war. You ought 
 besides to burn all towns which are not secured^^ from danger 
 by their defences^^ or natural position}^ This you ought to do 
 lest the towns make the soldiers sluggish^^ for fighting." 
 
 1. domestica commoda. 2. vicus. 3. pabulum. 4. commeatus. 
 
 5. suppeto. 6. opes. 7. inopia. 8. longius. 9. singuli. 
 
 10. interest. 11. exuo. 12. tutus. 13. munitio. 14. natura. 
 15. segnis. 
 
48 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 54. Attempt on the German Emperor (i). 
 
 In the middle of summer, as the Emperor of Germany was, on 
 a certain day, heing driven^ in an open carriage^ along the road 
 shaded^ with lime-trees,^ he was attacked by an assassin.^ Since 
 he had a little while before been assailed^ in the same way, he 
 did not expect that any one would be so daring as soon to 
 attempt'^ the same thing again. In order to accomplish his object 
 with more safety,^ the assassin, having concealed^ several weapons 
 in his house, shot'^^ little halls^^ of solid lead^"^ from an upper 
 window^^ The Emperor not suspecting that men were plotting'^^ 
 against him, had neither his usual guards nor arms with him. So 
 well had the man formed his plan'^^ that thirty of the balls struck 
 the Emperor, who immediately fell down almost bereft of life}^ 
 
 1. say, was going. 2. vehiculum. 8. obtectus. 4. tilia. 5. say, 
 one who wished to kill him. 6. peto. 7. conor. 8. rem tutius 
 conficio. 9. abdo. 10. emitto. 11. pila. 12. plumbum. 13. 
 fenestra. 14. insidias paro. 15. consilium ineo. 16. exanimis. 
 
 55. Attempt on the German E^nperor (2). 
 
 Being carried into the palace'^ he lay for some time so that no 
 one could tell whether he were alive or dead. People rushed'^ 
 into the house, from which the balls were shot, to seize the 
 villain^ who defended himself with the utmost bravery. At 
 last being overpowered,^ he tried to kill himself, but having 
 wounded^ himself in the head, he was seized by soldiers ; yet first 
 he had killed with a blow^ an innkeeper^ who had seized him by 
 the nech.^ And if he had not been prevented at once, he would 
 have killed many more. The people of the town would have 
 slain him, if he had not been hept^ by the Emperor's guards. If 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 49 
 
 fear does not seize the Emperor he will recover}^ although he is 
 very old. 
 
 1. palatium. 2. irruo. 3. sceleratus. 4. devictus. 5. vulnero. 
 
 6. ictus. 7. caupo. 8. collum ei obtorqueo, obstringo. 
 
 9. servo. 10. me recipio. 
 
 56. Defiance in Despair. 
 
 The chief of the envoys spoke thus : The town is taken and 
 
 burnt ; the houses which we tried to save are overthrown^ and 
 
 nothing remains which we can carry away to a new land except 
 
 the i^-^ jewels^ and the household gods which we concealed^ in 
 
 the forest. Our countrymen are altogether crushed^ in spirit, 
 
 who feel that they have been robbed^ of their fatherland. Our 
 
 hope is lost; we despair of safety ; therefore we curse^ you who 
 
 have brought upon us all these^ evils. Why have we submitted^ 
 
 to so cruel a tyrant ? If it pleases you to destroy us, with our 
 
 wives and children, do so now ; it is allowed you ; you shall not 
 
 be prevented. But see that not even^ one is left to hand down^^ 
 
 to his children the memory of such wrongs. 
 
 1. everto. 2. gemma. 3. abdo. 4. perfractus. 5. spolio. 6. male- 
 dico. 7. tot. 8. fidem sequor, with gen, 9. vel. 10. trado. 
 
 57. The Turco- Russian War (i). 
 The Scythians,^ from desire^ of increasing their territories, 
 declared^ war against the men of Constantinople.^ Now there 
 was a tow^n not far from the river Danube,^ fortified with the 
 highest art, and held^ by a garrison.'^ A lieutenant of the 
 greatest determination^ commanded^ this. And the Scythians, 
 having often tried^^ to take it by storm, kept being driven back. 
 At length^^ they surrounded the town with fortifications, and 
 took it by famine. Then having crossed Mount Haemus, they 
 
 f OF THK X 
 
so EXERCISES, [Part II. 
 
 pitched their camp about^^ six miles from the city. And so 
 the men of Constantinople, thinking that they must accept 
 terms, sent ambassadors to ask for peace. From whom the 
 Scythians demanded^^ that they should give up a great part of 
 their territories to them, and that they (the Scythians) should 
 he allowed^^ to enter the city. But the English}^ having sent a 
 fleet^^ to the Hellespont, ihreatened^^ the Scythians with war if 
 they advanced nearer to the city. 
 
 1. Scythae. 2. studium. 3. indico. 4. Byzantius. 5. Ister. 6. firmo. 
 7. praesidium. 8. constantia. 9. praesum. 10. conor. 11. tan- 
 dem. 12. ferme. 13. postulo. 14. licet. 15. Anglus. 16. 
 classis. 17. minor. 
 
 58. The TurcO'Russian War (2). 
 
 Then negotiations hegan^ about the terms of peace. But in 
 
 London,^ in the winter, a clerk^ revealed^ a certain treaty, which, 
 
 he said, had been made with the Scythiaiis.^ And the Praetor 
 
 being asked about it in the Senate, said that it was not a true 
 
 cojoy.^ But soon (after) to the ambassadors sent to Germany 
 
 all things /e^Z out"^ according to their wish.^ For a secret^ treaty, 
 
 very like the former one, having been brought forward, the 
 
 Scythians were compelled^^ to accept a smaller territory than 
 
 that which they had wished for. And so peace was confirmed, 
 
 and the ambassadors returned to London. And they having 
 
 landed^^ declared^^ to the people that they brought them peace 
 
 with honour. Hearing which, the people answered that they 
 
 had declared the truth. 
 
 1. sa?/, it was begun to be discussed (agro). 2. Londinium. 3. scriba. 
 4. patefacio. 5. Scythae. 6. exemplum. 7. evenio. 8. ex 
 sententia. 9, clandestinus. 10. cogo. 11. nave egredior. 
 12. pronuntio. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 51 
 
 59. The TurcO' Russian War (3). 
 
 But the tribune who had opposed^ their plans lay under^ such 
 unpopularity^ that the moh^ even tlirew^ stones at him. But the 
 same man, setting out to Scotland,^ held many meetings,^ in which 
 he declared that the consuls would be the ruin^ of the State; that 
 they had made the taxes^ unendw^able^^ to the citizens ; that all 
 friendship with the neighbouring^^ nations would soon be done 
 away witk,'^^ and he persuaded so many citizens, that at'^^ the 
 neoct'^^ elections^^ he himself was chosen consul, in order that he 
 might preserve peace and friendship with our allies, might make 
 the taxes lighter, and might pass"^^ those laws which seemed to 
 him necessary. He also,'^^ having been made consul, began at 
 once to treat'^^ about increasing the territories of the Greeks. 
 
 1. adverser. 2. say, was in. 3. invidia. 4. vulgus. 5. conjicio. 
 
 6. Caledonia. 7. contio. 8. exitium. 9. vectigal. 10. in- 
 
 tolerandus. 11. finitimus. 12. tollo. 13. use the ablative 
 
 14. say, nearest. 15. comitia. 16. perfero. 17. idem. 18. ago. 
 
 60. Objects and Dangers of the Expedition to the Soudan. 
 
 The commander-in-chief, being about to bid farewell to^ his 
 troops, who were starting for Ethiopia,'^ having called together his 
 lieutenants, made^ such a speech (as follows) : (he said) that 
 they were about to embark^ on boats^ prepared^ for that 
 very thing; that steersmen'^ skilled^ in navigating had been 
 provided ;^ and that he was confident that, having surmounted^^ 
 all dangers, they would soon see that general who had so long"^^ 
 preserved the honour and dominion of the English}^ Let them 
 only'^^ be brave and careful^^ and fortify their camp, that they 
 
52 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 might not be surprised'^^ by the enemy, by neglecting which, 
 their fellow-citizens'^^ a few years before had received a great 
 defeat'^'^ 
 
 1. valere jubeo. 2. Aethiopia. 3. habeo. 4. conscendo. 5. navi- 
 cula. 6. orno. 7. gubernator. 8. peritus. 9. paro. 10. ex- 
 supero. 11. tamdiu. 12. Angkis. 13. modo. 14. cautus. 
 
 15, opprimo. 16. civis. 17. clades. 
 
 6 1. T/ie Conversion of Kent, 
 
 Gregory^ bishop'^ of Rome, sent Augustine^ with certain 
 monhs,^ to teach the English^ the Christian^ religion. And 
 when they had come to the Franks^ they called in the aid of^ 
 interpreters^ who knew (how) to speak in English}-^ Then, 
 having crossed the sea, they landed^^ in that very place where 
 the English had first come 100 years before. Thence they sent 
 messengers to the king of Kent'^^ to inform him that they had 
 come from Rome, and wished to speak witli^^ him. The king, 
 fearing magic arts, preferred to meet'^^ them in the open air.^^ 
 So having heard Augustine's speech, he said that he indeed 
 should not rashly '^^ leave his country's gods, but that they 
 might^'^ settle^^ at Canterbury, ^^ and teach those whom they 
 wished. And so they we7it in procession^^ to the city, with a 
 cross^^ £iud picture^'^ borne before^^ them. And having stayed^^ 
 there some months, they persuaded the king himself and very 
 many of that nation to receive the Christian religion. 
 
 1. Gregorius. 2. episcopus. 3. Augustinus. 4. monachus. 
 5. Anglus. 6. Christianus. 7. Franci. 8. adhibeo. 9. in- 
 terpres. 10. Anglice. 11. navibus egredior. 12. Cantii. 
 13. colloquor. 14. convenio, congredior. 15. sub dio. 
 
 16. temere. 17. licet. 18. consido. 19. Durovernum. 
 20. incedo. 21. crux. 22. tabula picta. 23. praefero. 
 24. commoror. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 53 
 
 62. Napoleons attempted Invasion^ 1805. 
 
 The Trench Emperor, thinking^ that his empire would never 
 be 8afe^ while the English could kee'p him off^ from the sea, 
 determined to invade England. And so, having pitched a camp 
 near the sea, and having collected very many regiments there, 
 he ordered ships to be built, each of which might carry over a 
 large number of men. But first his fleets in his harbours^ had 
 to be freed from blockade,^ that they might protect the trans- 
 ports,^ and if this had been done, the English would perhaps*^ 
 have been surprised.^ But when the Admiral of his fleet had 
 tried? and been unable to do this, the Emperor made^^ this 
 speech to his soldiers : "I am now going to lead you against 
 the Germans, who, having received money from these English, 
 have said that they will not obey the French." 
 
 1. reor. 2. tutus. 3. prohibeo, arceo. 4. portus. 5. obsidio. 
 6. navis oneraria. 7. fortasse, forsan. 8. opprimo. 9. conor. 
 10. habeo. 
 
 62i« The Battle of Salamis. 
 
 While the generals were consulting, Adimantus, the Corinthian 
 general, asked Themistocles how he, who had now no native 
 country, dared to bring forward his opinion; to which 
 Themistocles replied, that the Athenians had a very strong 
 native country, since they supplied'^ two-thirds'^ of the whole 
 fleet. But when the rest of the commanders said that they 
 would not fight there, he sent a messenger^ to the Persian king, 
 to inform him that the Greeks would retreat to Peloponnesus. 
 Let him therefore (said he) cut them off^ by seizing^ the 
 
54 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 straits^ through which they would retreat ; for that he was a 
 friend to the Persians, and consulted the king's inter est y So 
 while the generals were still debating^ Aristides, having 
 escaped^ from the midst of the Persian ships, came to inform 
 Themistocles that the straits were already seized. Thus the 
 latter compelled '^^ them to fight in a narrow place j'^'^ where the 
 crowd of Persian ships could not spread out}^ For which 
 reason,^^ as we have heard^^ from Thucydides, the Greeks won 
 the battle of Salamisy^ 
 
 1. suppedito. 2. say, two parts. 3. nuntius. 4. intercludo. 
 5. occupo. 6. f return. 7. consulo, with dat. 8. dispute. 
 9. elabor. 10. cogo. 11. angustiae. 12. explicor. 13. quam 
 ob rem. 14. accipio. 15. say^ conquered at Salamis. 
 
 64. Rebellion. 
 
 The king, from an elevated'^ position, urged'^ the enemy not to 
 begin the fight. (He said that), persuaded hy^2i certain artificer,^ 
 they had revolted^ from his father when he was still of tender 
 age, (and) unfit^ for carrying on such great matters. That now, 
 having cast away the ancient family of their kings, (and) their 
 ancient religion, they had discovered some new gods for them- 
 selves, to help them in their wars^ But that his men, having 
 iXf^ preserved the wor\hip^ which their ancestors'^ had handed down, 
 ' would be a match^^ for any multitude, however greaty^ Let 
 them not therefore (said he) attack their fellow-citizens}'^ with 
 whom the priests themselves with their sacred trumpets were 
 present, which thing was a most certain witness^^ that God 
 would be present with them fighting. And they nevertheless 
 having placed an amhush^^ in rear'^^ of the king's army, attacked 
 
OF THF 
 
 L UNIVERSITT 
 Part 11.] EXERCISES, V.r; 
 
 them at the same time in front^^ and rear^'^ but were driven 
 back on both sides, '^^ and put to flight. 
 
 1. editus. 2. cohortor. 3. use auctor. 4. artifex. 5. deficio. 
 6. M.se idoneus. 7. use participle of hoWo. 8. cultus. 9. majores. 
 10. par. 11. quantusvis. 12. civis. 13. testimonium. 
 14. insidiae. 15. a tergo. 16. adversus, adj. 17. aversus, 
 adj. 18. utrinque. 
 
 65. A Leading Question. 
 
 When pirates^ were infesting'^ all parts of the sea, and 
 had even 'plundered^ some cities of Italy, extraordinary power^ 
 was given to Cn. Pompeius to suppress^ them. Some of the 
 nobles resisted the great influence^ of this one man, and 
 especially Q. Catulus, who said in the assembly'^ that Cn. 
 Pompeius was a renowned soldier, but that all power must 
 not be given to a single citizen. He added, " If anything shall 
 happen to him, whom will you put^ in his placed" To this 
 answer was made by the whole people with a shout, "You 
 yourself, Q. Catulus." 
 
 1. latro. 2. vagor per. 3. despolio. 4. imperium extra ordinem. 
 5. subigo. 6. potentia. 7. comitia. 8. substituo. 
 
 66. Horatiiis murders his Sister. 
 
 Horatius, as he entered the city of Rome, was met hy^ his 
 sister, who was betrothed'^ to one of the Curiatii ; and she, seeing 
 among the spoils a garment which she had herself given to the 
 slain man, asked how he could be so hard-hearted^ as to kill the 
 man whom his own sister had loved before all others. This 
 (said she) was that well-known^ garment which she had made by 
 
56 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 daily ^ work ; which he whom she loved had worn^ at a time 
 of the greatest danger, even then mindfuV of his love. How 
 could her brother dare to carry it openly^ through the city for 
 his sister to look on ? ^ Horatius, enraged at these complaints}^ 
 drew his sword and murdered ^^ her. 
 
 1. ohwidiVCiYQiAQ {governs the dat). 2. pactus. 3. ferreus. 4. notus. 
 5. quotidianus. 6. gero. 7. memor. 8. palam. 9. conspicio. 
 10. querela. 11. trucido. 
 
 6^/. Perseus and Aftdromeda. 
 
 Have you never heard how great danger Perseus underwent 
 in order to save'^ Andromeda from death? She was a maiden 
 of extreme'^ beauty, whose mother had boasted^ that her daughter 
 was more lovely than the Nereides. To take vengeance^ for this 
 insult,^ Poseidon sent a huge monster out of the sea to ravage^ 
 the country. The people of that country, having suffered many 
 things, prayed the god to tell them how they might be saved 
 from the plague? The god having given this oracle, that 
 Andromeda must be fastened^ with chains to a rock near the 
 sea, her countrymen did not spare her. They hound^ and left 
 her to be devoured by the monster. But Perseus, being informed 
 of her danger, hastened to rescue her from it ; and having slain 
 the monster, married the maiden. Phineus, to whom she had 
 before been promised, was so enraged that while the wedding'^^ 
 was being celebrated '^'^ he attacked Perseus, but he was slain 
 with all his companions. 
 
 1. eripio. 2. singularis. .S. jacto. 4. ulciscor. 5. injuria. 
 6. vasto. 7. pestis. 8. afBgo. 9. vincio. 10. nuptiae. 
 11. celebro. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 57 
 
 6^, The Mistakes of Nicias. 
 
 When Alcibiades had persuaded the Athenians^ to send an 
 army to conquer Sicily, they sent 5000 citizens with many other 
 forces to besiege Syracuse. Then Lamachus advised his 
 countrymen'^ to sail at once^ to Syracuse, before the Syracusans 
 were ready. And if this had been done, the city would have 
 been taken. Afterwards, when Gylippus had come to Syracuse, 
 Nicias by delaying^ lost an army of 40,000 men, for he was 
 too much inclined to^ superstition to retreat when the augurs 
 forbade it. So the Syracusans, using the opportunity^^ hloched'^ 
 the roads, and having conquered the enemy brought^ them into 
 slavery. The disaster^ was so great that all thought at the 
 time that Athens would soon be taken. But the Athenians 
 built a new fleet, and carried on the war energeticodly}^ 
 
 1. Atheniensis. 2. civis. 3. extemplo. 4. moror. 5. say^ more 
 inclined to {pronus in) . . . than that he should ... 6. occa- 
 sio. 7» obsideo. 8. redigo. 9. clades. 10. strenue. 
 
 69. Revolt of Gauls. 
 
 When the news was brought to the chiefs of Gaul that 
 Caesar was detained^ in the city by quarrels among the citizens,^ 
 they promised their followers to obtain the freedom of their 
 country. They exhorted some, who feared that fortune would 
 be against^ them, not to lose courage^^ but to work bravely for 
 the sake of the common safety. Having taken^ an oath among 
 themselves, they appoint^ a day on which all shall revoW 
 together. So suddenly did they rush^ to arms that none of 
 the Eoman settlers^ could escape from the town; and such was 
 the rage of the Gauls for their leader's d^ath that they murdered 
 
58 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 all to a man}^ Caesar, fearing that the mischief would spread}'^ 
 too wide, hastened}^ from Rome to the province, having sent 
 an order that the new levy^^ should assemble with arms and 
 baggage at a certain place. 
 
 1. detineo. 2. intestinae discordiae. 3. adversus {adj.). 4. 
 animos demitto. 5. do. 6. dico. 7. arma sumere. 8. curro. 9. 
 colonus. 10. ad unum. 11. serpo. 12. festino. 13. delectus. 
 
 70. Passage of the Alps. 
 
 It was a mark of Napoleon's genius^ that in the early spring 
 he determined to invade Italy, and reach Augusta, that he might 
 surprise'^ the Austrians,^ who at that time held the northern^ 
 part of the land. To gain his object^ he had to cross the Alps, 
 which are always covered with snow, so that no one can pass^ 
 them without very great difficulty. But the general ordered 
 his troops to march over the top of sl pass'^ where the snow had 
 not yet melted,^ and exhorted them not to be less brave than the 
 men of former times. It was of great importance to the French 
 to descend quickly into the plains, because they knew that, 
 while the inhabitants were not expecting them, they would 
 easily conquer them. Therefore Napoleon led them across 
 rocks and snow, though thousands of men died owing to the 
 extreme cold and hardships. 
 
 1. ingenium. 2. incautum opprimo, excipio. 3. Auster. 4. sep- 
 tentrionalis. 5. say, that which he sought. 6. trajicio. 
 7. saltus. 8. liquefactus. 
 
 71. BaUle of Marengo (i). 
 
 The Austrian^ general, Melas, awaited'^ Napoleon's approach 
 at Alessandria. On the 12th of June Napoledh advanced 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 59 
 
 towards the west from Stradella. Hearing no news about the 
 enemy, he began greatly to fear that Melas was going to escape 
 to Genoa. Therefore, being no longer able to bear this sus- 
 pense,^ he ordered his lieutenant Desaix^ to march southward^ 
 to Novi, and hold the road to Genoa. This the lieutenant did, 
 so that Napoleon's army was now weaker^ by one legion. At 
 dawn the next day, Melas, with his whole army, moved out from 
 Alessandria, and ihrew^ it upon the now weakened line of the 
 French at Marengo.^ Nowhere could the French sufficiently 
 resist this attack. When they began to retreat, Melas, now 
 wearied out with his great exertions? returned into Alessandria 
 and annoimced^^ the defeat'^'^ of the enemy. 
 
 1. Auster. 2. expecto. 3. dubitatio. 4. same ivord, gen. -cis. 
 5. ad meridiem. 6. minus validus, minoris roboris. 7. immitto. 
 8. third declension. 9. labor. 10. pronuntio. II. use par- 
 ticiple. 
 
 72. Battle of Marengo (2). 
 
 At this very time, Desaix, having turned at the first sound of 
 battle, came up, and declared that, even though the French had 
 been beaten in one battle, they might conquer in another. By 
 a sudden cavalry charge the Austrians were vXl^A^ 'panic-strucTc^ 
 for they believed that the battle was ended^ and the enemy put 
 to flight. The legionary soldiers to a man flung away their 
 arms and fled ; and before the sun had set nothing was left of 
 the Austrian army except a crowd of fugitives,^ who in the 
 greatest terror were hastening^ over the river Bormida by means 
 of the bridges. Not so many were lost at Marengo as at Novi 
 or at the river Trebbia ; but losing all heart^ on account of the 
 
6o EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 sudden disaster,^ safety being now almost unhoped for^ Melas 
 accepted a shameful truce.^ 
 
 1. perturbatus. 2. say, there was now an end of the battle. 3. 'p'^es. 
 participle. 4. propero. 5. animum demitto. 6. clades. 
 7. insperatus. 8. indutiae. 
 
 73. Battle of the Nile. 
 
 Being at last informed that the French fleet had cast anchor^ 
 off Alexandria, Nelson, long deceived^ by false tidings? pursued 
 it with all speed. His object was^ to c%it off^ the French army 
 in Egypt from the ships, and to take vengeance on the enemy 
 for the delay and many hardships which both he and his men 
 had suffered. The French fleet was lying at anchor^ in the bay 
 of Aboukir, so drawn up that on each flank it seemed to be 
 protected^ both by nature and art. For both the promontories^ 
 of the bay sheltered'^ it, and also smaller boats equipped^^ with 
 powerful engines.^'^ But Nelson, on seeing where the French 
 were drawn up, quickly determined^^ that there was a channel'^^ 
 between the fleet and the shore, of such a depth as that his own 
 ships could sail through. By this means he hoped to get with 
 half his fleet between the French and the mainland ;^^ with 
 the other half he would assail them in front. This was done, 
 and the left wing of the French was attacked on both sides by 
 a larger number of ships. They were the less able to resist, 
 because on the side loohing'^^ towards the land, their engines 
 had not been made ready for battle; for they believed that 
 there was no way by which a vessel could approach from that 
 side. The battle raged fiercely from the first to the fourth 
 watch /^^ at which time nine out of thirteen French vessels had 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 6i 
 
 surrendered to the English, while two others had been 
 burnt. 
 
 1. ancoram jacere. 2. decipio. 3. nuntius. 4. illud petiit. 
 
 5. intercludo. 6. ad ancoram consisto. 7. defendo. 8. pro- 
 montorium. 9. tego, tueor. 10. ornatus. 11. tormentum. 
 12. intelligo. 13. fretum. 14. continens. 15. specto. 16. vigilia. 
 
 74. The Reign of Stephen, 
 
 Stephen, having been informed of the king's death, crossed 
 the strait^ and hastened with all speed to London^ where he 
 was made king by the nobles and the people of London.^ He 
 promised to keep the laws, and to show^ himself a good king to 
 his people. But when the nobles found that he was too mild^ 
 and would punish no one, they began to fortify each his own 
 castle, so that they filled the whole land with castles. And, 
 sallying out from them, they used to roh on the highways,^ 
 'plunder^ the farmers, and fight with each other. Tor some of 
 them favoured the side^ of the king, some that of the Emperor's 
 xoidow^ but they Tcepi^'^ faith with neither. And as all plun- 
 dered the country folk, and the inhabitants of such towns as 
 were not fortified, land went out of cultivation ;^^ and if some 
 men w^ere seen riding^'^ to a town, all the inhabitants would 
 flee, thinking that they were robbers. And so, all being made 
 most wretched, many died of hunger. 
 
 The war went on with varying residt^^ for fifteen years, till 
 at length it was agreed}^ by the advice of the priests, that 
 Stephen should hold the crown'^^ while he lived, but that, after 
 his death, Henry, son of Matilda, should succeed him.'^^ 
 
 1. fretum. 2. Londinium. 3. Londiaensis. 4. praesto. 5. mitis. 
 
 6. latrocinor. 7. expilo. 8. partes. 9. vidua. 10. praesto.. 
 11. my^ ceased {desino) to be cultivated. 12. equito. 13. even- 
 tus. 14. convenit. 15. regnum. 16. say, into his place. 
 
62 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 75. Suw arrow' s Alpine March. 
 
 Suvarrovius, the Russian general, /e^^^ that he must abandon 
 
 the Austrians, because they had been unfaithful'^ to him, and 
 
 marched to join his forces to those which his colleague^ had 
 
 brought from Russia. Two roads lead from the Italian lakes 
 
 into Helvetia : one 'beginning'^ from Lake Verbanus crosses the 
 
 mountains and descends to a village^ close to the Lake of 
 
 the Four Cantons ;^ the other leads from Lake Como^ in such 
 
 a direction as to come down into the valley, in which rises the 
 
 river Rhine. Suvarrovius, having sent his military engines^ by 
 
 the latter road, himself with his forces ascended the former, 
 
 with this intention,^ that he might fall upon the right wing of 
 
 the French with the utmost speed. Striving^^ with the greatest 
 
 efforts^^ he arrived at the Lake of the Four Cantons ] from this, 
 
 however, the way out was cut off by precipitous cliffs}'^ But 
 
 not fearing that his men would /ai^^^ him, he persuaded them 
 
 to climb a narrow path, by which they might get into the 
 
 further valley. Then, being informed of the defeat of his 
 
 colleague, he saw that he must escape over unknown mountains 
 
 covered with deep snow and ^ce.^^ How his men crossed is 
 
 unknown ; but to this day every one wonders at their extreme 
 
 courage and endurance.'^^ 
 
 1. intelligo. 2. infidus. 3. coUega. 4. ordior. 5. vicus. 
 
 6. pagus. 7. Larius. 8. tormentum. 9. consilium. 10. con- 
 
 nitor. 11. vis. 12. praeruptae rupes. 13. desum. 14. glacies. 
 15. patientia. 
 
 y6. Edward the Elder, 
 
 Edward?- was the first who saw that England^ yfj(s\3l<dL never be 
 safe until^ he had so fortified it that the barbarians would not 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 63 
 
 dare to invade it. And so if^ there was anywhere an old 
 
 fortified town^ he used to restore^ it, and if there was none, he 
 
 used to build new fortifications^'^ until the whole country, but 
 
 especially the bridges, were being held by fortifications. And 
 
 in these he placed^ garrisons,^ using generally^^ the English,^^ 
 
 but sometimes'^^ also those barbarians who (he thought) would 
 
 be faithfuV^^ to him. And when he had finished this, the 
 
 barbarians, who for many years had harassed^^ the English, used 
 
 to keep peace (with them), and the kings of the Scotch'^^ and of 
 
 the Northumbrians^^ sought^^ his protection}-^ promising that 
 
 they would be faithful to him, and supply^^ troops when he 
 
 ashed'^^ (for them), if he, on the other hand,^^ would help them 
 
 as often as^^ there was needP Then the king, having freed 
 
 and fortified England, died. 
 
 1. Edvardns. 2. Anglia. 3. with negative, prius . . . quam. 
 4. sicubi. 5. moenia. 6. restituo. 7. munitio. 8. dispone. 
 9. praesidium. 10. maxime. 11. Anglus. 12. interdum. 
 13. fidus. 14. lacesso. 15. Scoti. 16. Nordanhymbri. 
 17. sequor. 18. fides. 19. suppedito. 20. say, to him asking. 
 21. contra. 22. quoties. 23. opus. 
 
 yy. Coriolanus (i). 
 
 Now it happened that, the land of the Eomans having been 
 ravaged in war, and tillage'^ neglected^ a great famine arose. 
 Then Gelon, king of the Syracusans, sent them certain ships 
 laden^ with corn. About which, when it had been referred to 
 the Senate how it should be apportioned,'^ some thought one thing , 
 some another.^ For some were thinking that it ought to be 
 given to the poor, others were giving it as tlieir opinion^ that 
 it should be sold at a small price. But Coriolanus being angry 
 that tribunes had been granted^ to the plebs, asked, Why did 
 
 f OF THB \ 
 
64 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 the plebeians seek for corn from them? They had tribunes 
 now. Let them return to the Sacred Hill and leave Eome to 
 the patricians ; or let them give up the tribunes, and receive 
 corn. On account of which speech, a day was appointed^ to 
 C. Marcius (for his trial), but since most of the patricians were 
 unwilling to help him, he left Rome, having adjured^ the gods 
 that his ungrateful countrymen^^ might soon repent of their action. 
 
 1. agri cultura. 2. omitto. 3. onero. 4. distribuo. 5. say, others 
 thought (sentio) other things. 6. censeo. 7. concedo. 8. dico. 
 9. obtestor. 10. civis. 
 
 78. Coriolanus (2). 
 
 And he, having set out from Eome, came to Attus Tullius at 
 Antium. Whom, when he had entered his house, the exile^ thus 
 addressed. (He said) that his name was C. Marcius, his 
 surname^ Coriolanus, which reward alone remained to him for 
 such great services.^ That, an exile from Rome, he had sought 
 refuge^ with his enemy. Accordingly^^ if they wished to employ 
 him, he would deserve well of them ; if they wished to take 
 vengeance on^ him, let them strike"^ at once, for that he was 
 ready. Then the Volscians determined to receive^ him, because 
 (as they said), since he had injured'^ them greatly before, he 
 was able now, having been made their general, to he of^^ the 
 greatest service to them. And so, having enrolled^^ an army, 
 they marched forward to Rome, ravaging only such lands as 
 belonged to the plebeians, and having taken many towns of the 
 Latins, encamped at the Cluilian ditches^"^ which were distant 
 five miles from the city. 
 
 1. exsul. 2. cognomen. 3. meritum. 4. confugio. 5. proinde. 
 6. ulciscor. 7. ferio. 8. excipio. 9. noceo. 10. prosum. 
 11. conscribo. 12. fossae Cluiliae. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 65 
 
 79. Coriolanus (3). 
 
 But the consuls, being suspected by the plebeians, were 
 unable to raise^ an army. And so they sent ambassadors to the 
 Volsci to ask what their demands'^ were. And to them 
 Coriolanus answered that they must restore their lands and 
 towns to the Volsci, and receive them into their friendship 
 by a treaty equal (to that) with the Latins. Then they sent the 
 priests, pontiffs,^ and augurs, to beseech him to grant them 
 fair^ terms of peace. And they, having been received^ with 
 honour, departed nevertheless without success.^ , Then his mother 
 and the ladies'^ of Eome determined to trp^ what they could 
 (do) with^ him. And when they had come to the camp, and 
 had been hrought'^^ to him, his mother asked whether to her he 
 was C. Marcius or the general of the Volscians. Was it to her 
 alone that the ruin'^^ of her country was owed? She indeed 
 was too old to^'^ live long. But let him consider'^^ his wife and 
 children, who must^^ be enslaved'^^ with their country. And 
 Coriolanus, moved by these complaints, '^^ exclaimed that his 
 mother had saved Eome, but had lost her son. Then he led 
 away the army, on the ground that the city was too strong to 
 be taken. 
 
 1, comparo, conscribo. 2. use postulo. 3. pontifex. 4. aequus. 
 5. excipio. 6. say, the thing not-having-been-done {infectus). 
 7. niatrona. 8. experior. 9. apud. 10. introduco. 11. per- 
 nicies. 12. say, older than that she should. 13. consulo, 
 dat, 14. necesse est. 15. in servitutem redigo. 16. querela. 
 
 80. Armed Neutrality, 
 
 While England was waging war with France, many vessels 
 used to carry goods from other countries into the harbours of 
 
66 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 France. Now the English, having conquered the French in 
 
 several battles by sea, desired to prevent those things from 
 
 being taken into the enemies' land with which the vessels could 
 
 be refitted.^ Therefore whenever^ an English vjar-vesseP met 
 
 a merchant ship^ which seemed to be taking aid to France, the 
 
 captain^ sent some of his crew to see what that ship carried, 
 
 and often used to lead it off into a harbour of the English 
 
 coast. Both the merchants^ and princes of the other nations 
 
 were very angry at this, and announced to England that if their 
 
 vessels were carrying engines'^ of war for the French she 
 
 might seize the cargoes ;^ but if^ there was nothing but corn or 
 
 o^7,l^ or other things of that sort, they threatened to declare'^^ 
 
 war against England if she plunder ed^'^ the vessel. 
 
 1. reficio. 2. si quando, quandocunque. 3. longa navis. 4. oner- 
 aria navis. 5. gubernator. 6. mercator. 7. tormentum. 
 8. res convectae. 9. quod si. 10. oleum. 11. indico. 
 12. diripio, despolio. 
 
 8 1. Dido. 
 Dido, queen of Carthage, had left her native land of Tyre, 
 because her husband^ had been murdered by her'^ brother 
 Pygmalion. Though she fled in-terror^ yet she was not so for- 
 getful as to leave behind her treasures.^ Then^ when she came 
 to Africa, she agreed^ to purchase as much land as a bull's hide^ 
 could cover : (and) then, in order to get as much as possible, 
 she cut the hide up into as many strips^ as possible, and 
 spread^ them over the ground, so that in this way she got the 
 large space on which Carthage was built. After she had 
 reigned for several years, Aeneas, while wandering from Troy, 
 was driven on shore by a storm, and tooh adva7itage^^ of the 
 queen's hospitality.^^ Dido conceived^'^ so violent a love for him 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 67 
 
 that, when he deserted her to seek his promised kingdom in 
 
 Italy, she stabbed herself with a dagger^^ on di. funeral pile}'^ 
 
 1. conjunx. 2. say^ of the queen. 3. adjective. 4. thesaurus. 
 5. inde. 6. paciscor. 7. ergum. 8. pars. 9. tendo. 10. utor. 
 11. hospitium. 12. concipio. 13. pugio. 14. rogus. 
 
 82. The Annexation of New Guinea. 
 The English^ who lived in Australia, thinking that certain 
 islands situated'^ in the ocean near their continent would be use- 
 ful to them, sent ships, and claimed^ them for the Queen of 
 England,^ Then they asked the English who lived on this side 
 op the sea to sanction^ it. But the Minister for'^ the Colonies 
 said that that could not be done, as the English already held an 
 enormous^ empire, which could not be rashly '^ enlarged.^^ But 
 he also"^^ announced hefore^'^ Parliaments^ that no other people 
 would be allowed to gain possession of those islands. Then the 
 Germans, wanting'^^ settlements across the sea,^^ an7ieocedS^ them. 
 When the English complained,^'^ they said that they had no right 
 to keep offs^ other people from lands which they themselves did 
 not wish to have. And to this the English had nothing to 
 answer. But the Australians were angry, on the ground that 
 the former had promised that no other power'^^ should seize the 
 islands, and had not kept their word.'^^ 
 
 1. Aughis. 2. positus. 3. vindico. 4. Angli. 5. cis. 6. sancio. 
 7. say^ he who was over. 8. ingens. 9. temere. 10. augeo. 
 11. idem. 12. coram. 13. senatus. 14. indigeo. 15. trans- 
 marinus. 16. occupo. 17. queror. 18. say^ that other people 
 were not by right {jus) kept off {prohibeo). 19. civitas. 90. fides. 
 
 83. T/ie Land League. 
 The landowner s^ had exacted'^ so much money from the 
 farmers that the latter at last refused to pay (the sum). "We 
 
68 EXERCISES. [Part 11. 
 
 shall not," they said, ^'have anything to live on if we give all 
 to you. For the land does not produce^ such crops as to afford 
 large sums both to you and to ourselves." When the landlords 
 tried to extort^ the money by force, the peasants formed a 
 league with each other,^ and vowed to force their masters to 
 remit some of the money. Their leaders exhorted them not to 
 give way.^ "We will," they said, "speak m^ your behalf, both 
 in^ Parliament^ and to the people ; and we will not rest until'^^ 
 we have either driven away those who have phmdered^^ you or 
 caused'^^ them to diminish their demands.^' '^^ For these violent 
 words the leaders were thrown into prison, and from there they 
 sent out a proclamation^'^ that no one was to pay even the 
 smallest sum. 
 
 1. dominus. 2. exigo. 3. fero. 4. extorqueo. 5. foedus inter se. 
 6. cedo. 7. pro. 8. apud. 9. patres, senatus. 10. prius . . . 
 quam. 11. praedor. 12. efficio ut. 13. postulatum. 14. edictum. 
 
 84. BeozviUf (i). 
 
 There was a certain gohlin^ like a man in shape (and) a lion 
 in habits,^ which used to ravage the territory of the king of the 
 Danes^ and devour his comrades in the very palace. When 
 the Danes had suffered^ this for several years, a certain prince 
 of the Sivedes^ came to them with twelve comrades, who 
 promised to free the king from the monster which had for so 
 long^ been the destruction'^ of his friends. And so the guardian- 
 ship^ of the haW^ was intriisted^^ to him. In the dead of^^ 
 night, the goblin, starting from the marsh^'^ came to the palace, 
 and entering the hall, seized, killed, and began to devour one of 
 the king's comrades. Then the prince attacked him, and had a 
 long struggle'^^ with him, and at length he, with his arm torn 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 69 
 
 off}^ sought refuge in the marshes. In the morning^^ the king 
 came, and, on seeing the arm, thanked him for freeing the Danes 
 from the monster, for that, though he had escaped, he would 
 not live long. And so the day was sjoent^^ in feasting y^ 
 
 1. larva. 2. mores. 3. Dani. 4. perpetior. 5. Scandii. 6. tam- 
 diu. 7. exitium. 8. custodia. 9. atrium. 10. committo. 
 11. intempestus, adj. 12. palus. 13. diu luctor. 14, avello. 
 15. mane. \Q. consume. 17. epulor. 
 
 85. Beowulf (2). 
 
 On the next day the prince of the Swedes,"^ who had S2:)ent the 
 night'^ in a chamber^ at a distance from the hall^"^ came in the 
 morning to greet^ the king, and asked him whether the night 
 had not been pleasant to him after such long fear. The king 
 answered, ^' No ;^ for the monster's mother has come to avenge*^ 
 him, and has carried off the comrade whom I loved most, with 
 whom I used to share^ all my plans. And so sorrow is reneived^ 
 for the Danes." She had carried off the body too, he said, and 
 taken refuge in the mere,'^^ which was about a mile from the 
 palace. There let the prince seek her, if he dared. Then the 
 prince told^^ him not to mourn'^^ too much^^ since it was better 
 to avenge his friend. For that he would seek out the monster, 
 wherever^^ she was. And so the king, with the prince of the 
 Swedes and his companions, set out through the forest to the 
 mere. And when they came there, they found on the bank the 
 head of the murdered man hitten off}^ 
 
 1. Scandii. 2. pernocto. 3. cubiculum. 4. atrium. 5. saluto. 
 
 6. Minima {if done into Oratio Recta; otherwise use nego). 
 
 7. ulciscor. 8. communico. 9. redintegro. 10. lacus. 
 11. admoneo. 12. lugeo. 13. nimium. 14. ubicunqiie. 
 15. demordeo. 
 
70 EXERCISES, [Part H. 
 
 S6, Beowulf (3). 
 
 Then the prince girded on^ his armour, and begged'^ the king 
 
 to be in the stead^ of a father to his companions if he died under 
 
 the water. Then he plunged^ into the mere.^ And when he 
 
 came to the bottom,^ he saw a palace, from which the light was 
 
 shining, where he entered, and found the monster's mother. 
 
 And she grasped"^ the warrior at once, and drew her dagger,^ 
 
 and tried to kill him, but the breastplate^ prevented^^ her from 
 
 wounding him. But he, having tried^'^ his sword, found her 
 
 hide'^'^ too hard for the blade to pierce^^ Then, when he 
 
 despaired of safety, he saw a huge sword hanging^^ on the wall, 
 
 and so, throwing away his own and seizing^^ that, he cut off^^ 
 
 her head. Then looking round^*^ the hall,^^ he saw the monster 
 
 himself, with his arm torn of,^^ lying, ^^ and cut off his head as 
 
 well. Then they say that a wonder^^ happened, for that the 
 
 sword, melted^^ by the poison^^ of his blood, vanished awayP'^ 
 
 And so taking away only the hilt"^^ and the monster's head, he 
 
 returned to his companions, who thought he had been too long 
 
 under the lake to return alive, since they did not know that no 
 
 water could enter the palace. 
 
 1. induo. 2. obsecro. 3. loco. 4. me mergo. 5. lacus. 6. fundus. 
 
 7. complector. 8. sica. 9. lorica. 10. obsto. 11. experior. 
 
 12. pellis. 13. say^ harder than that the blade {acies) should 
 
 pierce it {penetro). 14. pendeo. 15. arripio. 16. abscido. 
 
 17. circumspicio. 18. atrium. 19. avello. 20. jaceo. 
 
 21. miraculum. 22. liquefacio. 23. venenum. 24. evanesco. 
 25. capulus. 
 
 ^7. Good King Wenceslas, 
 
 The king at that time was most famous^ as well^ for his 
 piety as^ for acts of kindness^ done^ to the poor. He is said 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES, 71 
 
 once, in winter^ time, when the ground was covered with very 
 deep snow, to have seen from his palace an old man pick- 
 ing up^ twigs.^ And pitying him, he called his page^ and 
 asked if he knew who he was. The page answered that he was 
 an old man whose cottage^^ was about three miles distant from 
 the palace. Then the king ordered him, ** Bring here meai}'^ 
 wine, and logs^'^ as quickly as possible, for," said he, " we will 
 take him d, feasV^^^ But when they had gone on a little way^^ 
 the page, stuck}^ in the deep snow, said that he could not go on 
 further. Then the king encouraged him to be of good cheer^^ 
 and to tread iin}^ his (the king's) footsteps, "for thus," said he, 
 "you will he in^^ less distress from the snow and cold." And 
 so the former finished his journey very easily, as if some super- 
 natural'^^ heat'^^ came^'^ from the feet of (that) most holy man. 
 
 1. insignis. 2. quum. 3. turn. 4. beneficium. 5. confero. 
 6. hibernus. 7. colligo. 8. vimen. 9. puer. 10. casa. 
 11. caro. 12. lignum. 13. epulae. 14. paullum. 15. impedio. 
 16. auimus. 17. vestigia plantis premo. 18. laboro. 19. divi- 
 nus. 20. ardor. 21. emano. 
 
 88. T/ie Spanish Armada (i). 
 
 When the Queen had shown that she would never accept the 
 Eoman religion, Philip began to think of claiming^ England'^ 
 for himself. He was also angry at the acts of piracy^ which 
 the English"^ used to practise^ across the ocean, because (as 
 they said) there could be no peace between the English and 
 Spaniards^ in those parts. Seeing which, and fearing that she 
 was no match^ for the Spanish power, the Queen thought that 
 (it) should be met^ on the Continent, that they might not have 
 leisure^ for carrying on so great a war. And so she supplied^ 
 
72 EXERCISES. [Part II. 
 
 troops and money to those of the people of the Netherlands'^^ 
 who had revolted^^ from the Spaniards. Then Philip had^'^ an 
 enormous fleet built at Cadizj^^ and in other ports of Spain, 
 with which to guard the transports'^ on their passage from the 
 Continent to the coast of England. At the same time he had 
 an army of 30,000 men collected in the Netherlands. 
 
 1, vindico. 2. Anglia. 3. latrocinium. 4. Anglus. 5. exerceo. 
 6. Hispanus. 7. impar. 8. occurro. 9. otium. 10. sub- 
 ministro. 11. Belgae. 12. deficio. 13. euro with gerundive, 
 14. Gades. 15. oneraria navis. 
 
 89. The Spanish Armada (2). 
 
 In the next year, on the 12th of July, the fleet started from 
 Corunna, and in seven days was sighted off Cornwall?- Then 
 the English'^ fleet, which consisted^ only of thirty-four sail, and 
 was manned"^ by 14,000 men, attacked the line of the Spanish^ 
 ships, not in front,^ but in jiank'^ and rear, since they (the 
 English) were superior^ in speed. Thus the fight went on for 
 six days, until, having left many ships behind, which were 
 hoarded and tahen^ by our men, the rest of the fleet cast anchor 
 near Calais,'^ where they were to wait for''' the transioorts'^ 
 which carried the army. But these were unable to iveigh 
 anchor,'^ being blockaded by the fleets of those who, as we 
 have said above, had revolted'^ from Philip. However, the 
 English admiral, fearing that they might start at last''^ and Join'^ 
 the fleet, if it lay longer at anchor,''^ thought out'^ such (a plan 
 as follows). 
 
 1. Damnonia. 2. Anglus. 3, say, was of, gen. 4. compleo. 
 5. Hispanus. 6. adversus, adj. 7. a latere. 8. praesto. 
 9. expugno. 10. Itius Portus. 11. exspecto. 12. oneraria 
 navis. 13. ancoram tollo. 14. deficio. 15. aliquando. 16. me 
 jungo, e jungor. 17. in ancoris consisto. 18. excogito. 
 
Part II.] EXERCISES. 73 
 
 90. The Spanish Armada (3). 
 
 On the 28th of July he caused'^ six ships to be filled with 
 firewood'^ and pitch.^ Having secured^ a favourable wind, he 
 fired these, and sent them by night against the Spanish^ fleet. 
 They, thoroughly frightened,^ cut their cables ;'^ then after two 
 had been set on fire, and many had run against each other,^ the 
 rest drove^ past'^^ the coast of the Netherlands.^^ The English 
 followed and attacked them, and hoarded and too'k}'^ several ships. 
 Then, from want of corn and other supplies ^^ the former were 
 compelled to retire ; but the Spanish ships, on trying to return 
 to Spain round the northern'^^ parts of Britain, were attached^^ 
 by a fierce tempest near the Orkneys}'^ And since, even when 
 the sea is calm, navigation is very difflcult'^'^ there from fre- 
 quent'^^ rocks and big tides,'^^ many ships were dashed to pieces,^^ 
 Of the shipwrecked crews,^'^ some were kindly received,^^ others 
 murdered by the inhabitants from desire of plunder. Of so 
 large a fleet scarcely a third part returned home. 
 
 1. euro with gerundive. 2. materia. 3. pix. 4. nanciscor. 5. His- 
 panus. 6. perterreo. 7. ancoram praecido. 8. inter se collidi. 
 9. feror. 10. praeter. 11. Belgae. 12. expugno. 13. com- 
 meatas. 14. septentrionalis. 15. conflicto. 16. Orcades 
 insulae. 17. summa navigandi difficultas est. 18. creber. 
 19. aestus. 20. confringo. 21. naufragus. 22. benigne 
 excipio. 
 
74 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 PART IIL 
 
 91. The Tempest. 
 
 Driven by a treacherous^ brother from bis throne, the prince 
 
 with his daughter were forced to take shelter'^ on an island, on 
 
 which there was no one else but a monster born of a witch? of 
 
 a nature scarcely human. Here the prince, being skilled in 
 
 magic^ arts, so used his powers as to rule the winds and waves. 
 
 Finding that his brother, while returning from Tunis^ in 
 
 Africa, was going to sailpas^^ the island, he ordered one of the 
 
 immortal spirits,'^ who was his servant, to raise a storm fierce 
 
 enough to drive the ship upon the coast. The command was 
 
 obeyed. The passengers were within a very little^ of being 
 
 drowned; but, saved by the magiciarHs^ power, they confessed 
 
 their guilt, and gained the pardon'^^ for which they prayed. 
 
 There was then nothing to prevent the magician's daughter 
 
 from marrying the son of his treacherous brother ; for they were 
 
 already united^'^ by the deepest affection; and the magician 
 
 judged that the youth was worthy to marry his beloved daughter. 
 
 1. perfidus. 2. confugio. 3. venefica, saga. 4. magicus. 5. Car- 
 thago. 6. praeter. 7. immortales. 8. minimum abfuit quin. 
 9. magus. 10. venia. 11. conjungo. 
 
 92. A Jew's Daring. 
 All admired the daring exploit of one of the Jews, a Gali- 
 Isean, named Eleazar.^ Tahhig'^ a huge stone from the wall, 
 he hurled it with such shill^ that he struck off^ the iron head of 
 the hattering-ram ;^ then, leaping down from the wall, he seized 
 the head, and was bearing it back to the city. Unarmed (as he 
 was), the enemy discharged at him all their arrows and darts. 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES, 75 
 
 Though transfixed with five arrows he did not stop, but mount- 
 ing the walls in the sight of all, he displayed his trophy ;^ then 
 clutching*^ it with faint^ hands, he fell down dead. Two other 
 GalilaBans, Netiras and Philip of Euma, were most distinguished 
 for their exploits, who, breaking through the ranks of the tenth 
 legion, routed all who opposed them. 
 
 1. Eleazarus. 2. arripio. 3. ars. 4. decutio. 5. aries. 
 6. tropaeum. 7. complector. 8. aeger. 
 
 93. The Third Estates Defiance. 
 
 The king of France declared that, if the Assemhly^ disobeyed'^ 
 his commands, he by himself would take measures for the good 
 of his people. After he had gone, most of the nobility and of 
 the bishops^ left the hall ; but those who had been chosen out 
 of the Third Estate"^ of the people, and many of the priests, 
 would not leave their seats.^ One of the king's attendants,^ who 
 had been appointed'^ to make the hall ready, asked the president^ 
 whether he had heard the orders of the king. Then Mirabevius 
 said, " Yes ;^ we have heard the words, which, at the suggestion 
 of^^ others, enemies of the people, the king has uttered ; but who 
 are you to remind us o/^^ them? you have neither place nor 
 right of speech here. Go, tell those who sent you that we are 
 here by the ivill^'^ of the people. If your masters have appointed 
 you to turn us out,'^^ you must ask them for leave^^ to employ 
 force ; for we will not leave these seats unless we are driven 
 out with bayonets J ^'^^ These brave words were reported to the 
 people, and everywhere received with loud applause.^^ 
 
 1. senatus. 2. say, did not obey. 3. pontifices. 4. ordo. 5. sub- 
 
 sellium. 6. minister. 7. cui mandatum erat. 8. princeps. 
 
 9. immOf if done in Oratio Becta. 10. auctor. 11. admoneo de. 
 
 12. jussu. 13. extrudo. 14. venia. 15. hasta. 16. plausus. 
 
 OP THF 
 
76 EXERCISES, [Part III. 
 
 94. Vellaunodunum. 
 
 On arriving at Vellaunodunum (in the country) of the Senones, 
 Caesar determined to attack the town, that he might not leave 
 any enemy in his rear. He also had this object ^'^ that he might 
 easily get supplies. So he completely'^ invested^ the place in 
 two days. The townspeople, fearing that he would take and 
 put them to the sword, urged their chief men to surrender, and 
 the latter, though hoping soon to see the cavalry, which, as they 
 had heard, Vercingetorix was sending to their relief,^ did not 
 refuse to deliberate on the proposal.^ But on meeting to take 
 counsel^ they were informed that Caesar declared that, unless they 
 surrendered both men and arms, and gave hostages, he would 
 storm and fire the city without any delay. For Caesar had sent 
 out scouts to watch"^ the Gallic army as it approached ; and, 
 having hound them^ by an oath to be loyal to him, had by their 
 means learnt that he would be able to take the town before 
 fresh forces arrived. 
 
 1. id consilii habeo. 2. undique. 3. circumvallo. 4. subsidium. 
 5. res. 6. ad concilium convenio. 7. speculor. 8. obstringo 
 jurejurando, fidem interpono. 
 
 95. Xenophon to the Ten Thousand. 
 
 I wonder that some think that this valley is laoxQ formidahW^ 
 than the other places which we have come through. For how 
 can we cross the plain if we do not beat the cavalry ? And 
 how are we to recross those very mountains from which we 
 have just descended, if all these light troops'^ pursue us? But 
 if we do get safely^ to the sea, Pontus is itself a valley of 
 enormous extent, where there are no ships to take us away. 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. yy 
 
 nor food on which to support life^ if we stay. Instead^ of 
 
 finding food there, we shall find that, the quicker we get there, 
 
 the quicker we shall have to come back again to get supplies. 
 
 Surely^ it is better to fight to-day after a full meaP than 
 
 while hungry^ to-morrow. Comrades, the victims^ are favour- 
 
 ahle^'^ the omens propitious. Let us go to meet the foe. Now 
 
 that they have seen us, we ought not to let them take their 
 
 supper in peace^^ or encamp wherever they like. 
 
 1. horrendus. 2. tot expediti. 3. incolumis. 4. vivo. 5. nou 
 modo non . . . sed etiam. 6. profecto. 7. coenatus. 8. esuriens. 
 9. hostia. 10. secundus. 11. tranquillus. 
 
 96. Exaggeration. 
 
 Two Americans were talking together about the things which 
 had happened to them in their travels} and the one said that he 
 had killed a tiger^ whose tail^ was thirty- two feet long. The 
 other answered that once he, when he was fishing'^ near the 
 coast, had caught a slcate,^ which covered nine acres^ of ground. 
 The former said that he did not believe him, and on a quarreP 
 arising, they determined to fight. When they had come to the 
 place, one of the friends of the man who had killed the tiger, 
 thinking that it was not worth while^ to fight about such^ trifles}^ 
 came to the man who had caught the skate, and warned him 
 that it would be better if they became friends again. Then he, 
 diitQy: thinhing it over'^^ for a little}'^ said that if the other would 
 talce^^ some feet off^^ his tiger's tail, he too would lessen^^ his 
 skate. 
 
 1. use peregrinor. 2. tigris. 3. cauda. 4. piscor. 5. raia. 
 6. jugerum. 7. rixa. 8. operae pretium. 9. ejusmodi. 10. nu- 
 gae. 11. meditor. 12. paulisper. 13. detraho. 14. diminuo. 
 
78 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 97. Results of the Battle of the Trebia. 
 
 Hannibal was much elated^ at the victory he had ivonP' He 
 had, he said, beaten two Eoman armies ; after enduring those 
 many difficulties and dangers on the march from Spain, the 
 happiest success^ had at last befallen^ his troops ; it was even 
 doubtful whether any force remained which could hinder his 
 march^ on Rome. On the other hand, Sempronius in vain tried 
 to disguise^ with how great a disaster he had been overwhelmed!^ 
 He sent a letter to Rome in these words : ** I have fought a 
 battle, and nothing but the storm has prevented me from in- 
 flicting a decisive defeat^ upon the enemy." On hearing this, 
 the people of Rome asked, how came it^ then that Hannibal 
 had pitched his camp on the very ground where the battle was 
 fought ? how came it that the Gauls had joined him to a man ? 
 that the Roman camp had been broken up?^^ that what re- 
 mained of the Roman armies was holding itself terror-stricTcen^^ 
 in the fortified camp before Placentia, or behind the walls of 
 Cremona? finally, '^'^ that Hannibal's cavalry was ranging at 
 will^^ over the plains of Cisalpine Gaul 1 
 
 1. animo elatus. 2. pario. 3. fortuna. 4. evenio. 5. transl. 
 him inarching. 6. dissimulo. 7. opprimo. 8. fiigam haud 
 dubiam facere. 9. unde fit ut? 10. moveo. 11. pavidus. 
 12. denique. 13. liberrime vagor per. 
 
 98. T. Manlius, 
 
 The consuls forbade the troops to engage in any single com- 
 bats'^ with the Latins. For (they said) that they did not want 
 to bring their men into danger unless there was some reason ; 
 and perhaps, if in battle the Roman soldiers came across^ their 
 old friends, they would want to renew^ the old friendship. At 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. 79 
 
 that time, T. Manlius, the consul's son, was challenged^ by 
 Geminus Metrics of Tusculum. Heedless^ of the generaPs 
 orders, he did not decline^ the contest, and slew his foe. Then 
 the youth returned in triumph'^ to camp, and threw^ the spoils 
 at his father's feet; but the consul, turning away from him, 
 immediately summoned the soldiers to headquarters,^ and 
 ordered his son to he punished^^ hefore^^ them. The men were 
 struck agkast^^ at this order, and held their peace ;^^ but as 
 soon as the blood spirted'^'^ from the severed neck their voices 
 rose in unrestrained lamentation}^ 
 
 1, tra7isl.y to ^ght singuli cum singulis. 2. occurro. 3. rursus ineo. 
 4. provoco. 5. oblitus. 6. detrecto. 7. ovans. 8. projicio. 
 9. praetorium. 10. animadverti in. 11. coram. 12. stupefactus. 
 13. conticesco. 14. fundo, pass, 15. liber conquestus. 
 
 99. Capture of the Spartans on Sphacteria (i). 
 
 Demosthenes, the Athenian general, had long desired to seize 
 Pylus, that from thence the Athenians and Messenians'^ might 
 ravage Laconia. Accordingly, having obtained'^ leave^ from the 
 people of Athens, he tried to persuade the leaders of the fleet 
 to fortify the promontory. They however said that they would 
 not stay there, since they were sent to Corey ra to subdue"^ the 
 aristocratic party. ^ But the soldiers, being compelled by a 
 storm to stay in the hay,^ began, by Demosthenes' advice, for 
 the sake of amusement^ to build a fort. Demosthenes, being 
 left behind with 1000 soldiers and five ships, when he saw the 
 Spartan fleet approaching, sent off two of the latter to ask for 
 help. Meanwhile the Athenians repulsed the Spartans, who 
 had attacked them under the leadership of Brasidas. Soon the 
 Athenian fleet came to their help, and attacked the Spartan fleet 
 
So EXERCISES. [Part m. 
 
 impreparedj^ and defeated it. Ambassadors were then sent by 
 the Ephors^ to the assemhly'^^ at Athens to ask for peace, and 
 returned without success ;'^'^ but the Athenians determined to 
 blockade'^^ Sphacteria, where 300 Spartans had heen posted^^ 
 
 1. Messenii. 2. impetro. 3. venia. 4. subigo. 5. optimates. 
 6. sinus. 7. delectatio. 8. incautus. 9. Ephori. 10. ec- 
 clesia. 11. say, the thing not-having-been-done {infectus). 
 12. obsideo. 13. loco. 
 
 TOO. Capture of the Spartmis on Sphacteria (2). 
 
 When the island of Sphacteria had been besieged for some 
 months, the Athenians, fearing that on the approach of winter 
 they might be compelled to raise the siege} determined to send 
 an army to take it by force, being persuaded by Cleon, who 
 chose Demosthenes to be next to him in command. It hap- 
 pened that a fire"^ having by chance arisen, the trees and 
 hushes^ on the island had been burnt up. Then Demosthenes, 
 using especially his light-armed troops,'^ so harassed^ the Spartans 
 that they retreated to an old fort^ at the further part of the 
 island, where they would have been safe if some Messenians} 
 who knew the island of Sphacteria well, had not gone round^ 
 and attacked them in rear. Then at last^ they surrendered, 
 and were all taken to Athens. 
 
 1. obsidionem omitto. 2. incendium. 3. arbustum. 4. levis 
 armatura. 5. lacesso. 6. castellum. 7. Messenii. 8. circum- 
 gredior. 9. turn demum. 
 
 1 01. Vote after Argimisae. 
 
 Callixenus proposed this motion ^ to the people : — " Since in 
 the former assembly you have heard both those who accuse the 
 generals, and the generals themselves on their defence,'^ now give 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES, 8i 
 
 your votes^ accordiiig to^ your tribes. Place two urns for each 
 tribe ; and in each tribe let a crier ^ proclaim that, if any think 
 the generals worthy of punishment for not having rescued the 
 victors in the sea-fight, they must cast their vote^ into the black 
 urn; but if any think otherwise, they must cast it into the 
 white urn. And if you think they have committed a crime, 
 condemn them to death; hand them over to the Eleven*^ to be 
 executed;^ confiscate^ their property, and dedicate'^^ the tenth 
 part to the goddess." 
 
 1. rogationem fero. 2. say^ defending themselves. 3. suffragia 
 fero. 4. secundum. 5. praeco. 6. tabella. 7. undecimviri. 
 8. ultimo supplicio affici. 9. publico. 10. dedico. 
 
 102. Speech of William the Conqueror to his soldiers 
 before the battle of Hastings. 
 
 The general, having prepared all things for the battle, thus 
 addressed^ his soldiers. Let them remember (said he) that that 
 which he and his men had so long wished for was now drawing 
 near,^ That the fortune of the whole war depended on^ the 
 event of the following day. For that, if they fought with their 
 accustomed valour, the kingdom would come into his power,^ 
 and all the goods of the enemy would be the spoil of the 
 victors. On the other hand, let them consider the things which 
 threatened^ them if conquered. There would be an enraged 
 enemy in their rear, the sea meeting^ them flying, death 
 would be the most certain punishment of cowardice.'^ More- 
 over that, while he himself had always shown himself dutiful^ 
 towards the gods, the enemy's general, who was guilty^ of so 
 great a crime, had given him just cause for hoping that the 
 
 F 
 
82 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 immortal gods would help'^^ him, m^^ whose hands the victory 
 lay. 
 
 1. alloquor. 2. appropinquo. 3. positus esse in. 4. ditio. 
 5. immineo. 6. obvius. 7. ignavia. 8. plus. 9. obnoxius. 
 10. adsum. 11. penes. 
 
 103. Josephus at Jotapata (i). 
 
 At this juncture^ Josephus began to deliberate with some of 
 the chief men how they might escape from the beleaguered city. 
 The design became known, and they were surrounded by all the 
 townspeople, who earnestly'^ entreated them not to abandon the 
 unhappy town to the enraged enemy ; for (they said) as long as 
 he and the garrison remained, there was some hope of resistance.^ 
 If they left, nothing could prevent the city from surrendering ; 
 and nothing was then to be expected but universal slaughter.^ 
 The crafty^ general tried to persuade them that in leaving the 
 town, his only object was^ to provide for their safety. (He 
 promised) that he would raise*^ all Galilee,^ and so harass the 
 Romans as to force them to break icp the siege ;^ while he 
 remained, he was not only no help to them, but Vespasian the 
 more eagerly endeavoured to take the town. 
 
 1. tempus. 2. vehementer. 3. lise gerund. 4. promiscua caedes, 
 universa omnium caedes. 5. astutus. 6. say^ that he was so 
 leaving as to. 7. excito. 8. Galilaea. 9. obsidionem solvere. 
 
 104. Josephus at Jotapata (2). 
 
 At these words the multitude were the more inflamed.'^ The 
 women, holding up'^ their children, began to wail ;^ boys and old 
 men flung^ themselves at his feet, and, embracing his knees, 
 besought him to stay and be a partner^ in their danger. 
 Josephus in his History says^ that they did not do this (because 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES, 83 
 
 they were) atirred'^ hj jealousy^ lest he should escape unharmed^ 
 wliilst^^ their lives^^ were in danger, but that they hoped that, if 
 he stayed, they also would be saved from death. Therefore, 
 since he was both moved with compassion}'^ and saw that, if he 
 did not listen to their prayers, it might happen that^^ he would 
 be detained by force, Josephus determined to stand firm at his 
 postM And so he led them out, thus excited, to make a^^ most 
 furious attaclc^^ upon the enemy. "If," he cried, "there is no 
 hope of safety, let us die gallantly, and leave a glorious example 
 to posterity. '^^'^^ The bravest gathered round^'^ him, and some, 
 rushi7ig^^ suddenly /or^^,^^ drove back the 'Roxxidin pickets}'^ and, 
 getting"^^ as far as^^ the lines, ^^ laid waste everything with fire 
 and sword. 
 
 1. exaspero. 2. praetendo. 3. ululo. 4. projicio. 5. particeps. 
 6. scriptum reliqui. 7. commoveo. 8. invidia. 9. incolumis. 
 10. autem. 11. caput. 12. misericordia. 13. fieri potest ut. 
 14. in statione maneo. 15. acriter adorior. 16. posteri. 
 17. circumfundor. 18. prosilio. 19. static. 20. penetro. 
 21. usque ad. 22. munimenta. 
 
 105. T/ie Norman Conquest ( i ). 
 
 This last^ rebellion'^ having h^^n appeased^ and the Normans^ 
 driven out of the State, who had had very great influence with^ 
 the king, he began to devote himself^ to building a church? It 
 was situated on an island, which two streams form^ near the 
 city, and was built by Norman workmen.^ Although he knew 
 that he would soon die, he was hoping nevertheless to see the 
 end of the work. But the work having been finished, the king 
 was prevented from dedicating^^ (it) himself by the state of his 
 health}^ and so it was dedicated by the queen. Then the king 
 died, having advised the chief men of the State to make Harold^^ 
 
84 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 king. And he, having received the kingdom, began at once to 
 
 get together^^ a fleet and forces, for he had heard that the 
 
 Norwegians'^^ with his brother would invade England, and that 
 
 William}^ duke of the Normans, claimed?-^ the kingdom for 
 
 himself, which (as he said) the king, his relation hy marriage^"^ 
 
 had heqiieatliedy^ him. 
 
 1. novissimus. 2. defectio. 3. comprimo. 4. Normannus. 5. pluri- 
 mum apud . . . possum. 6. operam do. 7. ecclesia. 8. efficio. 
 
 9. artifex. 10. dico. 11. valetudo. 12. Haroldus. 13. com- 
 paro. 14. Scandii. 15. Willelmus. 16. vindico. 17. affinis. 
 18. lego. 
 
 io6. The Norman Conquest (2). 
 
 Then in the same year came the king of the Norwegians} with 
 a great fleet, and, having defeated the English, took Yorlc^ by 
 a surrender.^ Having heard of which, Harold^ set out as 
 quickly as possible into that part of England, which lies^ to- 
 wards the nortli,^ and having met*^ the Norwegians, put the whole 
 army to flight ; and Harold, king of the Norwegians, and many 
 thousands of men were killed in the battle. Then to the 
 English, wearied out^ with their march and with fighting, a 
 message came, that the Normans'^ had landed^^ in Kent}'^ and 
 that there was no army there to oppose ^^ them. For the duke 
 of the Normans had been prevented for some^^ months from 
 sailing by contrary^^ winds, until the fleet of the English, with 
 which the former would have been unable to contend, had been 
 compelled to return to land for the sake of getting"^^ provisions 
 and reaping^^ the crop^^ 
 
 1. Scandii. 2. Eboracum. 3. deditio. 4. Haroldus. 5. vergo. 
 6. septentriones. 7. congredior. 8. defessus. 9. Normannus. 
 
 10. egredior. 11. Cantium. 12. resisto. 13. aliquot. 14. ad- 
 versus. 15. comparo. 16. meto. 17. seges. 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES, 85 
 
 107. The Norman Conquest (3). 
 
 And so the king, with some picked'^ troops, came strai^ht'^ to 
 that place in which he had heard that the Normans^ were, and 
 having seized a hill which the road that leads to London'^ 
 crosses, was stopping^ them from advancing further. Haviftg 
 been informed of which, William^ hroke up*^ his camp and came 
 to meet^ him. It was a place yQvy favour ahW^ to the English}^ 
 The road cuts^^ across'^^ the hill, steep'^^ in almost all directions^ 
 This the English had besides'^^ fortified with a rampart, which 
 they were intending to"^^ defend with swords and axes.'^'^ Harold, 
 before the battle, having called together his men, addressed 
 them thus. He said that they a few days before had conquered 
 the Norwegians, ^^ (who were) very brave men. That he had 
 picked out a place for deciding the contest,^^ which was at once'^^ 
 very favourable for them, (and) most unfavourable'^'^ to the 
 enemy. Let them only (said he) remember the ancient fame 
 of the English, who, having defeated the Danes, '^'^ the same race 
 (as the Normans), in many battles ^^^ had gained the command of 
 the whole of Britain. 
 
 1. deligo. 2. eontendo. 3. Normannus. 4. Londinium. 5. pro- 
 
 hibeo. 6. Willelmus. 7. moveo. 8. obviscin. 9. opportunus. 
 
 10. Anglus. 11. seco. 12. use transversus, agreeing with hill. 
 
 13. arduus. 14. pars. 15. insuper. 16. use future participle, 
 
 17. securis. 18. Scandii. 19. dimico. 20. use idem. 21. ini- 
 
 quus. 22. Dani. 23. use saepius. 
 
 108. The Norman Conquest (4). 
 
 Then the battle began. First the cavalry of the Normans^ 
 tried to break through the fortifications^^ and the English kept 
 driving them back with javelins and axes.^ Then when they 
 
EXERCISES, [Part III. 
 
 were driven back and turned to flight, the English followed 
 rashly,"^ and were themselves cut off^ in their turn.^ A great 
 slaughter is made. Then the Normans having attacked the hill 
 again^ are unable nevertheless to break through the rampart. 
 And so William^ duke of the Normans, urges^ his men to pre- 
 tend'^^ flight, (and) then to attack the English, (who were) 
 pursuing them, (when) entangled ^^ in the rough ground ^^ in the 
 valley. Which thing fell out^^ as he had thought it would be, 
 for, many having been killed, a part of the hill is stripped ^^ 
 of its defenders. Then, the rampart having been broken 
 through, the battle goes on on the hill itself, the victory being 
 doubtful, until Harold'^^ himself, having his eye pierced'^^ by 
 an arrow, falls. Most of their leaders having been killed, the 
 rest flee U7ider cover of'^'^ the night. 
 
 1. Normannus. 2. munitio. 3. securis. 4. temere. 5. intercludo. 
 6. rursus. 7. iterum. 8. Willelmus. 9. cohortor. 10. simulo. 
 11. impedio. 12. loca. 13. evenio. 14. nudo. 15. Haroldus. 
 16. transfigo. 17. sub. 
 
 109. Tke Norman Conqtiest (5). 
 
 Then the chief men and bishops^ who were in London^ held 
 a meeting'^ and determined to make Edgar^ king, a young man 
 sprung^ from the royal stocL^ But when William had come 
 near the walls, and they did not see from what source*^ to seek 
 help, they settled to offer him the kingdom. And so they set 
 out from the city and came to the camp. And having been 
 brought in^ to the duke, they said that they had been sent to ask 
 him to take upon him^ the kingdom and empire of the English, 
 and to treat them kindly, "^^ and govern them as well as those 
 kings w^ho had been before. To which he answered, that the 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES, 
 
 kingdom, promised by his relation^^ Edward,^'^ was due^^ to 
 him, but'^^ that if they would keep their word}^ he, forgetting 
 their rehellion^'^^ would protect them so well that they should 
 never repent their deed. And so he was made king in the 
 churcli^^ which had been lately'^^ built by King Edward. 
 
 1. episcopus. 2. Londinium. 3. concilium. 4. Edgarus. 
 5. orior. 6. stirps. 7. unde. 8. introduce. 9. suscipio. 
 10. clementer. 11. affinis. 12. Edwardus. 13. say, owed. 
 14. quod si. 15. fides. 16. defectio. 17. ecclesia. 18. nuper. 
 
 no. Battle of Abu Klea (i). 
 
 The English general, advancing across the desert^ with 1500 
 men, hoped soon to reach a town situated^ on the banks of the 
 Nile, where (as he thought) he would be able to wait in safety^ 
 for the rest of the army, which was coming in boats up the river. 
 After a march of several days the troops were approaching some 
 wells^ about tweujby-three miles distant^ from the Nile. Since 
 in that dry region there was great scarcity^ of water, and much 
 could not be carried by the men on the march^ it was most 
 necessary to hasten^ on as fast as possible to gain possession of the 
 wells. Not being informed by the Arabs that there were many 
 of the foe in those parts, the general thought that there would 
 be nothing to prevent him from easily getting to the spot. But 
 on the 16th of January it was evident that forces larger than he 
 had expected'^ were close at hand ;'^^ for as the column advanced 
 many places were 'passed^'^ where it seemed that some of the 
 enemy's scouts^'^ had encamped on the night before. Therefore 
 the general, with his usual prudence, gave orders that the troops 
 should move on in closer formation}^ and that none should be 
 
88 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 allowed to straggle^^ from the line of march. He also sent 
 forward a few cavalry to reconnoitreP 
 
 1. deserta loca. 2. situs. 3. incolumis. 4. puteus. 5. use absum. 
 6. inopia. 7. use participle. 8. contendo. 9. use opinio in 
 ahlat. 10. prope esse. 11. praetereo. 12. explorator. 13. con- 
 fertus. 14. vagor, palor. 15. exploro. 
 
 III. Battle of Abu Klea (2). 
 
 On reaching the summit of a ridge the general and his 
 staffs could see in the distance the enemy's force, and they 
 ascertained that it was large, since it had at least'^ twenty 
 standards. As it was now towards evening,^ the general resolved 
 not to attack then, especially as the number of the enemy was 
 not known. So he ordered a camp to be pitched, a rampart to 
 be raised^ out of baggage and brushwood,^ and pichets^ to 
 be stationed'^ on the hills on the left. This was done; and 
 the men, after taking their meal, gave themselves up to sleep. 
 But the enemy, being more emboldened^ because we did not 
 attack them at once, came nearer to the camp, and all night 
 discharged weapons with loud shouts against the rampart. 
 Sometimes it happened that a missile fell within the entrench- 
 ment, but no one was wounded except two men and a camel. 
 However, owing to the noise most^ slept a very short time : 
 there were some who did not sleep even a single hour. Thrice 
 before sunrise there was a panic^^ in the camp, and the troops 
 were ordered to fall in,'^'^ (in fear) lest a sudden attack should be 
 made. However, there was no movement until the first hour 
 of the day. 
 
 1. legati. 2. saltern. 3. serum diei. 4. exstruo. 5. virgulta. 
 6. statio. 7. dispono. 8. audaciores facti. 9. plerique. 
 10. trepido, impersonally. 11. arma capio. 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. 89 
 
 112. Battle of Abu Klea (3). 
 
 Leaving the baggage and stores'^ in camp, the general at the 
 fourth hour led out his troops against the enemy. He did not 
 know how many the latter were, but, being informed by some 
 who had experienced this kind of warfare, that they were too 
 brave and fierce to be despised, he formed ^ the army in square,^ 
 that on every side there might be a line facing'^ the foe. All 
 were on foot^ since when such danger threatened,^ the camels, 
 which were (used) instead of horses, were a hindrance rather 
 than a help. Yet some of these animals were led along to carry 
 water and weapons. At last, seeing that the enemy, more than 
 7000 strong j"^ were about to attack, the general ordered the 
 square to halt^ on sloping^ ground, which the Arabs must 
 mount unprotected^^ by rocks or trees. Meanwhile the enemy, 
 under very skilful leaders, kept drawing near, till it was evident 
 that soon matter's would he in a very critical state}^ 
 
 1. commeatus. 2. instruo. 3. quadratum agmen. 4. adversus. 
 
 5. pedites. 6. say, in so great danger. 7. say, of whom there 
 
 were more (amplius) than 7000. 8. consisto. 9. declivis. 
 
 10. tectus. 11. rem in extremum discrimen adduco. 
 
 113. Battle of Abu Klea (4). 
 
 Suddenly the enemy rush forward ^ in a dense column ; with 
 great speed they /aZ^ upon'^ the square:^ everywhere (are) noise^ 
 2iXidi yells.^ So fierce was the onset that the picked^ soldiers, 
 who were posted^ in the rear, could not sustain its violence, but 
 their ranks were disordered,^ and they were driven back. Thus 
 since the square was hrohen^ on one side, there was the greatest 
 danger that all our force would be routed and utterly^^ annihi- 
 latedP- But the English soldiers were too brave to be beaten 
 
 OF THE 
 
 
90 EXERCISES, [Part III. 
 
 by one onset only. The officers kept cheering'^'^ on their men. 
 
 " Eemember," they cried, ^' those fights in which your brethren 
 
 defeated these same foes a few months ago.^^ Show (that you) 
 
 yourselves (are) not less brave. Your countrymen will for ever 
 
 he grateful'^^ to you." 
 
 1. procurro. 2. adorior. 3. quadratum agmen. 4. strepitus. 
 5. clamor. 6. delectus. 7. instruo. 8. perturbatus. 9. per- 
 rumpo. 10. omnino. 11. deleo. 12. cohortor. 13. abhinc. 
 14. gratias habeo. 
 
 114. Battle of Abu Klea (5). 
 
 One officer, famous above all for his bravery and exploits} 
 
 was pierced with a spear in the throat,^ and fell lifeless.^ The 
 
 general himself was thrown to the ground when his horse was 
 
 struck dead by a spear. Encouraged^ by the words and bravery 
 
 of their officers, the soldiers would yield no further ; they resisted 
 
 with all their might. And soon, overwhelmed ^ with the multitude 
 
 of weapons, the Arabs began to retreat. With the loss of many 
 
 killed and wounded, our men were then able to march on to the 
 
 wells, where they drank abundantly^ the water so long desired. 
 
 1. res gestae. 2. jugulum. 3. exanimis. 4. incitatus. 5. obruo. 
 6. ad satietatem. 
 
 115. Collision at Sea. 
 
 It happened^ that on the 31st of May, ivhen the sun was 
 shining hrightly^ two German vessels of great size were sail- 
 ing^ in a calm sea along^ the coast of England, about three 
 miles from land. If any ship can ever be safe on the sea, 
 these at any rate seemed about to have a prosperous voyaged 
 But there were watching^ them some men skilled in naval^ 
 affairs ; and they said that the. ships were too near to each 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. 91 
 
 other. Suddenly the ship which held the first place turned 
 towards the north^ because a third ship seemed to be moving 
 across the course in front.^ Then since the second German 
 vessel did not stop^^ these two met'^^ with so terrible a shoch'^'^ 
 that within a very short time the second sank'^^ beneath the 
 waves. " If only," cried one spectator, " there were some hoats^^ 
 which could reach the shipwrecked'^^ men, all might be saved." 
 But there being very few boats, very many men were lost. 
 
 1. accido. 2. say^ the sun being bright. 3. praetervehor. 4. pro- 
 spere navigare. 5. intueor. 6. maritimus. 7. ad septen- 
 triones. 8. a fronte. 9. moror. 10. concurro. 11. impetus. 
 12. submergor. 13. ratis. 14. naufragus. 
 
 116. Sohrabs and Rus turn (i). 
 
 A son was born to the great Persian^ chieftain, Eustumius, 
 in a village'^ so far from the Persian territory, that the father 
 was never informed of it. This son, named Sohrabs, gained 
 great fame in war among the Tartars,^ who made him their 
 chief. War having lasted long^ between the peoples, at last the 
 two armies were drawn up face to face,^ ready to fight unless by 
 some means the strife^ could be settled? An old man came 
 forward ^ and proposed ^ that a warrior should be chosen from 
 each host to fight ; (and) that whichever of the two^^ won, to his 
 people dominion should belong. Sohrabs at once declared that 
 he would not fail^'^ his friends ; but for a long time the Persians 
 could not persuade Eustumius to meet'^^ the Tartar warrior. 
 For Eustumius said that it was not for every one to join battle 
 with a chieftain so renowned as himself. At last, however, he 
 went forth}^ the older man to encounter'^^ the younger, the father 
 the son. Neither knew who the other was. At first Sohrabs 
 
92 EXERCISES, [Part III. 
 
 prevailed'^^ by his quickness; (and) Eustumius, hurling his dart 
 in vain, fell upon the sand}^ Something restrained Sohrabs 
 from slaying his fallen'^'^ foe. Then Eustumius, rising, rushed 
 upon the young man, and smote him with a deadly^^ wound. 
 
 1. Perses. 2. pagus. 3. Scythae. 4. say^ long war having been 
 waged. 5. ad versus. 6. rixa. 7. compono. 8. prodeo. 
 9. sententiam fero. 10. utercunque. 11. desum. 12. cominus 
 pugno. 13. procedo. 14. manus consero. 15. supero. 16. arena. 
 17. pronus. 18. mortalis. 
 
 117. Sohrabs and Rustiim (2). 
 
 The chieftain of the Tartars^ did not at once slay the fallen 
 youth, for the latter begged him to delay^ for a brief time, 
 wishing to learn who was the warrior who had overcome^ him. 
 Now when Eustumius had rushed forward to deal^ the last 
 hlow,'^ he had shouted out his own name with a loud voice; 
 on hearing which, the young man had not moved even a hand 
 by which he might shield ^ himself, and had suffered himseK 
 to be overthrown. While now he lay half dead^ upon the 
 ground, he asked the conqueror whether he were Eustumius 
 himself. To which the Tartar replied that he was. Sohrabs 
 then showed ^ that he, being born of a certain mother, was indeed 
 the son of the man who had slain him, which thing he also 
 proved^ by marks imprinted^ upon his right arm. Convinced ^^ 
 by this, the father was smitten with mighty agony /^^ and the 
 two armies, it is said, feeling that the grief of such a hero was 
 too terrible to behold,^^ retreated each to its own camp. 
 
 1. Scythes. 2. moror. 3. supero. 4. do vulnus. 5. tueor, pro- 
 
 tego. 6. semianimis. 7. doceo. 8. demonstro. 9. imprimo. 
 
 10. vinco. 11. angor. 12. scarce endurable {tolerabilis) to the 
 spectators. 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. 93 
 
 118. Attack on the French in Naples (i). 
 
 In Cispadane Gaul^ the French armies being defeated by 
 Suvarrovius, a general of the greatest skill, the people of Apulia 
 and Calabria considered^ among themselves whether they could 
 cast off the yohe^ imposed on them by the foreign troops. So they 
 made^ a priest^ their chief, '^ and advanced to attack Neapolis, for 
 they knew that it was very important^ to recover the town, in 
 which were the royal palace'^ and treasures. And being of a 
 fierce nature,^ they were the more enraged because the enemy 
 had violated the sacred things which they themselves valued^ 
 most highly. On attacking the town, they were vehemently 
 resisted by the friends of the French ; and so furious was the 
 struggle that for five days there was nothing but slaughter both 
 within the city and outside the walls. 
 
 1. Gallia Cispadana. 2. delibero. 3. jugum. 4. praeficio. 5. pon- 
 tifex. 6. maximi interesse. 7. palatium. 8. ingenium. 
 9. aestimo. 
 
 119. The French capitulate (2). 
 
 The priest, who commanded the assailants, at last repented 
 of the slaughter, and sent a captain to ask if the townspeople 
 were willing to make a truce?- They said that they were, and 
 within four days conditions were arranged'^ by the priest with 
 envoys from the city. And envoys, who were also there, sent by 
 the kings of England and Russia, promised to take care^ that 
 the peace was observed with the greatest good faith.^ It was 
 agreed^ that the garrison should march out without surrendering^ 
 their arms ; that no harm should be done either to the lives'^ or 
 property of the Neapolitans, who had aided the French ; that 
 
94 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 if any wished to leave the country, they should be taken in 
 
 ships to a French harbour ; that those who remained at home 
 
 should be safe^ from injury. 
 
 1. induciae. 2. facio. 3. caveo. 4. fides. 5. convenit. 
 6. use ahl. abs. 7. corpus. 8. incolumis. 
 
 120. The Treaty broken (3). 
 
 As soon as the treaty was made, the admiral of the English 
 fleeO- sailed into"^ the harbour ; and with him was the king of 
 Neapolis, who refused to accept the peace, because servants (he 
 said) must not deal with^ their master on equal terms. So seizing 
 a number of those who had trusted in his good faith, he had^ 
 them dragged on shore and cast into chains. All the best 
 citizens were executed in the most shameful fashion. If any 
 one was more famous than the rest, either in character^ or learn- 
 ings^ him the tyrant considered to be the most jif person to be 
 put to death. There is no one but thinks the English admiral 
 worthy of the utmost hlame^ for allowing^ such horrible 
 cruelty}^ And it is not easy to understand why he did not 
 prevent the king from committing such crimes. 
 
 I. turn by relat. sentence. 2. ineo, Intro. 3. agere cum. 4. say, 
 ordered them to be, etc. , or use euro with gerundive. 5. mores. 
 6. doctrina. 7. idoneus. 8. culpa. 9. patior. 10. immanitas. 
 
 121. Napoleon in Italy. 
 
 The Senate ordered Napoleon with 40,000 men to enter Italy 
 and march towards the East, so as to cut of^ the Austrian 
 forces from the Sardinian'^ army. The latter got its supplies^ 
 from Turin^^ the former from Mantua. Napoleon therefore 
 saw that, if he got^ between the two armies, he would force 
 them to retreat in contrary directions. So for four days 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. 95 
 
 he made many fierce attacks^ at Montenotta, until he had 
 brought his army into the midst of the allies' lines y Then leav- 
 ing a few troops to keep off^ the Austrians, he fixing^ the re- 
 mainder of his army upon the Sardinians, with such force that he 
 drove them back almost to Turin. The Senate in the city was 
 so terrified lest their own citizens should revolt^^ (and lest) 
 the French should devastate the town, that they made a truce^^ 
 on condition that they should surrender the fortresses of Coni 
 and Tortona. 
 
 disjungo. 2. Sardus. 3. commeatus. 4. Augusta. 5. se 
 insinuare. 6. say, he attacked {aggredior) the enemy often 
 with the greatest violence. 7. castra. 8. arceo. 9. immitto. 
 10. deficio. 11. induciae. 
 
 122. George III. and his Oath, 
 
 The great magistrate, who for eighteen years had ruled the 
 British empire,'^ relying on the king's authority, now intended 
 to give all the Irish^ the same privileges^ as the English citizens 
 had. Now in Ireland some observed^ some sacred rites, some 
 others ; but most were zealous^ for that /orm of worship^ which, 
 being handed down from their fathers, was called Eoman. 
 Now to these, from the earliest times of the State, had been 
 denied the right of voting'^ and of serving in the army.^ Then 
 the magistrate, repenting of this injustice,^ tried to give them 
 these rights ; but there were some who disliked^^ both the 
 magistrate and those whom he wished to benefit. They went 
 to the king to beg him not to grant anything to men who were 
 hostile^^ to the State ; and with such skiW^^ did they condxict^^ the 
 affair that soon the king was persuaded that he would be wrong'^^ 
 if he gave the franchise ;'^^ for he would thereby violate the 
 
EXERCISES. [Part HI. 
 
 oath by which he had hound'^^ himself on receiving the royat 
 power y^ 
 
 1. res Britannicae. 2. Hibemus. 3. jus. 4. colo. 5. studiosus. 
 6. cultus. 7. suffragium. 8. stipendium mereor. 9. say, 
 thing so unjust. 10. odisse. 11. infensus. 12. ars. 13. ago. 
 14. pecco. 15. civitas. 16. obstringo. 17. regnum. 
 
 123. Speech in favour of the recall of Charles IL 
 
 I think that a message should be sent to the king to tell him 
 to return with all speed. For how can we be free, if the whole 
 power is in the hands of^ the soldiers 1 On the other hand, the 
 Parliament has not sufficient strength'^ in 'prestige^ or popularity^ 
 to be able to restrain^ them. But, some will say,^ if the king is 
 recalled, the laws and the very constitution"^ are in danger.^ 
 What 1 because his father broke the laws, and determined by 
 enrolling larger forces to hreah down^ the influence of Parliament, 
 must we on that account^^ think that his son will be the same 1 
 The people wish for him, the nobles lo7ig for'^'^ him, the army 
 alone offers a silent opposition}'^ For they fear that if the king 
 is brought back, their own power will be reduced ; but we must 
 seek for some one to restrain^^ their licence. 
 
 I. penes.. 2. valeo. 3. auctoritas. 4. gratia. 5. cohibeo. 6. At 
 enim. 7. res publica. 8. in periculum vocari. 9. imminuo. 
 10. ideo. 11. opto. 12. tacite adversor. 13. cohibeo, refreno. 
 
 124. Gauls and Romans, 
 
 Spirit^ did not fail'^ the barbarians. For their chiefs ordered 
 it to be proclaimed along the whole line that no one was to 
 leave his place. " The booty," they said, " is yours, and what- 
 ever the Romans leave is reserved^ for you ; therefore you must 
 
OF THE '^^ 
 
 TVERSITY J 
 Part III.] . EXERCISES. ^^/^ CAn^^iJ^^ 
 
 consider that everything depends^ on your victory." The 
 Roman troops were equal to the enemy in courage and numbers. 
 Although deserted by their general and by fortune, yet they 
 rested^ all their hopes of safety in their bravery; and when- 
 ever a charge was made,^ large numbers of the foe were 
 overthrown. On seeing this the Gallic general bids it to be 
 proclaimed that the men should hurl their javelins at long range^ ^ 
 
 and not come to close quarters.^ 
 
 1. animus. 2. deesse. 3. reserve. 4. positus esse. 5. pono. 
 6. procurro. 7. eminus. 8. say, nearer. 
 
 125. Character of a Statesman. 
 
 Who can say that he is not worthy to hold the highest office P 
 For he is marked out'^ both by old age and dignity ;^ and 
 ever since^ he began his political career^ has always devoted his 
 attention to^ increasing the comforts'^ of (his) countrymen.^ 
 First he was of the Conservative party,^ then, because (as he 
 thought) they tooh^'^ too much'^'^ care'^^ of their own interest, 
 too little'^'^ of the State, he went over to the Liberals^^^ and with 
 them he devoted himself to getting rid of^^ many import duties, '^^ 
 which (he believed) were very unfavourable^^ to trade.^^ He 
 has also always stated it as his opinion that the franchise^^ 
 should be extended as widely as possible.'^^ And we have seen 
 him lately}'^ (while) travelling in Italy beyond the Fo,^^ received 
 with general^^ joy (on the part) of almost all, of such, that is to 
 say,^^ as hold the same political opinions.'^^ Those, therefore, are 
 not to be believed who say that he has not done good service 
 to^^ the State, because even now (as they say) the name of 
 Roman is, from his wavering policy^^ despised throughout 
 
 G 
 
EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 the world.'^^ For he is such a man as we should never allow to 
 he wrong. '^'^ 
 
 1. magistratus. 2. insignis. 3. gravitas. 4. say, from {ex) what 
 (time). 5. accedo ad rem publicam. 6. operam do. 7. com- 
 modum. 8. civis. 9. optimates. 10. "take care," consulo. 
 11. use the comparative. 12. populares. 13. tollo. 14. per- 
 torium. 15. say, injured {noceo) greatly. 16. commercium. 
 17. suflfragium. 18. say, given to as many as possible 
 19. nuper. 20. Transpadanus. 21. communis. 22. scilicet. 
 
 23. say, think [sentio) the same about the State (res publica) 
 
 24. say, deserved well of. 25. inconstantia. 26. orbis ter- 
 rarum. 27. erro. 
 
 1 26. TAe Duchess May. 
 
 The maiden, being now twenty years old, refused to marry 
 her kinsraan^ for she knew that he loved not her, but the gold. 
 And not forgetting that warrior who had shown'^ himself worthy 
 of her love, she married him at midnight in the chapel ;^ then 
 she fled with him to the castle"^ in the hills. There for forty- 
 two days they were besieged by the rejected chieftain, who 
 had sworn to slay the warrior, and himself to marry his kins- 
 woman upon the very place where her husband was buried. 
 The castle walls were almost broken through, when the warrior, 
 seeing that nothing more could be done, determined to die 
 himself instead of^ his comrades, that so they might be saved 
 from the conqueror's wrath. Therefore he ascended alone the 
 highest tower, ordering his steed to be saddled^ and brought 
 up to him with all speed. His wife, hearing the tramp*^ of feet, 
 came out of her chamber,^ and herself taking the bridle, led the 
 horse up to the roof.^ The warrior mounted, and begged her 
 to go down to pray to Heaven^^ for him. But she, resolving 
 ever to remain with him, and to do the same as he, would not 
 
Part III] EXERCISES. 99 
 
 go away; and, springing^^ up behind her husband, was flung 
 with him down from the tower, as the horse reared ^^ in terror 
 2iXidifell over^^ 
 
 1. consanguineus. 2. praesto. 3. sacrarium. 4. castellum. 
 5. pro. 6. insterno. 7. pulsus. 8. cubiculum. 9. culmen. 
 10. say, the gods. 11. insilio. 12. pedes erigo. 13. prolapsus 
 decido. 
 
 127. Pitt and the Union with Ireland. 
 
 Not many years previously it had been granted'^ to the Irish'^ 
 that the laws passed^ in their assemhly^ should be of the same 
 force as those which were voted ^ by the English Senate. But 
 it was soon manifest that the Irish would never decree^ those 
 measures which the English wished, and that there would be 
 no end to the disputing^ between the two peoples. Therefore 
 the magistrate, who at that time was at the head of^ the English 
 Empire, determined to join the province to the mother State^ in 
 such a way that there should be only one Senate for both, that 
 the right of voting'^^ and of (holding) offlces'^^ should be given to 
 the Irish, and that both nations should live under equal laws. 
 This proposal^^ was long resisted by those to whom the English 
 were hateful ; nor could the magistrate gain his object until he 
 had found out whom he could corrupt by hrihes.^^ Giving 
 large sums to these, and exhorting them to persuade others, at 
 last he managed^^ that more votes should be given for him than 
 for his adversaries. 
 
 1. concedo. 2. Hibernus. 3. perferre. 4. comitia. 5. jubeo. 
 6. decerno. 7. dispute. 8. praesum. 9. urbs. 10. suflfragium. 
 11. honos. 12. res. 13. say, money. 14. efficio. 
 
lOO EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 128. A Peasant's Politics. 
 
 A peasant, to whom the right of voting^ had just been given, 
 spoke thus : *' The fathers think that I am a fit person to 
 whom the franchise^ should be given. Now it is the mark of a 
 good man to thanh^ those who have done him a benefit. But 
 why must I thank these men for giving me that which it 
 concerns me not to have 1 When I had no franchise, all allowed 
 me to do what I liked : but now I must do that which the 
 leaders of the people say must be done. I must listen to those 
 candidates,'^ who try to persuade me, either by words or money, 
 to assist them : I must leave my fields and my plough to enter 
 the city when it isfull^ of vast crowds. In truth, I am already 
 weary of the gift. It profits^ me not, for unwillingly should I 
 receive money ; and I dislike'^ the voices of those who beg my 
 aid. 
 
 1. jus sufi'ragii. 2. civitas. 3. gratias ago. 4. petitor. 
 5. frequens. 6. prosum. 7. piget. 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. loi 
 
 ORATIO OBLIQUA. 
 
 129. Invitation to William of Orange. 
 
 When the king had appointed^ a day for the bishops (for 
 their trial), the chiefs of the popular'^ party ^ and all who cared 
 for^ the constitution,'^ thought that the common freedom had 
 been brought into the utmost danger. The king (they thought), 
 who had promised to defend the religion of the English, was 
 now openly^ attaching^ it. The Senate was not summoned, 
 the laws were being shaken,'^ the army had been increased, in 
 order that the citizens might be held down^ by force, soon all 
 rights and the very constitution would be overthrown. And 
 so they sent to entreat Williamj^ prince of the Dutch,'^^ to come 
 to their help with an army. 
 
 1. dico. 2. populares. 3. curae est mihi. 4. res publica. 
 5. palam. 6. impugno. 7. labefacto. 8. coerceo. 9. Wil- 
 lelmus. 10. Batavi. 
 
 1 30. Trial of Strafford, 
 
 The accused^ said that he was not rightly'^ accused of treason,^ 
 even if he had acted against the constitution,^ For that that 
 man only was touched^ by the law, who had plotted^ against the 
 king's life, or had borne arms against him, or had given help 
 and advice to his (open) enemies. But that he had always 
 shown^ himself most faithful to the king at least.^ And this 
 argument was of so much weight^ with^^ the judges, that his 
 accusers, dropping^^ the trial, proposed^^ a law to the people 
 
I02 EXERCISES, [Part III. 
 
 that lie should siiff^er the extreme penalty^^ (of the law) ; this 
 
 was passed,'^^ and he was executed. 
 
 1. reus. 2. jure. 3. majestas. 4. contra rem publicam facere. 
 
 5. teneor. 6. conjuro. 7. praebeo. 8. saltern. 9. valeo. 
 
 10. apud. 11. omitto. 12. fero. 13. ultimo suppllcio afficior. 
 14. perfero. 
 
 131. An Unfair Question. 
 
 The Spartans, when Plataea had been surrendered,^ asked 
 
 each of the Plataeans and Athenians what good they had done'^ 
 
 to the Spartans or their allies. Then the Plataeans asked to be 
 
 allowed to speak in their own defence.^ So, when leave^ had 
 
 been given them, they warned the Spartans that it would be a 
 
 great disgrace^ to them if Plataea were destroyed, since the 
 
 Spartans themselves had promised that Plataea should always 
 
 be free, because there the Persians had been conquered. But, 
 
 when the Thebans had answered this, the Spartans asked them 
 
 again^ whether they had done any good to them or their allies, 
 
 and, when they said they had not, killed them all. 
 
 1. dedo, trade. 2. prosum. 3. pro. 4. venia. 5. dedecus. 
 6. iterum. 
 
 132. Defence not Defiance. 
 
 The consul, having come into the Senate, asked why they 
 did not wish the law to be passed ?'^ Did they not know that 
 the Gauls were preparing (for) war, enrolling^ larger forces, and 
 fortifying the towns on their frontiers 1 Or did they think that 
 they themselves were by their skill, ^ tactics,^ and bravery,' 
 already a match^ for an enemy hoivever^ numerous 1 But let 
 them remember that, that a nation not very^ friendly would be 
 on their rear, that they would perhaps^ be obliged to carry on 
 
Part III] EXERCISES. 103 
 
 war with two nations at once. Accordingly, let them strive^ 
 
 that the State might be most (thoroughly) prepared, however'^^ 
 
 the matter turned out'^^ 
 
 1. perfero. 2. conscribo. 3. peritia. 4. consilia. 5. par. 
 6. quamvis. 7. minus. 8. fortasse, forsan. 9. enitor. 10. 
 utcunque. 11. evenio. 
 
 133. Tke Dumb Speaks. 
 
 Some nobles did not want Offa, the son of Viromanduus, who 
 
 was dumh} to succeed to'^ the kingdom of his father. So when 
 
 the matter was brought before^ the council of the wise men, 
 
 Offa, being indignant^ that he was thought unworthy of the 
 
 kingdom, suddenly found his tongue and ^ spoke : that they 
 
 were wicked men who wished to drive him out of the seat of 
 
 his fathers, so that a stranger,^ Eiganus, should reign*^ instead 
 
 op him over*^ the Angli. From what race was that Eiganus 
 
 sprung,^ who had rebelled,^^ and was about to lead an army 
 
 against the king ? That if Eiganus would meet him in battle,^^ 
 
 he would slay both him and his companions ; but all who would 
 
 fight on his side against Eiganus, them he would greatly 
 
 honour}'^ Then the wise men greatly wondered because the 
 
 dumb man spoke, and said to the king that Offa, (being) a man 
 
 of stout heart}^ was of fit^^ age to receive the kingdom. Let 
 
 the king therefore bid him be girded with the belt of a man of 
 
 war,"^^ so that he might lead the people forth to fight with 
 
 Eiganus and the rebels.'^^ 
 
 1. mutus. 2. in regnum succedo. .3. rem refero ad. 4. indignor. 
 5. say^ his tongue being loosed. 6. ignotus. 7. imperium 
 habeo {with gen.). 8. pro. 9. orior. 10. arma sumere. 
 11. praelio dimicare. 12. in summo honore habeo. 13. say, 
 very brave. 14, maturus, tempestivus. 15. balteus militaris. 
 16. rebellis. 
 
I04 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 1 34. Camite and his Courtiers, 
 
 Once King Canute^ of England, while sitting on the seashore, 
 bade some of his chief men, who were praising the great power 
 of the king, to place a chair'^ on the edge^ of the sea. Then he 
 said to the sea that he was its lord ; for that his ships sailed 
 over^ the sea, wherever he wished ; and that that land against 
 which the waves dashed^ was his ; let it therefore sta^/^ (its) 
 waves, and not dare to wet*^ the feet of its lord. But the waves 
 came on,^ as the tide^ was coming in,^^ until, surrounding^^ the 
 chair on which Canute was sitting, they wetted his feet and 
 clothes. Then the king said to his companions that they could 
 see how wealc^^ was the power of kings and of all men, for that 
 the waves would not obey his voice. Therefore let them 
 lionoui'^^ God only}^ for Him did all things obey. 
 
 1. Canutus. 2. sella. 3. margo. 4. percurro. 5. illidor. 6. re- 
 tineo. 7. aqua tango, madefacio. 8. procedo, appropinqiio. 
 9. aestus. 10. cresco. 11. circumdo. 12. infirmus. 13. in 
 honore habeo, honorem habeo {^icith dot.). 14. say^ no one except 
 God. 
 
 135. Edwin the Atheling, 
 
 The father told this story to his children, that Athelstanus, 
 king of the English, was unwilling to believe his brother 
 Edvinus, when he said that he had not made a plot^ against 
 the king's life ; and that Athelstanus said that, because he 
 feared the guilt^ of his brother's^ death, he would not slay 
 Edvinus ; yet that he would so send him out of the land, that 
 'perchance'^ he might die as he went. That so by the king's 
 command Edvinus was ^:)w^ on hoard ^ a hoat^ with his armour- 
 hearer!^ and was bidden to sail^ wheresoever he liked. But 
 
Part III] EXERCISES. 105 
 
 that tlie boat was both old and lealcy^ and had neither oars nor 
 
 rudder^^ to guide^^ it. That so the winds drove them into the 
 
 midst of the sea, and no small tempest lay on them}^ so that 
 
 the heart of Edvinus failed himP That then he said that he 
 
 would rather die once'^^ than live in such fear of death. That 
 
 so he leaped^^ into the sea, and perished. 
 
 1. insidias paro. 2. noxa. 3. use fraternus [adj.). 4. forte. 
 5. impono. 6. cymba. 7. armiger. 8. navigo. 9. rimosus. 
 10. gubernaculum. 11. rego. 12. say, they toiled in, etc. 
 {Idboro). 13. say, spirit failed E. {desum), 14. semel. 
 15. prosilio. 
 
 136. Marlborough's Letter after Blenheim. 
 
 The day after the battle on the Danube^ the English com- 
 mander-in-chief wrote a letter to his wife, in which he both 
 related other things about the fight, and said that the army of 
 Tallard? with which he himself had fought, was quite ruined ;^ 
 but that he was afraid that those forces which were under the 
 command of^ the German prince and Marsin,^ (and) against 
 which the noble general Eugene,^ his own friend, had fought, 
 had not been overwhelmed"^ with a great disaster ^^ because he 
 could not discover that many prisoners had been taken. That 
 the German prince, as soon as he saw that Tallard was ahnost^ 
 beaten, had so withdrawn'^^ his troops from t}iQ field, '^^ that the 
 commander-in-chief himself could not come up before the Ger- 
 mans had begun to retire. That, if fortune equal to his merits 
 had been given to Eugene, the English would in that action 
 have made an end of the war. 
 
 1. Ister. 2. Tallardus. 3. deleri, or fundi fugarique. 4. v^e 
 praesnm. 5. Marsinus. 6. Eugenius. 7. opprimo. 8. clades. 
 9. modo non, or use minimum abest quin. 10. abduco. II. 
 say, battle. 
 
io6 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 137. Hubert de Burgh. 
 
 When the smith}- who had been sent to fetter'^ Hubert saw 
 whom he was ordered to hind^ he threw away the chains, and 
 said to the bystanders that they might deal with^ him in 
 whatever way they liked, but that he would never bind with 
 fetters so great a man. Was he not the good and faithful 
 Hubert who had so often saved England from becoming a 
 spoil for aliens;^ who had done good service^ to King John^ 
 both in Aquitania and among the Normans,^ where he ate 
 Aorse ^-flesh rather than surrender the province intrusted to 
 him ; who had shown himself so brave a man that the very 
 enemy honoured'^^ him ? Had he not defended Dover'^'^ against 
 the French king and his whole army? Had he not beaten 
 the royal fleet and saved the whole state? And it was not 
 necessary to speak of the battle at Lincoln}"^ of the robber's 
 fortress which he had stormed. Let Heaven decide^^ whether 
 Hubert or his enemies were doing right. 
 
 1. faber. 2. catenas injicio. 3. vincio, vinculis colligo. 4. utor. 
 5. peregrinus. 6. bene mereor de. 7. Johannes. 8. Normannus. 
 9. eqyxim\s,{adj.). 10. in honore habeo. 11. Dubrae. 12. Lin- 
 dum {hut use adj.). 1,3. dijudico. 
 
 138. Louis XIV. mistaken. 
 
 After the capture of Dendermond^ the English commander- 
 in-chief wrote to the magistrate who was in charge of the home 
 government^ that that city could never have been taken but hy 
 the help of Heaven^ which for nearly thirty-five days had given 
 no rain.^ But that the rain had heaun^ the next day after the 
 
Part III.] EXERCISES. 107 
 
 capture of the city, and had not ceased for several days. 
 That he indeed thought the French king would he much sur- 
 prised^ on hearing that the garrison'^ had been obliged to 
 surrender;^ for, on being told that the allies were going to 
 besiege the city, he had said, that if any one wanted to take 
 Dendermond, he would have^ to use duchs'^^ instead o/^^ soldiers. 
 
 1. Dendermondum. 2. rebus domesticis praesum. 3. say, God 
 helping. 4. pluvia. 5. say, water began to be sent down 
 {demitto) from heaven. 6. vehementer miror. 7. praesidium. 
 8. se dedere. 9. use opus est. 10. anas. 11. pro. 
 
 1 39. Ho7ne Rule ( i ). 
 
 The tribune, summoning many meetings, used to argue^ as 
 follows : Why (he asked) did the people fear the bill so much ? 
 Did they think that the Sicilians were unable to manage'^ their 
 own governments^ Or did they believe that they were worse 
 than all other men % But, unless they were worse, they would 
 also malce a return^ to the Eoman people for the benefits 
 received. They had already too often tried what force could 
 do ; let them now try the power of benefits. He indeed was 
 persuaded that, if the bill were passed,^ the Sicilians would 
 remain in friendship with the Eoman people. That also to 
 himself, when he thought over the matter, that seemed most 
 certain, that the alliance which they had had before, had been 
 wrung ^ from the Sicilians by force and fraud. Let them at 
 last*^ conclude^ a just and vohmtary^ alliance. 
 
 1. disputo. 2. administro. 3. res publica. 4. gratiam refero. 
 5. perfero. 6. extorqueo. 7. tandem, aliquando. 8. facio. 
 confirmo, 9. liber. 
 
io8 EXERCISES. [Part III. 
 
 140. Home Rule (2). 
 
 On the other hand^ many even of the Liberals^ blamed^ hoth^ 
 the bill and^ the arguments^ of the tribune; for that (they 
 said) could not be denied, that there were, as it were^ two 
 nations in Sicily, most different from each other^ and most 
 unfriendly. To which did he wish to hand over the supreme 
 power P For that one or other^^ would be hrought^'^ into 
 slavery was most certain. Were they going to leave the 
 Romans who lived in Sicily exposed ^^ to the worst tyranny 1^^ 
 Their own ancestors had both increased and strengthened ^^ the 
 Empire. It would soon be decided whether they themselves 
 allowed it to be torn to pieces}^ 
 
 1. Contra, ex contrario. 2. populares. 3. increpo. 4. quum. 
 5. turn. 6. ratio. 7. quasi. 8. say, among themselves. 
 9. summa imperii. 10. alteruter. 11. redigo. 12. obnoxius. 
 13. dominatus. 14. confirmo. 15. discindo. 
 
LIST OF COMMON ENGLISH WORDS WITH 
 THEIR LATIN EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Advance — 
 
 Determine — 
 
 progredior. 
 
 statuo. 
 
 procedo. 
 
 constituo. 
 
 castra moveo 
 
 ^, [ military terms. 
 signa velio ) 
 
 decerno. 
 
 consilium ineo, as, Consilium 
 
 Attack — 
 
 ineunt arma sumendi. 
 
 adorior. 
 
 Find = discover — 
 
 aggredior. 
 
 invenio. 
 
 impetum facio in. 
 
 reperio. 
 
 invado. 
 
 comperio. 
 
 signa infero. 
 
 =perceive — 
 
 arma infero. 
 
 intelligo. 
 
 oppugno (of a town, fortress, 
 
 sentio. 
 
 or camp) ; ov = assail in words. 
 
 — ascertain, learn — 
 
 Command = give an order — 
 
 cognosco. 
 
 jubeo. 
 
 comperio. 
 
 impero. 
 
 disco. 
 
 mando. 
 
 Get— 
 
 = io he in command of, e.g. an 
 
 adipiscor. 
 
 army — 
 
 assequor. 
 
 impero. 
 
 consequor. 
 
 praesum. 
 
 nanciscor. 
 
 duco. 
 
 potior. 
 
 = to put in command of— 
 
 acquiro. 
 
 praeficio. 
 
 conquiro. 
 
 109 
 
LIST OF COMMON ENGLISH WORDS 
 
 Get = to get by entreaty — 
 
 
 Show = point out— 
 
 impetro ; as, Impetravi ab illo 
 
 monstro. 
 
 ut remfaceret = / 
 
 got him to 
 
 demonstro. 
 
 do the thing. 
 
 
 indico. 
 
 = to get a thing done — 
 
 
 = declare, make known — 
 
 euro rem faciendam. 
 
 
 ostendo. 
 
 = to get to, reach, arrive 
 
 at — 
 
 significo. 
 
 pervenio ad. 
 
 
 declaro. 
 
 Help— 
 
 
 Teach, prove — 
 
 juvo. 
 
 
 doceo. 
 
 adjuvo. 
 
 
 probo. 
 
 subvenio. 
 
 
 Take— 
 
 succurro. 
 
 
 capio. 
 
 opem fero. 
 
 
 = take hastily, or by force, snatch— 
 
 auxilium fero. 
 
 
 rapio. 
 
 auxilio sum. 
 
 
 arripio. , 
 
 subsidio sum. 
 
 
 corripio. 
 
 News, message — 
 
 
 = take money — 
 
 nuntius. 
 
 
 accipio. 
 
 res. 
 
 
 = take in war — 
 
 Say— 
 
 
 capio. 
 
 dico. 
 
 
 occupo. 
 
 adfirmo \ 
 
 
 = take {an affront) — 
 
 confirm o f =to make a posi- 
 
 fero. 
 
 aio i tive as 
 declaro / 
 
 sertion. 
 
 patior. 
 
 
 Tell— 
 
 censeo = to express an 
 
 opinion. 
 
 = to relate, narrate. 
 
 nego = to make a 
 
 negative 
 
 narro. 
 
 statement. 
 
 
 memoro. 
 
 inquam — introduces 
 
 a quota- 
 
 commemoro. 
 
 tion in the words of the 
 
 = to give information— 
 
 speaker: not first 
 
 word in 
 
 dico. 
 
 the sentence. 
 
 
 nuntio. 
 
 Show —exhibit to view — 
 
 
 rem afFero. 
 
 ostendo. 
 
 
 certiorem facio. 
 
WITH THEIR LATIN EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Tell=to order— 
 
 
 Think = to think of doing something— 
 
 jubeo, or some 
 
 verb of ordering, 
 
 cogito. 
 
 or nuntio. 
 
 
 in animo habeo. 
 
 Think = to have an 
 
 opinion — 
 
 Travel— 
 
 puto. 
 
 
 
 existimo. 
 
 
 iter facio. 
 
 credo. 
 
 
 percurro. 
 
 reor. 
 
 
 lustro = ^rave^ over or through. 
 
 arbitror. 
 
 
 peregrinor — travel in foreign 
 
 opinor. 
 
 
 lands. 
 
 = to have an opinion and express 
 it— 
 
 Try = attempt— 
 
 censeo. 
 
 
 Conor. 
 
 = to think over, reflect upon— 
 
 nitor. 
 
 cogito. 
 
 
 enitor. 
 
 reputo. 
 
 
 = test, make trial of— 
 
 delibero. 
 
 
 
 considero. 
 
 
 experior. 
 
 meditor. 
 
 
 
 in animo agito 
 
 
 
 WORDS EXPEESSING NUMBER. 
 
 Very many — 
 plurimi. 
 permulti. 
 Most — 
 
 =the greater part of a definite 
 number, or body. 
 plerique, as, 
 
 Sexcentorum plerique occisi sunt. 
 Romanorum plerosque occiderunt. 
 
 So many as — 
 
 tot . . . quot. 
 How many ? — 
 
 quot? 
 A considerable number — 
 
 aliquot. 
 
 How?— 
 
 quomodo ? 
 
 quem ad modum? 
 
 . OF THK 
 
 TJNIVERSTT^ 
 
ENGLISH AND LATIN EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Moreover — 
 
 porro. 
 etiam. 
 quoque. 
 quin etiam. 
 
 Therefore^ so, and so — 
 
 ergo I second word in the sen- 
 
 igitur ) tence. 
 
 itaque. 
 
 proinde. 
 
 Wherefore (not interrogat.) = and 
 therefore — 
 
 quapropter. 
 
 quam ob causam. 
 
 quare. 
 
 qua de causa. 
 
 quam ob rem. 
 
 quocirca. 
 Why ? Wherefore ? For what 
 reason ? 
 
 cur? 
 
 quare ? 
 
 quam ob rem ? 
 
 PRINTED BY T. AND A. CONSTABLE, PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY. 
 AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
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