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Critically edited, with grammatical, idiomatical, and exegetical notes. 410. i2s. 6d. THE HINDI MANUAL. Comprising a grammar of the Hindi Language both Literary and Provincial ; a complete Syntax ; Exercises in various styles of Hindi composition ; Dialogues on several subjects ; and a complete Vocabulary in the Nagari and Roman Characters. Kcap. 8vo. 65. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.G. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SAN D EGO 3 182202457 8023 A UlillNJiM MANUAL COMPRISING A CONDENSED GRAMMAR WITH IDIOMATIC PHRASES AND DIALOGUES SIR ROBERT K. DOUGLAS KEEPER Of THE DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL PRINTED BOOKS AND M.S.B. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND PKOFESSOIi OF CHINESE AT KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON. CBDiuou LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7, STATIONEBS' HALL COTJKT, LUDGATE HILL 1904 PREFACE. TFIE appearnnce of the present work is due to two causes. (1) The increasing demand for practical helps to the study of the Chinese language ; and (2) the want in England of such works in a convenient size and at a moderate price. The annexation of Burma has, by establishing a new point of contact with China, created a necessity for more widely extended knowledge of Chinese among our civilians and soldiers than at, present exists. Our frontier is now conterminous with that of China on the south- IV PREFACE. west, and the more intimate relations which must necessarily follow with that country make it imperative that we should become acquainted with the language spoken within its borders. With a few exceptions all the works on Chinese which have appeared have been pub- lished in China. There has in consequence been a delay and uncertainty in their reaching this country, as well as a considerable enhance rnent of cost. But, besides this, the books them- selves are commonly printed in shapes and sizes which make them inconvenient additions to the baggage of travellers and soldiers. In fact these publications and of this Sir Thomas Wade's in- valuable work is an example have been mainly designed for students permanently resident in China. This disregard of the English market has until lately been justified by the apathy PREPACK. V shown by students in England on the subject of Chinese. Fortunately, however, a brighter day seems to be dawning for the language among us ; and it may fairly be hoped that the stigma which has hitherto attached to us as a nation of being the holder of the largest stake in the East, while at the same time we are culpably indifferent to the promotion of Oriental studies, is about to be wiped off. The dialogues and examples in this Manual have been taken almost entirely from native works intended for the instruction of the Japanese in the language, and are those there- fore which in the opinion of Chinese writers are likely to be most useful to students. Lastly, I would fain deprecate the wratli of critics at the errors which must inevitably occur in a work printed in England in a character VI PRKFAOR. so strange as Chinese. I fool I can with con- fidence make this appeal to at least all those whose lot it has been to have corrected Oriental proofs for English printers. At the same time my thanks are especially due to Messrs. AUSTIN AND SONS, of Hertford, for the care and at- tention they have bestowed on their part of the (ask, for the execution of which they alone, in England, with the exception of one other firm and the Clarendon Press, possessed the necessary type. EGBERT K. DOUGLAS. KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON. April, 1889. PKEFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. THE first edition of this Manual having been exhausted, this new issue is published in obedience to the requirements of the public. Eecent events in the Far East have forced on the attention of the people of Great Britain the advantages both political and commercial of cultivating a closer connexion than formerly with the 400,000,000 people who speak the Chinese language. Such a connexion is only' possible when the peoples of the two nations can inter- change ideas through the medium of a common language. The object of the present work is to viii I'liKFACE TO NEW EDITION. advance this most desirable consummation by giving learners an opportunity of acquiring the language, and by smoothing away, so far as is possible, the difficulties which must necessarily attend their studies. ROBERT K. DOUGLAS. KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON. May G, 1904. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Preface iii Introduction ...... 1 The Radicals ...... 23 The Article 40 The Noun Substantive .... 40 Gender . . . . . . 40 Number 41 Cases 43 The Adjective ..... 53 Comparison . . . . 56 The Numerals 60 Ordinals ..... 62 Numerical calculation ... 62 The Numeratives ..... 64 Distributive Numerals .... 66 Adverbial Numerals .... 67 Fractional Numerals .... 67 Time 67 X CONTEXTS. PAOB Personal Pronouns .... 70 Honorific and self-depreciatory terms 73 Reflexive Pronouns .... 79 Demonstrative Pronouns ... 81 Interrogative Pronouns .... 83 Pronominal Interrogative Adverbs . . 83 The Relative Pronoun .... 85 Indefinite Pronouns .... 87 The Verb 90 Substantive Verbs .... 91 Causative Verbs . . . . 91 Iterative Verbs .... 92 The Passive Voice .... 93 The Tenses 95 The Imperative Mood ... 98 The Potential Mood ... 100 The Subjunctive Mood . . . 104 The Present Participle . . . 105 Auxiliary Verbs . . . . . 106 106 112 3 ?* 114 Choh 117 l Ying 119 1 Kai ... 119 COM EX IS. XI Hi 1 ta l Knitang 120 TM* 1 iSj l Ting tang 120 fjfc 3 Kan ..... 121 ^ Pa 122 123 fg 3 2V/H<7 .... 126 P C%'/A 127 fij 4 Tao 129 $J 3 Tr/o 130 ^ x Tang .... 132 ^ 4 A r f' 134 jjf 4 Nat ..... 135 jjo- T 1 '^ 136 JI5 1 Kio'ei 137 $l*Kico. 138 ^ Hican .... 139 Words and Particles in common use 142 ^. 3 $A0M .... 142 Jtt 2 ^T'e 144 ^[ 4 ^ 144 m 2 jt 4 jVrtrtfao 145 The Negatives .... 146 ^ Puh 146 \% Huh, Mci .... 147 $&* Wu 148 Xll CONTENTS. %* Wei ...... 149 .^L Moh ...... 150 W Hiu ...... 152 fllj Pieh ...... 153 Vocabularies and Dialogues . . . 154 A List of Characters which have several pronunciations .... 360 A List of Characters which define varia- tions in meanings by change of tone 3G3 The Eighteen Provinces .... 369 A List of the Emperors of the present Dynasty ..... 370 "Weights and Measures .... 370 Tabu-ed Characters . . . 372 INTRODUCTION. THIS Manual, not being intended for any par- ticular class of students, but for all those, civil, military and naval officers, missionaries, and merchants, who may reach the Middle Kingdom either by the seaboard or through Burma, it was obviously appropriate to adopt a pronunciation of the language which should make the learner in- telligible to educated men over the greater portion of the Empire. For Consular Students Pekingese has been wisely chosen as the dialect they should learn. Being the dialect of the court, it is generally affected by the higher Mandarins; but among the people it is not heard beyond the neighbourhood of the capital city. For a travel- ler therefore, who may desire to visit seventeen out of the eighteen provinces of China, Pekingese must necessarily be an imperfect medium of communi- cation. Unfortunately, in China the non-migra- tory habits of the people, begotten by the diffi- culties of locomotion, have tended to create and i 2 CHINESE MANUAL. crystallize numberless local dialects, which make natives, who know no other speech but their own, unintelligible to their countrymen beyond the very confined areas in which their particular patois are spoken. The inconvenience arising from this " bead-roll of unbaptized jargons " to traders, scholars, and others who may from the necessi- ties of their callings or the indulgence of a taste for travel, be impelled to visit cities and towns beyond the limits of their immediate surround- ings, has resulted in the adoption by all educated men of whatever calling of the Kuan luca or Mandarin dialect. 1 This speech is spoken through most of the provinces of China, including those in the central, western and south-western portions of the Empire. It is the Kican Inca therefore which has been adopted in the present work. But so wide is the area over which the Ktcan Jnca is current that distinct differences of pro- nunciation are observable in it as spoken (1) in Peking and the neighbourhood, (2) in the central and south-western provinces of the Empire, and 1 Pre Couvreur, the learned author of a Dictionary and " Guide de la conversation FraiHjais-Anglois-Chinois," published at Ho- kien Fu, says in his Introduction to the last-named work, " The Mandarin language is the colloquial language, not only of the official and educated classes, hut of four-fifths of the people." CHINESE MANUAL. 6 (3) in Ssiich'ueu. The further question then arises as to which of these varieties should be followed. But the Ssuch/uen variety does not materially differ from the speech of the central and south- western provinces, and the issue consequently remains between this, the Mandarin par excellence and the Pekingese. The main characteristics of Pekingese are (1) the softening of the initials K and Ts into Ch f when they are followed by the sounds of i or u ; and (2) the substitution of the initials Jfs for If, or S, when these last are followed by either of the vowel sounds above mentioned. One palpable con- sequence of these changes is the impoverishment* of the dialect, since for example the five syllables pronounced in Mandarin by the Mandarin here as elsewhere the Mandarin of the central and south- western provinces is meant Chi, Ki, Tsi, Hi, Si, are resolved in Pekingese into Chi and Hsi ; two syllables as against five. And the result is that whereas in Mandarin there are about 532 syl- lables, in Pekingese there are only 420. Even this first number of syllables is quite small enough when they, plus their tones, have to express the sounds of the 12,000 or 15,000 characters com- monly found in the dictionaries, and it is obvious 4 CHINESE MANUAL. that the reduction of this number by more than a fifth must still further increase an inconvenience already sufficiently embarrassing. But apart from this objection to the Peking dialect there remains the question of over what extent of area it is spoken. Sir Thomas "\Vade, who is the great authority on the court dialect, speaks of it as " the oral language of the metro- politan department." And this is probably a just description of the district in which it is spoken in its purity. Even at Tientsin, a town only seventy miles from Peking, a change in the direction of the Mandarin is observable in the ronunciation of the people, and as the distance the capital widens this change becomes more marked. Sir Thomas Wade considers that though this is so, Pekingese is "by degrees in- vading all the dialects of the Mandarin/' But in a Manual of this kind we are called upon rather to consider the existing state of things, than future possibilities. And if we take all the native linguistic works of recognized authority in general use, we find that in one and all the sounds are expressed according to the Mandarin pronunciation. Again, if we turn to the native works published in the various dialectical centres CHINESE MANUAL. 5 for teaching the natives the Kwan hica, or if we go for evidence to the bilingual works employed to teach the Japanese, Manchus, Tibetan, and others to speak Chinese, we find the same course pursued. In no case, at least in no well-known work, is the Pekingese pronunciation adopted. Turning next to European works on Chinese, we may say that, with the exception of those by Sir Thomas Wade, some members of the Consular Service, and some employes of the Imperial Cus- toms, all those purporting to be general works are in the Mandarin and not in Pekingese. Moreover, Medhurst, Edkins, Legge, Premare. Basile, De Guignes, Goncalves, the Jesuit authors of Sikawei, the authors of the recent dictionary and dialogue book at Hokien Fu, in the metro- politan province, with many others, all accept the Mandarin as the best standard of the lan- guage. In the reports also from the missionaries in the central, western, and south-western pro- vinces it is to be noticed that their transcriptions of Chinese .words are entirely free from the cha- racteristics of the Peking speech. And it may be mentioned that out of the thirty or forty members of the Chinese Legation in London, only two speak Pekingese. 6 CHINESE MANUAL. For the purposes of a work of this kind, there- fore, we have no hesitation in adopting the Kiran hica, representing as it does the language of the educated classes from Kwangsi in the south to the metropolitan province on the north, and from Ganhwei on the east to the borders of Tibet on the west. Next only in difficulty to the choice of speech was the choice of orthography. No two men hear exactly alike, and when, therefore, it becomes ne- cessary to express in Roman letters the sounds of a non-alphabetical language like Chinese, room is afforded for the widest latitude of individual opinion. For instance, the word f^p meaning poetry, has been variously transcribed by Mor- rison, Premare, Goncalves, the Chinese Reposi- tory, Wade, and Edkins, by She, Chi, Xe, Shi, Shi, and Sh'i. This is only a specimen of the perplexing variations in spelling which vex the souls of students of the language. In the present work as little as possible will be added to the difficulties which in this respect beset beginners. AYade's orthography may be said to hold the field so far as Pekingese is concerned, and to be the best generally known. It has therefore been adopted and applied to the present pronuncia- CHINESE MANUAL. 7 tion, with some slight modifications to be men- tioned hereafter. So far as the phonetic values of the vowels are concerned, Wade's system has been followed, even to the e. To the consonants also are given his values, with the exception that, not being able to bring my ears to acquiesce in the substitution of Hit, Ku, and Chu, for the Hw, Kw, and Chw of Morrison, Medhurst, Edkins, Williams, Legge, and a host of other authorities, I have adhered to their spelling. VOWEL SOUNDS. a; as a in father. ai ; our sound aye. ao\ the Italian ao in Aosta, Aorno, but not un- frequently inclining to d-oo. e', as in there, ei ; ey in grey, whey. n ; the un in. fun, pun, etc. erh ; the urr, in burr, purr, i; the vowel sound in ease, trees ; in Hi, in, ing, shortened as in chicle, chin, thing, ia ; each vowel to be pronounced. ie ; each vowel to be pronounced. in ; each vowel to be pronounced. 8 CUINKSE MANUAL. o ; as in tone. on ; as the ow in low. u ; the oo in ^oo. THE CONSONANTAL SOUNDS. The consonants .F, //, IT, , J/", N t P, S, S/i, 2's, W, and Y, are pronounced as in English. J is the French initial J, as in Jaunc. Ss in S-SM is a very difficult sound to express ; Morrison wrote the syllable sze, Williams *-', Edkins si, and Wade SHU. Similarly Tzu has been variously expressed by the same authorities by tszc, tsz', tdi, and tzit. In transcribing Chinese words I have so far departed from the usual practice as to write them as words and not syllable by syllable. It cannot be too strongly impressed on the student that each character does not necessarily repre- sent a word, and that as a matter of fact there are far more polysyllabic than monosyllabic words in colloquial Chinese. In no other lan- guage has the confusion between the written characters and the words been so persistently maintained as in Chinese. It has always been the custom in transcribing Japanese words to CHINESE MANUAL. 9 write them as whole words and not as a number of separate syllables. For example, the word j& H is transcribed from the Japanese as Chin, but when transcribed from the Chinese it is written Ti 11, for which there is no more justification than there would be for writing its English equivalent Geo graphy. But besides being philologically misleading, the syllabic system of writing is a great stumbling-block in the way of students. Seeing the syllables written as so many words, they pronounce them as so many words, and the result is that, when attempting to speak, they utter a series of jerky monosyllables with- out the slightest reference to the rhythm of articulate speech. In the present work I have not confined the system to such Chinese expres- sions as are expressed by one word in English, but have used it in a way which I believe will best assist students to catch the rhythm of the language. For instance, I have written such words as K'amhutih, 'a student of books,' thus, rather than K'an shu tih. If the student will remember that in all such combinations the emphasis is to be laid on the first syllable, he will find that the sj'stem will materially help him to a right pro- nunciation. 10 CHINESE MANUAL. THE TONES. Chinese shares with the Shan, the Annamite, the Kareng, the Kakhyen, the Burmese, the Tibetan and other tongues of South-eastern Asia, the peculiarity of possessing tones. These tones, or differences of pitch of the vocalic sound, as has been pointed out by Prof. Terrien de Lacouperie, are "the compensation required by the natural equilibrium of language for the losses in the phonetic stuff of the words by contraction, ellipsis or otherwise." They vary in number in different parts of the country, from sixteen in some of the southern dialects to four in Pekingese. In Man- darin there are five, which are called by the Chinese (1) Shang p'iiig, or upper even tone; (2) Hia p'ing, or lower even tone ; (3) Shang, the rising tone ; (4) K'u, the departing tone ; and (5) Ju/i, the entering tone. (1) The Shang p'ing is a high even tone, the syllable being pronounced without either a rise or a fall in the voice. (2) The Hia p'ing begins high and rises some- what abruptly, much as a doubter would ask if shown a curiosity, "Real?" meaning is it real? (3) The Shang begins low and rises in a lengthened, drawn-out tone, much as one CHINESE MANUAL. 11 would exclaim on hearing a piece of astonish- ing news " Wha-a-a-t ? " (4) The K'u begins low and sinks lower, partaking of a desponding tone, as a ruined gambler, on being asked whether he had lost all, would answer "All." (5) The Juh is an abrupt tone, and is fairly represented by the contemptuous exclamation "Pooh," con- temptuously uttered. In mar-king these tones I have adopted Wade's system of numerals Tor the first four; but as in transcribing the words I have constantly joined several syllables together, I find that confusion would arise if I attempted to add numbers to the parts of a word. I have therefore thought it best to add the numbers to the Chinese characters. It has been unnecessary to mark the fifth or Juh tone, since all those syllables transcribed with a final h belong to it. These syllables originally ended with either k, t, or p, and their lost finals are now commonly represented by h. It must not be supposed that the tones are fixed quantities. They are on the contrary con- stantly changing. While at Peking, for example, with that taste for the obliteration of distinctions in sound which is so marked in the people, the fifth or Juh tone has become merged in the 12 CHINESE MANUAL. second or Hia p'iny tone ; in the south the numbers have multiplied exceedingly. The five tones of the Mandarin being between the two extremes present more fixity than those either in the northern or the southern dialects. But even these are subject to variation, and not only does the same syllable take different tones as it represents different meanings, but sometimes a syllable changes its tone when used in combina- tion. For instance, Chi or colloquially Chit'ou means the finger ; but when used alone as in the first case, Chi is pronounced in the third tone; and when compounded with foil, in the second. As there is, therefore, a certain amount of un- certainty about the tones, it naturally becomes of the highest importance that the right context in phrases should be carefully observed. In order to be able to do this it is necessary that the syntax of the language should be thoroughly understood, and in this Manual therefore I have endeavoured so to explain the grammar of the language as to enable the student to avoid those pitfalls in speaking, into which he must inevitably fall if he learns the language only by the rule of thumb. Chinese belongs to the Ugro-Altaic family of CHINESE MANUAL. 13 speech, and still possesses the main structural characteristics of the languages belonging to that linguistic division. That is to say, the subject precedes the verb, the adjective precedes the sub- stantive it modifies, and when two substantives come together, the first is in the possessive case. In some other respects it has become corrupted by the contact of the Chinese with the Mon, Taic, and Indonesian tribes of pre-historic China, and has in consequence undergone syntactical changes, as well as phonetic corruption and decay. It is now universally admitted that the Chinese immigrated into China from South-Western Asia at an early period, probably about 2300 B.C., and that they brought with them a knowledge of Babylonian culture. Among the arts which they had acquired from the people with whom they had dwelt was that of writing, and the scripts they carried with them into the land of their adoption formed, combined possibly with the rude lines and marks which some of the aborigines used to express their thoughts, the basis of the written characters now in use among them. By the Chinese themselves, how- ever, Ts'ang Hieh, a minister of Hwangti (2697- 2597 B.C.), is said to have invented writing. And 14 CHINESE MANUAL. it is added that he imitated the coloured writing of the Kwei of Loh, and developed from it his characters. "According to tradition, Ts'ang Hieh was a resident in what is now Honan, and what more natural, therefore, that he should have borrowed the rude attempts at writing carved by the Kwei aborigines on the banks of the Ho and Loh, and moulded them into characters ? The probability is, then, that such was the case, and very possibly Fu-hi's celebrated dia- grams may have owed their existence to the same origin. But such characters merely supplemented the writing which the Chinese brought with them into China, and we may dismiss, therefore, as legendary the statement that the writing ever went through the primitive hieroglyphic stage in China. That had long been passed, and had been succeeded by a system of phonetic writing, by which the component parts of the characters were so arranged as to give the sounds of the words, which in those days were as often as not polysyllabic. By degrees, however, as the Chinese colonies advanced further and further into the country, and separated themselves more and more from the head-quarters of the race, dialects sprung up, differing phonetic values were given to the CHINESE MANUAL. 15 characters and their component parts, and con- sequently things were either called by different names in different parts of the country, or the cha- racters representing them were made to undergo modifications as the original pronunciation of their parts changed. * Such was the state of things when Shi Chou, the minister of Siien Wang (H.C. 827-781), attempted to remodel the system of writing, and for this purpose invented the "large seal cha- racters," to which he imparted more pictorial and symbolical features than had existed in the earlier script. The project, however, was only partly successful. The inevitable laws which <>^ i 1 govern the growth of language were not to be confined within arbitrary limits, and the same process of change which had metamorphosed the Kuwen, or ancient writing, wrought havoc also with the large seal characters. On the establishment of the empire under the Ts'in Dynasty, Li Ssil attempted again to intro- duce a fixed system of writing, and one which should at the same time be less cumbrous than the large seal characters. These new characters, which were known as SiaocJmcn, or " small seal " characters, were less complicated and less 16 CHINESE MANUAL. square than the older forms. But as public busi- ness and the corresponding necessity for writing increased, the 1 Siaochuen was voted too elaborate and a modified form of character called Lis/tu was introduced in its stead. In the Lishu a tendency is observable to convert the curves of the Siaochuen into angular strokes, and the shapes of some characters, in obedience to the changes which had taken place in their pro- nunciation, underwent modifications. To the Lis/in and Ts'aosltu, or "running hand," suc- ceeded the K'ieshu (in the fourth century) of the present day. Chinamen are ignorant of the science of philo- logy, and lack that power of critical observation which might enable them to arrive at th* true history of their written characters. Their ten- dency has been, therefore, to deal only with their later forms, and these they have classified and arranged into the six following classes : 1st. Siang king, or hieroglyphics, which are the primitive characters of the language. 2nd. Chi ssii, or characters intended to represent ideas to the mind by the position of their parts. Thus a character composed of parts representing the sun above a straight line stands for the dawn. 3rd. Htrei i, CHINESE MANUAL. 17 or signs formed by writing two or more significant characters to suggest a new idea. For instance, the character Sin " sincere," is made up of the signs for " a man " and " words," a collocation of ideas which at least speaks well for the theoretical morality of the people. Another character in this class is Ming "brightness," which is composed of a combination of the signs for a star and the moon, and is identical with the modern Turkish imperial emblem. Chinese writers say that the smaller character of the two in this compound ia that of the sun, but they have forgotten that in the Kuicen the characters for sun and star were identical in form ; and the fact of its being com- pletely overshadowed by the moon is an argument against its having been originally intended for the greater light. 4th. Chuen elm, or characters which, being inverted either in form or sound, assume different meanings. Thus the character which, when read Loh means "pleasure," means "music" when pronounced yoli. 5th. Kiatsieh, or characters having borrowed meanings. As an illustration of this class Chinese writers adduce the character Shi, an arrow, which, from the straight course of an arrow, has come to signify " direct," " right," " a word spoken to the point." 6th. Kie sheng, or 2 18 CHINESE MANUAL. Phonetic. The adoption of these characters was a cardinal feature in the change effected in the writing by Shi Chou. It is seldom in the history of nations that a writing is found to deteriorate, and nothing proves more conclusively that the Chinese characters were no invention of the people themselves, than the fact that the first time they attempted a modification of them, they took a step backwards. Up to the time of Shi Chou a well- defined and elaborate system of syllabic writing had been in vogue, but in the hands of the Chinese reformer this retrograded in the direction of ideo- graphic writing, and the Kie slteny characters were brought into existence. These, speaking generally, consist of two parts a phonetic element and an ideographic character. To illustrate this system of formation we may take the phonetic $% Wo or Nyo, which stands for the first personal pronoun, and which, by combination with twenty- seven ideographic characters, produces as many derivatives having the same phonetic value. In this way combined with the ideograph \[\ (originally /s/\A ) "a mountain," it becomes |I$ ngo "a high mountain"; with T$r "a woman" $j ngo "fair," "beautiful"; with jjil|l (originally Yf ) "grass," i| ngo "a certain herb"; with ,% CHINESE MANUAL. 19 "a bird," J|^ nyo "a goose," and so on. From these examples it will be observed that the ideo- graphic characters in combination with their phonetics form an exact parallel with many Egyptian- and Assyrian ideophonetics. I was favoured by the late Dr. Birch, of the British Museum, with the following example in Egyptian, showing precisely the same formation in the composition of the characters and in the respective value of their parts, as is seen in the Chinese .instance I have just referred to. .fstbo Un means >VW\/\A in Egyptian " a hare " ; combined with the ideo- 4k graph JUS it becomes f Un "to open"; and with this 0* j^,0* Un "an hour." f~\ (J) > /wvwv r\ Speaking of Assyrian hieroglyphics, Sir Henry Rawlinson says, " Certain classes of words have a sign prefixed or suffixed to them, more commonly the former, by which their general character 13 indicated. The names of gods, of men, of cities, of tribes, of wild animals, of domestic animals, of metals, of months, of the points of the compass, and of dignities are thus accompanied. The sign prefixed or suffixed raay have originally repre- sented a word ; but, when used in the wav here 20 CHINESE MANUAL. spoken of, it is believed that it was not sounded, but served limply to indicate to the reader the sort of word which was placed before it." ]M ark ing, then, the forces of the two parts of the Kie shdig characters, it is easy to imagine the way in which Shi Chou set to work to modify existing characters, and to invent new ones. We may suppose, for instance, that a tree to which he wished to give a, name on paper was known to him colloquially as Ma. lie would then, in the first place, choose a com- mon phonetic possessing that sound, very possibly the hieroglyphic &jj ma "a horse," and would combine with it the ideographic character /fc mul), meaning " wood." The new character would then stand thus J5j, and the reader would at once recognise that it was to be read as ma, and the ideographic character prefixed would make him aware that it was either the name of a tree or of something made of wood. These ideographic signs, with the addition of some few others, have been adopted by lexico- graphers for the purpose of classifying the characters of the language. Two hundred and fourteen of such signs have been chosen (one or moro of which enter into the composition CHINESE MANUAL 21 of every compound Chinese character), under which to arrange the 50,000 characters, more or less, of which the language consists. As the language is without an alphabet, some such system was necessary, and this one probably answers as well as any other. Many of these radicals or determinatives, as they have been variously called, being primitive characters, are hieroglyphics, and they include, as might have been expected, ' the most remarkable objects of nature, such as the sun, moon, a river, a mountain, fire, water, earth, wood, a stone, etc. ; the chief parts of the human body, as the head, the heart, the hand, the foot, the eye, the ear, etc. ; the prin- cipal parts of a house, as the roof, the door, etc. ; domestic animals, such as the sheep, the cow, the horse, the dog, etc. ; the primary relations of society, as father, mother, son, daughter, etc. ; qualities, such as great, small, crooked, high, low, long, etc. ; and actions, such as to see, to speak, to walk, to run, to stop, to enter, to follow, etc. They are thus admirably adapted to form generic terms, and this is the part they play in compound characters.' In the dictionaries the characters are arranged under each radical, in order of the number of the strokes of which the 22 CHINESE MANUAL. part combined with the radical is composed. For example, under the radical 7^ imih " wood," the first character is 5^, in which only one stroke is added to the radical, and the last is ^, which consists of twenty-two strokes besides the radical." 1 China. By the Author. CHINESE MANUAL. 23 K- ? " fco 03 O ^ e tq G -< "N s ^- A ^ US "W "- ^ o -* 4. < r3 to H ^ o * OQ M l .~ ^fi o H ft o os ly. o ^ >. H G^^ M 'fee .S 'S KS o . > o .H CD ng B HH feo o o G O - <-> 1 V- .-a: ft o ^ o H cS o ^ H 2 p B & ~ ^ m eo \ - C? CO 03 CO ci }>. GO 24 CHINESE MANUAL. 02 tc -!- K Si O fe O T o O * . O rs fco o o *-* C I ID n g S .n *G 3 PH 0) to -H C fe g - ^ a 2 S rs~, e3 o 5 w 13 a - P-l |5 . -s o < o ^ ^ c3 O 5 Q ^ * 2 ^ ^ S ^ g O <. EH ... 03 fcD 02 O E-i Ml^-^1 -. -2 O CD fcC ^ K - ~ r .i oo ^bc H EH s cq'g IK J "S 1 1- < +* 3 S ^ ^ ^QJ m E? PH 1 0) 02 ^ ^ OQ ~ m i^ A< c! tq LJ4-^=-U CO 05 n n CO CO H CO CO 26 CHINESE MANUAL. 3 Pi H -. I *l o w *a B s] hrl j 3 ^: H-I <=* .2 ^ r " .S to c ' .g NJ 08 I* kj- - Buddh o ^r rt .2 II.S I -- ^ 5 S _s o CQ tc S ^ '-~ 53 r 30 C3 i<5 - fc-i OH O w ^ tO S'l p^ > ^3 <9 fe 1 ^ 03 O CQ CO iO O t^> GO O O CO CO CO CO CO ^ CHINESE MANUAL. 27 I o " H " 8 -S m fr:I* H3 a P .j o o Q P - 73 C3 O fc - 3 O O) ^ 5Q CD O rO 02 ^ ^ H nJ OO 05 O fl t f^ i^^ ' " O i-l to to to N N ^ co o _O cr> ^ C .ci 3 te to CD tO to 2S CHINESE MANfAI.. ** 5 i ^i -S *. V 3 - 1 - = 1 J %; ^ V? t ^ 5 32 |,O|H J H ? &i . | S .|| ^ * s" <5^^* T3 *j rrt S _c a> x ^ ^ * QJ "to 2 2 " ^ rC .r -f3 ^c o = nr OOOiO -* i I COCO^OCOh-QOOO ^O *^^ CO ^O f^ ^^ c^ *^ t^> '^^ co ^^ j>^ CHINESE MANUAL. cs P- fee G i ^ I .5 o> c 3 ^ a ^ ^H 3 ^ CQ '^> 5: a fee o ? I-H o ' EH .~ . ^ P- ~ O H S o as o C .^* ** EW ^ k . H || ?H o O "O O o EH H - Si CM ^ Q S 2 - * -2 " tJ ^T 1 OiSr-j' | "^3 C - V , ?? O 02 - H o '5 ^ w -j H^ SW^p - - H - ^ C 1 . & s - ^ p5 -5 ^ - s 5? r o IK m m MX tt? 60 CHINKS!'. MANUAL -5 a- < a | s O) bo <4-l O . 5 p i '5 09 ^J o r- fco r ,^ p r- ** r* 2 "fe^l S ': .3 SH r^ -si to . W .T 1 - *! f-i ^^ PH S 0) w ' I S fcc CQ ^ p o> " . - a s tc g -S o c 7" 1 ej i"*" 1 ~ ^ r r ( -> fco o o to - to r 1- 3 "S '43 ^ O H ^ ~ C3 PH s ' o o s nd 2 PH O > ^ P> ^^ S 5 5 I ER^S r O nD B O> O H3 ^4 o ^ r ^ S ? .S *. i PH O s c o H fco s 2 o q ^4 H O H .ao3so ooooooooo CII1NKSK MANUAL. r3 c T* O f o 7 - - 2 fi g 5 o a S c - o C! C3 3 i 3 G fee 9 ~. > H f 3 w T* 7 H c o 'S iJ-l *;1- & W c3 ^3 ^ o / s ^r KJ ^ P^r ^3 Pq OQ O VM rn Un ^~ n ' i *--i i i *^ o< ' O) CO ^f iO CO N. CO O5 coco cococococococo CHINESE MANUAL. EH o to o fco ^ a, =i : o a EH 2 ~ o a ~ v o fcC ,. C o ~ 'So . 8 tn <^ ^ K^ F ^ - ^ <1 ^ EH F? CO O I 8 )e 2 1 1 J j 1 inn C^ r- oo *" Tf Oi O -H CO CHINESE MANUAL. 35 JS o o cj " . cS ** ,2 .- f Jj 2L ^i . % liPjS O ^ o H P-p o o ^ 5 H cT ' H o H O rO o H S I l ti- 60 53 g5 ,5 ^ S o 03 ~ O s rj ^J M O i-H o H - ^t S e tlmll IP) PH ^ OS O li r9 **d I w CO lO O 60 c H - ^ ? % ^ j^.^f [^ 00 O5 O i I o *o co co 60 60 CD J 5 - a c8 r &i ^ ^ CD . 00 CD Inl \\vJ CHI in i& id O) CO ^* *O CO CO CO CO CO CO & 00 CO 36 CHINESE MANUAL, <3 I 1 r3 to s 1 cl 8 as i 4 M 15 o o 'w H H H 3-2 SI Cj fcC C3 CD iff 3 Si 1 fcj * e ^ ci d - .S S ^ '5 T^ o o 02 OO O5 O o CO (^ ftii: CO t- T/T> oo o o t- t- OP CHINESE MANUAL. 3? cu cc - <5 o - H fi 60 - o "3 rC -a 60 o ?H 2 <: =0 g; W? "wi c. 1 o H Hi J5 H ert* O ES?^ H 1 - ? c *" k c EH be to ^ S O EH 3 -a dg fi J V O ^s 5-" ^= C3 -. S ffi >e c 1 TJ C 5 ^ o S GO 1 E v -3 I ".; ^ ^ 1 cq S _ c3 >. [V] - m O fcD S 3 -3 0) -K -M t CO C5 ^- O o r- Ci c: a o o o* iw iVA/ guj: j*s= TF\ 1W ll' -ft=- i I OJ CO ^ O O O c: G^i O) G^i Oi CHINESE MANUAL. 39 ,^ 3 O O fcD g t~ & r2 2 '1 1 O -i-c M i-C ^ j i xj ^ H - o> -fi H g 5 O O H H O H Q OSsi " CO ~ c M ?C 2 O co ^^ oo o o o S o CM CM i 4i 10 CH1NKSK MANUAL. There is no definite article in Chinese ; but, as in all other languages, the indefinite article is, when necessary, expressed by the first numeral yi ' one,' with, in the case of persons or things, a numerative noun (see p. 64) interposed between it and the substantive, as for example f@ ! A 2 yi l l kin is gold, and kintih is golden, /fC muh is wood, and nuihtih is wooden, ^ 2 ^ 2 yangmao is ' wool/ and yangmaotih is ' woollen/ Very commonly, however, the tih is omitted, and such a phrase as $? 1 ftfy f|j 4 luntih siaiig 'a golden image/ is as often as not expressed by kin siang. Tilt is sometimes also added to adjectives when they have a relative or predicative force. For 46 CHINESE MANUAL. instance 4gjf- 3 f| 3 0$ yaou kintih 'that which is important,' f| 4 (@ ' $|g 2 ^ l $T 6$ fM'0 /V/H0 s/ tfi'titih * this sugar is coarse.' As also when followed by a substantive in such phrases as JR 4 haotih tungsi ' that is a very good thing.' When following a verb, it serves the purpose of a relative, as, f$; fi$ shicoJitih 'that which was said,' j| 4 fi^f maitih ' that which was sold.' So also when an object intervening between the verb and tih, a person is suggested as the subject, it answers to the relative 'he who,' as J| 3 JB^ 3 f^j mai ma till 'he who buys horses,' or 'the buyer of horses,' or again 3^J 3 ^ 4 ftfy f>ie tziilih 'he who writes characters,' or ' the writer of characters.' When the subject is expressed, as in the phrase -fi^ 1 J| 3 fi^f t'a maitih ' that which he buys,' it again answers to the relative 'that which.' The instrumental case is expressed by the use of verbal participles, the verbs commonly used m the colloquial being ^ 2 na jf 3 pa jjf l tsiang all meaning ' to take,' and ^ 4 yung ' to use.' For example fill 1 ^ 2 ^ 4 -^ 3 ff 3 J 3 fjlf, 1 t'a na hcen tzu taJiao t'a 'he struck him with a stick,' lit. 'he taking a stick struck him;' ftj 3 ^ ^ gfji /) shou pohk'ai * with the hand push it aside ; ' CHINESE MANUAL. 47 1 - & 1 m 1 & ^ 3 1 3 m 1 *' tts'iang shah ssfiliao Va ' he killed him with a spear,' fit. ' he taking a spear killed him ; ' 5$G 3 J$ 4 sp: Hf 4 jlj 1 ?J< 3 '0 yung pih Juca shan- s/mi, ' I draw landscapes (tit. mountains and water) with a pencil.' The dative is commonly expressed, when necessary, by the particles ^f 4 tui [pj 4 hiang "ftk 1 yu ^ 4 t'i and ,^ 3 kei, as in the phrases ffe 1 ft 4 3 3 D T 3 ?<* tlli u ' shwohUao 'he said to me;' jfifg 2 |p] 4 ^t 4 "J 3 cA'wen Mang poll k'uliao 'the ship went to the north;' J[ 4 ^ fi 3 ^f/i 1 lU 1 hiat'ien tcang yu shan 'in the summer (1) go to the mountains;' fft 3 ^ 4 ^ 3 In" 3 IS. 1 ffl 2 ^ 2 n i t'i u ' ts'wg t'ameii hn * invite them to come for me ; ' (ft 3 jfa 3 f|j, l ^ 3 QE M 3 n i kti t' a ma i yih p'i ma 'do you buy a horse for him.' In the case of the dative of giving particles are not used, the sense of the English ' to ' being inherent in the verb, as in such phrases as f 3 $ 3 3 ^ /fvf; 1 Jg 3 ico kei nujen yih pel tsiu 'I gave a glass of wine to the woman.' Jj,, 3 f[4 4 A 2 pengyu yih kiv'ai yang ts'ien ' that man gave a dollar to his friend.' 48 CHINESE MANUAL. The conjunctive case, which has the force of the preposition 'with/ is expressed by proposing the particles JJl 1 Yii, [iij 2 t'tmy, f[j 2 Jnco, etc., e.g. "%> pf 3 Jfil 3 ({li, 1 ^B 1 < l puli k'o i ii t'a situiy Mao '(you) must not hold intercourse with him;' jj 3 [pj 2 (ft 3 4 fl 2 w *'w0 li'ii iron 'I will go to play with you;' fc 3 fa 2 ffc 3 ft 3 ^ 4 ?ro 7ro ni yu ssti ' I have business with you.' The vocative is sometimes formed by suffixing the exclamation j>[ij J to the name of the person addressed, as 'JJI 1 jijij 1 C'/mwflr ff, 'Chang!' but more frequently no case sign is used to express this case. The locative case is commonly expressed either by prefixing the preposition ^ 4 tsai ' at ' or ' in/ or by suffixing the words fljl 3 //, ^J* -net, t$* 1 chung, fqj 1 kicn, all meaning 'within/ ^j^ 1 icai or ^ 4 Kf! 2 'fff'Vow, 'outside/ ^ 3 //, or ^ 3 T?ji 2 /i7'o? 'inside/ Jl 4 nhang 'above/ f 4 ///a 'below/ f (j 2 fa'/Vw or "^j 2 Hjfj 2 ts'ieiifou 'before/ 'in front of/ ^ 4 /^o? or houtou 'behind.' Examples: (ft 3 f 4 ^Jl) 3 I31 3 1* ^' / l H ^ ? 4 ^ l Kinjih puh tsai kia '(He) is not at home to-day.' CHINESE MANUAL. 49 38 3 f'J 4 ffc 3 ^C 1 II 3 * JF0 fr/0 /I* MzflA'fi 'I am going to your house.* ?' fill 3 tH 3 if 1 ir 1 y1 4 7 3 JW''* foVrAiro tit lucailiao ' The furniture in the room was all destroyed. 1 W W m z W W 3 fi J M 2 Ch'tngWou mci iju chufttmj ' In the city there are no dwellings.' I 4 ft 1 ^ 4 A" %b l & ^c 1 Sstifangnei jen tu .ilii yihkia ' Within the four quarters (of heaven) men are all one family.' 7jC 3 ^J l fi 3 ^C 1 , 2 Shuinci iju ta yu 'In the water there are large iishes.' M' ft &fc 4 ^ 1 Ch'tngnci tsch to 'In the city robbers (are) numerous.' IjC- rf 1 ^P 1 5? 3 Kiachung tu hao 'At home all are well.' & ! l fl W ^* fill 1 Sinchung yunien t'a '(I) grieve in (m}') heart for him.' VIP 2 4' 1 'Jill 1 ?Ji 4 ^C 1 Yangchung polang ta ' At sea the waves are big.' '^ 2 ""r 11 ^ 4 T'angchung tso ' To sit in the hall.' ll' 1 t^ 1 ?t 3 i 1 ^ x Kwanchiuig ija ssu to 1 Among mandarins elegant scholars are numerous.' lit 1 fb 1 } 1 -t 1 M 1 ^ & fR 2 ^/A-^ hie pnchoh 50 CHINESE MANUAL. poh ym * In this age (people) all make a display of money/ 4 2 [g] 1 Yiltnienl-ien 'During the whole year.' $t 4 Fn] 1 2fc 2 Ycfffcn hd 'To come during the night.' M 1 W W i& 4 X r 3 i- 3 K'W wit'ou In r>lt hao tsou * Outside the capital the roads are bad for travelling/ If* 1 h 4 fffi 1 Jlfc @ Shemcai tit tilt lucoh 'Outside (his) own person it is all an enemy's country/ D 3 #h 4 W 3 P M 4 ^T 1 JPoHtrai yu ye tifancj Outside the passes there are wild districts/ ill 1 Jl 1 }^ 2 W 3 HJ 4 /fC Shanshang mei yu s/ni- muh 'On the mountain there are no trees/ fS 2 4 W 3 ^ l ^ M 4 Ch'uenshang .yu toshao hico ' What quantity of goods is there on the ship?' $t 4 <&* f^ 3 & l -t* Fang tsai ni sJiensJiang 'Put it on you personally.' If 2 4 ^ l Loushang tso ' To sit upstairs ' (lit. on the upper storey). qpi T:* $2 *A.4 ^s T'icnhia int tih sJiou ^V I >i> rj/% J 'Beneath the sky I have not an enemy/ 1& 1 ^- 3 T 4 W 3 5I 1 $- T'a shouhia yu Chang Liao ' Under his command there was Chang Liao/ CHINESE MANUAL. 51 ft T 4 W 3 * BE 2 Shihhia yit ta she 'Beneath the rock there was a large serpent.' $I 4 Ifi 2 fill 1 3L ^E 4 Miaots'ien t'a lih ngan 'In front of the temple he placed a table.' BR 3 flJ 2 ft 1 fift 1 T 2 # 3 flf 1 Fwfo'ww ftz t'oitliao yi/ipeii situ 'Before (my) eyes he stole a book.' fV 15 2 M A 2 ^T 3 ^Ments'ien Hang jen ta kta 1 In front of the gate two men are fighting.' ill 1 ^ 4 W &" ^ j^ 1 : ? 3 ^" Aoz/^( yw fe cJtn-angtzti, 'Behind the mountain there is a large village.' ^ 4 M 4 fife 1 M 4 ^ x 1 A 2 Peihou t'a ma Ting ktcoh jen, 'Behind (my) back he abuses the English.' ^ 2 M 4 P ^ x 2 T 3 ri7wV 7w A->/i f v'ingliao 'After one year the whole kingdom was pacified.' It is especially to be noted that these words have the force of prepositions in English only when they follow the substantive they modify. If the order be reversed they cease to have this force and become either adjectives or verbs. For example -J2E- 3 Jjjjjt 2 Lich ( eg is 'The inner city/ ft 1 } 4 Nei ti 'Inland 'or 'The inner land,' i.e. China. CHINESE MANUAL. rfi 1 A 2 Chung jen 'An arbitrator,' lit. 'A middle man.' #|> 4 H Wni lucoh 'An outside or foreign country.' 1ft 2 PI 2 T^ien mini ' The front gate.' $& M 2 ~? 3 -H- on f atl( jt z u * The hinder house.' _ 4 "j^f 3 Shang ku ' Remote antiquity.' "F 4 Jll 1 Ilia shing ' A lower tone.' The last two also become verbs by position, as in the phrases Jt 3 ^ x Shang king ' To go up to the capital.' "f 4 $g 2 JTe cA'tf^n ' To embark,' lit. ' to go down into the ship.' When however j^ Shang becomes a verb, it is pronounced in the third tone instead of the fourth, which is proper to it in other senses. The ablative is expressed by prefixing the pre- positions $ 2 T'simg, g 4 Ts8, or ^ 2 r=from, > or 'by,' and fj 4 Pel, $\> Kiao = '\)y,' as ffc 3 1* $>* W ^ T 3 Ni **"!/ nti to Mao 1 From what place have you come ? ' W flS 4 A 2 S 4 m 2 It* ^ 7 3 Nakojcn fcfi Yunnan lailiao ' That man came from Yunnan.' & 2 fii 8 A $l l ^w t&'icnjuh shcn 'From the shallow to the deep.' [fe 2 7^ 3 Jff 3 ^ 3 Fw ^ / k'ao ( (They are) examined by their own Prefects.' CHINESE MANUAL. 53 lfc 4 A 2 ^ Pei jen siao 'To be laughed at by men.' fV 2 Ity 4 HI 1 Pfc 1 T 3 C%'* Mao feng cViiilino * The vessel was blown by the wind.' ADJECTIVES. Adjectives in Chinese, as in other non Aryo- Semitic languages, have neither number, gender, nor case, but are merely nouns of quality or relation, which become adjectives by position only. Thus in the phrases 3 7JL 4 fljS 4 Yuh shi yiny 'Jade is hard/ and 3 [J 4 Ynh yin ' A jade seal,' the word Yuh undergoes no change, but is precisely the same in both instances. As is also general in the same group of languages, the adjective invariably precedes the noun it qualifies, as#J 3 A 2 Ilao jcn 'A good man.' ^Ij 1 (Jj 1 Kao shan 'A. high mountain.' Jpp -/pj 2 Kicang ho 'A broad river.' J^ 2 ,^ 3 Liany ma 'A quiet horse.' But in Chinese, as in Tamil, some adjectives are formed by the addition of a relative, or a substitute for a relative, to nouns of quality, when the adjective acquires a predicative force. In colloquial Chinese the word so added is ftfj Tih. As in the phrases | 4 f@* 5J$ 2 J| 4 fg. 1 ft] Pang shi t&'ntiJi, ' This sugar is coarse.' 54 CH1NKSK MANUAL. 3 3 tf'j ffl 2 & E9 1 ;fr fl-J Jangtih ' My field is square.' Other adjectives are formed by the relation of numeral + substantive, after the manner of such Latin words as ' bicornis,' ' centimanus,' etc., as for instance fc JjS; 1 Ta'ihshig ' The seven- starred.' fig 3 Tiff 2 Liangt'ou 'Double-headed.' 3B. 3 *Hr} Wufeng ' Five-peaked.' Others are formed by the relation of adjective -r- substantive, as in the phrases 3 '^- jlj 1 Poh- yun shan l The wliite-cloud mountains.' ^ jjf, 3 ^ 2 Po/ishu fs'tai ' The white-rat village.' Others again by the relation of substantive + substantive, as in the names ^' ^j? 1 Kimlm Ttiang 'The Gold-sand river.' jg, 4 ^ 2 [Ij 1 ^ww^r- e/iV/o s//ai,cj p'o hao ' My lowly ailment is rather better.' il 4 f= 2 S 4 M 4 i$? 4 ^ 5 ^ 3 Chet'iaolu t*ient*ien keng chai ' This road gradually becomes narrower/ ?x 2 W 3 W ~X* ft'j Dl 1 Met yu hai tnlih Many ' There is not a larger river.' fife, 1 it 1 7I 3 M 1 W ffi T'a I'fti yu tsientih ma ' lie has cheaper horses.' xS 4 llJ 1 Jt 3 $>* ill 1 ^ l Cheshan pi nasJian Jiao ' This mountain compared with that mountain is high.' ^'// minchung t'a s/ii laoshih 'lie is more honest than the other people of the city,' lit. ' among the people of the city he is honest.' CHINESE MANUAL. 57 "T si IB] s\ )} :K lull yuch c/t'cniff, 'The sixth month is longer than the other months of the year/ lit. 'In the twelve months the sixth month is long/ f^ 1 HI A 2 ix 2 W 3 IE 3 fnJ 4 A c fKf | Chung- Ificolt, jen mci yn Mienticnjentih hoh, 'Chinamen are not so black as Burmese/ lit. ' Chinamen have not the blackness of Burmese/ J;u clt'c hi'cn, ' To hire a cart is cheaper than hiring a vessel/ lit. ' To hire a vessel is not as hiring; a cart cheap/ iL 5 tJI 4 ~ IA 3 Tsoit man yiticn, 'Walk & little slower/ 1& 1 fi^ ^iM 4 fa 3 J^ 1 T'alih piny hao sic, '.His disease is better/ The double comparative is formed by the repe- tition of either j|j| Yuch, 'To pass over/ or jfo^ T~u. ' More/ as tit ^ J ^ $? ' ^'^ ^ y?^/* hao, ' The moro the better/ higher the more difficult it i? 1 to travel (over)/ A 2 ;i 3 ^ l M 4 ^, 3 f 3 ^" //'' ^ ^' y ' The more the men the more straitened the land/ The comparison in the positive degree is 58 CHINESE MANUAL. expressed by the use of Q 2 Jit, ' as,' * like as,' for example, M W~ sin 2 II 4 Yuch mingjn c/tou, 'The moon was bright as day.' The superlative is expressed either (1) by prefixing to the adjectives the intensive adverbs ^ 3 hen, 'very,' fft 4 tsui, 'exceedingly,' g? 4 c/if, 'highest,' 'most,' |fc 4 chi, 'the extreme,' $g txi']i, 'exceedingly,' ^ 4 shen, 'very,' f^ 3 //w, 'very,' JJ1 3 tin O* 'chief,' >g ////, 'extremely,' ^ ta, 'greatly,' 'very,' $f 3 hao ' very'; or (2) by pre- fixing the phrase -f- fy l shi/ifen, 'entirely'; or (3) by suffixing the adverbs ^ 3 hen, 'very,' ^ij 1 ^4 lihai, 'excessively,' ^ 4 */////, 'excellent,' and others, coupling them to the adjective by the verb ffi teh, 'to obtain'; or (4) by repeating the adjective ; examples 5C 1 al 4 &' ffi T'icnk'ihen lencj, 'The weather is very cold.' W 4- 1 ^ K %? W I 4 m 2 fc Siclimg tsiti tacltc kiao tolo si, ' The largest rhinoceroses are called Tolo rhinoceroses.' W $&* ^ Wt* Hai I" cM hien > PJ 4 i^ 4 PaMtottih p'ao ta teh lihai, ' Their guns are extremely large.' 60 CHINESE MANUAL H l fIS 4 fc 3 !$' Jife ' C7/* /<> /<" */"'".'/ V, 'Truly it is an exceedingly beautiful country.' $% 2 T ftf ?f 4 ig l #' 7 3 P'inj/fHfi/, //*/ lailiao, 'A most urgent letter has come.' The above are the forms of comparison most commonly in use. There are others which are occasionally em- ployed, but with which it is unnecessary to burden the pages of a manual. THE NUMERALS. CAUDIXALS. 1. Yi/t 2. JKr/t* H 4 3. San ^ l 4. /$'# in 4 5. TTntj. 3 6. Z// ^ 7. r*'y* ^ 8. Pah A 9. JTw ^L J 10. SJiih + 100. Po// -g 1000. r* c /vw ^-' 10000. Wan HI' COMPLEX FOKMS. To divide in twain.' X ft Sil ^ ^ or |oo |ooo loooo * f'f. Dravidian fr c t\m,* 'to split.* t Ancient sounds wot, icok, cf. Ostiak ret or r MANUAL. Ol The numerals between ten and twenty are expressed by shih = ten, with the addition of the number required. Thus eleven is -f- shih yih, twelve -p T"! 4 s ^ih cr7t, and so on. Twenty is expressed by 'two tens/ ~ 4 -f- tr/j shih, and thirty by 'three tens' ^* -f- srw s/cj/j, and so on until a hundred is reached, for which number the numeral fj po/t, or as it is sometimes written 4g, is used. In combination with figures above a hundred and below two hundred the numeral " one " is placed before poll and the additional number follows. For example ' a hundred and twenty' is rendered by fj ~ 4 -f- yih poll erh shih. ' Two hundred ' is ^H 4 "g erh poll, and the remaining hundreds are expressed in the same manner up to a thousand. ' A thousand ' is -^ yih ts'ien and 'eleven hundred' is ^ "{El yih ts'ien yih poh. 'Ten thousand' is $| 4 wan, a character which in its oiiginal shape was a repi'esentation of a bee, and hence the idea connected with it of swarms and great numbers. H yih i s ' a hundred thousand,' ;){ 4 chao ' a million,' 7K 1 ^'i^ff ' ten millions,' j% 1 Icai ' a hundred millions.' When a break occurs in the sequence of figures it is indicated by the Avoid ^ ling =. ' residue or remainder,' which corre- 62 CHINESE MANUAL. spends when so employed to the cypher used in our enumeration in similar circumstances. For example ' a hundred and five ' (105) is expressed in Chinese by U f? 2 55. 3 y*h Ph ^ n 'J w = a hundred with a remainder of five. jfp liany is very commonly used instead of JH 4 er/t ' two.' The numbers po h ' a hundred,' ts'ien 'a thou- sand,' and tcan 'ten thousand,' are frequently used to express indefinitely large numbers, e.g. "f 'jjj 1 Pok /cican, ^ 4 jjj 2 ican mm 'The whole body of officials' and 'all the people,' lit. The hundred officials and ten thousand people. Or again, ^ 1 [ij 1 Tf| 4 7JC 3 Ts'ien sJian ican s/tui, 'All mountains and rivers,' lit. 'A thousand mountains and ten thousand rivers.' The ordinals are formed by prefixing ^ 4 ti to the cardinals. Thus fj* 4 2E 1 ti san is 'the third/ The English expression 'upwards of is ex- pressed by the word f 2 yu 'the remainder' or 'overplus,' or >* to 'many,' which are thus used, -f- f^- $fc Shih yii tscih 'Upwards of ten robbers.' H 4 -f" % l Wg E>'h s ^ ii ^ to ma 'Up- wards of twenty horses.' As a matter of fact all numerical calculations ore in China made on the Abacus, which would appear to have been introduced into that country CHINESE MANUAL. 63 about the eleventh century,* and only at schools are arithmetical sums worked out on paper. The following is an example of the way in which such a multiplication sum as 25 x 25 would be shown as a school exercise. ij (2) ft (5) / /x \, / o \, / t / 6 (2) 0(5) The figures on the top represent the multiple and those at the sides the multiplier. (1) The two fives are multiplied together and the result placed in the two halves of the lower right hand square ( Ij ft ) = 25. (2) The two is multiplied by the five and similarly the result shown in the lower left hand square (|o) 10. (3) The five is multiplied by the two and the result given in the right hand top square (|o) = 10. (4) The two is multiplied by two and the result is placed is the left hand top square (o ^() = 4. (5) The figures are added up diagonally and the result is placed at the bottom of the figure, in this * "The Old Numerals, the Counting Rods and the Swan-pan in China." By Proi. Terrien de Laeouperie. 1883. 64 CI11XESK MANUAL. case (** ij {3) = 625. It will be seer, from this example that the value of the position of numbers is understood by the Chinese, and there is evidence to show that it was known to them at least six centuries ago. Of course the number of the squares is governed by the number of figures in the multiple and multiplier. Numeratirca. As in Japanese, Persian, Assyrian and some other languages, the Chinese, more especially in the colloquial, interpose certain recognised words between the numeral or de- monstrative pronoun and the substantive to which they refer. These numeratives correspond to a certain extent to the use of such words as ' head,' 'sail,' etc., in the English phrases 'Five head of cattle,' ' Six sail of ships/ and as a rule bear, as in these cases, a reference to the meaning of the substantives to which they are attached. For example ' a pencil ' is expressed by ^ 5p: Yih kican pih, lit. 'one reed pencil,' referring to the bamboo tube which forms the handle of the brush. Subjoined is a list of some of the commonest Xumeratives : ff| 3 Chan 'A small cup/ used before lamps, cups, etc., e.g. H 1 lH 3 Hi 1 Sanchan teng ' Three lamps/ H 3 $J 3 Yilichan ican 'A tea cup.' CHINESE MANUAL. 65 ^ C It ih 'standing alone/ before boats, fowls, gems, etc., e.g. f| $g 2 Yihchih ch'ucii 'A boat ' or ' ship,' 0* H gg l &&?/*i7* A-t ' Four fowls.' $% ' Je//# ' To seal,' before letters, packets, etc., e.g. -fc ^J 1 -g: 1 fg 4 Lu/ifeng shitsin 'Six letters.' 4'f 1 TLJYM 'A pole,' before fowling-pieces, etc., e.g. H 3 Jf 1 I& 1 JrX-w ^s'/flr 'Five fowling- pieces.' fu] 1 A7e ' An apartment,' before houses, build- ings, rooms, gardens, etc., e.g. [3] 1 Jp ^ 3 Ythkien fanfjtzfi 'A house,' H 1 P^ 1 % g 2 /S- A-/e/j A/cfl yuen ' Three gardens.' f|: Kien 'To divide,' before clothes, e.g. f^ 4 ^1 ^2 Yihkien ishany 'An article of clothing.' (0 4 or g 4 or ^ 7iTo ' An individual or thing/ before human beings, animals, coins, boxes, fruit, watches, etc, e.g. /\ flSj 4 A 2 Pithko jen 'Eight men/ M l ^S 1 ^ 3 ^*'*/^'o siangtsU 'Seven boxes.' j^ ^T'o 'A rank/ 'order/ before trees, e.g. ~ j& 3 SJ 4 Yik'oshu 'A tree.' ^ 3 /r j|j; 4 2SL 3 /\ ^ 7^ 3 ^ 4 $! 4 Mcisui mi I it ft yuch a/titi CHINESE MANUAL. 67 pao chang * Every year in the fifth and sixth months the waters fiercely overflow.' ADVERBIAL NUMERALS. Firstly, secondly, etc. are formed by adding ftl] Twh ' then,' to the cardinal number, e.g. ^lj Yih inch 'Firstly,' HI 4 f|ij Erk tseh 'Secondly,' and the series is commonly closed by VJJ 4 JJ. 3 Hwang ts'ie 'And moreover.' 'Once,' 'twice,' etc., are commonly expressed by adding Tz'u, pien, or htciti to the cardinal numbers, e.g. ^ft 4 Yih tzu 'Once,' pjij 3 ^jfu 4 Liang pien 'Twice,' H 1 HT 4 ^ an /w* 'Three times.' FRACTIONAL NUMERALS. 'A half is expressed by 3r 4 Yih pan, and other fractions are de- noted by the decimal parts of the whole. Every whole is divided into ten ft* Fen 'parts.' In this way 4- is expressed either by /\. ft* Pah fen 'Eight parts,' or by -f- # 4 || 3 A # 4 Shihfenli pah fen 'Eight parts in ten parts.' Time. As in Chinese history there is no event, such as the birth of Christ among Christians and the H'jira among Mahommedans, which could be taken as the beginning of an era, it was necessary to indicate time by the reigns of the Emperors, and this is done in two ways. On ascending the throne every Emperor adopts 68 CHINESE MANUAL. what is called a $- j 4 Nicn-hao ' Yeur designa- tion/ which consists of two words of felicitous import, and which to all intents and purposes becomes his name until his death, when he is endowed with a ' Temple designation,' or until he changes his Nien-hao. During the earlier dynasties the Emperors very commonly changed their Nien-hao, but for the last five or six hundred years no such case has occurred. The years of the reign are numbered from the adoption of the Nien-hao, e.g. the Nieu-hao of the present Emperor is ^ H 1 Kicaiiy-su 'The succession of Glory,' and 1876 being the first year of his reign, that year is described as ^fc 1 Hi 4 ' ^ 2 Ktcang-m yih m'cii = ' The first year of Kwang-sii,' and in the same way the present year (1888) is Kwang-sli shih nan nien = ' The thirteenth year of Kwang-sii.' The other way of expressing time is by adding the years of the sexagenary cycle to the Nien-hao. The use in China of the sexagenary cycle dates back to a very early period, and its years are designated by a combination of two words from two series of words, one consisting of ten and the other of twelve words. Prof. Terrien de Lacouperie has shown that these words are of Babylonian origin ; CHINESE MANUAL. 69 the Chinese call them the ten stems and the twelve branches. They are as follows : 10 STEMS. 12 JIKANCHES. ^ Kiah :p Tzu , Yih fl 3 Ch'ou W Ping jPi 2 Yin -y 1 Ting fj 3 Mao ft* Wu j^ 2 Shen ti 3 Ki B 4 Ssu Jg 1 Keng ^ 3 Wu ^! Sin ^ 4 Wei i 2 Jen J Shen The first year of each cycle is therefore ^p -jp s Kiahtzii, the tenth is ^ ! "g" 1 Kiceiyu, the eleventh ^ J^ KiaJmih, the twelfth 2* ^ 3 Yihhai, and so on until the last two words in the two series com- bine at the sixtieth and closing year. The present cycle began in 1864 KiaJitzA and the present year (1888) is therefore ;^ 3 ^ 3 Wutzu. But of course Wutzu has stood for the twenty-fifth year of every cycle since the beginning of history, and in order to mark therefore which 70 < 111NKSK MANUAL. lzti is meant, it is necessary to add the Nicn-hao of the reigning Emperor. Thus 3t' && ' )\* -J" 1 Kicang-sii tcufzit marks it definitely as the twenty- fifth year of the cycle during the reign of Kwang- sii, which can be no other than the equivalent to our 1888, unless, as has occurred once in the long history of China, the Emperor should reign over sixty years. The single instance of such longevity was that of the Emperor K'anghi, who ascended the throne in 1662 and died in 1722. It thus happened that the cyclical year 2 |^ 3 Jenyin=zl662 and 1722, occurred twice in his reign, and, to obviate all possibility of confusion, the second date was indicated by prefixing the word 3 yu, meaning 'a second time/ to the cyclical words. Thus K'anghi jenyin is equiva- lent to 1662, and K'anghi yu jenyin denotes 1722. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. The wealth of personal pronouns, or their equivalents, in Chinese is in inverse ratio to the frequency of their use. As in Japanese, they are never employed when the sense will allow of their being omitted ; but when called into play, those most commonly used for the 1st person ' I ' are (1) ^ 3 Ngo or Wo, anciently pronounced Nga, CHINESE MANUAL. 71 ffft, go, It an, a. It is interesting to compare with these words the Barman 1st personal pronoun nd or )i(jd ; the Tibetan nd or nga ; the Malay alam nd ; the Australian nya, nganya ; and the Tamil ydn, nan. (2) fig 3 Ngan, which is used among uneducated people in parts of northern China, and which also may be compared with the above. (3) dg 1 Tsa (4) g 2 Tsmi Examples ^3 2 ^3 ^1 ^ ^3 ^4 ^3 ^.-1 Woyu hn-ochuny kinfs'u c/icpen situ 'I saved this book from the fire.' fig 3 T M 2 W HI 2 M 4 fit 3 4 Ngan tao c/t'cng lit'ou tso inai/nai ' I am going into the city to trade.' PIT & 4 M 2 li 1 4 m i T 3 r^ 1 -? 3 ^ taai ho p'ienshang k'aitiao p'utzu 'I have opened a shop on the side of the river.' "a 2 '&* R 2 1^" 2 Jft 3 ^ 2 T 3 ^*ff 's"/7 Yun- nan fa htiliao 'I have come from Yunnan fu. For the second person ' Thou.' (1) fo*Ni. (2) j^ 3 Nin .QvKina. (3) ^^ J"//. 72 CHINESE MANUAL. Bishop Caldwell compares the Chinese iii ' thou' with ni, the Dravidian pronoun of the second person ; with the ni of the Scythian tablets of Behisttm ; with the Ugro-Ostiak nen ' thou,' ntn ' you two,' and nen ' you ' (indefinitely plural) ; and with the same word in some Australian languages.* Examples ffc 3 fc 3 ^ft 1 ^ &I 1 Niwo tu puh chi 'Neither you nor I know.' ^ In 3 HfJ 1 111 2 i/ 4 ft 3 Nin ts'ing k'ai Jncai ch'ang yin ? 'AYill you be pleased to throw off care and to take a social cup?' lit. 'drink.' Z& 3 P& 'JtS 1 ^ 3 J n ch'ih V cn M? 'Do you smoke ? ' For the third person, ' He,' ' She,' ' It.' (1) ftfi, 1 T'a, lit. 'that,' cf. Lappish tat 'he,' Tamil ta 'self,' and Sanskrit tat 'that.' (2) ;IL 2 K'i (unusual). Examples 1& 1 ^ ^ 5t 2 ff 2 T'a puh ynh yittring 'He does not wish to travel.' 2 3 4 " 2 ' extraordinary ability.' Like the Chinese nouns the pronouns are not * Bishop Calclwell's ' Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,' 1875. CHINESE MANUAL. 73 inflected, but remain unchanged in every relation, the cases being indicated, when necessary, by the addition of either prefixes or suffixes, exactly as in the case of the nouns. As for example in the phrase =$ 3 g 2 fft 3 |fc 4 f| 4 t, 1 Wo fan ni Idaohwui t l a ' I would trouble you to teach him,' it will be observed that though both ni and t'a are in the objective case, they remain unaltered. The plural is formed by suffixing fi 11 ] 2 men to the personal pronouns, thus, Wo ' I,' Women ' We ; ' Ni 'Thou,' Nimen 'You;' T'a 'He,' T'amen 'They.' The personal pronouns have no gender. The possessive pronouns are formed by suffixing fj{f tih to the personal pronouns in both the singular and plural numbers. Thus Wotih is ' my ' or mine ; ' Nitih is ' thy ' or ' thine ; ' Tatih is ' his/ ' hers,' ' its ; ' Womentih is * our ' or ' ours ; ' Ni- mentih is 'your,' or 'yours;' and T'amentih is ' their ' or ' theirs.' The same formations apply also to the other personal pronouns given above. In addition to the above pronouns a number of honorific and self- depreciatory terms are very commonly used in lieu thereof, by the employ- ment of which the speaker seeks to give a com- plimentary importance to the person addressed 74 (IIINF.SF. M ANTTAT,. 4 at the expense of hij own intellectual or social position. / 2 ^ 4 Yii ft 'Your stupid younger brother,' *J? :i ^ 4 Siao ti ' Your little younger brother/ >J* 3 A 2 Siao jen 'This inferior man,' f$j, 3 * Wan sheny ' Late-born/ are the usual self- depreciatory terms employed by the speaker, but on the other hand he deliglits to address his inter- locutor as ^ 3 j * Lao lining 'My old elder brother,' ^ ^ l Ta lio or if 1 If 1 TTo/.-o 'My elder brother,' My benevolent elder brother,' 'My wise elder brother,' *fc l tQ Siemheny ' Before -born ' i e. ' elder,' J "f Tsulthia ' Beneath the feet ' of the Sovereign, i.e. Minister. In like manner the speaker refers to his re- lations and personal belongings, as flj| 4 TXICH 'cheap,' |{& 4 Pi 'vulgar,' >J> 3 Siao 'small,' ^ 3 Ts'ao 'coarse,' and ^| 2 Han ' cold ; ' and to those of the person he addresses j| 4 Kicci ' honourable,' 3j l Tsun 'respected,' ~fjfc l Kao 'high/ /^ 4 Ling ' honoured/ ^ 3 Lao ' old/ and ;J1; 4 Ta ' great.' Examples ; if. 2 $ 4 ^ 1 H Jff * 2 3T ^ 4 rs Itinjih teh l 3 ffe 4 i^ 4 fJl 1 ^ 2 ^ 2 $W0 tfz 6W<7 '4 s\i XiJU /I* -U ftX J Chang wing I ' Your little younger brother's surname is Chang and his personal name is I.' >J* 3 A 2 ^ 4 H" 2 Uir- 1 ^. 4 Sino Jen writs' eng t'fngJfien 'This inferior man has not as yet heard.' $t H /^ 4 M 3 ^fe. 1 $5 fil 4 H Hoiijih shi icamhengtih chi jih 'The day after to- morrow is the late-born-one's day on duty ' (as Tang-chi-ti) ^ 3 JU, 1 B. 3 In' 3 JSS 4 '& 1 Lao hiung ts'ie t^ing fang sin ' My old elder brother be pleased then to set your mind at rest.' ts'ing ch'ih yihpei /ncuik'u 'My elder brother be pleased to take a glass (of wine) before you go back.' kishi k'ai? 'At what time does my elder brother's vessel start ? ' Jenhiung tsai son wicnk'iang wochoh pien- liao 'My benevolent elder brother yet | thrice urge me strongly and it will be I all right.' 76 CHINESE MANUAL. til 1 nyaiku 'My wise elder brother is very kind.' sicnsJieng kiao icemen shwoh htca ' Please ( " Before-born " [or Teacher] to teach us to converse.' /// ^< ining /twanei'/t ikiu 'The Minister's great fame has long poured into my ears.' M 4 f 4 n l W Tsienyang tu hao '(My) humble ailment is quite well,' HI // Talifupuhyuen '(My) unworthy village is not far from Ta-li f u.' s/iao ' The goods of my little shop are also not a few.' inuh tao siao ti ts'aonyan ' (You) have not been to your little younger brother's coarse hut for a long time.' ^5|" ^F'J 1 i 4 HJ 2 'M 3 ^? 2 -i^ 1 Stinking tsai yuenli sin Jnva '(My) cold thorn (i.e. my wife) is in the garden looking for flowers.' .3 & CHINESE MANUAL. 77 * Your little younger brother first paid his respects at your honourable palace.' ^ & 1 ^ & 1 A 2 MS ft 3 ^ Puh chi tsim- fiijen yancj hao foil ' (I) don't know whether your respected wife's ailment is well or not ? ' ft 3 (ft W &~ *D 2 It 2 H 1 Q 3 Nitih kao mhifj jit lei Jnuig erh 'Your lofty fame like thunder sounds in my ears.' >J> 3 %* %' 4 R l ^ 3 ^ f: 1 & 1 A 2 ^ l I 3 ^ 4 ^ 4 ^ rt<) ^ t'ingkieii hiungehangti tsunfujen shengliao Ungngai 'Your little younger brother hears that his elder brother's respected wife has given birth to an honoured beloved one,' i.e. a daughter.' ^ 3 "? 3 ffi 4 /f S 4 Laotzfi tsai puh tsai 'Is the old scholar (i.e. your father) alive or not ?' >J* 3 A 2 S a T, ^fl 1 ^c 4 A 2 ^ tt ^^ *'* /.wA c/w' ^rye ngaim-h ( How can this inferior man be ignorant of the great man's (your) kindly sympathy?' These depreciatory and complimentary adjec- tives are also very commonly used in these combinations. M 4 M 4 Tsien sing 'My (humble) surname.' | % 2 a tning ' ]\Iy (humble) name.' j i^ 4 ,, tzu 'My (humble) designation.' 78 CM IN KM-. MANUAL. JIj| f^J 4 Tsicn nci ' My (humble) wife/ | ;t 2 *" h'ai ' My (humble) talents/ fj{j( 4 fa Pi suit ' Our (vulgar) customs/ ' I $JE 4 8i '"ff 'My (unworthy) surname/ I Jslb 4 c '^'" ' My (unworthy) place.' I Jia ^* >J 3 {jf Siao >jil 'My (small) dwelling/ | j|/- crA 'My (little) son/ ^ 3 ,, k'iiten ' My (little) dog,' i.e. my son. jt 3 ^S 2 ^TsV/o ming ' My (coarse) name/ ' My (cold) dwelling/ men ~1\ 4 %'k } Kiccising 'Your (honourable) surname/ | i5f 3 ). t'i ' Your (honourable) person/ I l^ 4 c7/' ' Your (honourable) place/ | J]? 1 7,-e>//7 ' Your (honourable) age/ | )> Av t z 'u ' Your (honoured) mother.' ^ y%* ^[-3 Lao t'ou tzu 'My (old) headed one,' i.e. my husband. | y kiiy 'My (old) gentleman,' i.e. my husband. | |1 3 p'o ' Your (old) woman,' i.e. your wife. I T^i 1 ^fe. 1 sicns/ieng ' (old) master.' "X 4 A 2 Tajen ' Great man,' i.e. ' Your Excel- *: lency.' TIIK REFLEXIVE PRONOUN 'self in Chinese corresponds in meaning to the Latin sin', sibi, se, but it may often be regarded as a pronoun of 80 CHINESE MANUAL. the third person, seeing that it often stands alone as the nominative of a verb. It is expressed either by } 4 T~ft, g ' , 3 Tziiki, fl 4 ^Tziikia, or g 4 flg 4 ft- Tzuko-Mt. Of these forms the second Tziiki is most commonly used in colloquial Chinese. Examples S 4 ft 2 $ 2 f" 3 7'~'< /'"# t'ou shou ' He himself went and owned his misdeeds.' S 4 &- ISt 3 $3 3 ?='* t'on loicanrj ' He fell into his own net.' Q l fj 3 Jb ^^ro 'He has brought it on himself.' ^ Pi 3 S 4 'l^ 4 @ 4 Pw//*'o fefi Kit tzu 'One should not deceive oneself.' cannot allow you to take (it) upon yourself.' g 4 a 3 S 4 T 3 fl' 4 5(! ^^' 'w^/'ffo A-tfe'i'/* ' (You) yourself arranged the stratagem.' g 4 EL 3 Pf T 3 I5 1 ^='^* ch'iMiao kic'ei '(He) hknself has suffered loss,' lit. 'eaten injury.' These reflexive pronouns are also used as em- phatic additions to each of the personal pronouns like the English ' self,' in the compounds ' myself,' 'yourself,' 'himself,' etc. ' Thus J1 2 5^ 1 f& 3 & 4 B 3 4 Ming? ten wo fzfd-i k'ii ' To-morrow I am going myself.' st 4 & 4 ^ 4 f* 3 a 4 a 3 m i srtr M CHINESE MANUAL. 8l Chekien ssu shi ni tzuld haitang pantih 'This business is one which you yourself ought to manage.' DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The colloquial demonstrative pronouns are ^g 4 Che, and less frequently jjfc 3 Tz'u 'This,' and $fi 4 Na, and less frequently jj 3 Pi 'That.' These pronouns, like the numerals, are commonly followed by numera- tives. For instance il 4 10 4 m 1 M 1 4 E 1 M Chrio tnngsi shi t'atih ' This thing is his.' ! 4 ft M 2 ft 3 -L 4 ^ :! 31 CAcc/w/* C/*'CM Y/>^ Shanghai fah l This vessel is going to Shanghai.' ^| 4 fi 4 J^ 1 |^ 4 ip 1 T 3 CJteliang ch'e p'ohicai- liao 'This cart is smashed.' lib 3 R3 l 7v; 3 Hfc 4 W 3 Tz'Miien Mng eld hao ' The aspect of this place is very beautiful.' f) 1 Tfi 8 l^ 4 T 3 >S 4 i: 4 SL Noting kiaotza s/ti t'ai chung ' That sedan chair is too heavy.' SI) 4 * 3 #' ^ 4 * 3 @ 2J5 2 fa Napen shu shi Ji/ipcn liicoh laitih 'That book comes from Japan.' iifc 1 |% Jib 3 ?t 4 6i 3 T'a s/'-o/< ^'^ taopi'tte spoke of this and talked of that.' The two countries, that one and this one, contended together.' 82 CHINESE MANUAL. The above demonstratives Che and Na are used in forming adverbs of place, as jfg 1 jf| 3 Clicli or xl 4 2 Ctte-eM 'This place,' 'here,' and f> 4 II 3 -flTa/i or If) 4 ft 2 AWv/* 'That place,' or 'there.' SI 4 li 3 # 3 $ 4 A 2 > Cte/i ijupingj&n to 1 There are many ill here.' $r a* M f, 2 & 2 *r sr> 4 & 2 w as 2 * 4 Chc-erhtih ch'itcii mci yu na-erhtilt c/t'tten ta ' The vessels of this place are not so large as the vessels of that place.' & 4 8ft 4 II 3 ill 1 ii 1 iPj 2 l^ 1 ^"' ^' /' Ara> Ao s//e/ ' In that place the mountains are high and the rivers deep.' Na li or Na erlt are also used for the interroga- tive 'where?' But when so used, Na is pro- nounced with the third tone. is 3 & 2 # 3 *r Ji 3 * 4 ^ M 3 a 4 ^-^ y?/ chcmo tatih maimed ' Where is there so great a trade?' flfc * ^ 4 jjj 7 ) 3 >ji 3 T ( feff* wrr/t ' Where is he ?' CVte and Na, in combination with /Jjj 3 mo ' a sort* or 'kind,' form the compounds 'As this,' 'As that,' thus Chung kicoh meiyu chemo tatih ma 'In China there are not horses as large as this.' CHINESE MANUAL. 83 i 3 m 4 ft it 2 g 4 it 1 4? 3 a m 3 chungtih shiht'ou shi hishaoteh hen 'Stones as heavy as that are very rare.' THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (1) ' who,' (2) ' whose,' (3) ' which,' (4) ' what,' are expressed by (1) ill 2 Shui ' who,' and * Jg 3 A 2 S/rimmo Jen ' who ' or 'what man ' ; (2) if 2 fft Shuitih ' whose,' and 3j; 4 J| 3 A 2 fi{J Shimmo jentih 'whose' or 'what man's;' (3) |fl) 3 flU ' Nako 'which'; and (4) &* Ji 3 Shimmo 'what,' jpj Ho 'what.' Examples : (1) II 2 "t 3 UK m 2 W S 1 l 2 f 3 fi A-^ shicoh shuitih kiva-erh k'u ' Who is willing to sav that his own (lit. whose) gourds are bitter?' G&) m 4 i@ 4 M 2 : ? 3 ^ 4 ^i 2 W C'^-o fa*ff- tzti, shi shuitih ' Whose is this house ? ' (3) I 4 Ji 3 fi^l * W f 4 A 2 Maimatih shi nakojen 'Which is the man who sells horses? ' (4) fflS* f 1 W 3 ^ 4 E i3 ffi 4 W* Nako yu shim- mo yungt'oii ' What is the use of that ? ' il 4 $n 2 W ^ H d/ie ch'iten ho ch'u fah ' What place does this vessel go to ? ' It may be convenient here to speak of the pro- nominal interrogative adverbs 'when,' 'how,' and 'why.' The first is expressed by $| 3 Jj^ 2 Kishi, fa 2 flf 3 HosM, (lit. 'what time') and 4 CH1NKSE MANUAL. Toisaii; the second by '^' 4 J|?- 3 Ttiemwo, j= 2 K'i, fa 2 Ho, and > To-, and 'why' by ^ 2 ^ )&* Wei */iiwnio, fa- fn) 2 WeiJto, $fc 2 fnf 2 Fucii/io, fjij 2 $fc 4 I/O/. Examples: fa 3 ;ft8 2 $l 3 Jft 2 B3 ' ^ ch'tteu Mali k'ai ' Wh.^n does your vessel sail?' ilfc 1 % l "g 3 7 ^ 3 T 3 1" fotsau luiliao* "\VIien did he come?' ig 4 Jf:' * 5C. 1 <3 tft fe 5 ^- 4 i J * s Tsemmo ts'iny t'ien pnhjih shitohk'i meny hica lai ' How can you give utterance to (such) dreamy words (in the light of) a clear sky nnd bright sun ? :t 2 7* :fc 4 t?B 4 fit ffe l ^'* ^/< to wn*ih t'a * How were you not greatly grieved for him ? ' fiJ 2 & Ho 1 3H* Ho tsuh tang ho 'IIo\v is (this event) sufficient to justify your congratulations : ' SI) 4 f 4 ill 1 &* % l Blr 1 Nako s/ian s/ti to kao 1 How high is that mountain ? ' ?1 3 ftH 1 l 2 I 4 fe* E* 1 ^ 2 A 2 IK 2 Jfo- chou ping icei shimmo kiao k'ijen ni '' Why are Manchu soldiers called banner men ? ' fill 1 ^ 2 iiil 2 fS 1 7,-m ;>w// /fli ' Wl.y have ou not been for so long ? ' CHINESE MANUAL. 85 laileh hicanysuh ' Why did you come so very quickly ? ' THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. Strictly speaking Chinese has no relative pronoun, and this de- ficiency is made up either by dividing a sentence which in English would take a relative form into two or more sentences, or by using a relative participle which is followed by a substantive ex- pressed or implied, or by the use of the particle J>Jf so. The first method is by far the commonest ; for instance, instead of such a sentence as ' There is a man at Shanghai who is the richest in the Empire,' a Chinaman would prefer to say ' There is a very rich man at Shanghai ; he is the richest in the Empire. . But when the second form is adopted the possessive case sign (ft tih is suffixed to the verb, thus expressing the meaning of endowed with, possessed of, having, which has, etc. This peculiarity is common also to Japanese, the older Scythian languages, as well as the Dravidian languages. Thus in Chinese 'The house which I hire' is expressed by ^ 3 fjf| 4 fiff jgp ^ Wo liidili fanytzu, lit. 'The house of my hiring,' or ' The boat which I bought yesterday ' by f 3 Bfe ^ fl 3 #J flft 2 Wo tso/it'ien maihh ch'uen, lit. 'The boat of my yesterday buying.' But very 86 CHINESE MANUAL. frequently, when the sense does not require the expression of the final substantive in the clause, it is omitted, and this is very commonly the case when the relative clause expresses an action and forms the subject of a sentence. In many such cases the Chinese tih is the equivalent of the English er in such words as ' speaker,' etc. For example,' Who is he that speaks ?' or 'Who is the speaker? ' would be in Chinese f j^ 1 fiff ^ 4 3|t 2 Shicohhicatih shi shui. Here j'en 'a man' is un- derstood after tih, and the phrase then literally translated is 'The man of speaking words is who ? ' Or again 'The man who builds boats is named Li,' Hinice fj& 4 $j 2 ftfj ^ 4 4 ^ 3 Tsoch'nentih hi niny Li 'The (man) of building boats is named Li.' Or, 'Who is he that has come?' otherwise 'Who is the comer?' is rendered by 7 ~ 63 7| 4 ^ 4 H 3 A 3 Laitih *hi s/ihiuno j'en. In this case jen is understood after the tih, and the sentence then reads ' The man of coming is what man ? ' In the same way in the phrase t, 1 ft ftf & n~ ** ?' T ' throw/* *//i Init'u Ima, /nca is understood after tih, and the sentence is to be translated ' The words which he speaks are words of folly.' The relative ' whatever,' ' whoever,' is expressed CHINESE MANUAL. 87 by / fi^ 4 or 3ttt 2 |j^ 4 puh lun or tcu lun 'no matter/ lit. 'not discussing.' Thus f|fj/ J[ 4 ^ ffr* 4 Ji 3 HC l W 1 3B 1 ^ & 3 Z* *>'/* Am shimmo tungsi tupuh liao ' "Whatever things he sells they are all bad.' Again^ 4ffi 2 ft* & J A 2 # 3 B] f 3 ^ 'S 4 ^ J ^" w ^ MW shimmo jen lai sJncoh ico puh tsaikia 'Whoever comes say that I am not at home.' 'Which ' or 'that which ' is sometimes expressed by jj)f 4 so or ftfy till, the first of which follows the subject and precedes the predicate, while the tih immediately follows the predicate. As fft 3 j^J 4 ^t ffi f?f 4 -^ so shwohtih liwa 'The words which you spoke.' So is also used by itself in this sense, as in the phrases 5jfli 2 J^f 4 ^ ^ 2 ^" so ;>A tcei ' There was nothing which he did not do,' 3Bf. 2 ji/f* ^ "tb 3 ^' so puh ne.ng' There is nothing which he cannot (do),' ft; 3 # 3 ^f* %, ^l 1 JV/ // so puh chi 'There is that which you do not know.' INDEFINITE PKOXOUNS. ' Some person or thing' is expressed by 5j 3 Mou, as in the sentences Jit 3 H: 4 3 3 A 2 'M l ^ z H 4 Tzii, shimoiy'en kia tzu ti ' This is a youth of the household of some one,' ^ 3 ^ 3 | 4 M 3 ^* 4 Y U mou yaokin ssti ' There is some important matter ' ' Some ' in the 88 CHINESE MANUAL. plural is expressed by *J| ' 7i7 or g* ' [0 ' 7f/ 7,-0 and ^ Sic or JS ! flg ' S/s ' e ^''^ mc i .'/" ' ^ s there something to eat or not ? ' 'Any ' or 'anything' is expressed by |-* j|^ r< Shimmo, a word which more commonly means ' what,' as has already been pointed out. As ill 1 Jfc 4 3* ft* * &' 'S/w'* ti pith c/t'aii ftJiinuno 'The mountain lands do not produce anything.' fft 3 W 3 i 4 t: 3 ^ 3 m 1 H 1 3 ^' y s/timmo Itao tiuiyai mo ' Have you any good things?' 'No,' 'none,' and 'nothing' are expressed by the negative with Shimmo, thus : ffc'' ^ i 4 ^ 3 T 4 IS 4 Wo ninh shimmo hca fan ' I have no inferior food,' CHINESE MANUAL. 89 & tE 4 $5 3 ^'J l H 2 Muh skhnmo litx'ien 'There was no money profit.' fS 5 & 2 W 3 tE 4 IT if 3 63 Wo mei yu shinnno liaotih 'I have nothing that is good.' ' Other ' or ' another ' is expressed by ^JlJ pieli, or J}|J fi$ PieMiJi, gfc 3 Kai, and ^ T'a. W. ffi JjlJ tl* ^ ^ l ^ 3 -ff*/* C/*'M/* ]>ie/t!/(Mf/ti/t as it fni ' To arouse and develop another kind of business.' fifc 1 ft 4 I 3 #IJ A 2 i^ 2 1ft 4 TV* *'fVj/iVw pielijen ts'icnc/ifii ' He owed another man a debt.' |! 4 4 ^'J ^ A 2 ^ 2 Kiao piflttihjtn lai 'Call another man to come.' Incohtih irtnpnJi t'ung 'It is diflferent from learning the literature of other nations.' yaityjzu mo ? ' Is it of another kind ?' ^3 g^s ^i ^2 JP0 /. flf v,v n / ff| - Ji 3 filL 8 ^T 1 Yueuch'-u t'afang 'He lives far off in another place.' ' Each other ' is expressed by ^0 1 Siawj. 00 CHINESE MANUAL. ^tl 1 ^f l Bt'angpang 'To help each other.' riangkien ' Please to come into the inner hull that we may see each other/ THE VERB. Verbs in Chinese are without conjugation, and many of them are used indiscriminately as verbs, nouns, and adverbs. Whatever the voice, mood, tense, number, or person they may be in, they remain immutable. The force they possess de- pends on the context or on certain other verbs which are occasionally added to them to indicate the exact part they are intended to play. Chinese verbs are transitive or intransitive according to whether the actions they express do or do not terminate in the agent. Thus in the phrase ffi 3 t l Ts'ao sheng 'Herbs grow,' shetig is intransitive, but in the phrase fjfj, 1 fjfj ]gj 4 dk 1 T 3 $i? 1 T'ati/i mien shenf/liao ch'wany 'His face has grown an ulcer,' s//eng becomes transitive. In the same way with the verb 11^ { Siao 'to laugh' or 'to laugh at:' flj 1 [l 4 T'a siao 'He laughs,' and A 2 'W I& 4 fifi 1 ^ tu siao t'a 'Men all laugh at him.' Some verbs are never CHINESE MANUAL. 91 transitive, such as $** Tso 'To sit,' y& 4 Chan 'To stand,' 2j 2 Lai ' To come,' etc. Some transitive verbs become intransitive by being repeated with yih 'one.' Thus H 1 3* 1 Ts'ai yih ts'ai ' To guess ' intransitively, jjjjjj /jjjlj SJncah yih shwah 'To brush' intransitively, f^ 1 fl 1 Fan yih fan 'To turn,' intransitively, etc. The substantive verbs are ^ 4 Shi, ^ 5 Yn, and $ 2 Wei, 'To be,' and g 4 Tsai when it refers to place. Thus HI) 4 ^ i: 4 f@ 4 5! 2 M 4 JVfl />'* * 7 7 ' cr///w' 'That is not a child's play.' W W fi* A 2 ^ J 3 Wait'ou yu jen lai, Hao ' Outside there are some men come.' $ 2 E 2 ^ %j* Wei c?Mn puh i 'To be a minister is not easy.' 3K 1 ^ x ^ & :5 n l TuwjL-ia puh txai 'kin 'The master is not at home.' There is no causative verb in. Chinese, that is to say, there is no single verb which expresses the force of causing to do a thing, as there is in the Turkish, Dravidian, and other languages. But in Chinese, as in the Indo-European lan- guages it is necessary to express the idea by a circumlocution, and for this purpose the auxiliary verb j|fc 4 Kiao ' To teach ' is used, for which \fy* 92 CHINESE MANUAL. Kino ' To call ' is often but improperly substi- tuted. Thus fc 1 fife 1 7& 3 ^ Kiao t'a k'ilni 'Cause him to get up.' J|L |fc j $ 3 *J 3 A 3 J/o/j A; wo ?ro /e/?Y7 kin ' Do not cause me to wait long.' /.so ' Who caused you to sit moping at home?' It 3 ffc 3 Ifc 1 Hfe 1 II ^ 2 T^intjnikiao t'afah tx'im ' I beg you to cause him to advance some money.' There is a large class of verbs in Chinese which may be called iterative, that is to say, they are each composed of two verbs of identical or nearly identical meanings. As for example : l^J 1 J| 4 Shangliang 'to consult on,' from Shang ' to consult ' and Liang ' to deliberate.' f^ 3 f- Hicangnwng 'to be agitated,' from Hicang ' to be apprehensive ' and Mcmg ' to bo flurried.' jfj] 4 $| l Ssti/tOH 'to wait upon,' from SsA 'to wait upon ' and Hon ' to wait.' P :i ID 1 C/i'aonao 'to brawl,' from Ch'tio 'to wrangle ' and Nfio ' to make a disturbance.' F?J 4 IH' WeH*iii 'to examine judically,' from Wen 'to enquire' and $? 'to investigate.' fj? 1 Pf l Ch'englm 'to designate,' from C7/V0 ' to style ' and Hu ' to call.' CHINESE MANUAL. 913 ^C 4 ff 4 Sicanki 'to scheme,' from Sioan 'to calculate' and Ki'tv plan.' 1& 4 \ K'wtt'hicoh ' to be delighted,' from K'icai ' to be glad ' and H-icoh ' to be cheerful.' ta 3 Ifi 3 Chitien 'to indicate,' from Chi 'to point out ' and Tien ' to point out.' ff| 4 fjnj 4 Hun 'to discuss,' from /'to deliberate ' and Lun ' to discuss.' ?fc 2 i K'iuk'ih 'to supplicate,' from IL'I'U 'to beg ' and K'ih ' to entreat.' jf 4 tfi 4 J^^'ff ' to fear,' from Ku ' to fear ' and P'a ' to be afraid of.' J$fc* H 4 ZBftwiflr 'to sport/ from Hi 'to play' and i?w?# ' to toy with.' |r 4 f| Kiuhwoh 'to save,' from Kin to 'deliver' and ZfifoA ' to protect.' ^fc 1 |^ 4 Ts'aolien 'to drill troops,' from 7V00 ' to drill ' and Lien ' to practise.' $l 2 ^\T ( ifang 'to watch against,' from 2*i ' to attend to ' and Fang ' to guard against.' $1 ^ Yohshuh 'to restrain,' from FoA 'to bind' and Shuh ' to restrain.' ^MJ 1 >^i Kiishuh 'to coerce/ from TTw ' to bind ' and Sf/tih 'to restrain' or 'coerce/ and many others. THE PASSIVE VOICE. Chinese, like the Dravi- 94 CHINESE MANUAL. dian languages, has no regular passive voice, .nor has it any means of expressing passivity by annexing particles, as in the Sanskrit. It how- ever indicates passivity either by position or by the use of certain auxiliary verbs. For example, in the phrase \jfc* >fft 3 fft 1 i^ 4 J 3 KiaJnco tit hicailiao 'The furniture was all broken,' the position of the verb points to its being in the passive; or again in the phrase tfi 1 [U A 2 ^ & ft 1 $T A 2 2 A 2 Ji 3 CJntntjhcoh jen pith shi fen k'i jen min jen mo? 'Are not Chinamen divided into Bannermen and Civilians ? ' But when it is necessary otherwise to convey the force of the passive, the auxiliary verbs |$ 4 Pi 'to suffer,' *]g 4 Shoii 'to receive,' and p Ch'ih ' to eat,' are employed. This formation, in com- mon also with the Dravidian languages, in which pad-u ' to suffer/ is used in such expressions as ko11a-(p)pattan 'he was killed,' lit. 'he suffered a killing,' much in the same way as pi is used in Chinese; and the Dravidian vn 'to eat' is used like the Chinese Clfih in such a phrase as adi imdan 'he was beaten,' lit. ' he ate a beating.' Examples : *U 2 ^ 1 Ik' 4 E 1 - & 3 "& 1 m T 3 Ju^ 1 feng yih k'i ch'uiloh-liao ' It has now been blown CHINESE MANUAL. 95 dawn by a gust of wind,' lit. ' it has now suffering a gust of wind been blown down.* ,*| 3 IX* H 2 fr 3 W 7 3 Ma l )l ki ia M'uliao ' The horses were struck dead by a thunder storm/ lit. ' the horses suffering a thunder storm were struck dead.' ffc 3 '%* ^ 7 4 Wo sJwu k'iliao'Iwas scolded/ lit. ' I received scolding.' fife 1 ^ I 3 fft 2 fi5 M' 1 ft 1 T'a sJtouliao nitih k-ifa ' He was insulted by you/ lit. ' he received your insults.' am unwilling to be ill-used/ lit. ' I am unwilling to eat ill-usage.' m 1 M* fi 4 A 2 &* fa 2 ?V W Pt 3 J feV T'a nakojen tmi yamenli ch'ihliao k'wei 'That man was ill-used in the Yamen.' fife, 1 P 7 3 ^ 4 T'a ch'ihliao hai 'He was injured/ lit. 'he ate injury.' The verb JJ 4 Kicn ' To sec ' is also occasionally used to denote the passive, as in such phrases as jf, 4 3| 4 Kicn siao 'To be laughed at/ lit. ' to see laughter/ or If, 4 J| 4 ^c /;'/ 'To be rejected/ lit. 'to see rejection/ TENSES. The tenses in Chinese are commonly expressed by the context; for example, in the 96 ( HINBSE MANUAL. sentence f$ j BJ} 2 ^ %. 2 Wo nnngt'ien lai ' I will come to-morrow,' no tense-particle is required to show that the verb is in the future tense. So again in the phrase ife 1 Qfe J^ 1 & T'a tioht'icn ku ' He went yesterday,' the verb is plainly in the past tense. But when the context is insuffi- cient to indicate the desired tense, certain verbs and particles are used to mapk the past and future tenses of the indicative mood, the imperative mood, the present tense of the potential mood, the present participK and gerund. The common signs of the past tense are the verbs ~$ s Liao 'To finish ' and j^ 4 Ktco ' To pass by,' both of which, follow the verbs which they modify; and ^ J Ts'eng and (3 3 . 'past,' with the compound j^ 3 Ig 1 Ifciiif/ 'Already passed by,' which always precede the verbs which they modify. Examples : W ^ & T 3 H 1 ^f- 1 ^ ~& $&~ 3 3 Tsitngtuh fahliao san ts'ien ki poh yintzu ' The Viceroy paid out three thousand and some hundred (tacls) of silver.' fH 2 & l fc 4 T 3 ii Sheng shi p'oliao Hit ' Using his advantage, he defeated the enemy.' ^ 3 & Jij 4 5 4 SI) 4 (S 4 It 4 $J l Wo mei taokico tlfang ' I have not been to that place.' CHINESE MANUAL. 97 i p'utziilit'ou ico kienktco yiko k'ikwai tungsi ' In the shop I saw a curious thing.' fife 1 H 2 M 4 j 3 5C 1 T 1 Z* ^'<% pientsou t'ienhia ' He has made a circuit of the Empire.' ^ 1 $L EL 3 W 3 H l 3S 1 ^^ y e 2 V u san keny 'It has already reached the third watch of the night.' j}f) 4 f^ 4 ^ 4 P. 3 Uf 4 S- 3 I' 1 Nakien ssu i pan t'otany ' That business has been arranged securely.' t, 1 B 3 a 1 l& 3 J'l 4 "M 4 T 4 T' Mng t ( * tihia ' He has lain down on the ground.' m 4 fE* If 1 ? 3 G 3 IS 1 T 4 I 4 7 3 CM-o slientzU ikiny hiataicnliao ' This body has become disgraced.' THE FUTURE TENSE. This, in common with the other tenses of the Chinese verb, is very com- monly expressed by the aid of the context alone, as in the sentence, ^ 3 #} fljf 2 jig 1 Ji) 4 J 3 g 4 j$ 2 ffk 1 Hf 4 M ffi-JFoti/t s// ft/it it faoliao tzujan tsiii Incui JaJits^ai ' (When) my chance has come, then assuredly I shall be able to make money.' Here the verb land 'to be able' is necessarily in the future tense, and no tense-sign is needed to show that it is so. At other times the future is indicated by the 7 98 CHINESE MANUAL. use of the verbs }|f ' T&iang 'shall' or 'will,' and H 4 Yao 'to want' or 'desire.' Thus : yiting t'a tsiang ssA 'The disease is virulent and he certainly will die.' ^ 7G 2 T 3 flfc 1 Jif ' ISI 2 $ 2 &fi &H> fa >*>/# hwuilai ' When the business is finished, he will come back.' ffi 2 H :5 ^l 3 fS 4 ffil] 1 ^ ffl* fc l T'icnli tsao (do /ifing yao k'aihica 'In the fields the early rice will be just bursting into flower.' Bfl 2 $.- ^ 3 | 4 ^ 4 Mingnicn wo yao k'ii ' Next year I shall go.' THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. The imperative mood, when it is used affirmatively, is commonly expressed by the verb alone, as, for example, the order which is to be heard on the execution ground or in a street riot, ^f 3 Ta 'Strike.' Sometimes the verb ^'| 4 Pa ' To suffice ' is added to the verb, as in the phrase (ft 3 ^ 1 %%* Ni k'ii pa 'You go,' lit. 'you go and it suffice ;' or the verb f^ ;3 Ha ' To allow ' is prefixed to the verb, as in the phrase ^ 3 fjlj, 1 {ij /V Hii t'a ch'uh juh ' Let him go in and out.' The negative form of the imperative mood is at times expressed by the use of the following words : )J|J Piefi, %\] 4g 4 Pich yao, ^ ^- 4 Puh yao 'Do CHINESE MANUAL. 99 not;' 7fc $j 4 Puh yung 'Do not use;' ^ fp Ptt/i //M ' Do not allow ;' {ft 1 Hiu ' To stop ;' and ^ J/bA ' Do not.' Thus : E'J ^. 3 >i 4 ^ 4 P?A./e 7*fro ** 'Do not bring gratuitous evil on yourself.' E'J M 4 iC 4 tfe 4 & Pich y<> tai sinrjkih 'Be not too hasty.' ^ iS 4 S 3 1^ ii 1 -P"^ V a( > *Meh xti ' Do not write it askew.' ^f JB 4 Hi 4 ^ 4 -P"/* ^^f/ tung k'i 'Do not be angry.' ^ It 3 fife 1 ^T 3 fit 4 ?iih M t'a tachany 'Do not let them fight.' {ft 1 it 4 /; ^ f^ M 4 A* Hiu him? luh c/t'u/t tso/t tsien Jen 'Do not allow the six domestic animals to injure men.' ' Do not say that Providence is unendurable.' The future imperative, answering to the tense- sign ' must,' is iormed by prefixing the words tjfa Pih, ^ Su, ^J H Sit i/ao, ,% ^J 1 Pili sit, all meaning ' must.' Examples : /7 *& M 1^" T -P"^ pih kinyhwangliao ' You must not be alarmed.' 1 ' ft> 3 m i m l & ffs 2 nj m fs 4 ^* ^ ^- nientih shicohhica 'You must listen to what we say ' 100 CHINKS!-; MANUAL. fjV ; HI 1 4g* ,gt 4 f' M tuyao hi hmii 'You must shun the use of names which arc tabu.' hii ' You must come instantly.' THE POTENTIAL MOOD. The present tense of the potential mood is expressed either by suffixing the auxiliary verb f^ Teh 'To obtain' to the principal verb ; or by prefixing "nj" 5 Ti'o, or TJ' 5 H 3 K'o-i 'Can/ or ^ 4 Hum, or |f- Ae//^/ 'To be able.' As, for example : $i> ft 67//YeA 'It can bo done/ Jfl* ^| YunytM 'Can use' or 'it can be used.' ^ :) f^ finite ft 'Can buy' or 'it can be bought,' \^ ^ ^o^/< 'It can be done.' ^ ^ SlncoJttelt 'It can be said.' Q ^: - flj Ta laiteh ' He can come.' f% 3 f^' ! f| iro 8'nteh 'I can believe.' The negative form of such compounds is ex- pressed by the insertion of the negative / Pnh between the principal verb and the auxiliary. Thus : $.' / ^ SItipuhfeh 'It cunnot be done.' JB 4 /T ^ Yiinypuhteh 'Cannot use' or 'it cannot be used/ etc. fl} 7e/ is often used in the potential sense in compound expressions composed of the principal verb and a complementary verb. Thus : CHINESE MANUAL. 101 i! 1 & !J T'ingWich'uh' Can hear distinctly.' & 1 , 3 | | SifwgfMc/t'nh 'Can think it out dis- tinctly.' IS 4 I I Jeidehc h ( uh ' Can recognise.' ; 4 I ; Kicotehk'ii ' Can pass by.' H 4 I Jl K'atitehktcn ' Can see.' l^ 3 I ?. Totehktco 'Can escape,' and many others. The negative form of these compounds is ex- pressed by the substitution of ^ Pnh for & Teh. Thus : $1* / |f{ T'ingpuhch'uh* Cannot hear distinctly.' ^ 3 /f H3 Sicmgpuhch'uh ' Cannot think it out distinctly,' etc. In some compounds in which the auxiliary Teh is suffixed to a principal verb, it appears to have lost much of its independent meaning, and only to re- tain so much as to limit the verb to a single act. As : !H 4 ft Kit eh "To remember.' fjg. 4 ffi Jente/i 'To recognise.' ^f 3 ffi Shengteh 'To avoid.' ^ 3 f{| Jficnteh ' To escape from.' JIJjj 1 ffi T'ing- tih ' To hear.' ffj 3 ffi Tunyteh 'To understand.' But in such cases the negative is fonned not by substituting ^ Pnh 'not' for teh, as in the pre- vious instances, but by prefixing Pith. Thus f 3 ^ |E 4 & Wo pith Mth 'I do not 102 CHINESE MANUAL. remember.' -j^, 1 / jgjj 1 ^ T'a pith jenteh ' He does not recognise,' etc. Occasionally Teh takes the second place in com- pounds of three words, of which the first is a verb and the third an adverb, and when so placed it frequently loses its potential force. As $f ' f*f. ty Chanteh shao 'It has been little profitable,' lit. ' making profit it has obtained less.' |Jf ^ J ' Chchteh to '(I) have deducted much.' f$ ff J| 4 Shicohteh shi'It is spoken rightty.' f$fc 4 ffi $} Tsoteh hao 'It is well done.' In these and similar cases the negative is formed by adding / Pnl after Teh and before the adverb. Thus : $f 4 ffi ~ >|; 3 Chanteh pith shao 'It has been not a little profitable.' $f ^ ^ ^ ! CheMeh pith to 'I have not deducted much.' |^ f^ ^ ^ l Shicohteh puh shi 'It is not spoken rightly.' Sometimes again Teh takes the second place in compounds of three words, of which the first is an adjective and the third an adverb. As : ^fe ?Tf JH 3 Jehteh kin 'It is extremely hot.' f5c ft 2 ^ ^t 3 ^ Hwnyteh kin 'I am urgently b 118 }''' J3* 3 ^ M 3 Haoteh kin ' It is extremely good.' =g 3 ^ $ 3 luttc/i kin. 'It is extremely troublesome,' etc. Teh is also employed to form the optative mood CHINESE MANUAL. 103 in such expressions as (^ ^ ffi Pa puh teh ' Oh that it might be so.' pj" K'O AS A SIGN OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD. Examples : iP 3 ^ Pp ifc f&* Kicapuh k'o tih chtmg 'The few cannot stand against the many.' ffc 3 Pp & 4 if 4 W fa $C Ni k'o tsai cheli snlihieh ' You can sleep the night here.' (g 3 7* Pf 3 ^ V& Tsiu pu/ik'o to cfrih 'Wine cannot be drunk in large quantities.' iif 3 J[^ 3 K'O-I AS A SIGN OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD. Examples : fL 1 Pj 3 W K *Pj 3 J^l 3 T'a k'o-ipuh k ( o-i * Can he or can he not ? ' ffc 3 Pi 3 &? # 2 ^ JV* /t'o-t fe'MW^ hioh 'You can follow (his) instructions.' fc 3 Rl 3 JIU 3 ^ W Wo k'o-i hicohli ' I can make a profit.' ^ 4 HWEI, ' CAN ' = ' TO BE ABLE,' AS A SIGN OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD. Examples : ^i ||.4 jj^4 || i j ff / nce i t s o s/ii 'He can make poetry.' 3' ^ 4 ^ *? ^ r ^"' tfi s/e ^ 2 " 'I cau write characters.' Sf) 4 f 4 A 2 'i' 4 ^ 2 0j 3 Nakojenhiceik'ima * That man can ride.' 104 CHINESE MANUAL. $C ; ^ 4 H\ 4 *3 l 1V h n ' c i ^ ie k* m( l ' I can shoot with the bow.' 1^3 ^i u|g ^gs jy-j / mv - ch'j/i t s i u 'You are able to drink wine.' l^ 2 NEXG, 'To HE ABLE,' AS A SIGN OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD. Examples: $t 3 flu 2 lit 111 1 ^ n ^ n O ^'^ S ^' M 'I can rea d-' fill' 1 ^ Kb 2 ^v 3 f^ 4 ^" ^"/* eflf A-/ tai 'He cannot wait long.' A 2 ^fe. 1 Ht 2 ^ 3 fill 2 Jen dienfl neng Idho 'Man's life c;in (endure) for how long?' ffc 3 W W W $f> 3 ^ 4 Ni yen ntng cltuli ico k'i ' How can you arouse my anger ? ' THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The subjunctive mood is expressed in Chinese either by position or by prefixing the particles ]g Joh and fa - ^ Ju kico 'If to the verb. As for example : A 1 '// ' If you do not go, I also will not go.' ife 1 / Uf /fc :) fM 4 ^J 3 T g a pith chcli pen picn hao ' If he does not reduce his capital, it will be well.' ffc 3 fc 4 ^ ^ 4 ^ 2 if 4 ^' }tfto Jtloh M" f J !/"/' // e/^flo- naotilt ss& ico pnh lai 'If it is to be a riotous business I will not come.' ^ -H 4 AD 2 Jit 3 Joh *hiju tzu 'If it be thus.' ill 2 ^ 3 yS.* II 4 /#'> 2 ?fc- Kiao t'a na ch'a hi ' Tell him to bring tea,' lit. ' tell him to lake tea and come;' or again ^ 3 |^- 3 ffo 3 ^ 2 fc 3 M ft 1 2K 2 Wo f *'" lf J ni na * rofifl ' 8lnt kii ' I request you to bring my books.' Lnl is also added to other verbs having the CHINESE MANUAL. 107 sense of ' drawing ' or ' bringing.' For instance, we have f^, 1 '$ %\ $J 4 2K 2 T'a ynh pah Men lai 'He wished to draw his sword,' lit. 'he wished to pull out his sword and come.' It is commonly used also with the verb Jf| 3 h tn 9 * * drag' or 'collect.' As ft i S* IB* IK 1 H 1 K 3 Jit 3 $ 2 Prt c/ielio tungsi ts'iihmg lai ' Take these things and gather them together.' ^- ffi fl 4 ffi fH 3 2K 2 -^ Mfl ^' ^' w &ohiug lai 'Take that dust and sweep it together.' ^ 2 55 4 ^ 1 ^ l f^ 3 J|| 3 2JS 2 Na na sie shu taohing lai 'Take those several books and gather them together.' Prof. Julien described such words as J2 1 pa and ^ 2 na in the three foregoing sentences as signs of the accusative case, and would have translated the above as 'gather together those things;' 'sweep that dust together;' 'gather those books together.' Lai is also used to give the approaching direc- tion with verbs such as pj 4 Tao 'to arrive at,' f^ 3 Wang 'to go towards,' Jpf 2 Htcei 'to return,' j* Kico ' to pass,' and fj Ch'uh ' to go out,' and in all these compounds the place or object when named is interposed between the principal verb and its complement. Examples : 108 CHINESE MANUAL. cltihicn tao chc-erh lai 'To-morrow the district magistrate will arrive here,' lit. ' will arrive hero and come.' 2'sunytuh nnug die ch'i-iiy lailiao 'Last evening the Viceroy came in the direction of this city.' f nj} 2 rf 2 [uj- rf? 1 f| 2j 2 TFo mimjnicn facet Clning-kiioh lai 'Next year I shall come back to China.' fifc 1 & 4 >]^ jfc- ^ ipf 2 -%.* J 3 Tn haitiao ch'iien l;ico Jio lailiao ' He came across the river in a small boat.' & 3 !U "g ^ f0 4 1M ^ 2 JTffw ch'uh yih poll to l^o Uch lai 'Hurridly there came out upwards of a hundred robbers.' Lai is very commonly immediately attached to these verbs when the place is not mentioned. As for example : ft 5 (ft '< ^ $ 2 5|iJ* J 3 Wotih f limit lai taoliao ' My lather and mother have come.' ffe 1 i^ 4 B~M 3 %' T 3 J ' rt ///v ^ * /wo ' He came in the direction of the west' ^ Mm z &**M*'& s T Wotih p slianyyueh hiceilailiao 'My friend came back last month.' CHINESE MANUAL. 109 P^ 4 fife 1 j* ?$.- Kiao t : a ktcolai 'Tell him to come over.' f?p 4 fife 1 {U 2j 2 -# ' ch'iihfai 'Bring him out.' This last compound Chtuhhi is frequently used as a complement to certain verbs, as, for instance : fill 1 f# f 4 f& 3 ia l ^ $ & 2 Z'WM /'' -0 tf'w0r puh ch'iih/fii ' I cannot hear his words distinctly. S 4 ^ 4 9li 4 ^- 4 11? S i^ 1M 1 ty U! ^$ 2 Chckien fan ssu ni pihsii ch'ao c/t'u/thii ' You must search . out this illegal affair.' fvil 1 fH 4 tL 1 ^ 3 Eil 2J5 2 ^ r tt k'llai ' To become angry.' Han k'ilai 'To begin to call at.' Kwei k'ilai ' To become dear.' Tsien k'ilai ' To become cheap.' Jeli k'ilai ' To become hot.' Leng k'ilai ' To become cold.' T'eny k'ilai ' To begin to ache.' Yang k'ilai ' An ulcer began to form.' K'ilai is also used in the sense of ' to rise into sight,' as ft Jj| fe s 3fc 2 Ch'ih-poJi k'il'ti 'The naked shoulder appeared/ Lai is also frequently used in the sense of ' to be able/ Thus Ki puh lai ' I cannot remember/ T uli pull lai ' I cannot read/ Sie pull lai ' I cannot write/ Kie puh lai ' I cannot explain/ 2 2 Pi-koh puh lai ' I cannot screen it off/ | Wan-huci puh lai ' It cannot be restored ' to its former state. Tso puh lai ' I cannot do it/ n is sometimes used in a participial sense, as - - Lai nien 'The coming year/ \\ Lai jili 'The coming day/ [hand/ 'i shou ' The bearer,' lit. ' the coming Ill 4 3 {[.-/, 4 I I I I CHINESE MANUAL. Ill 2f- jj 2 Lai icen l The present despatch.' Lai occurs also in such phrases as Jjj^ 2 2j2 Yuen lai 'Originally,' for example ffi W' T 4 l!Jt 4 ffi If 1 Yuen lai Ida tsien ch'iih si, en * He originally came from a low and mean rank.' Jtf $ 2 Ptnlai ' Originally,' as # 3 ;fc 3 # s B 8 SI 4 f^ JH 4 ~P 3 Mi penlai i maiteh hwciliao 'Rice was originally sold at a dear rate.' &* $ 2 Kinlai 'Lately,' as &* %<> ft* j%<- )j(- f^ 3 Kinlai. yu so fan nao 'Lately there have been matters which have worried me.' $ 2j 2 Houlai ' Afterwards,' as ^ 4 ^ 2 ^ ^ Houlai yih fahts'ai ' Afterwards when you once make money.' ^ 2 V JW 3 ^ 2 ^'"^ * * ^/ 'Hence forth,' as ^ 2 ^ 1 JW 3 ^ 2 ^ Pi 3 * 4 ii 3 ^sf/ M* i lai puh k'o k'u tu 'Henceforth I cannot go to gamble.' g 4 3 "US 2 ?K 2 T ~u & erh lai ' From antiquity,' as g 4 * 3 W 2 ^ 2 ^C 4 -W 3 ^ 4 1't ! 2 A ^ A' crh lai fit mu ngaisilt erh nu ' From antiquity fathers and mothers have loved their children.' W JJl 3 ^ 2 Tv'icn jih i lai ' Since the day before yesterday,' as^ 3 -^ 2 BJ[a 3 ^ 2 -iE 2 fj| l 7" 3 ^ ta'icnjih i lai yihlien shuliao 'Since the day before yesterday I lost continually.' fl 2 ^ 2 Wunglai 'Hitherto,' as ft" V- W 2 & 4 112 CHINESE MAMAL. M 2 W M~ f l 7 3 W() ts'umjltii fsai cli'biylit'oit clniJiao ' I have hitherto lived in the city.' $J 2 ?$- / T'sunglai pub 'Never,' us f ;{ % 2 "%' / HP ffr 3 ^ tJiinylai puh p'icn ni 'I have never deceived you.' ft 3 2fc 2 WfiHglf" 'Going and coming,' as ft 2 g 4 ^ A 2 <4 3 ^" % ^fi Ilhifjlnco Vol'jen trung/ai puJi ta'uch ' Dealers in ordinary goods go and come without ceasing.' $ 2 jk 2 Zr//// 'To originate/ as ^ g : 3 2K 2 j}j 2 Txenmo hiii/n ' How did it originate ? ' if] 2 2 2 Fw/ff/ ' From the first,' ^ & 2 ^ 2 ^ 4 ^ 3 Hi A 2 ^' f ' y// / //'^ ^w '^ tuik'uliao ' The next day the rebels retreated.'* i'J 1 T 3 M 2 P^ 2 fill 1 ? 4 ** T 3 Taoliaa 114 CHINESE MANUAL. ch f ttg mni /'<( famk'iiluw ' When he arrived at the city gate he entered in.' angtsang ifuli tiuk'u ' Take these dirty clothes and throw them away.' ktro KO tu pnh yao ' Throw away this fruit, I don't want it at all.' ifc 4 T 3 fife 1 N a Hangko jen yao tachang p'aagjen t'uik'uliao t'a ' Those two men wanted to fight, but the by-standers pushed them away.' K'u is used also participially, as ^ :fp 2 K'umcn 'Last year,' lit. 'the gone year.' f 4 3^ 2 K'uiccn 'The despatch sent,' lit. 'the gone despatch.' 5k 4 -jjt 4 K'ushi 'Deid/ lit. 'gone from the world.' K'ii sometimes also means 'to die,' as in the phrase fy 1 ffi 4 ~f 3 $ 3 $ sfe 4 T'a pinyliao siang pihkii ' He is ill, and I think must die.' The verb ft 3 Ta 'To strike' is used in the complementary sense of ' to make ' or ' to do,' in such phrases as the following : CHINESE MANUAL. 115 tT 3 $ 4 Tacftanfj tr fo fight,' as flj 1 4 W 3 M 3 f0 4 A 2 -IT 3 ft 4 Kicahany yu lianyko jeu tachany 'There were two men fighting on the street.' fT 3 l fa* TasJiiiujchany 'To gain the victory,' a8 JI 4 M 1 ftf fr 3 Jlf 1 fa*Cl;icanrjliicntihtashing. c/ifiny ' The strong one gained the victory.' # 3 l& 4 { 4 Tapaichany 'To be defeated/ as ft 3 1 ftj fT 3 g5: 4 fit 4 Jmnjohtih tapaic/iang ' '1 he weak one was defeated.' fT 3 if 4 ^*o 'To sweep/ as ^ 2 } 3 ^- ^ 4 ^T 3 ^ 4 M* M ^ rt y // t'iaoehou tasao f any milt ' Take a broom and sweep the rooms.' # 3 3&* TaJ^ia 'To squabble/ as f^ 1 ^ ^' 2 f * A 2 -JT 3 >S 4 Siuyao t'uiig hiajen takia 'Do not squabble with your inferiors/ ft* 3 ^i 3 ^'^ 'To arrange/ as ^ 4 ^ Jj 3 S/i 3 ^ ^ 2 Ssii to tatien puh elf ing 'Business matters are so numerous that I cannot arrange them properly.' IT 3 II Tafah 'To send/ as 4 T 3 II ffc 1 lj 4 |^ 2 p^ 2 ^ 4 J^,^ ^^ ta() yam n fcji < g en ^ ki m to ^ e Yamen/ ^T 3 7l< 3 Taslucui 'To draw water/ as |ty 4 ^ 3 ^ j^ 1 Jjt 1 ^T 3 ?K 3 ^ 2 ^o votih kenpan ta- shtcai lai ' Tell my servant to draw some water/ i 'To get some wine/ as 11G CHINESE MANUAL. f.n :! fr :! JT 3 JB 3 $ 2 Ts'ing ni tatxinhi ' I request you to get some wine.' T 3 #B l l$ 2 Zfo Jtimigl'an 'To speak a village dialect/ as f;fc ' 1 4 JJ 3 ^fl 1 =& 2 #w yw ta hiangPan ' Do not speak a village dialect.' # 3 fi l r ff Aii/ 'To sleep,' as fife 1 4 /' J:^ JT 3 ll^ 4 7 3 T ( a tsai cliiv'angshmiy tashuiliao 'He is asleep on the bedstead.' IT 3 j 4 Mira 'To speak,' as fjfci f^ ^ ^3 ^i 1 fT 3 f$ 4 ^"'^ ^ Jtfi t'a tahn-a 'They do not allow him to speak.' JT 3 W TaMn 'Important,' as [) 4 f^ 4 ^: 4 ^ ^T 3 M 3 Naldcn ssti, pith taldn 'That affair is not important,' or f^ 1 ^ f^ 4 ft 3 ft 2 jg* T'ati/t Jnca ta ho Idn ' Of what importance are his words ? ' JT 3 ijf 2 Ji 3 ^ 2 ZWtfo A'^' 'To drag out of the water.' -fife 1 ffi 4 7K 3 ^ 3 JT 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 2fc 2 ^' tsai shicaiti talao k'ilai 'He is in the water, drag him out.' JT 3 $. 2 Tr^' To fish.' Trt is also very commonly used in its legitimate meaning of ' to strike.' It is the word of com- mand given by the presiding official at an execution, authorising the executioner to strike; it is the word used for official floggings, as fj" 3 * "g" ^ 3 Ta yiJqioh pan 'To strike a hundred blows CHINESE MANUAL. 117 with the bamboo,' and it is used in every sense in which we employ 'to knock,' 'to beat,' or 'to strike.' As : ft" 3 ?f 1i 4 Tateh chuwj 'To beat severely/ ff 3 ffi $1' Tateh king 'To beat lightly/ ^ >;B;MT 3 fig 4 & H 4 PuhsMtapicnshima ' If he is not striking him, he is abusing him.' # 3 II ftf Tat'ichtih 'A blacksmith,' lit. 'one who strikes iron.' # 3 ft 2 T/ 'To thunder,' lit. 'to strike the thunder.' Examples of the use of ^ Choh 'To put on,' as clothes, ' to cause,' ' to order.' As an auxiliary verb choh commonly signifies a completed action, as fig, 1 $ 4 M 2 l& 1 Jl 4 ^i 4 -^' T'rt feaj ho pienshang chanchoh ' He stood upon the river's bank.' ffi 1 M 4 ^ fS 1 ^ W 3 s T '' wngchoh tati'h fangtzu 'He looked towards his house.' f 3 f ! 1 2 jM 4 ^ ^C 4 M 1 ftfc 1 Women yuchoh fa /("(/ po ' We encountered great winds and waves.' Sometimes it gives an imperative sense to the verb, as Jf * ^f j^ 1 f|i 4 "J 3 T'inyclioh t'icn pien lino ' Listen to heaven and it will be well.' Choh also sometimes gives to the preceding 118 CHINESE MANUAL. verb the force of the present participle, as *f fT f$ 4 5l 4 & 'g 1 m H Hi 3 m* T'ohchoh k'iienshi chepan kican chohshih k'oicu 'This sort of grasping -at -power official is very rightly detestable/ ft 1 4 ffi 1 -t 4 5ffi? 2? T'a fsai IMumff Vangclioli ' He is lying down on the street.' Choh is also an intensive particle, deriving this force from the verbal sense belonging to it of 'to put on,' 'to fit closely,' hence it has the derived meaning of sticking close. Thus ^ j|? C/iohshiJi, as in the pnrase above quoted means 'fittingly right,' or 'very right, or rightly;' again ^ ^ 4 Choh i is 'Exactly to my mind,' lit. 'exact intention;' and ^ ^ Cholikih is 'Very anxious.' Choh sometimes serves as a sign of the poten- tial mood, as in these examples : Hfe & 4 II 3 f^ 1 I! 4 T* % TsohyeU ico shuipuh- choh ' Last night I cculd not sleep.' $ 3 W' ^ % ^ tt ^ ^ ^0 sinpuh- ihoh wot ih mafu ' I cannot find my groom.' Choh also means ' To order,' as : m W fill 1 UI li 4 * 1 fe 3 Choh ting t'a ch'ithi'tdo hih poh tan 'lie ordered lum to sell six- hundred loads of grain.' CHINESE MANUAL. ll'J CV/o/j A - W< y<7, /j> 3 ft > r is 1 n. 1 m l m 2 m l n 3 ^i : PI* IS 1 &B 1 ^Ti 1 M 2 ^ 1 -8f*flo k'ohkican !/iug shing, ying t'iao, ying pit, ying kiang, ying koh tu kicei fan-t'ai ' Which of the small mandarins ought to be promoted, or transferred, or recruited, or degraded, or cashiered, all rests with the Pro- vincial Treasurer.' $L l fi& l 4 H 4 IS 1 W' T #I 3 3I 1 $r $S 2 ? *'^ to'* C/*'MC 'Take the box and put it into the vessel.' R$ ^E S *^ ^ ! ^sc T 3 ^ s ^ P rt y^'^ shahliao 'The thieves took the whole family and killed them.' m 3 ft* m 4 f@ 4 M M T 3 2 @ ^ jw c//c'A'0 7i/ hwanliao mingmuh 'So they took the stream and changed its name.' JE 3 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ L 2 A ti 3 P ymfe J^n tceipah 1'ung ' He took the silver, and by dividing it made up eight cases.' I'J P. 2 t 3 IE 3 Jf ^ 3 M 4 ^ 3 T 3 t, 1 T'it'outsiany tsiu pa taofzu tikcliao t'a ' The barber then took the knife and handed it to him.' ft 3 m i it 2 0p * $ 4 ffi 4 ^ j i 3 p Ithinyhicang yenmoh fang tsai pcili 'They take hart- all ground fine and put it in a cup.' "pj 3 K'o 'To be able,' 'can,' *inay,' etc. K'o is very commonly used as an auxiliary verb in such cases as the following: {ft' ^ T>J ; ' H 1 j|c Ni puMi'o k'iwj WYou should not lightly withstand him.' 124 CHINKSE MANUAL. fft 3 ff3' ^ Pi 3 ^J 1 Nimen puhk'o cheng ' must not quarrel.' p'engyu pu/ik'o siangkiao t'a ' Your friend should not associate with him.' ' He must be upon his guard.' A 2 # 7 "PJ 3 "R Jen lih ptiU'o Jdh 'The strength of man cannot effect it.' When prefixed to verbs it sometimes transforms them into verbal adjectives, as : ! 4 f^ 4 TiJ 3 ^ 4 65 ^ 4 C/ieJcien k'osiaotih ssu ' This laughable affair.' Iff) 4 (0 J ^ 3 E ^J 3 ^, ' That landscape is delightful.' hiangicei s/ti/itsai k'ongai 'The whole room was scented ; it was truly delightful.' 5l 4 t* 4 ^ l W 3 ^ 4 Chcyang kican k'omi 'This sort of mandarin is detestable.' W OS 4 A 2 ft ']^ 4 ft 2 Pj 3 ft 4 Nakojentih sinytsing k'oJicn 'That man's disposition is hateful.' /// k'osih 'This affair is truly lamentable.' K'o is also used as a polite permissive expres- sion, as : CHINESE MANUAL. 125 chcU suhhieh 'Do stop the night hero.' $ ^ Pf 3 ^ ^ 4 TsiehpuMf'o k 'o/it'ao ' Tray do not put on company manners.' ^ ft 3 ftf 3 P fa 1 ?S 3 2 ^ 4 -ZW ^o ch'ih yihpci tsiu hiccik'u, ' Do drink a glass of wine and then go back.' PI 3 fit 3 fill 1 H 4 ?K 2 K'ots'ing t'a tsinlai ' Invite him to come in.' 7T0 is often used with 5|t 3 Ni>iy, in the sense of 'had better,' 'to prefer,' as (ft 3 ^ 2 "PJ 3 (g 4 ^ 4 f|* ^' uingk'o shuikiao pa 'You had better go to sleep.' fill 1 $|r- RT 3 m -$? 7 TiJ 3 ftl 4 ^ 4 ^ niiigk'o shih i pnhk'o l/ccut pit ' He would rather wet his clothes than disturb his footsteps.' K'o often forms with J| 3 an interrogation, as : Rl 3 W 3 ^ 4 li 3 J 2 M 4 -^* y shimmo p'ingku 'What proof is there?' sing ming iii k'o cJdtao mo . ? ' Do you know his name?' K'o sometimes implies a question without the use of Jf 3 mo, as: pp g 4 JT'os/w 'May itbe?' ^ 3 pj 3 ;3 N i k'o lent/ ' Are you cold ?' 12G CHINESE MANUAL. ,,-,V 3 Ts'iiiff ' To invite.* Ts'iiiy is commonly used in the sense of 'to invite,' 'please,' 'to ask, 'be pleased/ 'I beg,' etc. fft 3 f?, 3 H 1 ft' Ni Wing t'a /a* 'Invite him to come.' * fi& 2 ' 2 & a M 3 fl^ 4 IS S & 4 ! 3 & 4 Puludng changltti fangw&n Wing s/ni t^inf/s/iu'l cannot often come to ask after you ; please excuse me, please excuse me.' kin i Itou chanylai ts ( ing kiao 'For the future I shall constantly come over to ask for your instructions.' It 3 Jg 4 gt 1 g 2 ft 1 E 4 T^ing t&in hout'ang siancjlden ' Please to come into the hinder hall that I may see you.' Ira 3 J8 4 fa 1 *J 3 ?I 3 Ts'ing yung pei ts'itn tsiu ' I beg you to take a glass of rustic wine.* If* 1ft 3 iJ 1 ll 2 I 4 tfc 3 T&W ni Vaihicai ch'ang yin ' I beg yot to throv/ off care and to take a social glass.' ^ 4 5C 1 ^ n l It 3 ^ ffout'ien wo kia Wing k'oh ' On the day after to-morrow my family are inviting guests.' fft 3 ^ 4 fc 3 It 8 t, 1 f! 2 * 2 M n o M*9 t'anien lai ' Invite them for me to come.' CHINESE MANUAL. 127 n i 4 7 3 in 3 i 3 Tehtwiliao tSitu * I have sinned, please to forgive me.' In 3 \M' 2 ffi 1 ffling kien htca 'Please to have a chat.' If 3 &* Pfg - fa 1 I5I 2 * 4 Ts'ing m ch'ih yiJipci hiccik'u ' I beg you to take a glass before you go back.' BJP ^ l ^ 3 n 5 % f^ 3 ffi 3 35 2 Mngt'icn KO ts'ing k'oh ni ye led ' I am inviting some guests for to-morrow, do you also come/ f^ 3 3$ 4 Tt'inrj tso ' Please to sit down.' |o| - f||- 3 Hicci ts'ing ' To invite in return.' If" 3 Iw 3 Ts'ing h'ing An expression equivalent to Goodbye ; the pidgin-English word ' chin-chin ' is a corruption of it. fcfc W In 3 ^ ff 2 7 3 Tseht'ou ts'ing t'ou- Manyliao ' The rebel chief begged (to be allowed) to return to his allegiance.' |]fg or (J Clfih ( To eat/ (7AV/i is also constantly used in the senses of ' to drink,' ' to inhale ' and ' to swallow,' as : f 4 f 4 W ^ P M 1 ^ 2 ii 3 Koto tu yao ch'ih hiunghu'cmg tsiu ' Every one wished to drink hartall wine/ ^ 3 |I fa 3 p|g fa 1 Fb yu ni ch'ih yiltpei ' I will drink a glass with you/ 128 CHINESE MANUAL. difficult to drink wine alone.' P jt0 l Ch'ihyen ' To smoke.' ^ 2 ft 1 Gfc 4 it 2 P jMj 4 P 3 M 3 X 4 t 1 X 4 HH 4 Kttfeikwa ircitan ch'ih tao h'onli yu hiany yu ty'ui ( The flavour of the Altbea rosea when inhaled into the mouth is both scented and delicate.' ^ 3 i T 3 74 4 ^f- 1 li 2 i^ 3 ^> cA'/y/^o wctnts'ieii nank'u ' I have sufiered (lit. swallowed) myriads of difficulties and distresses.' the time being you are unfortunate' (lit. swallowing misfortune). fc 3 P2: 7 3 H 1 ^ >> 3 Woch'iltUaokingpuhshao 1 1 was ashamed in no small degree.' HIl 1 T> -f 3 r ft^ 3 E 4 T'i?wA Wng ch'ih iii ma ( He is unwilling to swallow your abuse.' P IT 3 Ch'ih ta ' To be beaten ' (lit. to swallow a beating). ' P li * Ch'ih p'ien ' To be deceived/ Ch'ih when written p means properly ' to stutter,' but Hf^ is also used in this sense, as in the expression P 3 f]^| K'uitch'ih 'To stutter.' The use of Ch'ih in the sense of ' to eat ' may bo illustrated by these instances. CHINESE MANUAL. 129 fife 1 Pg $i 3 7 3 -f- 3 flfc* T'a ch'ih paoliao tsaofan 'He eat until he was satisfied at his breakfast.' al 4 $ m* ft? 3 Pfc ^//c/w/* tewAao cA'z'A 'This meat is very good to eat.' ffc 3 f / ^J 1 JP0 cA'i'A j^wA ton ' I do not wish to eat.' #. 3 H 1 H iP 3 ft ^ Sao sieJihtsA ch'ih su 1 For a good few days I have eaten plainly,' i.e. abstained from meat and fish. (& 1 4 fT P ^ 2 *l 3 ^ FI 2 @ 2*a ti Ao cA'7* ts'ieit liangtik t'outnuh 'He is an eating- pay-and-rations figure head.' JiJ 4 Tao ' To arrive at,' 'to,' 'up to,' 'at/ etc. Tao is very commonly used, as in the following instances : ' I am going to your house/ lit. ' I to your house am going.' JIT i'J 4 HI 4 S 1 PiA-iA ^o /u kia ' A high wall fell and crushed down upwards of ten shoe shops.' lis/ii k'ilai 'Who could have. known that contrariwise a profitable market would crop up ? " ti 3 X in 2 4 3 B W T 3 Tflro ^/i ./v tscio yihjih ssiiliao ' After all there is nothing like dying at an earlier day.' fo 3 HP H 4 ^ T 3 Wo tao shmchoJiUao 'I, on the contrary, slept.' JH fc 3 fa flf *f 4 A 2 ^Nifortiih tao/iv'tn to ' But of thoso who were drowned there were many women.' lOZ CHINESE MANUAL. ffi HL I Cfc 3 in ^ ^ 4 it 3 M 4 ffci 3 ffi 3 2fr 3 ^ 4 y 3 Kiao t'a kai ychhioh t*o maimai, taoye pin Jen liao 'Make him exchange his pursuit of learning for trade which is after all his true role/ f 3 ff'J 3 ^ ill 2 fr\ 3 Wo tao puhjn ni 'I, on the contrary, am not such a one as you.' *\* ] HI llj 1 fill i?J 3 Tl 3 ^ J ^ #D 2 Chungkicoh nJtantih tao yu sie puhju. ' (The Ginseng) of the mountains of China is, on the contrary, in several points inferior/ AVheu used in the above senses, Tao is pro- nounced in the third or ascending tone; but when it is pronounced in the fourth or departing tone, it means ' To turn upside down,' ' To pour out/ etc. as : ^ 2 7jC 3 f$J 4 iS; 4 'l 2 $11 3 Na shui tao tsi ' Pour some water into the kettle/ i^J* ^ 2 2K 2 Tao ch'a lai ' Pour out tea/ 'g' 1 Tang 'What is suitable/ 'right,' 'ought,' 'must,' 'to act as,' 'to serve,' 'to match.' 'to bear,' 'just then,' etc. Examples: (ft 2 H 1 3 SI* @ Ni tang sie changmuh ' You ought to write out the bill.' 4 H 2 ^ ^ 2 fl 4 % l Ji 4 3C 1 Shou nantih shi/iou tang lai t'ien ' When one gets into diffi- culties, one should trust in heaven/ CHINESE MANUAL. 133 1I*> 3 H' 1 f$ l & 3 A 1 A7 to"? (so hao jen ' You ouglit to be a good man.' ffc 3 It 1 R 1 *T 3 t 1 ^I 1 Ni tang kai ta knroissii ' You ought to go to law.' It 1 H 2 3 to A 2 sriT 1 # l m Tang ch'aishitihjen ch'uen kican ifith 'Men who serve in official employment wear official clothes.' t 1 ^ ft A 2 4 l W l l fi*A* l Tai, ff pingtih jen chnnykicn Hunan Jen to 'Among those who serve as soldiers Hunan men are numerous ' "i 11 ^c 1 ft ft 4 3 S 4 Tang Jdatih tsoh chu-i ' He who is head of a family decides matters/ ffe l et 3 7 3 ffi ^ l * l A 2 T'a ta'ingliao wo tang chitngjen ' He has invited me to act as an intermediary.' kwan wen tah 'I cannot face mandarins in con- versation.' faqfait nan tning tang t'ang pang h'i ' They took three robbers and bound them in the open hall.' .?/ j9?7i tell c/t'H/ik'ii 'Just at present I havo business and am obliged to go out/ 134 CHINESE MANUAL. */// j)(di pao pan ngo ' At that time all were half filled and half starvin.' , tsunytnhfaJiliao^in t-Sien hi poh liany yintzu ' In that year the Viceroy expended three thousand and several hundred taels of silver.' When Tany is pronounced in the departing tone, it means ' To pawn or pledge,' ' safely ' ' properly,' etc. Examples : i|M y s YU tseh toJtliao mien ifnh, tsai putziili tanyUao 'Some thieves stole (my) wadded clothes and pawned them at a shop.' T 3 fife 1 & I!- 1 Ta tsai titch'ang sJmUao f-atih li/tych tangliao Vatih ts'i 'He lost his patrimony at a gambling house and pawned his wife.' H| 2 J8l HI 2 ^' 4 Ts'ai shuh ts'ai tang 'At one time he is redeeming his pledges and at another he is pawning them.' fa * Nai ' A remedy,' * resource,' ' alternative,' ' escape,' ' to bear with.' Examples : f|ij :i f| 2 ^ 4 {i{ 3nt 2 %$f Liang nan ssu ch'irh KU nai ' There is no escape from these two difficult affairs.' CHINESE MANUAL. 135 fc 3 H 4 & fa 2 ft!! 1 Wo yao naiho t'a 'I must bear with him somewhat.' jl 4 t 4 fa 2 ^ 2JS 2 #% JW//W pit lai 'It is utterly unendurable.' f& 2 ^ 4 fa 2 Ww naiho 'There is no remedy ' or ' alternative.' 4 ft 3 4 fa 2 JVff'/w, ///o ' What is to be done ? ' The verb jjjjj 4 JVr^' 'To bear with,' 'to endure,' * patience,' is used often in the same sense as above. Examples : 3% 3 3$ ^ IJ* f 3 Wo k'ioh puh nni teng 'I really cannot bear to wait.' n 2 M 4 n ffe 1 s/l * naim ? a 3 ^fj 3 Tao puh neng t'oh &/ioutih ye yu ' But I also have those things which I cannot get off my hands.' 1& 1 @ 4 H 3 n H 2 T'a 1ztt tsni t'oh nan 'He committed suicide to escape from his difficulties.' H 1 ^ 2 JR 1 W Isl 2 w 2 A 2 ^ ^ ^ 3 JV//^ nicn i^oh lucohtih hiceihicci jen toieh hen 'In those years the Mahommedans who escaped from the Empire were very numerous/ f 3 i 4 $L ^' 2 ^l 1 W'o yo t'ofi sl'tn Lira itia n g ' I want to slip away and return to my native village/ CHINESE MANUAL. 137 E 1 l IS 3 T 3 - SI 1 4 if> 4 E 7 3 & 3 ^ l ffi 4 !* TV? ch'aosieliao yicliang kaoshi, t'ohliao haosieko tzu 'He copied a proclamation and left out a good few characters.' fifi, 1 &MI 3 E ^ l iL* T 3 ^ y*// fo/* *fi tsouliao ' In the night he slipped away from his home and went off.' $5 3 Jtt ^ 2 H?. 2 f; 3 TTo y* tuts'ien k'il kw'ci shnliao ' I went to gamble in the night and lost.' t$ l m 1 ig 1 ii 3 5C 1 5^ ! ^ 4 fl 11 ^ f ^ tsemmo t'icn t'ien nicn sliu ' It is good of him [lit. he troubles himself] thus to study every day.' m l & # / ts'-ung sufi s/ti to kic'ci t'a 'That the young people all follow teachers is much owing to him.' ' ^ 3 iT ^ 3 -fife 1 ffl 2 ! W & 3 T 3 Kic'ei ico yenyu t'amcn tit hiccikailiao ' Owing to what I said they all reformed.' i ft 8 -t 3 js 4 *& i ii ' ftii 1 ^ ! ^; ^- tjfc /f )J> 3 T 3 Kic'eiteh ni k'eng i/uny a in tu/t shti Vat'icn knngming pih pnh siaoliao ' If you can bring yourself to willingly use your mind in reading, j'ou will assuredly at some future day gain no little reputation.' Jtao tz& ' He was kind enough to write a copy of good characters.' j 4 K.co 'To pass by or over/ 'to exceed/ 'a fault.' fill 1 f4 3 W 1 M 4 ife 1 T 3 ^' a >?// s? ktcok*uliao 'He passed by towards the west.' 3 3 njj 2 ^ T i 4 ypj- TFo mingt'ien ktco ho 1 To-morrow I cross the river.' 3^ 4 "J* 3 ^F 3 lit 2 Kwoliao icushi 'After noon/ lit. ' Having passed noon.' 3*^ 4 T 3 " ^ 4 KwoUao i/l Jncei ' After a time.' IS 4 J^ 2 / %x' 4 ? 5 -^ ; * ^''^' 7 ; "^ CHINESE MANUAL. l39 kou Jncojihtzu 'His food and money are insufficient to get through the day.' - i 4 # m 4 -r ^ ir M & *fo tien puh kico shihto kientih Jncoivuh ' A shop (stock) does not exceed upwards of ten kinds of goods.' ^ n H 2 3& 4 Jehteh nan kico 'The heat was difficult to get over.' & 3 3C 1 % j 4 i> 4 - H ^ l f^ 2 -* t'ien pith kico ch'eiiteh yihpolito ts'icn 'Each day he only earned [lit. ' did not exceed in earning '] upwards of a hundred cash.' /K * 4 ^ 2 ^ &* B P"h KM k'iushih tujih ' He only by begging got through the day.' ffc 3 1H S M 3 f 4 A 2 ^P 1 ^ 3 i 4 ^Ai ftff^*o * 3 $ 3 m l ffi * 4 ?7C 4 W Na siang l,m fh'n/tk'u wamlnca 'How can you think that I would still go out to amuse myself?' CHINESE MANUAL. 141 TzuJiiatih k'aikiao ye hai pull shen ts'ing ch'u ' My own share in the undertaking is also not very clear.' ^1 4g 4 ;H 4 ^ 4 Hai yao k'an hico 'I also want to inspect the goods.' kantih ' It is also no matter.' tahp'eiig 'Also on the side of the lake they put up awnings.' hai yu yiko pull hao ch'u 'Travelling by land also has a disadvantage.' Sometimes Hai is repeated in a sentence, in which case the sentence commonly becomes interro- gative, and the second Hai is to be translated 'or'; the first may sometimes be rendered 'whether,' and at other times may be left untranslated. f* 3 m 4 g l n*m l &* i- 1 Wm l 4 ir f!| 3 JVi die sie Inca hai shi tang chen, hai shi tang kia ' These words of yours do they represent the truth or a lie ? ' 5I 1 &* & M 3 51 1 & fT ft 1 Eaishv chih tsiu, haishi tso shi ' Shall we drink wine, or shaill \ve make poetry ? ' 7 &I 1 51 1 ^ 4 A 2 si 1 ^ 4 ^ 3 Puh chi haishi 1-4'J CHINESE MANUAL. jen haishi ku-ei ' I do not know whether he is a inaii or a devil ? ' AND PARTICLES IN COMMON usv ^. 3 S/ion 'The hand' is used in a variety of meanings as shown in the following examples : ^ 3 H 1 7 3 f$ 4 * $ i 4 t: 3 If 4 &A t'anliao tsopuhte/t shimmu svu ' My hands and feet are paralysed and I cannot do anything.' *r I 3 ^ 3 Ba i^ 1 m 1 fi 1 w^w T 3 ^ 4 ^ 1 Hminyliao shou kioh pan tnng pan se naotiao pan t'ien ' He tossed his hands and feet, and moving first east and then west, made a noise half the day.' ^ 3 I 4 J5 3 li 2 ft -I 2 ^ Sltoutican hao nanteh nanteh ' The workmanship is good, it must have been very difficult to do.' f$ 4 ^- 3 G'J 3 H 2 ^0 */*OM <'flr1 4 fig 4 ^ 3 ^ 3 (77^ wdsJiiko laoshou 1 This man is an expert.' 3fe 2; 1 III 2 S tr ^ T 3 - fia 4 )J> 3 ^ 3 Tso/tt'ieii yayih pn naliao yihko siaoshou 'Yesterday the Yamun runners captured a pilferer.' SJiou is also used as a numerative with certain substantives, as : ^ 3 M 4 Yishou Juco ' A lot of goods.' - 3 t 2 Vis/ton t'ou 'A throw of dice.' 144 CHINESE MANUAL. g 2 K'i 'How,' ' what,' why.' h'ih kwa tsiu ' How can one drink wine alone ? ' g 2 Sfc 3 K'i kan ' How dare I ? ' :t 2 /K & ^ l t- A 2 J^ 1 /f' ^A /' ^> Asr'^/ jenyucn ' Is it not that Heaven complies with the wishes of men ? ' (lit. ' How is it not that? 'etc.) ia 2 'ft It 1 ^B 3 K'ipith slit ssu 'How shall I not die of shame ? ' s 2 W 3 Jit 3 SI 3 -^* yfo'// 'How can there be such a doctrine ? ' .H. i* t, \m n -3* /s: Jtaossu mo ' Is it not an advantageous affair?' hicei ma jen, Jen k'i pith hivei ma tco ' (If) I am able to abuse men, how should men not be able to abuse me ? ' /$ 4 Tshi 'Then,' 'immediately,' 'just now,' etc. I'M 4 3C 4 W* Kienliao na nicnki siaotih, tsiu k'uent'a hiaoshun fttmu ' (If) you meet young people, then advise them to be dutiful and obedient to their parents.' CHINESE MANUAL. 145 JJ& 4 2fc 2 >5ft 4 & 4 Tshdai tsiitk'u 'He has just come and just gone.' E 4 :H 4 T 3 ^ s^ffo 'That is right/ or ' That will be well.' t 4 & 1 W l f* chi mingpoh ' Then I shall understand it.' M 1 / P3 4 BS" 4 Tsiushi ts'unglai puh jenshihtih, yeyao sit kikii hwa ' But if he is one whom you have not previously known, you still wish to address a few words to him.' E 4 / 4 IK tf A 2 ffi 3 ^ 4 ^ $ Ttiushitieh shihjen ye Idnpuhteh ' But if he were a man of iron or stone, it would be impossible to restrain him.' V ?I 4 Nantao. W ?I 4 it ME 3 BB $ ; f' 3 Nantao hai pakioh t'ihshoit ' It cannot be (lit. ' It is hard to say ') that you would also kick your hands with your feet.' H 2 ?E 4 4& l ^ 2K 2 ^>^o <'a^7* &i 'Can you suppose he won't come ? ' It 2 ?I 4 {^> 3 S 2 T 3 -ZVaw^o ' wcmgliao 'I cannot suppose that you have forgotten.' H 2 JE 4 ^ 4 $r 3 ^ 4 JV T fl^o /' ^OSSM 'It cannot be a good affair.' 146 CHINESE MANUAL. THE NEGATIVES. The negatives in common use are "% PuJi ' not ' ; & Muh or Mei ' Without '; 5& 2 Wu 'Without'; 7ft 4 JFrt'Notyet,' 'never'; ^ J/o// 'Not,' or 'Do not'; ft 1 Hiu 'Do not'; ^ ^ 4 P//yo ' Do not ' ; and $1] Pie/t also ' Do not.' ~$, Puh is used as the negative ' not ' with every verb, with the exception of /f 3 Yu 'to have,' as: m* w w w lU 1 m T 4 * ^n 1 r/ 3 ^ i ^? 3 |p. 3 ^C 3 Chcli tao na a/tan hiohhia puh eld i/n tos/tao li shu ' I do not know how many miles it is from this to the foot of that mountain.' W Ui l ^ % & r^j 1 K *'< &' P" /l * J < hao ' That mountain is certainly not very high.' fc :; ^ 4 ^ 4 $B J ^ 4 Wo h'aiqnihkien si tzil 'I cannot see small characters.' m 4 f4 4 ^ l fas 1 f^ 4 * $ 2 cy ^-'> *** ^ tsopuhch'eny ' He is unable to bring his business to perfection.' ffe 1 :fe 3 ^ S 4 ^' rt tsoitpu/itung ' He is unable to walk.' f :5 /S ^D 1 jE l ^* i'i'- Wo puh chitao sJti s/tnL ' I do not know who it is.' CHINESE MANUAL. 147 $g Muh, Mei ia the negative commonly used with the verb ^yu ' to have,' ' to be,' when it is pronounced mei; but its use is not confined to compounds with the verb, as will be seen in the following examples : ^ JJ^ 1 c 2 ^ 3 ^ 2 To t'icn meiyu M 'He has not come for many days.' Jx 2 W 3 5S 1 llr 1 f3 4 Meiyu t'ung shusin 1 There have not been letters passing.' itil 1 & 2 W 3 I 4 If: 3 ^T- 3 m 1 W 2 T'<* mei- IJH shimmo hno tungsi ' He has not any good things.* It not unfrequently happens that the verb ^f 3 yu is omitted without aSecting the sense, or the pronunciation, as : j 2 ^ $." W li 2 Mei shimmo lit*' ten 'There was no profit.' f 3 ix 2 ^ l ^ : ^' ft 1 Wo mei k'tmtfu k'nn shit ' I have not leisure to read.' fill 1 t 2 ~ Ifi 3 J^ 1 5S 3 y * yi'Aftew /tvro /6-?' ' He has not a drop of anything but wine.' fs 3 & 2 If 1 US 1 & 4 !$* Wo met sicleo kihwi ' I have not many dislikes.' & 2 ii^ 3 W 3 ^ 4 -^* ^ y ' //r ' huhmlcn 'It has not the least favourable appearance.' f>* M 1 & 2 A 2 ' ^ 3 A 2 i 4 $ 2 - 148 CH1NKSE MANUAL. fengk'wangjtH kicn tnei Jen ktcolai ' That madman seeing that there was no one passing,' etc. iH 5 U \&~ & ~P Z Wcishih mei fahtzu 'Indeed there is no remedy.' ft 1 fg* fl* ft 1 #' Tte mci yihko siang- hao ' lie has not a single friend.' ^ ^ 4 BT & 2 ^ Jj fa ^ Puhyaokianff mei k'i lilttiit Jaca ' Do not talk in words which are without nervous strength.' Jit 1 FnT W M 4 lii 2 &~ Tz ' & 1:ie)l ttieHliiHgch'uh mei ' The footpads in this part come out and disappear.' ft! 2 ^ tx 2 J^ 3 ^ 2 ffi. 1 J"k<>i Mei ch'u sun t'a ' Now there is no place where to seek him.' fe 2 Wu 'Without,' 'destitute of,' 'wanting/ originally meant the space between heaven and earth, hence 'emptiness,' 'vacuity.' Examples: jTi 1 We 1 3 3i?r fit 1 King w* yiny wu tsung ' Altogether without a shadow or a trace.' iftj tti 3 2 2 S IPiohye mi yih 'Altogether without advantage.' 3& 2 A 2 E 3 fP it ^" ^ 1;an '"' ^ 7 * ' There was no one who dared to oppose him.' jfi| 3 ^ 4 3if; 2 (^- j^(7 ^c-i ? yai 'I shall be for ever boundlessly grateful. 5^ 1 T 4 IK 2 3HJC ^- 3 T'ienhia mi tih sliou 'I have not an enemy in the Empire.' CHINESE MANUAL. 149 ' ^ 2 JUr 1 ^ 31 2 W" so pnh tcei 'There was nothing he did not do.' E 2 -J 13 / 74 $& 2 if 3 K'icanytzti puh tch wu H * A madman should not be destitute of manners.' ' He has had no wine and yet is three parts drunk.' *H 4 ill 3 fK 2 icE* I? 4 d* e tew int. shen hou 'This wine is not very mellow.' fe 2 f3; * ^f; * Wti yih jili tsai kia ' Not a day at home.' ^K 2 ^f 4 f^ 3 fie 1 Wu so i i 'Without any one to depend on.' i 2 fit* ^ 4 ^ 4 Wu so k'ungkao 'There was nothing to accuse him of.' UJ $?; 2 ^ 4 Ch'iih n-u nai ' There is no escape.' In combination with ^ Fei ' Not,' the expres- sion forms a strong positive, as : ch'ihjeh tsiit mo 'Do you always drink hot wine?' %* Wei ' Not yet,' ' Never,' is used only with verbs having reference to a past time. Examples : fife, 1 i!V & ^ * 4 ij 4 ^''/we /*//* 7,-m ' tao ' They have not up to this time arrived.' ^ H 1 Jft 2 US ^ 4 i'J 4 ^'^ y in shit si eh irei tao 'But because your time has not yet come,' JOO CHINESE MANUAL ch'u/ilai ' I could not avoid constantly thinking of it.' icei k'o h'ai ch'uen 'Yesterday the wind was so high, that we could not weigh anchor.' ft 3 ^ 4 H 2 Rl 4 Wo Kciteeng ahni 'I have not slept yet.' - iS. 1 %* ^- ^ T'a mi Wenrj Jnoh 'He has not as yet learnt.' ^ 4 ^ 3 P3 2 HI 2 it 4 Wei mai hiceil'ou Jnco * I have not yet bought a return cargo.' till 1 fti i 3 S 4 7K 4 fe ^'fl^v* jc 4 /ff 4 Shang vci k'an 'I have not as yet seen it.' g 4 1& 4 ^C 4 Hb 2 ^ Jl- 1 Tzii hrci irci neng tah k'iyih ' I am ashamed that I have not been able to return one of them.' fc 3 ^C 4 ^ 2 5'J 4 UF) 1 il W^ iccits'eng tao na ktcoh 'I have never visited that State.' it!* 3 M 4 & 1 ^ 2 J5T' /ro "w 'They have not finished raising the goods.' j)| J/b// ' Not,' * Do not,' is often used with verbs in the imperative mood. CHINESE MANUAL. 151 : !j| "T" 5 4 3C 1 Moh nih chi kiao 'Do not be refractory towards your associates.' 'M fc 4 ffi ^ ^ Mohkiao tco teng km 'Do not make me wait long.' j)| $* Mohkwai ' Do not blame me.' m g B fin 1 tr * 4 ^ 3 ^ 2 ia 3 sfucoh woh sJucoh t'a ye ta lao nienJti ' Said or not said [i.e. in any case], he is very old.' M ^ 2 #F %& Moh n-ci Men tseh 'Do not be a traitor.' "When J/bA is combined with ^ Job, the phrase means ' it would be better,' as : joh tsiit t'zu ncjaoclian kueh ko ssft Jncoh, 'It would be better than this if a bloody battle were to decide for each man whether he should die or live.' H ^ Ifc* ffe 1 8fc 3 H ^ Mohjoh kiao t'a kai yehhioh 'It would be better to make him exchange his pursuit of learning.' When preceding an adjective, Moh means ' in- comparable,' ' nothing like,' as : ^ ^C 4 6-! ia 1 4t 4 Moh tatih tsaohica 'An in- comparably great chance.' -flO w <*w 'There is nothing higher than heaven.' 152 CHINESE MANUAL. When combined with $ l Fei, and followed by J| , the phrase means ' is it not/ as : m & 1 * w 3 t 4 Ji 3 n 1 w 2 it 3 -MM/* // fj 3 . > ^ 3 ^ r^ ar 4t > A M Mrf 1 -5 1 ^ C " ^ Ja ~ *^ *^ S^ S "^" *""" v, ^ j3 fe >-l te j* 3 ^v. rrS "3. .'v=. *l i& ^. 3 1 . & . | S s^ "2* | | S *& -I > c o 2 ^ -^ ^ ^ ~ 5" -2 cs : s* s S. -3 5 .S *1 "S "5 *! OrG J=> ,^ so c JS .5 ^ 2 K ft _2 ^5 ? -^J i -5 ^ L ig .r E e^ *? ^ ! fed 05 *'!'***< CHINESE MANUAL 155 o T3 00 73 CS Q) nd To fco a> *fe. 5 V? X o rt o J3 H ?p :S w O S ^ G C ^ EH ^ ^f^^^E^ni^trn^ w? i*- k3 O o *s w rt ao P o S S ^ 5 ^ ' o ' ^ Q ^ IH I s -a o H C o '^ c frf CC ^ tO .-ft IP H<^'f! 156 CHINESE MANUAL. 60 O .5 bo 6 H P-H H ^ c E ~ - o o IS O -^ C3 saa r. Q) O .^ ^^ IK- F^ 03 Efe m m m 0) ^B H o o fco .; SH S O r^2 .2 ^ 9 ^ . bfi ^ o c^ 9 H W ci - GO es T5 O ^2 H ' i 6 - I t-j |*J9 05 ^ 'o Ml l 2 ^ - jk CHINESE MANUAL. 157 O H > c 3 to c o S +9 *r* 2 O ' o g PH o /. o> ,> PH '& PH IS nd o o ^o ^ 4-1 ,5 fcc n .^ O ^ s " 53 ^0 "tv .s o 3 "s* o >> PH 'o OS QQ P- Cj p fll *S H m ^j ^*" -I. I o fc tc 2 P4 *^5 ^ S o = SHfr ma tc m o H O fn O O C8 --H r p | Q !s -2 'o q "5 r-5" O O ^ "Sc ^ eg ,"S 'So O o ," , , o H EH PH EH H ^H' S O to O 5 rt C3 o ^ ^ > ' ^ ^ ^ ri 3 6 o3 r s 5 > C3 o 6 O o '> V ^ So O EH N R li. 3 C2 aig ^^ riis f\j ff^ c-i -i^v aSS 'i 11 - -H ^ s3 <' ilnn) >ra 158 CHINESE M4NUAL. o * c o 2 v 03 C 3 O i 5 K rC ^. 4) ~ iimour. " c j5 o "o o '^ c o o O >i o> a. c3 ss- ~- K'. C3 a O I s "1- Oj 3 60 s " 'OJ i-2 O PH --H 'JH 3 Q ^1-1 * -t^ * to *z O Pi ,J5 H o H o H o H O H < ^ o "^ 00 tO> ~ j!|S ik 1^ ^ ^ ^J f ^ ^ S 8 S ^ So S - '^ rC jl -2 ^ '^ ^ rt . -fe^S "S . . . 03 60 C5 ' 5n -2 3 ^ s 2 * -ff U , 5- J 8 tM( - J ^Hc3 ^cs^a/" r^C t^j^^'^a.K . o^ S^^^-cJO *> 032 _C *T fco - L =C ^ &: ^ *j c2 H H dc~s o-f ^r~ .B u * s: ^^^ ^ ot S ~ -S r ? *S 5- C3 CO ^S^^-S- 1 * S S 1 G en ^ *'*s r< H2pi P 1 "^ "^S ^"""KrijSooLM 1 Pi rr 1 0} ^ > oiO-^i-^G-- -< co Eg = mffl ^ ^ fi: o 3^ ^ m iira c _ | CHINESE MANUAL. 159 fe c EH grand =+-! T3 C3 ^ 3 g Ja 2 be g "S 'S o s S I grand- >. ~ .a. S f^ ^ ~ 5 __^-3 4j Ko Tn -4-! ^ 02 O PH C3 O H *-' be o c 60 rC C ^HH > EH s ^ o EH be M s o {an 1GO CHINESE MANUAL. 3 5 a - 13 3D S Is"! e .c *ai o a 5 S 1 a 3 o J7 " <* H a ^ UN *Tn ]^ 03 09 is .a a s 60 C3 g ^ ft to fcJD c3 i j C cd W Ji s ~ o j *5: o ^ CO 7^~>l O t? 1^0 r* O m o ^ A 3 *= 1 ^ k~ N 15 fl o 6 Cer OS fcc o PI ^^ f 4 ^ o "^ O 73 QQ ^ G >, 2^ 1, M \N' \l C fee rt I O to 5 * rO 15-1- ^ ~ o .5 5 M o 1 rf ^5 a - , fe ^ 4 1 * o pC o d KH H .c e .-s y oT O s-> > c 4 S ' ^ CHINESE MANUAL. 167 . fcC ^3 A +* C C3 fco - 4 S S 1 OS o -a 4* H * " IB . - r f-> C3 JO '3 - rf ^*""l ^ S -^ 5 SCO 2 *i-i M a o e3 O I S t'c 1 a ** O co a fee o S~ ^s> ?^i ^^ 8^^ 60 ~ I I w cs 'I 3 168 C111NKSK MANUAL. bC c 3 ex. o fcn .a .2 " .2 H r*^ <-< -t-j jj ^ 3 J s > Q E 5 _j 05 ^ O *H g ?> > ^" * -5 -5 ^S O t 03 o ^ ^ S <^. S . " - 1ST . " < .^ w "r; w ri* 42 cs ^ 2 I s O ^ f 2 O t CO J" ^ ?* IT* ft ex f*s >> ' 3 hrl CHINESE MANUAL. 169 d 3 I CJ I O O to ? TJ * O s 3 a 'C ^ g S pq 60 . "2 ** -j C .G fcC o ! 5 J S -i a -a: O * cT "^ js o CO .fe Y- E Hi! ^ -r ^ - 03 ^ O c cc i 1 CQ ^ m? 170 MANUAL. t 2 | .a o ;=s '- i 8151 .M .r; -~a .o* ll C3 g ? 5 S 2 y- 1 * - > 1 H Si ^ " -vi - ? 'I "fl 1 - s^ g >^ - ** 3 j; J 3 ^ bH ?* ^^ rt ** k^z ^? o tc =3 -S m e3 C3 fr - 2 lfl vr^' viz 'n; tc v ^ i=i\ ^^ l=>v - ii* i' 1=; ^ fcC ^ C2 ^j j-l ^ si gj ^ g S o> <; CHINESE i MANUAL. 171 o> s -*-> _ fcD -3 J o c o 2 o c o t- G O r? 60 T H J &c 0, d .5 'S "5 60 H o Z o : o5 ^a 2 ri< .y g , J s5 "c n C3 - s Knc IC^ 1 ',,-> &H S 3il IK c tk P ^ iTN r- 1i> U> n^ n^* is T" 172 CH1NKSK MANUAL. he rd a * o m w & o EH rj> c* n^\ err ^ U- "== U> "S ""^ ^r US -5 o 1. o w O C3 r^ *n^ o - t-> o a o EH o fee tto 'a 1 ~ c B m tH- c ^ o "^ 6 eS 73 tM O SS " ~ 5 * S g " o ^ ^3 5 H ^T "o X: i K! CHINESE MANUAL. 173 l-pl HH be o> w Tj a 60 a c? n3 o3 05 r^ 05 33 03 -+J O 3? e f< Ok j-H .g 03 *5i O 03 O H ^J HI CO Jt to .O o m ^" 3 ^ H H .> . o fcc P* C3 O O OJ 73 O V nd M O o ^3 H ' 4 t _ 4L P S T5 '5 g ? S -2 5 P T3 S c3 (- .s '2 o he g 0) ,5 to .0 o o -4J ^ to -s C S . ^O . . O *> -S '~ S 5 "a, 1 S " i 8 I.! 1 ^ -I ^ ^5 ^s - A.19 HI m'& K- H< K m #&&&& m&& CHINESE MANUAL. 17', o -^ <- , 75 o .53 S " S O II H m h Us CSS < 12 178 CHINESE MANUAL. *s J tc o> > 3 JL* cj s>^ g -3 ? J g 5 c3 8 tf rf & C5 * 2 1 r^ = ** c3 C8 ,0 -s .2 ^ ^ O -, s o ! o -J cu o CO O | m - "3 ILL j^i ^ -. CHINESE MANUAL. 179 c 5 fl +3 .GO p p T3 C cs co S ^ o o &0 ^ C3 rC ->J CS p. ^ o -*J O > o o IS is 5 rO h c 2 1 1 ^ .2 g 's o o G "S fcb O sf (X. s s s o o O < CO ti^ _2 1 1 o $ d >i O> ^ ^ o ^g 'p o ft p A I I p * * Cl 3 ^ tc M ? iar 455 ME * , 1 1 M e o C3 O "S > fcXD O .S H O ^5 3 -^ ^^ .O S 5S ^ ^ JS K- 1Q35 K gj SB rafe S ^^ n 180 CHINESE MANUAL. o a o C3 W * o a f- >1 o O> 05 00 O> O ^ QJ 00 C3 ^ <* ^ book S o O >^ 5 ,* ^ .s t S "~ co o <= O ^ > co i; i g ^ p^s ^ ^^ Tao Gi ^ -s S * v5 CHINESE MANUAL. 181 g : ' "S 3 2 -a >. 0> ~ 111 x 1 SH 15: O p-"^ 5. g C3 ^ g M ^ Q K i* !-( O ~ a PH ^ c3 ^ PH * > to i I O OJ ^ ^5 .2 *s .2 ' '> * g o c3 ^^ - rs > ' o J ! _o *O) O . ^ ^ 2 * Ci s & *F 3& : *! -c: s, -<: * & 3 ^ 2 .5 ?> ^ Ru ? CHINESE MANUAL. 183 I ** t 3 s s 8 o g KH J CO ss o 3 ^J .53 t_, 3 2*3 *. *. '062 02 *-> n S "^ 2 Hl| I |l ?5s. H .5 J8 ^ I O H 1 ^ O L^i ^ H ^ ^ <: "si rn ud <^ " sT.**. I s-* O O * 1 1 1 -^s e ^H o - H to ,* o 3 09 3 a J? fcc H T O V rt &0 $ ^ ^ fe ig |a fe & 184 CHINESE MANUAL. . > Ci_i '1-1 > c h ^ -2 3 O O o h 3 CO o ^3 3 " O) fl "a J fl fc^ ^^ * rH a ^* C3 1 i Q ^ O -r. VI d G ca 2 ^ & e^ 03~ t 1 O V ^>i - I S 5 s J fc4 r^ ^ wH<^ VK ^^ ignfr ^ IS) ^ rn ^ CHINESE MANUAL. 185 G ' o? *4 -*a Q fco t*" S *-( "" f 3 f^ fl n aS-H-^ g g ^ -^J ^^ LH ^ R I? ^^ co i^ t ,_ ^*H I .S *S 'S 5 *S S ^f 1 ^S PS 7 O **^ oa J ^CC^ co>> O^H O'-dej-M^og; +n*3 ^tS p>J .3> 1 a 1 coogo^S ^ ^JJ ^ oS 1^1^^^fJ ^o S 5 | * -s s^ I* ^-3 g j 6 * s a | *s i I I f ^g S|a2^DS^ol ^ -g ^g, -ife'^c^ft^S P ? 8T o ^ s^-o^C^^S .^>" *.^-*>& IS 5 JB * S * *8 1 J ^ S fcc^^- 1 8^-2O S g K* o ^13 fe C ^ ^ -*a i-S ^ f < fcj, *^> -ii S^ 2* ~- <8 S2* -^ tk rs ""** ^ *^ . *5 co 3 ^ ^^ JO ^g GO <*a ^^ ^ ***** ^ "7^ *^ rj*5 op ^ 5-^ PJ* ^ <- ^i j **-*s. *>* ^^^ * ^ CM * J S* ^ J 5 1 J ^ -I 1 ^.^.^hCJ'^SSflj^i t2o r? R a a ""S I? * BQ 8! ^ KJ<^ 5 ."i r^ b^ -5: S SlH- F^P ^ ^ n sf v <. gg jl, H<^^^f 186 CHINESE MANUAL. -43 f-l o fl *j 11 O <| o 1 - Oj S t js *i "S K- O t H % O H zz ^ 3 3 H^ ^ to zz a. ** c3 QO "c3 O -a c2 H Q H . ST -s o Eg O S3 ^ ^ 0> .1 ^ Q OB >L3 o ; -E ua ^ 'Via fl 03 " " nrrf CHINESE MANUAL. 187 a o H -5 O 03 '> , -s I 3 *ss .2 n3 *> Q 'S o -< > v^t B '' CO eo O *. ^ l>v o ^^ ( 2 "5 C3 05 > ~~ l '3 o> o a fe """ *" v,, feO O in OO ra Q ^ fe ^ C3 02 s 73 a 03 -5 +-< O O 43 . ? > p . >. c "303 "Or*. 9 o 3 ^a | S^2^H *iO*-'^j3c'.l-'r-(rr(-? ^ O ^ r^ H t-a O O n O p - co *- .? O ~ 3: o - c3 fcC ? I 1 inn P O ^s o ~ O fe rfnS i t CO CO 189 ~. d J 3 S r 3 O O> d ,3 d ** ci o5 t o g c3 ^ s 09 TJ d 13 OJ S 0) 0> -u -*J 00 9 9 ^. ; Qi CO *' S !j c S U* ' ^^ 1i r ~ *?> < 03 d cr 1 IB ;=> fcD . J S w GS M *^^ ~^ in K- 190 CHINESE MANUAL. CD co M ~- 2 _n nd CO & TS _d -d o CO 0? +H 2 H3 < a ni o CO O > cJ ^ o 1 fore the o C3 C5 3 CT" CO C3 2 o 3 o J^o 3 t-i fc s r: p (3 fj~] i-G O 'S CV. V o -^ 2 g 1 *-> n CD ;- H3 r c CO O >., a> J- ^ a> CO -> C .** To c^ _C ^ The square cha I gfl ^ _0 ^= O ~ C3 T3 = c3 CO ^ O ^3 grass character cS CO CD *- O &0 _c '-+J i _ 3 o g s C3 OS o CO a> f* CO Q ^ *^ c3 ,i_i 2 ^ '3 ^ o . CO 'W *o = C3 CP ^ ^ n3 CO p You are quitei e a p = 99 s seal characters, co 3 cp c3 2* characters. t . o ^ , '2 < o s S H . t - J ,2 * ^ 1 1 s, i-rt ""3 - -t3 * ** "t^ i!-i M S 5 k ^ ^ 1 S ^ .O r2 a M w p o s tc a .-2 ""*" CQ oo c3 O a Q ^ a I t e* - m H ^ { H g K^ ^3 x -. " ' r" C 1 Q JH a o 0- ^ a -2 ;; x; ~ ^~ ^^ - * CQ -~ ? ^ "5t S ^ ~ 2 . "5 ^, 5 s "^ * - 2 -^ ~ S 1 S ^ i^c ^d^x'S h S*'*'g5 ! i ^ 53 &H 5 S -2 ^ - e I ! S S "^ 2 s ^ "%r* o 2 ^ Q CHINESE MANUAL. 193 . . Ql *" rt d +3 " d O> $> a O 3 O 00 S-. _ ^ O) B .a S o '-S " o % i jj T3 f^ O g , g 5 o5 o3 .XT P r-l 05 rH ^> QJ O> ^3 y_. qi y^ O O . Q (^ fn 4f 4f 03 03 4rH M rd - d ^ ^ - 03 O ^H j>r o e8 o k M S !z o - CC . W o o 2 Si -i H -^ o ?s -^s ss g s ., ? 2 s ? S S; ^ - I 11M 1ll!l M O H 1 nn GO O 4-3 . n 05 d Q X* rd s - | 3 3 o Pl r- i ri trl S: P | |i ^ td *; 13 UIINKSK MANUAL. O o O w r^ ci fcC , r ^ o ~cc ^ Si ^ PH H - I * . g II 7*. . b . Of ~ M: T- C ' - -Lfa- .1.-*' Ei iii. 35 1S4 IJ CHINESE MANUAL. 195 SJ rO '5n '2 0> 5 r=i O S 53 I* 00 .3 r3 f} p3 2 o +3 D o S rH 'rH PH ^O W O 'O ' d 2 g 1 "5 SS 55 ! e s ~ s ~ S '2 fts ^ Si, SL * C 1 ^ N ~ <* -. *-^ .* "^ to oo *5 B ^ ^ k* ^^ :**. KJ s rS <=> L2 ' tt tin *= ii:5< H<^ ^ 52 >Vt4 v r ^y M K- ^ 196 CHINESE MANUAL. 'S fcD 5 l--^ " S & "^ r o Sn 00 Cfi T3 H3 O O O O to fco oo 3 ? s to ^ 2 doff one*! 03 ^ o s~ 1 ^ ^ O oT M3 -4-i 1 d 'o cp 4^ C3 O ^* c OS 3 3 s Q ^ 00 *3 ,-d | C R O 00 CS ^ ~ r o ^ S c^ (D .2 "E > fcb fee c . '^5 T3 O) GO GO p a a t^ PH e3 w o *p 'cS a '/. 3 o CO 1 o> a 5 rd +^ rH O K 1 'S s c HP .= o 1C ^ s 2 ^j ^ ^ "fc -M ? 1 i ,? & 'it <& % I CHINESE MANUAL. 197 to o 3 1 6D fcO a a 03 03 .5 a o S 6 ou s < .2 03 08 O ^ <3 >. I S 2 o o M rt r^ fee . a s s - n o > S3 crt (U a iL js 5tt "3 >r 3 o a cS 3 * t3 cu ^ -s w I s o -2J -_ ^ 2 o @ z*~ 198 CHINESE MANUAL. -8 I % s *! > -S 9 ^ GO O CO 03 OJ G !J ^C 03 3 C5 O ._ M 'S ft 3 3 O bo 1 3 es ^ -4-> OQ ** ^3 SS "2 a H d To suppo -3 ~ . o H i M 60 ' -I ? -i Ja J s- ,> a w S3 O . Bfl fcC C * r^ "~ fei CHINESE MANUAL. 199 a .2 I H 03 =4-1 O j-> CO s +a CD CO rH '"S 2 o 3 PH o3 60 CD CD CO CO s P 5 CD C3 C O PH d 2 rd g 1 PH CD fH CD ,^3 00 rH 1 CD OH 3 03 O O rg CD H ^ 03 CO -t-a 00 CD bC 03 T3~ r -a 3 1 03 3 o s CO C3 O CD CD C CO CO C3 t-l r^ 2 If) CD 03 | S 3 fl o PH 'o fl 8 PH o3 a w 1* s S3 "rH 3 ccession $ vT o -^ zi CD o3 1 1 a 03 4-< i l 'rt o FH CD co CD 1 H b CX. a) CO ^. CO o a CD 6C ~ _G CD C CO O 3 rf\ m 03 < ' r-r r^-l t~i . O i < '"H, ^3 -i-> 03 PH c u fc^ ^ " ? S -S a ^ c * ^ "* '^' ^ w < Hi & 200 CHINESE MANUAL. " ' g > rg " 3 9 'i S3 03 03 Sj -M a I 03 o &0 2 ^ * r-l 03 happens/ Fabricators a : CO JJ IS- C' IS to =o ". ^ p -u > rd 2 '^ ,fcj3 fl "S * g ^ o ^ ^* E^^- ^ PS-H^ bafe an *t*v CHINESE MANUAL. 201 g a i^3 O ,3 :>s> SH 2 ^ HH ft, ^ rd . ..8( 1 .3 5 s fee o> & o >. a -i & ly. zu n ' A roba fan en Pr g "g M a o 3 to d * e .s V. .'. VI EV S O CHINESE MANUAL. 203 60 3 ^ O fl 60 <0 w fe g I o 6 7JD 03 O .a c3 -tJ g ^ '^ 3 4-3 1 o. PH 1 c3 60 FH 03 i i c3 o> - aT o -2 O +3 ^C -*-> ^ O 60 .9 60 .S 60 "S S =3 K^ 05 1 i W P M P 60 ^~J ^S V? S ~ 1o GO *s S> o "5 3 O A ~g ^ ^ N '-2 .5 - K P . B .I i 1 H? ^ SU H* 1^ 204 CHINESE MANUAL. s a ^ o w * -*^> o ^ i > E ^ q H 2 OS H rd ^3 he ren CO 2 - B - 8 .15 S 1 ^ 0) 03 O i | cr 1 h pla O ^a TJ CD T3 3 * o s *>. 'fc. o o "a ~n PQ 1^1 O i * X ^ !'|6 |^ co CX. \\\ 5 ft 5 oT ! O C w .s "tz r ed 00 C3 "^ C o ' c^ ^ s ^ M O 05 J3 "- 1 n^ o o 1 2 rd o a a o 00 "o o 3 g s s i o g C3 tn 3 "z 53 r^3 _. ^O m C '^ J^ 3 s CO O Tc 1 5 ^G 09 rH 5 o> 1 1 o CO rH O M ri TJ 'n C 4J d H fco 53 I i cS O o e <; s o '5 ,o >s ~s ^ ~ k/ -^ .' "51 L^ * R ^ . = m S 1 s * K 03 O i i O c p c 03 S O O 1 o &c o fcc 0) CO i-H O3 CHINESE MANUAL. *Z "S t i C3 ^ 2 i 60 cv. "S " J3 g ' ^ a - | >^ C3 ^ c3 zu/ 03 g- 1 00 * * ? 02 3 O OB 03 o o B 03 S C3 ^ ^ S b 03 rs p O O ^ T* ^ ^D K> -4 > r~^ t _f^ ~r^ ^ 03 03 M o O ^ i CC ;., H ;S 03 a M O at o -*-> 2 -*j co C P eS ^3 33 O3 CO c3 O "S -g -g ^a o on ^ H ^ S 'Z3 P3 r-i ^ i js 11 S &D ^^ CO 03 o || O O "5 t>- b>- ^ [^- j>- & 3 OJ '-3 l_^ M ^ -U o o fcO 3 1 a & m o> S a I & ? morrow to he! o> ^5 +3 O S3 C C3 O ^ day. Very different TS > GO Pi rQ m 'oT & o> r ( -s a o n3 ^ ^ o ""cS >> . 1 1 -u c3 ^a ba ^ 'Z ^. . '-Z^ ^ T3 O> r^ -i^> What misfort s*> T^ a 49 OS d 8) S JS ^^J "^s rg <5 53 ^ IS "6 e ^ '^ e Ssi 42 s g w 1 >? s **5 .2 53> : S JS "^ Ctt " *~"~ S S 3; *^* >b *~ r* a. 5s ' -5J S r^ : H ^^ tS 'i e fcO C3 rG m Eh m m iiK- * if K" W 4W m ^x _T V^ TT1 Trf" j_ Jit ^ Isl ^ * sfr ""^ JU -- -jv^i iir- ^fl Jjjj^ TT! v >- 'I 1 ^ m ^ 33 C\ 53 ^r Di}- ^2 ^ ^ K" ^2 K CHINESE MANUAL. 209 fl be s ** H 03 g 6C K-J .2 o s I 03 rd 03 H O -4-J d a a -4-2 3 S ^" ^^ co 5 rS '3 C3 "^ r-H H ^ 11 as - S n I 1 m m " ^ 7,, tn 5 14 210 (1IIM-SK MANUAL. rr"^ ^^ -x TV ~ t J e^- Dra *i"Ni- -^r* ~*- = kl _ " 'a -c o> jH co ^-1 c~. ,, a< B ag ^ p 1*1 i 0]J- W 5 Ka H< fcc a C3 a _o 0> O ^ _ >% V tc c l-t c3 a <3 2 o f-> 3 2 o ^a i ~ 5 s o C3* 8 1 r. 0. T}- ^ $ o GO o ^ CD H j> C3* ^ ~? *^ -c PM c tg "~C P ^~ ^ H - '. ci - c ^_ !5i ^ ^i jj ^J 4^> o ;-J *2 ^ ^ *^ '"* 2 c H i ^S "5 '$ ''S. *z ti. 0) c cc 03 H -^ Ti . %> "oc rQ ^ -73 O -^ fc. d) rH M^ o =i b" ^ S v Hm '?a ^J **3 w W to .ly H |H ^ - i ^ 5 CT ^ . m i ,^/ C , VS .,1, tTN CHINESE MANUAL. 211 o " rt h SB 8 c? S ^ fe c c3 C O. O &0 _&c 03 CV.. O) -4-2 3 O 03 O3 o | i- 03 >% P ^ -|J O -1-2 03 ,X5 fee ^ &JD fee J5 O ^3 W ^ F a, ^ c> * ^ i . 3 ^ 212 CHINESE MANUAL. cj x ' co o S H fl ,> s i c5 3 o> o ^ fcfl 0) -u ^3 O i- & S3 S3 03 a .s 3 II -s O - O ,0 ^ -5 -S S3 _o ^ J 5 ^" 'S - I 05 C3 re *" f-< S * s^ ^ S S 15 ^ ^ 5 ^ -w s* M 1 to K- 1 K- H -3 r?^ . flp CHINESE MANUAL. 213 o H *r- tfj J-.1 O ^ a Coo - n ?=> LEI te> , s s 214 CH1NKSK MANt'AL. CD _C P O ^ CO p .2 ^S cu "C O co M' O C+H p g a CO *J3 ^ 'o 3 c3 t- O P3 hH a O >-> . s b 3 ^ . S-^3 o: ~ tc o " ; to G c _ S S o TJ Eir^il a ^ CHINESE MANUAL. 215 fco o P* ^ '3 "*"* PI ^ 4a 1 "2 'o o js o> go P a ( j .^ O w fen , O o ^ "S fr * , r-j 4J fcC g r fl r "f rf 6D .. Pi ! o -*3 ^* c ^^ O .r- O >- S5 o > ^ ^ ^ -^ S. is SMB 'I 3s Ss ? d> rd -s fi ". ? S 1 c3 &H , fl - O O fc EH H ^ 216 CHINESE MANUAL. fee T3 o *& fi a P C3 CD o ^=3 e.s = .5 __0 ,.03 b o> ;- O "O w a SB 7^ o I ^ o g ^. 1 S 'XJ QJ CD 5 CD C3 "2 P CD ^O O c o P o p ^ ^s O > _ S CO -<, ^^ "5 ^ S "S 5?s "E C 5^ o o ^ o S> st cj .2 S ^ b? fe'a: .13,1 .IB* ^|J plji' ^1 1$ " ^ ' r -K M fej 1K S S H^ _o. Bra W- ih o H tt? 218 CHINESE MANUAL. id O r-X +-> O O d d - s S3 &c d o .a d r] C co E~l o - 3 ^> OJ O C o ^c F-3 <-^ c5 Hi ?-( o -- 4-3 c5 ^ ^i V cS m 2 3 > (D t> O ^ H3 ^ rr- 1 to ^ r 1 W C d n rO rH ^ .S ^ '42 03 -U 5t3 "~~^ C3 f* 4^ 3 i .s d i i CD 'SI O O r^ EH cs p^. o\ ~ *~1 S, .s s o? > ^3 c a 5 2 .8 .-8 73 S "o (4-1 o 4 ^ ; S 1 rS cS w rt c3 O o ;r_ CO * -rt OB "S c3 5tt c3 tM P! w cS oT o fee - * rS IB O > c3 rC3 ^^^ tt o 2 o3 g* CD r-l OS OJ >^ (!) c r ^5 B 60 .S ^3 [~ S CD O 13 O CO B -*J a B ^O i I rd u 43 C TJ "S "S s 05 rH 5 i ^ nd r^ i i (D J- > S3 "^ 1 2 49 B c3 CO "ft 73" cu CD o> bo O r^ tlD t* "c3 f-i c 1* *c ^H CJ -P 'S -4^> cc g ^ ^ E JH- -^ 1 IE J-l nn. -j^ -^ 220 CHINESE MANUAL. p3 2 ! o> s 'S a . 2 8 c* ~ " o ^H n I i l> (D P^ cc o o> o H r^ -t^i flj ^d ^> H - - fcj t> ^ ^ O O G n ^ r 1 J ti ^ 'S ci a !3 -X "S 's ~ p o ^ d h w ^ W O *5 j*l ^ ft ^ o _ fe ig = CHINESE MANUAL. t | II 5 -3 I -3 - 3 ?-> OS o> 0) O> PH PH C fl O) - c O houlino 03 * PI rt M? <1> j^ r ^^ s S5 33 "IS?- 1 Is* js? Iff 13? 222 M \NUAL. fc-. 5 CD i O CD O 5 ^ * CD O f -a -5 cu , to s o r2 Q ^3 ^ S O r& I < M H ^ 2 N ^1 * fcD K- ^. rfts Tfc. < = t i^ i^ ^ K- K K'^ CHINESE AfANUAL. 223 73 V rn d a p -t^ oT 1 a O a> a o r- c3 a> GO S 03 n3 a> a> 0) 09 's O o r C3 *j ^g j h ."o ^ ' '3 R as 3 0) ^ C3 a P- "*^ 23 rH ^jf^ 7D ^J N ' r^ ^ +^ c3 jzj ' S 0> CO -. g J GO C3 Td 5 P '^ 92 - J * 1 ^ ^ "? ^ - "3 O to i OH C3 0) t+H cj O 1 : nz* -* ? m 'Kigs^ i CHINESE MANUAL. 225 a fcc CO 03 O w O o a, .+ r ( Q 1 1$ o .2 P< 03 fl O . M M w p o o 2 - ^ o H* 00 &0 3 d o> .y is o 03 w iir Si 16 226 CHINESE MANUAL. >, 03 V A r-l i ^ 43 1 g '& % ^ rd O I & .g a 7 5 5 & r J3 > B 4g c3 g) O ta . ?SJ s^ 2* &> s m s CQ f ^ H Cl CO ^H CHINESE MANUAL. 227 "2 .P o> *S TJ te g ^ fee i i - 3 60 .S fn ng K 1 M *: 5S r-^5 cs 60 o H CO i-l 228 CHINESE MANUAL. bC 'So o EH 01 8" P a -^ S 3 - - rt s o> o .S "S o> 'So -2 .S "S S r^ fl 3 ^2 8 ts fi; w S 5Ji >* I ^ 11 DO S ?H O H feik CHINESE MANUAL. 229 - HD a 3 S ' *g 3a "3 CD 4H X} O O rQ o 53 St S S GO ^*> S a, 'S ~S ^ .s tii a s ^ *5 a. 230 CHINESE MANUAL. 6k c3 S 2 g. o e tC O ?3 13 oj 1 ^ 1 03 43 S S fee ^ s (/3 n ^j 03 ^H r-3 c3 > t _o g nn c3 '-*J 'S S 03 c^. 03 of 3 'a. 43 . ~ 03 03 "M M C3 O i* ^f] r^M 3 03 S C3 O fee 0> -M S 03 60 ^a 11 .S 'S ^ 4^ . ^ r?^ ^ 03 S 03 PH -fj d E ^ o S3 PH sP ff\ OJ ,2 -2 1 EH 772 'a! ""o 0! O r*i w p 1 p 03 ^ 'o * ^ c3 o

S 'S 00 ^ CO C?J fci S .S . 3 'r IrrlP 99 na .^ [5? fi- 534 CHINESE MANUAL. 3 o _a pH 03 'r^i o3 r-^H 40 n3 4-5 a s ^ o> J3 +3 "e8 O S_i i 9 a> E a rC! -i_J " ^4-1 O oJ 0* CQ 03 a C 3 O 0) owing 'o fl ^ "3 O -s d O ,C 4J OQ 3 "c .c 8 come J3 H aT . '*2 03 OJ i i 3 oT QJ 4J rt c3 r^ CO fl Q 1 60 a .s 60 O O f-> d 2 o ^J ^ I GQ C3 1 60 O> 03 C3 60 40 S >rH ^ ^ 60 60 -rl .S o - -H O 03 ^ 60 40 O O fi : I 60 o3 CD C3 pj 0} 03 rH O 03 a si aga : ^ tJ ^S * "^ O ^ "* s ^ S ^ .e" 'o g S 1| ^ ^ If * K SUK S]] rt*< " *' J ^ ^ K-i HOC \\V 232 CHINESE MANUAL. J 5 g 'o | 3 O 3 S oo c3 i "* a>- cS O ^ ^ n=J 1 i 60 a '^ a 73 a aw for dr ^ 3 s 5 .-s ? * .-a o O M 2 a rH .rH 111 t* K>-> Wa fD O 60 "^ e Wa > M w P | P CHINESE MANUAL. 233 *4 .2 t-> f~> sag D &> ^ o 3 . fl a __l CH ^" o s k 1 O I d 'S &o o ^ . x 8 p *a r73 ?r, ?5 bo 2 ' 3 M M rO d 2 ts >s -S j ja to Si, *J" 6 6 S fefe I :' en -on ^,-1 [H* ig SS lliiB ) i'ia JJ CO * CO 234 CHINESE MANUAL. .g I 1^:3 T3 ^ J I 1 -'a 1 s .S g a a * 09 03 O tt f % ^ 3 o o 'to ""3 g ^ c PI /-^ form me of every parti -(j fl 'i d o >% T3 3 * tt <0 . ^H PI ^ 09 ^3 *3 fl c CS o 5 o ^d > o q CO .s '3 cr 2 PI a> fcc ) have sinned, please f < | ( ~r r/" uS 3 Q o ^ C^J o ^ I'll r-i o o . H B s fr 73 & P cS o '. 11 60 P S "d >H > . P 03 P 3 " '. O oo 2 '. 6 ft CHIN.ESK MANUAL. -s B o CO cS O - B B T3 i-. O ^ - 3 O onab o p PH o 8 to IH ^ CO 0-. fcC -S . "I ^ tJD rtf ^ I 3 *e g o K" -4-> O *3 -, 0^,0 ^ ^ 2 -a v>a m rr\ iVa ., ^ H< H 2j ^ I'liiC. <= 'tis CHINESE MANUAL. 237 * l -H si 1 1 " -a 8, J P H 1*8 3 ^1 1 J a? 2 ,5 S 13 ^ g M5 - "^ g *^> ^S ,0 as a 2 * *D M M M d PI C3 O i ?3 . e I % *& Q ti-., 1-.L. *z K ~* ;$ OQ fl O 3 CD to O O H &i K < PI UJ 0! ^ fcc CHINESE MANUAL. 239 TJ ^ 03 O rH *""! O 60 O h O fcC O 60 .2 55 H 0) 3 s ^ ? J3 - 60 C oj o 60 M .2 g ^o 60 ^H rd ^H >-> fj 03 -U a JS 03 s O "- 1 60^ o O > o < JS :; ^s O , -2 u< m a, S'r il_ *K If" iri CO ^ =0 CO ^ CO r-l 240 CHINESE MANUAL. fo 8 y, +3 o ,0 > - js c C3 o o c o X difficul 1 to S ^ & o p ^ o ic C3 rS JJ c: U3 T3 rt | * P ^ o > o P- 2 CJ f 1 " C " p^ * o ID V "^ % H g - o ^ PH ~ H bt O ^ ' .5 H ~ - ^3 1 % m c ^i 1 J e Q - " H P - O K" c A* -<< /In * "^ r-2 ^3 "pip PH r H o ^ - H * * ilia hi m * CHINESE MANUAL. 6C C Ed o 3 t-H 2 O rO O A S PI* TO .w C? OQ O O fl 6C Pi S3 * r^ rrt 0) -i-i O rfl g H a 03 oo >-, w fcC PI fcc 5C ^ ^ .S -2 - 5 b JS* d 03 rrt i ^a PU P o ^ . S-* 03 50 si & S ^ ^ S 3 Pi PH rQ 03 03 o3 .,-< O fl ^ a 03 , O < d CH fa S O 03 g W m 6C t- 53 cu i? S .2 a f> S '^ o S '?3 S t^ -s 1 s^ ts '-s e "*< ^KA^ m %a t m ^%s CO OT 242 CHINESE MANUAL. -9 O 1 ^ co CD GO <0 o> O "S a a 11 ! tn 1 ^ 1 g s .2 P^ 8 O 02 1 .9 15 3 c eS* "te *S !a ^" **"* 5 | j||l ||| .2 ^ '3 *> S J O >i o .2 S O 0) Ss s s o **< ^s ^' !11 * ^i 2 . r^ *^s> - 1 i 1 s M S. \ ft m in *f m M CHINESE MANUAL. 243 IS, 03 CT 1 O 2 8 a o o ffi 1 - - H - a > 2 > , fco--^ fl o> O Oj P4 ' O) 03 & S g o -a c. >> o o s 244 CH1NKSE MANUAL. Ol 1 O g. .2 W H 13 * "& 1 ~ ^ X 1 8 a S o a 9 09 O> "-5 *"^ v^ ^ Tft 1 !* *J 1 - fcD r4 W o fl ^ ^"^ O on oo If* 5* 3 9 W 6 j ^ c *TN ^?\ iZs ha flffl K-K- 246 CHINESE MANUAL. * . o 3^ s o cs o o S H o - ' p-< o Q p_j t fa t s 2 o P ^-* *""* o I a o o g O *3 .u ^ rt ^ "^ "2 ^ 2 ^ o S . 3 "^ fe era d t^ o fe ^ ^ Jj - ^ g CC ' o 2 S S 8, ft H M M M a< ^ ' s o ~ S "^ 1 S &i ^ &Q P! S L o tttv h_, \sV CHINESE MANUAL. 247 -g o PL, . .9.9 * i 1 -^> O o PI ,0 ^ O3 03 CO 3 3 rq a g ^ t-i w ^ 60 s s J 4 s s C" s s ffllf 15? 248 CHINESE MANUAL. 1 .3 'S P, o * J * a m fr CHINESE MANUAL. 249 d o rs &> 2 s cS P o5 "A to o C3 W sj ^1 "w d ^ S3 2 & M ffl , , > 03 03 fcO ^ O M M M 60 -r pi d IS 250 si CHINESE MANUAL. GO i c3 c3 ^^ bo * " a g K- .0 .0 5^ ^S ^ S 1 .1 1 2, ^* y S !ff k <=> S SI K- ;= r lif- i^ferP^K^ CHINESE MANUAL. 251 11 bo a o o 1 I Oi a fee 3 O T3 S C3 ^ci s fee .2 .5 " 5 & e - 03 fcD O s 3 I 4-1 O> O &0 i - i? ^ S "-S K S .^ to '^ .8 2 M (D i i 03 -H a 1 M. Tfl S -^ E 252 CHINESE MANUAL. to , 1 1^4 i to o ? e K 1 ( t^ IJIlS \iV 7^9 CHINESE MANUAL. 253 PL, r o O G J? 2 ^3 C3 O s 44 O O M fee g *o fee s o n . a fee fcn o l l , s S i . t o * ^*-S fir? tt T^ D3 - 254 CHINESE MANUAL. 1 1 CO ^C oi ? i i i-J ^ -^ _, >_ t miss your oppor should avenge an 1 o *-> ^ 'rt -t- -u "fl o to my rescue. mind is uncomfoi business certainl c o P ^5~ T3 *3 3 PQ 0) S O >> S . ao H 6 o G @ ^o s s s o -2 CQ >** GC O flO JS , o M M s-i S M (- 00 g.'3 cannot believe these words. does not believe my word. H ca lnc h ce otih ^iiin mfr " VN 1 - T.. K- ^ ]]$ CHINESE MANUAL. 255 rj t^, -4-3 O ^ C3 C3 fl CD S O> t>C c Pi O h 1 -3 ^ CD ^3 r a '3 c nd CD co =3 03 09 w ,p - . i d o> 2 53 ^ JH a >-O rlH P 2 o O .5 6C b o3 o oo ^3 11 >^> O O .8 o ^ e 1 :: "Si j^ ^3 i^ "I "i k k_l xT" P*. eo & fL < SJN [ ~ is ik i^ fe 1 &w m ~ K- CHINESE MANUAL. 257 M a P o c 0) OH 3 CO 3 60 3 a c3 60 0> o H o P -U CD fl ^ O ^3 P a s i i 1 6X3 FH c H CD O H CO O e3 '> a CD CD rQ 5 5S 551 KK 17 258 CHINESE MANUAL. unira- 8 PH enieni & O V 8 a3 ^ > a . C0 2 a -t> 2 aT p .S rH 1 a ' o ! . Si O> r ' O Ct p epp SPfi n J| a> o^5 ,. 3 2 y^ o ^ fl "*"* 0) gf . =. o 5 f < <^ E &* o o 3 O .2 o 1c ~* '> o s ^aJ S o at Ci ^ o S ,O Ed J -. 49 Q s c S c S O p O 'o p 8 p c3 O S o ^s fe ^ 5 * S S ^ f g = ^ ft r^ K < he ^ i@ K- K ^i K- ^ CHINESE MANUAL, 259 3 . e . S -g 610 d c trH - - CO CJZI t3 1 C 12 o = ^2 3 S "S O o . o __, 05 * 'S " C3 S a ^ 60 -2 o S a S s r^ PQ pq S o ^ !> J ^ < M M w o +J fee o S O H -t- ^, a R3 ?*l -RK- 260 CHINESE MANUAL | 1 "73 fen c - OS w ^ 2 o O> T3 rQ c3 a .2 * W i CO t<- ^ '^, PH rs .2 t? 'o ^ %? fi 08 C3 - , c . r ^** .*** GO ^ Si oo ** rE! CHINESE MANUAL. 261 tains, his foot- o ' o tn n3 03 .2 S r^ PH 03 Q) *co d s PH 03 T3 __ 3 cr 1 h 3 0) r^3 i of this monas- o "o :-! [ have omitted 3n wanting in s -i ~ co G Q fe C | '+3 p P. "o c ! GO -rJ o co 03 3 f I ^2 5 S 03 S in the mou .0 not go o mountain CO T3 C r5 S g O CO _O O C o 3^ CO benefactor M ^60 O 8 3 many days O rO 03 &, 03 J ^ I 1 ^^ 03 03 "^ ^11 rf o 'B IS ^ id 03 TJ J3 *O T3 03 CO 3 P H CO 03 rJ4 O I 1 -4^> CO 03 a 03 ,-0 -*-> 00 s -M 03 ^ H 0? e3 FH o f^ P.H o .1 ^ >; "o I I 'oi Sw "e3 co )r3 es '~~ l o -9: I - o J ~ Si It m< "W _ m , 262 CH1NKSK MANUAL. O) 60 C3 60 P O> cS 60 03 > ^n n nd !=I ~ !S CO V "o .s ,0 O> ^ PH 0> i- C O H W 1 1 3 PH 60 3 C 05 > T* H o H 2 2 " Q} O C3 ES M HH M M -s TO 03 P\ S 2 o> 60 P 60 O H o O CHINESE MANUAL. 203 03 ,a 3 O K-) a I 0) nd a 3 O fcC *-i -^ nd O O fl a & 1 3 o P H S ^ ~ 8 r^ r^ _-i O o J ^ P P^> e 2 3 O " ri i-> 7-, u O i s o r^ . o J s ^ * "53 ^H q-i 03 03 I I 3 O ^ C ! a -p ^^ 1 .J2 <2 03 00 c3 r^ -M OO -M I-H O r 1 ca i-i ( * 1 CD C3 03 nd S3 03 -t^> ^0 3 r^ -t-2 ,v Q-l M ft a aT ^ nd O) C ft rf C3 11-1 J3 P _0 C .2 nd s ^t-i 'f-l ^ kj fl Jj i i rr! r^ /^ 03 c3 50 o3 3 rG 2 o O M S-*. ?S ^ ^ .^ 1 s 's s t-t x 264 CHINESE MANUAL. 2 0> 60 u _ JS O ~*^ GO O rC to O "^ II 03 03 be c3 I I ej a o g ^ nd rS 'TO w o ^ ^ 1 2 " J c3 CJ o S w 2 M I a - H "S 5 c cr. ,> ^ > O c3 5 'C 5 b"S fn eg 9 o rfl ' FH- P CD CO ^ S* 1 " 1 ^5 O , -i Cw y . yj j j ** _-- f . W ^J CM ^ O "^ GO w o o ^= .73 O bo o? I > H .^1 !TTT n3 K SMteW fJX ^ CHINESE MANUAL. 265 .03 03 C ^a O os *-' 3 o ^_ ^ "^3 10 o raJ ilua 3 cr 1 o> cS r^ 5 O S 3 .S a . > * . _. van 5r.s ^nr ^ f f'^ 266 CHINESE MANUAL. TJ c3 0> fcC 43 S3 * G O eS* O QQ CO p- rt & s i-3 s s s c -r. o i "^ .S i- fee w a *3 0) PH > HH ^3 II 1.1 2 0) O T5 1 H *^ S |^ -*' . 5s = *P r p 5y_, * CO taJ K" ^ ml *s>< CHINKSE MANUAL. 267 fcO o o C ^H 03 to PL, 03 00 .5 a 9 s H 03 ^2 03 a PQ o h 268 rllTNF.SF, MANUAL. o H cs to a o 3 ~i* "Jj jfe< -Hi? , x ^ d s g S g> S tfi s o s C3 *~~* C3 m t> o d eu. 5 d 3 o fcp d '^ t'S fcib -2 .S a I ^ 2 tc d to ' L S t* f ^^ Q "S O H U Li B2 CHINESE MANUAL. 269 Budd fco I C ^ I G r> ** st' > 4, o> C OJ ;s a .s a p w ,JH PQ o> g ^3 a o =3 -s hundred shop cJ5 c 'S EH o> o> I 2^ H ^ ' ^ ^ ^ 4J flj aj oo ? I s =: -^ 2 *** S I II s^ * . - s S . 2* Is It. *jo^ > ^* ^^^S . M& .. , |> H 1 4& K. K 1 ^ * faito*. S H rK 270 CHINESE MANUAL. . S u (1) 0) c ^ rd ^ 2 o ^ ,.a ^3 QJ C r-Q JH 63 o> 'B & c '5 o O , ^3 <-~ C3 c "3 j 5 a O> cu &" 1 ns s a C3 S 6o- -a 5 i ^ c3 . _, f-Kl Si, <* S jo M aS ^^Mcri^ c C5 > O CC >i cj n o ^ a, o *- 2 -2 ; ^ ^ J o ^ "< .o 6t CHINESE MANUAL. 271 s s J_1 sJIC r - "* a, CH1NKSK MAMAI,. I s S S3 a 5 *- i '** o ~ o fcO o (U > G ,_J flj C3 ^ O cS O ^ r^C S *" c 8 .ft 'C bD I ur 09 2 t2 e ^ W .i; ~ ^ "^ 2L, nn m fcl Q O PH CHINESE MANUAL. 273 03 ^3 - 03 03 09 .-" 03 y _r* :i *" o I o H o cu d o O( CO et? * 03 o -S S >-> ^ g 03 p O K-> ,-d o d o o ^H -r o ^ b M c2 6)D .^ .- 'S * S-" S 2 fl S C i! 0) jj* +3 s 2 a 8 S 3 cT g I 03 J=l S o 3 a r/i ^* -- 1 >-> CS QJ ,J3 -5 03 W 5 CO 03 O * 2S 00 1 k S ^ N K S$ IB |5 to * w fii? i^J? (i^rr 1 rR* ^52 iii', B ^K 18 274 CHINESE MANUAL. p 8 Jl 2 TS e*4 ^ O ^_ o :3 l .a '3 fl 2 8 ^S a r* *< ~~ s & & . f.*- J! S .? tik . V ^ a P .^ < -iS o :S cs rt 6c .S "3 * O CD * m .5 H - CS -u CD O PJ p co co o < S ft o ^ S O ^c S *J o I 276 CHINESE MANUAL. f* o> nd = 1 Q2 ^_^^ O N * ^ 3 ^5 cS fl << ^ c3 O "* .a 'I C3 fN tc * C3 +3 ^ C3 - O * . < d> ^3 bo -a ^ S H H " C 1 e ^! 1- s ;. tn_, . . i WT H rt ^tn^ fc 1 H * tr ci K CHINESE MANUAL. 277 a o r| 4 G g k> lib O a ' g 'a 03 g a a , i S ffi t^ 4-3 O d O 08 a w 4-t 2 o ^ sC o> 05 o 03 o3 p ^3 03 r^ O CO O 03 2 CD ^ a 03 00 S3 'Sc c -+j w H .a EH 0) _O O o TJ a | 3 M w P o s r^l t* o .2 c3 te rr> ps J-S. 280 CHINESE MANUAL. ~. "T* Cj '' 03 *g g | ni 4 " --2 > 03 g o o ^ fl S O H 0> CO r-f cs R S 2 .2 fl m o> 03 rrt a 3 s o> c > o O) >. K 03 S J (X. fee a ^i p O o - 3 ft *i t* JrT|^ 1j >^? CHINESE MANUAL, 281 S C3 rQ T3 fcc O > CD o M H 1 S t 282 CHINESE MANUAL. ^ > - O . ^ ^ - s 0> ffl O JS .2 a * 3 IS ^ ^ d 3 ^^ d o o o 60 o 3 *& d O o y A a a -s > I 5 ^ g, o _, ^ . _ t " ^ C3 -> C3 Q3 CO S* C3 Q p ^ d ~ O d s ^ Si o "S > H iLL Pine K K- ^ tn tn M (M d K- CHINESE MANUAL. e-i > . trr> +* n I | FH O> rrt ^ -* I t>- O p- OQ ' | g S O .* ^ ^ S 03 XJ b o n ^i O s a o> o d o> TJ evening fee 03 &c as fcO rt ^5*3 3 g .5 i *-> r^. e- S 2 o '> o P 5 e 1JJ ^ V W -^ * * m VB- J ^ n CHINESE MANUAL. 285 to OJ >- * OJ 3 3 I -. TO S *" _c rt 03 - f - ^ ^S <- QJ 1 ? M P m PH o 03 O 2Q 286 CHINESE MANUAL. .& O ,, _ * 3 CO t-t PH - S G 03 ^ 0} cj C3 ^ 6X3 S i- C "71 .J3 g ;3 fcO S 'I S 5 h^ S3 CS fe tn O 6D ^ 2 a -sj .s ^ n $3= n "= B^ nyi fe li 53 * i:3 CHINESE MANUAL. 287 nhabitants aie he Cf-l V ,5 " "S P M fcc o o Q r 1 to r-l d rH j3 f T3 C 15 u "S o o ~C3 tD 1 O o rG C3 ^ o 3 1 CQ C3 a O s o i-. 1 -4-3 cf < 03 c3 rl a t*T CQ OS ~fj r3 tc /Ti 0) : T3 ^\ s^w g o5 .a ^ ^ w fe r3 S3 ^ 'S o 3 s^ T3 o C a> r> P _> O > 9 n o> The four clan 60 g P- r 2 -^* O (D tD o i rt 03 | " -S d ^> >. 03 d _i ^ i 03 ^ . o 03 r_^ ' 02 r^ CD fl fcC i* "^ d o ^> cu > S o S ,-C g ^d -I s IH f-d 2 'S -2 44 c3 ,3 ,_.* +3 ""oS I 1- I 3 ' ! * (ii ^3 a) S* CD 1 I m e OS s s^ltl m . O > 60 --r! '^ II II 1 1 .1 |^5 SB | ri | cfl d 9 P s O> d 60 60 d 5 >. ^ ^ o S 1 8 CQ ^ 1 18 tf tn*- 33 Ufa: - ^ ^r 19 290 CHINESE MANUAL. nd a O> -a T3 (D 6C 03 S 03 0) rfl -t-> O> 6i "5 .5 J3 QJ co W5 ^ CD t< 3 ** > CP O 03 P3 jj P O C rt t* 73 W sill d i-^ O *. ^ I S r O oJ o> 0> Go o -t-3 -4-J !3 03 i to (3 ^g^ 03 ^ * ^ fl 2 2 f-H , I) M c3 Z to .s constrai 0) i o a d 3 d 6 constrai 2 1 & N* Cfj ^ J c3 8 o 1 ti =s s 1-^ .^ V rd *-> "d C3 i s ^ 11 h O >^ i-pt .5 > 1 P rd t> , 3 o a 3 ^ O > . 3 7 HH a " s CD r^ O > ^ 3 f3 r ^ t o o HTIf s Q nil 0) 'TS > a ^i 1 1 CO I-H 'i, ** 1 1 1 5K ^ ^2 >^ ^1 si >j >^ i-cj 'QJ 3; O .00 >* ^5 ~ X ? e = a 00 -o ^ **^ r ^^ *^s 'i ^*-rf ^ " ~ js ' ;v i m '~ ^ & a, 10 ^i fc? oo o* *^* ^ I s L? i^jt\ " _2 EN .^ ^ A < >-S ^ >> rs H3 * <\. f CO 55JJ ^ m w essa eye 00 P^ CO c* CO n s 12 5P nr ik !o & s C-l CO fei ?S '4J "S f tei< _ am K-^- * f-^ 292 CHINESE MANUAL. ^S'o'S 'd o 8 P 'a X H d "^ 60 K w "- 1 JH f 3 1 p l * 4 * I 2 -g -s ^ = -g 8 * 3 25 S S g ^H QQ rf Vri "trJ 03 jj {M s OJJ . CD r^ Pn A ^ C3 >X ^- , ^*J S ^ ^ ^ ^> OiS^ g^ -g E^^ 'S f - 11 g 1 ill n* a !* i g is. g * -s ^ 1 s e. ^l l^l-llljS J^o I 2 fl c -(-= *^ s 4s ^r^-CHTJ..^ M M J - f 5 " "I F. 'g H '3 H g K . S *^ O 5 bO e8 CT 1 C * ' ' 3 s ^ - -S s S r^C i^ ^ * ^ fe 2 G , s fr ft S< 33 is? DC.) Hfti " flS? "" i!13 ii ri-3 eo K ^5 cv. [a* *ff^ d ^T^ tS^ t+\t m ^" 4Wnl gi ^= ^ ^ | ^^ K- CHINESE MANUAL. "a J5 .2 ,8 o ft +j . en 45 H +3 . OC 3 o> 8 , S 9 fe ^ 293 G fc*n ' ^ S O * I I Is*^ - s i I^al'i- 1 C O|Oi'2>^ ^;O d ^-'.Sg^o^Jga' go^-^ ^^w floS>- r^ ^ r^ ^^ 05 rt-i . rt rl r^ ^.s ^ fia J t > d *84 ^os2^2 *3S22^-Sg^ 3 r ao-^, !=! S^CrfO^cS^ 'ojj.os | Jfc*i 8 '-f g^ 1 & go ^ -c S ^2 8 j* ^ * g^fe'TJ^ p.2 fl =!.2p'^!=lfl ^oS . II ^ r^3 O ^ H S PI S3 g O OQ fcc g I ^ 0> . j S EH g ,0 -a t: Ml S "o O o> fl ^ 5 "3 CD ^ ^ O c3 W fc ^ = CO *9 .e 1 "K> s. a 'a\ 2 K- tr> ; 296 CHINESE MANUAL. cs S ^ & o ,a o CD n3 rrt < x x w ^ o> ~ t> at fl .2 -8 co - p> ! c3 O ^, ^3 O e3 te b X I* <0 <> a a 1 a I j. ^"^ rt *^ ^ - 3 g 5 S ** 0) T3 S ^- C3 O 03 o 66 B i 1 ^ &&& ^-a .H -^ *M II , i no esc an t -3 , a> O . pfi b r^ ~ Q o3 2 Cu "- 1 a) s S -s rg J o w o> 2 1 O ^j ^ is < ^ rf* e .o ^ ^^j si S*4 5 s .f | 'I ~ ^ ^ s ; t m H s CHINESE MANUAL. 297 3 H p O *. d w eS O CO H g OH ^ rT O 03 fcc- c o c a w< s, a C 1 (U KJ S 1 o> , Q^ ,*if**, rH ^ 60 p C -*J (X. q) .2 * 2 03 C 03 00 ^ C3 73 rH rH 0) ^ 1 1 rG . o come OS 03 S o 03 L- S S ^j' 1 -^ H-l ' co 03 >* Jg Qi r | J^. 03 fe n3 cu ,1 =8 S* ew * S s s o 2 , o 00 50 _H CO r g | & & * fl . 60 rJ3 3 O H "* /! ^^ O) &l 1 3 S^ ^j V? S 03 GO O o H H - So ~ ,^.i ^^ e m & H *= \fflt +v co n IN I x^ CHINESE MANUAL. 299 s O> .2 | PI C3 "p 0) P ""o ^ r^ p 1-1 , O *4^ QB o *"* ^ O a P ^ . 5 t: _^ Cs fcfl 4< tap 300 CHINESE MANUAL. M > 3 *2 H 8 6C d o H (4 | o> o (-* ^> P," o -. -5 1 3 81 o , H N* -4-i d g c st not hinder i st not deceive O S "o -*3 0} "c @ B 'S cc > M ;=: S-4 C(Q N names.' PH i-l o You muf usiness. You mu o c? * "f . T3 o ---r O ^ 4a c o . , ^ ^. cS OD GO i^ ir 5 1C 1 o be *=> o 1 S O i*" 4 < Jr -4-3 no = S | s s I T3 O S '^i i, S ^> * ^> ^ O 'S ^ s: ^ s ? g Oi 5j 1 1 eo rt * : t L 302 CHINESE MANUAL. ,s g I "o a r2 O a 5 o .2 g> S o rt I 1 o a) Pn O M S o ^ ^5 s o f fl 3 g ^ o.. S c o 1 3 r & SS >. r* o ^i *^ _g c-H C3 k) o w a s o .2 .2 r* ~ 'o a o 2 G *j M w 4J o Pi B S i 1 o "" Si H ~ k a, ' ^ tS E^TiK: x <*>. 53 **^ 5s jjnB ^ riJ5 ^! ^ ^ 5n j S ^i eo CHINESE MANUAL. 303 o I I fc ^ O O" 1 d) 9 bC ' (3 A O o> n3 ^ S a> IK HH H 03 -2 'I t Si. I S -> Si 3 b S, H g ess e ^ 1-3 =3 . i * i i : l ?i _ w C3 CD g _ ,C "3 5^5 43 a H !^1 T; w _=r to ;* en O 03 r 1 1 1 03 CD i GO o 'a! CD CO 2 1 CO CO 00 03 > c3 ~o3 -4-3 o CD 03 CD > 03 c a3 o5 -4-3 S "~3 i 03 CD &0 O C o3 rd O t: Ig w O c CO 03 03 j^ CO E * -u 1 1 c3 CD Ci. a. ""eg h- 1 HH ^ r^ CO H J O K CD 'a. CD CD w o3 H. H rfl 'g " . ^ O ^j > h ' V 03 o ^ 2^i5^' e fe c3 fl ' '-H CD fe 5 .2 CD fe O ^ S tS 2 U P 5? HM *!a **1 t- te S aJ u_ ^F SUs *F CO PH 0> CHINESE MANUAL. 805 o> ft bo 60 ?S 3 be -S . * s S 1 s !i : s ^ s GO !g ' in ^ ess '" .^ < 55i s i * "" z -*i o -5 t>> O 1 1 o X o L o 2 o> 8 o 3 *a B d o 00 'a S b ^ ' S a fcc J o 1 50 S! H S fl o t> I p ^i ^ 'Pn O M H O H > I I & bD - w P 1 o> ^3 O H t: 13? B K- 310 CHINESE MANUAL. o 3 -1 of rustic O ; CD .s .1 ^ o "a "^2 CO a o t fl 1 "2 q to a O PH O -14 o at *J K" C i ( c "~ 3 C3 ~ ^3 3 O d o> C 173 fcb ^2 .5 *- ^ g 73 PH ' C3 O> ' P 3 p to o> o 'si O O CO a c5 ^ HH J M M O H ^5 & I-H _S HH O J o H .2 ^ "13 --. s jf O ^3 ^ 2 tt S ^ .& O is M'l ^ )Sl " 09 ki. = IrTt iv $i 63 m W- & ^s -WI CHINESE MANUAL. 311 not very mellow ao. r o3 03 ' a e O oa ^5 w o S S 'S S 1 | A W H O) -i si O "-" o o H hou 3 '- ..=0 - 6*1 8 ft m "".^ " ** 312 CHINESE MANUAL. O H S fco a tc 1 8 3 o s o o ck o> 73 b O PH T3 O ^2 & C3 'O 2 55 ^ a o c3 ^3 nd <3 O) -r-l -4-> 2 * .2 S O fe J c d as ^ "fl ^ S o a o o c 5 S 2 =S -^ upper the II 1 s & P ri4 O 2 a J o y O CQ - - c3 fl .. H3 ^^ h^[ 2? s ' :5 o o r 03 PH & ^ ^i M CHINESE MANUAL. 313 I T3 o> s s >rH o> M a, o. t > nd 1 o bO c a .S o S .1 O *r-l ^H f_ 03 c3 e rt Si | ' * o fS i< s >S ft- L* . .1 fe i 314 CHINESE MANUAL. o rt ^5 60 PL, o . f * J 0) ^3 H on C5 ,!S H 5 ^a .53 R< 00 P 5 s S *^ . .S o " i ^i 1*5* s i H< 3 C8 s s *J> O ^> o _oo o 1 h-4 ft a -<& -. r^ o T3 1 S w e 1 fl _ r^ S % *fi CHINESE MANUAL. 315 03 JS 1 . 2 " 03 O >rH ^ 0> r 50 P S o> Q} ^ i --. s ! 43 c ^ tj 8 ' s rt o OQ C3 _o T-I 00 "* s Tj d o _i -< . n3 fco s C =3 .^ 00 fcD S nrf O O ^3 2 'I Jj | ^^ 3 CO O ' " a ^ *s H^ CQ oo a> & t < & '& C^ ^3 ^ * -5 2 ~ o 3 s -OJ 0? r^ 2 "^-i C3 ^ I s-1 n3 ^^ d o 03 tG : ^ - i s *53l fci sj r*> ^ p42 JS tv #1 i' CO OR s ^ ^"^ Jflln* J"1* *. 1 U E ^g 1 ; Jm L r*s. L S Una CHINESE MANUAL. 317 60 a 3 S O fl ^ 03 _y ;_, 4-1 2 60 c 60 s -a ^ O o 3 Cj O c3 M i i Hi H P O O O 2 ^ 53 PH O o H M r-H &n O 2 .f ^ r ' O ^ A QD v \U ^ j 2 s O T-l S s M i* Q N 1 - UJJ j-j p. CS CO * H3 *P ^ g S 5 o k m K w l-i I ^ tc\ nuj 318 CHINESE MANUAL. H - ;-, 03 03 3 a EC CO co *j CO ^3 "g '3 O O .2 ^O p^ C3 3 's w oo . 5* o 03 3 ft > -a - a> p ^ .g , ^ p- i S * Oi CU +^ O "" S- t s . 1 5^ ^ C^ rv * C>J 1*^* %^fe^^ - tta\ -f * m *w * ^ *- m W CHINESE MANUAL. . O 10 S 8 rO M 05 03 I O .} i a i P 03 t-t "* ^ v .., M ;*2 60 '> ^3 .S ^* "* -*j g a3 a rQ 03 t> 13 ja< ""03 as a -+J 03 > d =3 oj a; "" d r TJ ^ * I iT 3 . J3 03 o3 03 ^ pM 03 "O EH d -T3 g ' 1 41 t> 03 O CO d ^^ o .00 S 5si != ^ 5* | i B S -* u ^ r 1 ^ co m* fefe 322 CHINESE MANUAL 60 c5 O c3 fl c3 .a G> O OQ s a O C3 ft O , 2 M rd C3 tC 'PL, It rt . 1 1 "I (*> rH S .2 tf] a TJ *1 -^ 2 S n gi (D M oJ oT O 53 G -! i=U s eng o S bo p 3- ^ 03 ^ ^aS o O to a P, 2 | m **- 5^ "^ CO ^ S fei "F v^ C* ^ ,S" ^ I I 4 48- . tE3 * i- mB. MB -a w ^ ?5^5 m CHINESE MANUAL. 323 d HH Cl> I o f=- o - o , %H 2 8 S *7! i | o ,0 "\t .? o fl S o d eg r^ a 0> rd G) rt d 6C ^ _. g to tJ3 'Q O c H .s a o i-| d O 0> ^ { G PP <| - O - - s l* ^ o i #: = jj di 324 CHINESE MANUAL 8 9 i 1 1 iii,- IliJIJ ii!f 1.1 III: 2 g *" ^^^1^- ^ M -3 44 rx* s ,0 ' 7Sfc CN^O-^C"* ^ 3*"* S Q> '^ e "S * - S :: > o ts' 8 a .o < g .5 ^ '. a &** * CHINESE MANUAL. 325 i nd o i i fl ** Cl 02 rr* f^ _ ^ &1 ^ .5 'o *l ^ 2 ^ OS ""O O w fe -^ o> 'S rQ P 5 o ii c3 60 - C O ra fn O m 3 o> Q ^3 fcC S o -*-> g tc CO ^ -4J 0} O CO ^_l 1-1 J5 *f 13 s M TJ 3 c 2 <3 -^= se -s ^ -s d c3 -H r-H Ti r ' 5 ^ 3 S 3 C fl 5 S & 1 'aT .22 rf 8 O rt -H Q, 'g f-H GO r* ^ S {- y} "* & i EH 0) " r? M to 2^ . s 3 fr 71 be " , I'fX -H HI ^^g ^5- CO O CO If. CO 326 CHINESE MANUAL, ( J- O 3 O (3 H s o * . > -2 & & o o o H *si ^ *X Q 1 #! m ? >- a -2 fi TJ C ' * o c3 .S Pi co 03 > TJ o> fi f - 3 a S .-I nH O o i-rt O S rfl g 1 S P, 'S 3 a a, &Q *& ^ s ^ ^ o i/2 ~ | ^fe^Sii ? P^ :^ ^ m i< i* GH ^ -^ i^ -' cn ^ ^ ^fe r? n*^ 157 SgiW r? K- ml BE CHINESE MANUAL. 327 2 s o g 3 j 1 -*J !-, S a o O rfl h .0 * * c C*-. CD 03 ,_z; -j T cJ _O 0> o> "73 'C 00 M S CS > o S-i 03 *3 d S3 ^, CO 33 r^ i I |1 vH ^*^ s o> t^ h ^ bb - .s r^ 'S o fl fcC 03 s c8 rJ 60 % f ' rH ^ r* .S .*" 2 O *J -t-3 d E> < o> ^ 2 -S ^ s &< * 3 3 r O -|J O I . te > 0) 03 1 s P > o> o3 - 1 K^J T3 Q) ^ S ^ X ^ a ^ o d tT < on f-l -J cS O "^ > a o> .2 ^ rt a a 03 d * 2 s o < ^ J= p g OS ^a .a 51 fes . o -s 55i S ^ ~ **^ rs .^ h^j ""3 ^frK- '- d 7^ m g 328 CHINESE MANUAL. 60 T5 Q O> f- g P< d O 5 o> L. fcO i s a v* *^S f/3 .to ?^ to > -^ fl 03 i r^ e -^3 d d g I-H 2 O M r^J S I a 1 - 3 ^ -S .9 "d >r S s O a B c3 Q O a "2 *- i 3 . Q I O o s 3 5 -(J r^ & O O oo ,J3 o >-t rt --3 d >- . IH r I "? 2 d fcO o II S P to o o SJ s M 00 -3 J 3 -J -^ or o-, , **! ^~i -S "* o5 ^ >J2 5 d 'o o5 'S 2 . H H r w " s 01 iH CO * a ^ m CHINESE MANUAL. 329 O <7J O > CD n o to .S 'S ^3 ^ C3 CD CO ""> S rt o o ** ^ ^> ^ -i o CO ' ra jj >;.s - > s 772 =3 ^ rO > -U C3 ~ u l e ^c;^- 13 3 - p -^ k> CD ^ S Ti QJ CO CO 00 p 05 '^ <|H ?? 03 _ia .12 rt < ^ S e ^ CO C3 H C3 *-" a rt 1 & 8 g ^ S o -U .S " ^ CO c, ^ O S g O o o fl S O ^ r-d TO w o o o <~! r T< c *T^ CO i I CD "S o a -u ^ I" fee c s f^ o ^ '&( o - j= c c8 s d o rW C3 d; > A ^ PH &. _S o cH . cu a. w 5b r-i "i f^~ >> *- s "a S3 -a 3 money O 13 o * a -a ^ o 2 3 -|J CD W ^ ^ o o r^ ^J tc o 1 I -u t> a ^5 330 CHINESE MANUAL. SP S S 8 c 1 r-| ,_;J K , 2 S g -5 o O r^J O O, EC -4-3 fl> g " H <-& fn .2 -^ a +3 ^00 S * 9 ra _o fl Cj HJ O Q-> 7 \\ > 00 fl 'rH ^ P d H 9 " lH 00 OS SfcJ rH r^ S 00 ^Q o fl r- . flj O * ^ Q ^ fc! ^ nw ^.j -i 1 M ^ N & . 9 85 S < ^ (M -* ^, ?0 ~" \ ^3^ Jj'jfT 1^% ti a s o fg -s S -Ki .s ^ K * - K-44 CO ^, sigK K- 3 c3 CJ A 2 cj PH a O O s. O 2! r~ , <^> S ==i ^* tt -2 ^ . ^ "- rd ^ 1 K- ^3 CHINESE MANUAL. 33] ^o r-^-J 1 1 =4-1 f-j r^ ^ O -2 6 S3 * r ( 3 nd -S H TO ~- 2 M oT I SH ""GO 0) t-l soun i o a? ri 1 ^J ^J* J^ o> c3 ^ o a - S3 a 5 43 TS r- ~ LJ o. c T- fl T3 O 3 CO O - i -j -i f ^ S3 03 o ct! be ^ "5 J 03 S3 PH 3 hH CD 03 49 < ~ S3 o t "~^ S CO "o o rt H-T O "fl CD H3 TJ a '"oQ -t-3 S3 CO s O 5>i 5S, ,>i 2* 5o .C 5* 5 - 3 a SD co ^ O >*^ ^ ^ < S ^ S J S < ^s ^ o ~ , 5s> _<; ^ % tx - <* oi r^r* c K ^ (- -ft- * ia " Kb fin 7. ^ = E'^ -' "^ ^ i^*?iB^ *^* w -| & n < & in ^ J 1 - ^ ^ o 03 C v O fi S ^ II m OS Tj (D "*T ^ 8 03 -*a C*H 332 CHINESE MANUAL. - i ^ t2 ? QJ ^""* C3 ITT^ o I s 1 1 ^"^ JM ^-j ^3 fl *G C3 K _i W fr O rt 4 "S c*^ J - d S S *3 O L_J ""2 CO O .^ C3 PH cS PH ro ej O ^ rr\ **s W CQ s ^ o "S "S M CO n3 c3 fcO r% .S a to cS a .2 O . M i H to tjL rH *^* II ^ g^ 1^-^ ^ M g>'C 5 o-i ^ .2 S J r3 r* G i O "^ ^< "o S 4 ^i * S **** QQ m m p ik i * CO 'J' W- ^i^ CHINESE MANUAL. 333 > . 60 03 ~ ".(DO i Ss o ' O i ^ rO ^ C*-l rrt O O Is o* a 3 *1 3 s- o ^3 ~~~~ o pfil ^^*. ."^^ o -t-i m ^ d ^ ^ ^8 r^ 'r~- ^ ^*^i OO l ~^ p -4-3 to 53

> c3 rt "^ O PH .<" _a e4_, rS ^ O to to - O .C 3 o d I I H 2 f . T n3 ^-i o o 2 60 'a o o fco fcfl c O * (-, - C3 -1 9 e "S ^ s ^ S ?l ^ 1* O S 4? ^ ; o ^ *s - : -ft f*s ^ . CT W ttttt "Ki " ^ ^> . 2> - $ 5 e S >s s "^ f> c 6 |S c C3 a n3 33 a o n T3 O ?^ ^ *- CU 5 ^ "5 to ^ aj o o 3^-5 'So ,2 ^ i * i o a *" o QJ ^ a, O) fl fee o ^ aT '^ P >~> -(-3 "T3 I O O .3 R r> ,fl CJ TJ c3 a rt a 0) ^ S ^ 'S .* fii >=> 1 s K S 5n O S 1 jl s s 5 < s sx, o fe 2J s pni =^ " . ^7 M gg < $ ZW R i 336 CHINESE MANUAL. rg "o S w ^( ^ c3 I* J *- -*J jj .2 -*J QJ ,0 'm" O 09 .2 * r ^ * S> g 3 H r2 Si I "S .s - p CHINESE MANUAL. 33? a o rO A S "3 JD S $ : & A K'o 03 03 w L. 03 03 03 -i (O i-H S-l fe T i 43 ^5 ^ a o rrt 03 ''d > ii co 03 nj S3 co J5 S EH S *w 03 fH 03 &. a, 1 rO 03 ^fl 'o a 03 0? ^-H 3 SJ ?*> 1 ^ (H 2 a o T3 ;-. O ^ 03 03 S3 O a z 03 03 r t <2 "3~ si to O ^. '3 CO cp 'S CO O EH 60 "S to -4-3 OS 09 3 O -r- - 03 T3 S -S 4-3 6 .5 I s: -5? S -- GO *^ r< ^ -to * cZ **> ^1 & ~ *z *^ ^ ^ .^ HS I. f- jiPtS to ex. mL -v ** ^"^ i HOI 338 CHINESE MANUAL. -2 1 - " o c3 O to ^ OD ^ ^ o _d *3 os d -i *" 60 CO <1> cS <^ 2 -2 a g ^a cj w /ii ^ jj * i i| '"& t kl ^ s s " ? Q S u a *QJ <^ p^i> ^-Cj " fCi ?^v ^^ ^ ^ 5i ?S ., r^J (~*\ d I CHINESE MANUAL. 339 ^"^ 3 /ii rs o B F o o co .JS B ^H O e .a m ^35 fcfl ^ I O ,j=i 3 H< o B -. c3 -J ^B =IH .^ C g * v >> 3 o o ' g I 4 8 <=> ^i .^5 . ^i . * s^ .g o r^ ^8 ^ o ." O -^ "* S H- - nirif LLr jifg fp\ -H CO CO n-ta *Lt^. HS^ d 340 CHINESE MANUAL. a g ! 05 r3 '^ . C rcJ *S C >. S CS 3 n^ Q o M Si a o a tD ^ ~ i> o ^3 c s ~ o n3 o tc J 1 o '~ ^** ^J 60 -a* * H o H s. t' O s 6 *** *^ 8 ^^, (^ *" - j*- ^ 342 CHINESE MANUAL. o be 'i &k ;- > O CO OO a> -u C 0' O> o "o c i t-i i 1 rH i 1 be "S i T3 H fee c 1 J5 o> H3 2 .1 '+3 pawning, e CO CO EH 03 '55 s rO P> C3 i i 3 be a> ^ >i 'o *j .2 >r 3 a> g e*-i 1 1 <^4 'aS CO 3 fortunes an( s o fc* ^ o ^ "2 oa o . IS H g TJ c o -4-3 M a E J O k. 'a T3 o o K co 4-2 *" C ^ S > be '5 S cT c3 ^J e3 CO ^ rt " ^H ^" 1 CD be n 0) be t- i-i 1 * s O) ^ C3 o CO O> i- r< C3 Sr-t o .S c TD S bo > c a ^ -c l"lr M ,0 O ^_ g S H be ^ S c O T 1 B^ * O tr '-<* = o^ 2B .5* so C*l/ ^^ fe K "Z* =3 ^ ft CHINESE MANUAL. 345 a 2 -8 s a o -S =3 fcc _s c3 -3 o .2 11.8 _, H d H ^ 03 QJ o -^ '"2 O it' 9 60 O ,*s^ c/j - O fcO CJ 3 .2 o a to g 4> 03 P 2 O *> *3 03 ^3 -*J 0) q 'tc i s 2 o S s ^ o c?^ 03 O "S w ** H 1 s ^. 2 O -^ a to Q . 00 .S rfl a 8 ^ o j' d 2 * 1^ tt) S SB ? 2 o o fco *s e 9 a S S R S ^ ^ ** S "2 S -^ S -S I -S . ^ fcl-* ?**. ^ s 816 CHINESE MAM AL. 2 CO - 05 o t^, to o *-. in r* rC ' *** O E fi^ *^J o s S S * n . 1 - ^ -c s s . 2-g ^ .2 t,.~ 53 g P o H c 2 es in 'S S "^ ^ S ^ .2 ^ rS 1* ^ rC ' j^ o~ S > 'S to T *H o 'o o o " t^ <*l t o CD -a "Ij 1-0 ' ^ O o H | I * a 'S o S 03 fcO 03 tts. 025 So$ o s o PH %% CD ( j T3 'TJ 03 < d < 5 r _ r CD ^> 03 W '3 s OQ *P O H ? - o Q CD PH 2 g Z 6 gj? 348 CHINESE MANUAL. rg O> o * O i .2 o Us bo^ O m ft p4 9 Q) 5 rt ^3 rt f- 1 " S _a o o jj> O O rt rrt o -*f fco g rt a > M sa - & OQ O) rH _. o bo '-3 a 'S &> TJ O) CO rt rt rt ^3 to *" *" 03 O C3 PH q O> s a ^2 rt rt .p rt o> ^d 4-l O oa O PH O W rS^ 1 m J| PQ 40 ^ ^ 60 2 rt TiJ a rt r-> rt d T! ""' s !| O rt O r d fe! a 9 fco a o 9 03 o i-t -^ ' o ri4 a o w bro || c '3 5 JQ ,0 C+H y a rt rt s a PI a rt O O ^' - * ? SJ8 -i i rt 1^ rt i i ^a o fl> fco o rt - d a rt ra 03 rt |1-s in o ! -M - ^ *l 1 CO CO a> M fee a> *0 a> ^ o r& O "o C ^ o" 3 4-2 CO D r; B ^-* o 3 3 rt 8 0) S a '-S CO a ^rt P4 3 ^ o decision. Besides, the Grand Secretary Kwo has been selected for promotion into the Privy Council, young Mr. Kwo possesses the ability for examination, and (the young people) are continually longing for each other. It is certainly an excellent affair, and ten thousand d _0 t/0 4-2 3 o "~~f. a o C3 O ~ Z CO the passing inclination of your niece and ruin 41 4^ fc ft *{ ft ft ft* i* 44 350 CH1NKSE MANUAL. CD 3 a O ** rd O g o o rd & rd ^ c2 ^ -5 2 d * J:s rH 3 'O ^ 2 "S 5 a ! o ""d S o c fl p bD r3 ** -2 &- 03 d -5 i I g 03 O PM ID -2 o - * .33 M Stt 03 r^ P-l K- 3 r-l CO .2 H a fl e rH > - 1^ 43 03 CO 2 c3 OJ . -S 8 ^ rQ &, d & t 2 -s 'g. a cn fco ^- rt r^ J P co .a 'o p PH fcD 3 d 2 fe d o 3 p-l .E* d 1=1 o _a c3 CD T3 a o S . . S co - g-8 d^ ^ O CD OJ to -5 J d o -5 '-3 r-l o o '"d 03 d CD 3 o3 -^ fr*8 ' * f * 48 illi' ft Ik- 4n CHINESE MANUAL. 351 S ^?s ^ +3 fe S ^ o 2 ^ ^ :=! d p r^ o S ^ I * o & 1 ^ a fi "-< W Qj p ( l.l cl ^3 ^3 c^ CC d g O co n ', 03 'Js S d ^ r- O 03 OS fH 1-3 f-l 3 d d *H o d ! ^> ^ 'S , a >> o Oj rQ O ri i ^ 8 O 00 +- *rH GQ 05 J | 63 2 ^ 2 S o ^ OS**- 1 "-" .5 o y convey yo hat which m co c3 * nd 5 ^ J ^ * .2 &<_ > Jf ^ o [g >: g d C3 cS B o ~c n 2 - S S? EH "^ a S cj O Q) rd i .1 j ft d -2 2 S o3 as : -d J CO S 03 T3 "^3 ^ rQ d ., O c o 4-3 O f^ t , M .CJ ^ ^ d g g a i S I CO 03 7 fi O 03 ^3 -9 g 70 S -73 3 y co 1 | S C3 O T3 o ^ '-i 3 bo 2 j c3 ^*^ co o a> Jjf k3 OD 8 9 ^ -1 03 rd -S 8 *o d d ^ 9 c3 SK o P^ w 03 TJ 3 12 s 03 a (fl O < 4j li 352 CHINESE MANUAL. ' f oT i CV. o 03 00 03 C3 03 o -*s 0) o _2 ' c I'* 3 S O CH k fl ^ M ? 2 a * g H. QJ PH '3 !H 5 QJ 03 O 03 QJ O 01 QJ o 1 Pi 03 "o E PH 03 QJ S ^ a <*-! O QJ O QJ GJ CO 03 CO a 60 o rG 03 03 O rG ^ s 'S a g s - *- 3 8 ^ QJ 13 -5 5 3 6C .5 as a camp-follower anged his countenan e to very many wore lim you will probab an unprotected orpha t of advancement, he o .1 ti.8 9 03 *3 o M GO QJ 00 rH 03 H 6 K a egarded i QJ O o3 1 5.1 O ^ o bo o -4-i TJ QJ ^3 O O3 S3 ^3 QJ If 1 QJ i-Q rj i s J ^ ^ ^ ) prospec 1 OS ja \ 2 "S CG *5b C3 GJ ^ F< QJ -u PI .~ 03 Pi a ^ ^ g d . > 73 ^ advised yot un reason ab CO 'So 03 a o a c8 QJ .S S 1 l" 'S Formerly 1 QJ 3 QJ PH i t o respectable committed QJ TJ C O O Pi QJ QJ rQ ^QJ -4^> Pi i- 4-1 QJ ^3 4^> *fcD ^ ^ CW Q) 00 3 Q) '03 r^ ^ 60 ^ 03 > Pi tw fe 03 M PH 73 1 1 3 S 3 PI QJ m CHINESE MANUAL. 353 a oc :g rG i O G ^ O i I CD ^ -^ CD ** 'd * ^ P-. s "^ PH CD p2 CD *s 03 T3 _ 53 ,(_a .P. pG "S CO *a CO CO P- 3 rO ^ ^ -r c p C3 S i fcS G 3 were CD 'a T3 C3 ^ 5 O > . w go C c ,G 53 rG 1 C ^o c8 .S G O -(-3 CD fee O +j "o 1 'S s s 99 13 , i G .2 'T X rH 05 _G o o P. \a 41 *> ^ o o K?* I H ,_, PS o ^ o ^ C 3 G p l> O _s b c K*l CO 4a ^, p , cs 7j ofl CD "^ h CD ? J>> O CD d ta ~ .0 ^ ^ ^ hH B *" C3 ,H O .. s p F PH p- C3 S (-1 w ~3 S - -S G O 3 ~ O Q _j ^ G c3 ^ "^ . G tr> ^ ? ^ <$ r-3 S 1 2 2 i < co pj PJ g ^ s -^ a a fe ^ M -H S - rQ ^ ^ o ri i I s>.s I 2 o o P^H H ^ CD ^ * ^ D p2 (_j CO a p~] ^j~j o '!, o 4.2* O G a O -M S G -(-j 4k VU1 ^ MS W !< < IK-. A ^ 3 354 CHINESE MANUAL, e@j ilnO ' CHINESE MANUAL. 355 r d r o ? "^ i-d ^> ""3 a s-c H 3 a a> -d P4 CO d O ^ ~ 3 GO S cehe I 'a O aa 3 o t-t O K* 5 "^ <^5 o ^ t*-* *'"' ^ p CO 3 s SB g o 00 *i OS fcC r^2 O fco S .s ~ 15 o I"! 13 i-^ rrt QJ ,S !-, Oj CO O i, 60 i -=3 0) .r-( w w cc o d t ~* ' ""Q o ^ c p P a 1 CO 'g d a> .o d <5 o 53 ** 856 CHINESE MANUAL. rd a fl O S3 CD s f p rd d -tJ CD rH i I rQ CD .rH O fe K " CD O .. O 03 n an is a L affa B.a ^ ^ r^ 60 d CD d ^ * a^ CD ^ ri rS C3 .S ** -d H < ^ 60 s o d o 2 60 -5 03 CD '5 ^ a b =i ^ 1 I g "*^ c3 a .2 I ^ r^ o o s .2 C3 .2 ^ a a rH T3 d o d E i CD 5 W "^ CD II g - i * - c3 O 'o 1 3 d P 3 rH CS o3 d w rH Cj * CD -O p w ^ CQ CD , CD cc I i3 'I - a ' d rH ITS W d S rH O 03 S o^cS g ^ 60 d .5 '3 o _! O 1 1j "03 ',5 a 2 >5 OQ CD ; o _d ;-i a d o CHINliSE MANUAL. 357 nim- ould e it." hat 5 ts w '*-+ -4^ .2 C3 rH a, a fco J-g *S g i.-s , > - i K-. n i i 5 cy * * * o rO PM fl ,Jl* O> QJ M PH X * >^ C-. PW a c s ^ P 3 o O rt fl QJ 3 *" 'o fed W O s-i p - s J co O S-i ^ O o H3 O 13 O O Mi si; JJ g ^ o H s S fc CD o 5 02 d o . t; 5 ^ s ^ -^ g s -5 ^ M fig* ,ti iS "11111 358 CHINESE MANUAL. S o i -V -fl *> 03 rS "5 03 .1= /11 *^ 1 2 o> a TT .5 i -4-3 .5 s < T3 ^ w ed Ou r3 cs >-j ^ O rS C ^ n3 J3 OQ CO -*J g HH S3 e o a> o ^ fcO cj 60,2 13 ** cs O 5 ^ 60 p ^ 53 cu cy ^ 60 JS rrt 53 H cs v. o as O T5 S3 O ^3 .5 ' 03 CO O > O O) CO co ^> = g :, E: to r- - eo C3 S^cg H 5 PL, K CHINESE MANUAL. 359 S '* * rQ ra 5 eo 3 ^ la o e * H* 19 111 K 360 CHINESE MANUAL. There nre some characters which have several pronunciations, corresponding to as many mean- ings, and many others which define variations of meanings by change of tone only. Of the first class may be instanced the following : The numbers indicate (he tones in ichich the words should be pronounced. "WHEN 1UCAD. MEANS. ^ l Ch'a ' To err/ ' a difference,' ' a fault.* *Ch'ai 'To send.' 1 T'zti ' Uneven.' fr *Hing ' To go,' ' to walk.' *Hang ' A row,' ' a line,' ' a store or ware- house.' *Hing ' Actions.' 3| ^Wu 'To hate/ Ngoh ' Bad.' ^ 1 Tan ' Single,' ' alone.' z Shen A surname. 4 Shcn The name of u district. |t "*Shu 'To count.'* 4 Sh it ' An account,' ' a bill.' Shoh ' Worried.' Tsuh ' Close ' (as a net). * To shoot out.' CHINESE MANUAL. 361 Shik 4 Ye Yih 4 / Zo/i *Ssu C7A 4 Chi *Ju -ILtcan 2 //i 2 Slucn ' To point at and hit.' 'A lord's servant/ ' To dislike/ 'To dress a field/ ' easy/ ' To change/ ' To speak/ ' To urge on/ ' Pleased/ ' to delight in/ 'To take off/ ' Pleasure/ ' to take delight in/ * Music/ To take delight in/ An ancient surname. 'To eat/ 'Food/ ' The substance/ ' matter/ ' A witness/ ' a pledge/ ' A woman.' 'To give a daughter in marriage/ 'Thou/ 'you/ ' Dry/ 'Firm/ 'stable/ 'To return/ ' Still/ also/ 'To revolve/ 'To see/ 362 CHINESE MANUAL. *Hien * To manifest.' Ts'ieh ' To cut,' 'important,' earnestly.' ' All/ 'every.' ' To err,' ' wrong.' ' To wash or plate with gold.' ' Stormy,' ' cruel,' ' violent.' ' To dry in the sun,' ' to discover.' f To follow,' ' to conform to.' A term in a series (in mathematics). ' To reckon.' ' To announce.' ' To tell one's parents.' ' A province,' ' frugal/ 'to avoid.' ' To examine,' ' to enquire carefully into.' 2 Feng ' A horse running swiftly.' z P ( ing ' To mount/ ' to ascend/ ' to boast.' *Si 'To wash.' 3 ' To transmit.' *Kiang ' To descend,' ' to degrade.' 2 IIictny 'To submit.' 'To teach.' 'To cause.' l Kien ' A crevice,' ' interval.' 4 /riV 'To sunder,' ' to divide/ 4 Kicn ' To examine carefully.' l Kien 'To look down upon,' 'a prison.' l King 'The warp of a web,' 'classical works.' 4 King ' To hang one's self.' JT/o/i ' To understand.' *Kiao 'To awaken from a dream.' 3 7f w ' To 1 cave,' ' depart f rom .' 366 CHIXKSK MANUAL. m ^ *Ku-an 2 Lao 3 Lien 4 Lien 2 Nan 4 Nan 3 Pi 4 Pien H l San 4 San S 3 /Sfa 'To go away.' ' Empty.' ' To separate,' ' to cinp.,// ' A cap/ 'To cap a youth at his marriage/ ' To look at carefully/ 'A Taoist temple/ 'To toil/ 'to labour/ 'To reward labour/ 'To bind together/ 'To involve/ 'to imj .icate/ ' To collect/ ' Exactions/ 'Which?' ' That/ a vocative, ' Oh/ ' Difficult/ 'Adversity/ 'difficulty/ ' To compare/ ' To harmonise. 2 ' Convenient/ ' To discuss/ ' A screen/ 'To expel/ ' Three/ ' To reiterate/ ' Miscellaneous/ CHINESE MANUAL. 367 5l l Sang 4 Sang 11$, 2 Shen *Shen f 3 Shou *S/iou i 1 Siang 1 Siang 1 fife *Tan 5? ! 2 T'an ^flWflf 4 7}/wflr ft 'To scatter.' ' To mourn.' 'To lose.' 1 Few.' ' Young.' ' To sit in religious contemplation.' ' To level an area for an altar.' ' The head.' 1 To acknowledge.' 'To send,' 'to commission.' 'A messenger,' 'an envoy.' ' Adequate for.' 'To conquer,' 'to excel.' ' Open,' ' lax,' ' careless.' ' To state to a superior.' ' Mutually.' 'To help,' 'a minister of slate.' ' Before.' ' To take the lead.' 'To carry.' ' A load,' ' a burden.' 'A bullet.' ' To thrum on stringed instruments.' 'Suitable,' 'to act as.' ' To pawn.' ' To fall down/ ' on the contrary.' 368 CIIINKSE MANT.M,. jjEJj *Tao 'To turn upside down,' 'to pour out.' fc l T'iao ' To lift/ ' to carry on the shoulder.-.' 3 T'iao ' To select/ ' to provoke.' U 2 T'/'/o ' To harmonise.' 4 Tiao 'A tune.' {$ ' T'% ' To hear/ ' to listen.' *T'iny 'To receive/ 'to comply with.' g$ 3 7*rti ' A year.' 4 T*ai ' To contain.' jj * Ts'ang ' A granary.' 3 7"sflw0 ' Flurried/ ' startled.' ^ 2 Tx'ang ' To hide/ ' To conceal.' 4 Tsniif/ ' A storehouse.' 5i| 4 Tffo ' To make/ ' to create.' 4 Ta'ao ' To reach/ ' to arrive/ ' to collect .' J|f ^Vw/ 'To take.' 'To lead troops/ 'a general. 'A king.' 4 Want) ' To rule as a king.' 2 Wei ' To be/ ' to do.' 4 JFi?z 'For/ 'because/ 'to give.' 2 Wen ' To hear.' 4 Wen To state to.' 4 JV/o 'To want,' 1 !Frto ' To make an agreement.' CHINESE MANUAL. 369 JH l Yinrj ' That which is right,' ' proper.' 4 Yiny ' An answer,' ' to respond.' And inanv others. 4" A W ft 111' 4 Chibli ! Shantun 1 Shansi 2 Honan l Naiihwei Kiangsi sheny, The Eighteen Provinces fx Zn /Vis* I n"ffl {& 'i'/jJJ ' %\j Hupeh ii'i)] 1 iff" Hunan J^i| 3 Tj^ 1 K\vang(un< $i '' W 1 Kwangsi -Ji' " ?& 2 Yunnan J^ 1 'J-j-j 1 Kweichou |ig ' J|j Ssiich'uen |^i 3 W 1 Shensi J_| -1 ^' Kansuh CAPITAL. Jft 5 Paotiug Fu la 1 Fu Ngank'ingFu Nauch'angFu ^i jfr3 IIangchouFu J'H 1 /i^f 3 Fuhchou Fu l 1 ^ 3 Wuch'angFu ^ 1 ^ 3 Ch'angsha Fu 'Jlj ' J^ 3 Kwangchou Fu >$ 2 ^ 3 Kweilin Fu It 2 Jff 3 Yunnan Fu P^ 2 Jff 3 Kweiyang Fu 370 CHINESE MANUAL. Ti 1 UJ 2 ft* H 2 -t 4 T'singch'ao (a Hicang- shang, The Emperors of the Pure (the present) Dynasty. Jljfj 4 ?& 4 Shunchi From 1644 to 1661 ji 1 K 1 K'anghi 1G62 1722 2M 1 iE 4 Yungchcng 1723 1735 J^lt'K'ienlung 1736 1795 ^ H 4 Kiak'ing 1796 1820 5f 4 ft 1 Taokwang 1821 1850 Ji 2 M 1 Hienfeng 1851 1861 [i5] 2 f^ 4 T'ungchi 1862 1875 ~fc l |J| 4 Kwangsii 1875, reigning Note. In accordance with custom an Emperor is not considered to begin his reign, and therefore docs not adopt his Nienhao, until the first day of the new year after the decease of his predecessor. In the case of T'ungchi it happened that he died on the 12th of January, 1875, which was before the Chinese new year. Weiyhts. 10 ^J 2 Li, or Cash = 1 ^ ] Fen, or Candarin. 10 # J Fen = 1 H 2 Ts'ien, or Mace. 10 ^ 2 Ts'ien = 1 B 3 Liang, or Tael (the Chinese ounce). 16 ^ Liang = 1 Jf l Kin, or Catty (the Chinese pound = l^lb.). 100 ft 1 Kin - 1 # 4 2bii, or Picul = 133lbs. CHINESE MANUAL. 371 Measures. 10 ft 1 Fen, or Grains = 1 ij- 4 Ts'un, or Inch. 10 -sj- 4 Ta'un = 1 ft Cft'i'A, or Chinese cubit, according to the Foreign trade tariff of 1858 is 14'1 English inches. 10 ft Ch'ih =1 jt 4 Chang = about 14-35 feet. The Chang of the Foreign trade tariff of 1858 is 141 English inches. 5 ft Ch'ih = 1 $ 4 Pit, or Pace. 240 ^* Pit (square) = 1 |f$ 3 J/iw, or Chinese acre = about one-sixth of an English acre. 100 ^ Mou = 1 tjp K'iny. 1 j| Z?', or Chinese mile = 1826 English feet, and is therefore a little more than a third of an English mile. Every whole is divided into 10 One-half ^ 4 One-third One- fourth Three-quarters Two-thirds Three-sevenths Four-ninths A pair Double Treble Once Twice 1 ft 1 Fen. Yihpan. Sanfenchi yih. Ssufenchi yih. Ssnfenchi san. Sanfenchi erh. Ts'ihfenchi san. Kinfenchi sn& Yihshwang. Toyihpci. Tosanpei. Yihtz'u. 372 CHINESE MANUAL. TABU-ED CHARACTERS. Tabu, which is so common among the Poly- nesian islanders, exists to a modified extent in China. There, however, names and words, not objects, are Tabu, and first and foremost the personal names of the sovereigns of the reigning dynasty are Tabu. So soon as a dynastic change has been effected the Tabu, which lias previously been in force, is removed, and thus at the present time only the personal names of the reigning Manchu house are unwritable. With regard, however, to the first emperor of the line whose Nicn-hao, or royal title, was Shun-chi, it was be- nignly decreed that as his personal name was ijifl flji Fu-lhi ' Happy commencement,' he would not for his own honour deprive the whole empire of the word ' Happy,' and that therefore his name should not be Tabu. But his successor, K'ang-hi, saw no such reason why his name of ~ '|p Iliicn-yih ' Profound and Glorious,' should be profaned by common use and so ordered that instead of these characters ^ or % Yuen should bo used for the first and %& Yuh ' Glorious,' for the second. The name of Yting-chcng, the. next emperor, was HL |jij Yin-chen ' Inherited blessings,' and to CHINESE MANUAL. 373 express the same ideas his subjects were directed to write ^ fyj| Yun-ching ' Permitted felicity.' K'ienlung followed next and decreed that in- stead of the characters ?}/, Jff Hung-lih ' The vast heavenly bodies,' the signs ^ Hung and J^ Li/i, bearing the same meaning, should be adopted. The name of K'ienlung's successor, Kiak'ing, was {JjFj J;j| Yung-yen 'A dignified brilliant gem,' and for common use these characters were altered by contraction into $$ and j. The characters representing the name of the succeeding sovereign, Taokwang, ^ $. Min-ning 'Compassionate and tranquil,' were in like manner transformed for popular use into H and 3jL. Hienfung, who next ascended the throne, was named ^ gy 1 Yih-chu 'Abundant knowledge,' and in this case it was not considered necessary to do more than to contract the second character to g**. In the same way T'ungchi, whose name was }}i]J f Tsai-shun ' Beautiful and pure,' only deemed it advisable to give his subjects a modified form of the second character, thus, ^ff . The reigning Emperor, Kwangsii, following the traditions of the Imperial family, has jjfj Tsai as the first part of his name, being of the same generation as his predecessor, and that is still 374 CHINESE MANUAL. common property, but the second part \\$ T'icn 'The gentle flow of water,' is forbidden to the vulgar. The name of the heir-apparent at the present time is ^< Jj|| Yung-lien 'The eternal sacrificial vase/ and in his case also it has only been deemed necessary to forbid the common use of the second character. But while the names of sovereigns have ceased to be Tabu so soon as their dynastic line has ceased to reign, there is one name which for twenty or more centuries has amid the overthrow of thrones and the change of dynasties been held by all to be too sacred for common use, and that is the name of Confucius. During his lifetime the sage was known by his countrymen as jfL, j^ Kung K'iu, Kung being his surname and K'iu his personal name. By an imperial edict it was ordered that f should be Tabu, and that those who wished to express the meaning of "Mound" belonging to it, should use jjj), bearing the same sound and meaning. The words expressing Tabu in Chinese are f$ ,t Uicui Id, the first meaning 'To avoid using from a sense of respect for,' and the second 'To fear, to shun, to avoid anything ill-omened,' and CHINESE MANUAL. 375 thus we have indicated the two kinds of Tabu, the Tabu of sacred names and the Tabu of things of evil moment., Among these last the deaths of Sages and Ancestors are universally classed, and all references to unpropitious family events, such as the execution of individuals and violent deaths, are avoided. But besides the Tabu-ed subjects there are, in almost all districts, local words and subjects whicli are never mentioned. In the great encyclopaedia compiled by order of the Emperor K'ang-hi a list of some of these is given, and we are there told that in the Province of Cheh-kiang it is Tabu for boatmen to pronounce the words $. Chu 'To stop,' or gg Fan 'To upset/ and this interdict refers not only to these particular words, but also to all words bearing the same sound, much as though, supposing it were Tabu in Eng- lish to utter the word 'Hoarse/ it would entail also the necessity of avoiding the word 'Horse.' Thus the Cheh-kiang boatmen are debarred from using the word $g Chu ' Chopsticks/ and cal^ them $fc (^ K'icaierh 'Nimble lads/ and for $ ffi Fanpu ' A duster/ they say ^ tfft Mopit. Among the people of the same province it is Tabu to say jf|| *fy Li-van ' To separate/ and so 376 CHINESE MANUAL. for 1 Li ' A pear,' they say [gj ^ Yuen kico ' The round fruit,' and for Ite $w ' An umbrella,' tlicv / -*f-~ ^. 8a y 15 j Shu-lih 'A standard rainhat,' In the same way they are forbidden to say |j| ff Lany- tsik 'Violent' and 'destructive.' And so they call 41$ ^ Lang-ch'm ' An elm (?) cudgel,' $1 *f Hing-liO ' My flourishing elder brother.' The expression f^ ^a Nao-tsao 'Vexed and hasty,' is forbidden them, and so the phrase |^J j^ Sie-tsao 'To thank the kitchen' (god), has to be para- phrased by fj|j- ~||5( 5| Sic hican-hi 'To thank glad joy.' In a part of Sxitch'ucn which is subject to devastating fires it is Tabu to use the words >K IIico 'Fire,' and $fe Ch'ai 'Fuel.' In some districts also it is Tabu to say J5fc Si ' To wash/ and so for Si mien ' To wash the face,' they say ^ "jjg Moli mien ' To rub his face.' In the same way in the neighbourhood of Sok'iao sin, which is subject to devastating gales, the natives never use the word JU, Feng ' wind,' lest they should invoke their most feared enemy. Printed by Gilbert & Rivirgtou. Ltd.. St. John t lluiu*. Uerkei;eU. .C. Text-Books, Manuals, &c., in ORIENTAL LANGUAGES. H I N D U ST A N I -continued. PLATTS. J. T., Bersian Teacher at the University of Oxford. HINDUSTANI DKTIONARV. 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