4 '^M^^^y^^ HENDY'S Handy Atlas of the World Containing New Maps of Each State and Territory in the United States and Each Country in the World Also Practical Pointers and Con- densed Data for the Machinist, Mechanic, Millman and Miner. W^orks at ^hrty^ale, JCalifornitf • 1910 JOSHUA HENDY IRON WORKS Office and Salesroom: 75 Fremont Street, San Francisco, Cal. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF STATES AND COUNTRIES Indicating the Maps in the Atlas on which they are shown PAGE Abyssinia 77 Afghanistan 80 Africa 77 Alabama 35 Alaska 66 Alberta 14 Algeria 77 Anam 80 Andorra 78 Angola 77 Antarctic Regions 83 Arabia 80 Arctic Region r. 84 Argentina 76 Arizona 01 Arkansas 47 Asia 80 Australia 81 Austria- MiniKi-rj- 78 Azores Islands 77 Bahama Islands 71 Baluchistan 80 Barbados 71 Belgium 78 Belize 73 Bhutan 80 Bokhara SO Bolivia 76 Borneo 82 Bosnia 78 Brazil 70 British Columbia 15 British Honduras 73 British Isles 70 Bulgaria 78 Burma 80 California 62 Cambodia 80 Canada 9 Canal Zone, U. S 70 Canary Islands 77 Cape Breton I 10 Cape of Good Hope.. . . 77 Caroline Islands 82 Central Africa, British.. 77 Central America 73 Cevlon 80 Chile 76 China 80 Colombia 76 Colorado 5!) Connecticut 24 Costa Rica 73 Crete 78 Cuba 70 Curacao 71 Dahomey 77 Delaware 28 Denmark 78 Fast Africa, British. ... 77 Fast Africa, German ... 77 East Africa, Portugue.ee. 77 East Indies 82 Ecuador 76 PAGT PAGE Egypt 77 Missouri 46 England 79 Montana 55 Erythrea . . . , 77 Montenegro 78 Europe 78 Morocco 77 Florida. . Formosa. France . . Georgia Germany Gold Coa:it Greece Greenland Guam Guatemala Guiana, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guinea, Portuguese.. Haiti Hawaii Holland Honduras Hungary Iceland Idaho Illinois India Indiana Iowa Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica 71 , Japan Java Kamerun Kansas Kentucky Kongo, French . . . Kongo State Korea Leeward Islands . Liberia Louisiana. .... Luxemburg Madagascar. . . . Madeira Islands. Maine. . ,• Malta. . \ . ; . . . . Manchuria Manitoba ...... M?J'iAn'ne islands M'lX' tS r/i 8 Piv^ Vihces . Marshall Idfarids . . . Maryland Massachusett.s Mexico Michigan Midway I.sland .... Minnesota Mississippi 34 80 78 33 78 77 78 8 18 73 76 76 76 77 71 67 78 73 78 78 57 43 80 40 45 79 78 77 73 80 82 77 51 37 77 77 80 71 77 48 78 77 77 19.. 7,8. ; 8<) 13 82.' Hi 28 22 72 41 82 44 36 Natal 80 Nebraska 52 Nepal 80 Netherlands 78 Nevada 63 New Bnmswick 10 Newfoundland 10 New Guinea S2 New Hampshire 21 New Jersey 26 New Mexico 60 New South Wales 81 New York 25 New Zealand 81 Nicaragua 73 Nigeria 77 North America 8 North Carolina 31 North Dakota 53 North Polar Regions. .84,85 Northwest Territories . . 9 Norway 78 Nova Scotia 10 Nubia 77 Oceania 3 Ohio 39 Oklahoma 50 Oman 80 Ontario 12 Orange River C^olony. . . 77 Oregon 64 Pacific Ocean 82 Palestine 80 Panama 73 Panama Canal 88, 89 Panama Canal Zone. . . 70 Paraguay 76 Pennsylvania 27 Persia 80 Peru 76 Philippine Islands 68 Porto Rico 69 Portugal 78 Prince Edward Island . . 10 Quebec 11 Queensland 81 IFShoae Island 23 Rh»)desia 77 Rio de- Ore . 77 RQumania 78 Passifi..! 78 Russia in Asia 80 Salvador 73 Samoa 18 Santo Domingo 71 Sa.'skatchewan 14 Scotland 79 Senegal 77 PAGB Senegambia 77 Servia 78 Siam 80 Siberia 80 Sierra Leone 77 Solomon Islands f.2 Somali Coast, British. .. 77 Somali Coast, French. . . 77 Somaliland, Italian .... 77 South America 76 South Australia 81 South Carolina 32 South Dakota 54 South Polar Regions. . . 83 Southwest Africa, Ger- man 77 Snain 78 Straits Settlements .... 80 Sudan 77 Sumatra 80 Sweden 78 Switzerland 78 Tasmania 81 Tennessee 38 Texas 49 Togoland 77 Tonkin 80 Transvaal Colony . . .77 Trinidad 71 Tripoli 77 Tunis 77 Turkey 78 Turkev in Asia 80 Tutuila 82 LTngava 9 UnitedStates,Political 16,17 United States, Showing Acquisitions of Terri- tory 18 Uruguay 76 Utah 68 Venezuela 76 Vermont 20 Victoria 81 Virginia 29 Wales 79 Washington 65 West Indies 71 West Virginia 30 Western Australia 81 Windward Islands 71 Wisconsin 42 World, on Equivalent Proiection 4 World, Political 3 World, Showing Com- mercial Languages ... 6 World, Showing State Organizations 5 World, Showing Timber Supply 7 Wyoming 56 Yukon 9 Copyriprht, 1907. by C. S. Hammond & Co., New York Copyrijfht. mn. bv C. S. Hammond & Co., New York Copyriglit, IWJ, by C. S. Hammond & Co., New York ATLAS OF THE WORLT?" 3y7K«i ATLAS OF THE WORLD Is O 1-4 H U W H W :d O § ^ ?^ rl w >! t re O^ H < =* Z § 2: o J 1 X f? p W g" o o Oh o O -o ■OS® 3 5:.S •= s •- £- - » K « a! O J3 ■S- ^S 5'3 44 3) 3 ;- o S °5 * c ° " fe 5 ^■= .5 a ■ ■"" c 3 !. o o a CS '5 ! c -«•* o ? o 5 c a u * -;5'"- O C >. o S _ « O . « a 3^ S O u ^ 1) g ai O o ._ i 4, >< ^ -5 S o ♦^ 'S Si .b 'O ■» o " K li •2 -s o S S x a o o t & g s d .- E" « P- 2 S ■* S » ■= t g 0)55 I a«^ ^ o-s J II hi ■ . d s S S £ § "i 2 « O -S = s :.i . - i 2i J^o-s -" S'S d g -J^ o- ■; _ 5S" _ S 5 d ^ '''sort i - -* - 2 I J c ' CO c «^ d u c < tk §5 p d « d 'S - g ^£ «d^ 01 C3 dUS "ill g 00 H e u ^ ATLAS OF THE WORLD ir ^ 3 O 1 111 ill ATLAS OF THE WORLD r ►hW I 2 I O I OH !5 < i 3 s? 5 z fc z '^ o O U. O- to O nil' '°^^j4»' ^1 1-5 o _!ls ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD /■*■ Jft.Ht Santa f ? J\ >- ■ Bborcbam/ /^ Pitlslol ^%^Z „ I ,,-.N.-C.iai-i^ tl Widdletaw^lSprXV vn]» tfi Pljraouth Uni( n .S %«■/*/ Che, lO S.Woodstock Felchville-jJJi„,„. -J'";.; hville-J^ artland^.llarlland Tllle •m^syiuio ^"''^Midond.??;""^\B.^f c / Bavi«-Pridra;J7V| .^jrattleboroTI | rial ,j I ^ •i7/fc,J,..v. ,?.,,.;,,. Wo rA^t~ 'eport ckingham ellows Falls t^ vekmo:nt i — r 78° LoBjltuda B Wait 7a°80 from C Or»eawlat T»° ATLAS OF THE WORLD 21 B l!f EW HAMPSHIRE Sole of Mllw Rich ford II 7 Montgomerj % '^ d0 ^' □AVaterbui f. 'Ma 'Du Tr: ^ , ^ni'Terton BerliniMierli^«ll» /hitefield^ 'ing RoaclJ ttfeSU(W.,J, ij ■ r^urE.HaverMll DrfoV-al.:^ xOrfJrflvjll. iCptfiish Flat''™ '^^P^E . Have Mil m ^fUWmeW^Jj- ft >^r|-4 VierLiaiSifmmU WVoodsiS(fi<1\^er.y„f5 jit^ «r(£J'J|',l tX fSv-al;/ JVarrcn .4Vv.Th«rp(oi Irf:-, l^-MfdisoDl ^''*<' | itSil' ^ConilBh;,Center .--iSfSN^^^^J^tieV^jg New LonUoD /£ U A LojHCh«rl;;it«Wn_5'/^5lef°^ito^*SS'='' X^ST^lil ) o if I ■ \Pm S.Ao*dVth/ fftlfi^J"!,! ,, Contoooooy*u:jkm'f^'>; E. *-* V > \\fr /^uiBingfoi'fwVlfnnikev^t-^SNCORDM-f'" ?< Point ^ Tt°80' B Lsiiclluda n TO*SO' 22 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 23 Sandy Pt. Salt P(l-i BLOCK I, ■ Block 1. KHODE I^LAKD 8c»leof Mile» 24 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 25 216 ATLAS OF THE WORLD NE^y JEKSEY .Mauch Chunck^ v^i Quakcno' ^V^^oiL" ^^'and^ ^ooA .7 Lansuale x^ p* .X" 'X""7 ~ >;» . >£:•*■ V ^N-JTKiriVi&ntic Highlands •^irn ^ Mon&uuth %^ /H'llctX ^'Ji^Baighlands ':„;..„A/iF7>vJ'''-'- >Wickatunk3 MiildletoTOl j<3,,g„ „. _ / '""'^''"/SS^ajSB^amesburg \s Rod Bankmea!* '="'" JVnninrfloa prin-JjW' J A^\ Marlboro}, ShfcTObjy/SS^lLone 1 *> H./^^!.' !r I Adelphia'J ^5\! /. 'occan SAsburj Park . ImlajBtoivn Farminj<)alei\ ^^iSsbradlej Beach Bur<)<:Qti7^2^vV/ Alrentown Lower Snuaokumy ^*^^^ ^'^prlng Lako ^)^^^S^^^^ Cro8Swiicks\J .,, V r> / T XlJo* OP, ,^ ,>-]■ i'-yanhisevmeJl'akei.oi V^^K^ " FleldsbJco ^^_\ >^-~„ v WPo^ iil I'leaEant OsbornevUl^J-^'^"'"'"'''"'' Lakehurstr^SirveTton q ''*''; '^j'\ - . -V ..».u=o .o ViT.!. ,rR\ffOO<3 ^'^"''-7 V mcentown^-. J^\r,S6«ooa Chatsworth' H -^ \^/^ Bttarptown <. V^ /PennBvUle ,»» /vVJUi* bClaj Dareto ■'AUowaj' ' Elmer f '■/Mala: Winslo" Frankllnviiu/ cwtonvyllc i Mills. ^a, Earnegat^ bank ) / *-X-y J^yw Roadstown ^liigantine Jc. ckxie?T^Y"^''~^l''''"°''- IX X'^'°'°^ Smith's Landing IglisfC Egg Harbor KjTty I'orl Il«mblil" "°C EngKsfi'Creck/jg&S^^ Atlantic City 'S«^ort St: tJVV S^SD^'Dlvidin;! /y !.■="-[•- "J-S. /o "V" -oJ SlLudiwlclX- ■fteU\Broi.f6n V'''??'°'''T'-»-i. \ 1^ V'T^' ■ j . ,"~" — V s M^ SurrencjVIXf>dM8V„.. \ .V>^ i I 4 y ._.( . ^ — vvt^ Bristol I /'y^Jr \ i (Shellji— , ^\|lL(nin/\Eai»on^ ^ Alb ri 1,7/cortai „r,'y* \ \ AUapah 'SUuptou vJj^Pei "SalTolil sBonal * — ^ I I /V" SchlatterTille ;o^ar>(me j^„j,„„j>; S4 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 35 r ■4 OortotfiVs. WateBW CloverdaleD /« ft«^„ Elkmi JS^^SS MeLama Tonej , "^aSTBlJ fNew Market Larkin Stev. •S,\\\V KJ'<^!- :< Ru|ssellville/« Bu/iWP'"'^" \v„,, o KIrby Daovlllco k* *^ SShottSTllfi'..-' I Ireland lIillSli.i....inT*""' WheHtono , , „ Double Houston [ y'aintrockA , WoodylUo ^^hottsTl Bameffi Upshaw Cull, FalkTlll. vVarrentoS HolljiK>nd''°Joppa °r' OBroolsrille BlouVts»!jro„ Walnut Gr. Henaga: .angston /UFajetIf Q 0. ^.,^ Bremen- iJ..,o,^ O^J j5^*Arkadelphiao/Y'f°J^"" y^hltne; Aberdeen,'}' BlUo >'-'°XW°°''^°X Z^'- ■ /jTemon f CA» J** /> ■''•(fo^^Tv;^^ f f^Cs'eereek I N «-/i»oDd '•^'■".joZJSevT^"— j-rr: r-^~tscaraiiA •- /»>>» Star I /v? ^XS^ * BldlSsbufg^EasJI; " " P ffoStar A. r Z^^ o* 5l°°?''"r9X' ■Adger*. ircd*. oCarLito °r oBinonl s^BessemeV ^FaIls?*H-o„''* L*i°'A-„ ""V Weldonc iHelena ChlldetsbuJ^ Wllscnville 1 Co/un 'LH^ngt^n S?"' Ironvllle V^awyeryllle o ?,^_.,^^^. tilt?- ?'*!• '"^e^, Uack&onville Whiteplalns '5enife>l7 **^*, Wadega \ ^rnioo Xronaton ^ Dblta 'ulga I UnevlUe ^edoweo gtoctdalo ~ySycamoU •^ Sjlacaaga Almond, ■"■o^oljioi Truett o 'jLouIna -~Ve ■" oCU"""" Kelljton' ■4Fenwood^'«oii'jL Rockford Alexarid lily Sailer Sykes Mills acksona Gap Sandy Cr., uffalo^ ' <\> "-Vi ^Ai— ->--^W«' oRadford-f *V NaSpfgriers Sta.l Ti ° ^ Sil,IS^->». \ omW^^' „«riUe . \^^™W«elSanLerfleld >v ElmoreV-^lfe,,, tallpSBee^f/Notasulea ""^'"^ ?^« >»'C»- YLo^°>°'"^ Meridian Whitfield^ I Oakchil oNO*-' horter t> o Marvju I ^ T .^ ^^.^-^ .w„™.,i„ ,,- ^„-.. ^ I* sCalebceSocletyhlU -o ^1 ,-+'**a. Sitm^i^ ^^f^*^ orBurl/nli ^*<-^ omwy iiy rX XSJSdygVovo^inwoodf Whi.^.ls„„ Xi J Patstiun Rutledge"^ toufsvUle^* BakerhiU aula ^Ij^* Cipmellc ^^ Beaverjyeado' ■WhlleponJ B ,^ , i'nnelSprs./ AbbottigSw^P'^"'-"^'"'' Y'^^rVf ^^^^T'kZ /T^'^™'"'"'"''' SufjsVille '/ I yS„ T- . B4ntleyi{^r/«„^'^"i''V|>^VC'>"l'™ ehortervllh, A. . , >- 'McKenlieX >7^ o ^"4 -*J">='W\ „, . o .„ v:^^ 7- > -.<;,>, ---K «-> i^iup -- .. Seariij,, W^Bullock f o Wllards} Vl-W"'"' /(bbeTllta aokson.«\CU.bomo A Ev.rBro/^/SerbertVu.Wjo^r ,,,J/ 0.arV\,,,o / „_o^^ *\l iUanlfoCbesler/Si- Brocton AW NewTllli),, ,, ' ^A/o ""BapWt """""if lUverfalliSV] Li / p\o. -piigl^e-Ki" J^H«"""" Boykln,,^^ «--L^/^ ^^ t^^^^DundeeTIs^ Bellevini^ 'Mt.Pleasant ' C^tleborry/f o Mineola Ji\ y ' Blackshcr WallaceV KIrk-l Steadhamo„ j landrj BrewttSn Bradlej Li^^ nshaw /fBlakely 'Columbia Cllaid £ob«tt< Ponds /FU Bay! Carpenter \^ ^ ■ >f4l«lllo Waters -^^^ ' Mbbile „. . Stjx Daphne ^1 ^ ^Montrose Marlow i Magiioira_8j Alabliaia ^"C" Joseph] fh'ifjm^ion \^MIlt6nj Highnoto Oreitvlew ALABAMA 36 ATLAS OP THE WORLD ^ mm Mtn. Geevilleo I ) UelhonT / iroorsrille^.-S C A ■j^=."— y k ^,\ae ■/ s7i;al(lv.ln °Emm» >- Sjloi^uccopoU. V 'VV IJ Dorsej (o 0/ T Tul.o"Pontotoi:^ Tupe!o\X 6 V Ctaj I /water ^'"^"Iv^ ] U Veto»ai\P"'"t""Jir { . , ? Coffeevilje^"""'"'""' I ottalonaV AmoV ^ rittpboro/ 1/ ^\ } CaBcillaV^^^X-C^CT'^^ — -^^ /iBuenayUta QrenadaSrate Spr». S^adaretteo j,^^^„, ca?gr^fc!£^^^ \ Killmichacl'-^"'^CrowBville fc, DWo French Ca; i-\v«ir>'^J'^l^erinan -^.' ^,y;t_'"V^ Kerr tjuis^ille o^'-P""- '•K^ o/c*^-L'udlow o \O8'0ve o VDormanton ^ : jT Morton ^"5°" . /C.VJ?" M.S'^_j/^ — T«™i Carmack^^ «'ft^ "VoU^'"" BrookviUe MoCoolX Webster , J TllftonviUe, lluDter 0\ ^ / I Tn mississippj: Soale of MIlM 6 10 2o 30 440 ffi Smfiuila ">m a LF 6r MEXICO OiMnwIeb 80° ATLAS OF THE WORLD 37 38 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 39 "Jw./ Lake ^Chatham ^ ?/UM'i""' 1^ PT.PEUEt '■^•' v>- vr '^•^ ■^^ — V" ford' ■yx°li ""^^ ^Urb- "'"-'S- \vi \lll/\fM T.~»-"i-rn.^toar\lpwiaruv\ ( /l^ew Concord J'^* .-ae^vO-*. -*'^*^ i *^ ^ fm *J O'^^N^VtoV.SSS^l U a iV e priugfleld. )_ |W.08f*({)lton »/ifvillfe ^,-; ^" liilton r ' 5j.„t't2>T^Vnmingtoiis U "■ S .tant Kidf' jCirolXviUe _ Waverl>ki^*'"<'a"»°K?-15:£!]>i*>"'''r .-~ V <.«.*11 .MoConnelsv^Ule ^ 5;^^o J.'^'*™**-. _7« . ,. , „ ' Momence *»='^..9lf._-h ~ ^O^Uura Denbau> jl.AjrJ ^ Eevi^toii TilM win •I Tlppeci!lnS?>>_o fo, 7^ ' ^v^-.- 1' - '" lOK>ccb"''=I\ U'kao^J'f.o.SSir: Koanoke/-->^"« .1, 1 -v.^JJ-'-'^'- Mursballl -^1-3iC, StaunlunVl Ashersjillo jSjUuince.?; "■ fl^ l>4nklinA fel^s / «S. Wul'lronl Milroy '%Mctaiora\ | I '• ■«; i *i /lo\^Vi ^^on^ fjr^i-_inA Necdmo/o »t..i._.ii- I 1 Vi /ya»i4liiuJti, /rJ-' -J rSuUlTanl. :ke. hilK ?,«?=- Ma SiewberrjVoS: J^odoo ^t^ Bed(. '' I'laiiifille AndborD Valloo.»«--.ni, Medora,^/^ I^'™" SjCloaslDi ..V „. , -(.Mad ' *• Otleaii^ L_-^mpbe„8burg ?«'"1»"8" TT.V ? ^^=^£Uj.vlii. -^^^ T^^ '' ^' l V:g '^ j n » "^ — ^ — iTXVernoo o oteanN RiBU^SuBl \ Zoar-j) f V=-B'«*^^ V>edli/mdo ?^MaSin rElberfeW BooBvlll Jviinsvine)k^CTrJndJetl3: At. VernofT. IVJ/^S^^r^ oLaka l^ '■'.•.^JUKhpoi fAmetetdam Dogwood Tula ecile of Mllal '.^£7^ IJe_ M B C Untilnd. 8« 30' W«C Q *••" 86°Or««»wlt\ E ATLAS OF THE WORLD 41 AH)ena % .^ -^GraTatig J Milf ?5J_ A. West BranchV'^^i^o,;'"^ 5LW c. Lincoln^ n„ , ■.,, ^ y ^JllarrisviUe MiltadoJ, VBaldwln\ Evart/-~> \-7lH?"'""\ X.'''c'o,l4 '|sh.bo,g.n -^ Ptntwa.ej \ jftirlhSof?" ^irsrt , \ o/Hc Biq 1f^'"l''''"'» '-Rapids Cla ■^RUcoBta Aaj' , Port Auslia^ar'"""""" ^J. ^Milwaukee -g North 5IuskSoB>e/^<^^^l Muskegol ^ FrTltjg xerrjBljuig^A ^CUcago St. Jo.eph^»'t»*>^p^::5^ s?''i.Adria Longitude D West 85° from E Oreen»loli 42 ATLAS OF THE WORLD E R I \ O R ^lidden ^"V treek/ £llswor(h _ . . ... _. __ ♦ 'T>eerparU ("•""'a'J^vrJv I'reiiiiint Slj Fg^a-tain City MelL^^-->S»'»"'h»W^°:•5lFiUa, V-'*>rai^--"°'' VKocbeCl Alma /o-^v ^-^h>- *) 8 >~--%j7te^*^ \ »'""I«;^^6«7^'"'li'"" /i^/'*" \( # '^ J, I ^V'a-rWbir-^anitoWoc X SX V>i ^n\ V,'-^ Waiikon ^%%\ nfll// ' -<^ i€>V >** A SLodiR f^'H iCSZ. \ I 'c>»SU>>> ^ l/^Sim~[;fWa(e*oo^t^^_^lJ»auk^^ #Boi m WISCONSIN ■ '"' /Plallevillo '-'W--' » Ji.™v,_l. ,T»o-r; 6,. ir,.. ■\../ I.I- VV^^'n,' 'Ilia Kenosba 54 SoalaofMIKg i I'd 3o 4o~ ^■^'le, SO Size 0/ type Indicates rtlat'me importance of place*, 0. •. HAMMONDS CO., N.Y. rMt.C»n..lll^-VOn 82> Q 9rLoc;!tJde C Wett Vt froci D 0"0'"'l<:t- 88° ATLAS OF THE WORLD 43 E Indepeoileu 89° D 88° E lowa.CityVJ _*-o VKcifE^bCfr' O' ;*i«X AjtiKoy^/ 1 piS;av( Aurorffi>vP^°<«^' TampicoT<^ Mend Waliijit'^ □nbridgeBud; ' ' ' ^ "^ ,„d MICHIGAN phicago I fIjToulon /I HenrjJ ^Itona orkvilii lnepiii|XKla„gli.,J feaXoT ,OT,^y> LCUftonC »^ '\\a8h;iigtoDf-^-srvv ^ "-^ J^ / n. /V__y4~^^ ^ . ^ ,,,, ^, ,1 ^^ ,.,C ln««,&.)lW^->^ ^,//Eisher/|1tantimlV 'iSM^me , [Chrlftuiail iBroctODi I •ltt.fleia\ ^ X^Wayerltf^^rr^ ' \Vt»?'°7|'"" ">^^^i>9N4s8ufniptlop,Y^amoJnv&---^^ ( , N J«>^jrTrTrf~.'' ^(?*''t*°T Fran iJ>s.^=^ Lvi^ /McClu ) Anna I J 7 Eliiabethb L^x, =-7, iVie'.nott ( 4«__. •f Donrfoiy \_^^J^S5cond» llUllllni^^pN. Net/Bw^3eil ■ ' -Pfducahr (^g^sboroT B LoDgitude 90*^ West C fi^m ATLAS OF THE WORLD tf" NORTUEAJSTEitN FART OF MINNESOTA Same scale as large map M KLoDgltude C We>tM°froni D Greenwich «3° ATLAS OF THE WORLD 43 46 ATLAS OP THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD akjs:a]s^sas ^ „. t Auroras 11 /\- 'N Galena J-'-l l/CaBsvIllo ■'/{Vi 40 60 60 70 MubleblU Browswooi ^ Poplarbluffl ajtich Moui MeSa' , lalfleW \ C ( '''»«'«JUR«ok^J^Jv>>J^.^?. ■^■■~-4-.;*i%>^ Sheridan -^, llj;ihan) 11.%,"" \ „„_,,Ji._ J _,_,,; ir-r-Vw,Ul,«r.™n«Vv«' ^io..,V y i Belcn " - KT I -Ti 7—1 Princeton W/\ '","*-"7\l ftidfc ^tVlrfp>-5N;'7LiJC^/\^'^l*on[^^Bodcaw." djaw ( Camden ^€^ ComervilleW j^ Winchester fc Dob u. m _Riindolph^ /Bienvil'la die ; MansHHd iX Cpushfltt; Ashlandl**; 1 KJyvillel >m B Lonjritude from 92° Greenwich D 90" F 48 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD O ,P»lh»tl MWife raterly Taso h-i I Adral ! \ J'luranna Lamesa. ^^^IT^ ^' '^ beininole />^\IecumBeh Dublm ^F^ pFt. Stockton' City , » Stilea Vgim AngelS^ _ Sberw(!od, *■ ^ , ^Sembtie^ Eldorado^ MenarMlle^^^^^^oFredonln Telegraph _ LuLa ' San Saba poldtE>jlteS tl(, Tjateiyil.. Sy-o^et" \o Bradi \ y Maeon c h..jO ""-<-i»5ai Trinitj' — ' ■aSelv fMa. Junition /ti6~^%ford° X,i5A?l^«i^ — o^ Crabapple° Fredericks^, Johnj^ «ountain°HomJ'~>~^ AUST^Ili . .'V.aldaMiWoldl ,, lountain Home ^-^^^ Ai-ioAiiy ' ^^T^ BasT ) ' h T >o KcrrTlUe;, s'*'*'"'°° Budarf?)»'^o»_Vrop/3renham>^ Bandera's, \« "^ r 1 V^ V i '/ ^— ^t^ >Cj*4i=JT!2^\v /So?>iMronLi-/'e {■k.LVaU;AiitoniJ^<^'SS>S l^X ''-2i^C^;??^-.^*^:ToSl^^ S^clvlveston }aj C'''/?ft'^\,'''^<' "' '^OttatagSd?'- ^ TEXAS 25 60 IB 100 Size of type indicates , relative importance of places. LOO* XontUud« C "Wert M* from D Greenwich 98 50 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS CF THE WORLD 51 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 53 54 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 55 56 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 113° ColTllIo f\ ^fe^^ Sig'-i IDAHO Scale of HUM I 1 1 1 10 20 40 ft a -^ >1 viOrofino^. Vil r AsotiolJ VlajTwai RuaseiX ",L jlCS^f'^W [euterville^ o DenTerV-Harpate: W ■White Sulphur Sp WJ¥.f ! Ulamllton, /\ ip' !.<.T,te ._.e8tx;ca -^ Wf€ ildboig^' 35 lUerCify; -^^^ij ^edrock ° Aden / i(chard''- \V^ Boi'dierS .M A" />3t Rlv Big Butta R|ch>^lac'ktoo\^'*J; TUden " '" ; I 1 I J~ Wlckahoney 1 Una he yHotsprlngi Hagerman AuBtji^ytAbbej- BluelaDST^ A Minidoka^ Rosew'orth llS'Longltudt D We»t 114 from EOreenwlchllS 111° H 58 ATLAS OP THE WORLD Dutch ^ \ 6 ■• .- ■■'■^Ms.' jWaTvil ''"°'" cajfeboni^-5Sfji.nferiicao^Forl ' ' J Trout Cre^ I^amingtoaP.O. "4 <^ /"■ Pountuin/i'f»enY*^*-°iFairyleW OakfCitj%\ -MoroniV/sprlnff.Cm Wales >jA;heEt*j VX ,R E S E R VvAT ^Q^^T^^ /r*-^"*^ W V^Nad> j/i ,>■ iKlIP / A VQ»I9*o bW* l>iS«'"BS?^C.""°'''?\ /i .Wfra"" '>JV^ . '^.t-^^S^^^VAJO INDIAN %V^;l:^/V:-'^ V,', „;■.- Mf. Af-r-^^ RESERVATiON. o N B Uofllude 112° Wt«l from C Oretnwlch lu" ATLAS OF THE WORLD 59 60 ATLAS OP THE WORLD VOrf-jrtrr Red Bluff VJ KEW MEXICO ATLAS OP THE WORLD 61 62 ATLAS OF THE WORLD A 124 ATLAS OF THE WORLD 63 Railroads Projected State Capital © Indian Jictervationt 'JM'/MiiV//// ForMt Reiervati&n9 i t w » » * w » Size of type indicate* relatiue importance of placet I C.8. HAMMOND t, CO., N.vL C Loos lU' Ituda D WMt 117' (Vom £ GrMO Uf vloh F 64 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 65 66 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 67 68 ATLAS OF THE WORLD Important touins are ahown In heiiuy face type Blamburat . M I N DO RO ^^i SaUlajan?/ , 7' BUSUANGAlV . AMIANES loi\ ^\' a ATLAS OF THE WORLD 70 ATLAS OF THE WORLD - • S Afi 1 3 ■ Ij-w .Su'^- 8 -c? i> ^ ADMIRAL BRITISH STAND. I ^^^I^JhA^t' GR- BRIT. NAVAL CANADA ' JAPAN WAR H BRITISH 1 FRANCE ^ RUSSIA STAND. ' RUSSIA NAVAL " RUSSIA MERCH sw ED SH STD. mISS't „"°„c'1,*»"m°T ' ^"'""'■»'"> NtWZEALANO i^E MOROCCO ' EGYPT ARABIA FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS MONTENEGRO ATLAS OF THE WORLD 75 NIGARAGUA TURKEY SANTO DOMINGO COSTARICA PARAGUAY BURMA AUSTRIA BULGARIA |: HHl BRAZIL SPAIN ENSIGN SPANISH MERCHT GREECE HAITI FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS 76 ATLAS OF THE WORLD J\, 80_ 70" Longitude C *^«" <»0" frum Q Greenwich 50"* I TT^T-^ e p A *HMAHTINIQUE ifr.) SOUTH AMERICA Scale of tlllel ATLAS OF THE WORLD 77 200 40U 600 SOO 1000 Important towns are shoivB in heavy face type 78 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 79 Stibmarlne Calilcs Important towns are shown In heauy face ti/pe Ungilude D 'West 4 U Long. G East 80 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 81 82 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 83 O -- - « i ^ g ■? » ^ ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 85 80 ATLAS OF THE WORLD ATLAS OF THE WORLD 87 ^^^16^000_SQCU^^ "*» H *icnm»i«»' ,^o6j25:i^l5ftes^^ '*■•» 'saiiM aat 88 ATLAS OF THE WORLD Land to IM «xc«vatod nilad tftus: . 3 « 8 ^ J * I in nil ii it jfijTiaeLJEg/yr r^tf »« »0 S M 23 a* ATLAS OF THR WORLD 89 90 ATLAS OF THE WORLD O o a H o CO H, CO CO ^ I o o o o o op O O O O C3 o o O O O O o o o DDDDDDDD dDDD i" i 1 § o o CN ■4 r i\nnii^^ ATLAS OF THE WORLD 91 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD The following list contains the principal towns of the world in all countries except the United States. In it will be found approximately all places of more than thirty thousand inhabitants and most of those of from twenty to thirty thousand. The date of the latest census enumerations and ofl&cial estimates of the following countries is given as indicating the respective value of the figures used in the compilation : Algeria, 1901 ; Australia, 1901; Austria Hungary, 1900; British South African States, 1904; England and Wales, 1901, with government estimates of all towns of over 50,000 for 1905; Germany, 1901, with government estimates of Berlin, Hamburg and Essen for 1905; Japan, 1903; Philippine Islands, 1903; Sweden, 1905. Aachen, Germany 135 ,245 Aalborg. Denmark 31 ,457 Aarhus, Denmark 51 ,814 Abbeokuta, Yoruba 150,000 Aberdare, Wales 43,357 Aberdeen. Scotland 167,537 Abo. Russia 38,235 Accrlngton, England 48,890 Aclreale, Italy 35,418 Acton. England 37,744 Adama. Turkey in Asia 45,000 Adelaide. Australia 170,729 Aden. Arabia 42,758 Adls Abeba, Abyssinia 35,000 AdrlanoDle. Turkey in Europe 81 ,000 Agra. India 180,022 Ahmadabad, India 185 ,889 Aldln. Turkey in Asia 38,000 Atx. France 24,861 AJmer. India 73,839 Akerman, Russia 32,470 Akita. Japan 34,350 Alcano. Italy 51,809 Alcoy, Spain 32,053 Aldershot. England 30,974 Aleppo. Turkey in Asia 127,150 Alessandria, Italy 71,298 Alexandria, Egypt 319,766 Alexandropoi. Russia 32 ,018 Alexandre vsk, Russia 40,807 Algiers, Algeria 96,542 Alicante, Spain 50,142 AUgarh, India 70,434 Allahabad, India 172,032 Allensteln. Germany 24,287 Almeria, Spain 47,326 Alost. Belgium 31,655 Altenburg. Germany 37,110 Altendorf, Germany 63,238 Altona, Germany 161 ,501 Alwar, India 56,771 Ambala, India . . . . , 78,638 Amiens, France 80,758 Amoy, China 114,000 Amritaar. India 162,429 Amsterdam, Netherlands 551 ,415 Ancona, Italy 56,835 Anderlecht. Belelum 51 .921 Andijan. Russia in Asia 46,683 Andria, Italy 49,568 Angeni, France 82,398 Aasoulem* 1i^rMle•l S7,650 Antequera, Spain 31,609 Antwerp, Belgium 291 ,149 Apeldoorn, Netherlands 30,892 Aquila, Italy 21,188 Arad, Hungary 56,220 AreQuipa. Peru 35,000 Arezzo, Italy 44,310 Argao, P. 1 35,448 Aries, France 29,000 Armentieres, France 29 ,000 Amhem, Netherlands 60,528 Aschersleben. Germany 27 ,3i5 Ascoli, Italy 28,882 Aahkabad. Russia 26,835 Ash ton-under-Lyne, England , 43,890 Asnieres. France 31,330 AsU, Italy 38,045 Aston Manor, England 77,310 Astrakhan, Russia 121 ,580 Asuncion, Paraguay 60 ,000 Athens, Greece 128,735 Aubervilliers, France 31 ,215 Auckland, New Zealand 67,226 Augsburg, Germany 89 ,170 Aussig. Austria 37,265 Avellino, Italy 23,760 Avignon, France 46,898 Ayr, Scotland 28,624 Ayuthla, Slam 50,000 Azot. Russia.. 25,124 Badjos, Spain 30,899 Bagdad. Turkey in Asia 145 ,000 Bahia. Brazil 174,412 Bahour. India 56,595 Baireuth. Germany. 29 ,397 Baku. Russia 179,133 Ballarat, Australia 49,202 Bamberg, Germany 41 ,823 Bangalore, India 159,046 Bangkok, Slam 600,000 Banjermassln, Borneo 51,880 Barcelona, Spain 533,000 Bareilly, India 131 ,208 Barfrush, Persia 50,000 Bari, Italy 77,478 Barile, P. 1 31,617 Barletta, Italy 42 ,022 Barmen, Germany. 141 ,944 Barnaul, Russia In Asia 29 ,850 Bamsley , England 41 ,063 Baroda, India. 103,790 Barqulsimeto, Venezuela 81 ,476 BarranqulUa, Colombia 65,000 Barrow-in-Furness, England. . 69,300 Basel, Switzerland 124 ,393 Basra, Turkey in Asia 50,000 Batangas, P. 1 33,131 Batavia, Java 115,887 Bath, England. 49,817 Batley, England 80,321 Batum, Russia 28,513 Bauan, P. 1 39,04* Bautzen, Germany 26,125 Bayonne, France 25,075 Bedford, England 35,144 Beirut, Turkey in Asia 118 ,800 Bekes, Hungary 37,547 Belfast, Ireland 349,180 Beltort, France 32,567 Belgrade. Servia 69,790 Bellary. India 58 ,247 Benares, India 209,331 Bender, Russia 35,741 Bendigo, Australia 42,660 Benevento, Italy 24,447 Berbera, Br, Somaliland 30,000 Berdiansk, Russia 29,16S Berditchef, Russia 53,728 Bergamo, Italy 47,773 Bergen, Norway 72,251 Berlat, Roumania 24,000 Berlin, Germany 3,033,900 Bern, Switzerland.... , 70,330 Bemburg, Germany 84 ,175 Besancon, France 65,404 Beuthen, Germany 61,361 Beziers, France 62,510 Bhagalpur, India 75 ,560 Bhaunagar. India 66 ,443 Bhopal, India 77,028 Bialystok, Russia 03,040 Biel, Switzerland ; . . . 29 ,390 Bielefeld, Germany 63,040 Blkanor, India. 63,078 Bilbao. Spain 83,300 Birkenhead. England lie,03S Birmingham, England 642,950 Bitlis. Turkey In Asia 38,800 Blackburn. England 133,067 Blackpool, England 47,340 Blagoveschensk, Russia in Asia 37,368 Bloemfontein, Orange R. Col. 33,890 Biol8,France 30.4M ^92 ATLAS OF THE WORLD PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD -Contintted BInmeuau. Brazil 40,000 Bobrinsk, Russia 35,177 Bochum, Germany K),K1 Bogota. Colombia 130,000 Bologna. Italy 152,009 Bolton. England 178,111 Bombay. India 776,006 Bona, Algeria 36,993 Bonn. Germany 50,736 Bootle, England 62,758 Bordeaux, France 257,638 Borgerhout, Belgium 41 ,075 Botuchany, Roumania 32,000 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.. .. 49,949 Boulogne-3ur-Selne. France. .. 44,418 Bourges. France 46,551 Bournemouth. England 66,168 Bradford. England 286 ,799 Braga. Portugal 24,202 Bralia. Roumania 68,393 Brandenburg. Germany 49 ,250 Breda. Netherlands 26 ,949 Bremen, Germany 163 ,297 Brescia. Italy 70,614 Breslau. Germany 422 ,709 Brest. France 84,284 Brest-Lltovsk. Russia 42,812 Bridgetown. Barbados 35 ,000 Brleg, Germany 24,224 Brighton. England 127 ,183 Brisbane. Australia. 122,815 Bristol, England 358,515 Broken Hill. Australia 27,500 Bromberg. Germany 52,204 Bruges. Belgium 53,728 Brunn, Austria 109,346 Brunswick. Germany 128,226 Brusa. Turkey in Asia 76,303 Brussels, Belgium 598,599 Budapest. Hungary 732,322 Budweis. Austria 39 ,328 Buenos Aires, Argentina 979,235 Bukharest. Roumania 282,071 Burgos. Spain 30,167 Burnley. England 101,682 Burslem. England 38,766 Burton-upon-Trent. England. 62,424 Bury, England 68,954 Cadlz.Spaln 60,383 Caen. France 44 ,794 Cagllarl, Italy 53,747 Cairo. Egypt 570,062 Calais. France 59,743 Calcutta, India 1 ,026,987 Calicut. India 76,981 Callao. Peru 31,000 Caltaglrone, Italy 44,879 Caltonisetta. Italy 43,.303 Camaguey. Cuba 25.102 Cambridge. Englaud 38 ,393 Canea. Crete 24,537 Cannes. France 30,420 Oannstadt, Germany 26,575 Canterbury, England 24 ,899 Canton, China 900,000 Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, Africa 28,94« Cape Haltlen. Haiti 29,000 Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 87,48S Caracas, Venezuela 72,429 Carcassonne, France 4^ 30,720 Cardenas. Cuba 28,448 Cardlfl, Wales 180,054 Carear.P.1 31,893 Carlisle. England 45,478 Ctinn,IUly 42,097 Cartagena, Spain 99,871 Caserta, Italy 32,709 Cassel. Germany 106,034 Castellon. Spain 29,904 Castres, France 24,135 Catania. Italy 149,295 Catanzaro. Italy 31 ,824 Cawnpur, India 197,170 Ceara, Brazil 40,902 Cebu. P. 1 31,079 Celaya. Mexico 25,565 Cette, France 33,248 Chalon-sur-Saone, France. . . . 26,462 Changsha, China 230,000 Charleroi. Belgium 26,528 Charlottenburg, Germany 189,305 Chatham, England 40,753 Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland 38,784 Chefu. China 75,000 Cheltenham. England 49 ,439 Chemnitz, Germany 214 ,030 Cherbourg, France 42,938 Chemigof. Russia 27,006 Chester. England 38,309 Chleta, Italy 26,368 Chihuahua, Mexico 30,405 Chilian, Chile 36,681 Chinandega, Nicaragua 20,000 Chlngtu, China 1,000,000 Chlnkiang. China 167 ,000 Cholan, China 129,721 Christchurch, New Zealand ... 57 ,041 Christiania, Norway 227 ,626 Chungking, China 600,000 Cienfuegos. Cuba 59 ,428 Clermont, France 52 ,933 Clichy. France 39,521 Coatbridge, Scotland 36,981 Coban, Guatemala 30 ,770 Coblenz. Germany 47,528 Cochabamba, Bolivia 21 ,886 Coimbatore, India 53,080 Colches ter, England 38 ,351 Colmar. Germany 36,844 Cologne, Germany 372 ,529 Colombo. Ceylon 158,228 Combaconum, India 59 ,673 Como, Italy 38,895 Concepclon, Chile 55,458 Constantine. Algeria 48,243 Constantinople. Turkey 1,125,000 Copenhagen. Dermark 500,479 Cordoba, Argent .na 60,000 Cordova, Spain 58,275 Cork, Ireland 76,123 Coruna, Spain 43,971 Courbevoie, France 23,796 Coutrai. Belgium 34,564 Coventry, England 75,134 Crajova, Roumania. 45,438 Cref eld. Germany 107 ,968 Cremona. Italy 37,693 Crewe. England 42 ,075 Cronstadt, Russia 59,539 Croydon. England 147 ,704 Cuddalore. India 52,210 Cuenca. Ecuador 30,000 Cuneo, Italy 27,065 Cuttack, India 51,364 Czegled, Hungary 30,106 Czenstochowa, Russia 53,650 Czemowitz, Austria 67,623 Dacca. India 90,543 Daman, India 41 ,671 Damanhur, Egypt 27,283 Damascus, Turkey la Asia. . . . 225 ,000 Danzig, aermany 147,301 Darbhangah. India 6e,3M Darlington, England 44,490 Darmstadt, Germany 72 ,381 Darwen. England 38,211 Debreczin. Hungary 75 ,000 Delft. Netherlands 32,950 Delhi, India 208,575 Derby, England 122,207 Dessau, Germany 50,849 Deventer, Netherlands 27,411 Devonport, England 78,864 Diarbekr, Turkey 34,000 Dijon, France 71 ,326 Dordrecht. Netherlands 43,482 Dorpat, Russia 42,421 Dortmund, Germany I42,73i Douai, France 33,649 Dover, England 41 ,783 Drammen, Norway 23 ,093 Dresden, Germany 480,658 Dublin, Ireland 373,179 Dudley. England 48,800 Dulsburg, Germany 94,185 Dumbarton, Scotland 115,176 Dunaburg, Russia 85,906 Dundee, Scotland 164,269 Dunedln, New Zealand 62 ,390 Dunkirk, France 38,925 Durango, Mexico 31 ,093 Durban, Natal 79,000 Diiren, Germany 27,185 Diisseldorf . Germany 213,711 Dvlnsk, Russia 69,67S Ealing, England 83,040 Eastbourne, England 43,331 East Ham, England 95,989 East London. C. of Good Hope 25,220 Eccles, England 34,360 Eclja, Spain 24,395 Edinburgh, Scotland 336,577 Edmonton. England 46,899 Eger, Austria 23,675 Eisenach, Germany 31 ,457 Ekaterinburg, Russia 55,440 Ekaterinodar. Russia 65,697 Ekaterinoslaf, Russia 135,552 Elberfeld, Germany 156,960 Elbing, Germany 52,518 Elche, Spain 27,380 Elizavetgrad, Russia 66,183 Elizavetpol, Russia 33,090 Enfleld. England. 42,738 Enschede, Netherlands 29,510 Erfurt, Germany 85,203 Erivan, Russia J9 ,033 Erzerum, Turkey in Asia 88 ,900 Essen, Germany 229,270 Essllngen, Germany 27,260 Exeter, England 47,185 Falzabad, India 75,088 Falkirk, Scotland 29,271 Farakhabad. India 67 ,338 Felegyhaza, Hungary. 83,400 Ferrara, Italy 07,648 Ferrol, Spain J5,281 Fez. Morocco 140,000 Flume. Hungary S8,95S Flensburg. Germany 48 ,923 Florence, Italy 205,589 Poggla, Italy 63,151 Folkstone, England 30,694 Forli, Italy 43,700 Forst, Germany 32,150 Fort de France, Martinique.. 22,164 Frankfort-on-Main. Germany. 288,980 FranUortH>n-Oder. Germany . U ,851 ATLAS OF THE WORLD 93 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD— Continued Freetown, sierra Leone 34,405 Freiberg. Germany 31 ,000 Freiburg. Germany 61,504 Fremantle. Australia 23,006 Fuchau, China 624,000 Fukul. Japan 50,135 Fukuoka. Japan 71,047 Funchal. Madeira 20,844 Fflnf klrchen, Hungary 43 ,983 Ffirtb. Germany 64,143 oaile, Sweden 30,776 Galatz, Roumania 62,678 OalUpoU, Turkey 30,000 Oateahead, England 120,620 Oaya. India 71,288 Gelsenklrchen. Germany 36,935 Geneva, Switzerland 112,738 Genoa. Italy 234,710 Georgetown, Br. Guiana. ,i.., 53 ,170 Gera, Germany 45,834 Ghent. Belgium 162,925 Gibraltar, Spain 27,460 Glessen, Germany 25,491 Gllu, Japan 40,188 Gljon, Spain. 47,544 GUlingham, England 42,530 Girgentl, Italy 25,024 Oladbach, Germany 58,023 Glasgow, Scotland 809 ,986 Glauchau, Germany 25 ,778 Glelwltz, Germany 52,862 Gloucester, England 47 ,955 Gomel, Russia . 45,081 Ck>rakhpur, India 64,148 Oorlltz, Germany 80,931 Gotha, Germany 34,185 Gottenborg. Sweden 138 ,030 GOttingen. Germany ......... 39 ,359 Govan. Scotland 76,351 Granada. N icaragua 25 ,000 Granada, Spain 75,900 Gratz. Austria 138,080 Graudenz, Germany 32,786 Great Grimsby, England .... 68,153 Greenock, Scotland 70 ,253 Grenoble, France 68 ,615 Grodno, Russia 41 ,756 Groningen, Netherlands 71,490 Orosswardeln, Hungary 50,177 Guadalajara, Mexico 101 ,208 Guanajuato, Mexico 41 ,486 Guayaquil, Ecuador 51,000 Guben, Germany 33 ,135 QwaUor. India 119,433 Raarlem, Netherlands 68,518 Hagen, Germany 60,613 Hague, Notherlanda 234 ,459 Eaidarabad, India 448,440 Hakodate, Japan 65,313 nalberstadt. Germany 42,810 Halifax, England 108 ,419 Halifax. Nova Scotia 40,833 Halle, Germany 136,600 Halslngborg, Sweden 27,233 Hama, Turkey In Asia 44 ,000 Ilamadan. Persia 40 ,000 Hamburg, Germany 872,028 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. . . 52,634 Hamilton. Scotland 82 ,775 Hamm, Germany 81,390 Bandsworth. England 52,921 Hangchau. China 300,000 Hankau, China 870,000 Hanley . England 64 ,667 Hanoi, Anam , 103,238 fiuiover. Qermaay.. 235,649 Harar, Abyssinia 40,000 Harbin. China 60,000 Harburg, Germany 49,153 Hastings, England 66,820 Ha\ana, Cuba 262,395 Havre, France 130,196 Heidelberg, Germany 40,121 Hellbronn. Germany 37,891 Helder. Netherlands 26 ,681 Helsingfors. Finland 93,578 Herat, Afghanistan 45,000 Hlldesheim. Germany 42,973 HimejI. Japan 36,443 Hirosaki, Japan 36,509 Hiroshima. Japan ' 121 ,198 Hobart. Australia 34,809 Hodmezo-Vasarhely, Hungary 60,883 Hof. Germany 32,805 Hongkong, China.... 136,900 Honolulu. Hawaii 39,306 Hornsey, England 72 ,058 Hove, England 36.543 Howrah. India 157,594 Hubll. India 60,214 Huddersfleld. England 86 ,008 Rue, Anam 50,000 Hull, England 258,127 Hyde. England 32,708 Ibadan. Yoruba 200,000 Ichang. China 45,000 Igtau. Austria 24,423 Ilford England 41,240 Imoschi. Austria 36,789 Indore. India 97.804 Innsbruck, Austria 27,058 Inowraclaw, Germany 26,152 Insterburg, Germany 27,289 Ipswich, England 70,802 Iquique, Chile 43,005 Irkutsk, Russia In Asia i, 49,108 Iserlohn, Germany 27,275 Ismail, Russia 33,607 Ispahan, Persia 80,000 Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Russia. . 56,628 I vry-sur-Seine, France 2o ,575 Ixelles, Belgium 62,979 Jabalpur, India 90,316 Jaipur, India 160,167 Jalandhar, India 67,735 Janlna, T'lrkey 25,000 Jaroslaw, Austria 22 ,641 Jarrow, England 34,294 Jassy, Roumania 78,060 Jerez, Spain 63,473 Jerusalem, Turkey In Asia ... . 48,000 Jhansi, India 55,724 Jodhpur, India 60,437 Johannesburg , Transvaal 158 ,580 Jokjokarta, Java 58,229 JOnkoping, Sweden 23 ,240 Jumet, Belgium 25,950 Kabul, Afghanistan 70,000 Kagoshima, Japan 59 ,001 Kaiserleh, Turkey In Asia. .. . 72,000 Kalserslautern , Germany 48 ,310 Kaluga, Russia 49,728 Kamenetz, Russia .39,113 Kanazawa. Japan 99 ,657 Kandahar, A fghanlstan 60 ,000 Karachi, India 118.663 Kariskrona. Sweden 26,074 Karlsruhe. Germany 97 ,185 Kaschau, Hungary 40,102 ICaahan, Persia 40,000 Kaabtar. Turkestau 35,000 Kaslof, Russia 40,34? Kattowltz, Germany 31,749 Kazan. Russia 143,707 Kazvin, Persia 40,000 Kecskemet, Hungary 57 ,813 Keighley, England 41 ,565 Kerbela, Turkey in Asia 65 ,000 Kerman, Persia 60,000 Kermanshah, Persia 30,000 Kertch, Russia 30,343 Kharkof. Russia 197,405 Khatmandu, Nepal S0,0OO Kherson, RusiUa 73,186 Khojent, Russia in Asia 31 ,881 Khotin, Russia 30,424 Klauchau, China 80,000 Kief,Russla 319,000 Kiel. Germany 121 ,824 Kilmarnock. Scotland 34tl6t Klmberly, Cape of Good Hope 34,331 King's Norton, England. .». . . 57,120 Kingston, Jamaica 46,543 Kingston-upon-Thames, Eng.. 34,373 Kioto, Japan 380,568 Klrln, China 250,000 Kirkcaldy, Scotland 34 ,064 Klshenef, Russia 125,787 Kiukiang, China 38,000 Kiungchau, China 30,000 Klausenburg, Hungary 49 ,295 Kobe, Japan 285,003 Kofu, Japan 44,188 Kokand, Russia in Asia 86,704 Kokura, Japan 36,825 Kolhapur, India 51 ,373 Kolomea, Austria 34,188 Kom, Persia 40,000 Koniah. Turkey in Asia 44 ,000 KcSnIgsberg. Germany 57 ,91t Kostroma, Russia 41 ,288 Kotchl. Japan S5,8M> Kottbus, Germany 39 ,323 Kovno, Russia 73,748 Krakow, Austria 91 ,323 Krasnoyarsk, Russia in Asia. . 33,337 Krementchug, Russia 68 ,648 Kronstadt. Hungary 36 ,C48 Kuchlng, Borneo 25,000 Kumamoto, Japan 69,717 Kure, Japan 66,008 Kursk, Russia 52,898 Kutais, Russia 32,493 Kwala Kangsa, Straits Settle- ments 77 ,234 Lagos, Nigeria 42,000 Lahore, India 202,964 Laibach, Austria 36 ,547 Lancaster, England 40,329 Lanchau, China 500,000 Landsberg Germany 33 ,600 Laoag, P 1 34,454 La Paz, Bolivia 62,000 La Plata, Argentina 75 ,023 La Rochelle, France 31,559 Lassa, Tibet 45,000 Lausanne, Switzerland 51 ,936 Laval, France 30,350 Le Creuzot. France 30 ,584 Leece.ItaJy 32,687 Leeds. England 436,787 Leeuwarden Netherlands.... 34,008 Leghorn, Italy 98,321 Leicester. England 228 ,133 Leiden, Netherlands 56 ,044 Leigh, England 40,001 I^ipzig. Germany 456.129 x«tta,6ootaaa 81,811 94 ATLAS OF THE WORLD PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD— Contintjed Le Hans, France 63,273 Iiemberg, Austria 158,877 Lena, France 24,353 Lenz, Austria. 58,791 Leon, Mexico 63,263 l«on, Nicaragua 45,000 Leyton, England 98,899 Libau, Russia 04,505 LIchtenberg, Germany 43 ,371 Lieben, Austria 21 ,375 Liege. Belgium 168,533 Llegnitz. Germany 54,883 Lima. Peru 130,000 Limerick. Ireland 45 ,80a Limoges. France 84,121 Linares. Chile 33,000 Linares. Spain 38,245 Lincoln, England 48 ,784 Linden, Germany 50,628 Llpa. P. 1 37,924 Lisbon, Portugal 356,009 Ltole. France 210,690 Liverpool, England. . 730,143 Lodz. Russia 351,570 London, England 6,580,616 London. Ont. , Canada 37 ,983 Londonderry. Ireland 39,892 Longton, England 35,825 Lorca. Spain 69,836 Lorlent. France 44,640 Louvain. Belgium 42,194 Ltibeck. Germany 82 ,098 Lublin, Russia 50,152 Lucca, Italy 74,971 Lucerne. Switzerland 32,801 Lucknow, India 264,049 Ludwigshafen. Germany 61,914 Laneburg, Germany 24 ,715 Luton. England 36,404 Luxemburg, Luxemburg 20,928 Lyon, France 459,090 Maastricht. Netherlands 36 ,146 Macao, China 63,991 Macclesfield. England 34,635 Madras. Ind'a 509,346 Madrid, Spain 530,835 Madura. India 105,984 Magdeburg. Germany 229 ,667 Maidstone. England 33,516 Maikop. Russia in Asia 34,191 Mainz. Germany 84,251 Mako. Hungary 33,722 Malaga, Spain 130,100 Mallnes. Belgium 58 ,101 Malmo, Sweden 70,797 Managua. Nicaragua 30,000 Manchester. England 631 ,185 Mandalay . India 183 ,816 Manila, P. 1 219,928 Mantpur. India 67,093 Manlssa. Turkey in Asia 50,000 Mannheim, Germany 141 ,131 Mantua. Italy 29,142 Maracaibo. Venezuela 34 ,284 Maranhao. Brazil 29,308 Maria Theresiopol, Hungary. . 82,122 Marla[X)l. Russia 52,770 Marsala. Italy 57,567 Marseille. France 491 ,101 Maskat. Arabia 60,000 Massa, Italy 26,413 Matanzas. Cuba 45 ,28? Matsuyama. Japan 37,841 Matfluye. Japan 35.061 Maulman, India. C8,440 Uayebesbl. Japan 41,711 If ecca, Turkey In iUift WiOOO Mechlin, Belgium 58,101 Medellin, Colombia 40,000 Medina. Turkey in Asia 48,000 Medlnet-el-Fayoum, Egypt . . . 40,350 Meerut. India 118,129 Mehallet-el Xebir. Egypt 31,535 Mekinez. Morocco 56,000 Melbourne. Australia 508,450 Mendoza. Argentina 29,100 Merida, K^exlco 43 ,630 Merthyr Tydfll, Wales 69 ,227 Meshed. Persia 60,000 Messina. Italy 149,778 Metz. Germany 58,462 Mexico, 'Mexico 368,777 Middlesborough, England. . . . 98,369 Milan. Italy 491,460 Minsk. Russia- 91,494 Mirzapur. India 79 ,862 Miskoicz, Hungary 43,096 Mitau, Russia 35,011 Mito, Japan 36,928 Modena, Italy 64,843 Modica. Italy 48,963 Mohllef. Russia 45,000 Molenbeek. Belgium 61,122 Molfetta. Italy 40,135 Mombasa, Br. E. Africa 27,000 Monastir, Turkey 45,000 Mons, Belgium 27,072 Monterey, Mexico 62,266 Montevideo . Uruguay 276 ,000 Montlucon. France 35 ,062 Montpelier. France 75 ,950 Montreal. Canada 267 ,730 Montreuil, France 31 ,773 Monza, Italy 33,685 Moradt bad. India 75,128 Morella. Mexico 37,278 Morocco, Morocco 60,000 Morshansk, Russia 25,913 Moscow. Russia 1,092,360 Mosul, Turkey 6i,00O Motherwell, Scotland 30,423 Mountain Ash. Wales 31,093 Mukden. China 160,000 Miilhausen. Germany 89 ,118 Mfllhelm-on-Rhlne. Germany. 45,062 Mulhelm-on-Ruhr, Germany. . 80,609 Multan. India 87,394 Munich. Germany 409,959 Munster. Germany 63,778 Murcia. Spain Ill ,539 Mustapha. Algeria 38,327 Muttra, India 60,042 Mysore. India 68,111 Nafa. Japan 43,132 Nagano, Japan 37,202 Nagasaki, Japan 153,293 Nagoya, Japan 288,630 Nagpur. India 127,734 Nagy-Koros, Hungary 26,535 Naklchevan. Russia 40,384 Namangan. Russia in Asia. ... 61 ,906 Namur. Belgium 31,940 Nanchang. China 300,000 Nancy, France 102,559 Nankin. China 270,000 Nantes. France 132,990 Naples. Italy 563,540 Nara. Japan 33,735 Narbonne, France 24 ,670 Nawangar. India 63,844 Negapatam, India 57,190 Nelsset, Germany 24,367 Kelson, England 32,818 MeulUy, Franca I7.M Neumunster, Germany 17 ,M Neustadt. Austria 28,70Q Nevers. France 27,679 Newcastle, Australia 58,620 Newcastle, England 264,511 New Guatemala. Guatemala . . 98,560 Newport. England 72,880 Nice. France lOS.lOl Nilgata. Japan 50,576 Nijmegen. Netherlands 49 ,343 Nikolaief, Russia 92,060 Nlmes. France 80,606 Ningpo. China 260,000 Nissa, Servia 24000 Nluchwang. China 56J0O0 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia.... t5,124 Nordhausen, Germany 28,^6 NorkOping. Sweden 44,378 Northampton, England 92,441 Norwich, England 116,741 Nottingham. England 251 ,671 Novara, Italy 45,248 Novgorod, Russia 26,973 Novo Cherkask. Russia 52,006 Nuka, Russia 24,811 Nuremberg. Germany 261 ,081 Nj-treghyhaza. Hungary 33,068 Oaxaca Mexico 3S,0A Oberhausen, Germany 42,148 Odenburg, Hungary 33,478 Odense. Denmark 40,138 Odessa. Russia 449,878 Offenbach, Germany 60,488 Okayama. Japan 81,026 Oldenburg, Germany 28,656 Oldham. England J40,225 Olmiitz, Austria 22,106 Omdurman. Egypt 89,000 Omsk, Russia in Asia 53,060 Oporto. Portugal 172,421 Oppeln. Germany 30,176 Oran. Algeria 88,335 (5rebro, Sweden 25,288 Orel. Russia 70,07$ Orizaba, Mexico 32,894 Orleans. France 87,311 Osaka. Japan 095,945 Osh. Russia 87,307 Osnabriick, Germany 61 ,578 Ostend. Belgium 41,181 Otaru. Japan 79,361 Otsu, Japan 89,505 Ottawa. Canada 60,928 Oulgaret, India 64,065 Ouro Preto, Brazil 60,249 Ovledo. Spain 48,103 Oxford, England 49,330 Pachuca. Mexico 37,487 Padua. Italy 82,281 Paisley, Scotland 85 ,604 Pakhol. China 30,000 Palembang. Sumatra 63,788 Palermo. Itoly 300,894 Palma. Spain 83,937 Palmas. Canary Islands 44,517 Panama, Panama 30,000 Para, Brazil 100,000 Paramaribo. Dutch Guiana. . . 32,586 Parana. Argentina 25,000 Paris. France 2,714,088 Parma. Italy 49,340 Partlck, Scotland 64,27t Patlala. India 53,545 Patna, India 134,785 Patras, Greece 50,158 l>4U.i''nBce ua» ATLAS OF THE WORLD 95 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD— Conthttted rarls. Italy 3S,M7 Peking. Chlan 1,800,000 Pelotas. Brazil 41,591 Penang, Stralta Settlements.. . 94,086 Pensa, Russia 61,851 Perlgueux, France 31 ,976 Penn.Russia 45,403 Pemambuco, Brazil Ill ,556 Perplgnan, France 36,157 Perth, Australia 42,474 Perth. Scotland 84,21* Perugia. Italy 61,385 Pesaro. Italy 25,103 Peshawar, India 85,147 Peterborough, England 30,870 Pforzheim, Germany 43 .351 PhlUppopolls. East. Roumelia 42,840 Placenza, Italy 36,064 P>'r«>„ Roumanla 25,000 rietermarltzburg. Natal ...',.. 34 ,676 PUsen, Austria 68,079 Plngyang. Korea 74 ,213 Plnsk, Russia 27,938 Plotrkof. Russia 33,173 Piraeus, Greece 61 ,020 Plrmaaens, Germany SO ,200 Pl8a,Italy 61,321 Plstoza, Italy 62,606 Plauen, Germany 73,891 Ployestl, Roumanla 42.687 Plymouth, England 116,000 Pnum Penh, Cambodia 50,000 Point de Galle, Ceylon 48 ,500 Poitiers, France 39,886 Pola, Austria 45,206 Poltava. Russia 53,060 Ponce, Porto Rico 27,952 Pondlchery. India 47 ,843 Poona, India 153,320 Pont-y-Prldd. Wales 32,319 Port au Prince, Haiti 70,000 Port Arthur, China Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope 32,959 Port Louis, Mauritius 52,740 Porto Alegre, Brazil 100,000 Port of Spain, Trinidad 54,100 Porto Novo. Dahomey 50,000 Port Said, Egypt 50,179 Portsmouth. England 201 ,975 Posen, Germany 117,033 Potosl, Bolivia 20,910 Potsdam, Germany 59,796 Prague, Austria 201,589 Prato. Italy 51,453 Praya, Cape Verde Islands. ... 20,000 Presburg, Hungary 65,867 Preston. England 115 ,721 Pretoria, Transvaal 36 ,700 Prisrend, Turkey 50,000 Prossnitz, Austria 24,343 Przemysl, Austria 46,295 Pskof. Russia 30,683 Pueblo. Mexico 93,521 Quebec, Canada 68,840 Queretaro. Mexico 33,152 Quito. Ecuador 80,000 Radom, Russia M),I20 Ragusa, Italy 31,950 Rampur. India 78,758 Rangoon, Iidia 234,881 Rathmlnes. Ireland 32,472 Ratlabon. Germany.. 45,435 Ravenna, Italy 64,031 Rawalpindi, India 87,688 E&wteustall England 81,062 Reading England 77 ,674 Reggla. Emilia, Italy 58,490 Regglo, Calabria, Italy 44 ,415 Relchenberg, Austria .34 ,099 Remscheid. Germany 58,103 Rennes. France 74,676 Resht, Persia 40,000 Reus. Spain 26,235 Revel. Russia 66,292 Rhelms. France 108,385 Rheydt, Germany 34 ,036 Rhondda,vWales 113 ,735 Rlazan, Russia 44,552 Richmond, England 31 ,677 Riga, Russia 282,943 Rlmlnl, Italy 43,203 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 750,000 Rlxdorf , Germany 90 ,422 Roanne, France 34,901 Rochdale. England 86,390 Rochefort, France 36 ,458 Rochester, England 30,622 Rome. Italy 462,783 Rosario, Argentina 140,000 Rostock. Germany 54,735 Rostof. Russia 119,889 Rotherham, England 54 ,348 Rotterdam, Netherlands 370 ,390 Roubalx. France 124,365 Rouen. France 116,316 Roulers, Belgium 23,245 Rowley Regis, England 34 ,669 Rustchuk. Bulgaria 32,661 Ryazan, Russia 25.223 Saga, Japan 35,083 Saharanpur, India 66,254 Saigon. Anam 50,870 St. Denis, France 60,808 St. Denis, Reunion Island .. . . 27,392 St. Etlenne, France 146 ,559 St. Gallen. Switzerland 50,625 St. Gllles, Belgium 56,750 St. Helens, England 89,843 St. John, New Brunswick 40,711 St. Johns. Newfoundland 29,594 St. Louis. Senegal 24,070 St. Nazalre, France 35,813 St. Nicolas, Belgium 32,767 St. Ouen, France 35,436 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,313,300 St. Quentin, France.. .. ; 50,278 Sakal, Japan 54,040 Salem, India. 70,621 Salerno, Italy .... 42,727 Salford, England 231 ,514 Salonika, Turkey 105 ,000 Saltlllo, Mexico 23,996 Salzburg, Austria.. 33 ,067 Samarang, Java 89,286 Samara, Russia 91 ,672 Samarkand, Russia In Asia ... 58 ,194 San Jose. Costa Rica 24 ,500 San Juan, Porto Rico 32,048 San Louis Potosl, Mexico 81,019 San Miguel, Salvador 24,768 San Salvador, Salvador 59,540 San Sebastian. Spain 37,812 Santa Ana. Salvador 48,120 Santa Cruz, Canary Island. . .. 38,419 Santa Fe, Argentina 25,000 Santander, Spain 54 ,694 Santiago, Chile 334 ,538 Santiago ae Cuba, Cuba. 45 ,478 Santiago. Spain 24 .927 Banto Doralngo.S. Domingo,. 20,oco Santos. Brazil 85,000 Sao Paulo. BrazU. 150.934 Sapporo, Japan <5,8M Saragossa, Spain M,U9 Saratof. Russia 143,431 Sasebo, Japan 68,344 Sassarl, Italy 38,288 Savona. Italy 38,365 Scarborough, England 38,160 Schaerbeck, Belgium 66,617 Schiedam, Netherlands 28 ,290 Schoneberg, Germany 95 ,998 Schweldnltz, Germany ....... 28,448 Schwerin. Germany. 38,672 Semipalatlnsk, Russia 26,350 Sendai. Japan 100,231 Seoul. Korea 196,646 Seralng, Belgium 39,377 Serajevo, Austria-Hungary ... 41 ,174 Seres,Turkey 31,000 Sergievsk. Russia 31 ,413 Seville. Spain 148,315 Shahjahanpur, India 76,458 Shanghai, China 651 ,000 Shasi, China 80,000 Sheffield, England 440,415 Shiraonosekl, Japan 46,280 Shiraz, Persia. . . .• 50,004 Shlzwoka. Japan 48,744 Sholapur, India 75,288 Shusha. Russia 25,659 Slalkot, India 87,958 Slangtan. China 850,000 Siena. Italy 28,355 Simbirsk, Russia 44,111 Simferopol. Russia 80,876 Slngan, China 875,000 Singapore. Straits Settlemente 193,089 Slwas, Turkey In Asia 43,100 Skutarl, Turkey In Asia 80 ,000 SUvno, Eastern Roumelia. . . . 24,543 Smethwlck, England 64 ,560 Smichow, Austria 47,135 Smolensk. Russia 67,405 Smyrna, Turkey In Asia 201 ,000 Sofia, Bulgaria 67,920 Solingen, Germany 46,260 Southampton, England 114,897 Southport, England 48 ,087 South Shields. England 109 ,360 Spandau, Germany 85,014 Spezla. Italy 65,612 Srlnagar. India 122,608 Stanlslaw, Austria. 29 ,956 Stargard, Germany 26,875 Btavanger, Norway. 80,613 Stavropol, Russia In Asia 46 ,965 Stettin, Germany 210,708 Stockholm, Sweden 317,964 Stockport. England 98,320 Stockton-on-Tees, England .. . 61,476 Stoke-upon-Trent, England. . . 80,476 Stolp, Germany 27,304 Stralsund. Germany 31,178 Strasburg, Germany 151 ,041 Stratford, England 43 ,000 Stretford. England .......... SO ,346 Stry], Austria 23,300 Stuttgart, Germany 176 ,689 Buchau. China..., 600,0C1 Sucre, Bolivia. 20,900 Suez, Egypt... 24,970 Suit.Egypt 42,078 Sumy, Russia 28,511 Sunderland, England ........ 152,964 Surabaya. Java 146,940 Surakarta, Java. 125 ,006 Surat, India 119,300 Swansea, Wales ,,.. 96,384 Swatow.Cblua 48,ooo 96 ATLAS OF THE WORLD PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD— Continued twiBdon, England 45,906 Sydney, Austrjilla 508 ,501 Byracuse. Italy„ 32,687 Byzran, Russia 33,046 Bzegedln, Hungary 102 ,991 Bzekestejervar. Hungary 32,167 Bzentes. Hungary 31,306 Tabriz, Persia 200,000 Taganrog. Russia .. 58,298 Taiwan, Formosa 48 ,097 TakamatsU, Japan 37,430 Takasakl, Japan 35,226 Talca. Chile 43,331 Tambot, Russia 49,203 Tammerfors. Finland 36,344 TamsuU Formosa 100,000 Tananarivo, Madagascar 55 ,579 Tangier. Morocco 30 ,056 Tanjore. India 57,870 Yanta. Egypt 57,289 Taranto, Italy 60,733 Tarbes. France 20,845 Tamopol, Austria 30,415 Tarragona. Spain 26,285 Tashkend. Turkestan 156 ,414 Tegucigalpa, Honduras 34,692 Teheran, Persia 280,000 Temesvar. Hungary 53,033 Teplltz, Austria 24,560 Terama, Italy 24,563 Theodosia. Russia 27,236 Thorn, Germany 29,470 Tientsin, China 750,000 Tlflis, Russia 160,645 TUburg, Netherlands 45 ,625 TUslt, Germany 34,539 Tipton. England 30,543 Tiraspol. Russia 29,323 Tlumen, Russia in Asia 36,000 Tlemcen, Algeria 35,468 Tobolsk, Russia in Asia 21 ,401 Tojama, Japan 56,273 Tokat, Turkey In Asia 60,000 Tokyo. Japaa 1,818,655 Tokushima. Japan 63 ,710 Toledo, Spain 23,:i93 Toluca, Mexico 29,904 Tomsk, Russia In Asia 65 ,530 Toronto, Canada 208,040 Torquay. England 83,625 Tortosa, Spain 25,368 Totonicapam, Guatemala..... 28,310 Tottenham, England 102,519 Toulon, France 101,603 Toulouse. France. 149,841 Tour, France 64,895 Tourcolng. France. .' 79,243 Toumay, Belgium... 39,940 Trapanl. Italy 69,45J Trebizond, Turkey In Aaia. .. . 35,000 Treves. Germany 43,506 Treviso. Italy 33,987 Trichinopoli. India 104,721 Trient, Austria. 24,868 Trieste. Austria 178,599 Trikhala. Greece 21,149 Tripoli, Tripoli 35,000 Trivandrura, India 57,882 Trondhjem, Norway 38 ,180 Troyes. France 53,146 Tsaritsyn, Russia 67,650 Tsu, Japan 36 ,108 Tucuraan Argentina 50,000 Tula, Russia 109,352 TunbrldKC Wells. England 33,388 Tunis. Tunis 176,500 Turin. Italy 335,656 Tver, Russia 45,644 Tynemouth, England ei ,514 Udine. Italy. 37,942 Ufa, Russia 49,961 Ujpest, Hungary. 41 ,858 Ulm, Germany 42,982 Uraan, Russia 28,628 Upsala. Sweden 24 ,150 Uralsk, Russia 38,919 Uskup, Turkey 20,000 Utrecht. Netherlands 112 ,796 Utsunomiya, Japan 33 ,953 Valence. France 26,964 Valencia, Spain 213 ,530 Valencia, Venezuela 38,654 Valenciennes, France 30,946 Valetta. M.'ilta 61,268 Valladolid, Spain 68,789 Valparaiso, Chile 143.769 Vancouver. Br. Columbia 28 133 Varna, Bulgaria 33,443 Venice, luiy 151.840 Versailles. France 54 982 Verviers. Belgium 49 ,243 Vlbore. Russia 32,312 Viftorla. Br. Columbia 20,816 Vicuna (Veron.i). Italy 74.271 Vienna, Austria 1 ,674 ,957 Vlllanova. India 41 ,913 Villa Rica. Paraguay 25,000 Vilna, Russia 162,633 Vlncennes, France 31 ,405 Vinnitsa, Ru.s9la 34 ,060 V'i^bsk, Russia , 66,143 Vitorla. Spain 30,701 Vladlkavkas. Russia 49.924 Vladimir, Russia . , 82,02» Vladivostok, Russia in Aal&, , 88,000 volgoda, Russia. njU Volsk, Russia 27,57J Voronezh, Russia^ 84446 Wakayama, Japan 68 ,527 Wakefield, England 41 ,554 Wallasey, England 63,580 Walsall, England 92,998 Walthamsto w, England 95 ,123 Warrington, England 68,301 Warsaw, Russia 756 ,426 Waterford. Ireland 27,94? Weimar, Germany 28,498 Weissenfels. Germany 28,296 Wellington, New Zealand 52,590 Wenchau. China 80,000 West Bromwich. England,. . . 67,823 West Ham, England 204 .997 West Hartlepool. England. .. . 62,61 ; Wiesbaden. Germany 86,111 Wigan, England 86 ,581 Willesden, England 114 ,81S Wimbledon. England 41 ,604 Winnipeg. Manitoba 00,204 Wlnterthur, Switzerland 25,066 Withingtx)n. England 36,201 Witten, Germany 33,535 Wolverhampton. England.... 09,456 Wood Green, England 34,183 Worcester. England 46,623 Worms. Germany 40,70S Wuchang, China 800,006 Wuchau. China 53,006 Wuhu. China 122,006 Wurzburg, Germany 75,496 Yamagata. Japan 40,248 Yarkand, China 100,000 Yarmouth. England 52,333 Yaroslaf, Russia 70,616 Yelsk. Russia in Asia 35,446 Yekaterinburg. Russia 55,488 Yekaterinoslaf. Russia 135,553 Yelets. Russia 38,236 Yeli^avethgrad, Russia 68,183 Yezd, Persia 45,006 Yochau, China 20,000 Yokohama, Japan 328,035 York, England 82,363 Yurief, Russia 42,813 zaandam, Netherlands 23,517 Zagazlg, Egypt 35,715 Zanzibar, Zanzibar 50,000 Zhltomer. Russia. 80,787 Zittau. Germany 30,975 Zurich. Switzerland 175,033 Zwickau. Germany 63,507 Zw^iiC, Netherlands.. ••••.,■ 83,380 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 97 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES Latest Official Estimates of Population This alphabetical list of cities of the United States having 10,000 inhabitants or more gives population of cities in States of Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Massa- chusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota and Wisconsin in accordance with the State enumerations of 1905, cities of Michigan in accordance with the State enumeration of 1904 and the other cities are estimated as of 1909, under the method adopted by the United States Census Bureau and known as the "arithmetical method." This method rests on the assumption that the annual increase of each year since the last census would be one-tenth of the decennial increase between the last two censuses. The country as a whole and most of the states and cities are growing with a steadily decreasing per cent, of increase. As this condition has obtained in the United States for the last twenty years it is likely to hold good in the immediate future. Under such conditions the "arithmetical method" has been proved moreaccur- ate than any alternative method available. Population of places marked thus * are estimated from reliable local sources. City and State. Pop. Adams, Mass 12,486 Adrian, Mich ]0,C80 Akron. Ohio •. 56.342 Alameda, Calif.* . . . 30,000 Albany, N. Y 98,374 Alexandria, Va 14,800 Allegheny, Pa 152,014 AUentown, Pa 44,585 Alpena, Mich 12,400 Alton, 111 17,810! Altoona, Pa 46,755 Amsterdam, N. Y. . . 23,943 Anderson, In i 28,671 Ann Arbor, Mich.. . . 14,599 Ansonia, Conn 14,312 Appleton, Wis 17,000 Asheville. N. C 18,707 Ashland, Wis 14,519 Ashtabula, Ohio 17,099 Atchison, Kan 18,257 Athens, Ga 11,685 Atlanta, Ga 112,787 Atlantic City, N. J. . 37,593 Attleboro, .Mass 12,702 Auburn, Me 14,482 Auburn, N. Y 31,422 Augusta, Ga 45,174 Augusta, Me 12,723 Aurora, 111 28,197 Austin, Te.xas 29,173 Baltimore, Md 591,755 Bangor, Me 24,322 Batavia, N. Y 10,089 Bath, Me 12,056 Baton Rouge, La.*. . 25,000 Battle Creek, Mich.. 22,213 Bay City, .Mich 27,644 Bayonne, N. J 42,262 Beaver Falls, Pa 10,500 Belleville, 111 19.395 Beloit. Wis 12.865 I City and State. Pop. Berkeley, Calif.* 35,000 Beverly. Mass 15,223 Biddeford, Me 17,677 Bingham ton, N. Y. . 42,036 Birmingham, Ala. . . 49,428 Bloomfield, N. J 11,668 Bloomington, 111. . . . 25,806 Boston, Mass. * 024,921 Braddock, Pa 22,938 Bradford, Pa 19,093 Bridgeport. Conn. . . 90,913 Bridgeton, N. J 13,624 Brockton, Mass 47.794 Brookline. Mass. . . . 23,436 Buffalo, N. Y 439,457 Bullfrog, Nev.* 12,000 Burlington, la 25,318 Burlington, Vt 22,285 Butler, Pa 12,760 Butte, Mont.* 60,000 Cairo, III 14,546 Cambridge. Mass.. . . 97,434 Camden, N. J 83,363 Canton. Ohio 34,697 Carbondale, Pa 15,969 Cedar Rapids, la.. . . 28,759 Central Falls, R. I . . 19,446 Charleston, S. C 56,573 Charleston, W. Va. . 15,220 Charlotte, N. C.*.. . . 30,000 Chattanooga, Tenn.* 50,000 Chelsea, Mass 37,289 Chester, Pa 46,394 Cheyenne, Wyo.*. . . 22,000 .Chicago, 111 2,364,075 Chicopee, Mass 20,191 Chillicothe, Ohio 14, .506 Cincmnati, Ohio*. . . 400 000 Cleveland, Ohio 515.56,3 Clinton, la 22,756 Clinton, Mass 13, 105 City and State. Pop. Cofleyville, Kan 13,182 Cohoes, N. Y 24.183 Colorado Spgs. Col. . 30,085 Columbia, Pa 13,761 Columbia, S. C 26,288 Columbus, Ga 17,831 Columbus, Ohio. . . . 159,229 Concord, N. H 21.997 Coming. N. Y 13,515 Cortland, N. Y 11,272 Council Bluffs, la. . . 25,231 Covington, Ky 47,948 Cranston, R. 1 17.570 Cripple Creek, Col. . . 15,000 Cumberland, Md.... 21,988 Dallas. Texas,* 100,000 Danbury. Conn 16,522 Danville. Ill 19.602 Danville. Va 22.114 Davenport, la 39,797 Dayton. Ohio 107,035 Decatur, III 24,264 Denison, Texas 12,700 Denver, Col.* 180,000 Des Moines, la 75,629 Detroit, Mich 317,591 Dover, N.H 13,494 Dubuque, la 41,941 Duluth, Minn 64,942 Dunkirk, N.Y 15,250 Dunmore, Pa 16,424 E. Liverpool, Ohio. . 21,462 E. Orange, N. T 25,175 E. Providence,' R. L. 13,750 Easton, Pa 34,909 E. St. Louis, 111 42,682 Eau Claire, Wis 1 8,737 Elgin, 111 26,222 Elizabeth, N. J 60,509 Elkhart, Ind 18,178 ElmJra. N. y 34,687 City and State. Pop. El Paso, Texas 20,930 Elwood, Ind 22,553 Erie. Pa 63,622 Escanaba. Mich 1 1 .098 Evanston, 111 23.557 Evansville. Ind 66.432 Everett, Mass 29,111 Fall River. Mass 105,762 Fargo, N.D 12,512 Findlay, Ohio 17,500 Fitchburg, Mass 33,021 Flint, Mich 14,884 Fond du Lac, Wis. . . 17.284 Fort Dodge. la 14.369 Fort Scott. Kan. . . . 12.202 Fort Smith. Ark 13.876 Fort Wayne, Ind. . . . 53,865 Fort Worth, Texas* . 68. 1 00 Framingham, Mass. . 1 1 ,548 Freeport, 111 16,030 Fresno, Calif.* -35,000 Galesburg. Ill 20,945 Galveston, Texas*. . . 38,000 Gardner, Mass 12,012 Gary, Ind.* 20,000 Geneva, N.Y 12,249 Glens Falls, N. Y. . . 14,650 Gloucester, Mass 26,01 1 Gloversville, >I. Y.. . 18.672 Goldfield. Nev.*. . . . 15,000 Grand Forks, N.D. . 10,127 Grand Rapids, Mich. 95,718 Great Falls, Mont.*.. 35,000 Green Bay. Wis 22,854 Greensboro, N. C*. . 20,000 Greenville, S. C 14,788 Guthrie, Okla.* 18,000 Hackensack, N.J... 11 ,098 Hagerstown, Md 16,717 Hamilton, Ohio 29,628 Hammond. Ind 18.629 98 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES City and State. Hannibal, Mo Harrisburg, Pa Harrison, N. J Hartford, Conn Haverhill, Mass Hazelton Pa. ...... Helena, Mont.* Henderson, Ky Hoboken, N. J Holyoke, Mass Homestead, Pa Homell N. Y Houston, Texas,*. . . Hudson, N. Y Huntington, W. Va Hutchin.son, Kan . . . Hyde Park, Mass. . . Independence, Kan. Indianapolis, Ind. . . Ironton, Ohio Ironwood, Mich Ishpeming, Mich. . . . Ithaca, N. Y Jackson, Mich Jackson, Tenn Jacksonville, Fla. . . . acksonville. III amestown, N. Y . . . anesville. Wis effersonville, Ind.. . ersey City, N. J. . . . ohnstown, N. Y.. . . ohnstown. Pa oliet. 111.* oplin. Mo.* klalamazoo, Mich. . . Kankakee, III Kansas City, Kan. . . Kansas City, Mo.*. . Kearny, N. j Kenosha, Wis Keokuk, la Key West, Fla Kingston, N. Y Knoxville, Tenn.*.. . Kokomo, Ind La Crosse, Wis Lafayette, In J Lancaster, Pa Lansing, Mich Laredo, Texas La Salle. Ill Lawrence, Kan Lawrence, Mass Leadville, Col. ..... Leavenworth, Kan. . Lebanon, Pa Leominster, Mass. . . Lewiston, Me Lexington, Ky. v . . . Lima, Ohio Lincoln, Neb Little Falls, N. Y . . . Little Rock, Ark. . . . Lockport, N. Y Logansport, Ind. . , , Long Branch, N. J. . Lorain, Ohio Los Angeles. Calif.* . Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Lynchburg, Va Lynn, Mass McKeesport, Pa. . . . Macon, Ga.* Madison, Wis Mahanoy City, Pa. , . Pop, 13,000 59,870 12,823 103,808 37,830 16,352 15,000 11,565 65,468 49,934 16,723 , 13,259 80,000 10,290 , 15,220 11,214 14,510 11,190 226,519 12,800 10,019 11,623 14,615 25,300 18,536 35,. 301 16,916 26,160 13,770 11,000 232,699 9,84, 48,654 50,000 20,000 29 17,708 67,613 2.-)0,000 13,601 16,235 14,604 20,498 25,556 52,000 12,822 2),078 19,802 49,962 20,276 15,328 10,859 11,597 70,050 14,345 20,924 20,296 14,297 25,615 30,591 26,981 53,656 11,122 49,497 17„')53 18,765 12,183 26,076 325,000 243,973 94.889 18,891 77,042 46..3,54 50,000 24,301 15,051 City and State. Maiden, Mass Manchester, Conn. . . Manchester, N. H . . . Manistee, Mich Manitowoc, Wis. . . . Mankato, Minn Mansfield, Ohio Marietta, Ohio Marinette, Wis Marion, Ind Marion, Ohio Marlboro, Mass Marquette, Mich. . . . Marshalltown, la. . . Massillon, Ohio Meadville, Pa Medford, Mass Melrose, Mass .Memphis, Tenn Menominee, Mich. . . Meriden, Conn Meridian, Miss -Michigan City, Ind.. -Middletown, N. Y.. . Milford, Mass .Millville, N. J Wis Milwaukee Minneapolis, Minn. . Missoula, Mont.''... . Mobile, Ala Moline, 111 Montclair, N. J Montgomery, Ala. . . .Morristown, N. J. . . . Mt. Carmel, Pa Mt. Vernon, N. Y.. . Muncie, Ind Muscatine, la Muskegon, Mich. . . . Nanticoke, Pa Nashau, N. H Nashville, Tenn.*. . . Natchez, Miss Naugatuck, Conn. . . IVew Albany, Ind . . . New Bedford, Mass . New Britain, Conn. New Brunswick, N.J. New Haven, Conn. . New London, Conn . New Orleans, La.'''. . New Rochelle, N. Y. Newark, N. J Newark, Ohio Newburg, N. Y Newburyport, Mass. Newcastle, Pa Newport, Ky Newport News, Va. . Newport, R. I Newton, Ma.ss New York, N. Y...4, Niagara Falls, N. Y. . Norfolk, Va Norristown, Pa. ... North Adams, Mass . Northampton, Mass. N. Tonawanda. N. Y. North Yakima, Wash. Norwich, Conn Oakland, Calif.*. . . . Ogdensburg, N. Y. . . Ogden, Utah Oil City, Pa Oklahoma. Okla.*. . . Olean, N. Y Omaha, Neb Pop. 38,037 12,260 68,561 12,708 12,733 10,996 21,380 17,916 15,354 25,045 14,333 14,073 10,665 12,045 13,611 10,830 19,686 14,295 136,420 11,096 26,636 17,133 18,517 14,516 12,105 11.884 312,948 261,974 20,000 45,123 21,971 16,370 37,963 12,146 16,623 25,006 29,579 15,087 20,897 13,981 28,028 95,000 14,108 13,565 21,000 74,362 34,529 23,133 131,083 20,201 350,000 20,480 283,289 21,745 26,498 14,675 43,404 31,346 34,100 25,039 36,827 013,781 26,560 56,902 24,582 22,150 19,957 10.157 *12,000 18,014 190,000 13,179 17,081 15,363 30,000 10,163 136,662 City and State. Pop. Orange, N.J 26.101 Oshkosh, Wis 30.575 Oskaloosa, la 10,203 Oswego, N. Y 22,572 Ottawa, 111 11,008 Ottumwa, la 20,101 Owensboro, Ky 16,197 Paducah. Ky 26,524 Parkersburg, W. Va. 14,006 Parsons, Kan 12,034 Passaic, N. J 37,837 Paterson, N. J 111,529 Pawtucket, R. I 49,669 Peabodv, Mass 13,098 Peekskiil, N. Y 13,200 Pensacola, Fla 15,940 Peoria. Ill 69,668 Perth Amboy, N. J ■Petersburg, Va 21,810 Philadelphia, Pa.. .1,567,845 Phillipsburg, N. J. . . 13,352 Pine Bluff, Ark 12,886 Piqua, Ohio 14,946 Pittsburg, Kan 15,111 Pittsburg, Pa.* 500,000 Pittsfield. Mass 25,001 Pittston, Pa 14,585 Plainfield, N. J 18,468 Plattsburg, N. Y.. . . 10.184 Plymouth. Mass. ... 11.119 Plymouth, Pa 17.524 Pontiac, Mich 10.884 Port Huron. Mich. . . 20.028 Pordand, Me 02.493 Portland. Ore.* 175.000 Portsmouth. N. H.. . 1 1.204 Portsmouth. Ohio.. . 22,027 Portsmouth, Va. . . . 21,207 Pottstown, Pa 1 4, 1 00 Pottsville, Pa 17,1.50 Poughkeepjie. N. Y. 25,379 Providence, R. I 214.703 Pueblo. Col 31,395 Suincy, 111 40,534 uincy, Mass 28,076 Racine, Wis 32,290 Raleigh, N.C 14,315 Reading, Pa 97,231 Rensselaer. N. Y.. . . 10,715 Revere, Mass 12,050 Richmond, lad 19,082 Richmond, Va 88,345 Roanoke, Va 25,220 Rochester, N. Y 181,600 Rockford, 111 36,2V3 Rock Island. Ill 24.760lWestfield. Mass Rome. N. Y 15.502, W. Hoboken, N. J. Rutland. Vt 12.038iWeymouth, Mass. City and State. Shamokin. Pa Sheboygan. Wis. . . Shenandoah, Pa. . . Sherman, Texas. . . Shreveport, La.*.. . Sioux City, la Sioux Falls. S. D. . . Somerville. Mass. . . South Bend. Ind. . . , S. Bethlehem. Pa. . , Southbridge. Mass. South Omaha. Neb. Spartanburg. S. C* Spokane. Wash.*. . Springfield. Ill Springfield. Mass.. . , Springfield. Mo Springfield. Ohio.. . . Stamford. Conn Steelton. Pa SteubenviUe. Ohio. , Stillwater. Minn. . . , Stockton, Calif.* Streator. Ill Superior, Wis Syracuse. N. Y . . , . . Tacoma. Wash.*. . . , Tampa. Fla Taunten. Mass Terre Haute. Ind. . . Tiffin. Ohio Toledo. Ohio Tonopah. Nev.*. . . . Topeka. Kan Traverse City, Mich, Trenton. N. J Troy, N. Y Union, N. J Utica, N. Y Vicksburg, Miss Vincennes, Ind Waco, Texas* Wakefield, Mass. . . . Walla Walla, Wash.. Waltham, Mass Warwick. R. I Washington. D. C. . . Waterbury, Conn. . . Waterloo, la Wateitown, Mass. . . Watertown, N. Y. . . Watervliet, N. Y Wausau. Wis Webster. Mass W. Bay City, Mich. . Sacramento. Calif.*. . 50,000 Saginaw, Mich 46,010 St. Joseph, Mo 148,569 St. Louis, Mo 712,425 St. Paul, Minn 197,023 Salem, Mass 36,027 Salt Lake, Utah* 90,000 San Antonio, Texas* 93,000 San Diego, Calif.*. . . 45,000 Sandusky, Ohio 20,7.38 San Francisco, Cal.*. 425,000 San Jose, Calif.* 30,000 Saratoga Spgs.,N.Y.. 12,999 SauItSte. Marie. Mich. 11.442 Savannah. Ga 64,194 Schenectady, N. Y.. 58,387 Scranton, Pa 126,1,56 Seattle, Wash.* 2.50,000 Sedalia. Mo 16.043 Wheeling, W. Va White Plains, N. Y. . Wichita, Kan Wichita Falls, Tex.*. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. . . W ilkinsburg. Pa. . . . Williamsport, Pa. . . Wilmington, Del. . . . Wilmington. N.C... Winona, Minn Winston-Salem, N.C. Wobum, Mass Woonsocket, R. I. . . Worcester, Mass. . . . Yonkers, N. Y York, Pa Youngstown, Ohio. - Zanesville, Ohio. . . . Pop. 21,621 24,026 24.299 12,500 30,000 40,952 12,283 69,272 48.761 15,886 11,000 38,552 16,671 125,000 46,435 73.540 24.541 43.975 17.859 14.638 15,014 12,435 25,000 16,478 36.551 117,503 100,000 22,823 30,967 42,483 11,115 177.171 15.000 37.817 1K237 84.180 76,910 17.005 62,934 16,149 11,509 26,303 10,268 15,450 26,282 24.773 321.212 62.351 18.071 11,258 25,447 14,600 14.458 10.018 12,997 13.611 29.082 11,585 42,798 31,078 11,579 8,000 64,321 16,588 30,220 90,077 22,000 20,334 * 18,000 14,402 34,841 148,710 61.716 45.332 55.385 25.302 CONCENTRATES Produced, prepared and treated in our engineering department. Our experience of over half a century of successful operation is a guarantee of high class, in every detail. We mariufacture mining and ore reduction machin- ery of every description for every character of -work. a^ We are specialists in hydraulics. Our shops are new and our equipment the most modern in the W^est. If you do not find the information, or value you want in this sample sack of concentrates, write us — we can supply it by the carload. HP Address all communications to- JOSHUA HENDY IRON WORKS 75 Fremont St., San Francisco, Cal. Copyright, 1910, by Joshua Hencly Iron Works, Saii Francisco, California Useful Information Useful Numbers in Calculating Weights, Measures, Etc. Feet multiplied by .00019 equals miles. Yards multiplied by .0006 equals miles. Links multiplied by .22 equals yards. Links multiplied by .66 equals feet. Feet multiplied by 1.515 equals links. Square inches multiplied by .00695 equals square feet. Circular inches multiplied by .00546 equals square feet. Square feet multiplied by .111 equals square yards. Acres multiplied by .4840 equals square yards. Square yards multiplied by .0002066 equals acres. Width in chains multiplied by .8 equals acres per mile. Cubic feet multiplied by .03704 equals cubic yards. Cubic inches multiplied by .00058 equals cubic feet. U. S. bushels multiplied by .0461 equals cubic yards. U. S. bushels multiplied by 1.2444 equals cubic feet. U. S. bushels multiplied by 2150.42 equals cubic inches. Cubic feet multiplied by .8036 equals U. S. bushels. Cubic inches multiplied by .000465 equals U. S. bushels. U. S. gallons multiplied by .13.367 equals cubic feet. U. S. gallons multiplied by .231 equals cubic inches. Cubic feet multiplied by 7.48 equals U. S. gallons. Cylindrical feet multiplied by .0034 equals U. S. gallons. Pounds multiplied by .009 equals cwt. Pounds multiplied by .00045 equals long tons. Cubic foot of water multiplied by 62.5 equals lbs. avoird. Cubic inch of water multiplied by .03608 equals lbs. avoird. Cylindrical inch of water multiplied by .02842 equals lbs. avoird. Cylindrical foot of water multiplied by 49.1 equals lbs. avoird. Cubic inches multiplied by .004329 equals U. S. gallons. Cylindrical feet multiplied by 5.874 equals U. S. gallons. U. S. gallons of water multiplied by 13.44 equals one cwt. U. S. gallons of water multiplied by 208.8 equals one ton. Cubic feet of water multiplied by 1.8 equals one cwt. Cubic feet of water multiplied by 35.88 equals one ton. Cylindrical foot of water multiplied by 5.875 equals U. S. gallons. Diameter of a circle multiplied by 3.14159265 equals circumference. Diameter of a circle multiplied by .8862 equals side of an equal square. Diameter of a circle multiplied by .7071 equals side of an inscribed square. Square of a diameter multiplied by .7854 equals area of circle. Circumference of a circle multiplied by .31831 equals diameter. Side of a square multiplied by 1.128 equals diameter of equal circle. Square foot of an area multiplied by 1.12837 equals diameter of equal circle. Square of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by 3.1416 equals convex surface. Cube of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by .5236 equals solidity. Diameter of a sphere multiplied by .806 equals dimensions of equal cube. Diameter of a sphere multiplied by .6667 equals length of equal cylinder. Cylindrical inches multiplied by .0004546 equals cubic feet. Cylindrical feet multiplied by .02909 equals cubic yards. Cubic inches multiplied by .003607 equals imperial gallons. Cubic feet multiplied by .6232 equals imperial gallons. Cylindrical inches multiplied by .002832 equals imperial gallons. Cylindrical feet multiplied by 4.895 equals imperial gallons. Lineal feet multiplied by .00019 equals statute miles. Lineal yards multiplied by .000568 equals statute miles. Column of water 12 inches high, 1 inch in diameter, equals .341 lbs. 183.346 circular inches equals 1 square foot. 2200 cylindrical inches equals 1 cubic foot. French metres multiplied by 3.28 equals feet. Kilogrammes multiplied by 2.205 equals avoird. lbs. Grammes multiplied by .002205 equals avoird. lbs. Square of diameter of cylinder in feet mul- tiplied by depth in feet and by .14 equalf barrels of 42 gallons. 100 Table of Weights and Meai^ures LONG MEASURE. 12 inches 1 foot 3 feet 1 yard 2 yards 1 fathom 16H feet , 1 rod 4 rods 1 chain 10 chains 1 furlong 8 furlongs 1 mile 3 miles 1 league SQUARE MEASURE. 9 square feet 1 square yard 30J^ square yards 1 square rod 40 square rods 1 rood 8 roods 1 acre 640 acres 1 square mile An acre is 209 square feet. DRY MEASURE. 2 pints 1 quart 4 quarts 1 peck 4 pecks ' 1 bushel LIQUID MEASURE. 4 gills 1 pint 2 pints 1 quart 4 quarts 1 gallon TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains 1 pennyweight 20 pennyweights 1 ounce 12 ounces 1 pound AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 16 drams 1 ounce 16 ounces 1 pound 25 pounds J quarter 4 quarters 1 hundred 20 hundreds 1 ton APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. 20 grains 1 scruple 3 scruples 1 dram 8 drams 1 ounce 12 ounces 1 pound ■ ' ' - ' • ^ ■ > ■ TIM'li MEASURE. ■ 60 seconds 1 minute 60 minutes 1 hour 24 hours 1 day 7 days 1 week 52 weeks | 12 calendar months >■ 1 year 365 days J CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard 16 cubic feet 1 cord foot 8 cord feet ) , ^„ . 128 cubic feet J ^ '^°'^^ LAND MEASURE. 7 . 92 inches I link 25 links 1 rod 4 rods 1 chain 80 chains 1 n\ile CIRCULAR MEASURE. 60 seconds 1 minute 00 minutes 1 degree 30 degrees 1 sign 00 degrees 1 sextant 91) degrees 1 quadrant 360 degrees 1 circle TABLE OF QUANTITIES. 12 units 1 dozen 12 dozen 1 gross 20 units 1 score 24 sheets 1 quire 20 quires 1 ream GENERAL MEASURE. A mile 5280 feet A knot 6080.26 feet A cubit 2 feet A pace 3 feet A palm .3 inches A hand 4 inches A span 9 inches Metric System MEASURES OF WEIGHT. (Unit Gramme.) Oz. Lbs. Grains. Troy Avoir. Cwt. Centigramme. . . 0.15432 Decigramme 1 . 54323 . 003 Gramme 15.43235 0.032 0.002 Decagramme 154.32349 0.321 0.022 Hectogramme... 1643.23488 3.215 0.2200. 001 Kilogramme .... 15432 . 34880 32 . 150 2 . 204 0.019 MEASURES OF LENGTH. (Unit Metre.) Inches. Feet Yards Miles Millimetre ... . 0.03937 0.003 0.001 . Centimetre . . 0.39371 0.032 0.010 ... Decimetre 3.93708 0.328 0.109 . Metre 39 . 37079 3 . 280 1 . 093 Decametre,... 393.70790 32.808 10.936 0.006 Hectometre... 3937.07900 328.089 109.303 062 Kilometre. . 39370.79000 3280.899 1093.633 0.621 CONVENIENT MULTIPLES FOR CONVERSION. To Convert Grains to Grammes Multiply by .005 Ounces to Grammes " " 28.35 Pounds to Grammes " " 453 . 6 Pounds to Kilogrammes " " ,45 Cwts. to Kilogrammes " " 50.8 Tons to Kilogrammes " " 1016. Grammes to Grains " " 15.4 Grammes to Ounces " " 0.35 Kilogramm.es to Ounces " " 35.3 Kilogrammes to Pounds " " 2.2 Kilogrammes to Cwts " " .02 Kilogrammes to Tons " " .001 Inches to Millimetres " " 25.4 Inches to Centimetres " " 2.54 Feet to Metres " " .3048 Yards to Metres " " .9144 Yards to Kilometres " " .0009 Miles to Kilometres " " 1.6 Millimetres to Inches " " .04 Centimetres to Inches " " .4 Metres to Feet " " 3.3 Metres to Yards " " 1.1 Kilometres to Yards " " 1093.6 Kilometres to Miles " " .62 I Yard=0.9144 metre. 1 Sq. Metre-l.lOfl sq. yd. 1 Litre=^1.760 Pints or 0.22 Gals. 101 Weights of Flat Iron Per Kneal- foot in pounds, i hickness in inches. Width in Inch. H A Vs Vi Vs M % 1 IK IH H .422 .52 .634 H .633 .79 .950 i.26 i . 58 1 .830 1.05 1.25 1.67 2.08 2.50 2.02 3.33 4.17 5.66 l}4 .930 1.18 1.40 1.87 2.34 2.81 3.38 3.75 4.75 5 70 IH 1.04 1.32 1.56 2.08 2.60 3.12 3.64 4.17 5.21 6.25 Ws 1.14 1.45 1.71 2.29 2.86 3 40 4.01 4.58 5.77 6.97 114 1.25 1.58 1.88 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00 6.25 7.50 Wt . 1.46 1.84 2.19 2.92 3.65 4.37 5.10 5.83 7.29 8.75 2 1.67 2.11 2.50 3.33 4.17 5.00 5., S3 6.67 8.33 10.00 2>4 1.88 2.37 2.81 3.75 4.09 5.63 6.56 7.50 9.37 11.25 2^ 2.08 2.63 3.12 4.17 5.21 0.25 7.29 8.33 10.42 12.50 2% 3 2.29 2.89 3.44 4,59 5.73 6.87 8.02 9.17 11.46 13.75 2. 50 3.16 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 12.50 15.00 ^H 2.70 3.42 4.06 5.41 6.77 8.12 9.47 10.83 13 . 65 16.47 3^ 2.92 3.68 4.38 5.83 7.29 8.75 10.21 11 . 67 14.58 17.. 50 ZH 3.11 3.95 4.58 6.25 7.80 9.37 10.93 12.50 15.75 19.00 4 3 . 33 4.21 5.00 6.67 8,33 10.00 11.67 13.33 16.67 20.00 4}i 3.75 4.74 5.63 7.50 9,38 11.25 13.13 15.00 18.75 22 . 50 5 4.17 5.26 6.25 8.34 10.42 12.50 14.59 16.67 20.84 25.00 6 5.00 6.32 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 25.01 30.00 7 5.83 7.29 8.75 11.67 14 . .58 17. 50 20.42 23.33 29.18 35 . 00 8 6.67 8.33 10.00 13.33 16.67 20.00 23 33 26.67 33.35 40.00 !0 8.33 10.41 12.50 16.67 20.83 25.00 29.17 33 . 33 41.63 50.00 12 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 50.01 60.00 Weights of Iron and Steel BIRMINGHAM GUAGE U. S. STANDARD GUAGE No. of Thick- Weight Sqi are Foot Adopted by the U. S. Government July 1, 1893. Gauge. ness in Inches Iron. Steel. 0000 000 00 .454 .425 .38 .34 18.22 17.05 15.25 13.64 18.46 17.28 15.45 13.82 No. of Gauge. Thickness in Inches. Weight No. of Gauge. Thickness in Inches. Weight per Square Foot. Frac- tion. Deci- mals. Square Foot. Frac- tion. Deci- mals. 1 2 3 4 5 .3 .284 .259 .238 .22 12.04 11.40 10.39 9.55 8.83 12.20 11.55 10.53 9.68 8.95 0000000 H .5 20.00 12 »> .109 4.375 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 .203 .18 .165 .Its .134 .12 .109 .095 .083 .072 .005 .0.58 .049 . 042 .035 .032 .028 .025 .022 8.15 7 ''2 8.25 7.32 6.71 6.02 5.45 4.88 4.43 3.86 3.37 2.93 2.64 2.36 1.99 1.71 1.42 1.30 1.14 1.02 .895 000000 00000 0000 000 00 1 2 3 4 I 7 8 9 10 11 h'7 hi i ki 3S .468 .437 .406 .375 .343 .312 .281 .265 .25 .234 .2.8 .203 .187 .171 .1.56 .140 .125 18.75 17.50 16.25 15. 13.75 12.. 50 11.25 10.025 10. 9.375 8.75 8.125 7.5 6.875 6.25 5 625 5. 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 4 ISO T ISO t RO .093 .078 .070 .062 .056 .05 .043 .0.37 .034 .031 .028 .025 .021 .018 .017 .015 .012 3.75 3.125 2.S125 2.5 2.25 2. 1.75 1.50 1.375 1.25 1.125 1. .875 .75 .0875 .625 .5 6.62 5.94 5.38 4.82 4.37 3.81 3.33 2.89 2.61 2. 33 1.97 1.69 1.40 1.28 1.12 1.00 .883 ' ' 25 26 .02 .018 .803 .722 .813 .732 The U . S. Standard Gauge is the one commonly used in th e United 27 .016 .642 .651 States. 28 29 30 .014 .013 .012 .562 .569 31 .01 102 Weights of Round and Square Steel per Lineal Foot (Based on 489.6 lbs. per cubic foot). SIZE. Wt. of Wt. of SIZE. Wt. of Wt. of SIZE. Wt. of Wt. of SIZE. Wt. of Wt. of Inches. Round Square Inches. Round Square Inches. Round Square Inches. Round Square 1 ft. Ig. Ift.lg.j 1 ft. Ig. 1 ft. Ig. 1 ft. Ig. 1 ft. Ig. 1 ft. Ig. 1 ft. Ig. O T^ .0026 .0033 2 10.68 13.60 4 42.73 54.40 6 96.14 122.4 " X, .0104 .0133 " Ye 11.36 14.46 " Ye 44.07 56.11 " Xe 98.14 125.0 " Vs .0417 .0531 " Vs 12.06 15.35 " Vs 45.44 57.85 " Vs 100.2 127.6 " ^6 .0938 .1195 " Ye 12.78 16.27 " Xe 46 83 59.62 " Ye 102.2 130.2 " H .1669 .2123 " H 13.52 17.22 " H 48.24 61.41 " M 104.3 132.8 " ^6 .2608 .3333 " Ye 14.28 18.19 " .Ye 49.66 63.23 " x, 106.4 135.5 " Vs .3756 .4782 " H 15.07 19.18 " Vs 51.11 65.08 " Vs 108.5 138.2 " .Ye .5111 .6508 " Ye 15.86 20.20 " Ye 52.58 66.95 " Xe 110.7 140.9 " 'A .6676 .8.500 " y2 16.69 21.25 " ^ 54.07 68.85 " V2 112.8 143.6 " Ve .8449 1.076 " Ye 17..53 22.33 " Ye 55..59 70.78 " Ye 114.9 146.5 '■ Vs 1.043 1.328 " Vs 18.40 23.43 '• Vs 57.12 72.73 " Vs 117.2 149.2 " % 1.262 1.608 " % 19.29 24.56 " % 58.67 74.70 " % 119.4 152.1 " H 1.502 1.913 " H 20.20 25.00 " M 60.25 76.71 " H 121.7 154.9 " % 1.763 2.245 " % 21.12 26.90 " 'Ye 61.84 78.74 " % 123.9 157.8 " Vs 2.044 2.603 " Vs 22.07 28.10 " Vs 63.46 80.81 " Vs 126.2 160.8 " % 2.317 2.989 " % 23.04 29.34 "->^e 65.10 82.89 " % 128.5 163.6 1 2.670 3.400 3 24.03 30.60 5 66.76 85.00 7 130.9 166.6 " X, 3.014 3.838 " Ye 25.04 31.89 " Ye 68.44 87.14 " Vs 135.6 172.6 " Vs 3.379 4.303 " Vs 26.08 33.20 " Vs 70.14 89.30 " M 140.4 178.7 " % 3.766 4.795 " Ye 27.13 34.55 " Ye 71.86 91.49 " Vs 145.3 184.9 " J€ 4.173 5.312 " M 28.20 35.92 " H 73.6(J 93.72 " V2 1.50.2 191.3 " X, 4.600 5.857 " Ye 29.30 37.31 " Ye 75.37 95.96 " Vs 1.55.2 197.7 " Vs 5.019 6.428 " Vs .30.42 38.73 " Vs 77.15 98.23 " H 160.3 204.2 " 'A 5.518 7.026 " Ye 31.56 40.18 " J4 > 78.95 100.5 " Vs 165.6 210r8 " 'A 6.008 7.650 " y2 32.71 41.65 " V2 80.77 102.8 8 171.0 217.6 " % 6.520 8.301 " % 33.90 43.14 " Ye 82.62 105.2 " Vs 176.3 224.5 " Vs 7.051 8.978 " Vs 35.09 44.68 " Vs 84.49 107.6 " H 181.8 231.4 " % 7.604 9.682 " % 36.31 46.24 " % 86.38 110.0 " Vs 187.3 238.5 " H 8.178 10.41 " H 37.56 47.82 " H 88.29 112.4 " V2 193.0 245.6 " % 8.773 11.17 " % 38.81 49.42 " % 90.22 114.9 " Vs 198.7 252.9 " Vs 9.388 11.95 " Vs 40.10 51.05 " Vs 92.17 117.4 " H 204.4 260.3 " % 10.02 12.76 " % 41.40 52.71 " % 94.14 119.9 •' Vs 210.3 267.9 These figures represent the theoretical weights of steel. Iron will run about 2 per cent lighter. GENERAL RULE. For round iron, the weight per foot may be found by taking the diameter in quarter inches, squaring it, and dividing by 6. Example. Example. What is the weight of 2" round iron? What is the weight of Vt" round iron? 2" =8 quarter inches. 8^=64. ^" =3 quarter inches. 3»=9. V = lOf lbs. per foot of 2" round. f = IH lbs. per foot of %" round. The above rule is highly convenient, and enables mental calculations of weight to be made quickly and accurately. 103 Workshop Recipes BRAZING. — The edges filed or scraped clean and bright, covered with spelter and powdered borax, and exposed in a clear fire to a heat sufficient to melt the solder. CASE HARDENING WITH PRUSSIATE OF POTASH.— Heat the articles, after ijolishing, to a bright red, rub the surface over with prussiate of potash, allow it to cool to a dull red, and immerse it in water. CASE HARDENING MIXTURES.— Three parts of prussiate of potash to one part of sal ammoniac, mixed; or two parts of sal ammoniac, two parts of bone dust, and one part of prussiate of potash. MIXTURE FOR WELDING STEEL.— One part of sal ammoniac and ten parts of borax pounded together and fused until clear, when it is poured out, and when cool reduced to powder. TEMPERING STEEL. — Steel in its hardest state being too brittle for most purposes, the requisite strength and elasticity are obtained by tempering — or letting down the temper, as it is termed — which is performed by heating the hardened steel to a certain degree and cooling it quickly. The reciuisite heat is usually ascertained by the color which the surface of the steel assumes from the film of oxide thus formed. The degrees of heat to which these several colors correspond are as follows: At 430, a very faint yellow. At 450, a pale straw color. Suitable for hard instruments; as hammer faces, drills, etc. At 470, a full yellow. At 490, a brown color. For instruments requiring hard edges without elasticity; as shears, scissors, turning tools, etc. At 510, brown, with purple spots. At 538, purple. For tools, for cutting wood and soft metals; such as plane-irons, knives, etc. At 550, dark blue. At 560, full blue. For tools requiring strong edges without extreme hardness; as cold chisels, axes, cutlery, etc. At 600, grayish blue, verging on black. For spring temper, which will bend before breaking; as saws, sword blades, etc. If the steel is heated higher than this, the effect of the hardening process is destroyed. ANNEALING STEEL. — For small pieces of steel, take a piece of gas-pipe two or three inches in diameter, and put the pieces in it, first heating one end of the pipe, and drawing it together, leaving the other end open to look into. When the pieces are of a cherry red, cover the fire with sawdust, use a charcoal fire, and leave the steel in over night. TO RENEW WORN FILES.— Thoroughly cleanse them from grease or oil with alkali, then dip them in a solution made with one part nitric acid, three parts sulphuric acid, seven parts water by weight; time, five seconds to five minutes, according to fineness of cut. Wash in hot water, dip in lime water, dry and oil them. Specially Useful to Engineers in the Mining Districts. CEMENT FOR CAST IRON. — Two ounces sal ammoniac, one ounce sulphur and sixteen ounces of borings or filings of cast iron, to be mixed well in a m.ortar and kept dry. When required for use, take one part of this powder to twenty parts of clear iron borings or filings, mix 105 Workshop Recipes (.Continued) thoroughly in a mortar; make the mixture into a stiff paste with a little water, and then it is ready for use. A little fine grindstone sand improves the cement. RED LEAD CEMENT FOR FACE JOINTS.— Equal parts of white and red lead mixed with linseed oil to the consistency. CEMENT — STEAM BOILER. — Litharge in fine powder two parts, very fine sand and quicklime (that has been allowed to slack spontaneously in a damp place), of each one part; mix, and keep it from the air. Used to mend cracks in boilers and to secure steam joints. It is made into a paste with boiled oil before application. CEMENT — STEAM PIPE. — Good linseed-oil varnish is ground with equal weights of white lead, oxide of manganese and pipe clay. CEMENT — HYDRAULIC. — Made by slaking lime with water containing about two per cent, of gypsum and adding a little sand to the product. The presence of the gypsum tends to delay the slaking of the lime, and also to harden the substance formed after the slaking. CEMENT — CUTLERS'. — Black resin four parts, beeswax one part, finely powdered brickdust one part; mix well. Used to fix tools into their handles. CEMENT — LEATHER. — Gutta-percha one pound, caoutchouc four ounces, pitch two ounces, shellac one ounce, linseed oil two ounces, melted together; must be melted before being applied. Used for uniting leather or rubber. SOLDERS. — For Lead, one of tin and one and one-half of lead. For Tin, one of tin, and two of lead. For Pewter, two of tin and one of lead. For Brazing (hardest), three of copper and one of zinc. For Brazing (hard), one of copper and one of zinc. For Brazing (soft), one of tin, four of copper and three of zinc; or two of tin and one of antimony. FLUXES FOR SOLDERING OR WELDING.— For Iron or Steel, borax or sal ammoniac. For Tinned Iron, resin or chloride of zinc. For Copper and Brass, sal ammoniac or chloride of zinc. For Zinc, chloride of zinc. For Lead, tallow or resin. For Lead and Tin Pipes, resin and sweet oil. To HARDEN CAST IRON. — Many times it is very convenient to make an article of cast iron that needs to be finished, and which should be very hard. Cast iron can be hardened as easily as steel, and to such a degree of hardness that a file will not touch it. Take one-half pint of vitriol, one peck of common salt, one-half pound of saltpeter, two pounds of alum, one-quarter pound prussic potash, one-quarter pound cyanide of potash, all to be dissolved in ten gallons of soft water. Be sure that all the articles are dissolved. Heat the iron to a cherry red and dip it in the solution. If the article needs to be very hard, heat and dip the second time, and even the third time. 106 Workshop Recipes {Continued) TO INSCRIBE METAL. — Cover the part with melted beeswax; when cold, write what you desire plainly in the wax clean to the metal with scriber, then apply a mixture of 3 2 oz. nitric acid, 1 oz. muriatic acid, with a feather, carefully fdl each letter; let it remain from one to ten minuces, according to appearance desired, then throw on water to stop the process of cutting, heat wax to remove it, and you have your inscription. TO KEEP MACHINERY FROM RUSTING.— Take one ounce of camphor and dissolve it in one pound of melted lard; take off the scum, amd mix in as much fine black as will give it iron color. Clean the machinery and smear it with the mixture. After twenty-four hours rub clean with a soft linen cloth. It will keep clean for months under ordinary circumstances. TO REMOVE RUST FROM STEEL.— Steel which has been rusted can be cleaned by brushing with a paste compound of H oz. cyanide potassium, J-2 oz. castile soap, 1 oz. whiting, and water sufficient to form a paste. The steel should be washed with a solution of J^ oz. cyanide potassium in 2 oz. water. RUST JOINT, QUICK SETTING.— Take flour of sulphur, two pounds, powdered sal ammoniac one pound, iron filings eighty pounds; mix to a paste with water. RUST JOINT, SLOW SETTING.— Take flour of sulphur one pound, powdered sal ammoniac two pounds, iron filings or borings, two hundred pounds. This is much the better joint, if time can be given to set. HOW TO MIX PAINTS FOR TINTS. xing Red and Black makes Brown xing Lake and White makes Rose xing White and Brown makes Chestnut xing White, Blue and Lake makes Purple xing Blue and Lead Color makes Pearl xing White and Carmine makes Pink xing Indigo and Lamp-Black makes Silver Gray xing White and Lamp-Black makes Lead Color xing Black and Venetian Red makes Chocolate xing White and Green makes Bright Green xing Pur{)le and White makes French White xing Light Green and Black makes Dark Green xing White and Greer makes Pea Green xing White and Emerald Green makes Brilliant Green xing P.ed and Yellow makes Orange xing White and Yellow makes Straw Color .xing White, Blue and Black makes. Pearl Gray xing White, Lake and Vermilion makes Flesh Color xing Umber, White and Venetian Red makes Drab xing White, Yellow and Venetian Red makes Cream xing Red, Blue, Black and Red makes Olive xing Yellow, White and a little Venetian Red makes Buflf 107 Approximate Cost of Erecting Mill Buildings Exclusive of Power House FREE MILLING 5 STAMPS WITH CONCENTRATORS Lumber, 32 M. ft. at $25.00 $800.00 Labor, at $25.00 per M. ft 800.00 Labor, setting machinery. Shingle roof* , Hardware. . . Windows, 12 . 156.00 105.00 45,00 53.00 $1,959.00 Lumber, 38 M. ft. at $25 . 00 $950 . 00 Labor, at $25 . 00 per M. ft 950 . 00 Labor, setting machinery. Shingle roof* . Hardware. . . Windows, 18. 187.00 204.00 60.00 80.00 $2,431.00 10 STAMPS Lumber, 52 M. ft. at $25.00 $1,300.00 Labor, ar $25 . 00 per M . ft 1 ,300 . 00 Labor, setting machinery 315.00 Shingle roof* 145.00 Hardware 62.00 Windows, 16 71.00 $3,193.00 Lumber, 60 M. ft. at $25.00 $1,500.00 Labor, at $25 . 00 per M. ft 1 ,500 . 00 Labor, setting machinery 375.00 Shingle roof* 250.00 Hardware 95 00 Windows, 20 88 . 00 $3,808.00 20 STAMPS Lumber, 63 M. ft. at $25.00 $1,575.00 Labor, at $25 . 00 per M. ft 1,575 . 00 Labor, setting machinery 470.00 Shingle roof*. 250.00 Hardware 77.00 Windows, 20 88.00 $4,035.00 Lumber, 85 M. ft at $25.00. ..:... $2,125.00 Labor, at $25 . 00 per M. ft 2,125 . 00 Labor, setting machinery 562.00 Shingle roof* 440.00 Hardware 255.00 Windows, 26 115. 00 $5,622.00 30 STAMPS Lumber, 90 M. ft. at $25.00 $2,250.00 Labor, at $25.00 per M. ft 2,250.00 Labor, setting machinery 550 . 00 Shingle roof* 330.00 Hardware 220.00 Windows, 24 106.00 Lumber, 106 M. ft. at $25.00 $2,650,00 Labor, at $25 . 00 per M . ft 2,650 . 00 Labor, setting machinery 750.00 Shingle roof*"^, .' 605 . 00 Hardware 320.00 Windows, 30 132.00 ),706.00 • M07.00 40 STAMPS Lumber, 108 M. ft. at $25.00 $2,700.00 Labor, at $25 . 00 per M . ft 2,700 . 00 Labor, setting machinery 715.00 Shingle roof* 430.00 Hardware 319.00 Windows, 28 125.00 Lumber, 130 M. ft. at $25.00 $3,250.00 Labor, at $25.00 per M. ft $3,250.00 Labor, setting machinery 875. (X) Sningle roof* 770.00 Hardware 390.00 Windows, 34 150.00 $6,989.00 Add 20 per cent, to roof item for No. 26 corrugated iron roofing. 108 $8,685.00 Amount of Material Required for Buildings SHINGLES.— 250 to 1 bundle. 4 bundles = 1,000 shingles, will cover 100 sq. ft. of surface, laid 4" to the weather. r ^o,, , • i -n 1 bundle of 16" shingles will cover 30 sq. ft., while the same number of IS shmgles will cover 33 sq. ft. when laid 5H" to the weather. LATH. — 1,000 laths will cover 70 sq. yds. of surface. SHAKES.— 1,000 shakes, 6"x36", laid 16 " to the weather, will cover 650 sq. ft. of surface; add for doubling top and bottom courses one extra shake for each ft. in the length of roof. CORRUG.\TED GALVANIZED ROOFING.— Size of sheets, 26 inches by from 6 to 10 ft. flat steel, made corrugated with corrugations about 1" in depth and 5" between centers of corrugations, laying 24" wide, with from 3" to 6" lap, according to pitch of roof, weigh about one-third more than flat sheets of same area. For roofing. No. 24 is more generally used, while No. 26 is used for siding. Tack with wire nails on ends only and lap one corrugation on sides and from one to two inches on ends. The nail heads are sometimes soldered to assure absolute impermeability. The usual method, how- ever, is to place lead washers under the heads. LUMBER. — When computing the amount of material required to cover a specified area, add to the area: For l"x6" tongue and groove, 20%. " l"x4" ~" " " 25%. " l"x4" " " " kiln dried, 30%. " rustic, 25%. NAILS.— For 1,000 shingles allow 4 lbs. of 4d nails or 3H lbs. of 3d nails. For 1,000 lath allow 6 lbs. 3d fine nails. 1,000 ft. of clapboarding allow 18 lbs. of 6d box nails. 1,000 ft. of board siding allow 20 lbs. 8d or 25 lbs. lOd common nails. 10 ft. of partition studding allow 1 lb. of lOd common nails. 1,000 ft. of l"x3" flooring allow 45 lbs. lOd common nails. 1,000 ft. of 1' x2" flooring allow 65 lbs. lOd common nails. 1,000 ft. of pine finish allow 30 lbs. of 8d wire nails. BRICK. — A 43/2" wall requires 7 brick per sq. ft. of surface 9" " " 14 " " " " 13" " " 20 " ' 18" " " 26^^ " " " " 21" " " 33 " " " " 27" " _ " 39^ " " " " The weight of brickwork is 112 pounds per cu. ft. Laid brick will crush at 500 lbs. per sq. in. or at 72,000 lbs. per sq. ft. Fire brick weighs 150 lbs. per cu. ft. Cement concrete weighs 140 lbs. per cu. ft. A bricklayer should average 1,.500 bricks in 8 hours, and 2,000 to 2,400 when starting wall before staging or ladder is used. Staging is used above 4 ft. Brick at $10.00 and labor at ?7.50 per 1,000 should be considered good work. CONCRETE. Formula No. 1. For retaining walls and machinery foundations. 60 cu. ft. of rock that will pass a 3-inch mesh screen. 20 cu. ft. of clean, sharp, coarse sarid. V 10 cu. ft. of Portland cement. Formula No. 2. For concrete mortar blocks for stamp batteries. 52 cu. ft. of rock. 32 cu. ft. of sand. 16 cu. ft. of cement. If broken rock is not available, clean creek gravel of the same size may be substituted, but in no case use clay, loam or very fine sand. Mix all together dry. When required for use, mix small quantities with sufficient water to make a thick mortar, use immediately and tamp with a tamping bar. Concrete will set sufficiently in 24 hours to sustain a load, and in from three to four days in medium dry weather machinery may be run on the foundations. 109 Water and Pumping A United States gallon of fresh water weighs 8.33 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds and contains 1728 cubic inches, or 7.5 gallons. A British Imperial gallon contains 277.27 cubic inches, which is equivalent to 1.20 United States gallons, or 10 pounds in weight. The normal pressure of the atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch; it is equal to a column of water 34 feet high, though 20 feet is the greatest suction lift it is advisable to use. To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. To find the head in feet, multiply the pressure in pounds by 2.31. The term "head" in connection with pumps is understood to be the sum of the actual eleva- tion and the friction head. The elevation, or lift, is the vertical distance from the surface of the suction water to the center of the discharge outlet. Friction is that due to the passage of water through the suction and discharge pipes. In practice, the size of the suction and discharge pipes is usually larger than the openings in the pump. This is especially desirable when the pipe is of any length. The friction head may be greater than the actual elevation, and the cost of the increased pipe size will be saved in a short time by the difference in horse-power. The friction increases with the velocity, and users are reminded that rather than to run the pump considerably above its capacity, it is better to install a larger pump and pipe line. Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity. To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder. To find quantity of water elevated in one minute, running at 100 feet of piston speed per minute. Square the diameter of the water cylinder in inches and multiply by 4. Example — Capacity of a 5 inch cylinder is desired. The square of the diameter (5 inches) is 25, which, multiplied by 4, gives 100, the number of gallons per minute (approximately). To find the horsepower necessary to elevate water to a given height, multiply the weight of the water elevated per minute in pounds by the height in feet, and divide the product by 33,000, (an allowance should be added for water friction, and a further allowance for loss in steam cylinder, say fronv20 to 30 per cent). The area of the steam piston, multiplied by the steam pressure, gives the total amount of pressure that can be exerted. The area of the water piston, multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch, gives the resistance. A margin must be made between the power and the resis- tance to move the pistons at the required speed, say from 20 to 40 per cent., according to speed and other conditions. Quantity of water in gallons per minute and velocity of flow in feet per second being given to find area of pipe in square inches, multiply quantity by 231 and divide by velocity multiplied by 720. Area of pipe and velocity being given, to find quantity delivered, multiply area of pipe by velocity and by 720, and divide product by 231. A "miners inch" of water in California is regulated by law and is equal to a flow of one and one-half cubic feet of water per minute through any opening and under any pressure. 110 standard Dimensions of Wrought-Iron Pipe for Water, Gas or Steam Diameter Diameter Nominal Actual Actual at Bottom at Top Number Length Weight Contents in Size. Inside Outside of Thread atlof Thread at of Threads of Perfect per Foot U.S. Gallons Diameter. Diameter. End of Pipe End of Pipe per Inch. Screw. of Length. per Foot. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Lks. y^ .270 .405 .3.34 .393 27 .19 .241 .0006 Va .364 .540 .433 ..522 18 .29 .420 .0026 % .494 .675 .567 .656 18 .30 .559 .0057 H .623 .840 .701 .815 14 .39 .837 .0102 H .824 1.050 .911 1.025 14 .40 1 . 1 15 .02.30 1 1.048 1.315 1.144 1.2S3 111^ .51 1.668 .0408 ni 1.380 1.660 1.488 1.627 111^ .54 2.244 .0638 m 1.610 1.900 1.727 1.866 IIH .55 2.678 .0918 2 2.067 2.375 2.200 2.339 n}4 .58 3.609 .1632 2H 2.468 2.875 2.620 2.820 8 .89 5.739 .2560 3 3.067 3.500 3.241 3.441 8 .95 7.5.36 .3673 3}^ 3.548 4.000 3.7.38 3 938 8 1.00 9.001 .4998 4 4.026 4.500 4.235 4.435 8 1.05 10.665 .6528 4.H 4.508 5.000 4.732 4 . 932 8 1.10 12.490 .8263 5 5.045 5.. 563 5.291 5.491 8 1.16 14., 502 1.020 6 6.065 6.625 6.346 6.546 8 1.26 18.762 1.469 7 7.023 7.625 7.340 7.540 8 1.36 23.271 1.999 8 7.982 8.625 8.334 8.534 8 1.46 28.177 2.611 9 9.000 9.625 9.327 9.527 8 1.57 33.701 3.300 10 10.019 10.750 10.445 10.645 8 1.68 40.065 4.081 12 12.000 12.750 12.431 12.631 8 1.87 48.985 5.875 l}i inch and below are butt-welded and tested to 300 lbs. per sq. ip. IH inch and above are lap-welded and tested to 500 lbs. per sq. in. Light Wrought-Iron Artesian, Salt, Oil and Gas Well Casing Nominal Actual Nominal Nominal Actual Nominal Inside Outside Weight per No. Threads Inside Outside Weight per No. Threads Diameter. Diameter. Foot. per Inch Diameter. Diameter. Foot. per Inch Inches. Inches. Pounds. of Screw. Inches. Inches. Pounds. of Screw. 2 2H 2.22 14 5^ 6 10 46 14 2H 2^ 2.82 14 5^ 6 12.04 113^ 23^ 2H 3.13 14 5^ 6 14.20 iiH 2H 3 3.45 14 5ys 6 16.70 113^ 3 3H 4.10 14 6M 6^ 11.. 58 14 3M S'A 4.45 14 63€ 6^ 13.32 14 and 113^2 3^ 3M 4.78 14 6M 65^ 17.02 nvo SH 4 5.56 14 6^ 7 12.34 14 4 4M 6.00 14 m 7 17.51 lli'^andlO 4^ 4^ 6.36 14 7H 7^ 13.55 14 4M 4K 9.38 14 1% 8 15.41 IIH 4J^ m 6.73 14 1H 8 20.17 113^ 41^ m 9.39 14 8M 8^ 16.07 11^ 4^ 5 7.80 14 834 8^ 20.10 nVo 5 ^H 8,20 14 8^ 8^ 24.38 113^ and 8 5 5H 9.86 14 9>% 9 17.60 11^ 5 5H 12.80 nH 9^ 10 21.90 113^ 5 5H 15.88 iiH 10^^ 11 26.72 11 3-^ 5% 53^ 8.62 14 11^ 12 30.35 113^ 5V6 5V2 12.49 11^ 12H 13 33 . 78 113^ 111 Horse Power or Capacity of Boilers Steam Boilers are nearly always rated and sold on the basis of a certain number of square feet of heating surface. The basis of the rating heating surface varies, however, so much by different builders, that it is a very unsatisfactory method of rating. For instance Boilers arc rated : Return Tabular at from 12 to 15 square feet for each horse power. Portable Locomotive and Vertical Boilers on from 9 to 11 square feet. Water Tube and Scotch Marine Boilers on from 7^2 to 10 square feet. The Centennial Rating of boiler capacity Is the most practical and satisfactory. It provides for the evaporation or turning into steam of 30 pounds of water for each horse power per hour. This is a moderate rating, and any boiler that is not capable of evaporating that amount of water for each horse-power of its rated capacity and without forcing the firing or draft, must be in bad condition or over-rated. The safest method for all purchasers, will be to first ascertain the number of horse-power of work required from the engines for which the boiler is to be provided and then calculate the amount of steam the engine or engines will consume in developing that amount of power. By dividing by 30 they will arrive at the horse-power of boiler required to supply the engines. Amount of Steam Required by Various Engines The following allowance of pounds of water or steam for each indicated horse-power for engines of different kinds, will be found a safe calculation: Triple Expansion (Condensing) Engines 15 pounds Triple Expansion (Non-Condensing) Engines 20 Compound Condensing Corliss Engines 18 Compound Non-Condensing Corliss Engines 22 Simple or Single Corliss Engine (Condensing) 23 Simple or Single Corliss Engine (Non-Condensing) 25 Automatic Compound Condensing Engines 23 Automatic Compound Engine (Non-Condensing) 30 High-Speed Automatic Engines 33 Side Valve Engines with Adjustable Cut-off 35 Plain Slide Valve Engines 40 Steam Pumps (Compound Condensing) 40 Steam Pumps (Compound Non-Condensing) 60 Steam Pumps, Single or Duplex 75 Water Consumption of Boilers From the foregoing, it is evident that to arrive at the amount of water required by a boiler, it is only a matter of multiplying its horse-power by 30 pounds of water per hour. In some cases, an allowance of as much as 60 pounds or 7?/^ gallons of water per horse-power of boilers is allowed, but this is excessive, and a boiler should not be expected to evaporate more than 30 to 40 pounds of water per horse-power per hour, except under stress. 112 Fuel Consumption of Boilers Provided that feed water is delivered to a boiler as hot as it can be made with exhaust steam, that is at 200° F., a good boiler with ample draft and grate surface and carefully fired should be capable of evaporating from 8 to 10 pounds of water for each pound of good coal. In practice, however, the question of water evaporated for each pound of coal varies between 6 and 8 pounds of water and in many larger plants where mine slack is used, the evaporation of water, is between 6 and 7 pounds. The average consumption of coal for steam boilers is 12 lbs. per hour for each square foot of grate surface. To evaporate one cubic foot of water requires the consumption of 7^ ll-'s. of ordinary coal, or about 1 lb. of coal to 1 gallon of water. One pound of crude petroleum will evaporate 12 to 16 lbs. of water. One pound of natural gas (25 cubic feet) will evaporate about 20 lbs. of water. One ton of coal is equal to about 22,450 cubic feet natural gas. (Atmospheric pressure). One ton of coal is' equal to 3.V^ to 4 barrels of petroleum. One ton of coal is equal to one cord of hickory. One ton of coal is equal to IJ/^ cords of white oak. One ton of coal is equal to IJ^ cords of. black oak. One ton of coal is equal to 2 cords of pine. One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds. One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds. Safety Valve Rules To find the distance, ball should be placed on lever when the weight is known, or to find weight when distance is known: Multiply the pressure required by area of valve, then multiply this answer by the fulcrum, subtract the weight of the lever, valve and stem, and divide by the weight of the ball for distance; or divide by distance for the weight of the ball with the same example. To find the pressure when the area of the valve,- the weight of lever valve and stem, the fulcrum and the weight of ball is known: Divide fulcrum into length of lever, multiply the answer by weight of ball, add weight of lever, valve and stem, and divide by area of valve; the answer will be the steam pressure. The mean effective weight of valve lever and stem is found by connecting the lever at fulcrum, tie the valve stem to leve.", attach a spring scale to lever immediately over the valve, and raise until the valve is clear of its seat. By the fulcrum is meant the distance the valve stem is from where the lever is connected. Safety valves should be allowed to blow straight out into the room and not hitched on to a leading pipe which may allow water to stand on the valve, increasing its weight, or to freeze up if the boiler is laid up. When the valve blows into the room it will be known when steam is escaping, whether from leakage or over pressure. Don't depend too much upon the glass gauge, but try the cocks often enough to keep your hand in, in telling the height of water by them. If a gauge cock has a tendency to leak, fix it thoroughly; if you do not, you will neglect to use it for fear of the work which you may have, to stop the leak after using. To determine the heating surface in the Tubes of any Boiler multiply the number of feet of Tubes by .523 for 2 inch; by .654 for 2^2 inch; by .785 for 3 inch; b" .916 for 3J^ inch, and by 1.047 for 4 inch. 113 Horse Power A Standard Engine Horse Power is 33,000 foot-pounds per minute — that is 33,000 pounds raised one foot in one minute, or 3,300 pounds raised ten feet, or 330 pounds raised one hundred feet, and so on. To calculate the horse power of an engine, multiply together the area of the steam piston in square inches, the piston speed in feet per minute and the mean eflfective pressure of the steam in pounds per square inch and divide the result by 33,000. This will give the horse power in the cylinder, or Indicated Horse Power. From this must be taken the horse power consumed by the engine in friction, etc., to obtain the Net or Actual Horse Power. Table of Mean Effective Pressure The M. E. P. in the table are for non-condensing Engines, back pressure of Exhaust. Ten pounds added to any of the M. M. E. P. for Condensing Engines. One pound is allowed for E. P. given will give the Initial Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch. 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 Points of Cut-Off. 1^ 75!l3.75il5 00ll7.00!l9 25 20.25 22 5023.7526 7527.00 29 00 30.25 33 25 33.7536 50 37.00 40 50140.00 75143.00 00146.75 25 50.25 54. 50|53.25|57 75|.57.00 01 00160.25 64 25,63.50 68 50 66.75 71 .50 70.00 75 73.25 78 76.-50,8] .50 17.5018 .00 21.00 22 .50 24.75126 .00 28..50i30 50 32.25 33 00 36.00i37 5039.7541 00|43.50!45. 50;47.00j49, 00 50.75153. 50 54.50|56, 00 58.25|60, 0062.00164. 50 65.75 68, 50 69.50 72. 0073.00{75. 5076.7579. 00 80.50 83. .50i84.25'S7. 00;88.00i91 .50il9.50 20.00 .25'23.50i24.25 .00 27.00l28.25 .00 31.50 32.25 ,75:35.50 36.25 ,50 39.25 40.25 43.2544.25 47.25 48.25 51.25 52.25 00!55.25 56.25 75:59.25 60.25 64..50 68.50 72.,50 ,50 63.00 2567.00 2571.00 ,00 75.00 76.50 ,75j78.75,80..50 ,75 82.75;84.50 .50'S6.25 88.50 ..50 90.25:92.50 .25 94.25l96.50 22.00 23.50 26.25 28.00 30.50 32.50 34.75 36.75 39.00 40.50 43.25 45.75 47.50 50.00 51.75 54.50 56.00 58.75 60.25 63.25 64.50 67.75 68.75! 72.00 73.00! 76.50 77.25; 81.00 81.25 85.25 85.50 89.75 89.75i 94.25 94.001 98.50 98.25102.75 ]02.25!l07.00 24.75 29.25 33.75 38.25 42.75 47.25 51.75 56.50 61.00 65.50 70.00 74.50 79.25 83.50 88.25 92.75 97.25 101.75 106.25 110.75 25.25 29.50 34.50 39.25 43.75 48.25 52.75 57..50 62.00 66..50 71.25 75.75 80.50 85.00 89.50 94.25 98.75 103.50 108.00 112.50 26.00 30.75 35.50 40.25 45.00 49.50 54.25 59.90 63.50 68.50 73.00 77.75 82.25 87.00 91.75 96.50 101.00 105.75 110.00 114.50 27.25 32.35 37.00 41.75 46.50 51.50 56.25 61.25 66.00 71.00 75.75 80.50 85.25 90.25 95.00 99.75 104.75 109.50 114.25 119.25 How to Center an Engine The "dead center" is the point in the stroke where the crank and piston rod are in the same right line. To find dead center, turn engine in the direction it runs until cross-head is within a short distance of its limit of motion. Mark guide at end of cross-head shoe. Mark some re- volving circular part of engine, as disk crank or fly wheel, and place one point of a fixed tram in this mark and the other on some fixed object in line. Now turn engine past the center in the direction she runs until end of cross-head shoe passes mark on guide. Turn back till shoe reaches mark. Holding tram still on the fixed object, place other point on selected revolving part and mark as before. Bisect distance between marks on revolving part and turn engine till point of tram rests on central mark, and the engine is on "dead center." Horizontal engines, when practicable, should be run over rather than under, as the thrust will then come downward upon the foundation rather than upon the caps of the boxes and the upper guides. 114 Power Required for Different Parts of Gold and Silver Mills Each Stamp, Dropping 100 Times per Minute, Requires: Weight per stamp in lbs 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1200 1300 1350 Horse Power each Stamp 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 Each Dodge Crusher, Requires: Each Blake Type Crusher, Requires: Size of crusher 6x6 7x8 8x12 11x15 Size of crusher 6x7 J.^ 7x9 8x12 10x16 Horse power 4 6 8 12 Horse power 4 5 8 12 Revolutions per minute. 360 300 250 225 Rev. per minute. . . . 275 275 250 225 Each Standard Crushing Rolls, Requires: Size of rolls 20x8 20x12 27x14 30x14 36x16 Horse power 3-6 4-8 5-10 8-15 10-20 Revolutions per minute 100-150 100-150 75-125 65-85 50-75 Each 6-foot Belt Concentrator, requires about V^ horse-power. Each 18-inch Amalgam Barrel, requires from 1 to 2 horse-power. Each 24-inch Amalgam Barrel, requires from 2 to 3 horse-power. Each 36-inch Clean-up Pan, requires from 1 to 13^ horse-power. Each 48-inch Clean-up Pan requires from 1 \4, to 2 horse-power. Each 4-foot Combination Pan, 65 revolutions perminute, requires from 3 to 6 horse-power. Each 5-foot Combination Pan, 65 revolutions per minute, requires from 5 to 10 horse-power. Each 8-foot Settler, 14 revolutions per minute, requires 2.5 horse-power. Each 8-foot Agitator, 16 revolutions per minute, requires 3 horse-power. Each Quicksilver Elevator requires from .25 to 2 horse-power. Each Revolving Dryer requires 5 horse-power. Each Howell-Whitc Roasting Furnace requires from 4 to 6 horse-power. Each Bruckner Furnace, 8 x 18 feet, requires from 5 to 8 horse-power. Above estimates include' the friction of the parts named, but not that of the power trans- mitting machinery, for which an additional allowance should be made. Water Required for Various Parts of Gold and Silver Mills Boiler feed for each horse-power, per hour, 5 gallons. For each stamp, per hour, from 60 to 80 gallons. For each 5-foot Pan, per hour, 100 gallons. For each 8-foot Settler, per hour, 80 gallons. For each Concentrator, per hour, from 200 to 300 gallons. For each Graupner or Huntington 5-foot mill, per hour, 1000 to 1200 gallons. When water is settled and returned to the mill for re-use, a reduction of 50 per cent, may be safely estimated for all except the boiler, which must have clear water. 115 Horse-Power Shafting Will Transmit Diameter of Weight Revolutions per Minute. Shaft. Foot. .100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 U 2.05 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.3 5.0 lA 3.77 2.4 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.7 lA 5.52 4.3 5.3 6.4 7.4 8.5 9.5 10.5 12.7 14.8 16.9 ifff 7.61 6.7 8.4 10.1 11.7 13.4 15.1 16.7 20.1 23.4 26.8 III 10.03 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 2t'8 12.80 14.3 17.8 21.4 24.9 28.5 32.1 35.6 42.7 49.8 57.0 2 A 15.89 19.5 24.4 29.3 34.1 39.0 44.1 48.7 58.5 68.2 78.0 211 19.31 26.0 32.5 39.0 43.5 52.0 58.5 65.0 78.0 87.0 104.0 2[| 23.06 33.8 42.2 50.6 59.1 67.5 75.9 84.4 101.3 118.2 135.0 3.\ 27.16 43.0 53.6 64.4 75.1 85.8 96.6 107.3 128.7 150.3 171.6 3 A 31.58 53.6 67.0 79.4 93.S 107.2 120.1 134.0 158.8 187.6 214.4 3!i 36.40 65.9 82.4 97.9 115.4 121.8 148.3. 164.8 195.7 230.7 243.6 31i 41.40 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200 240.0 280.0 320.0 4A 52.-58 113.9 142.4 170.8 199.3 227.8 256.2 284.7 341.7 398.6 455.6 4 if 6.5.10 1.56.3 195.3 234.4 273.4 312.5 351.5 390.6 468.7 516.8 025.0 To Obtain the Size and Speed of Pulleys, Gears, or Sprocket Wheels Diameter of Driver — Diameter of driven multiplied by revolutions of driven, and the product obtained divided by the revolutions of driver. Diameter of Driven — Diameter of driver multiplied by revolutions of driver, and the product obtained divided by revolutions of driven. Revolutions of Driven. — Diameter of driver multiplied by revolutions of driver, and the product obtained divided by the revolutions of driven. Revolutions of Driver. — Diameter of driven multiplied by the revolutions of driven, and the product obtained divided by the diameter of the driver. The driving pulley is called the driver, and the driven pulley the driven. If the num.ber of teeth in gears or sprocket wheels are used instead of diameter in these calcu- lations, number of teeth must be substituted whenever diameter occurs. Horse-Power of Gearing The following table is for cast-iron gears, and is based upon a factor of safety of eight, with an ultimate tensile strength of 30,000 pounds. Speed of gear, 100 feet per minute at pitch line. Sour Gears, Pitch. Face. Bevel (iears. Horse Power. Horse Power. 1.40 1 21/2 1.01 2.52 IH 3K 1.78 3.84 m 4 2.61 5.48 iM 5 3.73 6.83 2 6 4.68 8.98 2M 61.2 6.39 10.70 2H 7 7.52 15.39 3 9 10.54 The horse-power of gears increases and decreases directly with the speed. 116 Belting SINGLE LEATHER Speed in Width of Belt in Inches. Feet per Minute. 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 H.-r. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. 400 1 IK 2 2K 3 4 5 6 7 8 600 VA 2H 3 3^ 43-i 6 73^ 9 103^ 12 800 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 1000 23^ 3H 5 6^ 73^ 10 123^ 15 173^ 20 1200 3 W2 6 73-^ 9 12 15 18 21 24 1500 . 3M 5M 73^ 93^ 113^ 15 1834 223^ 263^ 30 1800 43^ QH 9 11% 133^ 18 22 '•-'•'. 27 313^ 36 2000 5 ■ iVi 10 12^ 15 20 25 30 35 40 2400 6 9 12 15 18 24 30 36 42 48 2800 7 lOH 14 173^^ 21 28 35 42 49 56 ■ 3000 7,^ iiv^ 15 18^ 22y> 30 373^^ 45 523^ 60 3500 8^4 13 173'^ 22 26 35 44 52^ 61 70 4000 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 4500 1114 17 22 >^ 28 34 45 57 69 78 90 5000 mi 19 25 31 373/^ 50 621/^ 75 873-^ 100 DOUBLE LEATHER Speed in Width of Belt in Inches Feet per Minute. 4 6 8 H.-P. 10 12 14 16 18 20 H-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. H.-P. n.-p. H.-P. H.-P 400 234 4% 5M 7% 83^ 10 11% 13 143-2 600 4% 63^ 8?4 11 13 15 173^ 19H 22 800 ^M 83^ ViYi 14 K 173^ 203-^ 23 26 29 1000 7M 11 14K 18% 213^ 251/^ 29 323^ 36 1200 83^ 13 17 3-^ 22 26 30 3^^ 343^ 39 44 1.500 lOM 16% 21M 27% 32^ 38 433^ 49 54 V^ 1800 13 193-^ 26 32% 39 453^ 52 59 653-^ 2000 143^ 21 3<^ 29 363^ 433^ 503^ 58 653^ 72>.^ 2400 VJ% 26 34H 44 523^ 60>^ 693^ 78% 88 2800 20% 30 3^^ 4oy, 61 61 71 81 9l}4 102 3000 213^ 321/^ 43H 543/^ 653^ 76 87K 98 10,^ 3500 25 >^ 38 50% 633^ 76 89 101 114 127 4000 29 433-^ 58% 72% 87 101 116 131 145 4500 32^^ 49 65 82 98 114 131 147 163 5000 363^ 51H 72M 91 109 127 145 163 182 The above tables are based on the following equivalents: Single Belting, one inch wide, 800 feet per minute =one horse-power, equal to four ply rubber = working tension of 42 pounds. Double Belting, one inch wide, 550 feet per minute =one horse-power, equal to six ply rubber = Working tension of 60 pounds. 117 Board Measure Length in Feet. SIZE. 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 1x8 8 9H 10% 12 13% 14% 16 17% 18% 20 21% 22% 24 25% 26% 1x10 10 11% 13% 15 16% 18% 20 21% 23% 25 26% 28% 30 31% 33% 1x12 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 1x14 14 161^ 18% 21 23% 25% 28 30% 32% 35 37% 39% 42 44% 46% 1x16 16 18% 21% 24 26% 29% 32 34% 37% 40 42% 45% 48 50% 53% 2x3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2x4 8 9H 10% 12 13% 14% 16 17% 18% 20 21% 22% 24 25% 26% 2x6 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 2x8 16 18% 21% 24 26% 29% 32 34% 37% 40 42% 45% 48 50% 53% 2x10 20 23% 26% 30 33% 36% 40 43% 46% 50 5314 56% 60 63 1^ 66% 2x12 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76' 80 2x14 28 32% 37% 42 46% 51% 56 60% 65% 70 74% 79% 84 88% 9313' 2x16 32 37% 42% 48 53% 58% 64 69% 74% 80 85:% 90% 96 101% 106% 3x4 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 31 36 38 40 3x6 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 3x8 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 3x10 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 3x12 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 3x14 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 3x16 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 52 160 4x4 16 18% 21.% 24 26% 29% 32 34% 371^ 40 42% 45% 48 50% 53% 4x6 24 28 32 36 49 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 4x8 32 37% ■12% 48 53% 58% 64 69% 74% 80 85% 90% 96 101% 106% 4x10 40 46% 53% 60 66,% 73% 80 86%^ 93% 100 106% 113% 120 126% 133% 4x12 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 4x14 56 65% 74% 84 93% 102% 112 121% 130% 140 149% 158% 168 177% 186% 4x16 64 74% 85% 96 106% 117% 128 138% 149% 160 170% 181% 192 202%|213% 6x6 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 6x8 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120; 128 136 144 152 160 6x10 60 70 80 90 100 no 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 6x12 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 6x14 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280 6x16 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 8x8 64 74% 85% 96 106% 117% 128 138% 149% 160 [170% 181% 192 202%;213% 8x10 80 93% 106% 120 133% 146% 160 173% 186% 200 i213% 226% 240 253%;266% 8x12 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 j208 224 240 256 272 2S8 304 320 8x14 112 130% 149H 168 186% 205% 224 242% 261% 280 298% 317% 336 354% 373% 8x16 128 149% 1702^ 192 213% 234% 256 1277% 298% 320 341% 302% 384 405%:426% 10x10 100 116% 133% 150 166% 183% 200 216% 233% 250 ;266%i283% 300 316% 333% 10x12 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 i320 340 360 380 400 10x14 140 163% 186% 210 233% 256% 280 303% 326% 350 373% 396% 410 443% 466% 10x16 160 186% 213% 240 266% 2Q3li 320 !346% 373% 400 426% 453% 480 506% 533% 12x12 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 3S4 408 432 456 480 12x14 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 392 420 j448 476 504 532 560 12x16 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 416 448 480 1512 544 576 608 640 14x14 196 228% 261% 294 326% 359% 392 424% 457% 490 |522%!555% 588 620%:653% 14x16 224 261 M 298% 336 373% 410% 448 485%!522% 560 597%i634% 672 709%|746% 16x16 256 298% 3411^ 384 426% 469% 612 !554%I597% 1 1 640 !6S2% 725% 1 1 768 810%853% Note — By simply multiplying or dividing the above amounts, the number of feet contained in other dimensions can be obtained. JIS Board and Timber Measure BOARD MEASURE In board measure boards are assumed to be one inch in thickness. To compute the measure or surface in square feet — When all dimensions are in feet: Rule— Multiply the length by the breadth, and the product will give the surface required. When either of the dimensions are in inches: Rule — Multiply as above and divide the product by 12. When all dimensions are in inches: Rule — Multiply as before and divide product by 144. TIMBER MEASURE To compute the volume of round timber — When all dimensions are in feet: Rule — Multiply the length by the square of one-quarter of the main girt, and the product will give the measurement in cubic feet. When length is given in feet and girt in inches: Rule — Multiply as before and divide by 144. When all the dimensions are in inches: Rule — Multiply as before and divide by 1,728. Sawed or hewed timber is measured by the cubic foot. To compute the volume of square timber — When all dimensions are in feet: Rule — Multiply the product of the breadth by the depth by the length, and the product will give the volume in cubic feet. When either of the dimensions are in inches: Rule — Multiply as above and divide the product by 12. When any two of the dimensions are in inches: Rule — Multiply as before and divide the product by 144. 119 Simple Problems in Air Compression Extracts from an address delivered before the Mining Association of the University of California, By Edward A. Rix. Allow 20 hp. for every 100 cu. ft. of cylinder-displacement, to compress air to 90 or 95 lb. receiver gauge-pressure at sea-leve!. It would be well in small plants, up to 400 cu. ft. capacity to make no distinction between single and two-stage machines. In using compressed air at 90 lb. pressure cold, it will take 24 cu. ft. free air per minute to give one horse-power in plain slide-valve engines and 1.5 cu. ft. with good expansion-valve gearing; between these two limits will lie all the various types of engines. If the air be re-heated to about 300° F, it will reduce the above quantities about one-third. For operating ordinary station and sinking pumps of the direct-acting type, which is the ordinary stock pump used in mining operations, it will be safe to calculate that one cubic foot of free air compressed to 90 lb. gauge- pressure will do 135 foot-gallons of pumping. Ordinary mining hoists have a mechanical efficiency of about 75 per cent. For the determination of sizes of pipes, losses of pressure, and terminal pressures for com- pressed-air transmission, use the formula: Pl=absolute initial air-pressure. 0.0006 V2L P2 = absolute terminal air-pressure. Pl2 — P22 = V = free air equivalent passing through the pipe. A'' L = length of pipe in feet. A = diameter in inches. Problem. — Given a water-power distant 5000 ft. from a mine, it is desired to generate com- pressed air and transmit it to the collar of the shaft to perform work as follows: One hundred tons of ore and waste to be hoisted in 20 hours. Thirty gallons of water per minute to be pumped. Five 2}4-\n standard piston rock-drills to be operated. Three air-hammer drills to be operated. General Conditions: Depth of shaft, 600 ft. Weight of skip and rope, 1,000 lb. Weight of ore hoisted, 1 ton. Initial air-pressure, 95 lb. Final air-pre.ssure, 90 lb. Altitude, sea-level. Geared hoist and unbalanced hoisting. Required : Size of compressor. Diameter of air-pipe. Brake horse-power. Altitude factors. Re-heating coefficients. Note: Reduce all requirements to cubic feet of free air, because free air is the basis for all pov/er calculations. To determine the free air required for hoisting: 100 tons of ore and waste hoisted in 20 hours =5 tons per hour, each load contains one ton =a load hoisted every 12 minutes. 2000 lb. material and 1000 lb. rope and skip =a total of 3000 lb. 3000 lb. lifted 600 ft. =1,800,000 foot-pounds, or 54 hp. theoretical, at 75% efficiency, the 51 hp. becomes 72 brake-power actually required. Using cold air, it requires, 24 cu. ft. free air per horsepower. Then the hoist will consume to make a lift, 24x72 = 1728 cu. ft. of free air. This gives us direct results without taking into consideration the element of time or the dimensions of the hoist. 120 Simple Problems in Air Compression (Continued) If 1728 cu. ft. are required to make a hoist every 12 minutes the compressor must furnish 144 cu. ft. free air per minute continuously, and we assume that we hoist at the rate of 300 ft. per min.; it will take 2 minutes to make the lift, and the hoist will be lowering and idle during the next 10 minutes, the compressor delivering 10x144 = 1440 cu. ft. free air which must be stored. Sufficient storage capacity is the vital point of hoisting economically with compressed air. While we have allowed 4 hours in 24, or 1 hr. 20 min. on each shift, for hoisting and lowering men, timbers, supplies, etc., it is probable that at least once every hour someone will be going up and down the shaft, and it would be practical therefore to say that the hoist would handle 6 loads per hour, instead of 5, and we must therefore add 20% to the 144 cu. ft. making the hoisting requirement say, 175 cu. ft. per min. To determine the amount of compressed air required for pumping: For pumping 30 gallons per min. 600 ft., requires 30x600, or 18,000 foot gallons of work. If one cu. ft. of free air at 90 lb. gauge-pressure will give 135 ft -gal., we shall require 133 cu. ft. free air for the pumping. This requirement is constant. To determine the amount of compressed air required for drilling: Five 21^-in. rock-drills will require 50 ft. free air each, or 250 cu. ft. Three air-hammer drills will require 25 cu. ft. each, or 75 cu. ft. To get these amounts, take about 80% of the requirements as stated in rock-drill catalogues, which always give quantities in compressor-cylinder displacement, which do not deliver on an average within 20% of their displacement, except in large machines. Total requirements will therefore be: Work. Cubic Feet. Hoisting 175 Pumping 133 Drilling 325 Total 633 Allow for a 5% pipe-leakage on the entire system. This would bring requirement up to 665. Allow for a volumetric efficiency of at least S0%, this will require a total cylinder displacement of 830 cu. ft. per minute, and with the power factor of 20 hp. per 100 cu. ft., 166 hp. delivered on the water-wheel shaft is required to drive compressor. To determine the size of the pipe: Allow 5 lb. drop in pressure for friction loss. O.OOO6V2L Formula: Pi2_P22=- A5 Pi, initial pressure absolute =95-f-14. 7, or 109.7, and its square is 12034. P2, the terminal pressure, 5 lb. less than the initial, or 90 lb., or 104.7 absolute, and. its square is 10962. The difference between these two or Pi2 — P22 = 1072. 121 Simple Problems in Air Compression (.Continued) Substituting this in our equation, and also the vahies for L and V, vi^e have 6x5000x633x633 1072=- reducing, we have lO.OOOxA-^. 1072xA5 =3x6332, or A-"' = 1 121 A^4-in. pipe. In General: Refer to trade catalogues and tables and look up a satisfactory compressor, having a dis- placement of 830 cu. ft. For this capacity it is advisable to select a two-stage compressor, because it has a higher volumetric efficiency, requires less power to operate, is easier to lubricate on account of lower temperatures and has less strain on mechanism. The first thing to consider is the speed at which the compressor will operate. If a limited sum is to be expended, as high a working speed as possible will be selected, because, the higher the speed, the smaller the compressor. If the future is to be taken into consideration, more air will be wanted as shaft goes deeper and more water encountered. It would then be wise to select a rnachine which at say two-thirds of its rated speed would produce the present requirements and give a 50 per cent, margin for the future. Altitude: (original) As the altitude increases, the initial absolute pressure diminishes and as the final pressure remains the same, the pressure ratio grows larger as the altitude increases. For example, at 10,000 ft. elevation the atmospheric pressure is 10 lbs. instead of 14.7 lbs at sea level. In the problem, the ratio of compression at sea level is 7.5 while at 10,000 feet elevation it would be 10.5. The sea-level compressor must be increased, therefore, 10.5^7.5, or 1.4 times, to give the same weight of compressed air at 10,000 ft. altitude. In other words the altitude compressor must be about 40 per cent, larger to do the same work. TABLE OF EFFICIENCIES AND CAPACITIES AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES. Simple Problems in Air Compression (.Continued) To determine the amount of compressed air required by re- heating: It is practical to re-heat air to from 300 to 400° F in various ways, and great economy is realized especially for pumping and hoisting, and if it is possible you may reduce the quantities of cold air figured for this character of work by the ratio of the atmospheric to the compressed-air temper- atures absolute. Thus, if the atmosphere is at 60° F or 520° absolute, and the compressed air is used at 300° For 760° absolute, then the volume of cold air for your work may be taken at the ratio of 520 -f- 760, or about 70%, thus making a saving of 30 per cent. TABLE 1.— CUBIC FEET OF FREE AIR REQUIRED TO RUN ONE DRILL OF THE SIZE AND AT THE PRESSURE STATED BELOW. Guage Cylinder Diameter of Drill. Pressure 2" 50 60 2^" 2H" 82 3" 90 Ws" OS" «>Tff 100 3V>" 108 3^" 113 130 5" 5V^" 60 68 95 97 150 164 70 56 68 77 93 102 108 110 113 124 129 147 170 181 80 63 76 86 104 114 120 123 127 131 143 164 190 207 90 70 84 95 115 126 133 136 141 152 159 182 210 230 100 77 92 104 126 13S 146 149 154 166 174 199 240 252 TABLE II.— MULTIPLIERS TO DETERMINE COMPRESSOR CAPACITY REQUIRED TO OPERATE FROM 1 TO 70 ROCK DRILLS AT ALTITUDES COMPARED WITH SEA LEVEL. " .."^ NUMBER OF DRILLS 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 t 40 50 60 70 MULTIPLIERS 1. 1.8 2.7 13.4 4.1 4.8 5.4 6.0 6.5 7.1 8.1 9.5 11.7 13.7 15.8 21.4 25.5 29.4 33.2 1000 1.03 1.85 2.7813.5 4.224.94 5.56 6.18 6.69 7.3 8.34 9.7S 12.05 14.1 16.3 22.0 26.26 30.3 34.2 2000 1.07 1.92 2.89 3.64 4.39 5.14 5.78 6.42 6.9517.60 8.67 10.17 12.52 14.66 16.9 22.9 27.28 31.46 35.52 3000 T 10 1 9.H 2.97,3.74 4.51 5.28 5 . 94 6.6 7.15 7.81 8.91 10.45 12.87 15.07 17.38 23.54 28.05 32.34 36.52 4000 1 .14 2.05 3.08'3.88|4.67 5.47 6.15 6.84 7.41 8.09 9.23 10.83 13.34 15.62 18.01 24.4 29.07 33.52 37.8 5000 1.17 2.10 3.1613. 98k. 8 5.62 6.32 7.02 7.61 8.31 9.48 11.12 13.69 16.03 18.49 25.04 29.84 34.4 38.84 6000 1.202.16 3.24j4.08i4.9 5.7616.487.2 7.8 8.52 9.72 11.4 14.04 16.44 18.96 25.08 30.0 35.4 39.84 7000 1 . 23 2.21 3.32-4.18 5.04 5.9 16.64 7.38 7.99 8.73 9.96 11.68 14.39 16.85 19.43 26.32 31.36 36.16 40.84 8000 1.26 2.27 3.40 4.285.17l6.05i6.8 7.56 8.19 8.95 10.21 11.97 14.74 17.26 19.9 26.96 32.13 37.04 41.83 9000 1.29 2.32 3.48 4.39 5.29 6.19 6.96 7.74 8.38 9.16 10.45 12.26 15.09 17.67 20.38 27.6 32.9 137.92 42.83 10000 1.32 2.38 3.56 4.49 5.41 6.34 7.13 7.92 8.58 9.37 10.69 12.54 15.44 18.08 20.86 28.25 33.66 38.8 43.82 12000 1.37 2.47 3.7 4.66 5.62 6.57 7.4 8.22 8.9 9.73 11.1 13.02 16.03 18.77 21.64 29.32 34.94 40. 28145. 48 1 1 Example. — Required the amount of free air necessary to operate thirty 5 inch drills at 9,000 feet altitude, using to operate these drills air at a guage pressure of 80 pounds per square inch. From Table I we find, when operating the drills at SO pounds guage pressure at sea level, that one 5-inch drill requires 190 cubic feet of free air per minute. _ From Table 11 we also find that the factor for 30 drills at 9,000 feet altitude is 20.38; multi- plying 190 cubic feet by 20.38 gives 3,872 cubic feet free air per minute, which is the displacement of a compressor for the above outfit under average conditions, to which must be added pipe line losses, such as friction and leakage. 123 Table for Computing Effective Strains and Loads on Inclines I. II. III. I. II. III. Degree. Sine. Cosecant. Degree. Sine. Cosecant. 90 1 . ()()() 1.000 45 .707 1.414 89 1 . 000 1.000 44 .695 1.440 88 .999 1.001 43 .682 1.466 87 .999 1.001 42 .669 1.494 86 .998 1.002 41 .656 1.524 SP> .996 1.004 40 .643 1.556 84 .995 1.006 39 .629 1.589 83 .993 1.008 38 .616 1.624 82 .990 1.010 37 .602 1.662 81 .988 1.012 36 .588 1.701 80 .98.5 1.015 35 .574 1.743 79 .982 1.019 34 .559 1.788 78 .978 1.022 33 .545 1.836 77 .974 1.026 32 .530 1.887 76 .970 1.031 31 .515 1.942 75 .966 1,035 30 .500 2.000 74 , .961 1.040 29 .485 2.063 73 .956 1.046 ' 28 .469 2.130 72 .951 1.051 27 .454 2.203 71 .946 1.058 26 .438 2.281 70 .940 1.064 25 .423 2.366 69 .934 1.071 24 .407 2.459 68 .927 1.079 23 .391 2.559 67 .921 1.080 22 .375 2.669 66 .914 1.095 21 .358 2.790 65 .906 1.103 20 .342 2.924 64 .899 1.113 19 .326 3.071 63 .891 1.122 18 .309 3.236 62 .883 1.133 17 .292 3.420 61 .875 1.143 16 .276 3.628 60 .866 1.155 15 .259 3.864 59 .857 1.167 14 .242 4.134 58 .848 1.179 13 .225 4.445 57 .839 1.192 12 .208 4 810 56 .829 1.206 11 .191 5.241 55 .819 1.221 10 .174 5.759 54 .809 1.236 9 .156 6.392 53 .799 1.252 8 .139 7 . 185 52 .788 1.269 7 .122 8.206 51 .777 1.287 6 .105 9.567 50 .766 1 305 5 .087 11.474 49 .755 1 . 325 4 .070 14.336 48 .743 1.346 3 .052 19.107 47 .731 1.367 2 .035 28.654 46 .719 1.390 1 .017 57.299 The table will be found useful where hoisting is done in inclined shafts. It may also be applied to "gravity tramways" or "inclined planes." The following examples will show its uses: Suppose the weight of ore is 10,000 lbs.; skip, 6,000 lbs.; rope, 7,500 lbs.; and that the shaft has an inclination of 55 degrees from the horizontal. What is the strain of the rope? Total load, 10,000 + 6,000 + 7,500 = 23,500. 124 {Continued from page 12J,) Rule: — For each pound weight, the effective load on rope for the angle of incline from the horizontal given in column 1 will be found opposite in column II. Therefore, find 55 degrees in column I and opposite in column II is .819, which multiplied by 23,500 = 19,240.5 lbs., the total effective strain on rope. Suppose an engine can raise 5,000 lbs. in a vertical shaft, what can it pull up an incline 30 degrees from the horizontal.'* Rule: — For each pound which an engine can lift vfrtically, it can raise the amount given in column III up an incline of the angle given in column I. Therefore, find 30 degrees in column I, and opposite in column III is 2, which multiplied by 5,000 = 10,000 lbs., the amount engine can pull up a 30 degree incline. If the proper working strain of the rope were 5,000 lbs., on a vertical lift, it would be 10,000 lbs. on a 30 degree incline; the process is the same. Note: — In using the table, it must not be overlooked that the friction of drawing the car, skip or cage on the rails or guides is to be added to the effective weight in order to obtain the total amount of strain borne by the. rope. This friction is termed "traction" or "tractile effort" and varies between thirty and one hundred pounds per ton, according to circumstances and is of more importance on inclines of small angle. Standard Hoisting Ropes Composed of 6 Strands of 19 wires each, with Hemp Center. Allowable working strain in tons Minimum Size of Drum or Weight of 2,000 lbs. Factor of Safety = 5. Sheave in Feet. Dia. per foot Ex. Ex. in pounds. Plough Strong Cast Swedish Plough Strong Cast Swedish Steel. Crucible Steel. Iron. Steel. Crucible Steel. Iron. Steel. Steel. 234 12. 61. 53. 45. 22.8 11 10 10 16 21^ 10. 50. 45. 38. 18.9 10 9H 9H 15 214 8. 41. 36. 31. 15.6 9 83^ 8H 13 2 6.30 33. 28. 24. 12.4 8 8 8 12 IM 4.85 25. 22. 19. 9.6 7J^ 7H 7^ 10 15/^ 4.15 22. 19. 16. 8.4 6 6^ 6K 8,^ 11/0 3.55 19. 16. 14. 7.2 5H 5M 5^ 7A 1% 3.00 16. 14. 12. 6.2 5M 5H 5^ 7 IH 2.45 13. 11. 10. 5.0 5 5 5 6^ 1% 2.00 11. 9.8 8.4 4.2 4H 4H 4H 6 ] 1.58 8.8 7.8 6.8 3.4 414 4 4 5H % 1.20 6 8 6.0 5.2 2.6 3?4 sVi 3^ V/2 H 0.89 5.0 4.4 3.88 1.94 33^ 3 3 4 H 0.62 3.6 3.16 2.72 1.36 3 2H 2)i ^'4 A 0.50 2.9 2.54 2.20 1.10 2li m \% 2H V? 0.39 2.28 2.02 1.76 .88 2 Wi Wi 2}4 A 0.30 1.77 1.56 1.36 .68 I'A 1^ IH 2 H 0.22 1.31 1.15 1.00 .50 1 1 1 iVz A 0.15 0.90 0.81 68 .34 Vs % Vs 1 K 0.10 0.60 0.54 0.18 .24 H K 'A H 125 Practical Hints Regarding Saw Mills and the Care of Saws A Right Hand Mill has the saw at the sawyer's right and runs toward him. A Left Hand Mill has the saw at the sawyer's left and runs toward him. SIZE OF SAWS. — With the Variable Feed Mill, any size saw can be used according to the size of logs — regardless of the amount of power used. With a large saw, a large pulley must be used on the mandrel to reduce the speed to correspond with the size of the saw and the power. The diameter of the saw should be about one and a half times the diameter of the log to be cut — a 36-inch log requires a 54-inch saw — a 40-inch log requires a 60-inch saw, and so on. SPEED OF SAWS. — Speeding saws too high is a very common mistake — usually a serious and a foolish error of judgment. Manufacturers, in their catalogues, give the maximum speeds at which their saws may be operated with safety on the basis of the highest power the saws are calculated to withstand. These speeds cannot properly be used for portable mills for the reason that often the power used is not sufficient — they are put there for selling purposes of the saw- makers and to show what the saw will" stand, not what it is supposed to do in practical work. While speed is power — it's easy to consume all the power in speed without doing any work. A 48-inch saw run by a 10 H. P. engine should have a speed of 300 revolutions a minute — slower if the saw has the usual number of teeth. About twenty-four teeth are necessary to give the best results at 300 revolutions — the usual number is 30 — and usually works satisfactorily. PORTABLE MILLS running with 20 H. P. and undei should run the rim of the saw at a speed not exceeding 360 ft. per minute to each horse power. For example, multiply 360 by 10 H. P., and divide this by 12 ft. (circumference of the 48-inch saw), and you get 300 revolutions per minute. For smaller power the speed should be some higher in proportion, but the saw should have fewer teeth to make up for the higher speed. 20 H. P. and above should have more speed in proportion to the larger number of teeth. With this power the teeth should be 5 inches apart, which will give 30 teeth to the 48-inch saw. For a larger power, the teeth should be closer to- gether until they reach the limit of 3 inches apart, and then as the power is increased the speed of the saw is increased to correspond. A saw must be speeded right to give the best results. To aid in the selection of a saw and to determine its proper speed,' we give the following table, based on a saw 48 inches in diameter: Distance from Point Power to Point of Teeth Nu niber of Teeth Speed of Saw 6H. P. 7 inches 22 300 8 " 7 " 22 300 10 " 6 " 24 300 12 " 6 " 24 350 15 " 5 " 30 400 20 " 5 " 30 450 To find the proper speed of larger or smaller saws, multiply the speed given of a 48-inch saw by 48 and divide the product by the size of the saw selected. A larger .saw should have a greater number of teeth, and a smaller saw a lesser number, the distance apart remaining approximately the same. Saws for cutting hardwood or frozen timber are usually run at higher speed and ha\e a greater number of teeth. 126 Practical Hints Regarding Saw Mills and the Care of Saws (.Continued) In ordering a saw mill or saw, the amount of power used, size and speed of driving pulley should always be given so that a pulley of the proper size may be sent with the mill and a suitable saw selected. PROPER GAUGE OF SAWS.— For portable mills as a general rule we recommend 8"x9" gauge saws. For larger power where sav/s are run at high speed, or for cutting valuable hard woods we recommend 9"xl0" gauge. HOW TO HANG AND LINE SAWS.— It does not follow that because one saw will work well that another y/ill do so on the same mandrel, or that two saws will hang alike on the same mandrel. In hanging a new saw, after screwing it upWtween the collars examine carefully on the front or log side, and see if the front of the saw is flat. If it is found to be rounding on the log side, cut a ring of paper about half an inch wide, the size of the collar on the outside, oil it and .stick iton the face of the fast collar around the outer edge. Then tut another ring of paper the same width, making the hole the same size as the hole in the loose collar; put this .small ring between the loose collar and the saw, and screw up the collar. If the two rings are not enough, put in more unti' the saw comes flat and true. If the saw hangs dishing on the log side, reverse the rings of paper; that is, put the sm.all rings between the saw and the fast collar, and the large ring against the loose collar. To do proper work, the saw must be perfectly fiat and straight on the side next to the log. DIRECTIONS FOR RUNNING CHISEL TOOTH SAWS.— First the saw should be placed on the mandrel where it is to be run, observing directions for hanging circular saws. Should the saw run a little out of true on the rim, it may be made to run true by packing with writing paper between the saw and fast collar. It is necessary that the saw mandrel should l)e perfectly level so that the saw will hang exactly plumb. Never attempt to run a saw that is dishing on the log side as it will be sure to draw towards the log. The carriage track must be straight and level, so that the carriage can run true. HOW TO FILE AND KEEP IN ORDER CIRCULAR SAWS.— It is not well to file all of the teeth of circular saws from the same side of the saw, especially if each alternate tooth is bent for the set, but file one-half of the teeth from each side of the saw, and of the teeth that are bent from you, so as to leave them on a slight bevel — leave the outer corners a little the longest. Never file any saw to sharp or acute angles at the throats or roots of the teeth, but on circular lines, as all saws are liable to crack from sharp corners. Keep your saw round, so that each tooth will do its proportional part of the work. Saw teeth wear narrow at the extreme points; consequently they must be kept spread so that they will be widest at the very points of the teeth; otherwise saws will not work successfully. Teeth should be kept as near a uniform shape and distance apart as possible, in order to keep a circular saw in balance and condition for business. Frosted steel is always brittle. No intelligent woodsman will use a good chopping axe on hard frozen timber until after he has taken the frost out of it, and no intelligent sawyer will attempt to set teeth of any saw without taking out the frost. 127 Practical Hints Regarding Saw Mills and the Care of Saws (.Continued) The greatest wear on the saw is on the under edges of the teeth. File nearly to an edge (but not quite), leaving a short bevel of ^V of an inch wide on the under side of the point. But in no instance file to a fine point and thin wire edge. Be sure that the saw hangs properly on the mandrel. The saw must be in proper line with the carriage and the carriage run true. The mandrel must be level and run freely in the boxes. Do nearly all the filing on the under sides of the teeth, and see that thej' are well spread at the points; file square and have them project alike on both sides of the saw. If the saw heats in the center when the mandrel runs cool in the boxes, cool it olT and line it into the log a little. If the saw heats on the rim and not in the center, cool it off and line it out of the log a little — and vice versa if it heats in the centre. Every sawyer should have a side file to keep the teeth the same width. Before commencing to insert the teeth, provide a cup of oil, which, together with the teeth, place conveniently near where you will stand, at the back of the saw. Take the wrench, place the pins in the holes in the shank, and turn it so that the hook projects sufficiently to receive the bit, pick up a tooth with the other hand and dip its grooved segment into the oil; then place in position and hold it firmly and even with the sides of the blade, while at the same time press the wrench downward until the shank fits into its place. The chisel teeth are exact in width, and the spread uniformly good, and make smoother lumber than is made by the solid saw, even when not in the hands of first-class sawyers; but if extra nice work is desired, try a gauge on the side of each tooth, and if any are found to project a trifle too far, reduce them with a side file, being careful to preserve the same relief of the corner. No flat surface should be allowed on the sides of the teeth; they must be relieved from the very edge; then the saw will run straight, and with the least possible expenditure of pov.er, and make smooth lumber. Practical use of the chisel bits has proven conclusively that in order to get the most and best use of them, when a set has been inserted and properly adjusted, they should remain until they are worn out, and as often as may be required edge them up by applying a file to their face or under side; after being sharpened several times they should be relieved on the side, so as to keep their corners sharp. Should a shank become straight or compressed, by reason of the saw having been run on iron, so that it will not hold the bit firmly, lay it on an anvil and strike it with a hammer on the inner edge until expended sufficiently to hold the !>it. Do not try the experiment of bending each alternate tooth for the set when using Inserted Tooth Saws. Use a light liammer in swedging, about M to 1 pound weight, holding the swedge so that the teeth will be spread at the points. IN FILING SOLID-TOOTH CIRCULAR SAWS keep the throats or roots of the teeth round, or as the saws are when new. Angles or square corners filed at the roots of the teeth will almost invariably cause a saw to crack. The filing of such angles or square corners will cancel the warranty on any saw. The back or top of the tooth leads or guides the saw and should be filed square across. The under sides of the toeth may be filed a little beveled when they are bent alternately for the set, so as to leave the outer corner of the cutting edge longest. LIST gf BULLETINS Issued to date by the Joshua Hendy Iron Works Iron Founders, Engineers and Machinery Merchants » 75 Fremont St., San Francisco, Cal. No. Subject Date Condition 100 Pinder Concentrator . . . Nov. 1906, Issued 101 Hendy Two and Three-stamp Mills, Nov. 1906, Exhausted (See No. 113) 102 Davis Horse Whim . . . Oct. 1906, Issued 103 Ore and Water Buckets . . Jan. 1907, Issued 104 Hendy Standard Ore Cars . . Mar. 1907, Issued 105 Hydraulic Water Gates, etc. . Feb. 1907, Issued 106 Hendy Hydraulic Giants . . April 1907, Issued 107 Ore Crushers May 1907, Exhausted (See No- 117) 108 Winches, Derricks, etc. . Nov. 1907, Issued no Hendy Fire Monitors . . . Nov. 1907, Issued 111 Hendy Gravel Elevators . . Aug. 1908, Issued 113 Hendy Two and Three-stamp Mills, June 1908, Issued 114 Tangential Water Wheels, etc. . Dec. 1908, Issued 115 Matteson Ore Cars . . . Dec. 1908, Issued 116 Graupner Centrifugal Roller Mill . Dec. 1908, Issued 117 Crushers and Crushing Rolls . Dec. 1908, Exhausted (See No. 121) 118 Challenge Ore Feeders . . Dec. 1908, Issued 119 Stamp Mills, Standard . . Jan. 1910, In Press 120 Stamp Mill Accessories . . Jan. 1910, Issued 121 Crushers and Crushing Rolls . Jan. 1910, Issued Other Bulletins in Preparation January I5th, 1910 INDEX Page Air, Compression of . . 120-123 Areas of Circles .... 104 Belting ...... 117 Board Measure .... 118-119 Boilers ...... . 112-113 Buildings, Mill, Approx. Cost of 108 Buildings, Mill, Material for . 109 Casing, Oil Gas and Well 111 Circles, Areas and Circumferences 104 Concrete, Mixture of . 109 Drills, Air required for 123 Engines, Horsepower of . . . 114 Factors, Mathematical 100 Gauges, Standard Iron and Steel Plate 102 Gears, Horsepower of . 116 Hoisting on Inclines . 124-125 Inclines, Hoisting on . . 124-125 Iron, Weights of ... . 102-103 Measure, Board ... 118-119 Measure Tables .... 101 Metric Tables ..... 101 Mills, Saw ..... 126 Mills, Stamp ..... 108-109 Miners Inch of Water .... 110 Multipliers, Useful .... 100 Pipe, Gas, Water and Steam . IJl Power Required for Mill Parts 115 Pulleys . . . . . ■ . 116 Pumping ..... 110 Recipes, Workshop .... 105-107 , Ropes, W^ire ..... 125 Saws . . . . ... 126-128 Shafting ..... 116 Steel, Weights of ... . 102-103 Water . . . 110 Water Required for Mill Parts 115 Weight Tables . . . . . 101 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Fi^ sd^ftl^rteft-; 25 cents Q.q^firstifiw ' 5'6-'cewte»4fl^6urOTeiay overdue One dollar on seventh day overdue. HOV 4 m? jm^'^^ l^^i A9(i^ 10M?.r5 2l « ihmRBf iRi—Ci o r» fT JAS'^i' t LD 21-100m-12,'46(A2012sl6)4120 ~ UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY