GRAHAM'S 
 RIEF LONGHAND
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 O. Baker, 
 
 Dallas. Texas.
 
 
 \ 
 

 
 Time saving. Later 
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND: 
 
 SYSTEM OF LONGHAND CONTRACTIONS, 
 
 BY MEANS OF WHICH 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND ARK SECURED V* iTfl 
 GOT RESORT TO STENOGRAPHIC CHARACTERS, AND" \flTjf| r > 
 PERFECT LEGIBILITY ; 
 
 THE WHOLE j 
 
 Jlrraiigcb anfo JUtpln Illustrated: 
 
 WITH 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR CORRECTING THE PRESS, 
 
 AND WITH 
 
 KEYS TO THE EXERCISES, EMBRACING REMARKS UPON THE MEASg 
 OF ACQUIRING EASE AND CORRECTNESS IN COMPOSITION, THE 
 METHOD OF KEEPING A COMMON-PLACE BOOK AND INDEX 
 RERUM, THE MOST USEFUL MODES OF READING, IM- 
 PROVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES, ETC. 
 
 WITH PRESENTATION OF 
 
 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 SEVERAL APPENDIXES PERTAINING TO PHONOTYPY AND PHONOGRAPHT. 
 
 BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC SERIES, EDITOR OF THE 
 "PHONOGRAPHIC VISITOR," AND THE " STUDENT'S JOURNAL." 
 
 "To save time is to lengthen life." 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 ANDREW J. GRAHAM & CO., 1135 BROADWAY. 
 
 1908.
 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, 
 
 
 BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 
 In^the CferV'^ Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, 
 
 BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, in Washington, D. C. 
 
 ITo SECURE THE TREATISE ON PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY AND THE COMBINATION OF TH 
 SAME WITH BRIEF LONGHAND.]
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE causes that led to the formation of the system of contractions 
 here presented are stated in subsequent pages. There has been, at least, 
 an earnest endeavor to make it accord not only with certain principles 
 of legibility and speed, which have been thoroughly tested in the best 
 system of shorthand ever devised, but also with the principles of ab- 
 breviation (developed in this work) which have heretofore been confi- 
 dently relied upon by the literary public ; and it is felt entirely un- 
 necessary to crave for it the lenient exercise of judgment and criticism, 
 since much rigid testing of it by practice has induced the belief that trie 
 system will improve in the estimation of writers in the proportion that 
 a practical knowledge of it is attained. 
 
 There is nothing abstruse pertaining to the system nothing which 
 can not be easily learned and readily reduced to practice. Its three 
 styles are three progressive developments of the same principles cor- 
 responding to three different classes of uses. Each style is amply 
 illustrated by Exercises, which should be perused till familiarity with 
 the appearance of words as contracted is attained. This injunction 
 should be faithfully heeded by all who wish to reap the full benefits of 
 the system. The Exercises, besides serving as exercise in Brief Long- 
 hand, will, perhaps, furnish their readers with useful subjects for 
 thought. Every reader seeking the means of intellectual improvement 
 will thankfully accept the suggestions of the Exercises entitled, " How 
 to Acquire Ease and Correctness in Composition," " Authorship," " Read- 
 ing to Purpose," and " Common-Placing." The article on " Mental 
 Machinery," from the Tribune, is worthy the. serious consideration of 
 every educationist. 
 
 448640
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 s^ iPhe chapter treating of Proof-Reading will doubtless be acceptable 
 to all who have occasion to correct the press. This chapter and the 
 Table of Common Abbreviations make this treatise a complete work of 
 reference in respect v( all the more general contractions employed in 
 the language. 
 
 Contrdctrons for each special class of subjects may be devised, to any 
 desirable extent, in accordance with the principles specified in the chap- 
 ter entitled General Principles of Contraction. 
 
 The remarks concerning the abbreviation of the forms of letters will 
 be found to contain suggestions which may be acted upon, with great 
 advantage, in the uncontracted style of writing. 
 
 That this work may conspire with other causes in giving the human 
 race opportunities for Spiritual Culture, and for the attainment of that 
 rare, but desirable, Spiritual Freedom so beautifully described in the 
 remarks quoted in this work from the writings of the noble and sweet- 
 minded Channing, is the earnest prayer of the Author. 
 
 In this New Edition 
 
 there has been added a treatise on Partial Phonography, showiug the 
 pupil how to increase the ease and speed of writing, by using as arbitra- 
 ry expedients some of the more frequently-used word-signs and con- 
 tractions of Standard Phonography. The Author's invention, Stereog- 
 raphy, enables him, in this new chapter, to exemplify Brief Longhand 
 writing with fac-similes of actual writing. 
 
 ANDEEW J. GRAHAM. 
 
 NEW YORK, PHONETIC DEPOT, DECEMBER, 1879.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 NOTE. The figures refer to the page. Ap. = Appendix, 
 
 Abbreviated Letters B< 
 
 Abbreviations, Common, Table of 50 
 
 Advantages of Knowledge 24 
 
 Affix-Signs. List of 88 
 
 Angelo, Michael, Anecdote of 25 
 
 Authorship 44 
 
 Autobiography, Uses of. TO 
 
 Cautions 18,50 
 
 Common Abbreviations. Table of 50 
 
 Common Placing, Directions for 41 
 
 Composition, How to Acquire Ease and Correctness in 14 
 
 Contractions, Common, Table of 50 
 
 Contractions for Theological Writers 49 
 
 Contractions, General Principles of 22 
 
 Contractions, Special 49 
 
 Donatello's Statue of St. George 25 
 
 Elision 11 
 
 Elision, Lengthened Mark of 56 
 
 Eloquence, True, Nature of. 86 
 
 Exercises, Use of. 18 
 
 " in the First Style 14-16 
 
 " in the Third Style 63 
 
 " on Affix and Prefix Signs 86 
 
 " on Word-Signs of Second Style 24 
 
 " in Phraseography 44 
 
 Extract from Bacon 64 
 
 " " Bulwer 14 
 
 " " Chaiining 15 
 
 " " E.i. Phon. Int. 41 
 
 " " Kverett 29 
 
 * " George Herbert 74 
 
 " " Irving 30 
 
 " 4i Landor 15 
 
 " " "MagicSlaff" TO 
 
 " " New York Tribune 64 
 
 " M Phonetic Journal 87 
 
 " " Rev. Thomas Binney 15,44 
 
 " E. Hall... .. 24
 
 VI INDEX. 
 
 Extract from Seneca 63 
 
 " " "Webster 86 
 
 Fortitude of Woman under Reverses of Fortune 30 
 
 Freedom, Spiritual 15 
 
 Genius 14 
 
 How to Acquire Ease and Correctness in Composition 14 
 
 Index Rerum, How to Keep au 42 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Knowledge, Advantages of 24 
 
 Labor, Man Made for -. 29 
 
 Learning 14 
 
 Letters, Abbreviation of. 66 
 
 L-ty, Mode of Indicating 85 
 
 "Magic Staff," Extract from 70 
 
 Man a Microcosm 74 
 
 Man Made for Labor 29 
 
 Mental Machinery. 64 
 
 Michael Angelo, Anecdote of 25 
 
 Nature of True Eloquence 86 
 
 Omission of Towels 23 
 
 Omission of Vowels in Third Style 61 
 
 Omission of Silent Consonants. 61 
 
 Phonetic Alphabet Ap. 
 
 Phonography and its Uses. Ap. 
 
 Phonotypy 64 
 
 Phonotypy, Specimen of Ap. 
 
 Plurals and Possessives. 13 
 
 Prefix-Signs, List of 31 
 
 Principles of Contraction 22 
 
 Proof Beading, Minute Directions for 67 
 
 Progress 15 
 
 Beading to Purpose 37 
 
 R-ty, Mode of Indicating 35 
 
 Sayings of Seneca 63 
 
 Second Style, Characteristics of 17 
 
 " " Word-Signs of 17 
 
 " " Sign-Words of 20 
 
 Sign-Affixes, List of 35 
 
 Sign-Prefixes, List of 33 
 
 Special Contractions 49 
 
 Spiritual Freedom 15 
 
 Studies 63 
 
 Table of Common Abbreviations 50 
 
 Third Style 61 
 
 " " Uses and Characteristics of 61 
 
 " Exercises in 83-76 
 
 Types, Different Kinds of. t9 
 
 Uses of Autobiography 70 
 
 Vowels, Omission of 23 
 
 Woman, Fortitude oi, under Reverses of Fortune 80 
 
 Word-Signs used foi Prefixes and Affixes It
 
 INTROIUCTION. 
 
 " Who that is much in the habit of writing, has not often wished for some meant 
 of expressing by two or three dashes of the pen, that which, as things are, it require* 
 uch an expenditure of time and labor to commit to paper ? Our present mode of 
 communication must be felt to be cumbersome in the last degree, unworthy of these 
 days of invention. We require some means of bringing the operations of the mind, 
 and of the hand, into closer correspondence." English Review. 
 
 THE system of phonetic shorthand furnishes the means of bringing the 
 operations of the hand into complete correspondence with the most rapid 
 operations of the mind in composition ; and it is to be hoped that the 
 eaine laws of economy which have given the world the blessings of the 
 railroad, telegraph, steam printing presses, and various other time and 
 labor savers, will in due season confer upon the literary and commercial 
 world the numerous advantages of phonetic shorthand or phonography. 
 Let the public be made fully aware of the benefits of this system as a 
 time and labor saver in writing, as a facility in attaining an education., 
 as an assistance in acquiring a beautifully accurate pronunciation of the 
 English language and in overcoming the various defects of articulation, 
 and as a means of pecuniary success for thousands of young men and 
 women who thoroughly acquire it, and ere long it will be made a branch 
 of study in all our schools, or, in this case, the same motives and reasons 
 will not prevail which constantly induce progress in every other respect. 
 As compared with phonography, the present mode of writing results in 
 the waste of four fifths of the vast amount of time and labor devoted to 
 its use. Give the thought and energy wasted by the common longhand 
 the time that would be saved by the use of phonetic shorthand, and the 
 world would receive for its investment a rich reward in the way of thought 
 embodied in books and all kinds of inventions. In the mean time each 
 one who can, from other immediate demands upon his attention, afford 
 the necessary time for the acquisition of phonography, will find himself 
 involuntarily assisting in the prevalence of that art ty the praises h 
 will be compelled to give it for the benefits it will bestow upon him in 
 numerous ways. Those who can not afford so great an advantage, should 
 cot fail to do the next best thing learn brief "tonghand.
 
 Viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 IRKSOMENESS OF LONGHAXD. 
 
 Nothing can be more unnecessary than to dilate upon the tediousuesa 
 of the unabbreviated longhand writing. That it is exceedingly irksome 
 vs one of the firmest kind of convictions of every writer who has used it 
 to any considerable extent. That its cumbersomeness should have led to 
 the devising of numerous systems of shorthand affords no ground for 
 astonishment ; neither can it surprise the initiated that it has led to the 
 extensive practice of sleights of (long) hand which are oftentimes wholly 
 incomprehensible even by those who impose them upon the public. It ia 
 only surprising that, inasmuch as most longhand writers resort to various 
 devices to save labor, some one should not sooner have offered the public 
 a practical system of contractions and expedients, which would make a 
 saving possible where it is most needed, and enable the economy of con- 
 traction to be availed of to a much larger extent than heretofore by so- 
 curing uniformity of practice. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 The present essay at a practical system of abbreviated longhand is due 
 to the fact that the Author, during a long course of reporting, has used 
 the common longhand to an enormous extent in cases where a great 
 amount of life-exhausting labor might have been saved, could he have 
 employed a series of contractions, such as he now presents. 
 
 That his method is practical he confidently trusts, because it is devised 
 with strict reference to the principles which have been thoroughly ap- 
 proved by extensive practice in the system of phonetic shorthand which 
 he has employed in his profession of reporting ; and because the system 
 has undergone the test of several months' use, with a determination on 
 the part of the Author to seek out and remove every discoverable defect. 
 The motives which induced him to publish the present treatise were 
 stated in Vol. I. of the Phonographic Intelligencer, from which the fol- 
 lowing paragraph is extracted : 
 
 " Acting upon St. Paul's plan of being as a Jew to the Jews, as a 
 Roman to the Romans of being all things to all men in order to save 
 some; while to phonographers we become as a phonographer, in order to 
 gain those who are under phonetic law, we have been preparing to 
 become as a Roman to the Romans those without the knowledge of 
 phonetics in order that we may gain them also. While we have pre- 
 pared the Hand-Book of Standard Phonography for phonographers and 
 those who, when apprised of the benefits of phonography, are willing to 
 undertake the requisite labor for its acquisition, we have been devising 
 a system of longhand contractions and expedients for the use of those 
 who are not aware of the advantages of phonography, or who, from want
 
 INTKODUCTION. IX 
 
 of time or from disinclination, are unwilling to study it. It is to b 
 hoped, however, that by the exertions of phonographers, the entire com- 
 munity will be brought to fully appreciate the advantages of phonetic 
 shorthand ; that it will be taught in our schools ; and that a knowledge 
 of it will be- considered an indispensable part of education. But that 
 3ome do not, or will not, understand and enjoy the benefits of our favor- 
 ite art is not sufficient reason for leaving them to the waste of time and 
 energy consequent upon the use of the unabbreviated longhand. For 
 such we would provide a system of longhand contractions and expedients, 
 believing that we should confer a blessing upon our race just to the ex- 
 tent that we saved it from an unnecessary waste of time and effort. A 
 great time and labor saving invention, like the steam-engine or telegraph, 
 is equal, in the history of the race, to the growth and progress of a cen- 
 tury ; and all economizers of time and labor should be accepted as bless- 
 ings, whether they come up to our standard or not ; and if the public 
 will not use the best time-saver in writing, they should be allowed to 
 employ the one to which they are inclined by their prejudices, necessities, 
 tastes, or habits." 
 
 OF THE DIFFERENT STYLES OF BRIKF LONGHAND, AND THEIR SAVING. 
 
 From a careful estimate, it. appears that by the use of the Second Style 
 of abbreviated longhand a saving of more than thirty per cent, is effected. 
 A saving of ten per cent, is secured by the use of ten of the contractions 
 of the First Style. The use of the contractions and principles of con- 
 tractions, of the Third Style, results in a saving of fifty per cent. ; and 
 yet the legibility is so slightly impaired by judicious contractions, that 
 even the Second Style may be read with ease after a very few minutes' 
 study. A manuscript in the Second Style was read at sight by a young 
 lad, a " reader" in the office where this work is stereotyped. The First 
 Style, Avhich makes a saving of more than fifteen per cent., may be used, 
 without endangering legibility, in all ordinary correspondence; and the 
 Second Style may be employed, with as much safety as the unabbreviated 
 style, in all correspondence between persons acquainted with the system ; 
 and so legible is it, that printers will ill deserve the vast amount of busi- 
 ness they owe the literary world, if they should refuse to authors the 
 privilege of employing this style in their " copy." The Third Style is 
 designed for use in all cases where legibility is secondary to the saving 
 of time and labor ; as in copying letters ; in making abstracts of, and 
 quotations from , works read ; in rough-sketching business and literary 
 papers, and in taking notes of testimony, lectures, sermons, etc. 
 
 USES OF BRIEF LONGHAND FOR EDITORS AND REPORTERS. 
 
 If the compositors employed on newspapers were acquainted with tht 
 
 1*
 
 X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Second Style of brief longhand, a large amount of all the labor now re- 
 quired in the way of editing, and reporting for, a newspaper might be 
 saved ; and it is doubted that any serious difficulty will be experienced 
 in availing of this economy. Every intelligent compositor would will- 
 ingly accede to a request to set from abbreviated "copy ;" and little re- 
 gard should be had for that stupid compositor who would be so unjust as 
 to require that a corps of editors and reporters should be burthened with 
 one third more of mere manual drudgery than is necessary rather than 
 that he should make a slight intellectual effort for the acquisition of the 
 principles of abbreviated longhand. Reporters especially should not be 
 content till they are permitted to avail themselves of so reasonable a 
 means of lessening the excessive burthen of their profession as the em- 
 ployment of brief longhand in transcribing their reports. If this priv- 
 ilege should not be conceded at once to them, perhaps, in due time, com- 
 positors will learn how much better it would be to set from plainly 
 written abbreviations than from the illegible writing to which reporters 
 must oftentimes be compelled to resort. 
 
 USES OF BRIEF LONGHAND WITH RESPECT TO PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 It is not intended that this system of contractions shall conflict with,, 
 or supplant, phonography On the other hand it is expected that it will 
 prove valuable to phonographers in saving them, to a considerable extent, 
 from the drudgery of longhand writing in all cases where its use is 
 necessary. Moreover, brief longhand, by accustoming the public to 
 stenographic principles, and showing their value in economizing time and 
 labor, will induce a state of affairs which will powerfully favor the gen- 
 eral introduction of phonetic shorthand, which is nearly as legible as 
 print, and whose use will effect a saving of eighty per cent, of the time 
 and labor required with the employment of unabbreviated longhand. 
 For these reasons phonographers are invited to aid in extending a knowl- 
 edge of brief longhand wherever a reception of phonography can not be 
 secured. Perhaps it will not be inexpedient for phonographic teachers 
 to consider how they may make brief longhand contribute to the success 
 of their efforts in behalf of phonetic writing and printing.
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 FIRST, OR CORRESPONDING, STYLE. 
 
 1. Word- Sign, Sign- Word. The contractions employed in Brief 
 Longhand are denominated Word-Signs, while the words represented by 
 them are called Sign-Words. FOR is a sign-word, and f, the letter em- 
 ployed for it, is a word-sign. 
 
 2. The Mark of Elision is a light horizontal stroke (-). For the 
 purpose of distinction, the hyphen, in writing, should be made double , 
 thxis =. 
 
 EF.M. 1. For convenience of speech the mark of omission may be called the Elision, 
 just as we apply the term Apostrophe to the mark (') used to indicate an apostrophe, 
 or the omission of a letter. 
 
 3. In the lists of word-signs, a word is occasionally printed with a 
 hyphen, thus, be-en ; with a double letter; thus, ha 8 ^; or, with both a. 
 hyphen and double letters; thus no- l r ; to intimate that the correspond- 
 ing word-signs represent be and been ; has and have ; no, not, and nor 
 The context will clearly show which word is intended. 
 
 4. LIST OF WORD-SIGNS OF THE CORRESPONDING STYLE. 
 
 (For the use of the Reader.) 
 
 g give-n 
 
 a a-a 
 
 a or Sf and 
 
 b be-en 
 
 c can 
 
 cd could 
 
 d do-ne 
 
 e the 
 
 ea each 
 
 ei either 
 
 ev ever 
 
 ey every 
 
 / for 
 
 fr from 
 
 h he, ha 
 
 7 1 
 
 i in, it 
 
 I will 
 
 m me, my, 
 
 -m am 
 
 t 
 r 
 
 -n on 
 
 nei neither 
 
 nev . . . never 
 
 n 
 
 no '
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 ny 
 
 any 
 o ........... or 
 
 oth ......... other 
 
 P ........... up 
 
 pn 
 
 q 
 
 r 
 
 upon 
 quite 
 ... are 
 -; .......... our 
 
 a ........... is 
 
 sd .......... should 
 
 sev ......... several 
 
 sh .......... shall 
 
 t.. ..to 
 
 th. 
 
 . the' 
 
 tho though 
 
 thr through 
 
 tt that 
 
 u under 
 
 v of 
 
 w with, we, was 
 
 wd would 
 
 wh which 
 
 wn when 
 
 wr. were 
 
 wt what 
 
 y you, your 
 
 ys yours 
 
 yt yet 
 
 5. LIST OF SIGN-WORDS OF THE CORRESPONDING STYLE 
 
 (For the use of the Writer.} 
 
 i it . . . .i 
 
 a a 
 
 am -m 
 
 an a 
 
 and a or &f 
 
 any ny 
 
 are r 
 
 as z 
 
 be-en b 
 
 can c 
 
 could cd 
 
 do d 
 
 done d 
 
 each ea 
 
 either ei 
 
 ever cv 
 
 every ey 
 
 for / 
 
 from .fr 
 
 give-n g 
 
 i B 
 ha 've 
 he..., 
 I 
 
 in . , . 
 
 is ... 
 
 may . . . 
 
 me 
 
 my .... 
 neither 
 
 nevei net 
 
 t 
 
 . .m 
 
 . . m 
 . . m 
 . .nei 
 
 .n 
 
 .-n 
 
 no-, 
 of. 
 on. 
 
 or o 
 
 other oth 
 
 our -r 
 
 quite q 
 
 several sev 
 
 shall sh 
 
 should sd 
 
 that it 
 
 the e 
 
 them th 
 
 they th 
 
 though tho 
 
 through .... thr 
 
 to t 
 
 under . . . . u
 
 FIRST STYLE. 
 
 op P 
 
 upon pn 
 
 was w 
 
 we w 
 
 were tor 
 
 what wt 
 
 when wn 
 
 which . , . . wh 
 
 will / 
 
 with w 
 
 would wd 
 
 yet yt 
 
 you y 
 
 your y 
 
 yours ys 
 
 6. Word- Signs used for Prefixes and Affixes. A word-sign may 
 be employed either as a prefix or affix, when confusion would not result 
 from such use ; thus, ' bcause = because, bf = before, wherev = wher- 
 ever, wnev = whenever, whev = whichever, wtev = whatever, wout = 
 without, wi = within, neveless = nevertheless, nwstanding = notwith- 
 standing.' 
 
 With and for- e when prefixes or affixes should, as a general rule, be 
 elevated ; thus, ' w draw = withdraw, here w = herewith, f get = for- 
 g?t, 'g = forgive, heret f = heretofore.' 
 
 In, when a prefix, should usually be written in full. When a portion 
 of a compound word, it may be represented by i joined to the other por- 
 tion or portions ; thus, ' it = into, izmuch = inasmuch, wi = within, 
 herei = herein, hereit = hereinto.' Greater clearness may occasionally 
 result from disjoining or elevating in ; thus, ' w i or w 1 = within.' 
 
 Under, when a prefix, should always be elevated ; thus, ' "stand = 
 understand, x 'go = undergo.' 
 
 7. Plurals, Possessives, etc. S may be added to a word-sign to in- 
 dicate the plural number or possessive case of a noun, or the third per- 
 son singular of a verb in the present tense; thus, 'bj,' object; ' bjs,' 
 objects ; ' g,' give ; ' gs,' gives. The syllable -ing may be marked after 
 a word-sign by ng ; thus, bng = being, gng = giving. 
 
 8. Cautions. Write the word-signs clearly : distinguish between 
 r, v, and o ; c, e, and a ; g, y, and q ; n and u. The best form for ' z' 
 is #. Avoid flourishes : they are not in good taste, waste time, and en- 
 danger legibility. In this style, no words should be contracted, except 
 those given in the preceding list. 
 
 9. Use of the Etercises. The Reading Exercises should be read and re-read till 
 perfect familiarity is acquired with the word-signs occurring in them. The reading 
 exercises of the second and third styles are accompanied by keys, which serve the 
 purpose of writing exercises. The reading exercises having been read several 
 times, the student should copy the keys into brief longhand, correcting his errors by 
 reference to the reading exercises. This process of writing and correction should 
 be continued so long as any errors occur.
 
 14 BKIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 10. EXERCISES. 
 
 (1.) GENIUS. 
 
 I -m n believer i genius wout labor ; but I d believe ufc labor, ju- 
 diciously & continuously applied, bcomes genius i iself. Success i re- 
 moving obstacles, z i conquering armies, depends n this law v mechanics 
 e greatest amount v force at y command, concentrated -nag point. 
 If y constitutional force b less than anoth man's, y equal him if y con- 
 tinue i longer & concentrate i more. E old saying v e Spartan parent 
 t e son who complained tt his sword w too short, s applicable t eything i 
 life "If y weapon s too short add a step t i." Dr. Arnold, e famous 
 Rugby schoolmaster, said e difference between one boy & anoth w n so 
 much i talent z i energy. I s w boys z w men ; & perseverance 
 energy made habitual. Bulwer. 
 
 (2.) HOW TO ACQUIRE EASE AND CORRECTNESS IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 After reading, f instance, e history v some particular period, if y 1 
 set t work & write y recollections & impressions, o construct a orig- 
 inal narrative v y own, y 1 see wt y c remember, y 1 find out wt y h 
 forgotten, y 1 ascertain how e historical events & characters fashion 
 thselves t y apprehension & judgment. Such a exercise 1 discipline e 
 memory, call forth y powers v discrimination, test y ability w regard 
 t facts & t describe character, & i many ways m reveal something 
 about yself well worth y knowing. If y read e works v some poet, & 
 then try t write a estimate v him, putting down y impressions v his 
 genius, wt strikes y i his thoughts o style, his imagery o measures, z i 
 -ny way peculiar, o wt y suppose fr their effect pn yself, must b e 
 probable tendency o influence v his writing, y 1 bring out, I believe, by 
 such a effort, thoughts & feelings wh had b passing w i y half uncon- 
 sciously, wh wd h nev b recalled, & nev caught, but f e exercise wh 
 seizes & detains th. I s very useful t write a analysis v a book o v 
 some extended and elaborate discourse, t put down w y own hand, 
 and i y own words, wt appears t y t b e writer's ideas, & order T his 
 arrangement e cohesions, articulations, & success v his argument. 
 After reading -n ny particular subject, ei i one book o sev (too o three 
 r often t b preferred t one, f, at particular times, i s better t read sub- 
 jects than books), after dng this, if y try t write something -n e subject 
 yself, t arrange y thoughts & study y conclusions, t argue and illus- 
 trate i i y own way, y 1 find out whether y "stand i o n, o how far 
 y u stand it, & if y d "stand i, y 1 get such a hold v i, y 1 so see i, & 
 .so apprehend i i all its lights, aspects, & accidents, tt i Imost likely
 
 FIRST STYLE. 15 
 
 nev b lost nev r gotten. I this way original composition m b used z a 
 instrument v mental culture ; I believe i t b one singularly effiacioua. 
 I braces e faculties, i gs th strength, nimbleness, dexterity, by e tasks i 
 imposes & e duty i demands ; i s a enemy t self-deception, by e terri- 
 ble disclosures i sometimes makes z t e crudeness v y conceptions, 
 treachery v y memory, e poverty v y knowledge, y inability i express, 
 clearly & competently, even wt y know. I s favorable t growth & 
 progress by virtue v e great law v -r nature, tt power sh b increased by 
 ey honest & hearty effort at using rightly e strength w h. Rev. Thomat 
 Binney. 
 
 (8.) PROGRESS. 
 
 There s n higher proof v e excellency v man than this tt t a mind 
 properly cultivated, wter s bounded s little. E mind s continually la- 
 boring t advance, step by step, thr successive gradations v excellence, 
 toward perfection, wh s dimly seen at a great, tho n a hopeless distance, 
 & wh w must always follow, bcause w nev c attain. But e pursuit 
 rewards iself ; one truth teaches anoth ; & -r storing always increas- 
 ing, tho nature c nev b exhausted. Charming. 
 
 (4.) LEARNING 
 
 Learning invests us w grand & glorious privileges, & grants t us 
 a largess v beatitude. We enter -r studies and enjoy a society wh w 
 alone c bring tgether. W raise n jealousy by conversing w one i pref- 
 erence t anoth ; w g n offense t e most illustrious by questioning him z 
 long z w 1, & leaving him abruptly. Diversity v opinion raises n tu- 
 mult i -r presence ; ea interlocutor stands bf us, speaks o s silent, & 
 w adjourn o decide e business at -r leisure. Nthing s past wh w desire 
 t b present ; & w enjoy by a anticipation somewt like e power wh I 
 imagine w sh possess hereafter, v sailing -n a wieh from world t world. 
 Landor. 
 
 (5.) SPIRITUAL FREEDOM. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh masters e senses, wh protects iself against ani- 
 mal appetites, wh contemns pleasure & pain i comparison w is own 
 energy, which penetrates beneath the body & recognizes is own reality 
 & greatness, wh passes life, n i asking wt i sh eat o drink, but i hunger- 
 ing, thirsting, & seeking after righteousness. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh escapes e bondage v matter, wh, instead v 
 stopping at e material universe, & making i a prison- wall passes beyond 
 i t is Author, & finds i e radiant signatures wh ieyr [everywhere] bears 
 e Infinite Spirit, helps t is own spiritual enlargement. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh jealously guards is intellectual rights & pow
 
 16 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 ers, wn calls n man master, wh ds n content iself w a passive o herecU 
 itary faith, wh opsns iself t light wncesoever i m come, wh receives a new 
 truth z a angel fr heaven, wh, while consulting others, inquires still' 
 moru v e oracle w' iself, & uses instructions fr abroad, n t supersede but 
 t quicken & exalt is own energies. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh sets n bounds t is love, wh s n imprisoned i 
 isalf, o i a sect, wh recognizes i all human beings e image v God & e 
 rights v his children, wh delights i virtue & sympathizes w suffering rev 
 [wherever] th r seen, wh conquers pridt, anger, & sloth, & offers iself p 
 a willing victim t e cause v mankind. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh s n passively framed by outward circum- 
 stances, wh s n swept away by e torrent v events, wh s n e creature v 
 accidental impulse, but wh bends events t is own improvement, & acts fr 
 a inward spring, fr immutable principles, wh i h deliberately espoused. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh protects iself against e usurpations v society, 
 wh ds n cower t human opinion, wh feels iself accountable t a higher 
 tribunal than man's, wh respects a higher law than passion, wh re- 
 spects iself too much t b e slave o tool v e mny o e few. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh, thr confidence i God & i e power v virtue, h 
 cast off all fear but tt v wrong-dng, wh n menace o peril c enthrall, wh 
 s calm i e midst v tumults. & possesses iself tho all else b lost. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh resists e bondage v habit, wh ds n mechanically 
 repeat iself & copy e past, wh ds n live -n is old virtues, wh ds n enslave 
 iself t precise rules, bt wh f gets wt s bhind, listens f newer & higher mo- 
 nitions v conscience, & rejoices t pour iself forth i fresh & higher exer- 
 tions. 
 
 I call tt mind free, wh s jealous v is own freedom, wh guards iself fr 
 bng merged i oths, wh guards is empire over iself z nobler than e empire 
 v e world. 
 
 I fine, I call tt mind free, wh conscious v is affinity w God, * * de- 
 votes iself faithfully t e unfolding v all is powers, wh passes e bounds i 
 time & death, wh hopes t advance f ev, & wh finds inexhaustible power, 
 both of action & suffering, i e prospect v immortality. Channing.
 
 SECOND S-'T r LE. 
 
 v ; 
 
 . 
 
 SECOND, OR AUTHOR'S, STYLE OF 
 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 11. Characteristics of ike Second -Style. In the Second Style of 
 Brief Longhand, a considerable number of word-signs are employed in 
 addition to those of the First Style ; besides contracting the established 
 sign-words, the writer may exercise his discretion in abbreviating, ill 
 accordance with the prescribed principles, many other words ; the prin- 
 cipal prefixes and affixes are represented by means of contraction* 
 (called prefix and- affix signs) ; and words (especially sign-words) occur- 
 ring together in phrases, are united without lifting the pen 
 
 ' . . ;. ^ 
 
 12. WORD-SIGNS OF THE AUTHOR'S STYLE OF BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 (J 
 
 A. 
 
 ?or the use of the Reader.) 
 
 chd child 
 chdn .... children 
 chrc character. 
 chrcc . . . .characteris- 
 tic 
 cm come- . 
 crd according-ly 
 
 esp especial-ly 
 
 est establish-ed 
 
 a or & ... and 
 abt about 
 
 
 ey every. 
 
 ar.fe acknowledge 
 
 ' . 
 F. 
 / for 
 
 ai/vg .... advantage 
 
 amg(ag). among 
 aoth (ao) . another 
 
 B. 
 b be-en, by 
 
 D. 
 d do-ne 
 
 -/ if 
 
 fd forward 
 
 fg Cg)... forgive 
 fllg following 
 
 dfe difficult-y 
 
 dif. differ 
 
 be because 
 bcm. . . . become 
 
 difce difference 
 dift different 
 drg (dg). . during 
 d ch discharge 
 
 G. 
 G God 
 
 bf before 
 
 l>l but 
 
 
 btn . . . . between 
 byd beyond 
 
 C. 
 e can 
 
 dwn down 
 
 E. 
 e the 
 
 g give-n 
 
 sd . . . . good 
 
 gl ^enera 
 
 gly generally 
 goo govern 
 govt government 
 
 ffrt . trrpafr. 
 
 
 erf . . . could 
 
 ei . . . . either
 
 18 
 
 BBIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 1 
 
 H. 
 hp ha 8 
 
 nei 
 
 . neither 
 
 rem . . . 
 rep 
 
 repn . . . 
 
 repv .... 
 rv 
 
 .remark 
 . represent 
 . representa- 
 tion 
 .representa- 
 tive 
 . wherever 
 
 nev 
 
 . never 
 
 hd 
 
 .ne, na ye 
 .had 
 
 netf (n 1 ). 
 
 ne . . 
 
 . nevertheless 
 . thing 
 
 hm 
 
 .him 
 
 nng . . . . 
 
 . nothing 
 
 h" 
 
 himself 
 . however 
 
 I. 
 I 
 
 .in, it 
 . irregular 
 . its, it is 
 itself 
 
 nr 
 
 . number 
 
 hwv (fiv) 
 f 
 
 ntr 
 
 . nature 
 
 n" 
 
 . notwith- 
 
 s 
 
 S. 
 is, his 
 
 .80 
 
 nyng . . . 
 o 
 
 standing 
 . anything 
 
 0. 
 .or 
 
 i 
 
 irrg .... 
 
 18 
 
 s- 
 
 sbj . . 
 
 .subject 
 
 t* 
 
 sbjn . 
 
 subjection 
 
 tgf 
 
 interest 
 into 
 
 K. 
 
 know-n, 
 knowledge 
 kind 
 king 
 
 L. 
 will (all) 
 all 
 Lord 
 longhand 
 already 
 
 M. 
 
 me, my, may 
 am 
 much 
 improve 
 
 importan 
 ce 
 
 more 
 more or less 
 moreover 
 must 
 might 
 
 N. 
 no, not, nor 
 on 
 
 obj 
 
 . object 
 
 sd. 
 
 should (said) 
 several 
 shall 
 . shorthand 
 
 it .... 
 
 objn .... 
 oppt .... 
 oth (o) . . 
 ou 
 
 . objection 
 .opportunity 
 . other 
 . ought 
 
 sev 
 
 k 
 
 sh 
 
 shh 
 
 
 some 
 . something 
 circum- 
 stance 
 circumstan- 
 tial 
 
 T 
 
 to 
 at, out 
 toward 
 together 
 they, them 
 these 
 though 
 those 
 their, thev 
 are, there 
 through 
 throughout 
 this, thus 
 thought 
 told 
 truth 
 truthful 
 that 
 
 kd 
 
 p 
 
 P. 
 .up 
 
 smng . . . 
 st 
 
 k(r 
 
 stl 
 
 K s 
 
 / 
 
 perf .... 
 perfn . . . 
 
 .perfect 
 . perfection 
 
 t 
 
 ./ 
 
 phn 
 
 phnc . . . 
 phnr . . . 
 
 .phonogra- 
 phy 
 .phonogragh- 
 ic 
 .phonogra- 
 pher 
 
 Ld 
 
 1 ft 
 
 Iry. 
 m 
 
 .f 
 
 td 
 
 tg .. 
 
 th 
 
 -m 
 
 P n 
 
 . . al 
 prmcip le 
 
 .particular 
 
 tt 
 
 mch .... 
 
 mp 
 
 ptr 
 
 tho 
 
 th 
 
 wipt 
 
 Q.orqn. 
 a. . 
 
 Q. 
 . question 
 quite 
 
 thr 
 
 mr 
 
 thr 
 
 mr (m 1 ) 
 mr (m). 
 
 thrt 
 
 qy 
 
 . query 
 
 ths 
 
 mf 
 
 r 
 
 R. 
 
 .are, where 
 
 tht 
 
 n 
 -n.. 
 
 tld 
 
 tr 
 
 -r 
 
 rez . 
 
 .our 
 resrular 
 
 trf . . 
 
 tt
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 
 U. 
 
 t< ........ nnder, ua 
 
 "it ....... understand 
 
 "std ..... understood 
 
 V. 
 v ........ of 
 
 W. 
 w ........ with, we, was 
 
 to- ....... who 
 
 wd ...... would 
 
 wev ..... whoever 
 
 wh ....... which 
 
 whv ...... whichever 
 
 w 1 within 
 
 wle while 
 
 wm whom, who 
 
 wn when [am 
 
 wnv whenever 
 
 tor were 
 
 ws whose, who is 
 
 wt what 
 
 wtv whatever 
 
 "t without 
 
 X. 
 
 z o extraordina- 
 ry 
 x v extravagan 
 
 Y. 
 
 y you, your 
 
 ys yours 
 
 y yourself 
 
 y" yourselves 
 
 yt yet 
 
 Z. 
 
 z . ..as 
 
 &. 
 8f or a. . . . and 
 
 Sfc etcetera 
 
 Sfs and so forth 
 
 Rmf. 1. Derivatives from sign-words are formed by the addition of the formative 
 letters or syllable to the word-sign ; thus, ackd, acknowledged, from ack, acknowl- 
 edge ; perfd, perfected, from perf, perfect ; objs, objects ; objd, objected ; objr, 
 objector; objv, objective, from obj, object; te, interests; <std, interested, from 
 ', interest ; gs, gives; gr, giver, from g, give; -rs, ours, from -r, our; oppts, op- 
 portunities, from oppt, opportunity ; govd, governed, from gov, govern ; irrgty, 
 irregularity, from irrg, irregular ; wpd, improved, from mp, improve. For conve- 
 nience of reference, however, a number of derivatives are given in the list. 
 
 EEM. 2. Ever, when forming a portion of a compound word, as in whenever, etc., 
 is usually represented by v simply. In other cases, ev should be employed as it 
 iign. 
 
 EEM. 3. All, occurring after prepositions, may be indicated by I without the mark 
 of elision ; thus, tt, to all ; bl, by all. 
 
 EEM. 4. When the compositor is desired to set " and so forth," write <&s. ; but 
 write <<. (with the period) for " etc." 
 
 EEM. 5. WiH, as a noun or principal verb, should be written in full. 
 
 EEM. 6. The word-signs for longhand, shorthand, phonographic, etc., are given 
 for the convenience of phoneticians. Other contractions may be devised as they are 
 required. Phtn may be employed for the word Phonetician. General principles 
 of contraction will be subsequently explained, in accordance with which the re- 
 quired contractions may be made for each special subject. Further suggestions 
 will be made in regard to this in following sections. 
 
 EEM. T. In writing for persons familiar with the Second Style, the contractions 
 inclosed in curves in the preceding list may be employed instead of the longer ones. 
 
 EEM. S. A considerable number of contractions, with which most writers are al- 
 ready familiar, are not given in the preceding list The writer must exercise his 
 discretion as to the extent with which they can be employed without impairing 
 legibility. 
 
 EEM. 9. The cases are exceedingly rare in which it can not be determined, at a 
 glance, which of the three words, no, not, nor, n is intended to represent ; never- 
 theltzs. those who may wish to avoid this unimportant confusion unimportant, be- 
 5anse however read, no essential change can be produced in the sentence, may 
 write nr for nor, nt for not, n for no.
 
 U BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 13. SIGN-WORDS OF THE AUTHOR'S STYLE OF BRIEF L.O-VGHAND. 
 
 ( Fur the use of the Writer. ) 
 
 A. 
 
 come cm 
 
 H. 
 had ..hd 
 has h 
 
 could cd 
 
 about nbt 
 
 D. 
 
 differ dif 
 
 according-ly . crd 
 acknowledge. . a ck 
 advantage . . advg . 
 after aft 
 
 have h 
 
 difference . . . difce 
 different dift 
 difficult-y ...dfc 
 discharge.. . . d ch 
 do.. d 
 
 he h 
 
 him .... fin 
 
 himself h' 
 
 all12,Rem3-/ 
 already . . . . -Iry 
 
 his s 
 
 ho wever hwv or h* 
 
 am -m 
 
 done . d 
 
 I. 
 I ../ 
 
 among amg or 
 
 down . . dwn 
 
 
 during drs or ds 
 
 and a or & 
 
 E. 
 each ea 
 
 if -/ 
 
 and so forth. . Sfs. 
 another aoth orao 
 anything .... nyng 
 
 importan . .mpt 
 
 either ei 
 
 especial-ly . . . esp 
 establish-ed . . est 
 etc.(et cetera)Sfc. 
 ever ev 
 
 in i 
 
 as z 
 
 interest *st 
 into it 
 
 at -t 
 
 B. 
 be b 
 
 irregular. . . .irrg 
 is s 
 
 every ey 
 
 extravagan x v 
 extraordinary^ 
 
 F. 
 
 following . . . .fllg 
 for. f 
 
 it i 
 
 because be 
 
 its (it is) is 
 itself i 
 
 become bcm 
 
 been b 
 
 K. 
 kind kd 
 
 before bf 
 
 between bin 
 beyond byd 
 but bt 
 
 forgive .fg or fg 
 forward .fd 
 
 king... . .kz 
 
 know k 
 
 by b 
 
 knowledge . . . k 
 known k 
 
 C. 
 can c 
 
 G. 
 God Gr 
 
 L. 
 
 longhand . . . . Ih 
 Lord Ld 
 
 M. 
 
 character . . . chrc 
 characteristic chrce 
 child chd 
 
 eive-n p- 
 
 general gl 
 generally.. . .gly 
 good... sd 
 
 children chdn 
 circumstance. st 
 circumstan- 
 tial stl 
 
 govern gov 
 
 government, .govt 
 great . . . . ert 
 
 me m 
 
 Tnifrht mt
 
 .- 
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 Q. - I 
 
 '21 
 
 to v. .t 
 
 more or less . . mr 1 or in 1 
 
 auery. . . . o& 
 
 together <g 
 
 
 
 
 told tld 
 
 much inch 
 
 
 toward td 
 
 
 
 truth tr 
 
 my . . . . m 
 
 R 
 
 truthful trf 
 
 
 re<mlar reg 
 
 
 N. 
 
 remark rem 
 
 U. 
 
 nature ntr 
 
 represent. . . .rep 
 
 under u 
 
 neither nei 
 
 
 
 never nev 
 
 
 understand.. ,"st 
 
 nevertheless. . nev 1 or nf 
 
 representativerepo 
 
 up . . , . . p 
 
 no n 
 
 
 
 not n 
 
 s 
 
 
 nothing nn 
 
 
 
 
 said. - sd 
 
 
 notwithstand- 
 
 several sev 
 
 V 
 
 ing . . . . n' 
 
 
 
 
 shall sh 
 
 very vry or vy 
 
 nor n 
 number . .nr 
 
 shorthand . . .shh 
 
 
 
 should sd 
 
 
 
 so s- 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 was w 
 
 
 some sm 
 
 
 
 
 we w 
 
 
 something . . . swing 
 
 were WT 
 
 objection .... obin 
 
 subject sbj 
 
 
 
 
 what wt 
 
 of v 
 
 subjection . sbjn 
 
 
 on -n 
 
 
 whatever. . . .wtv 
 
 
 
 when wn 
 
 opportunity .oppt 
 or o 
 
 T. 
 
 whenever.. . .wnv 
 
 
 that tt 
 
 where r 
 
 other oth or o 
 
 
 
 
 the e 
 
 
 ouwht ou 
 
 
 
 
 their thr 
 
 which . ,wh 
 
 our -r 
 
 
 
 
 them th 
 
 whichever whv 
 
 out -t 
 
 
 
 
 these th' 
 
 who w- 
 
 P. 
 
 they th 
 
 whoever . . .wen 
 
 particular . . .ptr 
 perfect perf 
 
 they are .... thr 
 thinsr . . .ng 
 
 whom ^who 
 am). . . wtn 
 
 perfection. . . .perfn 
 
 this ths 
 
 whose (who 
 
 phonetic . . . . ph 
 
 those t h 
 
 is) wt 
 
 phonographer/?Anr 
 
 though tho 
 
 will / 
 
 phonographic phnc 
 
 thought .... tht 
 
 with w 
 
 phonography .phn 
 
 through thr 
 
 within w 1 
 
 principal . . . .pr 
 principle . . . .pr 
 
 throughout . . thrt 
 thus . . . . thft 
 
 without "t 
 would. . . .wd
 
 22 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 Y. 
 
 yet yt 
 
 you y 
 
 your y 
 
 yours ys 
 
 yourself y* 
 
 yourselves .. .y" 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACTION. 
 
 14 THE various contractions which have commonly been used ii 
 print, as well as most of the word-signs of Brief Longhand, may be ar- 
 ranged under six different heads or principles : 
 
 1. One or more of the initial letters of a word, but less than a syl- 
 lable. This method is frequently exemplified in the contractions of 
 the names of eras, societies, orders, titles, cities, countries : thus, AD., 
 Anno Domini; B.C., Before Christ; A. & F. B. S., American and For- 
 eign Bible Society ; I. 0. 0. F., Independent Order of Odd Fellows; U. 
 S. C. C., United States Circuit Court; M. C , Member of Congress; 
 LL.D., Doctor of Laws; U. S. A.. United States of America; G. B., 
 Great Britain ; N. Y., New York. This principle frequently directs the 
 choice of word-signs ; as, t for to,fr for from. Mo. for month, Ps. for 
 Psalm, bu. for bushel, Geo. for George, are instances of the use of more 
 than one initial letter, but less than a syllable. 
 
 2. The initial letter or letters of one or more syllables, with the ad- 
 dition of the final consonant, or sounded vowel, letter. This principle 
 is exemplified in the following contractions : Abp. , Archbishop ; dft. , 
 defendant ; plfF., plaintiff; jr., junior; Ky. , Kentucky ; Mr., Mister; ct., 
 cent; Wm., William; Jas., James; Chas., Charles. In a few cases the 
 final letter of a word of several syllables is omitted, as in Ib for libra (a 
 pound), c/for confer. 
 
 3. One or more complete syllables. This method is exemplified in 
 the following contractions: Cal., California; Jan., January; Alex., 
 Alexander ; Treas. , Treasurer. 
 
 4. One or more complete syllables and the final letter of a word. 
 The following contractions are examples of this principle : Execx. , 
 Executrix ; Exr., Executor ; Ala , Alabama ; Robt., Robert. 
 
 5. One or more syllables, with one or more initial letters of a fol- 
 lowing syllable. This method is exemplified in the following con- 
 tractions : Edw., Edward; Capt., Captain; adj., adjective; adv., ad- 
 verb. 
 
 6. One or more syllables, with one or more initial letters of one or 
 more syllables, with the final letter of the word. The following con. 
 tractions are instances of this mode of abbreviation : Admr., AdminLa 
 trator ; Admx., Administratrix; Atty, Attorney; comdg, comms*l
 
 SECONDS TYLE. 
 
 Log (in which case the syllabk man is entirely omitted) ; engd. , en- 
 graved ; obt. , obedient ; reed. , received. 
 
 EEM. 1. These six methods of abbreviation have heretofore been used respectively 
 in the proportions of 20, 5, 20, 3, 10, 2. 
 
 EKM. 2. Derivatives follow the method of the primitive ; thus, Xnty., Christian- 
 ity, from Xn., Christian ; Wpful, Worshipful, from Wp, Worship ; Ldp., Lordship, 
 from Ld., Lord. 
 
 BEM. 3. The writer must exercise judgment as to which principle of abbreviation 
 it is best to follow in order to secure legibility. A few general cases may be speci- 
 fied by way of example. If Indiana and Iowa are contracted to 7a.,in accordance 
 with Principle 2, a confusion is created. This confusion actually occurs, many times 
 a year, in connection with the P. O. Department. The difficulty may be avoided by 
 contracting Indiana to Ind., in accordance with Principle 8, and using la. for //wa, 
 if by any possibility time can not be found to write the name in full. Mr. G. P. 
 Quackenbos, in his Course of Composition and Ehetoric, gives lo. as the contraction 
 for Iowa; but la. appears to be the established abbreviation. They, them, that, if 
 contracted in accordance with the same principle, would not be distinguishable. 
 Tluit is therefore contracted to /<, according to Principle 2, while they and them 
 (which can be distinguished very readily by means of the context) are contracted, 
 under Principle 1, to th. It should be observed that the most convenient contraction 
 should be employed for the word of the more frequent occurrence. In determining 
 a contraction of a primitive word, reference must be had to tlie convenience of form- 
 ing the derivatives on the basis of the contraction. 
 
 BEM. 4. The contraction ,lno. for John seems to have been arbitrarily formed for 
 the purpose probably of distinguishing short John from long Jonathan (Jona.) ; but 
 John would be more regular, and save time, if he should contract his name to Jn. 
 
 Omission of Vowels. 
 
 EKM. 5. The omission of vowels, to a greater or less extent, is implied in the six 
 principles of contraction ; but as we are accustomed to read words by their general 
 appearance, considerable saving may be effected, without materially impairing leg- 
 ibility, by omitting many vowels, especially the unaccented ones. Vowels may be 
 omitted with greatest safety in words composed of several consonants, especially 
 if they are " ascenders" and " descenders ;" as in 
 
 benfltd benefited, 
 
 proprts properties, 
 
 becndly secondly, 
 
 actlly actually, 
 
 evdnt evident 
 
 certnly certainly. 
 
 Even the accented vowels may be safely omitted in words stro jgly characterized 
 by their consonants ; as in 
 
 brght bright. 
 
 Ight light. 
 
 rght right. 
 
 dghtr daughter. 
 
 clcltd calculated. 
 
 smth smooth. 
 
 The vowel of so--, at the commencement of a word, may alwiys be omitted, even 
 without the mark of elision ; thus, xample for ea-amplf. The final silent e may usu- 
 ally be omitted, except generally when a single lonsr vowel letter in the game syllabi*
 
 V4 BRIEF : L O N G H A N D . 
 
 precedes it ; in which case the silent e being retained, a preceding long vowel may 
 be dropped, even when accented ; thus, trift for trifle, actv for active ; but r/-e for 
 refuse, implre for implore, blve for believe It is well to retain the e at the end of a 
 word whenever it serves to modify the sound of a consonant letter; as in glnct, 
 (glance), crge (courage). 
 
 RK.M. 6. Exception*. Apparent exceptions to the principles of abbreviation ap- 
 pear in some of the word-signs, in consequence of the omission of vowels. Chrco 
 for characteristic seems to be an exceptional contraction till the vowels are re- 
 ttored ; thus, characc; when it is at once seen to be an exemplification of Princi- 
 ple 4. Sbjn (stibjri) is an example of the sixth principle of abbreviation ; ani ao U 
 D exemplification of Principle 2. 
 
 $ 15. EXERCISES. 
 
 (1.) ADVANTAGES OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 (a) K, i gl, xpands e mind, xalts e faculties, rfines e taste v pleas- 
 ure, & opns innumrbl sources v intellectual enjoyment. B means v i, 
 w bcm less dpndnt f stsfction pn e sensitiv appetites ; e gross pleasrs v 
 sense r mr easily despisd, and w r mde to feel e superiority v e sprtl t c 
 mtral prt v -r ntr. Instd v bng cntnlly slicitd b e inflnce, & irritation v 
 snsbl objs, e mnd c rtre w 1 hrslf, & xpatiate i e cool & qiet wlks v cntin- 
 pltn. (b) E poor man w- c read, & w- possesses a taste f readng, c find 
 entrtainmnt -t home, w t bng tmptd t rpair t e pblc house f tt prps. S 
 mind c find hm employmnt, wn s body s -t rst; h ds n lie prostrte & 
 afloat -n e current v incdnts, liabl to b carrd whthrsoevr e impls v ap- 
 ptite m drct. Thr s, i e mnd v sch a man, a intJlctl sprng, urging hm 
 t e prst v mental food ; & -f e mnds v s family, -Is-, r a littl cltvtd, cn- 
 vrsatn bcms e mr 'stng, & e sphere v dmstc enjoymnt enlrged. 
 
 (c) E calm stsfctn wh books afford, puts hm it a dspstn t rlsh mr 
 xqstly e trnql dlght inseprble fr e indulgnce v cnjgl & prntl affctn : & 
 z h 1 b mr rspctbl i e eyes v s fmly than h w- c teach th nng, h 1 b ntrly 
 induced to seek wtv m prsrv, & shun wtv wd impair, tt rspct. H w- s 
 inurd t rflctn 1 carry s views byd e prsnt hr ; h 1 xtnd s prspct a littl 
 it ftrty, & b dspsd t mke srn prvisn f s apprchng -wants ; wnce 1 rslt a 
 increasd motiv t industry, tg w a ere t hsbnd s earnngs & t avoid un- 
 necssry xpns. 
 
 (d) E poor man w- h gaind a tste f gd bks, 1, i -1 likelihd, bcm thtfl ; 
 & wn y h g e poor a habt v thnkng, y h cnfrrd -n th a mch grtr favr 
 than wd b e gft v a Irge sum v money, snce y h put th i pssessn v e pr 
 v -1 legitimate prosprty. R. Hall. 
 
 KEY. ADVANTAGES OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 (a) Knowledge, in general, expands the mind, exalts the faculties, 
 refines the taste of pleasure, and opens innumerable sources of intel-
 
 SECOND STYLE. 25 
 
 lectual enjoyment. By means of it, we become less dependent for satis- 
 faction upon the sensitive appetites; the gross pleasures of sanse are 
 more easily despised, and we are made to feel the superiority of the 
 spiritual to the material part of our nature. Instead of being continually 
 solicited by the influence, and irritation of sensible objects, the mind caii 
 retire within herself, and expatiate in the cool and quiet walks Of con- 
 templation, (b) The poor man who can read, and who possesses a tas'e 
 for reading, can find entertainment at home, without being temptei to 
 repair to the public house for that purpose. His mind can find him em- 
 ployment, when his body is at rest ; he does not lie prostrate and afloat 
 on the current of incidents, liable to be carried whithersoever the im- 
 pulse of appetite may direct. There is in the mind of such a man an in- 
 tellectual spring, urging him to the pursuit of mental food ; and if the 
 minds of his family, also, are a little cultivated, conversation becomes 
 the more interesting, and the sphere of domestic enjoyment enlarged. 
 
 (c) The calm satisfaction which books afford, puts him into a disposi- 
 tion to relish more exquisitely the tranquil delight inseparable from the 
 indulgence of conjugal and parental affection ; and as he will be more 
 respectable in the eyes of his family than he who can teach them noth- 
 ing, he will be naturally induced to seek whatever may preserve, and 
 shun whatever would impair, that respect. He who is inured to reflec- 
 tion will carry his views beyond the present hour ; he will extend his 
 prospect a little into futurity, and be disposed to make some provision 
 for his approaching wants ; whence will result an increased motive to 
 industry, together with a care to husband his earnings, and to avoid 
 unnecessary expense. 
 
 (d) The poor man who has gained a taste for good books will, in all 
 likelihood, become thoughtful; and when you have given the poor a 
 habit of thinking, you have conferred on them a much greater favor 
 than by the gift of a large sum of money, since you have put them in 
 possession of the principle of all legitimate prosperity. R Hall. 
 
 (2.) DONATELLO'S STATUE OF ST. GEORGE. 
 
 (a) E statue v St. Geo. stood i e artst's studio ; -1 Flrnce cme t Ik -t 
 i ; -1 xamnd i w crsty ; -1 admird i w eagrnss ; -1 prnounced i e mstr- 
 piece v Dntllo. E whole twn wr i rptrs, & lovely ladies, z th bent fr 
 thr crrges t answr e sites v e princes & dukes, instd v e cmmn-plce friv- 
 olities v fshn, sd, " H y seen e new statue v Dntllo ?" 
 
 (b) S thr a art Ike tt v sclptr ? Painting s a brllrit illusn, a Ivly 
 cheat. Sclptr, wle i reps a rlty, s i" a rlty. E pencl pours is fervid huea 
 pn prshbl canvas, & th fde w pssng air ; bt e chisl wrks i etrnl marbl 
 *trikes -t a creatn z immrtl z e globe, & beautfl z e soul. 
 
 (c) " 1 tld th-, Dntllo," sd Lorenzo, " thou wdst xcel -1 th- rivals." 
 
 2
 
 2t> BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 (d) " Fling b th- chisl now," cried ao, " thou cat add nng t tt.'' ' J 
 eh cease hereaft m dvotn t e antique," cried a third. " E powr v Phid- 
 ias," xclmd one. " E xcutn v Praxiteles !" sd ao. " Y 1 draw votaries 
 fr Venus," whisprd a sft Itln girl, z she turnd hr mltng eyes -n e old 
 man. " E Apollo 1 hereaft draw s bow unheedd," cried a artst, wm th 
 tht e bst v s day. 
 
 (e) Ag e crowds w- flockd t e studio v Dntllo, thr w a yth w- hd g 
 sm promis v xcllnce. Mny sd tt, w intens study, h mt mke s nine hrd 
 byd e Alps ; and sm went s- far z t hint tt i time h mt tread else pn e 
 heels v Dntllo h 8 ; bt th wr sanguine men, & grt friends v e yng mn : 
 bsides, th spke -t rndm. Th did ths stdnt Mchl Angelo. 
 
 (/) H hd stood a Ing time rgardng i w fixd eyes & foldd arms. H 
 wlkd fr one pstn t ao, measrd i w s keen glnces fr head t ft, rgardd i bf, 
 bhind, and studd is prfl fr vars points. E venrbl Dntllo saw hm. & 
 awaitd s Ing & absorbd xamntn w e flttrd pride v a artst, & e affctnte 
 indlgnce v a fthr. -T length Mchl Anglo stoppd once mr bf i, inhaled 
 a Ing brth, & brke e prfnd silence. " I wnts only one ng," mttrd e gftd 
 boy. 
 
 (g) " Tell m," cried e successfl artst, " wt i wnts. Ths s e frst cen- 
 sure wh m St. Geo. h elictd. C I mp PCI altr i ? S i e clay o e 
 marbl ? Til m." Bt e crtc hd dsappeard. 
 
 (A) Dntllo knew e mghty genius v Mchl Anglo. H hd bheld e flashs 
 v e sacrd fire, & wtchd e dvlpnint v e " god w' hm." 
 
 (i) " Diablo !" cried e old mn, " Mchl Anglo gone t Rome, & n a wrd 
 v advice abt m statue ! E scapegrace ! bt I sh see hm agn, o, b e mass, 
 1 1 fllw hm t e Etrnl Cty. S opnn s wrth tt v -1 e wrld ! ' bt one ng !' " 
 H lookd -t i agn h listnd t e murmurs v applause wh i drew fr -1 w- 
 bhld a pled smile sttld -n s face ; " bt one ng ! wt c i b ?" 
 
 (j) Years rolld -n. Mchl Anglo rmaind -t Rome, o mde xcursns t oth 
 places, bt hd n yt rtrnd t Flrnce. Rv h hd b men rgrdd hm z a comet 
 smng fiery, trrbl, trmnds, sblime. S fme sprd ovr e gibe ; wt s chisl 
 tchd i hallwd, H sprnd e dull clay, & struck s vast & intnsly brllnt 
 cncptns -t once fr e marbl. Mchl Anglo w a nme t wrshp a spell v e 
 arts a honr t Italy t e wrld. Wt h praised, lived, wt h cndmnd 
 prshd. 
 
 (if) Z Dntllo grew oldr, s anxty grew mr intns t k wt e inspird eyes 
 v e wndrfl artst hd dtctd i s grt statue. 
 
 (/) -T Ingth e inimrtl Florntine trnd s eyes t s natv rpblc, &, z h 
 reachd e hill wh rises -n e side v Porta Romano, h bhld e mgnfcnt & 
 glrs dome shinng i e soft gldn radnce v e setting sun, w e broad-toppd 
 tower v e Palato Vecchio Iftd i e yllw Ight, even z -t ths day i stnds. 
 
 (m) Ah, Death ! c n wrth ward th- off? Mst e inspire! artst's eyes \> 
 dimmed, s hand motnless, s heart still, & s invntv brain z dull z e cliij
 
 SECOND STYLE. 27 
 
 h models ? Yes ! Dntllo lies strtchd -n s last couch, & e Ight v life * 
 pssng fr a eyes ; yt, even i tt awfl hr, s thts run -n e wshs v s past yrs, 
 & h sent f e Flrntn artst. S frnd cme instntly. 
 
 (n) " I -m xhstd, Mchl; m chisl s idl, m visn s feebl; bt I feel th- 
 hand, m nobl boy, & I hear th- kd breast sob. I glory i th- mown ; I 
 prdctd i ; & I bless m Crtr tt I h livd t see i ; bt bf I sink it e tomb, I 
 chrge th- -n th- frndshp, -n th- rlgn, answr m qn truly." 
 
 (o) " Z I -m a man, I 1." " Then tell m, w t eqvctn, wt i s m St. Geo 
 wnts." " E gft v spch" w e rply. 
 
 ( p) A gleam v sunshine fell across e old man's fee. E smile Ingrd n 
 s lips Ing aft h lay cold z e marbl -n wh h hd s- oftn stampd e cncptiu 
 v s genius. 
 
 (q) E statue rmains e admiratn v pstrty, & adorns e xtrr v St. Mchl'a 
 Chrch. Anon. 
 
 KEY. DOJfATEl,L,o'S STATUE OF ST. GEORGE. 
 
 (a) The statue of St. George stood in the artist's studio ; all Florence 
 came to look at it ; all examined it with curiosity ; all admired it with 
 eagerness ; all pronounced it the masterpiece of Donatello. The whole 
 town were in raptures, and lovely ladies, as they bent from their car- 
 riages to answer the salutes of the princes and dukes, instead of the 
 commonplace frivolities of fashion, said, " Have you seen the new sta- 
 tue of Donatello ?" 
 
 (6) Is there an art like that of sculpture ? Painting is a brilliant 
 illusion, a lovely cheat. Sculpture, while it represents a reality, is it- 
 self a reality. The pencil pours its fervid hues upon perishable canvas, 
 and they fade with passing air ; but the chisel works in eternal marble 
 strikes out a creation as immortal as the globe, and beautiful as the 
 soul. 
 
 (c) " I told thee, Donatello," said Lorenzo, " thou wouldst excel all 
 thy rivals " 
 
 (d) " Fling by thy chisel now," cried another, " thou canst add noth- 
 ing to that." " I shall cease hereafter my devotion to the antique," 
 cried a third. " The power of Phidias," exclaimed one. " The execu- 
 tion of Praxiteles !" said another. " You will draw votaries from Ve- 
 nus," wnispered a soft Italian girl, as she turned her melting eyes on 
 the old man. " The Apollo will hereafter draw his bow unheeded," 
 cried an artist, whom they thought the best of his day. 
 
 (e) Among the crowds who flocked to the studio of Donatollo, there 
 was a youth who had given some promise of excellence. Many said that, 
 with intense study, he might make his name heard beyond the Alps ; and 
 some went so far as to hint that in time he might tread close upon the 
 heels of Donatello . himself ; but they were sanguine men, and great
 
 2S BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 friends of the young man ; besides, they spoke at random. They called 
 this student Michael Angelo. 
 
 (/) He had stood a long time regarding it with fixed eyes and folded 
 arms. He walked from one position to another, measured it with his 
 keen glances from head to foot, regarded it before, behind, and studied 
 its profile from various points. The venerable Donatello saw him, and 
 awaited his long and absorbed examination with the flattered pride of 
 an artist and the affectionate indulgence of a father. At length Michael 
 Angelo stopped once more before it, inhaled a long breath, and broke 
 the profound silence. " It wants only one thing," muttered the gifted 
 boy. 
 
 (g) " Tell me," cried the successful artist, " what it wants. This is 
 the first censure which my St. George has elicited. Can I improve can 
 I alter it ? Is it the clay or the marble ? Tell me." But the critic had 
 disappeared. 
 
 (A) Donatello knew the mighty genius of Michael Angelo. He had 
 beheld the flashes of the sacred fire, and watched the development of 
 the " god within him." 
 
 (i) " Diablo !" cried the old man, " Michael Angelo gone to Rome, and 
 not a word of advice about my statue ! The scapegrace ! but I shall see 
 aim again, or, by the mass, I will follow him to the Eternal City. His 
 opinion is worth that of all the world ! ' but one thing !' " He looked 
 at it again he listened to the murmurs of applause which it drew from 
 all who beheld it a placid smile settled on his face ; " but one thing! 
 what can it be ?" 
 
 (j) Years rolled on. Michael Angelo remained at Rome, or made ex- 
 cursions to other places, but had not yet returned to Florence. Wherever 
 he had been, men regarded him as a comet something fiery, terrible, 
 tremendous, sublime. His fame spread over the globe ; what his chisel 
 touched it hallowed. He spurned the dull clay, and struck his vast and 
 intensely brilliant conceptions at once from the marble. Michael An- 
 gelo was a name to worship -a spell of the arts an honor to Italy to 
 the world. What he praised, lived, what he condemned, perished. 
 
 (fe) As Donatello grew older, his anxiety grew more intense to know 
 what the inspired eyes of the wonderful artist had detected in his great 
 statue. 
 
 (I) At length the immortal Florentine turned his eyes to his native 
 republic, and as he reached the hill which rises on the side of Porta 
 Romano, he beheld the magnificent and glorious dome shining JD the 
 soft golden radiance of the setting sun. with the broad-topped tower of 
 the Palato Vecchio lifted in the yellow light, even as at this day it 
 stands. 
 
 (m) Ah, Death! can not worth ward thee off? Must t'ne inspired
 
 S.ECOND 
 
 artist's eyes be dimmed, his hand motionless, his heart still, and hi* 
 inventive brain as dull as the clay he models ? Yes ! Donatello lie* 
 stretched on his last couch, and the light of life is passing from his eyes ; 
 yet, even in that awful hour, his thoughts rxm on the wishes of his past 
 years, and he sent for the Florentine artist. His friend came instantly. 
 
 (n) " I am exhausted, Michael ; my chisel is idle, my vision is feeble ; 
 but I feel thy hand, my noble boy, and I hear thy kind breast sob. I 
 glory in thy renown ; I predicted it ; ard I bless my Creator that I have 
 lived to see it ; but before I sink into tne tomb, I charge thee on thy 
 friendship, on thy religion, answer my question truly." 
 
 (o) " As I am a man, I will." " Then tell me, without equivocation, 
 what it is my St. George wants " " The gift of speech," was the reply. 
 
 (p) A gleam of sunshine fell across the old man's face. The smile 
 lingered on his lips long after he lay cold as the marble on which he had 
 BO often stamped the conceptions of his genius. 
 
 (q) The statue remains the admiration of posterity, and adorns the 
 exterior of St. Michael's Church. Anon 
 
 (3.) MAN MADE FOR LABOR. 
 
 (a) Man s, b ntr, a actv bng. H s mde t labr. S whole orgnztn,. 
 mntl & phscl, s tt v a hrd-wrkng bng. V s mntl powrs w h n cncptn- 
 bt z crtn cpcts v intllctl actn. S corprl faclts r cntrvd f e sme end, TT 
 astnshng vrty v adpttn. W- c look only -t e muscles v e hnd, & dbt tl 
 man w mde t wrk ? w- c b cnscious v jdgmnt, mmry, & rflctn, & dbt tt 
 man w mde t act ? (b) H rqrs rest, bt i s i ordr t invigrte hm f new 
 effrts : t rcruit s xhstd powrs ; &, z -ft show hm, b e vy ntr v rest, tt 
 i s means n end, tt form v rest wh s mst essntl & mst gratefl, sleep, s 
 attendd w e tmprry sspnsn v e cnscious & actv powrs : a imge v dth. 
 
 (c) Ntr s s- ordrd, z bth t rqr & encrge man t wrk. H s crtd w wnts 
 wh c n b stsfd wl Ibr. E plant sprngs p & grows -n e spot r e seed w 
 last b accdnt. I s fed b e moistr wh satrtes e earth, o s held sspndd i e 
 air ; & i brngs w i a sffcnt cvrng t prtct is dlcte intrnl strctr. I toils n,. 
 nei dth i spin, f clthng o food. Bt man s s- crtd, tt let s wnts b z smpi 
 s th 1, h mst Ibr t spply th. Everett 
 
 KEY. MAN MADE FOR LABOR. 
 
 (a) Man is, by nature, an active being. He is made to labor. His 
 whole organization, mental and physical, is that of a hard-working 
 being. Of his mental powers we have no conception, but as certain 
 capacities of intellectual action. His corporeal faculties are contrived 
 for the same end, with astonishing variety of adaptation. Who can look 
 only at the muscles of the hand, and doubt that man was made to work ? 
 who can be conscious of judgment, memory, and reflection, and doubt 1
 
 30 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 that man was made to act ? (b) He requires rest, but it is in order t 
 invigorate him for new efforts : to recruit his exhausted powers ; and, 
 as if to show him, by the very nature of rest, that it is means not end, 
 that form of rest which is most essential and most grateful, sleep, ia 
 attended with the temporary suspension of the conscious and active 
 powers : an image of death. 
 
 (e) Nature is so ordered, as both to require and encourage man to 
 work. He is created with wants which can not be satisfied without 
 labor. The plant springs up and grows on the spot where the seed was 
 cast by accident. It is fed by the moisture which saturates the earth, 
 or is held suspended in the air ; and it brings with it a sufficient cover, 
 ing to protect its delicate internal structure. It toils not, neither doth 
 it spin, for clothing or food. But man is so created, that let his wants 
 t>e as simple as they will, he must labor to supply them. Everett. 
 
 (4.) THE FORTITUDE OF WOMAN UNDER REVERSES OF FORTUNE. 
 
 (a) I h oftn hd occsn t rmrk e frttde w wh wmen sstn e mst ovrwhlm- 
 ing rvrss v frtn. Th dsstrs wh break dwn e sprt v a man, & prstrte 
 hm i e dust, seem t ell frth -1 e enrgs v e sftr sex, & g sch intrpdty & 
 lvtn t thr chrc tt -t times i apprchs t sblmty. (b) Nng c b mr tchng 
 than t bhold a sft & tendr fmle, w- hd b -1 wknss & dpndnce, & alve t 
 y trvl rghnss, wle treadng i e prsprs pths v Ife, sddnly risng i mntl 
 force t b e cmfrtr & spprtr v hr hsbnd u msfrtn, & abidng, w unshrnkng 
 frmnss, e mst bttr blsts v advrsty. Z e vine wh h Ing twined is grace- 
 ful foliage abt e oak, & b Iftd b i it sunshine, 1, wn e hrdy plant s riftd 
 b e thndrblt, cling rnd i wcressngtndrls, & bnd p is shttrd bghs ; s- s 
 i btflly ordrd b Prvdnce, tt wmn. w- s e mere depndnt (?) & ornmnt v 
 man i s happr hrs, sd b s stay solce wn smttn w sddn clmty : wndng 
 hrslf it e ruggd rcsses v s ntr, tndrly spprtng e droopng head, & bndng 
 p e brkn hrt. Irving. 
 
 K.EY. THE FORTITUDE OF WOMAN UNDER REVERSES OF FORTUNE. 
 
 (a) I have often had occasion to remark the fortitude with which 
 women sustain the most overwhelming reverses of fortune. The dis- 
 tresses which break down the spirit of a man and prostrate him in the 
 dust, seem to call forth all the energies of the softer sex, and give such 
 intrepidity and elevation to their character that at times it approaches 
 tt) sublimity. (6) Nothing can be more touching than to behold a soft 
 and tender female, who had been all weakness and dependence, and 
 alive to every trivial roughness, while treading in the prosperous paths 
 of life, suddenly rising in mental force to be the comforter and supporter 
 of her husband under misfortune, and abiding, with unshrinking firm- 
 ness, the most bitter blasts of adversity As the vine which has long
 
 SECOND STYLE. 31 
 
 twined its graceful foliage about the oak, and been lifted by it into sun- 
 shine, will, when the hardy plant is rifted by the thunderbolt, cling 
 round it with caressing tendrils, and bind up its shattered boughs; so ia 
 it beautifully ordered by Providence, that woman, who is the mere de- 
 pendent (?) and ornament of man in his happier hours, should be hia 
 etay and solace when smitten with sudden calamity ; winding herself 
 into the rugged recesses of his nature, tenderly supporting the drooping 
 head, and binding up the broken heart. Irving. 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 16. IN the Second Style of Brief Longhand, the labor of writing is 
 materially lessened by employing contractions for the principal pre- 
 fixes and affixes. These contractions are written above the line of 
 writing. This is indicated, in the following tables, by printing the con- 
 tractions with " superiors," or elevated letters, beside the letters ' b' 
 and ' d.' Whenever convenient, the prefixes should be joined to the 
 remainder of the word. The affixes must always be joined, unless the 
 contrary is distinctly stated. 
 
 17. LIST OF PREFIX-SIGNS. 
 
 (For the use of the Reader.) 
 
 b after : a tht, after-thought ; a wh, after which. 
 
 b b above : ab mentioned, above-mentioned. 
 
 b accom : ar odate ; ar pany, accompany. 
 
 ae b ante : ae cedent, antecedent; ae date, antedate. 
 
 ai b ...... anti : ai dote, antidote ; al xt, Antichrist. 
 
 wb or b b . . before : b hand, beforehand ; Hime, beforetime. 
 
 a b contra : CK dict, contradict. 
 
 b com-m, con-n : it, commit c fort, comfort ; dense, condense 
 
 ect, connect. 
 em b or b. .circum : cm vent or vent, circumvent. 
 
 CI b counter : "balance, counterbalance. 
 
 d b dis : d agree, disagree. 
 
 dc b discom, discon : dc pose, discompose ; dc ect, disconnect. 
 
 de b disem, disen : dtl bark, disembark ; de chant, disenchant. 
 
 di b disinter, disin : di sted, disinterested ; dl fect, disinfect. 
 
 ^b enter : e tain, entertain ; ''prise, enterprise. 
 
 K \) encum, encom : ec brance, encumbrance ; ec pass, encompass. 
 
 'b fore, for : ftell, foretell ; f bid, forbid. 
 
 b b here : h w, herewith ; h i, herein ; ''tf, heretofore.
 
 32 BRIEF LONGHAKU. 
 
 <b hypo : bo thesis, hypothesis ; ho crite, hypocrite 
 
 'b hyper : '""critic, hypercritic. 
 
 'b inter, intro : 'change, interchange ; 'duce, intioduce. 
 
 lc b incom,incon, incog: lr oded, incommoded; ''petent, incompetent; 
 
 ic venient, inconvenient ; *uito, incognito. 
 
 ^b indis : '''posed, indisposed ; '''tinct, indistinct. 
 
 m b ...... .magna, magni : n 'nimou~s, magnanimous ; n 'tude, magnitude 
 
 m b meta : In "phor, metaphor ; nia physics, metaphysics. 
 
 mc t . . ... .miscom, miscon : mt pute, miscompute ; mc duct, misconduct. 
 
 b non : "existentrnon-existence ; ""age, nonage. 
 
 nt b nonco 11 : nr pliance, non-compliance ; nc formity, non-conformity 
 
 b over : flow, overflow; "whelm, overwhelm ; 1, over all. 
 
 *>b post : i>pone, postpone ; rpaid, post-paid. 
 
 pb. .para : P a graph, paragraph ; pllel, parallel ; ''"site, parasite. 
 
 "'b. ..... .peri : P'pbery, periphery ; fpatetic, peripatetic. 
 
 prb preter : P ntrl, preternatural. 
 
 r b recom, recon, recog, recum : r end, recommend ; 'cile, reoon- 
 
 , cile ; 'n'ze, recognize ; 'bent, recumbent. 
 
 "b ; . .retro : . rr spection, retrospection ; rn grade, retrograde. 
 
 b self: "esteem, self-esteem; "supporting, self-supporting. 
 
 h b subter : 8l fuge, subterfuge. 
 
 h b short : "''sighted, short-sighted. 
 
 "b semi : "'monthly, semi-monthly. 
 
 b or "b. . . super : 8r sede or a sede, supersede ; sr r or "r, superior 
 
 *b trans : 'gress, transgress ; 'late, translate. 
 
 u b under : "go, undergo ; "signed, undersigned. 
 
 *b extra : dition, extradition ; "judicial, extra-judicial. 
 
 w b with : w hold, withhold ; w draw, withdraw. 
 
 EEM. 1. Other prefixes may be contracted upon the principles of contraction. 
 Round, for instance, may be contracted to ^ft, as in riuM^ round-about. 
 
 REM. 2. The prefix-signs should not be used for portions of words which are nol 
 really prefixes ; to explain more particularly, " *b" should be used for tftru in a> 
 traditi&n, because it is in this case a prefix ; but this prefix-sign must not be em- 
 ployed in writing extract, in which the prefix is r, not evtra. 
 
 REM. 3. For distinction's sake, a prefix-sign may be used instead of a word-M^n ; 
 thus, 7, instead of id, may be written for with all, so that tee will, (id) and iritJi alt 
 (wl or u-f) are more readily distinguished. This method occasionally saves the 
 writing of a mark of elision ; as in writing -t, instead of ic-t, for without. 
 
 REM. 4. When the last letter of a prefix is repeated, it may be omitted, if not sep- 
 arately pronounced ; thus, <evt for connect; <-and for command ' ; but <ntrl for con- 
 natural. 
 
 REM. 5. Circwm. The sign for cireum should be made round and larger than 
 ft, the sign for the prefix over. A still greater distinction is obtained by disjoining 
 the circle, and always joining the elevated " to the following letter. 
 
 EEM. 6. Occasionally initial syllables resembling a prefix given in this section vt
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 
 33 
 
 represented by its sign. To illustrate, rccwn may be represented by ' ib,' the sigt 
 for rf.ivm; thus, 'bent, recumbent ; and encoun, by ' b,' the sign for encum. 
 
 18. LIST OF 
 
 (For the /*/> nf 
 
 above ab b 
 
 accom <b 
 
 after b 
 
 ante e b 
 
 anti al b 
 
 before b bor br b 
 
 circum b or cm b 
 
 com, con c b 
 
 contra ca b 
 
 counter... . . c b 
 
 . d b 
 
 disco 
 
 m 
 
 disem, disen de b 
 
 disin, disinter. . . . di b 
 
 enter e b 
 
 encum ec b 
 
 extra .*b 
 
 for, fore f b 
 
 here h b 
 
 hyper h 'b 
 
 hypo ho b 
 
 inco incog fl b 
 
 indis ld b 
 
 inter, intro 'b 
 
 SIGN-PREFIXES. 
 
 the Writer.) 
 
 magna, magni. . . ."b 
 meta m *b 
 
 misco n mc b 
 
 non n b 
 
 nonco n ... . . nc b 
 
 m 
 
 over b 
 
 para pa b 
 
 peri p'b 
 
 post Pb 
 
 preter P r b 
 
 reco m rec S r k 
 
 retro ro b 
 
 self "b 
 
 semi Bi b 
 
 short 8l 'b 
 
 subter 8b b 
 
 super g b or 'b 
 
 trans *b 
 
 uncom, uncon. . . . uc b 
 
 under u b 
 
 with.. .. w b 
 
 19. LIST OF AFFIX-SIGNS. 
 
 (For the use of the Reader.) 
 
 (I ing: <J'i doing; try, trying; h - , having; b', being. Se 
 
 Rem. 3. 
 
 d ings : d, doings ; b, beings ; say , sayings. See Rem. 8. 
 
 d' tion, cian, sion, tian:=shn : mo% motion ; musi\ musician ; vi v 
 
 or vi, vision. See Rem. 6. 
 
 d' -ty : enmi', enmity ; du', duty ; plen', plenty. See Rem * 
 
 d 1 ant : defi", defiant ; pleas", pleasant ; abund a , abundant. 
 
 d* ance : endur A , endurance ; reli A , reliance. See Rem. 8 
 
 d 4 or d"y. .ancy : occup 1 or occup^J', occupancy. See Rem. 8. 
 
 d h . ,.,... .ble (bly) : no b , noble (nobly) ; possi h , possible (possibly).
 
 B K I E F LOXGHAXD. 
 
 d' m blenea? : no 1 " 1 , nobleness ; fee bn , feebleness. 
 
 d c cle, cal : practi c , practical ; obsta 1 ", obstacle. 
 
 d d dom : kg j , kingdom ; free 1 , freedom. 
 
 d ent : evid e , evident; ^eni 6 , convenient. 
 
 d K ence : evid E , evidence ; rever B , reverence. See Reiu. 9 
 
 d" or d"''. . ency : emerg E or emerge, emergency. See Rem 9. 
 
 f ful : joyf, joyful ; deceitf, deceitful. 
 
 f " fulness : joyf", joyfulness ; deceitf". deceitfulnesa 
 
 d 1 for-e : thr f , therefore ; r f , wherefore. See Rem. 10. 
 
 d h head, hood : G h , Godhead ; man 1 ', manhood. 
 
 d' in : r 1 , wherein ; thr 1 , therein. See 6. 
 
 d k kind : man k , mankind ; un k , unkind. 
 
 d' less : art 1 , artless ; care', careless. 
 
 d ln lessness : art 1 ", artlessness ; care 1 ", carelessness. 
 
 ly or d'y. . .ly : manfly, manfully ; care 11 *', carelessly. See Rem. 11. 
 
 d m ment-al : treat" 1 , treatment ; detri, detriment-al. 
 
 d ni -mentality : instru m , instrumentality. See 20. 
 
 d n ness : busi", business ; happi", happiness. 
 
 d over : mr or m, moreover ; run", run over. See Rem. 3. 
 
 d 8 self: to", myself; -r s , ourself ; h 8 , himself. 
 
 d 3 sive, some : eva 9 , evasive ; abu 3 , abusive ; irk s , irksome. Se 
 
 Rem. 12. 
 
 d" h ship : friend 511 , friendship ; fellow 9 * 1 , fellowship. 
 
 d 88 selves : -r s3 , ourselves ; th s3 , themselves. 
 
 d 8T soever : w* v , whosoever ; wnce 8V , whencesoeTer. 
 
 d' tive : indica 1 , indicative ; mo', motive. 
 
 td ted : unitd, united. See Rem. 13. 
 
 d w with : forth w , forthwith. 
 
 REM. 1. Other terminations may be contracted in accordance with the general 
 principles of contraction previously explained. Elevated ol may be employed for 
 -ology, -ol>gical; elevated og, for -ography, -ographical ; and elevated os, for 
 -osophy, -osophical. 
 
 REM. 2. One affix-sign may be added to another, as in writing no'"', ndbltne n. 
 
 RUM. 3. The "superior" dot for ing may be regarded as the dot of the first letter 
 of the termination. The circle for ings is distinguished from the "superior" o for 
 over by being disjoined, and being without a joining stroke at the right-hand 
 side. 
 
 REM. 4 When preferred, ing-s, tion, etan, sion may be written respectively ng.i, 
 tn, en, sn ; thus, ' dng,' doing ; ' dngs,' doin s ; ' natn,' nation ; ' physicn,' physician j 
 * visn,' vision. 
 
 EEM. 5. All the affix-signs (except i - , d, d 1 ) should be joined to the preceding 
 part of the word, especially if the wnter employs the method explained in 20. 
 
 REM. 6. A slight saving is effected by writing the sign for tion, sion, as a grave 
 accent over a preceding i; thus, ri, instead of vi, for -ci-yion. 
 
 BUM. T. In writing, ty may be denoted by a long line, struck, in the direction of ai 
 acute accent ('), from the termination of the preceding letter. This line, for di
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 
 35 
 
 tinction's sake, should be made longer than the ordinary strokes joining an affix. 
 Other affix-signs may be joined to it. 
 
 REM. 8. Ant ' written with an elevated a of the ordinary size ; it should be madn 
 of the same form, but larger, for once,, ancy. In print, the distinction is noted by 
 employing a small capital superior for the larger a. If it is feared that uncertainty 
 would result in employing the same sign for ance and ancy, elevated ay may be 
 used for the latter. 
 
 REM. 9. Ence is distinguished from ent by employing for the latter an elevated e, 
 and for the former a variation of this letter, namely s (denoted in print by a superior 
 small capital E). In case it is deemed desirable to have distinct signs for ent and 
 enoy, elevated ey may be employed for the latter. No confusion results from the 
 employment of a " superior" e in the sign for these. 
 
 REM. 10. for-e, instead of being written by an elevated letter, may be written on 
 the line, in accordance with the principle mentioned in 6. 
 
 KEM. 11. The termination ly is sufficiently distinct when written thus : -f 
 
 REM. 12. No confusion results from employing an elevated s for three different 
 terminations : setf, five, 8<me. 
 
 REM. 13. A slight saving is made by writing ^p for the sign (td) of the termina- 
 tion, ted. The connecting stroke may be omitted when not required for joining a 
 following letter. 
 
 20. LTY, RTY. (a) Lty or rty, with any vowel following the / or r, 
 may be indicated by elevating and disjoining a preceding letter usu- 
 ally a preceding consonant-letter ; thus, pros P=prosperity , princi >'=prin- 
 cipality, for ni = formality, pri =priority, cor d or cordi a =cordiality 
 (b) An m may be elevated and disjoined for mentality as well as mality. 
 (e) In printing, a space before an affix-letter serves to indicate that it 
 should not be joined to the preceding part of the word. See 19, Rem. 5. 
 
 21. LIST OF SIGN- AFFIXES. 
 
 (For the use of the Writer.) 
 
 ance d* See 19, Rem. 8. 
 
 ant da 
 
 ancy d* or day. 19, Rem. : 
 
 ble (bly) d& 
 
 bleness d b n 
 
 cal do 
 
 ian= shn . . . d" 
 
 cle do 
 
 dom d'l 
 
 ence dE. 19, Rem. 9. 
 
 ent d 
 
 ency d* or d >->-. 19, Rem. ! 
 
 for-e dr. 19, Rem. 10. 
 
 ful f 
 
 fulness f" 
 
 head dt> 
 
 hood d^ 1 
 
 in di. 6. 
 
 ing d- 
 
 Ings d 
 
 kind dk 
 
 .di 
 
 lessness din 
 
 Ity See 20. 
 
 ly ly or d'y. 19, Rem. It 
 
 ment-al d m 
 
 mentality dm. 20. 
 
 ness do 
 
 over d. 19, Rem. S. 
 
 rty Sees 20. 
 
 self d*. 19, Rem. 12. 
 
 selves d 
 
 ship dst 
 
 sion=shn.. ..d 1 
 
 sive ...d*. 19, Rem. 12. 
 
 soever d 
 
 some d<. 19,Rem.l2. 
 
 ted td. 19, Rem. 18. 
 
 live d' 
 
 ty d'. 19, Rem. T. 
 
 with d"
 
 36 BKIKF LONGHAND. 
 
 22. EXERCISES. 
 
 (1.) THE NATURE OF TRUE ELOQUENCE. 
 
 WN pb bodies r t b addressd -n mmnts occa's, wn grt 'sts r -t stke, ft 
 Blrng pa's r xcitd, nng s vl b i spch farthr than i s c ectd w hgh intllctl & 
 mrl endw ms . Clear", force, & earnst", r e ql' 3 wh prdce c vic\ True 
 elq E , iadd, ds n sst i spch ; i c n b brght fr far : Ibr & Irir m toil f i, 
 bt th 1 toil f i i vain : wrds & phrases m b marshld i ey way, bt th c 
 n c pass i. I mst xist i e man ; i e sbj, & i e occa\ Affctd pa\ intns 
 
 expre x , e pomp v dclma x 1 m aspire aft i ; th c n reach i. I cms, -f i 
 
 cms -t -1, Ike e -tbrk' v a fntn fr e earth, o e burst' frth v vlcnc fires, w 
 spntns, orig, na l force. E grces tght i e schls, e cstly orn"", & studd 
 c triv A v spch, shck & d gst men, wn thr own Ives, & e fte v thr wves, thr 
 chdn, & thr c try, hang -n e dor v e hr. Then, wrds h 1st thr pwr ; 
 rhtrc s vain ; & -1 elabrte ortry c tmpt b . Even genins i 8 , then, feels rbked 
 & sbdued, z i e pres K v hghr ql' 3 . Then, ptrtsm s elq e : then "dvo' s elq e . 
 E clear cep*, -trun* e dduc's v logic ; e hgh prps, e frm rslv ; e dnt 1 sprt, 
 speak- fr e tngue, beam- fr e eye, inform- ey featr, urg- e whole man 
 -nwd, rght -nwd, t s obj ths, ths s elq K ; o rthr i s smng grtr & hghr 
 than -1 elq K : i s ac' : no 1 ', sblime, G-lke ac\ Webster 
 
 KEY. THE NATURE OF TRUE ELOQUENCE. 
 
 When public bodies are to be addressed on momentous occasions, when 
 great interests are at stake, and strong passions are excited, nothing is 
 Taluable in speech farther than it is connected with high intellectual 
 and moral endowments. Clearness, force, and earnestness are the qual- 
 ities which produce conviction. True eloquence, indeed, does not con- 
 sist in speech ; it can not be brought from far : labor and learning may 
 toil for it, but they will toil for it in vain : words and phrases may be 
 marshaled in every way, but they can not compass it. It must exist in 
 the man, in the subject, and in the occasion. Affected passion, intense 
 expression, the pomp of declamation all may aspire after it ; they can 
 not reach it. It comes, if it comes at all, like the outbreaking of a fount- 
 ain from the earth, or the bursting forth of volcanic fires, with spon- 
 taneous, original, native force. The graces taught in the schools, the 
 oostly ornaments, and studied contrivances of speech, shock and disgust 
 men, .when their own lives, and the fate of their wives, their children, 
 and their country hang on the decision of the hour. Then, words have 
 lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate oratory contemptible. 
 Even genius itself, then, feels rebuked and subdued, as in the presence 
 of higher qualities. Then, patriotism is eloquent : then self-devotion is
 
 SECOND STYLE. 37 
 
 eloquent, The clear conception, outrunning the deductions of logic ; the 
 high purpose ; the firm resolve ; the dauntless spirit, speaking from tfee 
 tongue, beaming from the eye, informing every feature, urging the 
 whole man onward, right onward, to his object this, this is eloquence ; 
 or rather it is something greater and higher than all eloquence : it is 
 action : noble, sublime, God-like action. Webster 
 
 (2.) READING TO PURPOSE. 
 
 (a) E habt v desltry read', w t aim o prps, furthr than mere excita* & 
 amuse" 1 , s a cstm wh c n b too strensly avoidd. Unsystmtc mntl dietetes 
 r z hurtf t e mind z unregltd eat- & drink- r t e body, & 1 end i g- t e 
 intllct a Ight & frivls chrc, incap b v ny prlngd o heavy xer\ -L men w- h 
 attaind t ny real o permn" posi v i science o litrtr, o h b a b succssfly t grasp 
 & mange e impt qns v thr tme, h b men w- h read & studd w prps, & mde 
 -1 e facts & incid" wh fell bnth thr notce, bend & sbsrv thr dsgns. (ft) 
 I s a prvail- vice wh mch v e cheap jrnlsm v e day encrges, t disspte e 
 mind -n a indfnt vri' v sbjs, & waste is enrgs -n e c tmpla x v pet' & d ectd 
 fcts. W wd n b "std z urg- pn ny man a abnga^ v e prst v gl k, f dvo > t 
 a sing science. E mind rqrs chnge & rlxa\ even z e bdy ds; hence e use 
 v fic\ poetry, & ancdte, i wh e faggd tht m bguile i 3 w dlghts, & rtrn t 
 is cstmry & mr prosaic Ibrs w recreatd enrgs. (c) Ths s -1 needf, & i 
 wd b z silly z i wd b use 1 f n t attmpt t dscrge o brand z sinf (z sin h d) 
 forms v litrtr wh unvrsl hstry & xpr E prove t b z necssry & ntrl t man 
 z fun & frolc r t chdn. -L w wd prtest agnst s e sole dvo x v e mind, i 
 leisure hrs, t tt Ight & "'ectd read- i wh s- mny peopl indlge, t e emn 
 detri'" v -1 solid tht, solid prps, & solid use. 
 
 (d) Gl read', m, s n t b r dmnd f mny reasns. E one-idead man, Ike 
 e mthmt* w- objd t Pardse Lst be i proved nng. s a c tnl source v dc frt t 
 -1 gd & genl society. Limita' t one range v bks, Ike r fine ni t one Ittl co- 
 terie v sirnlr opnns, assurdly breeds narrow" v sprt, xcl s ", & c tmpt v 
 oth men & ngs. I s hrdly possi b 1 meet a man w catholic tstes & sym- 
 pths, w- h n opnd s mind t a free & librl 'course w -1 parties & see's v 
 tr. Bt t mke sch wde 'course profit 1 ', t prvent d trac\ & a weak & silly 
 latitudinarnsm, i s ncssry tt sm end & ultmte use sd -Iways b kpt bf e 
 mind i is prst v k. (e) Tt tht sd b pild -n tht, fct -n fct, till e mmry 
 bcm Ike a storehouse groan- bnth is wght v plnty, & tt -1 ths mntl acqsi 
 sd rmain unused & unapproprtd, s indd jstfia b -n n grounds v ws d o 
 analogy. I wd b eqlly sens b t sow corn & leave i t rot unreapd, o t eat 
 & drnk, & apply e bdily strngth ths acqrd t n species v Ibr. (f) Yt tha 
 s wt w see d ey day i intllctl surft- t n benefcl prps, & f n ceiv b end, 
 furthr than e mere dlght v e indlg E , -Iways end- i e produc" v e sme nn- 
 hlthy plethra v mind, wh eat- f e ske v eat-, & drnk' f e ske v drnk-, 
 prdces i e bdy Sch mntl glttny ey wse man sd rpyess I s a evil wh 
 
 448640
 
 38 BRIEF LONOHA.ND. 
 
 grows w indlg", & oftn termntes i indue 1 a toil m<1 cep v v e true dsgn 
 mntl cltr. 
 
 (g) E methodiza x v one's read s a point t wh -1 sd attnd w- r dsirous 
 v elicit 1 e fullst use fr books. I anci e & modrn tmes w fnd men w- nev 
 opnd a authr w t pen i hand, t b ready t note dwn ny ptr fct, o turn v 
 xpre x , wh seemd t th wrthy v presrva\ (h) Southey, ws litrry attn m9 
 wr eql t ths v ny man v s day, kpt a c on-plce bk i wh h mde xtracts fr 
 wtv bk h prused. E eldr Pliny nev travld w t c ven} E8 f mk- mmrnda fr 
 e bks h -Iways carrd w hm ; & Brutus, e nght bf e battl v Pharsalia, 
 wh w t dcide s earthly destny f ev, w found i s tent read- sm fvrt authr, 
 & mk- notes, (i) Th c inst", wh mt b xtndd t embrce sm v e choicst 
 nmes i bi og (biography), prove e use & ncess' thr s f smng mr than e 
 mere cursry read- v bks, & e need thr s f maintain* a recrd v -r litrry 
 journy . Sch a narr', t a atten 1 stud 8 , wd indd form a diary v e pleas l>t 
 (pleasantest) & mst prft b kd, & one wh, -f thtfly & crefly r pild, cd r. 
 rfrrd t i futr yrs w e atmst dlght, z a rfreshr t e memry, & a testmny 
 t e xt e v s intllctl prgre\ (j) H 1 see hw s tste h mpd i e course v yrs ; 
 h 1 wondr, -n rfrr- t sm wrk, -t wt h hd notd, & wt, wr h read- i agn, 
 h wd n now note ; & h 1 fnd proof, i a thsnd ways, tt hsnzhw; &tt 
 tme h n brght a tithe v e chnge t s bdy tt i h t s soul. 
 
 (k) E grt obst t ths free use v e pen i 'scrib- fr bks, s e vast Ibr i 
 involvs. I s -1 vy well, sm m say, f e std e w- h days v quiet leisure bf 
 hm, t wrk thus, but I, w- h only a few hrs ea day f stdy, c n b xpctil 
 t dvote evn one hr t e *scrp x v e gems I m cc ter i m rsrch. I ths objn, i 
 n b dnied, thr s mch wght. (/) Here, then, w see one v e highst uses 
 wh ph shh [o brf Ih] s destnd t achieve. W h ey reasn t blieve, fr e 
 brght educa'al prspcts wh r dawn- pn u, tt e amt v read 1 i e presnt day 
 s bt a faint indx v wt i 1 b i e futr. Hw dsir b , then, i s tt ey fa c sd b 
 prvidd f e xtrac v v e grtst poSbi b gd fr ths vast intllctl Ibr. Wn peopl r 
 abl t write [twice z fast b brf In z th c b e unabbreviatd Ih, o] z fast 
 z th speak [z th m b e use v ph shh], ey apprentice & work- man 1hz 
 gd a oppt t keep s -n-plce bk, & Index Rerum, z e std e w e fullst leisure ; 
 & thr' regstr e best & mst strik 1 thts v th" w win h h mde acqntncc. ^ 
 th fcts & incd e8 wh, cm- bf hm i e evanesc 8 forms v e newsppr & magzn, 
 un 1 recrdd i ths mannr, pass fr hm f ev. Sch, w blieve, s n daydream, 
 bt a grt fct i course v realiza*, & one wh hndrds i Eng & Amer cd, b thr 
 own persnl xprnce, bear wit" t. 
 
 (m) W sincerely dsire tt mny w- h e means v r unicat - impulses t th" 
 crwds v thtfl & earnst yng men & womn w- thrng -r lectr- rooms, -r 
 A thenaeums, & Mechnc's Institu's, wd urge pn th e advgs wh wd accrut 
 t th 88 , wr th t dvote a few hrs daily t e tme-sav art v Phn [o brf Ih], 
 c a means rb th mt gathr tg e rsults v -1 thr read", cltvte habts v attn', 
 & fix pn e memry thts, fcts, & fancies, wh wd othwse prove fleet- & im-
 
 SECOND STYLE. 39 
 
 ta 1 ' ; & i aft yrs, wn wntd f sm prps v illstra x , e trchrs mmry fails t 
 supply e ref wh u wser raange m mt easily h b prsrvd. Phonetic Journal. 
 
 KEY. READING TO PURPOSE. 
 
 (a) The habit of desultory reading, without aim or purpose, furthet 
 than mere excitation and amusement, is a custom which can not be too 
 strenuously avoided. Unsystematic mental dietetics are as hurtful to 
 the mind as unregulated eating and drinking are to the body, and will 
 end in giving to the intellect a light and frivolous character, incapable 
 of any prolonged or heavy exertion. All men who have attained to any 
 real or permanent position in science or literature, or have been able 
 successfully to grasp or manage the important questions of their time, 
 have been men who have read and studied with purpose, and made all 
 the facts aod incidents which fell beneath their notice, bend and sub- 
 serve their designs, (b) It is a prevailing vice which much of the cheap 
 journalism of the day encourages, to dissipate the mind on an indefinite 
 variety of subjects, and waste its energies on the contemplation of petty 
 and disconnected facts. We would not be understood as urging upon 
 any man an abnegation of the pursuit of general knowledge, for devotion 
 to a single science. The mind requires change and relaxation, even as 
 the body does ; hence the use of fiction, poetry, and anecdote, in which 
 the fagged thought may beguile itself with delights, and return to ita 
 customary and more prosaic labors with recreated energies, (c) This 
 is all needful, and it would be as silly as it would be useless for us to 
 attempt to discourage or brand as sinful (as some have done) forms of 
 literature which iiniversal history and experience prove to be as neces- 
 sary and natural to man as fun and frolic are to children. All we 
 would protest against is the sole devotion of the mind, in leisure hours, 
 to that light and unconnected reading in which so many people indulge, 
 to the eminent detriment of all solid thought, solid purpose, and solid 
 use. 
 
 (d) General reading, moreover, is not to be condemned for many 
 reasons. The one-idead man. like the mathematician who objected to 
 Paradise Lost because it proved nothing, is a continual source of dis- 
 comfort to all good and genial society. Limitation to one range of books, 
 like confinement to one little coterie of similar opinions, assuredly breeds 
 narrowness of spirit, exclusiveness, and contempt of other men and other 
 things. It is hardly possible to meet a man with catholic tastes and 
 sympathies, who has not opened his mind to a free and liberal inter- 
 course with all parties and sections of truth. But to make such wide 
 intercourse profitable, to prevent distraction, and a weak and silly lati- 
 tudinarianism, it is necessary that some end and ultimate use should 
 always be kept before the mind in its pursuit of knowledge, (e) That
 
 40 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 thought should be piled on thought, fact on fact, till the memory be- 
 come like a storehouse groaning beneath its weight of plenty, and that 
 all this mental acquisition should remain unused and unappropriated, 
 is indeed justifiable on no grounds of wisdom or analogy. It would be 
 equally sensible to sow corn and leave it to rot unreaped, or to eat and 
 drink, and apply the bodily strength thus acquired to no species of labor. 
 (/) Yet this is what we see done every day in intellectual surfeiting to 
 no beneficial purpose, and for no conceivable end, further than the men 
 delight of the indulgence, always ending in the production of the same 
 unhealthy plethora of mind, which eating for the sake of eating, and 
 drinking for the sake of drinking, produces in the body Such mental 
 gluttony every wise man should repress. It is an evil which grows with 
 indulgence, and often terminates in inducing a total misconception of the 
 true design of mental culture. 
 
 (g) The methodization of one's reading is a point to which all should 
 attend who are desirous of eliciting the fullest use from books. In an- 
 cient and modern times we find men who never opened an author with- 
 out pen in hand, to be ready to note down any particular fact, or turn 
 of expression , which seemed to them worthy of preservation. (A) Southey , 
 whose literary attainments were equal to those of any man of his day, 
 kept a commonplace-book in which he made extracts from whatever bock 
 he perused. The elder Pliny never traveled without conveniences for 
 making memoranda from the books he always carried with him ; and 
 Brutus, the night before the battle of Pharsalia, which was to decide 
 his earthly destiny forever, was found in his tent reading some favorite 
 author, and making notes, (i) These instances, which might be ex- 
 tended to embrace some of the choicest names in biography, prove the 
 use and necessity there is for something more than the mere cursory 
 reading of books ; and the need there is for maintaining a record of our 
 literary journeyings. Such a narrative, to an attentive student, would 
 indeed form a diary of the pleasantest and most profitable kind, and one 
 which, if thoughtfully and carefully compiled, could be referred to in 
 future years with the utmost delight, as a refresher to the memory, and 
 a testimony to the extent of his intellectual progression. ( /) He will 
 see how his taste has improved in the course of years ; he will wonder, 
 on referring to some work, at what he had noted, and what, were he 
 reading it again, he would not now note ; and he will find proof, in a 
 thousand ways, that he is not as he was. and that time has not brought 
 a tithe of the change to bis body that it has to his soul. 
 
 (k) The great obstacle to this free use of the pen in transcribing from 
 books, is the vast labor it involves. It is all very well, some may say, 
 for the student who has days of quiet leisure before him to work thus, 
 but I, who have only a few hours each day for study, can not be ex-
 
 SECOND STYLE. 41 
 
 pected to devote even one hour to the transcription of the gems I may 
 encounter in my research. In this objection, it can not be denied, there 
 is much weight. (/) Here, then, we see one of the highest uses which 
 phonetic shorthand [or brief longhand] is destined to achieve. We have 
 every reason to believe, from the bright educational prospects which are 
 dawning upon us, that the amount of reading in the present day is but 
 a faint index of what it will be in the future. How desirable, then, it is 
 that every facility should be provided for the extraction of the greatest 
 possible good from this vast intellectual labor. When people are able 
 to write [twice as fast by brief longhand as by the unabbreviated 
 longhand, or] as fast as they speak [as they may by the use of 
 phonetic shorthand], every apprentice and working man will have as 
 good an opportunity to keep his commonplace-book, and Index Rerum, 
 as the student with the fullest leisure ; and therein register the best and 
 most striking thoughts of those with whom he has made acquaintance, 
 and those facts a-nd incidents which, coming before him in the evanes- 
 cent forms of the newspaper and magazine, unless recorded in this man- 
 ner, pass from him forever. Such, we believe, is no daydream, but a 
 great fact in course of realization, and one which hundreds, in En- 
 gland and America, could, by their own personal experience, bear wit- 
 ness to. 
 
 (m) We sincerely desire that many who have the means of communi- 
 cating impulses to those crowds of thoughtful and earnest young men 
 and women who throng our lecture-rooms, our Athenaeums, and Me- 
 chanics' Institutions, would urge upon them the advantages which would 
 accrue to themselves, were they to devote a few hours daily to the ac- 
 quisition of the time-saving art of Phonography [or brief longhand], 
 as a means whereby they might gather together the results of all their 
 reading, cultivate habits of attention, and fix upon the memory thoughts, 
 facts, and fancies which would otherwise prove fleeting and unstable ; 
 and in after years, when wanted for some purpose of illustration, the 
 treacherous memory fails to supply the reference which under wiser 
 management might easily have been preserved. Phonttic Journal. 
 
 (3.) COMMON-PLACING. 
 
 (a) E prctce v c n-plac - h b s oftn r endd z t h bcm well-ngh unvrsl. hd 
 i n b tt e irk s " v e c n Ih 'poses a -Imst insupr b obst c a impd m wh few b 
 e endr A & pati E t cm. Mny a mpt fct, mny a gem v tht & xpre v , mny 
 beautf & apt illstra's h w allowd t escpe u be v -r rpgnnce t e use v e 
 slow & weari s Ih. Mny a readr h xpr Ed , f a tine, e plsrs & bnfts v re- 
 view occa'ally, b means v s r n-plce bk, s course v read-. E unvrsl xpr" 
 v e ina b v e nimry t rtain, f ny r sdr b Ingth v tme, e sbst* v -r read', 
 enfrces pn e attn" v ey read- & thnk- person e dsir bn v c n-plac - ; bt rea
 
 4 BEIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 sns T tho J;d d n avail i favr v e practce agnst e tire"" v Ih writ' ; bt a 
 hope n b e taind tt e use v r n-plac - 1 b mtrlly increasd w e use v brf Ib 
 < wh saves, crd t e style employed, fr 15 t 20 pr ct. v e tme & Ibr v 
 vrrit ), o w e use v ph sh (wh saves 80 pr ct. v e tme &. Ibr rqrd b e 
 -nabbrvtd Ih). 
 
 (b) A few rmrks z t e mode v n-plac - m prove accpt 1 ' t th" wish- t 
 wail th * v is benf ts : 
 
 (e) Wn y meet i y nwsppr, mag, o oth wrks wh y d n xpct t prsrv. 
 oyng wh y thnk 1 b usef f futr use, cpy i, i full o i part, w a suita b 
 dead", it y c n-plce bk. I s n ptrly dsir 1 * tt e xtrcts sd b arrnged, crd t 
 (hr sbjs, i difr* por's v y bk. E bettr mode s t fill p e pages i thr ordr, 
 It dpnd pn a indx f e clssifica^ v e xtrcts. I s uslly bst t dfer indx- til 
 sev pages h b filld w xcerpts, wn one o mr notes v ea xtrct sd b mde i e 
 indx, a cross, o prllel lines, b' plced i e margn v ea xtrct t dnote tt i h 
 b " posted," z i wr, o entrd i e indx. 
 
 (d) I s n advs b tt y sd cpy wtv y m meet i bks wh y xpct t keep i y 
 Ibrry, o wh wd be rdly accss b . I sch cases i s suffici 8 1 mke i e indx t y 
 r n-plce bk (o i a wrk espclly prpard f a. Index Rerum), a mere note, u 
 one o mr heads, v e por's t wh y m wish t rfr, Sch a indx & "n-plce bk 
 1 b a " leger" v tht, fr wh, i a few minutes, y c mke -t a '"plte " a/c 
 err*" v y read 4 pn ny ptr sbj ; & e keep* v sch a leger, bsdes enabl' y t 
 guard agnst mny " losses," 1 secure a vy mpt "prft," b indue* a habt 
 v methdiz-, wh 1 prdce a markd & bnfcl effect pn y mntl prcesses & pro- 
 ducts. -Ed. Phon. Int. 
 
 KEY. COMMON-PLACING. 
 
 (o) The practice of common-placing has been so often recommended 
 as to have become well-nigh universal, had it not been that the irk- 
 someness of the common longhand interposes an almost insuperable 
 obstacle an impediment which few have the endurance and patience 
 to overcome. Many an important fact, many a gem of thought and 
 expression, many beautiful and apt illustrations have been allowed to 
 escape us, because of our repugnance to the use of the slow and weari- 
 some longhand. Many a reader has experienced, for a time, the pleas- 
 ures and benefits of reviewing occasionally, by means of his common- 
 place-book, his course of reading. The universal experience of the 
 inability of the memory to retain, for any considerable length of time, 
 the substance of our reading, enforces upon the attention of every read- 
 ing and thinking person the desirableness of common-placing ; but rea- 
 sons of this kind do not avail in favor of the practice against the tire- 
 someness of longhand writing ; but a hope may be entertained that the 
 use of common-placing will be materially increased with the use of brief 
 longhand (which saves, according to the style employed, from fifteen te
 
 SECOND STYLE. 45- 
 
 fifty per cent, of the time and labor of writing 1 ), or with tne use of 
 phonetic shorthand (which saves eighty per cent, of the time and labor 
 required by the unabbreviated longhand). 
 
 (b) A few remarks as to the mode of common-placing may prove ac- 
 ceptable to those wishing to avail themselves of its benefits. 
 
 (c) When you meet in your newspaper, magazine, or other worka 
 which you do not expect to preserve, any thing which you think will be 
 useful for future use, copy it, in full or in part, with a suitable heading, 
 into your commonplace-book. It is not particularly desirable that the 
 extracts should be arranged, according to their subjects, in different 
 portions of your book. The better mode is to fill up the pages in their 
 order, and depend upon an index for the classification of the extracts. 
 It is usually best to defer indexing till several pages have been filled 
 with excerpts, when one or more notes of each extract should be made 
 in the index, a cross, or parallel lines, being placed in the margin of 
 each extract to denote that it has been " posted," as it were, or entered 
 in the index. 
 
 (</) It is not advisable that you should copy whatever you may meet 
 in books which you expect to keep in your library, or which would be 
 readily accessible. In such cases, it is sufficient to make, in the index 
 to your commonplace-book (or in a work especially prepared for an 
 Index Her inn), a mere note, under one or more heads, of the portions 
 to which you may wish to refer. Such an index and commonplace- 
 book will be a " leger" of thought, from which, in a few minutes, you 
 can make out a complete " account current" of your reading upon any 
 particular subject ; and the keeping of such a leger. besides enabling 
 you to guard against many " losses," will secure a very important 
 " profit," by inducing a habit of methodizing which will produce a 
 marked and beneficial effect upon your mental processes and products. 
 Ed. Phon. Int. 
 
 PHRASE WRITING. 
 
 23. No inconsiderable saving of time may be effected by the prac- 
 tice of Phraseography, that is, by joining words (especially sign-words),. 
 when they occur together in phrases or clauses ; thus, ihnb, it has not 
 been ; isntb, it is not to be ; zihb, as it has been ; wtcbe, what can b 
 the ; wnisk, when it is known. 
 
 EEM. 1. The novitiate writer should confine his practice of phraseography to join- 
 ing sign- words. Experience will gradually teach him in tvhat cases he maysaftly 
 depart from these limits. 
 
 KEM. 2. A number of written words joined are denominated a phraae-sign or
 
 44 BKIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 4>hrnReogram (fraziogram), while the words so represented are called a sign-phr jt^ 
 or phraseograph. 
 
 KEM. 8. The legibility of a phrase-sign will be slightly increased by making the 
 space between the word-signs of the phrase more than between the letters of a word 
 or between the letters of a word-sign composed of two or more letters; thus, 
 wnisk, instead of wnisk for when it is known; -ftk st b e, instead of -fltxtle, for 
 if that is to be Vie. 
 
 EEM. 4. Generally a letter preceded by an elision should not be joined to a pre- 
 ceding letter which is ever followed by an elision; for, in such cases, it could not 
 always be determined to which letter the elision belonged. W-r might be with our 
 or who are ; though to -r for with our can not be mistaken for who are when prop- 
 erly written, w- r. The same reasons prohibit, for the most part, the joining of a 
 letter, when followed by an elision, to any following letter which the mark of elision 
 sometimes precedes. But w^t, for with o"t, is not confusible with any thing else- 
 The mark of elision may be omitted by elevating the w; thus, w t. The mark of 
 elision can usually be omitted with safety from -r (our) and -I (all) when they are 
 preceded by prepositions; thus, vr, of our ; vl, of all. 
 
 , 24. EXERCISES 
 
 (1.) AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 (Fra lectr be Rev. Thomas Binney , 
 
 (a) -Na occa' Ike ths, & c sidr- w- thr wm. Im anxs t serv, I thnk i 
 propr t mke e state'", &t affirm and insst pne fct, ttisq poss h f one wsa 
 mere Eng schlr t write well, w force, puri', elq E , & effct. Ihe hghst idea 
 vempt v thrgh clss c cltr ve immense & inclcl b advgs (e wnt vwh, 
 i smrspcts, nng c supply) va full schlstc edca\ I printd m views -n tt 
 ebj sm 12 yrs since, & thr s nng iwt I then wrote whl see ny reasn ei t 
 modify o rtrct. I entire c sstncy, hv, wth views views xpre" ve 
 deepst sense ve value & mpt v clssc Irn- I assrt, & I wsh y, young men, 
 t bliev & rmmbr i, tt one w- ks nng bt s own tongue, m (-f hikes) Irn 
 t use i wfarmr effct than thsnds vthd w- h studd e Ingges, & read e 
 mastrs & modls v antq'. (b) Thr w a tme wn Eng hd n mch v a litrtr 
 vis own, & ddn sffcntly value wtihd; then, partly fre fashn ve age, & 
 partly fre ness'" ve case, evn ladies, -fth read, o read mch, hdt read 
 Latn o Grk, f thus only cd grt &gd authrs b reachd. Ths reasn, hv, 
 ds n hold nw ; wtv mt b e bnft t Eng ladies vthr Irn- e anc e tongues, i 
 crtnly snncssry fthtds- fre meagr" vthr own litrtr e wnt v thrgh 
 gd bks. like mnnr. thr w a tme wn, -fa man w t write well, iw lc bent 
 pn hm t study e grt writers v Greece & Rome tho evn then, h cd n d 
 mch iEngls/i bydwt English wrtrs hddbfhm; fnman cbvyfarbyde 
 style & fshn vstme. (c) Wlee Irnd wr writ' feaothi Latn, Englsh t 
 grdlly advanc- pnth. Iw get- moldd, mpd, purfied, enrchd. Age aft 
 age saw i dvlp ; ev & an :>n smngw achievd ; i kept grow i strngth, statr,
 
 SECOND 6TYLE. 45' 
 
 'puss, refine ; i r got sm wrds i Irnd oths ; i got thrghly formd, fxd, 
 prfd ; acqrd full" v tone, vr' v cadnce, force v chrc ; s- tt nw wh bks il 
 poss 1 ' styles v writ', twhey Englsh readr h access, &be study vwhny 
 one m b ''ciplnd iEnglis authr stl . H w 1 put h s u th e mastrs, & d justce 
 tthr Issns &thr xmpl, m acqr pwr s own tongue, a b t embdy &adorn s 
 thts, ta xf far s r twtMl possess w- h enjoyd e advgs va Irnd educa\ 
 -fth h n gone &fd Ikewise.. Wtvmbaman's acqnt 4 wo litrtr &o Ingges, 
 tb attrac' & clss'' zaEnglsh writr, h mst study Englsh ; &Eng s nw s- rch 
 ith" w- h used, ow- use hr tongue, tthw- ks only tt, h ampl means f Irn- 
 6- 1 speak ii, tte wrld sh listn, prvidd -Iways tt h h smng t say 
 
 (d) ' Prvidd tt h h smng t say ;" v course. W assume tt. -Fa man h 
 n smng t say, hsd hold s tongue, &crtnly hsd rfrain fr authr 8 ' 1 . Bt 
 [ wish y t "stand tt evn wn a man h smng tsay, e listn' In follow, on -1- 
 ways, un 1 thrbsmng -Is- is mode v say i. Ttthrmb ths hmst wrk 
 &toil toil &wrk. Hmst mke i aobj. H mst Ibr pn style. Hmstghrs, 
 &days, &nghts, ttt. S style mstbs own, &imstbntrl &smpl; bt tbs 
 own i mst b formd be study vo men's; &tb smple &ntrl, imstbgrdlly 
 arrivd -t b Ing dvo N t r posi v za art. Ths one ng e ness' f Ibr f Ibr vths 
 sort & -nthsobj ttae one lesn whl brngty, yng men, tnght. -Fy 
 wish t succeed ze writers v prize essays, o z e writrs vnyng else, pondr e 
 Issn & prft bi. 
 
 (e) Isvmrmptty than tth w- rceiv a hghr educa", w- whthr th aim 
 -t &thnkvi on, en hip acqr-, wle Irir oth tongues, smng v pwr & skill 
 z t thr own. I acqr- e k v Ltn &Grk, th cm it ''tact we mastrs v e wrld, 
 w e men ws writ r (1 tng b ey attrbte, & inclde ey species T xcll K , w- h 
 supplied modls ieydprt, & left bhind th Issns fltme. Stdnts r tght, 
 ag oth ngs, t notce pcu ls v style &xpre* ; th mb rqrd twrite -t cref 'la's v 
 choice passges & -fth h nyng v sprt & enthssm, th 1 d ths whthr ib pos"? 
 rqrd on. -L alng z th e clss c schlrs grow p it men, th ncssrly bcm acqntd 
 we bst writrs ie Eng langge Th c n avoid read 1 a grt deal. Th mst d s- 
 t acqr e k wh, z gent thr xpctd t possess. Bt i read- evn wths view, 
 th en b insensi b te chrcc pcu ls v r dif writrs. Thr educa x &habts ena b 
 th t "stnd thr xcll KS &thr dfcts ; th c 'pare th we wrks v e grt authra 
 t wm thr daily studies 'dee th ; th read & hear d cu's v vrs sorts, -n eyng 
 c ectd w writ- za art ; and hnce fre ness' ve cse w t thr h - Ibrd -t Englsh 
 'posi, o mde e attn v a Englsh style eobj v spcfc & pati e prst gf,h 
 men hrdly hip h- skill & pwr wn th cm twrite. (/) B ncssry ''sq'S tste 
 h b formd, a sprt imbibd, a inn E fit, a k v, &pwr, wrds acqrd ; -le ele m " 
 r- gd writ- r thus genrtd & dvlpd zbantrl grwth, w uc scs spontn', s- 
 tt wne tme cms f smng t b writtn, i c b writtn fewrittn we/1. I s vy dif, hv. 
 w.y, TV- rnsbjd tths mntl d cpln, &w- mstdfy 88 , be stu }y v writrs iy 
 own Ingge, wt iagrtdgree sdfaman, ws thrghly drilld i clss'' schlr" 1 ' 
 True, hv, twtlh -Iry sd, I adhere tm formr state" 1 , i spite vlttlhrn*
 
 46 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 advncd ; &Ibeg t rpeat i' ao form. Let ib "std, then, tt mny clss" sehlr 
 wdbnnge worse, bt smng vymche c trry, fsm tolrbly Ing &lborious 
 .fitudy vrown writrs, wa spcfc view tthr writ - English thr purpst 
 attn va thrghly gd Englsh style. I bliev, m", tt none vr grt & tng 
 men, w- dazzl o chrm, soothe o captvte, be pwr, splndr, o grces vthr 
 dic v none v th wd ev h writtn zthd, -fthhdb c t e wwtthcdnhelp 
 wt w forcd it, o cme tth, ze unavoid b rsult vthr train- &educa v . Dpnd 
 pni, wtve Irn* vrgrt authrs, thbcme grt, z Englsh writrs, b stdy 
 &toil ; b mak- e style i wh th wr t write, e obj -t once v effrt &ambi' ; g- 
 till th attaind suing Ike wt th sought, o found -t wt th cd d thr days 
 &nghts te Ibr e luxry. T sch men i wd b both. 
 
 KEY. AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 (From a lecture by the Rev. Thomas Binney.) 
 
 (a) On an occasion like this, aad considering who they are whom 1 
 am anxious to serve, I think it proper to make the statement, and to 
 affirm and insist upon the fact, that it is quite possible for one who is a 
 mere English scholar to write well, with force, purity, eloquence, and 
 effect. I have the highest idea of the importance of thorough classical 
 culture of the immense and incalculable advantages (the want of 
 which, in some respects, nothing can supply) of a full scholastic and 
 university education. I printed my views on that subject some twelve 
 years since, and there is nothing in what I then wrote which I see any 
 reason either to modify or retract. In entire consistency, however, with 
 those views views expressive of the deepest sense of the value and im- 
 portance of classical learning I assert, and I wish you young men to 
 believe and remember it, that one who knows nothing but his own 
 tongue, may (if he likes) learn to use it with far more effect than thou- 
 sands of those do who have studied the languages, and read the masters 
 and models of antiquity, (b) There was a time when England had not 
 much of a literature of its own, and did not sufficiently value what it 
 had ; then, partly from the fashion of the age, and partly from the ne- 
 cessities of the case, even ladies, if they read, or read much, had to 
 read Latin and Greek, for thus only could great and good authors be 
 reached. This reason, however, does not hold now ; whatever might be 
 the benefit to English ladies of their learning the ancient tongues, it 
 certainly is not necessary for them to do so from the meagerness of their 
 own literature the want of thorough good books. In like manner, 
 there was a time when, if a man was to write well, it was incumbent 
 upon him to study the great writers of Greece and Rome though 
 even then, he could aot do muc? in English beyond what English 
 writers had done before him; for no man can be very far beyond 
 -the style and fashion of his time, (c) While the learned were writing
 
 SECOND STYLE. 47 
 
 *or each other in Latin, English was gradually advancing upon them. 
 It was getting molded, improved, purified, enricheti. Hge after age 
 saw it develop ; ever and anon something was achieved ; it kept grow- 
 ing in strength, stature, compass, refinement; it forgot some words 
 it learned others; it got thoroughly formed, fixed, perfected; 
 acquired fullness of tone, variety o/ cadence, force of character: 
 BO that now we have books in all possible styles of writing, to whicu 
 every English reader has access, nud by the study of which any 
 one may be disciplined in English authorship. He who will put 
 himself under these masters, and do justice to their lessons and their 
 example, may acquire power over his own tongue, ability to embody and 
 adorn his thoughts, to an extent i'ar superior to what they will possess 
 who have enjoyed the advantages* of a learned education, if they have 
 not gone and done likewise. Whatever may be a man's acquaintance 
 with other literature and other languages, to be attractive and classical 
 as an English writer, he must study English ; and England is now so 
 rich in those who have used, or who use her tongue, that he who 
 knows only that, has ample means for learning so to speak in it, that 
 the world shall listen, provided always that he has something to say. 
 
 (d) "Provided that he has something to say;" of course. We as- 
 sume that. If a man has not something to say, he should hold his 
 tongue, and certainly he should refrain from authorship. But I wish 
 you to understand that even when a man has something to say, the 
 listening will not follow, or not always, unless there be something also in 
 his mode of saying it. That there may be this, he must work and toil 
 toil and work. He must make it an object. He must labor upon style. 
 He must give hours, and days, and nights, to that His style must be 
 his own, and it must be natural and simple ; but to be his own it must 
 oe formed by the study of other men's ; and to be simple and natural, it 
 must be gradually arrived at by long devotion to composition as an art. 
 This one thing the necessity for labor for labor of this sort and on 
 this object that is the one lesson which I bring to you, young men, to- 
 night. If you wish to succeed as the writers of prize essays, or as the 
 writers of anything else, ponder the lesson, and profit by it. 
 
 (e) It is of more importance to you than to those who receive a higher 
 education, who whether they aim at and think of it or not, can not help 
 acquiring, while learning other tongues, something of power and skill 
 as to their own. In acquiring the knowledge of Latin and Greek, they 
 come into contact with the masters of the world. with the men whose 
 writings are distinguished by every attribute, and include every species 
 of excellence, who have supplied models in every department, and left 
 behind them lessons for all time. Students are taught, among other 
 things, to notice peculiarities of style and expression ; they may be
 
 48 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 required to write out careful translations of characteristic passages 
 and if they have anything of spirit and enthusiasm, they will do this 
 whether it be positively required or not. All along, as these classical 
 scholars grow up into men, they necessarily become acquainted with the- 
 best writers in the English language. They can not avoid reading a 
 great deal. They must do so to acquire the knowledge which, as gen- 
 tlemen, they are expected to possess. But in reading even with this 
 view, they can not be insensible to the characteristic peculiarities of our 
 different writers. Their education and habits enable them to under- 
 stand their excellences and their defects ; they can compare them with 
 the works of the great authors to whom their daily studies introduce 
 them ; they read and hear discussions of various sorts, on every thing 
 connected with writing as an art ; and hence from the necessity of the 
 case without their having labored at English composition, or made the 
 attainment of an English style the object of specific and patient pursuit 
 such men hardly help having skill and power when they come to- 
 write. (/) By necessary consequences, taste has been formed, a spirit 
 imbibed, an influence felt, a knowledge of, and power over, words 
 acquired ; all the elements of good writing are thus generated and 
 developed as by a natural growth, with unconscious spontaneity, so that 
 when the time comes for something to be written, it can be written, and 
 written well. It is very different, however, with you. who are not sub- 
 jected to this mental discipline, and who must do for yourselves, by the 
 study of writers in your own language, what in a great degree is done 
 for a man, who is thoroughly drilled in classical scholarship. True, 
 however, to what I have already said, I adhere to my former statement, 
 in spite of all that I have now advanced ; and I beg to repeat it in 
 another form. Let it be understood, then, that many classical scholars 
 would be nothing the worse, but something very much the contrary, for 
 some tolerably long and laborious study of our own writers, with a 
 specific view to their writing English their purposed attainment of a 
 thoroughly good English style. I believe, moreover, that none of our 
 great and distinguished men, who dazzle or charm, soothe or captivate, 
 by the power, splendor, or graces of their diction none of them would 
 ever have written as they do, if they had been content wkh what they 
 could not help what was forced into, or came to them, as the una- 
 voidable result of their training and education. Depend upon it, what- 
 ever the learning of our great authors, they became great, as English 
 writers, by study and toil ; by making the style in whicL they were to 
 write, the object at once of effort and ambition ; giving till they at- 
 tained something like what they sought, or found out what they could 
 do their days and nights to the labor tnd the luxury. To such men 
 n would be both.
 
 SECOND STYLE . 
 
 49 
 
 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 25. THE word-signs furnished in previous sections are contractions 
 of words which may be expected to occur frequently in any kind of 
 writing. In addition to these and the more common contractions con- 
 tained in the following section, and the ordinary abbreviations for the 
 denominations of time, money, etc., the writer may devise, in accordance 
 with the general principles of abbreviation, such contractions as may 
 seem required by each class of subjects. A large number of abbrevia- 
 tions especially adapted to the purposes of the legal profession has 
 already been devised. The principles of contraction have been exten- 
 sively applied in abbreviating the expression of many of the peculiar 
 terms required by the physical sciences. The expression of mathe- 
 matical operations is already exceedingly brief. The mode of com- 
 munication between the " proof reader" and compositor is a remark- 
 able instance of the benefit and safety of an extensive application of 
 the principles of contraction. The majority of grammatical and musical 
 terms are abbreviated. It is hardly necessary to add to the abbrevia- 
 tions of theological terms. The following, however, will be found to 
 effect no inconsiderable saving : 
 
 28. CONTRACTIONS 
 
 Child of God, chdvG. 
 children of God, chdn G. 
 children of Israel, chdnl. 
 Christ, XpitfToV, Xt or C. 
 Christian church, Xnch. 
 Christianity, Xnty or Xy. 
 Church of Christ, chC or chXt 
 Church of God, chG. 
 <>'ernal life, etllife. 
 everlasting life, evlslife. 
 Holy Ghost, HGh. 
 Holy Scriptures, HScrs 
 Holy Spirit, HSp. 
 Jehovah Jesus, JJ. 
 Jesus Christ, JC or JXt. 
 justification by f&itlj,jusfth. 
 kingdom of Christ, kffC. 
 kingdom of God, kg d G 
 kingdom of Heaven, /cg d Hv 
 Vingdom of Satan, ft %< l fitn. 
 
 FOR THEOLOGICAL WRITERS. 
 
 kingdom of the world, kg' : W. 
 kingdoms of the world, kg* 1 W, 
 Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, 
 
 LSJC. 
 
 Lord Jesus Christ, LJC. 
 People of God, Pv G. 
 power of God, pwr G. 
 Roman Catholic Church, RCCh, 
 Scriptural principles, Scrprs. 
 Son of God, SnvG. 
 Son of Man, SnvM. 
 spirit of Christ, spC. 
 spirit of God, sp G. 
 spirit of Jesus, spJ. 
 spirit of the world, fp W 
 Spiritual World, Spl W. 
 truth of God, trvG. 
 true God, tr G. 
 wisdom of God, wis d Q. 
 Word of God, WGd.
 
 50 
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND 
 
 27. CAUTION. All special contractions should be avoided in writing 
 for the compositor, however safely they may be employed in writing for 
 one's own eye, or in correspondence with those familiar with the subject. 
 
 28. TABLE OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 A. or Ans., answer. 
 
 A... acre or acres. 
 
 A. A. S., Academics Americana Socius, 
 Fellow of the American Academy. 
 
 A. B., Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor 
 of Arts. 
 
 A. B. C. F. M., American Board of Com- 
 missioners for Foreign Missions. 
 
 A. C., ante Christum, before Christ 
 
 Acct., account. 
 
 A. D., anno Domini, in the year of our 
 Lord. 
 
 Ad lib., ad libitum, at pleasure. 
 
 Adj., aljective. 
 
 Adjt, Adjutant 
 
 Adjt-Gen., Adjutant-General. 
 
 Admr., Administrator. 
 
 Adrnx., Administratrix. 
 
 Adv., adverb. 
 
 JEt., cetatis, of age. 
 
 A. & F. B. 8., American and Foreign 
 Bible Society. 
 
 Agt., agent. 
 
 Ala. or A!.. Alabama. 
 
 Aid., Alderman or Aldermen. 
 
 Alex., Alexander. 
 
 Alt., altitude. 
 
 A. M., Artium, dfaatiter, Master of Arts. 
 
 A. M., anno mundi, in the year of the 
 world. 
 
 A. M., ante m-eridiem, morning. 
 
 Am., American. 
 
 Amer., America. 
 
 And., Andrew. 
 
 Anon., anonymous. 
 
 Ans. or A., answer. 
 
 Anth., Anthony. 
 
 Apoc., Apocalypse. 
 
 Apr., April. 
 
 Arch., Archibald. 
 
 Archb. or Apb., Archbishop 
 
 Ark., Arkansas. 
 
 Ajrt, Article. 
 
 Assist. Sec., Assistant Secretary. 
 
 A. S. S. U., American Sunday School 
 
 Union. 
 
 Atty., Attorney. Attys., Attorneys. 
 Atty.-Gen., Attorney -General. 
 
 A. U. C., anno urbis conditce, in the year 
 after the building of the city 
 
 Aug., August. 
 
 Auth. Yen, Authorized Version. 
 
 B., Book or Books. 
 
 B. A., Baccalaureus Artium, Bachelor 
 of Arts 
 
 B. A., British America. 
 
 Bar. or bl., barrel. 
 
 Bar., Baruch. 
 
 Bart., Baronet. 
 
 B. C., before Christ. 
 
 B. D., Baccalaureus J)Mnitatis, Bach- 
 elor of Divinity. 
 
 Benj., Benjamin. 
 
 B. L., Baccalaureus Legum, Bachelor of 
 Laws. 
 
 Bis. or bbl., barrels. 
 
 B. M., Baccalaureus Medicincp, Bache- 
 lor of Medicine. 
 
 B. M., British Mail. 
 
 B. M. or Brit Mus.. British Museum. 
 i Bp., Bishop. 
 
 B. B., Banco Regis, King's Bench. 
 
 Br., brig. 
 
 Brig., Brigade ; Brigadier. 
 
 Brig.-Gen.. Brigadier-General. 
 
 Bro., Brother. Bros., Brothers. 
 
 Bu., bushel or bushels. 
 
 B. V., Beata Virgo, Blessed Virgin. 
 
 C. or cent, centum, a hundred. 
 Cet par., ceteris paribus, other 
 
 being equal. 
 
 Cal., Calendce. the Calends. 
 Cal., California. 
 Can.. Canada. 
 Cap. or c., capui, chapter. 
 Cap., Capital. Caps., Capitals.
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 
 51 
 
 (Japt., Captain. 
 
 Capt.-Gen., Captain-General. 
 
 Cash., Cashier. 
 
 Oath., Catherine ; Catholic. 
 
 C. B., Companion of the Bath. 
 
 C. C. P., Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 (J. E., Canada East. 
 
 Cf. ( confer, compare. 
 
 Ch., chaldron or chaldrons. 
 
 Ch., Church. Chs., Churches. 
 
 Chanc., Chancellor. 
 
 Chap., c., or ch., chapter. 
 
 Chas., Charles. 
 
 Chron., Chronicles. 
 
 Cl. Dom. Com., Clerk of the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 Cld., cleared. 
 
 Co., County ; Company. 
 
 Coch., cocMeare, a spoonful. 
 
 Col., Collega, Colleague. 
 
 Col., Colonel ; Colossians. 
 
 Cold., colored. 
 
 Coll., Collegium, College. 
 
 Com., Commodore ; Committee ; Com- 
 missioner. 
 
 Com. Arr., Committee of Arrangements. 
 
 Comdg., Commanding. 
 
 Comp., Company (Military) 
 
 Comp., compare. 
 
 Com. Ver., Common Version. 
 
 Conj., conjunction. 
 
 Conn, or Ct., Connecticut. 
 
 Const., Constable; Constitution. 
 
 Contr., contraction. 
 
 Cor., Corinthians. 
 
 Cor. Sec., Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 C. P. Common Pleas. 
 
 (). 'P., Court of Probate. 
 
 <3. P. S., Gustos Privati Siyilli, Keeper 
 of the Privy Seal. 
 
 O. E., Gustos Rotulonvm, Keeper of the 
 Rolls. 
 
 Or., Creditor. 
 
 C. S., Court of Sessions. 
 
 C. S., Gustos Sigilli, Keeper of the Seal. 
 
 Ct , Count. 
 
 Ot. or c., cent. Cts., cents. 
 
 Curt., current (month). 
 
 C. "W., Canada West. 
 
 tJwt., hundred weight. 
 
 D., day or days ; dime or dimes. 
 
 D., denarius, a penny : denarii, pence. 
 
 Dan., Daniel. 
 
 D. C., District of Columbia. 
 
 D. C. L., Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 D. D., Doctor of Divinity, 
 
 Dea., Deacon. 
 
 Dec., December. 
 
 Deg., degree or degree* 
 
 Del., Delaware. 
 
 Del., delineavit, drew. 
 
 Dem., Democrat. 
 
 Dep., Deputy ; Departures 
 
 Deut., Deuteronomy. 
 
 Dft., Defendant. 
 
 D. G., Dei Gratia, by the gracs ef Co<l 
 
 Dist. Atty., District Attorney. 
 
 Div., Division. 
 
 Do. or ditto, the same. 
 
 Doll., dollar. Dolls., dollars. 
 
 Doz., dozen. 
 
 D. P., Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 Dr., dear ; drachm or drachms. 
 
 Dr., Doctor ; Debtor. 
 
 D. V., Deo volente, God willing. 
 Dwt., pennyweight. 
 
 E., East. 
 
 Eben., Ebenezer. 
 Eccl., Ecclesiastes. 
 Eccles., Ecclesiasticus. 
 Ed., Editor ; Eds., Editors. 
 Edin., Edinburgh. 
 Edit, or Ed., edition. 
 Edm., Edmund. 
 Edw., Edward. 
 
 E. E., errors excepted. 
 E. E., ell or ells English. 
 E. FL, ell or ells Flemish. 
 E. Fr., ell or ells French. 
 
 E. G., or ex. g., exempli gratia, for 0X 
 
 ample. 
 
 E. I., East Indies. 
 Eliz., Elizabeth. 
 Eng., England. 
 Engd., engraved. 
 Ep., Epistle. 
 
 Eph., Ephraim ; Ephesians. 
 E S., ell or ells Scotch. 
 Esq., Esquire. Esqrs., Esquires. 
 Esth., Esther. 
 Et al., el alibi, and elsewhere ; et alii 
 
 and others. 
 
 Etc., et ceter-d-(e-a, and so forth. 
 Et seq., ft sequentia, and what follows. 
 Ex., Example. 
 Exc., Exception.
 
 52 
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 Exec, or Exr., Executor. 
 
 Exec. Com., Executive Committee. 
 
 Execx., Executrix. 
 
 Exod., Exodus. 
 
 !:/']., Ezdra. 
 
 Ezek., Ezekiel. 
 
 Pahr., Fahrenheit. 
 
 F. A. S., Fellow of the Antiquarian So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Fath., fathom or fathoms. 
 
 F. D., Fidei, Defensor, Defender of the 
 Fwth. 
 
 Fer. , February. 
 
 F. E. 8., Fellow of the Entomological 
 Society. 
 
 F G. S., Fellow of the Geological Society. 
 
 F. H. S., Fellow of the Horticultural So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Fig., figure or figures. 
 
 Fir., firkin or firkins. 
 
 Fla., Flor , Florida. 
 
 F. L. S., Fellow of the Linnaean Society. 
 
 F. M., fiat mixtura, let a mixture be 
 made. 
 
 if oL, to., or f., folio or folios. 
 
 Fred., Frederick. 
 
 F. K. S., Fellow of the Royal Society. 
 
 F. S. A., Fellow of the Society of Arts. 
 Ft or f., foot or feet 
 
 Fur., furlong or furlongs. 
 
 Fut, future. 
 
 Ga., Georgia. 
 
 Gal., Galatians. 
 
 Gal., gallon. Gals., gallons. 
 
 G. B., Great Britain. 
 
 G. C. B., Grand Cross of the Bath. 
 Gen., General ; Genesis. 
 Gent, Gentleman. 
 Geo., George. 
 Gov., Governor. 
 Gov.-Gen., Governor-General. 
 G. K., Georgim Rex, King George. 
 Gr., grain or grains. 
 Guin. or G., guinea or guineas. 
 H. or hr., hour or hours. 
 Hab., Habakkuk. 
 Hag., Haggai. 
 
 H. B. M., His or Her Britannic Majesty. 
 Heb., Hebrews. 
 
 Hd., hogshead. Hhd., hogsheads. 
 H. E. L C., Honorable Kast India Com- 
 pany. 
 H. M.. His or Her Majesty. 
 
 H. M. S., His or Her Majesty's Ship 01 
 
 Service. 
 
 Hon., Honorable. 
 
 Hon. Gent., Honorable Gentleman. 
 Hon. Mem., Honorable Member. 
 Hon. Sec., Honorary Secretary. 
 Hos., Hosea. 
 H. P., half-pay. 
 H. E. H., His Eoyal Highness. 
 Hund., hundred or hundreds. 
 I., island. Is., islands. 
 Ibid, or ib., ibidem, in the same place. 
 Id., idem, the same. 
 I. i'.. i<l est, that is. 
 I. H. S., Jesus Uominum Salcatoi', Jeeui 
 
 the Saviour of Men. 
 111., Illinois. 
 Imp., Imperfect. 
 In., inch or inches. 
 Incog., incognito, unknown. 
 Ind., Indiana. 
 
 In lim., in limine, at the outset 
 In loc., in loco, in or at the place. 
 I. N. R L, Jesus Nazarenus Hex Jw- 
 
 daorwm, Jesus of Xazareth King of 
 
 the Jews. 
 Ins., Inspector. 
 Ins -Gen., Inspector-General. 
 Inst, instant, of this month. 
 Int, interest : interjection. 
 In trans., in transits, on the passage, 
 lo. or la., Iowa. See U, Rein. 8. 
 I. O. O. F., Independent Order of Odd 
 
 Fellows. 
 Irreg., Irregular. 
 Isa. or Is., Isaiah. 
 Jan., January. 
 Jas., James. 
 
 J. D., Jurum Doctor, Doctor of Laws. 
 Jer., Jeremiah. 
 Jno. or Jn., John. 
 Jona., Jonathan. 
 Jos., Joseph. 
 Josh., Joshua. 
 J. P., Justice of the Peace. 
 Jud., Judith. 
 Judg., Judges. 
 
 Judg. Adv., Judge Advocate. 
 Jun. or Jr., Junior. 
 Just, Justice. 
 J. V. D., Juris utr-,vmfiie Doc'or, Doctor 
 
 of each Law (of the Cano'i and th 
 
 Civil Law).
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 
 53 
 
 Kan., Kanzas. 
 
 K. B., King's Bench. 
 
 K. B., Knight of the Bath. 
 
 K. C., King's Counsel. 
 
 K. C. B., Knight Commander of the Bath. 
 
 Ken. or Ky., Kentucky. 
 
 K. G., Knight of the Garter. 
 
 Kil., kilderkin or kilderkins. 
 
 K. M., Knight of Malta. 
 
 K. P., Knight of St. Patrick. 
 
 K. T., Knight of the Thistle. 
 
 Kt. or Knt., Knight. 
 
 L., line. 
 
 La., Louisiana. 
 
 Lam., Lamentations. 
 
 Lat:, latitude. 
 
 Lb., pound or pounds (weight). 
 
 L. 0., Lower Canada. 
 
 L. D., Lady Day. 
 
 Ld., Lord. Ldp., Lordship. 
 
 Leag,, lea., or 1., league or leagues. 
 
 L. I., Long Island. 
 
 Lib. or 1., liber, Book. 
 
 Lieut., Lieutenant. 
 
 Lieut.-Col., Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 Lieut. Comdg., Lieutenant Commanding. 
 
 Lieut.-Gen., Lieutenant-General. 
 
 LieuU-Gov., Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Liv., Liverpool. 
 
 LL. B., Leg um Baccalaureus, Bachelor 
 
 of Laws. 
 
 LL. D., Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws. 
 Lon. or Lond., London. 
 Lon. or long., longitude. 
 L. S., Lotus Sigilli, Place of the Seal. 
 Lt., Light. 
 
 Lt. In., Light Infantry. 
 L X X., Septuagint (Version). 
 M., mi/lc, one thousand. 
 M., manipulus, a handful. 
 M., ineridie, meridian, noon. 
 M., misce, mix. 
 M., mile or miles. 
 M. or Mons., Monsieur, Mr., Sir 
 Mace., Maccabees. 
 Mag., Magazine. 
 Maj., Major. 
 
 Maj.-Gen., Major-Gtneral. 
 Mai., Malachi. 
 Man., Manasses. 
 Mar., March. 
 
 Mass, or Ms., Massachusetts. 
 Math., Mathematics. 
 
 Matt., Matthew. 
 
 M. B., Medicince Baccalaureus, Bache- 
 lor of Medicine. 
 M. B., Musicae Baccalaureus, Bachelor 
 
 of Music. 
 
 M. C., Member of Congress. 
 M. D., Medicince Doctor, Doctor of Med- 
 
 icine. 
 
 Md., Maryland. 
 Me., Maine. 
 Mem., memento, remember; memoiaa- 
 
 dum. 
 
 Messrs., Messieurs, gentlemen. 
 Mic., Mirah. 
 
 Mich., Michigan ; Michael. 
 Mid., Midshipman. 
 Miss., Mississippi. 
 Mo., Missouri. 
 Mo., month. Mos., months. 
 M. P., Member of Parliament. 
 M. P., Member of Police. 
 Mr., Mister. 
 M. E. A. 8., Member of the Royal Asiatic 
 
 Society. 
 M. E. C. S., Member of the Eoyal College 
 
 of Surgeons. 
 M. E. I. A., Member of the Eoyal Irish 
 
 Academy. 
 Mrs., Mistress. 
 
 MS., manuscriptum, manuscript. 
 MSS., manuscripts. 
 Mus. D., Doctor of Music. 
 M. W., Most Worthy. 
 N., North. 
 N., note or notes. 
 N. A., North America. 
 Nah.,Nahum. 
 Nath., Nathaniel. 
 N. B., nota bene, mark welL 
 N. B., New Brunswick. 
 N. C., North Carolina. 
 N. E., New England. 
 Neb., Nebraska. 
 Neb.., Nehemiah. 
 Nem. con., n mi'/e contradicente ; Nem 
 
 diss., nemine dissentiente, unanimous 
 
 iy. 
 
 N. F., Newfoundland. 
 N. II., New Hampshire 
 N. J., New Jersey. 
 Nl., nail. Nls., nails. 
 N. M., New Mexico. 
 N. O., New Orleans.
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 No., numero, in number ; number. 
 
 Nos., numbers. 
 
 Nov., November. 
 
 N. 8., Nova Scotia ; New Style. 
 
 N. T. or New Test., New Testament. 
 
 Num., Numbers. 
 
 N. T., New York. 
 
 O., Ohio. 
 
 Ob., objection. 
 
 Obad., Obadiab. 
 
 Obt, obedient. 
 
 Oct., October. 
 
 Olym., Olympiad. 
 
 Or., Oregon. 
 
 O. S., OldSt.le. 
 
 O. T. or Old Test., Old Testament. 
 
 O. T., Oregon Territory. 
 
 O. U. A., Order of United Americans. 
 
 Oxon., Oxford. 
 
 Oz., ounce or ounces. 
 
 P., page. Pp., pages. 
 
 P., pole or poles. 
 
 P. aeq., paries cequales, equal parts. 
 
 "ar., paragraph. 
 
 f 'art., participle. 
 
 Payt, payment. 
 
 Pd., paid. 
 
 Penn. or Pa., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Per an., per annum, by the year. 
 
 Per cent., per centum, by the hundred. 
 
 PerC, Perfect. 
 
 Pet, Peter. 
 
 Ph. D., Philosophies Doctor, Doctor of 
 
 Philosophy. 
 Phil. Philippians. 
 Phila. or Phil., Philadelphia. 
 Philem., Philemon. 
 Pinx. or pxt, pinxit, painted. 
 PI., plural. 
 Plff., Plaintiff. 
 P. M., Postmaster. 
 P. M., post meridiem, evening. 
 P. M G., Postmaster-General. 
 P. O., Post Office. 
 P. P., post-paid. 
 Pop., population. 
 Prep., preposition. 
 Pres., President ; present, 
 ?rob., Problem. 
 Prof., Professor. 
 Prop., Proposition, 
 prot., Protestant 
 Pro tem.,j>ro tempore, for the time being. 
 
 Prov., Proverbs. 
 
 Prox., proximo, of next mouth. 
 
 P. E. S., President of the Royal Societj 
 
 P. 8., Post scriptum, Postscript 
 
 P. 8., Privy Seal. 
 
 Ps., Psalm or Psalms. 
 
 Pt, pint Pts., pints. 
 
 Pub. Doc., Public Document*. 
 
 Pun., puncheon or puncheons. 
 
 Q., Queen. 
 
 Q. or Ques., Question. 
 
 Q., quodrans, farthing ; quadrants, fart 
 things. 
 
 Q. B., Queen's Bench. 
 
 Q. C., Queen's Counsel. 
 
 Q. E. D., quod erat demonstrandum, 
 which was to be proved. 
 
 Q. E. F., quod erat faciendum, -which 
 was to be done. 
 
 Q. 1. or q. p., quantum ttbei or placet, at 
 much as you please. 
 
 Qr., quarter. 
 
 Q. 8., quantum sufficit, a sufficient quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Qt, quart Qts., quarts. 
 
 Q. v., quod vide, which see. 
 
 Qy., Query. 
 
 E., Reas, King ; Regina, Queen 
 
 E., rood or roods ; rod or rods. 
 
 E. A., Eoyal Academician. 
 
 E. A., Royal Artillery. 
 
 E. A., Eussian America. 
 
 E. E., Eoyal Engineers. 
 
 Reed., Received. 
 
 Eec. Sec., Recording Secretary. 
 
 Eect, Eector. 
 
 Eef., Eeformed ; Eeformation. 
 
 Beg., Eegister. 
 
 Eegt, Eegiment 
 
 Rep., Representative. 
 
 Eev., Reverend ; Revelations. 
 
 R. I., Rhode Island. 
 
 Richd., Richard. 
 
 R. M., Royal Marines. 
 
 E. N., Eoyal Navy. 
 
 Eobt, Robert 
 
 Rom., Roman ; Epistle to the Roman*. 
 
 E. E., Eailroad. 
 
 E. 8. S., Regies Societatis Socius, Fellow 
 of the Royal Society. 
 
 Et Hon., Eight Honorable 
 
 Et Eev., Eight Eeverend. 
 
 Rt. Wpful., Right WorshipfuL
 
 SECOND ST1 I.E. 
 
 55 
 
 R. W., Eight Worthy. 
 
 S., South. 
 
 S., shiUing or shillings. 
 
 S. or sec., second or seconds. 
 
 S. A., South America! 
 
 Sam., Samuel (Book of). 
 
 Saml., Samuel. 
 
 S. A. S., Societatis Antiquariorum So- 
 ciun, Fellow of the Society of Anti- 
 quarians. 
 
 8. 0., South Carolina. 
 
 Sc., sculpsit, engraved. 
 
 8c., scruple or scruples. 
 
 8. caps , small capitals. 
 
 Schr., Schooner. 
 
 Soil., sc., or s., scilicet, namely. 
 
 Sec., Secretary. 
 
 Sect., sec., or s., section or sections. 
 
 Sen., Senior ; Senate ; Senator. 
 
 Sept., September. 
 
 Serg., Sergeant. 
 
 Serg.-Maj.. Sergeant-Major. 
 
 Servt., servant. 
 
 S. J. C., Supreme Judicial Court. 
 
 Sol., solution: Solomon. 
 
 Sol., Solicitor. 
 
 Sol.-Gen., Solicitor-General. 
 
 S. P. Q. K., Senatus populusque Itoma- 
 nus, the Senate and people of Rome. 
 
 Sq. m., square mile or miles. 
 
 S. S., Sunday School. 
 
 8. S., sequentia, what follows. 
 
 S3., scilicet, to wit, namely. 
 
 St, Saint ; street. 
 
 S. T. D., Sanctte. Theologia, Doctor, Doc- 
 tor of Divinity. 
 
 Ster., Sterling. 
 
 S. T. P., Sanctce Theologiw Professor, 
 Professor of Divinity. 
 
 S. T. T. L., sit ttbi terra levis, may the 
 earth be light to thee. 
 
 Sup., Supplement; Supernumerary. 
 
 Surg., Surgeon. 
 
 Surg.-Gen., Surgeon-GeneraL 
 
 Sus., Susannah. 
 
 T., ton or tons. 
 
 Tenn., Tennessee. 
 
 Tex., Texas. 
 
 Text. Eec., Textus Receptus, the Receiv- 
 ed Text. 
 
 Theo., Theodore. 
 
 Theor., Theorem. 
 
 Thessalonians. 
 
 Thos., Thomas. 
 
 Tier., tierce or tierces. 
 
 Tim., Timothy. 
 
 Tit., Titus. 
 
 T. O., turn over. 
 
 Tob., Tobit 
 
 Tr., transpose. 
 
 Tr., Trustee. Trs., Trustees. 
 
 Trans., translation ; translator 
 
 Treas., Treasurer. 
 
 U. C., Upper Canada. 
 
 TJ. E. I. C., United East India Company. 
 
 U. J. C., Utriusque Juris Doctor, Doctor 
 
 of each Law (Canon and Civil). 
 U. K., United Kingdom. 
 Ult,, ultimo, of last month. 
 Univ., University. 
 U. S., United States. 
 U. 8. A., United States of America. 
 U. S. A., United States Army. 
 U. S. M., United States Mail. 
 U. 8. N., United States Navy. 
 V. or vid., vide, see. 
 Va., Virginia. 
 Ver. or v., verse or verses. 
 Vers., vs., or v., versus, against 
 V. g., verbi gratia, for example 
 Viz., videlicet, namely. 
 Vol. or v., volume. Vols., volumes. 
 V. Pres. or V. P., Vice-President. 
 V. R., Victoria Eegina, Queen Victoria 
 Vt, Vermont. 
 W. West. 
 W. f., wrong font. 
 W. I., West Indies. 
 Wis., Wisconsin. 
 Wisd., Wisdom (Book of). 
 Wk. or w., week. 
 Win., William. 
 W. T., Washington Territory. 
 Wt., weight. 
 Xmas., Christmas. 
 Xn., Christian. 
 Xnty., Christiatity. 
 Xt., Christ. 
 
 Yd., yard. Yds., Yards. 
 Yr., year. Yrs., years. 
 &c., et ceter-i-ce-a, and so forth. 
 4to, quarto. 
 8vo, octavo. 
 12mo, duodecimo. 
 18mo, octodecimo.
 
 56 BKIUF LONGHAND. 
 
 EEH. 1. It is scarcely possible to conceive of more outrageous c -.ntra.rtions H 
 Indeed, they can be so called than ss. for scilicet, and viz. for videlicet. For th 
 former, sc. or . should be substituted, and namely for the latter. 
 
 KEM. 2. " 12mo, ISmo." etc., are usually pronounced, by printers, " twelve-mo, 
 eigbteen-mo." The pronunciation la not worse than the contraction. 
 
 ABBREVIATED LETTERS. MARK OF ELISION. 
 
 ^ 29. THE labor of writing may be considerably economized by the 
 nse of contracted forms for several letters. The cases in which such 
 forms may be employed in brief longhand may be specified as follows : 
 
 1. (a) The letter y following most of the letters of the alphabet may 
 be contracted to J , when final ; thus, -f , ly ; ^ , fy ; x# , 
 gy. (b) When joined to a following letter, it may be written thus; 
 
 y' . This contracted form should not be employed at the beginning 
 of a word. 
 
 2. (a) The letter g in combination with a preceding d, as in lodge, 
 
 fdge, may be written thus : of; the bulb of the d also serving as the 
 
 e 
 bulb of the g. (b) This letter with a dot over the ascending stroke may 
 
 t>e employed for dj, as in acjoin, acjourn = adjoin, adjourn. 
 
 ii. The script for 'g' may be contracted to ~f when final, and to 
 j^ when joined to a following letter. 
 
 4. The sign (td) for the termination ted may be contracted to 9^ 
 The connecting stroke may be omitted when not required for joining a 
 following letter in such words as ' unitdly.' 
 
 5. A slight saving results from making d. instead of ^ for ' t'. 
 
 30. Lengthened Mark of Elision. The legibility of some contrac- 
 tions is increased by writing, in place of the elided portion, a mark of 
 elision proportioned to the part omitted. This is more properly em 
 ployed for the short letters, m, n, r, u, etc. (b) Two of the contrac- 
 tions previously explained; smng (something) and nng (nothing) may 
 be still more contracted, by substituting the mark of elision for the 
 middle letters ; thus, * ~^f /r *f. (c) With the use of this 
 principle, the long words whether and rather may be contracted to 
 
 /U> y , ,7 Y~~ The advantage of this method may be 
 
 availed of in the common style; for persons of ordinary familiari*/ 
 vith writ'ng, no inconvenience would result from writing
 
 
 SECOND STYLE. 
 
 
 57 
 
 tli k- g 
 
 for thinking. 
 
 mot'-e 
 
 for motive. 
 
 
 g- g 
 c diti 
 
 . " singing. 
 " condition. 
 
 s- e 
 
 " in. 
 " since. 
 
 
 dim si 
 
 " dimension. 
 
 th 
 
 " then. 
 
 
 vis- 
 
 ' ' vision. 
 
 th e 
 
 " there. 
 
 
 lo-gh d 
 
 " longhand. 
 
 com 'cat 
 
 " communication 
 
 PROOF-READING. 
 
 81. No apology is required for presenting authors with the printer'l 
 established modes of indicating corrections of the press. A knowledge 
 of these methods is indispensable for authors who would have their pro- 
 ductions presented in a proper typical dress ; and the art of printing is 
 sufficiently connected with the various literary professions to render it 
 desirable that such knowledge should be acquired by all who are, in any 
 manner, devoted to letters. 
 
 32. When the author's copy, or a convenient portion of it, has been 
 set, or put in types, a proof-impression is taken and carefully compared 
 with the copy, and the various errors which appear upon a first reading, 
 corrected. This process of examining proofs and indicating errors ia 
 called proof-reading. The various methods of corrections are specified 
 in the following sections. 
 
 THE WRONG LETTER OR WORD. 
 
 33. A wrong letter in a word is indicated by drawing a perpendicu- 
 lar line through it, and writing the correct letter in the margin. 
 
 HEM. 1. This method may be applied for the correction of whole words. Two 01 
 more wrong letters occurring together should be erased by a horizontal line. 
 
 EKM. 2. Wrong, turned, or defective letters, and letters of a wrong fount, printer! 
 denominate literals. The correction of all such errors properly devolves upon the 
 printing-office ; but the combined caution of author and proof-reader rarely suc- 
 ceeds in detecting and correcting all of them. 
 
 KEM. 3. When punctuation requires alteration, the colon (:) or period (.), if 
 marked in the margin, should be encircled. 
 
 KKM. 4. Care should be taken that the double letters ' fl, ff, ffi, fl, ffl' should be set 
 instead of the separate letters. 
 
 TURNED LETTERS. 
 
 34. Attention is directed to an inverted letter, by drawing a per- 
 pendicular line through it, and writing ^) in the margin. 
 
 EBM. 1. Great care is required to detect a turned o and ; but their discovery 
 will be assisted by observing that when inverted they are slightly above the bottom 
 
 3*
 
 58 BKIEF LONGHAKD. 
 
 of the small le tei-h. *, n, e, etc. It should be observed, also, that the top of a lett 
 is narrower than thw Dottoni. Observe the difference between 
 
 b d n p q u and 
 
 inverted b (q), d (p), n (u), p (d), q (b), u (n), 
 
 EEM. 2. Phonetic printers should observe the difference between the pb.oi.etic 
 Hi' (oo) and an inverted ra (m). 
 
 DEFECTIVE LETTERS. 
 
 35. A defective letter is pointed out by drawing a line beneath^ or 
 through it, and making a small cross in the margin. 
 
 WRONG FOUNT. 
 
 36. When a type of a wrong fount has been employed, the composi- 
 tor's attention is directed to it, by erasing the letter and writing w.f 
 (r= wrong fount) in the margin. 
 
 LETTERS OR WORDS OMITTED. 
 
 37. If a letter or word has been omitted, it should be written in the 
 margin, and a caret (/\) made at the place for its insertion. 
 
 EEM. 1. In the language of printers, a word omitted is called an out. 
 
 BEM. 2. "When several lines or words are added, they should be written at the 
 bottom of the page, a line connecting them with the caret : or refer to the copy, if 
 '.he omitted words occur in it. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUS LETTERS OR WORDS. 
 
 38. If a superfluous letter or word is detected, erase it, and. in the 
 margin, write a (d, a contraction for the Latin dele = expunge). 
 
 EEM. 1. The improper repetition of a word is denominated, in the language of 
 printers, a double. 
 
 CHANGE OF CHARACTER. 
 
 39. To indicate the alteration of letters or words from one character 
 to another, draw one or more lines under the letters or words namely, 
 for capitals, three lines ; for small capitals, two lines ; for italics, one 
 line; and write in the margin, opposite the alteration, Caps., Sm. 
 Caps., or Ital. 
 
 EEM. 1. Change from Capitals o'- Small Capitals to Small Letters. To indicate 
 this change, draw a line through, or under, the letter or letters, and write I. c. (a 
 contraction for lower case) in the margin. 
 
 EEM. 2. (Change from Italic to Roman Letters. To indicate this change, draw a 
 line through, or under, the letter or letters to be changed, and write Horn. (=Bo- 
 mani in the margin. 
 
 EEM 8. In copy for the printer, one, two, or three lines should be written undei 
 a word, according as it is to be set in italics, small capitals, or capitals. 
 
 EBM. 4 Kinds of Types employed in Book-work. In English books the Eoman 
 characters are usually employed; sometimes the Italic; and occasionally the ID 
 CLARENDON is a variety of the Eoman character.
 
 SECOND STYLE. 59 1 
 
 RKM. 5. Capitals, Small Capitals, and Small L'ttets.Of the Roman characters 
 there are three sizes for each fount, namely, CAPITALS, SMALL CAPITALS, and 
 email, or lower-case, letters. The small letters are called lower-case letters from 
 the fact of their being. placed in the lower-case of boxes on the type-stand. The 
 Dthers, for a corresponding reason, are sometimes called upper-case letters. SmaV 
 tapitald are not usually furnished in Italic and Old English founts. Among print* 
 ers, especially in proof-reading, the words Capital and ItaUc, are contracted to Cap 
 and Ital. 
 
 REM. 6. The first word of every chapter is usually set in small capitals. 
 
 REM 7. KINDS OP TYPE. There are different sizes of type, of which the follow- 
 ing are the most used : 
 
 English, abcdefghijklnmopqrstuvwxyz. 
 Pica, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
 
 Small Pica, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
 Long Primer, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
 Bourgeois, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
 
 Brevier, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
 
 Minion , abcdefehijklmnopqrstuvwxy z. 
 
 Nonpareil, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
 
 Agate, abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
 
 Pearl, abcdefghijklmnopqi stuvwxyz. 
 
 Diamond* abcdefghijklmnopqi.tuvwxyz 
 
 REM. 8. Kinds of Type used in Hook-work. The kinds of type most used for the 
 body of books are Small Pica, Long Primer, Bourgeois, and Brevier. 
 
 REM. 9. Change in size of type from that employed for the body of a work should 
 be indicated in the copy, at the commencement of the portion to be set with types 
 of a different size. 
 
 SUPERIORS. 
 
 40. The apostrophe ('), inverted commas ("), the asterisk (*), and 
 superior letters and figures are written above a curve connected with 
 the separatrix, thus : y 
 
 REM. For the suggestion of this sign, the Author gladly acknowledges his indebt- 
 edness to Mr. Stephen Jenkins (the proof-reader in the office where this work is 
 stereotyped), whose gentlemanly traits of character, learning, talents, and thorough 
 qualifications for the profession he honors, inevitably procure him the friendship 
 of all appreciative authors. 
 
 TR \fi oFOSITION. 
 
 41. When two letters or two words are transposed, draw a wave 
 line beneath them, and write tr. (= transpose) in the margin. 
 
 REM. 1. The usual practice is to connect the two words by a curved line ; but this 
 method is frequently inconvenient, and in no way superior to the one now recom- 
 mended. 
 
 REM. 2. Several Words misplaced. When the position of several words requires 
 to be changed, draw a wave line beneath them, indicate their order by figure* 
 written above them, and write tr. in the margin.
 
 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 42. Words improperly joined. If two words are improperly joined, 
 write a caret (A) pointing to the place for the insertion of a "space." 
 and write, in the margin, the sign of a space, namely, # 
 
 43. Words improperly separated. When the parts of a single 
 word are improperly disjoined, make a perpendicular line between the 
 parts, and write, in the margin, by the signs previously explained. 
 dele space. 
 
 44. Words placed too far apart should be connected by a hori 
 zontal parenthesis ("*, written above, or ^, written below). The samo 
 sign should be written in the margin to attract the compositor's attention. 
 
 45. Depression of a Space. When a space requires to be de- 
 pressed, draw a line beneath it, and write | in the margin. 
 
 PARAGRAPHS. 
 
 46. When a paragraph has been improperly made, draw a line 
 from the end of the first paragraph to the beginning of the second, and 
 write in the margin, no IT. 
 
 47. A new paragraph is indicated by writing a caret before its 
 first word, and writing IT in the margin. 
 
 EKM. 1. When the compositor has properly made a break in the matter, but hag 
 neglected to "indent" the first word, write a caret before it, and make a quadrangle 
 in the margin. The quadrangle denotes an em quadrat, which is usually placed at 
 the beginning of each paragraph. Some proof-readers make use of the quadrangle 
 to denote a new paragraph, but very improperly, because it is required to denote 
 the insertion of an em quadrat in cases where a new paragraph is not desired. 
 
 KEM. 2. An en quadrat is denoted by a quadrangular figure twice as long (high) 
 as wide. 
 
 CROOKED LINES. 
 
 48. When lines are crooked, or when letters require justification, a 
 dash of the pen at the place is sufficient to call to it the attention of the 
 compositor. 
 
 CORRECTIONS CANCELED. 
 
 49. When something has been erased which, upon consideration, it 
 is thought best to retain, the wish may be indicated either by making a 
 row of dots above and below the erased portion, or by underlining it 
 and writing in the margin, stet =let stand. 
 
 ORDER OF CORRECTIONS THE SEPARATRI3C. 
 
 50. Tne corrections indicated in the margin should be separated 
 by a line (or separatrix), struck downward to the left ; and they should 
 be placed in the order of the corrections in the print opposite. 
 
 EEM. 1. Greater clearness results from placing most of the marginal correction! 
 (before a slanting stroke even when not followed by ai other correction.
 
 THIltD STYLE. 
 
 THIRD STYLE OF BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 51. Uses and Characteristics. In the Third Style of Brief Long- 
 hand, there is no settled list of word-signs in addition to those of the 
 Second Style. Contractions, however, in accordance with the established 
 principles of abbreviation, are employed to the utmost extent consistent 
 with legibility ; and the majority of vowels and silent consonants are 
 omitted ; and the writer may resort to any labor-saving device which 
 his experience and invention may suggest. The Third Style is designed 
 for use on all occasions where speed of writing is of primary importance, 
 as in copying letters, making abstracts of, and quotations from, books 
 read, taking notes of lectures, sermons, discussions, testimony, charges, 
 etc., and in rough-sketching articles for the press, or of any kind 
 whatever. 
 
 OMISSION OF VOWELS. 
 
 52 In the Third Style the majority of the vowels are omitted. Ex- 
 perience suggests the propriety of the following specifications. 
 
 1. Initial vowels when unaccented, are usually omitted ; when ac- 
 cented, they are either to be written or the mark of elision substituted. 
 
 2. Medial vowels are almost invariably omitted. 
 
 3. Final vowels are, for the most part, omitted, a mark of elision 
 taking their place. 
 
 BEM. 1. An unaccented initial vowel needs to be written or indicated by a mark 
 of elision whenever it serves to distinguish one word from another; as along 
 (-Ing from long (Ing), avoid (-vd) from void (vd), -Ik (alike) from like (Ik). 
 
 BEM. '2. It is thought better to write a single accented initial vowel than to write 
 the mark of elision in its place. The mark of elision may then be more certainly 
 employed to indicate a double vowel; as in -rth, earth; -r, ear, ai--; -I, oil. The 
 mark of elision may, in writing, be waved when it represents a double vowel. 
 
 EEM. 3. Medial vowels should be written whenever they are required for the sake 
 of distinction; as in neio to distinguish it from >no (now>. Experience will soon 
 guide the writer in the application of this principle. 
 
 EEM. 4. The final y should be written whenever the abbreviated form can be 
 conveniently employed. 
 
 53. Omission of Silent Consonants. Silent consonant letters 
 should be omitted ; thus, fl, fall ; tl, tell ; elm, climb ; hpy, happy ; tk,- 
 talk ; ndt, indict ; add, added ; Tms, Thomas ; Ik, lack ; c dm, condemn 
 err, error; pss, possess; -tnd, attend; bz, buzz; hm, hymn; -qr, ac- 
 |uire; hf, half.
 
 G2 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 EEM. 1. A silent letter should be retained when it is necessary to characterize ana 
 distinguish the word in which it occurs. 
 
 UKM. 2. As orthographic habits would be unsettled by the substitution of one 
 letter for another of the same sound, as /for ph in philosophy, no direction is given 
 to that effect In the list of word-signs, v was given as the sign for of, because/ WM 
 required for -or, and ^for if; and e was used as the sign of a, because it was ne- 
 cessary to distinguish that word from is. Lest the reader should make an inference 
 to the disadvantage of phonetic writing from the preceding remark as to effect of a 
 part al observance of the phonetic principle, the author should be allowed to stats 
 that experience demonstrates that the practice of the genuine phonetic writing doet 
 not, in the least, unsettle the common orthographic habits ; on the contrary, leading 
 ! a comparison of a false orthography with a truthful one, it serves to impress the 
 former upon the memory of some, because of their proneness to error ; upon the 
 memory of the good, because of their love of truth and aversion to its opposite ! 
 
 54. Caution. The principles explained in the two preceding sec- 
 tions should not be applied to change any of the word-signs as used in 
 the Second Style ; hence, the vowel should not be omitted from ' abt,' 
 or 'rep,' nor is it allowable to omit one of the p's in ' oppt,' or one of 
 the Fs in ' fllg.' 
 
 55. Expedients. To denote that a text or proposition is repeated, 
 the first word may be written and followed by &fc., or the parallels (||) 
 may be written as a sign for the entire text or proposition. A long 
 dash may be substituted for any portion of a sentence which it is 
 thought can be readily supplied. Sufficient space should be left for the 
 insertion of any word or clause which for any reason has to be omitted. 
 
 It is no part of the Author's aim to furnish the writer with a series of arbitrary 
 signs as means of securing speed in the expression of ideas. "When the contractions 
 heretofore explained do not give sufficient speed, the writer should learn phonog- 
 raphy, instead of wasting time to devise or learn a series of arbitrary signs. 
 Amusement, as well as argument against the use of arbitraries, may be derived 
 from an examination of the following arbitraries employed in Eich's system of 
 stenography: H both together, I-I between both, r " abundance, ij= even at the 
 right hand of God, ~ in the midst, ^ mingle, ff separate, ffT several, -x to 
 Christ (the cr,oss, an abbreviated *x', being used for Christ), x- to depart from 
 Christ ; -i| to come to God (ij being Rich's sign for g), ij- to depart from God, : x 
 called to Christ, x: far enough from Christ, ^n kindness of a nation (how frequently 
 such a phrase would occur, the reader is left to imagine), n~ coldness of a nation, 
 q works of God, q power of God. If the writer should wish a greater 
 number of arbitraries, he might employ the following, and many others constructed 
 upon the very obvious principles which they pretty seriously involve: ["" great 
 abundance, [""] very great abundance, t'T institutions of this country, +*:? freedom 
 of speech. The very great suggestiveness of these signs affords abundant reasons 
 for their use ! : A " !! of such signs can be seen in most of the old systems of short- 
 hand ; Phonography, on the contrary, by reason of the excellence of its alphabet, 
 enables the writer to keep pace with the voice of a speaker without resort to a 
 4ingle arbitrary.
 
 THIRD STYLE. C3 
 
 56 EXERCISES. 
 
 (1.) STUDIES 
 
 SM bks rtb tstd ; os tb swld ; &sm fw tb chwd &dgstd ; its, sm bks 
 rtb rd -nly i prts ; os tb rd, bt n crsly ; &sm fw tb rd whly, &w dlg K & 
 tn\ Sm bks -Is- rab rd b dp', & xtrcts md vth b os ; bt tt wd b -nly 
 ie 1 mpt arg" 18 , &ie mnr srt v bks ; els d tld bks r Ik c n d tld wtrs fishy 
 nga. Rd % mkth a fl mn; ^r", a rdy -mn ; & rt - , a xct mn ; &, thrr, -fa 
 .nn rt HI, h hd nd h a grt mmr- ; -fh c f Itl, hhd nd h a prs e wt ; &, if h 
 rd Itl, h hd nd h mcli cn - , t sm t k wt h dth n k. [?] Bacon. 
 
 KEY. STUDIES. 
 
 Some books are to be tasted ; others to be swallowed ; and some few 
 to be chewed and digested ; that is, some books are to be read only in 
 parts ; others to be read, but not curiously ; and some few to be read 
 wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read 
 by deputy, and extracts made of them by others ; but that would be 
 only in the less important arguments, and in the meaner sort of books ; 
 else distilled books are like common distilled waters flashy things. 
 Reading maketh a full man ; conference, a ready man ; and writing, an 
 exact man; and, therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a 
 great memory ; if he confer little, he had need hare a present wit ; and, 
 if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know what 
 he doth not know. [?] Bacon. 
 
 (2.) SAYINGS OF SENECA. 
 
 E W w n md ia d-, nei c ny hp t gn with b sdn efrt, fe sdn efrts ttr 
 nwadys md, rna wht btr thn nn -tl. Ws d als nng tb gd, ttlnbs- fev; 
 n mn tb hpy bt h tt nds noth hp" thn wt s w' h 8 . 
 
 KEY. SAYINGS OF SENECA. 
 
 The world was not made in a day, neither can any hope to gain 
 wealth by sudden efforts, for the sudden efforts that are nowadays 
 made, are not a whit better than none at all. Wisdom allows nothing 
 *o be good, that will not be so forever ; no man to be happy but he 
 that needs no other happiness than what is within himself.
 
 64 BRIEF LDNGHAND. 
 
 (2.) MENTAL MACHINERY. 
 
 Fre 'JV. Y. Dly Trbn,' 4 Jly, 1853. 
 
 (a) Wl dvncd zths -g v 1cm* & lbr-sv s, iis phs c prgrs, ey new achy" 5 
 i mchn c art s hid w nthssm. W prt mntns, &trvl Ik cnn bis ; &yt, a 
 mr -fctl m' pwr s anxsly sght f, &e "theosis v Ercsn only wts f blr bting 
 ttlstnd a slw fr. Ntrs frcs, vs b & nvs b , r md tdrv, nt&d, c l-n's v. 
 mchn c pwrs ttwdh -stnshd & bwldrd Archmds, oe Mrqs v Wrcstr. -r 
 vy nt-crckrs & ms-trps r -n new &lbr-sv prs. Hw si wr mntl mchnr- ? 
 N tspk v ma phs c tls & ngns, schz Dgld Strt, &s brthr gnts v Sctlnd, trtd 
 T s- mstrly, ie ds bf phrn ', msmrsm, &e ' rp' hw si we hm b impl 1 '" ve 
 schl-rm, re yng id- tks is frst Isns i sprtl prjctls ? r th p we tms ? re 
 edctrs -tv sght ve drk ags,' ze rlrd ngnrs r -hd ve old stgcch Jhus : 
 0, re frmr stl fl- e old sw, tt ' thr sn ryl rd t k :' Bt thrs tho. -t ny 
 rt, thrsa shrtr ct, -fwrnmstkn, te mns v btn- k. imnb 'ryl,' n st 
 ry 1', bt is jst e ng fe dm 00 . Indd dm 00 mst h i opnd bf i c b q sr v is f thld 
 -ne pint. 
 
 (b) Dr. Sml Jnsn's n v v edct' a boy b trn- hm Is ia Ibrr-, w vy gd, bt i 
 apis ta Itr stg ve bs n thn tt wh w r c sdr - . e boy mst frst Irn hw t us a 
 Ibrr- oa bk. Nrly hf e sm ttl v edc v h nw tb xpndd bf e b- mks a pu* 
 rhcbtrnd Is ag bks tny prps. Ths stg s cstly & tds. Cib Imnatd, o 
 mtrly -brdgd ? Ce rd fre mere Eng tk- anml te ran 1 vaEng bk, b md s- 
 shrt tticb trvrsd iz Ittl tm z one nw rqrs t g- fr N. Y. t Cin. Vyly ict. 
 -r own Frnkln r sw i, & pntd -te mns. e tht, n prhps q org w hm, w ev 
 sblmr thnttv tm* e Itnng. Hde W acptd i zsnze snd prc mnd v Frnkln 
 Btmt i string, thrwdn nw b w e atmsphr v prntd shts, mlns, n evn mny 
 hndrds, v mnds i adit bds, blnk z mdnt f wnt v schl\ Wt nw csts u nrly 
 hf w h txpnd f edc\ wdb -tnd spnlnsly, unvrsly, bf e vy bgn - . Nwspprs
 
 T H I R D 8 T Y L E . 65 
 
 KEY. MENTAL MACHINERY. 
 
 From the " New York Daily Tribune" 4 July, 1853. 
 
 (a) Well advanced as this age of locomotion and labor-saving is, in 
 its physical progress, every new achievement in mechanical art is hailed 
 with enthusiasm. We transport mountains, and travel like cannon balls ; 
 and yet a more effectual motive power is anxiously sought for, and the 
 apotheosis of Ericcson only waits for boiler bottoms that will stand a 
 slow fire. Nature's forces, visible and invisible, are made to drive, night 
 and day, combinations of the mechanical powers that would have aston- 
 ished and bewildered Archimedes, or the Marquis of Worcester. Our 
 very nut-crackers and mouse-traps are on new and labor-saving prin- 
 ciples. How is it with our mental machinery ? Not to speak of meta- 
 physical tools and engines, such as Dugald Stewart, and his brother 
 giants of Scotland, treated of so masterly, in the days before phrenology, 
 mesmerism, and the " rappings" how is it with the humble implements 
 of the school-room, where the young idea takes its first lessons in spirit- 
 ual projectiles ? Are they up with the times ? Are the educators out 
 of sight of the " dark ages," as the railroad engineers are ahead of the 
 old stage-coach Jehus ? Or, are the former still filing the old saw that 
 " there is no royal road to knowledge ?" But there is, though. At any 
 rate, there is a shorter cut, if we are not mistaken, to the means of ob- 
 taining knowledge. It may not be " royal" nor suit royalty, but it is 
 just the thing for the democracy. Indeed democracy mast have it 
 opened, before it can be quite sure of its foothold on the planet. 
 
 (6) Dr. Samuel Johnson's notion of educating a boy, by turning him 
 loose in a library, was very good, but it applies to a later stage of the 
 business than that which we are considering. The boy must first learn 
 how to use a library or a book. Nearly half the sum total of education 
 has now to be expended before the boy makes a point where he can be 
 turned loose among books to any purpose. This stage is costly and te- 
 dious. Can it be eliminated, or materially abridged ? Can the road 
 from the mere English talking animal to the meaning of an English 
 book, be made so short that it can be traversed in as little time as one 
 now requires to go from New York to Cincinnati ? Verily it can be. 
 Our own Franklin foresaw it, and pointed out the means. The thought, 
 not perhaps quite original with him, was even sublimer than that of 
 taming the lightning. Had the world accepted it as soon as the sound 
 practical mind of Franklin stamped it sterling, there would not now be 
 within the atmosphere of printed sheets, millions, nor even many hun- 
 dreds, of minds in adult bodies, blank as midnight for want of schooling. 
 What now costs us nearly half we have to expend for education, would 
 be attained spontaneously, universally, before the very beginning
 
 66 BBIEFIONGHAND. 
 
 b ol prs e , rd - e mthr-tng wdcmt chdn, & adits ttnwcn rd, za mtr T crs, 
 E mch z tk-. Ths s n thr- o spcl', bt a asrtnd fct, stld b aell xpr m -ne msl 
 -ncltvtd sbja. 
 
 (c) E old-schl m "phs's m stl -tthr Isr, w r e wrds ra Ingg re til 
 wwhe mnd thnks; thr nqn b e tls wwhe thnkr mks s this -vl b o mrkl 1 
 Lngg se grnd ngn v edc v , &ve mntl mp ve rce ; btirgrd tis vsl mchnsm, 
 is cntrs bhnde mrch vr phs" prg. is hf w bk te prmds & hrglphcs. ij 
 'fan' v sgns tmk e spkn wrds vs 1 r arbtrr-, ir'al, & mstrs te -nnttd ; &a 
 rsn why svy pin. Spkn wrds r prdcd b c bn*s (tkn c sc tly ) v m 1 ve 40 
 ^tnct ps's whe -rgns v vce r cp 1 ' v -snv ie act v utrnce. e ps h nr vsch ps'a 
 snmch 40, &e actl nr usd iny Ingg snevmch 1 . Ltrs r dsnd trepth* 
 eev ps's ve -rgns, o el ms v vce, &nngcb plnr thntt, tmke rtn Ingg -sly 
 rd b , e nr v Itrs mat xctly crspnd te lj t elm v vce ; &tt one ve frmr sdb 
 nchng b -prprtd teave latr. Yt fr Cdms t Gs, n cvlzd Ingg w frnshd w 
 mrthn one hf z mny Itrs zihd smplelrasv snd [?]. e ngns Chrk-, h- a 
 rtn Ingg tmk. &prhps sm k v Frkln's sgstns, gv s r trmn e rght nr v Itrs, 
 &e r sq w tt chdn & -dlts Irnd -t once t rd Chrk- w t schl' i Englsh wh 
 26 Itrs, lv 14 ve vcl el ms nprvdd f. v ncs 7 , thr r , sm ve 26 Itrs mstd d h 
 d', bte actl us s far wrs thne ncs', s- tte Itrs gly r mltvcl o mnysndd, & 
 hrdly one s unvcl. e old sng hth i tt 
 
 " one vce fa ortr 's srly -ngh,'- 
 
 hwmchmr, thn, fa Itr! E mny-sndd" (ncld - ttl sl E ) vr Eng Itrs, csts 
 mi'jj v mny t schl a prt ve ppl thre chs v spl- (rth* !), & shts -t zmny 
 mlns v ppl frl prtcp v ie use v prntd bks, fe wnt vsch schl ! 
 
 (d) -f wt ihsttd s ndn b , why sdne mntl mchnry ve c try b mdfd ( 
 crspnd we tr- pr? -fe rslts ve chnge wdbs- bnfcl. why sdne cnddta f
 
 THIRDSTYLE. 67 
 
 Newspapers being omnipresent, reading the mother- tongue would com* 
 to children, and adults that now can not read, as. a matter of course, 
 as much as talking. This is not theory, or speculation, but an ascer- 
 tained fact, settled by actual experiment on the most uncultivated sub- 
 jects. 
 
 (c) The old-school metaphysicians may settle at their leisure, whether 
 the words of a language are the tools with which the mind thinks ; they 
 are unquestionably the tools with which the thinker makes his thoughts 
 available or marketable. Language is the grand engine of education, 
 and of the mental improvement of the race ; but in regard to its visual 
 mechanism, it is centuries behind the march of our physical progress 
 It is half way back to the pyramids and hieroglyphics. Its combinations 
 of signs to make the spoken words visible are arbitrary, irrational, and 
 mysterious to the uninitiated ; and the reason why is very plain. 
 Spoken words are produced by combinations (taken consecutively) of 
 more or less of the forty distinct positions which the organs of voice are 
 capable of assuming in the act of utterance. The possible number of 
 such positions is not much over forty, and the actual number used in 
 any language is never much less. Letters are designed to represent 
 these several positions of the organs, or elements of voice, and nothing 
 can be plainer than that, to make the written language easily readable, 
 the number of letters must exactly correspond to the distinct elements 
 of voice ; and that one of the former should be unchangeably appro- 
 priated to each of the latter. Yet from Cadmus to Guess, no civilized 
 language was furnished with more than half as many letters as it had 
 simple elements of sound [?]. The ingenious Cherokee, having a writ- 
 ten language to make, and perhaps some knowledge of Franklin's sug- 
 gestions, gave his countrymen the right number of letters, and the con- 
 sequence was that children and adults learned at once to read Cherokee 
 without schooling. In English we have 26 letters, leaving 14 of the 
 vocal elements unprovided for. Of necessity, therefore, some of the 26 
 letters must do double duty, but the actual use is far worse than the 
 necessity, so that the letters generally are multivocal or many sounded, 
 and hardly one is univocal. The old song hath it that 
 
 " One voice for an orator 's surely enough," 
 
 how much more, then, for a letter ! The many soundedness (including 
 total silence) of our English letters, costs millions of money to school a 
 part of the people through the chaos of spelling (orthography !), and 
 shuts out as many millions of people from all participation in the use 
 of printed books, for the want of such schooling ! 
 
 (d) if what we have stated is undeniable, why should not the mental 
 machinery of the country be modified to correspond with the true prin- 
 ciple ? If the results of the change would be so beneficial, why should
 
 68 BKIEF LONGHAND, 
 
 imr* st th" t brng i abt ? r re edctrs, e clgs, e Irnd sc's ? r th -1 wdd 
 t dst & cbwbs ? H th stld i tt mchn c imprfn & -bsrd' sh -Iws 1- -te fnd 
 vr Itrtr, & blk p aces tis nj m? H nnsns bcm s- vnr b ttimstnb ct trbd ? 
 Mst -1 ftr gnr's spl thr way ite kg" 1 wmch trbl v v brch &bwldr m ? Dth"w- 
 h mstrd e pzl fr tt th sh Is thr Ibr -f thr chdn's bras r n rkd we sm rdcla 
 prblm ? o sh e alph, vl nstr m & ngns vth e tms, b shldd fr mp m , 1st e stk 
 i trd TC bblplsts sdb dprctd i vl- ? Wt -f -r prs e Ibrrs sdbcm zgdz us 1 , 
 xc te prs' gnr" v rdrs & splrs, be chng, -fe chng wdbgd wn md ? Hwn 
 pprmls, prss, ink, & stm t rprnt eyng whs wrth prnt- -le objns, wn 
 vwd ie Ight vr phs" prg, r smply rdcls. 
 
 () Bte Ittr- pdntr- & c srvtsm wh ops ths chng hna pg If 1 1 sprt th, 
 fis fnd b erf xpr m tte new alphb sa grt Ibr-svr i tch- & lrn- e ns veo 
 Bis -d ppls Irn t rd & spl e txt ve -Id alph, btr &i hf e tm smd ie old 
 way. e nvn' o rt cvr- sv nclcl 1 ' vl-, evn -fe prs e mperf alphb & chtc rth* 
 rtbfev rtnd. Ths fct ss- wl est tt ^rs 1 SchlCtees wd d wl t s- thr schlg 
 prvdd w rd- bks, prntd bth i n type & phntype -n opst pgs. e ppl sptnsly 
 Irns e Itr, &s gdd bi te xct prnnc' vey wrd. i rgrdt -nsl prpr nns. thg 
 -rng " wdb hghly bnf evn t wl-edctd -dlts. i hndrds v prmr- schlg 
 phntpy s ths o othws usd, s- far ze prpr schl-bks cbfnd. -fe mr ppbr 
 rd--bks wr prprd ie way wh dscrbd, e prg ve refrm wdb farmr rpd, 
 &whndt tt -f one sch Isn-bk cd fnd -dmi t schl, iwd sn htbflld b -ngh 
 t spl- ea ppl. isvyprob tt -fe phntpc alphb wr tb -dmtd it Itrtr ithsway, 
 a gnr' wdn ps bf eowdb crwdd -t. &w- bt pd a9 , slv drvrs, & dspts wdbe 
 mrnrs ? Pr flws ! Thh sn thr bst ds. Spntns rd- ey chd is own 
 pdgg, s- far z spl- 8 c crnd s rtn ie bk v ft, b i ftl twmim.
 
 THIRD STYLE. 69 
 
 not the candidates for immortality set themselves to bring it about ? 
 Where are the educators, the colleges, the learned societies ? Are they 
 all wedded to dust and cobwebs ? Have they settled it that mechanical 
 imperfection and absurdity shall always lie at the foundation of our 
 literature, and block up access to its enjoyment ? Has nonsense become 
 so venerable that it must not be disturbed ? Must all future generations 
 spell their way into the kingdom with much tribulation of birch and 
 bewilderment ? Do those who have mastered the puzzle fear that they 
 shall lose their labor if their children's brains are not racked with the 
 same ridiculous problem ? Or shall the alphabet, of all instruments 
 and engines of these times, be shielded from improvement, lest the stock 
 in trade of the bibliopolists should be depreciated in value ? What if 
 our present libraries should become as good as useless, except to the 
 present generation of readers and spellers, by the change, if the change 
 would be good when made ? Have we not paper-mills, presses, ink, and 
 steam to reprint every thing which is worth printing ? All the objec- 
 tions, when viewed in the light of our physical progress, are simply 
 ridiculous. 
 
 (e) But the literary pedantry and conservatism which oppose this 
 change have not a peg left to support them, for it is found by careful 
 experiment that the new alphabet is a great labor-saver in teaching and 
 learning the use of the other. By its aid pupils learn to read and spell 
 the text of the old alphabet, better and in half the time consumed in 
 the old way. The invention or discovery is of incalculable value, even 
 if the present imperfect alphabet and chaotic orthography are to be 
 forever retained. This fact is so well established that enterprising 
 School Committees would do well to see their schools provided with read- 
 ing-books, printed both in common type and phonotype on opposite pages. 
 The pupil spontaneously learns the latter, and is guided by it to the 
 exact pronunciation of every word. In regard to unusual proper nouns, 
 this arrangement would be highly beneficial even to well-educated adults. 
 In hundreds of primary schols phonotypy is thus or otherwise used, so 
 far as the proper school-books can be found. If the more popular read- 
 ing-books were prepared in the way we have described, the progress of 
 the reform would be far more rapid, and we have no doubt that -if one 
 such lesson-book could find admission to school, it would soon have to be 
 followed by enough to supply each pupil. It is very probable that if 
 the phonotypic alphabet were to be admitted into literature in this way, 
 a generation would not pass before the other would be crowded out. And 
 who but pedants, slave drivers, and despots would be the mourners ? 
 Poor fellows ! They have seen their best days. Spontaneous reading 
 every child its own pedagogue, so far as spelling is concerned is writ- 
 ten in the book of fate, be it fatal to whom it may.
 
 70 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 (8.) USES OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 
 
 " Tl m n i mrnf nrs, 
 ' Lf s bt a em' drm !' 
 Fe si s dd tt slmbrs, 
 & ngs r n wt th am." 
 
 I sms tm tt nng 1 thn e Dvn Intlg E c Phnd e nfnt ps b8 &e -trnl dstnl 
 tt slmbr ie frthcnr grin va hmnb' Nng cbvmrmpt, tschab', thn. xst"; 
 -1 els, z tm ultmtly dmnstrts s scndr- & sbsrv*. E bgn- &e end vl hmn 
 ndvr s, T XST. E arts & sncs, & mchn's, bwh nm sbsst, r z trns e ze ps - 
 elds z -phmrl ze shdws v -rth-brn drms. 
 
 & yt, w tth e trns" arts & tmsrv nvn's, hmn XSP wdb mps b . -Ndd, e 
 fnd x v xst* s Id ie art v sbsst*, &n two iTs wr ev mr nsepr '. Nay, mr, 
 w te itms wh -n rvw w fnd strng -ne rosr- ve flw yrs ; w te mnfld '' cpt b & 
 nrcrd b tn v s bstd b mthr & f r, b br r & s r, be frndly nbr, & " e 
 stngr w' th- gts" w tth e , thrcdbn prsrv x v bdy, n -wkn- v Iv, n incrs v 
 i, n stsfc" w If, n XST". 
 
 Hnc is tt dspt th", & -pr 61 ? i drct v? v brdr aspr's, mn k dvr w 
 cstnc 1 rlsh wtv s spsd tb trly b ? . -Fa prsn srsly rprt h" i sm prd c , evn 
 tbo a utr stngr, e W 1 rev e nws wa aptt nst b . E rim v sbsst K se rim v 
 b og . F xmpl, ey -dlt rds w grtf plsr ve d covr- v Amer ; bt wn e prvt 
 str- ve d cvrr a tld, thn bhld hw -1 clss &1 ags, v bth sxs, mbb e b og 
 rvl m ! 
 
 E hstr- veW s 'st ; ttva prsn s fsnt- Thrs -Iwys smng ia strngr's xp 
 wh n mrtl c dvlg sv e strngr h 9 . E -Itrt c fe's va hmnb' abt tb hngd, r 
 nspk b mr thrl- & mpr s -f tld bh s thn bao, evn -fttoba sprtl -dvsr, &a adpt 
 ie art v nr\ Ths instnct f b* s mplntd ie ntr vl mn; bt, wn 1ft t sk 
 'fc" ngdd b Ws' 1 , i rpdly dgnrts it dfrm', & xhbts mprfns e mst rpl"
 
 THIBD STYLE. 
 
 KEY. USES OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY 
 
 " Tell me not in mournful numbers, 
 
 ' Life is but an empty dream ! 
 For the soul is dead that slumbers, 
 And things are not what they seem." 
 
 It seems to me that nothing less than the Divine Intelligence can com- 
 prehend the infinite possibilities and the eternal destinies that slumber 
 in the forthcoming germ of a huniaii being. Nothing can be of more 
 importance, to such a being, than existence ; all else, as time ultimately 
 demonstrates, is secondary and subservient. The beginning and the 
 end of all human endeavor is, TO EXIST. The arts, and sciences, and 
 machinations, by which men subsist, are as transient as the passing 
 clouds as ephemeral as the shadow of earth-born dreams. 
 
 And yet, without these transient arts and time-serving inventions, 
 human existence would be impossible. Indeed, the foundation of ex- 
 istence is laid in the art of subsistence, and no two relations were ever 
 more inseparable. Nay, more, without the myriad items which on re- 
 view we find strung on the rosary of the flowing years ; without the 
 manifold imperceptible and unrecordable attentions bestowed by mother 
 and father, by brother and sister, by the friendly neighbor, and 
 " the stranger within thy gates" without these, there could be no pres- 
 ervation of body, no awakening of love, no increase of knowledge, no 
 satisfaction with life, no EXISTENCE. 
 
 Hence it is, that despite themselves, and apparently in direct viola- 
 tion of broader aspirations, mankind devour with an intuitive relish 
 whatever is supposed to be truly autobiographical. If a person se- 
 riously report himself in some periodical, even though an utter stranger, 
 the world will receive the news with an appetite insatiable. The realm 
 of subsistence is the realm of biography. For example, every adult 
 reads with grateful pleasure of the discovery of America ; but when the 
 private story of the discoverer is told, then behold how all classes, and 
 all ages, of both sexes, imbibe the biographical revealments ! 
 
 The history of the world is interesting ; that of a person is fascina- 
 ting. There is always something in a stranger's experience which no 
 mortal can divulge save the stranger himself. The illiterate confessions 
 of a human being about to be hanged, are unspeakably more thrilling 
 and impressive if told by himself than by another, even if that other be 
 his spiritual adviser, and an adept in the art of narration. This in- 
 stinct for autobiography is implanted in the nature of all men ; but, 
 when left to seek gratification unguided by Wisdom, it rapidly degene- 
 rates into deformity, and exhibits imperfections the most repulsive
 
 ,2 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 Prnes tl-br & xtmprns gsp d trb a ows pcf n'. E snctr- v prvt If s rth 11 ' 
 entrd ba gng v hdlng b s nvstgtrs, &e ndvdl chrc s trd & fthrd, -fn 
 Inchcl b a nfrtd mb v rpt 1 ' nwsppr-scrblrs, o nscrpls pmphltrs. -L tlisa 
 dlprd, bth i prvt &i pb, b tr- mn & no b wmen. 
 
 Agn : im &ds smtms hpn tte pr vnts T indvdl xp r xpd i mstr- & 
 ncrtn', omb d trtd be flit- shdws v prncs & nca dctd rprta. Nw sda prsn 
 ths ml trprtd ps -Ing w t tk 1 s own If, why, thn hs l b tb nxpc -sltd, & 
 prhps mvdrd, bsm spsd frnd o -nk f-. Hnc i flws, zba l og ncs,' tt -f 
 indvdl If h i i dvlp ms vny prc vl- t mn k -f i c tns ny frsh Isnsv er g m & 
 nstrc\ &s -tesmtm nvlvd i fls h o mstr- thn i most mnfstly bcms a wrk 
 v jstc & mrcy fe sd prsn n t rtr -t dth ntstt, bt t bqth tlwm im c crn a 
 etrtfd & "sues *b s a pin rndr' ve vg v If a c f ve inr Hrt. 
 
 Mn s brn nr e bs va hi ia vly fl v shdws ; bt, once -tve crdl h bgna t 
 elm. H frth w strgls & pnts, rapid be hdn frc v dstny, t -tn e smt. Wa 
 eye pne sny ftr, bt k' n e pthwy, h tgs, & frts, & tmbls, -tey trn. E 
 mats ve vly m nvlp hm, e drr- wst v p v & ''s m strch -wy btne hi &hm, 
 s pth m ps evn thre sltds ve dsml swmp ; yt, ndntd, & Id b unsn grdns. 
 h pshs bldly fd, & gns trmph a 'y e ht v s frst amb v : wn, lo ! h fnds h" ia 
 
 vly stl, o wh se sm ng, bt mr sgs' te bs va emn* yt hghr & mr 
 
 -rsst b -trc'. 
 
 I mk th e smblc afrm's, bee jrny vmown If hbfre c n Ivl v brth to smt 
 va c nd- hL E frst ps v rchd, I sw a vl bfm; &bydths a yt hghr hi f m "i 
 t elm. I d- tm & trl, ths grtr emn K w -Is- sfly rchd ; & strng t rlt, 1 
 fnd m 9 -te ft v stl ao elv\ whw yt mr mntns &mr dfc v asnt. Yt m wy 
 w plnly pntd -t & shwn m ; &s-, -md mpd ms -pr ely nsrmnt b , I prsd e rgd 
 
 E brd m fc K ve sn fre frtl smt vths mjstc mntn, fr 'sndd ey prvs pctr
 
 THIRD STYLE. 73 
 
 Pernicious tale-bearing and extemporaneous gossip disturb an other- 
 wise peaceful community. The sanctuary of private life is ruthlessly 
 entered by a gang of headlong biographical investigators ; and the indi- 
 vidual character is tarred and feathered, if not lynched, by an infu- 
 riated mob of reputable newspaper-scribblers or unscrupulous pam- 
 phleteers. All this is deplored, both in private and in public, by true 
 men and noble women. 
 
 Again : it may and does sometimes happen that the principal event* 
 of individual experience are wrapped in mystery and uncertainty, or 
 may be distorted by the flitting shadows of appearances and uncontra- 
 dicted reports. Now, should a person thus misinterpreted pass along 
 without taking his own life, why, then he is liable to be unexpectedly 
 assaulted, and perhaps murdered, by some supposed friend or unknown 
 foe. Hence it follows, as by a logical necessity, that if individual life 
 has in it any developments of any practical value to mankind if it 
 contains any fresh lessons of encouragement and instructions, and is at 
 the same time involved in falsehood or mystery then it most manifestly 
 becomes a work of justice and mercy for the said person not to retire 
 at death intestate, but to bequeath to all whom it may concern a 
 <traiffhtforward and conscientious autobiography -a plain rendering 
 jf the voyage of life a conlession o* >-ne inner heart. . 
 
 Man is born near the base of a hill in the valley full of shadows 
 but, once out of the cradle he begins to climb. He forthwith struggles 
 and pants, impelled by the hidden force of destiny, to attain the sum- 
 mit. With an eye upon the sunny future, but not knowing the pathway 
 he tues, and frets, and tumbles, at every turn The mists of the valley 
 may envelop him, the dreary waste of poverty and disease may stretch 
 away between the hill and him, his path may pass even through the 
 solitudes of the dismal swamp ; yet, undaunted, and led by unseen 
 guardians, he pushes boldly forward, and gains triumphantly the height 
 of his first ambition : when, lo ! he finds himself in a valley still, or 
 which is the same thing, but more suggestive at the base of an emi- 
 nence yet higher and more irresistibly attractive. 
 
 I make these symbolic affirmations, because the journey of my own 
 life has been from the common level of birth to the summit of a com- 
 manding hill. The first position reached, I saw a vale before me ; and 
 beyond this, a yet higiier hill for my feet to climb. In due time and 
 trial, this greater eminence was also safely reached ; and, strange to 
 relate, I found myself at the foot of still another elevation, which was 
 yet more mountainous and more difficult of ascent. Yet my way was 
 plainly pointed out and shown me ; and so, amid impediments appa- 
 rently insurmountable, I pursued the rugged mission. 
 
 The broad magnificence of the scene . from the fertile summit of thii 
 
 4
 
 7i BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 o xp. fa wle I dwlt tntd -nths grgs mntn-hm frwh led s- e errs, A 
 wiidr , & msts, & tmpsts, & sgnf, vey vl blw, thrwh Ihd pscl. I [it] w 
 Ik stnd- -na sld rk be ssd, -wy fr trml & dngr, bhld- shps zth rs & fl & 
 strgl we strm. F thus i w it, fr dwn e his, &eyr ie vis blw, led s- m 
 flwmn, too prd tb tght, jmp- fr grg t elf, & mr- thr prsnl wlfr -tey stp, 
 Taly stry t rch e Hghst &e Bst b mthds mps b t prv advgs. From tkt 
 * Magic Staff, .in Autobiography of Andrew Jackson Davis." 
 
 (4.) MAN A. MICROCOSM. 
 
 Mn s -1 smtry ; 
 fl T prpr's, one 1m tao, 
 
 &tleWbsds; 
 
 ea prt m cl e frthst brthr, 
 f hd w ft hth prvt am', 
 
 &bth w mds & tds. 
 
 Nng hth gt s- fr 
 bt mn hth ct &kpt i zs pry ; 
 
 s eyes cl mnt e hghst str, 
 
 hs i Itl -le sphr. 
 -rbs gldly cr -r flsh, bcttth 
 
 fnd thr -qnt A thr 
 
 Fu e wnds d bl-, 
 e -rth dth rst, hvns mv, &fntns 
 
 Nng w see bt tons -r gd, 
 
 z -r dlt o z -r trsr ; 
 e whljs eie cpbrd v fd 
 
 cbnt T plsr. 
 
 E strs Id u t bd ; 
 Tit drs e crtn whe sn w drs, 
 
 msc &lt -tnd -r hd. 
 
 -L ngs nt -r flsh r kd 
 Ithr dsnt & b- ; tr mnd, 
 
 ithr asnt &cs.
 
 THIRD STYLE. C' 
 
 majestic mountain, far transcended every previous picture or experience. 
 For a while I dwelt contented on this gorgeous mountain-home irom 
 which I could see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, 
 and significance, of every vale below, through which I passed. It waa 
 like standing on a solid rock by the sea-side, away from turnioii and 
 danger, beholding ships as they rise and fall and struggle with the 
 storm. For thus it was that, far down the hills, and everywhere in 
 the vales below, I could see my fellow-men, too proud to be taught, 
 jumping from gorge to cliff, and marring their personal welfare at 
 every step, vainly striving to reach the Highest and the Best by meth- 
 ods impossible to prove advantageous. From the " Magic Staff; Am. 
 Autobiography of Andrew Jackson Davis." 
 
 KEY. MAN A MICROCOSM. 
 
 Man is all symmetry ; 
 Full of proportions, one limb to another, 
 
 And to all the world besides ; 
 
 Each part may call the farthest brother, 
 For head and foot hath private amity, 
 
 And both with moods and tides. 
 
 Nothing hath got so far 
 But man hath caught and kept it as his prey ; 
 
 His eyes dismount the highest star, 
 
 He is in little all the sphere. 
 Herbs gladly cure his flesh because that they 
 
 Find their acquaintance there. 
 
 For us the winds do blow, 
 The earth doth rest, heavens move, and fountains flow: 
 
 Nothing we see but means our good, 
 
 As our delight or as our treasure ; 
 The whole is either the cupboard of food 
 
 Or cabinet of pleasure. 
 
 The stars lead us to bed ; 
 Night draws the curtain which the sun withdraws, 
 
 Music and light attend our head. 
 
 All things unto our flesh are kind 
 In their descent and being ; to our mind, 
 
 In their ascent and cause.
 
 76 BRIEF LONGHAND. 
 
 Mr srv 88 wt -n mn 
 thn hi tk ntc v. iey pth 
 
 h trds dwn ttwh dth bfrnd hm 
 
 wn sk" mks hm pi &wan, 
 ! mty Iv ! Mn s one W, &hth 
 
 ao t -tnd hm. 
 
 Geo Hrbrt. 
 
 More servants wait on man 
 Than he'll take notice of. In every path 
 
 He treads down that which doth befriend him 
 
 When sickness makes him pale and wan. 
 O ! mighty love ! Man is one world and hath 
 
 Another to attend him. 
 
 George Herbert
 
 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY. 77 
 
 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 57. BREVISCRIPTION signifies BRIEF WRITING, and is a branch of 
 science and art that treats of the various means of Brief Writing. It 
 comprises 
 
 1. STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY consisting of the standard Old Phonog- 
 raphy in its best -'edition" as wrought out hy the united action of 
 practical phonographeis, with Numerous Improvements added by the 
 author of this work. 
 
 2. PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY consisting of the common longhand, with 
 Phonographic Word-Forms for the most frequent words and phrases. 
 The most extended practicable list for the purpose is given in the fol- 
 lowing section. 
 
 3. BRIEF LONGHAND. "Brief Longhand, as is indicated by the name, 
 is a system of writing with the common letters contractions of words, 
 and other expedients, being resorted to, for brevity. It deserves the 
 attention of every person who feels the need of a briefer mode of writ- 
 ing than the common longhand, but who cannot devote the necessary 
 time for learning a new set of characters, as in Phonography. From 
 the very first hour's study considerable advantage may be immediately 
 derived. The principles may be gradually introduced until, in a short 
 time, the writer will be enabled to increase his speed of writing one 
 hundred per cent. The system is so simple and legible that it may be 
 availed of, to a considerable extent, in all correspondence, in book- 
 keeping, in writing for the printer, and for most of the other purposes 
 for which the common longhand is now employed, so that it becomes 
 of importance even to phonographers." N. J. National Standard. 
 
 58. When the Brief Longhand writer is willing to introduce into 
 his abbreviated writing devices that might not be readily learned by 
 the longhand writer, he may still further lessen pen-labor by substi- 
 tuting for the corresponding Brief Longhand word-signs the Phono- 
 graphic Word-Forms in the following list which are presented with a 
 view to their being iised as simple geometrical expedients, without 
 having to learn the phonographic system, though for the curious tho 
 values of the phonographic signs are given in the "Alphabetical List."
 
 78. 59.- PHONOGRAPHIC WORD-FORMS 
 SELECTED JOB THE USE OF LONGHAND WRITERS. 
 LIST U. 
 
 KnttMd. according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by ANDREW J. GRAHAM. In the Clerk' I 
 tifiice of the Diitrict Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. 
 
 NOTE. The dot-line indicates the line of writing. All signs whose position is not 
 Bhowu by it, should rest upon the line. The following word-forms may be used in 
 any letter, if accompanied by this List, and can be used, with great advantage, iu 
 all private writing, and in reporting lectures, etc. This List adds to List I. the signs 
 of frequently used "auxiliary" verbs, and frequently-occurring pronouns, preposi- 
 tions etc. These forms comprise dots, angles, circles, semicirles, and strokes of 
 
 different lengths : full-length (about one eighth of an inch, as be), half-length (as tkat, 
 wider, might), quarter-lengths, or "dashes" (as of, to). 
 
 Dors, DASHES, and ANGLES, a , [x Period- Mark] , . an or and, 
 J_ the. ] of, ^ to, J or, ^ but, / on, / should-st, v /. 
 
 SEMICIRCLES and CIRCLES, we. __ with, c were, ' what, 
 
 > would, you, is, his, as, hot. 
 
 LEFT-INCLINED STROKES. \ by, \ be, 
 "\^ before, ..N^..to be, V__ if, V_ f^t ^_ have, 
 
 PERPENDICULAR STROKES. | it, [ its, U is, it has, f it will, j do, 
 
 | doing, [ does, J done, --| - had, ( they, them, ^ they icitt, ") tfteir, 
 there, they are, ( that, ) was. 
 
 RIGHT- INCLINED STROKES. / which, / which is, which has, /* which 
 
 mil, _J shall, shall, f~ will, f your. ~ yours-elf. 
 
 HORIZONTAL STROKES. -> can, 
 ^am,may,him,^~^ in, no, 
 
 _ could, "^ might, 
 not, ^_, under, ........ thing, 
 
 me, my, 
 
 ' things. 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST of the words and phrases, followed by the values of their 
 Phonographic signs. 
 
 A. a, H: am, m: an, a; and, a; are, r; as. z. B. be, b; before, bf; been, bn; 
 being, b.ing; bat, u; by, b. C. can, kn: could, kd. D. do, d; does, dz; doing, 
 d.ing; done. dn. K. for. f: from, fr. H, had, 'd; has, z; have, 'v; having, v.ing; 
 him, m: his. z. I. I, i; if, f; in, n; is. z; it, t; it has. tz; it is. tz; it will, tl; its, 
 ts. IV. may. m: me, m; might, mt: my, m. N. no. n; not. nt. O. of. 6- 
 on, 6; or, 6. S. shall, shalt, sh; should. 66. T. that, tht; the. e; them, they. t!i; 
 their, there they are, thr; they will, thl; thing, ng; things, ngs; to, 66; to be, b. 
 IJ. under, nu. 'W. was. Z; we, we: were, we: what, wo; which, 'ch; which is. 
 which has, chz: which will, chl; will, wilt, 1; with, vX; would, w66. If. you, 
 y66; your, y; yours, yourself, ys. 
 
 t(F S3~ ^ x the phonographic forma for the Italic words in wrili=g the following: 
 
 STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY This is Iht most philosophical, rapid, and beautiful system of shmv. 
 band writing ever invented. [ The basis of] this system o/shorth&ud was invented some thirty years ago 
 [in 1837], by Isaac Pitman, in England. It has undergone many improvements, and now. <u far at may 
 be, is perfected ; and it is being introduced into very many of the schools, both public and private, through. 
 out the country. Tht system as now used, is the result of the labor and study of Andrew J. Graham, of 
 New York, by whom Pitmar's system was used as a basis, while he has made very many alterations, jiui 
 added many new features Jnew principles, rules, combinations, devices, contractions, ana ord siguij 
 making it at once the most unique and useful system of writing that can be imagined. 
 
 The lovers of beautiful things will find in Phonography sufficient to gratify the most fastidious taste. It* 
 faultless curves and graceful outlines are the admiration of all, making a page of phonographic print [or 
 writngl bear more resemblance to a finely executed picture than any thing else. And Phonography now 
 has quite a literature vf its own, thanks to the enterprise of Mr. Graham, affording delight, KOI only to tin 
 mind of the reader, but to the eye. And so we mtyht go on enumerating the advantages and beauties ^f 
 this most beautiful science. We recommend everybody to learn it- The least insight into *x f*iiiuarih 
 ortJJ afford great pleasure, and a complete mastery of the art will give an accomplishment u*"c. m*t to 
 one o iour= of much profit to iu possessor From the HAVIRHILO, (Mass. GAZETT*.
 
 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY. 79 
 
 60. When the writer has familiarized these " Phonographic Word- 
 Forms," he may add as many more of the phonographic forms as he 
 can practically familiarize, from the Correspondent's List (alphabetically 
 arranged), in the Author's "Little Teacher," and in his "Synopsis." 
 These signs represent, for the most part, by simple movements of the 
 pen, the most frequently recurring words (and sometimes phrases) of 
 the language. They can soon be thoroughly familiarized by persistent 
 studv and use of them. 
 
 61. EXERCISE IN THE FIRST STYLE, INTRODUCING THE PHONOGRAPHIC 
 WORD-FORMS. SEEP. 14, 10. 
 
 a-US JLa.- 
 
 assni/jjS lira- 
 ^>?imM/)TAS</yS 
 CJ/ 
 
 ff 
 
 o C4m-0//Ji/r-vrixj/ CtA/rnJJid , oteJve/ncM \> 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ^ * 
 
 a, 
 
 r 
 \ 
 
 s?.6CiZsC/ 
 
 
 s e*f, 
 ff 
 
 .J (f
 
 80 PAKTI A L PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ey, iwrdt ) 
 <f 
 
 a-cLi 
 
 02. EXERCISE IN THE SECOND, OR AUTHOR'S, STYLE, INTRODUCING PHO- 
 NOGRAPHIC WORD-FORMS. SEE p. 44, 24. 
 
 < 
 
 AC/. 
 
 , C I **** 

 
 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 81 
 
 \ 
 
 /His I '</ 
 
 fj 
 
 
 \ ' 
 
 9 ' 
 
 m&artA/*' 
 (7. 
 
 rrio 
 
 vis 
 -J 
 
 &vn. 
 
 
 n ffi* 
 
 ) U 
 
 ; & 
 
 _> , _ J) ,? , 
 
 > listh , f> /i^C-cc /itrw^ 
 
 ) AA/n~ 
 
 
 /vzt o 
 
 \ 
 
 -frfi/i' faf 
 (J <f 
 
 
 
 SrrrLZ.
 
 8:2 
 
 PARTIAJL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 63. EXERCISE IN THE THIRD STYLE, INTRODUCING PHONOGRAPHIC WORD- 
 FORMS. SEE P. 63, 56. 
 
 \ 
 ,-"*if. 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 ^-^ \ 
 
 \ ~7i/ 
 
 / 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 . 
 
 vr ; . ^- ri /i<t "LSWs , n, J 
 
 >n, \ "/^ ' i o^% " "/ 
 
 , ~Zb..-l... 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 vncJl, 
 
 _ OO <
 
 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY 83 
 
 G4, EXEBCISE. IN THE THIRD STYLE, INTRODUCING THE PHONOGRAPHIC 
 FORMS OF THE "CORRESPONDENT'S LIST," AS GIVEN IN THE AUTHOR'S 
 "SYNOPSIS OF STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY." 
 
 MENTAL MACHINERY. 
 
 (SEE P. 65, FOR KEY). 
 
 < r 
 
 ? 
 
 ^/LAtfA 
 
 CY 
 
 / 
 
 rv 
 
 C~ cbsrud c C -o -<^rn: . -&i=sAv , b' 
 
 A'7T 
 
 >rvcA'7T/ c 
 
 -&-&f i . . <r^ fi>c^t- m/ -fiurt, ' a^oc^j 

 
 '84 PARTIAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 J^L <{; I o 
 \ 
 ' ,0 /JiM n^nAA ~~\ 
 
 ? ' , - 
 
 ' 
 
 V X L /^/' , 
 
 ^-x
 
 Publications of Andrew J. Graham & Co. 
 
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 Little Teacher. Comprises : 1. THE OUTLINE, presenting all the chief 
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 READING EXERCISES furnishing in 16 little pages an exercise on each section 
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 '""""". 

 
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 This book is DUE on the last 
 date stamped below 
 
 I 3 f953 
 
 R E 
 MAIN 
 
 
 MAR 
 AM. 
 
 2m-9,'46(A394)470 
 
 UNIVKKS1TY 01 
 
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 LOS ANGELES 
 
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 A 000 562 427 5 
 
 Z56 
 
 G76b 
 
 1908 
 
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 Dallas, Tex a*