&t 
 
 ^ 
 
 u. s. departme!nt of labor 
 
 WORKING CONDITIONS SERVICE 
 
 GRANT HAMILTON, Director General 
 
 HOW TO GIVE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED LECTURES ON 
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION 
 
 /alifornia 
 
 gional 
 
 Jility 
 
 ■■'■'"rr"ii1^_ 
 
 TO WORKMEN 
 
 
 
 
 
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 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1919 
 
 r
 
 U. S. DEP.VRTMENT OF LABOR 
 WORKING CONDITIONS SERVICE 
 
 GRANT HAMILTON, Director General 
 
 HOW TO GIVE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED LECTURES ON 
 
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION 
 
 TO WORKMEN 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1919 
 
 K 
 
 ^
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Foreword 5 
 
 WTiy give safety lectures? 5 
 
 I. How to begin the lecture 5 
 
 Opening with an anecdote 5 
 
 Opening with a startling statement fi 
 
 II. How to analyze the problem 6 
 
 Principal cause of accidents 6 
 
 What is carelessness? 7 
 
 Distinction between inattention and recklessness 7 
 
 Best type of talk 7 
 
 Why teaching through the eye is the best method 7 
 
 Value of pictures 8 
 
 III. How to illustrate the lecture .- 8 
 
 Use of slides 8 
 
 Use of films 8 
 
 Combination films and slides 9 
 
 The kind of films and slides to show 10 
 
 Use of demonstrations 10 
 
 IV. How to arrange an effective program 10 
 
 The first appeal 10 
 
 Arousing the man's interest 11 
 
 Printed tickets or invitations 11 
 
 V. When is the best time to hold meetings? 11 
 
 Noon-day meetings 11 
 
 The Pullman plan 12 
 
 Reels, machines 12 
 
 The best time : 12 
 
 Evening meetings 12 
 
 VT. ^Vliere is the best place to hold meetings ? 13 
 
 Conclusions 13 
 
 116030°— 19 
 
 (3)
 
 HOW TO GIVE ILLUSTRATED LECTURES ON ACCIDENT PREVENTION TO 
 
 WORKMEN. 
 
 By Roy S. Bonsib, Chief, Division of Safety Engineering, Working Conditions Service, 
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 The withdrawal of 40,000,000 men directly and 200,000,000 in- 
 directly from the occupations of peace and their em- 
 , .^ , ployment in the work of pure destruction and waste, 
 
 to say nothing of the millions already killed or hope- 
 lessly maimed, compelled modern industry to wake up to the fact 
 that the human element must be conserved and made as efficient as 
 
 possible. 
 
 Thousands of dollars have been spent in safeguarding machinery, 
 but little attention has been paid to the men who operate the mechan- 
 ism. Mr. Charles B. Scott, of the Bureau of Safety of Chicago, found 
 in a recent investigation that about 88 per cent of accidents are due 
 to man failure and not directly chargeable to machinery. It is, 
 therefore, necessary to educate the workmen themselves in the haz- 
 ards of their respective occupations and the importance of playing 
 the game safely. 
 
 I. HOW TO BEGIN THE LECTURE. 
 
 There are two general methods of opening an address so as to en- 
 list the interest of the men at the start. 
 
 The first is the joke or funny story, a good example of which is 
 the following anecdote used by Mr. Scott, of the Bureau of Safety, 
 Chicago, in a recent address on accident prevention: 
 
 Several years ago I had the pleasure of listening to a most interesting address by 
 the late Elbert Hubbard, who went down on the Lusitania. Mr. 
 opening w Hubbard was discussinc: the subject of men being bom for certain 
 
 ^^^ ' accomplishments in life, and he maintained that men were so 
 
 born with these qualifications and tendencies. He said, "For instance, James J. 
 Hill, who owned most of the railroads in the Northwest, and who recently passed 
 away, was a born money-maker. WTien Jim was a young man he had charge of a 
 railroad section in the Northwest, and with three other men boarded at the Farmers' 
 and Merchants' Hotel in the small town. Jim and these associates made about the 
 same wages — $47.50 a month. There was a very comely and beautiful young lady 
 
 (5)
 
 that was accustomed to wait on the table where these young men ate and one day 
 just before Christmas, Jim said, 'Boys, let's do something for the girl.' They said, 
 'All right, Jim, we've been thinking about that.' Jim said, 'Well, -will you fellows 
 do whatever I do?' And they said, 'Yes.' And so Mr. Hill surprised them by pulling 
 a twenty-dollar gold piece from his pocket and spinning it on the table. Some of 
 the fellows almost went under the table and they said, 'Jim, you are not going to give 
 her that, are you?' Jim Hill said, 'Yes.' One fellow said, 'I've only got ten dollars.' 
 Jim said, 'Give me the ten dollars and your note for ten and I will put up the twenty 
 for you.' They raised the eighty dollars and presented it to the young lady. The 
 next day Jim Hill married the girl." 
 
 The second method of opening a talk for workmen is some startling 
 statement as this, taken from a paper on "Accident Prevention as a 
 Business Proposition," by Samuel H. Reid: 
 
 Recent figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C, show that 
 there are 38,000,000 wage earners in the United States and that of 
 Opening with these 38,000,000 wage earners 700,000 lost members of their bodies, 
 a startling or are so seriously injured that they are laid up on account of 
 statement. accidents for an average of four weeks each, every year of 300 
 
 working days. 700,000 wage earners lose an average of 28 days 
 each year from injuries. That means a loss of 19,000,000 working days every year — or 
 reducing it to. a yearly basis, a loss of 65,333 years — a monetary loss of at least 
 $50,000,000 in wages. Suppose we put this on a one-man basis: If a workman was 
 injured 63,417 years B. C, he would be ready to return to work January 2, 1917, A. D. 
 This wage loss of $50,000,000 not only affects the employee and the large and small 
 manufacturer, but filters down to the middle man, who handles the manufactured 
 article, and the purchaser. 
 
 In spite of the fact that statistics are usually considered dull and 
 tiresome, I personally prefer this second method of opening an ad- 
 dress, because it starts the hearers to thinking at the beginning, 
 and that is one of the fundamental purposes of lectures to workmen. 
 
 II. HOW TO ANALYZE THE PROBLEM. 
 
 The body or main part of the talk should then show the hazards 
 of the occupation, how they can be avoided through 
 
 r 1 n c 1 p a ^^^^ practices and cooperation, the results of thought- 
 cause of acci- ^ ^ 1/^11 • • 1 
 (jgytj,^ lessness and carelessness, and, finally, that it is the 
 
 workman and his family that suffer the most and 
 
 whose financial burden is far greater than that of the employer. In 
 
 no case does the amount of compensation paid equal the income loss, 
 
 to say nothing of the pain and suffering caused by accidents. It has 
 
 been shown that a very large percentage of accidents is caused 
 
 through carelessness and is preventable. Webster, among many 
 
 synonyms for "careless" gives three which will help us to understand 
 
 the problem of the careless workman : (1) Heedless, (2) inattentive, 
 
 (3) rash. "Carelessness of the first kind need be considered but 
 
 briefly," says Crystal Eastman in her book: Work Accidents and the 
 
 Law.
 
 It is exasperating and hopeless, but fortunately rare. A larger proportion of the 
 
 „„ . "careless" cases belons; rather under the term "inattentive." 
 
 ' ' " Human powers of attention are naturally limited in at least two 
 
 iPSSflPSS ^ 
 
 ways: Heed can be given to but a limited number of things at a 
 time, and to any one thing for but a limited time. Moreover, in the condition and 
 euA'ironment of these in "dangerous occupation," there are often influences working 
 to weaken the power of attention, the speed and intensity of the work, the heat and 
 noise of the place, the weariness of the workers — all these tend to numb the faculties 
 most needed for protection. 
 Between inattention and recklessness or rashness there is a wider distinction. 
 
 Neither kind of carelessness so far described is of the same nature 
 Distinction as that of the brakeman who stands in the middle of the track to 
 between inat- board an approaching yard engine, although he knows there is a 
 tention and safer way, or that of the machinist who throws a belt on without 
 recklessness. sloAving down the shaft. Such acts as these are rash — the conscious 
 
 taking of unnecessary i-isk . The deliberate failure to take a pre- 
 caution is a kind of recklessness in which the chief element is haste. In the spon- 
 taneous, impulsive kind of recklessness, the moving spirit is varj^ing, "taking 
 chances," the gambling instinct. In almost all reckless acts connected with work, 
 however, both these elements are present. There is some ease or time-saving 
 secured by almost every risk that workmen willingly take. In addition, tliere is a 
 carelessness due to lack of proper instruction as to what constitutes dangers, their 
 consequences and proper precautions. The remedy is obvious. 
 
 It is such analyses of human tendencies that make a speaker able 
 to get right at the heart of things. Psychology, the science of the 
 human mind and its operation, may be ''high-brow stuff," but it is 
 very important. I venture to say that if executives and safety 
 men were more familiar with the psychology of the workmen's mind, 
 there would be fewer labor disturbances and accidents. Cultivate a 
 sense of interest in your helpers and it will go far to inspire a similar 
 feeling in them. 
 
 The type of talk which seems to appeal to workmen the most is 
 the straight from the shoulder, conversational, 
 es ype o almost one-syllabled word speech, on the subject of 
 direct interest to themselves in their daily occupa- 
 tion. However, a mistake which safety men frequently make is in 
 underestimating the workmen's intelligence, which, of course, hurts 
 the man's self-esteem and antagonizes him. Most people, however, 
 are not appealed to through their intelligence; their emotions must 
 be aroused. The most effective way of appealing to the emotions 
 is through the eye by means of pictures. 
 
 An executive of the National Cash Register Co., one of the pioneers 
 in the education of employees, says: 
 
 We believe in teaching through the eye, because: 
 
 (1) The optic nerve is 18 times bigger than the nerve from the ear. 
 ^ ' * (2) The eye transmits its impressions to the l)rain 25 times 
 
 . ... . faster than the ear. 
 
 ^ ' . ' (3) When you talk with i)ictures you use ])oth the eves and the 
 
 method. ^ \ , . , . , .i ,u \. 
 
 ears or your listeners m making tJiem grasp your thought.
 
 8 
 
 Tlius, illustrated lectures offer one of the most effective means 
 kno\VTi to-day of attracting a man's attention, driving home the 
 important points, and promoting safety, because pictures possess 
 strong inherent interest value. 
 
 Pictures are the universal language and may he understood alike 
 by all classes of people and all grades of intellect 
 a lie o pic- ^^^ ^ij nationalities. It is a well-known fact that a 
 child is attracted by pictures long before printed 
 words mean anything to him. Everybody likes to look at pictures. 
 Rolland Hall, an advertising expert, states that pictures give the 
 argument or the description at a glance. They show what perhaps 
 could not be fully described in 500 or 1,000 words. Boss Tweed, of 
 New York, it is said, declared that he cared nothing about the word 
 criticism of him that the newspapers published, but he shrank from 
 having the people see cartoons of him; they could understand the 
 pictures even if they didn't read editorials, and it is generally con- 
 ceded that Nast's pictures put this political boss out of business, 
 
 III. HOW TO ILLUSTRATE THE LECTURE. 
 
 Lectures may be illustrated in three ways: (a) Slides, (h) films, 
 (c) actual demonstrations of safe and unsafe practices. Each has 
 its advantages and disadvantages. 
 
 The Chicago & North Western Railway Co. has used stereopticon 
 slides in its safety work with good results for the past seven years, 
 and for the past two years has used motion pictures in addition to 
 the slides. Mr. Harry J. Bell, a member of this company's safety 
 organization, says: 
 
 I believe there is a great educational value in the use of lilnas, Ijut ordinarily the 
 _. f ,!• 1 feature of entertainment, instead of education, enters quite 
 
 strongly into this method. The advantage with slides is that the 
 attention is riveted on the particular subject on the screen; then, too, the speaker 
 has opportunity to dwell as long as may be necessary in talking about any one subject. 
 Most of our slides were made from pliotographs secured under our direction by our 
 company photographer, the pictures being posed by our own men. He then makes 
 them into slides, furnishing at the upper right-hand corner of the slide face a red tag, 
 with his own file number. We use a white tag, placed at the upper left-hand corner, 
 to indicate the order in which the slides on a particular occasion are to be shown. 
 
 I believe a good average as to time used in showing the slides would be to say 
 that 60 slides should be shown in 30 minutes. It has always V)een our idea that a 
 Safety meeting or rally, especially one to which the families of the men or the general 
 ptiblic are invited, should not last over an hour and a half. 
 
 On the other hand, Marcus A. Dow, general safety agent of the 
 New York Central Lines, is a strong advocate of the moving picture. 
 In a recent letter to the writer, Mr. Dow said : 
 
 In our opinion, lectures that are illustrated either by moving pictures or stere- 
 
 j, -„j opticon views are the most effective and of the two the moving 
 
 picture, if it is forceful and tells a dramatic story, is the one which 
 
 will appeal to the men the most. We have been using moving pictui'es similar to
 
 "The House That Jack Bxiilt" and "The Rule of Reason" for several years, and these 
 mo^-ing pictures have done more to interest our employees in safety work than any- 
 thing else. Lectures are not delivered while the picture is on the screen, because the 
 pictures tell their own story. It has been our custom, however, to deliver a verbal 
 lecture of from 20 minutes to half an hour, outlining causes of accidents and explaining 
 to the men that it is necessary to obtain their cooperation to eliminate these accidents. 
 The motion picture which follows takes about 40 minutes to show. 
 
 The National Founders' Association has also adopted the moving- 
 picture method of illustration exclusively and has discarded slides, 
 although they have a very large and complete collection. 
 
 For the past year and a half the Ford Motor Co. has been showing 
 a 2,000-foot motion picture film to its employees, but has not made a 
 practice of delivering any set lectures. This film deals with the 
 guarding of machinery in the Ford factory and gives illustrations 
 of the right and wrong way of working. The film requires about 
 three-quarters of an hour, and it is explained by a representative of 
 the safety department, who also emphasizes different points and 
 submits appropriate statistics as the picture progresses. The 
 pictures are shown to about 175 men each night, except Saturday, 
 immediately after quitting time. As the employees work but eight 
 hours, they do not object to coming to see the pictures. 
 
 We find that there is a noticeable change in the men after they have seen the practi- 
 cal illustration of what the company is doing to help them — 
 
 says a member of the Ford safety department. 
 
 There is a spirit of cooperation, open-mindedness, a desire to work the safe way 
 and to help work out methods of preventing accidents. Naturally we feel that in 
 the accomplishment of these points, our "Illustrated Lectures for Workmen" are 
 thoroughly worth while. 
 
 In the United States Metals Refining Plant, at Chrome, N. J., 
 
 talks on accident prevention are incidental parts of 
 Filmsand • •, n mi „ 
 
 moving-picture performances, ihe program con- 
 sists of four or five general films, some of which are 
 educational, others simply amusing, sandwiched in between these are 
 films showmg accident work done by various industrial concerns. 
 A series of lantern slides taken around the plant are shown to illustrate 
 the right and wrong way of doing things and the dangerous places 
 which might cause accidents. While the lantern sUdes are being 
 shown, the welfare inspector explains them and gives a short talk. 
 A separate performance is given to foreign-born workmen, an evening 
 being devoted to each group. One of the foremen explains the 
 slides and films to the audience in their native tongue. 
 
 It is far better to show pictm-es giving the results of accidents and 
 how accidents occur than a lot of slides illustrating a mass of com- 
 plicated guards. Such pictm-es may mterest safety engineers and 
 plant executives, but, as a rule, they don't appeal to the average
 
 10 
 
 workman. In discussing this phase of the problem, Mr. Sidney 
 Rollo, of the above mentioned plant, recently made this statement: 
 
 It is utterly impossible to make a man's mind stop automatically every time a 
 Th ir- f dangerous incident arises, especially if he is quick and efficient. 
 
 He must 1)0 taught, and it must become second nature to him to 
 be careful, and not have to stop to think whether a thing is danger- 
 ous or not. Going into elaborate details of accidents is more for 
 the safety engineer and management than for the men. We showed in one of our 
 "Safety First " films, the result of carelessness on the part of a man who stepped on a 
 nail, raising his foot and then saying "Ouch." This only tended to create a laugh, 
 and I think it went by without much further thought. Later we showed a film where 
 a fellow stepped on a nail, and then was stretched out with his foot held to the audi- 
 ence, the blood running out in great streams. This had its effect on the audience. 
 Many of the men shuddered and the women began to cry. I am sure that this lesson 
 struck home. Although it was only a small accident, the consequences were shown 
 as well as the accident itself. One of our oldest plant slogans reads: " No Matter 
 How Slight the Accident, Report It." Drive this into the men and they will be- 
 come ashamed and avoid carelessness for no other reason. Above all, even if the 
 workmen to whom you have to speak, are skilled, don't make your address technical. 
 Even engineers and chemists have been known to fall asleep at technical lectixres. 
 
 Where a large percentage of the employees are foreigners, the 
 
 pictures should be depended upon to "deliver the 
 
 ^^ ^. ' goods" and eliminate the lectures altogether; how- 
 
 ever, it is well to have a man present to answer 
 
 questions. Where it is impossible to show films or slides then the 
 
 talk or lecture should be accompanied by demonstrations of artificial 
 
 resuscitation or first aid, in which men taken directly from the 
 
 audience can actually take part. This will arouse the interest to a 
 
 very great degree because it gives the subject a more human or 
 
 personal touch. 
 
 IV. HOW TO ARRANGE AN EFFECTIVE PROGRAM. 
 
 There never yet lived a normal woman who ever lost interest in 
 romance; therefore, show one picture depicting a 
 '^^ love story. However, this must be reserved to the 
 last so that there will be no danger of the audience 
 leaving before the show is over. The first picture should be a comedy, 
 to make the kiddies laugh; this will put the man in good humor and a 
 receptive mood. Now, as to the safety educational film — for there 
 should be but one — it should be appropriate to the occasion at all 
 tunes. That is to say, a picture intended for railroad men should 
 not be shown to miners, nor should one illustrating accident pre- 
 vention in mining operations be shown to mill operatives. The film 
 should be of such a character as to arouse a man's interest in the 
 fundamental principles of accident prevention. His familiarity with 
 his occupation naturally makes him careless, unless he has been 
 made to realize that no matter how skillful a workman he may be 
 he is not immune from injury if he is careless.
 
 11 
 
 C. L. Andersen, an engineer at the East Chicago phint of the United 
 States Metals Refining Co., hit the nail on the head when he made 
 this statement: 
 
 We have always been in the habit of showing pictures that were supposed to teach 
 the worker how to avoid accidents. This is unnecessary and use- 
 ° less. Every Worker of ordinary intelligence knows all the hazards 
 
 of his occupation, of course, excepting those hazards where poi- 
 sonous and deleterious substances are involved, but including all that can ]je shown 
 in a picture. He knows that if a loose sleeve or apron is caught on a revolving shaft 
 he is liable to be torn asunder. He knows that if a flying chip enters his unprotected 
 eye, he may lose his sight. He kncjws that if a heavy load drops from an overhead 
 crane, and lands on his head that it will kill him. To show these things in a picture 
 does no good. The average workman tliinks liimself too clever to be caught in this 
 way; anyway he likes to take chances. He so hates to be a coward. 
 
 Now, instead of showing how to avoid accidents, show the man why he should 
 avoid them. Instead of appealing to his fear, appeal to his fatherly love, to his 
 paternal instinct; in other words, get a strangle hold upon his heart instead of upon 
 his reason, and the battle is over. To do this, show, for an example, a picture that 
 tells the story of a carelesss father who was killed through his own carelessness, and 
 depicts the heartrending anguish and terrible hardships that his mother, sister, wife, 
 and innocent cliildren had to endure because of it. If this ^vill not, in time, make 
 him a careful man, nothing upon this earth will. 
 
 If a large per cent of the employees are foreigners, experience has 
 shown that giving out printed invitations or tickets 
 
 Printed^ tick- ^^ ^^iq men. will cause a better turnout than a posted 
 
 .. or verbal notice. It seems that the acceptance of 
 
 such a card makes the man feel obligated to come 
 
 and brmg his family. It also gives them more courage to enter a 
 
 strange building. 
 
 V. WHEN IS THE BEST TIME TO HOLD MEETINGS? 
 
 Meetings may be held during the noon hour, at quitting time or in 
 the evening. While the first two have the advantage of having the 
 men at the plant, there is the disadvantage that they are either in a 
 rush to get home, or are liable to bolt their food instead of eating it 
 properly. However, the Pullman Car Co. and the General Electric 
 believe that the noon hour is the best. 
 
 In writing on this subject to the author, Mr. S. W. Ashe, of the 
 General Electric educational department, says: 
 
 In gi\'ing our talks in the shop during the noon hours, we found it desirable to start 
 
 about 12.30 p. m., and stop at 10 minutes to the hour. To attract 
 
 ^ attention to the talk we used an easel, on which we mounted 
 
 ° ' bulletins, broken goggles, and things of a safety nature. Then 
 
 again it is a good plan t<j get the foremen together in a regular lecture room where you 
 
 can give them an hour's talk on the company's time, illustrated by lantern slides on 
 
 your various safety methods.
 
 12 
 
 The Pullman Co. is another advocate of the noonday meeting. 
 However, this meeting, which is held in the men's 
 The Pullman jj^.^jj^ dining room, is confined almost entkely to 
 ' moving pictures w'ith occasional slides with safety 
 
 slogans and talks by the safety engineer. The program is arranged 
 so that it will he both entertaining and instructive. Only one reel 
 of pictmes is shown, starting promptly at 12.30 and ending at 12.45 
 p. m. There is a $250 electric Victrola which was presented to the 
 men by Mr. Charles Schwab and which is played during the picture. 
 The following is the weekly program: 
 Monday: Comedy. 
 Tuesday: Ford Weekly. 
 Wednesday: Industrial. 
 Thursday: Drama. 
 Friday: Hears t-Pathe Weekly. 
 vSaturday: No picture. Men quit at noon. 
 The men take an intense interest in these pictures and a great deal 
 of good is accomplished. The object of the comedy on Monday is to 
 help counteract the proverbial ''Monday blues." 
 
 Reels may be secured for about $1 .25 apiece from any film exchange, 
 
 a list of which will be furnished upon request, and a 
 
 Reels, ma- g^^^j moving picture machine may be purchased at a 
 
 very reasonable cost. A list of makers and handlers 
 
 of picture machines and supplies will also be furnished upon request. 
 
 Personally, I believe that the practice of noonday pictures and 
 
 talks should be more universally adopted. The 
 The best time. . . , , , » • ^.i, tt -a j oa i 
 
 principal chambers oi commerce m the United states 
 
 and numerous other organizations have found that noonday meetings 
 are better attended because men like to have their evenings free to 
 spend with their families, to attend theaters, social functions, or 
 lodges. In order to maintain interest in noonday meetings, a solo 
 or short musical selection by "one of the boys" should be added. 
 Evening meetings have the advantage of catching the men in a 
 more restful state of mind. His day's work is over, 
 Evening mee - |^^ -j^^^ -j^^^ ^ chance to wash up, eat his supper, and 
 
 enjoy his evening's smoke, and is, therefore, in a more 
 receptive mood. However, there is the disadvantage that unless 
 there is a very strong appeal he doesn't like to leave home. Nearly 
 all of the railroads and industries hold their meetings in the evenings. 
 It has been found that from 7.30 to 8 o'clock is the ])est time. Ex- 
 perience has shown that the most effective length of meeting is an 
 hour, although if the pictures are especially interesting they may 
 last longer, but in no case should they extend over 90 minutes. 
 
 These evening meetings or moving picture entertainments should be 
 held at frequent intervals, say, twice a month, and should be made a
 
 13 
 
 family affair, because one of the best wa3's of securing the attention 
 of the working man is to get his wife and children interested in safety 
 and accident prevention. 
 
 VI. WHERE IS THE BEST PLACE TO HOLD MEETINGS? 
 
 Meetings or lectures may be held out in the plant, in the men's 
 dining room, or special meeting places such as halls, theaters, and, in 
 the case of railroads, special instruction cars. Meetings may also be 
 held in the foremen's homes or the boarding houses of the workmen. 
 In the Pittsburgh district many out-of-door meetings with safety 
 films have been given during the past season, generally in the public 
 parks. To be the most effective, I believe meetings should be held 
 in some hall or auditorium, centrally located, and should never be 
 held in the plant. The men see enough of the plant during working 
 hours. The New York Central lines have two motion-picture cars 
 provided with fireproof projecting rooms. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 From the foregoing data it appears that the most effective way 
 of promoting accident prevention is through the use of short talks 
 about 30 or 40 minutes long, illustrated with slides and moving 
 pictures showing the results of accidents, rather than how to avoid 
 them; that these lectures and pictures, where there is a large i)er- 
 centage of foreigners, should be held at the noon hour, in the dinuig 
 room of the men, or in the case of evening meetings at 7.30 or 8 p. m. 
 The evening meeting should be held in some central location and 
 should be made a family affair. 
 
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