5^ ^ *:3^ J-* r' r k '.-t t'r\r\ ^ 'A \\^ ^ %i ii!iti,/fr.r.. \ CtC mrri r , o _ 5V CO ,S;OF-CA"^'"" oe : > 3C 5? \^ C3 <^ < >^.,. 21 ^^ s^ JIWD-JO"^ ,^^ t^V" #■ 5 %iOAlNfl-3Wi' •^ m^ ^^f o to .r^ 5^\^M)>J)VF|?% JO-*^' ''^OJl ^.OFCAllfO% cc ^ ti =3 >-.»»»'>' S? O ii_ SO S V AOfCAllfO% ^ ' '• .K^ ^. ^/5AHV88nA^ ^''^AHV 1 "^ 3 \\V :^ • ■.r. -% g ^> SjafUNIVERS-//; < CIS "Jr ^miwrn^"^ ^'^' % .\T^-.h\\rX\Tr i \ &^*"' si; £^ S3 / ^,....... ^,.......# ^l :a3- CP. ^ i i^ § i"- \s ^V '^!:/Aavaaiv"i'^^' <^:?y'jKv-sov'<^' "^miNa-^i^^' /^ ^-lOSmEL^^ 4^lllBRARY(9/^ ^HIBRARYO^^ 5© SO ■;y " .t■ - s " m. ' » t «. ». t « » « K « ** "*.*'.* CO C€4' PREFACE \ ^4-3 . TO THE FIRST EDITION. It may seem surprising that the English, who have employed their talents 'i:::^ successfully in every branch of literature, and in none more than in that of philology, should yet have fallen below other nations in the study of their synonymes : it cannot however be denied that, while the French and Germans have had several considerable works on the subject, we have not a single writer who has treated it in a scientifick manner adequate to its importance : not that I wish by this remark to depreciate the labours of those who have preceded to me ; but simply to assign it as a reason why I have now been induced to some OT forward with an attempt to fill up what is considered a chasm in English literature. c In the prosecution of my undertaking, I have profited by every thing which o_ has been written in any language upon the subject ; and although I always ^ pursued my own train of thought, yet whenever I met with any thing deserving of notice, I adopted it, and referred it to the author in a note. I had not pro- ceeded far before I found it necessary to restrict myself in the choice of ray materials ; and accordingly laid it down as a rule not to compare any words together which were sufficiently distinguished from each other by striking fea- tures in their signification, such as abandon and qicit, which require a compari- son with others, though not necessarily with themselves ; for the same reason I thought fit to limit myself, as a rule, to one authority for each word, miless where the case seemed to require farther exemplification. Although a work of this description does not afibrd much scope for system and arrangement, yet I laid down to myself the plan of arranging the words according to the extent or universality of their acceptation, placing those first which had the most general sense and application, and the rest in order. By this plan I found myself greatly aided in analyzing their difierences, and I trust that the reader will thereby be equally benefited. In the choice of authorities I have been guided by various considerations ; namely, the appropriateness of the examples ; the classick purity of the author ; the justness of the sentiment ; and, last of all, the variety of the writers : but I am persuaded that the reader will not be dissatisfied to find that I have shown a decided preference to such authors as Addison, Johnson, Dryden, Pope, Milton, &c. At the same time it is but just to observe that this selection of authorities has been made by an actual perusal of the authors, without the assistance of Johnson's dictionary. For the sentiments scattered through tliis work I offer no apolog}-, altliough I am aware that they will not fall in with the views of many who may be comr « 1 n: /s /"■» .•» r^ vi PREFACE. petent to decide on its literary merits. I write not to please or displease any description of persons ; but I trust that what I have written according to the dictates of my mind will meet the approbation of those whose good opinion I am most solicitous to obtain. Should any object to the introduction of morality in a work of science, I beg ihem to consider, that a writer, whose business it was to mark the nice shades of distinction between words closely allied, could not do justice to his subject without entering into all the relations of society, and showing, from the acknowledged sense of many moral and religious terms, what has been the general sense of mankind on many of the most important questions which have agitated the world. My first object certainly has been to assist the philological inquirer in ascertaining the force and comprehension of the English language ; yet I should have thought my work but half com- pleted had I made it a mere register of verbal distinctions. While others seize every opportunity vmblushingly to avow and zealously to propagate opinions destructive of good order, it would ill become any individual of contrary senti- ments to shrink from stating his convictions, when called upon as he seems to be by an occasion like that which has now offered itself. As to the rest, I throw myself on the indulgence of the publick, with the assurance that, having used every endeavour to deserve their approbation, I shall not make an appeal to their candour in vain. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE LONDON QUARTO EDITION. A FOURTH edition of the English Synonymes having now become desirable, the Author has for some time past occcupied himself in makmg such additions and improvements, as he deems calculated materially to enhance its value as a work of criticism. The alphabetical arrangement of the words is exchanged for one of a more scientifick character, arising from their alliance in sense or from the general nature of the subjects : thus affording the advantage of a more -con- nected explanation of terms, more or less allied to each other. At the same time the purpose of reference is more fully answered by an index so copious that the reader may immediately turn to the particular article sought for. The subject matter of several articles has been considerably enlarged, and such amplifications admitted as may serve to place the Svnonvmes in a clearer point of view, particularly by comparing them with the correspondmg words in the original languages whence they are derived. The English quotations have likewise imdergone several alterations both in their number and order, so as to> adapt them to the other changes which have been introduced throughout the work. i:n^dex. Page TO ABANDON— to abandon, desert, forsake, re- linquish , 243 TO ABANDON— to abandon, resign, renounce, abdicate 243 TO ABANDON — to give up, abandon, resign, forego 242 ABANDONED— profligate, abandoned, reprobate 249 TO ABASE — to abase, humble, degrade, disgrace, debase 106 TO ABASH— to abash, confound, confuse 107 TO ABATE — to abate, lessen, diminish, decrease 351 TO ABATE— to subside, abate, intermit 271 TO ABDICATE— to abandon, resign, renounce, abdicate 243 TO ABDICATE— to abdicate, desert 253 ABETTOR — abettor, accessary, accomplice 365 TO ABHOR— to abhor, detest, abominate, loathe 138 TO ABIDE— to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, in- habit 263 ABILITY— ability, capacity 67 ABILITY— faculty, ability, talent 68 ABILITY— dexterity, address, ability 68 ABJECT— low, mean, abject 147 TO ABJURE — to abjure, recant, retract, revoke, recall .A 247 TO ABOLISH— to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- voke, annul, cancel 247 ABOMINABLE— abominable, detestable, execra- ble 138 TO ABOMINATE— to abhor, detest, abominate, loathe 138 ABORTION — failure, miscarriage, abortion 125 ABOVE — above, over, upon, beyond 279 TO ABRIDGE— to abridge, curtail, contract 178 TO ABRIDGE— to deprive, debar, abridge 50C TO ABROGATE— to abolish, abrogate, repeal, revoke, annul, cancel 247 ABRUPT—abrupt, rugged, rough 201 TO ABSCOND— to abscond, steal away, secrete one's self 520 ABSENT— absent, abstracted, diverted, distracted 484 TO ABSOLVE— to absolve, acquit, clear 182 TO ABSOLVE— to forgive, pardon, absolve, re- mit 87 ABSOLUTE— absolute, despotick, arbitrary 188 ABSOLUTE — positive, absolute, peremptory 188 TO ABSORB— to absorb, swallow up, ingulf, en- gross 509 TO ABSTAIN— to abstain, forbear, refrain 244 ABSTEMIOUS— abstinent, sober, abstemious, temperate 244 ABSTINENCE— abstinence, fast 87 ABSTINENT— abstinent, sober, abstemious, temperate 244 TO ABSTRACT— to abstract, separate, distin- guish 420 ABSTRACTED— absent, abstracted, diverted, distracted 484 ABSURD — irrational, foolish, absurd, preposte- rous 91 ABUNDANT— plentiful, plenteous, abundant, co- pious, ample 341 TO ABUSE— to abuse, misuse 399 ABUSE— abuse, invective 109 ABUSIVE — reproachful, abusive, scurrilous 109 ABYSS— gulf, abyss 403 ACADEMY— school, academy 197 TO ACCEDE — to accede, consent, comply, acqui- esce, agree 151 TO ACCELERATE— to hasten, accelerate, speed, expedite, despatch 261 ACCENT— stress, strain, emphasis, accent 221 TO ACCEPT— to take, receive, accept 233 ACCEPTABLE— acceptable, grateful, welcome.. 234 ACCEPTANCE ) ACCEPTATION ( acceptance, acceptation 234 ACCESS— admittance, access, approach 235 ACCESSION — increase, addition, accession, aug- mentation 347 ACCESSARY — abettor, accessary, accomplice... 365 ACCIDENT— accident, chance 171 ACCIDENT— accident, contingency, casualty . . . 172 ACCIDENT- event, incident, accident, advei> ture, occurrence 172 ACCIDENTAL— accidental, incidental, casual, contingent 172 ACCLAMATION- applause, acclamation, plau- dit 130 TO ACCOMMODATE— to fit, suit, adapt, accom- modate, adjust 154 ACCOMPANIMENT— accompaniment, compa- nion, concomitant ; 493 TO ACCOMPANY- to accompany, attend, es- cort, wait on 493 ACCOMPLICE — abettor, accessary, accomplice.. 365 ACCOMPLICE— ally, confederate, accomplice.. 491 TO ACCOMPLISH— to accomplish, effect, exe- cute, achieve 283 TO ACCOMPLISH— to fulfil, accomplish, realize 2S9 ACCOMPLISHED— accomi)lished, perfect 288 ACCOMPLISHMENT — qualification, accom- plishment 289 TO ACCORD— to agree, accord, suit 152 ACCORDANCE— melody, harmony, accordance 155 ACCORDANT— consonant, accordant, consistent 153 ACCORDINGLY— therefore, consequently, ac- cordingly 274 TO ACCOST— to accost, salute, address 461 VUl INDEX. ACCOUNT— account, reckoning, bill ACCOUNT— account, narrative, description ACCOUNT— sake, account, reason, purpose, end TO ACCOUNT~to calculate, compute, reckon, count or account, number ACCOUNTABLE— answerable, responsible, ac- countable, amenable TO ACCUMULATE— to heap, pile, accumulate, amass ACCURATE— accurate, exact, precise ACCURATE— correct, accurate ACCUSATION— complaint, accusation TO ACCUSE— to accuse, charge, impeach, ar- raign TO ACCUSE— to accuse, censure ACHIEVE— to accomplish, effect, execute, achieve ACHIEVEMENT— deed, exploit, achievement, feat ■• TO ACKNOWLEDGE— to acknowledge, own, confess, avow TO ACKNOWLEDGE— to recognise, acknow- ledge TO ACQUAINT— to inform, make known, ac- quaint, apprize ACQUAINTANCE— acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy TO ACQUIESCE— to accede, consent, comply, acquiesce, agree TO ACQUIRE— to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn • TO ACQUIRE— to acquire, attain ACQUIREMENT ,^^.^^„,^„ acquisition.... ACQUISITION i ' TO ACQUIT— to absolve, acquit, clear ACRIMONY— acrimony, tartness, asperity, harsh- ness TO ACT— to make, do, act I action, act, deed ACTION i ACTION -action, gesture, gesticulation, posture, attitude ACTION— action, agency, operation ACTIVE— active, diligent, industrious, assiduous, laborious ACTIVE— active, brisk, agile, nimble ACTIVE— active, busy, officious ACTOR— actor, agent ACTOR— actor, player, performer ACTUAL— actual, real, positive TO ACTUATE— to actuate, impel, induce ACUTE— acute, keen, shrewd ACUTE— sharp, acute, keen ACUTENESS— penetration, acuteness, sagacity. . ADAGE — axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw TO ADAPT— to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate, ad- just • TO ADD — to add, join, unite, coalesce TO ADDICT--to addict, devote, apply ADDITION— increase, addition, accession, aug- mentation TO ADDRESS — to accost, salute, address TO ADDRESS— to address, apply ADDRESS— address, speech, liarangue, oration. . Page 433 467 535 432 183 340 203 202 112 HI 111 288 295 442 442 194 195 151 396 396 396 182 383 294 294 295 296 296 297 297 298 298 298 309 401 402 401 210 154 418 421 347 4G1 422 461 P»g« ADDRESS— direction, address, superscription 213 ADDRESS— dexterity , address, ability 68 TO ADDUCE — to adduce, allege, assign, advance 420 ADEQUATE — proportionate, commensurate, ade- quate 434 TO ADHERE— to adherej attach 420 TO ADHERE— to stick, cleave, adhere 419 ADHERENCE— adhesion, adherence 420 ADHERENT— follower, adherent, partisan 419 ADHESION— adhesion, adherence 420 ADJACENT— adjacent, adjoining, contiguous . . . 420 ADJECTIVE— epithet, adjective 420 ADJOINING — adjacent, adjoining, contiguous... 420 TO ADJOURN— to prorogue, adjourn 260 TO ADJUST — to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate, adjust 154 TO ADMINISTER— to minister, administer, con- tribute 167 ADMINISTRATION— government, administra- tion 207 ADMIRATION — wonder, admiration, surprise, astonishment, amazement 403 ADMISSION— admittance, admission 235 TO ADMIT— to admit, receive 235 TO ADMIT— to admit, allow, permit, suffer, tole- rate 157 TO ADMIT— to admit, allow, grant 157 ADMITTANCE— admittance, access, approach. . 235 ADMITTANCE— admittance, admission 235 TO ADMONISH— to admonish, advise 193 ADMONITION— admonition, warning, caution. . 193 TO ADORE— to adore, worship 81 TO ADORE — to adore, reverence, venerate, re- vere 81 TO ADORN— to adorn, decoralej^mbellish 500 ADROIT— clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, adroit 69 TO ADULATE -to adulate, flatter, compliment.. 526 TO ADVANCE- -to advance, proceed 301 TO ADVANCE — to encourage, advance, promote, prefer, forward 312 TO ADVANCE— to adduce, allege, assign, ad- vance 420 ADVANCE 1 progress, progression, ad- ADVANCEMENTi vauce, advancement 204 ADVANTAGE— good, benefit, advantage 397 ADVANTAGE— advantage, profit 398 ADVAx"^TAGE— advantage, benefit, utility, ser- vice, avail, use 398 ADVENTURE— event, incident, accident, adven- ture, occurrence 172 ADVENTUROUS— enterprising, adventurous. . . 173 ADVENTUROUS— foolhardy, adventurous, rash 321 ADVERSARY— enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist 134 ADVERSE— adverse, contrary, opposite 135 ADVERSE— adverse, inimical, hostile, repugnant 135 ADVERSE— adverse, averse 136 ADVERSITY— adversity, distress 407 TO ADVERTISE— to announce, proclaim, pub- lish, advertise 443 ADVICE— advice, counsel, instruction 194 ADVICE— information, intelligence, notice, ad- vice , 195 TO ADVISE— to admonish, advise ... 103 INDEX. Page ADVOCATE— defender, advocate, pleader 180 AFFABLE— affable, courteous 200 AFFAIR — affair, business, concern 332 TO AFFECT— to affect, concern 332 TO AFFECT— to affect, assume 230 TO AFFECT— to affect, pretend to 229 AFFECTING— moving, affecting, pathetick 301 AFFECTION— affection, love 378 AFFECTION— attachment, affection, inclination 379 AFFECTIONATE— affectionate, kind, fond 379 AFFINITY— alliance, affinity 492 AFFINITY— kindred, relationship, affinity, con- sanguinity 497 TO AFFIRM— to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, aver, protest 441 TO AFFIRM— to affirm, assert 441 TO AFFIX— to affix, subjoin,'attach, annex 419 TO AFFLICT— to afflict, distress, trouble 408 AFFLICTION— affliction, grief, sorrow 408 AFFLUENCE— riches, wealth, opulence, afflu- ence 340 TO AFFORD— to afford, yield, produce 330 TO AFFORD— to give, afford, spare 163 AFFRAY— quarrel, broil, feud, affray or fray 133 AFFRONT^affront, insult, outrage 121 AFFRONT — offence, trespass, transgression, mis- demeanour, misdeed, affront 120 AFRAID— afraid, fearful, timorous, timid 307 AFTER— after, behind 279 AGE— generation, age 270 AGE — time, period, age, date, era, epocha 267 AGED— elderly, aged, old 209 AGENCY — action, agency, operation 296 AGENT— actor, agent 298 AGENT— minister, agent 215 AGENT— factor, agent 336 TO AGGRAVATE— to aggravate, irritate, pro- voke, exasperate, tantalize 121 TO AGGRAVATE— to heighten, raise, aggravate 355 AGGRESSOR— aggressor, assailant 116 AGILE— active, brisk, agile, nimble 297 TO AGITATE— to shake, agitate, toss 304 AGITATION— agitation, emotion, trepidation, tremour 308 AGONY— distress, anxiety, anguish, agony 407 AGONY— pain, pang, agony, anguish 407 TO AGREE— to agree, accord, suit 152 TO AGREE — to accede, consent, comply, acqui- esce, agree 151 TO AGREE— to agree, coincide, concur 151 AGREEABLE— agreeable, pleasant, pleasing 152 AGREEABLE— conformable, agreeable, suitable 153 AGREEMENT— agreement, contract, covenant, compact, bargain 152 AGRICULTURIST— farmer, husbandman, agri- culturist 330 TO All) — tn help, assist, aid, succour, relieve — 364 AIM — aim, object, end 324 AIM — tendency, drifl, scope, aim 325 TO AIM— to aim, point, level 324 TO AIM — to aim, aspire 325 TO AIM — to end(;avour, aim, strive, struggle .... 321 AIR — air, manner 193 AIR — air, mien, look 193 U AIR— appearance, air, aspect 478 ALACRITY— aleruiess, alacrity 297 ALARM— alarm, terrour, fright, consiemation 303 ALERTNESS— alertness, alacrity 297 ALIEN ) ^ . . TO ALIENATE J ^^^"^^''' ^^''^'Sne''' '*''^" ^86 ALIKE— equal, even, equable, like or alike, uni- form 435 ALL — all, whole 252 ALL — all, every, each 253 TO ALLAY — to allay, sootli, appease, assuage, mitigate 361 TO ALLEGE— to adduce, allege, assign, advance 420 ALLEGORY — figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, symbol, type 531 ALLEGORY— parable, allegory 533 TO ALLEVIATE— to alleviate, relieve 301 ALLIANCE — alliance, league, confederacy 492 ALLIANCE— alliance, affinity 492 TO ALLOT — to allot, assign, apportion, distribute 168 TO ALLOT— to allot, appoint, destine 169 TO ALLOW— to give, grant, bestow, allow 102 TO ALLOW — to admit, allow, permit, suffer, tole- rate 157 TO ALLOW— to admit, allow, grant 157 TO ALLOW — to consent, permit, allow 156 ALLOWANCE — allowance, stipend, salary, wages, Iiire, pay 164 TO ALLUDE— to allude, refer, hint, suggest 325 TO ALLUDE TO— to glance at,'.alludeto 327 TO ALLURE — to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, decoy 319 TO ALLURE— to attract, allure, invite, engage. . 318 ALLUREMENTS attractions, allurements, charms 318 ALLY — ally, confederate, accomplice 491 ALMANACK — calendar, almanack, ephemeris . . 434 A LONE — alone, solitary, loneiy 259 ALSO — also, likewise, too 253 TO ALTEK— to change, alter, vary 233 ALTERCATION— difference, dispute, altercation, quarrel 133 ALTERNATE— successive, alternate 272 ALWAYS— always, at all times, ever 258 AMASS — to heap, pile, accumulate, amass 340 AMAZEMENT— wonder, admiration, surprise, astonishment, amazement 403 AMBASSADOR— ambassador, envoy, plenipoten- tiary, deputy 214 AMBIGUOUS— ambiguoDs, equivocal 5:27 AMENABLE — answerable, responsible, account- able, amenable 183 TO AMEND — tn amend, correct, reform, rectify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 AMENDS — restoration, restitution, reparation, amends 439 AMENDS — compensation, satisfaction, amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, reward.. 438 AMIABLE — amiable, lovely, beloved ,378 AMICABLE— amicable, friendly 378 AMOROUS— amorous, loving, fond 378 AMPLE — ample, spacious, capacious 350 AMPLE— plentiful, plenteous, abundr.nl^pious, ample %il INDEX. Page TO AMUSE— to amuse, divert, entertain 390 TO AMUSE— to amuse, beguile 391 AMUSEBIENT— amusement, entertainment, di- version, sport, recreation, pastime 391 ANATHEMA— malediction, curse, imprecation, execration, anathema 82 ANCESTORS— forefathers, progenitors, ancestors 269 ANCIENT— old, ancient, antique, antiquated, old-fashioned, obsolete 268 J formerly, in times past, old ANCIENTLY f ^.^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^, ANCIENT TIMES ^ ^.^^^,y ^^ .^ ^„^.^„j ^.^^^ 269 ANECDOTE— anecdote, story, tale 467 ANECDOTES— anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, annals 466 ANGER— anger, resentment, wrath, ire, indigna- tion 118 ANGER— anger, choler, rage, fury 119 ANGER — displeasure, anger, disapprobation 1 18 ANGLE — corner, angle 499 ANGRY — angry, passionate, hasty, irascible 119 ANGUISH — distress, anxiety, anguish, agony 407 ANGUISH— pain, pang, agony, anguish 407 ANIMADVERSION— animadversion, criticism, stricture 112 TO ANIMADVERT— to censure, animadvert, criticise Ill ANIMAL — animal, brute, beast 511 TO ANIMATE— to animate, inspire, enliven, cheer, exhilarate 355 TO ANIMATE — to encourage, animate, incite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 ANIMATION— animation, life, vivacity, spirit. . 356 ANIMOSITY— enmity, animosity, hostility 135 ANNALS — anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, annals 4G6 TO ANNEX — to affix, subjoin, attach, annex. . . . 419 ANNOTATION — remark, observation, comment, note, an notation, commentary 451 TO ANNOUNCE — to announce, proclaim, pub- lish, advertise 443 TO ANNOY — to inconvenience, annoy, molest. . 417 TO ANNUL — to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- voke, annul, cancel 247 ANSWER — answer, reply, rejoinder, response.. . 460 ANSWERABLE — answerable, responsible, ac- countable, amenable 183 A NS WER ABLE — correspondent, answerable, suitable 155 ANTAGONIST — enemy, foe, adversary, oppo- nent, antagonist 134 antecedent, preceding, forego- • ing, previous, anterior, prior, former 272 ANTICIPATE— to prevent, anticipate 259 ANTIPATHY— aversion, antipathy, dislike, ha- tred, repugnance 13G ANTiaUATED ) old, ancient, antiquated, an- ANTIQUE J tique, old-fashioned, obsolete 2G8 ANXIETY— care, solicitude, anxiety 425 ANXIETY — distress, anxiety, anguish, agony. . . . 407 ANY — some, any 250 A PA BTMENTS— lodgings, apartments 499 APATHl^phdifference, insensibility, apathy — 375 TO APE— to imitate, mimick, mock, ape 529 403 181 210 396 277 APERTURE— opening, aperture, cavity APHORISM— axiom, maxim, aphorism, apoph- thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw 210 TO APOLOGIZE— to apologize, defend, justify, exculpate, excuse, plead APOPHTHEGM — axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw TO APPAL— to dismay, daunt, appal ^VPPAREL— apparel, attire, array APPARENT— apparent, visible, clear, plain, ob- vious, evident, manifest 478 APPARITION — vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, ghost ^"^ TO APPEAR— to look, appear 481 TO APPEAR— to seem, appear 483 APPE.\RANCE— appearance, air, aspect 473 APPEARANCE — show, outside, appearance, semblance '^^^ TO APPEASE— to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 TO APPEASE— to allay, sooth, appease, assuage, mitigate 361 APPELLATION— name, appellation, liUe, deno- mination TO APPLAUD— to praise, commend, applaud, extol APPLAUSE— applause, acclamation, plaudit .... APPLICATION— attention, application, study... TO APPLY— to addict, devote, apply TO APPLY— to address, apply TO APPOINT— to allot, appoint, destine TO APPOINT— to appoint, order, prescribe, ordain 184 TO APPOINT— to constitute, appoint, depute 214 TO APPORTION— to allot, assign, apportion, dis- tribute 168 TO APPRAISE 1 to appraise or appreciate, Ei estimate, esteem 432 471 130 130 423 421 422 169 TO APPRECIATE ! 307 75 194 426 ANTECEDENT ANTERIOR TO APPREHEND— to apprehend, fear, dread... TO APPREHEND— to conceive; apprehend, sup pose, imagine TO APPRIZE— to inform, make known, acquaint, apprize APPRIZED— aware, on one's guard, apprized, conscious APPROACH— admittance, access, approach 235 TO APPROACH— to approach, approximate 235 APPROBATION— assent, consent, approbation, concurrence 156 APPROPRIATE — peculiar, appropriate, parti- cular 231 TO APPROPRIATE— to appropriate, usurp, arro- gate, assume, ascribe 230 TO APPROPRIATE— to appropriate, impropriate 231 TO APPROXIMATE— to approach, approximate 235 APT— ready, apt, prompt 297 APT— fit, apt, meet 153 ARBITER— judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator 211 ARBITRARY— absolute, despotick, arbitrary.... 18? ARBITRATOR— judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator 211 ARCHITECT— architect, builder 499 ARCHIVE— record, register, archive 469 ARDENT— hot, fiery, burning, ardent 475 ARDOUR— fervour, ardour 475 ARDUOUS— hard, difficult, arduous 3&4 INDEX. 291 141 141 Page TO ARGUE— to argue, dispute, debate H* TO AKGUK— to argue, evuicc, prove ^ ARGUMENT— argument, reason, proof • • • • ''1 TO ARISE— to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, , 302 scale TO ARISE— to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, emanate ARMS— arms, weapons •ARMY- army, host TO ARRAIGN— to accuse,charge,impeach,arraign 111 rO ARRANGE— to class, arrange, range 277 ro ARRAJVGE— to dispose, arrange, digest • 277 ARRAY— apparel, attire, array 277 TO.ARRIVE— to come, arrive 301 ARROGANCE— arrogance, presumption 231 ARROGANCE— haughtiness, disdain, arrogance 101 TO ARROGATE— to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, assume, ascribe -•'0 ART— art, cunning, deceit 521 ART— business, trade, profession, art 331 ARTFUL— artful, artificial, fictitious 521 ARTICLE— article, condition, term 335 TO ARTICULATE— to utter, speak, articiUate, pronounce '*59 ARTIFICE— artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem 521 ARTIFICIAL— artful, artificial, fictitious 521 ARTIFICER \ ARTISAN > artist, artisan, artificer, mechanick 336 ARTIST ) ASCENDANCY— influence, authority, ascend- ancy, sway = ^°" TO ASCEND— to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, scale 302 TO ASCRIBE— to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, assume, ascribe 230 TO ASCRIBE— to ascribe, attribute, impute 231 TO ASK— to ask, beg, request 157 TO ASK— to ask or ask for, claim, demand 228 TO ASK— to ask, inquire, question, interrogate . . 97 ASPECT— appearance, air, aspect 478 ASPERITY— acrimony, tartness, asperity, harsh- ness 3''3 TO ASPERSE— to asperse, detract, defame, slan- der, calumniate 105 TO ASPIRE— to aim, aspire 325 TO ASSAIL— to attack, assail, assault, encounter llfi ASSAILANT— aggressor, assailant 116 TO ASSASSINATE— to kill, murder, assassinate, slay or slaughter 510 TO ASSAULT— to attack, assail, assault, en- counter 116 ASSAULT — attack, assault, encounter, onset, charge 116 ASSEMBLAGE— assembly, assemblage, group, collection 490 TO ASSEMBLE— to assemble, muster, collect 489 TO ASSEMBLE- to assemble, convene, convoke 490 ASSEMBLY — assembly, assemblage, group, col- lection 490 ASSEJIBLY — assembly, company, meeting, con- gregation, parliament, diet, congress, conven- tion, synod, convocation, council 490 ASSENT — assent, consent, approbation, concur- rence 156 TO ASSERT— to gssert, maintain, vindicate.... 441 TO ASSERT— to affirm, assert 44i ASSESSMENT— tax, rate, assessment 168 TO ASSEVERATE— to affirm, asseverate, assure. vouch, aver, protest . 441 488 ASSIDUOUS— active, diligent, industrious, assi- duous, laborious 296 ASSIDUOUS— sedulous, diligent, assiduous 297 TO ASSIGN— to adduce, allege, assign, advance 420 TO ASSIGN— to allot, assign, apportion, distribute 168 TO ASSIST— to help, assist, aid, succour, relieve 364 ASSISTANT— colleague, partner, coadjutor, as- sistant ^^' ASSOCIATE— associate, companion 488 ASSOCIATION— association, society, company, partnership ASSOCIATION— association, combination 488 TO ASSUAGE — to allay, sooth, appease, as- suage, mitigate 361 TO ASSUME— to affect, assume 230 TO ASSUME— to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, assume, ascribe -"30 ASSURANCE— assurance, confider.ce 415 ASSURANCE— assurance, impudence 415 TO ASSURE — to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, aver, protest 441 ASTONISHMENT — wonder, admiration, sur- prise, astonishment, amazement 403 fsTSS!— ^'--'"^^ ''' ASYLUM— asylum, refuge, shelter, retreat 518 AT ALL TIMES— always, at all limes, ever 258 i? Length I '-«>'' ^"-''^'"^"^'^ ''' TO ATONE FOR— to atone for, expiate 87 ATROCIOUS— heinous, flagrant, flagitious, atro- OACi cious -^•' TO ATTACH— to affix, subjoin, attach, annex. . . 419 TO ATTACH— to adhere, attach 42(J ATTACHMENT— attachment, aflfection, inclina- tion 379 TO ATTACK — to attack, assail, assault, en- countei 116 ATTACK — attack, assault, encounter, onset, charge 1^6 ' TO ATTACK— to impugn, attack HR TO ATTAIN— to acquire, attain 396 ATTEMPT — attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, efl-oit 320 ATTEMPT— attempt, undertaking, enterprise 320 TO ATTEND — to accompany, attend, escort, wait on 493 TO ATTEND TO— to attend to, mind, regard, heed, notice 422 TO ATTEND— to attend, hearken, listen 422 ATTENTION— attention, application, study 423 ATTENTION— heed, care, attention 426 ATTENTIVE— attentive, careful 424 ATTIRE— apparel, attire, array 277 ATTITUDE— action, gesture, gesticulation, pos- ture, attitude, position 295 TO ATTRACT— to attract, allure, invite, engage 318 ATTRACTIONS attractions, allurements, I charms 31a TO ATTRIBUTE— to ascribe, attribute, impute. . 231 SIl INDEX. Pige ATTRIBUTE— quality, properly, attribute 232 AVAIL — advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, use 398 AVAIL — signification, avail, importance, conse- ouence, weight, moment 456 AVARICE — covetousness, cupidity, avarice .••• 160 AVARICIOUS — avaricious, miserly, parsimoni- ous, niggardly 161 AUDACITY— audacity, effrontery, hardihood or hardiness, boldness 140 TO AVENGE — to avenge, revenge, vindicate.... 119 TO AVER — to aHirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, aver, protest 441 AVERSE— adverse, averse 136 AVERSE — averse, unwilling, backward, loath, reluctant 136 AVERSION — aversion, antipathy, dislike, liatred, repugnance 136 AUGMENTATION— increase, addition, acces- sion, augmentation 348 TO AUGUR — to augur, presage, forebode, betoken, portend 94 AUGUST — magisterial, majestick, stately, pom- pous, august, dignified 454 AVIDITY — avidity, greediness, eagerness 162 AVOCATION — business, occupation, employ- ment, engagement, avocation 331 TO AVOID — to avoid, eschew, shun, elude 527 TO AVOW — to acknowledge, own, confess, avow 442 AUSPICIOUS — favourable, propitious, auspicious 190 AUSTERE — austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern 382 AUTHOR— writer, author 336 AUTHORITATIVE — commanding, imperative, imperious, authoritative 185 AUTHORITY— infliuence, authority, ascendancy, sway 186 AUTHORITY— power, strength, force, authority, dominion 186 TO AUTHORIZE— to commission, authorize, em- power ISO TO AWAIT— to await, wait for, look for, expect 415 TO AWAKEN — to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, stirup 311 AWARE— aware, on one's guard, apprized, con- scious 426 AWE — awe, reverence, dread 307 AWKWARD— awkward, clumsy 315 AWKWARD awkward, cross, untoward, crooked, froward, perverse 315 AWRY — bent, curved, crooked, awry 316 AXIOM— axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, saying, adage, proverb, by- word, saw 210 TO RABBLE— to babble, chatter, chat, prattle, prate 459 BACK ). , ^ , BACKWARD I ^^""^^ "^'^'^^a^'J, behind 279 BACKWARD — averse, unwilling, backward, loath, reluctant 13C BAD — bad, wicked, evil 127 BADGE — mark, badge, stigma 441 BADLY— badly, ill 127 TO BAFFLE— to baffle, defeat, disconcert, con- found J43 TO BALANCE— to poise, balance 370 BALL— globe, baU 500 BAND — band, company, crew, gang 492 BAND — chain, fetter, band, shackle 217 BANE— bane, pest, ruin 503 TO BANISH— to banish, exile, expel 205 BANKRUPTCY— insolvency, failure, bankruptcy 125 BANUUET — feast, banquet, carousal, entertain- ment, treat 513 TO BANTER— to deride, mock, ridicule, raUy, banter 103 BARBAROUS — cruel, inhuman, barbarous, bru- tal, savage 373 BARE— bare, naked, uncovered 249 BARE — bare, scanty, destitute 250 BARE— bare, mere 250 BAREFACED— glaring, barefaced 478 BARGAIN— agreement, contract, covenant, com- pact, bargain 152 TO BARGAIN — to buy, purchase, bargain, cheapen 335 TO BARTER — to change, exchange, barter, sub- stitute 334 TO BARTER— to exchange, barter, truck, com- mute 335 BASE — base, vile, mean 148 BASIS — foundation, ground, basis 498 BASHFUL— modest, bashful, diffident 148 BATTLE — battle, combat, engagement 141 TO BE— to be, exist, subsist 239 TO BE — to be, become, grow 240 TO BE ACQUAINTED WITH— to know, be acquainted with 196 BEAM — gleam, glimmer, ray, beam 476 TO BEAR— to bear, yield 330 TO BEAR— to bear, carry, convey, transport 330 TO BEAR — to suffer, bear, endure, support 149 TO BEAR DOWN — to overbear, bear down, overpower, overwhelm, subdue 144 BEAST— animal, brute, beast 511 TO BEAT— to beat, strike, hit 142 TO BEAT — to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, over- throw 143 BEATIFICATION— beatification, canonization. . 85 BEATITUDE— happiness, felicity, bliss, blessed- ness, beatitude 394 BEAU— gallant, beau, spark 381 BEAUTIFUL— beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty 313 TO BECOME— to be, become, grow 240 BECOMING— becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suit- able 246 BECOMING — becoming, comely, graceful 313 TO BE CONSCIOUS— to feel, be sensible, be con- scious 376 TO BE DEFICIENT— to fail, fall short, be defi- cient 125 TO BEDEW— to sprinkle, bedew 353 TO BEG— to beg, desire 158 TO BEG — to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, suppli- cate, implore, crave 158 TO BEG— to ask, beg, request 157 TO BEGIN — to begin, commence, enter upon .... 292 BEGINNING — origin, original, beginning, rise, eource.t S93 INDEX. Page TO BEGUILE— to amuse, beguile 391 BEHAVIOUR— behaviour, conduct, carriage, de- portment, demeanour 192 BEHIND— after, behind 279 BEHIND— back, backward, behind 279 TO BEHOLD— to look, see, behold, view, eye... 432 BEHOLDER— looker-on, spectator, beholder, ob- server 482 BELIEF— belief, credit, trust, faith 78 TO BELIEVE— to think, suppose, imagine, be- lieve, deem 75 BELOVED— amiable, lovely, beloved 378 BELOW— under, below, beneath 279 TO BEMOAN— to bewail, bemoan, lament, de- plore 410 BEND— bend, bent 316 TO BEND— to lean, incline, bend 159 TO BEND— to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, wrest, wrench 316 BENEATH— under, below, beneath 279 BENEFACTION— gift, present, donation, bene- faction 164 BENEFICE— living, benefice 239 BENEFICENCE— benevolence, beneficence 165 BENEFICENT— beneficent, bountiful or bounte- ous, munificent, generous, liberal 165 BENEFIT— benefit, favour, kindness, civility 166 BENEFIT— benefit, service, good oflice 166 BENEFIT— advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, use 398 BENEFIT— good, benefit, advantage 397 BENEVOLENCE— benevolence, beneficence.... 165 BENEVOLENCE— benevolence, benignity, hu- manity, kinditess, tenderness 165 BENIGNITY — benevolence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tenderness 165 BENT— bend, bent 310 BENT— bent, curved, crooked, awry 316 BENT — bent, bias, inclination, prepossession .... 159 BENT— turn, bent 316 BENUMBED— numb, benumbed, torpid 372 TO BEQUEATH— to devise, bequeath 164 TO BEREAVE— to bereave, deprive, strip 505 TO BE RESPONSIBLE > '° g"^'^ >ee, be secu- TO BE SECURITY ( nty, be responsible, 3 warrant 183 TO BE SENSIBLE — to feel, be sensible, con- scious 376 TO BESEECH— to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, supplicate, implore, crave _. 158 BESIDES— besides, moreover 25 1 BESIDES- besides, except 251 TO BESTOW— to give, grant, bestow, allow.... 162 TO BESTOW— to confer, bestow 167 BETIMES— soon, early, betimes 262 TO BETOKEN— to augur, presage, forebode, be- token, portend 94 TO BETTER— to amend, correct, reform, rec- tify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 TO BEWAIL— to bewail, bemoan, lament, de- plore 410 BEYOND— above, over, upon, beyond 279 BIAS— bent, bias, inclination, prepossession 159 BIAS— bias, preposseasion, prejudice 160 ZUi I^ TO BID— to call, bid, summon, invite 46f TO BED— to offer, bid, tender, propose 167 TO BID ADIEU ) to leave, take leave, bid TO BID FAREWELL S farewell or adieu.... 255 BIG — great, large, big 349 BILL— account, reckoning, bill 433 BILLOW— wave, billow, surge, breaker 353 TO BIND— to bind, tie 216 TO BIND— to bind, oblige, engage 216 BISHOPRICK— bishoprick, diocess 85 TO BLAME — to blame, reprove, reproach, up- braid, censure, condemn 110 TO BLAME— to find fault with, blame, object to 112 BLAMELESS — blameless, irreproachable, un- blemished, unspotted or spotless 199 BLAST— breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, hurricane 353 TO BLAZE— flame, blaze, flash, flare, glare .... 476 BLEMISH— blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw 127 BLEMISH— blemish, defect, fault 127 TO BLEND— to mix, mingle, blend, confound... 284 BLESSEDNESS— happiness, felicity, bliss, bless- edness, beatitude 394 BLIND— cloak, mask, blind, veil 516 BLISS — happiness, felicity, bliss, blessedness, bea- titude 394 BLOODY ) sanguinary, bloody, blood- BLOOD-THTRSTY \ thirsty 507 TO BLOT OUT— to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, efl^ace, cancel, obliterate 248 BLOW— blow, stroke 142 BLUNDER — errour, mistake, blunder 126 TO BOAST— to glory, boast, vaunt 526 BOATMAN — waterman, boatman, ferryman .... 337 BODILY — corporal, corporeal, bodily 510 BODY — body, corpse, carcass 510 BOISTEROUS— violent, furious, boisterous, vehe- ment, impetuous 219 BOLD — bold, fearless, intrepid, undaunted 306 BOLD— daring, bold 141 BOLD— strenuous, bold 141 BOLDNESS — audacity, efirontery, hardihood or hardiness, boldness 140 BOMBASTICK— turgid, tumid, bombastick 464 BONDAGE— servitude, slavery, bondage 328 BOOTY— booty, spoil, prey 506 BORDER — border, edge, rim or brim, brink, mar- gin, verge 176 TO BORE — to penetrate, pierce, perforate, bore.. 402 TO BOUND — to bound, limit, confine, circum- scribe, restrict 176 BOUNDARY— bounds, boundary 177 BOUNDARY— term, limit, boundary 177 BOUNDLESS— boundless, unbounded, unlimited, infinite 177 BOUNDS— bounds, boundary 177 beneficent, bountiful or bounte- ous, munificent, generous, li- beral BRACE — couple, brace, pair •. TO BRAVE — to brave, defy, dare, challenge . . BRAVERY— bravery, courage, valour, gallantry BREACH } BREAK BOUNTEOUS BOUNTIFUL breach, break, gap, chasm. 165 434 138 139 501 XIV INDEX. Page TO BREAK— to break, rack, rend, tear 501 I'O BREAK — to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, crush 501 TO BREAK— to break, burst, crack, split 502 BREAKER— wave, billow, surge, breaker 353 TO BREED— to breed, engender 497 BREED — race, generation, breed 497 BREEDING — education, instruction, breeding ... 197 BREEZE— breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tem- pest, hurricane 353 BRIEF- short, brief, concise, succinct, summary 286 BRIGHT— clear, liicid, bright, vivid 476 BRIGHTNESS ) brightness, lustre, splendour, BRILLIANCY 5 brilliancy 474 BRILLL\NiCY— radiance, brilliancy 475 BRIM — border, edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, verge 176 TO BEING— to bring, fetch, carry 330 BRINK — border, edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, verge 176 BRISK- active, brisk, agile, nimble 297 BRITTLE— fragile, frail, brittle 502 BROAD— large, wide, broad 349 BROIL — quarrel, broil, feud, alTray or fray 133 TO BRUISE — to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, crush 501 BRUTAL — cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, savage 373 BRUTE— animal, brute, beast 511 TO BUD— to sprout, bud 353 BUFFOON— fool, idiot, buffoon 400 TO BUILD— to build, erect, construct 498 TO BUILD— to found, ground, rest, build 498 BULK — size, magnitude, greatness, bulk 348 BULKY — bulky, massive or massy 348 BURDEN— weight, burden, load 370 BURDEN— freight, cargo, lading, load, burden... 338 BURDENSOME— lieavy, burdensome, weighty, ponderous 370 BURIAL — burial, interment, sepulture 84 BURLESQUE — wit, humour, satire, irony, bur- lesque 69 BURNING — hot, fiery, burning, ardent 475 TO BURST— to break, burst, crack, split 502 BUSINESS — business, occupation, employment, engagement, avocation 331 BUSINESS — business, trade, profession, art 331 BUSINESS— business, office, duty 331 BUSINESS — affair, business, concern ;'f32 BUSTLE— bustle, tumult, uproar 220 BUSY — active, busy, ofRcious 297 BUTCHERY — carnage, slaughter, butchery, mas- sacre 510 BUTT— mark, butt 449 TO BUY — to buy, purchase, bargain, cheapen... 335 BY-WORD — axiom, maxim, aphorism, apoph- thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw 210 CABAL — combination, cabal, plot, conspiracy. . . 489 TO CAJOLE — to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn.. . X25 CALAMITY — calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- chance mishap 406 TO CALCULATE — to calculate, compute, reckon, count or account, number 433 [ 174 CALENDAR— calendar, almanack, ephemeris. . . 434 TO CALL— to call, bid, summon, invite 469 TO CALL— to cry, exclaim, call 470 TO CALL— to name, call 471 CALLOUS — hard, callous, hardened, obdurate . . 373 Cx\LM — calm, composed, collected 362 f/ALM — calm, placid, serene 362 TO CALM — to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 CALM— peace, quiet, calm, tranquillity 361 TO CALUMNIATE— to asperse, detract, defame, slander, calumniate 105 CAN— may, can 321 TO CANCEL — to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- voke, annul, cancel 247 TO CANCEL — to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate 248 CANDID — candid, open, sincere 430 CANDID — frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 CANONIZATION— beatification, canonization.. 85 CAPACIOUS— ample, spacious, capacious 350 CAPACIOUSNESS ) CAPACITY \ '='*P^'="i'' capaciousness . CAPACITY— ability, capacity 67 CAPRICE— humour, caprice 38G CAPRICIOUS— fanciful, fantastical, whimsical, capricious 385 CAPTIOUS — captious, cross, peevish, petulant, fretful 315 TO CAPTIVATE— to charm, enchant, fascinate, enrapture, captivate 317 TO CAPTIVATE— to enslave, captivate 318 CAPTIVITY — confinement, impr|^nment, capti- vity 178 CAPTURE — capture, seizure, prize 506 CARCASS— body, corpse, carcass 510 CARE — care, solicitude, anxiety 425 CARE — care, concern, regard 425 CARE — care, charge, management 425 OARE — heed, care, attention 426 CAREFUL — careful, cautious, provident 425 CAREFUL— attentive, careful 424 CARELESS — indolent, supine, listless, careless.. 300 CARELESS — negligent, remiss, careless, thought- less, heedless, inattentive 424 TO CARESS— to caress, fondle 377 CARGO- freight, cargo, lading, load, burden 338 CARNAGE — carnage, slaughter, butchery, mas- sacre 510 CAROUSAL — feast, banquet, carousal, entertain- ment, treat 513 TO CARP — to censure, carp, cavil 112 CARRIAGE— carriage, gait, walk 192 CARRIAGE — behaviour, conduct, carriage, de- portment, demeanour ;.... 192 TO CARRY— to bear, carry, convey, transport... 330 TO CARRY— to bring, fetch, carry 330 CASE— case, cause 280 CASE — situation, condition, state, predicament, plight, case 279 CASH— money, cash 340 TO CAST— to cast, throw, hurl 304 CAST— cast, turn, description, character 467 INDEX Page XV 172 237 112 402 280 77 Ptg* CHARINIS— attractions, allurements, charms. ... 318 CHASE— forest, chase, park 271 CHASE— hunt, chase 271 CHASM— breach, break, gap, chasm ; 501 TO CHASTE>— to cliasten, chastise 204 CHASTITY— chastity, continence, modesty 2l5 TO CHASTISE— to chasten, chastise 204 TO CHAT— to babble, chatter, chat, prattle, prate 459 CHATTELS— goods, furniture, chattels, movea- bles, efl'ects. CASUAL— hccidental, incidental, casual, contin- gent CASUAL— occasional, casual 418 CASUALTY— accident, contingency, casualty. . . 172 CATALOGUE— list, roll, catalogue, register 468 TO CATCH— to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe TO CAVIL— to censure, carp, cavil CAVITY— opening, aperture, cavity CAUSE— case, cause CAUSE— cause, reason, motive TO CAUSE— to cause, occasion, create 294 CAUTION— admonition, warning, caution 193 CAUTIOUS— careful, cautious, provident 425 CAUTIOUS— cautious, wary, circumspect 425 TO CEASE— to cease, leave off, discontinue, desist 257 TO CEDE— to give up, deliver, surrender, yield, cede, concede 242 CELEBRATED— famous, celebrated, renowned, ill ustrious ^'^3 CELERITY— quickness, swiftness, fleetness, ce- lerity, rapidity, velocity 262 CELESTIAL— celestial, heavenly 81 TO CENSURE— to censure, animadvert, criticise 111 TO CENSURE— to accuse, censure Ill TO CENSURE— to censure, carp, cavil 112 TO CENSTTRE— to blame, reprove, reproach, up- braid, censure, condemn HO CEREMONIOUS-formal, ceremonious 294 ^^p_^^^^f p„ncipal, main CEREMONY— form, ceremony, rite, obser\'ance 83 CERTAIN— certain, sure, secure 366 CESSATION— cessation, stop, rest, intermission 257 TO CHAFE— to rub, chafe, fret, gall 309 CHAGRIN— vexation, mortification, chagrin 122 CHAIN— chain, fetter, band, shackle 217 TO CHALLENGE— to brave, defy, dare, chal- lenge 138 CHAMPION— combatant, champion 134 CHANCE— chance, fortune, fate 170 CHANCE— chance, probability 170 CHANCE— chance, hazard 170 CHANCE— accident, chance 171 TO CHANCE — to happen, chance 171 TO CHANGE— to change, alter, vary 283 lO CHANGE— to change, exchange, barter, sub- • Btitute 334 CHANGE — change, variation, vicissitude 283 CHARACTER— character, letter 197 CHARACTER— cast, turn, description, character 467 CHARACTER— character, reputation 472 TO CHARACTERIZE— to name, denominate, style, entitle, designate, characterize 471 CHARGE — care, charge, management 425 CHARGE — attack, assault, encounter, onset, charge 116 CHARGE — cost, 'expense, price, charge 436 CHARGE — office, place, charge, function 333 TO CHARGE — to accuse, charge, impeacli, ar- raign Ill CHARM— grace, charm ; 314 CHARM— pleasure, joy, delight, charm 393 TO CHARM — to charm, enchant, fascinate, en- rapture, captivate 317 CHAKraNG— delightful, charming 313 339 TO CHATTER— to babble, chatter, chat, prattle, prate ^^^ TO CHEAPEN — to buy, purchase, bargain, cheapen ^35 TO CHEAT— to cheat, defraud, trick 525 TO CHECK— to check, curb, control 222 TO CHECK— to check, chide, reprimand, re- prove, rebuke ^^*' TO CHECK— to check, stop 268 TO CHEER— to animate, inspire, enliven, cheer, exhilarate 355 TO CHEER— to cheer, encourage, comfort 3J6 CHEERFUL— cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay . . . . 389 CHEElRFUL— glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful 393 TO CHERISH— to nourish, nurture, cherish 377 TO CHERISH— to foster, cherish, harbour, in- dulge ^'"^ TO CHIDE— to check, chide, reprimand, reprove, rebuke ^^° 206 CHIEF— chief, leader, chieftain, head 206 CHIEFLY— especially, particularly, principally, chiefly 206 CHIEFTAIN- chief, leader, chieftain, head 206 CHILDISH— childish, infantine 401 CHILL— chill, cold 514 TO CHOKE— to suffocate, stifle, smother, choke 222 CHOICE— option, choice 234 CHOLER— anger, choler, rage, fury 119 TO CHOOSE— to choose, prefer .233 TO CHOOSE— to choose, pick, select 234 TO CHOOSE— to choose, elect 234 CHRONICLES— anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles. annals. 466 CHURCH— temple, church 82 CIRCLE— circle, sphere, orb, globe 175 CIRCUIT— circuit, tour, round 1"5 TO CIRCULATE— to spread, circulate, propa- gate, disseminate 345 TO CIRCUMSCRIBE— to circumscribe, enclose 175 TO CIRCUMSCRIBE- to bound, limit, confine, circumscribe, restrict I'^S CIRCUMSPECT— cautious, wary, circumspect. . 425 CIRCUMSTANCE— circumstance, situation 173 CIRCUMSTANCE— incident, fact 172 CIRCUMSTANTIAL — circumstantial, particu- lar, minute TO CITE— to cite, quote TO CITE— to cite, summon 469 198 199 166 173 469 CIVIL- civil, polite CIVIL— civil, obliging, complaisant CIVILITY— benefit, favour, kindness, civility- CIVILIZATION— cultivation, culture, civiliza- 198 tion, refinement CLAIM— right, claim, privilege 225 XVJ INDEX. Paee CLAIM— pretension, claim 229 TO CLAIJI— to ask, or ask for, claim, demand. . 228 CLAMOROUS — loud, noisy, higli-sounding, cla- morous 47] CLAMOUR— noise, cry, outcry, clamour 470 AaNDESTIKE— clandestine, secret 520 TO CLASP— to clasp, hug, embrace 377 CLASS — class, order, rank, degree 276 TO CLASS — to class, arrange, range 277 CLEAR — apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvious, evident, manifest 478 CLEAR — clear, lucid, bright, vivid 476 CLEAR— fair, clear 477 TO CLEAR— to absolve, acquit, clear 182 CLEARLY— clearly, distinctly 477 CLEARNESS — clearness, perspicuity 477 TO CLEAVE— to stick, cleave, adhere 419 CLEMENCY— clemency, lenity, mercy.... ' 358 CLERGYjSLVN — clergyman, parson, priest, minis ter 85 CLEVER — clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, adroit 69 TO CLL\1B— to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, scale 302 CLOAK — cloak, mask, blind, veil S)6 TO CLOG— to clog, load, encumber 370 CLOISTER — cloister, convent, monastery 86 CLOSE— sequel, close 284 CLOSE — close, compact 2S5 CLOSE — close, near, nigh 285 TO CLOSE— to close, shut 286 TO CLOSE— to close, finish, conclude 266 TO CLOSE— to end, close, terminate 285 CLOWN — countryman, peasant, swain, hind, rus- tick, clown 336 TO CLOY— satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy 383 CLUMSY— awkward, clumsy 315 COADJUTOR — colleague, partner, coadjutor, as- sistant 491 TO. COALESCE— to add, join, unite, coalesce. . . 418 COARSE— coarse, rough, rude 201 COARSE— gross, coarse 201 TO COAX — to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn 525 TO COERCE— to coerce, restrain 1^0 COEVAL — coeval, contemporary 267 COGENT— cogent, forcible, strong 220 TO COINCIDE — to agree, coincide, concur 151 COLD— chill, cold 514 COLD— cool, cold, frigid 514 COLLEAGUE — colleague, partner, coadjutor, as- sistant 401 TO COLLECT— to assemble, muster, collect.... 489 TO COLLECT— to gather, collect 234 COLLECTED— calm, composed, collected 362 COLLECTION — assembly, assemblage, group, collection 490 COLLOQUY — conversation, dialogue, colloquy, conference 4G0 TO COLOUR— to colour, dye, tinge, stain 510 COLOUR— colour, hue, tint 510 COLOURABLE — colourable, specious, ostensible, plausible, feasible 516 , COLUMN— pillar, column 499 j COMBAT— battle combat, engagement 141, COMBAT— conflict, combat, contest 142 TO COMBAT— to combat, oppose 134 COMB ATANT— combatant, champion 134 COMBLVATION— association, combination 488 COMBINATION— combination, cabal, plot, con- spiracy 489 TO COMBINE— to connect, combine, unite 419 TO COME— to come, arrive 301 OOMELY — becoming, comely, graceful 313 COMELY — graceful, comely, elegant 315 COMFORT— com fort, pleasure 357 TO COMFORT— to cheer, encourage, comfort. . . 356 TO COMFORT— to console, solace, comfort 356 COMICK ) laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, co- COMICAL ) mical or comick, droll 103 COMMAND — command, order, injunction, pre- cept, mandate 185 COMMANDING — commanding, imperative, im- perious, authoritative 185 TO COMMENCE— tobegin,commence,enterupon 292 TO COMMEND— to praise, commend, applaud, oxtol 130 COMMENDABLE— laudable, praiseworthy, com- mendable 131' COMMENSURATE — proportionate, adequate, commensurate 434 COMMENT Remark, observation, com- COMMENTARY ( '"'^"'' "°''' """"entary, 3 annotation 451 COMMERCE — intercourse, communication, con- nexion, commerce 333 COJIMERCE — trade, commerce, traffick, dealing 333 COMMERCIAL— mercantile, commercial 339 COMMISERATION— sympathy, commiseration, compassion, condolence 357 TO COMMISSION— to commission, authorize, empower 186 TO COMMIT — to consign, commit, intrust 415 TO COMMIT— to perpetrate, commit 298 COMMODIOUS — commodious, convenient, suita- ble 417 COMMODITY — commodity, goods, merchandise, ware 339 COMMON — common, vulgar, ordinary, mean ... 323 COMMONLY — commonly, generally, frequently, usually 323 COMMON^WEALTH — state, realm, common- wealth 189 COMMOTION— commotion, disturbance 417 TO COMMUNICATE— to communicate, impart 486 COMMUNICATION — intercourse, communica- tion, connexion, commerce 333 COMMUNICATIVE— communicative, free 487 COMMUNION — communion, converse 487 COMMUNION— Lord's supper, eucharist, commu- nion, sacrament 83 COMMUNITY— community, society 487 TO COMMUTE— to exchange, barter, commute, truck 335 COMPACT— agreement, contract, covenant, com- pact, bargain 152 COMPACT— close, compact 265 COMPANION— accompaniment, companion, con- comitant 493 INDEX. XVII Page COMPANION— associate, companion 488 COMPANY— assembly, company, meeting, con- gregation, parliament, diet, congress, conven- tion, synod, convocation, council 490 COMPANY— association, society, company, part- nership 488 COMPANY— band, company, crew, gang 492 COMPANY— society, company 487 COJIPANY— troop, company 492 COMPARISON— comparison, contrast 135 COMPARISON— simile, similitude, comparison.. 532 COMPASSION— pity, compassion 358 COMPASSION — sympathy, commiseration, com- passion, condolence. •• 357 COMPATIBLE— compatible, consistent 153 TO COMPKL— to compel, force, oblige, necessi- tate 219 COMPENSATION— compensation, satisraction, amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, reward 438 COMPETENT— competent, fitted, qualified 154 COMPETITION — competition, rivalry, emula- tion 131 TO COMPLAIN— to complain, lament, regret... 409 TO COMPLAIN — to complain, nmrmur, repine. . 409 COMPLAINT— complaint, accusation IIC COMPLAISANCE — complaisance, condescen- sion, deference 200 COMPLAISANT- civil, obliging, complaisant. . . 199 COMPLAISANT— courteous, courtly, complai- sant 199 COMPLETE -complete, perfect, finished 287 COMPLETE — whole, entire, complete, total, in- tegral 288 TO COMPLETE— to complete, finish, terminate 287 COMPLETION— consummation, completion .... 287 COMPLEX— compound, comple.x 218 COMPLEXITY ) complexity,complication, in- COMPLICATION ^ tricacy 218 COMPLIANT — compliant, yielding, submissive. . 151 TO COMPLIMENT— to adulate, flatter, compli- ment 526 TO COMPLY — to comply, conform, yield, submit 150 TO COMPLY— to accede, consent, comply, acqui- esce, agree 151 TO COMPOSE— to compose, settle 227 TO COMPOSE— to compound, compose 219 TO COMPOSE— to form, compose, constitute 294 COMPOSED— composed, sedate 227 COMPOSED— calm, composed, collected 362 COMPOUND— compound, complex 218 TO COMPOUND— to compound, compose 219 TO COMPREHEND— to compiise, comprehend, embrace, contain, include 174 TO COMPREHEND— to conceive, understand, comprehend 74 COMPREHENSIVE— comprehensive, extensive. 174 TO COMPRISE — to comprise, comprehend, em- brace, contain, include 174 COMPULSION— constraint, compulsion 220 COMPUNCTION— repentance, penitence, contri- tion, compunction, remorse 88 TO COMPUTE— to calculate, compute, reckon, count or account, nuinl>;r 432 2 P»s» TO COMPUTE— to estimate, compute, rate 432 TO CONCEAL— to conceal, dissemble, disguise.. 519 TO CONCEAL— to conceal, hide, secrete 519 CONCEALMENT— concealment, secrecy 519 TO CONCEDE— to give up, deliver, surrender, yield, cede, concede 243 CONCEIT— conceit, fancy 90 CONCEIT— pride, vanity, conceit 100 CONCEITED — opiniated, opiniative, conceited, egoistical 100 TO CONCEIVE— to conceive, apprehend, sup- pose, imagine "4 TO CONCEIVE — to conceive, understand, com- prehend "t^ CONCEPTION— conception, notion 75 CONCEPTION— perception, idea, conception, no- tion 75 CONCERN — affair, business, concern 332 CONCERN — care, concern, regard 425 CONCERN— interest, concern 332 TO CONCERN— to aflfect, concern 332 TO CONCERT— to concert, contrive, manage. . . 533 TO CONCILIATE— to conciliate, reconcile 153 CONCISE-^hort, brief, concise, summary, suc- cinct 286 TO CONCLUDE— to close, finish, conclude 286 TO CONCLUDE UPON— to dtcide, determine, conclude upon 223 CONCLUSION— conclusion, inference, deduction 78 CONCLUSIVE — conclusive, decisive, convincing 225 CONCLUSIVE— final, conclusive 224 CONCOMITANT— accompaniment, companion, concomitant 493 CONCORD— concord, harmony 155 TO CONCUR— to agree, coincide, concur 151 CONCURRENCE— assent, consent, approbation, concurrence 156 CONCUSSION— shock, concussion 305 TO CONDEMN — to blame, reprove, reproach, upbraid, censure, condemn 110 TO CONDEMN— to reprobate, condemn 109 TO CONDEMN — to sentence, condemn, doom. .. 169 CONDESCENSION — complaisance, condescen- sion, deference 200 CONDITION— article, condition, term 335 CONDITION— condition, station 280 CONDITION— situation, condition, state, predica- ment, plight, case 279 CONDOLENCE — sympathy, compassion, com- miseration, condolence 357 TO CONDUCE— to conduce, contribute 168 CONDUCT — behaviour, conduct, carriage, deport- ment, demeanour 192 TO CONDUCT— to conduct, guide, lead 191 TO CONDUCT— to conduct, manage, direct 191 CONFEDERACY— alliance, league, confederacy 492 CONFEDERATE— ally, confederate, accomplice 491 TO rONFER—to confer, bestow 107 CONFERENCE — conversation, dialogue, confe- rence, colloquy 460 TO CONFESS— to acknowledge, own, conftss, avow "142 TO CONFIDE— to confide, trust 414 CONFIDENCE— assurance, confidence 415 xvm INDEX. Page CONFIDENCE— hope, expectation, trust, confi- dence 414 CONFroENT— confident, dogmatical, positive. . . 414 I'O CONFINE— to bound, limit, confine, circum- scribe, restrict 176 CONFINED— contracted, confined, narrow...... 177 CONFINEMENT— confinement, imprisonment, captivity 178 TO CONFIRM— to confirm, corroborate 225 TO CONFIRM— to confirm, establish 325 CONFLICT— conflict, combat, contest 142 TO CONFORM— to comply, conform, yield, sub- mit 150 CONFORMABLE— conformable, agreeable, suita- ble 153 CONFORMATION— form, figure, conformation. . 293 TO CONFOUND— to abash, confound, confuse. . 107 TO CONFOUND— to baffle, defeat, disconcert, confound 143 TO CONFOUND— to confound, confuse 281 TO CONFOUND— to mix, mingle, blend, con- found 284 TO CONFRONT— to confront, face 142 TO CONFUSE— to confound, confuse 281 TO CONFUSE— to abash, confound, confuse. ... 107 CONFUSED— indistinct, confused 283 CONFUSION— confusion, disorder 282 TO CONFUTE— to confute, refute, oppugn, dis- prove 115 TO CONGRATULATE— to felicitate, congratu- late 395 f assembly, company, meet- CONGREGATION I 1"^' '^^'^SrjS'^'^^n, par- CONGRESS i "'a-^ent, d.et, congress, convention, synod, con- L vocation, council 490 CONJECTURE — conjecture, supposition, eur- mise 94 TO CONJECTURE— to guess, conjecture, divine 95 CONJUNCTURE— conjuncture, crisis 173 TO CONNECT— to connect, combine, unite 419 CONNECTED— connected, related 419 CONNEXION — intercourse, communication, con- nexion, commerce 333 TO CONQUER — to conquer, vanquish, subdue, overcome, surmount 144 CONSANGUINITY— liindred, relationship, affi- nity, consanguinity 497 CONSCIENTIOUS— conscientious, scrupulous.. 88 CONSCIOUS — aware, on one's guard, apprized, conscious 426 TO BE CONSCIOUS— to feel, be sensible, cou- scious 376 TO CONSECRATE— to dedicate, devote, conse- crate, hallow 82 TO CONSENT— to consent, permit, allow 156 TO CONSENT— to accede, consent, comply, ac- quiesce, agree 151 CONSENT — assent, consent, approbation, concur- rence 156 CONSEdUENCE — effect, consequence, result, is- sue, event 290 CONSEQUENCE — signification, avail, import- ance, consequence, weight, moment 156 CONSEQUENT— subsequent, consequent, poste- rior 27=»' CONSEQUENTLY— naturally, consequently, in course, of course 272 CONSEQUENTLY— therefore, consequently, ac- cordingly 274 TO CONSIDER— to consider, reflect 76 TO CONSIDER— to consider, regard 77 CONSIDERATE— thoughtful, considerate, deli- berate '■ 424 CONSIDERATION— consideration, reason 77 TO CONSIGN— to consign, commit, intrust 415 CONSISTENT— compatible, consistent 153 CONSISTENT — consonant, accordant, consistent 153 TO CONSOLE— to console, solace, comfort 356 CONSONANT— consonant, accordant, consistent 153 CONSPICUOUS— distinguished, noted, conspicu- ous, eminent, illustrious 473 CONSPICUOUS — prominent, conspicuous 474 CONSPIRACY — combination, cabal, plot, conspi- racy 489 CONSTANCY — constancy, stability, steadinesa, firmness 226 CONSTANT— continual, perpetual, constant 265 CONSTANT— durable, constant 266 CONSTERNATION— alarm, terrour, fright, con- sternation 305 TO CONSTITUTE— to constitute, appoint, de- pute 214 TO CONSTITUTE— to form, compose, consti- tute 294 CONSTITUTION— frame, temper, temperament, constitution 388 CONSTITUTION— government, constitution.... 207 CONSTRAINT— constraint, compulsion 220 CONSTRAINT— constraint, restraint, restriction 220 CONSTRUCT— to build, erect, construct 498 TO CONSULT— to consult, deliberate, debate.. 114 TO CONSUME— to consume, destroy, waste 505 CONSUMMATION— consummation, completion 287 CONSUMPTION— decay, decline, consumption. . 363 CONTACT— contact, touch 129 CONTAGION— contagion, infection 129 CONTAGIOUS — contagious, epidemical, pestilen- tial 129 TO CONTAIN— to contain, hold 174 TO CONTAIN — to comprise, comprehend, em- brace, contain, include 174 TO CONTAMINATE — to contaminate, defile, pollute, taint, corrupt 129 TO CONTEMN — to contemn, despise, scorn, dis- dain ■■. 101 TO CONTEMPLATE— to contemplate, meditate, muse 76 CONTEMPORARY— coeval, contemporary 257 CONTEMPTIBLE ) . .,, , . ,„„ CONTEMPTUOUS !'=°"'^'"P"'"'''=''"'"'»P*"°"^ ^°" CONTEMPTUOUS— contemptuous, scornful, dis- dainful 103 CONTEMPTIBLE— contemptible, despicable, pi- tiful 102 TO CONTEND— to contend, strive, vie 131 TO CONTEND— to contend, contest, dispute. .. • 131 CONTENTION— contention, strife 132 INDEX. XIX Page CONTENTION— dissension, contention, discord, strife 133 CONTENTMENT— contentment, satisfaction... 384 CONTEST— conflict, combat, contest 140 TO CONTEST— to contend, contest, dispute 131 CONTIGUOUS— adjacent, adjoining, contiguous 420 CONTINENCE— chastity, continence, modesty. . 245 CONTINGENCY — accident, casualty, contin- gency 172 CONTINGENT— accidental, incidental, casual, contingent 172 CONTINUAL — continual, perpetual, constant... 265 CONTINUAL— continual, continued 265 CONTINUANCE ) continuance, duration, con- CONTINUATION ) tinuation 265 CONTINUATION— continuation, continuity 266 TO CONTINUE— to continue, remain, stay 263 TO CONTINUE— to continue, persevere, persist, pursue, prosecute 264 CONTINUED— continual, continued 265 CONTINUITY— continuation, continuity 266 CONTRACT — agreement, contract, covenant, compact, bargain 152 TO CONTRACT— to abridge, curtail, contract.. 178 CONTRACTED— contracted, confined, narrow. . 177 TO CONTRADICT— to contradict, oppose, deny 113 CONTRARY— adverse, contrary, opposite 135 CONTRAST— comparison, contrast 135 TO CONTRIBUTE— to conduce, contribute 168 TO COaJTRIBUTE— to minister, administer, con- tribute 167 CONTRIBUTION— tai, duty, custom, toll, im- post, tribute, contribution 168 CONTRITION — repentance, penitence, contrition, compunction, remorse 88 CONTRIVANCE— device, contrivance 533 TO CONTRIVE— to contrive, devise, invent.... 532 TO CONTRIVE— to concert, contrive, manage.. 533 TO CONTROL— to check, curb, control 222 TO CONTROVERT— to controvert, dispute .... 114 CONTUMACIOUS— obstinate, stubborn, contn- macious, headstrong, heady < 209 CONTUMACY— contumacy, rebellion 210 CONTUMELY— reproach, contumely, obloquy. . 108 TO CONVENE— to assemble, convene, convoke 490 CONVENIENT — commodious, convenient, suita- ble 417 CONVENT— cloister, convent, monastery 86 CONVENTION — assembly, company, meeting, congregation, parliament, diet, congress, con- vention, synod, convocation, council 490 CONVERSATION— conversation, dialogue, con- ference, colloquy 460 CONVERSE— communion, converse 487 TO CONVERSE— to sjieak, talk, converse, dis- course 459 CONVERSIBLE — facetious, conversible, jocular, pleasant, jocose 401 CON VERT— con vert, proselyte 86 TO CONVEY— to bear, carry, convey, transport 330 TO CONVICT— to convict, detect, discover 445 CONVICT— criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, convict 123 WKVICTION— conviction, persuasion 79 2* Page CONVINCING — conclusive, decisive, convincing 225 CONVIVIAL — convivial, social, sociable 4!j7 CONVOCATION — assembly, company, meeting, congregation, parliament, diet, congress, con- vention, synod, convocation, council 490 TO COrifVOKE— to assemble, convene, convoke 490 COOL— cool, cold, frigid 514 COOL — dispassionate, cool 119 COPIOUS — plentiful, plenteous, abundant, copi- ous, ample 341 COPIOUSLY— largely, copiously, fully 343 COPY — copy, model, pattern, specimen 530 TO COPY— to copy, transcribe 530 TO COP Y— to imitate, copy, counterfeit 529 OOaUET— coquet, jilt 525 CORDIAL — hearty, warm, sincere, cordial 431 CORNER— corner, angle 499 CORPORAL J , , . .., CORPOREAL I '°'P°^"' '""^P"''"' ''°'^"y ^^"^ CORPOREAL— corporeal, material 510 CORPSE — body, corpse, carcass' 510 CORPULENT— corpulent, stout, lusty 511 TO CORRECT— to amend, correct, reform, rec- tify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 CORRECT— correct, accurate 202 CORRECTION — correction, discipline, punish- ment 204 CORRECTNESS— justness, correctness 202 CORRESPONDENT — correspondent, suitable, answerable' 155 TO CORROBORATE— to confirm, corroborate.. 225 TO CORRUPT— to contaminate, defile, pollute, taint, corrupt 129 TO CORRUPT— to rot, putrefy, corrupt 504 CORRUPTION— depravity, depravation, corrup- tion 128 COST — cost, expense, price, charge 436 COSTLY— valuable, precious, costly 437 COVENANT — agreement, contract, covenant, compact, bargain , 152 TO COVER— to cover, hide 517 COVER — cover, shelter, screen 517 COVERING— tegument, covering 518 TO COVET— to desire, long for, hanker after, covet 159 COVETOUSNESS— covetousness, cupidity, ava- rice 160 COUNCIL — assembly, company, meeting, congre- gation, parliament, diet, congress, convention, synod, convocation, council 490 COUNSEL — advice, counsel, instruction 194 TO COUNT — to calculate, compute, reckon, count or account, number 433 TO COUNTENANCE— to encourage, sanction, countenance, support 310 COUNTENANCE— face, countenance, visage... 479 COUNTERFEIT — spurious, suppositious, coun- terfeit 529 TO COUNTERFEIT— to imitate, copy, counter- feit 529 COUNTRY— land, country 497 COUNTRYMAN — countryman, peasant, swain, hind, rustick, clown 336 COUPLE— couple, brace, pair 4M XX INDEX. Pige COURAGE— courage, fortitude, resolution 140 COURAGE— bravery, courage, valour 139 COURSE— course, race, passage 275 COURSE— way, road, route orrout, course 275 COURSE— series, course 275 COURSE — way, manner, method, mode, course, means 275 COURTEOUS— affable, courteous 200 COURTEOUS ) , . . rnriRTT V J courteous, complaisant, courtly.. 199 TO CRACK— to break, burst, crack, split 502 CRAFTY— cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily . 522 TO CRAVE — to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, sup- plicate, implore, crave 158 TO CREATE— to cause, occasion, create 294 TO CREATE— to make, form, produce, create .. 292 CREDIT— credit, favour, influence 190 CREDIT- belief, credit, trust, faith 78 CREDIT — name, reputation, repute, credit 472 CREED— faith, creed 79 CREW— band, company, crew, gang 492 CRIME — crime, vice, sin 122 CRIME — crime, misdemeanour 122 CRIMINAL— criminal, guilty 123 CRIMINAL — criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, convict 123 CRISIS — conjuncture, crisis 173 CRITERION— criterion, standard 225 CRITICISM — animadversion, criticism, stricture. 112 TO CRITICISE— to censure, animadvert, criti- cise Ill CROOKED— awkward, cross, untoward, crooked, froward, perverse 315 CROOKED— bent, curved, crooked, awry 316 CROSS— awkward, cross, untoward, crooked, fro- ward, perverse 315 CROSS — captious, cross, peevish, petulant, fretful 315 CROWD — multitude, crowd, throng, swarm 494 CRUEL — cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, sa- vage 373 CRUEL — hardhearted, cruel, unmerciful, merci- less 373 TO CRUSH — to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, crush 501 TO CRUSH— to overwhelm, crush..... 504 CRUTCH— staff, stick, crutch 239 CRY — noise, cry, outcry, clamour 470 TO CRY— to cry, weep 470 TO CRY — to cry, scream, shriek 470 TO CRY— to cry, exclaim, call 470 CULPABLE- culpable, faulty 123 CULPRIT— criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, convict 123 CULTIVATION- cultivation, tillage, husbandry 337 CULTIVATION i cultivation, culture, civiliza- CULTURE \ lion, refinement 198 CUNNING— art, cunning, deceit 521 CUNNING — cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily 522 CUPIDITY— covetouaneas, cupidity, avarice 160 TO CURB— to check, curb, control 222 TO CURE— to cure, heal, remedy 365 CURE — cure, remedy 365 CL'RIOUS— curious, inquiaitive, prying 99 CURRENT— strtant, current, tide 352 p»5« CURSE — malediction, curse, imprecation, execra- tion, anathema 82 CURSORY— cursory, hasty, slight, desultory 262 TO CURTAIL— to abridge, curtail, contract 178 CURVED — bent, curved, crooked, awry 316 CUSTODY— keeping, custody 179 CUSTOM— custom, habit 322 CUSTOM— custom, fashion, manner, practice.... 322 CUSTOM— tax, duly, custom, toll, impost, tribute, contribution 163 CUSTOM — usage, custom, prescription 324 DAILY— daily, diurnal 268 DAINTY— dainty, delicacy 314 DAMAGE — loss, damage, detriment 404 DAMAGE — injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief 404 DAMPNESS— moisture, humidity, dampness.... 515 DANGER — danger, peril, hazard 171 TO DARE— to brave, dare, defy, challenge 138 DARING— daring, bold 141 DARK— dark, obscure, dim, mysterious 480 DARK — opaque, dark 481 TO DART— to shoot, dart 305 DATE— time, period, age, date, era, epocha 267 TO DAUB— to smear, daub 515 TO DAUNT— to dismay, daunt, appal 306 DAYS OF YORE— formerly, in limes past, or old times, days of yore, anciently or ancient times 269 DEAD— lifeless, dead, inanimate ,:.. 356 DEADLY— deadly, mortal, fatal 371 DEAL— deal, quantity, portion 48G DEALING — trade, commerce, traffick, dealing.. . 333 DEARTH— scarcity, dearth 250 DEATH— death, departure, decease, demise 371 TO DEBAR— to deprive, debar, abridge 506 TO DEBASE — to abase, humble, degrade, debase, disgrace 106 TO DEBATE— to argue, dispute, debate 114 TO DEBATE— consult, deliberate, debate 115 TO DEBILITATE- to weaken, enfeeble, debili- tate, eni.rvate, invalidate 368 DEBILITY— debility, infirmity, imbecility 367 DEBT— debt, due 217 DECAY — decay, decline, consumption 368 TO DEGAY—to perish, die, decay 371 DECEASE — death, departure, decease, demise .. 371 DECEIT— art, cunning, deceit 521 DECEIT— deceit, deception 523 DECEIT— deceit, duplicity, double-dealing 523 DECEIT— deceit, fraud, guile 523 DECEITFUL— fallacious, deceitful, fraudulent . 523 TO DECEIVE— to deceive, delude, impose upon 522 DECEIVER— deliverance, delivery 240 TO DELUDE — to deceive, delude, impose upon. 522 TO DELUGE— to overflow, inundate, deluge... 352 DELUSION— fallacy, delusion, illusion 523 TO DEMAND— to ask, or ask for, claim, demand 228 TO DEMAND— to demand, require 228 DEMEANOUR— behaviour, conduct, carriage, de- portment, demeanour 192 DEMISE — death, departure, decease, demise .... 371 TO DEMOLISH— to demolish, raze, dismantle, destroy 505 DEMON— devil, demon 92 TO DEMONSTRATE— to prove, demonstrate, evince, manifest 444 TO DEMUR— to demur, hesitate, pause 96 DEMUR — demur, doubt, hesitation, objection. ... 96 TO DENOMINATE— to name, denominate, style, entitle, designate, characterize 471 DENOMINATION— name, appellation, title, de- nomination 471 TO DENOTE— to denote, signify, imply 456 DENSE— thick, dense 351 TO DENY— to contradict, oppose, deny 113 TO DENY— to deny, refuse 232 TO DENY— to deny, disown, disclaim, disavow. 113 DEPARTURE — death, departure, decease, demise 371 DEPARTURE— exit, departure 372 DEPENDENCE— dependence, reliance 416 TO DEPICT— to paint, depict, delineate, sketch.. 338 TO DEPLORE— to bewail, bemoan, lament, de- plore 410 DEPONENT — deponent, evidence, witness 445 DEPORTMENT— behaviour, conduct, carriage, deportment, demeanour 192 DEPOSITE— deposite, pledge, security 183 DEPRAVITY 1 depravity, depravation, cor-. DEPRAVATION) ruption 128 TO DEPRECIATE— to disparage, detract, tra- duce, depreciate, degrade, decry _. 105 DEPREDATION— depredation, robbery 505 DEPRESSION — dejection, depression, melan- choly » 413 XKU INDEX. Page TO DEPRIVE— to bereave, deprive, Strip 505 TO t)EPRIVE— to deprive, debar, abridge 5U6 DEPTH— depth, profundity 350 TO. DEPUTE— to constitute, appoint, depute 214 DEPUTY— ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, deputy 214 DEPUTY— delegate, deputy 214 TO DERANGE — to disorder, derange, disconcert, discompose 230 DERANGEMENT — derangement, Insanity, luna- cy, madness, mania 381 TO DERIDE — to deride, mock, ridicule, banter, rally 103 TO DERIVE— to derive, trace, deduce 449 TO DEROGATE— to disparage, derogate, degrade 105 TO DESCRIBE— to relate, recount, describe .... 460 DESCRIPTION— account, narrative, description. 467 DESCRIPTION — cast, turn, description, charac- ter 467 TO DESCRY— to find, find out, discover, descry, espy 445 TO DESERT— 10 abandon, desert, forsake, relin- quish 243 TO DESERT— to abdicate, desert 253 DESERT— de-^ert, merit, worth 438 DESERT— solitary, desert, desolate 253 TO DESIGN — to design, purpose, intend, mean. . 533 DESIGN — design, plan, scheme, project 534 TO DESIGNATE— to name, denominate, style, entitle, designate, characterize 471 TO DESIRE— to beg, desire 158 TO DESIRE— to desire, wish, long for, hanker after, covet 159 TO DESIST — to cease, leave off, desist, discon- tinue 257 DESOLATE— solitary, desert, desolate 253 DESOLATION— ravage, desolation, devastation 506 DESPAIR— despair, desperation, despondency .... 413 DESPATCH — to hasten, accelerate, speed, expe- dite, despatch S61 DESPERATE— desperate, hopeless 413 DESPERATION— despair, despondency, despe- ration 413 DESPICABLE— contemptible, despicable, pitiful 102 TO DESPISE— to contemn, despise, scorn, dis- dain 101 DESPONDENCY— despair, despondency, despe- ration 413 DESPOTICK— absolute, arbitrary, despotick 18S DESTINATION— destiny, destination 169 TO DESTINE— to allot, appoint, destine 169 DESTINY— destiny, fate, lot, dqom 169 DESTINY— destiny, destination 169 DESTITUTE— bare, scanty, destitute 250 t JESTITUTE-^forsaken, forlorn, destitute 248 TO DESTROY— to consume, destroy, waste .... 505 TO DESTROY— to demolish, raze,diBmantle, de- stroy 505 DESTRUCTION— destruction, ruin 504 DESTRUCTIVE — destructive ruinous, perni- cious .504 UESUJLTORY -cursory, hasty, slight, desultory. 262 TO DETACH— to separate, sever, disjoin, detach 421 TO DETAIN— to hold, keep, detain, retain 2:16 Page TO DETECT— to convict, detect, discover 445 TO DETER— to deter, discourage, dishearten ... 312 TO DETERMINE— to decide, determine, con- clude upon 223 TO DETERMINE— to determine, resolve 223 TO DETERMINE— to fix, determine, settle, limit 227 DETERMINED- decided, determined, resolute. . 224 TO DETEST— to abhor, detest, abominate, loath 138 TO DETEST— to hate, detest 137 DETESTABLE— abominable, detestable, execra- ble 138 TO DETRACT— to asperse, detract, slander, de- fame, calumniate lOS TO DETRACT— to disparage, detract, traduce, depreciate, degrade, decry 105 DETRIMENT— disadvantage, injury, hurt, detri- ment, prejudice 404 DETRIMENT— loss, damage, detriment 404 DEVASTATION—ravage, desolation, devasta- tion 507 TO DEVELOPE— to unfold, unravel, develope. . 21» TO DEVIATE— to deviate, wander, swerve, stray 126 TO DEVIATE— to digress, deviate 126 DEVICE — device, contrivance 533 DEVIL- devil, demon 92 TO DEVISE— to contrive, devise, invent 532 TO DEVISE— to devise, bequeath 164 DEVOID — empty, vacant, void, devoid 343 TO DEVOTE— to addict, devote, apply 421 TO DEVOTE— to dedicate, devote, consecrate, hallow 82 DEVO UT— holy, pious, devout, religious 89 DEXTERITY— ability, dexterity, address 68 DEXTEROUS — clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, adroit 69 DIALECT— language, tongue, speech, idiom, dia- lect 463 DIALOGUE— conversation, dialogue, conference, colloquy 460 TO DICTATE— to dictate, prescribe 184 DICTATE— dictate, suggestion 184 DIOTION—diction, style, phrase, phraseology... 463 DICTIONARY— dictionary, encyclopa;dia 463 DICTIONARY— dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, glossary, nomenclature 464 TO DIE— to die, expire 371 TO DIE— to perish, die, decay 371 DIET— food, diet, regimen 514 DIET — assembly, company, meeting, congrega- tion, parliament, diet, congress, convention, synod, convocation, council 490 TO DIFFER— to differ, vary, disagree, dissent. . . 132 DIFFERENCE — difference, variety, diversity, medley 282 DIFFERENCE— difference, distinction 282 DIFFERENCE— difference, dispute, altercation, quarrel 133 DIFFERENT— different, distinct, separate 282 DIFFERENT— different, several, divers, sundry, various 283 DIFFERENT— different, unlike 283 DIFFICULT- hard, difficult, arduous 364 DIFFICULTIES — difficulties, embarrassments, ironlilf?" •• 413 V'^t'lA INDEX. XXIU DIFFICULTY— difficulty, obstacle, impediment. DIFFICULTY— objection, difficulty, exception . . DIFFIDENT— distrustful, suspicious, diffident. . . DIFFIDENT— modest, bashful, diffident DIFFUSE— diffuse, prolix TO DIFFUSE— to spread, expand, diffuse TO DIGEST— to dispose, arrange, digest DIGNIFIED — magisterial, majestick, stately, pompous, august, dignified DIGNITY— iionour, dignity DIGNITY— pride, haughtiness, loftiness, dignity . TO DIGRESS— to digress, deviate TO DILATE— to dilate, expand DILATORY — slow, dilatory, tarjy, tedious DILIGENT— active, diligent, industrious, assidu- ous, laborious DILIGENT — diligent, expeditious, prompt DILIGENT — sedulous, diligent, assiduous DIM — dark, obscure, dim, mysterious TO DIMINISH— to abate, lessen, diminish, de- crease DIMINUTIVE— little, small, diminutive DIOCESS— bishoprick, diocess TO DIRECT— to direct, dispose, regulate TO DIRECT— to conduct, manage, direct DIRECT— straight, right, direct DIRECTION — direction, address, superscription. DIRECTION— direction, oider DIRECTLY- directly, immediately, instantly, iu- Btantaneously DISABILITY— inability, disability DISADVANTAGE— disadvantage, injury, hurt, detriment, prejudice DISAFFECTION— disaffection, disloyalty... . ... TO DISAGREE— to differ, vary, disagree, disaent TO DISAPPEAR— to disappear, vanish TO DISAPPOINT— to defeat, foil, disappoint, frustrate DISAPPROBATION— displeasure, anger, disap- probation TO DISAPPROVE— to disapprove, dislike DISASTER — calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- chance, mishap TO DISAVOW— to deny, disown, disclaim, dis- avow DISBELIEF— disbelief, unbelief. TO DISCARD — to dismiss, discharge, discard . . . TO DISCERN — to perceive, discern, distinguish. DISCERNMENT— discernment, penetration, dis- crimination, judgement TO DISCHARGE— to dismiss, discharge, discard DISCIPLINE — correction, discipline, punishment DISCIPLE— scholar, disciple, pupil TO DISCLAIM — deny, disown, disclaim, dis- avow TO DISCLOSE— to publish, promulgate, divulge, reveal, disclose TO DISCLOSE— to uncover, discover, disclose. . TO DISCOMPOSE— to disorder, derange, discon- cert, discompose TO DISCONCERT— to baffle, defeat, disconcert, confound TO DISCONCERT— to disorder, derange, discon- cert, discom pose Page Pjg« 359 TO DISCONTINUE— to cease, leave off, discon- 112 tinue, desist 257 416 DISCORD — dissension, contention, discord, strife 133 148 TO DISCOVER— to convict, detect, discover.... 445 464 TO DISCOVER— to discover, manifest, declare. . 444 345 TO DISCOVER— to find, find out, discover, espy, 277 descry 445 TO DISCOVER— to find, find out, discover, in- 454 vent 446 429 TO DISCOVER— to uncover, discover, disclose.. 444 100 TO DISCOURAGE— to deter, discourage, dis- 126 hearten 312 345 TO DISCOURSE— to speak, talk, converse, dis- 260 course 459 DISCREDIT — discredit, reproach, scandal, dis- 296 grace 107 262 DISCRETION— judgement, discretion, prudence 400 297 TO DISCRIMINATE— to distinguish, discrimi- 480 nate 484 DISCRiraNATION— discernment, penetration, 351 discrimination, judgement 71 350 TO DISCUSS— to discuss, examine 98 86 DISDAIN— haughtiness, disdain, arrogance 101 191 TO DISDAIN — to contemn, despise, scorn, disdain 101 191 DISDAINFUL— contemptuous, scornful, disdain- 430 ful 102 213 DISEASE — disorder, disease, distemper, malady. 367 213 DISEASED— sick, sickly, diseased, morbid 367 TO DISENGAGE ) to disengage, disentangle, 262 TO DISENTANGLE i extricate 218 69 TO DISFIGURE— to deface, disfigure, deform... 503 DISGRACE — dishonour, disgrace, shame 107 404 DISGRACE — discredit, reproach, scandal, dis- 210 grace 107 132 TO DISGRACE— to abase, humble, degrade, dis- 481 grace, debase 106 TO DISGUISE— to conceal, dissemble, disguise. . 519 143 DISGUST— disgust, loathing, nausea 120 DISGUST — dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction, 118 distaste, disgust 117 120 TO DISHEARTEN— to deter, discourage, dis- hearten 312 406 DISHONEST— dishonest, knavish 430 DISHONOUR— dishonour, disgrace, shame 107 113 DISINCLINATION— dislike, disinclination 118 79 TO DISJOIN — to separate, sever, disjoin, detach 421 254 TO DISJOINT— to disjoint, dismember 421 483 DISLIKE — aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance 136 71 TO DISLIKE— to disapprove, dislike 120 254 DISLIKE — dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction, 304 distaste, disgust 117 197 DISLIKE— dislike, disinclination 118 DISLOYALTY— disaffection, disloyalty 210 113 DISMAL— dull, gloomy, sad, dismal 410 TO DISMANTLE— to demolish, raze, dismantle, 443 destroy 505 444 TO DISMAY— to dismay, daunt, appal 306 TO DISMEMBER— to disjoint, dismember 421 280 TO DISMISS— to dismiss, discharge, discard.... 254 DISORDER— confusion, disorder 282 143 TO DISORDER— to disorder, derange, disconcert, discompose 280 2S0 DISORDER— dicorder, disease, distemper, malady 367 XXIV INDEX. Page DISORDERLY— irregular, disorderly, inordinate, intemperate 284 TO DISOWN — to deny, disown, disclaim, disa- vow 113 TO DISPARAGE— to disparrige, detract, traduce, depreciate, degrade, deory 105 TO DISPARAGE— to disptrage, derogate, de- grade 105 DISPARITY— disparity, inequality 435 DISPASSIONATE— dispassionate, cool 119 TO DISPEL— to dispel, disperse, dissipate 345 TO DISPENSE— to dispense, distribute 485 TO DISPERSE— to dispel, disperse, dissipate.... 345 TO DISPERSE— to spread, scatter, disperse 344 TO DISPLAY— to show, exhibit, display 452 TO DISPLEASE— to displease, offend, vex 117 DISPLEASURE — dislike, displeasure, dissatisfac- tion, distaste, disgust 118 DISPLEASURE — displeasure, anger, disapproba- tion 118 DISPOSAL — disposal , disposition 277 TO DISPOSE— to dispose, arrange, digest 277 TO DISPOSE— to plate, dispose, order 278 TO DISPOSE— to direct, dispose, regulate Itll DISPOSITION— disposition, temper 387 DISPOSITION— disposition, inclination 388 DISPOSITION— disposal, disposition 377 TO DISPROVE — to confute, refute, disprove, oppugn 115 TO DISPUTE— to &rgue, dispute, debate 114 TO DISPUTE— to contend, contest, dispute 131 TO DISPUTE— to controvert, dispute 114 TO DISPUTE— to doubt, question, dispute 95 TO DISPUTE— difference, dispute, altercation, quarrel 133 TO- DISREGARD— to disregard, -eglect, slight.. 423 DISSATISFACTION— dislike, displeasure, dissa- tisfaction, distaste, disgust 117 TO DISSEMBLE — to conceal, dissemble, disguise 519 DISSEMBLER— hypocrite, dissembler 520 DISSEMINATE— to spread, circulate, propagate, disseminate 345 DISSENSION — dissension, contention, discord . . TO DISSENT— to differ, vary, disagree, dissent. 132 DISSENTER— heretick, schismatick, sectarian, dissenter, nonconlorinist 92 DISSERTATION— essay, treatise, tract, disserta- tion 329 DISSIMULATION— simulation, dissimulation .. 520 TO DISSIPATE— to disiiel, disperse, dissipate . . 345 TO DISSIPATE— to spend or expend, waste, dis- sipate, squander 344 DISSOLUTE; — loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licen- tious 25') DISTANT— distant, far, remote 286 DISTASTE— dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction, distaste, disgust 117 DlSTEMPER—disorder, disease, malady, distem- per. 367 DISTINCT— different, distinct, separate 282 DISTINeTION—difference, distinction ' 282 DISTINCTION— of fashion, of quality, of dis- tinction 474 DISTINCTLY— clearly, distinctly 477 TO DISTINGUISH— to distinguish, discriminate 484 TO DISTINGUISH— to perceive, discern, distin- guisli 483 TO DISTINGUISH— tosignalize, distinguish.... 474 TO DISTINGUISH— to abstract, separate, distin- guish 420 DISTINGUISHED— distinguished, conspicuous, noted, eminent, illustrious 473 TO DISTORT— to turn, bend, twist, wring, wrest, distort, wrench 316 DISTRACTED— absent, abstracted, diverted, dis- tracted 484 DISTRESS— adversity, distress 407 DISTRESS — distress, anxiety, anguish, agony ... 407 TO DISTRESS— to afflict, distress, trouble 403 'J'O DISTRESS— to distress, harass, perplex. ... 4U7 TO DISTRIBUTE— to allot, assign, apportion, distribute 168 TO DISTRIBUTE— to dispense, distribute 485 TO DISTRIBUTE— to divide, distribute, share.. 485 DISTRICT— district, region, tract, quarter 498 DISTRUSTFUL— distrustful, susi.icious, diffident 416 TO DISTURB— to disturb, interrupt 417 TO DISTURB— to trouble, disturb, molest 412 DISTURBANCE— commotion, disturbance 417 TO DIVE— to plunge, dive 353 TO DIVE INTO— tn pry, sciutinize, dive into . . 99 DIVERS- different, several, divers, sundry, vari- ous 283 DIVERSION — amusenrent, entertaiimient, diver- sion, sport, recreation, pastime 391 DIVERSITY— difference, variety, medley, diver- sity 282 TO DIVERT— to amuse, divert, entertain 390 DIVERTED — absent, abstracted, diverted, dis- tracted 484 TO DIVIDE— to divide, separate, part 484 TO DIVIDE— to divide, distribute, share 485 DIVINE— godlike, divine, heavenly 90 DIVINE— holy, sacred, divine 89 DIVINE— ecclesiastick, divine, theologian 86 TO DIVINE— to guess, conjecture, divine 95 DIVINITY— deity, divinity 81 DIVISION— part, portion, division, share 485 DIURNAL— daily, diurnal 263 TO DIVULGE— to publish, promulgate, divulge, reveal, disclose 443 TO DO— to make, do, act 294 DOCILE— docile, tractable, ditctile 360 DOCTRINE— doctriire, precept, principle 80 DOCTRINE ) . , . . , . DOGMA J doctnne, dogma, tenet 80 DOGMATICAL — confident, dogmatical, positive. 414 DOLEFUL— piieous, doleful, wotirl, rueful 4U DOM ESTICK— servant, domestick, drudge, me- nial 328 DOMINEERING— imperious, lordly, domineer- ing, overbearing 185 DOMINION— emjiire, reign, dominion 187 DOMINION— power, strength, force, authority, dominion 186 DOMINIONS— territory, dominions )89 DONATION— gift, present, donation, benefaction lfi4 DOOM — destiny, fate, lot, doom 100 INDEX. SX9 Page TO DOOM— to sentence, doom, condemn 109 DOUBLE-DEALING— deceit, duplicity, double- dealing 523 DOirBT— demur, doubt, liesilation, objection 96 TO DOUBT— to doubt, question, dispute 95 DOUBT— doubt, sui^pense 95 DOUBTFUL— doubtful, dubious, uncertain, pre- | carious 96 TO DOZE— to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap. 300 TO DRAG— to draw, drag, liaul or liale, pull, tug, pluck 303 TO DRAIN— to spend, exhaust, drain 344 TO DRAW— to draw, drag, haul or hale, pluck, pull, tug 303 TO DREAD— to apprehend, fear, dread 307 DREAD — awe, reverence, dread 307 DREADFUL— fearful, dreadful, friglitful, tremen- dous, terrible, territick, horrible, horrid 300 DREADFUL— formidable, dreadful, shocking, ter- rible 308 DREAM— dream, reverie 91 DREGS — dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse ... 51.') TO DRENCH— to soak, drench, steep 512 DRIFT — tendency, drift, scope, aim 325 DROLL — laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, comi- cal or coniick, droll t 103 TO I)UOOP—to flag, droop, languish, pine 368 TO DROOP ) . r „ A J . . M nnn ^„„„ } to fall, drop, droop, smk, tumble. . 303 TO DROP ^ > f> f, > DROSS — dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse 515 TO DROWSE — to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap 300 DROWSY— heavy, dull, drowsy 300 DROWSY— sleepy, drowsy, leihargick 300 DRUDGE — servant, doinestick, menial, drudge . . 328 DRUDGERY— work, labour, toil, drudgery, task. 328 DRUNKENNESS— intoxication, drunkenness, in- fatuation 310 DUBIOUS^-doubtful, dubious, uncertain, preca- rious 9C DUCTILE— docile, tractalile, ductile 360 DUE— debt, due 217 DULL— heavy, dull, drowsy 300 | DULL— insipid, dull, fiat 513 | DULL — dull, gloomy, sad, dismal 410 J DULL— stupid, dull 401 ' DUMB — silent, dumb, mute, speechless 464 DUPLICITY— deceit, duplicity, double-dealing. . 523 DURABLE— durable, lasting, permanent 260 DURABLE— durable, constant 26G DURATION— continuance, continuation, dura- tion 965 DURATION— duration, time 266 DUTIFUL— dutiful, obedient, respectful 150 DUTY— duty, obligation 150 DUTY— business, office, duty 331 DUTY— tax, duly, custom, toll, impost, tribute, contribution 168 TO DWELL— to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, in- habit 263 TO DYE — to colour, dye, tinge, stain 516 EACH— all, every, each 252 EAGER— tagcr, earnest, serious 382 Faga EAGERNESS— avidity, greediness, eagerness ... 162 EARLY — soon, early, betimes 262 TO EARN — to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn. . 396 EARNEST— eager, earnest, serious 392 EARNEST— earnest, pledge 184 EASE — ease, quiet, rest, repose 362 EASE > EASTNFSS ( *^*®' ^''^'"^^^i facility, lightness ... 363 EASY— tasy, ready 363 EBULLITIOiV. — ebullition, effervescence, fer- mentation 309 ECCENTRICK — particular, singular, odd, eccen- trick, strange 385 ECCLESIASTICK— ecclesiasiick, divine, tlieoln- gian 86 ECONOMICAL — economical, saying, sparing, thrifty, penurious, niggardly 161 ECONOMY — economy, frugality, parsimony 161 ECONOMY — economy, management 161 ECS'l'ASY-ecstasy, rapture, transport 318 EDGE — border, edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, verge ]76 EDICT — decree, edict, proclamation 443 EDIFICE— edihce, structure, fabrick 499 EDUCATION— education, instruction, breeding. 197 TO EFFACE— to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate ,... 243 EFFECT — elTect, consequence, result, event, is- sue 290 TO EFFECT— to effect, produce, perform 289 TO EFFECT— to accomplish, execute, atliieve, ef- fect 283 EFFECTIVE— effective, efficient, elTectual, effica- cious 290 EFFECTS — goods, furniture, chattels, moveables, effects 339 EFFECTUAL— effective, efficient, effectual, effi-, cacious 290 EFFEMINATE— female, feminine, effeminate.. . 514 EFFERVESCENCE — ebullition, effervescence, fernienlatinn 309 EFFICACIOUS ) effective, efficient, efficacious, EFFICIENT 5 effectual 290 EFFIGY— likeness, picture, image, effigy 532 EFFORT— endeavour, pffort, exertion 321 EFFORT— attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, effort 320 EFFRONTERY— audacity, effrontery, hardiliood or hardiness, boldness 140 EFFUSION— effusion, ejaculation 462 EGOISTICAL — opiniated or opiniative, conceited, egoistical ]00 EJACULATION— effusion, ejaculation 462 ELDER— senior, elder, older 269 ELDERLY— elderly, aged, old 269 ELECT— to choose, elect 234 ELEGANT— graceful, comely, elegant 315 TO ELEVATE— to lift, raise, erect, elevate, exalt 354 ELIGIBLE— eligible, preferable 234 ELOCUTION 1 elocution, eloquence, rhetorick, ELOQUENCE 5 oratory 462 TO ELUCIDATE— to explain, illustrate, eluci- date 458 TO ELUDE— to escape, elude, evade 527 TO £LUD£>~to avoid, cacliew,&bui], elude SS7 XXVI INDEX. Flge TO EMANATE— to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, emanate 291 TO EMBARRASS— to embarrass, entangle, per- plex 412 EMBARRASSMENTS — difficulties, embarrass- ments, troubles 413 TO EMBELLISH— to adorn, decorate, embellish 500 E31BLEM — figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, symbol, type 531 TO EMBOLDEN— to encourage, embolden 312 TO EMBRACE— to clasp, hug, embrace 377 TO EMBRACP; — to comprise, comprehend, em- brace, contain, include 174 EMBRYO— embryo, foetus 510 TO EMEND — to amend, correct, reform, rectify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 TO EMERGE— to rise, issue, emerge 291 EMERGENCY — exigency, emergency 173 EMINENT — distinguished, conspicuous, noted, eminent, illustrious 473 EMISSARY— emissary, spy 446 TO EMIT— to emit, exhale, evaporate 501 EMOLUMENT— gain, profit, emolument, lucre. . 397 EMOTION — agitation, emotion, tremour, trepida- tion 308 EMPHASIS — stress, strain, emphasis, accent 221 EMPIRE— empire, kingdom 189 EMPIRE— empire, reign, dominion 387 TO EMPLOY— to employ, use 398 EMPLOYMENT — business, occupation, employ- ment, engagement, avocation 331 TO EMPOWER — to commission, authorize, em- power 186 EMPTY— empty, vacant, void, devoid 343 EMPTY— hollow, empty 344 EMULATION — competition, emulation, rivalry. 131 TO ENCHANT— to charm, enchant, fascinate, enrapture, captivate 317 TO ENCIRCLE — to surround, encompass, envi- ron, encircle 175 TO ENCLOSE — to circumscribe, enclose 175 TO ENCLOSE— to enclose, include 174 ENCOMIUM — encomium, eulogy, panegyrick.... 130 TO ENCOiMPASS — to surround, encompass, en- viron, encircle 175 ENCOUNTER— attack, assault, encounter, onset, charge 116 TO ENCOUNTER— to attack, assail, assault, en- counter 116 TO ENCOURAGE— to cheer, encourage, comfort 356 TO ENCOURAGE— to encourage, animate, in- cite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 TO ENCOURAGE — to encourage, advance, pro- mote, prefer, forward 312 TO ENCOURAGE— to encourage, embolden 312 TO ENCOURAGE— to encourage, countenance, sanction, support 310 TO ENCROACH— to encroach, intrench, invade, intrude, infringe 507 TO ENCUMBER— to clog, load, encumber 370 ENCYCLOPiEDIA— dictionary, encyclopadia .. 463 END — aim, object, end 324 TO END— to end, close, terminate 285 END— end, extremity 285 END— sake, account, reason, purpose, end 535 TO ENDEAVOUR— to att'empt, trial, endeavour, essay, eftbrt 320 TO ENDEAVOUR— to endeavour, aim, strive, struggle 321 ENDEAVOUR— endeavour, effiirt, exertion 321 ENDLESS — eternal, endless, everlasting 270 TO ENDOW— invest, endow or endue 167 ENDOWMENT— gift, endowment, talent 67 ENDURANCE — patience, endurance, resignation 149 TO ENDURE— to suffer, bear, endure, support . . 149 ENEMY — enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, anta- gonist 134 ENERGY — energy, force, vigour 372 TO ENERVATE 1 to weaken, enfeeble, debili- TO ENFEEBLE J tate, enervate, invalidate . . 368 TO ENGAGE— to attract, allure, invite, engage. . 318 TO ENGAGE— to bind, engage, oblige 216 ENGAGEMENT— battle, combat, engagement .. 141 ENGAGEMENT— business, occupation, employ- ment, engagement, avocation 331 ENGAGEMENT— promise, engagement, word . . 217 TO ENGENDER— to breed, engender 497 TO ENGRAVE — to imprint, impress, engrave... 450 ENGRAVING— picture, print, engraving 450 TO ENGROS^— to absorb, swallow up, ingulf, engross 509 ENJOYMENT— enjoyment, fruition, gratification 383 ro ENLARGE— to enlarge, increase, extend 348 TO ENLIGHTEN— to illuminate, illumine, en- lighten 197 TO ENLIST— to enrol, enlist or list, register, re- cord 468 TO ENLIVEN — to animate, inspire, cheer, en- liven, exhilarate 355 ENMITY— enmity, animosity, hostility 135 ENMITY — hatred, enmity, ill-will, repugnance. . 137 ENORMOUS — enormous, huge, immense, vast . . 349 ENORMOUS — enormous, prodigious, monstrous. 350 ENOUGH— enough, sufficient 343 ENRAPTURE— to charm, enchant, fascinate, en- rapture, captivate 317 TO ENROL— to enrol, enlist or list, register, re- cord 468 ENSAMPLE — example, pattern, ensample 531 TO ENSLAVE— to enslave, captivate 318 TO ENSUE— to follow, succeed, ensue 271 TO ENTANGLE— to embarrass, entangle, per- plex 412 TO ENTANGLE— to insnare, entrap, entangle, inveigle 525 ENTERPRISE— attempt, undertaking, enterprise 320 ENTERPRISING— enterprising, adventurous ... 173 TO ENTER UPON— to begin, commence, enter upon 292 TO ENTERTAIN— to amuse, divert, entertain.. 390 ENTERTAINMENT— amusement, diversion, en- tertainment, sport, recreation, pastime 391 ENTERTAINMENT— feast, banquet, carousal, entertainment, treat 513 ENTHUSIAST— enthusiast, fanatick, visionary. . 9i TO ENTICE— to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, decoy 3J9 TO ENTICE— to persuade, entice, prevail upon. 313 INDEX. xzrii ENTIRE— whole, entire, complete, total, integral TO ENTITLE— to name, denominate, style, en- title, designate, characterize TO ENTRAP— to insnare, entrap, entangle, in- veigle TO ENTREAT— to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, supplicate, implore ENTREATY— prayer, petition, request, entreaty, suit, crave ENVIOUS— invidious, envious TO ENVIRON- to surround, encompass, environ, encircle ENVOY — ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, deputy ENVY— jealousy, envy, suspicion EPHEMERIS— calendar, almanack, ephemeris . . EPICURE — sensualist, voluptuary, epicure EPIDEMICAL — contagious, epidemical, pestilen- tial EPISTLE— letter, epistle EPITHET— epithet, adjective EPOCHA— time, period, age, date, era, epocha . . EQUABLE ) equal, even, equable, like or alike, EQ.UAL J uniform TO EQUIP— to fit, equip, prepare, qualify EQUITABLE- fair, honest, equitable, reasonable EQUITY— justice, equity EQUIVOCAL— ambiguous, equivocal TO EQUIVOCATE— to evade, equivocate, pre- varicate ERA — time, period, age, date, era, epocha TO ERADICATE — to eradicate, extirpate, exter- minate TO ERASi;— to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate TO ERECT— to build, efect, construct TO ERECT— to institute, establish, found, erect. TO ERECT— to lift, raise, erect, elevate, exalt. . . ERRAND — mission, message, errand ERROUR— errour, mistake, blunder , ERROUR— errour, fault ERUDITION— knowledge, science, learning, eru- dition ERUPTION— eruption, explosion TO ESCAPE— to escape, elude, evade TO ESCHEW— to avoid, eschew, shun, elude. . . TO ESCORT — to accompany, escort, wait on, at- tend ESPECIALLY — especially, particularly, princi- pally, chiefly TO ESPY — to find, find out, discover, espy, descry ESSAY — attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, effort. . ESSAY — essay, treatise, tract, dissertation ESSENTIAL — necessary, expedient, essential, requisite TO ESTABLISH— to confirm, establish TO ESTABLISH— to fix, settle, establish TO ESTABLISH— to institute, establish, found, erect ESTEEM— esteem, respect, regard TO ESTEEM— to value, prize, esteem TO ESTEEM ) to apprize, appreciate, esti- TO ESTIMATE^ mate, esteem TO ESTIMATE— to estimate, compute, rate .... Page fige 288 ETERNAL— eternal, endless, everlasting 270 EUCHARIST — Lord's supper, eucharist, commu- 471 nion, sacrament 83 EULOGY — encomium, eulogy, panegyrick 130 525 TO EVADE— to evade, equivocate, prevaricate. 526 TO EVADE— to escape, elude, evade 527 158 TO EVAPORATE— to emit, exhale, evaporate. . 501 EVASION— evasion, shift, subterfuge 526 87 EVEN — equal, even, equable, uniform, like or 389 alike 435 EVEN — even, smooth, level, plain 435 175 EVENT — event, incident, accident, adventure, oc- currence 172 214 EVENT — event, issue, consequence 290 389 EVER— always, at all times, ever 258 434 EVERLASTING— eternal, endless, everlasting. . 270 375 EVERY— all, every, each 252 EVIDENCE — deponent, evidence, witness 445 129 EVIDENCE— proof, testimony, evidence 444 196 EVIDENT — apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvi- 420 ous, evident, manifest 478 267 EVIL — evil or ill, misfortune, harm, mischief. .. . 405 EVIL— bad, evil, wicked 127 435 TO EVINCE— to argue, evince, prove 77 154 TO EVINCE — to prove, demonstrate, evince, ma- 428 nifest 444 212 EXACT— accurate, exact, precise 203 527 EXACT— exact, nice, particular, punctual 203 TO EXACT— to exact, extort 317 526 TO EXALT— to lift, praise, erect, elevate, exalt. 354 267 EXAMINATION — examination, search, inquiry, research, investigation, scrutiny 98 503 TO EXAMINE— to discuss, examine 98 TO EXAMINE— to examine, search, explore. ... 98 248 EXAMPLE— example, pattern, ensample 531 498 EXAMPLE— example, precedent 531 213 EXAMPLE— example, instance 531 354 TO EXASPERATE— to aggravate, irritate, pro- 215 voke, exasperate, tantalize 121 126 TO EXCEED ) to exceed, surpass, transcend, ex- 125 TO EXCEL \ eel, outdo 273 EXCELLENCE— excellence, superiority 274 196 EXCEPT— besides, except 251 501 EXCEPT— unless, except 251 527 EXCEPTION— objection, difliculty, exception .. . 112 527 EXCESS— excess, superfluity, redundancy 343 EXCESSIVE — excessive, immoderate, intempe- 493 rate 343 TO EXCHANGE— to change, exchange, barter, 206 substitute 334 446 TO EXCHANGE— to exchange, barter, truck, 320 commute 335 329 EXCHANGE— interchange, exchange, reciprocity 334 TO EXCITE — to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, 417 stir up 310 225 TO EXCSTE— to excite, incite, provoke 309 227 TO EXCLAIM— to cry. exclaim, call 470 TO EXCULPATE— to apologize, defend, justify, 213 exculpate, excuse, plead 181 427 TO EXCULPATE— to exonerate, exculpate .... 182 436 EXCURSION— excursion, ramble, tour, jaunt, trip • 302 432 TO EXCUSE— to apologize, defend, justify, ex- 432 cul/>8te, excuse, plead 181 XXVIU INDEX. Page TO EXCUSE— to excuse, pardon ] 82 EXCUSE— pretence, pretension, pretext, excuse. . 229 EXECRABJ.E— abominable, detestable, esecrable 138 EXECRATION— malediction, curse, imprecation, j e.»ecralii>n, anathema 82 TO EXECUTE— to accomplish, effect, execute, achieve 288 TO EXECUTE— to execute, fulfil, perform 289 EXEMPT— free, exempt 242 EXEMPTION— privilege, prerogative, exemption, immunity 5S8 TO EXERCISE— to exercise, practise 322 TO EXERCISE ). . . ^oo ., ! to exert, exercise 322 TO EXERT i EXERTION— endeavour, effort, exertion :.. 321 TO EXHALE— to emit, exhale, evaporate 501 TO EXHAUST— to spend, exhaust, drain 344 TO EXHIBIT— to give, present, offer, exhibit... 163 TO EXHIBIT— to show, exhibit, display 452 EXHIBITION— eliow, exhibition, representation, sight, spectacle 452 TO EXHILARATE— to animate, inspire, clieer, enliven, exhilarate 3%'>5 TO EXHORT— to exhort, persuade 312 EXIGENCY— exigency, emergency 173 TO EXILE— to banish, exile, expel 205 TO EXIST— to be, exist, subsist 239 TO EXIST— to exist, live 240 EXIT— exit, departure 372 TO EXONERATE— to exonerate, exculpate 182 TO EXPAND— to dilate, expand 345 TO EXPAND— to spread, expand, diffuse 345 ' TO EXPECT— to await, wait for, look for, expect 415 j EXPECTATION— hope, expectation, confidence, trust 414 : EXPEDIENT- expedient, resource 535 | EXPEDIENT— expedient, fit 418 EXPEDIENT — neccssaiy, expedient, essential, requisite 417 TO EXPEDITE — to hasten, accelerate, speed, ex- pedite, despatch 261 EXPEDITIOUS— diligent, expeditious, prompt.. 262 TO EXPEL— to banish, exile, expel 205 TO EXPEND— to spend or expend, waste, dissi- pate, squander 344 EXPENSE— cost, expense, price, charge 436 EXPERIENCE / experience, experiment, trial, EXPERIMENTS proof,test 319 EXPERT— clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, adroit 69 TO EXPIATE— to atone for, expiate 87 TO EXPIRE— to die, expire 371 TO EXPLAIN — to explain, expound, interpret .. 457 TO EXPLAIN— to explain, illustrate, elucidate. . 458 EXPLANATION— defuiition, explanation 458 EXPLANATORY EXPLICIT EXPLOIT — deed, exploit, achievement, feat 295 TO EXPLORE — lo examine, search, explore.... 98 EXPLf)SION— eruption, explosion 501 EXPOSED — subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious. . 146 TO EXPOSTULATE — to expostulate, remon- strate 459 TO EXPOUND— to explain, expound, interpret. 457 EXPRESS— explanatory, explicit, express 459 ! explanatory, explicit, exiyesa 459 TO EXPRESS — to express, declare, signify tes- tify, utter 455 EXPRESSION— word, expression, term 462 EXPRESSIVE— significant, expressive 456 TO EXPUNGE— to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate 248 TO EXTEND— to enlarge, increase, extend 348 TO EXTEND— to reach, stretch, extend 343 EXTENSIVE— comprehensive, extensive 174 EXTENT— limit, extent 177 TO EXTENUATE— to extenuate, palliate 182 EXTERIOUR— outward, external, exteriour 351 TO EXTERMINATE — to eradicate, extirpate, exterminate 503 EXTERNAL— outward, external, exteriour 351 TO EXTIRPATE— to eradicate, extirpate, exter- minate 503 TO EXTOL — to praise, commend, applaud, extol 130 TO EXTORT— to exact, extort 317 EXTRANEOUS— extraneous, extrinsick, foreign 437 EXTK 'VORDINARY— extraordinary, remarkable 451 EXTRAVAGANT— extravagant, prodigal, lavish, profuse 342 EXTREME 1 EXTREMITY ( ^'^'fsmity, extreme Sao EXTREMITY— end, extremity 285 TO EXTRICATE— 10 disengage, disentangle, ex- tricate 213 EXTRINSICK — extraneous, extrinsick, foreign.. 437 EXUBERANT— exuberant, luxuriant 343 TO EY'E — to look, see, behold, view, eye 482 FABLE — fable, tale, novel, romance 467 FABRICK— edifice, structure, fabrick 499 TO FABRICATE— to invent, feign, frame, fabri- cate, forge 528 FABRICATION— fiction, fabrication, falsehood. . 528 TO FACE— to confront, face 142 FACE— face, front 478 FACE! — face, countenance, visage 479 FACETIOUS — facetious, coiiversible, pleasant, jocular, jocose 461 FACILITY — ease, easiness, lightness, facility.... 363 FACT — circumstance, incident, fact 172 FACTION— faction, party 209 FACTIOUS— factious, seditious 209 FACTOR—factor, agent 338 FACULTY— ability, faculty, talent 68 TO FAIL— to fail, fall short, be deficient 125 FAILING — imperfection, weakness, frailty, fail- ing, foible 124 FAILING 1 ., FAILURE ^^""'■^•'^*"'"8 125 FAILURE — failure, miscarriage, abortion 125 FAILURE — insolvency, failure, bankruptcy 125 FAINT— faint, languid 369 FAIR— fair, clear 477 FAIR — fair, honest, equitable, reasonable 423 FAITH— belief, trust, credit, faith 78 FAITH— faith, creed 79 FAITH— faith, fidelity 416 FAITHFUL— faithful, trusty 416 FAITHLESS— faithless, unfaithful 524 FAITlILEiiS— faithless, perfidious, treacherous.. 524 INDEX. XXIZ Page TO FALL— to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble — 303 TO FALL SHORT— to fail, fall short, be deficient 125 FALLACIOUS— fallacious, deceitful, fraudulent 523 FALLACY— fallacy, delusion, illusion 523 FALSEHOOD— fiction, fabrication, falsehood.... 528 FALSEHOOD ) , , . ^ , . ,. FALSITY \ ""^"■"'''i falsehood, falsity, lie. . . 528 TO FALTER— to hesitate, falter, slammer, stutter 97 FAME — fame, reputation, renown 472 FAME— fame, report, rumour, hearsay 472 FAMILIAR— free, familiar 241 FAMILIARITY— acquaintance, familiarity, inti- macy 195 FAMILY— family, house, lineage, race 495 FAMOUS — faniojs, celebrated, renowned, illus- trious 473 FANATICK — enthusiast, fanatick, visionary.... 91 FANCIFUL — fancil'ul, fantastical, whimsical, ca- pricious 385 FANCY— conceit, fancy 99 FANCY — fancy, imagination 73 FANTASTICAL— fanciful, fantastical, whimsi cal, capricious .!•:- FAR— distant, far, remote 286 FARE — fare, provision 513 FARMER — farmer, husbandman, agriculturist... 336 TO FASCINATE— to charm, enchant, fascinate, enrapture, captivate 317 FASHION— custom, fashion, manner, practice .. 322 OF FASHION— of fashion, of quality, of distinc- tion 474 TO FASHION— to form, fashion, mould, shape 2U3 FAST— abstinence, fast 87 TO FASTEN— to fix, fasten, stick 226 FASTIDIOUS— fastidious, squeamish 385 FATAL— deadly, mortal, fatal 371 FATE— chance, fortune, fate 170 F.\TE— destiny, fate, lot, doom 169 FATIGUE — fatigue, weariness, lassitude 369 FAVOUR — benefit, favour, kindness, civility.... 16(5 FAVOUR— credit, favour, influence 190 FAVOUR— grace, favour 190 FAVOURABLE— favourable, propitious, auspi- cious 190 FAULT— blemish, defect, fault 127 FAULT— errour, fault 125 FAULT — imperfection, defect, fault, vice 124 ' FAULTY— culpable, faulty 123 TO FAWN— to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn.... 525 TO FEAR— to apprehend, fear, dread 307 FEARFUL— afraid, fearful, timorous, timid 307 FEARFUL— fearful, dreadful, frightful, treniea- dtius, terrible, terrifick, horrible, horrid 306 FEARLESS— bold, fearless, intrepid, undaunted 306 FEASIBLE— colourable, specious, ostensible, plau- sible, feasible 516 FEAST— feast, banquet, carousal, entertainment, treat 513 TO FEIGN— to feign, pretend 528 TO FEIGN — to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, forge 528 TO FELICITATE— to felicitate, congratulate... 395 FELICITY— happiness, feliciiy, bliss, blessedness, beatitude 394 FELLOWSHIP— fellowship, society 489 FELON— criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, con- vict .• 123 FEMALE 1^ „ . . FEMINlNEi ' ""^'^ "''"^'® "^^^ FENCE— fence, guard, security 183 FERMENTATION— ebullition, eftervescence, fer- mentation 309 FEROCIOUS— ferocious, fierce, savage . . . •. 374 FERRYMAN— waterman, boatman, ferryman... 337 FKRTILE— fertile, fruitful, piolifick 341 FERVOUR— fervour, ardour 475 FESTIVAL— feast; festival, holyday 85 FESTIVITY— festiviiy, mirth 392 TO FETCH— to bring, fetch, cany 330 FETTER— chain, fetter, band, shackle 217 FEUD— quarrel, broil, feud, atfray or fray 133 FICTION- fiction, fabrication, falsehood 528 FICTITIOUS— artful, artificial, fictitious 521 FIDELITY— faith, fidelity 416 FIERCE— ferocious, fierce, savage 374 FIERY— hot, fiery, burning, ardent 475 FIGURE — figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, symbol, type 531 FIGURE — form, figure, conformation 293 FILTHY— nasty, filthy, foul 515 FINAL — final, conclusive 224 FINAL— last, latest, final, ultimate 270 TO FIND TO FIND OUT \ TO FIND 1 to find, find out, discover, espy, TO FIND OUtI descry 445 TO FIND FAULT WITH— to find fault with, blame, object to 112 FINE — beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty 313 FINE— fine, delicate, nice 314 FINE— fine, mulct, penalty, forfeiture 204 FINESSE — artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem 521 FINICAL — finical, spruce, foppish 386 TO FINISH— to close, finish, conclude 286 TO FINISH— to complete, finish, teiminate 287 FINITE— finite, limited , 178 FIRE — fire, heat, warmth, glow 475 FIRM— hard, firm, solid 373 FIRM— firm, fixed, solid, stable 226 FIRM — strong, firm, robust, sturdy 372 FIRMNESS — constancy, stability, steadiness, firm- ness 226 FIT— fit, apt, meet 155 FIT— expedient, fit 418 FIT— becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suitable 246 TO FIT— to fit, equip, prepare, qualify 134 ' to find, find out, discover, invent 446 FEAST— feast, festival, holyday 85 , TO FIT— to fit, suit, adapt, accom.nodale, ad- FEAT — deed, exploit, achievement, feat 295 just 154 FEEBLE— weak, feeble, infirm 368 FITTED— competent, fitted, qualified 154 TO FEEL— to feel, be sensible, conscious 376 TO FIX— to fix, fasten, stick 226 FEELING— feeling, sensation, sense 376' TO FIX— to fix, settle, establish 227 FEELING— feeling, seiibibility, susceptibility. ... 376 TO FIX— to fix, delurmiut, settle, limit 227 TZZ INDEX. Page FIXED— firm, flxed, solid, stable 226 TO FLAG — to flag, droop, languish, pine 368 FLAGITIOUS ) heinous, flagrant, flagitious, atro- FLAGRANT i cious 249 FLAME 1 FLARE > flame, blaze, flash, flare, glare 476 FLASH V FLAT— flat, level 435 FLAT— insipid, dull, flat 513 TO FLATTER— to adulate, flatter, compliment 526 FLATTERER— flatterer, sycophant, parasite 526 FLAVOUR— taste, flavour, relish, savour 512 FLAW— blemish, slain, spot, speck, flaw 127 FLEETING— transient, transitory, fleeting, tem- porary. 267 FLEETNESS — quickness, swiftness, fleetness, ce- lerity, rapidity, velocity 262 FLEXIBLE— flexible, pliable, pliant, supple 360 FLIGHTINESS— lightness, levity, flightiness, vo- latility, giddiness 390 FLIMSY-superficial, shallow, flimsy 457 TO FLOTTRISH— to flourish, thrive, prosper 395 TO FLOW— to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, emanate 291 TO FLOW— to flow, stream, gush 352 TO FLUCTUATE— tosciuple,hesitale,fluctuate, waver 97 FLUID— fluid, hquid 352 TO FLUTTER— to palpitate, flutter, pant, gasp 305 FOE— enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, antago- nist 134 FOETUS- embryo, fcElus 510 FOIBLE— imperfection, weakness, frailty, failing, foible 124 TO FOIL— to defeat, foil, disappoint, frustrate . . 143 FOLKS— people, persons, folks 495 TO FOLLOW— to follow, succeed, ensue 271 TO FOLLOW— to follow, pursue 271 TO FOLLOW— to follow, imitate 530 FOLLOWER— follower, adherent, partisan 419 FOLLY— folly, foolery 400 FOND— affectionate, kind, fond 379 FOND — amorous, loving, fond 378 FOND— indulgent, fond 378 TO FONDLE— to caress, fondle 377 FOOD— food, diet, regimen 514 FOOL— fool, idiot, bufl'oon 400 FOOLERY— folly, foolery 400 FOOLHARDY— foolhardy, adventurous, rash 321 FOOLISH— irrational; foolish, absurd, preposte- rous 91 FOOLISH— simple, silly, foolish 401 FOOTSTEP— mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track 448 FOPPISH— flnical, spruce, foppish 386 TO FORBEAR— to abstain, forbear, refrain 244 TO FORBID— to forbid, prohibit, interdict 223 FORECAST— foresight, forethought, forecast, pre- meditation 399 FORCE— energy, force, vigour 372 FORCE— power, strength, force, authority, domi- nion 186 FORCE— force, violence 219 FORCE— strain, sprain, stress, force 221 TO FORCE— to compel, force, oblige, necessitate 219 Pm» FORCIBLE— cogent, forcible, strong 230 TO FOREBODE — to augur, presage, forbode, be- token, portend 94 FORECAST— foresight, forethought, premedita- tion, forecast 399 FOREFATHERS— forefathers, progenitors, an- cestors 269 FOREGO— to give up, abandon, resign, forego. .. 242 FOREGOING— antecedent, preceding, foregoing, previous, anterior, prior, former 272 FOREIGN— extraneous, extrinsick, foreign 437 FOREIGNER— stranger, foreigner, alien 386 FORERUNNER— forerunner, precursor, messen- ger, harbinger 215 FORESIGHT— foresight, forethought, forecast, premeditation 399 FOREST— forest, chase, park 271 TO FORETEL— to foretel, predict, prophesy, prognosticate 94 FORETHOUGHT— foresight, forethought, fore- cast, premeditation 399 FORFEITURE— fine, mulct, penalty, forfeiture.. 304 TO FORGE--to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, forge 528 FORGETFULNESS— forgetfulness, oblivion.... 72 TO FORGIVE— to forgive, pardon, absolve, remit 87 FORLORN— forsaken, forlorn, destitute 248 FORM — form, figure, conformation 293 FORM — form, ceremony, right, observance 83 TO FORM— to make, form, produce, create 292 TO FORM— to form, fashion, mould, shape 293 TO FORM — to form, compose, constitute 294 FORMAL — formal, ceremonious 294 FORMER — antecedent, preceding, foregoing, pre- vious, anterior, prior, former 272 FORMERLY — formerly, in times past or old times, in days of yore, anciently, or ancient times. . 269 FORMIDABLE— formidable, dreadful, terrible, shocking 308 TO FORSAKE— to abandon, desert, forsake, re- linquish 243 FORSAKEN— forsaken, forlorn, destitute 248 TO FORSWEAR— to forswear, peijure, suborn. 92 TO FORTIFY— to strengthen, fortify, invigorate 372 FORTITUDE— courage, fortitude, resolution 139 FORTUITOUS i fortunate, lucky, fortuitous, FORTUNATE \ prosperous, successful 395 FORTUNATE— happy , fortunate 394 FORTUNE— chance, fortune, fate 170 FORWARD— onward, forward, progressive 302 TO FORWARD— to encourage, advance, pro- mote, prefer, forward 312 TO FOSTER— to foster, cherish, harbour, indulge 377 FOUL— nasty, filthy, foul 515 TO FOUND-tofound, ground, rest, build 498 TO Ff rupture, fraction, fracture 502 FRACTURE i ^ ' ' FRAGILE— fragile, frail, brittle 503 FRAGRANCE— smell, scent, odour, perfume, fra- grance 511 FRAIL— fragile, frail, brittle 502 INDEX. xxai Paga FRAILTY— imperfection, weakness, frailty fail- ing, foible ••••• 124 FRAME—frame, temper, temperament, constitu- tion 388 TO FRAME— to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, forge 528 FRANK— frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 FRAUD— deceit, fraud, guile 523 FRAY— quarrel, broil, feud, affray or fray 133 FRAUDULENT— fallacious,aeceitfuI, fraudulent 523 FREAK— freak, whim 384 FREI3— conimunicative, free 487 FREE— frank, candid, Ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 FREE— free, exempt 243 FREE— free, liberal 241 FREE— free, familiar 241 TO FREE— to free, set free, deliver, deliberate. . 24 FREEDOM— freedom, liberty ^42 FREIGHT— freight, cargo, lading, load, burden.. 338 TO FREaUENT— to frequent, resort to, haunt-. 494 FREQUENTLY— commonly, generally, usually, frequently' 323 FREQUENTLY— often, frequently 268 FRESH — fresh, new, novel, recent, modern 2GS TO FRET— to rub, chafe, fret, gall 309 FRETFUL — captious, cross, peevish, petulant, fretful 315 FRTENDL Y— amicable, friendly 378 FRIENDSHIP— love, frienpship 330 FRIGID— cool, cold, frigid 514 FRIGHT — alarm, terrour, fright, consternation.. 305 TO FRIGHTEN— to frighten, intimidate 307 FRIGHTFUL— fearful, dreadful, frightful, tremen- dous, terrifick, horrible, horrid 306 FRIVOLOUS— trifling, trivial, petty, frivolous, futile 457 FROLICK— frolick, gambol, prank 390 FRONT— face, front 478 FROWARD — awkward, cross, untoward, crook- ed, froward, perverse 315 FRUGALITY— economy, frugality, parsimony.. 101 FRUITFUL— fertile, fruitful, prolifick 341 FRUITION— enjoyineut, fruition, gratification... 383 FRUITLESS— vain, ineffectual, fruitless 290 FRUSTRATE— to defeat, foil, disappoint, frus- trate 143 TO FULFIL— to execute, fulfil, perform 289 TO FULFIL— to fulfil, accomplish, realize 289 TO FULFIL— to keep, observe, fulfil 289 FULLY— largely, copiously, fully 342 ^LNESS— fulness, plenitude 341 FUNCTION— office, place, charge, function 332 FUNERAL— funeral, obsequies 84 FURIOUS — violent, furious, boisterous, impetu- ous, vehement 219 FURNISH— to provide, procure, furnish, supply.. 399 FURNITURE— goods, furniture, chattels, move- ables, effects 339 FURY— madness, phrensy, rage, fury 281 FURY — anger, choler, rage, fury 119 FUTILE— trifling, trivial, frivolous, futile 457 GAIN— gain, profit, emolument, lucre 397 Faeo TO GAIN— to get, gain, obtain, procure, 390 TO GAIN — to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn. . . 390 GAIT — carriage, gait, walk 192 GALE— breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, hurricane 353 TO GALL— to rub, chafe, fret, gall 309 GALLANT, vide GALLANTRY. GALLANT— gallant, beau, spark 381 GALLANTRY— braverj', courage, valour, gal- lantry 1.39 GAMBOL— frolick, gambol, prank 390 GAME— play, game, sport 384 GANG — band, company, crew, gang 492 I GAP — breach, break, gap, chasm 501 TO GAPE— to gape, stare, gaze 479 GARRULOUS — talkative, loquacious, garrulous. 460 TO GASP— to palpitate, flutter, pant, gasp 305 TO GATHER— to gather, collect 234 GAI.'DY — showy, gaudy, gay 453 GAY — cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay 389 GAY — showy, gaudy, gay 453 TO GAZE— to gape, stare, gaze 479 GENDER— gender, sex 514 GENER A L— general , universal 323 GENERALLY — commonly, generally, frequently, usually 323 GENERATION— generation, age 270 GENERATION— race, generation, breed 497 GENEROUS — beneficient, bountiful, bounteous, munificent, generous, liberal 165 GENIUS— intellect, genius, talent 67 GENIUS— taste, genius 70 GENTEEL— polite, pohshed, refined, genteel .... 199 j GENTILE— gentile, heathen, pagan 495 GENTLE— gentle, tame 360 GENTLE— soft, mild, gentle, meek 359 GENUINE — intrinsick, real, genuine, native 437 GESTICULATION I ^"'''"' S*^''"'^' g«^'i'="'^- GESTURE ) ^'''"' P°^'^'"'^' al'ifude, f position, 295 TO GET— to get, gain, obtain, procure 396 GHASTLY— hideous, ghastly,grlm, grisly 478 GHOST — vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, ghost 479 GHOSTLY— spirituous, spirited, spiritual, ghostly 66 TO GIBE— to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer 104 GIDDINESS— lighuiess, levity, flightiness, volati- lity, giddiness 390 GIFT — gil't, present, donation, benefaction 164 GIFT— gift, endowment, talent 67 TO GIVE— to give, grant, bestow, allow 162 TO GIVE— to give, afford, spare 163 TO GIVE— to give, present, offer, exhibit 163 TO GIVE UP— to give up, deliver, surrender, yield, cede, concede -349 TO GIVE UP— to give up, abandon, resign, forego 242 GLAD— glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful 393 GLADNESS— joy, gladness, mirth 393 TO GLANCE AT— to glance at, allude to 327 GLANCE— look, glance... 482 GLANCE — glimpse, glance 327 GLARE— flame, blaze, flash, flare, glare 476 TO GLARE — to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, ra- diate 476 azzu INDEX. Page GLAErNG— glaring, barefaced 476 GLEAM— gleam, glimmer, ray, beam 476 TO GLIDE— 10 slip, slide, glide 303 GLl.MMER— gleam, climiner, ray, beam 476 GLIMPSE— glimpse, glance 327 TO GLIl'TER— 10 siiiiie, glitter, glare, sparkle, radia:e 476 GLOB E — circle, sphere, orb, globe 175 GLOBE— globe, ball 500 GLOOM— gloom, heaviness 410 GLOOMY— dull, gloomy, sad, dismal 410 GLOOMY — gloomy, sullen, morose, splenetick... 411 GLORY- glory, honour 429 TO GLORY— to glory, boast, vaunt 526 TO GLOSS— to gloss, varnish, palliate 515 GLOSSARY— dictionary, lexicon, glossary, vo- cabulary, nomenclature 464 GLOW— fire, heat, warmth, glow 475 TO GLUT— to satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy 383 GODLIKE— godlike, divine, heavenly 90 GODLY— godly, righteous 1)0 GOLD— gold, golden 514 GOOD— good, goodness 39; GOOD— good, benefit, advantage 397 GOOD-HUMOUR ) GOOD-NATURE pood-nature, good-humour. . 388 GOODNESS— good, goodness 397 GOOD OFFICE--benefit, service, good office.... 166 GOODS— commodity, goods, merchandise, ware 339 GOODS — goods, furniture, chattels, moveables, ef- fects 339 GOODS — goods, possessions, property 340 TO GOVERN— to govern, rule, regulate 206 GOVERNMENT- government, adminislratiou.. 207 GOVERNMENT— government, constitution 207 GRACE— grace, favour 190 GRACE— grace, charm 314 GRACEFUL — becoming, comely, graceful 313 GRACEFUL— graceful, comely, elegant 315 GRACIOUS -gracious, meitil'ul, kind 357 GRAND — great, grand, sublime 455 GRAND— noble, grand 454 GRANDEUR — grandeur, magnificence 454 TO GRANl'— to adinil, allow, grant 157 TO GRANT— to give, grant, bestow, allow 162 TO GRASP— to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, snatch, g!as,n, gripe 237 GRATEFUL— acceptable, grateful, welcome 234 GRATIFICATION— enjoyment, fruition, gratifi- cation 383 TO GRATIFY— to satisfy, please, gratify 383 GRATITUDE— thankfulness, gratitude 441 GRATUITOUS— gratuitous, voluntary 441 GRATUITY — gratuity, recompense 440 GRAVE — grave, serious, solemn 392 GRAVE— sober, grave 392 GRAVE — grave, tomb, sepulchre 500 GR.AVITY — weight, heaviness, gravity 369 GREAT— great, large, big 349 GREAT — creal, grarjd, sublime 455 GREATNESS— size, magnitude, greatness, bulk 34? GREEDINESS— avidity, greediness, eagerness.. . 162 GREETING— salute, salutation, greeting 461 GRIEF— affliction, grief, sorrow 408 GRIEVANCE— grievance, hardship 409 TO GRIEVE— to grieve, mourn, lament 408 GRIEVED— sorry, grieved, hurt 412 GRIM — hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly 478 TO GRIPE— 10 lay or take hold of, catch, seize, snatch, gtasp, gripe 237 TO GRIPE — to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe 309 GRISLY — hideous, ghastly, grim,giisly 478 TO GROAN— to groan, moan 410 GROSS— gross, coarse 201 GROSS— gross, total 288 TO GROUND— to found, giound, rest, build 498 GROUND— foundation, ground, basis 498 GROUP — assembly, assemblage, group, collection 490 TO GROW— to become, grow 240 TO GROW— to increase, glow .347 GRUDGE — malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique.. 381 TO GUARANTEE— to guarantee, be tecui iiy, be responsible, warrant 133 GUARD— fence, guard, security 183 TO GUARD— to guard, defend, watch 180 GUARD— guard, sentinel 180 GUARD— guard, guardian 181 TO GUARD AGAINS'i— to guard against, take heed 181 GUARDIAN— guard, guardian 181 TO GUESS— to guess, conjecture, divine 95 GUEST— guest, visiter or visitant 491 TO GUIDE— to lead, conduct, guide 191 GUIDE— guide, rule 210 GUILE— deceit, fraud, guile 523 GUILTLESS— guiltless, innocent, harmless 123 GUILTY— criminal, guilty 123 GUISE— guise, haljit 518 GULF— gulf, abyss 403 TO GUSH— to flow, stream, gush 352 GUST— breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, hurricane 353 HABIT— custom, habit 322 HABIT— guise, habit 518 TO HALE — to draw, drag, haul or hale, pull, tug, pluck 303 TO HALLOW— to dedicate, consecrate, hallow.. 82 HANDSOME— beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty 313 TO HANKER AFTER— todesire, wish, long for, hanker after, covet ]59 TO HAPPEN— to happen, chance 171 HAPPINESS— happiness, felicity, bliss, blessed- ness, beatitude 394 HAPPINESS— well-being, prosperity, happiness, welfare 3!)^ HAPPY— happy, fortunate 394 HARANGUE— address, speech, harangue, oration 461 TO HARASS— to distress, harass, perplex 407 TO HARASS— to weary, lire, jade, harass 369 HARBINGER — forerunner, precursor, inessenger, harbinger 215 HARBOUR— harbour, haven, port 518 TO HARBOUR— to harbour, shelter, lodge. ... 517 TO HARBOUR— to foster, cherish, harbour, in- dulge 377 HARD— hard, firm, solid 378 HARD— hard, hardy, insensible, unfeeling 374 INDEX. XXXUI HAED -hard, diflicult, arduous 364 HARD ) hard, callous, hardened, obdn- HARDENED 5 rate 373 HARD-HEARTED— hard-hearted, cruel, unmer- ciful, merciless 373 HARDIHOOD ) audacity, etfrontery, hardihood HARDINESS \ or hardiness, boldness 140 HARDLY— hardly, scarcely 364 HARDSHIP— grievance, hardship 409 HARDY- hard, hardy, insensible, unfeeling 374 HARM — evil or ill, misfortune, harm, mischief. . . 405 HARM— injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief ... 404 HARMLESS— guiltless, Innocent, harmless 123 HARMLESS— unoffending, inoffensive, harmless 121 HARMONY— concord, harmony 155 HARMONY — melody, harmony, accordance 155 HARSH — harsh, rough, severe, rigorous, stern . . . 382 HARSHNESS — acrimony, harshness, asperity, tartness 383 TO HASTEN— to hasten, accelerate, speed, expe- dite, despatch 261 TO HASTEN— to hasten, hurry 261 HASTINESS — rashness, temerity, hastiness, pre- cipitancy 263 HASTY— cursory, desultory, sUght, hasty 262 HASTY — angry, passionate, hasty, irascible 119 TO HATE— to hate, detest 137 HATEFUL— hateful, odious 137 HATRED — aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance 136 HATRED— hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancour 137 TO HAVE— to have, possess 237 HAVEN — harbour, haven, port 518 HAUGHTINESS — haughtiness, arrogance, dis- dain 101 HAUGHTINESS— pride, haughtiness, loftiness, dignity 100 HAUGHTy— hau£hty, high, high-minded 101 TO HAUL— to draw, drag, haul or hale, pluck, pull, tug 303 TO HAUNT— to frequent, resort to, haunt 494 HAZARD — danger, peril, hazard 171 HAZARD — chance, hazard 170 TO HAZARD— to hazard, risk, venture 171 HEAD— chief, leader, chieftain, head 206 HEADSTRONG ) obstinate, contumacious, stub- HEADY ^ bom, headstrong, heady 209 TO HEAL— to cure, heal, remedy 365 HEALTHY— healthy, wholesome, salubrious, sa- lutary 366 HEALTHY— sound, sane, healthy 366 TO HEAP— to heap, pile, accumulate, amass. . . . 340 TO HEAR 1 TO HE -VRKEN \ *° ""' h^'**''*^"' "verhear 422 TO HEARKEN— to attend, hearken, listen 422 HEARSAY— fame, report, rumour, hearsay 472 HE ART Y— hearty, warm, sincere, cordial 431 HE.\T— fire, heat, warmth, glow 475 HEATHEN— gentile, heathen, pagan 495 TO HEAVE— to lift, heave, hoist 354 TO HEAVE— to heave, swell 354 HEAVENLY— celestial, heavenly 81 HEAVENLY— godlike, divine, heavenly 90 HEAVINESS— gloom, heaviness 410 | Pipi HE A VINESS— weight, heaviness, gravity 369 HEAVY— heavy, dull, drowsy 300 HEAVY — heavy, burdensome, weighty, ponder- ous 370 TO HEED— to attend to, mind, regard, heed, no- tice 422 HEED— heed, care, attention 426 HEEDLESS— negligent, remiss, careless, thought- less, heedless, inattentive 424 TO HEIGHTEN— to heighten, raise, aggravate. . 325 HEINOUS — heinous, flagrant, flagitious, atro- cious 249 TO HELP — to help, assist, aid, succour, relieve. . 364 HERESY— heterodoxy, heresy 93 HERETICK — heretick, schismatick, sectarian or sectary, dissenter, nonconformist 92 TO HESITATE— to demur, hesitate, pause 96 TO HESITATE — to hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter 97 TO HESITATE— to scruple, hesitate, fluctuate, waver 97 HESITATION— demur, doubt, hesitation, objec- tion 96 HETERODOX Y—heterodosy, heresy 93 HIDDEN — secret, hidden, latent, mysterious, oc- cult 520 TO HIDE— to conceal, hide, set ete 519 TO HIDE— to cover, hide 517 HIDE — skin, hide, peel, rind 513 HIDEOUS — hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly 478 HIGH— high, tall, lofiy 355 HTPT-f ■% HIGH-MINDED r'^"Shty, high, high-minded... 101 HIGH-SOUNDING— loud, noisy, high-sounding, clamorous 47J HILARITY — mirth, merriment, joviality, jollity, hilarity 391 HIND— cnuntrytnan, peasant, swain, hind, clown, rustick 336 TO HINDER — to hinder, prevent, obstruct, im- pede 258 TO HINDER— to hinder, stop 258 TO HINDER— to retard, hinder 260 TO HINT— to allude, refer, hint, suggest 326 TO HINT — to hint, suggest, intimate, insinuate. . 326 HIRE — allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay 164 HIRELING — venal, mercenary, hireling 339 TO HIT— to beat, hit, strike 143 TO HO AED— to treasure, hoard 341 TO HOIST— to lift, heave, hoist 354 TO HOLD— to contain, hold 174 TO HOLD— to hold, keep, detain, retain 236 TO HOLD— to hold, occupy, possess 236 TO HOLD— to hold, support, maintain 237 HOLINESS— holiness, sanctity 88 HOLLOW— hollow, empty 344 HOLY — holy, pious, devout, religious 89 HOLY— holy, sacred, divine 89 HOLYDAY— feast, festival, holyday 85 HONEST— fair, honest, equitable, reasonable 428 HONEST— sincere, honest, true, plain 430 HONESTY — Iionesty, uprightness, probity, in- tegrity 427 XXXIV INDEA. HORRIBLE ' HORRID HONESTY ) , HONOUR ["ooe^'y'ho"""'- HONOUR— glory, honour HONOUR— honour, dignity TO HONOUR— to honour, reverence, respect.... HOPE — hope, expectation, trust, confidence HOPELESS— desperate, hopeless fearful, dreadful, frightful, terrible, tremendous, terrifick, horrible, horrid HOST— army, host HOSTILE— adverse, inimical, hostile, repugnant HOSTILITY— enmity, animosity, hostility HOT— hot, fiery, burning, ardent HOUSE — family, house, lineage, race HOWEVER— however, yet, nevertheless, notwith- standing ••• HUE— colour, hue, tint TO HUG — to clasp, hug, embrace HUGE — enormous, huge, immense, vast Page 427 429 429 427 414 413 HUMAN ) , , HUMANE I ""'"''"■ ""'"''"'' HUMANITY— benevolence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tenderness TO HUMBLE— to abase, humble, degrade, dis- grace, debase HUMBLE— humble, lowly, low HUMBLE — humble, modest, submissive TO HUMBLE ) . ^ k, , ■,- , . . TO HUMILIATE I to humble, hum.hate, degrade HUMIDITY — moisture, humidity, dampness HUMOUR — liquid, liquor, juice, humour HUMOUR— humour, temper, mood HUMOUR — humour, caprice HUMOUR — wit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque TO HUMOUR— to qualify, temper, humour HUNT— hunt, chase TO HURL— to cast, throw, hurl HURRICANE— breeze, gale, blast, gust, tempest, storm, hurricane TO HURRY— to hasten, hurry HURT— hijury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief — HURT— soriy, grieved, hurt HURT— disadvantage, injury, hurt, prejudice, de- triment HURTFUL— hurtful, pernicious, noxious, noi- sfime • HUSBANDMAN— farmer, husbandman, agricul- turist " HUSBANDRY— cultivation, tillage, husbandry.. HYPOCRITE— hypocrite, dissembler 306 141 135 135 475 495 251 516 377 349 377 165 lOG 147 147 146 515 352 387 38G 69 388 271 304 353 201 404 412 404 406 33C 337 520 n)EA— idea, thought, imagination 73 IDEA— perception, idea, conception, notion ...... 75 IDEAL — ideal, imaginary 73 , IDIOM— language, tongue, speech, idiom, dialect 403 IDIOT— fool, idiot, buffoon 400 ' IDLE— idle, lazy, indolent 299 IDLE— idle, leisure, vacant 299 IDLE— idle, vain 299 IGNOMINY— infamy, ignominy, opprobrium 108 IGNORANT— ignorant, illKeratc, unlearned, un- lettered 197 ILL, vide EVIL. ..- . ILL— badly, iH 127 ILLITERATE— ignorant, illiterate, unlearned, unlettered 197 ILLNESS — sickness, illness, indisposition 367 TO ILLUMINATE ) to illuminate, illumine, en- TO ILLUMINE } lighten 197 ILLUSION— fallacy, delusion, illusion 523 TO ILLUSTRATE— to explain, illustrate, eluci- date 458 ILLUSTRIOUS — distinguished, noted, conspicu- ous, eminent, illustrious 473 ILLUSTRIOUS — famous, celebrated, renowned, illustrious 47^ ILL-WILL — hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancour 137 IMAGE— likeness, picture, image, effigy 532 IMAGINARY— ideal, imaginary 73 IMAGINATION— fancy, imagination 72 IMAGINATION— idea, thought, imagination 73 TO IMAGINE — to conceive, apprehend, suppose, imagliie 74 TO IMAGINE— to think, suppose, imagine, be- lieve, deem 75 IMBECILITY— debility, infirmity, imbecility. . . . 367 TO IMITATE— to follow, imitate 530 TO IMITATE— to imitate, copy, counterfeit 529 TO IMITATE— to imitate, miniick, mock, ape. . 529 IMMATERIAL — unimportant, insignificant, im- material, inconsiderable 457 IMMATERIAL— incorporeal, unbodied, immate- rial, spiritual 66 IMMEDIATELY— directly, immediately, instan- taneously, instantly 262 IMMENSE — enormous, huge, immense, vast.... 349 IMMINENT — imminent, impending, threatening. 405 IMMODERATE — excessive, immoderate, intem- perate 343 IMMODEST— indecent, immodest, indelicate 247 IMMODEST — immodest, impudent, shameless.. . 247 IMMUNITY — privilege, prerogative, exemption, immunity 228 TO IMPAIR— to impair, injure 405 TO IMPART— to communicate, impart 486 IMPASSABLE — impervious, impassable, inac- cessible 235 TO IMPEACH — to accuse, charge, impeach, ar- raign Ill TO IMPEDE — to hinder, prevent, impede, ob- struct 258 DIPEDIMENT— difficulty, impediment, obstacle. 259 TO IMPEL— to actuate, impel, induce 308 TO IMPEL — to encourage, animate, incite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 IMPENDING — imminent, impending, threatening 405 IMPERATIVE— commanding, imperative, impe- rious, authoritative 185 IMPERFECTION— iujperfeclion, defect, fault, vice 124 IMPERFECTION— imperfection, weakness, fail- ing, frailty, foible 124 IMPERIOUS— commanding, imperative, imperi- ous, authoritative 385 IMPERIOUS— imperious, lotdly, overbearing, do- mineering 185 IMPERTINENT, vide PERTINENT. INDEX. IMPERTINENT— impertinent, rude, saucy, im- pudent, insolent 200 IMPERVIOUS— impervious, impassable, inacces- sible 235 IMPETUOUS— violent, furious, boisterous, vehe- ment, impetuous 219 IMPIOUS— irreligious, profane, impious 92 IMPLACABLE— implacable, unrelenting, relent- less, inexorable 381 TO IMPLANT— to implant, ingraft, inculcate, instil, infuse 449 TO IMPLICATE— to implicate, involve 218 TO IMPLORE— to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, supplicate, implore, crave 153 TO IMPLY— to denote, signify, imply 450 IMPORT — signification, meaning, sense, im- port 45G IMPORTANCE — signification, avail, importance, consequence, weight, moment 456 IMPORTUNATE — pressing, importunate, ur- gent 153 IMPORTUNITY— solicitation, importunity 158 TO IMPOSE UPON— to deceive, delude, impose upon 522 IMPOST — tax, duty, custom, impost, toll, tribute, contribution 168 IMPOSTOR— deceiver, impostor 522 EMPRECATiON — malediction, curse, execration, imprecation, anathema 82 TO IMPRESS — to imprint, impress, engrave 450 IMPRESSION— mark, print, impression, stamp.. 446 TO IMPRINT — to imprint, impress, engrave.... 450 IMPRISONM ENT — confinement, i mprisonment, captivity 178 TO IMPROPRIATE— to appropriate, impropriate 231 TO IMPROVE — to amend, correct, reform, rec- tify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 IMPROVEMENT— progress, improvement, profi- ciency 204 IMPUDENCE — assurance, impudence 415 IMPUDENT — immodest, impudent, shameless... 247 IMPUDENT — impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, insolent 200 TO IMPUGN— to impugn, attack 116 TO IMPUTE— to ascribe, attribute, impute 232 INABILITY— inabllily, disability 69 INACCESSIBLE — impervious, impassable, inac- cessible 235 INACTIVE— inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, slug- gish 298 INADEQUATE — incapable, insufficient, incom- petent, inadequate 69 INADVERTENCY— inadvertency, oversight, in- attention 423 INANIMATE— lifeless, dead, inanimate 356 INANITY— vacancy, vacuity, inanity 344 INATTENTION— inadvertency, oversight, inat- tention 423 INATTENTIVE— negligent, remiss, thoughtless, careless, heedless, inattentive 424 INBORN ) . . ...,., INBRED S '"''®''"''' '"^fed, mborn, mnate 73 (NCAPABLE— incapable, insufficient, incompe- tent, inadequate 69 3* 2XXT Ptga INCESSANTLY— incessantly, unceasingly, unin- terruptedly, without intermission 257 INCIDENT— circumstance, incident, fact 172 INCIDENT— event, incident, accident, adventure, occurrence 172 INCIDENTAL— accidental, incidental, casual, contingent 172 TO INCITE— to encourage, animate, incite, im- pel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 TO INCITE— to e.Ycite, incite, provoke 309 INCLINATION— attachment, affection, inclina- tion 379 INCLINATION— bent, bias, inclination, prepos- session 159 INCLINATION— disposition, inclination 388 INCLINATION— inclination, tendency, propen- sity, proneness 160 TO LNCLINE- to lean, incline, bend 159 TO INCLUDE— to enclose, include 174 TO INCLUDE— to comprise, comprehend, em- brace, contain, include 174 INCOHERENT ) inconsistent, incongruous, in- INCONGRUOUS J coherent 153 INCOMPETENT— incapable, insufficient, incom- petent, inadequate 69 INCONSIDERABLE— unimportant, immaterial, insignificant, inconsiderable 457 INCONSISTENT- inconsistent, incongruous, in- coherent 153 INCONTROVERTIBLE— indubitable, unques- tionable, indisputable, undeniable, incontro- vertible, irrefragable 114 TO INCONVENIENCE-to inconvenience, an- noy, molest 417 INCORPOREAL— incorporeal, unbodied, imma- terial, spiritual 66 IN COURSE— naturally, in course, consequently, of course 072 TO INCREASE— to enlarge, increase, extend.. . 348 TO INCREASE— to increase, grow 347 INCREASE— increase, addition, accession, aug- mentation 347 INCREDULITY— unbelief, infidelity, incredu- lily 79 TO INCULCATE— to implant, ingraft, inculcate, instil, infuse 449 INCURSION— invasion, incursion, irruption, in- road 508 INDECENT ) . ^ . , . INDELICATE ( "">'^'^<=nt, immodest, indelicate.. 247 TO INDICATE— to show, point out, mark, indi- cate 451 INDICATION— mark, sign, note, symptom, token, indication 447 INDIFFERENCE-indifference, apathy, insensi- bility S75 INDIFFERENT- indifltient, unconcerned, re- gardless 375 INDIGENCE— poverty, indigence, want, need, penury 34G INDIGENOUS— natal, native, indigenous 496 INDIGNATION— anger, resentment, wrath, ire, indignation 113 INDIGNITY indisnity, Insult lai XXXTl INDEX. Fige r*f INDISCRIMLNATE— indiscriminate, promiscu- ous ^^ INDISPOSITION— sickness, illness, indisposition 367 INDISPUTABLE— indubitable, unquestionable, indisputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, ir- refragable ^^^ INDISTINCT— indistinct, confused 2S3 INDIVIDUAL— particular, individual 252 INDOLENT— idle, lazy, indolent 299 INDOLENT— indolent, supine, listless, careless. . 300 INDUBITABLE — indubitable, unquestionable, in- disputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, irre- fragable 114 TO INDUCE— to actuate, impel, induce 308 TO INDUEi— to invest, indue or endue 167 TO INDULGBi— to foster, cherish, indulge, har- bour •'" INDULGENT— indulgent, fond 378 INDUSTRIOUS— active, diligent, industrious, as- siduous, laborious 296 INEFFABLE— unspeakable, ineffable, unutter able, inexpressible INEFFECTUAL— vain, ineffectual, fruitless.... INEQUALITY— disparity, inequality INERT— inactive, inert, laiy, slothful, sluggish. INEXORABLE— implacable, unrelenting, relent- less, inexorable 381 INEXPRESSIBLE— unspeakable, ineffable, unut- terablp, inexpressible 460 INFAMOUS— infamous, scandalous 108 INFAMY— infamy, ignominy, opprobrium 108 INFANTINE— childish, infantine 4U1 INFATUATION— drunkenness, infatuation, in- toxication 3'0 1 NFECTION— contagion, infection 129 INFERENCE— conclusion, deduction, inference. . 78 INFERIOUR — second, secondary, inferiour 274 INFERIOUR— subject, subordinate, subservient, inferiour 14C INFIDELITY- unbelief, infidelity, incredulity. . 79 INFINITE — boundless, unbounded, unlimited, infinite 1" INFIRM— weak, feeble, infirm 368 INFIRMITY— debility, infirmity, imbecility 367 INFLUENCE— credit, favour, influence 190 INFLUENCE— influence, authority, ascendency, 186 INGENUOUS — frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 TO INGRAFT— to implant, ingraft, inculcate, in- stil, infuse 449 TO INGRATIATE— to insinuate, ingratiate.... 327 TO INGULF— to absorb, swallow up, ingulf, en- gross. 509 460 290 435 298 TO INHABIT— to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, inhaliit 263 INHERENT— inherent, inbred, inborn, innate 73 INHUMAN— cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, savage 373 INIMICAL— adverse, inimical, hostile, repug- nant 135 INIQUITOUS— wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefa- rious 128 INJUNCTION— command, order, injunction, pre- cept, mandate 185 INJURY— disadvantage, injury, hurt, detriment. 404 405 404 213 prejudice TO INJURE— to impair, injure INJURY— injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief. IVTTTRY 1 INJUSTICE r"J"^'"='''*"J"''y'^'°"S INNATE— inherent, inbred, inborn, innate 73 INNOCENT— guiltless, innocent, harmless 123 INOFFENSIVE— unoffending, inoffensive, harm- less 121 INORDINATE— irregular, disorderly, inordinate, intemperate. 384 sway. TO INFORM— to inform, make known, acquaint, apprize 194 TO INFORM— to inform, instruct, teach 194 INFORMANT— informant, informer 195 INFORMATION— information, intelligence, no- tice, advice 103 INFORMER— informant, informer 195 INFRACTION— infringement, infraction 308 TO INFRINGE — to encroach, intrench, intrude, invade, infringe 507 TO INFRINGED— to infringe, violate, transgress.. 508 INFRINGEMENT— infringement, infraction — 508 TO INTUSE— to implant, ingrafl, inculcate. In- Btil, infuse • 449 I N'GENIOUS — ingenuous, ingenious 432 INGENTJITY— ingenuity, wit 70 IKGENUOUS— ingenuous IngeniouB 433 TO INQUIRE— to ask, inquire, question, interro- gate 97 INQUIRY — examination, search, inquiry, investi- gation, research, scrutiny 98 INQUISITIVE— curious, inquisitive, prying 99 INROAD — invasion, incursion, irruption, inroad 508 INSANITY— derangement, insanity, lunacy, mad- ness, mania 28J INSENSIEILITY— indifference, apathy, insensi- bility 375 INSENSIBLE— hard, hardy, unfeeling, insensible 374 INSIDE— inside, interiour 351 INSIDIOUS — insidious, treacherous 524 INSIGHT— insight, inspection 213 INSIGNIFICANT — unimportant, insignificant, immaterial, inconsiderable 457 TO INSINUATE— to hint, suggest, intimate, in- sinuate 326 TO INSU.'UATE— to insinuate, ingratiate 327 INSINUATION— insinuation, reflection 327 INSIPID— insipid, dull, flat 513 TO INSIST— to insist, persist 265 TO INSNARE— to insnare, entrap, entangle, in- veigle 525 INSOLENT— impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, insnient 20G INSOLVENCY— insolvency, failure, bankruptcy 125 INSPECTION— insight, inspection 213 INSPECTION — inspection, oversight, superin- tendency 213 TO INSPIRE — to animate, inspire, enUven, cheer, exhilarate 355 INSTANCE — example, instance 531 INSTANT— instant, moment 357 INDEX. XZXVll P»se INSTANTANEOUSLY ^''":*^"'y' immediaiely, INSTANTLY i instantaneously, m- C slantly 262 TO INSTIGATE— to encourage, animate, incite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 TO INSTIL— to implant, ingraft, inculcate, instil, infuse 449 TO INSTITUTE— to institute, establish, found, erect 213 rO INSTRUCT— to inform, instruct, teach 194 INSTRUCTION— advice, counsel, instruction. . . 194 INSTRUCTION— education, instruction, breed- ing 197 INSTRUMENT— instrument, tool 399 INSUFFICIENT— incapable, insufficient, incom- petent, inadequate 69 INSULT— affront, insult, outrage 121 INSULT— indignity, insult 121 INSUPERABLE ("'vincible, unconquer- insurmountableJ "'"*^' •"^"if;»'"«. '"- f^ surmountable 145 INSURRECTION — insurrection, sedition, rebel- lion, revolt 208 INTEGRAL—whole, entire, complete, integral, total 288 INTEGRITY — honesty, uprightness, probity, in- tegrity 427 INTELLECT— intellect, genius, talent 67 INTELLECT — understanding, intellect, intelli- gence, 66 INTELLECTUAL— mental, intellectual 72 INTELLIGENCE— information, notice, advice, intelligence 195 INTELLIGENCE — understanding, intelligence, intellect 66 INTEMPERATE — excessive, immoderate, intem- perate 343 INTEMPERATE— irregular, disorderly, inordi- nate, intemperate 284 TO INTEND— to design, purpose, intend, mean.. 538 INTENSE ) . . INTENT I ""tent, intense 534 TO INTERCEDE— to intercede, interpose, medi- ate, interfere, intermeddle 216 INTERCHANGE— interchange, exchange, reci- procity 334 INTERCOURSE — intercourse, communication , connexion, commerce 333 TO INTERDICT— to forbid, prohibit, interdict, proscribe 223 INTEREST— interest, concern 332 TO INTERFERE— to intercede, interpose, medi- ate, interfere, intermeddle 216 INTERIOUR— inside, interiour 351 INTERLOPER— intruder, interloper 509 TO INTERMEDDLE — to intercede, interpose, mediate, interfere, intermeddle 216 INTERMEDIATE— intermediate, intervening... 216 INTERMENT— burial, interment, sepulture 84 INTERMISSION— cessation, stop, rest, intermis- sion 257 TO INTERMIT— to subside, abate, intermit .... 271 TO INTERPOSE— to intercede, interpose, medi- ate, interfere, intermeddle 216 P«g» INTERPOSITION— intervention, interposition.. 216 TO INTERPRET — to explain, expound, inter- pret 457 TO INTERROGATE— to ask, inquire, question, interrogate 97 TO INTERRUPT— to disturb, interrupt 417 INTERVAL— interval, respite 257 INTERVENING— intermediate, intervening 216 INTERVENTION— intervention, interposition.. 216 INTERVIEW— meeting, interview 494 INTIMACY — acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy 195 TO INTIMATE— to hint, suggest, intimate, in- sinuate 326 TO INTIMIDATE— to frighten, intimidate 307 INTOXICATION— into.\ication, drunkenness, in- fatuation 310 TO INTRENCH— to encroach, intrench, intrude, invade, infringe 507 INTREPID— bold, fearless, intrepid, undaunted.. 306 INTRICACY — complexity, complication, intri- cacy 218 INTRINSICK — intrinsick, real, genuine, native. . 437 TO INTRODUCE— to introduce, present 163 INTRODUCTORY— previous, preliminary, pre- paratory, introductory 274 TO INTRUDE— to encroach, intrench, intrude, invade, infringe .507 TO INTRUDE— to intrude, obtrude 509 INTRUDER— intruder, interloper 509 TO INTRUST— to consign, commit, intrust 415 TO INVADE — to encroach, intrench, intrude, in- vade, infringe 507 INVALID— invalid, patient 367 TO INVALIDATE— to weaken, enfeeble, debili- tate, enervate, invalidate 368 INVASION — invasion, incursion, irruption, in- road 508 IN VECTIVE— abuse, invective 109 TO IN VEIGH— to declaim, inveigh 1 10 TO INVEIGLE— to insnare, entrap, entangle, in- veigle 525 TO INVENT— to contrive, devise, invent 532 TO INVENT— to find or find out, discover, invent 446 TO INVENT— to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, forge 528 TO INVERT — to overturn, overthrow, subvert, invert, reverse 503 TO INVEST— to invest, endue or endow 167 INVESTIGATION— examination, investigation, inquiry, search, research, scrutiny 98 INVIDIOUS— invidious, envious 389 TO INVIGORATE — to strengthen, invigorate, fortify 372 INVINCIBLE— invincible, unconquerable, insu- perable, insurmountable 145 TO INVITE— to attract, allure, invite, engage. . . 318 TO INVITE— to call, bid, summon, invite 469 TO INUNDATE— to overflow, inundate, deluge 352 TO INVOLVE — to implicate, involve 218 IRASCIBLE— angry, passionate, hasty, irascible 119 IRE— anger, resentment, wrath, ire, indignation.. 118 IRKSOME— troublesome, irksome, vexatious.... 413 IRONY— ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm 104 IRON Y— wit, huMionr, satire, irony, burlesque. . . 69 xxxvni INDEX. Page 91 IRKATIONAL— irrational, foolish, absurd, pre- posterous IRREFRAGABLE— indubitable, unquestionable, indisputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, ir- refragable 114 IRREGULAR— irregular, disorderly, inordinate, intemperate 284 IRRELIGIOUS— irreligious, profane, impious. ... 92 IRREPROACHABLE — blameless, unblemished, irreproachable, unspotted or spotless 129 TO IRRITATE- o aggravate, irritate, provolve, exasperate, tantalize 121 IRRUPTION— invasion, incursion, irruption, in- road 508 ISSUE— effect, consequence, result, issue, event. . 290 ISSUE — offspring, progeny, issue 291 TO ISSUE— to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, emanate 291 P»g» 369 r.n 302 TO JADE— to weary, tire, jade, harass TO JANGLE. ... , TO J \R S •''"'"^ ' ^"' "''■'*"8'e JAUNT — excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt JEALOUSY^ealousy, envy, suspicion 389 TO JEER— to scoff; gibe, jeer, sneer 104 TO JEST — to jest, joke, make game, sport 104 JILT— coquet, jilt 525 JOCOSE ) facetious, conversable, pleasant, jo- JOCULARi cular,jocose 461 JOCUND— lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, merry, jocund 389 TO JOIN— to add, join, unite, coalesce 518 TO JOK R— to jest, joke, make game, sport 104 JOLLITY ) mirth, merriment, joviality, jollity, JOVIALITYJ hilarity 391 JOURNEY— journey, travel, voyage 302 JOY— pleasure, joy, delight, charm 393 JO Y^oy, gladness, mirth 393 JOYFUL— glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful 393 JUDGE— judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator 211 JUDGEMENT — discernment, penetration, discri- mination, judgement 71 JUDGEMENT— judgement, discretion, prudence 400 JUDGEMENT — decision, judgement, sentence... 224 JUDGEMENT— sense, judgement TO JUICE— liquid, liquor, juice, humour 352 JUST— right, just, proper 430 JUSTICE— justice, equity 212 TO JUSTIFY— to apologize, defend, justify, ex- culpate, excuse, plead 181 JUSTNESS— justness, correctness 202 JUVENILE— youthful, juvenile, puerile 401 KEEN— acute, keen, shrewd 401 KEEN— sharp, acute, keen 402 TO KEEP— to hold, keep, detain, retain 236 TO KEEP — to keep, preserve, save 178 TO KEEP— to keep, observe, fulfil 289 KEEPING— keeping, custody 179 TO KILL— to kill, murder, assassinate, slay or slaughter 510 KIND— affectionate, kind, fond 379 KIND— gracious, merciful, kind 357 KINU— kind, species, Bort 496 KINDNESS— benefit, favour, kindness, civility- • 166 KINDNESS— benevolence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tenderness 165 KINDRED— kindred, relationship, aflinity, con- sanguinity 497 KINDRED — relation, relative, kinsman, kindred 496 KINGDOM— empire, kingdom 189 KINGLY— royal, regal, kingly 189 KINSMAN — relation, relative, kinsman, kindred 496 KNAVISH— dishonest, knavish 430 TO KNOW— to know, be acquainted with 198 KNOWLEDGE — knowledge, science, learning, erudition 196 LABORIOUS — active, diligent, industrious, assi- duous, laborious 296 LABOUR— work, labour, toil, drudgery, task 328 TO LABOUR — to labour, take pains or trouble, use endeavour..." 328 LABYRINTH- labyrinth, maze 403 TO LACK— to want, need, lack 347 LADING — freight, cargo, lading, load, burden... 338 TO LAG — to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter.... 261 TO LAMENT— to complain, lament, regret 409 TO LAMENT — to bewail, bemoan, lament, de- plore 410 TO LAMENT— to grieve, mourn, lament 408 LAND— land, country , 497 LANDSCAPE — view, prospect, landscape 479 LANGUAGE — language, tongue, speech, idiom, dialect 463 LANGUID— faint, languid 369 TO LANGUISH— to flag, droop, languish, pine.. 368 LARGE— great, large,big 349 LARGE— large, wide, broad 349 LARGELY— largely, copiously, fully 342 LASSITUDE— fatigue, weariness, lassitude 369 LAST— last, latest, final, ultimate 270 LASTING — durable, lasting, permanent 266 LASTLY— lastly, at last, at length 270 LATENT — secret, hidden, latent, occult, myste- rious 520 LATEST— last, latest, final, ultimate 270 LAUDABLE — laudable, praiseworthy, commend- able 131 TO|LAUGH AT-to laugh at, ridicule 102 LAUGHABLE — laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, comical or comick, droll 103 LAVISH — extravagant, prodigal, lavish, profuse 342 LAW — maxim, precept, rule, law 2U LA WFUL— lawful, legal, legitimate, licit 211 LAX — loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licentious 256 TO LAY OR TAKE HOLD OF— to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe 237 TO LAY— to lie, lay 280 LAZY— idle, lazy, indolent 299 LAZY — inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, sluggish... 293 TO LEAD— to lead, conduct, guide 191 LEADER— chief, leader, chieAain, bead 206 LEAGUE — alliance, league, confederacy..- 492 LEAN — lean, meagre 5U TO LEAN— to lean, incline, bend 159 LEARNING — knowledge, science, learning, eru- dition 106 INDEX. XXXIX. LEARNING— letters, literature, learning LEAVE — leave, liberty, permission, license TO LEAVE— to leave, quit, relinquish TO LEAVE— let, leave, suffer TO LEAVE— to leave, ^ke leave, bid farewell or adieu TO LEAVE OFF— to cease, leave off, discon- tinue, desist LEAVINGS— leavings, remains, relicks ilSmMATE \ '='"^"'' '^S^'- '^8'ti"«^t«' »-t- • LEISURE— idle, leisure, vacant LENITY— clemency, lenity, mercy TO LESSEN— to abate, lessen, diminisli, de- crease TO LET— to let, leave, suffer LETHARGICK— sleepy, drowsy, letliargick LETTER— character, letter LETTER— letter, epistle LETTERS— letters, literature, learning LEVEL— even, smooth, level, plain LEVEL— flat, level TO LEVEL— to aim, point, level LEVITY— lightness, levity, flightiness, volatility, giddiness LEXICON— dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, glos- sary, nomenclature LIABLE— subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious LIBER AL— beneficent, bountiful, bounteous, mu- nificent, generous, liberal LIBERAL— free, liberal TO LIBERATE— to free, set free, deliver, libe- rate LIBERTY— freedom, liberty T TBFRTY ) , ,^„.,^„ S leave, permission, liberty, license .. LICENSb ) LICENTIOUS— loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licen- tious LICIT— lawful, legal, leg'itimate, licit LIE— untrutli, falsehood, falsity, lie TO LIE— to lie, lay LIFE— animation, life, vivacity, spirit LIFELESS— lifeless, dead, inanimate TO LIFT— to lift, heave, hoist TO LIFT— to Irrt, raise, erect, elevate, exalt LIGHTNESS— ciise, easiness, lightness, facility. . LIGHTNESS— lightness, levity, flightiness, vola- tility, giddiness LIKE— equal, even, equable, like, or alike, uni- form LIKENESS— likeness, resemblance, similarity or similitude LIKENESS— likeness, picture, image, effigy LIKEWISE— also, likewise, too LIMB — nieniber, limb TO LIMIT— to bound, limit, confine, restrict, cir- cumscribe TO LIMIT— to fix, determine, settle, limit LIMIT — limit, extent LIM IT— term, limit, boundary LIMITED— finite, limited LINEAGE— family, house, lineage, race TO LINGER— to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter LIQUID-fluid, liquid Fsge 196 255 255 255 255 257 255 211 299 358 351 255 300 197 190 196 435 435 324 390 464 346 165 241 240 242 255 256 211 S'iS 280 356 350 354 354 363 390 435 532 532 253 511 176 227 177 177 J 78 4S5 261 352 LIQUID )...,.. . . . T TOIIOR \ ''I""'' 'iQUor, juice, bumour — — 352 LIST— list, roll, catalogue, register 468 TO LIST— to enrol, enlist or list, register, record 468 TO LISTEN— to attend, hearken, listen 422 LISTLESS — indolent, supine, listless, careless... 300 LITERATURE— letters, literature, learning 196 LITTLE— little, small, diminutive 350 TO LIVE— to exist, live 240 LIVELIHOOD ^ ''^'^''''°°''' ''^'"S. subsistence, , .,,,»T„ ^ maintenance, support, suste- LIVING ) ) f-i- 1 f nance 239 LIVELY— lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, merry, jocund 389 LIVING, vide LIVELIHOOD. LIVING— living, benefice 239 LOAD — freight, cargo, load, lading, burden 338 LOAD — weight, burden, load 370 TO LOAD — to clog, load, encumber 370 LOATH — averse, unwilling, backward, loath, re- luctant 136 TO LOATH— to abhor, detest, abominate, loath 138 LOATHING— disgust, loathing, nausea 120 TO LODGE— to harbour, shelter, lodge 517 LODGINGS— lodgings, apartments 499 LOFTINESS— pride, haughtiness, loftiness, dig- nity 100 LOFTY— high, tall, lofty 355 TO LOITER— to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter 261 LONELY— alone, solitary, lonely 253 TO LONG FOR— to desire, long for, hanker after 159 LOOK — air, mien, look 193 LOOK— look, glance 482 TO LOOK— to look, see, behold, view, eye 482 TO LOOK— to look, appear 481 LOOKER-ON — looker-on, spectator, beholder, observer 482 TO LOOK FOR— to await, wail for, look for, expect 415 LOOSE — loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licentious. . 256 LOOSE— slack, loose 256 LOQUACIOUS — talkative, loquacious, garrulous 460 LORDLY — imperious, lordly, domineering, over- bearing 185 LORD'S SUPPER — Lord's supper, communion, eucharist, sacrament 83 TO LOSE— to lose, miss 404 LOSS — loss, damage, detriment 404 LOT — destiny, fate, lot, doom 169 LOTH, vide LOATH. LOUD— loud, noisy, high-sounding, clamorous... 471 LOVE— affection, love 378 LOVE— love, friendship 380 LOVELY— amiable, lovely, beloved 373 LOVER — lover, suitor, wooer 380 LOVING — amorous, loving, fond 378 LOW— humble, lowly, low 147 LOW — low, mean, abject 147 TO LOWER— to reduce, lower 148 LOWLY— humble, lowly, low 147 LUCKY — fortunate, lucky, prosperous, successful 395 LUCRE— gain, profit, emolument, lucre 397 LUDICROUS— laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous eomical orxomick, droll 103 zl INDEX. Page LUNACY— derangement, insanity, lunacy, mad- ness, mania 281 LUSTRE— lustre, brightness, splendour, brilliancy 474 LUSTY— corpulent, stout, lusty 511 LUXURIANT— exuberant, luxuriant 343 MADNESS— derangement, insanity, lunacy, mad- ness, mania. . 281 MADNESS— madness, plirensy , rage, fury 281 MAGISTERIAL— magisterial, majeslick, stately, pompous, august, dignified 454 MAGNIFICENCE— grandeur, magnificence 454 MAGNIFICENCE— magnificence, pomp, splen- dour 453 MAGNITUDE— size, magnitude, greatness, bulk 348 MAJESTICK — magisterial, majestick, stalely, pompous, august, dignified 454 TO MAIM— to mutilate, maim, mangle 509 MAIN— chief, principal, main 206 TO MAINTAIN— to assert, maintain, vindicate 441 TO MAINTAIN— to hold, support, maintain 237 TO MAINTAIN— to sustain, support, maintain.. 238 MAINTENANCE— livelihood, living, subsistence, maintenance, support, sustenance 239 TO MAKE— to make, do, act • 294 TO MAKE— to make, form, produce, create 292 TO MAKE GAME— to jest, joke, make game, 104 447 448 443 449 -to inform, make known, 337 403 510 348 238 sport TO MAKE KNOWN acquaint, apprize 194 MALADY— disorder, disease, distemper, malady 367 MALEDICTION— malediction, curse, impreca- tion, execration, anathema 82 MALEFACTOR— criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, convict 123 6IALEVOLENT— malevolent, malicious, malig- nant 381 MALICE— malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique. . 381 MALICIOUS ) malevolent, malicious, malig- MALIGNANTS nant 381 TO MANAGE— to concert, contrive, manage 533 TO MANAGE — to conduct, manage, direct 191 MANAGEMENT— care, charge, management ... 425 MANAGEMENT — economy, management 161 MANDATE— command, order, injunction, pre- cept, mandate 185 MANFUL— manly, manful 300 TO MANGLE— to mutilate, maim, mangle 509 MANIA— derangement, insanity, lunacy, madness, mania 281 MANIFEST— apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvi- ous, evident, manifest 478 TO MANIFEST— to discover, manifest, declare 444 TO MANIFEST— to prove, demonstrate, evince, manifest ^ 444 MANLY— manly, manful 30G MANNER— air, manner 193 MANNER — custom, habit, manner, practice 322 MANNER— way, manner, method, mode, course, means 275 MANNERS— manners, morals 193 MARGIN— border, edge, rim or brim, brink, verge, margin 176 MARINE— njarU'i»9i marine, naval, namicaL.. . 337 Paja MARINER— seaman, waterman, sailor, marine» . . 337 MARITIME— maritime, marine, naval, nautical. 337 MARK— mark, print, impression, stamp 446 MARK— mark, sign, note, symptom, token, ind cation ^ MARK- mark, trace, vestigl, footstep, track ... MARK— mark, badge, stigma MARK— mark, butt TO MARK— to mark, note, notice 450 TO MARK— to show, point out, mark, indicate.. 451 MARRIAGE— marriage, wedding, nuptials 83 MARRIAGE— marriage, matrimony, wedlock 84 MARTIAL— martial, warlike, military, soldier- like MARVEL— wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, monster MASK— cloak, mask, veil, blind 516 MASSACRE— carnage, slaughter, butchery, mas- sacre MASSIVE— bulky, massive or massy MASTER— possessor, proprietor, owner, master. MATERIAL— corporeal, material 510 MATERIALS— matter, materials, subject 325 MATRIMONY— marriage, matrimony, wedlock. 84 MATTER— matter, materials, subject 325 MATURE— ripe, mature 287 MAXIM— axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, saying, adage, proverb, by- word, saw 210 MAXIM— maxim, precept, rul e, law 211 MAY — may, can 324 MAZE— labyrinth, maze 403 MEAGRE— lean, meagre 511 MEAN— base, vile, mean 148 MEAN— common, vulgar, ordinary, mean 323 MEAN— low, mean, abject 147 MEAN— mean, pitiful, sordid 411 MEAN— mean, medium 246 TO MEAN— to design, purpose, mean, intend.... 533 MEANING — signification, meaning, import, sense 456 MEANS — way, manner, method, mode, course, means 275 MECIIANICK- artist, artificer, mechanick, arti- san 335 TO MEDIATE— to intercede, interpose, mediate, interfere, intermeddle 216 MEDIOCRITY— moderation, mediocrity 246 TO MEDITATE — to contemplate, muse, medi- tate 76 MEDIUM— mean, medium 246 MEDLEY— difference, variety, diversity, medley 282 MEDLEY— mixture, medley, miscellany 284 MEEK— soft, mild, gentle, meek 359 MEET— fit, apt, meet -r 155 MEETING — assembly, company, congregation, meeting, parliament, diet, congress, conven- tion, council 490 MEETING — meeting, interview 494 MELANCHOLY— dejection, depression, melan- choly 413 MELODY — melody, harmony, accordance 155 MEMBER— member, limb 511 MEMOIRS— anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, an- nals 460 MEMORABLE— signal, memorable 474 INDEX. xh Page MEMORIAL— monument, remembrancer, memo- rial *•... 500 MEMORY — memory, remembrance, recollection, reminiscence T2 MENACE— threat, menace 405 TO BIEND— to amend, correct, rectify, reform, emend, improve, mend, better 201 MENIAIi— servant, domestick, menial, drudge. . . 328 MENTAL— mental, intellectual 72 TO MENTION— to mention, notice 451 MERCANTILE— mercantile, commercial 339 MERCENARY— hireling, mercenary, venal 339 MERCHANT— trader, merchant, tradesman 335 MERCHANDISE — commodity, goods, merchan- dise, ware 339 MERCIFUL— gracious, merciful, kind 357 MERCILESS — hard-hearted, cruel, unmerciful, merciless 373 MERCY — clemency, mercy, lenity 358 MERCY— pity, mercy 358 MERE— bare, mere .' 250 MERIT— desert, merit, worth 438 MERRIMENT— mirth, merriment, joviality, hila- rity, jollity 391 MERRY — cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay 389 MERRY — lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, merry, jocund 389 MESS AGE— mission, message, errand 215 MESSENGER — forerunner, precursor, messenger, harbinger 315 TO METAMORPHOSE — to transfigure, meta- morphose 86 METAPHOR — figure, metaphor, allegory, em- blem, symbol, type 531 METHOD— order, method, rule 270 METHOD— system, method 275 METHOD — way, manner, method, mode, course, means 275 MIEN— air, mien, look 193 MIGHTY— powerful, potent, mighty 187 MILD — soft, mild, gentle, meek 359 MILITARY — martial, warlike, military, soldier- like 337 TO MIMICK— to imitate, mimick, mock, ape — 529 MIND— soul, mind 65 TO MIND— to attend to, mind, regard, notice, heed 422 MINDFUL— mindful, regardful, observant 426 TO MINGLE— to mix, mingle, blend, confound.. 284 MINISTER — clergyman, parson, priest, minister 85 MINISTER— minister, agent 215 TO MINISTER— to minister, administer, contri- bute ^.... 167 MINUTE— circumstantial, particular, minute 173 MIRACLE — wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, monster 403 MIRTH— festivity, mirth 392 MIRTH— joy, gladness, mirth 393 MIRTH— mirth, merriment, joviality, jollity, hila- riiy 391 MISCARRIAGE— failure, miscarriage, abortion.. 125 MISCELLANY— mixture, medley, miscellany.. . 284 MISCHANCE — calamity, disaster, misfortune, mischance, mishap , 406 MISDEED MISDEMEANOUR Page MISCHIEF— evil or ill, misfortune, harm, mischief 405 MISCHIEF — injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief 404 TO MISCONSTRUE— to misconstrue, misinter- pret 45a offence, trespass, transgres- sion, misdemeanour, mis- deed, affront 120 MISDEMEANOUR— crime, misdemeanour 122 MISERABLE — unhappy, miserable, wretched... 412 MISERLY — avaricious, parsimonious, niggardly 161 MISFORTUNE— evil or ill, misfortune, mischief, harm 405 MISFORTUNE ) calamity, disaster, misfortune, MISHAP ^ mischance, mishap 406 TO MISINTERPRET — to misconstrue, misin- terpret 458 TO MISS— to lose, miss 404 MISSION— mission, message, errand 215 MISTAKE— errour, mistake, blunder 126 MISUSE— abuse, misuse 399 TO MITIGATE— to allay, sooth, appease, miti- gate, assuage 361 TO MIX— to mix, mingle, blend, confound 284 MIXTURE— mixture, medley, miscellany 284 TO MOAN— to groan, moan 410 MOB ) MOBILITY ( P®°P'^' populace, mob, mobility . . 495 TO MOCK— to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, banter 104 TO Mock — to imitate, mimick, mock, ape 529 MODE — way, manner, method, mode, course, means 275 MODEL — copy, model, pattern, specimen 530 MODERATION— moderation, mediocrity 240 MODERATION— modesty, moderation, tempe- rance, sobriety 245 MODERN — fresh, new, novel, recent, modern... 2S8 MODEST — humble, modest, submissive 147 MODEST— modest, bashful, diffident 148 MODESTY — chastity, continence, modesty ^45 MODESTY — modesty, moderation, temperance, sobriety 245 MOISTURE — moisture, humidity, dampness .... 515 TO MOLEST— to trouble, disturb, molest 412 TO MOLEST — toinconvenience, annoy, molest.. 417 MOMENT — signification, avail, importance, con- sequence, weight, moment 450 MOMENT— instant, moment 267 MONARCH — prince, monarch, sovereign, poten- tate 188 MONASTERY— cloister, monastery, convent. ... 86 MONEY— money, cash 340 MONSTER — wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, monster 403 JIONSTROUS— enormous, monstrous, prodigious 350 MONUMENT— monument, remembrancer, me- morial , 500 MOOD— humour, temper, mood 387 MORALS— manners, morals 193 MORBID — sick, sickly, diseased, morbid 367 MOREOVER— besides, moreover 251 MOROSE — gloomy, sullen, morose, splenetick . .. 411 MORTAL— deadly, fatal, mortal 371 MORTIFICATION— vexation, chagrin, mortifi- cation liS z!ii INDEX. MOTION— motion, movement 301 MOTIVE— cause, motive, reason 77 MOTIVE— principle, motive 213 TO MOULD— to form, fashion, mould, shape 293 TO MOUNT— to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, scale 302 TO MOURN — to grieve, mourn, lament 408 MOURNFUL— mournful, sad 410 TO MOVE— to stir, move 301 MOVEABLES — goods, furniture, moveables, ef- fects 339 MOVEMENT— motion, movement 301 MOVING! — moving, affecting, pathetiQjt 301 MULCT— fine, mulct, penalty, forfeiture 204 MULTITUDE— multitude, crowd, throng, swarm 494 MUNIFICENT— beneficent, bountiful or bounte- ous, munificent, generous, liberal 165 TO MURDER— to kill, murder, assassinate, slay or slaughter 510 TO MURMUR— to complain, murmur, repine.. . 409 TO MUSE — to contemplate, meditate, muse 76 TO MUSE— to think, reflect, wonder, muse 76 TO MUSTER— to assemble, muster, collect 489 MUTE — silent, dumb, mute, speechless 404 TO MUTILATE— to mutilate, maim, mangle... 509 MUTINOUS — tumultuous, turbulent, seditions, mutinous 203 MUTUAL— mutual, reciprocal 334 MYSTERIOUS— dark, obscure, dim, mysterious 480 MYSTERIOUS— secret, hidden, latent, occult, mysterious 520 MYSTERIOUS MYSTICK mysterious, mystick 520 NAKED— bare, naked, uncovered 249 TO NAME— to name, call 471 NAME — name, appellation, title, denomination.. 471 NAME — name, reputation, repute, credit 472 TO NAME — to name, denominate, style, entitle, designate, characterize 471 TO NAME — to nominate, name 471 TO NAP — 10 sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap. . 300 NARRATION— relation, recital, narration 466 NARRATIVE— account, narrative, description. . 467 NARROW — contracted, confined, narrow J77 NARROW— straight,'narrow 285 NASTY— nasty, filthy, foul 515 NATAL — natal, native, indigenous 496 NATION— people, nation, 494 NATIVE — intriiisick, re.il, genuine, native 437 NATIVE— natal, native, indigenous 496 NATIVE > ,. , , ._- NATURAL r^*"^'^'"^'"'-"' ^^'^ NATURALLY — naturally, in course, conse- quently, of course 272 NAVAL 1 maritime, marine, naval, nauti- NAUTICALS cal 337 NAUSEA— disgust, loathing, nausea 120 NAUTICAL — maritime, marine, naval, nau- tical 337 NEAR— close, near, nigh 2S5 PIECESSARIES— necessities, necessaries 347 NECESSARY— necessary, expedient, essential, requisite 417 TO NECESSITATE— to compel, force, ob.ige, neceiisitate 219 NECES.SITIES— necessities, necessarif ^■ 347 NECESSITY— occasion, necessity 418 NECESSITY— necessity, need 346 NEED— poverty, indigence, want, need, penury.. 346 TO NEED— to want, need, lack 347 NEED— necessity, need 346 ^!^^^f,^^ ] vide NECESSITY, NEED 346 rvEEDY i NEFARIOUS — wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefa- rious 128 TO NEGLECT— to disregard, slight, neglect. ... 423 TO NEGLECT— to neglect, omit 423 NEGLIGENT — negligent, remiss, careless, heed- less, thoughtless, inattentive 424 TO NEGOTIATE— to negotiate, treat for or about, transact 215 NEIGHBOURHOOD- neighbourhood, vicinity.. 498 NEVERTHELESS— however, yet, nevertheless, notwiihslanding 251 NEW— fresh, new, novel, recent, modern 268 NEWS— news, tidings 465 NICE — exact, nice, particular 203 NICE — fine, delicate, nice 314 NIGGARDLY— avaricious, miserly, parsimoni- ous, niggardly , 161 NIGGARDLY — economical, sparing, thrifty, sav- ing, niggardly 161 NIGH— close, near, nigh 285 NIGHTLY— nightly, nocturnal 268 NIMBLE— active, brisk, agile, nimble 297 NOBLE— noble, grand 454 NOCTURNAL— nightly, nocturnal 268 NOISE— noise, cry, ouicry, clamour 470 NOISOME— hurtful, pernicious, noxious, noisome 406 NOISY — loud, noisy, high-soundinf , clamorous. . 471 NOMENCLATURE— dictionary, lexicon, cata- logue, vocabulary, glossary, nomenclature 464 TO NOMINATE— to nominate, name 471 NONCONFORMIST- heretick, schismalick, sec- tarian, dissenter, nonconformist 92 NOTE — mark; sign, note, symptom, token, ii.Jica- tion 447 NOTE— remark, observation, comment, note, an- notation, commentary 451 TO NOTE— to mark, note, notice 450 NOTED — distinguished, conspicuous, noted, emi- nent, illustrious 473 NOTED— noted, notorious 473 NOTICE — information, intelligence, notice, advice 195 TO NOTICE— to attend to, mind, regard, heed, notice 422 TO NOTICE— to mention, notice 451 . TO NOTICE— to mark, note, notice 450 TO NOTICE— to notice, remark, observe 450 NOTION — conception, notion 75 NOTION — perception, idea, conceptioo, notion. . 75 NOTION — opinion, sentiment, notion 80 NOTORIOUS— noted, notorious 473 NOTWITHSTANDING— however, yet, never- theless, notwithstanding 251 NOVEL— fable, tale, novel, romance 467 NOVEL— fresh, new, novel, recent, modern 2Ctt TO NOURISH— to nourish, nurture, cherish... . 377 NOXIOUS — hurtful, pernicious, noxious, noisome 406 NUMB — numb, benumbed, torpid 372 TO NUMBER— to calculate, compute, reckon, count or account, number 432 NUMERAL 1 NUMERICAL > numerous, numeral, numerical 252 NUMEROUS ) NUPTIALS— marriage, wedding, nuptials 83 TO NURTURE— to nourish, nurture, cherish... 377 OBDURATE— hard, callous, hardened, obdurate 373 OBEDIENT— dutiful, obedient, respectful 150 OBEDIENT— obedient, submissive, obsequious. . 149 OBJECT— aim, object, end 324 OBJECT— object, subject 325 TO OBJECT— to object, oppose 112 TO OBJECT TO— to find fault with, blame, ob- ject to 112 OBJECTION— demur, doubt, hesitation, objec- tion 96 OBJECTION— objection, difficulty, exception... 112 OBLATION— offering, oblation 82 OBLIGATION— duty, obligation 150 TO OBLIGE— to bind, oblige, engage 216 TO OBLIGE— to compel, oblige, force, necessi- tate 219 OBLIGING — civil, obliging, complaisant 199 TO OBLITERATE— to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate 248 , OBLIVION— forgetfulness, oblivion 72 OBLONG— oblong, oval 350 OBLOQUY— reproach, contumely, obloquy 108 OBNOXIOUS — obnoxious, offensive 146 OBNOXIOUS— subject, liable, exposed, obnox- ious 146 OBSCURE — dark, obscure, dim, mysterious 480 TO OBSCURE— to eclipse, obscure 480 OBSEOUIES- funeral, obsequies 84 OBSEQUIOUS— obedient, submissive, obsequi- ous 149 OBSERVANCE — form, ceremony, right, observ- ance 83 OBSERVANCE— observation, observance 451 OBSERVANT— mindful, regardful, ob.'iervant.. . 426 OBSERVATION— observation, observance 451 i OBSERVATION— remark, observation, note, an- notation, comment, commentary 451 TO OBSERVE— to keep, observe, fulfil 289 TO OBSERVE— to notice, remark, observe 450 TO OBSERVE— to observe, watch 483 TO OBSERVE— to see, perceive, observe 482 OBSERVER — looker-on, spectator, beholder, ob- server 482 OBSOLETE— old, ancient, antiquated, antique, old-fashioned, obsolete 268 OBSTACLE— difficiiliy, impediment, obstacle ... 259 OBSTINATE— obstinate, contumacious, heady, stubborn, headstrong 209 TO OBSTRUCT— to hinder, prevent, impede, obstruct 258 TO OBTAIN— to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn 3S)6 TO OBTAIN— to get, gain, obtain, procure 396 TO OBTRUDE— to intrude, obuude 509 L\DEX. xliii PagB TO OBVIATE— to prevent,obviate,pre(Jude.... 259 OBVIOUS— apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvi- ous, evident, manifest 478 TO OCCASION— to cause, occasion, create 294 OCCASION — occasion, opportunity 418 OCCASION — occasion, necessity 418 OCCASIONAL— occasional, casual 418 OCCULT — .secret, hidden, latent, occult, myste- rious ^ 520 OCCUPANCY ) . „„ OCCUPATION f '«^'="P='"^>'. occupation 238 OCCUPATION— business, occupation, employ- ment, engagement, avocation 331 TO OCCUPy—to hold, occupy, possess 236 OCCURRENCE— event, incident, accident, ad- venture, occurrence 172 ODD — particular, singular, odd, strange, eccen- trick 385 ODD— odd, uneven 436 ODIOUS-hateful, odious 137 ODOUR — smell, scent, odour, perfume, fragrance 511 OF COURSE— naturally, in course, consequently, of course 272 OFFENCE — offence, trespass, transgression, mis- demeanour, misdeed, affront 120 TO OFFEND— to displease, offend, vex 117 OFFENDER— offender, delinquent 120 OFFENDING ) „ , -^ . , OFFENSIVE ^ofi^"dmg, offensive 1 OFFENSIVE— obnoxious, offensive 146 TO OFFER— to give, offer, present, exhibit 163 TO OFFEE -to offer, bid, tender, propose 167 OFFERING— offering, oblation 82 OFFICE— business, office, duty 331 OFFICE— office, place, chaige, function 332 OFFICE— benefit, service, good, office 166 OFFICIOUS— active, busy , officious 297 OFFSPRING— offspring, progeny, issue 291 OFTEN— often, frequpntly 268 OLD— elderly, aged, old 269 OLD — old, ancient, antique, antiquated, old-fa- shioned, obsolete 268 OLDER— senior, elder, older 269 OLD-FASHIONED, vide OLD. OLD-TIMES — formerly, in times past, old times or days of yore, anciently, or in ancient times 269 OMEN — omen, prognostick, presage 93 TO OMIT— to neglect, omit 423 ON ONE'S GUARD— aware, on one's guard, ap- prized, conscious 426 ONE ONLY' ONSET — attack, assault, encounter, charge, onset 116 ONWARD — onward, forward, progressive 302 OPAQUE— opaque, dark 481 OPEN — 'tandid, open, sincere 430 OPEN — frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 OPENING — opening, aperture, cavity 402 OPERATION— action, agency, operation 296 OPERATION— work, operation 328 OPINIATED lopiniated or opiniative, conceit- OPINIATIVE \ ed, egoistical 100 OPINION— opinion, sentiment, notion 80 Ions, single, only 251 xliv INDEX. Faje OPPONENT— enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist 134 OPPORTUNITY— occasion, opportunity 418 TO OPPOSE— to combat, oppose •• 134 TO OPPOSE— to contradict, oppose, deny 113 TO OPPOSE— to object, oppose 112 TO OPPOSE— to oppose, resist, thwart, with- stand 114 OPPOSITE*— ad verse, contrary, opposite 135 OPPROBRIUM— infamy, ignominy, opprobrium 108 TO OPPUGN— to confute, refute, disprove, op- pugn 115 Rig» OPTION— option, clioice 234 OPULENCE— riches, wealth, opulence, affluence 340 ORAL— verbal, vocal, oral 462 ORATION— address, speech, oration, harangue. . 461 ORATORY— elocution, eloquence, oratory, rheto- rick 462 ORB— circle, orb, globe, sphere 175 TO ORDAIN ) to appoint, order, prescribe, or- TO ORDER J dain 184 ORDER— class, order, rank ; degree 276 ORDER— command, order, injunction, precept, mandate 185 ORDER— direction, order 213 ORDER — order, method, rule 276 ORDER — succession, series, order 271 TO ORDER— to place, dispose, order 278 ORDINARY— common, vulgar, ordinary, mean.. 323 ORIFICE— orifice, perforation 402 ORIGIN > origin, original, beginning, source, ORIGINAL \ rise 292 ORIGINAL— primary, primitive, pristine, origi- nal 274 OSTENSIBLE— colourable, specious, ostensible, plausible, feasible 516 OSTENTATION— show, parade, ostentation — 453 OVAL — oblong; oval 350 OVER— above, over, upon, beyond 279 OVERBALANCE — to overbalance, outweigh, preponderate 206 TO OVERBEAR— to overbear, bear down, over- power, overwhelm, subdue 144 OVERBEARING — imperious, lordly, domineer- ing, overbearing 185 TO OVERCOME— to conquer, vanquish, subdue, overcome, surmount 144 TO OVERFLOW— to overflow, inundate, deluge 352 TO OVERHEAR— to hear, hearken, overhear . . 422 TO OVERPOWER— to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, overthrow 143 TO OVERPOWER — to overbear, overpower, bear down, overwhelm, subdue 144 TO OVERRULE — overrule, supersede 206 OVERRULING— prevailing, prevalent, predomi- nant, overruling 205 TO OVERRUN i to overspread, overrun, ra- TO OVERSPREADS vage 507 OVERSIGHT — inadvertency, inattention, over- sight 423 OVERSIGHT— inspection, oversight, superintend- ence 213 TO OVERTHROW— to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, overthrow — 143 TO OVERTHROW ) to overturn, subvert, over- TO OVERTURN J throw, invert, reverse . . 503 TO OVERWHELM — to overhear, bear down, overpower, overwhelm, subdue 144 TO OVERWHELM— to overwhelm, crush 504 OUTCRY — noise, cry, outcry, clamour 470 TO OUTDO— to exceed, excel, surpass, outdo . . . 273 OUTLINES— sketch, outlines 333 TO OUTLIVE— to outlive, survive 240 OUTRAGE— affront, insult, outrage 121 OUTSIDE — show, outside, semblance, appear- ance 453 OUTWARD— outward, external, exteriour 351 TO OUT WEIGH— to overbalance, preponderate, outweigh 206 TO OWN— to acknowledge, own, confess, avow 442 OWNER— possessor, proprietor, owner, master . . 238 PACE— pace, step 301 PACIFICK — peaceable, peaceful, pacifick 362 TO PACIFY— to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 PAG AN— gentile, heathen, pagan 495 PAIN— pain, pang, agony, anguish 407 TO PAINT— to paint, depict, delineate, sketch . . 338 PAIR— couple, brace, pair 434 PALATE— palate, taste 512 PALE— pale, pallid, wan 369 TO PALLIATE— to extenuate, palliate 182 TO PALLIATE— to gloss, varnish, palliate 515 PALLID— pale, pallid, wan 369 TO PALPITATE — to palpitate, flutter, pant, gasp 305 PANEGYRICK— encomium, eulogy, panegyrick 130 PANG — pain, pang, agony, anguish 407 TO PANT— to palpitate, flutter, pant, gasp 305 PARABLE— parable, allegory 532 PARADE — show, parade, ostentation 453 PARASITE— flatterer, sycophant, parasite 526 TO PARDON— to excuse, pardon 182 TO PARDON— to forgive, pardon, absolve, remit 87 PARDON ABLE— venial, pardonable 182 TO PARE— to peel, pare 518 PARLIAMENT — assembly, company, meeting, congregation, parliament, diet, congress, con- vention, synod, convocation, council 490 PARSIMONIOUS— avaricious, miserly, parsimo- nious, niggardly 161 PARSIMONY— economy, frugality, parsimony .. 161 PARSON— clergyman, parson, priest, minister. . . 85 PART— part, division, portion, share 485 PART— part, piece, patch 480 TO PART— to divide, separate, part 484 TO PA RTAKE ) to partake, share, partici- TO PARTICIPATE ) pate 486 PARTICULAR— circumstantial, mmute, particu- lar 173 PARTICULAR— exact, nice, particular, punc- tual 203 PARTICULAR— particular, singular, eccentrick, odd, strange 385 PARTICULAR— particular, Individual 252 PARTICULAR— peculiar, appropriate, particular 231 PARTICULAR— special, specifick, particular ... 253 INDEX. xlr Pige PARTICUL ARL Y— especi ally, particularly, prin- cipally, chiefly 5206 PARTISAN— follower, adherent, partisan 419 PARTNER— colleague, partner, coadjutor, assist- ant 491 PARTNERSHIP— association, society, company, partnership 488 PARTY— faction, party 209 PASSAG E— course, race, passage 275 PASSIONATE— angry, passionate, hasty, irasci- ble 119 PASSIVE — passive, submissive 149 PASSIVE— patient, passive 149 PASTIME — amusement, entertainment, diversion, sport, recreation, paslmie 391 PATCH— part, piece, patch 486 PATHETICK— moving, affecting, pathetick 301 PATIENCE — patience, endurance, resignation. . . 149 PATIENT— patient, passive 149 PATIENT— invalid, paUent 367 PAUPER— poor, pauper 347 TO PAUSE— to demur, hesitate, pause 96 PAY — allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay 164 PEACE — peace, quiet, calm, tranquillity 361 PEACEFUL 5 P^^'^^'*'''^' peaceful, pacifick .... 362 PEASANT — countryman, peasant, swain, hind, rustick clown 336 PECULIAR— peculiar, appropriate, particular . . . 231 PEEL — skin, hide, peel, rind 518 TO PEEL— to peel, pare 518 PEEVISH — captious, cross, peevish, petulant, fretful 315 PELLUCID— pellucid, transparent 477 PEN.'VLTY- fine, penalty, nmlct, forfeiture ....'. 204 TO PENETRATE— to penetrate, pierce, perfo- rate, bore 402 PENETRATION — discernment, discrimination, penetration 71 PENETRATION— penetration, acuteness, saga- city 401 PENITENCE — repentance, penitence, contrition, compunction, remorse 88 PENMAN— writer, penman, scribe 336 PENURIOUS — economical, saving, sparing, penu- rious, thrifty, niggardly 161 PENURY — poverty, indigence, want, penury, need 340 PEOPLE— people, nation 494 PEOPLE — people, populace, mob, mobility 495 PEOPLE— people, persons, folks 495 TO PERCEIVE — to perceive, discern, distin- guish 483 TO PERCEIVE— to see, perceive, observe 482 PERCEPTION— perception, idea, conception, no- tion 75 PERCEPTION— sentiment, sensation, perception, <376 PEREMPTORY- positive, absolute, peremptory- 188 PERFECT— accomplished, perfect 288 PERFECT— complete, perfect, finished 287 PERFIDIOUS— faithless, perfidious, treacherous 524 TO PERFORATE— to penetrate, pierce, perfo- rate, bore 402 PERFOR.\TION— orifice, perforation 402 TO PERFORM— to effect, produce, perform 289 TO PERFORM— to execute, fulfil, perform 288 PERFORMANCE — production, work, perform- ance 329 PERFORMER— actor, player, performer 298 PERFUME — smell, scent, odour, fragrance, per- fume 511 PERIL — danger, hazard, peril 171 PERIOD — sentence, proposition, period, phrase . . 464 PERIOD — lime, period, acf, date, era, epocha 267 TO PERISH— to perish, die, decay 371 TO PERJURE— to forswear, perjure, suborn .... 92 PERMANENT— durable, lasting, permanent .... 266 PERMISSION — leave, liberty, permission, license 255 TO PERMIT— to admit, allow, permit, tolerate, suffer 157 TO PERMIT— to consent, permit, allow 156 PERNICIOUS — destructive, ruinous, pernicious. . 504 PERNICIOUS — hurtful, noxious, noisome, perni- cious 408 TO PERPETRATE— to perpetrate, commit 298 PERPETUAL— continual, perpetual, constant... 265 TO PERPLEX— to distress, harass, perplex 407 TO PERPLEX— to embarrass, perplex, entangle 412 TO PERSEVERE ) to continue, persevere, per- TO PERSIST J sisi, pursue, prosecute... 264 TO PERSIST— to insist, persist 265 PERSONS— people, persons, folks 495 PERSPICUITY— clearness, perspicuity 477 TO PERSUADE— to exhort, persuade 312 TO PERSUADE — to persuade, entice, prevail upon 313 PERSUASION — conviction, persuasion 79 PERTINENT— pertinent, relevant 327 PERVERSE — awkward, cross, crooked, unto- ward, froward, perverse 315 PEST— bane, pest, ruin 503 PESTILENTIAL— contagious, epidemical, pesti- lential 129 PETITION — prayer, petition, request, entreaty, suit 87 PETTY— trifling, trivial, petty, frivolous, futile.. 457 PETULANT — captious, cross, peevish, fretful, petulant 315 PHANTOM — vision, apparition, phantom, ghost, spectre 479 PHRASE — sentence, proposition, period, phrase. . 464 PHRASE ) diction, phrase, phraseology, PHRASEOLOGY < style 463 PHRENSY— madness, phrensy, rage, fury 281 TO PICK— to choose, pick, select 234 PICTURE — likeness, picture, image, effigy 532 TO PICTURE, vide TO PAINT. PICTURE — picture, print, engraving 450 PIECE— part, piece, patch 486 TO PIERCE — to penetrate, pierce, perforate, bore 402 TO PILE — heap, pile, accumulate, amass 340 PILLAGE — rapine, plunder, pillage 507 PILLAR— pillar, column 499 TO PINCH — to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe 309 TO PINE— to flag, droop, languish, pine 368 PIOUS — holy, pious, devout, religious 89 PIQUE— malice, rancour, spile, grudge, pique ... 381 zlvi INDEX. Pa«c PITEOUS— piteous, doleful, woful, tueful 411 PITEOUS ^ PITIABLE > piteous, pitiable, pitiful 358 PITIFUL ) PITIFUL— mean, pitiful, sordid 411 PITIFUL— contemptible, despicable, pitiful 102 PITY — pity, compassion 358 PIT Y— pity, mercy 358 PLACE— office, place, charge, function 332 PLACE — place, situation, station, position, post.. 278 PLACE— place, spot, site 278 TO PLACE— to place, dispose, order 278 TO PLACE— to put, place, lay, set 280 PLACID— calm, placid, serene 362 PLAIN— apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvious, evident, manifest 478 PLAIN— even, smooth, level, plain 435 PLAIN — frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 PLAIN — sincere, honest, true, plain 430 PLAUDIT — applause, acclamation, plaudit 130 PLAUSIBLE — colourable, specious, ostensible, plausible, feasible 516 PLAY — play, game, sport 384 PLAYER— actor, player, performer 298 TO PLEAD— apologize, defend, justify, excuse, exculpate, plead 181 PLEADER— defender, advocate, pleader 180 PLEASANT— agreeable, pleasant, pleasing 152 PLEASANT— facetious, conversible, pleasant, jo- cular, jocose 461 TO PLBASE—to satisfy, please, gratify 393 PLEASED— glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful 393 PLEASING — agreeable, pleasant, pleasing 152 PLEASURE— comfort, pleasure 357 PLEASURE— pleasure, joy, delight, cliarm 393 PLEDGE— deposite, pledge, security 183 PLEDGE— earnest, pledge 184 PLENIPOTENTIARY— ambassador, plenipoten- tiary , envoy, deputy 214 PLENITUDE— fulness, plenitude 341 PLENTEOUS ) plentiful, plenteous, abundant, PLENTIFUL I copious, ample 341 PLIABI-E ) PLIANT ] PLIGHT — situation, condition, state, predicament, plight, case 279 PLOT — combination, cabal, plot, conspiracy 489 TO PLUCK— to draw, drag, haul or hale, pluck, pull, tug 303 PLUNDER— rapine, plunder, pillage 507 TO PLUNGE— to plunge, dive 353 TO POINT— to aim, point, level 324 TO POINT OUT— to show, point out, indicate, mark — 451 TO POISE— to poise, balance 370 POISON— poison, venom 503 ' " ■' I polite, polished, refined, gentefel — 199 POLITE— civil, polite 198 POLITICK 1 ,. , , ,.,. , -„, POLITICAL (P°""'='"'P°""<='^ =2^ TO POLLUTE— to contaminate, defile, pollute. flexible, pliable, pliant, supple 360 taint, corrupt. POMP— magnificence, splendoar, pomp 453 POMPOUS — magisterial, majestick, stately, pomp- ous, august, dignified 454 TO PONDER— to think, reflect, ponder, muse. .. 76 PONDEROUS— heavy, burdensome, ponderous, weighty 376 POOR— poor, pauper 347 POPULACE — people, populace, mob, mobility. . . 495 PORT— harbour, haven, port 513 TO PORTEND— to augur, presage, forebode, be- token, portend 94 PORTION— deal, quantity, portion 486 PORTION — part, division, portion, share 485 POSITION — place, situation, station, position, post 278 POSITION — action, gesture, gesticulation, atti- tude, posture, position 295 POSITION— tenet, position 80 POSITrV'E— actual, real, positive 298 POSITIVE— confident, dogmatical, positive 414 POSITIVE— definite, positive 458 POSITIVE— positive, absolute, peremptory 188 TO POSSESS— to have, possess 237 TO POSSESS— to hold, occupy, possess 236 POSSESSIONS — goods, possessions, property 340 POSSESSOR — possessor, proprietor, owner, mas- ter 238 POSSIBLE— possible, practicable, practical 324 POST — place, situation, station, position, post. . . . 278 POSTERIOR — subsequent, consequent, poste- rior 272 TO POSTPONE— to delay, defer, postpone, pro- crastinate, prolong, protract, retard 260 POSTURE — action, gesture, gesticulation, pos- ture, attitude, position 295 POTENT— powerful, potent, mighty 187 POTENTATE — prince, monarch, sovereign, po- tentate 188 POVERTY— poverty, indigence, want, penury, need 346 TO POUND — to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, crush 501 TO POUR— to pour, spill, shed 346 POWER— power, strength, force, authority, do- minion 186 POWERFUL— powerful, potent, mighty 187 PRACTICABLE ) ., , . ,, . , „„. PRACTICAL J possible, practicable, practical 324 PRACTICE — custom, Iiabit, manner, practice... 322 TO PRACTISE— to exercise, practise 322 TO PRAISE — to praise, commend, applaud, ex- tol 130 PRAISEWORTHY— commendable, praiseworthy, laudable 131 PRANK— frolick, gambol, prank 390 TO PRATE ^ to babble, chatter, chat, prate, TO PRATTLED prattle 459 PRAYER — prayer, petition, request, entreaty, suit 87 PRECARIOUS — doubtful, dubious, uncertain, precarious 96 PRECEDENCE— priority, precedence, preference, pre-eminence 273 129 PRECEDENT— example, precedent 531 PRECEDING— antecedent, preceding, previous, foregoing, anterior, prior, former 272 PRECEPT— command, order, injunction, precept, mandate 185 PRECEPT— aoctrine, precept, principle 80 PRECEPT— maxim, precept, rule, law 211 PRECIOUS— valuable, precious, cosily 437 PRECIPITANCY— rasbness, temerity, hastiness, precipitancy 263 PREC ISE— accurate, exact, precise 203 TO PRECLUDE— to prevent, obviate, preclude 259 PRECURSOR— forerunner, precursor, messenger, harbinger 215 PREDICAMENT— situation, condition, stale, pre- dicament, plight, case 279 TO PREDICT— to foretel, predict, prognosticate, prophesy 94 PREDOailNANT— prevailing, prevalent, over- ruling, predominant 205 PRE-EMINENCE — priority, precedence, pre-emi- nence, prelerence 273 PREFACE— prelude, preface 231 TO PREFER— to choose, prefer 233 TO PREFER— to encourage, advance, promote, prefer, forward 312 PREFERABLE— eligible, preferable 234 PREFEilENCE — priority, precedence, pre-emi- nence, preference 273 PREJUDICE — bias, prejudice, prepossession IGO PREJUDICE — disadvantage, injury, hurt, detri- ment, prejudice 404 PRELIMINARY— previous, preliminary, prepara- tory, introductory 274 PRELUDE— prelude, preface 231 TO PRDMISE— to premise, presume 231 PREMEDITATION— foresight, forethought, fore- cast, premeditation 399 TO PREPARE— to fit, equip, prepare, qualify.. . 154 PREPARATORY — previous, preliminary, prepa- ratory, iutioduclory 274 TO PREPONDERATE— to overbalance, prepon- derate, outweigh 206 PREPOSSESSION — bias, prepossession, preju- dice 160 PREPOSSESSION— bent, bias, inclination, pre- possession 159 PREPOSTEROUS — irrational, foolish, absurd, preposterous 91 PREROGATIVE— privilege, prerogative, immu- nity, exemption 228 PRESAGE — omen, prerogative, presage 93 TO PRESAGE— to augur, presage, forebode, be- token, portend 94 TO PRESCRIBE— to appoint, prescribe, ordain.. 184 TO PRESCRIBE— to dictate, prescribe 184 PRESCRIPTION— usage, custom, prescription . . 324 PRESENT — gift, present, donation, benefaction. . 164 TO PRESENT— to give, offer, present, exhibit... 1C3 TO PRESENT— to introduce, present 1C3 TO PRESERVE— to keep, preserve, save 178 TO PRESERVE — to save, spare, preserve, pro- tect 179 TO PRESS — to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe 309 PRESSING —pressing, urgent, iuipuitunato. ... 158 INDEX. xlvJi Page I P»«« TO PRESUME— to premise, presume 231 PRESUMING — presumptive, presumptuous, pre- suming 232 PRESUMPTION— arrogance, presumption 231 PRESUMPTIVE ; presumptive, presumptuous, PRESUMPTUOUS ( presuming 232 PRETENCE— pretence, pretension, pretext, ex- cuse 229 TO PRETEND— to feign, pretend 528 TO PRETEND— to aflect, pretend 229 PRETENSION— pretension, claim 229 PRETENSION ) pretence, pretension, pretext, ex- PRETEXT \ cuse 229 PRETTY— beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty 313 PREVAILING — prevailing, ruling, overruling, prevalent, predominant 205 TO PREVARICATE— to evade, equivocate, pre- varicate - 526 TO PREVENT— to hinder, prevent, impede, ob- struct —J' 258 TO PREVENT— to prevent, anticipate 259 TO PREVENT— to prevent, obviate, preclude. . . 259 PREVIOUS — antecedent, preceding, foiegoiiig, previous, anterior, prior, former 272 PREVIOUS— previous, preliminary, preparatory, introductory 274 PREY— booty, spoil, prey 506 PRICE— cost, expense, price, charge 436 PRICE— value, worth, rate, price 436 PRIDE — pride, vanity, conceit ■• 100 PRIDE— pride, haughtiness, loftiness, dignity 100 PRIEST — clergyman, parson, priest, minister 85 PRIMARY > primary, primitive, pristine, origi- PRIMlTIVEi nal 274 PRLNCE- prince, monarch, sovereign, potentate 188 PRINC1P.\L— chief, principal, main 206 PRINCIPALLY— especially, particularly, princi- pally, chiefly 20ff PRINCIPLE— doctrine, precept, principle 80 PRINCIPLE— principle, motive 213 PRINT — mark, print, impression, stamp 446 PRINT— picture, print, engraving 45o PRIOR— antecedent, preceding, foregoing, previ- ous, anterior, prior, former 272 PRIORITY— priority, precedence, pre-eminence, preference 273 PRISTINE — primacy, primitive, pristine, origi- nal 274 PRIVACY— privacy, retirement, seclusion 253 PRIVILEGE— privilege, prerogative, exemption. immunity. 228 PRIVILEGE— right, claim, privilege 223 PRIZE— capture, aiznre, prize 506 TO PRIZE— to value, prize, esteem 436 PROBABILITY'- chance, probability 170 PROBITY— honesty, uprightness, integrity, pro- bity "27 TO PROCEED— to advance, proceed 301 TO PROCEED— to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, emanate 291 PROCEEDING— proceeding, transaction 333 PROCEEDING ) ,[„„ process, progress- •• 3.»3, PROCESS r 493 PROCESSION— procession, train, retinue. .. xlviii INDEX. Page TO PROCLAIM— to announce, proclaim, publish, advertise 443 TO PROCLAIM— to declare, publish, proclaim. . 442 PROCLAMATION— decree, edict, proclamation 443 TO PROCRASTINATE— to delay, defer, post- pone, procrastinate, prolong, protract, retard. . 260 TO PROCURE— to gel, gain, obtain, procure 396 TO PROCURE— to provide, procure, furnish, supply 399 PRODIGAL— extravagant, prodigal, lavish, pro- fuse 342 PRODIGIOUS — enormous, prodigious, monstrous 350 PRODIGY — wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, monster 403 PRODUCE— production, produce, product 329 TO PRODUCE— to afford, yield, produce 330 TO PRODUCE— to effect, produce, perform 289 TO PRODUCE— to make, form, produce, create 293 PRODUCT ) . .. , J . onn PRODUCTION \ PfO'l"'^"*'"' produce, product. . . 329 PRODUCTION— production, performance, work 329 PROFANE — irreligious, profane, impious 92 TO PROFESS— to profess, declare 442 PROFESSION— business, trade, profession, art. . 331 PROFICIENCY — progress, proficiency, improve- ment 204 PROFIT— advantage, profit 398 PROFIT— gain, profit, emolument, lucre 397 PROFLIGATE— profligate, abandoned, reprobate 249 PROFUNDITY— depth, profundity 350 PROFUSE — extravagant, prodigal, lavish, profuse 342 PROFUSENESS ) . . . PROFUSION \ P'^f"^'"". Profuseness 342 PROGENITORS— forefathers, ancestors, progeni- tors 269 PROGENY— offspring, progeny, issue 291 PROGNOSTICK — omen, presage, prognostick — 93 TO PROGNOSTIC ATE— to foretel, predict, prog- nosticate, prophesy 94 PROGRESS — proceeding, process, progress 333 PROGRESS — progress, proficiency, improvement 204 PROGRESS 1 progress, progression, advance, PROGRESSION J advancement 204 PROGRESSIVE— onward, forward, progressive 302 TO PROHIBIT— to forbid, prohibit, interdict, proscribe 223 PROJECT- design, plan, scheme, project 534 PROLIFICK— fertile, fruitful, prolifick 341 PROLIX— diffuse, prolix 464 TO PROLONG — to delay, defer, postpone, pro- crastinate, prolong, protract, retard 260 PROMINENT — prominent, cons|)icuou3 474 PROMISCUOUS — promiscuous, indiscriminate.. 284 PROMISE — promise, engagement, word 217 TO PROMOTE — to encourage, advance, piomote, prefer, forward 312 PROMPT— diligent, expeditious, prompt 262 PROMPT— ready, apt, prompt 297 TO PROMULGATE— to publish, promulgate, di- vulge, reveal, disclose 443 EONE.NESS- inclination, tendency, propemity, proneness 160 TO PRONOUNCE— to utter, speak, articulate, pronounce 459 Pajf- PROOF— argument, reason, proof 77 PROOF — proof, evidence, testimony 444 PROOF — experience, experiment, trial, proof, test 3)9 PROP— staff, stay, prop, support 233 TO PROPAGATE— to speed, circulate, propa- gate, disseminate 345 PROPENSITY — inclination, tendency, proneness, propensity 160 PROPER— right, just, proper 430 PROPERTY— goods, property, possessions 340 PROPERTY— quality, property, attribute 232 PROPITIOUS — favourable, auspicious, propitious 190 TO PROPHESY— to foretel, predict, prophesy, prognosticate 94 PROPORTION— rate, proportion, ratio 434 PROPORTION— symmetry, proportion 435 PROPORTIONATE— proportionate, commensu- rate, adequate 434 TO PROPOSE— to offer, bid, tender, propose — 167 TO PROPOSE— to purpose, propose 534 PROPOSITION— sentence, proposition, period, phrase 464 PROPRIETOR — possessor, proprietor, owner, master 238 TO PROROGUE— to prorogue, adjourn 260 TO PROSCRIBE— to forbid, prohibit, interdict, proscribe 223 TO PROSECUTE— to continue, persevere, per- sist, pursue, prosecute 264 PROSELYTE- convert, proselyte 86 PROSPECT— view, survey, prospect 479 PROSPECT— view, prospect, landscape 479 TO PROSPER— to flourish, thrive, prosper 395 PROSPEKITY— well-being, welfare, prosperity, happiness 396 PROSPEROUS— fortunate, lucky, prosperous, successful 395 TO PROTECT— to defend, protect, vindicate.... 178 TO PROTECT— to save, spare, preserve, protect 179 TO PROTEST— to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, aver, protest 441 TO PROTRACT— to delay, defer, postpone, pro- craslinate, prolong, protract, retard 260 TO PROVE — to argue, evince, prove 77 TO PROVE — to prove, demonstrate, evince, ma- nifest 444 PROVERB— axiom, maxim, aphorism, apoph- thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw 210 TO PROVIDE — to provide, procure, furnish, sup- ply 399 PROVIDENCE— providence, prudence 390 PROVIDENT— careful, cautious, provident 425 PROVISION— fare, provision 513 TO PROVOKE — to aggravate, irritate, provoke, exasperate, tantalize 121 TO PROVOKE— to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, stir up 310 TO PROVOKE— to excite, incite, provoke 309 PRUDENCE — ^judgement, discretion, prudence.. 400 PRUDENCE— prudence, providence 399 PRUDENCE— wisdom, prudence 400 PRUDENT > ^ J ,- , PRUDENTIAL I P^"'^^"^'P''"''^""^' ^'^ TO PRY— to pry, scrutinize, dive into 99 INDEX. zlis Page PRYING— curious, prying, inquisitive 99 TO PUBLISH— to announce, proclaim, advertise, publisli 443 TO PUBLISH— to declare, publisli, proclaim-... 442 TO PUBLISH— to publish, promulgate, divulge, reveal, disclose 443 PUERILE— youthful, juvenile, puerile 401 TO PULL— to draw, drag, liaul or liale, pull, pluck, tug 303 PUNCTUAL— exact, nice, particular, punctual. . 203 PUNISHMENT- correction, discipline, punisli- ment 204 PUPIL— scholar, disciple, pupil 197 TO PURCHASE— to buy, purchase, bargain, i cheapen 335 PURPOSE— sake, account, reason, purpose, end. . 535 TO PURPOSE— to design, purpose, intend, mean 533 TO PURPOSE— to purpose, propose 534 TO PURSUE— to follow, pursue 271 TO PURSUE— to continue, persevere, pei-sist, pursue, prosecute 264 TO PUT— to put, place, lay, set 380 TO PUTREFY— to rot, putrefy, corrupt 504 TO QUAKE— to shake, tremble, slTudder, quiver, quake 305 QUALIFICATION — qualification, accomplish- ment 289 QUALIFIED— competent, fitted, qualified 154 TO QUALIFY— to fit, equip, prepare, qualify. . 154 |rO QUALIFY— to qualify, temper, humour 388 OF QUALITY— of fashion, of qualit}', of dis- tinction 474 QUALITY— quality, property, attribute 232 QUANTITY— dea!, quantity, portion 486 QUARREL— difierence, dispute, quarrel, alterca- tion 133 QUARREL — quarrel, broil, feud, affray or fray. . 133 QUARTER— district, region, tract, quarter QUERY QUESTION TO QUESTION— to doubt, question, dispute.... 95 TO QUESTION— to ask, inquire, question, inter- rogate 97 QUICKNESS — quickness, swiftness, fleetness, celerity, rapidity, velocity 262 QUIET — ease, quiet, rest, repose 362 QUIET— peace, quiet, cahn, tranquillity 361 TO QUIET— to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 TO QUIT— to leave, quit, relinquish 255 TO QUrVER— to shake, tremble, shudder, qui- ver, quake..; 305 TO QUOTE— to cite, quote, 469 RACE — course, race, passage 275 RACE — family, house, lineage, race 495 RACE — race, generation, breed 497 TO RACK— to break, rack, rend, tear 501 RADIANCE — radiance, brilliancy 475 TO RADIATE — to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, radiate 476 RAGE— anger, choler, rage, fury 119 RAGE— madness, plirensy, rage, fury 281 TO RAISE— to lieigiiten, raise, aggravate 355 \ question, query 97 P»g« TO RAISE— to lift, raise, erect, elevate, exalt. . . 354 TO RALLY — to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, banter 103 RAMBLE — excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt.. . 3U3 TO RAMBLE — to vrander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range 120 RANCOUR— hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancour ... 137 RANCOUR— malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique 381 TO RANGE— to class, arrange, range 277 TO RANGE— to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range 126 RANK— class, order, rank, degree 276 TO Rx-^NSOM — to redeem, ransom 440 RAPACIOUS — rapacious, ravenous, voracious. . 50~ RAPIDITY— quickness, swiftness, fleetness, cele rity, rapidity, velocity 262 RAPINE— rapine, plunder, pillage 507 RAPTURE— ecstasy, rapture, transport 318 R ARE— rare, scarce, singular 250 TO RASE— to blot out, e.\punge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate 243 RA SH— foolhardy, adventurous, rash 321 RASHNESS— rashness, temerity, hastiness, preci- pitancy S63 RATE — rate, proportion, ratio 434 RATE— tax, rate, assessment 168 RATE— value, worth, rate, price 436 TO RATE— to estimate, compute, rate 432 RATIO — rate, proportion, ratio 434 RATIONAL— rational, reasonable 71 RAVAGE— ravcige, desolation, devastation 506 TO RAVAGE — to overspread, overrun, ravage. . 507 RAVENOUS — rapacious, ravenous, voracious... 507 RAY — gleam, glimmer, ray, beam 476 TO RAZE — to demolish, raze, dismantle, destroy 505 TO REACH— to reach, stretch, extend 343 READY— easy, ready 363 READY- ready, apt, prompt 297 REAL — actual, real, positive '. . 293 REAL — intrinsick, genuine, real 437 TO REALIZE— to fulfil, accomplish, realize.... 289 REALM — state, realm, commonwealth 189 REASON — argument, reason, proof. 77 REASON — cause, reason, motive 77 REASON — consideration, reason 77 REASON — sake, account, reason, purpose, end. . 535 REASONABLE — fair, honest, equitable, reason- able 428 REASONABLE— rational, reasonable 71 REBELLION— contumacy, rebellion 210 REBELLION — insurrection, sedition, rebellion, revolt 208 TO REBOUND— to rebound, reverberate, recoil 305 TO REBUFF— to refuse, decline, reject, repel, rebuff 232 TO REBUKE — to check, chide, reprimand, re- prove, rebuke 110 TO RECALL i to abjure, recant, retract, revoke, TO RECANTS recall 217 TO RECAPITULATE— to repeat, recite, recapi- tulate, rehearse 465 TO RECEDE— to recede, retreat, withdraw, re- tire, secede 253 RECEIPT— receipt, reception 233 »V INDEX Page TO RECEIVE— to take, receive, accept 233 TO RECEIVE— to iulniit, receive 235 RECENT— fresh, new, novel, recent, modern 268 RECEPTION— receiiJt, reception 233 RECIPROCAL— mutual, reciprocal 334 RECIPROCITY— interchange, exchange, recipro- city 334 RECITAL — relation, recital, narration 466 TO RECITE— to repeal, recite, rehearse, recapi- tulate 465 TO RECKON — to calculate, compute, reckon, count or account, number 432 RECKONING — account, bill, reckoning 433 TO RECLAIM— to reclaim, reform 203 TO RECLINE— to recline, repose 363 TO RECOGNISE— to recognise, acknowledge .. 44-2 TO RECOIL— to rebound, reverberate, recoil ... 305 RECOLLECTION- memory, remembrance, re- collection, reminiscence 72 RECOMPENSE — compensation, amends, satis- faction, remuneration, recompense, requital. . 438 RECOMPENSE— gratuity, recompense 440 TO RECONCILE— to conciliate, reconcile 153 TO RECORD— to enrol, enlist, record, register. . . 468 RECORD— record, register, archive 469 TO RECOUNT— to relate, recount, describe 466 TO RECOVER— to recover, retrieve, repair, re- cruit 440 RECOVERY- recovery, restoration 440 RECREATION— amusement, entertainment, di- version, sport, recreation, pastime 391 TO RECRUIT — to recover, retrieve, repair, re- cruit 440 TO RECTIFY— to amend, correct, reform, rectify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 RECTITUDE— rectitude, uprightness 428 TO REDEEM— to redeem, ransom 440 REDRESS— redress, relief 365 TO REDUCE— to reduce, lower 148 REDUNDANCY — redundancy, superfluity, ex- cess 343 TO REEL— to stagger, reel, totter 303 TO REFER— to allude, refer, hint, suggest 326 TO REFER— to refer, relate, respect, regard 326 REFINED— polite, polished, refined, genteel 1S9 REFINEMENT— cultivation, civilization, refine- ment 198 TO REFLECT— 10 consider, reflect 76 TO REFLECT — to think, reflect, muse, pon- der 76 REFLECTION— insinuation, reflection 327 TO REFORM — to amend,correct, reform, rectify, emend, improve, mend, better 201 TO REFORM— to reclaim, reform 203 REFORM REFORMATION REFRACTORY— unruly, ungovernable, refrac- tory 208 TO REFRAIN— to abstain, forJ)ear, refrain 244 TO REFRESH— to revive, refresh, renovate re- new .« .. 269 REFUGE — asylum, refuge, sneiter, retreal ... .. 518 TO REFUSE— to deny, refuse » 232 REFUSE— dregs, sediment, dross, scum. tiii:sdm. 515 reform, reformation 203 Figa TO REFUSE— to refuse, decline, reject, repel, re- buff 232 TO REFUTE— to confute, refute, oppugn, dis- prove 115 REG AL— royal, regal, kingly 189 REGARD — care, concern, regard 425 TO REGARD— to attend to, mind, heed, regard.. 422 TO REG ARD— to esteem, respect, regard 427 TO REG ARD— to consider, regard 77 TO REGARD— to refer, relalc, respect, regard. . . 326 REGARDFUL— mindful, regardful, observant. .. . 40ti REGARDLESS — indificrent, unconcerned, re- gardless 375 REGI.MEN— food, diet, regimen 514 REGION— district, region, quarter 498 TO REGISTER— to enrol, enlist, record, register 468 REGISTER— record, register, archive 469 REGISTER— list, roll, catalogue, register 463 TO REGRET— to complain, lament, regret 409 TO REGULATE— to direct, dispose, regulate... 191 TO REGULATE— to govern, rule, regulate 206 TO REHEARSE — to repeat, recite, rehearse, re- capitulate 465 REIGN — empire, reign, dominion 187 TO REJECT — to refuse, decline, reject, repel, re- buff- 232 REJOINDER — answer, reply, rejoinder, response 460 TO RELATE— to refer, relate, respect, regard... 326 TO RELATE— to relate, recount, describe 466 RELATED— connected, related 419 RELATION— relation, recital, narration 466 RELATION ) relation, relative, kindred, kins- RELATIVE \ man 496 RELATIONSHIP— kindred, relationship, affinity, consanguinity 497 TO RELAX— to relax, remit 256 RELENTLESS— implacable, unrelenting, relent- less, inexorable 381 RELEVA NT— pertinent, relevant 327 RELIANCE — dependence, reliance 416 RELICKS — leavings, remains, rehclts 255 RELIEF— redress, relief 365 TO RELIEVE— to alleviate, relieve 361 TO RELIEVE— to help, assist, aid, succour, re- lieve 364 RELIGIOUS— holy, pious, devout, religious 89 TO RELINaUISH— to abandon, desert, forsake, relinquish 243 TO RELINaUISH— to leave, quit, relinquish .. 255 RELISH — taste, flavour, relish, savour 512 RELUCTANT— averse, unwilling, backward, re- luctant, loath 136 TO REMAIN— to continue, remain, stay 263 REMAINDER — rest, remainder, remnant, resi- due 270 REMAINS — leavings, remains, relicks 25r REMARK — remark, observation, comment, note, annotation, comnicniary 451 REMARKABLE— extraordinary, remarkable ... 451 TO REMARK — to notice, remark, observe 450 TO REMEDY— to cure, heal, remedy 365 REMEDY— cure, remedy 365 REMEMBRANCE — memory, remembrance, re- collection, reminiscence 73 INDEX. S Fags I REMEMBRANCER— monument, memorial, re- membrancer 500 REMINISCENCE— memory, remembrance, recol- lection, reminiscence ' -^ REMISS— negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtless, heedless, iiiaitenlive 424 TO REMIT— to forgive, pardon, absolve, remit. . 87 TO REMIT— to relax, remit 25G REMNANT— rest, remainder, remnant, residue.. 270 TO REMONSTRATE — to expostulate, remon- strate 459 REMORSE — repentance, penitence, contrition, compunction, remorse 87 REMOTE— distant, far, remote 286 REMUNERATION— compensation, satisfaction, amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, reward 438 TO REND— to break, rack, rend, tear 501 TO RENEW ) to revive, refresh, renovate, TO RENOVATE ^ renew 269 TO RENOUNCE— to abandon, resign, renounce, abdicate 943 RENOWN— fame, reputation, renown 472 RENOWNED— famous, celebrated, renowned, il- lustrious 473 TO REPAIR— to recover, retrieve, repair, recruit 440 REPARATION— restoration, restitution, repara- tion, amends 439 REP ARTEE— retort, repartee 461 TO REPAY— to restore, return, repay 439 TO REPEAL— to abolish, abrogate, repeal, annul, revoke, cancel • • 247 TO REPEAT— to repeat, recite, rehearse, recapi- tulate 465 TO REPEL— to refuse, decline, reject, repel, rebuff 232 REPENTANCE— repentance, penitence, contri- tion, compunction, remorse 88 REPETITION— repetition, tautology 466 TO REPINE — to complain, murmur, repine 409 REPLY— answer, reply, rejoinder, response 460 REPORT- fame, report, rumour, hearsay 472 REPOSE — ease, quiet, rest, repose 362 TO REPOSE— to recline, repose 363 REPREHENSION— reprehension, reproof. HO REPRESENTATION— show, exhibition, repre- sentation, sight, spectacle 452 TO REPRESS — to repress, restrain, suppress.... 221 REPRIEVE— reprieve, respite 257 TO REPRIMAND — to check, chide, reprimand, reprove, rebuke 110 REPRISAL — retaliation, reprisal - 440 REPROACH — discredit, reproach, scandal, dis- grace ]07 REPROACH— reproach, contumely, obloquy .... 108 TO REPROACH— to blame, reprove, reproach, upbraid, cetwure, condemn 110 REPROACHFUL— reproachful, abusive, scurri- lous 109 REPROBATE — profligate, abandoned, repro- bate 249 TO REPROBATE— to reprobate, condemn 109 REPROOF— reprehension, reproof .'!. 110 TO REPROVE— to check, chide, reprimand, re- prove, rebuke 110 4* REPUGNANCE — aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance 136 REPUTATION— character, reputation 472 REPUTATION— fame, reputation, renown 473 REPUTATION )nanie, reputation, credit, re- REPUTE ) pute 473 REQUEST— prayer, petition, request, entreaty, suit 87 TO REQUEST— to ask, beg, request 157 TO REaUIRE—to demand, require 228 REQUI.SITE — necessary, expedient, essential, re- quisite 417 REQUITAL — compensation, satisfaction, amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, reward. . 438 REQUITAL— retribution, requital 440 TO RESCUE— to deliver, rescue, save 240 RESEARCH — examination, search, inquiry, re- search, investigation, scrutiny 98 RESEMBLANCE— likeness, resemblance, simi- larity or similitude 532 RESENTFUL— resentful, revengeful, vindictive 119 RESENTMENT— anger, resentment, wrath, ire, indignation 113 RESERVATION ) RESERVE J '■eserve, reservation 1-8 TO RESERVE— to reserve, retain 173 TO RESIDE — to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, in- habit 263 RESIDUE — rest, remainder, remnant, residue... 270 TO RESIGN — to abandon, resign, renounce, ab- dicate 243 TO RESIGN— to give up, abandon, forego, re- sign 242 RESIGNATION — patience, endurance, 'resigna- tion -. 149 TO RESIST— to oppose, withstand, thwart, re- sist 115 TO RESOLVE— to determine, resolve 5^3 TO RESOLVE— to solve, resolve 224 RESOLUTE— decided, determined, resolute 224 RESOLUTION— courage, fortitude, resolution. . . 140 TO RESORT TO— to frequent, haunt, resort to.. 494 RESOURCE— expedient, resource 535 TO RESPECT— to esteem, respect, regard 427 TO RESPECT — to honour, reverence, respect. . . 427 TO RESPECT— to refer, relate, respect, regard. . 326 RESPECTFUL— dutiful, obedient, respectful 150 RESPITE— interval, respite 257 RESPITE— reprieve, respite 257 RESPONSE— answer, reply, rejoinder, response 460 RESPONSIBLE — ans\verable, responsible, ac- countable, amenable 183 REST — cessation, stop, rest, intermission 2.57 REST— case, q\iiet, rest, repose .362 REST— rest, remainder, remnant, resrdne 270 TO REST— to found, ground, rest, build 493 TO REST— to stand, stop, rest, stagnate 253 RESTITUTION j restoration, restitution, repa- RESTORATION $ ration, amends 439 RESTORATION— recovery, restoration 440 TO RESTORE— to restore, return, repay 439 TO RESTRAIN— to coerce, restrain • 220 TO RESTRAIN— to repress, restrain, suppress . 22J TO RESTRAIN, vide RESTRICTION. lii INDEX. Page RESTRAINT— constraint, restraint, restriction. . 220 TO RESTRICT— to bound,limit,confiae,circuni- scribe, restrict 1^6 TO RESTRICT, vide RESTRICTION. RESTRICTION — constraint, restraint, restriction !K0 RESULT— effect, consequence, result, issue, event 290 TO RETAIN— to liold, keep, detain, retain 236 TO RETAIN — to reserve, retain l''^8 RETALIATION— retaliation, reprisal 440 TO RETARD— to delay, deler, postpone, procras- tinate, prolong, protract, retard 260 TO RETARD— to retard, hinder 260 RETINUE— procession, train, retinue 493 TO RETIRE— to recede, retreat, retire, secede, withdraw ~^^ RETIREMENT— privacy, retirement, seclusion. . 253 RETORT— retort, repartee 461 TO RETRACT— to abjure, recant, retract, re- voke, recall "4/ RETREAT— asylum, refuge, shelter, retreat 518 TO RETREAT— to recede, retreat, retire, with- draw, secede 253 RETRIBUTION— retribution, requital 440 TO RETRIEVE— to recover, retrieve, repair, re- cruit 440 RETROSPECT— retrospect, review, survey 4S0 TO RETURN— to restore, return, repay 439 Tis» TO RETURN— to revert, return- 32: TO REVEAL— to publish, promulgate, divulge, reveal, disclose 443 TO REVENGE— to avenge, revenge, vindicate.. 119 REVENGEFUL— resentful, revengeful, vindictive 119 TO REVERBERATE— to rebound, reverberate, recoil ■^^'^ TO REVERE ) to adore, reverence, vene- TO REVERENCE ) rate,revere 81 REVERENCE— awe, reverence, dread 307 TO REVERENCE— to honour, reverence, respect 427 REVERIE— dream, reverie 9^ TO REVERSE— to overturn, overthrow, subvert. RIDICULOUS— laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, comical or coniick, droll 103 RIGHT— straight, right, direct 430 RIGHT— right, just, proper 430 RIGHT— right, claim, privilege 228 RIGHTEOUS— godly, righteous 90 RIGID 1 austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, RIGOROUSi stern 382 RIGOROUS— harsh, rough, severe, rigorous 382 RIM— border, edge, rim, brim, brink, margin, verge 1~G RIND— skin, hide, peel, rind 518 RIPE— ripe, mature 287 RISE — origin, original, rise, source 292 TO RISE — to rise, issue, emerge 291 TO RISE— to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, scale 302 TO RISK— to hazard, venture, risk 171 RITE — form, ceremony, rite, observance 83 RIVALRY— competition, emulation, rivalry 131 ROAD — way, road, route or rout, course 275 TO ROAM— to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range J26 ROBBERY— depredation, robbery ..."... 505 ROBUST— strong, firm, robust, sturdy 372 ROLL— list, catalogue, roll, register 468 ROMANCE— fable, tale, novel, romance 467 ROOM — space, room 350 TO ROT— to rot, putrefy, corrupt 504 ROTUNDITY— roundness, rotundity 351 TO ROVE- towander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range 126 ROUGH— abrupt, rugged, rough 201 ROUGH— coarse, rough, rude 201 ROUGH— harsh, rough, severe, rigorous 382 ROUNDNESS— roundness, rotundity 351 ROUND — circuit, tour, round 175 TO ROUSE— to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, invert, reverse . 503 480 108 , [ revisal, revision, review 480 (Stir up . 310 TO REVERT— to revert, return 327 REVIEW— retrospect, review, survey 480 REVIEW— revisal, revision, review. TO R EVILE— 1« revile, vilify REVISAL REVISION TO REVIVE— to revive, refresh, renovate, re- new 269 TO REVOKE— to abjure, recant, retract, revoke, recall 247 TO REVOKE— to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- voke, annul, cancel • 247 REVOLT— insurrection, sedition, rebellion, re- volt 208 REWARD— compensation, satisfaction, amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, reward 438 RHETORICK— elocution, eloquence, oratory, rhe- torick 462 RICHES— riches, wealth, opulence, affluence — 340 RIDICULE— ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm 104 TO RIDICULE— to laugh at, ridicule 103 TO RIDICULE— to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, bantei ^^^ TO ROUT— to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, overthrow 143 ROUTE— way, road, route or rout, course 275 ROYAL— royal, regal, kingly 189 TO RUB— to rub, chafe, fret, gall 309 RUDE— coarse, rough, rude 201 RUDE — impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- lent 200 RUEFUL— piteous, doleful, woful, rueful 411 RUGGED— abrupt, rugged, rough 201 RUIN— bane, pest, ruin 503 RUIN— destruction, ruin 504 RUINOUS— destructive, ruinous, pernicious 504 RULE— order, method, rule 276 RULE— guide, rule 210 RULE— maxim, precept, rule, law 211 TO RULE— to govern, rule, regulate 206 RULING — prevailing, prevalent, rjiling, predomi- nant 205 RUMOUR— fame, report, rumour, hearsay 472 RUPTURE— rupture, fractutB, fraction 502 Sust^ck!'"^^'''"^"'^'' ^ RUSTICK— countrjman, peasant, swain, hind, rustkk, clown 33* INDEX. liii SACUAMENT— Lord's supper, eucharist, sacra- ment ••• SACRED— holy, sacred, divine SAD — dull, gloomy, sad, dismal SAD — mournful, sad SAFE— safe, secure SAGE 1 • . SAGACIOUS ( "''S^' ''S^"°"'' ''P''"' SAGACITY— penetration, acuteness, sagacity. . . SAILOR— seaman, waterman, sailor, mariner... SALARY— allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay SAKE— sake, account, reason, purpose, end SALUBRIOUS J healthy, wholesome, salubrious, SALUTARY I salutary SALUTE^'°''^ \ ''^"'*' ^=''"'^''°"> ef«'^"ng TO SALUTE— to accost, address, salute TO SANCTION— to countenance, sanction, sup- port SANCTITY— holiness, sanctity SANE— sound, sane, healthy SANGUINARY— bloody, blood-thirsty, sangui- nary TO SAP— to sap, undermine SAPIENT— sage, sagacious, sapient SARCASM— ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm TO SATIATE— to satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy SATIRE— ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm SATIRE — wit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque SATISFACTION — compensation, satisfaction, amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, reward SATISFACTION — contentment, satisfaction. . . . TO S.ATISFY- to satisfy, please, gratify TO SATISFY- to satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy.... SAUCY— impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, in- solent SAVAGE— cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, savage SAVAGE — ferocious, fierce, savage TO SAVE — to deliver, rescue, save TO SAVE— to keep, save, preserve TO SAVE — to save, spare, preserve, protect SAVING — economical, saving, sparing, thrifty, pe- nurious, niggardly TO SAUNTER— to linger, tarry, loiter, saunter, lag S.WOUR — taste, flavour, relish, savour SAW, vide SAYING. TO SAY— to speak, say, tell SAYING — axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw TO SCALE — to arise or lise, mount, ascend, climb, scale SCANDAL — discredit, disgrace, reproach, scandal SCANDALOUS— infamous, scandalous SCANTY— bare, scanty, destitute scarce; — rare, scarce, singular SCARCELY— hardly, scarcely SCARCITY— scarcity, dearth TO SCATTER— to spread, scatter, disperse SCENT— smell, scent, odour, {.erfume, fragrance SCHEME— design, j-ian, scheme, project Page S3 89 410 410 366 401 401 337 164 535 36G 461 461 310 88 306 507 50-2 401 104 383 104 70 438 384 383 383 200 373 374 240 178 179 161 261 512 465 210 302 107 108 250 250 364 250 344 511 534 SCHISMATICK— heretick, schisraatick, secta- rian, dissenter, nonconformist SCHOLAR— scholar, disciple, pupil SCHOOL — school, academy SCIENCE— knowledge, science, learning, erudi- tion TO SCOFF— to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer SCOPE — tendency, drift, scope, aim TO SCORN — to contemn, despise, scorn, disdain SCORNFUL — contemptuous, scornful, disdainful TO SCREAM— to cry, scream, shriek TO SCREEN— to cover, shelter, screen SCRIBE— writer, penman, scribe TO SCRUPLE— to scruple, hesitate, waver, fluc- tuate SCRUPULOUS — conscientious, scrupulous TO SCRUTINIZE— to pry, scrutinize, dive into SCRUTINY — examination, search, inquiry, re- search, investigation, scrutiny SCUM — dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse SCURRILOUS — reproachful, abusive, scurrilous SEAL — seal, stamp SEAMAN— seaman, waterman, sailor, mariner. . SEARCH — examination, search, inquiry, investi- gation, research, scrutiny TO SEARCH — to examine, seek, search, explore SEASON 1 time, season, timely, season- SEASONABLEi able TO SECEDI>-lo recede, retreat, retire, with- draw, secede SECLUSION — privacy, retirement, seclusion... TO SECOND— to second, support SECOND J , .... „ „ > second, secondary, infenour. .. . SECONDARY i ' ■" SECRECY— concealment, secrecy SECRET— clandestine, secret SECRET— secret, hidden, latent, occult, myste- rious TO SECRETE— to conceal, hide, secrete TO SECRETE ONE'S SELF— to abscond, steal away, secrete one's self heretick, schismatick, sectarian, sectary, dissenter, nonconform- ist 92 SEOUL AR— secular, temporal, worldly 90 SECURE — certain, sure, secure 366 SECURE— safe, secure 306 SECURITY— deposite, pledge, security 183 SECURITY— fence, guard, security 183 SEDATE— composed, sedate 227 SEDIMENT — dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse 515 SEDITION— insurrection, sedition, rebellion, re- volt 208 SEDITIOUS— factious, seditious 209 SEDITIOUS— tunrultuous, turbulent, seditious, mutinous 208 TO SEDUCE— to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, decoy 319 SEDULOUS— seduleus, diligent, assiduous 297 TO SEE— to look, see, behold, view, eye 482 TO SEE — to see, perceive, observe 482 TO SEEK— to examine, seek, search, explore- •. . 98 TO SEEM— to seem, appear 483 SEE.MLY— becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suitable 24e 92 197 197 196 104 325 101 102 470 517 336 97 88 99 98 515 109 450 337 98 93 266 253 253 365 274 519 520 520 519 520 SECTARIAN SECTARY *▼ INDEX. Pige TO SEIZE— to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe 237 SEIZURE— capture, seizure, prize 506 TO SELECT— to choose, picli, select 234 SELF-CONCEIT " SELF SUFFICIENCY SELF-WILL SEMBLANCE— show, outside appearance, sem b'ance SENIOR— senior, elder, older SENSATION— sentiment, sensation, perception. SENSATION i ^^^|.^g^ sensation, sense 376 self-will, self-conceit, self-sufficiency 100 453 269 37C pm. 70 456 376 376 • sensible, sensitive, sentient 375 SENSE SENSE— sense, judgement SENSE— sigiiitication, meaning, import, sense SENSIBILITY — feeling, sensibility, susceptibi- lity TO BE SENSIBLE— to feel, be sensible, con- scious SENSIBLE SENSITIVE SENSUALIST— sensualist, voluptuary, epicure. . 375 SENTENCE— decision, judgement, sentence 224 SENTENCE— sentence, period, phrase, proposi- tion 464 T.O SENTENCE— to sentence, condemn, doom.. 169 SENTENTIOUS— sententious, sentimental 376 SENTIENT— sensible, sensitive, sentient 375 SENTIMENT— sentiment, sensation, perception. . 376 SENTIMENT— opinion, sentiment, notion 80 SENTIMENTAL— sententious, sentimental 376 SENTINEL— guard, sentinel 180 SEPARATE— ditferent, distinct, separate 282 TO SEPARATE— to abstract, separate, distin- guish 420 TO SEPAR.VTE— to divide, separate, part 484 TO SEPARATE— to separate, sever, disjoin, de- tach 421 SEPULCHRE— grave, tomb, sepulchre 500 SEPULTURE— burial, interment, sepulture 84 SEQUEL— sequel, close 284 SERENE— calm, placid, serene 362 SERIES— series, course , 275 SERIES— succession, series, order 271 SERIOUS— eager, earnest, serious 392 SERIOUS— grave, serious, solemn 392 SERVANT— servant, domestick, menial, drudge 328 service; — advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, use 398 SERVICE— benefit, service, good office 166 SERVITUDE— servitude, slavery, bondage 328 TO SET— to put, place, lay, set 280 TO SET FREE— to free, set free, deliver, libe- rate 240 TO SETTLE— to compose, settle 227 TO SETTLE— to fix, determine, settle, limit 227 TO SETTLE— to fix, settle, establish 227 TO SEVER — to separate, sever, disjoin, de'ach.. 421 SEVERAL— different, several, divers, sundry, va- rious' 283 SEVERE — austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern. . 382 SEVERE — harsh, rough, severe, rigorous 382 SEVERE— strict, severe 204 BEX— blender, sex 514 SHACKLE— chain, fetter, band, shackle 2i7 SHADE )shade,shadow 481 SHADOW S TO SHAKE— to shake, tremble, shudder, quiver, quake ^^^ TO SHAKE— to shake, agitate, toss 304 SHALLOW— superficial, shallow, flimsy 457 SHAME— dishonour, disgrace, shame 107 SHAMELESS— immodest, impudent, shameless.. 247 TO SHAPE— to form, fashion, mould, shape 293 TO SHARE— to divide, distribute, share 485 SHARE— part, division, portion, share 485 TO SHARE— to partake, participate, share 486 SHARP— sharp, acute, keen 402 TO SHED— to pour, spill, shed 346 SHELTER— asylum, refuge, shelter, retreat 518 TO SHELTER— to cover, shelter, screen 517 TO SHELTER— to harbour, shelter, lodge 517 SHIFT- evasion, shift, subterfuge 526 TO SHINE — to shine, glitter, sparkle, radiate, glare 470 SHOCK— shock, concussion 305 SHOCKING— formidable, dreadful, shocking, ter- rible 308 TO SHOOT— to shoot, dart 305 SHORT— short, brief, concise, succinct, summary 286 SHOW — show, outside, appearance, semblance. . 453 SHOW — show, exhibition, representation, sight, spectacle 452 SHOW— show, parade, ostentation 453 TO SHOW— to show, point out, mark, indicate.. 451 TO SHOW— to show, exliibit, display 452 SHOWY — showy, gaudy, gay 453 SHREWD— acute, keen, shrewd 401 TO SHRIEK— to cry, scream, shriek 470 TO SHRINK— to spring, s'.art, startle, shrink 304 TO SHUDDER— to shake, tremble, quiver, quake, shudder 303 TO SHUN— to avoid, eschew, shun, elude 527 TO SHUT— to close, shut 286 SICK 1 [ sick, sickly, diseased, morbid 367 SICKLY 1 SICKNESS— sickness, illness, indisposition 367 SIGHT— show, exhibition, representation, sight, spectacle 452 SIGN— mark, sign, note, symptom, token, indica- tion 447 SIGN ) . . , .r- signalI'^'S"'^'^""' ''^ SIGN AL— signal, memorable 474 TO SIGNALIZE — to signalize, distinguish 474 SIGNIFICANT— significant, expressive 456 SIGNIFICATION— signification, meaning, sense, import 456 SIGNIFICATION — signification, avail, import- ance, consequence, moment, weight 45S TO SIGNIFY— to denote, signify, imply 456 TO SIGNIFY— to express, declare, signify, utter, testify 455 SILENCE — silence, taciturnity 464 SILENT — silent, dumb, mute, speechless 464 SILLY— simple, silly, foolish 401 SIMILARITY— likeness, resemblance, similarity or similitude 538 INDEX Page Iv [ simile, similitude, comparison. . . 532 SIMILE SIMILITUDE \ SIMILITUDE— likeneas, resemblance, similarity or similitude 532 SIMPLE— simple, single, singular 250 SIMPLE— simple, silly, foolish 401 SIMULATION— simulation, dissimulation 520 SIN — Clime, vice, sin 122 SINCERE— candid, open, sincere 430 SINCERE— hearty, warm, sincere, cordial 431 SINCERE— sincere, honest, true, plain 430 SINGLE— solitary, sole, only, single 251 SINGLE— one, single, only 251 SINGLE >.,.,•, orn SINGULAR ] ^""P'"' ^'"2'"' ''"S"'"' ^" SINGULAR— rare, scarce, singular 250 SINGULAR— particular, singular, odd, eccentrick, strange 385 TO SINK— to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble 303 SITE— place, spot, site 278 SITUATION— circumstance, situation 173 SITUATION— place, situation, station, position, post 278 SITUATION — situation, condition, state, predica- ment, plight, case 279 SIZE— size, magnitude, greatness, bulk 348 TO SKETCH— to paint, depict, delineate, sketch 338 SKETCH— sketch, outlines 338 SKILFUL — clever, skilful, expert, adroit, dexter- ous 60 SKIN— skin, hide, peel, rind 518 SLACK— slack, loose 256 TO SLANDER— to asperse, detract, defame, ca- lumniate, slander _. 105 SLAVERY— servitude, slavery, bondage 328 SLAUGHTER — carnage, slaughter, massacre, butchery 510 TO SLAY — to kill, murder, slay, assassinate ... . 510 TO SLEEP-i-to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap 300 SLEEPY— sleepy, drowsy, lethargick 300 SLENDER— thin, slender, slight, slim 351 TO SLIDE— to slip, slide, glide 303 SLIGHT— cursory, hasty, slight, desultory 262 „^ X., f thin, slender, slight, slim 351 SLIM > ' TO SLIGHT— to disregard, neglect, slight 423 TO SLIP— to slip, slide, glide 303 SLOTHFUL— inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, slug- gish 298 SLOW— slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious 200 SLUGGISH — inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, slug- gish 298 TO SLUMBER— to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap 300 SLY — cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily 522 SMALL— littlt^ diminutive, small 350 TO SMKAR— to smear, daub 515 SMELL — smell, scent, odour, perfume, fragrance 511 SMOOTH— even, smooth, level, plain 435 TO SMOTHER— to stifle, suppress, smother 222 TO SMOTHER — to suffocate, stifle, smother, choke 222 TO SNATCH— to lay or take hold of, catch, seize. enatcb, grasp, gripe. TO SNEER— to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer 104 TO SOAK— to soak, drench, steep 512 SOBER — abstinent, sober, abstemious, temperate 244 SOBER— sober, grave 39ii SOBRIETY — modesty, moderation, temperance, sobriety 245 SOCIAL ) . . SOCIABLF p°"^'^'^'i social, sociable 487 SOCIETY — association, society, company, part- nership 488 SOCIETY— community, society 487 SOCIETY— fellowship, society 489 SOCIETY— society, company 487 SOFT— soft, mild, gentle, meek 359 TO SOIL— to stain, soil, sully, tarnish 514 TO SOJOURN— to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, inhabit 263 TO SOLACE— to console, solace, comfort 356 SOLDIER-LIKE— martial, military, soldier-like, warlike 337 SOLE — solitary, sole, only, single 251 SOLEMN — grave, serious, solemn 392 TO SOLICIT— to beg, beseech, solicit, eiitreat, supplicate, implore, crave 158 SOLICITATION— solicitation, importunity 158 SOLICITUDE— care, anxiety, solicitude 425 SOLID— firm, fixed, solid, stable 226 SOLID— hard, firm, sohd 373 SOLID— substantial, solid 372 SOLITARY— alone, solitary, lonely 252 SOLITARY— solitary, sole, only, single 251 SOLITARY— solitary , desert, desolate 253 TO SOLVE— to solve, resolve 224 SOME— some, any 250 SOON — soon, early, betimes 262 TO SOOTH — to allay, sooth, appease, assuage, mitigate 361 SORDID— mean, pitiful, sordid 411 SORROW— affliction, grief, sorrow 408 SORRY— sorry, grieved, hurl 412 SORT — kind, species, sort 49S SOVEREIGN — prince, monarch, sovereign, po- tentate 188 SOUL— soul, mind C5 SOUND— sound, sane, healthy 366 SOUND— sound, tone 511 SOURCE— origin, original, rise, source 2^ SOURCE— spring, fountain, source 353 SPACE— space, room 350 SPACIOUS— ample, spacious, capacious 350 TO SPARE— to give, afford, spare 103 TO SPARE— to save, spare, preserve, protect 179 SPARING— economical, saving, sparing, thrifty, niijgardly 10- SPARK— gallant, beau, spark 381 TO SPARKLE— to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, radiate 476 TO SPEAK— to speak, say, tell 465 TO SPEAK— to speak, talk, converse, discourse.. 459 TO SPEAK— to utter, speak, articulate, pro- nounce 459 SPECIAL— special, speciflck, particular 252 SPECIES— kind, species, sort 496 . 252 237 I SPECIFICK— special, specifick, particular. I?i .J I , , n INDEX. '"■■•" Page SPECIMEN' — copy, model, pattern, specimen.... 530 SPECIOUS — colourable, speciou.-, ostensible, fea- sible, plausible 516 SPECK — blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw '. 127 SPECTACLE— show, exhibition, representation, 3ight, spectacle 452 SPECTATOR— looker-on, spectator, beholder, ob- server 482 SPECTRE — vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, ghost 479 SPECULATION— theory, speculation 80 SPEECH — address, speech, harangue, oration .... 461 SPEECH— language, tongue, speech, idiom, dia- lect 463 SPEECHLESS— silent, dumb, mute, speechless. . 464 TO SPEED — to hasten, accelerate, speed, expe- dite, despatch 261 TO SPEND— to spend, exhaust, drain 344 TO SPEND— to spend or expend, waste, dissi- pate, squander 344 SPHERE — circle, sphere, orb, globe 175 TO SPILL— to pour, spill, shed 346 SPIRIT — animation, life, vivacity, spirit 356 SPIRITED— spirituous, spirited, spiritual, ghostly 66 SPIRITUAL — incorporeal, unbodied, immaterial, spiritual 66 SPIRITUAL \ spirituous, spirited, ghostly, spi- SPIRITUOUSJ ritual 66 SPITE — malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique... . 381 SPLENDOUR— brightness, lustre, splendour, bril- liancy 474 SPLENDOUR — splendour, magnificence, pomp. . 453 SPLENETICK — gloomy, naorose, sullen, splene- ti£k 411 TO SPLIT— to break, burst, crack, split 502 SPOIL — booty, spoil, prey 506 SPONTANEOUSLY— willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily 159 SPORT — amusement, diversion, entertainment, sport, recreation, pastime 391 SPORT— play, game, sport 384 TO SPORT— to jest, joke, make game of, sport. . 104 SPORTIVE — lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, merry, jocund 389 SPOT— i)lace, spot, site 278 SPOT — blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw Ii27 SPOTLESS, vide UNSPOTTED. TO SPOUT— to spurt, spout 353 SPRAIN— strain, sprain, stress, force 221 TO SPREAD— to spread, scatter, disperse 344 TO SPREAD— to spread, expand, diffuse 346 TO SPREAD— to spread, circulate, propagate, dis- seminate 345 SPRIGHTLY— cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay... 389 SPRIGHTLY- lively, sprightly, vivacious, sport- ive, merry 389 SPRING — spring, fountain, source 353 TO SPRING — to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, emanate 291 TO SPRING— to spring, start, startle, shrink 304 TO SPRINKLE— to sprinkle, bedew 353 TO SPROUT— to sprout, bud 353 SPRUCE— finicil, foppish, spruce 386 SPURIOUS — spurious, suppositious, counterfeit.. 529 TO SPURT— to spurt, spout 353 SPY — emissary, spy 445 TO SQUANDER— to spend or expend, waste, squander 344 SQUEAMISH— fastidious, squeamish 385 SQUEEZE— to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, crush 501 TO SQUEEZE— to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe. . 309 STABILITY — constancy, stability, steadiness, firmness 226 STABLE— firm, fixed, solid, stable 226 ST AFF— staff, stay, prop, support 238 STAFF— staff, slick, crutch 239 TO STAGGER— to stagger, reel, totter 303 TO STAGNATE— to stand, stop, rest, stagnate.. 258 STAIN— blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw 127 TO STAIN— to colour, dye, tinge, stain 516 TO STAIN— to stain, soil, sully, tarnish 514 TO STAMMER— to hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter 97 STAMP— mark, print, impression, stamp 446 TO STAMP— to seal, stamp 450 TO STAND— to stand, stop, rest, stagnate 258 STANDARD— criterion, standard 225 TO STARE— to stare, gape, gaze 479 TO START 1 . ^ . . .>„ TO STARTLE \ '° ^P""^' ^'^'''' ^*^''"^' shrink. . 304 STATE — situation, condition, state, predicament, plight, case 279 STATE— state, realm, commonwealth 189 ST ATION— condition, station 280 STATION — place, situation, station, position, post 273 STATELY— magisterial, majestick, stately, pomp- ous, august, dignified 454 STAY— staff, stay, support 238 TO STAY— to continue, remain, stay 263 STEADINESS— constancy, stability, steadiness, firmness 226 TO STEAL AWAY— to abscond, steal away, se- crete one's self 520 TO STEEP— to soak, drench, steep 512 STEP— pace, step 301 STERN— austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern... 382 STICK— staff, stick, crutch 239 TO STICK— to stick, cleave, adhere 419 TO STICK— to fix, fasten, stick 226 TO STIFLE— to stifle, suppress, smother 222 TO STIFLE— to suffocate, stifle, choke, smo- ther 222 STIGMA— mark, badge, stigma 448 TO STIMULATE— to encourage, animate, in- cite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 TO STILL — to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 STIPEND— allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay 164 TO STIR— to stir, move 301 TO STIR UP — to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, stir up 310 STOCK— stock, store 341 STOP— cessation, stop, rest, intermission 257 TO STOP— to check, stop 258 TO STOP— to hindfr, stop 253 TO STOP— to stand, stop, rest, stagnate 258 STORE— stock, store 341 STORM— breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, hurricane 353 STORY— anecdote, story, tale 467 STOUT— corpulent, lusty, stout 511 STB A IN— strain, sprain, stress, force 221 STRAIN— stress, strain, emphasis .accent 221 STRAIGHT— straight, right, direct 430 STRAIT— strait, narrow 285 STRANGE— particular, singular, odd,eccentrick, strange ^^^ STRANGER— stranger, foreigner, alien 386 STRATAGEM— artitice, trick, finesse, stratagem 521 TO STRAY— to deviate, wander, swerve, stray 126 STREAM— stream, current, tide 352 TO STREAM— to flow, stream, gush 352 STRENGTH— power, strength, force, authority, dominion 186 ro STRENGTHEN— to strengthen, fortify, invi- gorate 3''2 STRENUOUS— strenuous, bold 141 STRESS— strain, sprain, stress, force 221 STRESS— stress, strain, emphasis, accent 221 TO STRETCH— to reach, stretch, extend 348 STRICT— strict; severe 204 STRICTURE— animadversion, criticism, stric- ture 112 STRIFE— contention, strife 132 STRIFE — dissension, contention, discord, strife. . 133 TO STRIKE— to beat, hit, strike 142 ro STRIP— to bereave, deiirive, strip 505 ro STRIVE— to contend, strive, vie 131 TO STRIVE— to endeavour, aim, strive, strug- gle 321 STROKE— blow, stroke 142 TO STROLL— to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range 120 STRONG — cogent, forcible, strong 220 STRONG — strong, firm, robust, sturdy 372 STRUCTURE— edifice, structure, fabrick 499 TO STRUGGLE— to endeavour, aim, struggle, strive 321 STUBBORN — obstinate, contumacious, stubborn, headstrong, heady 209 STUDY — attention, application, study 423 STUPID— stupid, dull 401 STURDY— strong, firm, robust, sturdy 372 TO STUTTER — to hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter 97 STYLE — diction, style, phrase, phraseology 463 TO STYLE— to name, 'denominate, style, entitle, designate, characterize 471 SUAVITY— suavity, urbanity 198 TO SUBDUE — to conquer, vanquish, subdue, overcome, surmount 144 TO SUBDUE— to overbear, bear down, over- power, overwhelm, subdue 144 TO SUBDUE— to sul)ject, subjugate, subdue 145 SUBJECT— matter, materials, subject 325 SUBJECT— object, subject 325 SUBJECT— subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious. . . 146 SUBJECT— subject, subordinate, inferiour, sub- servient 146 TO SUBJECT— to sul)ject, sut)jugate, subdue. .. . 145 TO SUBJOIN— to aflix, subjoin, attach, annex.. 419 INDEX. Ivii Page Taga TO SUBJUGATE— to subject, subjugate, subdue 145 SUBLIME— great, grand, sublime 455 SUBMISSIVE— complaint, yielding, submissive 151 SUBMISSIVE— humble, modest, submissive 147 SUBMISSIVE — obedient, submissive, obsequious 149 SUBMISSIVE— passive, submissive 149 TO SUBMIT— to comply, yield, submit 150 SUBORDINATE— subject,subordinate, inferiour, subservient 146 TO SUBORN— to forswear, perjure, suborn 92 SUBSEQUENT— subsequent , consequent, poste- rior 272 SUBSERVIENT— subject, subordinate, inferiour, subservieflt , 146 TO SUBSIDE— to subside, abate, intermit 271 TO SUBSIST— to be, exist, subsist 239 SUBSISTENCE— livelihood, living, subsistence, maintenance, support, sustenance 239 SUBSTANTIAL— substantial, solid 372 TO SUBSTITUTE— to change, exchange, barter, substitute 334 SUBTERFUGE— evasion, shift, subterfuge .526 SUBTLE— cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily 522 TO SUBTRACT— to deduct, subtract 421 TO SUBVERT— to overturn, overthrow, subvert, Invert, reverse 503 TO SUCCEED— to follow, succeed, ensue 271 SUCCESSFUL — fortunate, lucky, prosperous, suc- cessful 395 SUCCESSION— succession, series, order 271 SUCCESSIVE— successive, alternate 272 SUCCINCT — short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- mary 286 TO SUCCOUR — to help, assist, aid, succour, re- lieve 364 TO SUFFER— to admit, allow, permit, suffer, to- lerate 157 TO SUFFER— to let, leave, suffer 255 TO SUFFER— to suffer, bear, endure, support... 149 SUFFICIENT— enough, suflicient 343 TO SUFFOCATE— to suffocate, stifle, smother, choke 222 SUFFRAGE— vote, suffrage, voice 402 TO SUGGEST— to allude, refer, hint, suggest ... 326 TO SUGGEST— to hint, suggest, intimate, insinu- ate 326 sua GESTION— dictate, suggestion 184 SUIT — prayer, petition, request, suit 87 TO SUIT— to agree, accord, suit 152 TO SUIT— to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate 154 SUITABLE— becoming, decent, seemly, suitable, fit 246 SUITABLE— conformable, agreeable, suitable... 153 SUITABLE — commodious, convenient, suitable. . 417 SUITABLE— correspondent, answerable, suitable 155 SUITOR— lover, suitor, wooer 380 SULLEN — gloomy, sullen, morose, splenetick 411 TO SULLY— to slain, soil, sully, tarnisb 514 SUMMARY — short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- mary 286 TO SUMMON— to call, bid, summon, invite... . . 469 TO SUMMON— to cite, summon 469 SUNDRY— different, several, divers, sundry, va- rious.... 283 hiil INDEX. Page SUPERFIC[AL—siipeificial, shallow, flimsy — 457 SUPERFICIES— surface, superficies 457 SUPERFLUITY— excess, superfluity, redundancy 343 SUPERINTENDENCY — inspection, oversight, superititendency 213 SUPERIORITY— excellence, superiority 274 SUPERSCRIPTION — direction, superscription, address 213 TO SUPERSEDE— to overrule, supersede 206 SUPINE— indolent, supine, listless, careless 300 SUPPLE— flexible, pliant, supple 360 TO SUPPLICATE— to beg, beseech, solicit, en- treat, supplicate, implore, crave 158 TO SUPPLY»-to provide, procure, furnish, sup- ply 399 SUPPORT— livelihood, living, subsistence, sup- port, sustenance 239 SUPPORT— staff", stay, support 238 TO SUPPORT— to countenance, sanction, sup- port 310 TO SUPPORT— to hold, maintain, support 237 TO SUPPORT— to second, support 365 TO SUPPORT— to suff"er, bear, endure, support.. 149 TO SUPPORT— to sustain, support, maintain 238 TO SUPPOSE — to conceive, apprehend, suppose, imagine 74 TO SUPPOSE — to think, suppose, imagine, deem, believe 75 SUPPOSITION — conjecture, supposition, surmise 94 SUPPOSITIOUS — spurious, suppositious, coun- terfeit 529 TO SUPPRESS— to repress, restrain, suppress . . 221 TO SUPPRESS— to stifle, suppress, smother 222 SURE — certain, sure, secure 3C6 SURFACE— surface, superficies 457 SURGE — wave, billow, surge, breaker 353 SURMISE — conjecture, supposition, surmise 94 TO SURMOUNT— to conquer, vanquish, subdue, overcome, surmount 144 TO SURPASS— to exceed, excel, outdo, surpass 273 SURPRISE — wonder, admiration, surprise, asto- nishment, amazement 403 TO SURRENDER — to give up, deliver, yield, surrender, cede, concede 242 TO SURROUND — to surround, encompass, envi- ron, encircle 175 SURVEY — retrospect, review, survey 480 SURVEY — view, survey, prospect 479 TO SURVIVE— to outlive, survive 240 SUSCEPTIBILITY— feeling, sensibility, suscepti- bility 370 SUSPENSE— dcubt, suspense 95 SUSPICION— jealousy, envy, suspicion 380 BUSI'ICIOUS— distrustful, suspicious, diflident . . 416 TO SUSTAIN— to sustain, support, maintain .. . 238 SUSTENANCE— livelihood, living, subsistence, support, sustenancfj 239 SWAIN — countryman, peasant, swain, hind, rus- tick, clown 336 TO SWALLOW UP — to absorb, swallow up, engross , 509 BVVARM — multitude, crowd, throng, swarm 494 SWAY— influence, authority, ascendancy, sway. . 186 TO SWELL— to heave, swell 354 Paga TO SWERVE — to deviate, wander, swerve, stray 126 SWIFTNES&— quickness, swiftness, fleetness, ce- lerity, rapidity, velocity 202 SYCOPHANT- flatterer, sycophant, parasite 526 SYMBOL — figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, symbol, type 531 SYMMETRY— symmetry, proportion 435 SYMPATHY — sympathy, compassion, commise- ration, condolence 357 SYMPTO.M— mark, sign, note, symptom, token, indication 447 SYNOD — assembly, company, meeting, congrega- tion, parliament, diet, congress, convention, synod, convocation, council 490 SYSTEM— system, method 275 TACITURNITY— silence, taciturnity 464 TO TAINT— to contaminate, defile, pollute, cor- rupt, taint 129 TO TAKE— to take, receive, accept 233 TO TAKE HEED — to guard against, to take heed 181 TO TAKE HOLD OF— to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe 237 TO TAKE LEAVE— to leave, take leave, bid farewell 255 TO TAKE PAINS — to labour, take pains or trouble, use endeavour 323 TALE — fable, tale, novel, romance 467 TALE— anecdote, story, tale 467 TALENT— faculty, ability, talent 63 TALENT— gift, endowment, talent 67 TALENT— intellect, genius, talent 67 TO TALK — to speak, talk, converse, discourse. . 459 TALKATIVE— talkative, loquacious, garrulous. . 460 TALL— high, tall, lofty 355 TAME— gentle, tame *. 360 TO TANTALIZE — to aggravate, irritate, pro- voke, exasperate, tantalize 121 TO TANTALIZE— to tease, vex, taunt, torment, tanfnlize 121 TARDY— slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious 260 TO TARNISH— to stain, soil, sully, tarnish 514 TO TARRY— to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter 261 TARTNESS— acrimony , tartness, asperity, harsh- ness 383 TASK— work, labour, toil, drudgery, task 328 TASTE— palate, taste 512 TASTE— taste, flavour, relish, savour 512 TASTE— taste, genius 70 TO TAUNT^to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, tor- ment 121 TAUTOLOGY— repetition, tautology 466 TAX — tax, duty, custom, toll, impost, tribute, con- tribution 168 TAX — tax, rate, assessment 168 TO TEACH— to inform, teach, instruct 194 TO TEAR— to break, rack, rend, tear 501 TO TEASE— to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, tor- ment 121 TEDIOUS— slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious 260 TEDIOUS— wearisome, tiresome, tedious 369 TEGUMENT— tegument, covering 518 TO TELL— to Bpeak, say, tell 465 INDEX. lix TEMERITY— rashness, temerity, precipitancy . . 2G3 TEMPER— disposition, temper 387 TEMPER— frame, temper, temperament, consti- tution •'SS TEMPER— liumour, temper, mood 387 TO TEMPER— to qualify, temper, humour 388 TEMPERAMENT— frame, temper, temperament, constimtion 388 TEMPERAMENT— temperament, temperature.. 388 TEMPERANCE— modesty, moderation, temper- ance, sobriety 245 TEMPER ATE— abstinent, sober, abstemious, tem- perate 244 TEMPERATURE— temperament, temperature.. 388 TEMPEST — breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tem- pest, hurricane 353 TEMPLE— temple, church 82 TEMPORAL— secular, temporal, worldly 90 TEMPORARY— temporary, transient, transitory, fleeting 2G7 TEMPORIZING— temporizing, timeserving 267 TO TEMPT— to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, de- coy 319 TO TEMPT— to try, tempt 319 TENDENCY — inclination, tendency, propensity, proneness 160 TENDENCY— tendency, drift, scope, aim 305 TO TENDER— to offer, bid, tender, propose 1C7 TENDERNESS — benevolence, benignity, hu- manity, kindness, tenderness 165 TENET— doctrine, precept, tenet 80 TENET— tenet, position 80 TERM— article, condition, term 335 TERM— term, limit, boundary 177 TERM — word, term, expression 4C2 TO TERMINATE— to complete, finish, termi- nate 287 TO TERMINATE— to end, close, terminate 285 TERRIBLE— formidable, dreadful, shocking, ter- rible 308 fearful, dreadful, friglitful, terrible, tremendous, territick, horrible, horrid 306 TERRiTORY-territory, dominion 189 TERROUR — alarm, terrour, fright, consterna- tion 305 TEST — experience, experiment, trial, proof, test. . 319 TESTAMENT— will, testament 164 TO TESTIFY— to express, declare, signify, tes- tify, utter 455 TESTIMONY— proof, evidence, testimony 444 THANKFULNESS— thankfulness, gratitude 441 THEOLOGIAN— ecclesiastick, divine, tlieologian 86 THEORY— theory, speculation 80 THEREFORE— therefore, consequently, accord- ingly 274 THICK— thick, dense 351 THIN- thin, slender, slight, slim 351 TO THINK— to think, reflect, ponder, muse 76 TO THINK— to think, suppose, imagine, believe, deem 75 THOUG HT— idea, thought, imagination 73 THOIIGHTFULr— thoughtful, considerate, deli- berate , 434 TERRIBLE TERRIFICK Page THOUGHTLESS — negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtless, heedless, inattentive 424 THREAT— threat, menace 405 THREATENING— imminent, impending, threat- ening 405 THRIFTY— economical, saving, sparing, thrifty, penurious, niggardly 161 TO THRIVE— to flourish, prdlpcr, thrive 395 THRONG — multitude, crowd, throng, swarm. • . • 494 TO THROW— to cast, throw, hurl 304 TO THWART — to oppose, resist, wilhstand, thwart 1 15 TIDE— stream, current, tide 352 TIDINGS— news, tidings 465 TO TIE— to bind, tie 216 TILLAGE— cultivation, tillage, husbandry 337 TIME— duration, time 266 TIME — time, season, timely, seasonable 266 TIME— time, period, age, dale, era, epocha 267 TIMELY — time, season, timely, seasonable 266 TIMES PAST— formerly, in former times, times past or days of yore, anciently or in ancient times 269 TIMESERVING— temporizing, timeserving 267 TIMID 1 TIMOROUS S '^^'^^^' *'^*'''""'' ''"''^' timorous. ... 307 TO TINGE — to colour, dye, tinge, stain 516 TINT— colour, hue, tint 516 TO TIRE— to weary, tire, jade, harass 369 TIRESOME — wearisome, tiresome, tedious 369 TITLE — name, appellation, title, denomination.. 471 TOIL— work, labour, toil, drudgery, task 328 TOKEN — mark, sign, note, symptom, indication, token 447 TO TOLERATE— to admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate . . 157 TOLL — tax, custom, duty, toll, impost, tribute, contribution 16c TOM B— grave, tomb, sepulchre 500 TONE— sound, tone 511 TONGUE — language, tongue, speech, idiom, dia- lect 463 TOO— also, likewise, too 253 POOL- instrument, tool 399 TORMENT— torment, torture 408 TO TORMENT— to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, torment 121 TORPID— numb, benumbed, torpid 372 TORTU RE— torment, torture 408 TO TOSS— to shake, agitate, toss 304 TOTAL— gross, total 288 TOTAL— whole, entire, complete, total, integral 288 TO TOTTER— to stagger, reel, totter 303 TOUCH— contact, touch 129 TOUR— circuit, tour, round 175 TOUR— excursion, lamble, to«r, trip, jaunt 302 TO TRACE— to derive, trace, deduce 449 TRACE ) , . S mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track. .. 448 TRACT— essay, treatise, tract, dissertation 329 TRACT— district, region, tract, quarter 498 TRACTABLE— docile, tractable, ductile 360 TRADE — business, trade, profession, art 331 , TRADE— trade, commerce, traflick, dealing 233 Ix INDEX. ^-,., . »T ? trader, mevchant, tradesman. . . 335 D3MAN ) TRADER TRADE TO TRADUCE— to disparage, detract, traduce, depreciate, degrade, decry 105 TRAFFICK— trade, commerce, trafiick, dealing. . 333 TRAIN— procession, train, retinue 493 TRAITOROUS— treacherous, traitorous, treason- able * 524 TRANQUILLITV— peace, quiet, calm, tranquil- lity 361 TO TRANSACT— to negotiate, treat for or about, transact 215 TRANSACTION— proceeding, transaction 333 TO TRANSCEND— to exceed, surpass, excel, transcend, outdo 273 TO TRANSCRIBE— to copy, transcribe 530 TO TRANSFIGURE ) to transfigure, transform, TO TRANSFORM \ metamorphose 86 TO TRANSGRESS— to infringe, violate, trans- gress 508 TRANSGRESSION— offence, trespass, transgres- sion, misdemeanour, misdeed, affront 120 TRANSIENT temporary, transient, transi- TRANSITt)RY ) tory, fleeting 267 TRANSPARENT— pellucid, transparent 477 TO TRANSPORT— to bear, carry, convey, trans- port 330 TRANSPORT— ecstasy, rapture, transport 318 TRAVEL— journey, travel, voyage 302 TREACHEROUS— faithless, perfidious, treache- rous 524 TREACHEROUS— insidious, treacherous 524 TREACHEROUS ) treacherous, traitorous, trea- TREASONABLE< sonable 524 TO TREASURE— to treasure, hoard 341 TREAT — feast, banquet, carousal, entertainment, treat 513 TO TREAT FOR OR ABOUT — to negotiate, treat for or about, transact 215 TREATISE— essay, treatise, tract, dissertation.. 329 TREATMENT— treatment, usage 399 TO TREMBLE — to shake, tremble, shudder, quiver, quake 305 TREMBLING — trembling, tremour, trepidation.. 308 TREMENDOUS— fearful, dreadful, frightful, tre- mendous, terrible, terrifick, horrible, horrid... 306 TREMOUR J agitation, emotion, trepidation, TREPIDATION J tremour 308 TREMOUR 1 trembling, tremour, trepida- TREPIDATION J tion 308 TRESPASS— offence, trespass, transgression, mis- demeanour, misdeed, affront 120 TRIAL— attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, effort. . 320 TRIAL — experience, experiment, trial, proof, test 319 TRIBUTE— tax, custom, duty, toll, impost, tri- bute, contribution 168 TRICK— artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem 321 TO TRICK— to cheat, defraud, trick 525 TRIFLING 1 trifling, trivial, petty, frivolous, fu- TRIVIAL \ tile 457 TRIP — excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt 302 TROOP— troop, company 492 TO TROUBLE— to afflict, distress, trouble 408 - TO TROUBLE— to trouble, diaturb, molest 412 Page P«|« TROUBLES— difficulties, embarrassments, trou- bles '. 413 TROUBLESOME— troublesome, irksome, vexa- tious 413 TO TRUCK— to exchange, barter, truck, com- mute .'■ 335 TRUE —sincere, honest, true, plain 430 TRUST— belief, credit, trust, faith 78 TRUST — hope, expectation, trust, confidence.... 414 TO TRUST— to confide, trust 414 TRUSTY— faithful, trusty 416 TRUTH— truth, veracity 528 TO TRY— to try, tempt 319 TO TUG — to draw, drag, hale or haul, pull, pluck, tug 303 TO TUMBLE— to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble 303 TUMID— turgid, tumid, bombastick 464 TUMULT— bustle, tumult, uproar 220 JSi.'JSll^Ss !••""'—■-...... m TUMULTUOUS > tumultuous, turbulent, sedi- TURBULENT \ tious, mutinous 203 TURGID— turgid, tumid, bombastick 464 TURN— cast, turn, description, character 467 TURN— turn, bent 316 I TO TURN— to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, wrest, wrench 316 TO TWIRL I '" '"■■"• '^'"''' ^^"^' *'^"'' '"'""^ ''^ TO TWIST— to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, wrest, wrench 31C TYPE— figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, sym- bol, type 531 TYRANNICAL— absolute, arbitrary, tyrannical 184 ULTIMATE— last, latest, final, ultimate 270 UMPIRE — judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator . 2U UNBELIEF— disbelief, unbelief 79 UNBELIEF— unbelief, infidelity, incredulity 79 UNBLEMISHED— blameless, irreproachable, un- blemished, unspotted or spotless 129 UNBODIED— incorporeal, unbodied, immaterial, spiritual 66 UNBOUNDED— boundless, unbounded, infinite, unlimited 177 UNCEASINGLY— incessantly, unceasingly, un- interruptedly, without intermission 257 UNCERTAIN— doubtful, dubious, uncertain, pre- carious 96 UNCONCERNED— indifferent, unconcerned, re- gardless 374 UNCONaUERABLE — invincible, insuperable, unconquerable, insurmountable 145 TO UNCOVER — to uncover, discover, disclose. . 444 UNCOVERED— bare, naked, uncovered 249 UNDAUNTED— bold, fearless, undaunted, intre- pid 306 UNDENIABLE— indubitable, unquestionable, in- disputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, irre- "^ fragable 114 UNSER— under, below, beneath 279 TO UNDERMINE— to sap, undermine 502 TO UNDERSTAND— to conceive, comprehend, understand 74 INDEX. lii UNDERSTANDING — understanding, intellect, intelligence 67 UNDERTAKING— attempt, undertaking, enter- prise 320 UNDETERMIN ED — undetermined, unsettled, unsteady, wavering 225 UNEVEN— odd, uneven 436 UNFAITHFUL— faithless, unfaithful 524 UNFEELING— hard, hardy, unfeeling, insensible 374 TO UNFOLD— to unfold, unravel, develope 218 UNGOVERNABLE— unruly, ungovernable, re- fractory 208 UNHAPPY— unhappy, miserable, wretched 412 UNIFORM— equal, even, equable, like or alike, uniform 435 UNIMPORTANT — unimportant, insignificant, immaterial, inconsiderable 457 UNINTERRUPTEDLY — incessantly, uninter- ruptedly, unceasingly, without intermission 257 TO UNITE— to add, join, unite, coalesce 418 TO UNITE— to connect, combine, unite 419 UNIVERSAL— general, universal 323 UNJUST— wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefarious 128 UNLEARNED i ignorant, illiterate, unlearned, unlettered! unlettered 197 UNLESS— unless, except 251 UNLIKE— different, unlike 283 UNLIMITED— boundless, unbounded, unlimited, infinite r 1''^ UNMERCIFUL— hard-hearted, cruel, unmerciful, merciless 373 UNOFFENDING — unotiending, harmless, inof- fensive 121 UNaUESTIONABLE— indubitable, unquestion- able, indisputable, undeniable, incontroverti- ble, irrefragable ••••• 114 TO UNRAVEL— to unfold, unravel, develope... 218 UNRELENTING — implacable, unrelenting, re- lentless, inexorable 381 UNRULY— unruly, ungovernable, refractory — 208 UNSEARCHABLE— unsearchable, inscrutable. . 481 UNSETTLED— undetermined, unsettled, waver- ing, unsteady 225 UNSPEAKABLE— unspeakable, ineflfable, unut- terable, inexpressible 460 UNSPOTTED— blameless, irreproachable, un- blemished, unspotted, spotless 129 UNSTEADY— undetermined, unsettled, waver- ing, unsteady 225 UNTOWARD— awkward, cross, crooked, unto- ward, froward, perverse 315 UNTRUTH— untruth, falsehood, falsity, lie 528 UNUTTERABLE— unspeakable, ineffable, unut- terable, iriezpressible 460 UNWILLING — averse, unwilling, backward, loath, reluctant 136 UNWORTHY— unworthy, worthless 437 TO UPBRAID— to blame, reprove, reproach, up- braid, censure, condemn 110 UPON— above, over, upon, beyond 279 UPRIGHTNESS— honesty, uprightness, integrity, probity 427 UPRIGHTNESS— rectitude, uprightness 428 UPROAR— bustle, tumult, uproar 220 Pago URBANITY— urbanity, suavity 198 TO URGE— to encourage, animate, inojte, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate 311 URGENT — pressing, urgent, importunate 158 USAGE — usage, custom, prescription 324 USAGE— treatment, usage 399 USE — advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, use 398 TO USE— to employ, use 398 TO USE ENDEAVOURS— to labour, take pains or trouble, use endeavours 323 USUALLY— commonly, generally, frequently, usually 323 TO USURP — to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, as- sume, ascribe 230 UTILITY— advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, use 398 TO UTTER— to express, declare, signify, testify, utter 455 TO UTTER— to utter, speak, articulate, pro- nounce 459 VACANCY— vacancy, vacuity, inanity 344 VACANT— empty, vacant, void, devoid 343 VACANT— idle, vacant, leisure 299 VACUITY — vacancy, vacuity, inanity 344 VAGUE — loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licentious. . 256 VAIN— idle, vain 299 VAIN— vain, ineffectual, fruitless 290 VALOUR — bravery, courage, valour, gallantry . . 139 VALUABLE — valuable, precious, costly 437 VALUED — value, worth, rate, price 436 TO VALUE— to value, prize, esteem 436 TO VANISH— to disappear, vanish 481 VANITY— pride, vanity, conceit 100 TO VANQUISH — to conquer, vanquish, subdue, overcome, surmount 144 VARIATION— change, variation, vicissitude ... . 283 VARIATION > . .. variation, variety 283 VARIETY VARIETY— difference, variety, diversity, medley 282 VARIOUS— different, several, divers, sundry, va- rious 283 TO VARNISH— to gloss, varnish, palliate 515 TO VARY— to change, alter, vary 283 TO VARY— to differ, vary, disagree, dissent 132 VAST — enormous, huge, vast, immense 349 TO VAUNT— to glory, boast, vaunt 526 VEHEMENT — violent, ftirious, boisterous, vehe- ment, impetuous 219 VEIL— cloak, mask, blind, veil 516 VELOCITY — quickness, swiftness, fleetness, cele- rity, rapidity, velocity 263 VENAL — venal, mercenary, hireling 339 TO VENERATE— to adore, reverence, venerate, revere 81 VENIAL— venial, pardonable 182 VENOM — poison, venom 503 TO VENTURE— to hazard, venture, risk 171 VERACITY— truth, veracity 528 VERB AL— verbal, vocal, oral 462 VERGE— border, edge, rim or brim, brink, mar- gin, verge 176 VESTIGE- mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track. . 448 Izli INDEX. Page TO VEX— to displease, vex, offend 117 TO VEX — to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, tor- ment • • ^21 VEXATION— vexation, mortification, chagrin.. . 122 VEXATIOUS— troublesome, irksome, vexatious 413 VICE— crime, vice, sin 122 VICE— imperfection, defect, fault, vice 124 VICINITY— neighbourliood, vicinity 498 VICISSITUDE— change, variation, vicissitude... 283 TO VIE— to contend, strive, vie 131 VIEW— view, survey, prospect 479 VIEW— view, prospect, landscape 479 TO VIEW— to look, see, behold, view, eye 482 VIGILANT— wakeful, watchful, vigilant 483 VIGOUR— energy, force, vigour 372 VILE— base, mean, vile 148 TO VILIFY— to revile, vilify 108 TO VI.NDICATE— to assert, maintain, vindicate 441 TO VINDICATE— to avenge, revenge, vindicate 119 TO VINDICATE— to defend, protect, vindicate.. 179 VINDICTIVE— resentful, revengeful; vindictive 1)9 TO VIOLATE— to infringe, violate, transgress . . 508 VIOLENCE— force, violence 219 VIOLENT — violent, furious, boisterous, vehe- ment, impetuous 219 VIS AGE— face, coimtenance, visage 479 VISIBLE— appaient, visible, clear, plain, obvious, evident, manifest 478 VISION — vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, ghost 479 VISIONARY— enthusiast, fanatick, visionary .... 91 VISITANT ) .^^^ jgjjgj 491 VISITER S VIVACIOUS— lively, sprightly, vivacious, merry, sportive, jocund 389 VIVACITY— animation, life, vivacity, spirit 356 VIVID— clear, lucid, bright, vivid 476 VOCABULARY— dictionary,Iexicon, vocabulary, glossary, nomenclature 464 VOCAL— verbal, vocal, oral 462 VOICE— vote, suffrage, voice 462 VOID— empty, vacant, void, devoid 343 VOLATILITY— lightness, levity, flightiness, vo- latility, giddiness 390 VOLUNTARILY— willingly, voluntarily, sponta- neously ^^^ VOLUNTARY— gratuitous, voluntary 441 VOLUPTUARY— sensualist, voluptuary, epicure 374 VORACIOUS— rapacious, ravenous, voracious . . 507 VOTE— vote, suffrage, voice 402 TO VOUCH— to affirm, asseverate, assure, v.ouch, aver, protest 441 VOYAGE— journey, travel, voyage 30^2 VULGAR— common, vulgar, ordinary, mean 323 P««. TO WANDER — to deviate, wander, swerve. stray 126 TO WANDER— to wander, stroll, ramble, rove. roam, range. 126 WANT —poverty, indigence, want, need, penury 346 TO WANT— to want, need, lack 347 WARE— commodity, goods, merchandise, ware.. 339 WARLIKE- martial, military, warlike, soldier- like. 337 WARM— hearty, warm, sincere, cordial 431 WARMTH— fire, heat, warmth, glow 475 WARNING— admonition, warning, caution 193 TO WARRANT- to guarantee, be security, be responsible, warrant 1S3 WARY— cautious, wary, circumspect 425 TO WASTE— to spend, expend, waste, dissipate, squander 344 TO WASTE— to consume, destroy, waste 505 TO WATCH— to guard, defend, watch 180 TO WATCH — to observe, watch 483 WATCHFUL— wakeful, watchful, vigilant 483 WATERMAN— seaman, waterman, sailor, mari- ner, boatman, ferryman 337 WAVE— wave, billow, surge, breaker 353 TO WAVER — to scruple, hesitate, fluctuate, waver •• 9' WAVERING — undetermined, unsettled, waver- ing, unsteady 225 WAY — way, manner, method, mode, course, I means 275 WAY— way, road, route, course 275 WEAK— weak, feeble, infirm 368 TO WE.\KEN— to weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, enervate, invalidate 368 WEAKNESS — imperfection, weakness, frailty, failing, foible 124 WEALTH— riches, wealth, opulence, affluence.. 340 WEAPONS— arms, weapons 141 WEARINESS— fatigue, weariness, lassitude .... 369 WEARISOME— wearisome, tiresome, tedious. . . 369 TO WEARY— to weary, tire, jade, harass 369 WEDDING— marriage, wedding, nuptials 83 WEDLOCK— marriage, matrimony,.wedlock 84 TO WEEP— to cry, weep 470 WEIGHT— signification, avail, importance, con- sequence, weight, moment 456 WEIGHT— weight, heaviness, gravity 369 WEIGHT— weight, burden, load 370 WEIGHTY— heavy, burdensome, weighty, pon- derous 370 WELL-BEING— well-being, welfare, prosperity, happiness 396 WAGES— allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay. 164 TO WAIT FOR— to await or wait for, look for, expect 415 TO WAIT ON— to accompany, escort, attend, wait on 493 WAKEFUL— wakeful, watchful, vigilant 483 WALK— carriage, gait, walk 192 V^ AN— pale, pallid, wan 369 WELCOME— acceptable, grateful, welcome 234 WELFARE— well-being, welfare, prosperily,hap- piness 396 TO WHEEDLE-"— to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn 525 WHIM— freak, whim 384 V/HIMSICAL— fanciful, fantastical, whimsical, capricious 3S» TO WHIRL— to turn, wind, whirl, twirl, writhe 3Ih WHOLE— all, whole 235, WHOLE — whole, complete, total, integral, en- tire- 288 INDEX. Page Ixiii 159 522 396 316 WHOLESOME— healthy, wholesome, salubrious, salutary • 36fi WICKED— bad, evil, wicked 127 WICKED— wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefarious 128 WIDE— large, broad, wide 349 WILL— will, testament 164 TO WILL— to will, wish 159 WILLINGLY— willingly, voluntarily, spontane- ously WILY— cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wi-ly TO WIN— to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn. . TO WIND— to turn, wind, whirl, twirl, writhe WISDOM— wisdom, prudence 400 TO WISH — to desire, wish, hanker after, long fof 159 TO WISH— to will, wish 159 WIT— ingenuity, wit 70 WIT— wit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque 69 TO WITHDRAW— to recede, retreat, withdraw, retire, secede SJ53 TO WITHSTAND— to oppose, resist, withstand, thwart ".. 115 WITHOUT INTERMISSION— incessantly, un- ceasingly, uninterruptedly, without intermis- sion 257 WITNESS — deponent, evidence, witness 445 WOFUL— piteous, doleful, woful, rueful 4 J 1 WONDER — wonder, admiration, surprise, asto- nishment, amazement 403 WONDER — wonder, miracle, marvel, monster, prodigy 403 WOOER— lover, suitor, wooer 380 WORD— promise, engagement, word 217 WORD— word, term, expression 462 WORK— work, labour, toil, drudgery, task 328 WORK— production, performance, work 329 WORK— work, operation 328 WORLDLY— secular, temporal, worldly 90 TO WORSHIP— to adore, worship 81 WORTH— desert, merit, worth 438 WORTH— value, worth, rale, price 436 WORTHLESS— unworthy, worthless 437 TO WRANGLE— to jangle, jar, wrangle 134 WRATH— auger, resentment, wrath, indignation, ire 119 TO WRENCH ) to turn, bend, twist, wring, dis- TO WREST J tort, wrest, wrench 316 WRETCHED— unhappy, miserable, wretched... 412 TO WRING — to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, wrest, wrench 316 WRITER— writer, penman, scribe 336 WRITER— writer, author 336 TO WRITHE— to turn, wind, whiri, twirl, writhe 316 WRONG — injustice, injury, wrong 212 YET— however, yet, nevertheless, notwithstand- ing 251 TO YIELD— to afford, prod'jse, yield 330 TO YIELD— to bear, yield 330 TO YIELD— to comply, conform, yield, submit.. 150 TO YIELD — to give up, deliver, surrender, yield, cede, concede 242 YIELDING — compliant, yielding, submissive 150 YOUTHFUL— youthful, juvenile, puerile 401 ti'.i 4 « ENGLISH STNONYMES EXPLAINED. SOUL, MIND. These terms, or the equivalents to them, have been employed by all civilized nations to designate that part of human nature which is distinct from matter. The Soul, however, from the German seeic, &c. and the Greek Cdu, to live, like the anima of the Latin, which comes troni the Greek arcnos, wind or breath, is repre- sented to our minds by the subiilest or most ethereal of sensible objects, namely, breath or spirit, and denotes properly the quickening or vital principle. Mind, on the contrary, from the Greek nivoq, which signifies strength, is that sort of power which is closely allied to, and in a great measure dependant upon, corporeal or ganizaiion : the Ibrmer is, therefore, the immortal, and the latter the mortal, part of us ; the former connects us with angels, the latter with brutes ; in this latter we distinguish nothing but the power of receiving impres- sions from external objects, which we call ideas, and which we have in common with the brutes. There are minute philosophers, who, from their ex- treme anxiety after truth, deny that we possess any thing more than what this poor composition of flesh and blood can give us ; and yet, methinks, sound philoso/iiy would teach us that we ought to prove the truth of one position, before we assert the falsehood of its opposite ; and consequently, that if we deny that we have any thing but what is material in us, we ought ftrst to prove that the material is sulficient to produce the reasoning faculty of man. Now it is upon tliis very impossibility of finding any thing in matter as an adequate cause for the production! of the soai, that it is conceived to be an entirely distinct principle. If wc had only the mind, that is, an aggregate of ideas or sensible linages, such as is pos.^essed by the brutes, it would be no difficulty to conceive of this as purely material, since the act of re- ceiving images is but a passive act, suited to the inactive property of matter: but when the soul turns in upon itself, and creates for itself by abstraction, combination, and deduction, a world of new objects, it proves itself to be the most active of all principles in the universe ; it then positively acts upon matter instead of being acted upon by it. Bal not to lose sightof the distinction drawn between the words soul and mind, I simply wish to show that the vulgar and the philosophical use of these terms alto- gether accord, and are both founded on the true nature of things. Poets and philosophers speak of the soul in the same strain, as the active and living principle; Man's soul in a perpetual motion flows. And to no outward cause that motion owes. DENHA.M. In bashful coyness, or in maiden pride. The snit return conceai'd, save when it stole In side-long glances from her downcast eyes, Or from Iier swelling soul in slified sighs. Thomson. 'The soul consists of many faculties, as the under standing, and the will, with ;>ll the senses, both outward and inward ; or, to speak more philosophically, Xhesoul can exert herself in many (llllerent ways of action.' — AnmsoN. The anci/tuans that which is positive : (Jod is a spiritual, not properly an incorporeal nor immate- rial hiMng : the angels are likewise designated, in gene- ral, as the spiritual inhabitants of Heaven ; 'All crea- tures, as well spiritual as corporeal, declare their abso- lu^f, dependance upon the lirst author of all beings, the only self-existent God.' — ISkntley. Although, when spoken of in regard to men, they may be denominated incorporeal ; Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms Reduced their shapes immense. — Milton. The cpilhet spiritual has, however, been improperly or tiifurativoly applied to objects m the sense of tmiiia- tcrial: 'Echo is a great argument of llie .•spiritual essence of sounds; for if it ucre corporeal, tin' reper- cussion should be iireated by Ukc ilistruiiienLs with the original sound ' — Balhjn. SPIRITUOUS, SPIRITED, SPIRITUAL, GHOSTLY. Spirituous signifies having the spirit separated from the gross particles of the body, after the manner oi spirituous liquors; 'The spirituous and benign matter most apt for generation.' — Smith on Old Age. Spirited is applicable to the animal spirits of either men or brutes ; a person or a horse may be spirited ; and also in a moral application in the sense of vivacious, or cal- culated to rouse the spirit; ' Dryden's translation of Virgil is noble and spirited.' — Pope. What is spiritual is after the manner of a spirit ; and what is ghostly is like a gkost ; although originally the same in meanXng, the former being derived from the Latin spiritus, and the latter from the German geist, and both signifying what is not corporeal, yet they have acquired a differ- ence of application. Spiritual objects are distinguished generally from those of sense ; ' Virginity is belt, r than the married life, not that it is more holy, but th^it it is a freedom Horn cares, an opportunity to spend more time in spiritual employments.' — Taylor (Holy Liv- ing). Hence it is that the word spiritual is opposed to the temporal ; ' She loves them as her spiritual children, and they reverence her as their spiritual mother, with an atfection far above that of the fondest friend.' — Law. Thou art reverend. Touching thy spiritual function, not thy life. Shakspeare. Ghostly is more immediately opposed to the carnal or the secular, and is therefore a term of more solemn import than spiritual; ' The grace of the spirit is much more precious than worldly benefits, and our ghostbj evils of greater importance than harm which the body feeleth.' — Hooker. ' To deny me lhe.gkoslly comfort of my chaplains seems a greater barbarity than is ever used by Christians.' — K. Charles. UNDERSTANDING, INTELLECT, LNTELLI- GENCE. Understanding being tlie Saxon word, is employed to describe a familiar and easy operation of the mind in forming distinct ideas of things. Intellect, which is of Latin derivation, is employed to mark the same opera- tion in regard to higher and more abstruse objects. The understanding applies to the first exercise of the ra- tional powers ; it is therefore aptly said of children and savages that they employ their understandings on the simple objects of perception ; a child uses his under- standing to distinguish the dimensions of objects, or to apply the right names to the things that come before liis notice ; ' By understanding I mean that faculty whereby wo are enabled to apprehend the objects of knowledge, generals as well as particulars, absent things as well as present, and to judge of theiT truth or falsehood, good or evil.' — Wilkins. Intellect, being a matured state of tlie understand- ing, is most properly applied to the efforts of those who have their powers in full vigour : we speak of und.:r- standing as the characteristick disthiction between man and brute ; ' The light within us is (since the fall) be- come darkness ; and the understanding, that should be eyes to the blind faculty of the will, is blind itself.' — South. But human beings are disiinguished fiom each other by the measure of their intellect ; ' All those arts and inventions vvliich vulgar minds gaze at, the ingenious pursue, and all admire, are but the relicks of an intellect defaced with sin and time.' — South. We may expect the youngest children to employ an under- standing according to the opportunities which they have of using their senses ; one is gratified in seeing great intellect in youth. Intellect and intelligence are derived from the same word ; but intellect describes the power itself, and in- telligence the exercise of that power : the intellect may be hidden, but the intelligence brings it to light ; Silent as the ecstatick bliss Of souls, that by intelligence converse. — OtwaY. Hence we speak of intelligence as displayed in the countenance of a child whose looks evince that he has exerted his intellect, and thereby proved that it exists Flenco it arises tliat the word intelligence has been em- ployed in the sense of knowledge or information, be- cause these aie the exiircss fruits of intelligence : wo ENGLISH SYNONYMES. et must know by means of intelligence ; but we may be ignorant with a great share of intellect. Understanding and intelligence admit of comparison ill the sense of acquaintance between two or more per- sons as to each other's views, and a consequent iiar- mony and concert ; but the former term is applied to the erdinary concerns of life, and the harmonious in- tercourse of men, a; m the phrase to be on terms of a good understanding ; ' He hoped the loyalty of liis sub- jects would concur with him in the preserving a good understanding between him and his subjects. ' — Cla- rendon. Intelligence, on the other hand, is particu- larly applicable to persons who, being obliged to co- operate at a distance from each other, hold a commerce of information, or get to understand each other by means of nunual information ; ' It was perceived that there had not been in the Catholicks so much foresight as to provide that true intelligence might pass between tliem of what was done.' — Hooker. Let all the passages Be well secured, that no intelligence May pass between the prince and ti.em. — Denham. INTELLECT, GENIUS, TALENT. Intellect, in Latin intellecUis, from intelligo, to un- derstand, signifying the gift of understanding, as op- posed to mere instinct or impulse, is here the generick term, as it includes in its own meaning that of the two others : there cannot be genius or talent without intel- lect; but there may be intellect without genius or talent: a man of intellect distinguishes himself IVom the common herd of mankind, by tlie acuteness of his observation, the accuracy of his judgement, the origin- ality of liis conceptions, and other peculiar attributes of mental power ; genius, in Latin genius, from gigno, to be born, signifying that which is peculiarly born with us, is a particular bent of the intellect, which dis- tinguishes a man from every other individual ; talent, which from rdXavTov and talentum, a Greek coin ex- ceeding one hundred pounds, is now employed in the figurative language of our Saviour for that particular modus or modification of the ijitellect, which is of practical utility to tJie possessor. Intellect sometimes runs through a family, and becomes as it were an he- reditary portion : genius is not of so communicable a nature; it is that tone of the thinking faculty which is altogether individual in its character ; it is opposed to every thing artificial, acquired, circumstantial, or inci- dental ; it is a pure spark of the Divine fiame, which raises the possessor above all his fellow-mortals; it is not expanded, like Mt«eHec<, to many objects ; for in its very nature it is contracted within a very short space; and, like the rays of the sun, when concentrated within a focus, it gains in strength what it loses in expansion. We consider intellect as it generally respects specu- lation and abstraction ; but genius as it respects the operations of the imagination ; talent as it respects the exercise or acquirements of the mind. A man o{ intel- lect may be a good writer ; but it requires a genius for poetry to be a poet, a geniiis for painting to be a painter, a genius for sculpture to be a statuary, and the like : it requires a talent to learn languages ; it requires a talent for the stage to be a good actor; some have a talent for imitation, others a talent for humour. Intellect, in its strict sense, is .seen only in a mature state ; genius or talent may be discovered in its earliest dawn : we speak in general of ihe intellect of a man only ; but we may speak of the genius or talent of a youth; intellect qualifies a person for conversation, and alfords him great enjoyment ; ' There was a select set, supposed to be distinguished by superiority of in- tellects, who always passed tire evening together.' — Johnson. Genius qualifies a person for the most ex- alted eliijrts of the human mind ; ' Thomson thinks in a peculiar train, and always thinks as a man of genius.' — Johnson. Talent qualifies a person for the active duties and employments of life ; ' It is cununonly thought that the sagacity of these fathers (the Jesuits) in discovering the talent of a young student, has not a little contributed to the figure which their order has made in the world.' — Budgeli,. GIFT, ENDOWMENT, TALENT. (rift and endowment both refer to the act of ginimr and endowing, and of course include tlie idea ot'^sonie- r,* thing given, and something received : the word talent conveys no such collateral idea. Wlien we speak of a gift, we refer in our minds to a giver ; But Heaven ils gifts not all at once bestows. These years with wisdom crowns, with action those. POPB When we speak of an endowment, we refer in our minds to tlie receiver; 'A brute arrives at a point of perfection that he can never pass ; in a few years he has all the endowments he is capable of.' — Addison. When we speak of a talent (v. Intellect) vVeonly think of its intrinsick quality or worth ; 'Mr. Locke has an admirable reflection upon Ihe difference of wit and judgement, wliereby he endeavours to show the reason why they are not always the talents of the same per- son.' — Addison. The gift is either supernatural or natural ; the en- dowment is only natural. The primitive Christians received various gifts through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, as lUegift of tongues, the gift of healing, &;c. There are some men who have a peculiar gift of utterance ; beauty of person, and corporeal agility, are endowments with which some are peculiarly invested. The word gift excludes the idea of any thing ac- quired by exertion ; it is that which is connimnicated to us altogether independent of ourselves, and enables us to arrive at that perfection in any art which could not be attained in any other Way. Speech is deno niinated a general gift, inasmuch as it is given to the whole human race in distinction from the brutes ; but the gift of utterance is a peculiar gift granted to in- dividuals, in distinction fracity, when we would comprehend the circumference of a world.'--ADDisoN. Hence we suy an able commander ; an able statesman ; a mau ot a capacious mind ; a great capacity of tlioughl. Ability is in no wise limited in iu extent ; it may be small or great ; Of singing thou hast got the reputation, Good Thyrsis; mine I yield to thy ability. My heart doth seeli another estimation.— Sidney. Capacity of itself always implies a positive and supe- riour degree of power; 'Sir Francis Bacon's capacity seemed to have grasped all that was revealed in books before.'— Hughes. Although it may be modified by epithets to denote ditferent degrees ; a boy of capacity will have the advantage over his scliool-fellows, parti- cularly if he be classed with those of a dull capacity. I Q,ie „"ja„ from the other; A person may be able to write a letter, who is not capa- ble of writing a book; 'St. Paul requireth learning in presbyters, yea, such learning as doth enable them to exhort in doctrine which is sound, and to disprove them that gainsay it. What measure of ability in such things shall serve to make men capable of that kind of office he doth not determine.'— Hooker. Abilities, when used in the plural only, is confined to the signification of mental endowments, and compre- hends'ihe operations of thought in general; 'As for me, my abilities, if ever I had any, are not what they ^gre.' — Atterbury. Capacity, on the other hand, is that peculiar endowment, that enlargement of under- standing, that exalts the possessor above the rest of mankind: ' We sometimes repine at the narrow limits prescribed to human capacity.'— BEK-miE. Many men have the abilities for managing the concerns ot others, Tvho would not have the capacity for conducting a con- cern of their own. We should not judge highly of that man's abilities who could only mar the plans of others, but had no capacity for conceiving and proposing any thing better iu their stead. A vivid imagination, a retentive memory, an exube- rant flow of language, are abilities whicb may be suc- cessfully employed in attracting popular applause; ' I grieve that our senate is dwindled into a school of rheTorick, where men rise to display their abilities rather than to deliberate.'— Sir W. Jonks. But that capacity which embraces a question in all its bearings, which surveys with a discriminating eye tlie mixed nniltitude of objects that demand atlenlion, which is accompanied with coolness in reflecting, readiness in combining, quickness in inventing, firmness in deciding, prompti- tude in action, and penetration in discerninc, that is the capacity to direct a state, which is the gift of but few; 'An heroick poem requires the accomplishment ot some extraordinary undertaking, which requires the duty of a soldier, and the capacity and prudence of a general.' — Drydkn. The ability is in general the power of doing; the faculty therefore might, in the sirict sens-, be con- sidered as a speiiies oi' ability ; 'Human ability is an unequal match for the violent and unforeseen vicissi- tudes of the world.'— Blair. A mau uses lUe faculties with which he is endowed , he gives according to his ability. Faculty and talent both owe their being to nature ; but the faculty may be either physical or mental ; the talent is altogether mental : the faculty of speech and the rational faculty are tbe grand marks of distinction between man and the brute; 'Reason is a noble faculty, and when kept witliin its proper sphere, and applied to useful purposes, proves a means ol exalling human creatures almost to the rank of superiour beings. — Beattik. The talent of mimickry, of dramatick acting, and of imitation in general, is what distinguishes 'Tis not, indeed, my talent to engage In lofty trifles, or to swell my page With wind and noise.— Dryden. Tliese terms are all used in the plural, agreeably to the above explanation ; the abilities include, in the aggregate, whatever a man is able to do; hence we speak of a man's abilities in speaking, writing, learn- ing, and the like ; the faculties include all the endow- ments of body and mind, which are the inherent pro- perties of the being, as when we speak of a man's retaining his faculties, or having his faculties im- paired ; talents are the particular endowments of the mind, which belong to the individual; hence we say, the talents which are requisite for a minister of state are difierent firom those which qualify a mau for being a judge. ABILITY, DEXTERITY, ADDRESS. ABILITY, FACULTY, TALENT. The common idea of power is what renders these words synonymous. ••«.,. Ability, as in the preceding article, signihes that which rriay be derived either from circumstances or otherwise : faculty, in Latin facultas, changed from facililus facility, which signifies doableness, or the property of being able to do or bring about effects, is a power derived from nature; 'The vital faculty is that by which life is preserved and the ordinary functions of speech preserved; and the animal faculty is what conducts the operations of the mind.'— CiriNCY. The faculty is a permanent possession ; it is held by a certain tenure: the ability is an incidental possession; it is whatever we have while we have it at our disposal, but it may varv in degree and quality with times, per- sons, and circumstances; '■Ability to leach by sermons is a grace which Uod doth bestow on them whom he niaketh sufficient for the commendable discharge of their duly.'- Hooker. The powers of seeing and hearing a.te faculties ; health, strength, and fortune are abilities. The faculty is some specifick power which is directed to one single object ; it is the power ot acting according to a given form ; A'o fruit our palate courts, or flow'r our smell, But on its fragrant bosom nations dwell ; All formed with \iro\)n fa-culties to share Tiie daily bounties of their Maker's care.— Jenyns. Ability is here, as in the preceding articles, the gene- rick term : dexterity, says the Abbe Girard,* respects the manner of executing things ; it is the mechanical facility of performing an office: address refers to the use of means in executing ; it signifies properly the mode of address or of managing one's self; dexterity and address are but in fact modes of ability. Dexterity, in Latin dcxteritas, comes from deifer, the right hand, because that it is the member most fitted for dexterous execution. Dexterity may be acquired ; ' His wisdom, by often evading from perils, was turned rather info a dexterity to deliver himself from dangers when they pressed lifin, than into a providence to pre- vent and remove them afar off.' — B.vcoN. Address is the gift of nature; 'It was no sooner dark than she conveyed into his room a young maid of no disagree- able figure, who was one of her attendants, and did not want address to improve the opportunity for the advancement of her fortune.— Spectator. We may have ability to any degree (v. Ability); ' It is not possible for our small jiarty and small ability to extend their operations so far as to be much felt among such numbers.' — Cowper. But dexterity and address are positive degrees of ability ; ' It is often observed that the race is won as much by the dexterity of the rider as by the vigour and fleetness of the animal.'— Earl of Bath. 'I could produce innumerable insiances from my own observation, of events imputed to the profound skill and address of a minister, which in reality were either mere effectsof negligence, weakness, humour, or pride, or at best but the natural course of things left to themselves.' — Swift. To form a good government there must be ability in the prince or his ministers ; address in those to whom the detail of ojierations is intrusted; and dexterity in Ihnse to whom the execution of orders is confided. Willi little ability and long habit in transacting busi- ness, we may acquire a dexterity in despatching it, and address in giving it whatever turn will best suit our purpose. Ability enables us to act with intelligence and con- fidence; dexterity lends an air of ease to every action ; address supplies art and ingenuity in contrivance. To manage the whip with dexterity, to carry on an intrigue with address, to display some ability on the turf, will raibe a man high in the rank of the present fashionables. * Vide ' Dexterity, adresse, habilit^. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 69 CLEVER, SKILFUL, EXPERT, DEXTEROUS, ADROIT. Clever, in French legere, Latin levis light, seems to denote quickness in the mental faculty ; skilful signifies full of skill ; and skill probably conies from the Latin sew to know ; expert, in French ei/*eWe, Latin expertus, participle of exper/or to search or try, signities searched and tried ; dexterous, in Latin dexter, in Greek it^irtpo;, from Si^ia the right liand, has the meaning of clever, because the right hand is the most fitted ibr action ; adroit, in French adroite, Latin adrectus or rectus right or straight, signifies tlie quality of doing things in a right manner. Clever and skilful are qualities of the mind ; expert, dexterous, and adroit, refer to modes of physical action. Cleverness regards in Kjneral the readiness to compre- hend ; s/£i7Z the niatuffly of the judgement; cxpertness a facility in the use of things ; dexterity a mechanical facility in the performance of any work ; adroitness the suitable movements of the body. A person is clever at drawing who shows a taste for it, and executes it well without much instruction ; he isskdful in drawing if he understands it both in theory and practice ; he is expert in the use of the bow if he can use it wilhe.xpe- dition and effect; he is dexterous at any game when he goes through the manoeuvres with celerity and an unerring hand; he is adroit if by a quick, sudden, and well-directed movement of his body, he ettects the object he has in view. Cleverness is mental power employed in the ordi- nary concersis of hfe : a person is clever in business or amusements; My friends bade me welcome, but struck me quite dumb, With tidings that Johnson and Burke would not come ; " And I knew it," he cried, " both eternally fail. The one at the House, and the other with Thrale. But no matter; I'll warrant we'll make up the party, WiUl two full as clever and ten times as hearty." Goldsmith. Skill is both a mental and corporeal power, exerted in mechanical operations and practical sciences : a physician, a lawyer, and an artist, are skilful : one may have a skill in divination, or a skill in painting. 'There is nothing more graceful than to see the play stand still for a few moments, and the audience kept inan agreeablesuspense,during the silence of a skilful actor.' — Addison. Expertness and dexterity require more corporeal than mental power exerled in minor arts and amusements: one is expert at throwing the quoit ; dexterous in the management of horses ; O'er bar and shelf the watery path they sound, With dexVrous arm, sagacious of the ground ; Fearless they combat every hostile wind. Wheeling in many tracts with course inclin'd, Expert to moor where terrours line the road. Falconer. 'He applied himself next to the coquette's heart, which lie likewise laid open with great dexterity.' — Addison. Adroitness is altogether a corporeal talent, employed only as occasion may require ; one is adroit at eluding the blows aimed by an adversary ; ' Use your- self to carve adroitly and genteelly.' — Chesterfield. Cleverness is rather a natural gift; skill is clever- ness improved by practice and extended knowledge ; expertness is the etfwt of long practice; dexterity arises from habit combined with agility ; adroitness is a speciesot dexterity arising from a natural agility and pliability of body. of age is a legal disability to contract a mar- riage.' — Blackstone. INABILITY, DISABILITY. Inability denotes the absence of ability (v. .Ability) in the most general and abstract sense ; ' It is not from inability to discover what they ought to do that men err in practice.' — Blair. Disability implies the ab- sence of ability only in i)articular cases : the inability lies in the nature of the thing, and is irremediable ; tlie disability Viesin the circumstances, and may sometimes be removed ; weakness, whether physical or mental, will occasion an inabiliti/ lo perform a task ; there is a total inability in an infant to walk and act like an adult: a want of knowledge or of the requisite quali- fications may be a disability; in this manner mi- nority of age, or an objection to take certain oaths may be a disability for filling a publick office; ' Want INCAPABLE, INSUFFICIENT, INCOMPETENT, INADEQUATE. Incapable, that is, not having capacity (v. Ability) ; insufficient, or not sufficient, ornot having what is suf- ficient; incompetent, ornot competent; are employed either for persons or things; the first in a general, the last two in a spccifick sense : inadequate or not adequate or equalled, is applied more generally to things. When a man is said to be incapable, it characterizes his whole mind; 'Were a human soul incapable of farther enlargements, I could imagine it might fall away insensibly.' — Addison. If he he said to have insufficiency and incompetency, it respects the parti- cular objects to which he has applied his power: he may be insufficient or incompetent Ibr certain things; but he may have a capacity for other things ; the term incapacity, therefore, implies a direct charge upon the understanding, which is not implied by the insuffi- ciency and incompetency. An nffapar/fy consists alto- gether of a physical defect : an insufficiency and in- competency are incidenla\ defects: the former depend- ing upon the age, the condition, the acquisitions, moral qualilies, and the like, of the individual ; the latter on the extent of his knowledge, and the nature of his studies ; where there is direct incapacity, a person has nc chance of making himself fit for any office or em- ployment; 'It chiefly proceedeth from natural incapa- city, and general indisposition.'— Brown. Youth is naturally accompanied with insufficiency to fill sta- tions which belong to mature age, and to perform otfices which require the exercise of judgement; 'The ininisler's aptness, or insufficiency, otherwise than by reading, to instruct the flock, standeth in this place as a stranger, with whom our Coininun Prayer has no- thing to do.' — Hooker. A young person is, therefore, still more incompetent to form a fixed opinion on any one subject, because he can have made himself mas- ter of none; 'Laymen, with equal advantages of parts, are not the most incompetent judges of sacred things.' — Dry de N. Incapable is applied sometimes to the moral cha- racter, to signify the absence of that which is bad; insufficient and incompetent always convey the idea of a deficiency in that which is at least desirable ; it is an honour to a person to be incapable of falsehood, or incapable of doing an ungenerous action ; but to be insufficient and incompetent are, at all events, qualities not to be boasted of, although they may not be expressly disgraceful. These lerms are likewise applicable to things, in which they preserve a similar distinction ; infidelity is incapable of affording a man any comfort; when the means are insufficient for obtaining the ends, it is madness to expect success ; it is a sad condition of humanity when a man's resources are incompetent to supply him with tlie first necessaries of life. Inadequate is relative in its signification, like insuf- ficient ax\d incompetent; out the relation is different A thing is insufficient which does not suffice either for the wishes, the purposes, or necessities, of any one, in particular or in general cases; thus a quantity of materials may be insufficient for a particular building ; ' The insufficiency of the lieht of nature is, by the light of Scripture, fully supplied.' — Hooker. Incom- petency \san insufficiency for general purposes, in things of the first necessity ; thus, an income may be incom- petentlo support a family, or perform an office; ' Every speck does not blind a man, nor does every infirmity make one unable to discern, or incompetent to reprove, the grosser faults of others.' — Government of the Tongue. Inadequacy is still more particular, for it denotes any deficiency which is measured by compa- rison with the object to which it refers; thus, the strength of an animal may be inadequate to the labour which is required, or a reward may be inadequate to the service; 'All the attainments possible in our pre- sent state are evidently inadequate to our capacities of enjoyment.' — Johnson. WIT, HUMOUR, SATIRE, IRONY, BURLESaUE. Wit, like wisdom, according to its original, from weXssen lo know, signifies knowledge, but it has so 70 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. estendeil its meaning aa to signify tliat faculty of tlie mind by which knowledge or truth is perceived. The tirst property of wit, as an exertion of the intellectual faculty, is that it be spontaneous, and as it were in- stinctive : laboured or forced wit is no joit. Reflection and experience supply us with wisdom ; study ami labour supply us with learning ; but wit seizes with an eagle eye that which escapes the notice of tlie deep thinker, and elicits truths which are in vain sought for with any severe effort : ' IVit lies more in the as- semblage of ideas, and putting those together with quickness and variety.' — Addison. Humour is a species of wit which flows out of the huinuur of a person ; For sure by wit is cliiefly meant Applying well what we invent : What humour is not, all the tribe Of logick-mongers can describe : Here nature only acts lier part, Uniielp'd by practice, books, or art. — Swift. Wit, as distinguished from humour, may con<>ist of a Bingle brilliant thought ; In a true piece of wit all things must be, Yet all things there agree. — Cowley. But humour runs in a vein ; it is not a striking, but an equable and pleasing flow of loit; 'There is a kind nf nature, a certain regularity of thought, wiiich must discover tlie writer (of humour) to be a man of sense at the same time that he appears altogether given up to caprice.' — Addison. Of thisdfjscription of wit Mr. Addison has given us the most admirable specimens in his writings, who knew best how to e.vplain what icit and huirwur were, and to illustrate them by his practice. Humour may likewise display itself in actions as well as words, whereby it is more strikingly distinguished from wit, which displays itself only in the happy ex- pression of happy thoughts; ' I cannot hel|) remarking that sickness, which often destroys botli rcil and wis- dom, yet seldom has power to remove that talent whicli we call humour. Mr. Wycherley showed his in his last ei>mpliinent paid to his young wife (whom he made promise, on his dying bed, that slie would not marry an old man again).' — Pope. Satire, from saiijr, probaUy from sat and ira abounding in anger, and irony, from the Greek upiDvta simulation and dissimnlaliou, are personal and ceiiso rious sorts of wit ; the first of which opeuly points at the object, and the second in a covert manner takes its flim ; ' The ordinary subjects of satire are such as ex- cite the greatest inuignalion in the best tempers.' — Addison. ' In writings of humour, figures are some- limes used of so deliciUe a nature, that it shall often happen that some people will see things in a direct con- trary sense to what the author, and the majority of the readers understand tliem : to such the most innocent irunij may appear irreligion.' — CaiMeridoe. But' Icsque is rather a species of humour than direct icit, which consists in an assemblage of ideas extrava- gantly discordant ; ' One kind of burlesque represents mean persons in the accoutrements of heroes.' — Addison. The satire and irony are the most ill-na- tured kindsofjoit; iuWes^ue stands in the lowest rank. 'Tis with our judgements as our watches, none Go just alike, yet each believes his own ; In poets as true genius is rare. True taste as seldom is the crititik's share. — Pope, It is obvious, therefore, that we may have a taste without having genius ; but it would not be possible to \\9.\e genius for a thing without having a taste for it : for nothing ca.i so effectually give a taste for any ac- complishment, as the capacity to learn it, and the sus ceptihilily of all its beauties, which circumstances ar inseparable from genius. TASTE, GENIUS. TaHe, in all probability from the Latin tactum and tango to touch, seems to designate the capacity to de- rive pleasure from an object by simply coming in con- tact with it ; ' This metaphor would not have been so general had there not been a conformity between the iivMtal taste and that sensitive taste which gives a re- lish of every flavour.' — Addison. Genius designates the power we have for accomplishing any object; ' Ta.'ite consists in liie power of judging, aenius in the power of executing.' — Bl.mr. He who derives parti- cular pleasure from miisick may be said to have a taste for miisick; he who makes very great proficiency in the theory and practice of nnisick may be said to have a genius for it. Taste is in some degree an acquired faculty, or at least is dependant on cultivation, as also on our other faculties, for its perfection; 'Thecau.se of a wrong taite is a defect of judaeinent.' — IUirkk. Oinius, from the Latin gigno to generate, is a perfectly naiural gift which rises to perfection by its own native .strenL'th ; the Ibrmer belongs to the critick, and the lat- ter to tlie poet; INGENUITY, WIT. Both these terms imply acuteness of understanding, and diflfer mostly in the mode otdisplaying themselves. Ingenuity, in Latin ingenuitasfsx^mfids literary free- doni of^ birth, in distinction from slavery, with which condition have been naturally associated nobleness of character and richness in mental endowments, in whicli latter sense it is allied to wit. Ingenuity com- prehends invention ; wit comprehends knowledge. In- genuity displays itself in the mode of conducting an argument ; ' Men were formerly won over to opinions, by the candour, sense, and ingenuity o( Vnose who had the right on their side.' — Addison. fVit is mostly dis- played in aptness of expression and illustration ; ' When I broke loose from that great body of writers, who have employed their wit and parts in propagating vice and irreligion, I did not question but I should be treated as an odd kind of lellow.' — Addison. One is ingenious in matters either of art or science; one is witty only in matters of sentiment : things may, therefore, be in- genious, but not witty; witty, but not ingenious, or both witty and ingenious. A mechanical invention, or any ordinary contrivance, is ingenious but not witty; an ingenious, not a witty solution of a difliculty ; a flash of wit, not a flash of ingenuity ; a witty humour, a witty conversation ; not an ingenious humour or con- versation : on the other hand, a conceit is ingenious, as it is the fruit of one's own mind ; it is witty, as it contains point, and strikes on the understanding of others. SENSE, JUDGEMENT. Sense, from the Latin sensus and senlio to feel or peixxjive, signifies in general the faculty of feeling cor- poreally, or perceiving mentally; in the first case it is allied to feeling (v. Feeling), in the second it is synony- mous with judgement, which is a special operation of the mind. * The sense is that primitive portion of the understanding which renders an account of things through the medium of the senses; Then is the soul a nature, which contains 7'he power ot sense within a greater power. Davies. And the judgement, that portion of the reason which selects or rejects from this account. The sense is, so to speak, the reporter which collects the details, and exposes the facts ; the judgement is the judge that passes sentence upon them. According to the strict import of the terms, the judgement depends upon the sense, and varies with ii, in degree. He who has no sense, has no judgement ; and he who loses sense, loses judgement: since sense supplies the knowledge of things, and judgement pronounces upon them, it is evident that tliere must be sense before there can be judgement. On the other hand, sense, when taken to denote the mental faculty of perceiving, may be so distinguished from j«rfo-emf7i«, that there may be se7ise withoutj;/(/^e- meiit, and judgement without sense ; sense is the faculty of perceiving in general ; it is applied to ab- stract science as well as general knowledge : judgement is the faculty of determining either in matters of prac- tice or theory. It is the lot of many, therefore, to have sense in matters of theory, who have no judgment in matters of practice, wtiile others, on the contrary, who have nothing above common sense, will have a soundness of judgement that is not to be surpassed Nay, further, it is possible for a man to have good sense, and yet not a solid judgement: as they are both natural faculties, men are gifted with them as * Vide Riband : " Sens, jugement " ' . ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 71 variously as with every other faculty. By good sense a. man is enabled to discern, as it were intuitively, tliat which requires anotlier of less sense to ponder over and study ; There's something previous ev'n to taste : 'lis sense, Good sense ; which only is the gift of heav'n. And, though no science, fairly worth the seven ; A hglit within yourself you must perceive, Jones and Le Noire have it not to give.— Pope. By a solid judgement a man is enabled to avoid tliose errours in conduct, which one of a weak judgement is always falling into ; ' In all instances, where our ex- perieiice of the past has been extensive and unitorm, onr judgement concerning tlie future amounts to moral certainly.'— Beattie. There is, however, this dis- tinction between senic M\(i judgment, that the deficien- cies of the former may be supplied by diligence and attention ; but a defect in the latter is to be supplic>d by no efforts of one's own. A man may improve his sense in proportion as he has the means of infor- iiialion ; but a weakness of judgement, is an irreme- diable evil. When employed as epithets, the term sensible and judicious serve still more clearly to distinguish the two primitives.' A writer or a speaker is said to be sensi- ble; 'I have been tired with accounts from sensible men, fumished with matters of fact, which have hap- pened within their own knowledge.'— Addison. A friend, or an adviser, to be judicious; 'Your observa- tions are so judicious, I wish you had not been so sparing of them.'— Sir W. Jonks. The sense displays itselt in the conversation, or the communication ot one's ideas; the judgment in the propriety of one's actions. A sensible man may be an entertaining companion ; but a judicious man, in any post of command, is an inestimable treasure. Sensible remarks are always calculated to please and interest sensible people ; ju- dicious measures have a sterling value in themselves, that is appreciated according to the importance of the object. Hence, it is obvious, that to be sensible is a desirable thing ; but to he judicious is au indispensable requisite. DISCERNMENT, PENETRATION, DISCRIMI- NATION, JUDGEMENT. Discernment e.xpresses the judgement or power of discerning, which, from the Lalin discerno, or dis and ccmo, signifies to look at apart, so as to form a true estimate of things ; penetration denotes the act or power of penetrating, from penetrate, in Latin pene- tratus, participle of penetro anApenitus, within, signi- fying to see into the interiour ; discrimination denotes the act or power oi discriminating, from discriminate, in Latin discriminatus, participle of discrimino, to make a difference ; judgement denotes the power of judging, from judge, in Latin jiidico, compounded of jus and dico, signiiying to pronounce right. The first three of these terms do not express different powers, but different modes of the same power; namely, the power of seeing intellectually, or e.xerting the intellectual sight. , . . „ discernment is not so powerful a mode o( intellec- tual vision as penetration ; the former is a common faculty, the latter is a higher degree of the same faculty; it is the power of seeing quickly, and seeing in spite of all that intercepts the sight, and keeps the object out of view : a man of common discernment dis- cerns characters which are not concealed by any par- ticular disguise ; ' Great part of the country was aban- doned to the spoils of the soldiers, who, not troubling themselves to discern between a subject and a rebel, while their liberty lasted, made inditferently profit of both.' — IIavwaRD. A man of penetration is not to be deceived by any artifice, however thoroughly cloaked or secured, even from suspicion ; ' He is as slow to decide as he is quick to apprehend, calmly and delibe- rately weighing every op(i(isite reason that is olfered, and tracing it with a most judicious penetration.' — Melmoth {Letters of Pliny). iJiscemment and penetration serve for the disroveiy of individual things by their outward marks; discrimi- nation is employed in the discovery of ditierences between two or more objects ; the former consists of Bimple observation, the latter combines also com- parison : dtsccmment and penetration are great aids towards discrimination; lie who can discern the springs of human action, or penetrate the views of men, will be most fitted for discriminating between the characters of different men ; ' Perhaps there is no character through all Shakspeare drawn with more spirit and just discrimination than Shylock's.' He.nley. Although judgement derives much assistance from the three former operations, it is a totally distinct power: the former only discover the things that are; it acts on external objects by seeing them: the latter IS creative ; it produces by deduction from that which passes inwardly.* The former are speculative ; tliey are directed to that which is to be known, and are confined to present objects; they serve to discover truth or falsehood, perfections and defects, motives and pretexts ; the latter is practical ; it is directed to that which is to be done, and extends its views to the future; it marks the relations and connexions of things : it foresees their consequences and effects ; ' I love him, I confess, extremely ; but my affection does by no means prejudice my judo-emcii/. ')— Melmoth {Letters of Plini'). Of discernment, we say that it is clear ; it serves to remove all obscurity and confusion : of penetration, we say that it is acute ; it pierces every veil which falsehood draws before truth, and prevents us from being deceived : of discrimination, we say that it is nice ; it renders our ideas accurate, and serves to pre- vent us from confounding objects ; of judgement, we say that it is solid or sound ; it renders the conduct prudent, and prevents us from committing mistakes, or involving one's self in embarrassments. When the question is to estimate the real qualities of either persons or things, we exercise discernment; Cool age advances venerably wise, Turns on all hands its deep discerning eyes.— Pope. When it is required to laj' open that which art or cunning has concealed, we must exercise penetration ; ' A penetration into the abstruse dlfliculties and depths of modern algebra and tluxions, is not worth the labour of those who design either of the three learned professions.'- Watts. When the question is to de- termine the proportions and degrees of qualities in per- sons or things, we must use discrimination ; ' A saiire should expose nothing but what is corrigible, and make a due discrimination between those who are, and those who are not, proper objects of it.' — Addison. When called upon to take any step, or act any part, we must employ Ihe judgement ; '■Judgement, a cool and slow faculty, attends not a man in the rapture of poeti- cal composition.' — Dennis. Discernment is more or less indispensable for every man in private or public station ; he who has the most promiscuous deahngs with men, has the greatest need of it : penetration is of peculiar importance for princes and statesmen ; dis- crimination is of great utility for commanders, and all who have the power of distributing rewards and punishments: ju(/^emc?if is an absolute requisite for all to whom the execution or management of concerns is intrusted. REASONABLE, RATIONAL, Are both derived from the same Latin word ratio, reason, which, from ratus and rear, to think, signifies the thinking faculty. Reasonable signifies accordant with reason ; rational signifies having reason in it : the former is more com- monly applied in the sense of right reason, propriety, or fairness ; the latter is employed in the original sense of the word reason : hence we term a man reasonable who acts according to the principles of right reason ; and a being rational, who is possessed of the rational or reasoning faculty, in distinction from the brute.s. It is to be lamented that there are much fewer reasonable than there are rational creatures. The same distinction exists between them when applied to things; ' A law may be reasonable in itself, although a man does not allow it, or does not know the reason of the lawgivers.' —Swift. 'The evidence which is afforded for a future state is sufficient for a rational ground of conduct.'— Blair. • Vide Abbe Girard . ",Di»cernement, jugement." n ENGLISH SYNONYMES. MENTAL, INTELLECTUAL. There is the same difference between mental and intellectual as between viiiid and intellect : the mind cotnpreliends the thinking faculty in general with all its o|i(;ratii)iis ; the intellect includes only that part of it which consists in underslandini; and jiid;;eMient ; vienlal is therefore opposed to corporeal ; intellectual is opposed to sensual or pliysica) : menial exertions are not to be expected from all ; intellectual enjoyinents fall to the lot of comparatively few. Ohjerls, pleasures, pains, operations, gifts, &.c. are denoniinatcd mental; 'To collect and reposite the various forms .j; things is far the most pleasing part of mental occupation.' — Johnson. iSubjects, couver- eation, pursuits, and the like, are entitled intellectual; Man 's more divine, the master of all these, Lord of tlie wide world, and wide wat'ry seas, Endued with intellectual sense and soul. Shaksfeare. It Is not alwayseasy to distinguish onr mental pleasures from those corporeal ple.isures which we enjoy in com- mon with the brutes ; the latter are however greatly JleiL'lileiud by the former in whatever degree they are blended: in a society of well-informed persons thi^ con- versation will turn principally on intellectual subjects. MEMORY, REMEMBRANCE, RECOLLECTION, REMINISCENCE. Memory, in Latin memoria or memor, Greek i.tvijuav and nvdofiai, comes, in all probability, from ;;f'i;o?, the lilind, because memory is the principal faculty of the ynind ; remembrance, from the verl) remember, con- tracted Iron; re and memoro, to bring back to the rjiind, is a verbal substantive, denoting the exercise r)f that faculty ; recollection, from recollect, compounded of re and collect, signifies collecting aL'ain, i. e. carefully, and tiom different quarters by au effort of the memory ; reminiscence, in Latin rcminisccntia, from rtminiscor find viemor, is tlie bringing back to tlie mind what was there belbre. Memory is the power of recalling images once made on the mind ; remembrance, recollection, and rcviinis- cence, are opeiations or exertions of this power, which vary iu their mode. The memory is a power which exerts itself either in- dependently of the will, or in conformitj with the will but all tlifi other terms express the acts of conscious agents, and conse(iiiently are more or less connected with the will. In dreams the memory exerts itself, but we should not say that we liave then any remcvibrance or recollection of objects. Remembrance is the exercise of memory in a con- scious agent ; it is tile calling a thing back to the mind which lias been there before, but lias passed away ; Forgetfulness is necessary to remembrance.' — .John- BON. This may be the etfect of repetition or habil, as In the case of a clUld who rcmcmicrs bis lesson after having learned it several times ; or of a horse who remembers the road which he has been conlinnally passing ; or il may be the effect of association and cir- cumstances, by which images are casually brought hack to the mind, as happens to intelligent beings con- tinually as they exercise their thinking faculiie.s; Remember thee I Ah, thou poor ghost, wliile memory holds a seat In this distracted globe. — Shakspkare. In these cases remembrance is an involuntary act ; for tilings return to the mind before one is aware of it, as in the case of one who liears a particular name, and remembers that he has to call on a person of the same name ; or of one who, on seeing a particular tree, remembers all the circumsiances of his youth which were connected with a similar tree. hemembrance is liowever likewise a voluntary act, and the consecpience of a direct determination, as in the case of a child who .strives to remember what it has been told by its parent ; or of a friend who remembers the hour of meeting another friend in consequence of the interest which it has excited in his mind ; nay indeed experience teaches us that scarcely any thing in ordinary cases is more under the subservience of the will than the memory ; for it is now become; almost a maxim to say, llial one may remembt^r whatever one wishes. The power of memory, and the simple exercise of that power in the act of remembering, aie possessed in common, though in difterent degrees, by man and brute ; but reeolleet ion and reminiscence are exercises of the memory that are connected Willi the higher faculties of man, his judgement and understanding. To rerac7Hi(;r is to call to mind that which h?? once been presented to the mind; but to recv'lee' is to remember afresh, to remember what lias been remem- bered l;efore. Remembrance busies itself with objects that are at hand ; recollection carries us back to dis- tant periods : simple remembrance is engaged in things that have but just left the mind, which are more or less easily to be recalled, and more or less failhfully to be represented ; but recollection tries to retrace the faint images of thimis that have been so long unlbought of as to be almost obliterated from the memory. In liiis manner we are said to remember in one half hour what was told us in the preceding half hour, or to remember what passes from one day to anolher ; but we recollect the incidents of childhood ; we recollect what happened In our native place afler many years' absence from it. The remembrunce is that homely every-day exercise of the memory which renders it of essential service in the accpiiiement of knowledge, or in the performance of one's duties ; ' Memory may be assisted Ijy metliod, and the decays of knowledge repaired by slated times (){ recollection.' — Johnson. The recollection is that ex- alted e.vercise of the memory which affords us the purest of enjoyments, and serves the noblest of purposes ; the recollection of all the minute incidents of childhood is a more sincere pleasure than any which the present moment can afford. Remini.'icence, if it deserve any notice as a word of English use, is altogether an abstract exercise of the memory, which is employed on purely intellectual ideas in distinction from those which are awakened by sen- sible objects : the mathematician makes use of rem i- niseence in deducing unknown truths from those which lie already knows; '■Reminiscence is the retrieving a thing at present forgot, or confusedly remembered, by selling the mind to hunt over all its notions.' — South. Reminiscence anifr.ig the disciples of Socrates was the remembrance of lliings purely intellectual, or of that natural knowledge which the souls liad had before their union with the body ; while llie memory was exercised upon sensible lhings,or that knowledge which was acquired through the medium of Ilie senses ; there- fore the Latins said that reminiscentia belonged exclu- sively to man, because it was purely intellectual, but that memory was common to all animals, because it was merely the depot of the sen.ses ; but this distinc- tion, from what has been before observed, is only pre- served as it respects the memimgof reminiscence. Memory is a generic term, as has been already shown : it includes the common idea of reviving former impressions, but does not qualify the nature of the ideas revived: the term is however extended in its •ipplicalion to signify not merely a power, but also a seat or resting place, as is likewise remembrance and recollection ; but still with this ditfl'rence, that the memory is spacious, and contains every thing ; the remembrance and recollection are partial, and compre- hend only passing events: we treasure up knowledge in I'ur memory ; the occurrences of the preceding j^ar are still fresh in our remembrance or recollection. FORGETFULNESS, OBLIVION. Forgetfulness cliaracterizes the person, or that which is personal ; oblivion the slate of the thing : the former refers to him who forgets; 'I have read in ancient authors invitations to lay aside care and anxiety, and give a loose to that pleasing forgetfulness wherein men put off their characters of business.' — Steele. 'J'he latter to that wliicli is forgotten ; O'er all the rest, an undistinguished crew. Her wing of deepest shade oblivion drew. — Falconer. We blame a person for liis forgetfulness ; but we some- times bury things in oblivion. FANCY, IMAGINATION. Fancy, considered as a power, simply brings the ob- ject to the mind, or ma'»es it appear, from the Latia phantasia, and the Greek ipavTaairj and ^alvu, to ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 73 appear; but imagination, from image, in Latin imago, or imitago, or imitatio, is a power wliicli presents ttie images or likenesses of things. The fancy, therefore, only employs itself about things without regardint; their nature; but the imagination aims at tracing a resemblance, and gellina! a true copy ; And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unltnown, the poet's pen Turns them to shape. — Shakspeark. The fancy consequently forms combinations, either real or unreal, as chance may direct ; but the imagina- 'ion is seldonier led astray. The fancy is busy in Ireanis, or when the mind is in a disordered state ; 'There was a certain lady of thin airy shape, who (vas very active in this solemnity ; her name was Fancy.' — Addison. But the imagination is supposed 10 act when ttie intellectual powers are in full play. The fancy is employed on light and trivial objects, which are present to the senses ; the imagination soars above all worldly objects, and carries us from the world of matter into the world of spirits, from time present to the time to come. A milliner or mantua-maker may employ her fancy in the decorations of a cap or gown ; Philosophy ! I say, and call it He ; For whatsoe'er the painter's /ancy be, It a male virtue seems to me. — Cowley. But the poet's imagination depicts every thing grand, every thing bold, and every thing remote ; ' Whatever be his subject, Miltou never fails to till the imagina- tion.' — Johnson. Although Mr. Addison has thought proper, for his convenience, to use the wotiis fancy and imagination promiscuously .when writing on this subject, yet the distinction, as above pointed out, has been observed both in familiar discourse and in writing. We say that we fancy, not that we imagine, that we see or hear something ; the pleasures of the imagination, not of the fancy. IDEA, THOUGHT, IMAGINATION. Idea, in Latin idea, Greek tiSia, signifies the form oi image of an object, from ti^jw to see, that is, the thing seen in the mind. Thought literally signifies the thing thought, and imagination the thing imagined. The idea is the simple representation of an object; the thought is the reflection ; and the imagination is the combination of ideas : we have ideas of the sun, the moon, and all material objects ; we have tkoiight.magination; ' Superiour beings know well the vanity of those imaginary perfections that swell the heart of man.' — Addison. Ideal happiness is the happiness which is formed in the mind, without having any direct and actual pjolotype in nature ; but it may, nevertheless, be something possible to be real ized ; it may be above nature, but not in direct contra- diction to it : the imaginary is tliat which is opposite to some positive existing reality; the pleasure which a lunatic derives from the conceit of being a king is alto- gether imaginary. INHERENT, INBRED, INBORN, INNATE. The inherent, from Airrco to slick, denotes a perma- nent quality or property, as opposed to that which is adventitious and transitory. Inbred denotes that pro- perty which is derived principally from habit or by a gradual process, as opposed to the one acquired by actual efforts. Inborn denotes that which is purely natural, in opposition to the artificial. Inherent is in its sense the most general ; for what is inbred and inborn is naturally inherent ; but all is not inbred and inborn which is inherent. Inanimate objects have inherent properties ; but the inbred and inborn exist only in that which receives life; solidity is an inherent, but not an inbred or inborn property of matter: a love of truth is an inborn property of the human mind: it is consequently inherent, in as much as nothing can totally destroy it; When my new mind had no infusion known, Thou gav'st so deep a tincture of tliine own, That ever since I vainly try To wash away th' inherent dye. — Cowlev. That which is inbred is bred or nurtured in us from our birth ; hence, likewise, the properties of animals are inbred inthejn, in as much as they are derived through the medium of the breed of which Ihe parent partakes ; that which is n»Aor7i is simply born in us: a property Tiiay be inborn, but not inbred; it camior, however, he inbred and not inborn. Habits which are iiigral'ted into the natural disposition are properly inbred ; whence the vulgar proverb that ' what is bred in the bone will never be out of the tlesh ;' to denote tlie intlueuce 74 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. w^iich parents have on llie characters of their children, botll physically and morally ; But he, my inbred enemy, Forth issu'd, blandishing his fatal dart, Blade to destroy ; I lied, aud cry'd out death ! Milton. Tropensities, on the other hand, wliich are totally inde- pendent of education or external circumstances, are properly inborn, as an inborn love of freedom ; Despair, and secret shame, and conscious thought Of inborn worth, his lab'ring soul oppress'd. Dryden. Inborn and innate, from tlie Latin natus born, are precisely the same in meaning, yet they difler somewhat in application. Poetry and the grave style have adopted inborn ; philosophy has adopted innate : genius is inborn in some men; nobleness is inborn in others: there is an inborn talent in some men to command, and an inborn fitness in others to obey. Mr. Locke and his followers are pleaised to say, there is no such thing as innate ideas ; and if they only mean that there are no sensible impressions on the soul, until it is acted upon by e.^ernal objects, they may be right: but if they mean to say that there are no inborn characters or powers in the soul, which predispose it for the reception of certain impressions, tiiey contradict the experience of the learned aud tlie unlearned in all ages, who believe, and that from close observation on themselves and others, that man has, from his birth, not only the general cha racter, which belongs to him in coinnion with hii species, but also those peculiar characteristicks which distinguish individuals from their earliest infancy : all these characters or characteristicks are, therefore, not supposed to be produced, but elicited, by circumstances ; and the ideas, which are but the sensible forms that ttie soul assumes in its connexion with the body, are, on that account, in vulgar language termed innate; Grant these inventions of the crafty priest, Yet such inventions never could subsist. Unless some glimmerings of a future state Were with the mind coeval and innate. Jenyns. Apprehending is a momentary or sudden act ; I nani'd them as they pass'd, and understood Their nature, with such knowledge God indued My sudden apprehension. — Miltojv'. Conceiving, which is a process of nature, is often s\ovr and gradual, as to conceive a design ; 'This man con- ceived the duke's death, but what was the motive of that felonious conception is in the clouds.' — Wolton. What is conceived, is conclusive or at least deter- minate ; ' A state of innocence and happiness is so remote from all that we have ever seen, lliat although we can easily conceive it is possible, yet our specula tions upon it must be general and confused.' — Johnson. What is apprehended may be dubious or indetermi- nate : hence the term apprehend is taken in tlie sense of fear ; Nothing is a misery. Unless our weakness apprehend it so. Conceive and apprehend are exercises of the under standing; suppose and imagine of the imagination; but the former commonly rests on some ground of reality, the latter may be the mere oflspring of the brain. Suppose is used in opposition to positive know- ledge ; no person supposes that, of which he is posi- tively informed ; ' It can scarce be supposed that the mind i.s more vigorous when we sleep, than when we are awake.' — Hawkeswortii. hnagme is employed i for that which, in all probability, does not exist; we 1 shall not imagine what is evident and undeniable ; his ' The Earl of Rivers did not imaginelhere could exist, in a human form, a mother that would ruin her own son without enriching herself.'— Johnson {Life o/i Savage). TO CONCEIVE, APPREHEND, SUPPOSE, IMAGINE. To conceive, from the Latin concipio,or con and capio to put together, is to nut an image together in the mind, or to form an idea ; to apprehend, from appre- kendo to lay hold of, is to seize with the understanding ; to suppose, in French stipposer,ljat\n supposui, perfect ' of suppono, or sub and pono to put one thing in tiie place of another, is to have one thing in one's mind in lieu of another ; to imagine, in French imaginer, Latin imagino, from imago an image, signifies to reflect as an image or phantom in the mind. Conceive, in the strict sense of the word, is the generick, theothers the specitick terms: since in appre- hending, imagining, and supposing, we always con- ceive or form an idea, but not vice versa ; the difference consists in the mode and object of the action : we conceive of things as proper or improper, and just or unjust, right or wrong, good or bad, this is an act of the judgement; ' C»»ce«iie of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures; conceive of things completely in all their own parts; conceive of things comprehensively in all their properties and relations ; conceive of things extensively in all theirkinds; concejoe of things orderly, or in a proper method.' — Watts. We apprehend the meaning of another ; tliis is by the power of simple perception ; Yet this I apprehend not, why to those Among whom God will deign to dwell on earth So many and so various laws are given. — Milton. Apprehension is considered by logicians as the first power or operation of the mind being employed on the simplest objects; 'Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked intellection of an object, without either composition or deduction. '—Gl ANVIL LE. Conceiving is applied to objects of any magnitude which are not above the stretch of human power; O, what avails me now that honour high To have conceived of God,or that salute Hail liighly favour'd, among women blest.— MiiTOM. TO CONCEIVE, UNDERSTAND, COM PREHEND. These terms indicate the intellectual operations of forming ideas, that is, ideas of the complex kind in dis- tinction from the simple ideas formed by Ihe act of perception. To conceive, is to put together in the mind ; to understand, is to stand under, or near to tiie mind ; to comprehend, from the Latin com or cum and prehendo to take, signifies to seize or embrace in the mind. Conception is the simplest operation of the three; v/hen we conceive we may have but one idea, when we understand or comprehend we have all the ideas which the subject is capable of pre.«enting. We can- not understand or comprehend without conceiving ; but we may often conceive that which we neither un- derstand nor comprehend; 'Whatever they cannot immediately conceive they consider as too high to be reached, or too extensive to be comprehended.' — Johnson. That which we cannot conceiue is to us nothing; but the conception of it gives it an existence, at least in our minds; but understanding or comprehending is not essential to tlie belief of a thing's existence. So long as we have reasons sufficient to conceive a thing as possible or probable, it is not necessary either to under- .•itand or comprehend them in order to authorize our be- lief The mysteries of our holy religion are objects of conception, but not of comprehension ; Our finite knowledge cannot comprehend The principles of an abounded sway. — Shirley. We conceive that a thing may be done without under- standing how it is done ; we conceive that a thing may exist vvithout comprehending the nature of its exist- ence. We conceive clearly, understand fully, compre- hend m\n\ite\y. Conception is a species of invention ; it is the fruit of the mind's operation within itself; ' If, by a more III ible and more adequate conception that be considered as wit which is at once natural and new, that which, though not obvious, is, upon its first production, ac- knowledged to be just; if it be that, which he that never found it, wonders how he missed ; to wit of this kind the metaphysical poets have seldom risen.' — Johnson. Understanding and comprehension are em- ployed solely on external objects ; we understand and comprehend that which actually exists before us, ami presents itself to our observation ; 'Swift pays no court to the passions ; he excites neither surprise nor admi- ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 75 ration ; he always understands himself, and his read- ers always understand him.' — Johnson. Conceiving is the office of the imagination, as well as the judge- ment ; tinders landing and comprehension are tlie office of tJie reasoning faculties exclusively. * Conceiving is employed with regard to matters of taste, to arrangements, designs, and projects; under- standing is employed on familiar objects which pre- sent themselves in the ordinary discourse and business of men ; comprehending respects principles, lessons, and speculative knowledge in general. The artist conceives a design, and he who will execute it nmst nnderstand it ; the poet conceives that which is grand and sublime, and he who will enjoy the perusal of his conceptions must have refinement of mind, and ca- pacity to comprehend the grand and sublime. The imilder conceives plans, tlie scholar understands lan- guages, the metaphysician comprehends subtle ques- tions. A ready conception supplies us with a stock of ideas on all subjects ; a quick understanding catches the intentions of others with half a word ; a penetrating mind comprehends the abstrusest points. There are human beings involved in such profound ignorance, that they cannot conceive of the most ordinary things that exist in civilized life : there are those who, though slow at und'^standing words, will be quick at under- standing looks and signs : and there are otliers who, though dull at conceium^ or understanding common matters, will have a power for comprehending the abstruser parts of the mathematics. CONCEPTION, NOTION. Conception, from conceive {v. To conceive), signifies the thing conceived; notion, in French notion, Latin notio, iVmii notus participle of ?iosco to know, signifies the thing known. Ccnception is the mind's own work, what it pictures to itself from the exercise of its own powers ; ' Words signify not immediately and piimely things themselves, hut the conceptions of tiie mind concerning things.' — South. JVution is the representation of objects as they are drawn from observation ; ' The story of Telemachus is formed altogether in the spirit of Homer, and wiU give an unlearned reader a notion of that great poet's manner of writing.' — Addison. Con- ceptions are the fruit of the imagination ; ' It is natural for the imaginations of men who lead their lives in too solitary a manner to prey upon themselves, and fonn from their own conceptions beings and things which have no place in nature.' — Steele. JVotions are the result of reflection and experience ; ' Considering that the happiness of the other world is to be the happiness of the whole man, who can question, but there is an infinite variety in those pleasures we are speaking of? Revelation, likewise, very much confirms this notion under the different views it gives us of our future hap- piness.' — Addison. Conceptions are formed ; notions are entertained. Conceptions are either grand or mean, gross or sublime, either clear or indistinct, crude or distinct ; notions are either true or false, just or absurd. Intellectual cuUure serves to elevate the conceptions ; the extension of knowledge serves to correct and refine the notions. Some heathen philosophers had an indistinct concep- tion of the I)e\ty, whose altributes and cliaracter are unfolded to us in his revelation ; the ignorant have often false notions of their duty and obligations to their superiours. The unenlightened express their gross and crude conceptions of a Superiour Being by some in.iterial and visible object : the vulgar notion of ghosts and spirits is not entirely banished from the most cultivated parts of England. PERCEPTION, IDEA, CONCEPTION, NOTION. Perception expresses either the act o{ perceiving or the impression produced by that act : in tiiis latter sense it is analogous to an idea {v. Idea). The im- pression of an objixt that is present to us is termed a perception; the revival of that impression, when the object is removed, is an idea. A conibinalinn of ideas by which any image is presented to the mind is a con- * Vide Abbe Gjtard: "Eiitendrej conipreiidre, con- cevolr." ception (v. To comprehend) ; the association of two oi more ideas, so as to constitute it a decision, is a notion Perceptions are clear or confused, according to tlie state of the sensible organs, and the perceptive faculty , ideas are faint or vivid, vague or distinct, atcording to the nature of the perception , conceptions are gross or refined according to the number and extent of one's ideas ; notions are true or false, correct or incorrect, according to the extent of one's knowledge. The per- ception which we have of remote objects is softietimes so indistinct as to leave hardly any traces of (he image on the mind ; we iiave in that case a perception, but not an idea. What can the fondest mother wish for more, Ev'n for her darling son, than solid sense. Perceptions clear, and flowing eloquence*. — Wynne. If we read the description of any object, we may liave anirfeaof it; but we need not have any inunediato perception: the idea in this case being complex, and formed of many images of which we liave already had a perception; 'Imagination selects ideas from the treasures of remembrance.' — Johnson. If we pre.sent objects to our minds, according to dif ferent images which have already been impressed, we are said to have a conception of them : in tliis case, however, it is not necessary for tlie objects really to exist ; they may be the olTspring of the mind's opera- tion within itself; ' It is not a head that is filled with extravagant conceptions, which is capable of furnisli- ing the world with diversions of this nature (from humour).' — Addison. But with regal•dt07lo£^(>ns it is ditlerent, for they are formed respecting objects that do really exist, although perhaps the properties or circum- stances which we assign to tliem are not real ; 'Those notions which are to be collected by reason, in opposi- tion to tiie senses, will seld<*i stand forward in the mind, but be treasured in the reinoler repositories of the memory.' — Johnson. If I loe ENGLISH SYNONYMES. at a certain hour, because he came at the Rame hour yesterday. When applied to the events and circumstances of hfe, to think in;iy be applied to any tiinf, past, present, or to come, or where no time is expressed : to suppose is more aptly applied to a t'ntiire time; and imagine to a past or present time. We thmk that a person has done a thine, is doing it, or will do it; we suppose that he w ill do it ; we imagine that he has done it, or is doing it. A person thinks that he will die ; imagines that lie is in a dangerous way : we t/iink that the weather will be line to-day, we suppose that the affair will be decided. In regard to moral points, in wliicli case the word deem may be compared with the others ; to think is a conclusion drawn from certain premises. I think that a man has acted wrong: to suppose is to take up an idea arbitrarily or at pleasure ; we argue upon a supposed case, merely for the sake of argument : to imagine is to take up an idea by accident, or without any conne.Mon with the truth or reality; we imagine that a person is offended with us, without being able to assign a single reason for the idea ; imaginary evils are even more numerous than those winch are real : to deem is to form a conclusion; things are deemed hurtful or otherwise in consequence of observation ; ' An empty house is by the players deemed the most dreadful sign of popular disapprobation.'— Hawkes- WORTH. To think and believe are both opposite to knowhig or perceiving ; but to think is a more partial action than to believe: we think as the thing strikes us at the time ; we believe from a settled deduction : hence, it expresses much less to say that [ think a person speaks the truth, than that I believe that he speaks the truth ; For they can conquer who believe they can. — Dryden. I think, from what I can recollect, that such and such were the words, is a vague mode of speech, not admissible in a court of law as positive evidence: the natural question which follows upon this is, do you firmly believe it? to which, whoever can answer in the affirmative, with the appearance of sincerity, must be admitted as a testimony. Hence it arises, that the word can only be employed in matters that require but htlle thought in order to come to a conclusion; and believe is applicable to things that must be admitted only on substantial evidence. We are at liberty to say that I thi7ik, or I believe, that the account is made out tight ; but we must say, that I believe, not think, that the Bible is the word of God. Stood on the brink of lielt, and looli'd awhile, I'ond'ring his voyage. — Milton. One muses on the happy events of liis childhood ; 'I was sitting on a sofa one evening, after I had been caressed by Amurath, and my imagination kindled aS I mused.' — Hawkksworth. TO THINK, REFLECT, PONDER, MUSE. Think, ill Saxon thincan, German denkcn, Sec, comes from the Hebrew p, to direct, rule, or judge; reflect, in Latin reflecto, signifies literally to bend Dack, that is, to bend the mind back on itself; ponder, from pondus a weight, signifies to weigh ; wiM.se, from musa, a song, siguilies to dwell upon with the imagi- nation. To think is a general and indefinite term ; to reflect 4s a particular mode of tAmifng- ; \o ponder and muse are different modes of reflecting, the former on grave matters, the latter o.l matters that interest either the affections or the imagination : we think whenever we receive or recall an idea to the mind; but we reflect only by recalling, not one only, but many ideas : we think if we only suffer the ideas to revolve in succes- sion in the mind : but in reflecting we compare, com- bine, and judge of those ideas which thus pass in the mind : we think, therefore, of things past, as they are pleasurable or otherwise ; we reflect upon ttiem as they are applicable to our i)resent condition: we may think on things past, pri'sent, or to come ; we reflect, ponder, and muse mostly on that which is past or present. The man thinks on the days of his childhood, and wishes them back ; the child thinks on the time when he shall be a man, and is impatient until it is come; ' No man was ever weary of thinking, tnuch less of thinking that he had done well or virtuously.'— South. A man reflects on his past follies, and tries to prolit by experience; 'Let men but reflect upon their own observation, and consider impartiaily with themselves how few in the world they have known made better by age.'— South. One ponders on anj serious concern that affects liis destiny ; ^ TO CONTEMPLATE, MEDITATE, MUSE. Contemplate, in Latin contemplatus, participle of contemplor, probably comes from lemplum the temple, that being the place most fitted for contemplation. Meditate, in Latin meditutus, participle of mcdilor, is probably clianged from melitor, in Greek piXtrdia, to modulate, or attune the thoughts, as sounds are har- monized. Muse is derived from musa, owing to the connexi(m between the harmony of a song, and the harmony of the thoughts in musing. Different species ol' reflection are marked by these terms. We contemplate, what is present or before our eyes ; we meditate on what is past or absent ; we muse on what is present or past. I'he heavens, and all the works of the Creator, are objacts of contemplation ; 'I sincerely wish myself with you to contemplate the wonders of God in the firmament, rather than the madness of man on the earth.' — Pope. The ways of Providence are fit sub- jects for meditation; 'But a very small part of the moments spent in meditation on the past, produce any reasonable caution or salutary sorrow.' — Johnson. One muses on the events or circumstances which have been just passing. We may contemplate and meditate for the future, but never muse. In this case the two former terms have the sense of contriving or purposing : what is contemplated to be done, is thought of more indis- tinctly than when it is meditated to be done: many things are had in contemplation which are never stinous\y meditated upon; 'Life is the immediate gift of God, a right inherent by nature in every individual, and it begins in contemplation of law as soon as an infant is able to stir in the mother's womb.' — Black- stone. Between contemplating and meditating there is oftener a greater difference than between meditating and e.vecuting; Thus plung'd in ills and meditating more, The people's patience, tried, no longer i)0re The raging monster. — Dryden. Contemplation may be a temporary action directed to a single object; 'There is not any property or cir- cumstances of my being that I contemplate with more joy than my immortality.' — Berkeley. Meditating is a permanent and serious action directed to several objects; ^Meditate till you make some act of piety upon the occasion of what you meditate, eillier get some ii.w arguments against sin, or some new encourage- ment to virtue.' — Taylor.- Musing is partial and un- important : meditation is a religious duty, it cannot be neglected without injury to a person's spiritual im- provement; musing is a temporary employment of the mind on the ordinary concerns of life, as they happen to excite an interest for the time ; Musing as wont on this and that. Such trifles as I know not what. — Francis. Contemplative and musing, as epithets, have a strong analogy to each other. Contemplative is a habit of the mind ; musing is a particular state of the mind. A person may have a contemplative turn, or be in a musing mood. TO CONSIDER, REFLECT. Consider, in French considerer, Latin considero, a factalive, from consido to sit down, signifies to make to settle in the mind. Reflect, in Latin reflecto, compounded of re nndflecto, signifies to turn back, or upon itself, aifter the manner of the mind. The operation of thought is expressed by these two words, but it varies in the circumstances of the action. Consideration is employed for practical purposes , reflection for matters of speculation or moral improve- ment. Common objects call for consideration ; the workings of the mind itself, or objects purely spiritual^ occupy reflection. It is necessary to consider what is' ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 77 proper to be done, before we take any step ; ' It seems necessary, in the choice of persons for greater employ- ments, to consider their bodies as well as their minds, and ages and health as widl as their abilities.'— Tem- ple. It is consistent with our natures, as rational beings, to reflect on what we are, what we ought to be, and what we shall be; 'Whoever reflects frequenuy on the uncertainly of his own duration, will find out that the state of others is not more permanent than his own.' — JoH.NSON. Without consideration wo shall naturally commit the must flagrant errors; without rf/ectian we shall never understand our duty to our Maker, our neigh- bour, and ourselves. TO CONSIDER, REGARD. To consider {v. To consider) signifies to take a view of a thuig in the mind, which is the result of thought ; to regard is literally to look back upon, from the Frendi regarder, that is, re and gnrder, to keep or walcl), winch is derived from the old German wahren to see, of vd'jch there are still traces in the words bewahrcn to guard against, wanen to wait, and the English to be aware of. There is more caution or thought in considering ; more personal interest in regarding. A man may consider his reputation so as to be deterred from taking a particular step; if he regards his reputation, this regard has a general influence on all he does. ' 'J'he king had not, at that time, one person about him of his council, who had the least consideration of his own honour, or friendship for those who sat at the helm of alfairs, the Duke of Lennox excepted.'— Clarendon. If much you note him, \ on ofl'end him ; feed and regard him not. Shakspeare. A similar distinction exists between these words when not expressly personal : to consider a thing in a certain light, is to take a steady view of it ; ' I con- sider the soul of man as the ruin of a glorious pile ot buildings.'— Steele. To regard a thing is to view it with a certain interest ; ' I regard trade not only as highly advantageous to the commonwealth in general, but as the most natural and likely method of making a man's fortune.' — Budgell. TO ARGUE, EVINCE, PROVE. To argue, from the Latin arguo, and the Greek apySi clear, signifies to make clear ; to evince, in Latin evinco, compounded ofvinco to prove oi make out, and e forth, signifies to bring to light, to make to appear clear; to prove, in French prouver, in Latin probo, from probus good, signifies to make good, or make to apjiear good. "These terms in general convey the idea of evidence, but with gradations : argue denotes the smallest degree, and prove the highest degree. To argue is to serve as an indication amounting to probability ; to evince. denotes an indication so clear as to remove doubt; to prove marks an evidence so positive as to produce con- viction. ' It argues a want of candour in any man to conceal circumstances in his statement which are any ways calculated to aflect the subject in question ; ' It is not the being singular, but being singular for something, that argues either extraordinary endowments of nature or beiievolent intentions to mankind, which draws the admiration and esteem of the world.'— Berkeley. The tenour of a person's conversation may evince the refinement of his mind and the purity of his taste; ' The nature of the soul itself, and particularly its immateriality, has, I think, been evinced almost to a demonstration.'— Addison. When we see men sacri- ficing their peace of mind and even iheir integrity of character to ambition, \l proves to us how important it is even in early life to check this natural, and in some measure laudable, but still insinuating and dangerous passion ; What object, what event the moon beneath, But argues or endears an after-scene f To reason proves, or weds it to desire "?- YouNO . CONSIDERATION, REASON. Consideration, or that which enters into a person's consideration, has a reference to the person consider- ing. Reason, or that which influences the reason, is takon absolutely ; considerations are therefore for the most part partial, as afl'ectirig particular interests, or dependent oji particular circumstances. ' He had been made general upon very partial, and not enough de- liberated considerations.' — Clarendon. Ueasons on the contrary may be general, and vary according to the nature of ihe subject; '■The reasons assigned in a law of the 36th year of Edward III. for having pleas and judgements in the English tongue, miglit have been urged for having the laws themselves in that language.' — Tyrwhitt. When applied to matters of practice the considera- tion influences the particular actions of an individual or individuals; no cuiisidiration of profit or emolument should induce a person to forfeit his word ; ' He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum.' — Drvden. The reason influences a line of conduct; the reasons which men assign for their conduct are often as absurd as they are false ; I mask the business from the common eye For sundry weighty reasons. — Shakspeare. In the same manner, when applied to matters of theory, the consideration is that which enters into a man's consideration, or which he offers to the consider- ation of others; 'The folly of ascribing temporal pun- ishments to any parllcular crimes, may appear from several considerations.'' — Addison. Tlie reason is that which flows out of the nature of the thing ; ' If it be natural, ought we not rather to conclude that there is some ground or reason for tho.se fears, and that nature hath not planted them in us to no purpose V — TiL- 1.0TS0N. ARGUMENT, REASON, PROOF. .Argument, from argue {v. To argue), signifies either the thing that argues, or that which is brought forward in arguing: reason, in French raison, I^atin ratio, from ratus, participle of rear to think, signifies the thing thought or estimated in the mind by the power of reason; proof, from lo prove, signifies the thing that proves. An argument serves for defence; a reason for justi- fication ;" a proof for conviction. Jlrguments are adduced in support of an hypothesis or proposition; ' When t.e arguments press equally on both sides in matters that are indifferent to us, the safest method is to give up ourselves to neither.' — Addison. Reasons are assigned in matters of belief and practice ; The reasons, with his friend's experience join'd, Encourag'd much, but more disturb'd his mind. Drydkn. Proofs are collected to ascertain a fact ; One soul in both, whereof good proof This day affords. — Milton. Jlrguments are either strong or weak ; reasons solid or fufile ; proofs clear and positive, or vague and inde- finite. We confute an argumetit,ove\power a reason, and invalidate a proof. Whoever wit js to defend Christianity will be in no want of arguments ; ' This, before revelation had enlightened the world, was the very best argument for a future state.' — Atterbury. Tlie believer need never be at a loss to give a reason for the hope that is in him ; 'Virtue and vice are not arbitrary things, but there is a natural and eternal reason for that goodness and virtue, and against vice and wickedness.'— Tillotson. Throughout the whole of Divine revelation there is no circumstance i[i I is substantiated with such irrefragable ;*ro«/s as the resurrection of our Saviour; Are there (still more amazing !) who resist The rising thought, who smother in its birth The glorious truth, who struggle to be brutes'? Who light ihe proof s of immortality ■?- Youno. CAUSE, REASON, MOTH'E. Cause is supposed to signify originally the same as case; it means however now, by distinciioii, Ihe case or thing happening before another as its cause; the reason is the thing thai acts on the reason or under stamling; the motive, in French motif, from the Latin 78 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. mntus, participle of viovco to move, is tliat wliich brings into action. Cause respects the order and connexion of tilings; reason tlie movements and operations of the niiud ; motives tlie movements of tlie mind and body. Cause is properly the generick ; reason and motive are specitick : every reason or motive is a cau.se, but every cause is not a reason or motive. Cause is said of all inanimate objects; reason and motive of rational agents: whatever happens in the world, ha'Vpens from some caiise mediate or imme- diate; llie primary or first cause of all, is God; 'The wise and learned among the very heathens themselves, have all acknowledged some first cause, whereupon originally the being of all things dependeth, neither have they otherwise spoken of that cause, than as an agent which, knowing what and why it woiketh, observeth in working a most exaict order or law.'— Hooker. Whatever opinions men hold, they ought to be able to assign a substantial reason for them ; ' If we commemorate any mystery of our redemption, or arti- cle of our faith, we ought to confirm our belief of it by considering all those reasons upon which it is built.' — Nelson. For whatever men do they ought to have a Buflicient motive; 'Every principle that is a motive to good actions ought to be encouraged.'— Addison. As the cause gives birth to the effect, so does the rnasoji give birth to the conclusion, and the motive gives birth to the action. Between cause and effect there is n necessary connexion : whatever in the natural world is capable of giving birth to a>iiother thuig is an ade- quate cause ; Cut off the causes, and the effects will cease, And all the raovuig madness fall to peace. Drydbn. But in the moral world there is not a necessary con- nexion between reasons and their results, or ri'iotives and their actions: the state of the agent's mind is not always such as to be acted upon" according to the nature of things ; every adequate reason will not be fol- lowed by its natural conclusion, for every man will not believe who has reasons to believe, nor yield to the reasons that would lead to a right belief': and every motive will not be accompanied with its corresponding action, for every man will not act who has a motive for acting, nor act in the manner in which his motives ought to dictate ; the causes of our diseases often lie as hidden as the reasons of our opinions, and the motives for our actions. fall of rain or snow ; ' You might, from tlie single peo- ple departed, make some useful inferences or guesses how many there are left unmarried.'— Steklk. We deduce from a combination of facts, inferences, and assertions, that a story is fabricated ; ' There is a con- sequence which seems very naturally (Inducible from the foregoing considerations. If thescale of being rises by such a regular progress so high as man, we may by a parity of reason suppose that it still proceeds gradu- ally through those beings which are of a superior nature to him.'— Addison. Hasty conclusions betray a want of judgement, or firmness of mind: contrary inferences are frequently drawn from the same circum- stances to serve the purposes of party, and support a favourite position ; the deductions in such cases are not unfVequently true when the inferences are false. CONCLUSIOxN, INFERENCE, DEDUCTION. Conclusion, from conclude, and the Latin conclaudo, or con and cludo to shut up, signifies literally the winding up of all arguments and reasoning; inference, from iitfer, in Latin ivfero, signifies what is brought in; deduction, from deduct, in Latin deductus and deduce to bring out, signifies the bringing or drawing one thing from another. A co?iclusion is full and decisive; an inference is par- tial and indecisive: a conclusion leaves the mind in no doubt or hesitation; it puts a stop to all farther rea- soning ; I only deal by rules of art, Such as are lawful, and judge by Conclusions of astrology. — Hudibr as. Inferences are special conclusions from particular cir- cumstances ; they serve as links in the chain of reason- ing; 'Though it may chance to be right in the con- clusion, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference.' — Glanvillk. Conclusion in the logical sense is the concluding proposition in a syllogism, drawn from the two others, whicii are called the pre- mises, and may each of them be inferences. Conclusions are drawn from real facts, inferences are drawn from the appearances of tilings, deductions only from arguments or assertions. Conclusions are practical; inferences raliocinativc; deductions are final. We conclude from a person's conduct or declarations what he intends to do, or leave undone ; He praises wine, and we conclude from thence He lik'd his glass, on his own evidence. — Addison. We infer from the appearance of the clouds, or the UiitknesB of tlie atmospltcre, that there will be a heavy BELIEF, CREDIT, TRUST, FAITH. Belief, from believe, in Saxon gelyfan, geleavan, in Gexm^n glauben, kilauban, &c. conies, in all possibility, from lief, in German belieben to please, and the Latin libet it pleaseth, signifying the pleasure or assent of the mind. Credit, in French credit, Latin creditus, parti- ciple of credo, compounded of cor the heart, and do to give, signifies also giving the heart. Trust is con- nected with the old word trow, in Saxon treowian, German tranen, old German thravdkn, thruven, iScc. to hold true, and probably from the Greek ddppuv to have confidence, signifying to depend upon as true. Faith, in Latin fides, from fido to confide, signifies also de- pendence upon as true. Belief is the generick term, the othsis specifick ; we believe when we credit and trust, but not always vice versa. Belief rests on no particular person or thing ; but credit and trzist rest on the authority of one or more individuals. Every thing is the subject of belief which produces one's assent: the events of human life are credited upon the authority of the narrator : the words, promises, or the integrity of individuals are trusted: the power of persons and the virtue of things are objects oi faith. Belief and credit are particular actions, or senti- ments : tru.tt and faith are permanent dispositions of the mind. Things are entitled to our belief ; persons are entitled to our credit : but people repose a trust in others ; or have a faith in others. Our belief or unbelief is not always regulated by our reasoning faculties, or the truth of things: we ofYen believe from prejudice and ignorance, things to be true which are very false ; Oh : I've heard him talk Like the first-born child of love, when every word Spoke in his eyes, and wept to be believ'd, And all to ruin me. — Southern. With the bulk of mankind, assurance goes further than any thing else in obtaining credit : gross false- hoods, pronounced with confidence, will be credited sooner than plain truths told in an unvarnished style ; Oh ! I will credit my Scamandra's tears ! Nor think them drops of chance like other women's. Lee. There are no disappointments more severe than those which we feel on finding that we have trusted to men of base principles ; Capricious man! To good or ill inconstant. Too much to fear or trust is equal weakness. Johnson. Ignorant people have commonly a more implicit faith in any nostrum recommended to them by persons of th(-ir own class, than in the prescriptions of professional men regularly educated; For faith repos'd on seas and on theflatt'ring sky Thy naked corpse is doomed on shores unknown to lie. Drydkn. Belief, trust, and faith have a religious applicatio!i, which credit has not. Belief is simply an act of the understanding; trust and faith are active moving principles of the mind in whicli the heart is concerned. Belief docs not extend beyond an assent of the mind to any given proposilion; trust and /a?«A are lively sen- timents which impel to action. Belief is to trust ami faith, as cause to effect: there may be belief without eiilier trust or J'aith; but there can be no trust or ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 79 faith v/hham belief: we bclievclhal there is a God, who is tlie creator and preserver of all his creatures ; we therefore trust in him for his protection of our- selves : we believe that Jesus Christ died for the sins of men ; we have tlierefore fait/i in his redeeming grace to save us from our sins. Belief is common to all religions ; ' The Epicureans contented themselves with the denial of a Providence, asserting at the same time the existence of gods in general: because they would not shock the common belief of mankind.' — Addison. TVust is pecuhar to the believers in Divine revelation ; ' What can be a stronger motive to a firm trust and reliance on the mercies of our Maker, than the giving us his Son to sutier for us V — Addison. FaiC/i is employed by dis- tinction for the Christian faith; ' The faith or persua- sion of a Divine revelation is a Divine faith, not only with respect to tlie object of it, but hkewise in respect of tlie autlior of it, which is the Divine Spirit.' — Til- LOTSON. Belief is purely speculative; and trust and faith are operative : the for mer operates on the mind ; the latter on the outward conduct. Trust in God serves to dispel all an.xious concern about the future. " Faith," says the Apostle, "is dead without works." Theorists substitute belief for faith ; enthusiasts mis- take passion for faith. True faith must be grounded on a right belief, and accompanied with aright practice. FAITH, CREED. Faith (v. Belief) denotes either the principle of trusting, or the thing trusted ; creed, from the Latiu credo to believe, denotes the thing believed. These words are synonymous when taken for the thing trusted in or believed ; but they differ in this, that faith has always a rcferenne to the principle in the mind ; creed only respects the thing Which is the object of faith : tlie former is likewise taken generally and indefinitely ; the latter particularly and detinilely, sig- nifying a set form or a code of faith ; hence we say, to be of the same faith, or to adopt the same creed. The holy martyrs died for the faith, as it is in Christ Jesus ; ' St. Paul atfirms that a sinner is at lirst justifiid and received into the favour of God, by a sincere pro- fession of the Christian faith.' — Tillotson. Every established form of religion will have its peculiar creed. Tlie Church of England has adopted that creed which it considers as containing the purest principles of Christian faith; 'Supposing all the great points of atheism were formed into a kind o( creed, I would fain ask whether it would not require an infinitely greater measure of faith than any set of articles which they BO violently oppose V — Addison. CONVICTION, PERSUASION. Conviction, from convince, denotes either the act of convincing or the state of being convinced ; persuasion, which, from the Latin persuadeo, or suadeo, and the Greek Jj&s sweet, signities to make thoroughly agree- able to the taste, e.xpresses likewise the act of per- suading, or the state of being persuaded. What convinces binds; what persuades attracts. We convince by arguments; it is the understanding which determines : We are persuaded by entreaties and personal influence; it is the imagination, the passions, or the will which decide. Our conviction respects solely matters of belief or faitli ; ' When therefore the Apostle reqnireth ability to convict hereticks, can we think he judgeth it a thing unlawful, and not rather needful, to use the principal instrument of their convic- tion, the light of rearton.' — Hooker. Our persuasion respects matters of belief or practice ; ' I should be glad if I could persuade him to write such another critique on any thing of mine, for when he condeums any of my poems, he makes the world have a better opinion of them.' — Drydkn. We are convinced that a thing is true or false ; we Ate persuaded that it is either right or wrong, advantac'-ous or the contrary. A person will have half etfected a thing who is convinced that it is in his power to effect it ; he will be easily persuaded to do that which favours his own inlercsls. ('Atnoir.tion respects our most important duties 'Their wisdom is only of this world, to put false colours upon things, to call good evil, and evil good, ac:iinst the conviction of their own consrirnccs.' — Swift. Pcnuasion is frequently applied to mailers of indifference : ' Philoclea's heauty not only persuaded, but so persuaded that all hearts must yield.' — Sidnky. The first step to true repentance is a thorough cenvte- tion of the enormity of sin. The cure of people's mala- dies is sometimes promoted to a surprising degree by their persuasion of the efficacy of the remedy. As eoiiviction is the effect of substantial evidence, it is solid and permanent in its nature ; it cannot be so easily changed and deceived ; persuasion, depending on our feelings, is influenced by external objects, and ex- posed to various changes; it may vary both in the degree and in the object. Conviction answers in our minds to positive certainty ; persuasion answers to pro- bability. The practical truths of Christianity demand our deepest c«nj,'(c((on ; 'When men have settled in them- selves a conviction that there is nothing honourable which is not accompanied with innocence; nothing mean but what has guilt in it; riches, pleasures, and honours will easily lose their charms, if they stand be- tween us and our integrity.' — Steele. Of the specu- lative truths of Christianity weoui;ht to have aiational parsitasioTi ; ' Let the mind be possessed with llie^cr- suasiuH of immortal happiness annexed to the act, and there will be no want of candidates to struggle for the gl-'^rious prerogative.' — Cumberland. The conviction of the truth or falsehood of that which we have been accustomed to condemn or admire cannot be effected without powerful means; but we may be persuaded of the propriety of a thing to-day, which to-morrow we shall regard with indifference. We ought to be convinced of the propriety of avoiding every thing which can interfere with the good order of society; we may be persuaded o( the truth of a person's narrative or not, according lo the representation made to us ; we may be persuaded to pursue any study or lay it aside. UNBELIEF, INFIDELITY, INCREDULITy. Unbelief (v. Belief) respects matters in general ; infi delitij, from fides faithful, is K/iieZ/s/ as respects Divine revelation ; incredulity is unbelief in ordinary matters Unbelief is taken in an indefinite and negative sense; it is the want of belief in any parliciilar thing tliat may or may not be believed : infidelity is a more active state of mind ; it supposes a violent and total rejection of thai which ought to be believed : incredulity is also an active state of mind, in which we oppose a belief to matters that may be rejected. Unbelief does not of itself con vey any reproachful meaning; it depends upon thf! tiling disbelieved ; we may be unbelievers in indifTetent as well as the most important matters; but absolutely taken it means one who disboUeves sacred truths; ' Such a universal acquaintance with things will keep you from an excess of credulity and unbelief ; i. e. a readiness to believe or deny every thing at first hearing.' — Watts. 'One gets by heart a catalogue of title pages and editions; and immediately, to become con- spicuous, declares that he is an unbeliever.'' — Addison. Infidelity is taken in the worst sense for a blind and senseless perversity in refusing belief ; ' Belief and pro- fession will speak a Christian but very faintly, when thy conversation proclaims thee an infidel.' — South Incredulity is often a mark of wisdom, and not unfre- quently a mark of the contrary ; ' I am not altogether incredulous that there may be such candles as are made of salamander's wood, being a kind of mineral which whilenelh in the burning and consunieth not.' — Bacon. ' The youth hears all the predictions of the aged with obstinate incredulity.'— ioa^soti. The Jews are unbe- lievers in the mission of our Saviour ; the Turks are infidels, inasmuch as they do not believe in the Bible; Deists and Atheists are likewise infidels, inasmuch as they set themselves up against Divine revelation; well- informed people are always incredulous of stories respecting ghosts and apparitions. DISBELIEF, UNBELIEF Disbelief properly implies the believing that a thing is not, or refusing to believe that it Is. Unbelief ex- presses properly a believing the contrary of what one has believed before : disbelief is qualified as to its nature by the thing disbelieved. '"The belief or disbelief of a thing dues not alier the nature of the thing.' — Tillot- son. Our disbelief of liie idle tales wliicli are told b 80 ENGLISH SYN0NYME3. beggars, is justified by the frequent detection of their falsehood; 'Tlie atheist has not found his post tenable, and is tlierefore retired into deism, and a dtsbeluf of revealed rehgion only.'— Addison. Our Saviour had compassion on Thomas tor tiis unbelief, and gave liim sucli evidences of his identity, as dissipated every doubt; ' The opposites to faith are unbelief and credu- lity.' — TlLLOTSON. DOCTRINE, PRECEPT, PRINCIPLE. Doctrine, in Frencli doctrine, Latin doctrina, from doceo to teacli, signifies the thing taught ; precept, from the Latin pr,ecipio, signifies the thing la d down; and principle, in Frencli priHc/pe, Latin principium, signi- lies tlie beginning of tilings, tliat is, tiieir first or origi- nal component parts. The ductWne requires a teacher; the precept requires a superiour with authority ; \he principle requires only an illustrator. The doctrine is always framed by some one; the precept is enjoined or laid down by some one ; the principle lies in the thing itself The doctrine is composed of principles , the precept rests upon principles or doctrines. Pythagoras taught the doctrine of the metempsyciiosis, and enjoined many precepts on tiis disciples for the regulation of their cnn- duct, particularly that they should abstain from eating animal food, and be only silent hearers for the first five years of their scholarsiiip: the former of these rules depended upon the preceding doctrine of the soul's transniigralion to the bodies of animals ; tiie latter rested on that simple principle of education, tlie entire devotion of the scholar to tlie master. We are said to believe in doctrines ; to obey pre- cepts ; to imbibe or hold principles. The doctrine is that which enters into tlie composition of our faith ; ' To make new articles of faith and doctrine no man tliinketh it lawful; new laws of government what church or comniunwealth is there which niaketli not either atone time or other.'— Hooker. 'This sedi- tious, unconstitutional doctrine of electing kings is now pnblickly taught, avowed, and printed.' — Burke. The precept is that which is recommended for practice; 'Pythagoras's first rule directs us to worship the god.s, a-sis ordained liy law, for that is the most natural in- terpretation of the precept.' — Addison. Both are the subjects of rational assent, and suited only to the matured understanding; principles are often admitted without examinalion; and imbibed as frequently from observation and circumstances, as from any direct personal efP)rts; children as well as men gvl prin- ciples ; ' If we had the whole history of zeal, from the days of Cain to our times, we should see it filled with so many scenes of slaughter and bloodshe.l, as would make a wise man very careful not to sufi'er himself to be actuated by such ii principle, when it regards mat- ters of opinion and speculation.' — Addison. DOCTRINE, DOGMA, TENET. The doctrine (v. Doctrine) originates with the indi- vidual 'ho teaches, i' application to all subjects; the doctrine is whatever is taught or recommended to t'le belief of otliers ; the dogma, from tlie f -eek idyna and f f'u) to think, signifies the thing thougiit, admitted, or taKen for grant .d; this lies with a body or numherof individuals; the tenet, from the Latin tcmo to hold or inainlaiii, signifies the thing held or maintained, and is a species of principle {v. Doctrine) |)ecifi> ingly maintained botii in publiclc and private. TENET, POSITION. The tenet (v. Doctrine) is the opinion which we hold in our own minds ; the position is that which we lay down for others. Our tenets may be hurtful, our positions false. He who gives up liis tenets readily evinces an unstable mind; he who argues on a false position shows more tenacity and subtlety than good sen.se. The tenets of the different denominations of Christians are scarcely to be known or distinguished ; they often rest upon such trivial points; ' The occa- sion of Luther's being first disgusted with the tenets of tlie Romish church, is known to every one, the least conversant with history.' — Robertson. The positions which an author lays down must be very definite and clear when he wishes to build upon them any theory or system ; 'To the position of Tully, that if virtue could be seen, she must be loved, may be added, tliat if truth could be heard, she must be obeyed.' — Johnson. THEORY, SPECULATION. Theory, from the Greek dcdopat to behold, and specu lotion, from the Latin specular to watch for or espy, are both employed to express what is seen with the mind's eye. Theory is the fruit of reflection, it serves tlie purposes of science ; practice will be incomplete when the theory is false ; Truo piety without cessation tost By theories, the practice past is lost. — Denh.vm. Speculation belongs more to the imagination ; it hag therefore less to do with realities: it is that which can- not be reduced to practice, and can therefore never t^ brought to the test of experience ; ' In all these things being fully persuaded that what they did, it was obe- dience to the will of God, and that all men should do the like; there remained after speculation practice wliereunto the whole world miglit be framed.' — Hooker. Hence it arises that theory is contrasted sometimes with the practice to designate its insuffi- ciency to render a man complete ; True Christianity depends on fact, Religion is not theory, but act. — Harte. And spectil.otion is put for that which is fanciful ot unreal ; ' Tiiis is a consideration not to be neglected or thought an indifferent matter of mere speculation.'' — Leslie. A general who is so only in theory will acquit liimself miserably in tlie field; a religionist who is only so in spcci/7a((on will make a wretched Christian. OPINION, SENTIMENT, NOTION. Opinion, in Latin opinio from opinor, and the Greek htvoiu), to think or judge, is tiie work of the head; sentiment, from sentio to feel, is the work of the lieart ; notion (vide Perception) is a simple operatiiu of the thinking faculty We form opinions: we have sentiments : we get notions. Or'iuons are formed on specula:ive matters ; tliey are Iht, result of reading, experience, or reflec- tion: sentiments are entertained on matters of prac- tice ; they are the consequence of habits and circum- stances: notions are gathered upon sensible objects, and arise out of the casualties of hearing and seeing. We have opinions on religion as respects its doctrines ; we have sentiments on religion as respects its practice and its precepts. The unity of the Godhead in the general sense, and the doctrine of the Trinity in the particular sense, are opinions ; honour and gratitude towards the Deity, the sense of our dependence upon him, and obligations to him, are sentiments. Opinions are more liable toerrour than sentiments : the former depend upon knowledge, and must there- fore be inaccurate ; ihe latter depend rather upon in- stinct, and a well organized frame of mind ; 'Time wears out the liciionsof opinion, and doth by deereea discover and unmask that fallacy of ungrounded per- suasions, but confirms the dictates and sentiments of nature.' — Wilkins. JVotions are still more liable to criuur than eittier ; they are tlie imniaturcd decisions ul ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 81 the uninformed mind on the appearances of things ; ' There is nothing made a more common subject of discourse than nature and its laws, and yet few agree in their notions about these words.' — Chkyne. The difference of opinion among men, on the most important questmns of human life, is a sufficient evi- dence that the mind of man is very easily led astray in matters oi opinion; 'No, cousin, (said Henry IV. when charged by the Duke of Bouillon with having changed his religion) I have changed no religion, but an opinion:— Uow^L. Whatever difference of opi- nion tliere may be among Christians, there is but one senliment of love and good-will among those who fol- low the examole of Christ, rather than their own pas- sions; ' There are never great numbers in any nation who can raise a pleasing discourse from their own stock of sentiments and images.' — Johnson. The no- iio7is o( a Deity are so imperfect among savages in general, that they seem to amount to little more than an indistinct idea of some superiour invisible agent ; ' Being we are at this time to speak of the proper no- tion of the church, t^efore I shall not look upon it as any more than the sons of men.' — Pearson. DEITY, DIVINITY. Deity, from Deus a God, signifies a divine person. Dimnity, from dioinus, signifies the divine essence or power: the deities of the heathens had little of divi- nity in them ; ' The first original of the drama was religious worship, consisting only of a chorus, which was nothing else but a liymn to a Deity: — Addison. The divinity of our Saviour is a fundamental article in the Christian faith ; Why shrinks the soul Back on herself, and startles at destruction ? 'Tis tlie divinity that stirs within us. — Addison. CELESTIAL, HEAVENLY. Celestial and heavenly derive their difference in sig- nification from their different origin ; they both literalfy imply belonging to heaven; but the former, from the Latin cmlAstum, signifies belonging to the heaven of heathens; the latter, which has its origin among be- lievers in the true God, has acquired a superiour sense, in regard to heaven as the habitation of the Almighty. This distinction is pretty faithfully observed in their application : celestial is applied mostly in the natural sense of (heheavetis ; heavenly is employed more com- monly in a spiritual sense. Hence we speak of the celestial globe as distinguished from the terrestrial, of the celestial bodies, of Olympus as the celestial abode of Jupitor, of the celestial deities; Twice warn'd by the celestial messenger, The pious prince arose, with hasty fear. — Drtden. Unhappy son : (fair Thetis thus replies, While tears celestial trickle from her eyes.) — Pope. But on the other hand, of the heavenly habitation, of heavenly }oys or bliss, of heavenly spirits and the like. There are doubtless many cases in which ce/estiaJ may be used for heavenly in the moral sense ; Thus having said, the hero bound his brows With leafy branches, then perforni'd his vows; Adoring first the genius of the place, Tlien Earth, tlie mother of the heavenly race. Dryden. But there are cases in which heavenly cannot so pro- perly be substituted by celestial ; ' As the love of hea- ven makes one heavenly, the love of virtue virtuous, so doth the love of tiie world make one become worldly.' — Sidnky. Heavenly is frequently employed In the sense of superexcellent; But now he seiz'd Briseis' heavenly charms, And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms. — Pope. The poets have also availed themselves of the license to use celestial in a similar sense, as occasion might serve. TO ADORE, WORSHIP. Adore, in French adorer, Latin adoro, or ad and oro, signifies literally to pray to. Worship, in Saxon toeorthscype, is contracted from worlhship, implying either the object that is worth, or the wortli itself; 6 whence it has been employed to desigriate the action of doing suitable liomage to the object whicli has worth, and, liy a just distinction, of paying homage t no otiier than hapusm, annex this appellation only to these two. MARRIAGE, WEDDING, NUPTIALS. Marria/re, from lo marry, denotes the act of mnrnf- inir; weddina- and nuptials denote the ceremony of being married. As marry, in French nparrier, comes from the Lalin marito to "be joined to a male ; hciiat 84 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. marriage comprehends the act of choosing and being legally bound to a man or a woman: wedding, IVoui wrd, and the Teutonick wcttcn, to promise or betroth, implies the ceremony of 7narr!/i7io-, inasmuch as it is binding upon the parties. J\''uptials comes from the Latin itubo to veil, because the Roman ladies were veiled at the lime of marriage : heiice the word has been put for the whole ceremony itself. Marriage is a general term, which conveys no collateral meaning. Marriage is au institution which, by those who have been blessed with the light of Divine revelation, has always been considered as sacred ; O fatal maid ! thy marriage is endow'd With Phrygian, Latian, and Rutulian blood. Dryden. Wedding has always a reference to the ceremony ; with some persons, particularly among the lower order.^i of society, the day of their wedding is converted into a day of riot and intemperance ; ' Ask any one how he has been employed to-day : he will tell you, per- haps, I have been at the ceremony of taking the manly robe: this friend invited me to a wedding; that de- sired me to attend the hearing of his cause.'— Mbl- MOTH {Letters of Pliny). J^uptials may either be used in a general or particular import ; among the Roman Calholicks in England it is a practice for them to have their nuptials solemnized by a priest of their own persuasion as well as by the Protestant clergy- man ; Fir'd with disdain for Turnus dispossess'd, And the new nuptials of the Trojan guest. — Drtden. MARRIAGE, MATRIMONY, WEDLOCK. Marriage (v. Marriage) is oftener an act than a state; matrimony and wedlock both describe stat(;s. Marriage is taken in the sense of an act, when we speak of the laws of marriage, the day of one's mar- riage, the congratulations upon one's marriage, a happy or unhappy marriage. Sec. ; ' Marriage is re- warded with some honourable distinctions wliich celi- bacy is forbidden to usurp.' — J()hn.son. It is taken in the sense of a state, when we speak of the pleasures or pains of marriage ; but in this latter case, matri- viony, wliich sisnities a married life abstractedly from all aseuts or acting persons, is preferable ; so likewise, to think of matrimony, and to enter into the holy state of matrimony, are e.'cpressions founded ui)on the signi- fication of the term. As matrimony is derived from mater a mother, because married women are in gene- ral mothers, it has particular reference to the domestick state of the two parties ; broils are but too frequently the fruits of matrimony, yet there are few cases in which they might not be obviated by the good sense of those who are engaged in them. Hasty marriages cannot be expected to produce happiness ; young peo- ple who are eager for matrimony before they are fully aware of its consequences will purchase their expe- rience at the expense of their peace ; ' As love generally produces matrimony, so it often happens that matri- mony produces love.' — Spectator. Wedlock is the old English word for matrimony, and is in consequence admitted in law, when one s|)eaks of children born in wedlock; aareeably to its deriva- tion it has a reference to the bond of union which fol- lows the marriage: hence one speaks of living hap- pily in a state of wedlock, of being joined in holy wed- lock ; ' The men who would make good husbands, if they visit pnblick places, are frighted at wedlock and resolve to live single.'— Johnson. FUNERAL, OBSEQUIES. Funeral, in Latin funus, is derived from funis a cord, because lighted cord-s, or torches, were carried before the bodies which were interred by night; the funeral, therefore, denotes the ordinary solemnity which attends the consignment of a body to the grave. Ob.e- ness.' — Feltham:. The godly man goes to the sanc- tuary and by converse with his Maker assimilates aU his affections to tlie character of that being whom he worships ; when he leaves the sanctuary he proves the efficacy of his godliness by his righteous converse wittl his fellow-creatures. It is easy however for men to mistake the means for the end, and to rest with godli- ness without righteousiiess, as too many are apt to do who seem to make their whole duty to consist in an attention to religious observances, and in the indul- gence of extravagant feelings ; ' It hath been the great design of the devil and his instruments in all ages to undermine religion, by making an unhappy separation and divorce between godliness and morality. But let us not deceive ourselves; this was always religion, and the condition of ouraceeptance with God, to endeavour to be like God in purity and holiness, in justice and righteousness.' — Tillotson. GODLY, RIGHTEOUS. Godly is a contraction of godlike (r. Godlike) ; righteous signifies conformable to right or truth. These epitlict.s are both used in a spiritual sense, !ind cannot, without an indecorous affectation of religion, be introduced into any other discourse than that whicli is properly spiritual. Godliness, in the strict sense, is that outward deportment which characterizes a hea- venly temper ; prayer, reading of the Scriptures, publick worship, and every tdigious act, enterd iuto tlie ^ignifi- SECULAR, TEMPORAL, WORLDLY. Secular in Latin secularis, from seculiim an age or division of time, signifies belonging to time, or this life; temporal, in Latin temporalis, from tempus time, signi- fies lasting only for a time; worldly signifies after the manner of the world. Secular is opposed to ecclesiastical or spiritual, tern' poral and worldly are opposed to spiritual or eternal. The ideas of the world, or the outward objects and pursuits of the world, in distinction from that which is set above the world, is implied in common by all the terms; but secular is an inditierent term, applicable to the allowed pursuits and concerns of men ; temporal is used either in an indifferent or a bad sense ; and worldly moslly in a bad sense, as contrasted with things of more value. The office of a clergyman is ecclesiastical, but that of a schoolmaster is secular, which is frequently vested in the same hands; 'This, in several men's actions of common life, apperlainelh unto moral; in publick and politick secular affairs, unto civil wisdom.' — Hooker. The upper house of parliament consists of lords spi ritual and temporal ; ' There is scarce any of those decisions but gives good light, by way of authority or reason, to some questions that arise also between tem- poral dignities, especially to cases wherein some of our subordinate temporal titles have part in the contro- versy.' — Selden. Worldly interest has a more pow- erful sway upon the minds of the great bulk of man- kind, than their spiritual intere.sts; 'Compare the hap- piness of men and bea.«ts no farther than it results from worldly advantages.' — Atterbury. Whoever enter? into the holy office of the ministry with merely secular views of preferment, chooses a very unfit source of emolument ; ' Some saw nothing in what has been done in France but a firm and temperate exertion of freedom, so consistent with morals and piety, as to make it de- serving not only of the secular applause of dashing Macliiavelian politicians, but to make it a fit theme for all the devout effusions of sacred eloquence.' — Burke A too eager pursuit after temporal advantages and tem- poral pleasures is apt to draw the mind away from ita regaid to those which are eternal; 'The ultimate pur- pose of government is temporal, and that of religion is eternal happiness.' — Johnson. tVordly applause will weigh very light when .set in the balance against the reproach of one's own conscience; ' JforW/y things are Q/' «ucli quality as to lessen upon dividittg.'— G&qvk. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. . 91 ENTHUSIAST, FANATICK, VISIONARY. The enthusiast, fanatick, and visionary have dis- ordered imaginations; but the enthusiast is only affected inwardly with an extraordinary fervour, tlie fanatick and viswiicn y betray that fervour by some out- ward mark; the former by singularities of conduct, the latter by singularities of doctrine. Fanaticks and Ptsionaries are therefore always more or less enthu- siasts ; but enthusiasts are not always fanaticks or visionaries. 'KvOnaia^al among the Greeks, from iv in and Stdj God, signitied those supposed to have, or prelenui:.^ to have. Divine inspiration. Fanalici were so called among the Latins, from fana the temples in which lliey spent an extraordinary portion of their time; they, like the hdnatas-aiof thvGree.ks, pretended Vn revelations and inspirations, during the influence of which they indulged themselves in mai.y extravagant tricks, cutting themselves with knives, and distorting themselves with every species of antick gesture and grimace. Although we are professors of a pure religion, yet we cannot boast an exemption from the extravagancies which are related of the poor heathens; we have many who indulge themselves in similar practices under the idea of honouring their Maker and Redeemer. There are /area(2cA5 who profess to.be under extraordinary influeucesof the spirit; and there are en^Ausiasts whose intemperate zeal disqualifies them for taking a bene- ficial part in the sober and solemn services of the church. Visionary signifies properly one who deals in visions, that is, in the pretended appearance of super- natural objects; a species of enthusiasts who have sprung up in more modern times. The leaders of sects are commonly visionaries, having adopted this artifice to establish their reputation and doctrines among their deluded follovvers ; Mahomet was one of the most suc- cessful visionaries that ever pretended to divine inspi- ration; and since his time there have been visionaries, particularly in England, who have raised religious par- lies, by having recourse to the same expedient: of this description was Swedenborg, Huntington, and Brothers. Fanatick was originally confined to those who were under religions frenzy, but the present age has pre- sented us with the monstrosity of /ana/icfci in irreli- gion and anarchy ; ' They who will not believe that the philosophical fanaticks who guide in these mat- ters have long entertained the design (of abolishing religion), are utterly ignorant of their character.' — Burke. Enthusiast is a term applied in general to every one who is filled with an extraordinary degree of fervour ; Her little soul is ravish'd, and so pour'd Into loose ecstasies, that she is placed Above herself, Mustek's enthusiast. — Crashaw. Enthusiasts pretend that they have the gift of prophecy by dreams.' — Pagitt's Heresiography. Visionary is a term applied to one" who deals in fan- ciful speculation; 'This account exceeded all ihe Noc- tambuli or visionaries I have met with.' — Turnkr. The former may sometimes be innocent, if not lauda- ble, according to the nature of the object ; the latter is always censurable ; the enthusiast has mostly a warm heart; the visionary has only a fanciful head. The enthusiast will mostly lie on the side of virtue even though in an errour; the visionary pleads no cause but his own. The enthusiast sufliers his imagination to follow his heart ; the visionary makes his understand- ing bend to his imagination. Although in matters of religion, enthusiasm should be cautiously guarded against, yet we admire to see it roused in behalf of one's country and one's friends ; ' Cherish true religion as preciously as you will, fly with abhorrence and contempt, superstition and enthusiastn.' — Chatham. Visionaries, whether in relision, politicks, or science, are dangerous as members of society, and offensive as companions ; ' The sons of infamy ridicule every thing as romantick that comes in competition with their pre- sent interest, and treat those persons as visiimaries who dare stand up in a corrupt age, for what has not its Immediate reward joined to it.'— Addison. DREAM, REVERIE. Dream, in Dutch drom, fee. comes either from the Celtic drem, a sight, or Uic Greek Ipana, a fable, or aa probably from the word roam, signifying to wander, in Hebrew J3") to be agitated ; reverie, in French reverie, like the English rave, comes from the Latin rabies, signifying that which is wandering or inco- herent. Dreams and reveries are alike opposed to the reality, and have their origin in the imagination ; but the former conmionly pass in sleep, and the latter when awake : the dream may and does commonly ari.se when the imagination is in a sound state ; the reverie is the fruit of a heated imagination ; ' Revery is when ideas float in our mind, w itliout reflection or regard of the understanding.' — Lockk. Dreams come in the course of nature ; reveries are tlie consequence of a peculiar ferment. When the dream is applied lo the act of one that is awake, it admits of another distinction from reverie. They both designate what is confounded, but Ihe dream is less extravagant than the reverie. Ambitious men please themselves with dreams of future great- liess: enthusiasts debase the purity of the Christian religion by blending their own wild reveries with the doctrines of the Gospel. He who indulges himself in idle dreams lays up a store of disappointment for him- self when he recovers his recollection, and finds that it is nothing but a dream; 'Gay's friends persuaded him to sell his share of Southsea stock, but he dreamed of dignity and splendour, and could not bear to obstruct his own fortune.' — Johnson. A love of singularity operating on an ardent mind will too often lead men 10 indulge in strange reveries ; ' I continued to sit mo- tionless, with my eyes fixed upon the curtai:'., some monients after it fell. When I was roused from my reverie I found myself almost alone.' — Hawkes- WORTH. IRRATIONAL, FOOLISH, ABSURD, PREPOS TEROUS. Irrational, compounded of ir or in and ratio, signi- fies contrary to reason, and is employed to express the want of the faculty itself, or a deficiency in the exer- cise of this faculty ; foolish denotes the perver.sion of this faculty ; absurd, from surdus, deaf, signifies that to which one would turn a deaf ear ; preposterous, from priB before and post behind, signifies literally that side foremost which is unnatural and contrary to com- mon sense. Irrational is not so strong a term as foolish: it is applicable more frequently to the thing than to the person, to the principle than to the practice ; ' Tiie schemes of freethinkers are altogether irrational, and require the most extravagant credulity to embrace them.' — Addison. Foolish on the contrary is com monly applicable to the person as well asthethin<;, to the practice rather than the principle; 'The same well meaning gentleman took occasion at another time to bring together such of his friends as were addicted to a foolish habitual custom of swear! iis, in order to show them the absurdity of Ihe practice. — Addison. Skepticism is the most irrational thing that exists ; the human mind is formed to believe, but not lo doubt : he is of all men most foolish who stakes his eternal salvation on his own fancied superiority of intelligence and illumination. Foolish, absurd, and preposterous, rise in degree : a violation of conunon sense is implied by them all, but they vary according to the degree of violence which is done to the under- standing; foolish is applied to any thing, however trivial, which in the smallest degree otiends our under standin;;s: the conduct of children is therefore often foolish, but not absurd and prrposterous, which are said only of serious things that are opposed lo our judgements: it is ai^itrd for a man to persuade another lo do that which he in like circumstances would object 10 do himself; But grant that those can conquer, these can cheat, 'Tis phrase absurd to call a villain great; Who wickedly is wise or madly brave Is but the more a fool, the more a knave. — Pope. It is preposterous for a man to expo.se himself to the ridicule of others, and then he angry with those who will not treat him respectfully ; ' Hy a preposterous desire of things in thems-elves indirterent men forego the enjoyment of that happiness which ihose things are inslrujneiital to obtain.' — Berkelky. 92 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. IRRELIGIOTTS, PROFANE, IMPIOUS. As epithets to designate the character of the person, they seein to rise in degree : the irreligious is nega- tive ; the profane and impious are positive ; the lat- ter being much stronger tlian the former. Tlie prof am of the Latins, from pro and faiium, i. e. procul afano, far from the temple, were those not initiated, who were not permitted to take any part in the sacred mysteries and rites, whence by a natural consequence those who despised what was sacred. All men who are not posi- tively actuated by principles of religion are irrelinous ; 'An officer of the army in Roman Catholick countries, would be afraid to pass for an irreligious man if he should be seen to go to bed without offering up his devotions.'— .Addison. Who, if we include all such as show a disregard to the outward observances of religion, form a too numerous class: profanity and impiety are however of a still more heinous nature ; they consist not in the mere absence of regard for reli- gion, but in a positive contempt of it and open out- rage against its laws ; the profane man treats what is sacred as if it were profane ; ' These have caused the ■weak to stumble and the profane to blaspheme, offend- ing the one and hardening the other.'— South. What a believer holds in reverence, and utters with awe, is pronounced with an air of indifference or levity, and as a matter of common discourse, by a profane man ; he knowing no difference between sacred and profane; but as the former may be converted into a source of scandal towards others ; ' Fly, ye profane ; if not, draw near with awe.' — Young. The impious man is directly opposed to the pious man; the former is filled with defiance and rebellion against his Maker, as the latter is with love and fear ; the former curses, while the latter prays ; the former is bloated wiih pride and conceit: the latter is full of humility and sdf-abase- ment : we have a picture of the former in the devils, and of the latter in the saints. When applied to things, the term irreligious seems to be somewhat more positively opposed to religion : an irreligious book is not merely one in which there is no religion, but that also which is detrimental to religion, such as skeptical or licentious writings: the profane in this case is not always a term of reproach, but is employed to distinguish what is expressly spiritual in its nature, from that which is temporal : the history of nations is profane, as distinguished from the sacred history con- tained in the Bible: the writings of the heathens are altogether profane as distinguished from the moral writings of Christians, or the believers in Divine Reve- lation. On the other hand, when we speak of a pro- fane sentiment, or a profane joke, profane lips, and the like, the sense is personal and reproachful ; ' No- thing is profane that serveth to holy things.— Ralegh. Impious is never applied but to what is personal, and in the very worst sense ; an impious thought, an im- pious wish, or an impious vow, are the fruits of an impious mind ; Love's great divinity rashly maintains Weak impious war with an immortal God. Cumberland. TO FORSWEAR, PERJURE, SUBORN. Forswear is Saxon ; perjure is Latin ; the preposi- tion for and per are both privative, and the words signify literally to swear contrary to the truth ; this is, however, not their only distinction: to forswear is applied to all kinds of oaths; to perjure is emi'loyed only for such oaths as have been administered by tlie ,civil magistrate. A soldier forswears himself who breaks his oath of alle''ianee by desertion ; and a subject forswears him- self'who takes an oath of allegiance to his Majesty .^vhich he afterward violates ; False as thou art, and more than {a\se forsworn ! Not sprung from noble blood, nor goddess born ; Why should I own ■? what worse have I to fear 1 Dryden. A man perjures himself in a court of law who swears to the truth of that which he knows to be false; ' The common oath of the Scythian was by the sword and the fire, for that they accounted tho.se two special divine powers which should work vengeance on the perjurers.'— Spknskr. Forswear is used only in the proper sense : perjure may be used figuratively with regard to lovers' vows ; he who deserts his mistress to whom he has pledged his affection is a perjured man ; Be gone, for ever leave this happy sphere ; For perjured lovers have no mansions here. — Lee. Forsioear and perjure are the acts of individuals; suborn, from the Latin subornare, signifies to make to forswear: a perjured man has all the guilt upon him- self; but he who is suborned shares his guilt with the suborner ; They wore suborn' d ; Malcolm and Donalbain, the king's two sons, Are stole away and fled. — Shakspeare. DEVIL, DEMON. Devil, in old German tiefel, Saxon deojl, Welsh diafwl, French diable, Italian diavolo, Dutch duyfdel, Greek SidjioXoi, from itaPdWo), to traduce, signifies properly a calumniator, and is always taken in the bad sense, for the spirit which incites to evil, and tempts men through the medium of their evil passions; demon, in Latin dwmon, Greek iaifxuiv, from Mij) to know, signifies one knowing, that is, having preter natural knowledge, and is taken either in a bad or good sense for the power that acts within us and con- trols our actions. Since the devil* is represented as the father of all wickedness, associations have been connected with the name that render its pronounciation in familiar dis- course offensive to the chastened ear ; while demon is a term of indifferent application, that is commonly substituted in its stead to designate either a good or an evil spirit. Among Jews and Christians the term demon is taken always iii a bad sense ; but the Greeks and Romans understood by the word dmmon any spirit or genius good or evil, but particularly the good spirit or guardian angel, wlio was supposed to accompany a man from his birth. Socrates professed to be always under the direction of such a daimon, and his example has been followed by other heathen philosophers, particularly those of the Platonick sect. Hence the use of these terms in ordinary discourse, the devil being always considered as the supernatural agent, who, by the divine permission, acts on the hearts and minds of men; but a demon is applied generally and indefinitely in the sense of any spirit. The devil is said in prover- bial discourse to be in such things as go contrary to the wish ; the demon of jealousy is said to possess the mind that is altogether carried away with that passion. Men who wish to have credit for mo-e goodness than they possei;s, and to throw the load of guilt off them- selves, attribute to the devil a perpetual endeavour to draw them into the commission of crimes; 'The enemies we are to contend with are not men but rfey/is.'- TiLLOTsoN. Wherever the demon of discord has got admittance, there is a farewell to all the com- forts of social life; ' My good demon, who sat at my right hand during the course of this whole vision, observing in me a burning desire to join that glorious company", told me he highly approved of that generous ardour with which I seemed transported.'— Addison. HERETICK, SCHTSMATICK, SECTARIAN OR SECTARY, DISSENTER, NONCONFORMIST. A heretick is the maintainer of heresy [v. Hetero- dox) ; the sehismatick is the author or promoter of schism; the sectarian or sectary \s the member of a sect ; the dissenter is one who dissents from the estab- lishment; and the nonconformist one who does not conform to the establishment. A man is a heretick only for matters of faith and doctrine, but he is a sckismatick in matters of discipline and i)ractice. The heretick therefore is not always a. sehismatick, nor the sehismatick a heretick. Whoever holds the doctrines that are common to the Roman Catholick and the reformed Churches, is not a heretick in the Protestant sense of the word ; although he may in many outward formalities be a sehismatick. The CalvinisU are not hcreticks, but they are for the most part schismaticks ; on the other haiid, there are many members of the establishment, who hold though they do not avov/ heretical notions. * Vide Abbe Girard : " Diable, demon ENGLISH SVNONYMES. 93 The heretick is considered as such with regard to the Catliolick Church, or the whole body of Christians, holriiiis; the same fundamental principles; 'When a Papist usus the word hereticks he generally means Protestants, when a Protestant uses the word, he generally means any persons wilfully and contentiously obstinate in fundamental errours.' — Watts. But the schismatick and sectarian are considered as euch with regard to particular established bodies of Christians. Schism, from the Greek trxi^io, to split, denotes an action, and the schismatick is an agent who splits for himself in his own individual capacity: the sectarian does not expressly perform a part, he merely holds a relation ; he does not divide any thing himself, but belongs to that whfch is already cut or divided. The schismatick, therefore, takes upon himself the whole moral responsibility of the schism ; but the sectarian does not necessarily take an active part in the measures of his sect : whatever guilt attaches to schism attaches to the schismatick ; he is a voluntary agent, who acts from an erroneous principle, if not an unchristian tem- per : the sectarian is often an involuntary agent ; he follows that to which he has been incidentally attached. It is possible, therefore, to be a schismatick, and not a sectarian ; as also to be a sectarian, and not a schis- matick. Those professed members of the establish- ment who affect the title of evangelical, and wish to palm upon the Church the peculiarities of the Calvin- istick doctrine, and to ingraft their own modes and forms into its discipline, are schisinaticks, but not sec- tarians ; ' The schismaticks disturb the sweet peace of our Church.' — Howel. On the other hand, those who by birth and education are attached to a sect, are sectarians, but not always schismaticks; 'In the house of Sir Samuel Luke, one of Cromwell's officers, Butler observed so much of the character of the sec- taries, that he is said to have written or begun his poem at this time.' — Johnson. Consequently, schismatick is a term of much greater reproach than sectarian. The schismatick' a.nd sectarian have a reference to any established body of Christians of any country; but dissenter is a term applicable only to the inhabit- ants of Great Britain, and bearing relation only to the established Church of England : it includes not only those who have individually and personally re- nounced the doctrines of the Church, but those who are in a state of dissent or difference from it. Dis- senters are not necessarily either schismaticks or sec- tarians, for British Roman Catholicks, and the Presby- terians of Scotland, are all dissenters, although they are the reverse of'what is understood by schismatick and sectarian : it is equally clear that all schismaticks and sectarians are not dissenters, because every esta- blished community of Christians, all over the world, liave had individuals, or smaller bodies of individuals, setting themselves up against them : the term dis- senter being in a great measure technical, it may be applied individually or generally without conveying any idea of reproach; 'Of the dissenters, Swift did not wish to infringe the toleration, but he opposed their encroachments.' — Johnson. The same may be said of nonconformist, which is a more special term, including only such as do not conform to some esta- blished or national religion ; ' Watts is at least one of the few poets with whom youth and ignorance may be safely pleased ; and happy will that reader be, whose mind is disposed, by his verses or his prose, to imitate hicn in all but llis nonconformity.'' — Johnson. (Con- sequently, all members of the Romish Church, or of jic Kirk of Scotland, are excluded from the number of nonconformists; while, on the other hand, all British-born subjects, not adhering to these two forms, and at the same time renouncing the established form of their country, are of this number, among whom may be reckoned Independents, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, Methodists, and all other such sects as have oeen formed since tlie reformation. HETERODOXY, HERESY. Heterodojy, from the Greek tTtpof and i6\tj, signifies another or a ditferent doctrine ; heresy, from the Greek uipcoif a choice, signifies an opinion adopted by indivi- dual choice. • To be of a different persuasion is heterodoxy ; to • Vide Eoubaud : " Hir6llque, hil^rodoxe." have a faith of one's own is heresy; the heterodoxy characterizes the opinions formed ; the heresy charac- terizes the individual forming the opinion; the hete- rodoxy e.^ists independently and for itself; ' All wrong notions in religion are ranked under the general name oi heterodox.' — Goldinq. The heresy sets itself up against others; ^Heterodoxies, false doctrines, yea, and heresies, may be propagated by prayer as well as preaching.' — Bull. As all division supposes errour either on one side or on both, the words heterodoxy and heresy are applied only to human opinions, and strictly in the sense of a false opinion, formed in dis- tinction from that which is better founded; but the former respects any opinions, important or otherwise; the latter refers only to matters of importance: the heresy is therefore a fundamental errour. There has been much heterodoxy in the Christian world at all times, and among these have been heresies denying the plainest and most serious truths which have been acknowledged by the great body of Christians siuce the Apostles. OMEN, PROGNOSTICK, PRESAGE. All these terms express some token or sign of what is to come ; omen, in Latin omen, probably conies from tlie Greek oio/iat to think, because it is what gives rise to much conjecture; prognostick, in Greek izpoy- vu^iKiv, from TrpoyvdaKw, to know before, signifies the sign by which one judges a thing before hand, because a. prognostick is rather a deduction by the use of the understanding ; the presage is the sentiment of pre- saging, or the thing by which one presages. The omen and prognostick are both drawn from ex- ternal objects ; the presage is drawn from one's own feelings. The omen is drawn from objects that have no necessary connexion with the thing they are made to represent ; it is tlie fruit of the imagination, and rests on superstition : Ihe prognostick, on the contrary, is a sign which partakes in some degree of the quality of the thing denoted. Omens were drawn by the heathens from the flight of birds, or the entrails of beasts; 'Aves dant oniina dira.' — Tieullus. And oftentimes from ditTerent incidents ; thus Ulysses, when landed on his native island, prayed to Jupiter that he would give liim a double sign by which he might know that he should be permitted to slay the suitors of his wife ; and when he heard the thunder, and saw a maiden supplicating the gods in the temple, he took these for omens that he should immediately proceed to put in execution his design; the omen was therefore considcr.ed as a supernatural sign sent for a particular purpose; 'A signal omen slopp'd the passing host.' — Pope. Prognosticks, on the other hand, are discovered only by an acquaintance with the objects in which they exist, as the prognosticks of a mortal disease are known to none so well as the physician ; the prognosticks of a storm or tempest are best known to the mariner; Though yonr prognosticks run too fast, They must be verified atTast. — Swift. In an extended sense, the word omen is also applied to objects which serve as a sign, or enable a person to draw a rational inference, which brings it nearer in sense to the prognostick and the presage : but the omen may be used of that which is either good or bad, the prognostick mostly of that which is bad. It is an omen of our success, if we find those of whom we have to ask a favour in a good humour; ' Hammond would steal from his fellows into places of his privacy, there to s.iy his prayers, omens of his future pacific temper and eminent devotion.' — Fell. The spirit of discontent which pervades the coutitenances and dis- course of a people is a prognostick of some popular commotion ; Careful observers TSy sureprognosticks may foieleW a shower. — S\vift. Presage, when signifying a sentiment, is connnonly applied to what is unfavourable ; ' I know but one way of fortifying my soul against these gloomy presages that is, by securing to myself the protection of that Being who di.«poses of events.' — .\ddison. But when taken for that by which one presages, it is understood favourably, or in an indifferent .'^ense. The quickness of powers discoverable in a boy is sometiniei a pre- sage of his future greatness ; , 84 ENGLISH SYxVONYiMES. Ours joy fill'd, and shout Presage of victory.— Milton. TO AUGUR, PRESAGE, FOREBODE, BETOKEN, PORTEND. ^lugur, ill Fr< .icll augurer, Latin aitgurhtm, comes from anis a bird, a.s an augury was oriKiiially, and at all times, principally drawn from the sons;, tlie fliiiht, or other actions of birds. The augaruim of the Latins, ami the oliiviana of the Greck.s, was a species of di\ ination practised by the augurs, who professed to foretell events, either from the heavenly phenomena, from the chattering or flight of birds, from the sacred chickens, according to the manner of their eating their meat ; from quadrupeds, such as wolves, foxes, goats, ice. ; or, lastly, IVom what they called the dinp, or the accidents whicli befell persons, as sneezing, stumWing, spiillng salt, or meeting particular objects ; whence by a natural extension in the meaning of the term, it has been used to signify any conjecture respectmg futurity. Presage, in French presage, from the Latm pm and sagio to be instinctively wise, signities to be thus wise about what is to come ; forebode is compounded of fore, and the Sa.von bodian, and the English bid, to offer or to declare, signilying to pronounce on futurity ; betvk- n sisnifies to serve as a token ; portend, in Latin portendc. Compounded o{ por (or pro and teiido, signi- fie.-* to set or show forth. To augur signifies either to serve or make use of as an augury ; to forbode. and presage is to form a con- clusion in one's own mind : to betoken ot portend is to serve as a sign. Persons or tilings a«»-Hr or preA-n^e,- persons only forebode ; things only betoken or portend, ./iuguring is a calculation of sonic future event, in which the imagination seems to be as much concerned as the uiider.standing: presaging mxMhet a conclusion or deduction of what may be from what is ; it lies in the under.staiiding more than in theimaginalion : fore- boding lies altogether in the imagination. Things are said to betoken, which present natural signs ; those are said to porUnd, which present extraordinary or super- natural signs. It augurs ill for the prosperity of a country or a state when its wealth has increased so as to take away the ordinary stimulus to industry, and to introduce an inordinate love of pleasure; 'There is always an augury to be taken of what a peace is likely to be, from tlie preliminary steps that are made to bring it about.' — Burke. We presage the future greatness of a man from the indications which he gives of possess- ing an etevated character ; ' An opinion has been long conceived, 'hat quickne.ss of invention, accuracy of judgement, or extent of knowledge, appearing before the usual lime, presage a short life.' — Johnson. A distempered mind is apt to forebode every ill from the most trivial circumstances; 'What conscience /»re- bodes, revelation verities, assuring us that a day is ap- pointed when God will render to every man according 10 his works.' — Blair. We see with pleasure those actions in a child which betoken an ingenuous temper; AH more than common menaces an end: A blaze betokens brevity of life, As if blight embers should emit a flame. — Young. A mariner sees with pain the darkness of the sky whicAt portends a storm ; PkilI'd in the wing'd inhabitants of the air. What auspices their notes and flights declare, O ! s.-»y — f(jr all religious rites portend A happy voyage and a prosp'rous end. — Drvden. The inorali.st augurs no good to the morals of a nation from the lax discipline which prevails in the education of youih ; he presages the loss of independence to the minds of men in whom proper principles of subor- dination have not been early engendered. Men some- times /'>re4orfe the misfortunes which happen to them, but they odener forebode evils which never come. TO FORETELL, PREDICT, PROPHESY, PROGNOS'J'IC'ATE. To /oretcH, compounded of /«rfi and tell; predict, from prm and dico ; prophesy, in French prophetiser, Lati.i pro^ketiso, Greek -nnoipTiTcviii, all simiify to tell, expound, or declare what ii> to Jiappeu, and cuuvcy tlie idea of a verbal communication of futurity to otfiet*; prognosticate, from the Greek npaytviiaKui to knoT^ bel'orehanil, to bode or imagine to one's self before hand, denotes the action of feeling rather than epeak ing »(' things to come. Foretell is the most general in its sense, and familiar in its application ; we foretell common events ; we may predict, that which is common or uncommon ; prophe- cies are for the most part important ; foretelling is an ordinary gift; one foretells by a simple calculation or guess ; Above the rest, the sun, who never lies Foretells the change of weather in the skies. t Drydkn. To predict and prophesy are extraordinary gifts ; ona predicts either by a supcriour degree of intelligence, or by a supernatural power real or supposed ; ' 'J'he con- sequences of suffering the French to establish them- selves in Scotland, are predicted with great accuracy and discernment.' — Robertson. ' In Christ they all meet with an invincible evidence, as if they were not predictions, bnt after relations; and the penmen of them not prophets, but evangelists.' — South. One prophesies by means of inspiration real or supposed; An ancient auf^ur prophesied from hence, " Behold on Latian shores a foreign prince !" Dryden. Men of discernment and experience easily foretell the events of undertakings which fall under their notice. The priests among the heathens, like the astrologers and conjurers of more modern times, pretended to pre- dict events that effected nations and empires. The gift of prophecy was one among the number of the supernatural gifts communicated to the primitive Christians by the Holy GIfogt, ' No arguments made a .stronger iiii[(ressioii on these Pagan converts, than the predictions relating to our. Saviour, in those old pioplietick writings deposited among the hands of the greatest enemies to Christianity.' — Addison. Prediction as a noun is employed for both the verbs foretell and predict ; it is therefore a term of less value than prophecy. We speak of a prediction being veri- fied, and a prophecy fulfilled: the predictions of alma- nack-makers respecting the weather are as seldom verified as the prophecies of visionaries and enthusiast? are fulfilled respecting the death of princes or the alfairs of governments. To prognosticate is an act of the understanding: it is guided by outward symptonw as a rule ; it is only stimulated and not guided by out ward objects ; a physician prognosticates the crisis of a disorder by the symptoms di.scoverable in the patient; '"Who that should view the small beginnings of somo persons could imasine or p;o^nns((Vutine of lols, a man cannot, upon any ground of reason, bring the event so much as under conjecture.' — South. Sup position is coucerned in speculative points; ' This is ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 95 only an iiifallibiKty upon svpposition, that if a thing be true it is impossible to be false.'— Tillotson. S«r- mise is employed on personal concerns ; ' To let go private surmises whereby the thing is not made better or worse; if just and allowable reasons might lead tlieni to do as they did, then are these censures frus- trate.'— Ho jker. The secret measures of governnient give rise 10 various conjectures .• all ihe suppositions which are formed respecting comets seem at present to fall short of the truth : the behaviour of a person will olten occasion a surmise respecting his intentions and proceedings, let them be ever so disguised. Antiqua- rians and etymologists deal inuchin co7/.7ec«urps; Ihey have ample scope afforded them for asserting what can be neither proved nor denied ; ' Persons of studious and contemplative natures often entertain themselves ■with the liistorv of past ages, or raise schemes and con- jectures upon futurity.'- AomsoN. Religionists are pleased to build many suppositiovs of a doctrinal na- iMie on the Scriptures, or, nmre properly, on their own partial and forced interpretations of the Scrtplures ; ' Even in that part which we have of the journey to Canterbury, it will be necessary, in the Ibllowing Re- view of Chaucer, to take notice of certain defects and inconsistencies, which can only be accounted for upon the supposition that the work was never finished by the author.'— Tyrwhitt. It is the part of prudence, as well as justice, not to express any surmises which we may entertain, either as to the character or conduct of others, which may not redound to their credit ; ' Any the least surmise of neglect has raised an aver- sion in one man to another.'— South. TO DOUBT, aUESTION, DISPUTE. TO CONJECTURE, GUESS, DIVINE. Conjecturing, in the same sense as before (vide Con- jecture), m nearly allied to guessing and divining; guess, in Saxon and Low German gissen, is connected with the word ghost, and the German geist, &c. spirit, signifying the action of a spirit ; divine, from the Latin divinus and Dens a God, signifies to think and know as independently as a God. We conjecture that which may be ; ' When we look upon sucli things as equally may or may not be, human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be.'— South. We guess that a thing actually is or was; Incapable and shallow innocents ! You cannot guess who caused your father's death. SlUKSPKARE. We conjecture at the meaning of a person's actions ; v^e^uto'sthat it is a certain hour. The conjecturing is opposed to the full conviction of a thing ; the guess- ing is opposed to the certain knowledge of a thing ; And these discoveries make us all confess That sublunary science is but guess. — Dknham. A child guesses at that portion of his lesson wliich he has not properly learned ; a fanciful person employs conjecture where he cannot draw any positive con- clusion. To guess and conjecture both imply, for the most part, the judsing or ibrming an opinion without any grounds; but sometimes they are used for a judgement on some grounds ; ' One may guess by Plato's writings, that his meaning as to tlie iiileriour deities, was, tliai they who would have them might, and theywho would riot might leave them alone ; hut that himself had a right opinion concerning tlie true God.' — Stilling- FLEET. Now hear the Grecian fraud, and from this one Conjecture all the rest. — Dryden. To g;iess and covjecture are the natural acta of the mind rdavne, in its proper sense, is a supernatural act; in this sense the heathens affected to divine that which was known only loan Omniscient Being; and impos- tors in our time presume to divine in matters that are set above the reach of liuman comprehension. Tlie term is however employed todenote a specicsof ^«eys- ing in dilferent matters, as to divine the meaiung of a Biystery ; Walking they talk'd, and fruitlessly divin'd Wliat friend the priestess by tliose words design'd. Ukvo£». Doubt, in French douter, Latin dubito from dnhius, comes from iitii and hivai^i,), in the same manner as our frequentative derubt, signifying to have tvvo opin- ions ; question, in Latin qutcstio, from quicro, to inquire, signifies to make a question or inquiry: dispute, from the Latin dispute, or dis asunder and ^uJo to think, sig nifies literally to think differently. These terms express the act of the mind in staying its decision. The doubt lies altogether in the mind ; il is a less active feeling than questioning or disputing : by the former we merely suspend decision ; by the latter v^e actually demand proofs in order to assist us in de- ciding. We may doubt in silence ; we cannot question or dispute without expressing it directly or indirectly. He who supgests doubts does it with caution; he who makes a question throws in difficulties with a degree of confidence. Doubts insinuate themselvea into the mind oftentimes involuntarily on the part of the doubter; questions are always made with an express design. We doubt in matters of general interest, on abstruse as well as comninn subjects, we question mostly in ordinary matters that are of a personal inte- rest ; disputing is no less personal than questioning, but the dispute respects the opinions or assertions of another ; the question respects his moral character or qualities; we doubt the truth of a [losition ; ' Foi my part I think the being of a God is so little to be doubted, that I think it is almost the only truth we are sure of Addison. We question the veracity of an author; Our business in the field of fight Is not to question, but to prove our might.— Pope. The existence of mermaids was doubted for a great length of time : but the testimony of creditable persons, who have lately seen them, ought now to put it out of all doubt. When the practicability of any plan is qucs- tiuned, it is unnecessary to enter any farther into its merits. When Ihe aulhorily of the person is disputed, it is in vain for him to offer his advice or opinion; Now I am sent, and am not to dispute My prince's orders, but to execute. The doubt is frequently confined to the individual, the question and dispute frequently respect others. We doubt whether we shall be able to succeed; we question another's right to interfere ; we dispute a per son's claim to any honour ; we iti/ without any regard to the opinions which they may give rise to. A per.son's coming may he doubtful at uncertain ; the length of his stay is oftencr described as uncertain than as doubtful. The doubtful is opposed to that on which we form a positive conclusion ; the uncertain to that which is definite or prescribed. The efficacy of any medicine is doubtful; the manner of its opera- tion may be uncertain. While our knowledge is limit- ed, we must e.xpect to meet with many things that are doubtful ; ' In doubtful cases reason still determines for the safer side; especially if the case be not only doubtful, but also highly concerning, and the venture be a soul, and an eternity.' — South. As every thing in the world is exposed to chanue, and all that is future is entirely above our control, we must naturally ex- pect to find every thing uncertain, but what we see passing before us ; Near old Antandros, and at Ida's foot, T lie timber of the sacred grove we cut A ml build our fleet, uncertain yet to find What place the gods for our repose assign'd. Dryden. Precarious, from the Latin precarius and precor to pray, signifies granted to entreaty, depending on the will or humour of another, whence it is applicable to whatever is obtained from others. Precarious is the highest species of uncertainty, applied to sucii things as dep(nid on future casualties in opposition to that which is fixed and determined by design. The wea- ther is uncertain ; the subsistence of a person who has no stated income or source of living must be ;)rfc(j- rioiis. U is uncertain, what day a thing may take place, until it is determined ; 'Man, without the pro- teciiou of a superiour Being, is secure of notliing ttiat he enjoys, and uncertain of every thing he hopes for. — TiLLOTsON. There is nothing more precarious tharf what depends upon the favour of statesmen ; 'The trequent disappointments incident to hunting induced men to establish a permanent property in their flocks and herds, in order to sustain themselves in a \ess pre- carious manner.' — Blackstonk. DEMUR, DOUBT, HESITATION, OBJECTION. The demur, the doubt, and the hesitation are here employed in the sense either of what causes demur, doubt, and hesitation, or of the slates of mind them- selves ; the objection, from objicio, or ob and jacio to throw in the way, signifies what Is thrown in the way so as to stop our progress. Demurs are often in matters of deliberation ; doubt in regard to matters of fact; hesitation in matters of ordinary conduct; and o*/ec«(«ns in matters of common consideration. It is the business of one who gives counsel to make demurs ; it is the business of the in- quirer to suggest doubts ; it is the business of all occa- sionally to make a hesitation who are called upon to decide; it is the business of those to make objections whose opinion is consulted. Artabanes made many demurs to the proposed invasion of Greece by Xerxes; ' Certainly the highest and dearest concerns of a tem- poral life are infinitely lej>s valuable than those of an eternal ; and consequently ought, without any demur at all, to be sacrificed to them whenever they come in competition with them.' — South. Doubts have been suggested respecting the veracity of Herodotus as an liistorian ; Our doubts are traitors, And make us lose, by fearing to attempt The good we oft might win. — Shakspeare. It is not proper to ask that which cannot be granted without hesitation; 'A spirit of revenge makes him curse the Grecians in the seventh book, when they hesitate to accept Hector's challenge.'— Pope. And it is not the part of an amiable disposition to make a hesitation in complying with a reasonable request: there are but few things which we either attempt to do or recommend to others that is not liable to some kind of an objection. A demur stops the adjustment of any plan or the determination of any question : But with rejoinders and replies. Long bills, and answers stuff 'd with lies. Demur, imparlance, and assoign, The parties ne'er could issue join. — Swift A doubt interrupts the progress of the mind in coming to a stale of satisfaction and certainty : they are both applied to abstract questions or such as are of general interest; 'This skeptical proceeding will make every sort of reasoning on eveiy subject vain and frivolous, even that skeptical reasoning itself which has per- suaded us to entertain a doubt concerning the agree- ment of our perceptions.' — Burke. Hesitation and objection are more individual and private in their nature. Hesitation lies mostly in the state of the will ; objection is rather the offspring of the understanding. The hesitation interferes with the action ; ' If every man were wise and virtuous, capable to discern the best use of time and resolute to practise it, it misiht be granted, I think, without hesita- tinn,thM total liberty would be a blessing.' — Johnson. The objection affects the measure or the mode of ac tion ; ' Lloyd was always raising objections and re moving them.' — Johnson. TO DEMUR, HESITATE, PAUSE. Demur, in French dcmeurer, Latin demorari, signifies to keep back ; hesitate, in Latin hcesitatum, participle of hmfito, a frequentative homhasro, sigiufies, fir.stto slick at one thing and then another; pause, in Latin pausa, from the Greek irauu, to cease, signifies to make a stand. The idea of stopping is conmion to these terms, to which signification is added .some distinct collateral idea for each ; we demur from doubt or difficulty ; we hesitate from an undecided state of mind ; we pause from circumstances. Demurring is the act of an equal : we demur in giving our assent; hesitating is often the ENGLISH SYNOiXYMtS. 91 act of a siiperinuij we hesitate in giving our consent: when a proposition appears lo be unjust we demur in supporliiig it on tlie ground of its injiistice; 'In order to baiiisli an evil out of llie world that does not only produce great uneasiness to private persons, but has also a very bad influence on the publick, I shall endea- vour to show the folly of demurring.' — Addison. When a request of a dubious nature is made to us we hesitate in complying with it ; ' I want no solicitations for nie to comply where it would be ungenerous for me to refuse ; for can I hesitate a moment to take upon myself the protection of a daughter of Correllius7'— Melmoths Letters of Pliny. Prudent people are most apt to demur ; but people of a wavering temper are apt to hesitate: demurring may be often unneces- sary, but it is seldom injurious; hesitating is mostly injurious when it is not necessary ; the former is em- ployed in matters that admit of delay; the latter in cases wliere immediate decision is requisite. Demurring and hesitating are both employed as acts of the mind ; pausing is an external action ■. we demur and hesitate in determining ; we pause in speaking or doing any thing ; Think, O think, And ere thou plunge into the vast abyss. Pause on the verge awhile, look down and see Thy future mansion. — Porteus. We can never have occasion to waver, if we know and feel what is right,and resolve never to swerve from it ; ' Let a man, without trepidation or wavering, proceed in discharging his duty.' — Blair. TO SCRUPLE, HESITATE, WAVER, FLUCTUATE. To scruple (.v. Conscientious) simply keeps us from deciding; the hesitation, from the Latin h