o 
 
 CO 
 
 c\j 
 
Library of Congress 
 
 Subject Headings with Local Subdivision 
 
 (a) Headings with indirect sobdivision 
 
 (b) Headingfs with ditect subdivision 
 
 AND 
 
 (C) List of local divisions (States, Provinces, etc*) to 
 which subdivision is always direct 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 MARY WILSON MacNAIR 
 Catalogue Division 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 LIBRARY BRANCH 
 
 1920 
 
Library of Congress 
 
 Subject Headings with Local Subdivision 
 
 (a) Headingfs with indirect subdivision 
 (B ) Headingfs with direct subdivision 
 
 AND 
 
 (C) List of local divisions (States, Provinces, etc») to 
 which subdivision is always direct 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 MARY WILSON MacNAIR 
 Catailogue Division 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 ^VASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 LIBRARY BRANCH 
 
 1920 
 
z 
 
 
 L. C. card, 20-26007 
 
PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 The principle upon which subjects have been classified in the one or 
 the other of the two following lists is admittedly not susceptible of rigid 
 application — opinion may differ, and it may be conceded that in the case 
 of a considerable number of the subjects it has not been applied with un- 
 erring judgment and with the greatest possible consistency. The lists are 
 printed in response to numerous requests for information as to the actual 
 practice of the Library of Congress, and are not offered as a guide to be 
 unquestioningly followed. 
 
 List (A) comprises the subjects in which local differentiation or char- 
 acter, or predominant interest, is regarded as pertaining to the whole 
 country or state, and common to all or the greater part of the geographical 
 or other local subdivisions within it. The headings are therefore divided 
 by country or state, with further subdivision by province, county, city or 
 other locality, except as limited by list (C). Examples: Agriculture — Eng- 
 land; Agriculture — England — Devon; Botany — Ohio; Botany — Ohio — 
 Hamilton Co.; Criminal statistics — India — Burma; Education — Germany — 
 Berlin; Education — Prussia. 
 
 Among other headings it includes the following groups of subjects: 
 L Agricultural headings, fisheries, mining, minerals, ores, etc. 2. Scientific 
 subjects (e. g. Botan}-, Geology-, Zoology-) 3. Educational subjects. 4. 
 Classes of persons {e. g. Blind, Deaf and dumb) 5. Sports, etc. 6. Cer- 
 tain legal headings. 7. Inspection headings (e. g. Meat inspection; Steam- 
 boats — Inspection) 
 
 Exception is made in the case of certain classes of institutions (Univer- 
 sities and colleges, Libraries, Hospitals and other social foundations) 
 whose development is largely or exclusively identified with cities, and 
 where the prim.ar}' subject interest is local. While these headings, like the 
 others in list (A), are subdivided by country, state, or province, etc., they 
 are themselves made subdivisions under the names of cities when applied 
 to works so limited (e. g. Libraries — Massachusetts; but Boston — Libraries, 
 not Libraries — Massachusetts — Boston, or Libraries — Boston) This usage 
 is specified in the list under each subject so treated. 
 
 List (B) comprises the subjects or distinctive phases of subjects, such 
 as social, political, econom.ic, or cultural movements, institutions, indus- 
 tries, classes or groups of persons, etc., peculiar to, or identified in interest 
 v/ith, smaller regions or localities. The headings are therefore sulidivided 
 directly by province, city, or other locality' as the case may be. Examples: 
 Architecture — Card, France (Dept.) ', Cost and standard of living — Paris; 
 Fish trade — Burma; Taxation — Suffolk Co., Mass.; Typhoid fever — 
 Omaha, Neb. 
 
 49547.3 
 
(a) Headings with indirect local subdivision 
 
 Abbeys. 
 
 Accident law. 
 
 Actions and defenses. 
 
 Administration of estates. 
 
 Admirals. 
 
 Afforestation. 
 
 Agricultural colleges. 
 
 Agricultural colonies. 
 
 Agricultural cooperative credit associations. 
 
 Agricultural credit. 
 
 Agricultural education. 
 
 Agricultural experiment stations. 
 
 Agricultural laborers. 
 
 Agricultural laws and legislation. 
 
 Agricultural societies. 
 
 Agriculture. * 
 
 Agriculture, Cooperative. 
 
 Algae. 
 
 Aliens. 
 
 Allodium. 
 
 Almshouses and workhouses. 
 
 Subdivision Almshouses and workhouses is used under names of cities. 
 Amnesty. 
 Amusements. 
 
 Subdivision Amusements is used under names of cities. 
 Anarchism and anarchists. 
 Annotations and citations (Law) 
 Anthropo-geography. 
 Anthropometry. 
 Appellate procedure. 
 Arachnida. 
 
 Arbitration, Industrial. 
 Archaeological societies. 
 Archives. 
 Armories. 
 Arrest. 
 Arsenals. 
 
 Subdivision Arsenals is used under names of cities. 
 Art and state. 
 Art societies. 
 Arthropoda. 
 Ascidians. 
 Assignments. 
 Association and associations. 
 
 5 
 
O LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Asylums. 
 
 Attachment and garnishment. 
 
 Autographs. 
 
 Banking law. 
 
 Bankruptcy. 
 
 Batrachia. 
 
 Battles. 
 
 Beacons. 
 
 Bees. 
 
 Beetles. 
 
 Beets and beet sugar. 
 
 Bench-marks. 
 
 Bibliographical societies. 
 
 Birds. 
 
 Bishops. 
 
 Blind. 
 
 Blind — Asylums and education. 
 
 To be divided by country, state, etc., without further subdivision to 
 city. 
 Boards of trade. 
 Bolshevism? 
 Book clubs. 
 Borings. 
 Botany. 
 
 Bounties, Military. 
 Brasses. 
 Bridges. • 
 
 Subdivision Bridges is used under names of cities. 
 Bronze age. 
 Buckwheat. 
 Building stones. 
 Buoys. 
 Burial laws. 
 Business education. 
 Business law. 
 Butterflies. 
 Cabinet officers. 
 Canal-boats — Inspection. 
 Canals. 
 
 Su1)division Ca)ials is used under names of cities. 
 Cartography. 
 Caste. 
 Castles. 
 
 Catalogs, Booksellers'. 
 Catalogs, Publishers'. 
 Cathedrals. 
 Cattle. 
 
 Cattle brands. 
 Cement. 
 Cemeteries. 
 
 Subdivision Cemeteries is used under names of cities. 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 4- 
 
 Chapels (Music) 
 
 Charities. 
 
 Subdivision Charities is used under names of cities. 
 
 Charity laws and legislation. 
 
 Charity-schools. 
 
 Chemistry — History. 
 
 Children — Law. 
 
 Children's literature. 
 
 Choral music. 
 
 Church decoration and ornament. 
 
 Church lands. 
 
 Church music. 
 
 Church property. 
 
 Church schools. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Subdivision Churches is used under names of cities. 
 
 Cities and towns. 
 
 Citizenship. 
 
 General works and works on American citizenship are entered under 
 this heading v.'ithout subdivision. AppHed to works on citizenship 
 in particular states of the United States, or in foreign countries, the 
 heading is subdivided by the name of the state or country (^. g. 
 Citizenship — Maryland; Citizenship — Switzerland) 
 
 Civil law. 
 
 Civil list. 
 
 Civil procedure. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Clearing-house. 
 
 Clergy. 
 
 Cliff-dwellers. 
 
 Clifr-dweliings. 
 
 Climbing plants. 
 
 Coaching. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Coal mines and mining. 
 
 Coaling-stations. 
 
 Coasts. 
 
 Coastwise navigation. 
 
 Cobalt mines and mining. 
 
 Cod-fisheries. 
 
 Code pleading. 
 
 Coeducation. 
 
 Coelenterata. 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 Coinage. 
 
 Commercial courts. 
 
 Commercial law. 
 
 Commercial products. 
 
 Communication and traffic. 
 
 Communism. 
 
 Conspiracy. 
 
d 
 
 LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Constitutions, State. 
 
 Consular reports. 
 
 Contract labor. 
 
 Convents and nunneries. 
 
 Convict labor. 
 
 Cooperation. 
 
 Copper mines and mining. 
 
 Copper ores. 
 
 Copyright. 
 
 Corals. 
 
 Corn-laws. 
 
 Coronations. 
 
 Corporation law. 
 
 Corporations, Religious. 
 
 Costume. 
 
 Country life. 
 
 County government. 
 
 Here are entered works on county government in general, and on 
 county government in the United States as a whole. Works not 
 dealing exclusively with county government are entered under Local 
 government. Works on the government of individual counties are 
 entered under the county, c. g. Cook Co., ///. — Politics and govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Courts-martial and courts of inquiry. 
 
 Crab fisheries. 
 
 Craniology. 
 
 Credit. 
 
 Creole dialects. 
 
 Crime and criminals. 
 
 Criminal law. 
 
 Criminal procedure. 
 
 Criminal statistics. 
 
 Cross and crosses. 
 
 Crown jewels. 
 
 Crustacea. 
 
 Currency question. 
 
 Dairy laws. 
 
 Damages. 
 
 Dancing. 
 
 General works and works on dancing in the United States are entered 
 under this heading without subdivision. Works on other countries 
 are entered under Dancing — [country subdivision] (e. g. Dancing — 
 Greece) 
 
 Deaf and dumb. 
 
 Deaf and dumb — Asylums and education. 
 
 To be divided by country, state, etc., without further subdivision to city. 
 
 Debt, Imprisonment for. 
 
 Decoration and ornament. 
 
 Decorations of honor. 
 
 Defective and delinquent classes. 
 
 Degrees, Academic. 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION Vj 
 
 Dental laws and legislation. 
 
 Diamond mines and mining. 
 
 Diptera. 
 
 Disabled — Rehabilitation, etc. 
 
 Dispensaries. 
 
 Subdivision Dispensaries is used under names of cities. 
 Dissertations, Academic. 
 Distillery warehouses. 
 Docks. 
 
 Subdivision Docks is used under names of cities. 
 Domestic animals. 
 Domestic economy. 
 Dower. 
 Drainage. 
 Drainage laws. 
 Earthquakes. 
 
 Subdivision Earthquake is used under names of cities (e. g. Messina — 
 Earthquake, 1908) 
 Earthworks (Archaeology) 
 Ecclesiastical law^. 
 Echinodermata. 
 Economics — History. 
 Education. 
 
 Education, Compulsory. 
 Education and state. 
 Education of women. 
 Educational law and legislation. 
 Electric railroads. 
 
 For general works only. Works on electric street-railroads in a par- 
 ticular locality are entered under Street-railroads — [local subdivision] 
 Electric railroads — Law. 
 Emigration and immigration law. 
 Eminent domain. 
 Employers' associations. 
 Employers' liability. 
 Engineering law. 
 Equity pleading and procedure. 
 Ethics — History. 
 Ethnology. 
 Etiquette. 
 European war, 1914- 
 
 — Air-fleet bases. 
 
 — Air-fleet bases. Naval. 
 
 — Censorship. 
 
 — Confiscations and contributions. 
 
 — Economic aspects. 
 
 — Finance. 
 
 — Food question. 
 
 — Law and legislation. 
 
 — Regimental histories. 
 
 — Secret service. 
 
 — Territorial questions. 
 4644—20 3 
 
10 LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Evening and continuation schools. 
 
 Evidence (Law) 
 
 Excess profits tax. 
 
 Executors and administrators. 
 
 Expulsion, 
 
 Extents. 
 
 Factory inspection. 
 
 Factory laws and legislation. 
 
 Factory system. 
 
 Farm buildings. 
 
 Farm law. 
 
 Farm produce. 
 
 Farmers' institutes. 
 
 Farms. 
 
 Feather-work. 
 
 Feeble-minded — Education. 
 
 Ferns. 
 
 Ferries. 
 
 Subdivision Ferries is used under names of cities. 
 Festivals. 
 
 Subdivision Festivals, etc. is used under names of cities. 
 Feudalism. 
 Fines (Penalties) 
 Fire-departments. 
 Fire prevention. 
 
 cf. note under Fires. 
 Fires. 
 
 Subdivision Fires and fire prevention is used under names of cities. A 
 particular fire in a city is entered under name of city (e. g. Chi- 
 cago — Fire, 1S71) 
 Fish-culture. 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Fishery law and legislation. 
 Fishes. 
 Fishing. 
 Flags. 
 Flax. 
 
 Flood dams and reservoirs. 
 Floods. 
 
 Subdivision Floods is used under names of cities and rivers. A par- 
 ticular flood in a city is entered under name of city (e. g. Johnstown, 
 Pa.— Flood, 1887) 
 Flowers. 
 Folk literature. 
 Folk-lore. 
 Folk-songs. 
 
 Food adulteration and inspection. 
 Food law and legislation. 
 Food supply. 
 Forage plants. 
 Forest fires. 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 11 
 
 Forest products. 
 
 Forest reserves. 
 
 Forestry law and legislation. 
 
 Forestry schools and education. 
 
 Forestry societies. 
 
 Forests and forestry. 
 
 Forms (Law) 
 
 Fortification. 
 
 Sululivision Fortifications is used under names of 'cities. 
 Free harbors. 
 Fresh-water fauna. 
 Fresh-water flora. 
 Friendly societies. 
 Frontier and pioneer life. 
 Fruit-culture. 
 
 Funeral rites and ceremonies. 
 Fungi. 
 
 Game and game-birds. 
 Game-laws. 
 Game protection. 
 Games. 
 
 Garden cities. 
 Gardening. 
 Gardens. 
 Gas, Natural. 
 Generals. 
 Geodesy. 
 
 Geographical positions. 
 Geology, 
 Geysers. 
 Gilds. 
 
 Subdivision Gilds is used under names of cities. 
 Gipsies. 
 Glaciers. 
 
 Gold mines and mining. 
 Goldsmithing. 
 Government monopolies. 
 Granite. 
 Grasses. 
 
 Guardian and ward. 
 Harbors. 
 
 Sul)divisi)n Harbor is used under names of dties. 
 Health boards. 
 
 /lealth resorts, watering-places, etc. 
 Hemiptera. 
 Hemp. 
 Hepaticae. 
 Heraldry. 
 Herring-fisheries. 
 
12 LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 High schools. 
 
 Subdivided by country or state. The high schools of a particular city 
 are entered under the name of the city, with subdivision Public 
 schools. 
 Highway law. 
 Historical societies. 
 Holidays. 
 Homestead law. 
 Horse breeding. 
 Hospitals. 
 
 vSubdivision Hospitals is used under names of cities. 
 Hospitals, Military. 
 Hospitals, Naval and marine. 
 Hotels, taverns, etc. 
 
 Subdivision Hotels, tazcrns, etc. is used under names of cities. 
 Hunting. 
 
 Husband and wife. 
 Hydraulic engineering. 
 Hydrography. 
 Hymenoptera. 
 Ice, 
 
 Ice on rivers, lakes, etc. 
 Idiocy. 
 
 Idiot asylums. 
 Illiteracy. 
 Impeachments. 
 
 India-rubber. ■• 
 
 Indians, Treatment of. 
 Indians of Central America. 
 
 Subdivided by countries or regions. 
 Indians of Mexico. 
 
 Subdivided by states. 
 Indians of North America. 
 
 Sul)divi(lcd l)y states, provinces, regions, etc. 
 Indians of South America. 
 
 Subdivided by countries or regions. 
 Indians of the West Indies. 
 
 Subdivided l)y names of islands. 
 Industrial laws and legislation. 
 Industry and state. 
 Inheritance and succession. 
 Inland navigation. 
 Inquisition. 
 
 Insane — Care and treatment. 
 Insane — Laws and legislation. 
 Insane hospitals. 
 Insanity. 
 Insects. 
 
 Instrumental music. 
 Insurance law. 
 Interest and usury. 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 13 
 
 Internal revenue. 
 
 Internal revenue law. 
 
 Inventories of estates. 
 
 Iron age. 
 
 Iron mines and mining. 
 
 Iron ores. 
 
 Irrigation. 
 
 Irrigation laws. 
 
 Judicial statistics. 
 
 Jute. ' 
 
 Kitchen-middens. 
 
 Knights and knighthood. 
 
 Labor bureaus. 
 
 Labor camps. 
 
 Labor laws and legislation. 
 
 Lace and lace making. 
 
 Lake-dv/el!ers and lake-dwellings. 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 Land grants. 
 
 Land tenure. 
 
 Landlord and tenant. 
 
 Landscape gardening. 
 
 Landslides. 
 
 Law reporting. 
 
 Law schools. 
 
 Lead mines and mining. 
 
 Lead ores. 
 
 Learning and scholarship. 
 
 Leeches. 
 
 Legal aid societies. 
 
 Legends. 
 
 Legislation. 
 
 Legislative bodies. 
 
 Lepidoptera. 
 
 Libel and slander. 
 
 Libraries. 
 
 Subdivision Libraries is used under names of cities. 
 
 Libraries, Depository. 
 
 Libraries, Private. 
 
 Libraries, Traveling. 
 
 Libraries and schools. 
 
 General works and works on libraries and schools in the United States 
 are entered under this heading without subdivision. Works dealing 
 with other countries are entered under Libraries and schools — [coun- 
 try subdivision] (e. g. Libraries and schools — France) 
 
 Library commissions. 
 
 Library extension. 
 
 Library legislation. 
 
 Lichens. 
 
 Liens. 
 
 Life-saving. 
 
14 LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISIOX 
 
 Lighthouses. 
 
 Lignite. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 Linen. 
 
 Liquor laws. 
 
 Liquor problem. 
 
 Literary journeys. 
 
 Lobster fisheries. 
 
 Local option. 
 
 Lodging-houses. 
 
 Sul)clivision Lodging-houses is used under names of cities. 
 Lotteries. 
 
 Machinery — Inspection. 
 Mackerel fisheries. 
 Magic. 
 Magnesite. 
 
 Magnetism, Terrestrial. 
 Mail steamers. 
 Maize. 
 Mammals. 
 Man, Prehistoric. 
 Manganese ores. 
 Manual training. 
 Manuscripts. 
 Marble. 
 
 Marine biology. 
 Marine fauna. 
 Marine flora. 
 Marine service. 
 Maritime law. 
 Markets. 
 
 vSubdivision Markets is used under names of cities. 
 Marriage. 
 
 Marriage customs and rites. 
 Marriage law. 
 Marshes. 
 Martial law. 
 Martyrs. 
 
 Master and servant. 
 Materia medica. 
 Meat inspection. 
 Mechanics' liens. 
 Medical colleges. 
 Medical geography. 
 P/Iedical laws and legislation. 
 Medical societies. 
 Medicine. 
 
 Medicine, Clinical. 
 Megalithic monuments. 
 Mercantile system. 
 Merchant marine. 
 
LIST A. INDIBECT SUBDIVISION (3^ 
 
 Mercury mines and mining. 
 
 Metayer system. 
 
 Meteorology. 
 
 Meteorology, Maritime. 
 
 Military architecture. 
 
 Military departments and divisions. 
 
 Military education. 
 
 Military geography. 
 
 Military lav/. 
 
 Military music. 
 
 Military posts. 
 
 Military reservations. 
 
 Military roads. 
 
 Military telegraph. 
 
 Military telephone. 
 
 Military training camps. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Mines and mineral resources. 
 
 Mining law. 
 
 Mining schools and education. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 Mollusks. 
 
 Monasteries. 
 
 Monastic libraries. 
 
 Mocasticism and religious orders. 
 
 Monopolies. 
 
 Monuments. 
 
 Subdivision Monuments is used under names of cities. 
 Mosques. 
 Mosses. 
 Moths. 
 Mound-builders. 
 
 Subdivided by states, regions, etc. (e. g. Alound-bui'ders — Florida; 
 Mound-builders — Mississippi Valley) 
 Mounds. -. .<5«r • 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 Municipal corporations. 
 Municipal finance. 
 Municipal government. 
 Museums. 
 
 Subdivision Galleries and museums is used under names of cities. 
 Mushrooms. 
 Music. 
 
 Music — Bibliography — Catalogs, Publishers'. 
 Music — Manuscripts. 
 Music and state. 
 
 Music in universities and colleges. 
 Musical instruments. 
 Musical libraries. 
 Mussels. 
 
 Mussels, Fresh-water. 
 Myriapcda. 
 
16 LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Names. 
 
 Names, Geographical. 
 
 Names, Personal. 
 
 National parks and reserves. 
 
 Natural history. 
 
 Natural history museums. 
 
 Naturalization. 
 
 Naval battles. 
 
 Naval education. 
 
 Naval law. 
 
 Navy-yards and naval stations. 
 
 Negotiable instruments. 
 
 Negro songs. 
 
 Negroes. Sec note under Negroes on p. 28. 
 
 Negroes — Colonization. 
 
 Neuroptera. 
 
 Nickel mines and mining. , 
 
 Nobility, Papal, 
 
 Normal schools. 
 
 Ocean currents. 
 
 Oil inspection. 
 
 Old age pensions. 
 
 Ophthalmology. 
 
 Orchids. 
 
 Orders of knighthood and chivalry. 
 
 Ores. 
 
 Orphans and orphan-asylums. 
 
 Sulidivision Or[^hans and orphan-asylums is used under names of cities. 
 Orthoptera. 
 Oyster-culture. 
 Palaces. 
 
 Subdivision Palaces is used under names of cities. 
 Paleobotany. 
 Paleontology. 
 Palms. 
 Parcels-post. 
 Parcels-post — U, S. 
 
 Sulidivided by locality (c. g. Parcels-post — U. S. — Chicago) 
 Pardon. 
 Parks. 
 
 Subdivision Parks is used under names of cities. 
 Patent laws and legislation. 
 Patents. 
 Pearl-fisheries. 
 Peasantry. 
 Peat. 
 Pensions. 
 
 Pensions, Military. 
 Peonage. 
 Petroleum. 
 Petrology. 
 Pharmacopoeias. 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 17 
 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 Pharmacy — Laws and legislation. 
 
 Philosophy— History. 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 Physical education and training. 
 
 Physical geography. 
 
 Picture-writing. 
 
 Pinnipedia. 
 
 Plankton. 
 
 Plant names, Popular. 
 
 Plants, Cultivated. 
 
 Pleading. 
 
 Poetry of places. 
 
 A duplicate entry is made under name of place (e. g., 1. Poetry of 
 places — England — London. 2. London — Description — Poetry) 
 Police. 
 
 Subdivision Police is used under names of cities. 
 Police power. 
 
 Political crimes and offenses. 
 Political parties. 
 Political science — History. 
 Polyzoa. 
 Poor. 
 
 Subdivision Poor is used under names of cities. 
 Poor laws. 
 Portages. 
 Postage-stamps. 
 Postal savings-banks. 
 Postal service. 
 Postal service — U. S. 
 
 Subdivided by state or other local division {e. g. Postal service — 
 JJ. S.— Alaska; Postal service — V. S. — Denver; Postal service — 
 U. S.—Ohio) 
 Postal telegraph. 
 Postmarks. 
 Poultry. 
 
 Precious stones. 
 Prerogative, Royal. 
 Press law. 
 Priories. 
 Prisons. 
 
 Subdivision Prisons and reformatories is used under names of cities. 
 Private schools. 
 Prize-courts. 
 
 Probate law and practice. 
 Probation system. 
 Professional education. 
 Prohibition. 
 Protestant churches. 
 Protozoa. 
 Pseudoneuroptera. 
 4644—20 2 
 
18 LIST A. INDIRKCT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Public opinion. 
 Public schools. 
 
 Suliclivision I'lthlic schools is used under names of cities. 
 
 Public service commissions. 
 
 Quarries and quarrying. 
 
 Railroad land grants. 
 
 Railroad law. 
 
 Railroads and state. 
 
 Railway mail service. 
 
 Reclamation of land. 
 
 Reconstruction (1914- ) 
 
 Reformation. 
 
 This heading is an exception to the general rule for subdivision as 
 qualified by list (C) and is divided as follows: Reformation — Aus- 
 tria; Reformation — Austria — Bohemia, etc.; Reformation — Prance; 
 Reformation — France — Savoy, etc.; Reformation — Germany; Refor- 
 mation — Germany — Prussia, etc. 
 
 Reformatories, 
 
 Su] (division Prisons and reformatories is used under names of cities. 
 
 Regalia. 
 
 Regency. 
 
 Reindeer. 
 
 Religious education. 
 
 Renaissance. 
 
 Replevin. 
 
 Reptiles. 
 
 Repudiation. 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Revenue-stamps. 
 
 Rice and rice culture. 
 
 Rifle-ranges. 
 
 Riles and ceremonies. 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 Romanticism. 
 
 Rowing. 
 
 Ruminantia. 
 
 Rural schools. 
 
 Salmon-fisheries. 
 
 Salmon-fishing. 
 
 Salt mines and mining. 
 
 Sanatoriums. 
 
 Scholarships. 
 
 School attendance. 
 
 School libraries. 
 
 School management and organization. 
 
 General \vi»rks and woiks on the United States as a whole are entered 
 
 under above heading without subdivision. 
 Works dealing with states and other localities of the United States or 
 special works on other countries are entered under School manage- 
 ment and organization — |/oro/ subdix'ision\ (r. g. School management 
 and organization — Illinois) 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SITBDIVISIOIT 
 
 19 
 
 Schools. 
 
 Sulxlivision ScJti'ols is used under names of cities. 
 Science — History. 
 Seaside resorts. 
 Secret service. 
 
 Seed adulteration and inspection. 
 Sepulchral monuments. 
 
 Subdivision Sepulchral iiioitinnciits is used under names of cities. 
 Sericulture. 
 Serpents. 
 Sewerage. 
 
 Subdivision Sewerage is used under names of cities. 
 Sheep. 
 
 Shell-fish fisheries. 
 Shipping bounties and subsidies. 
 Ships — Inspection, 
 Shipyards. 
 Shrubs. 
 Silkworms. 
 
 Silver mines and mining. 
 Silver ores. 
 Silversmithing. 
 Slate. 
 Slaughtering and slaughter-houses. 
 
 Subdivision Slaughter-houses is used under names of cities. 
 Slave-trade. 
 Slavery in the U. S. 
 
 Su1)divided b}' locality (<?. g. Slavery in the U. S. — Southern states) 
 Soil-surveys. 
 Soils. 
 
 Soldiers — Civil employment. 
 Soldiers — Suffrage. 
 Soldiers' homes. 
 Soldiers' monuments. 
 Special proceedings. 
 Spiders. 
 Sponges. 
 Sports. 
 Springs. 
 
 Steam-boiler inspection. 
 Steam-navigation. 
 Steamboat disasters. 
 Steamboats — Inspection. 
 Stock and stock-breeding. 
 Stock-exchange. 
 
 Here are entered general works on the exchanges themselves, and 
 works on trading and speculation in stocks in general, and in indi- 
 vidual countries (e. g. Stock-exchange — France} 
 
 Works on stock speculation in any city, and works on individual stock- 
 exchanges are entered under the name of the exchange {e. g. New 
 York. Stock exchange ; Paris. Bourse) 
 
20 TJST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Stock inspection. 
 
 Stone. 
 
 Stone age. 
 
 Stone implements. 
 
 Storms. 
 
 Stream measurements. 
 
 Street-lighting. 
 
 Subdivision LightUtg is used under names of cities. 
 Street-railroads — Law. 
 Students' societies. 
 Suffrage. 
 Sugar growing. 
 Sugar laws and legislation. 
 Sulphur mines and mining. 
 Summer resorts. 
 Summer schools. 
 Sunday legislation. 
 Surveying — Public lands. 
 Tariff. 
 
 Taxes, Farming of. 
 Tea. 
 Teachers, Interchange of. 
 
 Works on the interchange of teachers between two countries have 
 duplicate entry {c. g. 1. Teachers, Interchange of — Gerfnany — U. S.; 
 2. Teachers, Interchange of — U. S. — Germany) 
 Teachers, Training of. 
 Teaching, Freedom of. 
 Technical education. 
 Temples. 
 Text-books. 
 Theaters. 
 
 Subdivision Theaters is used under names of cities. 
 Tides. 
 Timber. 
 Time (Law) 
 Tin mines and mining. 
 Tin ores. 
 Tobacco. 
 Tombs. 
 
 Subdivision Tombs is used under names of cities. 
 Town-site law. 
 
 Trade and professional associations. 
 Trade-marks. 
 Tramps. 
 Transportation. 
 Treason. 
 Trees. 
 
 Trial practice. 
 Trials. 
 
 Trials (Conspiracy) 
 Trials (Sedition) 
 
LIST A. INDIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Trout fishing. 
 Truck system. 
 Trusts and trustees. 
 Tungsten. 
 Uniforms, Civil. 
 Universities and colleges. 
 University extension. 
 Usury laws. 
 Vaccination. 
 Vegetable gardening. 
 Vertebrates. 
 Veterinary colleges. 
 Veterinary medicine. 
 Vigilance committees. 
 
 Subdivided by states (e. Q. Vigilance committees — Missouri) 
 Village communities. 
 Villages. 
 Villeinage. 
 Violent deaths. 
 Viticulture. 
 Vocal music. 
 Vocational education. 
 Volcanoes. 
 Wasps. 
 Waste lands. 
 
 Water — Laws and legislation. 
 Water, Underground. 
 Water-power. 
 Water-rights. 
 Water-storage. 
 Water-supply. 
 
 Subdivision Water-supply is used under names of cities. 
 Waterfalls. 
 Wayfaring life. 
 Weeds. 
 
 Weights and measures. 
 Wharves. 
 
 Subdivision JJ'harves is used under names of cities. 
 Wheat. 
 
 Winter resorts. 
 
 Woman — Legal status, laws, etc. 
 Woman — Suffrage. 
 Women as authors. 
 Worms. 
 
 Yachts and yachting. 
 Zinc mines and mining. 
 Zinc ores. 
 Zoology. 
 
 21 
 
(b) Headings with direct local subdivision 
 
 Accountants. 
 
 Administrative and political divisions. 
 
 Administrative law. 
 
 Agricultural machinery — Trade and manufacture. 
 
 Alcohol — Taxation. 
 
 Anecdotes. 
 
 Apprentices. 
 
 Architects. 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 Architecture, Domestic. 
 
 Art. 
 
 Art — Study and teaching. 
 
 Art, Municipal. 
 
 Art industries and trade. 
 
 Art objects. 
 
 Artesian wells. 
 
 Automobile industry and trade. 
 
 Automobiles — Lav/s and regulations. 
 
 Automobiles — Registers. 
 
 Bakers and bakeries. 
 
 Bankers. 
 
 Banks and banking. 
 
 3aths. 
 
 Book collectors. 
 
 Book industries and trade. 
 
 Bookbinders. 
 
 Bookbinding. 
 
 Booksellers and bookselling. 
 
 Boots and shoes — Trade and manufacture. 
 
 Brass industry and trade. 
 
 Brewing industries. 
 
 Brick trade. 
 
 Bronzes. 
 
 Brooms and brushes. 
 
 Budget. 
 
 Building. 
 
 Building and loan associations. 
 
 Building laws. 
 
 Building trades. 
 
 Cab and omnibus service. 
 
 •Calico-printing. 
 
 Camphor industry and trade. 
 
 Capitalists and financiers. 
 
 Caricature. 
 
 Caricatures and cartoons. 
 
 23 
 
24 
 
 LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Carpenters. 
 
 Carriage and wagon making. 
 
 Carriage industry. 
 
 Carriage manufacturers and dealers. 
 
 Cattle trade. 
 
 Chattel mortgages. 
 
 Chemicals — Manufacture and industry. 
 
 Children — Charities, protection, etc. 
 
 Children — Employment. 
 
 Cholera, Asiatic. 
 
 Choral societies. 
 
 Christian antiquities. 
 
 Church architecture. 
 
 Church plate. 
 
 Cigar makers. 
 
 Cigar manufacture and trade. 
 
 Cigarette manufacture and trade. 
 
 Civil service. 
 
 Civil service pensions. 
 
 Clay industries. 
 
 Clerks. 
 
 Clock and watch makers. 
 
 Clock and watch making. 
 
 Clothing trade. 
 
 Coal-miners. 
 
 Coal trade. 
 
 Coffee trade. 
 
 Commercial associations. 
 
 Confectionery. 
 
 Constables. 
 
 Copper industry and trade. 
 
 Coroners. 
 
 Corporations. 
 
 Cost and standard of living. 
 
 Cotton — Taxation. 
 
 Cotton growing and manufacture. 
 
 Cotton trade. 
 
 Court records. 
 
 Court rules. 
 
 Courts. 
 
 Credit guides. 
 
 Cultus. 
 
 Cutlery. 
 
 Cycling. 
 
 Dairying. 
 
 Debt. 
 
 Debts, Public. 
 
 Deeds. 
 
 Dentists. 
 
 Diphtheria. 
 
 Dissenters. 
 
LIST B. DIKECT SUBDIVISION 26 
 
 Distilling industries. 
 
 Divorce. 
 
 Drawings. 
 
 Drug trade. 
 
 Dry-goods. 
 
 Durbars. 
 
 Educators. 
 
 Election law. 
 
 Elections. 
 
 Electric engineering. 
 
 Electric engineering — Laws and legislation. 
 
 Electric industries. 
 
 Electric light plants. 
 
 Electric lighting. 
 
 Electric power-plants. 
 
 Embroidery. 
 
 Employment agencies. 
 
 Engineering. 
 
 Engineering — Study and teaching. 
 
 Engraving. 
 
 Engravings. 
 
 Epidemics. 
 
 Epitaphs. 
 
 Etching. 
 
 Etchings. 
 
 Examinations. 
 
 Excavations (Archaeology) 
 
 Express service. 
 
 Finance. 
 
 Fire-alarms. 
 
 Fire-escapes. 
 
 Firearms industry and trade. 
 
 Fish trade. 
 
 Fishermen. 
 
 Flour and feed trade. 
 
 Flour-mills. 
 
 Fresh air charity. 
 
 Fruit trade. 
 
 Fuel trade. 
 
 Fur trade. 
 
 Furniture. 
 
 Furniture industry and trade. 
 
 Gas companies. 
 
 Gas manufacture and works. 
 
 Glass manufacture. 
 
 Glass painting and staining. 
 
 Glass trade. 
 
 Glass-workers. 
 
 Glassware. 
 
 Gloves. 
 
 ■^Grain elevators. 
 
26 LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Graiu trade. 
 
 Grocery trade. 
 
 Hardware. 
 
 Harness making and trade. 
 
 Hat trade. 
 
 Hay trade. 
 
 Health-officers. 
 
 Horse-racing. 
 
 House decoration. 
 
 Ice industry. 
 
 Illumination of books and manuscripts. 
 
 Illustration of books. 
 
 Income tax. 
 
 India-rubber industry. 
 
 Influenza. 
 
 Inheritance and transfer tax. 
 
 Inscriptions. 
 
 Insurance. 
 
 Insurance. Accident. 
 
 Insurance, Agricultural. 
 
 Insurance, Agricultural — Crops, 
 
 Insurance, Agricultural — Live stock. 
 
 Insurance, Assessment. 
 
 Insurance, Burial. 
 
 Insurance, Casualty. 
 
 Insurance, Employers' liability. 
 
 Insurance, Fire. 
 
 Insurance, Hail. 
 
 Insurance, Health. 
 
 Insurance, Industrial. 
 
 Insurance, Life. 
 
 Insurance, Lightning. 
 
 Insurance, Marine. 
 
 Insurance, Maternity. 
 
 Insurance, State and compulsory. 
 
 Insurance, Strike. 
 
 Insurance, Surety and fidelity. 
 
 Insurance, Unemployment. 
 
 Investments. 
 
 Iron industry and trade. 
 
 Iron-works. 
 
 Ironwork. 
 
 Jewelry trade. 
 
 Journalism. 
 
 Journalists. 
 
 Judges. 
 
 Justice, Administration of. 
 
 Justices of the peace. 
 
 Juvenile courts. 
 
 Labor and laboring classes. 
 
 Labor exchanges. 
 
LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 27 
 
 Land — Taxation. 
 
 Land titles. 
 
 Land titles — Registration and transfer. 
 
 Landscape painting. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Law reports, digests, etc. 
 
 Lawyers. 
 
 Lead industry and trade. 
 
 Leather industry and trade. 
 
 Lectures and lecturing. 
 
 Leprosy. 
 
 Librarians. 
 
 License system. 
 
 Licenses. 
 
 Liquor traffic. 
 
 Literary landmarks. 
 
 Lithography. 
 
 Local government. 
 
 Longshoremen. 
 
 Lumber trade. 
 
 Lumbering. 
 
 Luxuries — Taxation. 
 
 Machinery — Trade and manufacture. 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 Malarial fever. 
 
 Manufacturers. 
 
 Marriage licenses. 
 
 Meat industry and trade. 
 
 Medals. 
 
 Medicine — Study and teaching. 
 
 Metal trade. 
 
 Metal-work. 
 
 Metal-workers. 
 
 Midwives. 
 
 Milk supply. 
 
 Milk trade. 
 
 Millers. 
 
 Mineral industries. 
 
 Mineral waters. 
 
 Miners. 
 
 Miners' phthisis. 
 
 Miniature painting. 
 
 Mining industry and finance. 
 
 Missions. 
 
 Monasteries. 
 
 Money. 
 
 Mortgage banks. 
 
 Mortgages. 
 
 Mortgages — Taxation. 
 
 Municipal buildings. 
 
 Municipal ownership. 
 
2A: LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Music — Instruction and study. 
 Music trade. 
 Musical societies. 
 Musicians. 
 
 Negroes. 
 
 General works on negroes in the United States are entered under 
 Negroes without subdivision; works dealing with negroes in special 
 states or localities of the United States are entered under Negroes — 
 [local subdivision] {e. g. Negroes — Arkansas; iiegrocs— Philadel- 
 phia) Works on negroes of countries, cities, etc., outside of the 
 United States are entered under Negroes in Africa, Negroes in 
 Canada, Negroes in Liberia, etc. For works on the negro in general 
 see the heading Negro race. 
 
 Newspaper agents. 
 
 Notaries. 
 
 Numismatics. 
 
 Nurses and nursing — Directories. 
 
 Octroi. 
 
 Oil industries. 
 
 Opera. 
 
 Operetta. 
 
 Optical trade. 
 
 Organists. 
 
 Pageants. 
 
 Painting. 
 
 Paintings. 
 
 Paper box industry. 
 
 Paper making and trade. 
 
 Paper money. 
 
 Patent lawyers. 
 
 Pawnbroking. 
 
 Pearl button industry. 
 
 Pearl industry and trade. 
 
 Personal property. 
 
 Petroleum industry and trade. 
 
 Pharmacists. 
 
 Pharmacy — Study and teaching. 
 
 Philosophy — Study and teaching. 
 
 Phosphate industry. 
 
 Physicians. 
 
 Pilgrims and pilgrimages. 
 
 Pilot guides. 
 
 Pilots and pilotage. 
 
 Pioneers. 
 
 Plague. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Plumbing — Laws and regulations. 
 
 Pneumonia. 
 
 Police magistrates. 
 
 Pork industry and trade. 
 
 Portrait painting. 
 
LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 5^9 
 
 Potash industry and trade. 
 
 Potters, 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 Press. 
 
 Prices. 
 
 Printers. 
 
 Printers' marks. 
 
 Printing — History. 
 
 Printing, Public. 
 
 Printing as a trade. 
 
 Probate records. 
 
 Produce trade. 
 
 Prostitution. 
 
 Public utilities. 
 
 Publishers and publishing. 
 
 Quarantine. 
 
 Quarantine, Veterinary. 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 Railroads, Elevated. 
 
 Railroads, Local and light. 
 
 Rain and rainfall. 
 
 Real property. 
 
 Registers of births, etc. 
 
 Retail trade. 
 
 Riparian rights. 
 
 Roads. 
 
 Roads, Roman. 
 
 Safe-deposit companies. 
 
 Salt— Taxation. 
 
 Salt industry and trade. 
 
 Savings-banks. 
 
 Scarlatina. 
 
 School grounds. 
 
 School-houses. 
 
 School lands. 
 
 School savings-banks. 
 
 Sculpture. 
 
 Seals (Numismatics) 
 
 Secret societies. 
 
 Securities. 
 
 Serfdom. 
 
 Servants. 
 
 Sheriffs. 
 
 Ship-building. 
 
 Shippers' guides. 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 Shoemakers. 
 
 Shrines. 
 
 Silk manufacture and trade. 
 
 Sinking-funds. 
 
 Smallpox. 
 
30 LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 
 
 Soap trade. 
 
 Soda industry. 
 
 Special assessments. 
 
 vStamp-duties. 
 
 Starch industry. 
 
 Steamboat lines. 
 
 Steel industry and trade. 
 
 Steel-works. 
 
 Stock companies. 
 
 Stove industry and trade. 
 
 Straw industries. 
 
 Street-railroads. 
 
 Students. 
 
 Subv/ays. 
 
 Sugar — Manufacture and refining. 
 
 Sugar — Taxation. 
 
 Sugar trade. 
 
 Sulphur miners. 
 
 Supervisors. 
 
 Surgeons. 
 
 Surveyors. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Tapestry. 
 
 Tax-sales. 
 
 Taxation. 
 
 Taxation of articles of consumption. 
 
 Taxation of bonds, securities, etc. 
 
 Taxation of personal property. 
 
 Tea trade. 
 
 Teachers. 
 
 Telegraph. 
 
 Telephone. 
 
 Tenement-houses. 
 
 Terra-cottas. 
 
 Textile factories. 
 
 Textile industry and fabrics. 
 
 Theater. 
 
 Theology — Study and teaching. 
 
 Tin miners. 
 
 Tithes. 
 
 Tobacco — Taxation. 
 
 Tobacco manufacture and trade. 
 
 Tokens. 
 
 Tolls. 
 
 Trade-unions. 
 
 Traffic regulations. 
 
 Trust companies. 
 
 Tuberculosis. 
 
 Tunnels. 
 
 Turpentine industry and trade. 
 
 Typhoid fever. 
 
LIST B. DIRECT SUBDIVISION 31 
 
 Typhus fever. 
 
 Unemployed. 
 
 Upholstery trade. 
 
 Vases. 
 
 Vaudeville. 
 
 Veterinarians. 
 
 Visitations, Ecclesiastical, 
 
 Visitations, Heraldic. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Wages — Minimum wage. 
 
 Warehouses, 
 
 Water-color painting. 
 
 Water-colors. 
 
 Water-power electric plants. 
 
 Weavers. 
 
 Weaving. 
 
 Wheat trade. 
 
 Wills, 
 
 Windows. 
 
 Wine and wine making. 
 
 Witchcraft. 
 
 Woman — Employment. 
 
 Wood-engraving. 
 
 Wood-engravings. 
 
 Woodwork. 
 
 Woodworkers. 
 
 Wool trade and industry. 
 
 Woolen and worsted manufacture. 
 
 Yellow fever, 
 
 ^inc industry and trade. 
 
(c) List of local divisions (states, provinces, etc.) to which 
 subdivision of heading is always direct 
 
 The following local divisions are exceptions to the general rule in 
 regard to indirect subdivision (c/. list A) ; they are always used directly 
 after the subject heading (e. g. Agriculture — Bohemia; Botany — Ohio; 
 Education- — Prussia; Fruit-culture — Ontario) 
 
 The states and territories of the United States ; also District of Columbia, 
 New York (City) and Washington, D. C. 
 
 The provinces of Canada. 
 
 The states of Australia. 
 
 New South Wales ; Queensland ; South Australia ; Tasmania ; Victoria ; 
 Western Australia. 
 
 The states of Germany. 
 
 . Anhalt ; Baden; Bavaria; Bremen; Brunswick; Hamburg; Hesse; 
 Lippe; Liibeck; Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; Alecklenburg-Strelitz ; Olden- 
 burg; Prussia; Reuss (Elder line) ; Reuss (Younger line) ; Saxe-Alten- 
 burg ; Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; Saxe-AIeiningen ; Saxe-Weimar ; Saxony ; 
 Schaumburg - Lippe ; Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt ; Schwarzburg - Sondef s- 
 hausen ; Waldeck; Wiirttemberg. 
 
 The provinces of Prussia. 
 
 Brandenburg; Hanover; Hesse-Nassau; Pomerania ; Posen; Prussia, 
 East ; Prussia, West ; Rhine Province ; Saxony ; Schleswig-Holstein ; 
 Silesia ; Westphalia ; also Hohenzollern. 
 
 The provinces of Bavaria. 
 
 Bavaria, Lower; Bavaria, Upper; Franconia, Lower; Franconia, Middle; 
 Franconia, Upper ; Palatinate ; Palatinate, Upper ; Swabia. 
 
 The provinces, etc., of Austria. 
 Austria, Lower ; Austria, Upper ; Bohemia ; Bukowina ; Carinthia ; Car- 
 niola; Dalmatia; Galicia; Gorz and Gradiska; Istria ; Aloravia ; Salz- 
 burg ; Silesia ; Styria ; Tyrol ; Vorarlberg. 
 
 The provinces of Hungary. 
 
 Croatia; Slavonia; Transylvania. 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian provinces Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
 
 The provinces of the Netherlands. 
 
 Brabant, North ; Drenthe ; Friesland ; Gelderland ; Groningen ; Holland, 
 North; Holland, South; Limburg; Overyssel ; Utrecht; Zealand. 
 
 33 
 
34 LIST C. LOCAL, DIVISIONS 
 
 The old divisions of France (not the present departments) 
 Alsace; Angoumois; Anjou; Artois; Aunis ; Auvergne ; Beam; Berry; 
 Bourbonnais; Brittany; Burgmidy; Champagne; Dauphine; Flanders; 
 Foix ; Franche-Comte ; Gascony ; Guyenne ; lie de France ; Languedoc ; 
 Limousin; Lorraine; Lyonnais; Maine; Marche ; Navarre; Nivernais; 
 Normandy ; Orleanais ; Perche, Le ; Picardy ; Poitou ; Provence ; Rous- 
 sillon ; Saintonge ; Savoy ; Touraine ; also Corsica. 
 
 The compartimenti of Italy (not the provinces) 
 Abruzzi and Molise ; Apulia ; Basilicata ; Calabria ; Campania ; Emilia ; 
 Liguria; Lombardy; Marches; Piedm.ont ; Rom.e (Province); Sardinia; 
 Sicily; Tuscany; Umbria; Venetia. 
 
 Besides the local divisions given above, subdivision of subject heading is 
 direct also to certain other divisions, political, ecclesiastical, etc. (e. g. 
 Clergy — Padcrborn (Diocese) ; Coal mines and mining — Lusatia; Monas- 
 teries — Thuringia) ; and to many bodies of water, mountain ranges, 
 islands, etc. {e. g. Fisheries — North Sea; Natural history — Rocky Moun- 
 tains; Meteorology — Hongkong) 
 
RETURN LIBRARY SCHOOL LIBRARY 
 TO"^ 2 South Hall 
 
 642-2253 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 ^Mi , ^9cU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FORM NO. DD 18, 45m 6'76 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 
 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
I 
 
 I