/beikiiey LIBRARY .XS*i*?f v: UNIVERSmr OF CALIFORNIA EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF MINES CORDIALLY INVITES YOU TO VISIT ITS VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS MAINTAINED FOR THE PURPOSE OF FURTHERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF CALIFORNIA At the service of the public are the scientific reference library and reading room, the general information bureau, the laboratory for the free determination of mineral samples found in the State, and the largest exhibit of mineral speci- mens on the Pacific Coast. The time and atten- tion of the State Mineralogist, as well as that of his technical staff, are also at your disposal. Office Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily. Saturday, 9 a.m. to 12 m. WALTER W. BRADLEY, State Mineralogist. Third floor, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. Branch Offices: State Building, Los Angeles; State Office Building, Sacramento; Chamber of Commerce, Redding. STATE OF (CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION FOR 1946 BULLETIN 139 DIVISION OF MINES FERRY BUILDING. SAN FRANCISCO i STATE OF CAUFORNIA EARL WARREN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES WARREN T. HANNUM, Director DIVISION OF MINES FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO OLAF p. JENKINS, Chief San Francisco] BULLETIN 139 [April 1948 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION FOR 1946 By C. V. A\ ERILL, C. R. KING, HENRY H. SYMONS and F. F. DAVIS > o N o CO t^ 10 CO '^ ^-1 03 C<1 00 CO O ""^ ^H ^H 1-^ <<44 S^ ^H T-l T-t co^-^kOOipocoeot^Ncq^ coO»o(o*25oooO'-'ookO"^o> 0'^c<^eoc^^-'-«»o»c■^dcD^^^c St^M. 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N >, >,*^ a rt OS WW l^ fe k a c S B m'c'a cm I bn ^ : » a S e H _pq a a C"-' 5 3> a^SilS « o o g s o,-^ « 0«W Chap. 1] FUELS 27 CHAPTER TWO METALS CONTENTS Page Introduction 31 Aluminum 31 Antimony 32 Arsenic 33 Beryllium 33 Bismuth 34 Cadmium 34 Chromite 35 Cobalt 37 Copper 37 Gold 38 Iron and steel 42 Lead 44 Manganese 45 Molybdenum 46 Platinum 47 Quicksilver 48 Silver 50 Tin 52 Titanium 53 Tungsten 53 Vanadium 55 Zinc 55 TABLES Table 17. Comparison of 1945 and 1946 output of metals in California 31 18. Annual tonnage and value of antimony produced in California, 1887- 1946 32 19. Annual tonnage and value of chromite produced in California, 1869- 1946 36 20. Production of copper during 1946, by county 38 21. Annual poundage and value of copper produced in California, 1882- 1946 38 22. Mine production of lode and placer gold during 1946, by county 40 23. Twenty-five leading gold-producing mines in California in 1946, in order of output 40 24. Annual amount and value of gold produced in California, 1848-1946 — 41 25. Annual tonnage and value of iron ore produced in California, 1881- 1946 42 26. Production of lead during 1946, by county 44 27. Annual poundage and value of lead produced in California, 1877-1946 45 28. Annual tonnage and value of manganese produced in California, 1887- 1946 46 29. Annual poundage and value of molybdenum ore produced in California, 1916-1946 47 30. Annual amount and value of platinum produced in California, 1887- 1946 48 31. Annual amount and value of quicksilver produced in California, 1850- 1946 49 32. Mine production of silver during 1946, by county 50 33. Ten leading silver-producing mines in California in 1946 in order of output 51 34. Annual amount and value of silver produced in California, 1880-1946 51 35. Annual poundage and value of tin produced in California, 1891-1946 — 52 36. Annual tonnage and value of titanium produced in California, 1927- 1946 53 37. Annual tonnage and value of tungsten produced in California, 1905- 1946 54 38. Production of zinc during 1946, by county 56 39. Annual poundage and value of zinc produced in California, 1906-1946 56 Chap. 2] METALS 31 INTRODUCTION Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 1-42 (inc.) ; Bull. 5, 6, 18, 23, 27, 36, 50, 57, 76, 78, 85, 92, 95, 108, 125, 129, 130, 134, 135. The value of metals produced in California during 1946 amounted to $23,895,665, as compared with $16,928,007 in 1945. Increases in total Aalues over 1945 were reported for gold, lead, iron ore, molybdenum ore, ]>latinum-group metals, silver, titanium minerals, and tungsten ore. Gold I'^ads all metals in value of total output for the year. It has held this ] position as far back as records of production have been kept in California, with the exception of 1943, when its value was exceeded by quicksilver and tungsten ore, and 1944 when it was passed by tungsten ore only. Table 17. Comparison of 1945 and 1946 output of metals in California NOTE: \Vhere no figures are given under "Value" and "Amount" for a metal listed under "Substance", the metal was produced during the year; but the production figures have been combined with others under "Unappor- tioned" to conceal output of individual producers. Substance 1945 1946 Value of increase (-|-) Amount Value Amount Value decrease (— ) 9,784 long tons 13,949,675 lbs. 147,938 fine ozs. 240,917 tons 14.504,767 lbs. 1,875 long tons No production 145 fine ozs. 21,062 flasks 986,798 fine ozs. No production 71,511 units 19,340,732 lbs. $431,445 1,883,206 5,177,830 883,434 1,247,410 86,270 No prod. 6,719 2,697,835 701,723 No prod. 1,587.951 2.224.184 (— ) Copper. ' .. 8,337,352 lbs. 356,824 fine ozs. 428,354 tons 20,432,630 lbs. No production $1,357,131 12.488,840 1,061,956 2,227,157 No prod. $526,075— Gold 7,311,010-f- 178,522-1- Lead 979,7474- 86,270— MnlvhHpnum nrp (+) (+) Quicksilver..." 17,804 flaska 1,342,651 fine ozs. 1,648,758 1,084,862 1,049,077— Silver 383,139-1- Titanium (+) 102,513 units 14.639.804 lbs. 2,072,680 1,786,056 168,225 484.729-f- Zinc 438.128— Unapportioned (includes chro- mite, molybdenum ore, plati- num-group metals, titanium; 1946 only) 168,225-f- $16,928,007 $23,895,665 Net increase $6,967,658-f ALUMINUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 18, p. 198, 37 ; Bull. 38, 67, 130. Though the high-grade clays of the Eocene of California occur in enormous quantity, the alumina content is too low to induce prospective companies to attempt operating on the basis of making aluminum from them. Raw material for aluminum production in California has been imported from other states because commercial deposits of the ore, bauxite, have not yet been found in California. During the war aluminum was produced in two large plants in Cali- fornia, owned by the United States Government, one at Riverbank and the other at Los Angeles (Torrance). The possibility exists that these plants will be reopened by private capital, providing power can be obtained at a rate low enough to make the operation economic. Demand for aluminum for building and other purposes continues to be high. 3^ CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU. 139 ANTIMONY Bibliography: State Mineralogist Kept. 8, 10, 12-15 (inc.), 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34, 36 ; Bull. 38, 91, 130. Known deposits of antimony in California are small ; ores occur in Inyo, Kern, Orange, San Benito, and San Bernardino Counties, where small amounts have been produced occasionally. During 1946 no shipments of antimony ore were reported from Cali- fornia sources. The last production reported was in 1944 and came from two properties, one in Kern and one in Inyo County. Antimony is used as an alloy with lead in metal bearings, storage batteries, type metal, cable covering, collapsible tubes, ammunition, and solder. Sheets, pipe, and castings of this alloy are made also. In nonmetal- lic products, antimony is used for flameproofed textiles, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, pottery, ammunition primers, matches, and various chemicals. Table 18. Annual tonnage and value of antimony produced in California, 1887-1946 (Tonnage figures 1889-1939, inclusive, represent tons of antimony ore shipped; 1940-46, amount of recov- erable metal.) NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are omitted, or combined to cover a 2-year period. Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 75 100 50 150 33 17 20 40 75 $15,500 20,000 2,250 6,000 1,485 2,320 3,500 1,200 13,500 1900 70 50 510 1,015 158 26 20 20 $5,700 8,350 35,666 64,793 18,786 770 590 761 1939 1940 150 28 10 30 $4,652 7,958 2,537 9,251 1888. 1901.... 1889 1902 1941. 1942 1943 1944 1893 1916 1894 1917 1895 1918... 1896 1925-26 1927... 1945 1946 1897 1898 1928 1929 Totals... 1899 2,647 $225,469 Antimony ores and concentrates are marketed upon a base of mini- mum antimony content with penalties for impurities, if present. The principal western buyer of antimony ores is the National Lead Company, Texas Mining and Smelting Division, Laredo, Texas. The price schedule per short ton unit of 20 pounds of contained antimony of this firm as of October 15, 1947, is as follows (all quotations car lots f.o.b. Laredo, Texas) : 60 percent ore, $3.37 ; 55 percent ore, $3.32 ; 50 percent ore, $3.25 ; 45 percent ore, $3.18 ; 40 percent ore, $3.11 ; 35 percent ore, $3.04 ; and 30 percent ore, $2.84. Arsenic, copper, lead (under certain conditions), and selenium are undesirable impurities; such combined impurities cannot exceed 0.5 percent and avoid penalty. Representative samples of lots of ore should be sent for analysis and quotation of prices, premiums and penalties ; and no shipments should be made until this is done and the buyer authorizes shipment on quoted conditions of sale. Buyers of antimony ore in California are Harshaw Chemical Com- pany, El Segundo, and Morris P. Kirk & Son, 2717 South Indiana Street, Los Angeles. The approximate present purchase basis upon which anti- mony ores and concentrates are bought f.o.b. El Segundo by Harshaw Chemical Company is as follows : The base is 50 percent antimony, paid for at $4.00 per unit, with pen- alties and premiums below and above 50 percent, of one cent per unit. No ore or concentrates accepted containing less than 40 percent antimony. A moisture charge of 50 cents per unit of moisture over 10 percent is made. Bibliography: State Mineralogist Kept. 18, 23, 25. 30, 33, 35; Bull. 67, 130. Mineral Resources U. S. : U. S. Geol. Survey, annual publication, see under each metal. Chap. 2] METALS S3 Allowable arsenic and lead is 0.2 percent each. Arsenic over 0.2 percent is penalized at $12.00 per unit. Lead over 0.2 percent is not accepted except by special contractual arrangement. A smelting charge of $25.00 per ton is made against the gross paj'ments noted above. No shipments should be made until contractual arrangements based on analyses of samples and other factors are completed and authorization to ship obtained from the company, ||> ARSENIC I P Arsenic is found in a number of localities in California in the mineral arsenopyrite (FeAsS) , which is frequently gold bearing ; and in scorodite (FeAs04+2H20), an oxidation product of arsenopyrite. The occurrence of realgar (AsS) has also been noted. Except for a small output in 1924, there has been no commercial recovery of arsenic from California ores. BERYLLIUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 27, 35, 36. U. S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6190. Beryl occurs in California in the pegmatite dikes of the tourmaline gem district in northern San Diego and southwestern Riverside Counties. An occurrence has recently been noted in western Inyo County, but the quantity is as yet unproved. Thus far there has been no commercial ship- ment of beryl from California except for gem purposes (the pink and aquamarine varieties). There are a number of beryllium minerals, but none have been found in commercial quantities, except beryl, which is beryllium-aluminum silicate. The chief use at present for ground beryl is as an addition to porcelain products, where it reduces the coefficient of expansion. Berylliimi is a metal resembling aluminum closely in its chemical character, and is difficult to separate from aluminum. It has a specific gravity of 1.85, is almost as hard as quartz (will scratch glass) and will take a high polish. The uses of beryllium in fabricated products include berj'llium-copper rod available in diameters up to 3 inches, and wire drawn to a minimum 10/1000 inch ; also drawn tubing. A new develop- ment is the use of beryllium-copper in cast-setting diamond core bits and reaming shells. In recent years a mechanical setting method has been developed that permits a very large number of small diamonds to be set in drill bits at perfectly spaced intervals. A typical bit may contain 178 stones having an aggregate weight of 7 carats. Instead of setting stones by hand, methods for casting metal around the stones have been developed. The new bit composition ' ' Vankolito, " is a beryllium-copper alloy and is claimed to have among other advantages increased tensile strength and improved holding qualities. Beryllium is also used in beryllium-aluminum light alloys for aircraft ; beryllium for x-ray tubes ; as beryllium oxide in fluorescent lamps, luminous paints, special refractories, abrasive com- pounds, and dental cement ; as beryllium nitrate by incandescent-mantle manufacturers to harden the thorium oxide skeleton. Beryllium sulfide has been used in medical research and is also said to stimulate the growth of certain seeds. Ground raw beryl is used in ceramics. 34 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 Commercial beryllium ore is sold on the basis of minimum and maximum content of beryllium oxide (BeO) in units per short ton. No beryllium reduction plants are located in the west, and beryllium ores are purchased f .o.b, eastern reduction plants. Prices quoted in the Engi- neering and Mining Journal (September 1947) are as follows : beryllium ore, f.o.b. mines (east of Mississippi River), of 8 percent to 12 percent BeO content, per short ton unit (20 pounds) of BeO, $14.00 to $16.00. However, the largest buyer, the Beryllium Corporation, Box 1462, Read- ing, Pennsylvania, quotes as follows, f.o.b. Temple, Pennsylvania: for ores containing 11 percent or over BeO, $18.00 per short-ton unit; for ores containing 9 percent to 11 percent BeO, $16.00 per short-ton unit. Ores of analysis lower than 9 percent BeO will be quoted on after analy- sis and tests of representative sample of not less than 10 pounds. The above are car-lot prices per dry short-ton unit, and fractions of per- centages within the limits are paid in proportion. BISMUTH Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 35 ; Bull. 38, 67, 91, 130. In 1942, several hundred pounds of bismuth concentrates were made at a tungsten mine in Fresno County, but no shipments were made. Several bismuth minerals have been found in California, notably native bismuth and bismite (the ochre) in the tourmaline gem district in San Diego and Riverside Counties near Pala. Other occurrences of bismuth minerals, including the sulphide, bismuthinite, have been noted in Inyo, Fresno, Nevada, Tuolumne, San Bernardino, and Mono Coun- ties, but only in small quantities. The only commercial production recorded was 20 tons valued at $2,400 in 1904, credited to Riverside County. The uses of bismuth are somewhat restricted. It is employed prin- cipally in the preparation of medicinal salts, and in low-melting-point or cliche alloys. These alloys are utilized in automatic fire-sprinkler systems, in electric fuses, and in solders. Most of the United States production of bismuth is obtained from residues resulting from the refining of lead, copper, gold, silver, andi tungsten ores and concentrates. The principal producers of refined bismuth in the United States are : American Smelting & Refining Com-i pany, Omaha, Nebraska; International Smelting & Refining Company^ East Chicago, Illinois ; United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Com- pany, East Chicago, Illinois ; Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining Company^ Kellogg, Idaho. No custom smelter pays for the bismuth content of ores and con- centrates of other metals ; on the contrary, such ores are usually penalized if the bismuth content is over 0.1 percent. High-grade bismuth ores and concentrates are imported from Peru and Bolivia. The New Yorh market (Engineering and Mining Journal, October 1947) quotation on refined bismuth metal, ton lots, was $2.00 per pound. CADMIUM Bibliography: Bull. 130. Mineral Resources U. S., 1908, 1918. In 1944 cadmium metal was recovered from zinc ore shipped from the Big Bend mine in Butte County, to the Sullivan Mining Company at Silver King, Idaho, for reduction. In 1917-18, cadmium was recovered ^ Chap. 2] METALS 35 by the electrolytic zinc plant of the Mammoth Copper Company in Sliasta County. It was shipped in the form of ' ' sticks ' ' and amounted to a total of several thousand pounds for the 2 years. That was the first commercial production of cadmium recorded from California ore. Cad- mium occurs there associated with zinc sulphide, sphalerite. Cadmium also occurs in the Cerro Gordo Mines, Inyo County, associated with smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Cadmium is produced in the United States in two forms — metallic cadmium and the pigment, cadmium sulphide. The principal use of the metal is in low-melting-point, or cliche alloj^s, and its salts are utilized in the arts, medicine, and in electroplating. The sulphide is employed as a paint pigment, being a strong yellow, which is unaffected by hydrogen sulphide gas from coal smoke. It is also emploj^ed in coloring glass and porcelain. Cadmium cliche metal is stated to be superior to the corre- sponding bismuth alio}', for making stereotype plates. Cadmium is also used in bronze telegraph and telephone wires. There are no commercial ores of cadmium. All zinc ores, however, contain cadmium in quantities ranging from traces to 2 percent. Smelter flue dusts and zinc plant purification residues are the principal sources of raw material for the production of metallic cadmium, as the element concentrates in these secondary products. There is no established price structure governing the sale of "cadmium concentrates"; prices paid by refiners vary according to analysis of the material, source of supply, and other factors. Cadmium content of zinc concentrates is never paid for by custom zinc smelters or refineries, unless by special arrangement covering concentrates exceptionally high in cadmium. Engineering and Mining Journal (September 1947) quotes cadmium metal, in sticks, per pound f.o.b. New York at $1.75. CHROMITE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Kept. 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21-29 (inc.), 31, 34-39 (inc.), 41; Bull. 38, 76, 91, 134; PreUm. Rept. 3. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 430. Chromite is widely distributed in the serpentine rocks which occur abundantly in the Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, and Sierra Nevada of California. The high-grade ores occur chiefly in lenses or kidneys which are very irregular in shape and size. For this reason little ore is developed ahead of production and few deposits are developed or equipped for low-cost mining. The lower-grade ores occur as banded and dissemi- nated deposits ; they are quite extensive in Glenn, El Dorado, and Siskiyou Counties, but the grade of chromite that can be mined from them is too low to meet the specifications for metallurgical-grade ores. The United States Bureau of Mines has developed a process for making electrolytic chromium from these low-grade ores, and metallic chromium is used to make low-carbon chrome-steel aUoys in the electric furnace. Prices being offered for chrome ore are such that only a few small producers remain in business. Most of the recent production has come from Del Norte County. The major consumption of chromite ore is for use as a refractory lining in smelting furnaces for steel and copper. A smaller portion is used in the preparation of ferrochrome for chrome-steel alloys, and of chromium chemicals, the latest development of which is chrome plating 36 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 Tahle 19. Annual tonnage and value of chromite produced in California, 1869-1946 (Tonnage figures 1869-1918, inclusive, represent net tons of 2,000 pounds; 1919-46, recalculated to 45 per- cent CrzOs. ) NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are omitted (1946), or combined to cover a 2-year period (1932-33). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1869-83 (Del 19,000 26,028 3,000 1,500 2,000 3,599 1,372 1,500 3,319 3,680 1,740 786 140 130 $239,400 329,924 40,000 20,000 30,000 53,985 20,580 22,500 49,785 39,980 16,795 7,775 1.400 1,950 1902 315 150 123 40 317 302 350 436 749 935 1,270 1,180 1,517 3,725 48,943 52,379 73,955 4,314 1,770 347 379 84 350 $4,725 2,250 1,845 600 2,859 6,040 6,195 5,309 9,707 14,197 11,260 12,700 9,434 38,044 717,244 1,130,298 3,649,497 97,164 43,031 6,870 6,334 1,658 6,700 1925 191 393 225 729 327 84 441 1,206 294 488 221 1,918 982 3,938 2,599 17,307 45,253 56,201 27,900 10,858 $3,712 Norte, So- 1903 1926.. 7,063 noma, Pla- 1904 1927 5,063 1905 1928 . . 15,179 verasCos.)- 1906 1929... 5,025 1874-87 (San 1907 1930 1,905 LuisObispo 1908 1931 . 6,737 1909 1932-33 1934 16,587 1887 1910 3,498 1888 1911 1935 . 6,111 1889 1912 1936 3,314 1890.... 1913 1937... 20,830 1891 1914 1938 10,864 1892 1915 1939 . 52,673 1893 1916 1940.... 32,796 1894 1917 1941 355,354 1895 1918 1919 1942. . 1,741,080 1896 1943 2,334,838 1897 1920 1944 1,190,513 1898 1921 1945. 431,445 1899 1922 1946 1900 1923 Totals 1901"'"'"" 1924 433,277 $12,902,622 « as used in the automobile industry, on ships, and in oil refineries to protect metal surfaces from wear and corrosion. Chromite shipped from California sources during 1946 came from a single property in Del Norte County. In table 17, the annual details are concealed under Unapportioned. The 1946 output was a decrease as compared with that of 1945, when 9,628 long tons of 45.73 percent chromite worth $431,445 was shipped from properties in Del Norte, El Dorado, Fresno, Humboldt, Placer, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Tehama Counties. In addition to the chromite shipped during 1946 a property in Del Norte and one in Shasta County mined small tonnages and stock-piled the ore for a future market. Rhodesian and Philippine chrome ore has largely driven domestic ore from the market since the end of the war. However, a small market exists for California chrome ores, particularly for metallurgical-grade chromite. Prices paid for this grade, f.o.b. consumers plant (from Cali- fornia points), on a base of 48 percent Cr203, 3:1 chrome-iron ratio, are $32 to $36 per long ton, subject to premiums and penalties as fol- lows: 90 cents per unit above and below 48 percent Cr203, and $1,10 per 0.1 above and below 3 :1 chrome-iron ratio. Demand for chemical- grade chrome ore is completely met by imports. Refractory-grade chrome ore as imported is sold f.o.b. San Francisco for $18 per long ton, base 35 percent Cr203 with about 30 percent AI2O3. Production of chromite in California began, in the period 1869-73, in Del Norte County. First production in San Luis Obispo County was in 1874. There was considerable activity in San Luis Obispo from 1880-83, and a total of 23,238 long tons (or 26,028 short tons) valued at $329,924 was shipped from that county up to the beginning of 1887. There are records of shipments from Sonoma County (before 1883), Placer County (1883 and 1884), and Calaveras County. Apparently the state's total in the period 1869-83 was some 45,000 tons.^ Table 19 shows the annual ' Day, D. T., History of the chromium industry ; pp. 669, 570, 1886. Mineral Resources U. S., 1883-84, Chap. 2] METALS 87 output of chromite in California, including the earliest figures so far as they are available. The figures from 1887 to date are from the records of the State Mining Bureau. COBALT Biiliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 14, 33, 34, 37; BuU. 67, 91. U. S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6331. Occurrences of some of the cobalt minerals have been noted in several localities in California, but no commercial production has resulted to date. Some of the copper ores of the foothill copper belt in Mariposa and Madera Counties have been found to contain cobalt up to 3 percent. The nominal quotation for cobalt (Aug. 7, 1947) is $1.65 per pound for the refined 97 to 99 percent metal in lots of 500 pounds. The most important use of cobalt is in the manufacture of the alloy stellite in which it is combined with chromium for making high speed lathe tools, non-tarnishing cutlery, and surgeons' appliances. The metal is also used in electroplating, similarly to nickel ; and the oxide, carbonate, chloride, sulfate, and other salts are used in ceramics for coloring. Some of the organic salts of cobalt (acetate, resinate, oleate) are employed as driers in paint and varnish. COPPER Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 8-39 (inc.) ; Bull. 23, 50, 91. Most of the copper recently mined in California is in the form of a complex hea\^ sulfide containing much pyrite, much zinc sulfide, and a little lead. Separation of these minerals is made by the flotation process, but the recoveries of the individual metals leave much to be desired. Improvements in this process would help to increase profits from the mines. The process is expensive because extremely fine grinding is necessary. The principal producers of this type of ore are the Hornet mine, Shasta County, and the Penn mine in Calaveras County. The Gray Eagle in Siskiyou County and the Keystone in Calaveras County, which were important producers during the war, have been shut down. Copper production in California is at a low ebb chiefly because of war-time depletion of known reserves. The mines that were operated in 1946 were dependent for a profit on premiums paid by the United States Government, and these were discontinued on July 1, 1947. Future produc- tion of California probably depends upon the making of new discoveries, and such discoveries may not be made until better methods are available, such as improved combinations of geological and geophysical surveys. The output of copper in California during 1946 amounted to 8,377,- 352 pounds of recoverable metal worth $1,357,131, and came from prop- erties in 15 counties. The 1946 production showed a decrease in both amount and value as compared with that of 1945, when 13,949,675 pounds of recoverable metal worth $1,883,206 was mined and shipped from prop- erties in 13 counties. The average price received by the miner, including subsidy, during 1946, was 16.2 cents per pound, compared with 13.5 cents per pound in 1945 ; 13.5 cents per pound in 1944 ; 13.0 cents per pound in 1943 ; 12.1 cents per pound in 1942 ; 11.8 cents per pound in 1941 ; and 11.3 cents per pound in 1940. On June 30, 1947, the government stopped paying subsidies on copper. 38 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 Table 20. Production of copper during 1946, hy county [Bull. 139 NOTE : \Vhere necessary In order to conceal output of a single producer In a county, production figures have been combined under "Unapportloned". County Pounds Value County Pounds Value 2,041,536 24,202 1,859,691 446,386 83,366 3,912,947 $330,729 3,921 301,270 72,315 13,505 633,897 UnappMtioned (Del Norte, El Do- rado, Mariposa, Nevada, Or- ange, Plumas, Riverside, Trin- 9,224 Butte Inyo $1,494 Totals Shasta 8,377,352 $1,357,131 Table 21. Annual poundage and value of copper produced in California, 1882-1946 Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1882 826,695 $144,672 1905 16,997,489 $2,650,605 1927 27,350,316 $3,582,888 1883 1,600,862 265,743 1906 28,726,448 5,522,712 1928 25,162,304 3.623,360 1884 876,166 120,911 1907 32,602,945 6,341,387 1929 33,809,258 5,941,799 1885 469,028 49,248 1908 40,868,772 5,350,777 1930 26,534,752 3,449.522 1886 430,210 43,021 1909 65.727.736 8.478.142 1931 12,954,842 1.178.890 1887 1,600,000 192,000 1910 53,721,032 6,680,641 1932 1,417,536 89.307 1888 1,570,021 235,303 1911 36.838,024 4.604,753 1933 992,515 63,521 1889 151,505 18,180 1912 34,169.997 5,638,049 1934 590,638 47,252 1890 23,347 3,502 1913 34,471.118 5,343,023 1935 2.031.836 188.645 1891 3,397,405 424,675 1914 30.491.535 4.055,375 1936 9.991.799 919.245 1892 2,980,944 342,808 1915 40.968.966 7,169,567 1937 10,512,500 1,272,013 1893 239,682 21,571 1916 55,809,019 13.729,017 1938 1,613.491 158,122 1894 738,594 72,486 1917 48,534,611 13,249.948 1939 8.390.215 872,582 1895 225,650 21,901 1918 47,793,046 11,805,883 1940 12,833,363 1,450,170 1896 1,922,844 199,599 1919 22,162,605 4,122,246 1941 8,101,449 955,970 1897 13,638,626 1,540,666 1920 12,947,299 2,382,303 1942 2.138.149 258,716 1898 21,543,229 2,475,168 1921 12,088,053 1,559,358 1943 17.172,440 2,232,417 1899 23,915.486 3,990,534 1922 22,883,987 3,090,582 1944 25,584.865 3,453.957 1900 29,515,512 4,748,242 1923 28,346,860 4,166,989 1945 13.949,675 1,883,206 1901 34,931.788 5,501,782 1924 52,089,349 6,823,704 1946 8.377.352 1.357,131 i902 27.860,162 3,239,975 1925 46,968,499 6,669,527 1903 19,113.861 2,520,997 1926 33,521,544 4,693,014 Totals 1,266.784.000 $197,229,294 1904 29.974,154 3,969,995 Although some mining of copper ores had heen done earlier, ship- ments in appreciable quantities began in 1861 and continued to the end of 1867, when a total of 68,631 tons (of 2376 pounds) of high-grade ores, and 847 tons of matte or ' * regulus ' ' ^ had been shipped to smelters at New York, Boston, and Swansea, Wales. The most important district at that time was Copperopolis and vicinity, in Calaveras County. Some shipments were also made from Mariposa, El Dorado, Fresno, and San Luis Obispo Counties. From 1868-82, the output was insignificant. There are wide discrepancies in the figures recorded for copper production prior to 1882, when the U. S. Geological Survey began to collect data. Compila- tion of detailed statistics by the California State Mining Bureau began in 1894. GOLD Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 1-41 (inc., except 3, 8, 41) ; Bull. 36, 45, 57, 91, 95, 108, 135. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 73. Billions of dollars worth of recoverable gold undoubtedly still remain in veins and ancient placer deposits in California. That California has always been a gold-mining state is well known throughout the world, but the demand for industrial minerals, increasing with growth of population, is fast overshadowing the older, more romantic mining industry. ' Browne, J. Ross, Mineral resources of the States and Territories west of the Rocky Mountains for 1867, p. 168. Chap, 2] METALS 39 California 's gold mines with few exceptions were shut down during World War II by Limitation Order L-208 of the War Production Board, which was in effect from October 8, 1942 to July 1, 1945. In 1944 produc- tion dropped to $4,108,055, the lowest since 1848, the year in which Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's saw mill. The 1940 production of $50,948,485 is in sharp contrast. Other factors tending to shut down the gold mines were in effect even before October 1942, such as rising cost of labor and supplies and the policy of the Government in diverting labor from gold mines to war industry; hence, some of the gold mines had already closed when the Limitation Order of the War Production Board was issued. The period of idleness caused great damage to many of the mines in the form of caved and flooded workings. High prices of labor and mate- rials and high taxes, together with fixed price of gold of $35.00 per ounce, have forced operators to keep many of the underground mines closed. Dredging properties, particularly those equipped with connected- bucket dredges, were much less affected than the underground mines, and deterioration was slight. Properties equipped with dragline dredges were adversely affected because the dragline excavators were in demand for war work, both as excavators and as cranes, and were scattered and worn out on such work. The washing plants, like the connected-bucket dredges, were not adaptable to war work and remained on the placer- mining properties. The industry'- is slowly reviving, but such factors as high cost of labor and supplies and scarcity of both are still retardants. Extensive repair jobs on caved workings are necessary in some of the mines. Persons responsible for management of the few large underground mines that are reopening must use every possible device to increase the output of labor, such as incentive pay systems and more extensive mechaniza- tion. For instance, hand-shoveling must be considered in the luxury class from the standpoint of management, and every effort must be made to move ore and waste either by gravity or with mechanical shovels and scrapers. Incentive pay brings the miner a larger day 's wage for a larger day 's work and makes his earnings comparable to those of other skilled trades. Development work is active at a number of small lode mines, where an effort is being made to find new ore bodies. Dragline dredging is also rather slow to revive, chiefly because dragline excavators are in short supply, hard to get, and high in price. The cost of labor on a dragline dredge forms a higher percentage of total cost of operation than on a connected-bucket dredge ; hence present high cost of labor is a factor in holding back the revival of dragline dredging. Connected-bucket dredges are resuming production as fast as crews can be assembled and machinery repaired. On most of these dredges machinery is intact, and only maintenance work is needed to put them back in operation. Cost of labor is only about 20 percent of total cost in this type of gold production, contrasted with 50 percent in under- ground lode mining; hence dredging with connected-bucket dredges is affected less by high wages. Dredging of this type is being revived at a higher rate than other types of gold mining. Gold was for many years the most important single mineral product of California. Although now surpassed for a number of years in annual value by petroleum, and by natural gas from 1923-32 and 1943-46, gold headed the metal list until 1943. It was then passed in value by both 40 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU. 139 Table 22. Mine production of lode and placer gold during 19^6, hy county (Excludes itinerant prospectors, snipers, high-graders, and others who gave no evidence of legal right to property) County Lode mines Placer mines Fine ounces Value County Lode mines Placer mines Fine ounces Value 10 4 9 1 4 1 9 12 10 g- 4 1 3- 1 3 3 3 1 4 ....... 4 2,638 21,953 6,602 24 2,723 272 64 203 3,096 2,706 36 55 3,490 3,732 926 55,168 14 3,116 351 $92,330 768,355 231,070 840 95,305 9,520 2,240 7,105 108,360 94,710 1,260 1,925 122,150 130,620 32,410 1,930,880 490 109,060 12,285 Riverside Sacramento 2 ....... 1 1 3 10 8 22 2 23 2 10 3 100,275 4,901 2 28 13,715 12,825 11,427 8,706 24,158 13,962 1,662 57,991 $105 Butte 3,509,625 Calaveras San Bernardino .. San Diego. San Francisco (property not classed as a 17 1 171,535 Del Norte El Dorado Fresno .. - 70 Humboldt 2 16 17 980 J San Joaquin 480,026 1 Kern. Shasta 6 11 8 448,876 1 399,945 Siskiyou 304,710 9 Stanislaus 845,530 Merced Trinity 2 12 1 488,670 68,170 2,029,686 3 6 1 3 4 Tuolumne Yuba Nevada . - Totals Placer 150 172 356,824 $12,488,840 Table 23. Twenty-five leading gold-producing mines in California in 19^6, in order of output Mine District County Rank in 1945 Operator Source of gold Natomas Company. Yuba unit Idaho Maryland and New Brunswick Tuolumne gold dredge Capital dredge Tipper and Lower Ca- manche dredge Junction City Butte unit La Grange Dredge No. 4. Original Sixteen to One.. Empire Star group Lancha Plana Dredge No. 4 Thurman dredge Kister Thurman & Wright Ancho and Erie groups .. Clear Creek Lancha Plana Dredge No. 5 Penn Mount Gaines. Yreka gold dredge ScandiaNos. 1-2-3 Brush Creek Merced Dredge No. 1 Siskiyou unit Folsom Yuba River Grass Valley- Nevada City La Grange Folsom. Camanche Junction City... OroviUe.. La Grange Alleghany Grass Valley- Nevada City Folsom Redding Oroville Cosumnes River Washington French Gulch... Butte Creek Campo Seco Hunter Valley .. Klamath River . Klamath River . Downieville SneUing Callahan Sacramento. Yuba Nevada Stanislaus. . Sacramento. San Joaquin Trinity Butte Stanislaus.. Sierra Nevada Sacramento. Shasta Butte Sacramento. Nevada Shasta Butte Calaveras.. Mariposa... Siskiyou Siskiyou Sierra Merced Siskiyou 25 18 14 No prod. 12 13 No prod. 10 20 24 No prod. 19 17 23 Natomas Company Yuba Consolidated Gold Fields Idaho Maryland Mines Corpo- ration Tuolumne Gold Dredging Cor- poration Capital Dredging Co Gold HiU Dredging Co Junction City Mining Co Yuba Consolidated Gold Fields. La Grange Gold Dredging Co. . Original Sixteen to One Mine, Inc. Empire Star Mines Co., Ltd. .. Lancha Plana Gold Dredging Co. Thurman Gold Dredging Co. ., Gold HiU Dredging Co Thurman & Wright Ancho-Erie Mining Co French Gulch Dredging Co Lancha Plana Gold Dredging Co. Shawmut Copper Mine Co... Mount Gaines Mining Co Yreka Gold Dredging Co Larsen and Harms Alfred L. Merritt Merced Dredging Co... Yuba ConsoUdated Gold Fields Dredge Dredge Gold ore Dredge Dredge Dredge Dredge Dredge Dredge Gold ore Gold ore Dredge Dredge Dredge Dredge Gold ore Gold ore Dredge Zinc ore Gold ore Dredge Dredge Gold ore Dredge Dredge Chap. 2] SCETALS 41 Taile 2.J. Annual amount and value of gold produced in California, 1848-1946 (Figures from 1903-23 prepared by U. S. Geological Surrey; 1924-46, by U. S. Bureau of Mines. Values ilculated on the following bases: 1848-1932, inclusive, average weighted price of $20.6718 per fine oz.; 1933, erage weighted price of $25.56 per fine oz.; 1934, average weighted price of $34.95 per fine oz.; 1935-46, ia.OO per fine oz.) Year Fine ounces Value Year Fine ounces Value Year Fine ounces Value 1848 11,866 $245,301 1882 829,458 $17,146,416 1916 1,035.745 $21,410,741 1849 491,072 10.151.360 1883 1.176,329 24.316,873 1917 971.733 20.087.504 1850 1,996,586 41,273.106 1884 657,900 13,600.000 1918 799,588 16,528,953 1851 3,673,512 75.938.232 1885 612,478 12,661,044 1919 807,667 16,695,955 1852 3,932,631 81.294,700 1886 711,911 14,716,506 1920 692,297 14,311,043 1853 3,270,803 67.613.487 1887 657,349 13,588,614 1921 759.721 15,704,822 1854 3,358,867 69.433,931 1888 616,000 12,750,000 1922 709.678 14,670,346 1855 2,684,106 55.485,395 1889 642,425 11,212,913 1923 647,210 13,379,013 1856 2,782,018 57,509,411 1890 595,486 12,309,793 1924 636.140 13,150,175 1857 2,110,513 43,628,172 1891 615,759 12,728,869 1925 632.035 13,065,330 1858 2,253,846 46,591.140 1892 608,166 12,571,900 1926 576.798 11,923.481 1859 2,217,829 45.846.599 1893 606,664 12,538,780 1927 564,586 11.671.018 1860 2.133,104 44.095,163 1894 670.636 13,863.282 1928 521.740 10.785.315 1861 2,026,187 41,884.995 1895 741.798 15,334,317 1929 412,479 8.526.703 1862 1,879,595 38.854,668 1896 831.158 17,181,562 1930 457.200 9.451,162 1863 1,136,897 23,501,736 1897 767.779 15,871.401 1931 523,135 10,814.162 1864 1,164,455 24,071,423 1898 769.476 15,906,478 1932 569.167 11,765.726 1865 867,405 17,930,858 1899 741.881 15,336,031 1933 613,579 15,683,075 1866 828,367 17.123,867 1900 767,390 15,863,355 1934 719.064 25,131,284 1867 883,591 18,265,452 1901 821,845 16,989,044 1935 890,430 31.165.050 1868 849,265 17,555,867 1902 818,037 15,910,320 1936 1,077,442 37.710.470 1869 881,830 18,229,044 1903 788,544 16,300,653 1937 1,174,578 41.110.230 1870 844.537 17,458,133 1904 901,484 18,633,676 1938 1.311,129 45,889.515 1871 845,493 17,477.885 1905 914,217 18,898,545 1939 1.435.264 50,234.240 1872 748.951 15,482.194 1906 906,182 18,732,452 1940 1.455.671 50.948.485 1873 726,554 15,019,210 1907 809,214 16,727,928 1941 1,408,793 49,307.755 1874 835,186 17,264,836 1908 907,590 18,761,559 1942 847,997 29,679,895 1875 816,377 16,876,009 1909 979,007 20.237,870 1943 148,328 5,191,480 1876 735,169 15,610,723 1910 953,734 19,715,440 1944 117.373 4,108,055 1877 798,249 16,501,268 1911 954,870 19,738,908 1945 147.938 5,177,830 1878 911,343 18,839,141 1912 953,640 19,713,478 1946 356,824 12,488,840 1879 949,439 19,626,654 1913 987,187 20,406,958 1880 968,986 20,030,761 1914 999.113 20,653,496 Totals 101.866.231 $2,267,062,286 1881 929,920 19,223.155 1915 1,085.646 22.442.296 ¥ quicksilver and tungsten ore and by tungsten ore in 1944. In 1946 gold again tops the metals in value of output. Prior to 1943 California out- ranked all other gold-producing states in the United States for manj'- years, and in 1946 has regained the lead. The gold production in Cali- fornia during 1946 totaled 356,824 fine ounces valued at $12,488,840, being an increase of 208,886 fine ounces over the 1945 jdeld, which was 147,938 fine ounces worth $5,177,830. The lode or deep mines during 1946 accounted for 87,052 fine ounces worth $3,046,820, and the placers (mainly bucket-line and dragline dredges) produced 269,772 fine ounces worth $9,442,020. As the Division of Mines has never independently gathered the statistics of gold and silver production, these figures, as in former years, are published by cooperation with and through the courtesy of Alfred L. Ransome of the Division of Mineral Statistics, United States Bureau of Mines. The three leading counties in gold output during 1946 were Sacra- mento, Yuba, and Nevada, each with a value of production over a million dollars. The gold from Nevada County came chiefly from lode mines, whereas that from Sacramento and Yuba Counties was mainly from bucket-line dredges. The following statement and table 23 are quoted from an advance statement on gold mining during 1946, from Minerals Yearbook for 1946, chapter reprint, Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in California, by the United States Bureau of Mines : 42 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 "Gold. Production of 356,824 ounces of gold in California in 1946 was nearly li times the output in 1945. Although 1946 was the second year of increase from the low point of 117,373 ounces in 1944 under the War Production Board Limitation Order L-208, the value of the output ($12,488,840) was only 25 percent of the $50,948,485 in gold produced in 1940, the largest value since 1856. The marked increase in the production of gold since the rescinding of Order L-208 July 1, 1945, was largely due to the rapid acceleration in placer mining, principally by connected-bucket dredg- ing. The rate of increase in production would have been even greater had lode gold mining been re-established with equal rapidity. With the exception of a few properties, many of the mines that were large producers before the war had not reopened, and one famous producer, the Empire Star Mines Co., Ltd., in the Grass Valley district, Nevada County, closed down operation of its Empire Star group of mines July 1, 1946. The principal reasons for this shut-down, as well as the failure of so many othei; properties to reopen at all, were the fixed price for gold and the over-all inflationary trend which affected all costs of mining and labor. "Monthly production of gold in 1946 gained rapidly during the first 3 months to continue the swing upward which began in July 1945. From March through July the monthly output remained relatively unchanged at about 29,700 ounces. Following a rise to 34,340 ounces in August, the monthly rate of production again leveled off foi the balance of the year. The monthly average for the year was 29,735 ounces com- pared with 12,328 ounces for 1945 and 9,781 ounces for 1944. Monthly production figures since January 1937 through the war years have been discussed in detail in this chapter for 1944 and 1945. "The 25 leading gold-producing mines in California in 1945, listed in table [23 J, yielded 88 percent of the total gold output of the state ; the leading five mines produced 56 percent and the leading 10 mines, 70 percent." IRON AND STEEL Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 2, 4, 5, 10, 12-15 (inc.), 17, 18, 21-27 (inc.), 30, 31, 33-36 (inc.), 38, 39, 40; Bull. 38, 67, 91, 113, 129. Am. Inst. Min. Met. Eng. Trans., vol. 53, 466 pp. Large deposits of high-grade iron ore have for many years been known to exist in California. The first production of pig iron was in the early eighties, from the blast furnaces then in operation at Hotaling, Placer County. Charcoal was used in lieu of coke. Though a superior grade of metal was produced, the furnaces were finally closed down, as they could not compete with the cheaper English and eastern United States iron brought in by sea to San Francisco. Table 25. Annual tonnage and value of iron ore produced in California, 1881-1946 (Production from 1881-86 inclusive reported as tons of pig iron, in Mineral Resources U. S., 1885; tonnage flgures in this table liave been recalculated to tons of ore on the basis of 47.6 percent Fe, the average iron content shown in analyses of the ore published in Ixeport 4 of the State Mineralogist, p. 242. Tonnage flgures used in this table represent net tons of 2,000 pounds.) NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1924-25, etc.). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1881. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1893 1894 1896....... 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 9,273 2,073 11,191 4,352 3,676 250 200 400 108 679 558 $79,452 17,766 106,540 40,983 19,250 2,000 1,500 400 174 900 558 1912 1913 1914. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919. 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924-25 1926-27.... 1928.. 2,508 2,343 1,436 724 3,000 2,874 3,108 2,300 5,975 1,970 3,588 3,102 785 5,272 $2,508 4,485 5,128 2,584 6,000 11,496 15,947 13,798 40,889 12,030 18,868 18,665 4,710 26,000 1930-31.... 1932 1934-35..-. 1936. 1937 1938 1939.. 1940-41...- 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 Totals.. 100 38,339 31,084 5,490 27,878 16,990 54,707 99,092 907,458 905,981 240,917 428,354 $700 163,714 165,434 29,340 141,406 77,788 194,362 371,562 2,341,827 2,360,694 883,434 1,061,956 2,828,035 i $8,234,846 Chap. 2] METALS 43 Commercial production of pig iron actually began in this state Janu- ary 1, 1943, when the blast furnace of the Kaiser Company's plant at Fontana was blown in. Since that time capacity production, 1200 tons of hot metal per day, has been maintained, with the exception of a short period immediately following the war. To January 1, 1947, 1,307,996 tons of hot metal had been produced. By far the greater part of the ore fed to this furnace came from the company-owned Vulcan mine, 9 miles south of Kelso in San Bernardino County. To January 1, 1947, this property had shipped 2,103,448 tons, always maintaining a minimum of 50 percent iron content. Operations will be discontinued July 1, 1947, and mining activities will be transferred to the Eagle Mountain deposits in eastern Iiiverside County. The Vulcan mine is being abandoned because the oper- ators are faced either with excessive stripping costs or expensive under- ground mining ; also because of the increased sulphur content of the ore. By July 1 sufficient ore will have been stockpiled at Kelso and the Vulcan mine to carry furnace operations during the period of moving to the Eagle Mountain deposits. The Eagle Mountain deposits have been drilled and trenched. This \vork developed 25,000,000 tons of blast-furnace-grade ore and it is estimated that an additional 45,000,000 tons can be made available by l)enefieiation. Development of this property includes the construction of "il miles of railroad, which will be built and operated by the company, and which is expected to be in operation by April 1948. Other shipments of iron ore, in quantity, come from the Cave Canyon ili^posit of the California Portland Cement Company. This deposit is in 111 Bernardino County and supplies from 30,000 to 60,000 tons per year i; the company's plant at Colton and the Iiiverside Cement Company's plant at Crestmore. No curtailment of these shipments is anticipated. Total steel production in California in 1942, the year before the Fontana steel furnaces were started, was 1,041,046 tons. The open-hearth section at Fontana consists of six 185-ton furnaces having a monthly capacity of 60,000 tons. These furnaces were put into operation in May 1943. To January 1, 1947, 1,950,000 tons of steel had been produced. Finishing facilities are as follows : plate mill with an annual rated capac- ity of 300,000 tons ; structural mill with a capacity of 210,000 tons per year ; merchant mill, 180,000 tons per year. In addition to these, construc- tion is now in progress on the following : pipe mill to produce 125,000 tons annually ; cold-roll mill for light-weight strip 42,000 tons ; cold-draw plant 24,000 tons, rounds, flats, squares, and hexagonals. The iron ore shipped during 1946 from California properties totaled 428,354 net tons valued at $1,061,956 and came from two properties in San Bernardino County and a single property each in Los Angeles, River- side, and Shasta Counties, as compared with 240,917 net tons worth $883,- 434 during 1945, which came from a single property each in Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Cruz, and Shasta Counties. The ore mined during 1946 was hematite from Riverside and San Bernardino Counties; magnetite from Shasta County; and magnetite sand from Los Angeles County. Several deposits of iron ore are known in California, notably in Shasta, Madera, Placer, Plumas, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. Some pig iron was made in earlier years, utilizing charcoal for fuel, both in blast furnaces and by electrical reduction. Ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilieon have also been made in California. 44 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 Value Cents per pound $912,670 1,247,410 2,227,157 8 8.6 10.9 LEAD Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 4, 8-15 (inc.), 17-28 (inc.), 30, 31, 33-36 (inc.), 39, 41. There are important deposits of lead in the desert mountain ranges of California, especially in Inyo County. These occur as replacement deposits in Paleozoic or older limestones. Increase in the price of lead to 14.8 to 15 cents per pound in 1947, together with a steady demand and diminishing stocks, place this metal in a very strong position. These conditions are responsible for increased activity in the exploration for and production of lead in California. The steady increase for the past 3 years is shown by the follow statistics : Year Pounds 1944 11,408.381 1945 14,504,767 1946 20,432,630 The 1946 production has been exceeded only once in the state 's his- tory. In 1917 the output was 21,651,352 pounds valued at $1,862,016 or 8.60 cents per pound. Present indications are that the 1947 production will equal if not exceed that of 1946. Anaconda Copper Mining Company, operating at Darwin, produced more than three-quarters of the 1946 output and has recently increased the capacity of its concentrator. Most of the lead from Darwin ores is recovered by direct smelting. The Finley Company, operating Columbia No. 2 mine (formerly operated by Shoshone Mines (Company) was the second largest producer in the state for 1946. This property is 9 miles east of Tecopa in Inyo County. Its production will be increased as a mill is now under construction for treatment of ores which could not be shipped. In the past all ore from this property has been shipped directly to the smelter. Dunton-Ray and Greenwood, shipping from the Mohawk mine in eastern San Bernardino County, were third in production. Morris Albertoli and associates are doing development work on the Black Canyon (Mineral Point) mine in the White Mountains in Inyo County. Some ore has been shipped from the property and it appears that a substantial production may eventually be attained. Shipments of dump ores from the Santa Rosa mine in Inyo County are being made regularly to the smelter. Rehabilitation of this mine has been going forward, and shipments from the mine may be expected in the near future. This upward trend in the production of lead in the state may be expected to continue as long as the price of the metal is sufficiently high to offset increased labor costs. Table 26. Production of lead during 1946, by county NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of a single producer In a county, production figures have been combined under "Unapportloned". County Pounds Value County Founds Value 320,178 19,124,830 947,067 27,110 $34,900 2,084,606 103,230 2,955 Unapportioned (Amador, Butte, EI Dorado, Mari- posa, Nevada, Orange) Totals 13,445 $1,466 20,432,630 $2,227,157 Chap. 2] METALS 45 Table 27. Annual poundage and value of lead produced in California, 1877-1946 (Poundage figures, 1877-81, inclusive, after C. E. Siebenthal, Mineral Resources U. S., 1912, pt. 1, p. 339; value figures, 1877-81, from quotations in Engineering and Mining Journal; poundage, 1882, estimated; poundage and value figiires, 1883-86 inclusive, from Mineral Resources U. S., 1883-86 respectively; figures from 1887 to date compiled by State Division of Mines.) Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value !«;77 7,836,000 (391,800 1901 720,500 S28,820 1925 7.352.422 $639,661 -■8 8,640,000 328,320 1902 349.440 12,230 1926 8.067.873 645.429 --9 4,502,000 191,335 1903 110.000 3.960 1927 2.748,440 173,151 -<0 4,200,000 215,460 1904 124.000 5.270 1928 1.882,795 109.102 ■SI 6,680,000 325.316 1905 533.680 25.083 1929 1,428,777 90,014 -^2 4,000,000 196,800 1906 338.718 19.307 1930 3,542,796 176,241 ^3 3,400,000 145,520 1907 328.681 16,690 1931 3,934,240 245,568 ^4 3,200,000 120,512 1908 1,124,483 46,663 1932 2,418,626 72,480 -^0 2,000.000 80.900 1909 2.685.477 144,897 1933 772,463 28,583 -^'3 2,000,000 93,400 1910 3,016.902 134,082 1934 804,911 29,655 ■>7 1,160,000 52,200 1911 1.403,839 63,173 1935 1,142,405 45,695 ~^S 900,000 38,250 1912 1,370.067 61,653 1936 1,098.545 50,533 ■^9 840,000 35,720 1913 3,640.951 160,202 1937 2,402,110 141,724 ''0 800,000 36.000 1914 4,697.400 183,198 1938 1,003,096 46,142 ■'1 1,140,000 49,020 1915 4,796,299 225,426 1939 1,061,294 49,880 , ,2 1,360,000 54,400 1916 12,392.031 855,049 1940 3,092,636 154,632 ■ '3 666,000 24,975 1917 21,651,352 1,862,016 1941 6,900,851 393,348 ■ 4 950.000 28,500 1918 13,464,869 956,006 1942 10,329.176 692,054 - '5 1,592,400 49,364 1919 4,139,562 219,397 1943 11.811.034 885.827 ■ '3 1,293,500 38,805 1920 4,903,738 392,300 1944 11.408.381 912,670 ^ j7 596,000 20,264 1921 1,149,051 51.707 1945 14.504.767 1.247.410 -J 8 655,000 23.907 1922 6,511,280 358,120 1946 20,432.630 2,227.157 9B. DIVISION OF MIXES BL"LI,ETIN 139, PLATE 4 A, PACIFIC COAST AGGREGATES INC. Property at Lapis ; removal of dune sands. Photo by Lauren A. Wright. Reprinted from CaUfo7-nia Journal of Mines and Geology, January 19Ji8, pi. JiA. B, ANTIOCH-MARCHIO SILICA-SAND EXCAVATION Photo by Lauren A. Wright. Reprinted from California Journal of Mines and Geology, January 19Ji8,pl. %A. CHAPTER THREE INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS CONTENTS I Page Introduction 59 Asphalt 59 Asbestos 60 Barite 60 Beutonite and fullers earth 62 Bituminous rock 63 Calcium silicate 64 Carbon dioxide 64 Cement 64 Clay 66 Pottery clay 67 Brick and hollow tile 67 Diatomite 69 Dolomite 70 Feldspar 71 Fluorspar 72 Garnet 73 Gems 73 Graphite 75 Gypsum 75 Limestone and lime 77 Lithium compounds 79 Magnesite 81 Mica 81 Mineral paint 82 Page Mineral water 83 Phosphates 84 Pumice, pumicite, and perlite 84 Pyrites 86 Serpentine 87 Shale oil 87 Silica 88 Sillimanite group (andalusite, kya- nite, and dumortierite) 89 Stone for monuments and buildings- 89 Granite 91 Marble 91 Onyx and travertine 91 Sandstone 92 Slate 93 Stone, miscellaneous 93 Crushed rock 95 Sand and gravel 95 Grinding-mill pebbles 95 Paving blocks 95 Strontium 98 Sulphur 99 Talc, soapstone, and pyrophyllite 99 Zircon 101 TABLES Table Page 40. Comparison of 1945 and 1946 output of in- dustrial nonmetallic materials in California. 59 41. Annual tonnage and value of asbestos pro- duced in California, 1887-1946 60 42. Annual tonnage and value of barite produced in California, 1910-1946 61 43. Annual tannage and value of bentonite and fullers earth produced in California, 1899- 1946 63 44. Annual tonnage and value of bituminous rock produced in California, 1887-1946 63 45. Annual volume and value of carbon-diojdde gas produced in California, 1894-1946 64 46. Annual amount and value of cement produced in California, 1891-1946 65 47. Production of pottery clay during 1946, by county 68 48. Ceramic products manufactured In California during 1946 68 49. Annual tonnage and value of pottery clay pro- duced in California, 1887-1946 68 50. Annual amount and value of brick (1893- 1946) and hollow building tile (1917-46) produced in California 69 51. Annual tonnage and value of diatomite pro- duced in California, 1889-1946 70 52. Annual tonnage and value of dolomite pro- duced in California, 1915-46 70 53. Annual tonnage and value of feldspar pro- duced in California, 1910-46 72 54. Annual value of gems produced in California, 1900-46 74 55. Annual poundage and value of graphite pro- duced in California, 1901-36 76 56. Annual tonnage and value of gypsum produced in California, 1887-1946 76 57. Production of industrial limestone during 1946, by county 76 58. Annual tonnage and value of Industrial lime- stone produced in California, 1894-1946 78 59. Annual tonnage and value of lime produced In California, 1894-1941 79 60. Annual tonnage and value of lithium com- pounds produced in California, 1899-1946.- 80 61. Annual tonnage and value of magnesite pro- duced in California, 1887-1946 80 62. Annual tonnage and value of mica produced In California, 1902-46 80 Table Page 63 Annual tonnage and value of mineral paint produced in California, 1890-1946 82 64. Production of mineral water during 1946, by county 83 65. Annual amount and value of mineral water produced in California, 1887-1946 83 66. Production of pumice and pumicite during 1946, by counties 85 67. Annual amount and value of pumice produced in California, 1909-46 85 68. Annual tonnage and value of pyrites produced in California, 1898-1946 86 69. Annual amount and value Of serpentine pro- duced in California, 1895-1946 87 70. Annual amount and value of shale oU pro- duced in California, 1922-28 87 71. Annual tonnage and value of silica (chiefly sand) produced in California, 1899-1946 -^_ 88 72 Tonnage and value of sillimanite-group min- erals produced in California, 1922-46 89 73. Annual value of granite produced in Califor- nia, 1887-1946 90 74 Annual amount and value of marble produced in California, 1887-1946 90 75. Annual value of onyx produced in California, 1887-1926 90 76 Annual amount and value of sandstone pro- duced in California, 1887-1946 92 77. Annual amount and value of slate produced in California, 1889-1946 92 78. Annual tonnage and value of crushed rock, sand, and gravel produced in California, 1893-1946 93 79. Production of sand and gravel during 1946, by county 94 80. Production of crushed rock during 1946, by county 96 81. Annual tonnage and value of grinding-mill pebbles produced in California, 1915-46 - 98 82. Annual amount and value of paving blocks produced in California, 1887-1944 98 83. Annual tonnage and value of strontium min- erals produced in California, 1916-46 99 84. Annual tonnage and value of sulphur pro- duced in California, 1856-1946 99 85 Production of talc, pyrophyllite, and soap- stone during 1946, by county 100 86. Annual tonnage and value of talc produced In California, 1893-1946 101 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 59 INTRODUCTION Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports 12-41 (inc.) ; Bull. 38. The following mineral substances have been arbitrarily arranged under the general heading Industrial Nonmetallic Materials as distin- guished from fuels, metals, and salines which have a clearly defined classification. These materials, many of which are mineral earths, are produced on a comparativeh^ small scale. There are great possibilities for develop- ment of several of these. Increased accessibility and the steadily growing demand brought about by establishment and expansion of chemical and manufacturing plants in the West, make the future of this branch of the mineral industry in California very bright. There is not a county in the state that cannot contribute to this group's output. In 1944-46 all counties contributed but one, namely, Kings. This group as a whole showed an increase in total value from $59,695,692 in 1945 to $80,568,182 in 1946. Nearly all materials showed a greater yield and a higher total value for the year 1946 than for the previous year, with the exception of bentonite, dolomite, lithia minerals, mineral paint, strontium minerals, and the sillimanite group. Table J^O. Comparison of 19-^5 and 1946 output of industrial nonmetallic materials in California Substance 1945 1946 Value of increase(+) Amoant Value Amount Value or decrease(— ) $3,623,661 23.469.027 1,345,966 220,411 964,696 1,626,844 798,430 461,022 7,498 1,309.564 922,682 20,207,361 4.848,540 $5,565,075 32,403,081 1,606,256 275,367 1,431,884 1,974,479 1,132,399 540,811 25,764 1.408.563 945.294 27.671.788 6,587.431 $2,041,414+ Cement 16,922,772 bbls. 497,586 tons 19.546.336 bbls. 604.140 tons 8,934,054+ Clay (pottwy) 260,290+ Granite ... 54,956+ Gypsum 442,133 tons 532,480 tons 26,502,875 gab. 89,209 tons ^ 618,007 tons "^767,170 tons 33,397,902 gals 109,191 tons 2,286 tons 594,155 tons 74,146 tons 41.610.212 tons • 477,188+ Limestone 347,635+ Mineral water 333,969+ Pumice and volcanic ash 79,789+ Sandstone .. 18.266+ Silica (quartz and glass sand) Soapstone and talc 581,725 tons 65,202 tons 29,449,484 tons b 98.989+ 22,612+ 7.464,437+ Unapportioned- - 738,891+ Total values $59,695,692 $80,568,182 $20,872,490+ » Includes asbestos, barite, bentonite. bituminous rock, carbon dioxide, diatomlte, dolomite, feldspar, gems, lithia, marble, mica (serlcite), mineral paint, pyrite, serpentine, sillimanite group (kyanlte), slate, strontium, sulphur, and tube-mill pebbles. •> Includes asbestos, barite. bentonite, bituminous rock, carbon dioxide, diatomlte, dolomite, feldspar, gem materials, garnets (abrasive), lithia, magnesite, mica, mineral paint, pyrite, sillimanite group, slate, strontium minerals, and grinding-miil pebbles. ASPHALT Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 7, 10, 12-15 (inc.), 17, 18, 38; Bull. 16, 32, 63, 67, 69, 91, 118. Asphalt was for a number of years accounted for in the statistical reports by the State Mining Bureau, because in the early days of the oil industry considerable asphalt was produced from outcroppings of oil sand, separate from the production of oil itself. However, at the present time most of the asphalt comes from the oil refineries, which 60 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 produce a better and more uniform grade ; hence, its value is not now included in the mineral total, as to do so would be in part a duplication of the crude petroleum figures. Such natural asphalt as is at present mined is in the form of bituminous rock, and is recorded under that designation. ASBESTOS Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 12-19 (inc.), 22-27 (inc.), 29, 31, 32, 34-37 (inc.), 39-41 (inc.) ; Bull. 38, 91. Canadian Dept. Mines, Mines Branch Bull. 69. Although minute stringers and veinlets of chrysotile asbestos occur throughout the serpentines of northern California, production of short- fiber chrysotile asbestos has been very limited in this state. Needs for this type of asbestos — the variet}^ that can be woven into fabrics such as asbestos curtains, asbestos clothing, and brake linings — are supplied the United States largely by Canada. The largest tonnages find their way into the building trades for such manufactured products as sheet- ing, wall board, shingles, pipe covering, and boiler covering. California is not producing this type of asbestos at the present time, but sales of short-fiber chrysotile asbestos were made from a property in Napa County in 1945. Table 4I NOTE Annual tonnage and value of asbestos produced in California, 1887-1946 Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2- or 3-year period (1919-20, etc.). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 30 30 30 71 66 30 50 50 25 10 30 50 110 $1,800 1,800 1,800 4,260 3,960 1,830 2,500 2,250 1,000 200 750 1,250 4,400 1904 10 112 70 70 70 • 65 200 125 90 47 51 143 145 136 229 131 410 $162 2,625 3,500 3,500 6,100 6,500 20,000 500 2,700 1,175 1,530 2,860 2,380 10,225 9,903 6,240 19,275 1922 50 20 70 25 13 219 309 16 4 723 37 $1,800 1888 1905 1923 200 1889 .- 1906.. 1924.. . 4,750 1890 1907. 1925-26 1927-28 . 1929-30 1931 1,650 1891 1908 1,160 1892 . 1909 -. 6,175 1893 1910- 1894 1911 1932-34 1935 3,274 1896— 1912 1896 1913 1936 1897 1914 1941 2,867 1898 1915 1942 836 1899 1916- 1943-44 1945-46 Totals.... 15,000 1900 1917 3,606 1901 1918 1902 1919-20 1921 4,172 $168,292 1903 Though the fibers of amphibole asbestos are too brittle for weaving into fabrics, they can be used industrially since they are resistant to acid. A small tonnage of amphibole asbestos is in constant demand for filtering acids. Properties in Shasta and Placer Counties are producing tremolite asbestos. BARITE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 12, 14, 15, 17, 21-28 (inc.), 34, 35, 37, 39 ; Bull. 38, 87. U. S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6221, 6223. California has a number of important barite deposits and is an important producer. Barium pigments manufactured in California are made from raw material imported from Nevada, but most of the barite mineral produced in California finds its way into drilling muds. At the present time the principal production is coming from Mariposa and Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 61 Plumas Counties. Another deposit is being developed in Tulare County, and reserves probabh' exist in both Nevada and Shasta Counties. Barite is a mineral of high specific gravity that is used mainly for giving weight to mud in drilling oil wells. The mud controls the pressure of gas and otherwise facilitates drilling. Barite that is white when finely pulverized is used as a pigment, but most of the barite so used is given chemical treatment to convert it into lithopone. The mineral is also used in the glass and rubber industries and for the manufacture of a number of barium chemicals. A large plant at Modesto manufactures such chemicals from raw barite produced in California. The tonnage of barite produced in California during 1946 was less than that mined in 1945, but the total value of production was higher. This material came from a single property each in Mariposa and Plumas Counties. In 1945 a mine in Nevada County also produced and shipped barite. The 1945 output was the largest annual yield of barite so far reported in this state. The 1944-45 shipments totaled 67,783 net tons worth $409,825. Barite 's largest use in the United States is in the manufacture of lithopone, which is a chemically prepared white pigment containing approximately 70 percent barium sulphate and 30 percent zinc sulphide. This is one of the principal constituents of flat wall paints. Other impor- tant uses for barite, after washing and grinding, are as an inert pigment and filler in paint, paper, linoleums, oilcloth and rubber manufacture, and in the preparation of a number of chemicals including barium binox- ide, carbonate, chloride, nitrate, the sulphate precipitated, or blanc fixe, and in medicine. The deposit at El Portal, in Mariposa County, has given the largest commercial production to date, in part witherite (barium carbonate, BaCOa) . The carbonate is especially desirable, as it is a simpler and hence a cheaper source for preparation of barium chemicals, notably the nitrate, which is used in priming mixture for incendiary bombs. Most barite production in California is captive; manufacturers of processed products using barite lease or own their own deposits. Prices paid for crude barite f.o.b. California points are based on individual contractual schedules, but average between $8.00 and $10.00 per short ton, depending on the analysis of the crude material, freight rates, and other considerations. For chemical use, the crude barite should contain not less Table ^2. Annual tonnage and value of harite produced in California, 1910-46 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of Indlridual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1936-37, etc.) or omitted (1946). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tom Value 1910 1911 1912 1913 -. 1914 1915 1918 1917 1918 860 309 564 1,600 2,000 410 1,606 4,420 100 1,501 3,029 901 $5,640 2.207 2,812 3,680 3,000 620 5,516 25,633 1,500 18,065 20.795 4,809 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 3,370 2,925 4,798 17,993 13,406 26,796 19,783 27,832 8.507 $18,925 16,058 38,165 90,617 55,888 168,829 133,107 156,047 49,409 1933 1934 1935 1936-37.-.. 1938-39.... 1940-41.... 1942-43-... 1944-46...- 1946 8.405 21,769 22,979 41,882 66.228 57.728 53,625 67.783 $49,595 125,514 133.810 245,392 396.218 377,229 311,910 409.825 1919 1920 1921 Totals- 483,109 $2,871,415 62 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU, 139 than 90 to 92 percent barium sulfate, and not more than 0.3 percent ferric oxide. For use in drilling muds, the principal specification is high specific gravity : over 4.1 and preferably higher than 4.2. A hard crys- talline barite is preferred for this use. Color is not important in the crude barite ground for drilling mud. Present prices paid by consumers for ground barite used as drilling mud are as follows: f.o.b. warehouse as noted, 24-hour delivery service, in short tons, bagged j prices subject to change without notice : Castaic Junction $31.49 Coalinga 28.22 Long Beach 32.12 Los Angeles 31.07 Merced 25.05 Rio Vista 28.01 Shafter 28.22 Ventura 31.49 The foregoing prices are for minus 325-mesh ground barite of not less than 4.1 specific gravity. Usual terms of 1 percent 10 days, net 30 days, apply to purchases. Several commercial grinding mills in the state are equipped to grind barite on a custom basis. Usual charge for grinding to 93 percent minus 325-mesh varies from $5.00 to $7.50 per ton, depending on loading, bag- ging, and other services rendered, and on the moisture content of the crude material. A weight loss of from 2 to 6 percent takes place in grind- ing; the higher the moisture content of the crude barite, the higher the loss. BENTONITE AND FULLERS EARTH Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25-27 (inc.), 34, 36-37 (inc.) ; Bull. 83, 91. U. S. Bur. Mines, BuU. 71, Tech. Paper 609. Bentonite is produced chiefly from large deposits in San Bernardino, Inyo, Kern, and San Diego Counties. The principal production in south- ern (i!alifornia is for drilling mud used in the petroleum industry. From 1935-46, production averaged about 11,000 tons per year. With increase in the amount of drilling in the various oil fields in Cali- fornia, an increased production of bentonite should result. Other uses are increasing with the industrial development of southern California. Principal producers are Baroid Sales Division, National Lead Com- pany ; Kennedy Minerals Company ; Sierra Talc Company ; Pacific ben- tonite mine; Standard Oil Company of California; F. C. Schundler & Company. The bentonite clay shipped during 1946 came from properties in Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardino Counties; in 1945 it came from prop- erties in Inyo and San Bernardino Counties. The total bentonite reported shipped for the years 1945 and 1946 was 26,860 tons worth $267,524. Bentonite is the name commonly applied to the clays of the mont- morillonite and halloysite group (rock soap). Fullers earth includes many kinds of unctuous clays. It is usually soft, friable, earthy, nonplastie, white and gray to dark green in color ; some varieties disintegrate in water. Production has come mainly from Calaveras and Solano Counties; there are also deposits in Riverside, Fresno, Inyo, and Kern Counties. Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METAIMC MATERIALS 63 Table 4S. Annual tonnage and ralue of bentonite and fullers earth produced in California, 1899-1946 NOTB: Where neeessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, productian fitnres are combined to corer a 2-year period (1945-46). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1899 620 $12,400 1916 110 $550 1932 4,295 $57,670 1900 500 3.760 1917 220 2.180 1933 4.605 60.621 1901 1.000 19.506 1918 37 333 1934 6.168 69.325 1902. 987 19.246 1919. 385 3.810 1935 ia204 68.372 1903 250 4.750 1920 600 6.000 1936. 10.185 165.131 1904.. 500 9.500 1921 1.185 8.295 1937. 8.425 14a261 1905 1.344 38,000 1922-. 6.606 48,756 1938 9,374 113.164 1906 440 10.500 1923 3.650 55.125 1939 11.284 138.864 1907 100 1.000 1924 5.290 67.295 1940 10.360 174.002 1908 50 1.000 1925 5.280 91.842 1941 18.369 164.683 1909.. 459 7.385 1926 .- 23.552 250.192 1942. 7.453 67.503 1910 340 3.820 1927 13.018 154.764 1943 11.480 118.257 1911 466 5.294 1928 53.232 501.743 1944. 25.581 18a065 1912 1913.. 876 460 6.500 3.700 1929. 1930 15.541 12.522 17a563 177.964 1945-46.— 26.860 267.524 1914 760 5.928 1931 13.960 222.583 Totals.. 329,675 $3,703,611 ■M5 692 4.002 There is no established market covering bentonite and fullers earth. The wide range in physical and chemical properties of these materials, and the variation in individual specifications, make it essential that sales be based upon individual agreements. The range in price for crude bentonite in California is from $6.00 to $18.00 per ton. f.o.b. buyer's plant; depending on grade, quantity, and freight considerations. Most production is captive, however, and little crude bentonite is sold on the open market. BITUMINOUS ROCK Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31, 39, 40. Present production of bituminous rock is from Santa Cruz County. This material is a sandstone containing natural asphaltic material which fills the spaces between the sand grains, forming a cement. A few thou- sand tons have been marketed each year for many yeai*s as road dress- ing. Much larger tonnages of asphalt are produced as a by-product at oil refineries for use on roads. Table 44. Annual tonnage and value of bituminous rock produced in California, 1887-1946 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of indiridual producers, produetioD figures are combined to corer a 2- or 3-year period (1931-32, etc). Year Tons Value Years Tons Value Year Tons Value ■■S7 ^2, 000,000. More than 95^ percent of the production is used in various 1 tranches of the ceramic industry, more than 50 percent being used in the glass industry alone. The manufacture of enamels, high grades of pot- tery, ehinaware, and porcelains demands about 40 percent of the pro- duction. The feldspar produced and shipped in California during 1946 came from a single property in Madera County. The 1946 output showed a slight increase in both amount and value over the previous year. The annual details are concealed under Unapportioned (table 40), so as not to reveal the output of a single operator. Early in 1947 a feldspar deposit in Kern County was opened, and it is likely that the output for 1947 will be greater than the 1946 production. A large tonnage of glass feldspar contained in sands from Contra Costa, Monterey, and Riverside Counties, is reported under glass sand and computed under silica, because the largest percentage of these sands is quartz. The requirements of the pottery trade demand that in general the percentage of free silica associated with the feldspar be less than 20 percent, and in some cases the potters specify less than 5 percent. An important factor, also, is the iron-bearing minerals frequently present in pegmatites and granites, such as biotite (black mica), garnet, horn- blende and black tourmaline. Feldspar for pottery uses should be prac- tically free of these. The white potash-mica, muscovite, is not particu- larly objectionable except that being in thin, flexible plates, it does not readily grind to a fineness required for the feldspar. Feldspar is also used in the manufacture of glass, enamel and sanitary ware, in soaps and 72 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 Table 53. Annual tonnage and value of feldspar produced in California, 1910-46 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of Individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1933-34). [BuU. I39I a, 1910-46 I Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1910 1911. 1912 1913 1914 1918 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 760 740 1,382 2,129 3,530 1,800 2,630 11.792 4,132 1,272 4,518 4,349 $5,720 4,560 6,180 7,850 16,565 9,000 14,350 46,411 22,081 12,965 26,189 28,343 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928. 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933-34.... 4,587 11,100 9,055 8,165 7,300 10,932 14,628 13,327 5,014 4,795 2,294 2,655 $37,109 81,800 68,112 59,615 56,400 86,101 93,745 78,404 35,654 59,921 15,988 30,611 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941-42.... 1943-44.... 1945-46...- Totals... 3,285 3,430 2,686 1,378 2,076 3,022 10, 40 4,090 127 $21,855 24,959 10,930 6,970 12,510 16,644 56,718 11,152 1,893 162,900 $1,067,285 abrasives, and as a binder for abrasive wheels, all of which have specifi- cations similar to those for pottery. Crude No. 1 grade feldspar is sold at present at from $7.00 to $10.00 per short ton, f.o.b. car California points. Specifications vary with the individual purchaser, but in general for glass and ceramic use, a No. 1 grade crude feldspar should conform to the f ollovdng analysis : Burn to a uniform white color free from specks or spots. Contain not more than 0.1 percent Fe203. Contain not more than 5 percent free silica. Contain not less than 12 percent K2O. Contain not less than 17 percent AI2O3. Some variation from the foregoing specifications can be tolerated accord- ing to the industry in which the material is used, but the color require- ments and low iron content are insisted upon by most users. FLUORSPAR Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 17, 18, 19, 26, 38, 39, 41; Eng. and Min. Jour.-Press, vol. 177, pp. 489-492, Mar. 22, 1924. During 1946 no fluorspar was reported mined or shipped in Cali- fornia. Fluorspar, or calcium fluoride, CaFo, is one of the most important nonmetallic minerals from an industrial standpoint. About 80 percent of the commercial mineral is prepared in gravel form and utilized as a flux in the manufacture of steel, for which use no substitute has yet been found. In California, deposits have been reported in Los Angeles, Mono, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. A previous commercial produc- tion was made in 1917-18, when 79 tons valued at $991 was shipped from Riverside County. In 1933-34 227 tons worth $3,631 was shipped from San Bernardino County; and in 1944-45 130 tons worth $4,290 was shipped from Rice, Riverside County. At present, a limited but active demand exists for metallurgical- grade fluorite in California; and a rapidly growing demand for acid- grade spar. Probably the demand would be at least double the present supply at the following prices : Metallurgical-grade spar: base 85 percent CaF2, maximum silica 6 percent, maximum sulphur 0.2 to 0.3 percent ; $25 per short ton f.o.b. California points. Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 78 Acid grade spar : base 97.5 percent CaF2 ground 95 percent minus 200-inesh, maximum silica 2.0 percent, maximum calcium carbonate 1.0 percent, maximum AI2O3, 1 percent, maximum Fe203, 0.1 percent, no manganese or chromium; $70 per short ton f.o.b. Los Angeles. Some buyers of acid grade spar do not insist on the foregoing rigid specifica- tions, but price is correspondingly lower. Corresponding eastern prices are: Metallurgical grade, base 70 percent CaFo, crude, f.o.b. mines Ken- tucky or Illinois, bulk, $34.50 per short ton. Acid grade, base 98 percent CaFa and 1 percent silica, f.o.b. mines Kentucky or Illinois, per bulk short ton, $38.50, (October 1947). GARNET Very large potential reserves of garnet exist in California, prin- cipally in the pegmatites and in tactite areas associated with tungsten ores in the central and southern parts of the state. A small and inter- mittent production is made, amounting to less than a thousand tons per year in California, all of which is used as an abrasive sand in tumbling- barrels or sand blasting. The airplane manufacturing industry is the principal consumer. Most of the garnet produced in the state is recovered from mill tailing produced in the concentration of tungsten ore, and the production of garnet except as a by-product resulting from the beneficia- tion of other minerals has not been economic. The average selling price for sized garnet for sand blasting is from $16.00 to $18.00 per ton. Research into new uses and markets for garnet may result in a greatly expanded demand as the industrialization of California pro- ceeds. Garnet should make an ideal aggregate for concrete factory floors subject to shock and abrasion, and should find a much wider application in sand blasting, in the manufacture of abrasive papers, and other allied fields where its hardness and toughness are advantageous. The tactites or garnet rocks of California are not as brittle as the crystalline garnet of the Appalachian region. Abrasive garnets were shipped in California in 1938, 1939, and 1945, amounting to a grand total of 1,423 tons worth $24,795, all of which came from tungsten mines in Mono and Inyo Counties. GEMS Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 2, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21-28 (inc.), 30-32 (inc.), 34-35, 40, 41; Bull. 37, 67, 91. Mineral Resources U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 603, p. 208. Univ. California, Dept. Geol. Sci. Bull. vol. 5, pp. 149-153, 331-380. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 31, p. 31. The production of gem materials in California has been somewhat irregular since 1911. The compilation of complete statistics is difficult owing to widely scattered places at which stones are gathered and marketed, for the most part in a small way. The gem material reported mined and shipped during 1946 in California came from a single prop- erty each in San Bernardino and San Luis Obispo Counties. Annual details are concealed under Unapportioned (table 40) item so as not to reveal the output of either producer. The material reported for the year was agate. The 1944-45 output had a total value of $21,075. In 1944 the total production was optical and piezoelectric quartz from Calaveras and Tulare Counties. Diamonds have been found in a number of localities in California ; but in every case, they have been obtained in stream gravels being worked 74 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 Tahle 54- Annual value of gems produced in California, 1900-46 NOTE: Where necessary In order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1944-45) or omitted (1946). Year Value Year Value Year Value Year Value 1900 $20,500 40,000 162,100 110,500 136,000 148,500 497,090 232,642 208,950 193,700 237,475 61,824 1912 $23,050 13,740 3,970 3,565 4,752 3,049 650 6,425 36,056 10,954 1,312 13,220 1924 $4,800 10,663 9,049 7,035 22,200 26,850 3,540 6,607 4,961 690 2,456 945 1936 -. $2,878 2,076 1001 1913 1925 1937 1902 1914 1926 1938 1939 4,676 2,500 1903 1915 1927 1904 1916 1928 1940 3,176 870 1905 1917 1929 . 1941 1906 1918 1930 1942 670 1907 1919 1931 1943 329,868 1908 1920 1932 1944-45 1946 21,075 1909 1921 1933 1910 1922 .. 1934 Total value.. 1911 1923 1936 $2,625,407 for gold. The principal districts have been : Volcano in Amador County ; Placerville, Smith's Flat, and others in El Dorado County; French Cor- ral, Nevada County; Cherokee Flat, Morris Ravine, and Yankee Hill, Butte County; Gopher Hill and upper Spanish Creek, Plumas County. The most productive district of recent years has been Cherokee in Butte County. California tourmalines are decidedly distinctive in coloring and fire as compared to foreign stones of this classification. The colors range from deep ruby to pink, and include various shades of green, also blue. One California gem stone, henitoite, has not been found elsewhere ; and in but a single locality here : the Dallas mine in San Benito County. Kunzite, a gem variety of spodumene, was first found in the Pala district in San Diego County. It has thus far been found in only one locality (Madagascar) outside of California. It is of a lilac color, and is described in detail in Bulletin 37 of the State Mining Bureau. Beryls of excellent fire and delicate colors are also obtained in the Pala district, of which the aquamarine (blue) and morganite (pink) varieties deserve special mention. Morganite, like kunzite, has thus far been found elsewhere only in Madagascar. Calif ornite, or California .jade, is a gem variety of idocrase (vesu- vianite), and is green or white in color. It is found in Butte, Fresno, and Siskiyou Counties. Stones of precious blue topaz of fine quality are being cut from crystals mined in northern San Diego County. They are associated with beryl and blue tourmaline. Some rhodonite has been mined in Siskiyou County, and used for decorative puposes, its value being included in the marble figures. Garnets are found in a number of localities in California ; the impor- tant yield of gems being hyacinth and spessartite varieties from San Diego County. Chrysoprase has been produced in Tulare County. Turquoise has been found in the desert section of San Bernardino County, but none produced commercially in recent years. It is reported, but not yet confirmed, that sapphires have been found in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. A few have been found in stream gravels with diamonds in Butte County. Rubies have been identified by the laboratory of the State Mining Bureau, occurring in limestone from the Baldy Mountains, San Bernar- dino County. Thus far no stones of commercial size have been taken out. Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METAIiLIC MATERIALS 75 GRAPHITE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 14, 15, 17-26 (inc.), 30, 33, 35; BuU. 67, 91. Graphite (also called plumbago) has been produced from time to time in the state, coming principally from Sonoma and Los Angeles Counties. Occurrences of graphite have been reported in Calaveras, Fresno, Imperial, Inyo, Los Angeles, Mendocino, San Bernardino, San Diego, Siskiyou, Sonoma, and Tuolumne Counties. From 1931-33 a small pro- duction of graphite came from a property in Los Angeles County. During 1946 no production of graphite was reported in California. In 1935 a small output of graphite came from a single property in Los Angeles County. This material was used for experimental purposes. The annual details are concealed under Unapportioned (table 40) in order not to reveal the output of the single operator. The useful characteristics of graphite are its infusibility and resist- ance to the action of molten metals. It is also used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, of lead pencils, as a lubricant, as stove polish, in paints and in many other ways. Amorphous graphite, commonly carrying many impurities, brings a much lower price. For some purposes, such as foundry facings, the low-grade material is satisfactory. Among the inter- esting uses for graphite is the prevention of formation of scale in boilers. The action is a mechanical one. Being soft and slippery, the graphite prevents the particles of scale from adhering to one another or to the boiler and they are thus easily removed. Domestic graphite mines cannot compete with imported graphite and artificial graphite made from coke, except in war time when imports are cut off; or where mines are favorably situated and can be worked cheaply. California has produced a little graphite sold at from $10.00 to $15.00 per ton, crude sorted, f.o.b. mine. New York quotations (Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, October 6, 1947) are: Amorphous powdered, bags, ex. warehouse, 4 cents to 6 cents per pound ; crystalline, 88 to 90 percent, powdered, bags, ex. warehouse, 14 cents to 16 cents per pound ; flake. No. 1, 90 to 95 percent, cartons or bags, ex. warehouse, 21 cents to 22 cents per pound ; domestic crude amorphous, f.o.b. New York, sold at $12.00 to $35.00 per ton, according to grade. GYPSUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25-28 (inc.), 30, 31, 33-36 (inc.), 38-41 (inc.) ; Bull. 38, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Sur- vey Bull, 223, 413, 430, 697. U. S. Bur. Standards Circular 281, Production of gypsum in California for the year 1947 will probably equal or exceed the all-time high of 618,007 tons in 1946. The tremendous growth of gypsum production, from 70,833 tons in 1935 to the 1946 high, received much of its impetus in the early years of this period from increase in agricultural uses. More recently, however, use of gypsum in building materials, such as hard-wall and other plasters, wall board, and cement has surpassed that for agricultural purposes. A large part of the agricultural gypsum is produced in the San Joaquin Valley, where it is excavated by scrapers, after removal of a small overburden, loaded directly into trucks, and delivered to the farm lands on which it is to be used. Shipments of this material are also being 76 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU. 139 Taile 55. Annual poundage and value of graphite produced in California, 1901-36 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2- to 4-year period (1917-20, etc.). Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1901- 128,000 84,000 2,500 $4,480 1,680 25 1916— 29,190 770,000 624,000 76,000 $2,335 37,225 26,160 13,120 1931-33 1934 156,000 104,000 $11,950 1902 1917-20. 1921-22 1923- 1903 1935 - . 520 1913 1936 1914 1925-27 1928- Totals 1915 1,973,690 $87,495 Table 56. Annual tonnage and value of gypsum produced in California, 1887-1946 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 2,700 $27,000 1908 34,600 $155,400 1929 140,844 $396,951 1888 2,500 25,000 1909 30,700 138,176 1930 116,865 243,507 1889 3,000 30,000 1910 45,294 129,152 1931 88,354 199,198 1890 3,000 30,000 1911 31,457 101,475 1932 46,867 93,818 1891 2,000 20,000 1912 37,529 117.388 1933 59,235 120,451 1892 2,000 20,000 1913 47,100 135,050 1934 68,149 113,606 1893 1,620 14,280 1914 29,734 78,375 1935 70,833 151,807 1894 2,446 24,584 1915 20,200 48,953 1936 143,649 282.703 1895 5,158 51,014 1916 33,384 59,533 1937 186,160 384,431 1896 1,310 12.580 1917 30,825 66,840 1938 161,996 327,821 1897 2,200 19,250 1918 19,695 37,176 1939 219,672 437,343 1898 3,100 23,600 1919 19,813 50,579 1940 314.843 599,944 1899 3,663 14,950 1920 20,507 92,536 1941 432,784 854,184 1900 2,522 10,088 1921 37,412 78,875 1942 425,268 791,892 1901 3,875 38,750 1922 47,084 188,336 1943 475,967 916,883 1902 10,200 53,500 1923 86,410 289,136 1944 658,488 949,833 1903 6,914 46,441 1924 25,569 53,210 1945 442,133 964,696 1904 8,350 56,592 1925 107,613 172,444 1946 618,007 1,431,884 1905 12,859 54,500 1926 114,868 211,337 1906 21,000 69,000 1927 94,630 292,090 Totals. 5,689,575 $12,636,408 1907 8,900 67,700 1928 104,790 200,567 Table 57. Production of industrial limestone during 19^6, by county (Includes shells dredged from San Francisco Bay in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties.) NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producer in a county, production figures have been combined under "Unapportioned". County Tons Value El Dorado 248.402 300,833 31,918 186,017 $578,136 556,864 168,250 Unapportioned (Fresno, Inyo, San Diego, San Mateo. Santa Clara. Tuolumne. Ventura 671,229 Totals : 767,170 $1,974,479 I mm Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 77 made from eastern Riverside County. This is a stable industry, which may be expected to continue at its present rate of production or with a gradual increase, as more farmers learn of the advantages of using gypsum. Most of the gypsum for industrial use comes from Imperial and Riverside Counties and is marketed in the form of manufactured prod- ucts. That used in the manufacture of cement in southern California comes from Ventura County. Present rate of production of these mate- rials will no doubt be maintained or increased during the building-boom period. The largest producer of gypsum products in the state is the United States Gypsum Company, which in the last few years has increased the capacity of its plant at ilidland, in eastern Riverside County, from 300 tons to 800 tons per day, although, owing to labor shortage, much of its production has been at the rate of 600 tons per day. This is all turned out as processed materials consisting of waU plaster, finishing and casting plaster, and manufactured products such as wall board and lath. This company also has purchased recently a deposit and a plant at Plaster City, Imperial County, from the Pacific Portland Cement Company, and is now engaged in doubling the capacity of this plant. The gypsum reported produced in California during 1946 totaled 618,007 net tons, value $1,431,884, compared with 442,133 tons, value $954,696, in 1945, and came from three properties in Kern County and one each in Fresno, Imperial, Monterey, Riverside, and Ventura County. An additional production from Alameda County of calcium sulphate was made during the chemical process of precipitating magnesium hydroxide from salt-works bittern with lime. LIMESTONE AND LIME' In 1946, production of limestone in California broke all records ; it is continuing at a high level in 1947. Deposits that are equipped for production are being operated at practically full capacity, and additional deposits are being equipped. Limestone or dolomite occur in all but a few of the counties in Cali- fornia, but only about 10 counties are important producers. The com- plexity of the geologic structure of the state, together with the discon- tinuity and local variation of the magnesia-lime ratio, cause many prob- lems in both exploration and operation. In the Sierra Nevada, the limestones from Calaveras County to the south are likely to contain considerable magnesia. From Amador County to the north, the limestone is largely of the high-calcium variety. Recent sampling in Tuolumne County gave the following results from adjacent beds: for a width of 600 feet the limestone is high in calcium; for a width of 300 feet, 35.46 percent magnesium carbonate, 60.77 percent calcium carbonate. In four counties of the state, oyster shells are utilized as a substitute for limestone in poultry feeds and fertilizer, and for burning to lime. At the south end of San Francisco Bay, oyster shells dredged from the bay are used in the manufacture of portland cement. San Bernardino County and the Coast Range counties south of San Francisco are large producers of both limestone and dolomite. Shasta County is very abundantly supplied with limestone of three different geologic ages, but little is being done with it • See also Logan, C. A., Limestone In California, California Jour. Mines and Geol- ogy, vol. 43, pp. 175-357, 1947. 78 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 Table 58. Annual tonnage and value of industrial limestone produced in California, 1894-1946 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1894 15,420 $19,275 1913 301,918 $274,455 1931 177,268 $560,699 1895 71,355 71,690 1914 572,272 517,713 1932 168,950 487,788 1896 68,184 71,112 1915 146,324 156,288 1933 207,371 487,712 1897 36,796 38,556 1916 187,521 217,733 1934 198,057 461,139 1898 27,686 24,548 1917 237,279 356,396 1935 227,214 496,054 1899 30,769 29,185 1918 208,566 456,258 1936 295,792 661,757 1900 32,791 31,532 1919 88,291 248,145 1937 351,755 830,562 1901 76,937 99,445 1920 90,120 298,197 1938 302,665 729,149 1902 71,422 90,524 1921 75,921 305,912 1939 316,029 838,235 1903 125,919 163,988 1922 84,382 282,181 1940 563,999 895,832 1904 40,207 87,207 1923 143,266 348,464 1941 459,153 801,868 1905 192,749 323,325 1924 219,476 582,660 1942 474,764 1,155,352 1906 80,262 162,827 1925 319,977 494,525 1943 495,262 1,378,647 1907 230,985 406,041 1926 108,795 367,501 1944 734,425 1,714,414 1908 273,890 297,264 1927 699,790 663,957 1945 632,480 1,626,844 1909 337,676 419,921 1928 127,895 397,935 1946 767,170 1,974,479 1910 684,635 516,398 581,208 452,790 1929 1930 168,315 169,477 557,617 508,751 1911 Totals. 13,749,395 $26,075,905 1912 613,375 570,248 in 1947, although formerly large tonnages were used as flux at copper smelters. Lime, which is made by heating limestone to drive off the carbon dioxide, is one of the more important industrial chemicals. Raw limestone also has many industrial uses ; for instance, as flux in smelting ores for recovery of metals. Finely pulverized limestone is added to soils to reduce acidity, to supply calcium as plant food, and to improve certain soils in other ways. The largest tonnages of limestone go into the manufacture of Portland cement, but this use is considered separately in this report, under the heading Cement. Small amounts of marble, a variety of limestone, are still used in the building industry, and this is mentioned under the heading Stone for Monuments and Buildings. In California, only small amounts of limestone are used as crushed rock in aggregate for concrete and in building roads. In a few industries such as the manufacture of soda-ash and the production of beet-sugar, both the lime and the carbon dioxide driven from the limestone to make lime are utilized in the process. Lime is used in the open-hearth steel industry, in brick mortar, plaster, glass, stucco, fruit-sprays, water-purification, sugar-refining, manufacture of paper, and in many smaller industries. Dolomitic lime, which is made by heating dolomite, the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium, is mentioned under the heading of Magnesium Compounds. Much dolomite is used at open-hearth steel furnaces also. Industrial limestone was shipped from 21 properties in 10 counties during 1946 and totaled 767,170 net tons worth $1,974,479 as compared with 532,480 tons worth $1,626,844 in 1945. The above figures do not include the limestone used in the manufacture of cement. Included in the above figures are 206,007 tons of limestone used in making 103,628 tons of lime worth $1,040,592, which came from two properties each in El Dorado and San Bernardino Counties and one property each in Alameda, Santa Cruz, and Tuolumne Counties; also included are 71,771 tons of limestone worth $518,242, which were used for agricultural purposes and poultry grit, stock feed and as a filler in fertilizers. The lime figures do not include calcined dolomite used in the precipitation of magnesia from sea water. Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 79 Table 59. Annual tonnage and value of lime produced in California, 1894-1941 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909 1910 37,350 39,776 30,275 28,780 29,786 29,985 31,252 31,738 44.866 49,659 57,945 61,700 68,927 68,422 39,639 52.075 47,951 $318,700 386,094 261,505 252,900 254,010 314,575 283,699 334,688 369,616 418.280 571.749 555,322 763,060 756,376 379,243 577,824 477,683 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920 1921. 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 42,959 52,212 61,344 43,996 35,653 49,364 50,073 43,684 42,070 46,314 46,353 57,875 70,894 62,029 61,922 63,568 60,498 $390,988 464,440 528,547 378,663 286,304 390,475 311.380 461.315 552,043 557,232 610,619 671.747 788.834 703.355 685.528 670.837 631,497 1928.-.. 1929 1930.— 1931.... 1932 1933.... 1934..-. 1935.... 1936.-. 1937.-.. 1938...- 1939.... 1940-... 1941.— Totals... 56,616 42,834 47.662 36.189 27,510 33,425 32,500 59,731 64,275 69,532 70,578 87,288 101,395 110,719 $547,919 417,101 452,084 360,523 254,223 271,619 309,765 573,212 633,678 681,277 683.403 849,122 902,322 9 6,514 2,481,188 $24,311,890 Table 58 gives the amounts and values of industrial limestone pro- duced in California by years since 1894 when compilation of such records was begun by the State Mining Bureau. These tonnages consist prin- cipally of limestone utilized for flux, glass and sugar making, agricul- tural, chemical, and other special industrial purposes. That utilized in cement manufacture is not included. Beginning in 1942 the limestone used in the manufacture of burnt lime was included with these figures, instead of being kept separate as a structural material, as most of the lime is being used in metallurgical and chemical industry, and not in construction as in previous years. The early output of lime in California was entirely for structural purposes. Later a small percentage was put out for chemical, agricul- tural, and industrial uses, and still later lime replaced limestone in metal- lurgy. In 1942 the structural use had decreased, and other uses increased to such a point that it was decided to include lime with industrial lime- stone in the statistical reports. Table 59 gives the amounts and value of lime produced in California by years since 1894, when compilation of such records was begun by the State Mining Bureau. The figures for quantity have been recalculated from barrels, as shown in the earlier reports, to tons for the years 1894- 1922, inclusive. LITHIUM COMPOUNDS Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 2, 4, 14, 21, 30, 35, 39 ; Bull. 38, 67, 91. Lithium-bearing ores, lepidolite, amblygonite, and spodumene, are found in San Diego and Riverside Counties, but no production was made in 1946. Aside from production of lithium from Searles Lake, the output will be smaU in 1947. Lithium salts occur in the brines of Searles Lake near Trona, San Bernardino County. The by-product lithium is recovered by flotation as lithium-sodium phosphate, containing about 22 percent Li20, by the American Potash & Chemical Corporation. Production is limited by the size of equipment available to recover potash, borates, and soda, the main products. The 1946 output of lithium compounds has the largest recorded value for any year in California and placed the state first in the produc- tion of these materials in the nation. The figures for the year were placed in the Unapportioned item in table 40 to conceal the output of the producer. 80 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 Table 60. Annual tonnage and value of lithium compounds produced in California, 1S99-1946 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2- or 3-year period (1921-22, etc.) or omitted (1946). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 124 440 1,100 822 700 641 25 91 $4,600 11,000 27,500 31,880 27,300 25,000 276 1,365 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921-22.... 1923.. 1924 1925 71 880 4,111 800 10,046 1,365 109 $1,065 8,800 73,998 14,400 153,502 20,781 2,269 1926-28.... 1929 1938-39.... 1940-41.... 1942-43-... 1944-45.... 1946 650 378 366 478 1,554 $13,900 100,338 84,099 114,148 357,802 1906 1915 Totals... 24,651 $1,074,023 Table 61. Annual tonnage and value of magnesite produced in California, 1887-1946 NOTE: Wliere necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1932-33, etc.). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 600 $9,000 1906 4,032 $40,320 1924 67,236 $900,183 1888 600 9,000 1907 6,405 57,720 1925 64,623 872,944 1889 600 9,000 1908 10,582 80,822 1926 50,915 587,642 1890 600 9,000 1909 7,942 62,588 1927 46,093 577,887 1891 1,500 15,000 1910 16,570 113,887 1928 45,645 501,590 1892.. 1,500 15,000 1911 8,858 67,430 1929 47,269 488,014 1893 1,093 10,930 1912 10,512 105,120 1930 38,081 388,472 1894 1,440 10,240 1913 9,632 77,056 1931 21,576 182,283 1895 2,200 17,000 1914 11,438 114,380 1932-33.... 40,303 282,325 1896 1,500 11,000 1915 30,271 283,461 1934-35.... 62,509 413,228 1897 1,143 13,671 1916 154,052 1,311,893 1936-37 94,491 734,443 1898 1,263 19,075 1917 209,648 1,976,227 1938-39.... 47,954 375,006 1899 1,280 18,480 1918 83,974 803,492 1940-41.... 241,620 2,069,220 1900 2,252 19,333 1919 44,696 452,098 1942-43.... 198,259 1,821,978 1901 4,726 43,057 1920 83,695 1,033,491 1944-45.... 16,784 167,910 1902 2,830 20,655 1921 47,837 511,102 1946 1903 1,361 20,515 1922 55,637 594,665 1904 2,850 9,298 1923 73,963 946,643 Totals... 1,986,973 $19,290,994 1905 3,933 16,221 Table 62. Annual tonnage and value of mica produced in California, 1902-46 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2- or 3-year period (1929-31, etc.). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1902 1903. 1904 1929-31.... 1932-33--.- 50 50 50 2,240 1,957 $2,500 3,800 3,000 15,260 13,963 1934 1935-36.... 1937-38.... 1939 1940-41..-. 3,833 4,969 1,469 $15,650 31,751 11,050 1942.. 1944-46.... Totals... 12,300 $65,850 26,918 $162,824 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 81 MAGNESITE During 1946 no magnesite was reported produced in California. Both the mines in Santa Clara and Stanislaus Counties, which were in production for many years, were closed. Magnesia precipitated from sea water is replacing mined magnesite as a refractory in synthetic dead-burned magnesite, artificial periclase, and as a plastic in oxychloride cement. The first commercial production of magnesite in California was made in the latter part of 1886 from the Cedar Mountain district,*^ southeast of Livermore, Alameda County. Shipments amounting to "several tons" or "several carloads" were sent by rail to New York; but there is apparently no exact record of the amount for that first year. The statistical records of the State Mining Bureau began with the year 1887, and the table herewith shows the figures for amount and value, annually, from that time. Shipments of magnesite from Napa County began in 1891 from the Snowflake mine ; from the Red Mountain deposits in Santa Clara County, in 1899 ; and from Tulare County in 1900. MICA Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 2, 4, 26-28 (inc.), 30, 33-36 (inc.) ; Bull. 38, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 740. Sericite, a fine-grained variety of muscovite, has been produced con- tinuously since 1929 in California except in 1934, 1939, 1942, and 1943. The 1946 shipments, consisting of sericite mica schist, came from a single property in Imperial County. The output was the largest ever reported in the state, both in tonnage and value. The annual details are concealed in the Unapportioned item (table 40) so as not to reveal production of the individual operators. The mate- rial mined during the year was sericite. Sericite is used as a cheap grade of ground mica for roofing, as a refractory, foundry facing, and decora- tive material to imitate snow. A small amount of vermiculite, a hydrous mica, was mined in 1936. It is expanded by heating and then used as an insulating agent. Practically all marketable mica is muscovite or phlogopite. There are three main commercial classes: sheet mica (including punch) splittings, and scrap. Sheet mica is used chiefly for electrical purposes and for glaz- ing ; splittings are made into built-up mica ; scrap is ground to a powder. Mica to be classified as sheet must yield a rectangle of at least 1^ by 2 inches, must split evenly and freely, be free from cracks, rulings, or plications, and reasonably free from inclusions of foreign matter, though stains of a nonconducting character are permissible for some uses. Ability to withstand heat and high electrical resistance have led to a wide appli- cation of sheet mica in the electrical industries. The electrical uses of sheet mica greatly exceed all others in quantity and value. As a heat-resisting transparent medium, sheet mica has various uses. It was widely employed for stove windows, though this use has declined to a considerable extent. A hard and rigid mica that is nearly clear is best suited for stove fronts. High-grade stove mica commands a higher price than electrical mica, because for the most part larger sizes are demanded. Mica is also used in furnace and bake-oven sight-holes, heat screens, lamp chimneys, canopies and shades, particularly for gas mantels ; also for military lanterns, and in lantern slides. ' Mineral Resources U. S., 1886, pp. 6, 696. 6 — 82576 82 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 Its ability to withstand shocks and strains, combined with its trans- parency, has led to wide use in spectacles, drivers ' helmets, smoke helmets, compass cards, gage fronts, and in windows subject to shock, as in the conning towers of warships. On account of its heat-resisting qualities, ground mica is used in railroad-car axle packings, foundry facing in pipe and boiler coverings, in fireproof paints, and in rubber tires. Ground mica is used as a component in roofing, as a filler in rubber and other products, in foundry facing, calico printing and as a tire powder. It is used also in tinsel decorations, and as "Santa Glaus snow" for Ghristmas tree and window decorations. It is used as a lubricant for wooden bearings, and mixed with oil for metal bearings. Vermiculite is any one of several hydrous mica minerals which expand upon heating. In recent years it has become valuable for both heat and sound insulation. Another use is in window decorations where a golden or silver color is desired. These colors are often produced in hydrous mica by heat expansion. MINERAL PAINT Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 12-19 (inc.), 21, 22-28 (inc.), 35, 37 ; Bull. 38, 91. Mineral paints are minerals used as pigments, chiefly ocher, a mix- ture of iron oxides and clay, usually impure. The pigment mineral in brown and yellow ochers is usually limonite or goethite and in red ochers is hematite, but oxides of other metals are also used. During 1946 in Galifornia shipments of mineral paint were made from a single property in San Bernardino Gounty. The annual details are concealed under the Unapportioned item (table 40) so as not to reveal the output of the individual producer. These materials have been reported from Alameda, Amador, Butte, Galaveras, Golusa, Los Angeles, Madera, Napa, Placer, Riverside, San Bernardino, Shasta, Sonoma, Stanislaus, and Ventura Gounties. Other deposits may have value, but as yet there have been no commercial ship- ments from El Dorado, Imperial, Kern, Kings, Mendocino, San Diego, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Yuba Gounties, in which they are found. The first recorded production of mineral paint materials in the state was in the year 1890. Table 63. Annual tonnage and value of mineral paint produced in California, 1890-1946 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of Individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2- or 3-year period (1927-28, etc.). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1890 40 $480 1907 250 $1,720 1923 1,049 $11,773 1891 22 880 1908 335 2,250 1924 532 5,234 1892. 25 750 1909 305 2,325 1925 669 6,969 1893 690 26,795 1910 200 2,040 1926 569 6,846 1894 610 14,140 1911 186 1,184 1927-28 919 9,592 1895 - 750 8,425 1912 300 1,800 1929. 467 2,820 1896 395 5,540 1913 303 1,780 1930-31.... 250 3,000 1897 578 8.165 1914 132 847 1932 1898 653 9,698 1915 311 1,756 1933-36-... 670 5,500 1899 1,704 20,294 1916 643 3,960 1937 855 5,193 1900 529 3.993 1917 520 2,700 1938 1901 325 875 1918 728 4,738 1941-42.... 145 1,458 1902 589 1,533 1919 1,780 17,055 1943-44.... 690 7,700 1903 2,370 3,720 1920 779 8,477 1945-46.— 26 278 1904 270 1,985 1921 446 4,748 1906 754 4,025 1922 1,620 13,277 Totals- -. 26,933 $249,038 1906 250 1,720 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 88 MINERAL WATER Bibliography: State Mineralogist Kept. 6, 12-18 (inc.), 21-28 (inc.), 31-33 (inc.), 39. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 338. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bur. Chemistry, Bull. 91. The annual production figures for California mineral water refer to water actually bottled for sale, or for local consumption. Health and pleasure resorts are located at many of the springs. The waters of some of the hot springs are not suitable for drinking, but are very efficacious for bathing. California is particularly rich in mineral springs. The commercial output of mineral water in California during 1946 amounted to a total of 33,397,902 gallons worth $1,132,399, compared with 26,502,875 gaUons worth $798,430 in 1945. The 1946 output came from springs or wells on thirty properties in nineteen counties, of which eight properties were in Los Angeles County ; three in Lake County ; two each in Contra Costa and Napa Counties ; and one property each in Butte, Calaveras, Marin, Orange, Riverside, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Shasta, Siskiyou, Sonoma, and Tehama Counties. The production shown in table 64 came either from springs or arte- sian wells and was bottled, in part with artificial carbonation, but mostly natural, and sold for drinking purposes. A large part was used in the preparation of soft drinks with flavors. Table 64. Production of mineral water during 1946, by county NOTE: Where necessary In order to conceal output of individual producer in a county, production figures have been combined under "Unapportioned." County Gallons Value Lake Los Angeles UoapportioDed Totals...- 6,369 15,981.331 17,410.202 33.397,902 $1,957 552,397 578,045 $1,132,399 Table 65. Annual amount and value of mineral water produced in California, 1887-1946 Year Gallons Value Year GalloDS Value Year Gallons Value 1887 618,162 $144,368 1908 2.789,715 $560,507 1929 27,032,083 $2,040,615 1888 1.112,202 252.990 1909 2,449,834 465.488 1930 37,354,111 2.870,663 1889 808.625 252.241 1910 2.335.259 522,009 1931 26,164,331 1,347,860 1890 258,722 89.786 1911 2,637,669 590.654 1932 19,031.224 1.495,988 1891 334,553 139,959 1912 2.497,794 529.384 1933 15,650,406 719,746 1892 331.875 162,019 1913 2,350,792 599.748 1934 19.882.436 1.071.197 1893 383.179 90.667 1914 2.443,572 476.169 1935 16,659.254 940.333 1894 402,275 184,481 1915 2.274,267 467.738 1936 19.348,513 777,899 1895 701.397 291,500 1916 2,273.817 410.112 1937 18.309,729 1,130.810 1896 808.843 337,434 1917 1,942,020 340.566 1938 26,900.959 853.998 1897 1,508,192 345,863 1918 1,808,791 376,660 1939 16.678,741 735,988 1898 1.429.809 213,817 1919 2.233.842 340.117 1940 16.190.549 960.701 1899 1.338,537 406,691 1920 2,391,791 421,643 1941 17.746,256 988,520 1900 2.456.115 268.607 1921 3.446,278 367.476 1942 17.559,686 567,897 1901 1.555,328 559.057 1922 4.276,346 486.424 1943 22.022.314 814.700 1902 1,701.142 612,477 1923 5,487,276 616.919 1944 24.446,814 812,645 1903 2.056,340 558,201 1924 8,159.211 818,726 1945 26.502.875 798,430 1904 2.430,320 496,946 1925 12.115.072 1,230.455 1946 33,397,902 1,132.399 1905 2,194.150 1.585,690 538,700 478,186 1926 14.074,877 16.644,423 1,171.650 1.487.183 1906 19271111^ Totab. 547.498,596 $40,601,881 1907 2,924,269 544.016 1928 25.049,002 1.304,969 84 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 Mineral water was bottled for sale at the Napa Soda Springs, Napa County, as early as 1856^, and at other springs in California, notably The Geysers, Sonoma County, at early dates ; but no production figures are available earlier than the year 1887. PHOSPHATES Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 21, 40 ; Bull. 67, 91. No commercial production of phosphates has been recorded fromi California, though occasional pockets of the lithium phosphate, amblyg- onite, Li(AlF)P04 have been found associated with gem tourmaline deposits in San Diego County. Such production has been classified under lithia. In 1938, recovery began on a commercial scale of sodium-lithium phosphate at the plant of the American Potash and Chemical Corporation, at Searles Lake, San Bernardino County. However, the product is sold for its lithium content rather than the phosphate, hence it is recorded under Lithia. PUMICE, PUMICITE, AND PERLITE Pumice, pumicite, and perlite are all derivatives of acid volcanic rocks. All three are usually found in the same general areas of compara- tively recent volcanic activity. In California, these areas, in the order of magnitude of the present production of pumice, are: (1) Northern San Francisco Bay area, (principally Napa and Sonoma Counties) ; this area produced more than 40,000 tons of pumice in 1946; (2) Central Sierra foothill belt, (principally Madera, Fresno, and Calaveras Counties), which produced more than 26,000 tons in 1946; (3) Owens Valley or southeastern area, (principally Mono, Inyo, and Kern Counties), which in 1946 produced more than 20,000 tons; (4) Northern area, (Siskiyou and Modoc Counties) , which in 1946 produced about 8000 tons of pumice. The principal production of pumicite (more than 7,400 tons in 1946) is from the central foothill belt ; production from the southeastern area is smaller. Perlite deposits are known in all of the areas with the excep- tion of the central foothill belt ; in addition, many occurrences of obsidian (including perlite) are known in San Bernardino, Riverside, Imperial and other counties. The principal present use for pumice in California is as an inert lightweight aggregate in concrete and plaster. Minor uses are as abrasive powder (after grinding), as scouring bricks (in lump form) ; as insulat- ing and fireproofing material ; as catalyst carrier in the chemical industry ; and as chicken litter and as soil conditioner. Pumicite is used extensively as a fine abrasive, alone or as an ingre- dient in soaps and cleansing powders ; as a pozzuolanic agent in concretes, where it replaces part of the cement and increases corrosion resistance of the concrete. Minor uses for pumicite are : in the chemical industry as an insecticide carrier (principally the very fine grain size pumicite from Friant) ; as a filler in paints, paper and rubber; as a filter-aid and as an absorbent material. The industrial use of expanded obsidian (perlite) dates from about 1945 in California, and production is not yet on a volume basis; most consumption is for experimental use. Processed perlite is essentially a synthetic pumice and its properties can be modified to suit specific uses. • Cronise, T. F., The natural wealth of California, p. 182, 1868, hap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 85 Table 66. Production of pumice and pumicite during 1946, by counties NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producer in a have been combined imder "Unapportioned". county, production figures County Tons Value Inyo.. .... . . 8,496 33,052 1,945 5.771 69,927 173,173 Madera . 186.233 Modoc 12,076 42.600 Unapportioned (Calaveras. Contra Costa. Kern, Mono, Napa) 226,730 Totals.. 109,191 $540,811 In the future, perlite will undoubtedly be produced in large volume in various types suitable for all of the industrial uses of pumice and pumicite, and can be expected to enter other fields of specialized use. The pumice and pumicite reported produced in California during 1946 totaled 109,191 net tons valued at $540,811, of which 95,164 tons worth $371,068 was pumice from five properties in Madera County, four in Siskiyou County, three each in Inyo and Modoc Counties, two each in Contra Costa and Mono Counties, one each in Calaveras and Kern Coun- ties ; and 14,027 tons worth $169,743 of pumicite from two properties in Madera County and one in Kern Coimty. The 1946 output was the largest for any year so far in California both in amount and value. Production in 1945 'was 89,209 tons worth $461,022, of which 74,505 tons worth $309,277 was pumice and 14,704 tons worth $151,745 was pumicite. Commercial production of pumice in California was first reported to the State Mining Bureau in 1909, then not again until 1912, since which year there has been an annual output, as indicated in table 67. Because of accelerated growth of population and industry in Cali- fornia, demand for pumice, pumicite, and processed perlite products is growing rapidly in the construction, chemical, and other industries in the state. Principal consuming areas for these products are the Los Angeles area ; the San Francisco Bay area ; and the central valley area. Price of pumice (graded concrete or plaster aggregate) f.o.b. San Fran- cisco Bay area, ranges from $4.00 to $8.00 per j^ard, depending on class of pumice, quantity, and other factors. Much of the pumice produced in Napa and Sonoma Counties is captive and is used in precast masonry by the operators of the pumice deposits. In the Los Angeles area, graded aggregate pumice sells for $4.00 to $6.00 per yard. Most of that used is shipped by rail or truck from the Owens Valley producing area, and very little of the production is captive. In the central valley area, practically Table 67. Annual amount and value of pumice produced in California, 1909-46 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tods Value 1909 1910 1911 1912.. 1913 1914 1915 1916. 1917- 1918 1919 1920 50 100 3,690 50 380 1,246 525 2.114 2.388 1.637 406 613 $500 2.500 4,500 1,000 6,400 18,092 5.295 28.669 43,657 25,890 6.310 4.248 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 2,936 4.919 5,319 7,170 13.779 10,440 10,449 12,947 11,711 9.891 8.243 9.951 14.890 $16,309 33,404 32.937 48.350 168.896 105.055 76.123 128.847 108.130 86.034 61.067 54.748 87,055 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 Totals... 17,132 10,392 18,783 41,109 36,162 85,309 55,603 21,164 34,525 89.209 109,191 $143,709 79,005 105.207 169,951 126,516 283,663 209,639 142,665 272,064 461,022 640,811 1921 1922 652,213 $3,678,168 86 CALEFOBNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 all of the pumice used in house and building construction is produced in the foothill belt. It is sold at from $2.00 to $6.00 per yard f.o.b. site depending on distance from market and grade of the pumice. Pumicite from the Friant area for use in the chemical industry (particle size 1 to 10 microns) sells at $12 to $16 per ton f.o.b. Friant. Other pumicite is sold at less than this price depending on type, location, and use. Crude perlite is sold at from $4.00 to $7.00 per ton f.o.b. quarry, depending on location and quality ; or from $7.00 to $18.00 per ton f.o.b. Los Angeles or San Francisco Bay areas, depending on freight and other factors. Most of the so far insignificant perlite production is captive ; processing firms own or lease deposits of the obsidian. PYRITES Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 18, 19, 22, 25, 26, 30, 35, 39, 40, 42 ; Bull. 38, 91. Large deposits of massive and disseminated pyrite occur in Cali- fornia. The Mountain Copper Company in Shasta County has been the only California producer recently. At their Hornet mine in Shasta County pyrite occurs in massive deposits affording cheap mining. It is reported to average about 50 percent sulphur and is shipped to manu- facturers of sulphuric acid located near San Francisco Bay. Pyrites is the name given the iron sulphide minerals such as pyrite, marcasite, and pyrrhotite. Pyrite and marcasite have the same chemical composition and when pure contain about 47 percent iron and 53 percent sulphur. Their chief use is in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, which is being used in increasing amounts on the west coast in the fertilizer, oil refining, and chemical industries. Operations in Alameda County formerly yielded large tonnages, but these have not been active for many years. The pyrite shipped in California came from a single property, there- fore the figures are concealed in the Unapportioned item (table 40) in order to conceal the output of the individual producer. This does not include the large quantities of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and other sulphides which are otherwise treated for their valuable metal contents. Some sulphuric acid is annually made as a by-product in the course of roasting certain tonnages of Mother Lode auriferous concen- trates while under treatment for their precious metal content. Table 68. Annual tonnage and value of pyrites produced in California, 1898-1946 NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producer, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1932-83, etc.), or omitted (1946). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1898. 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 1909. . 6,000 5,400 3,642 4,678 17,625 24,311 16,043 16,603 46,689 82,270 107,081 467,867 42,621 64,225 69,872 $30,000 28,620 21,133 18,429 60,306 94,000 62,992 63,958 145,895 251,774 610,335 1,389,802 179,862 182,954 203,470 1913 1914. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925-. 1926 1927 79,000 79,267 92,462 120,525 111,325 128,329 147,024 146,001 110,025 151,381 148,004 124,214 129,500 100,896 130,910 $218,537 230,058 293,148 372,969 323,704 425,012 540,300 530,581 473,735 570,425 555,308 517,835 628,550 466,088 664,823 1928 1929.. 1930 1931 1932-33.... 1934-35.... 1936-37.-.. 1938-39.... 1940-41--.. 1942-43.... 1944-45.-- 1946 . . 90,566 79,169 39,958 25,402 72,271 157,129 155,107 127,604 167,711 234,596 204,170 $400,627 363,717 194,228 131,174 297,832 647,764 641,916 452,901 698,870 1,001,966 816,680 1910 1911 1912 Totals. - 4,105,173 $15,302,267 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 87 SERPENTINE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 15, 40 ; Bull. 38. Serpentine has not been produced in California to a very large extent at any time. A single deposit, that on Santa Catalina Island, has yielded the principal output to date. Some material was shipped from there in 1917 and 1918, being the only output recorded since 1907. It was used for decorative building purposes and for electrical switchboards. As there was but a single operator, the figures were combined with those of marble output for those years. The production of serpentine prior to 1919 was verde antique, used as an ornamental stone. In recent years experimental tests have proved several possible commercial applications to which the mineral might be put, such as admix in cement; in the manufacture of magnesium chemicals ; in terrazzo ; as a substitute for soapstone, and as a filler. In 1945 a plant was built at Permanente, Santa Clara County, to manufacture a fertilizer called thermo-phos, by fusing phosphate rock and serpentine. This plant went into production in 1946, using phos- phate rock from Idaho and serpentine mined in Santa Clara County. Table 69. Annual amount and value of serpentine produced in California, 1895-1946 NOTE: Where necessary In order to conceal output of individual producer, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1917-18, etc.) or omitted (1946). Year Cubic ft. Value Year Cubic ft. Value Year Cubic ft. Value 1895. 1896. 1897 1898... 4,000 1,500 2,500 750 500 350 89 $4,000 6,000 2,500 3,000 2,000 2,000 890 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1917-18.... 512 99 200 847 1,000 1,120 $5,065 8 2,310 1,694 3,000 7,400 1919-37.-.. 1938 1939-45.... 1946- ♦103 $620 1899 1900 1901 Total $41,279 • Tons. SHALE OIL Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 19. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 322, 729. U. S. Bur. Mines Bull. 210. Eng. and Min. Jour. Press, vol. 118, no. 8, pp. 290-292, Aug. 23, 1924. Chem. and Met. Eng., vol 32, no. 6, Feb. 1925. Min. Cong. Jour., Dec. 1924. Two plants for the production of shale oil on a more or less experi- mental scale operated for 6 years in California, commercial production beginning in a small way in 1922. The product, in part, was sold for utilization as a flotation oil in metallurgical work, and part consumed as fuel at the plants. No production has been reported since 1927. Table 70. Annual amount and value of shale oil produced in California, 1922-28 NOTE : Where necessary in order to conceal output of individual producer, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1922-23, etc). Year Barrels Value 1922-23... 4,333 8,688 8,819 $44,262 1924-25 55,240 1928-27 9,998 1928... - - - Totals... 21,840 $109,500 88 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 SILICA Bibliography: State Mineralogist Rept. 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20-28 (inc.), 31-32 (inc.), 35-41 (inc.) ; BuU. 38, 67, 91. California has large potential reserves of quartz, but most of the deposits are so situated that exploitation is economically impractical at present prices of $2.50 to $5.00 per ton f.o.b. plant for crude crushed quartz. Large and accessible deposits of high-grade glass sand are not known in California, but large reserves of lower grade sands suitable for glass making after processing are known. Further expansion of the glass industry in the state will result in the exploitation of these deposits, with consequent emphasis on research into economical methods of remov- ing the impurities present either by washing, tabling, magnetic separa- tion, flotation, acid-bath, or combinations of these and other processes. Reserves of siliceous rock and sand suitable for refractory use in ganister and silica brick, and for use as molding sand are abundant in California, and the production of these materials is a rapidly growing industry. However, no open price schedule exists for glass sand, ganister rock, quartz, or molding sand, as production of these materials is made largely from owned or leased deposits by users of these materials, and prices are those fixed for the convenience of bookkeeping. Silica is the principal constituent of many natural sands, but in this paper the special uses of silica in glass, ceramics, chemicals, refrac- tories, and as a filler are considered separately from the common sand used in concrete and plaster. Such special uses have increased greatly in the past few years. Quartz and glass-sand production has increased from 70,835 tons valued at $297,272 in 1935 to 594,155 tons worth $1,408,553 in 1946. Most of this large increase is the result of the expan- sion of the glass industry in California in recent years, and present indications are that the demand for glass sand and quartz is increasing. The silica shipped in California during 1946 came from eight prop- erties. Glass sand came from two properties in Monterey County and one each in Contra Costa, Riverside, and San Diego Counties. Quartz came from two properties in San Bernardino County and one in Mariposa County. In 1945 shipments of silica totaled 581,725 tons worth $1,309,564. Silica sand has been produced in the following counties of the state : Alameda, Amador, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Imperial, Inyo, Los Angeles, Table 11. Annual tonnage and value of silica (chiefly sand) produced in California, 1899-1946 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1899 - 1900. 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 3,000 2,200 5,000 4,500 7,725 10,004 9,257 9,750 11,065 9,255 12,259 19,224 8,620 13,075 18,618 28,538 28,904 $3,500 2,200 16,250 12,225 7,525 12,276 8,121 13,375 8,178 22,045 25,517 18,265 8,672 15,404 21,899 22,688 34,322 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920. 1921.. 1922.. 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 20.880 19,376 23,257 18,659 25,324 10,669 9,874 7,964 6,808 12,498 30,010 24,636 14,814 18,686 17,802 43,330 33,997 $48,908 41,166 88,930 101,600 96,793 49,179 31,016 30,420 35,006 96,780 104,317 94,762 66,679 79,210 71,380 182,769 136,324 1933 1934 1935 1936. 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945.. 1946 Totals... 70,329 70,432 70,835 77,830 84,313 63,167 86,229 101,041 137,660 193,174 161,318 274,291 581,725 594,165 $266,520 296,643 297,272 310,278 348,987 278,676 349,074 376,723 514,266 692,762 533,434 830,311 1,309,564 1,408,553 1913 -- 1914 1916 3,105,977 $9,410,764 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 89 Mariposa, Mono, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin and Tulare, the chief centers being Contra Costa, Monterey, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties. The industry is of limited importance, so far, because of the fact that much of the available material is not of a grade which will produce first-class colorless glass; for such, it must be essentially iron-free. Even a fraction of a percent of iron imparts a green color to the glass. The marketing of silica and prices prevailing in California for com- mercial types of silica sand and fusing quartz are based upon individual contract negotiation between buyer and seller. California glass sand suitable for container glass but not for high-grade flat glass, is sold at $2.00 to $3.00 per ton, f.o.b. California points. A better grade of glass sand produced in Nevada is sold at $6.50 to $8.50 per ton, washed and drained, f.o.b. Los Angeles. Freight from Nevada to Los Angeles is $2.70 per ton. Ottawa, Illinois, and Missouri high-grade glass sand sells at $11.40 to $12.65 per ton, f.o.b. California points, crude and dried. Freight is $9.13 per ton. Belgian glass sand has sold in the past in California as low as $5.00 per ton f.o.b. California ports, but no imports have been made in recent years. Ground silica flour sells at $19.00 to $23.00 per ton, f.o.b. California points, depending on grade. A small tonnage of quartz for chemical and ferrosilicon manufacture is sold in the state at $2.50 to $3.50 per ton, f.o.b. car, mine. SILLIMANITE GROUP' (Andalusite, Kyanite and Dumortierite) Production of andalusite and kyanite previous to 1945 was approxi- mately 2000 tons per year. In 1945, Champion Spark Plug Company ceased work at its andalusite deposit in Dry Creek Canyon in the White Mountains, Mono County, and all equipment was sold. The Vitrefrax Corporation of Los Angeles, owner and operator of a kyanite deposit near Ogilby, Imperial County, also suspended operations and liquidated its plant in Los Angeles. The outlook for any production of andalusite or kyanite is not favorable for 1947. Table 72. Tonnage and value of sillimanite-group minerals produced in California, 1922-46 NOTE: Where necessary In order to conceal output of Individual producer, production figures are combined to cover a 2- or 3-year period (1922-24, etc.). Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1922-24.... 1925-26.... 1927-28.... 1929-30.... 1931-32.... 4,584 4,810 4,276 4,359 1,244 $98,790 203,000 76,000 198.893 21,800 1933-34.... 1935-36.... 1937-38.... 1940-41.... 1942-43.... 3,035 3,112 2,681 1,344 4,046 $69,026 89,214 70,477 23,391 79,355 1944-46.-.. 1946 Totals... 2,390 126 $38,713 1,260 36,007 $969,919 STONE FOR MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS" Immense reserves and a large variety of building stones occur in California. Granite, marble, sandstone, slate, diorite, granodiorite, and numerous volcanic rocks, including tuff, have been quarried in the state in large amounts for buildings and monuments. Years ago, dimension » See also Jeffery, J. A., The silllmanite group of minerals : California Jour. Mines and Geology, vol. 39, pp. 383-390, 1943. "" See also Galliher, W. E., Geology and physical properties of building stone from Carmel Valley, California : California Div. Mines Rept. 28, pp. 14-41, 1932. 90 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bllll. 139 Table 73. Annual valtie of granite produced in California, 1887-1946 Year Value Year Value Year Value Year Value 1887 1888 1889 1890 . . $150,000 67,000 1,329,018 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,000,000 531,322 228,816 224,329 201,004 188,024 147,732 141,070 295,772 619,285 255,239 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 $678,670 467,472 353,837 344,083 373,376 512,923 376,834 417,898 355,742 362,975 981,277 628,786 227,928 635,339 221,997 139,861 1919. 1920 1921 1922. 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930. $220,743 495,732 725.901 676,643 760,081 1,211,046 1,853,859 655,332 1,398,443 763,996 1,169,271 855.477 636,741 398,676 183,706 249,083 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 Total value $339,917 244,243 207,738 131,386 145,194 198,896 261,661 186,872 148,160 222.843 220,411 275,367 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1931 1900 1901 1902 1932 1933 1934 $29,585,027 Table 74. Annual amount and value of marble produced in California, 1887-19^6 (No records were kept from 1887-93 to show the number of cubic feet of marble produced; from 1935-46 some production was reported in tons, and some in cubic feet, so that only the value is tabulated herein. Figures for 1920, 1924, and 1927-46 include onyx and travertine; figures for 1919 and 1938 include onyx and serpentine; figures for 1887 Include onyx.) Year Cubic ft. Value Year Cubic ft. Value Year Cubic ft. Value 1887 $5,000 5,000 87,030 80,000 100,000 115,000 40,000 98,326 56,566 32,415 7,280 23,594 10,550 5,891 4,630 37,616 97,354 94,208 129,450 75,800 118,066 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 18,653 79,600 18,960 20,201 27,820 41,654 25,436 22,186 25,954 24,765 17,428 25,020 29,531 30,232 38,321 28,015 61,579 36,664 34,806 42,308 34,324 $47,665 238,400 50,200 54,103 74,120 113,282 48,832 41,518 60,280 62,950 49,898 74,482 92,899 98,395 127,792 124,919 140,253 116,105 119,999 103,689 82,190 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 19.34 1935. 72,881 65,775 37,776 26,506 9,039 7,185 $93 661 1888. 82,194 1889 81,760 1890 42,505 1891 23,178 1892 10,759 1893.. 9,884 1894 38,441 14,864 7,889 4,102 8,050 9,682 4,103 2,945 19,305 84,624 55,401 73,303 31,400 37,512 1936 23,011 1895 1937 23,667 1896 1938 6,016 1897 1939 14,822 1898 1940 16,189 1899 1941 14,448 1900 1942 580 1901. 1902 1943 1944.. 8,800 1903 1904 1945 1946 1,536 1905 1906 1907 Total value.. $3,587,765 Table 75. Annual value of onyx produced in California, 1887-1926 (Figures for the years 1887, 1919, 1924, and 1927-46 included under marble.) Year Value Year Value Year Value Year Value 1887 1893 $1,800 27,000 20,000 12,000 24,000 1919 .. 1924 1888 $900 900 900 1,500 2,400 1894 1920 $1,294 3,320 2,510 1926 $16,120 1889 1895 1896 1921 1926 7,675 1890 1922 Total value.. 1891 1918 1923 $122,219 1892 I p Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 91 stone was used in buildings to the amount of roughly $1,000,000 annually, but this use has been largely displaced by concrete. Most of the granite now quarried is used for monuments and comes from Fresno, Lassen, Placer, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties. Small amounts of marble are produced in San Luis Obispo and San Bernardino Counties. Large reserves of this stone still exist in many other counties. Sandstone and various types of volcanic rocks that break into flat slabs are in con- siderable demand for flagstone, garden construction, and decorative veneers on the fronts of buildings. Many such stones have a distinctive color, which adds to the value. Such stone is produced in Napa, Monterey, and Santa Barbara Counties. Granite The granite output in California during 1946 was valued at $275,367 compared with $220,411 in 1945. The 1946 production consisted of 29,875 cubic feet of monumental and building stone, worth $266,581 ; a smaU amount of curbing, and some tuff and volcanic rock used in building and as flagstone. The granite came from two quarries in San Diego County, and one quarry each in Fresno, Lassen, Placer, Riverside, and San Ber- nardino Counties, and tuff from Sonoma County. For building purposes, the granite found in California, particularly the varieties from Raymond in Madera County, Rocklin in Placer County, and near Porterville in Tulare County, are unexcelled by any similar stone found elsewhere. The quantities available, notably at Raymond and Porterville, are unlimited. Most of California's ''granite," particu- larly that found in the Sierra Nevada, is technically granodiorite. Granites of excellent quality for building and ornamental purposes are also quarried in Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties. Near Lakeside, San Diego County, is a fine-grained, "silver-gray" gran- ite of uniform texture and color, especially suited for monumental and ornamental work. The Fresno County stone is a dark hornblende diorite, locally called ''black granite," whose color permits a fine contrast of polished and unpolished surfaces, making it particularly suitable for monumental and decorative purposes. Similar ' ' black granite ' ' occurs in Tulare County, near Success. Marble The material classed under marble shipped in California during 1946 totaled 129 tons valued at $1,535. It consisted of onyx marble from one quarry in San Bernardino County and limestone used as a building stone from one property each in San Bernardino and San Luis Obispo Counties. In 1943 and 1945 no marble was reported quarried in Cali- fornia. These were the only years that no output was reported since 1887, when the first record of the marble industry was made in the state. In 1944 a production was reported from a single property in Inyo County. California has many beautiful and serviceable varieties of marble, suitable for almost any conceivable purpose of construction or decora- tion. In the decorative class are deposits of onyx marble of beautiful coloring and effect. Serpentine "marble" suitable for electrical switch- boards is available also. Onyx and Travertine Onyx and travertine are known to exist in a number of places in California, but only a small and irregular production has been made since the year 1896. 92 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 During 1946 a small production of onyx was reported from a prop- erty in San Bernardino County. This material is used in terrazzo and for ornamental purposes. Sandstone The production" of sandstone in California reported during 194G totaled 2,286 tons or approximately 32,000 cubic feet valued at $25,764, from two quarries in Monterey County and one each in Los Angeles, Napa, and Santa Barbara Counties. Practically all of the material was flagstone used in garden walks, fountains, walls, and fireplaces, to give effect to Spanish and English type homes. The material reported from Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties is in reality cream-colored indurated Monterey shale ; it is utilized as a building stone. That from Ventura County is a red shale. Table 16. Annual amount and value of sandstone produced in California, 1887-1946 NOTE: Where necessary In order to conceal output of Individual producers, production figures are combined to cover a 2-year period (1943-44). Year Cubic ft. Value Year Cubic ft. Value Year Cubic ft. Value 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890- 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 56,264 378,468 266,741 212,123 353,002 383,487 302,813 182,076 159,573 $175,000 150,000 175,598 100,000 100,000 50,000 26,314 113,592 35,373 28,379 24,086 46,384 103,384 254,140 192,132 142,506 585,309 567,181 483,288 164,088 148,148 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914- 1915. 1916. 1917.. 1918.. 1919.. 1920.. 1921.. 1922.. 1923.. 1924-. 1925.. 1926-. 1927.. 1928.. 93,301 79,240 165,971 255,313 66,487 62,227 111,691 63,350 17,270 31,090 900 5,400 10,500 10,150 900 7,000 6,700 14,704 34,100 222,900 134,100 $55,151 37,032 80,443 127,314 22,574 27,870 45,322 8,438 10,271 7,074 400 3,720 2,300 2,112 1,100 13,000 3,600 14,362 17,500 205,400 43,250 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937- 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943-44... 1945 1946 Total value. 177,655 160,704 110,244 41,793 25,980 21,738 38,426 24,705 73,190 43,107 54,380 27,992 60,958 20,427 30,672 . 25,758 32,000 $49,881 56,404 30,960 13,286 10,888 14,245 9,268 9,180 15,680 9,384 12,494 13,083 13,143 8,587 7,415 7,498 25,764 $4,700,256 Table 77. Annual amount and value of slate produced in California, 1889-1946 (No quantity is shown for the years 1926 and 1935-37, as production was in some cases reported as squares and in some cases as tons. Otherwise, quantity of production, 1889-1926, inclusive, is in squares; 1927-46, inclusive, in tons.) NOTE: Where necessary in order to conceal output of Individual producers, production figures are com- bined to cover a 2-year period (1929-30, etc.). Year Squares Value Year Squares Value Year Tons Value 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893.. 1894 1895 4,500 4,000 4,000 3,500 3,000 1,800 1,350 500 400 400 810 3,500 5,100 4,000 10,000 $18,089 24,000 24,000 21,000 21,000 11,700 9,450 2,500 2,800 2,800 5,900 26,250 38,250 30,000 70,000 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911. 1915 1916 1920. 1921 1922 1923 1926.. 6,000 4,000 10,000 7,000 6,000 6,961 1,000 1,000 8 200 $50,000 40,000 100,000 60,000 60,000 45,660 8,000 5,000 80 2,400 7,371 1927 1928 1929-30-... 1931-32 1933.. 1934 1935 2,686 4,075 8,220 8,234 5,343 5,065 $17,960 31,263 71,347 55,182 31,958 24,245 40,912 1898 1936 49,818 1897. 1937 32,572 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1938. 1939 1940 1941-42.... 1943-44.... 1945-46—- Total 6,871 5,777 4,777 16,596 17,309 14,879 30,281 28,327 18,031 80,321 102,851 100,099 $1,420,017 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METAliLJC MATERIALS 93 Slate Slate was first produced in California in 1889. Up to and including 1910 production was continuous, but since then it has been irregular. Large deposits of excellent quality are known in the state, especially in El Dorado, Calaveras, and Mariposa Counties, but the demand has been light owing principally to competition of cheaper roofing materials. The 19-16 production of slate in California came from a single property each in El Dorado and Placer Counties; the material from El Dorado County was ground for roofing granules and the fines used as a filler; that from Placer County was sold in thin flat pieces to be used as facing on the outside of buildings. The 1946 output showed an increase in amount and value when compared with that of 1945, STONE, MISCELLANEOUS Stone for road surfacing and concrete aggregate has been produced in everj- county in California ; such material has a wide variety of other uses. Great irregular chunks of 10 tons each, known as riprap, are dumped from barges into shallow parts of bays to form the sea-walls behind which sand and mud are pumped to reclaim land. Small sizes of rock are used for railroad ballast, and the accompanying finely divided material is used in concrete and plasters. Certain types of sand are mined especially for making molds in foundries. ilany different tj-pes of stone are used ; also there are many ways of producing it. The 10-ton chunks of riprap are blasted from solid bodies of basalt and granite. One of the largest granite quarries is located near the San Andreas fault, where the faulting has crushed the granite so that the amount of explosives needed is much lower than average. In Butte and Sacramento Counties, crushed rock is produced from old dredge-tailing ; thus the waste from the gold-dredging industry becomes the valuable raw material of the crushed-rock industrj^ A favor- ite method for producing sand and gravel is to excavate the bars along streams with various types of dragline excavators. The pits thus formed are sometimes re-filled by winter floods. Nature has had a part in impro^-ing the quality of this material; soft decomposed rocks have been pounded and pulverized and washed away as mud; the harder, TalU 78. Annual tonnage and value of crushed rock, sand, and gravel produced in California, 189S-1946 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value Year Tooa Value 1893 371,000 $456,075 1912 8.044,937 14.532.598 1931 15,848,313 $11,848,531 1894 661.900 664,838 1913 9,817,616 4.823,056 1932 11,361,564 7.183.643 1895 1,254.688 1,095,939 1914 9.288,397 3,960,973 1933 11,181,156 6.871,581 1896 960,619 839,884 1915 10.879,497 4.609,278 1934 16,148,275 7.131,330 1897 821,123 600,112 1916 9,951,089 4.009,590 1935 9,041,876 5,571,041 1898 1,177,365 814,477 1917 8,069,271 3,505.662 1936 28,528,079 16,578,238 1899 964.898 786,892 1918 6.641,144 3,325,889 1937 28.254,740 16,917,683 1900 789,287 561,642 1919 6,919,188 3,678,322 1938 19,051,677 11,734,038 1901 530,396 641,037 1920 9,792.122 6,782.414 1939 18.693,896 10,316,787 1902 2,056,015 1,249,529 1921 10,914,145 7,834.640 1940 24.184,186 12.181,564 1903 2,215,625 1.673,591 1922 13.049,644 10,366,231 1941 34,626,035 19,559,883 1904 2,296.898 1,641,877 1923 19.840.301 15,379,838 1942 45.455,085 27,281,342 1905 2,624.257 1,716,770 1924 21,451.129 15,962,476 1943 32,599,432 21.716,223 1906 1,555.372 1,418.406 1925 23,819,137 17,407,113 1944 35,370.143 25,138,003 1907 2,288,888 1.915.015 1926 24,987,606 19.859,261 1945 29,449.484 20.207,351 1908 1909 3,998.945 5,531,561 3,241,774 2,708.326 1927 1928 25,126,691 27,471,794 18.912.994 17,328,044 1946 41.610.212 27,671,788 1910 5,827,828 2.777,690 1929 27,104,618 17,840,159 ToUb. 740.500.535 $472,862,822 1911 6,487,223 3,610,357 1930 23,514,168 16,430,027 94 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 Table 19. Production of sand and gravel during 1946, by county (Includes molding sand In Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Monterey, Orange, Sacramento, San Diego, San Mateo, and Ventura Counties; also filter sand and blast sand in San Diego County.) NOTE: Where necessary In order to conceal output of individual producer in a county, production figures are combined under "Unapportioned." County Tons Value 3,444,672 $2,434,148 40,936 27,173 26,121 23,621 156,829 64,840 297,245 184,451 53,405 86,565 42,500 15,625 700,095 479,931 99,100 57,390 232,041 225,170 133,215 136,300 39,978 18,312 373,701 266,759 156,243 100,893 35,109 17,200 9,269,540 4,707,626 206,738 286,958 286,292 189,935 352,649 225,775 669,459 469,408 15,122 6,208 64,800 63,000 449,608 300,611 County Tons Value Alameda Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa. Del Norte.... El Dorado... Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Lake Lassen Los Angeles. . Mendocino... Merced Monterey Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino. San Diego... San Joaquin Santa Barbara Santa Clara Shasta Siskiyou Stanislaus Tulare Ventura Yolo Yuba. Unapportioned (Alpine, Ama- dor, Madera, Marin, Mari- posa, Modoc, Mono, Napa, Nevada, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Sierra, Sono- ma, Tehama, Trinity, Tu- olumne) Totals 1,210,614 926,694 921,911 1,001,433 35,498 256,462 367,346 163,460 324,175 163,806 453.195 280,782 283,408 1,429,286 $822,270 657,577 988,755 684,182 19,469 200,729 160,596 198,137 219,863 115,603 365,968 155,930 196,987 1,161,348 24,962,267 $16,305,222 more resistant rocks remain. In some plants the sand and gravel are washed and separated into various sizes by screens only, but most plants contain crushers to reduce the size of cobbles and boulders. Concrete highways, dams, aqueducts, and canals require great quantities of sand, gravel, and crushed rock for aggregate. As long as this type of construction continues at a high level, the stone industry will continue to hum. Smaller quantities of such material go into founda- tions, walls, and floors of buildings. In a few places limestone is quarried for surfacing roads. The total tonnage of miscellaneous stone, including sand, gravel, crushed rock, rubble, and riprap in California as reported by producers was 41,610,212 tons valued at $27,671,788 in 1946, compared with 29,449,484 tons worth $20,207,351 in 1945. Los Angeles led all other counties during 1946 in the value of its miscellaneous-stone output, which was $6,100,968 ; Alameda was second with an output worth $3,120,783 ; San Mateo third with an output worth $2,965,755 ; these were followed in turn by Sacramento, San Diego, and San Bernardino, all having an output in excess of a million dollars. All other counties with the exception of Kings and Sutter contributed to the overall figures in 1946. The amount and value, annually, of crushed rock (including macadam, ballast, rubble, riprap, and that used in concrete), sand and gravel produced since 1893, are shown in table 78. A comparison of table 78, which shows annual production of crushed rock, sand, and gravel, with table 46, which shows annual production of cement, reveals the fact that the important growth of the crushed rock and gravel business was coincident with the rapid development of the cement industry, from the year 1902. Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 95 Crushed Rock To list the kinds and varieties of rock utilized commercially under this heading would be to run almost the entire gamut of the classifica- tion scale. Much depends on the kind available in a given district. Those which give the most satisfactory service are the basalts and other hard, dense, igneous rocks which break with sharp, clean edges. In many locali- ties, river-wash boulders form an important source of such material. In such cases, combined crushing and washing plants obtain varying amounts of sand and gravel along with the crushed sizes. During 1946 a total of 16,647,945 tons of crushed rock, rubble, and riprap worth $11,366,566 were produced, of which 3,399,439 tons worth $2,932,236 were reported used as macadam and ballast; 533,524 tons worth $602,144 were used for rubble and riprap ; 1,175,854 tons worth $993,628 were used in concrete; and 11,539,128 tons worth $6,838,558 were listed as unclassified. The 1946 output showed an increase in both amount and value as compared with that of 1945, which was 13,120,464 tons worth $9,835,704. Sand and Gravel A considerable part of the gravel excavated is passed through grad- ing and washing plants, and the material over 2 inches in size is crushed. Much of it is utilized in concrete mixtures. Most of the gravel used for road surfacing and repairs as well as that for railroad ballast is creek-run or pit-run material which is spread upon the roads without undergoing any grading or washing. The sand and gravel produced in 1946 totaled 24,962,267 tons worth $16,305,222, as compared with 16,329,020 tons worth $10,371,647 in 1945. Included in the 1946 figures are 72,226 tons of molding sand worth $254,396, which came from a single property each in Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Monterey, Orange, Sacramento, San Diego, San Mateo, and Ventura Counties. The 1946 output of molding sand showed an increase over that for 1945, which totaled 44,447 tons, worth $155,567. Grinding-Mill Pebbles The 1946 output of grinding-mill pebbles in California came from a single property in San Diego County. The 1946 production was a decrease in amount and value as compared with that of 1945, which came from a property in San Diego County. Paving Blocks During 1946 no production of paving blocks was reported in Cali- fornia. The 1943 output came from a single quarry in Sacramento County. The paving-block industry has decreased materially in recent years, practically to the vanishing point, because of the increased construction of smoother pavements demanded by motor vehicle traffic. The blocks made in Solano County were of basalt ; those from Sonoma were of basalt, andesite, and some trachyte, whereas those from Madera, Placer, River- side, San Bernardino, and San Diego were of granite; those from San Mateo County were of sandstone. '96 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 Table 80. Production of crushed rock during 19^6, hy county County Macadam and ballast Rubble and riprap For concrete 1 Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value 164,311 « 63,166 "63,881 20,075 »86,000 * * $155,100 74,446 45,235 17,411 43,000 11,814 $12,595 76,498 73,607 $73,053 82,426 Butte * * * El Dorado * * Kern * * » * "65,730 "8,100 9,000 59,263 5,078 22,500 ■ ■■ Placer 20,090 "108,647 30,135 113,999 32,703 56,830 * * 228,253 227,311 "18,785 119,253 18,000 364,392 119,981 •=220,950 "2,600 197,057 159,452 14,404 115,040 18,000 235,124 120,756 76,983 1,000 78,077 * * 77,162 3,268 7,332 12,204 11,000 Shasta - - * * Trinity - 19,820 18,529 ' 62,120 73,693 32,004 * 48,006 * • Yuba - geles», Marin, Napa, San Benito, Sonoma, 1,438,910 1,380,247 El Dorado, Fresno, Humboldt, Marin, Sarra- 458,587 490,986 geles. Riverside, San Benito, San Diego, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Shasta, Tehama, Tuol- 885,552 687,294 San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Totals 3,399,439 $2,932,236 533,524 $602,144 1,175,854 $993,628 Chap. 3] INDUSTRIAL NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 97 Table 80. Production of crushed rock during 1946, hy county — Continued County Unclassified Tons Value Total Tons Value Alameda Butte Contra CosU. El Dorado.... Fresno.. Humboldt Kern Lassen Los Angeles... Mendocino Modoc Mono Nevada <»762,859 128,087 241,874 61,416 410 * »41,975 *2,514,066 6,548 Orange- Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino. San Diego San Mateo Santa Barbara.. Santa Clara Shasta Siskiyou. Trinity Tulare... Tuolumne Yolo... Yuba. 157,909 <1150.349 456,328 •353,400 * •5,073,695 "sTTiiio 1,050 13,000 -J iu h IJ o Ul (0 o H M U m (0 < o ^ < UJ u. o CO oc Ul o Q O OC a. u. o > o V- o lU oc S ^ aQ on a.'S ca ^ K o "=> o ° "W oS » 9—82576 130 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 3 08 CD "5 g JO ®_ . O 03 O S>;M.20 |3|| C8*— ^ Ol CQ Appendix] DIRECTOBY OF PRODUCERS 131 132 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU. 139 00 00 111 ^ ^ ? o fe 00 g a) a w 2 S "3 ID p n S n S fl a a § a 00000 i lloHl 5 -^ S S ID O S r a J(^ c8 ^ (q ^^"^ o=^2 « 3 pq S o o J ill S ^ 002 "3 I O. 8PhJ M« • a 3 O-S^ >>-Z ■a-^ 03 © S Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 133 S ^ 2 S'O » a (a o £S . J< S d c« es 5 8(5 o "3 aji"' gi-S 1 a H _. n J §§ C^ ?M £ a sZ g,i X r1 >-• « n n M ki a tt .3s - • o a d 10--I0 1.-5 '^-H 1^ '^ ^.S fi S o " ^ ' o s '"' z g . Z £ O aoja'""T< ^ 5 C! Lt o o o o o .^ at es.a ot^ ct^.a^ if at^ dlA^M ct.fi « 12 11 O SO §3 1-1 s* ■ S3 J? OS OS o.S ■ »4 t a a ci fa's a o lO 3 •sS^lio • a"" .2 "SQ O b a ■^ 0OU.2 aW Sf-aoS-d.s "^ea:2 3.5 • «s S-2 .2 £>, CO « — a a o US a .2^Cb<-: J(2Cf^-E^f^.2o H OS ca-3'7 ^=5® « o c a s 5 # * i. g o a a as a^ »> 134 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 — £ II CO o -offl fl - (N-l -5-5 43-CI i: 00 a e 33 73 o .2tC so 000 -.J -fj -43 a fl (3 (o a ^ oS as a! 33:3r'?c?i ® oj 01 (S o a o SS E >d » Oj^i 3d s; o X xp^ 0=1 So "3 » oo'S S ft; IdSlm « 2 • = S COWPhJB Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 135 o -I .S CO 5 ^ _SB3 2 "< rS^ 3:2 OS ■2(2 0.2 OQ OQ > O ^ 5^ 3 O h 50 id <5^ r 136 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 0-3 as 00 S £ a o2 ?5! a _o fl >>§^> S c S o^ C^ ^ 09 Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 187 ^S 5b ■3 as o S cH ^.! 32 §.§ Sc C" 'S^ li i| 1= 1^ J^ §-^ !► ■2 8 |« 03 CQ 138 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 2^1 O-gS 3 — -9 coSph a -2 o OWOO •g art bs a ^ i »_rt ° S ? ti is ^ D « e8 2^ P rt rt fc. o S o ".2 2,-H Ur- a •e r? ,S r ^ =^ 2ooSS (1) a 05 .S'-'. ►H >. O oS OS _ t,a « o 03 « 0:2 >!.&< O O I, O I0.5-5 Appendix] DIRECTORY OP PRODUCERS 139 %-3 c:2 5 o o o ^ E £ o 3 3 5 eS M cS Q 08 O 03 O O O o .s.a a a CQr° « o t>H a 2-^ 3 .2 il CM 03 . .00 2 -a fflg 3 ea .E ^ COD S 3 - ei ox : (Dw'^ ■a" •OT3 £o QO «.g a .5t3i-i S a - So *^ ^ ^2^ 12 d r i .'n qU alt;'-' ^a.SQ2 •saS'o'^ .CO h^.j aa-4 -1 1> 9J4 O O C O O 140 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU. 139 Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 141 e3 o o 8 Q. OQ 0D« 5 •a at u o is »a Sen 55 SO 8^ go 1^ fe.s ft, ■23 is to 5 'Z 6 -I Ct as o to 32 =3 a cs go CO 142 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 §1 6^ as gis U o .2 =« r; oj 9) Appendix] DIRECTORY OP PRODUCERS 143 o S o dg < O h ^ & &i5 m B r^e »■ £ S'S -«! Mb o 1 ^^ 1 >o QO ■* S fc- CO < -5 -J S 1 1 o g J ft. <3 o o (3 a O c8 S S a = s » c e >> S ScEcg ~ ». * o o '• o S r d r Ort S J g § S £0^0 i! I , « ,. o fl >. .S £ 1 1 S-2-S ® I a o O ',0 ins 5 ;5 o ^ ^ C4 5 144 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 •a CO O P > 53 00 0. CO C3>^ O So. 5 -a Ot~C00 io to O T3T3 ^ e3^ Appendix] DIRECTOEY OP PRODUCERS 145 o S a 3 a •§ •m o tt 2^ § ■s 1 i 1 li 0,$ tnP5 CO o I*- > z s 2 Z 3 •1 j< ^ o "O fe 2 a. o < 1 'S a 1 o S 1 3 > > •5 'Jl ^ a-' CO c c §(0 liJ z o 1 c 1 "^S < ■J c 1 ifl in St- DC c 1 o cgS X 1 , O •8 i t 1 o z < < 1 1 4 1 a ■J 2 U (3 <0 lU z o < z a ^ H •; Ph j 5 r b O 6. E c5 ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 1 1 « 3/ot«o County arine Magnesium Prod ant Rubber and Ajtbeai o CO ll J O l| §^ c^ S^ s ^ :? , 1 iJ ^^l ^1 xi ctfw s^ 6C CO 2 "0 a 1 1 1 i 1 1 c« a oi d ! Appendix] DIRECTOBY OP PRODUCERS 147 s So mS^ oJtS I 2 2 So lOQ 3 a I a o •* >o •>r so CO « -w 6s§ 148 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [BuU. 139 "6 a « fl ?. •3 a i^ )-l S (^ ^ OS e.-S CO S16 C5§ It, 3 sS 3.9 sO , Sw -SH &5 CO «o 1 1 ^ 1 1 CO Ui c Z lU Q m > z g a a 1 > 1 1 1 Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 149 u ^3 r 150 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 ss E a o,> OS « a OSS CO .30g^50 g§§ oS o3 c3 * c8T3 o * ""J 8_g-. 1 ill '^w^ :-c3 .S'^S 4)- tH 03 S O 5 -» • • _^ ;C3 '-^ -^ KM C3 03 (h 03 ^ C "^ fl o . o o O On is a I. §w O -- S.S 3> O Sao 02 fl ii -05 2 03.5 *** O'-H'-^Lj Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 151 * • z 1^ ■Kin ^o 6 o -^ CJ3 9 B r 152 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 S "^ O o V - u :^ > OS -I *i O 8 o s S s s 5 I g ■g ll r Appendix] DIRECTORY OP PRODUCERS 155 GO o o o o si S3 5„ OcQ 3o s § Is. o o 3-a = 2 |oa S «! 5 A S-S 2-2 1 Sg S^ II III M 12^ o| a'3 tsZ CO 5—2 sg oa.g > (5?, |tf in iQo .io sS(3 go a ^ ^ «S =§ fe o t o >> . fe > <)faiJ t) cos .9tj •5 o > fl (^ fa * o - S. O o 0? .9 3 I'S - - ssa *- OS oXi S II 5 fill |QoS v3 gH IP5 C! ••=1 r^ o . .a eaja III e * fci •« « a; <5 ^ tsfl S3 05 •Si J ■£9 O-M I J5 Is 3^ 2-0 1 3 & ■-- OS 6Q 1^ Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 157 5 « ^» 'OT3 03 03 H^^ * 6 3 S o '^ eg § 03 s S5J9 ^8 ■3 -J3tJ 158 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 . I I ^2 ■^2 g^ e*. «^ ,otf^;oWw>jo o o 00 oS 1 S 05 l-o gtf 1 2 a S s.SM-oS-S SB'S f^ 5^ M*^ flJ3 M^ " ^ O-S^ « --I O 05 o £t»i-3on®0'c 2 2 o -^.5 a S osM ^ 3- !^§ 2: "So- a-o ^ o « o O 3 2-S 2 2tifl s ats'13 ?>-a u a> o d OS aj OS© *- SJ o "-0 .2 "a ^ n c e c8 a^. S « 3 O S « 9 * :§2>. 3 1 . kiCQ O c , 03 •a as a r S2 5 PQ«o £ ° r- H ci C on -.MB 1S- g > o PO OS a (D 9 O >> ■g 2r^.qr e9 d nn .2Q CO r a eSco oQ o ov:; .. £ 900 — -B ^ X - SmpQW 5§dg ■nPiW .2 « OM (N-tHO-ilN 03 2 1^ Ooco ki »3 d d o biJ ^ • ^iio 2 £ 05 J3^ ^ci^ai^O'*^c^ ^ja o^xix>x> .j2.a^ •sO s^ o ea OS d fc..2 O 03 Od 02 ImUn, get; o d-t: £ d u •»» 03 "i-s ? «o d ^ o O o>2 d^ b h fs O S;^ S c3 O O 3 m^ fc-C 'O g ^3 ^ ' .'C S 3 o o =2 o lu^^ CO o e • ■go Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 163 I o ■^ O O « a! =3 QQ , a •-o SO S s •Sal ^ r I <« 'f ■* g INO O •ft 13-0 S3q r/s a o V » 3 'I SCO N-a ill- • a o fej3T3< cfas eS^j3X!.0 oi ,2 «* o o So jf<| o 65 c.5^0 e * B <= c .-o-S O « c Ofa« fa's §§503 01* S 3 00 OQ ^2 'tf I go R o jiS ft a « !0 164 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 3 ■? tf ^ 5 £ r ^« CO Ix I Pi i: * 08 03 ^ 03 as OS B C r- J3XI oTcf 5£ r o o loo ,"8 S OO Ml 0-5 E « g|82 &(S Appendix] DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 165 d w6 6 bO a A'9 li >ii^ ■?^.; 11^ 'fl ►i; fc4 b*<-l k. bt bl 5 S £■§ o 5£ 5 33 S si'":? CQ ^.3 [e^ 'alls j|| § o ja .a n 00 PQ oooaj J J— 2 3 O 03^ oooo ^^.a^^^^js 5 as ;a ; 5 ; c g >s ■ -5 ' o-io-S^ 2 ^.'^ "'I fell "^.2 l« ^ i.2 |1 05 05 166 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 S a 8 « .a aaa g o o o uJSJSJi «!.S.2.2 QpSCQpq oar O O Oo nnnco 2m « 2 eS 50 16 So go las?! * o"^ c dffi O mO 13 - «o 8 a 5^ o E^ 5 fl « cA^ so >Sg.S CO T^-' §mj ««S "S S a ls§ T3^0 (3 h.3 O « 3 OMH Appendix] DIRECTORY OP PRODUCERS 167 a O o o « d CO O. •a o oi.i: s a o o O M vet. ago a * « a a •a* o 168 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 Q lU O D Q O OC a (0 < I- < z OC o Ll < o u. o 111 CO < X o OC D 0. o z h oc O a. m OC (0 OC Ul I- -I UJ (0 u. o H CO OmOOON is] Sag aaaa gs.2.2 aog ra 02 2 3* ♦ ,->• > - ""-22 'O aj TS O O iS iH t, 05 rnrT i« i< ti 4) O B »^^ >>> 1=1:5 S S .2.2.2 afl2 a«-s . . .,,U o5Pe<^ a oj M S d2 a 9 « osaJi ojirt 08 s?;?;?; 2)5' SSS|Si3|aS5i« ■ . . .h .Z .«2 r*^o2aife i i i o i &» S«5 si mJ: lllll|-g:§|222^. SSii^tiocQ^aJHHaSca oooiflo"ot3oS «« SO (N V v o a a s s a 8,9 02 00 !B 02 03'-' a a a a a 'S-a f^w ai a"i 2.2.2.2.2 ^§ .pi -a si i-i5 * JiSJiDQ g o S 08 a2c» jH « '?"3.2 — -pcoai a2 » s 3-3 ? . .^?? Appendix] CUSTOM MILLS, GRINDING PLANTS 169 LIST OF CUSTOM MILLS AND COMMERCIAL GRINDING PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA Fipm American Minerals Co., 5601 S. Boyle Ave., Los Angeles 11, Calif. Bishop Concentrate & Cleaning Co., Bishop, Calif. Burton Bros., Rosamond, CaUf. California Talc, Inc., 830 Ducommun St., Los Angeles, CaUf. Commercial Minerals Co., 310 Irwin St., San Francisco, Calif. Hidecker Brick Co., 2500 E. 8th St., Los Angeles, Calif. Industrial Minerals & Chemical Co., 6th & Oilman Sts., Berkeley, Calif. Kennedy Minerals Co., 2550 E. Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. Ontario Rock Milling Co., 2710 Frederick St., Los Angeles, Calif. Pacific Minerals Co., Ltd., 337 10th St., Richmond, Calif. Pan-Chemical Co., 1400 Palomares St., Pomona, Calif. Products Separating Corp., 6001 Gramercy Place, Loe Angeles, Calif. Henry Rising & Co., 626 St. Paul, Los Angeles, Calif. Southern California Minerals Co., 320 S. Mission Road, Los Angeles, Calif. Standard Minerals Co., 2455 E. 57th St., Los Angeles, Calif. Twining Laboratories, 2527 Fresno St., Fresno, Calif. Western Talc Co., 1901 E. Slauson Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. Type of Grinding Commercial grinding of minerals. Custom mill; purchases tungsten ores and base metal ores. Custom cyanide mill. Gold and silver ores purchased. Talc and other soft non-metallic minerals ground by contract or purchased. Commercial grinding. Clay grinding plant. Non-metallic minerals ground by contract or purchased. Non-metallic minerals ground by contract or purchased. Non-metallic minerals ground by contract or purchased. Roofing granules prepared. Non-metalUc minerals ground by contract or purchased. Non-metallic mineral grinding plant operates on owned or purchased minerals. Non-metallic mineral grinding plant; contract or purchased. Non-metallic mineral grinding plant. Non-metallic mineral grinding plant; contract or purchased. Non-metallic mineral grinding plant; contract or purchased. Purchase and concentrate tungsten ores on a custom basis, also commercial grinding. Non- metallic mineral grinding plant; contract or piu-chased. 170 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [Bull. 139 LIST OF QUICKSILVER BUYERS AND MINERAL BROKERS Quicksilver Buyers American Potash & Chemical Corp., 609 S. Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Atlas Powder Co., No. 1 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. Atkins, Kroll & Co., 277 Pine St., San Francisco, Cal. F. W. Berk & Co., Coast Chemical Division, 55 New Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. Braun Corporation, 2260 E. 15th St., Los Angeles, Cal. H. W. Gould & Co., Mills Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles Chemical Co., 1960 South Santa Fe Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Mefford Chemical Co., 1026 Santa Fe Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Pacific Vegetable Oil Co., 407 Sansome St., San Francisco, Cal. Quicksilver Producers Association, 407 Sansome St., San Francisco, Cal. Atkins, KroU & Co., 277 Pine St., San Francisco, Cal. Bay Chemical Trading & Transport, 651 Howard St., San Francisco, Cal. Harry E. Blood Co., 112 W. 9th St., Los Angeles, Cal. Bond Bros. & Co., 25 CaUfornia St., San Francisco, Cal. Bradley & Ekstrom, 320 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co., 1400 16th St., San Francisco, Cal. Bruan Corp., 2260 E. 15th St., Los Angeles, Cal. L. H. Butcher Co., 3628E. Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. California Export Co., Ferry Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Chamberlain Co., 4700 District Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. Mineral Brokers Dealers in tungsten ores, mercury, gypsum and limerock. Dealers in metals and ores. Dealers in industrial sand and silica products. Dealers in export minerals. Dealers in all commercial minerals. Dealers in processed non-metallic minerab. Dealers in processed non-metallic minerals. Dealers in conmiercial minerals and metals. Dealers in minerals for e^tport. Dealers in fluorspar. Appendix] ASSAY AND TESTING LABORATORIES 171 LIST OF COMMERCIAL ASSAY AND TESTING LABORATORIES San Francisco Area BaU, C. M. 615 University Ave., Berkeley Curtis & Thomkins, 236 Front St., San Francisco Hall Laboratories, Inc., 149 California St., San Francisco Hanks, Abbott, A., Inc., 624 Sacramento St., San Francisco Hersey Inspection Bureau (engineers, chemists, and testers of building materials), 3405 Piedmont Ave., Oakland Hunt, Robert W., Co., 251 Kearny St., San Francisco Metalliu-gical Laboratories, 604 Mission St., San Francisco Multiphase, Inc., 351 Eighth St., San Francisco Pacific Chemical Laboratories, 617 Montgomery St., San Francisco Pittsburg Testing Laboratories, 651 Howard St., San Francisco Straub Manufacturing Co., 507 Chestnut St., Oakland Western Analytical Bureau, 690 Market St., San Francisco Western Gold and Platinum Works, 589 Bryant St., San Francisco Wildberg Bros., 742 Market St., San Francisco Atkin <& McRae, 111 W. 11th St., Los Angeles California Testing Laboratories, Inc., 1429 Santa Fe Ave., Lob Angeles Eisenhauer, Ed, Jr., 322 S. San Pedro St., Los Angeles Fess, Edward E., 5905 Pacific Blvd., Htintington Park Groch Engineering Co., 624 W. Ninth St., Los Angeles Herman, John 920 Santee St., LoeAngeles Herr, A. V., 5176 Hollywood Blvd., Los Angeles Kennard & Drake, 4686 S. Santa Fe Ave., Los Angeles Lewis & Walker, 111 W. nth St., Loe Angeles Los Angeles Testing Laboratory, 1300 S. Los Angeles St., Los Angeles Los Angeles Area Meco Assayers, 417 S. Hill St., Los Angeles Minerals Engineering, 417 S. HUl St., Los Angeles Osborne, Raymond G., now. Ninth St., Los Angeles Pacific Platinum Works, 814 S. Spring St., Los Angeles Perez, R. A., Co., 920 Santee St., Los Angeles Research Chemicals Laboratories (rare-earth analysis and research work), 831 N. Lake St., Burbank SiU, Harley A., 1011 S. Figueroa St., Los Angeles Smith-Emery Co., 920 Santee St., Los Angeles von Huene, Rudolph, 865 N. Mentor Ave., Pasadena (thin sections) Ward, Paul, 605 Mission St., South Pasadena (ceramic testing) 172 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION — 1 946 [Bull. 139 LIST OF COMMERCIAL ASSAY AND TESTING LABORATORIES— Continued Other Areas Bishop Assay and Engineering Office, 318 N. Main St.. Bishop Brooks, Alan M., Box 893, Chula Vista Clarkson Laboratories, 724 Seventh Ave., San Diego Coast Laboratory, 1859 S. Van Ness Ave., Fresno Daily Chemical Laboratory, Box 228, Oroville Dietrich, Morse & Associates, 316 16th St., Sacramento Draper, Hall D., Pine and Commercial Ste., Nevada City Hornkohl Laboratories, 716 Truxton Ave., Box 1673, Bakersfield Ott, E. J. N.. 130 Main St., Nevada City Raggio, A. J., Jackson Rombaugh, M. D., 3069 Del Paso Blvd., North Sacramento San Joaquin Research Laboratory, 8 W. Weber St., Box 1987, Stockton Scheave, Harold, 232 Commercial St., Nevada City Smith-Emery Co., Administration Bldg., Balboa Park, San Diego Twining Laboratories, 2527 Fresno St., Box 1472, Fresno Wallace's Lapidary & Assay Office, Box 344, El Centro Warford, J. W., Mariposa INDEX TO BULLETIN 139 Alameda County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 115 Alpine County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 115 Alum minerals, 105 Aluminum, 31 Amador County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 115 American Potash and Chemical Corp., photo showing plant of, pi. 3 Andalusite, 89 Antimony, 32-33 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 32 Antioch-Marchio silica-sand excavation, photo showing, pi. 4 Appendix, 113-172 Arsenic, 33 Asbestos, 60 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 60 ; directory of producers, 129 Asphalt, 59-60 Assay and testing laboratories, list of, 171-172 Barite, 60-62 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1910-46, 61 ; directory of producers, 129 Bentonite and fullers earth, 62-63 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1899-1946, 63 ; directory of producers, 129 Beryl, 74 Beryllium, 33-34 Bismuth, 34 Bituminous rock, 63-64 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 63 ; directory of producers, 130 Borate minerals, table showing annual tonnage and value, 1864-1946, 106 Borates, 106-107 ; directory of producers, 130 Brick and hollow tile, 67-69 ; table showing annual amount and value, 69 Brokers, mineral, list of, 170 Bromine, 107 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1926-46, 107 ; directory of producers, 130 Butte County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 117 Cadmium, 34-35 Calaveras Cement Co., photo showing limestone quarry, pi. 2 County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 117 Calcium chloride, 107-108 ; table showing tonnage and value, 1921-46, 108 ; directory of producers, 130 silicate, 64 Californite, 74 Carbon dioxide, 64 ; table showing annual volume and value, 1894-1946, 64 ; directory of producers, 131 Cement, 64-66 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1891-1946, 65 ; directory of producers, 131 Chromite, 35-37 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1869-1946, 36 ; deposit, photo showing McLaughlin and Applegarth, pi. 1 ; directory of pro- ducers, 132 Chrysoprase, 74 Clay, 66-67 ; directory of producers, 132-135 pottery, 67 Coal, 13-14 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1861-1946, 14 ; Trinity Coal Co., producer, 135 Cobalt, 37 Colusa County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 117 Contra Costa County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 117 Copper, 37-38 ; directory of producers, 136 ; table showing annual poundage and value, 1882-1946, 38 ; table showing production by county, 38 Crushed rock, 95, 96 ; table showing production by county, 96-97 Custom mills and commercial grinding plants, list of, 169 Del Norte County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 117 Diatomite, 69-70 ; directory of producers, 136 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1889-1946, 70 Dolomite, 70-71 ; directory of producers, 137 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1915-46, 70 Dumortierite, 89 El Dorado County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 118 Feldspar, 71-72 ; Anderson, A. S., producer of, 137 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1910-46, 72 (173) 174 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1 946 [BuU. 139 Fluorspar, 72-73 Fontana steel plant, San Bernardino County, photo showing tapping of blast furnace at, pi. 1 Fresno County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 118 Fuels, comparison of 1945 and 1946 output, 13 ; production in 1946, 11-27 ; summary of production, 9 Fullers earth, 62-63 ; directory of producers, 129 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1899-1946, 63 Garnet, 73 Gasoline, from natural gas, 17 Gems, 73-74 ; directory of producers, 137 ; table showing annual value, 1900-46, 74 Glenn County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 118 Gold, 38-42 ; directory of producers, 138-140 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1848-1946, 41 ; table showing mine production, 40 ; table showing 25 leading mines, 1946, 40 and petroleum, table showing comparative value of annual production, 1887- 1946, 10 Granite, 90, 91 ; directory of producers, 141 ; table showing annual value, 1887-1946, 90 Graphite, 75, 76 ; table showing annual poundage and value, 1901-46, 76 Gravel, sand and, table showing production by county, 94 Grinding-mill pebbles, 95, 98 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1915-46, 98 plants, custom mills and, list of. 169 Gypsum, 75-76 ; directory of producers, 142 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 76 Humboldt County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 118 Idocrase, 74 Imperial County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 118 Inyo County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 119 Iodin«, 108 ; directory of producers, 142 ; table showing poundage and value, 1929-46, 108 Iron, directory of producers, 143 ; table showing annual tonnage and value of ore pro- duction, 1881-1946, 42 and steel, 42-43 Kaiser Co., photo showing tapping of blast furnace at Fontana plant, San Bernardino County, pi. 1 Kern County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 119 Kings County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 119 Kraftile plant, Alameda County, photo showing patio tile at, pi. 3 Kunzite, 74 Kyanite, 89 Laboratories, assay and testing, list of, 171-172 Lake County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 119 Lassen County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 119 Lead, 44-45 ; directory of producers, 143 ; table showing annual poundage and value, 1877-1946, 45 ; table showing production by county, 44 Lime, table showing annual tonnage and value, 1894-1941, 79 and limestone, directory of producers, 144 Limestone, 76, 77-79 ; quarry, photo showing Calaveras Cement Co., pi. 2 indiistrial, table showing annual tonnage and value, 1894-1946, 78 ; table showing production by county, 76 Lithia, American Potash and Chemical Corp., producer of, 145 Lithium compounds, 79-80 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1899-1946, 80 Los Angeles County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 120 Madera County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 120 Magnesia and other magnesium compounds, directory of producers, 145 Magnesite, 80-81 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 80 Magnesium compounds, 109-110 salts, table showing annual tonnage and value, 1916-46, 110 Manganese, 45-46 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 46 Marble, 90, 91 ; directory of producers, 146 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1887-1946, 90 Marin County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 120 Mariposa County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 120 McLaughlin and Applegarth chromite deposit, photo showing Gran pit of, pi. 1 Mendocino County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 120 Merced County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 121 INDEX 175 M«rcury, 48-50 ; buyers of, 170 ; directory of producers, 151-152 Metals, 29-56 ; summary of production of, 1946, 9 ; table showing comparison of 1945 and 1946 output, 31 Mica, 80, 81-82 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1902-46, 80 ; Western Non- Metallic Co., producer of, 146 Mineral brokers, list of, 170 industry, 1946, summary of the, 9-10 paint, 82 ; Rowe & Buehler. producers of, 146 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1890-1946, 82 substances produced in California, listed by counties, 115-127 ; table showing amount and value, 1945-46, 8 water, 83-84 ; directory of producers, 147-148 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1887-1946, 88 ; table showing county production, 83 Modoc County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 121 Molybdenum, 46-47 ; Pine Creek mine, producer of, 148 ; table showing annual pound- age and value, 1916-46, 47 Mono County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 121 Monterey County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 121 Pacific Coast Aggregates, Inc., photo showing property of, pi. 4 Napa County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 121 Natural gas, 14-17 ; production and value, 16 ; production since 1888, 16 ; table showing annual volume and value, 1888-1946, 15 ; table showing county pro- duction of gasoline, liquid petroleum gasses, and, 17 ; table showing production by county, 14 and oil acreage proved in 1945 and 1946, table showing, 23 Nevada County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 121 Nonmetallics, production, 57-102 industrial, summary of production, 10 ; table showing comparison of 1945 and 1946 output of, 59 Oil, table showing average price per barrel, 1937-46, 18 ; table showing production of crude, 1945-46, 18 ; table showing production statistics and operating data for fields, 24-27 Oils, table showing production of light and heavy, 22 Onyx, table showing annual value, 1887-1926, 90 and travertine, 91-92 Orange County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 122 Pacific Coast Aggregates, Inc., photo showing Lapis property of, pi. 4 Patio tile at Kraftile plant, photo showing, pi. 3 Paving blocks, 95, 98 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1887-1944, 98 Petroleum, 17-27 and gold, table showing comparative value of annual production, 1887-1946, 10 Phosphates, 84 . , [ Placer County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 122 Platinum, directory of producers, 149 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1887- 1946, 48 Plumas County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 122 Potash, 109-110 ; American Potash and Chemical Co., producer of, 149 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1914-46, 110 Pottery clay, 67, 68 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887-1946, 68 ; table showing county production, 1946, 68 Producers, directory of, 129-168 Pumice, directorv of producers, 150 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1909-46, 85 and pumicite, table showing county production, 85 pumicite, and perlite, 84-86 Pyrites, 86 ; Mountain Copper Co., Ltd., producers of, 151 ; table showing annual ton- nage and value, 1898-1946, 86 Pyrophyllite, soapstone, and talc, 99-101 Quicksilver, 48-50 ; directory of producers, 151-152 ; list of buyers, 170 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1850-1946, 49 Rhodonite, 74 Riverside County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 122 ; U. S. Gypsum Co. plant, photo showing, pi. 2 Rubies, 74 Sacramento County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 123 Salines, 103-112 ; summary of production of, 10 176 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION 1946 [Bull. 139 Salt, directory of producers, 153; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1887- 1946, 110 San Benito County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 123 Bernardino County, 52 ; American Potash and Chemical Corp., photo showing plant of, pi. 3 ; table showing mineral production, 1946, 123 Diego County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 123 Francisco County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 124 Joaquin County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 124 Luis Obispo County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 124 Mateo County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 124 Sand and gravel, 94, 95 ; table showing production by county, 94 Sandstone, 92 ; directory of producers, 154 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1887-1946, 92 Santa Barbara County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 124 Clara County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 124 Cruz County, tablte showing mineral production, 1946, 125 Serpentine, 87 ; directory of producers, 154 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1895-1946, 87 Shale oil, table showing annual amount and value, 1922-28, 87 Shasta County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 125 Sierra County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 125 Silica, 88-89 ; directory of producers, 155 ; table showing annual tonnage and value 1899-1946, 88 Sillimanite group, 89 ; Vitrefrax Co., producers of, 154 Silver, 50-52 ; directory of producers, 156 Siskiyou County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 125 Slate, 92-93 ; directory of producers, 157 ; table showing annual amount and value, 1889-1946, 92 Smelters, list of, 168 Soapstone, talc, and pyrophyllite, 99-101 Soda, 111-112 : directory of producers, 157 ; table showing annual tonnage and value, 1894-1946, 112 Solano County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 125 Sonoma County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 126 Stanislaus County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 126 Steel, iron and, 42-43 Stone, miscellaneous, 93-98 ; directory of producers, 158-164 monument and building, 89-91 Strontianite minerals, table showing annual tonnage and value, 1916-46, 99 Strontium, 98-99 ; directory of producers, 164 Sulphur, 99 ; directory of producers, 165 Sutter County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 126 Talc, 99-101 and soapstone, directory of producers, 165 Tehama County, McLaughlin and Applegarth chromite deposit, photo showing Grau pit of, pi. 1 ; table showing mineral production, 1946, 126 Tin, table showing annual poundage and value, 1891-1946, 52 Titanium, 53 ; Thompson, Challoner, producer of, 166 Topaz, 74 Tourmaline, 74 Tremolite, directory of producers, 129 Trinity County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 126 Tulare County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 126 Tuolumne County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 127 Tungsten, 53-55 ; directory of producers, 166 U. S. Gypsum Co. plant, photo showing, pi. 2 Vanadium, 55 Ventura County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 127 Vesuvianite, 74 (see Calif ornite) Volcanic ash, pumice and, directory of producers, 150 Yolo County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 127 Yuba County, table showing mineral production, 1946, 127 Zinc, 55-56 ; directory of producers, 167 Zircon, 101-102 %^ O 82576 12-47 1500 ^^'^^ I RETURN EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY TO ► 230 McCone Hall 642-2997 LOAN PERIOD 1 7 DAYS 2 3 4 5 6 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW DEC 4 7008 f ■ 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DD8 BERKELEY, CA 94720 nw^ U C BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDS3S17SE3