UC-NRL B 3 1D3 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTERIES OF THE HUMAN BODY. REDUCED TO TABLES. BY ADOLPHUS MURRAY, M. D. R. and O. Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at UpsaL TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL BY ARCHIBALD SCOTT. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY JAMES WEBSTER, 1816. MS TO Dr. BARCLAY. DEAR SIR, NOTHING but the desire of complying with your request, and the confidence I had, as a pupil, in your assistance in every difficulty, could have in- duced me to attempt the following TRANSLATION. From the high approbation I have heard you so often express of the original in your PUBLIC LEC- TURES on ANATOMY, I am happy to think that, at a time when literary productions are less easily procured from the Continent, I have it in my power, by the TRANSLATION I now present to you, to render these TABLES of the ARTERIES more generally known. I am, Dear SIR, With sincere esteem, Your affectionate Pupil and Friend, ARCH d . SCOTT. Edinburgh, Dec. 1800. M371CS5 THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. WHILE Professor MURRAY'S DESCRIPTION of the ARTERIES (Published at UPSAL in 1798) is not inferior in minuteness and accuracy to those of HALLER, SABATIER, and MEYER, it far exceeds them with respect to conciseness, clearness, and arrangement. It is divided into two Sections: the first, comprehending the branches from the Arch; the second, the branches from the Descending Aorta. In both Sections, the First, Second, and Third, and all the succeeding series of arteries, are, when de- scribed, either distinguished by peculiar marks, or printed in a different character. The reader, there- fore, can easily perceive, by a glance of the eye, to what series an artery belongs; and may, if he choose, peruse the description of any particular series of branches independently of the rest. The fulness and accuracy of the description; the decided superiority of arrangement; the facility with which it may be consulted; and the numerous advantages it presents to students of anatomy . were thought, with other motives, sufficient induce- vi THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. mcnts to undertake the translation. In performing which task, I have constantly endeavoured to render faithfully the meaning of my author, and to do it as clearly as the idioms of the two languages would admit. I have ventured, however, to change the names of a few muscles for those synonymes by which they are better known in this country: and where a muscle was expressed by a single epithet, as profundus interosseus, I have preferred the Latin to the English name; as the former is not only equally familiar, but, when it is a noun of the second declension, distinguishes also the muscle from the artery by its termination. As Professor Murray, in describing the arteries of the hand, has substituted the terms Radial, Ulnar, Foral, and Dorsal, for the vague and relative terms External, Internal, Anterior, and Posterior, I have extended his mode of expression to the foot; and instead of Internal and External Side, have substituted the terms Tibial and Fibular. For this reason, the word Peroneal, when applied to an artery, has been rejected, as being of Greek origin, and as not entering so properly into compounds with the Latin terms. Where he has used sometimes more, and some- times fewer epithets, in describing the artery, I have regularly, where there was no danger of am- biguity, preferred the lesser number, and have THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. v ii ventured to convert them into compounds. Thus, I have called a branch of the Humeral Profunda the Profunda Radial, instead of the Larger Communi- cating Radial branch of the Profunda Humeri. I have only to add, that in all those cases where Ulnar, Radial, Tibial, and Fibular, are the last words of a compound, they denote situation or direction; and when the first, situation or origin. Where any other changes are made, intimation is given in the Notes. My reason for prefixing a Table of Contents in English and Latin, including the names of the prin- cipal arteries, with a reference to the pages where they are described, requires, I hope, no explanation. The utility of this Table will soon be perceived by the young Anatomist. THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. As the mind of man cannot be more agreeably or more usefully employed, than in the investigation of those arts and sciences, which no less tend to pre- serve and augment our happiness than to obviate the evils to which we are subject; so, in examining the different parts of the human body, anatomists have particularly attended to the properties and courses of the vessels, considering that this study would afford an easy access to the knowledge of the differ- ent functions of the animal economy, and with more certainty enable them to cure those disorders which arise from any lesion of the parts. Accordingly, those who anciently cultivated anatomy, as well as the re- storers of that science, were principally occupied in describing the vessels, and exploring their distribu- tions, directions, and varieties; which laudable in- dustry has been so well supported by later ob- servers, and the doctrine of the vessels so fully treated of in many elegant works, that the subject seems to be exhausted. B X THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. But as the honour of discovering the circulation is due to the immortal HARVEY, so it is chiefly owing to him that anatomists have studied the arteries with such attention, without confining them- selves so particularly as the ancients, to the descrip- tion of the veins. The circulation being discovered, the inquirers into nature soon invented the art of imitating it, by means of a ceraceous preparation, in the dead subject, and thereby of investigating the vessels with more accuracy. They perceived soon, that the distribution of the arteries, even where their ramifications are most minute, are much more re- gular than the veins; and that the branches of these last, being infinitely diversified, seem scarcely to admit of a certain and uniform description. By such discoveries, an ardent and inflexible perseverance being roused in anatomists, they began to scrutinize every part of the human body separately; and not only corrected many ancient errors which had crept into the science, but observed also, in every part, the principal varieties which sometimes take place in the distribution of its arteries; and thus, as might well be expected, obtained a much more accurate knowledge of the structure than could be acquired by those who examined the whole body in a super- ficial and general manner. I forbear mentioning those authors who have de- THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. x i scribed the arteries, since to those who have been initiated into anatomical studies the most of them are known or recommended. The great defect of these illustrious writers is, that almost all of them have capriciously changed the ancient denomina- tions of the ramifications, and imposed new ones of their own. By this means the young inquirer is led into many errors, and the study of anatomy itself has been not a little retarded. To remedy these in- conveniences was the design of the illustrious HALLER. He, as it were, having made this branch of anatomy his own, explained their distributions more accurately and elegantly than had hitherto been done: nor was this all; but whenever he saw it necessary to substitute new or more apt denomina- tions, he still took notice of the old ones in their proper place. Few, it is to be regretted, make suf- ficient use of this rich treasure of anatomical know- ledge, and examine properly those excellent draw- ings in the work, which are nature itself. Among those, however, who deserve praise for their inquiries into this subject, I cannotforbear men- tioning with approbation SABATIER and MEYER. These anatomists have indeed changed many of the names imposed by HALLER; but their writings are remarkably perspicuous, and they have faithfully xii THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. given the observations of HALLER in their com- pends. The figures which accompany the work of MEYER are reduced to a smaller form; but are ac- curate, fair, and extremely useful in dissection. The great scope of this illustrious author seems to have been to furnish a rule to young dissectors; to which, in examining the human body, they might reduce their inquiries, and, at the same time, that they might be able, by his short compend, to commit their observations more easily to memory. It seemed to me, however, more useful to reduce into scia- graphical tables the divisions of the ramifications which proceed from the Aorta; so that any observa- tions concerning a particular branch might more readily strike the eye, and be remembered with greater facility. Having derived great advantage from tables of this kind which I had formed for my private use, I could not help communicating them to my illus- trious colleagues, by whom they were exhibited as exercises; and they are now presented to the public in a more polished and correct form. I have followed everywhere the draughts of the illustrious HALLER; which, as well as those observations I was accus- tomed to write down upon dissecting bodies, I have frequently and carefully examined. These have THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. x iii led me, in some places, to invert the order in which the smaller branches rise from their trunks. I have no- where changed the nomenclature of HALLER, since I willingly followed the authority of so great a man. Lest these tables should have too much the appear- ance of a catalogue, I have briefly described the course of every particular branch, if not very ano- malous. I earnestly wish that this essay may be generally useful, and especially to young anatomists, for whom it was principally intended. CONTENTS. PAGE THE AORTA, AORTA, - 1 SECTION I. BRANCHES FROM THE ARCH OF THE AORTA. 4 I. RIGHT CORONARY, ARTERIA CORONARIA DEXTRA,#. II. LEFT CORONARY, SINISTRA, 5 III. RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN, SUBCLAVIAN, - 6 IV. COMMON CAROTID, CAROTIS COMMUNIS, ib. COMMON CAROTID, CAROTIS COMMUNIS, 7 EXTERNAL CAROTID, ARTERIA CAROTIS EXTERNA, ib. Superior thyroid, thyroidea superior, ib. Lingual, > lingualis, 8 Labial, labialis, 9 Ascending pharyngeal, * pharyngea ascendens, 13 Occipital, occipitalis, 14 Posterior auricular, auricularis posterior, 15 Superficial temporal, temporalis superficialis, 17 Internal maxillary, maxillaris interna, 19 INTERNAL CAROTID, CAROTIS INTERNA, 24 Posterior of the receptacle, receptaculi posterior, 25 Anterior of the receptacle, receptaculi anterior, 26 Opthalmic, opthalmica, ib. Communicating, communicans, 31 Anterior carotid, carotis anterior, 32 Posterior carotid, carotis posterior, 33 Two nameless branches. SUBCLAVIAN, SUBCLAVIA, - 34 Internal mammary, Arteria mammaria interna, 35 Inferior thyroid, thyroidea inferior, 37 Superior intercostal, intercostalis superior, 41 XVI CONTENTS. Vertebral, Deep cervical, Superficial cervical, AXILLARY, Highest thoracic, Long thoracic, Humeral thoracic, Alar thoracic, Inferior scapular, Posterior circumflex, Anterior circumflex, PAGE Arteria vertebralis, 42 cervicalis profunda, 47 cervicalis superficial! s, 48 AXILLARIS, ib. Arteria thoracica suprema, 49 longior, ib. humeraria, 50 alaris, 51 scapularis inferior, 52 circumflexa posterior, 53 anterior, 54 HUMERAL, or BRACHIAL, Large profunda, Large nutritious of the~> humerus, $ Lesser profunda, Large anastomotic, ULNAR, Highest interosseal perfo- rant, Ulnar recurrent, Nutritious of the ulna, Common interosseal, Dorsal of the hand, Ulnar profunda, Vola ulnar of the little tin- ger, First vola-digital, Second vola-digital, Third vola-digital, Large anastomotic, Nameless branches. HUMERARIA, s. BRACHIALIS, 55 Arteria profunda humeri, 56 nutritia magna humeri, 58 profunda minor, - ib. Ramus anastomoticus magnus, 59 CUBITALIS, 60 Arteria interossea perforans su- prema, 61 recurrens cubitalis, ib. nutritia ulnae, 62 interossea communis, ib. dorsalis manus, 65 cubitalis manus profunda, 66 Arteria volaris cubitalis digiti mi- nimi, 66 digitalis volaris prim a, ib. secunda, 67 tertia, ib. Ramus anastomoticus magnus, 68 RADIAL, Radial recurrent, Superficial volar, Dorso-radial of the thumb, Dorso-ulnar of the thumb, RADIALIS, ib. Arteria recurrens radialis, 69 superficialis volae, 71 dorsalis pollicis radialis, 72 ulnaris, ib. CONTENTS. Dorso-carpal, Dorso-radial, Pollicar, or artery of the") thumb, 5 Superior volar perforants, Inferior volar perforants, xvii PAGE PAGE Arteria dorsah's carpea, 73 Cinterossea indicis ma- jor, s. radialis, 74 princeps pollicis, - ib. perforantes superiores, 75 inferiores, ib. SECTION II. BRANCHES FROM THE DESCENDING AORTA, THORACIC AORTA, Superior and posterior pe- ricardiac, Common bronchial, Right bronchial, Left bronchial, Inferior bronchial, Oesophageal, Inferior intercostals, VENTRAL AORTA, Phrenic right and left, COELIAC, Superior coronary, Hepatic, Splenic, SUPERIOR MESENTERIC, Posterior pancreatics, Left inferior duodenals, Superior colic, Ileo-colic, INFERIOR MESENTERIC, Left colic, Internal haemorrhoidal, Capsular, or atrabiliary, Renal, or emulgent, Spermatic right and left, Adipose right and left, AORTA THORACICA, Arteria pericardiaca posterior su- perior, bronchialis communis, dextra, sinistra, bronchialis inferior, cesophageae, intercostales inferiores, 77 78 ib. ib. ib. 79 ib. ib. 80 AORTA VENTRALIS, 81 phrenica, dex. et sinistra, 82 COELICA, 84 coronaria superior, - ib. hepatica, - 86 splenica, 90 MESENTERICA SUPERIOR, 91 pancreaticx posteriores, 92 duodenales infer, sinist. ib. colica superior, ib. ileo-colica, 94 MESENTERICA INFERIOR, 96 colica sinistra, - ib. hsemorrhoidalis internalis, 98 capsulares, s. atrabiliariae, ib. renalis s. emulgens, - 99 Cspermatica dextra et sinistra, - - 100 adiposa dextra et sinist. 102 xvm CONTENTS. Ureterics, Lumbar right and left, PAGE uretericsc, - - 103 lumbalis dextra et sinist. ib. COMMON ILIAC, INTERNAL ILIAC, Ileo-lumbar, S aero-laterals, Umbilical, Inferior vesicals, Middle hxmorrhoidai, Uterine, Obturator, Posterior iliac, or gluteal, Ischiadic, Common pudic, or pudic, EXTERNAL ILIAC, Epigastric, Circumflex iliac, COMMON FEMORAL, Superior external pudic, Middle external pudic, Inferior external pudic, DEEP FEMORAL, External circumflex, Internal circumflex, First perforant, Second perforant, SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL, Large anastomotic, Superior perforant, Inferior perforant, POPLITEAL, Superior externo-articular, Superior interno-articular, ILIACA COMMUNIS, 105 ARTERIA ILIACA INTERNA, 107 Ileo-lumbalis, 108 sacrae laterales, 109 umbilicalis, ib. vesicales imae, - 110 hxmorrhoidea media, 111 uterina, 112 obturatoria, 113 iliaca posterior, s. glutea, 115 iscliiadica, - 118 Arteria pudenda communis, 119 ILIACA EXTERNA, Arteria epigastrica, 124 125 circumflexa ileurn, &c. 127 FEMORALIS COMMUNIS, 129 Arteria pudenda exter. superior, 130 externa media, ib. externa inferior, ib. FEMORALIS PROFUNDA, - 131 Arteria circumflexa externa, 132 interna, - 135 perforans prima, - 138 secunda, 140 FEMORALIS SUPERFICIALIS, 142 Ramus anastomoticus magnus, 143 perforans superior, 144 inferior, 145 POPLITEA, 146 Arteria articularis super, externa, 147 super, interna, ib. CONTENTS. xix PAGE Middle articular, Arteria articularis media, s. azygos, 148 Inferior externo-articular, infer, externa, 149 Inferior interno- articular, infer, interna, ib- ANTERIOR TIBIAL, Tibial recurrent, Internal malleolar, External malleolar, Transverse tarsal, or tarsal, Transverse metatarsal, Dorso-metatarsal, Deep anastomotic, The POSTERIOR TIBIAL, Posterior interosseal, Common fibular, External plantar, Internal plantar, TlBIALIS ANTICA, 151 Arteria tibialis recurrens, 152 malleolaris interna, - 153 externa, ib. Arteria tarsea, 154 metatarsea, 156 dorsalis externa halucis, 157 Ramus anastomoticus profundus, 157 TIBIALIS POSTICA, 158 Arteria interossea posterior, 159 peronea communis, ib. plantaris externa, 164 interna., 169 DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTERIES OF THE HUMAN BODY; REDUCED TO TABLES. THE AORTA. THE large artery, termed AORTA, opens with a wide orifice in the superior and posterior side of the left ventricle of the heart. Its roots seem in- corporated with the substance of the heart itself; as it is not only closely united with its internal surface, but some muscular striae of the ventricle are also mixed with the white line, which is called 2 THE AORTA. Tendo Arteriosus, and which defines the extent of the muscle. Some transverse fibres of the heart are united to the aorta from without, and cover it for a line and an half, though a little more loosely at the extremity. The aorta having left the heart, is immediately expanded; nor does it again recover its first diameter till it reaches the place where it sends off the subclavian artery of the right side. In its ascent, it is first inflected to the right, behind and beyond the pulmonary artery; it then gradually inclines itself to the left, till, having formed a transverse arch, it is seen projecting be- hind the lungs, at the left side of the vertebrae. From these it receives its chief support, and de- scends along with them in the same straight line; till at last, having entered the abdomen, it again begins to turn towards the right, or rests upon the middle of the vertebrae. By the arch of the aorta, is understood that part of it which is bent nearly in the form of a parabola, and which maintains the curved direction already mentioned, though its right pillar at first stretches to the right, and then proceeds to the left, while the left advances almost in a straight line. I exclude the ancient and now absolete distinction of the aorta into the ascending, transverse, and descending. When we consider the whole extent of the arch, we observe that it leaves the ventricle at the THE AORTA. 3 inferior margin of the third rib, and rises in an oblique and winding course to the lower margin of the first rib; and that its diameter must be so re- ferred to the external parts, as that its exterior and right extremity shall correspond to the middle of the cartilages of the ribs; and its left extremity, concealed by the left lobe of the lungs, and pro- ceeding onwards, shall, in like manner, correspond to the vertebral extremity of the ribs. SECTION I. BRANCHES FROM THE ARCH OF THE AORTA. I. THE TWO CORONARY ARTERIES OF THE Heart, viz. the Right Inferior and Left Superior. These being sent off above the interior and poste- rior semilunar valves, form, in returning to the heart, an acute angle with the rising trunk. II. THE RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN OR INNOMI- NATA. III. THE LEFT COMMON CAROTID. IV. THE LEFT SUBCLAVIAN. The three last arise as distinct branches from the superior convexity of the arch. The first of them passes obliquely over the Trachea or Wind- pipe, upwards, and to the right; and after advanc- ing about two inches, divides at its right extremity into the RIGHT COMMON CAROTID, and the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN, which passes under the Clavicle to the arm. The other two branch out from the Aorta near to the former, and are also similar to them. I. The RIGHT CORONARY is larger than the Left. Being covered with fat, it runs between Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 5 the auricle and ventricle to the flat surface and apex of the heart, inosculating freely with the left coronary, both by its branches and the extremity of its trunk. These branches are, a. One running on the right to the aorta, and on the left to the pulmonary artery. b. A number going to both sides of the right au- ricle to the two venae cavse to the sinus be- hind to the aorta and to the pulmonary veins. c. Five branches winding on the convex surface of the heart; the longest of which unites with the left coronary branches beyond the septum, near the apex. d. Branches passing over the plain surface and right ventricle, as far as the apex of the heart. II. The LEFT CORONARY after going out be- tween the pulmonary artery and the left auricle, divides into two branches a. An anterior Branch, running upon the convex surface of the heart, towards the septum, in a winding direction, to the apex, where it is reflected on the posterior surface of the heart. This gives, 1. Branches, to the trunks of the arteries, uniting with those of the right coronary. 2. Numerous branches to the left ventricle. b. A Circumflex Posterior Branch, which, wind- ing between the left sinus and the ventricle to D 6 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. the rounded extremity of the heart, terminates towards the apex, upon the flat surface. It gives * Branches, running upwards, and extensively ramified on the left sinus and the left auricle, and proceeding at last to the inferior vena cava. * * Branches, losing themselves in the muscle of the left side of the heart. .-V. B. A third branch is sometimes found sunk deep in the septum. The coronary arteries run in innumerable twigs to each muscular fasci- culus of the heart; and wherever they ap- proach the branches of the phrenic, internal mammary, and bronchial arteries, they com- municate with them by frequent inosculations. III. The RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN. For the de- scription of this and the 'Left one, see below. IV. The COMMON CAROTID*- 4ias on each side a similar distribution of its branches, though the Right be a little larger than the Left. It lies on the anterior surface of the vertebras, and is united by cellular membrane to the intercostal nerve the par vagum beneath, and the internal jugular vein above. It thus ascends in one continued trunk in a straight direction, and parallel to the Trachea, as high as the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage. It there divides into branches of equal size; the anterior of which is called the external carotid; and the posterior, the internal or cerebral. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMON CAROTID. (I.) The EXTERNAL or SUPERFICIAL CARO- TID. This artery has scarcely arisen, when it ad- vances forwards, and divides into eight branches, variously distributed. A. The SUPERIOR THYROID, issuing near the ori- gin of the trunk, and descending in a winding course to the superior margin of the thyroid gland, gives out, a. The Superficial Ascending Branch, running above or below the os hyoides, and there forming an arch with the branch from the op- posite side. This again divides into, . Branches going to the hyo-thyroideus, sterno and omo hyoidei muscles, the platysma myoi- deus, and skin. /?. Branches to the ligament, which unites the? thyroid cartilage to the os hyoides. b. The Superficial Descending Branch, running downwards, and dividing into several branches, with various communications. These are distri- buted to, 1. The sterno mastoid, platysma myoideus, the thyroid cartilage, the hyo and crico thyroidei muscles, and the middle and lowest constrictor muscles of the pharynx. Some of these occa- sionally come off from the superior ascending branch. 2. A branch, uniting with the same artery, from the opposite side, above the cricothyroideus, and there forming a ring. c. The Laryngeal Branch. Larger, and often pro- ceeding from the superficial ascending branch. BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. L It hides itself, with its attending nerve, be- tween the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages; or penetrates the membranous interstice be- tween the thyroid cartilage and the os hyoides; or even sometimes runs to the interior part of the larynx, through a passage peculiar to itself in the thyroid cartilage, and at last sends off, . An ascending 1 branch going to the upper margin of the epiglottis and its membranes. ft. A transverse branch given to the posterior arytenoid and cricoary tenoid muscles. y. A descending branch running to the thyro- arytenoid the lateral and posterior cricoaryte- noid the lateral ligament and the ligamen- tous expansion spreading outwards. A small trunk at last goes out, and loses itself in the cricothyroideus. d. The Thyroid Branch inosculating in the sub* > stanceof the gland itself with the thyroid branch of the inferior thyroid artery, and also by various twigs with the branch from the opposite side. B. The LINGUAL, or SUSLINGUAL ARTERY, wind- ing above the os hyoides, forwards, upwards, and inwards, to the tongue. At its com- mencement, it either passes over, or is covered by the hyoglossus; then is concealed by the genioglossus. At the anterior margin of the hyoglossus, it is subdivided into e and , It gives off, . Branches to the middle constrictors of the pharynx. /3. The Hyoidal Branch often uniting at the su- perior, but sometimes the inferior, margin of Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 9' the os hyoides, with the opposite branch, and distributing twigs to the contiguous mus- cles of the os hyoides and tongue. y. Branches penetrating the fibres of the hyoglos- sus or its interstices, if the trunk be conceal- ed; proceeding to the mylohyoideus, genio sterno, and coraco-hyoidei, and the digastric. 3. The Dorsal of the Tongue running outwards and upwards, near the insertion of the stylo- glossus. Having reached the dorsum of the tongue and the epiglottis, it forms a plexus with the branch of the opposite side, and is ramified upon the adjoining part of the pharynx. e. The Sublingual the superficial branch of the divided trunk, rising to the symphysis, be- tween the sublingual glands and the genio- hyoideus, often penetrating the mylohyoideus, and losing itself in the integuments of the chin. If larger, it often supplies the place of the submental artery. In this course it sends oft' many irregularly disposed branches; of which the most remarkable are, 1. Branches to the sublingual gland. 2. Branches to the geniohyoideus, mylohyoideus, the digastric, and skin. 3. Branches to the inferior lip. . Raninaa. larger branch, going off at an ob- tuse angle from the trunk. It runs tortuously between the fibres of the genioglossus to the surface and point of the tongue, passing along the middle, on the inferior side. C. The LABIAL, EXTERNAL MAXILLARY, ANGU- LAR, or FACIAL Concealed by the stylohy- 10 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. oideus, and the tendon of the' digastric. As- cends, in a tortuous manner, forwards, through the depression for the maxillary gland, and, winding above the maxilla, follows the an- terior margin of the masseter; afterwards branches out, under the zygomatic muscles, in serpentine windings, upon the face and the sides of the mouth and nose. The numerous branches proceeding from this artery are di- vided into two classes: The first, compre- hending those arteries that leave the trunk be- fore it reaches the maxilla, from 1 to 6; the second, the branches distributed on the face itself, from 7 to 12. 1. The Ascending Palatine covered by the styloid muscles lies upon the sides of the pharynx, near the external margin of the in- ternal pterygoid muscle. Twigs being sent from it to these muscles, to the tongue, the tonsils, and the Eustachian tube, it is divided, near the sides of the levator palati, into * A Superficial Palatine Branch following- the course of the circumflex muscle of the palate, and distributing- twigs to the pendulous velum and its glands. * * A Deep Palatine Branch perforating- the velum under the levator palati, and copiously supplying- with branches the uvula, palate bone, tonsils, and tendinous expansion of the circumflex. 2. Minuter branches to the stylohyoideus, the stylopharyngeus, the hyoglossus, and glands. 3. The Tonsillar Branch sometimes wanting near the insertion of the styloglossus pene- Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 11 trates the lateral parts of the pharynx to the tonsils, and exhausts itself in numerous small branches, spreading on their surface, and reaching to the tongue. 4. A cluster of twigs, regularly sent off from the trunk in the furrow or depression already mentioned, and beautifully subdivided on the maxillary glands. Some of them run to the pterygoideus, the tongue, the integuments of the neck, the chin itself, and even to the m- seter. 5. The Pterygoid Branch often double dis- tributed to the internal pterygoid, the mylo- hyoideus, the superior constrictors, the con- strictors of the isthmus of the fauces, and sometimes to the tongue. 6. The Submental Branch goes out near the bend of the trunk, above the maxilla, between the anterior part of the digastric, the mylo- hyoideus, and the margin of the maxilla, al- most to the symphysis of the chin, where it divides into /3 and y. When it supplies the place of the sublingual, it distributes a great abundance of twigs; and commonly . A number of branches, variously ramified on the maxillary glands, the skin, the mylohyoi- deus, and the mouth. ft. A superficial Branch ramified on the qua- dratus, or depressor of the inferior lip, and the skin. y. A Deep Branch covered by the quadratus; distributed to the levator menti, the triangu- laris, or depressor of the angle of the mouth, the orbicularis, and skin, and inosculating- \vifh the branches of the inferior labial. ! Sect. I. 12 BRANCHES FROM THE 7. The Masseteric Branch United with abranch of the temporal artery of the same name upoa the surface of this muscle. 8. The Inferior Labial, or Superficial Branch rises, often double, from the trunk, goes for- wards, and, having- sent branches to the buc- cinator, the depressors of the angle of the mouth and lips, and the orbicular, distributes others, uniting with the inferior labial of the opposite side, with the inferior coronary, and the inferior maxillary; and then passes under the depressor of the angle of the mouth to the inferior lip, dividing into two, and sometimes producing the inferior coronary of the lip. 9. Many branches, spreading outwards above the buccinator, and interwoven with the transverse of the face, the buccal, and the alveolar. 10. The Coronary of the Inferior Lip goes off near the angle of the mouth, and, covered by the depressor of the angle and the orbicular, proceeds towards the cavity of the mouth, in a winding and transverse direction, under the membrane of the mouth, to its fellow of the opposite side, with which it inosculates. From this are distributed, 1. Branches to the masseter, the parotid gland, Steno's duct, the buccinator, and the orbicular. 2. Branches descending- to the quaclratus and skin, and inosculating with the neighbouring arteries. 1 1. The Coronary of the Superior Lip like the preceding, but larger and more tortuous, passes under the greater zygomatic and the orbicular muscles, runs along the margin of the superior lip, and gives Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 13 1. Branches to the orbicular muscle and levators of the superior lip. 2. The Lateral Nasal Branch uniting with the naso opthalmic, and forming a beautiful vascu- lar plexus upon the alae of the nose. 3. The two Nasal Branches of the Septum rising upwards from the middle of the lip, and run- ning as far as the point of the nose. 12. Two or three branches, uniting, under the levator labii superioris proprius, with the in- fraorbilal, and other smaller branches perforat- ing this levator muscle, and uniting also with the palpebral arteries. D. The ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL ARTERY of Haller issues near the lingual, or from the bifurcation of the carotid, but more posteriorly from the trunk. The auricular excepted, it is the smallest of the branches. It is united by the tela cellulosa to the long anterior rectus muscle, and rises anteriorly towards the foramen lace- rum, through which it passes to be lost in the dura mater. The branches which go off in its ascent may be divided, in regard to their situation, 1 . Into those passing Inwards, viz. a. An Inferior Pharyngeal Branch stretching down, and supplying the lower part of the mus- cular sac. b. A Middle Pharyngeal Branch distributing many twigs in the region of the larynx, pharynx, and Eustachian tube, after having united itself with the superior thyroid artery. c-. A Higher Pharyngeal or Palatine Branch dis- tributing some twigs to the superior constric- E 14 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. tors, the stylopbaryngeus, the Eustachian tube, and the pendulous velum; others to the rectus minor, the cuneiform bone, the cartilage oc- cupying- the anterior part of the foramen lace- rum and others to the internal parts of the nostrils, and the pterygoid canal. 2. Those passing Outwards. Of which the most remarkable are, . Branches to the first intercostal ganglion and the par vagum. |3. Branches to the sternomastoid and the con- globate glands of the neck. y. A branch passing through the opening with the jugular vein, and extending its minute twigs even to the cavernous sinus- E. The OCCIPITAL ARTERY passes transversely before the jugular vein, above the rectus la- teralis, proceeding between the transverse pro- cess of the atlas and the mastoid process, to the back part of the neck, and rises, in many wandering branches, to the occiput. In its course it is covered by the digastric, the trachelomas- toid, the splenius, and complexus; and becomes subcutaneous as it reaches the occiput. Its branches are, a. One to the digastric and stylohyoideus. b. Branches to the glands of the neck and the sternomastoid, inosculating with the ascend- ing thyroid artery. c. A Meningeal Branch which enters the cra- nium along with the jugular vein, and is dis- tributed to the surface of the dura mater of the cerebellum. d. An Auricular Branch distributed to the lesser Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 1 5 lobe and the helix, and sometimes behind on the concha. . Branches to the splenius and trachelomastoid. Of these, the descending branches go to the lateral and oblique recti muscles. f. A Large Cervical Branch passing to the ex- terior margin of the complexus, and going down between this and the trachelomastoid. _j- A Superficial Branch descending often to the middle of the neck; and, giving twigs to the splenius, complexus, and skin, at last inoscu- lates with the transverse thyroid artery of the neck. -}- -J- A Deep Branch distributed to the obliqui recti and complexus, and uniting with the ver- tebral artery under the transverse process of the atlas. g-.The artery, having now bent towards the vertex of the head, branches go off in a retrograde course to the splenius and complexus; whilst other branches are so extensively ramified, that a great number of them inosculate with the higher twigs of the temporal artery. Of these, one perforates the occipital ridge, and another the posterior mastoid hole both of them going to the dura mater. F. The POSTERIOR AURICULAR, or STYLOMA- STOID. This artery rises from the trunk in the parotid gland, above the digastric muscle, and before the styloid process, and passes trans- versely to the ear. As it ascends in a curved direction behind the ear, it inclines to the posterior part of the squamous bone, inos- culating, first with the temporal, and then 16 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. with the occipital arteries. It divides into, a. Numerous branches, going to the parotid gland, the digastric and sternomastoid muscles. b. A branch, passing through a particular open- ing in the meatus auditorius of infants, is distri- buted to its membrane. c. The Stylomastoid Branch passing outward to the stylomastoicl hole, where it enters, and ex- hibits the following branches: 1. An external one to the cartilaginous part of the meatus. 2. The First Branch of the Tympanic Artery. This, in passing along with a twig of the arti- cular artery of the maxilla, sends out the coro- nary branch, which surrounds the osseous part of the meatus auditorius, and, descending to the membrane of the tympanum, shoots out into the most beautiful ramifications. 3. Branches to the mastoid cells, the muscle of the stapes, the external semicircular canal, and the nerve. 4. A branch, anastomosing at the superior and posterior part of the tympanum with the menin- geal branch, passing through the aqueduct of Fallopius to the cavity of the ear. d. Minute branches to the sternomastoid muscle, the skin, and vertex of the head. e. Branches behind the ear to the posterior auri- cular, the occipital and splenius muscles, and distributed more deeply to the mammillary process, the pericranium, and the occipital bone. /. A branch, winding on the posterior part of the concha of the ear, and sending twigs to the cartilage, to inosculate with the Famuli of the anterior auricular artery. Sect. I.' ARCH OF THE AORTA, 17 g. Higher branches, spreading under and above the aponeurosis of the temporal muscle, and inosculating before with the temporal, and be- hind with the occipital branches. G. The SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL. This artery, concealed at first in the parotid gland, rises in a straight line above the zygomatic arch, between the maxilla and meatus auditorius, and is at last extensively ramified on the aponeurosis of the temples and the neighbouring parts. In this course are sent off, 1 . A number of branches to the parotid gland, equally irregular in size and number. 2. The Articular Artery of the Maxilla running to the posterior part of the meatus auditorius; sending branches to the articular cartilage, and transmitting two twigs along the portio dura, through the fissure of the articulation, where they reach the muscle of the malleus, and, in- osculating with the stylomastoid, form the other half of the coronary artery of the tym- panum. 3. Two or three masseteric branches, going to the masseter muscle, and afterwards inosculating with the branches of the coronary artery of the inferior lip and the buccalis, or artery of the cheek. 4. The Trans-verse Artery of the Face rising under the zygoma from the parotid gland, it proceeds transversely to the face along with the salivary duct. In this course, if double, it gives branches to the parotid gland, the arti- culation of the maxjiia, the masseter, the skin, the zygomaticus, and the orbicularis palpe- brarum. It inosculates with the ajveolar, pal- 18 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. pebral, infraorbital, and coronary arteries of the upper lip; and sometimes gives rise to masseteric branches. 5. The Middle or Deep, Temporal Branch- sent off below the zygoma. This Branch passes over the zygomatic arch, and is im- mediately covered by the aponeurosis of the muscle, where it extends to the anterior part of the temporal muscle, to the external angle of the orbit, and inosculates with the palpebral artery. 6. The Anterior Auricular Arteries rising above the origin of the middle temporal. Some of these perforate the meatus auditorius, and form a retiform plexus with the posterior auricular artery; others go to the helix and antihelix, the anterior auricular muscle, and meatus auditorius. 7. The Orbicular Branch rising often from the temporo-frontal artery, passing above the zygo- matic arch, sends a small branch, in a tortuous direction, to the external canthus of the eye, which, running under the orbicularis, reaches the internal angle of the orbit. In this course, it inosculates with the palpebral and frontal branches, and, with the frontal, forms the superciliary arch. 8. The Tem/ioro-frontal, or Internal Anterior Branch distributed extensively towards the forehead, and sometimes reaching as far as the glabella. It sends branches, which rise almost at right angles from the trunk, to the orbicu- lar, corrugator, frontal muscles, and aponeu- rosis. 9. The Temporo-occijiital) or External Posterior Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 19 Branch bending towards the ear, backwards and behind it, forming, as it were, a continua- tion of the trunk is distributed, in numerous ramifications, to the occipital and lateral parts of the head; inosculates with the occipital about the lambdoidal suture, with the temporo- frontal before, and above with the branches stretching from the opposite side. A*. B. The Temporal Artery gives many minute branches to the pericranium, and the bone. H. INTERNAL MAXILLARY. This artery is lar- ger than the temporal: It rises above the la- teral ligament of the maxilla, about the middle of the ramus of the inferior maxillary bone, before the external pterygoid; and, bending in- wards, forwards, and downwards, is concealed under the maxilla. It then rises obliquely up- wards and forwards, to the space lying between the tuber maxillare and the pterygoid process; and as it proceeds in a tortuous manner, it is lost here in three or four branches, or rather in the spheno-maxillary fissure. In this course it gives 1. The Deefi Auricular Artery going to the posterior part of the meatus auditorius, and giving twigs to this and the neighbouring glands. It is sometimes wanting. 2. The Artery of the Tympanum which, having sent ramuli to the fat of the maxillary articu- lation, passes through the fissure of Glasserus to the anterior muscle of the malleus. 3. The Small Meningeal Artery running to- wards the basis of the skull, parallel to the 20 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. middle meningeal. It gives in its course branches to the external pterygoid, to the palatine muscles, and to the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves. It then passes through the foramen ovale, to the membranes of the receptacle, between the pterygoid process and the circumflex muscle. 4. The Middle Meningeal Artery passing in a straight direction to the foramen spinosum, where it enters this hole; and is there so rami- fied upon the surface of the dura mater, that some branches are carried transversely under the temporal bone to the occipital, others to the posterior sinus of the falx, while others bend a little more anteriorly. All of these have frequent anastomosings with one another, as also with the posterior meningeal branches rising from the vertebral and occipital arteries, and with the anterior branches from the opthalmic. Before reaching the foramen spinosum, it sometimes gives branches to the sphenoid bone, and through that bone to the dura mater, and others to the external ptery- goid, and the muscles of the Eustachian tube. Having passed the foramen spinosum, it sends -}- Three or four branches to the junction between the petrous and squamous portions of the tem- poral bone. ^|_ ~j_ Two branches passing through the aque- duct of Fallopius; one of them following 1 the course of that canal, the other going- to the in- ternal muscle of the malleus, and the cavity of the tympanum. _j_ _|_ _|_ Branches, which sometimes pass through Sect. I. AHCH OF THE AORTA. 21 hole of the large wing of the sphenoid bone, going to the os mala; and the lachrymal gland. The meningeal artery sometimes sends off the la- chrymal artery within the cranium. 5. The Inferior Maxillary Artery going down, in company with the nerve of the same name, to the inframaxillary canal. As it enters the canal along with the nerve, it sends branches to the internal pterygoid and the mylohyoide- us; and is so distributed on the canal of the bone, that some posterior branches go to the dentes molares and the bone itself, while an- terior twigs enter the alveolar process of the incisores: Then passing through the infra- maxillary hole, it inosculates with the labial branches, and is distributed to the adjacent muscles and lip. 6. Pterygoid Branches varying in number- and distributed, both superficially and more deeply, on the pteiygoid and buccinator muscles. 7. The Deep External Temfioral Artery before the trunk is concealed by the zygoma, gives a branch, which, in its ascent, rests upon the tendon of the temporal muscle, and terminates in this muscle and adjoining parts; while an- other, which some call the masseteric^ is sent outwards and forwards between the processes of the maxilla, to the external pterygoid and masseter muscles. 8. The JDee/i Internal Temfioral Artery rising in that part where the trunk proceedstransversely near the antrum Highmorianum, terminating in the temporal muscle, aricj transmitting a F 22 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. twig through the cheek-bone, to supply the fat and periosteum of the orbit. 9. The Buccal) or Artery of the Cheek irregular in its origin, arising, sometimes from the ex- ternal deep temporal artery, sometimes from the alveolar, and sometimes from the infraor- bital penetrates the buccinator; and, winding on its surface, gives branches to the zygomati- cus, the levator, the glands, and the adipose substance. 10. The Alveolar Artery proceeding in a tor- tuous direction, above the alveolar processes and the superior maxillary bone, towards the cheek and face where it gives, a. Branches to the buccinator, fat, and internal surface of the cheek bone, and the goims. b. Branches entering-, by minute holes, the antrum Highmorianum . c. The Superior Maxillary Artery of the Teeth passing through the perforation in the tuber maxillare; and as it runs along the canal of the bone, giving branches, with some from the in- fraorbital, to the dentes molares, canini and in- cisivi. 11. The Infraorbital Artery rising in the sphe- nomaxillary fissure, near the infraorbital groove; and, passing along this canal, emerges at last upon the face through the infraorbital hole. Before the trunk reaches the canal, branches are distributed to the fat and dura mater of the orbit, to the lachrymal gland, and to the inferior oblique muscle of the eye. From the canal, -J- Branches go to the orbicular muscle, the la- chrymal sac, and the nose. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 23 4. 4. Branches, through the bone, to the antrum Highmorianum, or maxillary sinus, and its membrane. Beyond the canal, and upon the face, . Branches anastomosing with the nasal, labial, the transverse of the face, and buccal arteries. /3. Branches to the buccinator muscle, the levator anguli oris, and the levator labii superioris. 12. The Superior Palatine, Descending, or Ptery- gofialatine Artery rising, often double, from the trunk, that is divided into three branches at the sphenomaxillary fissure. It enters the pterygopalatine canal; and tHere, if not sooner, divides into two branches; a. A Posterior Branch turning backwards through the posterior palatine hole, going to the extremity of the palatine bone and the velum palati, and communicating with the ascending palatine branch. b. An Anterior Branch larger than the last, pas- sing forward under the roof of the mouth, and forming a vascular plexus in the palate. A single twig ascends through the foramen incisivum to the inner side of the nose, or inosculates with the nasal branch as it passes down. 13. The Highest Pharyngeal Branch rising in he place already mentioned; stretching be- hind the sphenoidal sinuses, to the upper, posterior, and lateral parts of the pharynx- where it gives a. Nutritious branches, entering their several aper- tures in the sphenoid bone and the pterygoid processes. . A Branch, going to the pterygoid hole, and in- osculating -with a branch, rising either from the internal carotid, the pharyngeal, or the middle meningeal arteries. 24 RANCHES FROM THE Sct. I. y. A branch to the cartilage of the Eustachian tube. I have sometimes found this pharyngeal branch entirely wanting. 14. The Masai Artery the last branch of the trunk, and often double, passing through the spheno-palatine hole, and dividing, at the su- perior and posterior part of the nose, into a. A small branch, going to the posterior ethmoid cells. b. Branches to the sphenoidal sinuses. c. Larger branches to the septum of the nose. d. A large branch, passing through the superior and inferior spongy bones to the bottom of the nose; giving twigs to the antrum and the mem- branes of the nostrils, and inosculating with the anterior palatine branch as it passes through the foramen incisivum. (tl.)THE INTERNAL CAROTID, OR CEREBRAL ARTERY. This artery, as it rises to its canal, is connected before, by means of cellular substance, to the par vagum and intercostal nerves; and be- hind, to the rectus anticus muscle. Sometimes it forms above the vertebrae a larger or a smaller pro- jecting curvature. In this course no branches are, in general, given off. At last it enters the foramen caroticum; and, passing along this canal, undergoes many remarkable inflections. On its first entering the foramen, where it forms an obtuse angle, the artery proceeds upwards, inwards, and a little for- wards. As it begins to rise from the canal forwards and upwards, the second curvature appears very obtuse. Having at last reached the posterior part Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 25 of the seHa turcica, it is so inflected in the caver- nous sinus or receptacle, as to run in a horizontal direction to the anterior clinoid process. It here rises perpendicularly, perforates the internal surface of the dura mater, and proceeds, near the bottom of the brain, backwards to the cerebrum. Through this tortuous course, the five following branches are chiefly remarkable: A. ONE to the pterygoid canal, inosculating with a branch of the highest pharyngeal from the internal maxillary. B. A BRANCH, spreading out in the canal itself, going to the cavity and promontory of the tympanum, and anastomosing with a branch of the meningeal, passing under the fissure of the aqueduct. C. The POSTERIOR ARTERY of the RECEPTACLE or CAVERNOUS SINUS rising from the trans- verse part of the carotid concealed in the re- ceptacle, and going to that part of the dura mater which covers the posterior clinoid pro- cesses and the cuneiform occipital process; in- osculating with branches of the vetebral artery rising without the cranium, and entering it through the foramen magnum. a. Many branches, distributed extensively on the dura mater. b. Branches to the 4th, 5th, and 6th, pairs of nerves. c. Branches to the pituitary gland, its periosteum, and the cuneiform bone. 26 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. D. The ANTERIOR ARTERY of the RECEPTACLE rising above the root of the intercostal nerve. Some anatomists, from supposing the intercostal to have its origin from the first branch of the fifth pair, have mistaken this artery for a nerve. ee. Branches to the 3d, 4th, and the three divi- sions of the 5th pair, with which they go out. /3. Many branches to the dura mater of the re- ceptacle, near the sphenoidal fissure, and some to the pituitaiy gland. E. The OPTHALMIC ARTERY rising in the angle where the carotid artery leaves the sphenoid bone, near its anterior clinoid processes, and running with the nerve which accompanies, and rests upon it, through the optic hole, to the orbit of the eye. In mentioning its branches, and their subdivisions, I shall observe the order which Nature generally points out in sending them from the trunk. After lying by the ex- ternal side of the optic nerve, it passes obliquely forwards over the nerve; and reaching the in- ternal angle of the eye above its adductor mus- cle, divides into two branches; and these again into the following smaller branches: l.The Lachrymal risingfrom the opthalmicar- tery, about two lines after it enters the orbit, between the abductor and the levator; and then running above the abductor, proceeds to the lachrymal gland. It sometimes goes off from the middle meningeal artery. a. A recurrent branch to the receptacle and the dura mater, giving- twigs to the fifth pair of Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 27 b. Branches to the periosteum of the orbit. c. A branch to the levator palpebrae and the optic nerve. d. A branch to the abductor muscle. e. A branch perforating- the zygoma, and inoscu- lating with the internal deep temporal artery. f. Many branches, expended on the lachrymal gland. g. The Inferior External Tarseal Branch form- ing the tarseal arch at the margin of the lower eye -lid, with the inferior palpebral branch. h. The Superior External Tarseal Branch form- ing a similar arch with the superior palpebral branch. 2. The Long Ciliary Branch. A description of the Ciliary arteries will be given below. 3. The Sujiraorbital or Superior Muscular Branch rises, while the trunk crosses the nerve, un- der the periosteum of the orbit; then bending to the levator palpebrae, proceeds forwards, and, after passing through the supraorbitary hole, is distributed, upon the forehead, in two separate branches. a. Branches going to the superior oblique, the levator palpebrze, the superior recti muscles, the sclerotic coat, and the periosteum. b. An Inferior Branch widely distributed on the periosteum of the os frontis, and inosculating with the temporal and frontal branches. c. An External Branch covered by the orbicular muscle, to which it gives twigs, as also to the comigator. It forms many anastomoses with the neighbouring branches. 4. The Central Artery of the Retina rising from the inferior side of the opthalmic trunk as it lies upon the optic nerve; or sometimes from 28 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I the ciliary arteries. It then sinks into the nerve; runs along its axis; penetrates, often double, the "medullary expansion of the retina; and, branching into many new divisions, is exten- sively ramified on its internal surface. Of these, some extending as far as the corpus ciliare, form a circle between it and the vitre- ous humoar, giving twigs to the crystalline lens; while a particular branch passes through the centre of the vitreous humour to the pos- terior side of the lens. 5. The Long Internal Ciliary Artery. 6. The Inferior Muscular Artery rising from the trunk at the interior margin of the optic nerve, very often between the ciliary arteries, and transmitted, either under the eye, or above the adductor muscle, to the inferior palpebra. a. Many branches to the deprimens oculi, adduc- tor, optic nerve, and sclerotic coat. . Branches to the inferior oblique. c. Blanches inosculating 1 with the infraorbital, and winding on the periosteum of the orbit. d. Branches running to the inferior eye-lid, the tunica adnata, and sometimes reaching the lachrymal sac. 7. The Inferior Ciliary Artery. This is want- ing sometimes. The three ciliary arteries mentioned above, com- monly arise from the opthalmic artery, in such a way, that the external follows the external margin of the nerve; the internal, the inner margin; while the inferior, with similar wind- ings, runs near the inferior muscular, along the lower margin of the nerve. There are some- Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 29 times six ciliary arteries, which, whether they arise from the opthalmic or its branches, spread into several ramifications, and enter the sclerotic in such a manner as naturally to fall under three classes. 1. Short, or Posterior Ciliary Branches aris- ing 1 from the superior and inferior muscular branches, and from the ethmoidal. They 'are often thirty in number; perforating the sclerotic coat, near the optic nerve, while they pass to the choroid coat, behind. 2. Long Ciliary Branchesr Two in number, en- tering 1 obliquely the posterior part of the sclero- tic, dividing into two branches as they ap- proach the ciliary circle, and inosculating round the greater circle of the iris. 3. Anterior Ciliary Branches rising either from the muscular, opthalmic itself, or the palpebral. They accompany the recti muscles; and, be- ing divided at a little distance from the cornea into three or four branches, enter the sclero- tic, and are distributed among the long ciliary branches on the uvea. To all these, forming a singular vascular plexus, the choroid coat, the ciliary circle with its processes, and the iris, owe their origin, 8. The Posterior Ethmoidal Artery running be- tween the levator and adductor muscles, above the greater oblique; enters the posterior orbi- tary hole; passes through the cribriform plate into the cranium; and, reaching near the dura mater, inosculates with the anterior ethmoidal branches. The rest of the trunk is distributed to the nose. a. A branch to the superior oblique and the ad- ductor. f^ 30 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. /3. A branch to the posterior cells of the ethmoid and sphenoid bones, where it inosculates with branches of the internal maxillary nasal branch, 9. The Anterior Ethmoidal Artery rises where the trunk, as it passes over the fourth pair of nerves, reaches the trochlea. It then enters the anterior orbitary hole, and proceeds into the cranium through a peculiar opening near the ethmoid cells, distributing some ramuli, to the nose. a. Branches to the frontal sinuses, to the anterior ethmoidaF and nasal sinuses, inosculating freely with the nasal branches. b. Branches, distributed to the dura mater and the falx. 10. The Inferior Palfiebral Artery rising often along with the superior palpebral, at that place where the trunk generally leaves the tendon of the superior oblique. a. A branch to the tarseal ligament, angle of the eye-lids, the caruncula lachrymalis, and the tunica adnata. #. Brandies to the anterior ethmoid cells, inoscu- lating with the anterior ethmoidal, and passing with the infraorbital branch to the lachrymal sac. y. Branches running along the margin of the tar- sus, forming with the lachrymal the tarseal artery, or inferior tarseal arch. 11. The Superior Palfiebral Artery 1. Branches going to the superior part of the orbicular muscle, to the ligament of the palpe- brse, and to the caruncula lachrymalis. 2. A branch, forming with the lachrymal artery, near the tarseal cartilage, the superior tarseal arch. 12. The Nasal Artery rising over the superior Sect, I. ARCH OF THE AOttTA. 31 part of the lachrymal sac and the ligament of the eye-iids, goes to the nose. a. A branch to the glabella and the frontal mus- cles; from which a twig runs transversely. It. A branch, passing down beyond the tarseal liga- ment to the lachrymal sac, and then to the or- bicular, where it inosculates with the infraor- bital branch. the coats of the arteries and veins, and the skin of the neck and breast. b. The Superficial Scapular Branch giving twig* to the integuments on the top of the shoulder and surface of the trapezius and deltoid. c. Branches to the posterior part of the trapezius. d. Branches to the levator scapulae, and the ser- ratus. Thus is the artery often wholly expended. At other times, it sinks deep under the trapezius, in many tortuous windings, where it properly takes the name of superior scapular, or dorso- scapular; and is chiefly divided into two smaller trunks, sending previously off a. Branches to the subclavian and adjoining part of the trapezius muscle. ft. Branches to the lesser portion of the serratus major anticus, and adjoining rhomboid, near the superior angle of the scapula. y. A branch, running upon the surface of the su- praspinatus to the concave side of the acromion; inosculating, near the coracoid process, with the humeral thoracic of the axilla, and again Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AOR^A'. 39 communicating, at the superior angle, with the superficial artery of the base, t, A branch, passing over the outer surface of the spine of the scapula; and, after giving twigs to the bone and the neighbouring muscles, inos- culating with the inferior circumflex scapular in the infraspinal cavity. Under the Trapezius, it divides into a. The Superspinal the first branch of the divided artery, passing through the semilunar notch, and distributing many twigs to the supraspinatus, is continued onwards, in two branches, under the acromion process and supraspinatus, where it begins to send branches to the scapula itself, the capsular ligament, the infraspinatus, the teres minor, and at last inosculates with the inferior circumflex scapular. b. The Superficial Branch of the base of the Sca- pula larger proceeds near the lower part of the levator scapulae to the base, and, going down between the serratus major and the rhom- boid, reaches the inferior angle of the scapula. In this course, it gives many branches to th rhomboid and serratus; and through them to the trapezius, the serratus posterior, the skin, and subscapular muscle: afterwards forms, near the inferior angle, with the inferior scapular branch, a beautiful circle upon the surface of the serra- tus; from which branches descend to the latis- simus clorsi. Thus does the above remarkable artery, as well as the superspinal) arise often from the superior or dor so-scapular. I have observed, however, that the trans-verse scapular sometimes sends off the superspinal branch only, and that the other proceeded from the superficial cervical artery. 40 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect I. 2. The Trans-verse Cervical running, by the side of the neck, transversely and upwards, to the cervix, where it is concealed by the trapezius. Its various branches sometimes arise from the superficial cervical artery. a. Branches to the sternomastoid and skin. b. Branches to the trapezius, levator scapulae, and splenius, c. A large branch, ascending 1 between the splenius and trapezius, giving 1 ramuli to both these and the complexus, and at last inosculating freely amongst the muscles with the descending branch of the principal occipito-cervical artery. d. A branch, descending to the trapezius, rhom- boid, complexus, and supraspinatus muscles, and inosculating with the superficial cervical and the transverse scapular branches. 3. The Ascending Thyroid Artery rising be- tween the rectus anterior and scaleni muscles, upon the fore-part of the transverse processes, as high as the second vertebra; varying in size and in the number of its branches. It exhibits -[. Superficial branches. From which a. Branches are sent, transversely and outwards, to the angularis, splenius colli, sternomastoid, and scaleni muscles. b. Branches to the rectus, winding variously on the anterior surface of the vertebrae. c. Branches to the tenth pair of nerves and the ganglion olivare; inosculating with the pha- i-yngeal artery. _j j_ Deep branches, which are sunk between the vertebral interstices as the artery ascends. Of these are reckoned, a. Branches to the intertransversarii, scaleni postici, and the origin of the splenii muscles. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 4 1 b. Branches passing through the openings for the intercostal nerves to the involucraof the spinal marrow, and inosculating with twigs of the vertebral artery. 4. The Thyroid Branch of the Thyroid Artery. In this the whole trunk is expended. It bends under the carotid to the side of the larynx; and, after repeated windings, reaches the inferior part of the thyroid gland. It sinks into the gland; and, while it divides into many ramifi- cations, is partly distributed to the whole gland, and partly inosculates with the superior thyroid. It gives, 1. Lesser branches to the outer muscles of the os hyoides and larynx, to the superior cartilages of the trachea, and the inferior thyroid gan- glion. Of these, the branches which go to the larynx form the inferior laryngeai. 2. Pharyngeal branches to the inferior constrictor muscles, the oes6phagus, and the posterior mus- cles of the larynx. 3. The Superior Tracheal or Thoracic Branch often double or triple. One of the branches, descending with the trachea into the cavity of the thorax, and there forming above the tra- chea a beautiful plexus, communicates with the inferior bronchial and the higher intercostal branches. C. The SUPERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERY riSCS more externally than the vertebral, from the upper and posterior surface of the trunk; then ascends with it to the hollow that is formed by the anterior scalenus, the surface of the first rib, and bodies of the vertebrae. It is there suddenly reflected; and, proceeding to the 42 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. roots of the first and second ribs within the thorax, gives, a. Ascending branches, irregular in number and size, to the scaleni, the longus colli, and the nerves. b. Branches to the intercostal muscles of the first and second interstices, which run along the margins of the ribs, forming circular inoscula- tions with the higher thoracic branch and the branches of the internal mammary. c. Numerous Oesofihageal Branches inosculat- ing with the superior tracheal branch of the thyroid artery. d. Branches sent through the openings for the nerves to the hollow of the spine, and there distributed both to the involucra and the me- dulla. e. Branches passing over the third rib, and inos- v culating with twigs of the Jirst inferior inter- costal. f. Deep branches, passingthrough the intercostal spaces to the deep muscles of the back and neck. D. The VERTEBRAL ARTERY larger than the former, rises from the superior side of the subclavian; and, ascending a little backwards, covered by the ganglions of the intercostal and the cellular membrane, reaches the perforations of the transverse processes of the cervical ver- tebrse. Through these it penetrates, and, rising perpendicularly from the sixth, or sometimes from the fifth or fourth opening, reaches the aperture of the atlas, where it bends a little Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 43 outwards; and having passed through, undergoes another more extensive flexion backwards and inwards, by which it is carried transversely in a groove, between the occipital bone and the atlas, to the foramen magnum. Through this open- ing, having at last entered the cranium, it pro- ceeds upwards and forwards, and at the basilar apophysis, under the medulla oblongata, meets, at an acute angle, with the vertebral artery of the opposite side, forming the basilar artery to be distributed to the cerebrum and cerebellum. It gives, in this course, 1. Lateral branches to the muscles between the transverse processes, and others, near to the vertebrae. 2. Larger branches, passing through the inter- vertebral openings for the nerves, to the cover- ings of the medulla, and inosculating with the anterior and posterior spinal branches. 3. A branch going, with various twigs, from the first bend of the artery to the rectus posticus major and minor, the obliquus major and mi- nor, the trachelomastoid, and complexus; and inosculating with branches reaching from the occipital artery. 4. Posterior Meningeal Branches proceeding from the second and third flexures, and wind- ing forwards upon the dura mater of the cerebellum, as far as the clinoid processes and receptacle, and backwards towards the occiput. Before the formation of the basilar artery^ there are sent off in the cranium itself 44 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. 5. The Inferior Artery of the Cerebellum issuing at a right angle from the trunk, near the me- dulla oblongata, between the tenth and acces- sory nerves. It not only distributes many branches to the lower surface of the cerebel- lum, but, being concealed between the medulla oblongata and the crura of the cerebellum, is so bent backwards and upwards, as to terminate in the vermiform process of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle. In this course are given, 1. Branches to the tenth and eleventh nerves. 2. Branches to the anterior and lateral surfaces of the medulla oblongata, and corpora olivaria. f f 3. Branches to the posterior surface of the me- dulla oblongata, and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. 6. Branches sinking into the furrow that sepa- rates the corporapyramidalia from the tuber annulare. 7. The Posterior Spinal Artery rising often from the inferior artery of the cerebellum; and, bending from the anterior to the posterior sur- face of the medulla oblongata, descends tortu- ously on the spinal marrow, and inosculates freely in its descent with its fellow and with other branches, as they pass to the medulla through the openings for the nerves. It ter- minates on the surface of the medulla at the second lumbar vertebra; and through its whole ^r v course supplies, with minute twigs, the me- dulla, and its several nerves, as they pass out. 8. The Anterior Sjiinal Artery rising, at an acute angle from the trunk, near its fellow, and, descending in a retrograde course, pro- Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 45 ceeds in a winding direction upon the anterior surface of the medulla, inosculating by trans- verse branches in the region of the neck and back with the artery of the opposite side, to which it is parallel. The two arteries at last uniting near the termination of the medulla, form a trunk, which is sent to the extremity of the os sacrum; and which, if emptied of its blood, assumes the appearance of a nerve: whence the ancient error as to a Nervus Azygos. It distributes numerous branches to the neigh- bouring parts, and to the nerves as they go out, and enters into frequent anastomoses with the spinal branches, penetrating the inter- stices of the vertebrae. The BASIL A R ARTERY, being formed as above, occupies the depression in the middle of the tuber annulare, and at its anterior part divides into four parallel branches, proceeding from the trunk at right angles. Of these, the posterior go to the cerebellum; and the two anterior, ramified on the cerebrum, unite with the com." municating arteries of the carotid, and form the Great Circle of Willis. From the trunk a. Many branches proceed, transversely and out- wards, distributed to the surface of the me- dulla oblongata, the corpora olivaria and pyra- midalia, the tuber annulare, the inferior sur- face of the cerebellum, and the neighbouring pairs of nerves. Of these, a branch, accompany- ing the auditory nerve, passes to the labyrinth of the ear. b. The Deep. Arteries of the Cerebellum Right I 46 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. and Left winding behind the crura of the cerebrum to the superior part of the cerebel- lum, and there exhibiting, -}- A Short Anterior Branch distributed to the crura cerebelli, the cerebellum, the vermi'brm process and the choroid plexus, lying on the thalami. -f. -J- A Middle Branch winding extensively on the upper side of the cerebellum; inosculating freely with the inferior of the cerebellum; en- tering the different sulci, and supplying the thalami, nates, testes, and pineal gland, -j. _|_ _j_ A Deeper Branch following the same course; spreading, with minute twigs, on the crura cerebri, the thalami, nates, pineal gland, choroid plexus, the processes of the cerebellum at the testes, the valve of Vieussenius, and the fourth ventricle. c. The Deep. Artery of the Cerebrum- larger than the last, and separated from it by the third pair of nerves. Turns upwards along with the former, between the cerebellum and posterior lobe of the cerebrum; and gives, 1. Smaller branches, running to the bottom of the third ventricle, the thalami, optic nerve, the mammillary eminences, the corpora quadrige- mina, andfornix. 2. Communicating Branches forming the circle of Willis, and frequently of unequal size. They proceed forwards, almost at a right angle, to meet the communicating artery of the carotid, and give minute twigs to the adjacent parts. 3. A branch, going to the sides of the crura of the cerebrum and the lateral ventricle, and distri- buting small branches above the thalami, to the corpora quadrigemina, the pineal gland, the cho- Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 47 roid plexus covering- these parts, to the fornix, the corpora striata, and the third ventricle. 4. A branch, the greatest part of which is sent, im- mediately with its very numerous twigs, into the sulci of the posterior lobe; from which, again, smaller ramifications arise, to be distri- buted, as in Number 3d, to the corpus callosum and septum lucidum, 5. Branches, representing the continuation of the trunk, and inosculating w r ith ramuli of the ca- rotid. E. The DEEP, or POSTERIOR CERVICAL ARTERY Irregular in its origin, size, and extent, and, like the superficial cervical, or transverse sca- pular of the thyroid, spreads, sometimes more, and sometimes less extensively, with its branches. I have sometimes observed it the smallest of all, and proceeding from the superior intercostal. It generally issues from the subclavian, beyond the margin of the scalenus, though sometimes sooner under this muscle. It then winds upwards and backwards, between the deep muscles of the neck and the sixth vertebra; and is at last so dis- persed among the muscles, as to bestow its ultimate branches on the complexus, near the occiput. It usually gives, a. Branches winding on the surface of the bodies of the vertebrae. b. Branches distributed to the scaleni muscles. c. Branches to the spinal muscles of the neck, the trachelomastoid, splenius, and intertrans- versarii. (L Branches to the complexus, often interwoven with the occipital branches. 48 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. D.The SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL rises about half an inch, or an inch, from the first scalenus, at the upper and anterior side of the subclavian where it begins to bend downwards; imme- diately hides itself among the brachial nerves; and, spreading out afterwards, towards the superior costa of the scapula, divides into many irregular branches. Of these, the most remark- able are, -j- Branches distributed amongst the scaleni and brachial nerves. -f -j- A Transverse Branch bending upwards under the levator, and sending superficial branches to this muscle, the trapezius, and skin, and deeper ones to the splenius and com- plexus. If larger than usual, it runs in the di- rection already mentioned, and sends out either the sufierspinal or the superficial of the base of the scapula. It generally forms many anasto- moses with the branches of the thyroid and the deep cervical. DISTRIBUTION OF THE AXILLARY ARTERY. THE Subclavian Artery, as it bends from its first situation, between the breast and scapula, to the humerus, assumes the name of AXILLARY. Passing out, under the arch of the clavicle, it is sur- rounded by the nerves of the brachial plexus, the veins, glands, and a quantity of fat; lies in the Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 49 hollow of the axilla, between the subscapular and serratus major; and, protected externally by the pectoral muscles, it soon approaches forwards to the arm and the interior margin of the biceps. At last, proceeding from the axilla to the inferior border of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi, it takes the name of HUMERAL ARTERY. It sends off, A. SMALL BRANCHES to the scalenus, first rib, coracoid process, the adjacent muscles, and nerves. B. The HIGHEST THORACIC BRANCH arising above the second rib, or at the inferior margin of the first, and distributed in the upper region of the thorax, between the serratus and small pectoral divides into, -f A Transverse Ascending Branch covered by the serratus, to which it sends a recurrent twig, and inosculates twice or thrice at the first interstice of the ribs with the internal mammary and superior intercostal. -f + A branch, going down beyond the second and third interstices, and at last receiving some twigs of the long thoracic. From this proceed, a. A large branch to the serratus magnus. b. Two branches, uniting at the second intercostal space with the internal 'mammary and intercostal. c. Two branches to the third interstice, where this ramus generally terminates. d. Branches to the pectoral muscles and skin. C. The LONG, or SUPERIOR THORACIC, or EX- TERNAL MAMMARY running down as far as 50 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. the fifth costal interstice. It sometimes arises from the circumflex, or from the inferior scapu- lar. ,. Branches to the glands of the axilla and mam- ma, running sometimes to the nipple. /3. Many branches, irregular in series and situa- tion, to the serratus major and minor; and, passing the second and fourth interstices, to the great pectoral and mamma, anastomosing with the highest thoracic. y. Branches sinking deeper, forming double cir- cles with the internal mammary and the in- ferior intercostal^ as low as the interstice of the fifth rib, and sending branches to the inter- costal muscles. D. The HUMERAL THORACIC rising from the anterior part of the trunk, between the second rib and the coracoid process, to the upper margin of the lesser pectoral; penetrates the in- terstice of the deltoid and pectoral muscles; and in its course sends, a. A deep branch to the serratus major. b. Branches to the deltoid, to the great pectoral and subclavian muscles, and rising, above the clavicle, to the neck. c. A branch, running along the subclavian muscle to the pectoral; and, in the space between this and the deltoid, distributing its branches to the pectoral muscle, the clavicle, and skin, and at last inosculating with the trans-verse scapular. d. Another branch to the pectoral and deltoid. e. A branch, near the coracoid process, descend- ing to the axillary glands. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 51 /. A Circumflex Branch winding backwards, under the muscle, round the origin of the deltoid. From which proceed, -j- A Cutaneous Descending Branch attending the cephalic vein, and terminating 1 at the top of the humerus and the pectoral muscle. -J- -J- A Superficial Branch passing along the outer edge of the deltoid, and the adjoining maqgin of the acromion. -J. _j_ _J_ A Deep Branch to the articular capsule, the coracoid process, and the deltoid, -f j j ^- A branch to the spine of the scapula, uniting with the super spinal thyroid and the posterior axillary circumflex. E. The ALAR THORACIC. This artery is some- times wanting, though at other times it is large, and sends numerous branches to the axillary glands, and some also, spreading extensively in various directions, to the subscapular, pectoral, and serratus. N. B. The number and distribution of the tho- racic arteries are so irregular, that anatomists have sometimes enumerated six separate trunks distributed to the thorax. F. Two or more large branches, rising near the upper and inferior margin of the scapula, send- ing twigs to the nerves, serratus, levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi, and particularly the subscapular; inosculating, partly with the super- ficial thyroid scapular of the base, and partly disappearing among the muscles. G. The INFERIOR SCAPULAR, Or INFRASCAPU- LAR, or SUBSCAPULAR rising at the inferior 52 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. margin of the subscapular muscle, divides into conspicuous branches, which run in various directions. Arises, also, sometimes among the thoracic branches, when, bending downwards, it sends *. A branch to the surface of the subscapular, the capsular ligament, and the muscles at- tached to the coracoid process. ft. A Deep Branch winding, with its twigs, through the subscapular to the naked scapula, after giving twigs to the teres major and latis- simus dorsi. y. A Muscular Branch large, and sometimes rising separately. Sending branches to the sub- scapular, extending as far as the base of the scapula; and distributing extensively large branches to the teres major, the serratus, the latissimus dorsi, and axillary glands. 3. A Conspicuous Branch running closely along the margin of the subscapular, and forming, at the inferior angle of the scapula, which it tra- verses, a large circle with the nifierficial thy- roid scafiular of the base. It rises sometimes from the muscular branch. g. A branch, parallel to the inferior costa, and ex- tending to the teretes, the long extensor, and the glands. .V. B. All these branches present frequent varia- tions, and often distribute more ramuli, which, for the sake of conciseness, I omit. . The Scafiular Circuniflex.The branches al- ready enumerated having supplied the inner Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 53 part of the scapula, this large trunk bends be- tween the inferior costa of the scapula and teres major, to the infraspinal cavity, near the cervix, and proceeds, under the teres minor and infraspinatus, to the spine; giving -j- Branches to the teretes and long extensor or scapular head of the triceps. _| j_ A number of Descending Branches wind- ing in the hollow, as far as the base of the scapula, and inosculating with neighbouring twigs. _^ j_ _j_ An Ascending Articular Branch be- tween the neck and spine of the scapula; which sends a. Branches to the infraspinatus. b. An Anastomotic Branch uniting with the superspinal thyroid. e. A Coronary Branch to the spine and capsular ligament. d. A Branch to the supraspinatus, where it inos- culates again with the superspinal. e. A branch to theMeltoid. H. The POSTERIOR CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY issu- ing between the subscapular and teres major; it sinks between them, winds round the neck of the humerus, under the long extensor, and afterwards bends transversely, under the del- toid, backwards and outwards, from the inner side of the arm. It sometimes gives rise to the anterior circumflex, and the deep branch of the bumerus, or humeral prof unda; and sends a. A branch to the capsule and- the circumflex, nerve, which it accompanies. K 54 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. b. A branch to the coracobrachial, internal anco- neus, and the teres minor. c. Branches to the humerus and bicipital groove. d. Many branches to the subscapular, the long anconeus, the back of the scapula, and the bone. e. A branch, variously ramified on the capsule, the anconeus, and periosteum; anastomosing freely with branches from the subscapular^ and running transversely, in a circular course, to the deltoid. I. The ANTERIOR CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY of smaller size sent out near the former, above the teres major, proceeds round the humerus, under the biceps and coracobrachial, to the outer part of the arm, where it either disappears under the deltoid, or enters this muscle; and sends a. Many branches to the subscapular, the latis- simus dorsi, and the long extensor. They are often wanting. b. Branches to the bone and periosteum, inoscu- lating with the firofunda. c. Branches to the biceps, capsule, coracobrachial, and deltoid. d. A branch, sunk in the bicipital groove; and, at the capsular ligament, inosculating, by an as- cending twig, with the superior branches of the posterior circumflex, and, by a descending twig, with the deep branch of the humeral prof undo, in the bicipital groove. e. A Branch to the deltoid; but which is often wanting. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 55 DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRACHIAL OR HUMERAL ARTERY. THE AXILLARY ARTERY is first known by the name of HUMERAL or BRACHIAL, where it pro- ceeds from the axilla to the internal side of the arm. Having left the cavity of the axilla, and passed to the internal surface of the tendon of the teres major, it continues its course above the internal brachial to the inner side of the biceps, and gradu- ally runs along the middle of the arm to the an- terior surface of its extremity; where at last, con- cealed under the aponeurosis of the biceps, it divides, near the bend of the fore-arm, into the ULNAR and RADIAL Arteries. A. A BRANCH going down, near the tendon of the teres major, under the coracobrachial, to the bicipital groove, and giving recurrent twigs to the head of the humerus and capsule. B. BRANCHES to the long and internal anconei, and coracobrachial. C. Many BRANCHES gping out, in various places, to the biceps, the internal brachial, and bone. D. The DEEP BRANCH of the HUMERUS, the LARGE COLLATERAL, OF LARGE HUMERAL PRO- FUN DA sometimes double rising, from the 56 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. inner side of the trunk, at the inferior margin of the teres major; but sometimes sooner, from the inferior scapular or posterior circum- jftex. It proceeds backwards, with a gentle curve; and, accompanying the long extensor, runs to the cavity between the anconei mus- cles, where, in the passage of the spiral nerve, it divides into two branches, at the upper junc- tion of the external anconeus and internal brachial. It gives a. A branch to the long and external anconei. b. A branch to the biceps, coracobrachial, the pe- riosteum, the tendon of the teres major, and the deltoid; inosculating with twigs of the an- terior circumflex, and with other branches of the humeral artery. e. A branch, ramifying on the coracobrachial, in- ternal brachial, the bicipital groove, and the bone. d. Many distinct branches, sent off from the trunk in its descent; some of them ascending to inosculate with branches of the humeral and scapular arteries, and others descending to be ramified on the muscles. c. The Large Communicating Radial^ or Prqfun- da-radial. The external branch of the divided trunk, which, winding between the external anconeus and brachial to the spine of the con- dyle, forms, around the external or extensor condyle, anastomotic arches with the radial re- current^ the lesser firofunda^ and superior in- terosseal fierforant. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 57 . Branches to the neighbouring muscles. /3. Nutritious branches, winding on the periosteum. y. Cutaneous branches, emerging through the in- terstices of the muscles. J\ Branches, inosculating, on the posterior and an- terior surface of the condyle, with the radial recurrent and interosseal branches. . A Deep Branch covered by the radial exten- sor and long supinator, and forming many in- osculations with the radial recurrent and lesser profunda. f. The Large Communicating Ulnar, or Profunda" ulnar the interior and deeper branch of the divided trunk, bending between the internal anconeus and brachial, to the internal orjlexor condyle; and sending _f- Branches to the anconei and coracobrachial; inosculating with a branch of the humeral. _j j- A branch, passing out between the hume- rus and anconeus to the deltoid, the internal brachial, and the skin. It is often wanting. _|_ _j |_ Deep branches to the adjoining muscles, and communicating under them with the dorsal arch. Some of these inosculate, near the elbow, on the internal anconeus, with the large anas- tomotic; others communicate with the brachial arch, winding on the back of the condyles; and others with the ulnar recurrent. E. A BRANCH to the coracobrachial and internal brachial. F. A BRANCH descending on the surface of the internal anconeus, and communicating, near the bend of the elbow, with the ulnar 58 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. recurrent, the great anastomotic, or sometimes with both. G. A BRANCH which, after having sent off twigs to the adjoining anconei and coracobrachial muscles, proceeds upon the inner surface of the arm, as far as the olecranon, and inosculates with branches of the ulnar recurrent and dorsal arch. N. B. These two branches are usually called the LESSER COLLATERAL. H. BRANCHES ramified on the biceps and cora- cobrachial, irregular both in number and origin, and distributing their twigs both upwards and downwards. I. The LARGE NUTRITIOUS ARTERY of the hu- merus arising at the inferior part of the co- racobrachial, bending outwards, and sending off a. A branch to the external anconeus and skin; inosculating with the other branches distribut- ed to that muscle. b. A Deep Branch to the internal brachial, at last terminating in the deltoid. c. Branches entering the bone in several places. d. Branches, inosculating, at times, with the large anastomotic or lesser fir of unda. K. The LESSER PROFUNDA rising externally from the trunk; penetrating the internal bra- chial, and winding between the supinator and the radial extensor, to the outer or extensor Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 59 condyle. By its ascending twigs, it inosculates with the nutritious, and by its descending, with the radial recurrent. These likewise pass some- times to the articular ligaments. L. The LARGE ANASTOMOTIC rising, sometimes double, from the internal side of the trunk, a few inches above the joint; but immediately dividing, it passes, in a transverse course, upon the surface of the internal brachial, to the flexor condyle, where, perforating the intermuscular ligament, it runs upwards to the cavity, between the condyle and olecranon, covered by the tendon of the triceps and the ulnar flexor of the carpus. It sends off a. An Ascending Branch sinking in the anco- neus, and anastomosing with the large com- municating ulnar. b. A Descending Superficial Branch to the pro- nator, sublimis, and internal brachial. It inos- culates with superficial twigs of the ulnar re- current; and, after perforating the muscle, again anastomoses, upon the periosteum and capsule of the fore-arm, with branches of the radial recurrent, where it forms, around the articulation, the anterior arch. c. Many Cutaneous Branches to the brachial muscle andfajcor condyle. d. A Deep Descending Branch anastomosing, anteriorly, with the ulnar recurrent, and pos- teriorly with the same recurrent and interos- seal artery. e. A Transverse Branch which, with the firo- 60 BRANCHES FROM TH Sect. I. funda-ulnar, the firofunda-radial) the lesser firofunda, and all the recurrents, forms, above and below the condyle, the posterior dorsal arch of the humerus. This arch distributes many branches to the joint and the neighbouring parts. M. SMALLER BRANCHES to the internal brachial, and the muscles arising from the flexor con- dyle. THE ULNAR ARTERY. The humeral artery sometimes undergoes the division already mention- ed at the middle of the humerus, or even higher. , This, however, is the largest artery which arises from the trunk at the bend of the arm. Scarcely has it arisen, when it sinks deep into the cavity that is occupied by the tendon of the biceps, the nerve, blood-vessels, and fat. It then bends, near the interstice of the bones, under the pronator teres, radial flexor, palmaris longus, and sublimis, to the ulnar side of the fore-arm, proceeding gradually, with many deflections, between the sublimis, the profundus, and ulnar flexor, to the wrist. Passing over the wrist, it forms the superficial arch of the hand, which gives beautiful arteries to the fingers, and finally inosculates at the palm with the radial artery. The more remarkable branches which it sends off are, A. A BRANCH to the pronator teres and the com- mon head of the flexors. Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 61 B. The HIGHEST INTEROSSEAL PERFORANT gO ing first to the internal brachial and capsule, where it forms the anterior arch^ by a branch inosculating with the anastomotic and the ra- dial and ulnar recurrents. After perforating the interstice of the bones, it sends, under the small anconeus, a number of recurrent branches upwards to the dorsal arch, and downwards to the extensor muscles. The whole artery often rises from the common interosseal. C. The ULNAR RECURRENT sent off from the ulnar side of the trunk, a little above the com- mon interosseal; and, having passed through the flexor muscles, is reflected to the posterior part of the internal condyle. In which course are distributed, a. A branch to the capsule, the flexor muscles, and ulna. b. A superficial Branch covered by the prona- tor, and ascending beyond the termination of the brachial muscle, to the anterior part of the condyle, inosculates upon the internal brachial, with the anastomotic. In this course it distri- butes many branches to the neighbouring: parts. c. A Deep Branch running between the sub- limis and profundus to the cavity between the olecranon and flexor condyle; giving _j_ A branch to the sublimis and profundus. -f- -\- Branches to the ulnar flexor, and extensor of the carpus, and to the periosteum. -4- -f--p- Inosculating Branchesuniting, in many L 62 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. I. places above the cavity just mentioned, with branches of the communicating ulnar t the anas- tomotic, and the interosseal, contributing to form the dorsal arch. -}- _|_ _}_ _|_ Many branches to the joint. D. The NUTRITIOUS ARTERY of the ULNA run- ning on the anterior surface of the bone, near the origin of the profundus. E. The COMMON INTEROSSEAL rising at the higher extremity of the profundus running on the interosseous ligament, between the flexor pollicis and profundus, to the pronator qua- dratus, and there dividing into the two arteries k and /, gives, in this course, a. Branches to the radial flexor of the carpus, pronator rotundus, profundus, and sublimis. b. A Small Perforant Branch to the supinator brevis and capsule. c. A branch to the flexor of the thumb and tendon of the biceps. d. A Nutritious Branch of the Ulna entering the middle surface of this bone. e. The Highest Posterior Interosseal Perforant rising, sometimes wholly, from the ulnar, as atB sometimes double, when its largest divi- sion communicates, by its recurrent twigs, with the former; but sends off, at the same time, a large descending branch, running with the extensor of the little finger, by which it is covered, as far as the extremity of the fore- arm, where at last it inosculates with the pos- terior dorso-interosseal. It gives Sect. I. ARCH OF THE AORTA. 63 . Reflex branches to the supinator brevis and the origin of the common extensor. /J. Branches ramified on the radial and ulnar ex- tensors of the carpus. y. Branches to the extensors of the thumb, the common extensor, and abductor. out the pelvis, to the ramus of the ischium. Near to the transverse muscle of the perineum the pudic artery divides, and sends out a. The Sufierjicial Perinea! running, in men, beyond the transversus perinei, in the trian- gular space between the bulbo-cavernosus or accelerator urinae, and ischio-cavernosus or erector penis, where it ascends under the skin, or between the muscular fasciculi; and at last disappears, in many branches, upon the sur- face of the genitals proceeding, in females, between the ischio-cavernosus and the con- strictor cunni or vaginal sphincter. From this arise, . The Transverse Perinea! running transversely, and sending twigs to the transverse muscle, anal sphincter, and skin: advancing in female^ to the vaginal sphincter and labia. /3. Branches to the bulbo-cavernosus. 7. Branches to the ischio-cavernosus, or erector of 1 the clitoris. J". Long Sa-otal Branches winding in the cellular substance of the dartos, as far as the testes: ift the female ramified "within the. labia. Sect. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 123 r. Branches to the corpora cavernosa of the penis or clitoris. . Branches, inosculating with the external pudics, and rising from the trunk, where it approaches the labia or penis. b. The Deep, Perineal, or Deep Artery of the Penis or Clitoris in males, after lying deep under the transversus perinei, between the bulbo-cavernosus, and the ischio-cavernosus, it passes upwards, attached by cellular mem- brane, to the bone, between the ramus of the ischium and pubis and the corpus cavernosum; at last reaching the synchondrosis pubis and the penis, at the junction of its cavernous bodies, is there divided. In females, it runs between the vaginal sphincter, the erector of the clitoris, and its cavernous substance; passing after- wards between this and the os ischium and pubis to the body of the clitoris. In this course are sent off in males, . Two large branches, running into the urethra and its cavernous substance^ and afterwards to the penis. 0. Smaller branches, rising from each side of the trunk; going- to the ischio-cavernosus, obturator internus, bulbo-cavernosus, the crura of the corpora cavernosa, Cowper's glands, and the prostate. Those which run to the prostate inosculate with the inferior vesicate, From the above division of the artery proceed y. The Dorsal of the penis running superficiallv under the integuments, and through the whole length of the penis, surrounding it behind the glans; giving" off 124 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. II. 1. Many branches, inosculating with the for- mer scrotal branches. 2. Branches to the surface of the corpora ca- vernosa and the prepuce. 3. Branches, inosculating 1 , near the glans, with similar branches of the opposite side. 4. Branches to the prsputial frenulum. 5. Branches sinking into the glans. J. The Profunda or Deep Branch of the Penis after anastomosing with its fellow, enters the corpus cavernosum of its own side, through which it passes, in a straight line, to its other extremity. Many of its branches open into the cavernous cells of the penis; some into the ca- vernous substance of the urethra; and others, after perforating the septum of the penis, into the cells of the opposite side. Thus are the cel- lular parts of the penis distended with blood during erection. From the Deefi Perineal, or Deep Artery of the Clitoris, in females, arise, a. Branches from different parts of the trunk, run- ning to the transversus perinei, the fat, erector of the clitoris, clitoris, urethra, and the vagina beneath its sphincter. From the divided trunk issue, /3. A Large Vaginal Branch. y. The Superficial Dorsal of the Clitoris. ularoftl\e internal plantar. &. The Digito-tibial of the Great Toe passing over the inferior or plantar surface of the meta- tarsal bone of the great toe, under the flexors and adductors, and spreading- on the inner or tibial side of this toe, as far asi ts apex. It receives Sect. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 169 the profunda-mtdian and profunda-tibial of the internal plantar. y. The Dorso-tibial of the Great Toe bending outwards, and generally running 1 to the termina- tion of the second phalanx and nail, and forming an arch with the dorso-Jibular, which rises from the anterior tibial. , N. B. All the Digitals send many twigs to the skin, bones, and ligaments; and unless separate dorsal branches are formed by the union of the metatarsals and fierforants, these give origin to dorsal branches, reflected upwards, and which form small arches around the root of the nails; while the trunks themselves, mu- tually inosculating, form, on the plantar side of the apex of the toes, arches similar to those upon the volar side of the fingers. P. The INTERNAL PLANTAR the smaller branch of the divided trunk after rising, on the tibial side, in the sinuosity of the calcaneum, between the tendon of the tibialis posticus and the origin of the abductor pollicis, it runs along, covered by this muscle, and divides, under it, into four branches, which follow the course of the abduc- tor and flexor brevis of the great toe, to the in- ferior extremity of the metatarsal bone of this toe, and terminate in branches of the planta- pollicar that issues from the anterior tibial and external plantar. It sends of, a. A Branch bending, under the abductor, to the tendons of the tibialis posticus and flexors, and the periosteum of the astragalus, variously interwoven with the internal malteofar, and with the branches at (I.) of the anterior-tibia!. 170 BRANCHES FROM THE Sect. II. b. Branches to the abductor and flexor brevis communis. c. A Branch running deeply outwards, between the large ligament of the calcaneum and the massa carnea, distributing ramuli to the flexor brevis, the massa carnea, and ligament, and inosculating with branches of the deep, exter- nal plantar ', running to the tuberosity of the os calcis. d. The Profunda-tibialy or Internal Deep, Branch of the Internal Plantar the first ramulus of the four branches that exhaust the internal plantar rising at the os naviculare, and fol- lowing the inner border of the abductor polli- cis, or inner margin of the planta; and disap- pearing, at last, in the digito-tibial of the planta-pollicar. It gives rise to, . Many Cutaneous Branches. &. Branches sent to the dorsum of the foot, and inosculating with branches of \\\& anterior tibial. y. Branches winding on the periosteum of the tarsal bones. ^.The Profunda Median, or Deep Middle Branch of the Internal Plantar. the second twig of the internal plantar after its division. It lies under the abductor, and, after running along- the middle cuneiform bone and the first me- tatarsal bone, unites with the planta-pollicar, or digito-tibial branch of the pollicar. It sends also twigs to the fat and skin, and others inos- culating with the former. /. The Profunda Pibular&v Deep External Branch of the Internal Plantar the third branch of the trunk rising at the beginning of the cuneiform bone. After running forwards, be- Sect. II. DESCENDING AORTA. 171 tween the flexor brevis and abductor pollicis, towards the second toe, it at last unites with the digito-tibial of the second toe, and the digito-Jibular of the great toe. It gives, a. Branches to the flexor of the great toe, the com- mon flexor, and abductor. p. Cutaneous Branches winding superficially out- Wards. y. A Small Branch bending outwards, between the plantar aponeurosis and the flexor brevis, beyond the lumbricals, to the third interstice of the toes, and there inosculating with the digital branches, and chiefly with the third plant a-digi- tal. Here, as if forming a superficial arch, it distributes ramuli to the adductor, lumbricals, flexor, aponeurosis, and skin. N. B. From these three branches, the filanta iwllicar, arising from the communication of the anterior tibial and external plantar, re- ceives a considerable increase. #. The External Branch of the Internal Plantar the fourth division of the trunk issuing, a little sooner, near the adductor; winding, va- riously outwards, between the massa carnea and ligament of the calcaneum, to the os cuboides, and sending twigs to the neigh- bouring muscles, the tarsal ligaments, and the whole plantar cavity. It anastomoses with the iirofund