'^' m. THE ADVANTAGES OF ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. We claim that the demonstration of the following four propo- sitions is an unanswerable argument why the short-hand student should adopt Eclectic Short-hand. 1, It is the briefest. 3. It is the easiest to write. 2. It is the simplest. 4. It is the most legible. DEMONSTRATION OF THE PROPOSITIONS. Prop. 1. — In December, 1880, Broivne's PJwnograpMc Monthly, then the leading stenographic journal, published comparisons of twenty-iive of the best systems in existence, giving the writing, in all the systems, of a stanza of five lines. The Eclectic writing of the stanza contained, by actual computation, 14 per cent less than the briefest of the others (Graham's), and 49 per cent less than the longest (Lindsley's), and was 30 per cent briefer than the average of all of them; hence the briefest system. Prop. 3. — It is the only system of the twenty-five which is based on the English alphabet. It contains less than fifty word signs, and has no exceptions to rules; hence the simplest system. Prop. 3. — It is the only system of the twenty-five which dis- penses with vertical cliaracters, writing with characters in three directions instead of four, and the only system of connective vowels similar in form to the consonants, and with a single exception the only light-line system; hence the easiest system to write. Prop. 4. — It is the only system of the twenty-five that makes as free use of vowels as of consonants, and while writing words with less strokes, still by its principles writes words more fully and with less memorizing of word signs than any other of the twenty-five. It also has no vertical strokes to become confounded in rapid writ- ing with similar oblique characters; hence the most legible system. To add strengtli to our demonstration we give the writing of the Lord's Prayer by botli the Pitmans, Graham, Munson, Lindsley, Pernin, and Eclectic Short-hand, and we ask attention to the more uniform direction of the characters in the Eclectic, their easier combinations, and the fewer number of strokes, while the Eclectic writing write* more of the sounds than either of the others. The Isaac Pitman writing has 106 ; Graham's, 88 ; Munson's, 90 ; Lindsley's, 96; Pernin's, 93; and the Eclectic, 65 strokes. Adding together the strokes of all but Eclectic, we have 475; dividing by 6, U! ADVANTAGES OF EGLEGTIG SHORTIIAND-Confd. we find llie average is 95, from which subtracting the strokes \^, the Eclectic we liave 30, whicli is 46 per cent, of the Eclectic writing, and 31 per cent, of the average of the five. ISAAC PITMAN. y^e CUM] AM. -^ ^'""' CillAIIAM. MUNSOS. -^1 ^ ( CROSS-(ECLECTIC ) A SUCCESS IN AMANUENSIS WORK. "With less than two months' instruction, I could report any ordinarily rapid spealcer."— C. Q. Thokpe, Chariton, Iowa. "With a comparatively small amount of study, in three months I acquired a speed of 135 words per minute."— J. E. Challenger, steno-jrapher with Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, Philadelphia. "After one month's lessons in, Eclectic Short-hand, and some daily practice for two months, I could easily write 150 words a minute."— E. Eloise Bakeu, Stenographer tvUh The Current, Chicago. "At the end of four vreeks' study I found myself able to write faster, and to transcribe more readily, than I could after studying Mun- son"s system four months. I studied Munson under a very able stenographer. This sydem 1 have studied alone."'— H. G. Stripe, Stenographer ivith Union I'acijic Railway, Omaha. "After less than two w^eeks' instruction in Eclectic Short- hand, without any previous knowledge except a partial knowledge of the prin- ciples, I was able to use it with the greatest satisfaction in general correspond- ence work, and have never experienced the least trouble in transcribing my notes.'"— W. A. SM0LLI^fGER. Covenant Mutual Benefit Ass'/i, Galesburg, III. "The comparative ease w^ith which the Eclectic Short-hand is written is truly wonderfuL I am now writing 160 to 170 words per minute." — V. W. White. Stenographer to N. <6 O. Taylor Co., Philadelphia. "I have frequently w^ritten at the rate of 180 w^ords a min- ute, afterward reading ray notes with the same facility as though taken at a moderate speed.""— John F. Stetler, 1921 Walnut St., Philadelphia. "I commenced the study of Eclectic Short-hand the 12th of June, and on the 15th of August following I accepted a position as amanuensis with one of the largest firms in Chicago, which position I still hold. The sys- tem is easily acquired, and is just the thing for practical worA;."— Jennie A. Wells, Stenogiapher to McCormick Harvesting Machine Co., Chicago. " I have had an Eclectic employed in my office for over a year, and I have nevtr yet had to hare a transcript reivritten err correcttd on account of misinterpretation of the notes. From the experience I have had with the system, I consider it one that can be rapidly written, and read like print.'"— J. E. Stuart, Postojfice Inspector, Chicago. The lady referred to, in two 7nonths' study, reported and transcribed a speech delivered in court at the rate of l,on words tlie first five minutes, or an average of over 200 words j)er minute. "I have devoted one-half of my time during- a period of three months to the study of Eclectic Short-hand, and have had occasion to apply it daily in taking from rapid dictation letters pertaining to five distinct branches of bu.'iihess. frequently where the mistake of one word would have been vital to the transaction under consideration, and have found the system rapid, legible, and perftctly rdiabln. I b.lieve it simply impossible to overestimate its utility to anyone contemplating a thorough business education.— C. R. Smith, I^orth Dakota Loan and Trusl Co., Jamestown, Dak. A SUCCESS IN COURT REPORTING WHERE THE GREATEST ACCURACY AND SPEED ARE REQUIRED. From the Hon. J. J. Phillips, Judg-e of Fifth Circuit Court, 111. : "I have had reporters on the Chicago Times, Missouri Republican, and SI. Louis Globe Democrat report speeches made by myself, whose worlc was nothinj,' like as correct as that done by Eclectic students in court under my observation." From the Hon. Ovren T. Keeves, Judge of Eleventh Circuit Court, 111.: '-Mrs. C. P. Remlne, an Eclectic writer, has been engaged as a short hand reporter in this Circuit Court several years. I have examined the tran- scripts of her notes taken in cases tried by me, and I regard her a competent short-hand reporter in taking evidence.'" From the Hon. N. F. Pillsbury, Judg-e of Eleventh Circuit Court, 111. : "After a term of about three mouths, one lesson daily, in Eclectic Short- hand, my daughter is able to correctly report as fast as an average speaker will talk, and appears to have no difficulty in reading the notes afterwards." From Gen. John McNulta, Master in Chancery, Bloomiugrton, 111.: "In October, 188:3, Miss Shinn was called upon to rejiort a case before me. Her services were called for with much reluctance on my part, as I was informed that she had devoted but about three months to the study of Eclectic Short- hand. Since that time she has done substantially all the reporting of the con- tested chancery cases before me. Her speed is adequate, and her reports are absolutely accurate verbatim reports. She reads her notes when called upon with as much ease and facility as she would a printed article from a newspaper, and reads old notes with as much ease as fresh ones. I have never known a stenographer who wrote more accurately, or who read with as much facility." From Miss Mary S. Minor, Court Stenogrrapher, Dallas, Texas: "After a series of six lessons, and a few hours" daily study for three months, I was able to report court testimorDj, and to read my notes as readily as long-hand. Such is the simplicity of its construction, the flexibility of its lines, and its perfect legibility, that the work necessary to attain verbatim speed is only pastime.'^ [Miss Minor writes ISO words a minute.] From Sims Ely, Official Reporter Eig-hth Judicial District, Kas.: "Having used the Eclectic system in court reporting. I speak advisedly when 1 say that it is fully capable of meeiing every possible requireinent. As to the time required to learn the system, I regard it as settled beyond contro- Vijrsy— not alone by my experience, but that of others known to me— that all the proficiency requisite for general reporting of every description, can be acquired in three months of constant study." From K. L. Davidson, Official Reporter Nineteenth Judicial District, Kas. : "In my examination for this position I averaged 1G9 words per minute for five consecutive minutes." [He had studied but ten weeks.] From E. B. Sherman, Master in Chancery, Circuit Court of the U. S , Chicago: "Miss Kate S. Holmes has been doing stenographic work in my office for several months, and although without previous experience, except in ordinary ofiice matters, is doing very satisfactory work. Judged by its practical results, the Eclectic system must possess some positive merit, and one desiring to acquire the stenographic art should carefully examine its claims."' Eclectic Shorthand Dictionary GIVING THK Phonetic and Shorthand Equivalents of the Primitive words, and the various classes of Derivative words of the English language. ALSO Several Vocabularies of Technical TermSo By J. G. CROSS. M. A. AUTHOR OF ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 382 Pages. Sent, Postpaid, on Receipt of Price, $2.50. This work is intended to be an authoritative writing of the language according to Eclectic Shorthand, and is invaluable to every writer of the system. It should espe- cially be the constant companion of every learner, as the acquisition of the art Avill thereby be rendered much easier, more rapid and certain. "I have carefully examined it, and must say that it surpasses my most sanguine expectations, botli in the selection of information and in its mechanical make-up. It is a book that should be m tlic liands of every Eclectic writer, not only tlie beginner, but also the experi- enced reporter." — Prof. Amos Rosenherger, St. Paul, Minn. "The student who has a copy of Cross' Shorthand Dictionary by his side will never be without a ready and perfect instructor, while to those whose business demands a large number of railway, insurance, law, or medical terms, it will prove itself of incalculable value." — D. H. Case, Official Reporter, 21st Judicial District, Kansas. Eclectic Shorthand Dictionary. " It will be particularly beneficial to beginner;?, on account of the phonic spelling given." — Prof. JI. B. Wnks, PJiiladelphia, Pa. *' The Dictionary is indispensable to the student, and of inesti- mable value to the expert." — Robert L. Davidson, Official PejJorter, 19th Judicial District, Kaiisas. "It brings the mastery of shorthand writing within the compar- atively easy possession of those who are only able to buy a copy each of the text book and Dictionary, and study at home, or while pursu- ing some other employment." — C. W. Taylor, Telegraphic Institute, Janesville, Wis. '• To the student this work is simply indispensable. Every practi- cal reporter, also, will find in its pages many 'pointers' and 'sliort cuts' hitherto unthought of." — Sims Ely, Court Reporter, 8th Judi- cial District, Kansas. "Writers of Eclectic Shorthand will welcome this book. For the completion of any series of shorthand text books a dictionary is indis- pensable, and this Dictionary is one of the best of its kind. The plan of the work is admirable, the primitive words being given first in a body, with an occasional derivative, the writing of which is important; then come the derivatives, classified according to the prefix or the suf- fix which they are intended to illustrate; after these are several vocab- ulai'ies of technical words, including commercial, railway, insurance, law, and medical terms, which those who are fitting themselves for office dictation work will find especially useful. Each outline is marked with an italic letter, showing the position in which it is to be written. The Look will be useful to the advanced writer of Eclectic Shorthand, becaiise it will show him the best outlines for uncommon words, and will often help him to read a carelessly written outline. The student of the system who shall write the Dictionary through, will have the best grounding in its principles that any teacher can give." — The Writer, « monthly magazine for literary workers, Boston, Mass. Sold by booksellers, or sent postpaid on receipt of price, $2.50. SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY, CHICAGO. 1/ ECLECTIC SHORTHAND: vyritinCt by principles instead of arbitrary signs, FOR GENERAL USE AND VERBATIM REPORTING. By J. G. CEOSS, M.A. AUTHOR OP DICTIONARY OP ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. WBITING IS THE CONSERVATOR OF THOUGHT. y ^O / FIFTY-SEVENTH THOUSAND. CHICAGO: SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY 1900. J J 3 J J J 1 } ' ' ' ' '•> ' »" ' 1 i > 1 1 ^ > . , , , ,' > » lit Uj J J COPTKIGHT, 1878, By S. C. GEIGGS AXD COMPANY. Copyright, 1882, By S. C. GRIGGS A:?^D COMPANY. Copyright, 1885, By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. Copyright, 1S90, By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. PRESS OF THE HENKY O. SHEPARB CO. CHICAGO. CHIEOGRAPHIC DIAGEAM SHOWING THE DERIVATION OF THE ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS or ECLECTIC SHORTHAND FROM THE ELLIPSES, From •which are derived the lines used in the construction of thb longhand alphabets of all modern european languages. FACILE LINES, RAPID MOVEMENTS, INTERDEPENDENT. ^ t^ INTRODUCTION. This system of shorthand writing has been before the public long enough to either demonstrate or refute the claim that it is the easiest to learn, the simplest in struct- ure, the briefest, and yet the fullest phonetic writing of the language that has been devised, and it still lives. Its development has been the result of a single seed- thought. In 1878, while teaching the alphabet of Taki- graphy, I became strongly impressed with the fact that there was no law of motion in the phonographic alphabets, such as in the written Roman alphabet, and set about seeking a more facile and cursive set of characters to represent the alphabet for purposes of shorthand writing. In writing the Roman alphabet, the motion of the pen is upward and downward alternately, except an occasional stroke to the right, which always occurs after an upward stroke. Hence the movement of the hand is only upward, downward, and to the right, and the mental action in writing, after a little practice, becomes very easy. In Pitmanic phonography no stroke or character indi- cates the direction in which the next should be drawn. It was the recognition of this fact which induced investi- gation. The number of characters required in the structure of a shorthand alphabet demands that we should distinguish diR211 VI INTRODUCTIOIf. them in some way; by hooks or circles beginning or end- ing them, as in the older systems, or by thickness, as in the Pitmanic systems, or by using a number of compound characters, or by making the characters long and short. This last-named method has the advantage of having been long employed in the written Roman alphabet, in which there are at least six different lengths of lines, and was therefore adopted as being the more natural to both mental and manual action. Proceeding with the investi- gation, I soon became convinced that the circle is not the best alpliabctic basis that can be devised; and, notwith- standing the antiquity of this use of the circle, I decided that if it were possible to derive from the CJiirographic Fllipse {i.e., the inclined ellipse) a sufficient number of simple characters to represent the alphabet, these would constitute the basis of a thoroughly practical shorthand alphabet. Motion resultant from two continuous opposing forces is elliptical in its path, as illustrated in the orbits of the celestial spheres. These bodies, acted upon by the centri- fugal force, tend to move in a straight line, but this ten- dency is modified by the centripetal force, which con- stantly draws the body toward the center; thecombinatiDn of the two forces thus producing the elliptical orbit. In writing Ave constantly employ two forces, viz. : the. projective and the retractive. The projective force of the hand, acting on the pen, carries it upward and forward, corresponding to the centrifugal force acting ujDon the spheres. The retractive force carries the pen backward and downward, corresponding to the centripetal force in its action on the spheres. These two forces combined INTRODUCTION. Vll must produce elliptical outlines, all outlines evolved in the act of writing being more or less affected by the two motions. This is especially true in rapid writing, in which the action of the hand must conform to the natural laws of motion, irresj^ective of the arbitrary out- lines we try to make. These outlines, no matter what their form and direction, will become more or less modi- fied by the two forces acting together. Because of this, all the connective written alphabets of all modern lan- guages are elliptical in their outlines, the curved lines being arcs of the outlines of ellipses, and the straight lines chords of those arcs. These arcs and chords I have therefore adopted as natural alpliabetic characters. They differ from similar characters used in other systems in both form and slope. Euskin says: "A curve that is uni- form in the degree of its curvature is not a good curve." This is not only true in art, but it is emi^hatically so in practice in shorthand, as well as in all other writing. The curves deduced from the circumference of a circle are not adapted to writing, because the hand does not naturally draw curves which are uniform in their degree of curvature, but those which are un-uniform. The curves of this system are all of the character of the out- line of the ellijDse, which constantly varies in the degree of its curvature. Being derived from the inclined ellipse, their degree of slant is greater than that of arcs taken from the circle. What is true of inclined curves is also true of their arcs, i. e., they slant at a greater angle than the two oblique axes of the circle which are used for alphabetic characters in other systems. I rej^eat: the alphabetic characters of this system are such as are the vm IXTRODUCTION. direct result of the motion of the hand in the -writing position, instead of arcs and axes of the circle, which cannot be produced by the writing movement. As there are no perpendicular arcs, chords, or axes in the chirographic ellipse, my alphabet was at once divested of the peri^endicular characters which encumber all the Pitmanic alphabets. Having decided upon the characters to be used in the structure of an alphabet, there arose the important ques- tion of the appropriation of the more facile characters to represent the more frequent letters, and of the less facile to represent the less frequent. To decide upon the com parative frequency with which the several letters of the aljihabet are used, recourse was had, first to the printer's case, and finally, to settle the matter phonetically, five hundred woi'ds were written from the sacred Scriptures, an equal number taken from art phraseology, from com- mercial phraseology, from legal phraseology, from Shakes- peare and from Edward Everett's writings; making in all three thousand words, in all of which the phonetic ele- ments were counted, with this result, the letters being given in the order of the frequency with which they are used, the highest first, and so on: i, a, n, o, r, t, u, e, s, z, d, th, 1, m, b, c, v, f, h, g, w, j, ch, y, sh, wh, ng, zh, q, X. Having determined the comparative values of the char- acters to be used, and the relative frequency of the sounds to be represented, the selection of the proper characters to represent given sounds would seem to l)e an easy problem, were it not for the added necessity of combining characters, which demands that freq.uently recurring INTKODUCTION. IX combinations should be represented by characters which combine easily. The question of vowel representation was one not easily settled. The recognition of the disadvantage of disconnective vowel signs in other systems, and of the ditficulty of minute cotmective vowels, led me to inquire whether it would not be practicable to write shorthand with five vowels, which might be represented by five characters similar to those emjiloyed to represent the con- sonant sounds, and possessing similar advantages, viz.: the advantages of connectibility with other characters, and of the aj^plicability to them of the various contrac- tions which are ajDplied to the consonant characters. Is it not possible, I asked, to write shorthand by means of twenty-five consonant characters and five voivels f The fact that we employ but five vowels in all our corresjjondence and in printing all our literature, and that the stenographer who takes his notes in the use of a system representing all the vowel sounds transcribes the notes for others to read in the nse of only five voioels, caused me, after long consideration, to finally decide, that not only Avould it be possible to write shorthand by the u&e of five vowels, but that several important advantages would arise therefrom, viz. : I. That the vowels would be represented by characters of equal value with the consonant characters. II. That they would be connective. III. That they would admit of the contractions com- mon to the consonant characters. IV. That instead of writing as few vowels as possible, and relying almost wholly on consonant outlines of words X IXTRODUCTIOX. after the manner of other systems, many more vowels would be written, and the writing would therefore become more nearly jihonetic. The use which is made of positions in the Pitmanic systems, in which all the numerous vowel sounds are represented by three positions; each of these three j)osi- tions representing sounds of all the different vowels, the position representing the inflected vocal element of a word which may begin the word, or be in the middle, or at the end of it, leaves the reader no means to determine its locality in the Avord, except as he is guided by the context and by his knowledge of the word. This unphonetic, involved, illegible, position-alphabet, which I had during twenty years regarded as the nightmare of the shorthand student, inclined me to reject entirely the use of positions, although I was evidently discarding a most efiicient factor in securing sim^jlicity and hrevity of outline. After much reflection I reached the conclusion that so important a factor as that of position could not wisely be rejected from the alj^habetic problem if it were possible to so employ it as to secure simplicity and legibility at the same time. The alphabetic arrangement of five positions to rej^resent both vowels and diphthongs seemed to meet both of these requirements, and was finally adopted in its present form. I subsequently discovered that it would be possible to represent five consonants as well as five vowels by the five positions, without ambiguity, writing a consonant on a given position to express the vowel following it, and writing a vowel on a given position to express the conso- nant after it. INTRODUCTION". XI These five consonant positions soon grew to represent twelve consonants, and the second edition of "Eclectic Short-hand " announced the discovery of the possihility of representing all the consonants by five positions in a very simple and practical way. The invention of my full position-alphabet so simpli- fied and abbreviated most words, that I soon conceived the idea of disi^ensing as far as practicable with the use of word-signs ; and, in the third edition, the long list of signs which appeared in the first and second was omitted, the chief object of the few word-signs which were retained being their use in phrase-vvriting. In the third edition the last vestige of perpendicular characters disappeared, even the upright ticks. This I had sought from the first, but had not until then been able to accomplish. 4-\\ the linear characters were grouped in three classes: left oblique, right oblique, and horizontal ; and thus became so similar in their combinations to the movement of the hand in longhand writing that the ease with which they are written is a matter of constant remark among practical writers of the system, especially among those who were formerly writers of other systems. In addition to the linear characters, it was necessary, in order to complete the alphabet, to employ a few others which, from their form, are distinguished as Surface Characters, and which are especially valuable because of their facility in joining with other characters ; because of their distinctive outlines, and because they readily admit of modification in size, still retaining their characteristic appearance. Xii IXTRODUCTIOX. The system may be justly characterized as a free-liand shorthand. Since the publication of the third edition the main features of the system have remained unchanged, but the fifth, ninth and tenth editions presented some slight modifications. The first edition of the Shorthand Dictionary contained several changes which were gener- ally welcomed as valuable, and the second edition contains a few others which will prove equally acceptable. From the tenth to the present edition there have been no changes in the plates of tlie work. Doubtless it has sometimes seemed undesirable to writers of the system to be obliged to frequently learn something new in order to keep abreast with its develop- ment, but for the most part only favorable criticisms have been offered. The fundamentals of the system Vv'ere the result of most thorough investigation, and I have never ceased to regard all the most minute details which clothed it with constantly increasing interest and affection, striving to avoid the addition of anything unimportant, or that might mar its symmetry, so that in all its parts its unity might be evident. Lovingly as it has been nursed from its very birth, the vast labor required to bring ■ it to its present state of maturity has often caused the wish that it had been pro- duced from the brain of a Jupiter, that like Minerva it might have sprung into being fully developed. I owe sincere gratitude to intelligent and enthusiastic teachers who have so ardently advocated its claims in all parts of the country, many of whom have generously responded to my repeated inquiries; and I have profound INTRODUCTION". XIU admiration for the strong-liearted young men and women who, by well-directed, earnest, loving effort have demon- strated its practicability in all departments of reportorial work. This edition contains everything valuable which has been connected with the system. It has been written anew throughout. The contractions have been repre- sented in the form of brief, simple rules, with ample illustrations. The coalescents are all presented as combinations, before the position-alphabet is given, so that there may be less embarrassment to the learner in writing words which begin with coalescent consonants. All the short- hand instruction is put in the form of short lessons with review questions, that teachers may the more easily and thoroughly drill learners on the elements, a feature which I believe will be appreciated, I have considerably increased the number of illustra- tive words in this edition, and have given a long list of common phrases, and also lists of business and legal phrases, which will greatly increase the practical value of the book. In order that the jjupil may have the advantage of accurate representation of all the principles and expe- dients employed, I have, myself, carefully written for the photo-engraver all the illustrative characters and pages. Such have been the improvements in the photo-engraving art within the past few years, that the illustrative written pages of this edition are much better, and more perfect reproductions of the work of the pen, than were those of any previous edition. Heretofore, writing for the photo- XIV INTRODUCTION. engraver had to be made twice as large as it was to appear in the plate, that by diminishing its size by means of the camera the sharpness of outline might be preserved. To write rajDidly twice as large as nsual, and at the same time preserve all the relative proportions of the characters, was a very difficult task, and many disproportionate characters necessarily resulted, which to some extent impaired the legibility of the exercises. For this edition the writing is done in my uniform style and size, and is exactly repro- duced in the plates by photo-engraving; and it is believed that these rapidly written illustrations will be far more valuable to the learner than carefully engi-aved samples. Projected on an entirely new plan, — a system of short- hand writing by principles and rules having no excep- tions; almost without word-signs; writing words more fully and yet with less strokes than any other system, it has had a steady, gradual, practical develoj)ment. It was at first favorably received by the public, and for a work of its character, has been Avidely studied, and is now employed in all parts of the country in commercial, legal, and general reporting. The modifications of this edition will, it is hoped, give facility in reading and writing, lend stability to the sys- tem, and lighten the load of the great army of toilers with the swift pen, thus rendering the verbatim record of thought more possible and absolute in all its depart- ments. J. G. Cross. Chicago, January 1, 1890. CONTENTS. PAGE Chirographic Diagram, .... Frontispiece Introduction, ...... v-xiv CHAPTER I. How to Teach Shorthand, ..... 1-3 How to Study Shorthand, .... 3-5 Attitude while Writing, . . . . .5 Materials, ...... 5-7 Perseverance, ...... 7 CHAPTER II. CHARACTERS AND THEIR COMBINATION. Lesson I. Derivation and Classification of the Characters, 8-10 The Alphabet, . . .12 " II. Learning the Alphabet, . . . 13,14 " III. Combinations of Ticks, and Circles with other Characters, . . . . .15-17 " IV. Combining the Diagraphs sh, ch, luli, with other Characters, . . . . 18, 19 " Y. Combining Hooks with other Characters, . 19-21 Illustrative Combinations, . . . 22-26 Movement Exercises, ... 27 " VI. Shading to Express Letters, . . .28, 29 " VII. The Coalesccnt Z and «', . . . 30,31 " VIII. Coalescent s, . . . . . 32-35 Review Illustrations, ... 36 CHAPTER III. Lesson IX, Phonography, .... 37-40 XV Xvi CONTEXTS. CHAPTER IV. EXPEDIENTS OF ABBREVIATION. Lesson X. Position Alphabet, .... 41 Rule 1, Vowel Positions, . . 42,43 " XL Vowel Sounds, .... 43-47 XIL Rule 3, Consonant Positions, . . 48-49 " XIIL Rule 3, Consonant Positions, continued, . 50-53 XIV. Complete Position Alphabet, . . 53,54 " XV. Rule 4, Writing Diphthongs on Positions, . 54, 55 Writing Words beginning with Two Vowels, 56 XVI. Rule 5, Writing Coalescents on Positions, . 57-63 " XVII. Rule 6, Lengthening of Characters, . 62,63 Rule 7, Enlarging Surface Characters, . 63-65 '• XVIII. Rule 8, Shortening Short Characters, . 65-68 Rule 9, Diminishing Surface Characters, . 68-70 Exercise on Relative Sizes, . . 70 XIX. Rule 10, Writing Characters Irregularly, . 71-80 " XX. Rule 11, Writing Initial h on Position, 80,81 " XXI. Review of Hooks and Circles, . . 82-86 CHAPTER V. ABBREVIATION BY SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES. Lesson XXII. Abbreviation by Suffixes, . . 87-93 ■ " XX III. List of Terminations, with Disconnected Signs, 93-97 " XXIV. List of Terminations with Signs Written Across, .... 98 Exercise in Terminations . . 99-101 XXV. Prefixes Classified, . . . 103-110 " XXVI. Prefixes with Special Signs, . 111-115 CHAPTER VI. Lesson XXVII. Words of Frequent Occurrence, . 116-123 Proper Names, . . • 123-125 Writing Exercise, . . . 125. 126 CONTENTS. XVll CHAPTER VII. PHRASE-WRITING. Lesson XXVIII. First Method, . . . 127-130 XXIX, Second Method, ... 131 XXX. Third Method, . . . 132-136 Fourth Method, ... 136 Rules for General Phrase-Writing, 137-138 Illustrations of Common Phrases, . . . 139-154 Business Phrases, . . . 155-159 Legal Phrases, .... 160-164 CHAPTER VIII. GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. The Old Oak Tree, ..... 165, 166 The Rose and the Clay, ..... 167 The Ox and Calf, . . . . . .167 The Old Dame and Her Maids, . . . .168 The Bees and Snail, ...... 168 The Wolf and Fox, ..... 169 The Fly and Ant, . . . . . .170 The Hart and Vine, . . • . . 171 The Last Rose of Summer — Thos. 3Ioore, . . . 172 The Girl and Chickens. — Hmis Christian Andersen, 172 The New Frock. — Hans Chrisfian Andersen, . . .173 Bread and Butter. — IIa7is Christian Andersen, . . 174, 175 Lecture on Shirt Buttons. — Douglas Jerrold, . . 176-178 Baby's Soliloquy ...... 178 Those Evening Bells. — Thos. Moore, .... 179 A Hundred Years to Come ..... 180 The Pilot.— Jo/;/) B. Oough, . . . . .181 The Stream of Life.-/.'. //eier, .... 182 Advice to Young Men. — Noah Porter, . . . 183 Lincoln the Shepherd of the People. — Phillips Brooks, . 183, 184 XVlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. ADDENDA. Omission of Words, ..... 185 " Consonants, Vowels, . . . 186, 187 Prefixes, Suffixes, .... 188 Technical Terms, Negative Words, Shorthand Notation, . 189 Proper Names, Punctuation, .... 190 Shorthand Capitals, Preparing Copy for Printer, . . 191 Proof Reading, ..... . 191-193 Long and Short Vowels, .... 194, 195 Epitome of Rules, . . . <. . 196 CHAPTER X. THE AMANUENSIS. Qualifications, . . . , . . 198 Character, ...... 198 Education .... 199-201 Shorthand ..,.,. 201 Penmanship, the Writing Machine, . . 202 Regarding a Position, . . . 203-208 The Writing Machine, ..... 209-214 Correspondence ....... 214 Typewritten Letters, .... 215-225 Exercises for Correction .... 226 The Legal Amanuensis, ..... 227 Legal Forms, .... 227-237 CHAPTER XI. COURT REPORTING. Taking the Notes of a Trial, .... 240-243 Making Transcript, ...... 243-246 Typewritten Transcript of a Case in Court, . . 247-249 Notes of Preceding Transcript, .... 250-254 Illustrations of Transcript, .... 255-261 ILLUSTRATIONS OP CURVE-LINE RULING. Our Country. — Henry Armitt Brown . . . 262 The Power of Habit.— Jb/wi B. Gough, . . .263 The Love of C/ountry. — Sydney Smith, . . . 264 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. CHAPTER I. HOW TO TEACH SHORTHAND. 1. This edition is intended to be so written that the teacher will have little to do, except to make a repeated and thorough revision and examination of all his pupil's work, to be sure of its correctness. No pupil can learn shorthand without study, but these lessons being short and clear, if frequently and thoroughly reviewed, every student may make certain progress. 2. In reviewing, dictate every exercise to the class, one or more pupils writing on the board v;hile others write on their blanks. Let the writing on the board be carefully criticised, and all errors pointed out and cor- rected. Occasionally look over the written exercise of the whole class to be sure that each pupil understands the work he is doing. If any pupil fails to apply the prin- ciples, he had better be turned back to the beginning and go through them all again, rather than go on to the par- tial or complete failure which inevitably results from not mastering the fundamental principles of any study. 3. Insist on the pupil keeping to the exercises of the book without dictation of other matter until he has quite finished the Text-book and Shorthand Dictionary. Then 2 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. you may begin to dictate. At first dictate simple matter, as, the First Reader, Robinson Crusoe in monosyllables, vEsop's Fables, etc. These short words serve to illustrate the application of all the principles except the prefixes and suffixes, and ofier less embarrassment to the learner, until he begins to have some proficiency and confidence. 4. The rate of dictation should at first be sufficiently moderate to enable the writer to follow it easily, but should gradually be increased, until speed is attained. 5. Dictating very slowly, the student repeating each Avord as often as possible before the next is uttered, is excellent practice to familiarize him with words. 6. Frequently time the student, to ascertain how many words he can write in one, two, three, or five minutes. 7. Insist on the pupil reading all he writes. In read- ing in class do not allow too much prompting. The pupil should become self-reliant as fast as possible. lie should frequently be called on to rise and read his notes, — an excellent exercise, than which nothing can inspire more confidence. 8. As early as jiossible after the pupil has thoroughly mastered the principles, he must begin to transcribe his notes on the machine, and should have several business letters or business or legal forms dictated to him daily, to be transcribed on the machine and submitted for examination and criticism. 9. One difficult exercise repeatedly performed by the pupil until he can do it quickly and perfectly is worth a vast amount of easy or aimless work, either in shorthand or on the machine. HOW TO STUDY SHORTHAND. 3 10. The written exercises should not only be fre- quently read and copied by the pupil, but should be dictated to him, that he may compare his writing with that of the text-book. HOW TO STUDY SliORTHAJs^D. 1. Learn the alphabet thoroughly, so that you can make any character perfectly and quickly, and can write without hesitation any letter called for. Do not be in haste to leave the alphabet. 2. Study the illustrations of combinations, and prac- tice them until you can reproduce them from the keys which follow without referring to the illustrations. 3. Study and practice the coalescents until you are familiar with them. 4. Read the cha^jter on phonography until you under- stand it. 5. The position-alphabet is no less important than the alj)habet of characters, and must be studied and practiced with the same pains-taking care. Let no rule or remark pass until you thoroughly understand and can apply it. 6. The words given in tlie illustrations must be re- written many times, until you can write every one of them correctly and without hesitation. 7. You must frequently review the rules ; otherwise in learning so many similar new things, one after an- other Avill be forgotten, and their future application impossible. 8. Do not be too anxious to practice writing general matter, but be satisfied to confine yourself to the words 4 ECLECTTO SHORTHAXD. given in the illustrations until you have passed through all the rules and the lists of phrases. At this point you should write a number of pages daily from the Shorthand Dictionary. 9. Study and practice the phrases until you have thoroughly memorized them, then you may practice the illustrative written pages following them. 10. All the writing-exercises in this book should be practiced until you can write them perfectly. You should also transcribe them in longhand or type-writing and write your transcript in shorthand to compare your writing with mine, and do not be satisfied until you write perfectly. 11. When you begia to write from dictation, you should critically examine your writing frequently, to discover any errors you may have fallen into, and to pre- vent their becoming permanent. 13. You may hear it said that every stenographer must have some peculiarities of his own, some word and phrase-signs of his own invention. Be not, however, so ambitious to develop these erratic tendencies, as you are to become thoroughly established in all the principles of the system, for these will afford you ample foundation for definite, comprehensive, and brief writing. 13. You must not neglect reading, but should care- fully and repeatedly read all the exercises. When you are able to write correctly from dictation, you must read all you write. If you have difhculty in reading, you must devote the more attention to it. Take one of your rapidly written exercises of a dozen pages and read it repeatedly forwards and backwards, and then go over it all, calling ATTITUDE WHILE VVKITIKG. 5 out words here and tliere until you can call any word at sight. By this means you Avill fully overcome any diffi- culty you may have in reading. 14. The foregoing remarks on reading are based on the assumption that you have already learned to write reasonably well, for unless you understand the rules and apply them correctly in writing, your notes will neces- sarily be, to a greater or less extent, illegible. ATTITUDE WHILE WKITING. 1. To write easily, sit nearly erect at the table, resting both arms on its surface, leaning slightly on the left arm, that the right may receive none of the weight of the shoulders, but may rest so lightly as to offer no obstacle to its easy movement in all directions. 2. In writing, the right arm and hand must rest on the table buoyantly, like cork on water. 3. Do not hold the pen too tightly with the fingers, bat only with a grasp sufficiently firm to keep it well in its place. Too much pressure of the fingers on the pen will render the whole hand and arm rigid, and thus pre- vent freedom of action. MATERIALS. 1. There is no doubt that curve-line blanks are superior to those ruled with straight lines. Inquire of your stationer for them; their use will add much to your ease and speed in writing. The hand moves in curves much more easily and swiftly than in straight lines. b ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 2. Pencils. — Pencils are more generally used than pens, because they are more easily carried and. are always ready for use. The stenographer bays them by the dozen or gross, and always keeps at hand a number of them well sharpened. Pencils Nos. 2 or 3^ of some reli- able manufacture will bear whittling to a long point, and require much less pressure in writing than hard pencils do. In sharpening the pencil, whittle away the wood and lead by small shavings taken equally from all sides of it, and you will be less likely to break the point. 3. Pens. — The pen, if well chosen, is an easier in- strument to use, and less fatiguing than the pencil, because it requires much less pressure. It also produces more definite, legible and permanent characters. In phonography a flexible pen is far superior to a stiff one. The points should be smooth and reliable. Steel pens used in acid inks soon become corroded and sharp, and should therefore be frequently replaced. 4. A good half -stub pen is a very pleasant instrument for shorthand work. I have used the Esterbrook "Chancellor" with much satisfaction. 5. A straight, short-nibbed, flexible, smooth-pointed gold pen is the best instrument for constant use, but care must be taken to select one that is not springy and unmanageable. .Select one that will readily respond to pressure, and that will produce short, firm, definite shades with but slight effort of the writer. The ordinary long-nibbed, springy gold pen should not be used by the stenographer. If a good gold fountain-pen can be secured to suit your hand, it will give you the best possible service, PEESEVEEING STUDY. 7 6. Paper, — The j^aper you use must be selected with reference to the instrument you Avrite with. If you write with a pencil, select paper with a smooth but medium- soft surface, which the pencil will slightly indent while writing. If you use a pen, select a calendered paper of medium- hard, smooth, even surface. 7. Blank books are made to open from the end, called end-fold, or from the side, called side-fold blanks. Either has some advantages not possessed by the other, but you can only decide by practice which you would prefer. PEESEVERANCE. 1. You will derive great advantage from the use of good materials, but without thoughtful, persevering study they will avail but little. The best pens, pencils and paper, with the best system of shorthand and intelligent teaching, cannot make you a stenographer. 2. As a foundation, you must possess a good English education. If you lack this, you must at once take up the study of orthography, dictionary work, grammar and punctuation, which you can carry on with shorthand. .3. Do not become discouraged ; whether studying by yourself or in school keep thoughtfully and patiently at work, becoming daily more perfect in your knowledge and more skilful in your practice. Every student is liable to occasional feelings of discouragement, but suc- cess does not lie in yielding to them. Laugh at dis- couragements and press onward. If you make a little progress daily and persevere, you will be able, almost before you are aware of it, to write legibly, rapidly. CHAPTER II. CHARACTERS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. LESSON I. 1. The alphabetic characters used in this system of shorthand are arcs and chords of the chirographic ellipse. 2. The Chirogra2Jhic Ellijise is an ellipse from which are derived the lines of the longhand alphabet. 3. The following figures will serve to show the arcs and chords which are approj^riated to the alphabet of this system of shorthand. 4. These lines stand in three directions, viz. : HORIZONTAL. FORWARD-SLANT. BACK-SLANT. 5. Each line is used both long and short, thus doub- ling the number of lines. LONG LINES. DEEIVATION OF CHARACTERS. 9 SHORT LINES. 6. Each line has three characteristics, viz, : form, direction, length. 7. There are no jDerpendicular characters, but some are more nearly perpendicular than others. The natural action of the hand in the forward movement draws up- ward lines at a greater slant than downward lines, and in the back slant characters those drawn by finger movement stand more nearly perpendicular than those drawn by a gliding movement of the hand, as illustrated in the fol- lowing longhand characters: 8. The degree of slant of the forward oblique charac- ters when written upwards, is about thirty degrees from the horizontal, and when drawn downwards is about thirty degrees from the jDcrpendicular. The slant of the back- ward oblique characters when drawn by the finger move- ment is about thirty degrees from the perpendicular, but when made by the hand and arm movement is about thirty degrees from the horizontal, as shown by the fol- lowing diagrams: JC 9. This law of movement, adopted from longhand, is peculiar to this system of shorthand, and is important; the motions employed being so similar to those used in longhand, to which, by long practice, we have become 10 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. accustomed^ are much easier; and correct execution of the characters is much more certain than in those systems which emijloy perpendicular characters in connection with backward, forward and horizontal characters, the combining of which produces an irregular and unnatural action of the hand, very difficult to acquire and especially difficult to maintain in rapid writing. 10. In longhand there are ujaward, downward, and horizontal lines of various lengths occurring in regular order. In this system of shorthand we have upward, downward, and horizontal lines similar in form, direction and length to those of forward longhand, and in addition downward lines similar in slant, form and direction to those of the back-slant longhand. 11. The characters are divided into two general classes, viz. : Linear Characters, those having only length, and Surface Characters, those having both length and breadth. The Surface Characters comprise the two hooks, two circles, and the circles distinguished by the different ticks beginning them. LINEAR CHARACTERS. SURFACE CHARACTERS. yO (y o ^ P h o^ — p 12. All the curves being derived from the ellipse, rapid practice in the formation of continuous ellipses is valu- able to the shorthand student. The following exercises should be practiced at a rapid rate: MOVEMENT EXERCISES. MOVEMENT EXERCISES. 11 KEVIEW From what outline are the alphabetic characters formed? In what three directions are the characters drawn? What three distinctions has each character? What are linear characters? What are surface characters? What is the degree of slant of the forward-oblique char- acters when drawn upwards? What is the degree of slant when drawn downwards? By what movement are the upward lines drawn? By what movement are the down- ward lines drawn? By what movement are the horizontals produced? By what movement are the more upright backward characters produced? By what movement are the very slant backward characters produced? a b \>^^ e f A B C D E F G THE ALPHABET. SMALL LETTEKS. - ( ^ ^ U m n o ^^ w - p -^ X ""^ CAPITAL LETTERS. L M ^ ^ Q R S. / u V y sn p ch ^ cy wh th _^ ng ^ nj ^ Z -— -^ Sh J? Ch -a Wh ry Th . — , .^ LEARNING THE ALPHABET. 13 LESSOR II. leaeninct the alphabet. 1. Make a copy of the aljDliabet. 2. Write a, i, o, j, <9, k, "W, v, and straight s very- slanting, npward, by a gliding movement of the hand and forearm toAvards the right. ^ ^ -^ ^ ^<:^ ^^ .^^^^^ 3. Write a, o, i, j, q, w, v, and straight t nearly perpendicular downwards. ^ / J ^9 / y / , The two slants are similar to those of the upward and downward strokes in longhand, as illustrated in the following letters: m^ a, e. 4. W^'ite b, X, e, u, y, and z, very slant downward, making an angle of about thirty degrees with the hori- zontal line. This is easily done by a slight, quick move- ment of the hand to the right in forming each character. 5. Write the same characters nearly perpendicular, forming each character by a movement of the fingers. This movement, although not so easy as that of the hand and arm, should, as well as the other, be much practiced, that the learner may become very proficient in each movement. \ \ V \ V ^ 6. Write m, n, r, s, f, d, th, and ng, from left to right, forming each character by a gliding movement of 14 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. the hand towards the right. The r is distinguished from n by being heavy. 7. Write p, g, r, h, 1, sh, ch, wh, beginning p and Sh at the bottom and all the others at tlie top. Make the h and r and the circles of sh, ch, and wh of uni- form size. 8. Write the vowels a, i, o, e, u, beginning them at the top and making them by a downward movement; also write a, i, o upwards and e and u downwards very slanting. 9. Study and practice the alphabet until you not only know each letter at sight, but can reproduce any letter without hesitancy and by a quick stroke. It is well to practice until you can write the entire aljihabet correctly several times in a minute. cy o 10. Observe those characters which you make imper- fectly, and devote more attention to them, until you can make all the characters with equal facility and accuracy. REVIEW. What are horizontal characters? What are the for- ward-oblique characters? How are they written? What COMBINATIONS. 15 causes the difference in their slant? What are the back- ward-oblique characters? Why are they written with two different slants? How are the characters of each slant written? What are the surface characters? How do you, begin the ticked characters? Which of them are written downwards? Which upwards?,.-^ ; LESSON III. COMBINATIONS. 1. Combining the ticks with other char- acters. — Prefix t to other characters. 2. Affix t and s to other characters. ILLUSTRATIONS. Ta, ti, to, te, tu, t^ td, tf, tg, tj, tth, tk, ^ c^ ^ ^^ .^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^.-- tl, tm, tn, tp, tq, tr, ts, tt, tw, tv, tx, ty, tz, tng, tsh, teh, at, it, ot, et, ut, bt,^ M^, dt, ft, gt, lit, jt, CS> ^ .^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^-^ ^ '- ,_ , c^c?-^ kt, int, nt, pt, qt, rt, ?t, st, vt, wt, xt, yt, zt, as, bs, y^s, ds, es, fs, gs, hs, is, js, ks, Is, ms, ns, os, ps, qs, rs, ts, ths, us, vs, ws, xs, ys, zs, slis.clis, whs, ngs. ^ 16 . ECLECTIC SHORTHAXD. 1. Combining the circles tvith other char- acters, — Prefix r to each character by writing the circle on the inner side of curves^ and on the upper side of straight lines. (XlL^ ILLUSTRATIONS. [jj/ ^ / Ra, rb, r^ rd, re, rf, rg, rh, ri, rj, rk, rl, rm, rn, ro, rp, rq, rr, rs, rt, rth, ru. rv, rw, rx, ry, rz, reh. 2. Affix r to each letter by writing the circle on the tinner side of curves, and under side of straight lines. N^P) \ ILLUSTRATIONS. Ar, br, yfo-, tlr, er, fr, gr, ir, jr, kr, Ir, mr, nr, or, pr, qv, sr, tr, thr, ur, vr, wr, xr, yr, zr, shr, chr, whr. ^ (^ 3. Prefix and affix 1 in the same manner as r, to \ /other characters. ^ 5 Ni ,^-. VAJ /<^ ILLUSTRATIONS I La, al, lb, bl, \Lj^, Id, dl, le, el, If, fl, Ig, gl, li, il, Ij, jl, Ik, kl, Ira, ml. In, nl, lo, ol, Ip, pi, COMBINATIONS. m , Iq, ql, 11, Is, . si, It, tl, 1th, thl, ]u, ul, Iv, vl, l\v, \vl, Ix, xl, ly, vl, zl. 4. Prefix h to the vowel characters, making the h and joining it anguhirly to the letter following it; pre- fix and affix it to consonants, joining it angularly. ILLUSTEATIONS. Ha, he, hi, ho, hii, Inn, hn, hd, hs, hth, hf, ht, r "^ y ^ ^ <^ ^,^^,^^a — ^ ^ hv, hy, hx, dh, inh, nh, fh, bhv, bhf, bhiul, bhd, 5. Enlarge h to express a following t or d, joiiii ng it angnlarly to other letters. ILLLTSTRATIOKS. Hts, hdd, htm, hdn, blid, dhd, wht, tht, shd, vhd. REVIEW QUESTIONS. In what direction is the straight t always written ? What distinguishes straight t from straight s ? How is the circle r joined to curves? How to the beginning of straight horizontal lines? How to the end of them? On which side of oblique straight lines is initial r drawn? On which side of them is final r turned? Why are initial r and 1 written on the upper side of straight lines? Why are final r and 1 written on the under side of straight lines? 18 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. LESSON IV. COMBINING THE DIGRAPHS Sh, ch AND Wh WITH OTHER CHARACTERS. 1. Prefix sh to the other characters. ILLUSTRATIONS.- Shn, shd, shs, shth, shf, slib, shs, shy, shv, shz, shw, she, shch, shl, shp, shg. * 2. Prefix ch to other characters. ILLUSTRATIONS. Chn, chm, chs, cht, chf, chc, chv, chw, chp, chg, >3— >5 V -^ ^ ^ ~€^^~^ '^s^ -6^ ^ ^ chy, chz, chb, ehx, chch, chsh, chug. K^_3'~^ b~-^ ^^--^ X) ^ ^i — 3 3. Prefix "wh to other characters. ILLUSTRATIONS. Whn, whm, whs, wht, whp, whg, whch, c^ — c^ (^ <)f d7 cV ^ whf. who, whv, whb, whx, why, whz, wiiiig. whl. 4. Affix the enlarged circle to other characters^, turning it on the inner side of curves and surface characters and under side of straight lines for sh or ch. The enlarged circle is joined, directly for either sh or ch. The en- larged circle is never used beginning a word for ch, sh, but the alphabetic forms are used. COMBINING CHARACTERS. 19 V ILLUSTRATIONS. Bsh, bch, csh, cch, dsh, deh, fsh, fch, gsli, lish, hch, jsh, Ish, Ich, losh, uich, nsh, ncli, qush, \A\, rch ^ ^ ^ ^ D ^ -ID -O ^ O O ssh, sell, tell, Ysh, vcli, wsh, wch, thrsh, thch. ^ EEVIEW QUESTIONS. In what direction is tlie tick beginning the character sh. drawn? In Avhat direction is the tick in the character ch drawn? In what direction is the tick in the character "Wh. drawn? On which side of the tick is the circle turned in sh when it is followed by p or c? On which side of the tick may the circle in ch. be turned A\hen followed by t? How is the enlarged circle attached for sh? How is the enlarged circle attached for ch? ^ . LESSON V. ^ COMBINING THE HOOKS WITH OTHER CHARACTERS. 1. Prefix p and g to other characters, uniting them angularly with all characters except with each other and with r, 1, and sh, ch. ILLUSTRATIONS. Pa, pi, po, pe, pu, gii, gi, go, ge, gu, piu, pn, pth, pf, pd, ps, pt, gn, gm, gs, gth, gt, gf, pc, pv. 20 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. pw, ge, gv, gw, pb, px, py, pz, gb, gx, gy, gz, gS; pi, pg, pr, gl, gp, gr, gsh. -^ /^/ /S> c/ cyy c^ cP 2. Affix g and p, writing them as hooks on the char- acters preceding tliem, turning p on the upper and g on the under side of horizontal and backAvard-oblique characters. ILLUSTRATIONS. ^ Bp, bg, np, iig, nip, mg, xp, xg, dp, dg, sp, sg, XT, thp, thg, fp, fg, ep, 0^, up, iig, yp, yg, zp, zg. 3. Attach g angularly for soft g, as in nudge, bridge, fudge, and as a hook for hard g, as in bag, big, fig. If a word begins with soft g, as in gain, gentle, use j instead of g. The following combinations illustrate the writing of both hard and soft g. J_ ILLUSTRATIONS. Bg, bg, eg, eg, ag, ag, iig, ug, ug, ng, thg, thg, ^ ^^-^ ^^ --^ -^ _ ___, ^ ag, cig, sg, sg, fg, tg, nig, nig, pg, pg, gem, gentle. 4. Following upward c, k, V, w, a, i, and o, p and g are always turned under, p as a hook, and g, whether hard or soft, joined angularly. ILLUSTRATIONS. Cp, eg, vp, vg, wp, \vg, op, og, ap, ag, ip, ig. C'0MBI2fIXG CHAKACTEES. 21 5. Following the above characters Avhen they are written downwards g is a hook when hard;, and angularly joined when soft, whereas p is joined angularly. ILLUSTKATIOXS. Qg> qg. qP. ^g' ^'g> ^'P' ^P. '^g' '«'g> wp.wp, ag, ag, ap, ig, ig, ip, ip, og, og, op, op, tg, tp. ^^ ^ 6. See if you can write the combinations under the six j)receding paragraphs, writing from the keys without referring to the illustrations. If you cannot, practice on those you fail on, until you can write them without hesi- tancy. Eeview and practice all the combinations repeat- edly until they are mastered. Eead and copy the follow- ing pages of combinations rei^eatedly. 7. The five following pages of combinations are given to afford you ample practice in combining the characters before attempting words, that you may be the better prepared for practicing words. They are photographic reproductions of similar pages written rapidly as cojjies for the student, and should be rapidly practiced, each combination being written many times, to acquire the ability to write them at once correctly and rapidly. 8. In practicing them sit erectly, rest the arm lightly on the table, hold the pen loosely in the fingers, and write by a combined movement of arm, hand and fingers, in a free-hand way. 22 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAKD. ILLUSTKATIVE COMBIXATIONS. L ///;//// / ^'^ '^""'CC -7 % ILLUSTRATIVE COMBINATION'S. 23 "^V V 7> 24 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. "^ <^^-/ /^ /" ^ y ^^■ TJ -7 _I> ( ^ ^ ^A-^ '^ --^/ ILLUSTRATIVE COMBINATIONS. 25 .^ '^ -^ 9. yr^o -^ ^1 -^ />- ^-2- /C c C-^U^^ o / Cy 'y ■?^ A 9 J^. f -^^ O ^. / 26 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. /^ /^ / / 6 ^ ^--^ /^^^ ^ V. / z '/y_^y MOVEMENT EXEECISES. 27 -^^——ii^—-^^.— -^i__-^:S_->:^^_— ^2_— .=S_.^2_ ■^^;s^ VVVVVVVVVVVVV^rV^jV^rV^^^ ^^-^^-^-#7^^^^^-^^--^^^-^-z^^■-^-^'-#7?-#-^^ 28 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. LESSON VI. SHADING TO EXPRESS LETTERS. 1. Initial h, — The h is a whispered letter, always followed by a vowel, and the vocal organs are always placed for the vowel following the h before the la. is uttered. Its effect is to add force to the vowel following it; therefore, the vowel characters are strengthened at the top by beginning them with a shade to express the pre- ceding h. The shade for h. must be confined to the beginning of the vowels, leaving them unshaded at the end. Write the five vowels so as to express the h, preceding, thus: ILLUSTRATIONS. Ha, he, hi, ho, hu, hav, bhav, bhest, bhed, adher, r K. J / -^ c^ vX,- inher, bhokl, bhekl, bhaf, bhind. 2. jyipJithonffs. — The diphthongs au, ou, oi, eu, and oo, are represented by writing the vowel characters heavy, using the a for au, the u for ou, the e for eu, the i for oi and the o for oo. ILLUSTRATIONS. Awl, aught, aws, awfl, bawl, saw, thaw, caw, gnaw(naw), ^ / ^ ^^-TT^^-^ out, our, ours, owl, ounce, dower, douse, down, fowl, > ^ > ^ COALESCENTS. 39 new, few, dew, hew, sewer, newer, newt, oil, oint, oyster, soil, boil, foist, toil, boys, joys, ooze, soon, noon, moon, boon, coon, loon. -L —Z- ^ ,-^ Z. 3. Coalescent r.— The letter r is a coalescent letter, that is, a letter that combines with other letters to form a sound which is pronounced by a single impulse of the voice. Because of this coalescent nature of r, other letters are shaded to express an r following them, that the united sound of the two letters may be represented by a single character. All the characters except d, g, and h are shaded at the end for the r following. The d, g, and h. are shaded at the beginning to express a follow^ ing r, because it is easier to shade them thus. In writing the following characters be careful to shade them properly. The r coalesces only with b, c, d, f, g, p, t, th, sh, sc, sp, St and the vowels, but all characters may be shaded to express a following r. ILLUSTRATIONS, Ar, ir, or, er, ur, br, cr, dr, fr. gr, hr, jr, Ir, / y / ^ "N ^^^^^ c -^T-^ , o o high, ho hoe how, hue who, ray raw, re, rye wry. . o .-, •^— « ^ O O o o V row loe, rue, lay liw la, lee lieu, lie lye, lo low, loo, ^ ^. ^ ^ ^ VOWEL-POSITIOITS. 43 pa pay paw, pea pew, pie, poh, pooh, gay, guy, go, ^ -^ ^ , (^ ■ " : - ^ — -^ sliay psiiaw, slie, shy, show, shoo slioe, chose, chew, ^^ — ^ !> ^' T" chin, chose, whey, why who, they, thee the, thy, the c/ ■ — - _ ^>-- -y ^ ^ ' ' — though, through, three threw, day, clew, die, do, due, , ^ —^ -/^ ^~' //- >_ ^_sM^ bah bay bey, be, by buy, bo bow, boo, xal, xert, xil. '-^^ ^S" xu!t, yea, ye yew, you, za, zeal, zone, caw, key, cue, kill coil, CO cow, coo, way, we, wi, woe, woo, view. .^ .^ ,Z- J^ vie, vote, vow, vu, vail vale veil, veal, vile, vowel. LESSOIS: XL VOWEL SOUNDS. 1. The five vowel characters in the shorthand alphabet represent all tlie sounds of the vowels. Each vowel character, therefore, represents both a long and a short vowel. Each position, also, as already shown, represents the long and the short vowel sound, and a diphthong. 44 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 2. It is sometimes desirable to indicate precisely which sound of the vowel is expressed in writing a consonant on position. To do this, a dot, or horizontal dash, is placed over the character written on position to indicate the long vowel, an oblique dash above for the Italian a, a dot under the character for the diphthong sound, and the character unmarked indicates the short vowel sound. It is neces- sary to use a dash or two dots under c to mai'k a fol- lowing diphthong, that it may not be confounded with the k dot. The dot and dash thus employed are termed diacritical marks. 3. If you write fl on tlie first position, it expresses the words fail, fall; in order to distinguish these, the dot is placed over it for fail, the dot is placed under it for fall. If you write fl on the third position, it expresses fill, file, or foil; to distinguish these words the dot is placed over fl to give it the long sound, making the word file; unmarked, it is fill; and a dot under it makes foil. 4. The following illustrations will fully enable you to understand the sounds: VOWEL SOUNDS ILLUSTRATED. VOWEL. SHORT SOUND. LONG SOUND. DIPHTHONG. r a at sat ale may they awl maul paw J i it pin ice tie by- oil voice boy- / o on not own vote no out sound now V e end Hiet elate seat free ewe neuter few \ - up but use mule sue ooze took coo 5. If you jjronounce each word in the above table, dwelling on the sound indicated by the black letter, or VOWEL-POSITIONS. 45 letters^ you will learn to distinguish tlic difference between the sounds of eucli vowel. 6. The words in the table show that the short vowel sounds do not end syllables, but, that a vowel ending a syllable, unless it be silent, represents a long sound or a diphthong. Remembering this you Avill readily be able to pronounce words of one syllable end- ing Avith a voAvel, when written on position, giving the vowel not the short, but the long, or the diph- thong sound; thus, s on 1st position is not sa, but say or saw; on 2d position it is see or sew; on 3d position it is sigh; on 4th position it is SO or SOW. 7. The short vowel always takes a consonant after it; as, in at, glad, let, send, it, this, on, not, up, luck. 8. It is seldom necessary to use the diacritical dots, except in some proper names; but that you may become familiar with them, read and copy the following illus- trations. Be cftreful to write words of the 2d and 4th positions close to the line, and words in the 1st and 5th points but little further from it. ILLUSTEATIOJsS. Flay, flaw, fail, fall, fa, fat, fate, mate, mat, nu'ct, meat, met, knee, knew, fee, few, fill, file, foil, foal, foul, full, fool, gone, gown, bit, bite. c ^s ^^ 46 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND, boys, buys, by, boy, cap, cape, draw, dray, pay, -^^c ^-t: ^-i: — ^^^ '- — paw, pa, neigh, nap, gnaw, sit, sight, sill, soil, sun, -r^ '-? _^ uTi ^ _ -^ soon, sup, soop, take, tack, talk, bake, back, balk, lane, lawn, lean, lent, bile, bill, boil, far, lair, fare, >^ ^^ ^^ paper, pauper, three, threw, don, doAvn, not, note, knot, no know, now, mad, made, Maud, sell, seal, Sewell, copse, copes, Saul, sale, sail, cat, caught. 9. Carefully write the following easy lesson : Make a dot on the line for the word I, just above it for the, and just below it for O or Oh. or owe. WRITING LESSON. Se me rit this. Will you try to red this? Let me her yu red. Yes, yu red wel. So duz yur bruthr Jon. How few can red wel. I ma tak them with me. Giv me tim to do this wel, wil yu not? Let me so yu try to rit my nam. The da wil soon be gon. The nit wil soon be her. I wish yu wud not do so, why wil yu not stop? Do yu not fel lik going to-da? Why wil yu not sta til nit? Giv them to me. Se this brit boy, how cool he looks. Sho me how to do this. Wher do yu liv? Wil yur dog bit? My fathr was too sic to go to mil this cold da. How soon ma we se yu with yur boy? REVIEW. 47 This wil do yii no good. So we must giv them to yu, must we? Set the lamp by this book. Wil yu giv me tim to do this work wel? Tak this nif to cut that string. Did yu by this book for me? Wil the fir burn? Run, boy, run for yur lif. Se how fast he duz run. Wil yu not lev them for me, tha look !ik min? Do yu not think tha may be min ? How fin tha look. He must not let the thre dogs go. Dogs wil bit bad boys, so yu must be good. Can yu pa your note now? No, not now. I say I saw the se. I sed I will seal this book, not sell it. Has he sen you ? No, he has not sen me, but he has sen my fathr. Se the whit sno fal. Get yur sled; let's hav sum fun. The sno duz not pac wel for bals. Wintr wil soon be her. Spring wil cum latr. Did tha go horn to-da? No, but tha went hom last nit. Wil he be her then? No, he can not get her by that tim. Plez hand me that new book. Thank him for me, wil you not. Send that boy to his mothr. Se how fast yu can rit this. Do not rit to fast; yu will not mak the words wel. Mac them with grat ear. Can yu now red what yu hav ritn? Be carfl to mac yar carctrs the rit lenth. Yur words when ritn rit wil look qit wel. When yu mac the words wel tha wil be plan to red. Now red what vu hav ritn with so much ear. EEYIEW QUESTIONS. What is Rule 1 ? What sounds has each position? For what purpose are the diacritical marks employed? What indicates the short sound? What indicates the long sound? What mark indicates the diphthong sound? What care must be taken in indicating a diphthong after c? What sounds has a? What sounds has e? What sounds has o? What sounds has i? What sounds has u? Do short vowels end syllables? What can you say of a syllable ending with a vowel? AVhat always follows a short vowel? What advantage can you derive from the above considerations in reading shorthand? Can you clearly distinguish the different sounds of each vowel? 48 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. LESSON XII. EULE 2. 1. Consonant 'positions, — Initial vowels are written nearly perpendicularly downwards in the 1st position for a following p or b 2d u u ii s or z 8d a a a — m or n— 4th C( a a f or V 5th « u a c, k or g Thus, a written downward in the 1st position expresses ap or ab; in the 2d as or az; in the 3d am or an; in the 4th af or av; in the 5th ac, ak or ag. 2. Remark. — The sound of qu is kw, therefore a on the 5th position for ac, ak, with a w attached to it expresses acw, akw, aqu; e.g., acquainted is written by placing a on the c position and adding wntd. To write equal, place e on c position and add to it wl, or the "W may in this word be omitted, writing eel. 3. Hemarh. — The sound of x is ks, therefore to write ax, j^lace a on 5th position for ac and add to it s, making acs, or ax; for ox write o on 5th position for ok and add s, thus making oks or ox. 4. MemarJi. — A thorough mastery of these conso- nant positions is absolutely indispensable. It may seem to the beginner and to the casual observer that to rejire- sent both consonants and vowels by the same position would be confusing in practice. This, however, is not the case in any degree, because a consonant written on CONSONANT-POSITIOKS. 49 position always takes the position- vowel after it, and a vowel written on the position alwajs takes the posi- tion-consonant after it. Write the following illustra- tive words, being careful to place words of the second and fourth positions close to the line. ILLUSTRATION'S. Ap, apt, apl, aprt, appear (apr), apis, as, ask, astr, ^ r f / r ^ r ^ r an, am, ant, ankr, amn, aftr, avr, afr, avrt, ac, ago, -^ f / '" ^ / / / / agu, agn, ax, axs, opn, on, omn, ov, ovr, ofr, ok, ^ 7^-7^ C^ ^ C / / / / oks, oksn, okr, is, in, if, ic, ease (es), evr, and, eg, _ ^-^ L / ^- / ^~J \ -6r ^ egs, equal (ekwl or ekl), up, upr, us, uses (uss), unci, ^ ^ ^ V hope, hopes, hose, horn, hov, happy (omit y). \~^ f — \^ 50 ECLECTIC SHOETHAKD. LESSON XIII. Rule 3. 1. Consonant-positions contin- ued,, — Initial vowels a, i and o are written very slant upwards, and e and u very slant downwards, in the 1st position to indicate a following w 2d " " " 1 __3d " _" " — r— 4tli " " " t, (1 or th 5th " " " ch, j or h. Thus, a written slant upwards in the 2d position is al, ale or all ; in tlie 3d position ar, are, air, heir ; in the 4tli position at, ad, add; in the 5th. position ah, aj-age. 2. Mernark, — It will help the student in pronoun- cing words written by a vowel on position, to remember that the vowel beginning a S3'llable of two letters is always short. ILLUSTRATIOIS^S. Aw, awa, awr, awk, awrd, al, ala, als, aln, aim, ^i:^ ale, aldr, alv, alo, ar, ara, ars, aidr, aro, ai'i, area, T 7^ y y y 7^ — T' ard, arsn, argu, at, ad, ad^, ado, adl, adr, adrs, aj. Pc£^ ,^ /-==' x^ 7^*^ ajs, ah, ahd, ahra, ajiit, aha, il, ilns, ils, ir, Irhid, CONSONANT-POSITIONS. 51 Irsh, irdm, it, its, itni, ich, iclis. old, oldr, oldn, ordr, " -- -- ,^ ^ ordrs, ot, od, olh, othr, othrs, oh, eb, ebs, ebd, el, els, Ella, elk, elin, eldr, elf, er, era, em, erst, ennn, ertli, error (err), ers, errs, erl, et, ev, ets, evs, eg, egs, V XT ej, ejs, ell, ech, us, ul, ulna, urn, urlli, Ural, urgnt, ^ utr, udr, uthr, uthrs, uh. 3. Reniavh, — Sometimes a character or characters written on position express more than one woi'd; as, o upward on 4th position writes oat, odd, oath; o downward on 4th position writes of, off; a ujDward on 4th position writes at, add ; a written downward on 3d position is a, an, am, aim; a written upward on 3d position is are, air, heir. Although several vowels may thus be represented by the same sign, and more than one word written, the context will generally help the reader to determine, with little or no trouble, the intended word, as the following illustrations will show. Take the first one: It is very odd ; it would not be read, It is very oat, nor, It is very oath, altliough the words odd, oat, oath are written alike. A few words in the following exercise are not written as briefly as they will be finally, when more rules have been given. 52 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ILLUSTKATIONS. It is very odd. I would not give an oat for it. Stand up and take the oath. When will you come over ? I made hini an offer. "^ ' ^ "°^^^v_>^ > " ' ^ ^' / — What are you at ? I ate an apple. How much am I to add to -V ->v "^ X -^ -X. outlt, outgo, outsl, outwrk, outdr, outdo, outcrp, outft, outlaw, outla, outln, outlp, outlv, outlc, outcri, outrj, 7^ --C >s- ^-^ "< outrch, outrt, outrn, outshn, outwt, outro, outing,§ oil. oilng, oils, oild, oilus,l| oint, oints, ointing, ointmnt, ewe, 9 e««r — owor^ owry, oolit, u oz, \yK)L%, ooa i ng , ooad , oozy . •♦ ^ V . ^ / - / ^ -/-- ^<^^^ — 3. Jlentark. — You will notice that in all the fore- going illustrations of position-writing the characters written on the 2d and 4th positions are placed on the *See lion tick, Remark, Lesson XXII. § See ing, Lesson XIX (kK + See sy. Lesson XXIV. 1 See ns, Lesson XIX. JSee minute y. Lesson XIX (h). 56 ECLECTIC SHORTHaN"D. line, and that those on the 1st and 5th positions are only a little farther away from the line. This is important. You will be inclined to write too far above and below the line, while it is evident that if you place words on the 2d and 4th jDositions close to the line, those which are writ- ten on the 1st and 5th positions need not be far from it. 4. Hemarh, — The few words beginning with two vowels, both of which have a distinct sound in pronunci- ation; as, iota, Iowa, are begun by placing a dot on the position of the first vowel and attaching to it the second vowel character, thus expressing both vowels. ILLUSTRATIO]SrS. Aerial, iota, Iowa, aerolite, aorta, iambus, oasis. EEVIEW QUESTIONS. What is Rule 2? What is Rule 3? What vowels may be written both upwards and downwards? What are the two ways of writing e and u ? What consonants are expressed on each position by writing a, i, o downwards and e and u nearly perpendicular? What consonants are expressed by writing a, i, o upwards and e and u very slanting? Co^Dy the entire position alphabet, both vowels and consonants, until you are thoroughly familiar with them. How are the diphthong characters written on position? In case a character 2)laced on position expresses more than one word, how are the words ex- pressed by it determined? Are you perfect in the prac- tical use of the position -alphabet? COALESCEXTS OJS POSITION. 57 LESSON XVI. Rule 5. 1. Writing Coalescents on Fosi- tion, — Write all characters representing co- alescent consonants on position to express a following vowel; thns the character for coales- cent sp is written on the 3d position for spy, the minute p on the 1st position for play, straight s on 4tli position for slow. MeiuarJc. — In the following illustrations, each short- hand equivalent being followed by its v/ord, the ruling is omitted, but each word is written with reference to posi- tion ; and to help you to determine the position on which it is written, the position letter of each word is in full- faced type; thus, in the word bray of the following illustrations the shaded b for br must be written on the a position ; in order to indicate this, the letter a is full- faced type; in bar, b must be written on the a position, and a is full-faced. You will therefore write all words on the position indicated by the full-faced letter in them. 2, ILLUSTRATIONS OF COALESCENT r. (ScB p. 29.) ^~T$^ brook burst bruin burn crops corpse crape carp 58 ECLECTIC SHORTHAJSTD. -• & crow core cruise curse dray dare dear diear droll doors droop during fray far frame farm free fear fry- fire from form fruit furred gray gar grew geared grow (3— -1^ praise parse pry pyre prop pour prue pure prune purse tray tar trace tars tree tear trees tears try- tire tries tires tried tired train turn truck turk three there thrift thirst throw thrill Blow bowl blaze balls bless bells bliss bills thorn through thorough thrum Thursday shred shears shrew shear spray / 3. ILLUSTEATIONS OF COALESCENT 1. stork strung (See p. 30.) block bulk bleed "^^ build COALESCENTS ON POSITION. 59 £P^ 60 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. --7 -7 -^ beagle mangle single tingle tangle play pail plea peel ply pile place pails please peals plies pills — ■ dad need both ^_y dead 'O neater but , debt io actor bud ^ death / occurred boater ^-P debtor i. imbred SHORTENING SHORT CHARACTERS. 67 A obeyed r ant f abroad ^ under /^ art f aboard knead \ east / assert — nit >^ eased i aster — night Vo easter i astir — knight \a. eastern ( act — nod s. effort ( accord not -\ nabbed / accrued nut ( and { agreed nude V. end /^ aged (j) .- — . that v» enter ^ upward ^-» threat f afraid ( abate '—O theater / afford C abed thought i after ^- await ^-^ throat ( about ^VN interest "-"—^ thud C afoot ^y^ '^ without iJc//tarA:.— The word not in the foregoing list is written with t instead of by an atiplication of the fore- going rule, because of the words now, no, and know, with which, unless it should be carefully shortened, it would conflict. (b) ^ din "^ Ban ben bane been (i) bean bone bun boon dan damn dame drain drawn den deem dream aine dim dime don down drone dun dum drum than then them thin thine thumb / / f > throne thrown thnim nan name nine non known numb nun assent account amen upon even event 68 ECLECTIC SHORTHAN"D. < V- ^ again against maddening crumble sudden nibble humble tremble widen deaden maiden meted matted seated sated sighted suited sorted fitted fatted waited wanted counted threatening sweetening resting fruiting meeting seating counting -i,- heaven alone arm arms scented fainted counted feasted muttered catered watered centered cantered face faces force -\. ^ army atom atone iron irony item items attend around oven forces these thesis freeze freezes crease creases farce fares cares caresses farces Rule 9. 3. Dhninishing Surface Charac- ters. — Write gj p, h, r, sh, ch, and vrh; i<9., all the surface characters except 1, minute to express a following 1. They are also made minute, when final, to add 1, ly, fl, fly, ing, ingly, ling. Write 1 minute for initial fl and for final fl, fly, ly, ling, and lingly. „ DIMINISHING SURFACE CHAEACTEKS. 69 For what purpose are the short characters shortened? How long are they made? For what purpose are they made minute? Why is not o made minute for the same 70 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAN"D. purpose? What is said of straight t and s? When is the straight t nsed and when the curved t? Why is not the word not represented by the shortened n? How is not written? What is Eule 9? For what is 1 made minute? What do the minute characters add when final? For what are the long characters lengthened? For what are they superlengthened? What surface characters are also lengthened and superlengthened? How is 1 lengthened to add m, n? For what are surface characters enlarged? What distinction is made between lengthened and enlarged surface characters? Why can- not the long characters be shortened? Why cannot short characters be lengthened? How are the surface characters modified? Why may surface characters be enlarged, superenlarged, and diminished, while linear characters can only be either enlarged or diminished? Practice the following exercise until you can preserve the relative sizes when written rapidly. EXERCISE ON RELATIVE SIZES. WRITING CHAEACTERS IRREGULARLY. 71 LESSON XIX. EULE 10. Writing Characters Irregularly. — The surface characters and the straight t are joined irreguhirly to other characters, and the y and z characters are made minute, and the oblique characters are so written as to express other following letters. (a) The loop is written on the irregiUar side of other characters for sd and st, also making sed, sit, set, etc., and is shaded for r, thus maiving ster, sder, etc. ; it is made minute for ds and ts, also making das, des, tice, etc. ; is lengthened to add t or d, making std, stt, sdd, sted, sided, etc., and shaded to add r, making strd, sdrd, as in mastered, considered. The minute loop is also shaded to add r, making rds, rts. Both the full and the minute loop are written detached, horizontally, for sd and ds and the included vowel, the full-sized loop making sad, said, seed, side, sowed, sod, sued, and the minute loop making days, dues, dews, dies, dice, dose, does, doze. (b) The circle is written on the irregular side of char- acters, medial or final, for pr, br, is diminished to add 1, is enlarged to add t or d, and is shaded to add r, as in superior (suprr). (c) The t is written after short andsiij:fiart5e char- acters forst7*T54«*igthenedJii,a^^ making std, (l2u^u)t\ The vertical t,jA-Hi7^Tyr^jfl»-.U3^^_tale, tally, trifle, still ; lengthened for t, d, as toldTtraiTBdpStyled. 72 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAND. RemarU. — T after short cliaracters is expressed by shortening them, and after surface characters by en- larging them; therefore, the t may be used safely after these characters for st; but after long letters, after short- ened short letters, and after enlarged or diminished sur- face characters t cannot be used for st, because it is often necessary to use the character in these connections for t, as in imminent, plate, glut, fleet, netted. (d) Sp when medial or final is represented by an angularly joined p. When the sp follows a character which is written downward, the first part of the p is lengthened to express the straight s, thus making the sp, as in the following words, viz. : inspires, overspread, unsparing, prospers, perspires. (e) P is written inclined backward for pp, pb, and g is written similarly for g^^ gj. Both are made minute to add 1, enlarged to add t or d, lengthened to add m, n ; and shaded to express an included r, as in prop, porp, prep, purps (purpose), praps (perhaps), grog, gangrene. (f) Any character except the circle is retraced to add f or v; the retracing is lengthened to add t or d, and shortened to add 1, as in saved, several. (g) Write z very minute for ss with the included vowel, making ses, sis, etc. When the minute z does not attach well, as after c, f, m, n, the s tick may be lengthened for ss, ses, sis, ces, etc. (h) Write y very minute for final y having the sound of short i, as in many, any, and minute n for mn. (i) The combinations pcli, psh, with the included vowel, as in peach, pitch, push, are represented by a WEITIXG CHAEACTEKS IKREGULAELY. 73 horizontal p similar to the character for sp, differing from it by being united angularly to the following character, while sp unites with a following character without form- ing an angle. The character for pch is only used at the beginning of a word, and is written on position for the included vowel, as in patches. In such words as im- peaches, approach, approaches, the prefixes im, ap are omitted. Remark, — When sp and pch are used without a following consonant on the 3d and 5th positions, they make the Avords spy, pitch, spue and push, but the signification of these words and the context in whicli they occur are so unlike that there can be no practical diffi- culty in distinguishing them. (j) Ns, ms, when final or medial are expressed by a horizontal semi-ellipse, opening to the right and joined angularly to the preceding character, to express the ter- minations ance, ence, ense, etc. This character is enlarged to express t or d occurring between the n and s, thus making nds, nts; is diminished for 1, making nsl, ncl; is written on the upper side of another char- acter to exjjress a following s, thus making nces, nses, and is shaded for r, making nsr, nkr, ntrs, ndrs, as in censor, centers, canceller. For ms initial write a minute hook like the sk hook on the vowel position, and attach the following character angularly; as, in mistake, write the hook on i position for mis and add the tk; for mast write it on a position. Sk is made minute for a following 1. (k) A dot is used on the 3d position for I, eye, aye; on the 2d position for the, thee ; on 4th position for O, 74 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAND. oh, owe. The dot is used near the end of the word for ng, ing and the word thing", also ingly, ingness, inger, inging. Ings is represented by s tick, written in the place of the dot, thus indicating the plural. Remark. — The dot might be written on the 1st position for the word a, an, but it is liable in rapid writing to be confounded with the dot for the, therefore the word an is also used for a, no ambiguity resulting therefrom, since the letter following it always indicates which of the two is intended, the following consonant making it a, and a vowel following making it an, (1) Write forward obliques downwards, and backward obliques nearly upright to express a following s, Z or sh. Remark. — Inasmuch as q is always written down- wards, initial c is not written downwards, but c medial or final may be, as in because, takes, makes, thanksgiving. This rule (1) does not apply to initial vowels, which according to Rule 2, are written on 2d posi- tion to express a following s, but it applies to vowels when they occur in the midst or at the end of .words; as in abase, erase, arose, in which case they are Avritten downwards to express a following s. They may be also shortened for an added t, d, as in abused, induced; or made minute for a following m, n, making ism, as in sciolism, patriotism, pantheism, etc. (m) B final is sometimes represented by p hook, and C, k final by g hook, especially if followed by t, d or 1 coalescent, as in the words make, fact, sickle, fickle. (n) Because of the difficulty which some experience in shading the c character for cr initial, a hook is used when it can be conveniently turned on the under side of a WRITING CHARACTERS IRREGULARLY. 75 follov/ing cliaracter, written large enougli to distinguish it from the cl hook. Before surface characters and t it is better to use the shaded c, as in the words crape, creep, crag, crash, crouch, crawl, crate. (o) After w, upward o, and other characters with which th does not unite easily, use d for th, and for the word the; also make it minute for then, them, as in the plirases with them, one of them. ILLUSTRATIOKS. master. mastered masterly exist exhaust yeast yester 1 >razed bruised loused teased di'essod doused noised increased Cast caused cost caressed castor waste waist wasted w^st western vast vest vested A'ised seized ceased sized soused fast fasted frost frosted foster fostered fester must mast ^ consider considers considered beside besides decide decided sad said ?ide sod sowed 76 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAXD. fiU^ beads buds breeds In'oods braids deeds cuds needs Express export expert exported neighbor (a) neighborhood ^^ Inspire trespass unsparing crisp Pap pipe pope pup l>apcr pepper piper popper props people rv V) nods nodes threads bards bends 1 linds bounds days (b) neighborly number numbers numberless saber sober crisped cusji cuspidal cuspidate (e) pupil I)ublic publican proper properly prepare perhaps grudge fe'ag O O o ^ ^ ^ capers dippers deprest wiper fiber bibber guessed guest cuspidore prosper perspire lisps gage gouge grudge gangrene gurgle giggle engage engaged Ijegrudge luggage WRITING CHARACTERS IRREGULARLY. 77 \ c c c c C Co c Co Save saved wave waves waver wavered cove cover Size siss seas saws seize sows sues passes Many sunny glory honey Patch parch preach preacher pitch pitcher poach poacher push pusher Dense dance dunce fins covered caved cavil devil se veral novel bevel weevil (g) pieces poses pussies praises ceases sizes thesis scissors (h) greasy lowery j.etty dressy (i) patched patches patching preached preaches preachers pitched pitches pitchers pitching (i) fence fines foams sense never sever favor fever server deceiver preserver '^ — ^ persevere forces necessary juices causes creases dresses doses bruises determine inhuman implement supplement approach approached approaches approach- able pushed pushes pushing impeach impeaches seems since sins sons k 78 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. /^ ^ 7 I sums means mince moans moons bans beans bones bins boons booms brains crams crimes crumbs drains dreams drones drums tans mistake mask misstate mosses massive misinfer musket The I eyes eyeing 0, Oh, owe owing Was wise woes wars r \ tames times terms tones tuns tunes pains pans pins pines puns prunes immense intense immense- ness intense- ne?s faints saints misplace muses massacre miscarry misnomer misconnt moslem (k) knowing aiding tilings brings knowingly feelingly (1) wires worse waste west ^-C >2— \ 'l^^ I sends sounds taunts daunts winds binds bounds bends tinsel pencil ntensil senses dances fences bounces evince evinces events evinced senseless mislead niissent Messrs misprint misuse mistakes misi-ule blowing singing singer nothing- ness nothing wisdom wisely vase vies REVIEW. 79 I \ V voice \ views V vows 1 1 varies viz vast visit virus base bees boys bows buss basket brisket Sack sick suck suckle nack knock knocked Cram crane crease cries creed crock Z? brusli yes years yes sir yours exist exhausts abase abyss assess assays asses amass amiss am.use (m) fact factor in fact fickle cable fable nipple (n) crack creek crave create creation cross ^ -^ ^ t avast agrees allays aloes allies arrays arise arrows arose abuse idea ideas it is erase erases nibble bramble quake quick quickly asks amiable creep crops crash crush ^/^ crate REVIEW QUESTIONS. "What do the loop and the minute loop when written on the irregular side of other characters represent? For what are they written disconnectedly? For what is the circle written on the irregular side of other characters final or medial? For what is t used followinir short and 80 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. surface characters? Why may not t be used for st after shortened and diminished characters? How is st medial and final represented? For what are p and g inclined backwards? What use is made of retracing? How may retracing be modified, and for what? What use is made of minute z ? When is the lengthened s tick to be preferred? For what is it used? For what is the minute y used? How is the combination pch, psh. with the included vowel . expressed ? How are ns, ms, expressed when medial and final ? What modifications are made of this character? How is ms initial repre- sented? For what purposes is the dot used? What letters are written downwards for a following s? What is said of c and q in this connection? What of initial vowels? What is said of the use of p for b, and g for c, k? Explain the cr hook. AVill not this long lesson require considerable study? LESSON XX. Rule 11. 1. Writing Initial H, — (a) When initial h is followed by a vowel which is to be written downward to express the consonant following it, write the vowel on the position of the following consonant, shading the upper part of the vowel character, reading first the hj then the vowel, and last the position conso- nant. WRITING INITIAL H. 81 2. (b) When initial h, with the foHowing vowel or diphthong, makes a word ; as, he, how, or if r follows; as, her, higher (hir), or when it is followed by a vowel to be written upward ; as, hat, hide, hall, hole, use the h. ILLUSTRATIONS, (a) homes 82 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ^ O o hedge hodge hay haw o he hew c hies o hiffh d> / o o hoe him who (hu) hue LESSON XXI. REVIEW OF HOOKS AND CIRCLES. 1. T7ie Initial Hooks. — These are p, g, pch, sc, sq, sp, cl, cr, ms. The p, g, sc, sq, pch and ms are joined angularly to most following characters, and sp, cl, and cr are joined to following characters withoat an angle. P and g are joined to each other and to r and 1 without an angle. ILLUSTRATIONS. Pass gas skies squeeze misses pack gav/k skoke squeak mosque pave gave peg gap gall pail gear peer ^-^ ^-6 squalled pulled scab squib misbelieve mistake mustaches mischance )uisprove span claim cram space class cross spade clod clad C " cried (.y\___ speak <^\„.— click O creak (_y'^ spoke ^ clock O croak C creator Cq splash ^ ^^ clash cr^^ crash ^/^ crush creep crop crag cramp cringe crimp 2. Final Hooks, — The final hooks are p, g, ns, ms, sp, and sc. The p and g are, when more easy to THE INITIAL HOOKS. 83 write, used for their cognates b and c, especially when followed by 1, making bl and cl, also pi for bl. Map make nai) nack nag deep deck dope dock dogs dodge limp link linger lump lung lunge sap sack mans mask C moans O mosque c dense ■ desk despair ^ dispute dessicate ^ duns " ^ dunce ' since " ^ science ' c bans ^""~0 bask """"^ bands ILLUSTRATIONS. sas xO cap cable fable fagged fact fickle keep keg cope cog cup cudgel kept caged wept wedged wipe basked basket bonds brusk binds brisk tans task tins phthisic tunes tusk fines frisk cans cask '>? wig vapid O^ 84 ECLECTIC SHORTHAXD. prosecute pints points piscatorial grounds grotesque ^ t whines whisk whisker whisper immense almost inspire inscribe lines lisp despise despair 3. The v^ hf and I. — The distinction between h and circle r is the method of joining them to other char- acters, the li joining with other characters in an angle, and the r joining in a continued line. The r and 1 are always joined to the regular side of other characters. 4. The reyiilar side of curves is the inner or concave side. The upper side is the regular side begin- ning straight lines, and the under side is the regular side ending them, 5. The circle is joined continuously to the irregular side of other characters, when initial for re, and when medial or final for pr, br. The loop is written on the irregular side of other characters for sd, St, and ds, ts. The enlarged circle is joined continuously on the regular side of otlier characters for sh, cb, and joined irregularly for hd, writing had. ILLUSTRATIONS. Refers recurs rockers resource reserve redress reaper repress rogue regard reward remark remorse reverse rivers rover robber robert reviser rix exercise exhort ^ exert express expert exi:)ort nabor number numbers numbered numberless remember local REVIEW. 85 ^^^ legal lapped level lament lineal lonely label liable sadness REVIEW ILLUSTRATIONS. 'J^{^/d - ^ -p -^ ^- "-^ ^ KEY, Put a spoon in the flask. The fleet-footed skaters of the skating .3lub. We prize the flag, the glorious stars and stripes; fling it to the breeze ; let it float over land and sea, in every clime the beauti- ful emblem of freedom. Flying before the screaming, swirling, plunging, awful flood, crossing himself, rode the strange horseman, flingmg his arms wildly, crying, " Fly, fly, to the hills for your lives; the flood! the flood! the flood!" There is no mistaking the florid 86 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. color of that mustache. I do not misrepresent him; there is mis- chief in his eye, I am sure. You will find what you seek near the top of the map. He took the dog by the nape of the neck, and threw hira back on the deck, or he would have plunged into the deep water. I remember how he expressed himself a number of times about his neiglibor, nor will I forget how his neighbor refused his kind offers. KEVIEW QUESTIONS. What are the initial hooks? How is each joined to following characters? What is the difference between sc and sq, between cl and cr? What are the final hooks? Which way does g turn? For what else is g nsed? On which side of preceding character does final p turn? Which is the regular side of curves? Which of straight lines? On which side of characters are r and 1 turned? When written on the irregular side Avhat does r represent? What does 1 on the irregular side represent? What does minute 1 represent when written on the irregular side? CHAPTER Y. LESSON XXIL ABBREVIATIOZSr BY SUFFIXES. 1. A suffix is a letter or letters, a S3'llable or syllables, appended to tlie end of a word to vary or modify its signification; thus, imprison means to confine in some place; add ment and it becomes imprisonment; wliicli denotes the act of confining in some place. Flex means to bend; add to it ible and it becomes flexible, which means may be bent. Such terminations as ment and ible, in the above examples, are called suffixes. 2. The suffixes and terminations of words in the English language are quite numerous, ami for purposes of stenogra2:)hy may be naturally grouped together in classes of similar formation. 3. Suffixes are simple and compound; ful and ly are simple suffixes, and wlien united form a compound suffix, fully, of which ful (written fl), may be called the stem of this compound suffix and its class ful, fully, ful- ness. The stem of the suffix is used in shorthand to represent any one of the class. 4. The stems of the following two classes are fy and sate (written st), fy, fies, fled, fying, fier, sate, sated, sates, sating, sator, sative, cation; fy and st being the stems are the shorthand signs of these two classes of suffixes, 8T 88 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. 5. -The compound suffixes being but modifications of the stem made to indicate some added idea of time^ mode, person or condition than that which is indicated by the stem alone, and thus used to harmonize the word with the sentence of which it forms part, the last part of the suffixes may be omitted in shorthand, for, the stem being written and the suffix thus suggested, the context will indicate the proper entire termination. 6. To illustrate, take the following sentences: Is he a reliable man? We are reliably informed that he is a man of sterling reliability. AVrite these words by the use of the stem of the prefix only, and they are: Is he a reliabl man? I am reliabl informed that he is a man of sterling reliabl. This abbreviated writing the stenographer would transcribe readily and correctly. KULE 12. 7. Terminations, — AVrite only the stem of modified terminations, omitting the modifying final syllables. (a) If the termination has an unaccented or unimportant vowel, it is represented by the character expressing its consonant sounds, and is always attached to the preceding letter: care-ful, carfl; sim-ple, simpl; nim-ble, nimbi; ami-able, ambl; loose-ness, loosns; voy-age, voyj; ad-age, adj; mo-tive, motv; miss-ive, missv; mono-gram, mongrm; dia-gram, digrm. (b) If the termination contains an accented vowel, the initial letter is written disconnectedly under the TERMINATIONS. 89 preceding character^ except in the case of plurals, when it is written over it. (c) There are a few terminations which seem to require a special writing and their stem is therefore writ- ten across the preceding character. 8. If suffixes begin with coalescents they must be written; as gr for grate; if it contains other consonants these also must be written; as frc for fraction. A stem thus written indicates any one of the terminations of its class, the reader relying on the context to determine which one. 9. To write a stem it is only necessary to express its principal sounds; as fl for fly, ful; nd for and, end, ind, ined, igned, und, ound; nt for ant, ent, int; st for ast, est, ist, ost, ust; ft for eft, ift; drd for dred, dered, dured; try for tary, tory, tery, terry, tury; fr for for, fore; bl for ble, able, eeble, ible, oble, uble; mnt for ment, mont, mount ; snt for sent, sont, sant; vnt for vent, vant ; tnt for tant, tent ; sn for sien, son, soon ; grs for gress, gars, gers. 10. The three following lists of terminations (a), (b), (c), are each followed by illustrations of the method of writing words embracing the terminations. 11. You must thoroughly practice these illustrations, writing each illustrated outline for each different word which it represents, pronouncing the word as you write it; thus, the first illustrated word after list (b) is addi- tion, the outlines for which also represent the various forms which this word takes, — addition, additions, additional, additionally. Write the outline addi- 90 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. tion four times, pi'onouncing the different words which it expresses, as you write them. 12. When you have written througli these illustra- tions in the manner indicated, write the illustrative words which are included in parentheses in each list, writing each outline for the several words which it represents and pronouncing each as you write it. By thoroughly pursuing this course you will acquire a prac- tical use of the method of suffix representation. 13. Each class of terminations in list (a) is to be represented by its stem written connected with the pre- ceding character. (a). — LIST OF STEM SIGJfS AND CLASSIFIED TERMINA- TIONS WRITTEN CONNECTEDLY. STEM SIGNS. TERMINATIONS. j (angular g) — age, aged, ages, aging, (adage, voyage). a (downward minute) — asm, asma, (miasm, cataplasm, pleonasm). bl— ble, bly, bleness, bling, (feeble, humble). bl— able, ible, ceble, oble, uble, ably, &c., (movable, payable, legi- ble, eligible, enfeeble, ignoble, soluble, affable). c — ic, ac, (domestic, romantic, pneumatic, demoniac, bivouac). cl — cal, cally, calless, cality, cle, (physical, radical, versicle, icicle, practical). d — ed, edly, edness, (professed, seized, caused, depressed). d (minute) — dy, ding, den, dened, dening, dom, (lady, kingdom, random, thraldom). n — en, ened, ens, ening, ain, (thicken, weaken, bargain). fc — fie, (terrific, somnific, calorific). frs — ferous, (floriferous, melliferous, bacciferous, caloriferous). fl — ful, fully, fulness, (armful, peaceful, handful, harmful). ft— fit, feit, (profit, forfeit, surfeit). f — fied, fying, fication, ficate, fies, (certify, modify, testify). gl— gle, gly, gling, (mingle,- single, legal). hd— hood, (manhood, boyhood, girlhood). I— ile, ilely, (servile, puerile, juvenile. TERMIlS^ATIONS. 91 i (downward minute) — ism, isms, (realism, patriotism, Judaism). dot (final) — ing, ingly, ingness, inger, (nothing, something, anything). i (downwards) — ize, ized, izing, izes, (realize, idealize, moralize). sh — ish, ished, ishes, ishly, ishness, (radish, premonish, impoverish). Is — less, lessly, lessness, (careless, headless, thoughtless). oi (shortened)— oid, (avoid, annoyed, alloyed, decoyed). us — ous, ously, ousness, (callous, jealous, furious). ou (shortened) — out, oud, owed, (without, about, allowed, through- out, aloud). n (minute) — ny, ning, (penny, sunny, funny, progeny). n (short)— aned, iued, igued, oned, uned, (contained, refined, impor- tuned). n (short) — ant, ent, int, ont, unt, (pleasant, present, fragrant). ns — ance, ence, enced, encing, (inference, recompense, decadence). nnt (minute nt) — nent, nents, (pertinent, imminent, eminent). amt — ment, ments, mental, &c., (augment, aliment, sediment). ry (shaded minute y) — ary, ery, erry, ory, (carry, marry, flurry). rd — ard, red, I'ied, (wearied, dotard, bothered, mitered). shp — ship, shipped, ships, shipping, (worship, friendship). shn — tion, sion, cion, cian, cean, \ See Remark below — (fashion, shs — tious, cious, sious, &c., [• mention, cautious, partial, shl — tial, cial, sial, &c., ) fusion.) sm — some, somcly. (handsome, loathsome, quarrelsome). str — ster, (faster, roster, duster, sinister). V — ive, ively, ivity, iveness, (active, creative). yn— ian, ion, ien, (historian, postillion, civilian, million). 14. Bemafk.— The syllables, tion, cion; tious, cious ; tial, cial; are all represented by the same sign, viz. : a short backward, upward tick, joined angularly to the preceding character. This tick is lengthened for a following t, d, th, shortened for y, ly, and shaded for r, er; any other letter following it; as s, 1, is attached. Each of the foregoing classes of syllables has several ways of spelling, as tion, cion, sion, cean, the tick being used for all of them. The sign is, however, used only in words of two syllables; these syllables being repre- sented otherwise in longer words. See Lesson XXVIII. 92 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHON". Motion, notion, nation, nations, caution, cautious, cautioned, fashion, fasliions, fashioned, passion, pension, partial, partially, ^ ^ - — ^ -^ ^ 'V • -^ fusion, fusions, portion, portions, rational, rationali^t. /r ^ '^S^ ILLUSTRATIONS OF CONNECTED SIGNS, (u) -A — =^ M. C2_ "^7^ ■^^=^ '■ r e./,< 6/ KEY. Very amiable. Fingers fly nimbly. The nimbleness of her fingers. So amiable. Her amiability. Not desirable. Its desira- bility. It is quite suitable. The question of its suitability. It is not legible. The legibility of the writing. It is fearful. Fearfully STEil SIGNS. 93 mangled. It is not lawful. It is done lawfully. The lawfulness of the act. 1 will certify. It is certified. His certificate. Its certifica- tion. By certifying. Do not realize. He realizes. Its realization. We are now realizing. With feeling. With feelings of. Very feelingly. He is nervous. His increasing nervousness. He glanced around nervously. When shall we commence ? We have commenced. When the act commences. At the commence- ment. No detriment. Very detrimental. Good argument. Very argumentative. 'O' EEVIEW QUESTIONS. What is a suffix? Illustrate a suffix. How may the suffixes be grouped? What are the different kinds of suffixes? What is the stem of a suffix? For what suffix does ct stand? Why is it safe to omit the last part of a suffix and write only its stem? Repeat the rule. Eepeat case a, case b, case c. What if a stem begins with coalescents? Give the stem for each of the classes of the list. How are the terminations of this and the two following lists to be practiced? LESSON XXIII. (b) LIST OF STEM SIGNS OF CLASSIFIED TERMINATIONS WRITTEN DISCONNECTEDLY. 4 VOWELS. STEM SIGXS. TERMINATIONS. <^a (written downward) — act, acts, acting, acted, action, (enact, react). a (written downward) — apt, apts, apting, apted, aptation, aptive, (adapt, inapt), e— ect, ects, ecting, ected, ection, ective, estic, (elect, select, dialect). f/^ (minute) — empt, empts, empting, empted, emption. e— ept, epts, opted, option, (adept, transept, concepts). t^ (written downward) — oke, okes, oking, oked, ocation, (provoke). 94 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. o (written downward)— opt, opts, opting, opted, option, (adopt, eloped). §/i — ict, icts, icting, icted, (predict, evict). I^Vl — uct, nets, noting, ucted, uction, uctive, (product, abduct, induct). u— upt, upts, upting, upted, uption, uptive, uptible, (interrupt, corrupt). ew — ews, ewing, ewed, (renewing, reviews), oi— oys, oyiiig, oyed, oyance, (annoyance, decoyed). ow — ows, owing, owed, owance, owable, (allowing, avowed). CONSONANTS. t/\> — bate, bates, bating, bated, bation, batement, bative, bateable, (probate, libation, debate). b — bite, bites, biting, bition, bitious, (ambition, abide, prohibit). b — bute, butes, buted, bnting, bution, butive, (attribute, retribu- tion, distribute). »y\iT: — brade, brades, braded, brading, brasion, (abrade, upbraid.) #^>^^cate, cates, eated, eating, cation, cative, eatement, (indicate, abdicate, educate), c— cute, cutes, cuted, cuting, cution, cutive, (execute, prosecute). ^ or — crate, crates, crating, crated, cration, (execrate, desecrate). cr — Crete, cretal, creetness, cretion, (indiscreet, discreet, secrete). *^cl— elude, eludes, eluding, eluded, elusion, elusive, clusively, clusi- veness, (include, seclude, preclude), clc— calculable, calculably, ealculableness, (incalculable, incalcul- ably). el — culcate, culcates, culcating, culcated, culoation, (inculcate). d — date, dates, dating, dated, dative, (mandate, sedate, antedate). d — dite, ditos, diting, dited, dition, dictive, (rendition), d— duce, duces, ducing, duced, duction, (introduce, produce). dct — duct, ducts, ducting, ducted, duction, ductive, (induct, jn-o- duct, deduct). dct- diet, diets, dieting, dieted, diction, dictive, (edict, predict). t/'i — fess, fesses, fessed, fessing, fession, fessions, fessional, (profess, confess). f — fide, fides, fiding, fided, ficient, ficious, ficial, (confide, magni- fied, officious). STEM SIGNS. 95 f— fute, futes, fiiting, futed, fusion, fusive. fusiveness, fusively, (confute, refute, infusion). fi — filiate, filiates, filiating, filiated, filiation, (affiliates). fl. — flate, flates, flating, flated, flation, (inflate, afflatus). frc— fract, fraction, tractor, fracted, fracting, (infraction, refract). flc — flict, fliets, flicting, flicted, fliction, (inflict, confliction). flc— fleet, fleets, fleeting, fleeted, flection, (reflect, deflect). 0^ — gate, gates, gating, gated, gation, gacious, gitious, (corrugate, gw, (deepened g)-gwish, gwished, etc., (languish, distinguish). h — hesion, hesive, hesivel)', hesiveness, (adhesive, cohesion). hr — here, heres, hering, hered, herent, (inhei-e, cohere). hrt— herit, herits, heriting, herited, (inherit). hi — hilate, hilation, hilating, hilated, (annihilate). #-3 — ject, jeets, jected, jecting, jeetion, jective, jectively, (eject). j — ^jest, jests, jesting, jested, jestion, (suggest, digestion). 4-^1 — late, lates, lated, lating, lation, lative, latial, (elate, dilate, collate). 1 — lide, lides, liding, lided, lision, licious, ly.sian, (collide, malicious, delicious). 1 — hide, hides, hiding, hided, lusion, lusive, lusiveness, lusively, (elude, delude, prelude), •^m— mate, mates, mated, mating, mation, (primate, sublimate, esti- mate). m — mote, moted, motes, motion, motional, motionally, motive, (promote, commotion). m — mute, mutes, muting, muted, mutation, (commute). ml — inollient, molument, moiumental, raulsion, (emollient). mn — mension, mensions, (dimensions). ^n — nate, nates, nating, nated, nation, native, nary, narian, (donate, coordinate). nf— nificant, nificantly, nificance, nification, (significant, significa- tions). n--nite, nites, niting, nited, nition, nicious, niciously, (definite, pernicious). n — nute, nutes, nuting, nuted, (comminute, diminution). #^p — pate, pates, pated, pating, pation, passioned, patient, pacious, patiently, (capacious, impatiently, opacity). p— piato, piates, piating, piatcd, piation. (expiate, appropriate). p — pute, putes, puting, puted, pation, pacious, (repute, compute, occupation). 96 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. #^pl — plate, plates, plating, plated, plation, plative, (contemplate). pi — plete, pletes, pletiug, pleted, pletion, (replete, complete). plr — plore, plores, ploriiig, plored, ploration, (explore, implores). pi — pulsive, pulsively, pulsiveness, pulsion, (impulsive, propul- sion). i^ q — quate, quately, quateness, quation, quacy, quary, quaries, (ade- quate, inadequate). q — question, questioned, questioning, questionably (unquestioned). r — ride, rides, riding, rided, risive, rision, (deride, apparition). t,^ — rate, rates, rating, rated, ration, racious, raciously, racity, rocious, rociously, (oration, voracious, veracity, ferocious). t^s, — sate, sates, sating, sated, sation, sative, (condensate, compensate), *.-T5C — scribe, scribes, scribing, scribed, scription, scriptive, (describe, inscription). #^sp — spicuity, spicuous, (perspicuity, conspicuous.) ^' sh — itiate, itiated, itiation, itial, itially, (initiate, novitiate), ^st — stitute, stitutes, stituting, stituted, stitution, (destitute, institute, constitute, constitution, institution). *^ str^^-struct, struets, structing, structed, struction, (obstruct, des- truction). *^tr — strate, strates, strating, strated, stration, strations, (demon- strate, illustrate). •'sw — suade, suades, suading, suaded, suasion, suasive, suasively, suage, (persuade, dissuade, assuage). *^ — tate, tates, tated, tating, tation, tative, (agitate, temptation). 5l[^t— tage, tageous, tageously, tageousness, (advantage, vintage). t — tute, tutes, tuting, tuted, tutive, tution, (destitution, restitution). ^ tr — trate, trates, trated, trating, tration, trition, tritious, (magis- ti'ate, illustrate, nutrition, meretricious). £-^th— thusiast, thuiastic, thusiastically, thusiasm, (enthusiasm). t^ V — vate, vates, vating, vated, vasion, vasive, vasively, vator, (reno- vate, elevate, invasion, evasively). V — vade, vades, vading, vaded, (pervade, evade, invade), vr— vert, vertes, verting, verted, verses, versation, (pervert, divert). vl — volve, volves, volved, volving, volution, voluted, (revolve, evolve, involve, devolve). vn — vent, vention, vantage, vantageous, &c., (invention, advantage, disadvantage). 1/ w — uate, uates, uating, uated, nation, (situate, perpetuate). X — xatious, xation, xative, (vexatious, relaxation). STEM SIGNS. 97 ILLUSTRATIONS, (b) ■^ -^- KEY. Motive, mighty, city, duty, insanity, county, country, century, wintry, ministry, pleasantry, desultory, premonitory, yeasty, dusty, fussy, dressy, aggressive, illusive, permissive, analogy, apology, the- ology, amiability, debility, disability, desirability, accessibility, lithograph, hectograph, monogram, dialogue, catalogue, monologue, theosophy, philosophy, committee, infirmity, community, humanity, inhumanity, phrenology, physiology, geology, biology, biography. TERMIN"ATION-S. 99 EXERCISE IN TERMIXATIONS. Having become an octoge- narian, on the verge of superan- C^^^ — "^ — ~^ ^ nuation, and having had a gentle X /''^"f admo-nition of my incapaci- — ■ ■? ~~"^ =^ tation for physical exer-tion, but y ^ - -^ — v^_^^ Y~^ in my t-arly edu-cation having -^ • — made the aequi-sition of a dispo- ~7 7 y _^'*>' sition averse to in-action, without — = — — /^ 7^ — ^ — the least am-bition or aspl-ration for distinc-tion, personal aggran- di-zation, or pecuniary remune- ration, but for the sole purpose of having some occu-pation, and for my own satis-faction and gratifi- cation, I conceived the no-tion of the di-rection of my at-tention to the col-lection, classifi-cation, combi-nation, congre-gation, and - concen-tration of words in the English vo-cabulary with t-i-o-n for their termi-nation. With this expla-nation of my in-tention I comme-nced ope- ration, witJi no con-ception of the ve-xation and close appli-cation necessary for its com-pletion; but possess-ing an itniate obdu- ration against the pre-vention of, . or frus-tration in, any laudable vo-cation, I persevered in my investi-gation against strong oppo- sition, frequent interr-uption, and 100 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND, with exces-sive fati-gation, until — n J ' -^ I brought the sub-ject in contem- plation to a suc-cessful consum- mation. ., — ^— —^ ^ Finding the enume-ration of ,.C^^ . —y- perusal of this pro-duction will -V,- ^ ■-= -J engage her at-tention, afford her in-struction, excite her ani- -ti ^-5 -t ^ _, . mation, elicit her admi-ration, produce exhila-ration, and oc- casionally a burst of cachi- nation, I am as ever, without affec-tation, her sincere friend and af-fectionate re-lation. 102 ECLECTIC SHORTHAXD. LESSON XXV. PREFIXES. 1. A prefix is a letter, a syllable, or a word added to the beginning of some other word, to vary or modify its meaning; thus, possible, means can he done, but pre- fix im, and it becomes impossible, and means cannot be done. 2. Most prefixes are readily written by the ajjplication of the rules, which you have already learned, and the fol- lowing lists of words, which are given especially for prac- tice on the prefixes, embrace most of the prefixes of the language. They are arranged with reference to the origin of the prefixes, the first list comprising those of Latin origin, the second, those of Greek, and the third, those of Saxon, origin. The prefix in each word is indicated by a space between it and the following part of the word. Some of the longer prefixes are represented by special signs, which are written across. Practice the lists until you can write the words readily. PREFIXES OF LATIX ORIGIN. ^.,--^ ab-solve ^ — ^ ad-join Z" ^ ab-duee ^ ^ ad-mit ab-scond / o ad-mire ab-stain /-~~— af-fix ab-scind ^ af-firm ae-cede " /- af-fiant / ac-euse ^.— af-ford ^ ac-cess f^-^^ ag-grieve / ac-cord [f ag-gressive / ac-crue {^ ag-gregate ^ ac-count /^ ag-gravate ad-dress /^ ag-itate PEEFIXES. 103 C^^ al-lay al-lude al-most al-though al-so an-cient an-nex an-notate an-noy an-thers an-alyze ant-Ier ant-arctic ante-date ante-cedent ante-lope ante-past ante-room anti-dote anti-dotal anti-pode anti-pathy anti-thesis ap-pend ap-pertaiji ap-petite ap-parent ap-p roach ap-posite ar-ray ar-raign ar-rogant ar-senal ar-senic as-cend as-say as-sert as-sign as-sume as-suage ^^ bi bi bi at-las at-om at-tach at-tain at-tend at-tune bene-dict bene-fice bene- factor bene-volent bi-ennial i-lateral -form -gamy bis-sextile cent-ennial cent-ifolious cent-ipede cent-uplicate cent-urion co-hesion co-operate co-extensive cog-nate cog-itate col-late col-lapse col-lect col-lide col-lusive cor-rect cor-onal cor-porate cor-rugate cor-rupt cor-sair cor-sage de-bark de-duce de-grade 104 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAND. de-fraud de-jected de-part di-athesis di-vert di-vest di-vide dis-able dis-arm dis-gust dis-iuter dis-miss dif-fer dif-fuse du-bious du-cal du-plex du-plicate duo-decimo duo-denum duo-literal ee-centric ec-C'lesial ec-cope ec-lectic ec-logue ef-face ef-fect ef-fete ef-fervesce ef-fort ef-fulgent el-lipsis el-liptic el-oquent el-ytruin em-anate eni-bark em-bargo em-bellish ^ T/y^ em-body em-print en- able en-amel en-case en-chanted en-cumber en-ergy equi-angular equi-distant equi-librity equi-noctial equi-poise equi-table ex-act ex-ceed ex-claim ex-clude ex-cept ex-pect extra-dition extra-dotal extra-judicial extra-official extra-ordinary extra-vagant ig-neous ig-niferous ig-nipotent ig-nite ig-nore ig-norant il-lapse il-legal il-legible il-liberal ill-ness il-lumine im-agine im-bank PKEFIXES. 105 Z^ im-becile im-brue im-itable im-itate im-mediate im-mense im-patient in-capable in-clude in-cline in-close in-sist inter-fere intro-duce non-claim non-descript non-elect non-juring non-i3areil non-resident non-suit non-sense ob-durate ob-elisk ob-ject ob-late ob-lique ob-literate oc-casion oc-eurs DC-cult oc-cupant oc-cupy Oc-tober oc-ulist of-fence of-fers of-ficer of-ficious oflf-set cf-ten op-erate op-eration op-erose op-ertaneous pan-cratium pan-creas pan-dect pan-dit pan-egyric pan-ic per-ambulate per-fection per-ennial per-jurer per-manent per-severe per-tinacious post-age post-fix post-humous post-note post-road post-ulate pre-cede pre-concert pre-mature pre-oecupy pre-pare prim-itive prim-ness prim-ogenial prim-ordial prim-rose retro-action retro-cession retro-grade retro-spect se-cede se-clude 106 ECLECTIC SHOETHA>fD. • — -t^sr se-cretary se-duce se-lect se-eure se-quester se-rious semi-brere semi-diameter semi-form sug-gest sug-gester sug-gestion sug-gestive sug-gUlate super-annuate super-fine super-charge super-intend super-ior super-numerary super-sede super-stition sup-plant sup-pie sup-plement sup-port sup-purate sup-pose supra-costal supra-lunar supra-mundane supra-orbital supra-protest supra-spinal supra-scapular sur-feit sur-mise sur-mount sur-pass sur-plus 7^ sur-render sur-round sur-Tey sus-ceptible sus-cetate su5-pect sus-pend sus-pieion sus-tain tri-angular tri-bunal tri-capsular tri-eonial tri-fling tri-gvlph tri-lobite ultra-marine ultra-montane ultra-mundane ultra-tropical un-bred im-certain un-ciean un-coath un-coTer un-current un-date uni-ty iini-vcrsal PREFIXES OF GREEK ORItUN. "-»^ ana-baptist ana-leptic ana-logue ana-lysis ana-morphosis ana-pest arch-angel arch-bishop arch-count arch-deacon arch-duke arch-etype aslro-latry astro-logy astro-metry astro-scope aristo-cracy aristo-cratic aristo-logy apo-gee apo-graph apo-logue apo-plectic apo-state apo-theosis apho-rous apho-rize apho-risni bio-grapher bio-logical bio-lytic bio-tine biblio-grapher biblio-logy biblio-philist biblio-polist ^^ -& ~-T^ biblio-thecary biblio-theke cata-baptist cata-eaustic cata-clysm cata-conib cata-falque cata-graph cata-logue cata-ract cata-plasm chiro-grapby chiro-logy chiro-mancy chiro-plast chiro-pod choro-grapher choro-graphy chrono-logy chrono-meter chrono-metry cosmo-gony cosmo-graphy cosmo-logy cosrao-politan dia-base dia-bolical dia-costic dia-cretic dia-dem dia-gonal dia-lect dia-logue dia-meter deca-logue deca-pode 108 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. dys-entery dys-pepsia dys-phoria dys-thetic dys-phony V. — less ento-moline I — ^ ento-mology ^s^ epi-gram Vvz. epi-logue >«.,__, epi-demic \^ epi-lepay V epi-taph eu-charist eu-logy eu-i)eptie eu-phonic Eu-ropean eu- trophy geo-centric geo-desy geo-graphy geo-logy geo-metry helio-centric helio-chrome helio-graph helio-iiieter helio-trope hetero-clite hetero-dox hetero-geneous hetero-graphy hetero-pod hepta-glot hepta-gon hepta-hedron homo-centric homo-geneous homo-logous homo-graphic c^t^ <^^ -^ homo-morphous hyper-bole hyper-borean hyper-critical hyper-metrical hyper-trophy hypo-crisy hypo-gastric hypo-phosphite hypo-statis ichthy-ology ichthy-ophagy ichthy-osis i<3hthy-otomy lexico-grapher lesico-logy litho-carp litho-graph litho-glyph litho-mancy litho-tomy litho-tyiDe meta-basis meta-genic meta-lepsis meta-morphic meta-phoric meta-phrase m eta-physics miso-gamist miso-gamy miso-gynist miso-gyny miso-theism mytho-grapher mytho-logic mytho-logist mytho-logiie mytho-plasm mytho-poetic PREFIXES. 109 ortho-doxy ortho-graphy ortho-logy octa-gon octa-hedron octa-ndria octo-gamy octo-gynous octo-petalous octo-pod octo-style ornitho-Iogy ornitho-lite ornitho-mancy ornitho-scope osteo-scope osteo-geny osteo-graphy osteo-lite osteo-manty osteo-plasm osteo-tomy para-dox para-gon para-llel para-mount para-phrase para- site penta-chord penta-gon penta-meter penta-teuch peri-gee peri-helion peri-od peri-phery philo-iuath philo-logy philo-sopher philo-pena A9-- philo-technic phono-graph phono-grapher phono-graphy phono-type phono-typj phos-phate phos-phite phos-phoric phos-phorous physio-gnomy physio-logy physio -graphy poly-glot poly-pode poly-syllable poly-technic proto-col proto-martyr proto-type proto-plasm steno-graph steno-grapher steno-graphy stereo-graph stereo-meter stereo-scope stereo-type topo-graph topo-logy theo-eracy theo-gony theo-logy tlico-pathy typo-graphy typo-lite typo-logy zoo-graphy zoo-logist 110 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. be-guile be-have be-half be-held be-hoof be-hind be-wail be -ware by-bidder by-business by-gone by-lane * by-laws Ijy-path by-road fore -arm fore-bode fore-cast fore-close fore-end fore -father out-bid out-break out-burst PREFIXES OF SAXON ORIGIN. all-abandon all-cheering all-hail all-important after-clap after-crop after-noon after-thought after-wards be -deck be-fall be-fore 7^ 9. iT .^ out-cast out-crop out -fit out-growth out-last out-law out-lay out-line out-pour out-rageous out-right out-ward over-act over-anxious over-arch over-balance over-bear over-estimate over-look over-reach over-pay up-bear up-braid up-heave up-held up -holster up-lift up-right up-set up-side with-al with-draw with-hold with -in with-out with-stand PKEFIXES. Ill LESSON XXVI. PREFIXES REPRESENTED BY SPECIAL SIGNS. 1. The following list comprises but few simple prefixes; the most of them are compound prefixes, each of which would employ several strokes to write, and therefore requires a simjale sign. 2. These signs consist, in most cases, of the first letter or letters or the first and last letters of the prefix, and are therefore easily remembered. 3. In writing, the prefix sign is generally indicated by drawing the following character across it, or parallel with it. 4. The signs for re and dis are written attached to the irregular side of the following character, which is written in position to express the letter after it. 5. The sign for com., con, cor is written and the following character is begun close at the right of it. When it is followed by a vowel, as in commit, com- mand, connive, a dot is written on the vowel posi- tion to express com and the vowel, and the following character written close after it, the separation indicating that the dot is preceded by the con or com — the second m in these words is omitted because it is not necessary to the pronunciation. If a consonant follows the com, con, cor, as in contract, contrive, compose, cor- rect, the consonant is written on the vowel position, and the following character written close after it. For cor or comr make the dot heavv. If the consonant is fol- lowed by an m, n, r, 1, t, d, which belongs in the syl- lable with the prefix and can be written continuously 112 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. with the consonant, it is better to write it thus; as in comprehend, comprise, computable, com.peti- tive, complicate, conformation, concentration. 6. The pro^ser position for a prefix sign is on the line, but it may be written on any position, except in case a character is used for more than one sign, as in case of a, i, and u, each of which represents more than one prefix, and must, therefore, be written on its proper positions. 7. The teacher should insist that the pupils study the prefixes and suffixes until they are perfectly familiar with them. . LIST OF PREFIXES AXD SIGN'S. Prefix. Sign. __._ Prefix. Sign. Accom, accoun, ac Mis, ms Adminis, ad ?^ Miscon, misin, ms :> Ambi, araphi, am -(--- Noncom-con, n Author, au f Orani-nip-nis-niv om -/- Com, con, coun, cor. , dot Precon, P /? Circum, sm -^ ^^ Quadra-ri-ru q Concom-cor, c ^^ Re, r Dis, ds c» Recom-con-cog-eor- Discom-con-coun, d cum-coun, circle r o Dissatis, dst - — ^ Self, con, s Equi-quiv, ec K Subeoin-con, sp •^ ^ Encom, encoun, en \- Substan, su Encour, enr -v- Trans-con, t / Govern, g: u Unac-com-count, ung -y- Hypo-pot, hi J Undis, us _^_- Inac, inc I Uncom-con un A_- Indis, indus. is J Unreeom-con, unr -v~ Incom, incon, incura, in J Unsatis, un ^ Irrecon-cog, ir -y-- Excom, cor, X \^ Magnan-im, m PKEFIXES. 113 ILLUSTRATIONS. — ^ Accom-modate accom-modation accoun-table accoun-ting adminis-trate adrainis-tration adminis-trated adminis-tratrix adminis-trator adminis-trative arabi-ent ambi-dextei" amphi-bian amphi-bious author-ize aiitlior-ity author-ities author-ization author-izes circum-stanee circum-stantial circum-vent circum-ference circum-polar concom-itant concor-dant com-mand com -mend com-muned com-mit cora-mingled cont-ained eonte-ud conte-ntion contra-ct contri-ve contor-tion eontu-sion conce-al conce-ive consi-gn consump-tion consi-st concis-ion conees-sion consis-tory comfor-t compa-ny compe-nd compe-tition corapat-ible compli-ment compli-cation corapre-ss compri-ses compul-sory compel-s compiil-sion conclii-sion conclu-sive conclu-ded eonclu-des confli-ct conflu-ent consti-tution constru-ct eonstri-ct congre-gation congre-ssional corabi-nation confu-sion conspi-cuous confor-m confor-mation confir-m confir-raation 114 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ^'■ Soi -"^-^ eonsum-ination conso-lation conju-gation coutem-platioii conster-nation corre-spond corru-gate corru-pt comra-des dis-raay dis-sever dis-cover dis-puted dis-favor dis-perse dis-annul dis-allow dis-engage dis-course dis-like disconcer-ted diseon-tented discom-posed dissatis-fied dissatis-faction eqiii -angular equi-poise equiv-ocate equi-distant en com -passed encom-ium encoun-ter encour-aged govern-rnental govern-ance govern-ess govern-s govcrn-or hypo-chondriac hypo-crisy hypoth-ecate hypoth-esis hypoth-ecator hypoth-etic inac-curate inac-cessible indis-tinc; indis-creet indis-soluble indis-crimate incon-clusive iiicom-raode iiicura-brance irrecog-nizable iiTecon-cilable magnan-imity magnan-imous mis-state mis-feasance miseon-strue miscon-struct mism-form noneon-formity noncom- placency omnip-otent oranip-reseiit omnis-cient omniv-igant omniv-agous precon-sidered precon-form quadri-latera! quadri-lineal quadri-manous re-fuse re-mind re-mand re-miss re -tain EEVIEW. 115 re-pose re-press re-piite re-linquish re -late re-frain re-gard re-course re-ceipt re-resolve re-retrench recom-pense recon-sider recom-mend self-ish self-ishly self-ishness self-willed self-love self-control self-conscious substan-ces substan-tive ^tf" V7 substan-tially trans- fer trans-mit trans -pose trans-port trans-late transcon- tinental unac-ceptable unac-countable undis-mayed undis-guised undis-puted uncon-cerned uncom- plimentary uncon-scious unrecon-oiled unsatis-fied unsatis-factory excom-raunicate excom- rauuication EEVIEW QUESTIONS. What is a prefix? What three classes of prefixes are given in Lesson XXV? How are the prefixes in the three lists written? What class of prefixes is given in Lesson XXVI? How are they represented? What is the object of writing across the signs? What signs are disconnected? Explain the writing of com, con. What is the proper |)lace to write a sign? What signs are written with reference to position? How is re written? How is dis written? Have you mastered the prefix and suffix signs? CHAPTEE YI. LESSON XXVII. WORDS OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE. The following words are of such frequent occurrence that you should repeatedly practice them during the progress of your study until you can at length write them at a rate of two hundred to two hundred and fifty words a minute. The written characters are not word-signs, but, with few exceptions, are full ex|)ressions of the words which they represent. The few exceptions, which may be called word-signs, are given in italics. ( A J account /^ arm ( as __, acknowl- ^ arms f an j.*^ edge ^ ■ armed am 7 advise . ' around I aim •^ abead ^ arise and / afraid array all / afford y- art /-^ also i after ^ arts always / aver ^ artist alone / avert r^ army ^ are ( again L f ask /^ at c against amount /^ add ^ age (aj) Y among ( apt z' agent ^ assure ( abide /^ agents c amend- ( about /^ agency ment ( • according i> another <^ any (en) 116 WORDS OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE. IIY country concert contract conven- tion converse conven- ient conversa- tion choose chief cheap cheat cheer chair chairman chain chosen day- dare dear die dead delay did discount dispose do due deem done don't do not dun duty dark declara- tion dread 118 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. dream dress drive during each either east earth effort even ever evei-y employ end enough enter enterprise enter- prises evil equal else eminent eminence evidence evident evince examine exist exhaust execute excite expose extra extent except far fear fire for , ^-^ u c (/ O iy :> o (/ fall fare farm favor frame feel fill full find found fly fleet flight flat form from forever forward forget freedom frail fresh frequent freely fruit gay gBi,ve give go gone get God good got glad glow gold grow grain green U. . ( < ( f O O o V / / c o o grave great ground gentle- men govern govern- ment have hand has hall hajppy he head heat hide held heal heap help helm him his hit hid hot hub hill hole hold her hear how heaven himself hereafter herein hereto- fore WORDS OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE. 119 / / J J honor house human I eye eyes I am improve include indorse invoice if is it I will (il) item its itself join j-adge judgment just justice juror jury July June knell knit knoivl- edge keep kind kite knock knave know known large lay ■o ■^ male mail mark margin macliine magnifi- cent majesty manage mankind manner matter mere mode more ■ many money morning much meaner meet Mr. Mrg. motion mention meaning minute 120 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. night prevent press presume quantity quality queer quire quick quickly quench quit quiet quote question ran remain remain- der remember remark remedy reminis- cence reason risen 'regard regret report r Z^ ^ suit such, (uch) WORDS OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE, 121 trade true trust treasure treason therefore therefor therein thereat thereafter thereby- thorough thoroujgh- far^ thuroly us under under- take until up upper upon upward union unto unmanly urge urgent usual united universal unlike unquali- fied unthank- ful utterly utmost useful 122 ECLECTIC SHORTHA^^D. Wise woes wisdom word worse worth woudei- worthy worthless work world woman won ivMeliAch what when where wherefore whereas wherein why- while who (hu) whose whom PROPER NAMES. Aaron Abner Abraham Adam Adolphus Albert Alexander Alfred Allen Alonzo y^/^^ Alpheus ^ Alvah Alvin Amos Andrew Anthony Archibald Arnold August us Aureliu.s Azariah Baldwin ^ wide weighed (wa) wait will win won well ivith watch wash worn ye yes yes sir year years you yours your- selves youth (uth) young (ung) Barnabas 7 Basil Benedict Benjamin Benoni Bernard ^Barnard Bethuel .Boniface Byron Caleb PROPER NAMES. 123 Calvin Charles Christian ' Christopher Clarence Claudius Clement Conrad Constant Cornelius . Cyrus Daniel Darius David Dennis Dexter Donald .Duncan Eben Edgar -Edmund V_.._^Edward Edwin Egbert Eldred ,EIi Elias Elijali Elisha Ellis Elmer Elnathan Emanuel 'Eraery Emory Eueas Enos Enoch Erasmus i^^^ Erastus Ernest Ethan Eugene Evan Ezra Felix Ferdinand Festus Francis Frank 'Franklin Frederick Garret George Gerald Gerard Gilbert Giles Goddard Godfrey .Gregory Griffith Gustavus Guy Hannibal Harold Heman Henry Herbert Herman Hiram Homer Horace Horatio Hosea Howell Plubert Hugh ^J^^V- ^^^ Hugo Humphrey Isaac Isaiah Israel Ivan Ivory Jabez Jacob Jairus James Jared Jason Jasper Jeffrey Jeremiah Jerome Jesse Job Joel John Jonas Jonathan Josepii Joshua Josiah Julian Julius Justin Justus Laban . Lambert Laurence Lazarus Lcandor Ijemuol Leonard Leopold Levi 124 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 7-^ ,.^ J. u. c.^. ^ -y- T -O- V~ ~T — '/ "—O ZL^ VT ^ \ V V /f . -^—^ y f' ^ ^ -Cs- s: fN -O- I^ -S ^;r '^ ^ ^^O -vC^ "6 fi M^ 2_ -U- U2 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. // Ly. fi y T A. U- .JL. (>■ O^ o cy- -C- ^ cy iy^ u "o y /x ^ ^ ^ "C^::^ C^ "C;^ // / C7- -.!5d- Ly -^ ^L^ Ly (L^. T -(41- iX 6- C/ cy^ L^ JU^ <^ Ly -(L. ^---^ Ly ^ _zZ_ C^ O 6/*- y^ ^ c^^ Ly Ly -//:- ^ CP - c^ -^^ "^ -t^-^ o fc^'^y // 6^ ^ ' — .*,--^ y<>^ -V-?-*- -CN U- r -& '^- K ^ ""^ PHRASES. 147 KTay No j;^ ■^-^ ^>^ Jii-. -7^ N .. HL T- / i^ 7^ IT ->— = r ^ s ■^■ ^ o •• a— V ^ TT -o -x> 148 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 0— Or JOL^ -/- r -i^ / "7 T ~a- 7^ / y^ -^^ / L. T "7^ ^ « T ■^^ -=^ / 7" T T T /T _1_ / ^^ /-^ 7^ -^ 7" -O- -7^ PHRASES. 149 Or -T^ -M- -U- Put — 1^ rr- '• ' ^ -ny- -^T .JZ-. ^N-7^ -/Z^ ^ •S ■n ^7 ^-2^ /7 ^ '\'1 ■^ ' "S -"^v -2-^ 3^ X -^^^i ^^ ^' .^-2- ^S~7 — V-- ^TT z^- ^^V rt' ZL -^0=- / • ■ ' /^i^Ky ~7^Tr T^hr T ^^ — ^' /2^'<' / 7 / ' V " // z VO- Z" -^-7^ -a=. X ,42, X O / O ^ / "C^ -^ "^ / .^ r -7^ A. A / \ n~r ^ '^ 150 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. Put Said o. — <^ ^ d,-^ f^-^—i^ o-^ y—r -^^ -2==r '^=7 Q^ ^ f y ^ ^ ^— r^ — --^ 6l *- ^ -t=^ n -^-&- -r ^r & — • Ci — - p ^6 -p^ -^ ^^ -f^ -^ ^y- -^^ -^^ / Q-:ii' '^-^iP ^-^ -x: £. .^ oQ^ ><» - ^ ''''^ — -^ PHRASES. 151 Say ^ Stand a a ~zr-^ 9 9" .5^ 9^ '9-T -LL- .J^ ~7- P "9^ IT T -=>^ T. ^ T-'^T ~='~r jL z_ -D {( 153 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. Take Usual tl-^ PHEASES. 153 Value Why 2^ .^ ~T ..Z^ -^ .^5^ .r:^ /^ c / A--^^ -^ // / -- ^ ,^ _^ ._-^ 4-^ y ^ (y T ^ 9^ J A cy J - ^ y ^ p' c^ / ^■^•g ii_ ^ ^ ct~ir a I z:/ 9 Nl- c/^^ / 2^ 'y o' 1 3:7- ^ / -ii. ^ ^ -^ -^ J ^ ^^-^ / -V ^ .j/i- -7^^ / ■ ^ ^-^ « — ^» y a '^y y y t. -'^'^ V .JL. -<^ . ""/^ - K ^ C^ nf> ./^^^ y^ // ""'"^-^ // M- v^ -^:-^ PHRASES. 157 In -^ Ji. Please ^^-i^ JL- cr A / > -'^/'^ .jt- *<>- -7 — -y- .^f- =^7" _zZ- 7^ -^ lih-^ y- _^z_ :Z. ~T ^'o. ^ -//- 7^ qL a. _. -7^ "7=^ - . / ^ ^ v -^ _-?^ _>- r^ r ^ <--> . //■ .£_L C^ ■^y /=^ V -^- '^^-^ ^ /^ ■^ i,-^ -^ '■y^^—y^' 158 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAND. Please Very n^ {/ , . r-^ — ^ -.^ .^r-T?- /ta~~ti ^ ^ - ^ ^, ^v <^. ^ //-^^ ^^Tf^ / ^ ^-^ ^^'tT? _z^ -^^ ^^^ ^ ^<<2, 7^2=^- ^ d^/^ ii^ . - gr^ V /»>^5-- -^ / ^ .iil. -.£2- ^^ ^^ /-^ -# .^ ' / ^=^ ^ 7^ XIT -^ ^ "7 il ^^. -.. ^ Z= ^ .^^ ..^ 2L ^v^ ^ ^ ./Z_ =^1^ ^<^ N^ z= ..£::^ 41. rJ iT* _ o ,3. — r^ .N/<>- -- • ^Z- -M-» I^ JJ. ^=^ W T -.«->-- PHRASES. 161 ■^ Did How M- -f \ } '< ^'' .S. -^yr^ __ * - ^ << ■ -V/^-^ T^ -V O o V _/i:^ -^. .^^ y TT^ -jS^ ^i ^^ 11^ ^ JL ^/ JL, -^ '^^ o 7" ^ -^ ^ J — ^ ^ ^=^ .^.2^ .uA \ o J/- // 163 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 1^ Kno-wr 7^-7^ / / r -H^ .JZ-^ r=^ ^ T ju .^Z- -4^ ^//^^ /y._-_ J_ -f- L^ ^--.^^^ Z J^^ JL ._^^/: ,^. (", jZ. -ZL. y ^^ -V J^i>- ■"=^ PHRASES. 163 May JkL 7^ -7^ ,^^ Rebutting^ ^ O V • — ^_ t^ 7=- z^?- y- _^ :;^ 7^ -o T" --' ^jC \ / //■ rz -=& ^ n^-^yi -^ J^ T a T /o T -yC^ -e:^ ^ y-^ -^ ^r^ .g .CX- ^ ^^ '^ // ^d~ n Q u ^a_ -jc J. // _y ^y^ -JL. X cy Z UL. ^ ■f ^J< V .A, C7 -^^ -<^ 2 ^ -V .Y^ cy Z z. -o J g^y -4 -vi21 *^_^y>^ XZT- -/^ V3F- l n t^-^^ .^ JZL_ 9^-^ X L^ ^ -/il. i^ jO o- ^..^/ y ^^ a_A. / ■^=^ J <^ /y w-^ fe:^ CHAPTER YIII. GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. The Old Oak Tree, Y- / // .^ WV^ / -?^ / ' ^ L/ -U- _4L ^ r^ /2^ -IL. Cr c -& ' -^v- / 7^=r-^ 9 rT -M- Cr\ ' J ^=^ y- A-^ ■7^ ^ ^^^^ / I e -f — & JL- -^ yL -\ — o -il- -^-^ C 165 -^ 166 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. r -7^ IL ^^^ ■M- -f -^=^ £L^ \ /^ fc_ JL ^ C^. M- -jZ- A7 •—s T I -^/r-^^'o^ JL L JL. > " . ■• / Cx -^ ^ ZL / L. -d^i. A "^ "'/> ^^ ^y' jH- ^^-"-^ "=^ .X. Nv. ^^- ■} { ^ -^/- ^/ ^ • —r^ / / ' / - -y-^r^ 7—cr ji L y- ^ ^^y ^J ' ^ V -CL. ^-^ ■N GRADED READING AND AVRITING EXERCISES. 167 -A- The Hose and Clay. h — • ^ ^ V Y-^^ ^y ' ^ , ^ ~:;^ /^ ^ T? -M- / ^"^-^ o ^"7^ < ' -f- T L -//L. ^^=^ -O- "CT 9 jZ- U ^ / ^ r The Ox and Calf, ^Z- -f- / -/^h^ M- ^ / -7^ yA ^ / ~7 / J ^ c 168 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. JL -/A- J ^ ~z^ Tzr y / t^ // r 7~^ ^ The Old Dame and 31aids, -^ -&. u •7^ T -6r .^ ^O ■^ u^ J. ^ O -f // ..2_^ / 9 ^^ O c^- 9 1 T^ =± — — c ^ — r^r ^ -M- 9 o>- ■^^ yz- The Bees and Snail. / '~-^^ J ty c^ ^ -^-f — ^-^ GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 169 _y. ^^^ . ^. "a^ 170 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. ~T ::=! ^L ^ J / ^ o _o c^ 9--^ cy- -^=^ c // cy C^^ / -iL- -^ o ^-y-i- .ji^ The Fly and Ant, -:^^=^ 1^ -T#Z= ^ cT J -r ^^^ / .a^ /^ -f^ .- ^' ■ [ 7 Z^ ( . %. ^v^ --^^ 7^ // J ^tP tT -^i^ "7^ -^ GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 171 ~t:: ^ n^ //J (^ ^^ 3— ■ z-f- -^-^ /<^ ^ ■ C . .'^ ^ ' I ''^ ^ --V ^ ^ -u- -h -t==r- J O The Hart and Vine, o^^ v^ ^ -f- o -,^ -^^-0- .i77 J"^ ■ ' Q <- ^ -^=^ ^ ^ -i^ <9 "^P ^^^^^ ^ / ;^ «^ ^==B- .// T^ ' ^^ (^ ^ ^ ^-^ JX- " H f^ I I -Z^=^-0_ Tr»- — ^ '-/' O) .^)r 172 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. The Last Rose of Sunifner, "7: ~7^ "7 ^ ~^ d .^. c^ -.O- { ^ ^^ ^^ - ^ / y cA- ..^!ll -/- q— ■ -6^ / .^ .^.^ ■=^7 / 1 c^ cr ^ ^ '9 / ■ ■- / v^ ■^ — — fe- , /-- -^ _.c ^^ c^ T^e Girl and Chickens, / - ^ / -=5— ^-^ ^ ^ ^ • W- GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 173 t o^ -1^ -M- -O- -y- -7^ ^ ' 1^ ,/-7 { -^ • ' y ^x^i^ >=> -^ ^ -/r 32^ .^. '^y-^^^ j^^ <^ -. g .g-" u /^ _^ ^ ^ ^ -^ ^ , - ^ A^ // ^ O <:L. A-^ -7-7^ -^-v^ ^^ A. -*^=^N- -iSL- ^^. / / y-"^ ^/ • ^ ■ ^ The New Frock, L_ ~f- 1 ^ ) -^ ^ -^^ ^'^-^ ^ T ^ -^^ I (y^ ^ ^ / 174 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. -4^ P= -^=7" -^ u • (^°f °- J- -^ -^ ^5E7^ -^ .z:Z^ ^^ -^ ji^ ^-r^ -f- T / ^ / '.^^^ g .^ .^!Z- -z^-V^ ''^ rT •^ ' iif / ^ O y ^ — -^ -&- ^Sr ^. x^ "Z^ X V- >:r ^/ • ^" ^ Bread and Butter, "«=;^ ^^^-^ d ^ ^ ^' • -z. JL , i.r ^ y ^ /^^-7f (^ ^^ g^ .K-t? .^^ ^ ^ ^ z#- -7-^^ /^ ^ ^ - . \ i., «2_ ^^^"^r" GRADED READING AKD WRITING EXERCISES. 175 J - A^ -f- -.^-/- -7^ i- L / o .JL '- •^ ■■■ t\' -» 7- -1^ .EJI r. 5 ^ O A -7^ -^ ^^ -'^ fe-fc^ ■V-7- .JH. -/- ■tS^^ f ^^V^ -yi^ A. A /?^ ' ^- • / ^^^ / > -^^ -»~ T^ -^'='— r^ ^ ^ ZT^ --i^ -f-^h^^^-- v^ ^-^ -/iL. J ^ ■^ / -c? ^^, ^ V o* ^ ^^ -v«i-^ -r4^ -f-^ H s^^ V^ / ^ '^' Jr. J -t=r-iz cf s> c^ J ^ J ^ -t- -& ■^ / ^^^ GEADED READING AXD WRITING EXERCISES. 17"? -7h -^ ^^ ^^ j:::! // . / .9 . -7^ o -^^ _^z_ ( S> -^9--^ ^ 7?—^ ifc^ X ^ ^ ~r-r j- 1^ ,^ ^ J ^'r ^ .^ _^i. "E^ ^j:Z- i^ ^^ z 7^ -,41- "^5" ■7^ y-^-zT- // C (^ /^ / b^ " ~~\ -T ~y^ j^ ~D ,/>>-. -^^T^ T -^ ^r^ ^=^ -Cr- -V- -J^ J^ C 9 '- ' ^ ^ — V^ ^ "z: t) -^ // . .M- ^^ ih £:^ --^ 178 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. l "^ -^ // . . .J/- "^^ JZV f/ Z7 r JL ^' -^ J .' ■? T ./ y ■^ ^ JC- /_ -A jL (/\-z^£^x^ (^^..ftyO-cn^c/^, ./ o /^ ,< . Z^ ~TZ Baby's Soliloquy. - — ■ jy - ^ ^ • 3^ ^^^ -7 Y^r C/ y / ^/^ ^ J , / :^ -f-^ t^^ -^ ^ ,. "D ^^ ^ -'^ -n^ .^^ // ?, .^ ■ // z: -^ -^ ^-7 /^ <~6 ^^ ,,p ,f>^ j_ --^H^ f' — GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 179 -/- r / // --^ L , JL. // . c? ^\ Ci "^ .yL -^ ^7 ^ / •Y^ '^^- r -^ 'V ^ -7«^ 7^ ■UC- L^^^ ^ J A. ' "7 /^ / -^ -^ai- C/ . /L 6/ Those Evening Bells, >s. _::^ X" v^-^ "^ :^-T^ J::^ ^ V ^ / / ' ■ "^ ^ L -7^ V. -O- -^ T^-fc- l ^^^^--^^ ^ -Tf^ -7^ I i. — --"^ X CO ^ v.^ ry .y! /^ ^^ A^ X j:::_ ^ -^v -^^-5=3 L V -4C- y- -^ - -^- ^. ^ " ^7^ -zA -^ _^ N. • r -f-^==^ ^ X-. i^ _^i. vi ^^ i^(g<>->t^^-^ • CD f / ^ ^.^ ^ oy GRADED READING AND WRITING EXERCISES; 181 The Pilot. 182 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. .^- J XX- Zr oy 3^ -^ J_ \^ -V- ^^1^ y J ■='^ a /r a ^iS=i- -C -^^ \^ ^ ' ^ ty Stream of Life, -/^=-^ / ■ « ■ -=■7?^ ^"v '^ -6*- '^ V — ' c^ -JL . ^^.g^^ z:^ w^ In.. / ^ y-^^^^^ -V-^- y ¥- ^ ^-, .-,- Ji^ -& ^ /v ^;^ -jr-s^ k V^ -y- -,.^^— ^ ^-^ -yi- -//- ^-tS- >/ v^r ^'^ ^ ^ JL- '-A^ i-^ z. ^t-- . ") c^y' ^^s^ -^ — ^ ^ T ..^ -&- -/^ 7f /^p?r^-r. GRADED READING AIS'D WRITING EXERCISES. 183 Advice to Young Men. -7^— ^ _^ ^c^' V^V >^ ^ "4 ^^- t5^ • /^ }?yrr^^yA^ '//^f-r-^zA^ . ^ Lincoln the Shepherd, 7 ^ ^ rr^ -7^ ,A. ^ -7^ // ^ ^- ^ -t~ -7^ cy ^^ T <> ^ 2^ V o c ^-^^ 184 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ^-r^^^^ ^ ^/ C "^ o 9^=^ d ^ cr- O -e- ^ ~ -^ \ // ly V ^ ^>^ , /r n -e- ,z_ "^ ^^^>^^ -^ d ,^ /5^ -^ ^ / ^ <^ ^^> // o c ^ "^ ^ "-^^ c — r? A .^iL -J^ M- y- Ct" 7 7" /^ ^ "//jjyy^j^^Tz^t!^ J CHAPTER IX. ADDENDA. 1. OTnission of Wo7'€ls.—ln other systems of jihorthand it is common to suggest that in verbatim leporting many unimportant words may be omitted, to oe supplied in making the transcript. In the earlier (editions of this system the student was informed that he might pursue the same course. I am, however, convinced 1 hat it is a bad practice. He who omits words in writing will be liable also to omit them in transcribing his notes, and will often render an imperfect transcript. I have ^•ery recently known a writer of my system to be selected Irom among a large number of applicants for a valuable position simply because, as the emi^loyer said, "You are the only one of all that I have tested who can give me back my words; I find that stenographers are in the habit of leaving out all the small words, while you have put them all in." 2. It is bad theory to provide for leaving out any uttered word of a communication, and it argues the incompleteness and inadequacy of any system that recom- mends it. It is a much better basis of stenographic work to study and practice until you can write a dictation perfectly; and then if in taking a very hurried discourse you are obliged to omit words, regard it rather as an 185 18G ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. indication that you need more preparation for verbatim re- porting, and practicing for speed, press on to perfection. 3. Tile provision which this system makes for a brief writing of all the short phrases by single strokes makes it unnecessary to omit small words, as it is quicker to write them than to omit them. 4. The fact is, that there is no word but is at times important; although it may be unimportant in one con- nection, in another its significance is very material to the correct rendering of the sentence, and one who acquires a habit ot omitting a word because it is generally not of vital importance, is as likely to omit it in the hurry of rapid writing, when it is of great importance, as when its value is slight. 5. If a word is omitted in writing that must be inserted in the transcript, the writer must depend on his memory of the dictation, or on his judgment of the word demanded by the structure of the sentence, neither of which is infallible; and there are many cases in which either of two i)articles may be inserted to supply an ellipsis, and when to insert the wrong word would radi- cally change the import of the sentence. 6. Omission of Consonants. — Omit all silent consonants, one when doubled, and any other, the omis- sion of which does not endanger the legibility of the word from which it is omitted; as, f from itself, myself, modi- fication, gratification and identification: d from friend- ship and old; g from distinguished, length, etc. 7. Omission of Vowels. — While most systems of shorthand are constructed on the principle of making as little use as possible of vowels, this system is based on OMISSION OF VOWELS. 187 a different principle;, and makes the utmost possible use of them. In utterance we give time and stress to the vowels, tripping lightly over the consonants, while in shorthand, as it is generally written, the vowels are dis- carded and only the consonants expressed. 8. The vowels being re23resented in this system by linear characters similar to those which are used for the consonants, they are susceptible to the application of the same contractions as are applied to the consonants. A vowel stroke is often capable of receiving several contrac- tions, while, if the vowel were not written, the contrac- tions would be impossible, and it would be necessary to wi'ite a stroke for each contraction which has been ex- pressed, and made possible only by the use of the vowel. By the use of the vowel characters in such cases we secure, not only the legibility which arises from the expression of the vowel, but also secure greater brevity than can be possible by the use only of consonants. The outline not only expresses the word in a briefer character, but it comprises more of the elements of the uttered words. 9. If a vowel is necessary to the pronunciation, it should generally be written, whether it can take contrac- tions or not. If it is the second letter of a word, it is always expressed by the position of the j)receding letter, which may at the same time be so written as to express the contractions which Avould naturally follow and be added to a vowel if it were written; thus, in the word nor, in which the r following the o is naturally added to it by shading, the n is written on o position, and shaded to express the r which follows the position letter, 188 ECLECTIC SHORTHAK"D. 10. If a vowel begins a word, it is, as a rule, written, being so written on position as to express a following con- sonant. Inflected vowels ending words, especially short words, slionld always be written; as in assay, allay, obey, alloy, allow, array, arrays, etc. 11. Unaccented vowels in the middle or at the end of words may generally be safely omitted. 12. Otuission of Short Initial Prefixes. — These may sometimes be omitted. (ft) Ac, ag, oc. — May be omitted from such words as accord, according, aceordingl_y, accuse, acknowledge, aggressive, aggravate, acquired, occur, occasion. (?;) Al. — May be omitted from such words as allow, allusion, almost, although. (c) Com, con. — May be omitted from such words as confuse, confer, confess, compose, compute, comprise, contempt, congrega- tion. {d) En, em. — May be omitted from such words as enjoy, enjoys, enjoying, enjoin, encase, enclose, entice, engrave, employ, embolden. (/) Ex. — In words beginning with ex omit e, and write x on the position of its following vowel. {g) In, im. — May be omitted from such words as imply, implied, improve, improved, increased, ingulfed, inclosed. {h) Re. — May be omitted from such words as reversed, reviewed, revived, revoked, report, reposed, replied, reply, replying, repealed, required. 13. Omission of Suffixes. — It is customary in other systems of shorthand to omit many suffixes, but this system makes provision for either writing or suggesting all terminations. A business man said: "The two sten- ographers I have had from your school were the best I ever had. Among other things, 1 notice one striking fact, they never make mistakes in terminations. I have had many stenographers, but I never had one SHORTHAND NOTATION. 189 before who was not continually making mistakes in terminations." 14. Technical Terms. — It sometimes occurs in writing that proper names, technical words, or words of inconvenient length are frequently repeated. In such cases, after writing them once or twice, they may be represented by their initial letter, or by a brief suggestive outline, or by the principal elements of the words. 15. Negative Words. — The writing of this class of words in this system requires no special instruction, because the prefixes or suffixes which distinguish such words are written according to the rules of the system; thus, in illogical, the prefix il is expressed by i on the 1 position. From a slight examination of the few follow- ing illustrative words, in which both the positive and negative forms are given, it will be evident that the means of distinction between the two needs no special explanation : Logical, illogical; normal, abnormal; annul, disannul; constant, inconstant; politic, impolitic; thinking, unthinking; distinct, indistinct; reconciled, irroconciled ; religious, irreligious; control- lable, uncontrollable: noble, ignoble; able, disable; kind, unkind. 10. Shorthand I^otation. — Many schemes have been devised by stenographers for shorthand writing of figures in stenographic work, and while many of them are ingenious, none of them are used to any extent in practical work, the use of the Arabic notation being so brief and simple that most stenographers prefer to use it. 17. Short numbers expressed by only two figures may be readily and briefly written in sliorthand, but it is to be questioned whether it is not better to write them in most cases by the use of the common numerals. 190 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 18. Proper Names. — Initials and proper names are correctly and easily written in tliis system, while the phonograplier is generally embarrassed by tliem. The reason for the dilTerence between this and other systems in this respect is, that the alphabet in this system pro- vides for all the letters of the alphabet, while the alpha- bets of other systems do not. If you will begin j^racticing the writing of simple proper names in shorthand, and then the more complicated ones, you will soon find that it is possible to write them legibly, and that by writing them in this manner you will save much time. 19. Punctuation. — All the marks common to punctuation may be used in shorthand, as the stenog- "^pher understands their use; but in shorthand writing tnere is no time usually for adding the punctuation, except to indicate the end of sentences, which should be done from the beginning in all your shorthand work, that you may form the habit of doing it. Two parallel ticks seem to be the best indication of the period, since the single dot is used as a word-sign. In rapid writing, if there is not time for the writing of the period dots at the end of the sentence, the period may be indicated by a longer space between words. 20. The Dash is represented by a slight waved line. 21. Lauffhter is represented by the word written in shorthand. 22. Applause is indicated by the writing of the word in shorthand. 23. Mmphasis is indicated as in longhand, by drawing one or more lines under the emphasized word or words. PROOF-READING. 191 M. The Shorthand Capitals are used at the beginning of a sentence, and in all other cases in which they are necessary. 25. Preparing Copy for the Printer. — Writ- ten or printed matter for the printer is called copy. If it is written, it should be done in a plain, legible hand; but it is better, if possible, to have it done by the machine. In either case, the spelling, capitalization and punctua- tion should be correctly done. Emphatic words should be marked by drawing one line under them for italics, two lines to indicate small capitals, and three lines for large capitals. The writing should be done on only one side of the paper, or if on both sides, it should be indi^ cated at the bottom of the first page by the word over written at the lower right-hand corner of the page. 2G. Proof •reading , — The printed matter prepared ])y the printer for correction is called proof. In large ([uantities it is usually in long sheets called galley proof. After the galley proof has been corrected, it is usual for the printer to furnish other proofs for a second and third correction. If proof-reading is among your duties, and most persons in business are likely to have more or less of it to do, make yourself familiar with the following two pages illustrative of proof reading. These pages present and illustrate the use of the technical marks in ordinai-y use in correcting proof, and were prepared for this book by a jDrofessional proof reader. These marks being understood in the printing office, reporters and others, in correcting for the printer, should make use of tliem. SPECIMEN OF PROOF-SHEET MARKED FOR CORRECTION. ,^ Mr. THOMAS. I 5o not wish, to ^resen? tliat as the view of X utt- Q ihe gentleman from Miss!|issippi if it was the view of another. All yJ^fW I have now to say is, it wa s the coi-rec t vj^wl And let me say it^^^^^= O /— / was the correct view. Jor this reason, thatjthe committee were Fe- vL- stricted as to evidence, and could not go to the ceii£re)of the evi- a^ v Ada-C^ji'eferred to them in the pending contest; and.*H*4 no gentle4.C^^ H arrison l. 'C0/iv4 Mr. Harrison. I want to ask the chairman [^Mr. SiikxKsl if the ^.^. I V- EXPLANATION. also written dele; Lat. rlelere, to blot out; a technically-shaped terminal O (]peeches, and books ; either transcribing them by writing them out in longhand or on the writing machine, or filing ^;hem for future reference. He also frequently writes the conversations which occur between his employer and persons who have called to talk business with him. 2. The uses which are thus made of the amanuensis are not confined to any particular kind of business, but are general; in banks, insurance offices, commission houses, manufacturers' offices, publishing houses, railway offices, agencies, newspaper offices, law offices, and the studies of ministers, literary and scientific men. Indeed, it is almost impossible to enumerate the various depart- ments of activity in which the amanuensis and his art have become most important agencies for facilitating the expression, transmission and recording of thouglit. 3. The chief part of the commercial amanuensis's work consists in taking letters from dictation. The cor- respondence of a large business house involves great labor, 197 198 ECLECTIC RHOETHAND. Before the use of shorthand was apiDlied to it^ every cor- respondent for a house required a thorough knowledge of the business, and often a house employed several corre- spondents who devoted their entire time to answering letters hy means of the jien. Now, a single corres]3ond- ent, aided by a shorthand clerk with his writing machine, can easily do the work which formerly required several correspondents. The morning mail of a house is received. The correspondent opens letter after letter, quietly dic- tates their answers to his stenographer, and often in an hour's time the replies to fifty or one hundred letters have been dictated. 4. Having thus disposed of the morning's mail, the correspondent is at liberty to devote his attention to other important matters connected with the business until the arrival of another mail, while the amanuensis proceeds to transcribe, in longhand or by the writing machine, the letters from his shorthand notes, making copies of such as need to be preserved, and prej^aring all for the mail. If the time of the amanuensis is not all occupied in doing his regular shorthand and transcribing Avork, he is em- ployed in filing letters, writing circulars, assisting on the books, making bills, doing collecting, attending to tele- grams, etc., by which means he has an excellent oppor- tunity of becoming acquainted with the various details of practical business life. QUALIFICATIONS. 5. Chavactev. — As a foundation, the amanuensis must be possessed of character, so that he will feel the responsibilities of his position, and strive to make his ser- vices valuable to his employer, ^' lie occupies a position AMANUENSIS WORK. 199 of trust and responsibility, and no professional or business man will wish to employ as amanuensis a person in whom he cannot repose perfect confidence/' therefore he must be honest and faithful. He must be orderly in all his work, and jirompt in its accomplishment, neat in his per- sonal habits, and gentlemanly in his deportment. " He must possess the ability to guard as a sacred trust all the knowledge he may acquire of his employer's affairs." G. Education. — There are many positions which the amanuensis of limited education can fill acceptably, but such positions are not to be desired, because the Avork to be done is of a comparatively low order, and the remun- eration which such positions afford is so much less than that of first-class houses, in which the correspondence is conducted by gentlemen of education, intelligence and refinement. 7. It is true that stenographers of limited education have in many cases succeeded in rising in their profession, but such were persons either of superior mental powers, or were fortunate in securing unusually favorable surround- ings. 8. No one can expect to succeed in amanuensis work who has not the advantage of a good common English education. He must be able to read intelligently, and to write legibly. He must have a general knowledge of words which only reading can give. A liberal education will not only add efficiency to the stenographer's services, but is a foundation from which he may confidently expect to rise to distinction in his v.-ork, or to rise from it to a position of greater distinction and profit, 200 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAND. 9. If you have not the advantage of a good education, if you are wise, you Avill improve every opportunity to increase your knowledge by conversation, by attending lectures, and especially by reading — thoughtful, thorough reading. If you have not a good knowledge of the English language, let this be your first acquisition. Learn to spell, to read, the use and meaning of words, and how to jjunctuate. 10. Many persons have graduated from the high school or college who cannot sjiell correctly, and Avho are ignor- ant of the fact. Such persons will soon discover their deficiency when others begin to read their transcript. A poor speller cannot fill a position of any importance, for no good business man will tolerate poor spelling, or incor- rect capitalization and punctuation in the transcripts of his dictated letters. Even though he may not himself be expert in all these things, he will soon notice the errors of his clerk, and politely, or otherwise, dispense with his services. 11. The practical means an employer has of forming an estimate of his amanuensis's ability is in the aj^pearance of his transcripts. It does not concern the employer what system of shorthand his clerk writes, or whether he spent a month or twelve months in learning it; if his tian- scripts come out from the machine beautiful, like coins from the mint, he congratulates himself on having secured a skilful amanuensis. 12. From these considerations, it is not only evident that a good education will go far toward making an amanuensis a valuable clerk, but that without an education it is almost impossible to become a capable amanuensis. AMANUENSIS WOEK. 201 True though this is, no one should despair. The study and practice of shorthand is a whole education in itself. Three or six months spent in its acquisition will go far toward giving an extended practical use and knowledge of words. If the student of shorthand is deficient in the English branches, their study and that of shorthand should be carried on together until final success is reached. Many persons of limited educational advantages and acquirements have, in a comparatively short time, become practical shorthand writers, by making shorthand and Webster's Dictionary their daily companions. 13. A student who spells badly should at once begin a list of the words which he spells incorrectly, increasing the list by all discoveries which he makes of his deficien- cies in this respect, daily looking over the list and writing the words correctly, until he has practically become a good speller. 14. Shorthand, — An amanuensis does not generally need to write as rapidly as a court or general reporter, but must have a speed of one hundred to one hundred and fifty words a minute on average business phraseology. He must have an attentive ear, to catch all of a dictated sentence, for it is his duty to take down every word of it, and any changes that become necessary from imperfect dictation should be made in the transcript, not in the notes. He must be able to carry a sentence in the mind, so that if the dictator speaks rapidly away from him, as is sometimes done by a man thoroughly acquainted with the subject of his letter, he may retain the sentence, and by increasing speed, take also the new sentence and over- take the dictation. 302 ECLECTIC SHORTHAJiTDe 15. The ability to read the notes readi. * and correctly is of equal importance, so that no time may be lost in deciphering them, and no errors committed in their transcription. One who writes so slowly that he is fre- quently obliged to request the dictator to repeat, or who reads so poorly as not to be able to instantly read any dictated sentence that may be asked for, or Avho makes incorrect transcrij)ts,even in the more unimjDortant parts of the speech, will not gain the confidence of an employer, and will be liable at any time to be replaced by an aman- uensis who understands his business. 16. Penmanship. — Although the machine has generally superseded the pen in correspondence in business houses, still plain, strong, graceful penmanshij? will, in many business houses, be regarded as an important quali- fication of the amanuensis. Therefore, if your penman- shiji is faulty, study to eliminate all unnecessary strokes, to make it plain, to make the similar letters uniform in size, and all uniform in slant and curvature. Make the extended letters rather short than long. Make capitals the same height as extended letters, and very simple in form. 17. The Writing Machine.— ThQ amanuensis should have a perfect acquaintance with the machine employed, that it may be kept in good working order, and promptly put in good order when it fails to respond. He must be able to do any kind of machine work that may be demanded, do it correctly, promptly, neatly and rapidly. Study carefully the instructions on care of the machine. AMANUENSIS WORK. 203 REGARDING A POSITION. 1. Do not seek a position until you are well qualified to fill one. 2. Having good speed in shorthand, and ability to read without hesitancy, together with adequate speed in machine writing, and having practiced copying letters, especially business letters, until you can type-write them quickly in a faultless and elegant style, you may be con- sidered prejDared to seek a position in some business office. 3. Positions are frequently secured by advertising for them in the newspapers, especially the dailies. In the application seek houses and firms doing a large business by correspondence. Every kind of business is carried on more or less in this way; even large farmers and stock breeders now require the aid of the amanuensis. 4. In presenting your application for a position, do not claim more ability than you can demonstrate you are the possessor of, but be satisfied to let the character of your work speak for you. 5. In taking a trial dictation for a position, do not lose your senses, keep cool; it will make you master of the position. Do your work quietly, without afl:ectatiou or ostentation. For your trial, be prepared with such note-book and pen or pencil as you are accustomed to use, that you may not be embarrassed by the strangeness of material. Be careful to sit near enough to your dictator to clearly understand his words. Be very attentive not to lose a word. Should you fail to understand any particu- lar word, do not interrupt the dictation, but leave a space for the word, and when the dictation is done, immediately ask for the lost words, reading back a sentence that your 204 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. dictator may understand what you seek for. Be careful to indicate the close of sentences by the period; it will help you in making the transcript. 6. If possible to avoid it, do not interrupt the dicta- tion, unless you find it absolutely outstripping you, in which case promptly, but deferentially, request less speed. 7. Write the address on your notes in carefully written longhand, unless you can write proper names confidently in shorthand, being careful about the spelling. 8. When you have received the dictation, before undertaking the transcript, read it carefully through, to get the subject clearly in your mind, noting the beginning and end of sentences and of paragraphs. 9. In beginning the transcrijot, be careful not to write the complimentary address or body of the letter too close to the letter-head . If it is a short letter and your pajjer is letter size, double space the machine, and let the letter occupy the middle of the page, writing the complimen- tary address, after the date is properly placed, some dis- tance below the letter-head. If the letter is long, single space the machine and write a full page. Work with a confident, prompt hand, careful to make a success on the first sheet. Be careful not to soil the sheet with the fingers. When completed, promptly remove the letter from the machine, and present to the dictator for his inspection, 10. If the machine is not in good order, does not space well or run accurately, or the type is dirty, so that the printing is not clear, it wou^ld be well to remark, that. AMAXUENSIS WOKK. 205 with a little attention to the machine, to clean and adjust it, a much neater letter might be produced. 11. In seeking a position, aim to get into a good house; one with which it will be a credit to be connected. Accept the salary they are willing to offer you as a be- ginner, remembering that, however competent you may consider yourself, it is an experiment on your employer's part, and also that it will take you some time to become familiar with his methods of doing business. Then prove by your thorough work, by the faithful performance of duties, and by using your brains as well as your fingers, that you are worthy of your employer's confidence, and he will then be very glad to advance your salar}', either voluntarily or upon request, as help that has shown itself to be valuable will not readily be parted with. 12. Having secured a position, endeavor to fill it. Do the work as though it were your own, and you meant to bring it up to the highest possible standard. Be on time. Be interested in your work. Put your machine in good working order. Arrange your office for conven- ience. Have as few appliances as possible, and these always in place and order. Have a place for your extra clothing. Do not make your office a lounging place for your mates. Be in your office at the proper time daily. If you are requested to work over-time, do it cheer- fully. It frequently happens that a very much larger mail is received on one day than anotlier, and at such times do all you can to facilitate the speedy dispatch of replies. Let manliness characterize all your actions. Keep at your hand a Student's Dictionary and a Postal Guide; they will help more than they cost you. Be care- ful in addressing envelopes to do it correctly and in a 206 ECLECTIC SHORTHAISTD. business-like way. If more letters are dictated than can be gotten off by the next mail, give the preference to those which are the more important, to get them off first. Closely attend to any instructions you may receive, that you may be able to conform to them without failure. Keep a small index book, with the addresses of all of the regular correspondents of the house, so that you Avill not be obliged to write the full address of all such letters in your notes. It will save time for yourself and your dictator. It is very desirable for the letters to which replies have been dictated to be placed in the hands of the stenographer, that he may get the addresses accurately. Business men vary in their methods of copying their letters, and of filing those they receive; hence the expe- rience which you may have had in this work will not serve you, and you will need to keep your eyes open. Make a note of all technical and difficult words and phrases common to your special line of work, and immediately practice them until you have mastered them. 13. Study the general methods of the office in which you are, and adhere to them closely. Study your dicta- tor's ways, and try to please him. Always be ready with your jjencil to respond instantly to his calls to take dicta- tion; date your note-book each day. Be sure to spell the names of all firms correctly; never guess at them, if you are not sure how to sj)ell them, but ask how, or refer to the letters for them. A mistake in the name of a firm may be disastrous, and cost your emjDloyer more in one letter than you can earn in a year. This is very impor- tant, because the misspelling of a name may j^revent a letter reaching its destination. A wrong quotation of a AMANUENSIS WORK. 20? fraction in a sentence would make a difference, in some transactions, of hundreds, and even thousands of dollars. 14. If, at any time, you fail in taking all your dictator says, do not interrupt him while he is dictating, but promptly at the end of the letter ask for instructions, and sup23ly the words you have lost. When you fail to take a word, leave a space to be filled when you shall have ascertained the lost word or phrase. In asking for omitted words, begin reading at the beginning of the sentence, that your dictator may more readily understand what information you seek. If the dictation is altogether too fast for you at any time, pleasantly request your dictator to speak more slowly. 15. If at any time interruption should occur and stop the dictation, when it is begun again, read to your dicta- tor what he last said, that he may readily take up the thread of his thought. Be ready to write when your dictator starts; do not allow him to get a long sentence ahead of you while you are getting your pencil and paper ready. Do not allow your mind to wander, but hold your attention closely to the work in nand, even though your dictator may make long pauses. You must be absolutely certain that you are writing, what your dictator says, that you may be sure that you can read it correctly. 16. If required to interline an additional phrase or sentence, make a double cross where the sentence is to be introduced, writing the sentence which is to be added on the opposite page of your note-book, beginning it with a similar double cross, that in transcribing yo!:- may recognize it as added matter to be introduced ■ this point. 208 ECLECTIC SHORTHAKD. 17. Keep well wp with your work, and if at any time some letters more important than others have been dic- tated, be sure to give these your first attention, that you may get them off at the earliest possible hour. Should you find that you are likely to get behind with your work, be sure to inform your dictator, that he may make such arrangements as he thinks best for the accomplish- ment of the work in hand. If your attention is called especially to get any particular letter written, or a special line of letters completed that day, or for a specified mail, do not allow anything to interfere with your work until this is done. Delay may prove very serious. 18. Never betray any confidence which your employer places in you, nor give any information connected with the business which you are expected to retain confiden- tially. As much of the business of the house is done by stenograjihers, and they will unavoidably become acquainted with important matters, if you show yourself worthy of confidence, you will thereby increase the value of your services, and attach yourself to your employer's interests. If you betray confidence, you will never again be trusted. 19. Be neat. Be methodical. Be orderly. Be prompt. Be gentlemanly or ladylike. Keep up with your work. Keep good hours. Study to improve your- self in manners, in appearance, in address, in health, in morals, in shorthand, in typewriting, in your knowledge of business in general. You will thus increase your efficiency, and grow in favor with your employers. THE AVEITIXG MACHINE. 209 THE WRITING MACHINE. 1. It is not my purpose to advocate any particular- machine;, but to give a few general instructions to guide the learner. 2. The first thing is to thoroughly understand the machine, that you may know how to adjust and clean it, and how to put the paper in, and regulate it so as to begin and end the printing at your pleasure. The chair and table should be so adjusted in height that, in oper- ating, you will not be obliged to lift the hands higher than the elbows when hanging by the side. 3. The second thing is to learn the alphabet so thor- oughly that any letter can be touched without the least hesitancy. 4. In practicing on the caligraph, or typewriter, let the left hand do the work over the left half of the key- board, and the right hand that over the right half, using the first and second fingers to do most of the work, touching the spacers of the caligraph with the third and fourth fingers, and that of the typewriter with the thumbs. In practice, the arms should not rest, as stu- dents sometimes rest them, on the front of the caligraph. After becoming perfectly familiar with the alphabet, the best finger exercises for elementary practice consist of short words repeated, carefully accustoming yourself to touch a key on either half of the key-board with the nearest fingers of the corresponding hand. 5. The touch of the keys must be firm, quick and light, the fingers raised from a key as quickly as touched, never holding it down. Be very careful to strike but a 210 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. single key at a time. A uniform touch is very important to handsome work. If some keys arc very lightly struck and more force applied to others, the printed page will surely show it, appearing clouded and unsatisfactory, while a uniform touch will make an even page. Be very particular to cultivate a uniform springing touch. Strike punctuation keys lighter than letters, and thus avoid the common fault of driving the period and comma through the paper. Drill on this until no signs of the punctua- tion marks appear on the back of the page. Practice short words, commas and periods over and over, then more and more difficult words. Practice familiar sen- tences over and over. Copy good literature, taking a sentence in the mind at a time. Practice business letters until familiar with the location of each part of a letter. At last practice mucli from your sliortliand notes, for this will be your final work, on which you Avill stand or fall. One gets the ability to pick out his notes by labor, guess- ing at this and that word, until, finally, after much study, the writing is deciphered, and he then thinks himself ready to take a position. But this is very inade- quate preparation for an office; no business man will tolerate it. You must be able to read your notes 2}rom2J f J 1/ and with certamty before you are fit for a position. You must be able to sit down at the machine with the notes before you, and transcribe them without hesitancy. When you can do this, you may seek a position, but not a day sooner. You cannot acquire the ability to tran- scribe your notes without much practice. The inspector of mails in the Chicago postoffice said: "1 have had an Eclectic in my office a year, and have never been obliged THE WKITING MACHINE. 211 to make a single correction because of errors in tran- scribing her notes." This reputation I covet for all Eclectics. It is to be secured only by hard work, ivorh, WORK. G. The typewriter joractice which I have outlined may seem very simple, but many of the best operators have been developed by this process. CARE OF THE MACHIXE. 1. Many parts of the writing machine are very deli- cately adjusted, aud, under the hands of a rapid operator, are subject to wear and strain every hour. In the great majority of machines, supposed to be entirely out of working order, it will be found that the trouble can be entirely removed by cleaning and adjusting. Dust and dirt jDcrmitted to accumulate about the working parts of the machine interfere with its free, rapid and perfect action. Heavy oil applied to remedy the difficulty com- bines with the dirt, i)roducing a gummy substance, which soon renders the machine useless. 2. An inexperienced operator will imagine the ma- chine out of adjustment, and give this screw a turn for- ward, and that a turn backward, at random, until he can no longer operate the key-board, and then calls the repairer, who simply cleans the machine, and it works like a new instrument. 3. Neither benzine nor oil of any kind, unless it is of the very finest quality, and combined in the proportion of about two parts of benzine to one of oil, should be used about a machine, and then it should be used only for cleaning the machine. Apply this oil with a long-handled artist's bristle-brush, such as can usually be purchased at 212 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. the stores for fifteen cents Keep the oil clean, dropping it on the brush, operating the machine during the clean^ ing, to be sure that all parts of it have been reached. The brush should be frequently cleaned by saturating it with oil, and wiping botli oil and dirt out of it with a piece of cotton clotli. There is usually no reason for loosening a screw or removing any part of the instrument. An accumulation of dust in oil on the rod on which the carriage slides right and left will prevent prompt and rapid action. What is true of this is true of all parts of the machine. Dust, accumulating in oil, left on the deli- cate parts, clogs' and prevents their action. When the carriage seems reluctant to respond, look for dirt on the rod on which it slides. Cut this dirt off by means ox the compound oil, and wijDe the rod thoroughly clean. In the ty^^ewriter, clean the grooved wheels which run on the rod, as well as tlie axles on which the wheels turn. Thoroughly clean until the carriage will respond promptly to the touch. Do not wind ui) the mainspring. It Avas probably properly adjusted when you received it. Keep the dog and tooth bars beneath the carriage thoroughly clean, attending to it frequently. 4. AVant of alignment is often supposed to be the result of the misplacement of a type arm, when dirt alone is responsible. No matter what seems to be the matter with a machine, the chances are that dirt alone is respon- sible. It is always safe to assume that to be the case, and that a thorough cleaning will remove the difficulty. If you utterly fail by this means, call for the adjuster. 5. The face of the type should always be kept per- fectly clean. Many a good machine has been pronounced THE WEITING MACHIlJfE. 213 used 111? when it only needed the type cleaned. When in constant use, the type should be cleaned twice a day. Use no liquid on the type, hold it and brush it with a stiff tooth or hand brush until clean. Whenever an e or a fills up, and makes a heavy or blurred impression, clean it at once. While cleaning the type, use the compound oil to cleanse the brush, rubbing it on an old newspaper to thoroughly remove the oil before brushing the type face. Frequently clean out the top of the type bars all around the circle by thoroughly brushing backvv^ard and forward, with a brush frequently cleaned in the oil, being careful to leave no oil or dirt in the sj)aces between the bars. 6. Never undertake to move the typewriter carriage until the lever by which it is moved is sufficiently de- j)ressed to raise the back of the carriage out of gear, so that it will move readily in either direction. One raking of the spacing rack across the face of the spacing dog is enough to put it out of order. If by such carelessness the dog should get out of order, it will need to be carefully readjusted, 7. No one should ever be allowed to put his fingers on your machine, except yourself. Two minutes of an inex- perienced person at it is often enough to ruin it. Persons serving in an office think that, having seen a machine in use, they can run it, and attempt to do it, often with ruinous results. A delicate lady, insisting on trying her hand on a new machine, at the first movement struck three keys at once, as some people pound a piano, and went on striking key after key; and the machine had to be returned to Chicago for repairs. When your machine is Jil4 ECLECTIC SHOETHAISTD. not in use, keep it covered, and when yon leave the office, always lock the machine. 8. Keep an eye to the ribbon, to be sure that it always moves, and reverse the action before it rolls entirely to one wheel. To prevent the curling of the ribbon, it is best to use the edges first, and afterward the middle of it. 9. Keep the machine free from dust by covering and frequently dusting it. Keep it free from rust by daily running over the plated parts with a cloth moistened with the composite oil, wiping it dry. If a letter flies out of a tyjDC bar, it can usually be found, rejDlaced, and firmly pressed in by means of a piece of wood. CORRESPONDENCE. 1. It is not proposed in this work to give a thorough treatise on correspondence, which necessarily would in- volve the study of orthograiDhy, grammar and rhetoric, but simj)ly to provide a few practical exercises for the student. 2. All the following letters should be written in short- hand, and carefully transcribed on the machine from the shorthand notes, instead of from this book. Each tran- script should, however, be carefully comj)ared with the copy in the book, and should be written until it can be I'eproduced perfectly and quickly. It is a j^rinciple of art, that a few things thoroughly done are worth more, educationally and practically, than many things done in an indifferent way. Do not allow yourself to be self- indulgent, but resolutely determine not to be satisfied until you can take a letter from dictation, and sitting TYPE-WRITTEN LETTERS. 215 f down to the machiue, transcribe it perfectly on the first piece of paper you put in the machine. It will take you some time to arrive at this jooint, but it must be done, and if you Avill work faithfully at it, you will certainly accomplish it. 3. The letters, which include bills and statements of prices, are especially valuable for practice on the machine, because of the care which they require in writing. 4. These letters are reproductions, by the photo, process, of double-spaced, type-written letters, reduced in size to conform to the pages of this book; therefore, in copying them, a line here will make a lino of regular machine length. The paragraphing here corresponds to No. 10 of the machine. 5. In connection with this work you should make a thorough study of the business terms in the Shorthand Dictionary. TYPE-WKITTEN" LETTERS. Dubuque, la., Sept. 1st, 1889. South Bend Banking Co., South Bend, Ind. Gentlemen: — Your favor of the 8th inst., with application of Daniel Himt is at hand, examined, recommended and forwarded to Cincinnati for the approval of our Executive Committee. Herewith enclosed find first and second mortgages, principal and commission notes and affidavit of Ben Harvey. Also Draft No. 1215 for $2500.00 to close the loan. Before sending executed papers to us be sure that the same are ali complete, abstract perfect, and a policy of insurance obtained for the insurable value of the buildings. Themking you for your past patronage end hoping to receive a large bulk of A, No. 1 Indiana loans from you soon, we remain. Very truly yours, 216 ECLECTIC SHORTHAKD. Chi;C8go, 111*, Sept* 14, 1888« Mr*. Robert Miner, Fulton, 111* Dear Sir: Mr. Hadley has reported to me the result of his intervieur with you respecting your claim against the company for excavations, which you state were made outside of the right of v/ay. Mr. Hadley says that he offered you $50*00 for a deed to the strip of land 25 feet in width and 300 feet in length opposite the out where it is claimed by you we are at fault. while I am of the opinion that the amount offered is much too high, still for the sake of making an adjustment I will confirm and renew Mr. Hadley's offer, which may be considered final. If this will be satisfactory we are ready to close the matter with you on this basis; if not, we do not see that we need to continue the negotiations. Yours truly. Brighton, Staten Island, Feb. 19, 1888. Dear Sir: I am very sensible of the great honor, of your invitation to the annual banquet of the Chicago Club, on the 23d inst*, for which 1 beg to offer the Committee my hearty acknowledgment. The renown of that banquet and wide attention which the speeches of its orators command, make the invitation, at this time of unusual political interest, exceedingly tempting, and I wish it were possible to avail myself of your courtesy. But my occupations and engagements already made for the time mentioned, compel me to lose the signal pleasure which you propose to me, and I can only assure you of my sinc3re regret and the confidence that the Chicago Club by their patriotism and their independence will greatly aid a wise, popular decision in the impending national debate this year. Very respectfully. "^ A Chicago, 111., Jan. 27, 1866* Messrs* Hayward Bros. & Co., Bloomington, 111* Dear Sirs: We have your favor of the 17th Inst*, justifying yourselves for constant claims upon us for freight deductions, about which we wrote you in our letter of the 12th insl. You say: "We charge as quoted by your agent, and as given us by others* We have several quotations on same terms." All our quota- TYPE-WRITTEN LETTERS. 217 tlons are subject to change without notice, and no agent's quotation is binding when not accompanying the order which it is intended to govern. Neither do we agree to have our bills to our customers re- vised by the quotations of other houses. . You are good enough merchants to thoroughly understand the above position. Whenever you wish to purchase any goods of us on a quotation pre- viously given by our agent you should mention that quotation with your order. Very truly yours. Chicago, 111., Jan. 2, 1886. V. H. Bloom, Esq., Quincy, 111. Dear Sir: ffe send you sample of Barb Wire, that we will sell you in half or car lots; Painted at 7 cts.. Galvanized at 8 cts., cash ten days. It is a fully licensed wire, and a good article. We have sold it for two years past, and it is giving good satisfaction. As you did not answer our telegram lo-day, that price is off on nails. Will sell you half car nails at $3.40 rates, cash ten days. All above is F. 0. B. oars, Chicago, III. Could not ship for two or three weeks, or to suit if later. Yours truly. Messrs. Hayward Bros. & Co., Bloomington, 111. Gentlemen: Your postal card of the 24th inst. at hand ordering two Tiger Shellers, and, in as much as we have no arrangements made with you for next season's sale of these Tiger Shellers, we thought best to correspond with you, previous to making shipment, and say that our regular prices for Tiger Shellers are: $8.50 with fan and feed table, $8.00 with fan, and $7.50 without fan and feed table; these terms contemplate three mojiths' time, or, if cash is remitted within fif- teen days from date of invoice, a discount of 5 per cent, will be allowed from these prices. We are making this year a very superior One Hole Hand Sheller with wrought iron spoked balance wheel, with every improvement thai a sheller of this kind should have. Built with the utmost care and gotten up so it will thoroughly please farmers, not only for a year, but as long as they can use them. We are not competing with the cheap sheller trade of this country as there would be no money in that kind of business, but are manufacturing in our Tiger Sheller, a sheller that is first class, and we must have the prices we are asking for it, in order to afford any reasonable amount of profit. Of course. 218 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND, to ship an inferior sheller, we could sell at the same price as other parties, but we do not care to cater to that kind of trade, as there is no money in the business, and we are fully confident that there is a good trade for that class of shellers, and that farmers will not hesitate to pay from $1 to $2 more for them. With this full understanding as to prices and terms we shall be pleased to ship you any sheller thai you may desire. Yours truly. J» 0. Woodward, Esq., Hartford, Conn.: Dear Sir; Your letter of the 3d inst. with drafts to close loans as fol- lows, is at hand. No. 1500 to the order of Samuel Kent, $1200,00 No. 1501 n " » " Eliza Bent, 850.00 No. 1502 « <• " " David Field, 500.00 Total, $2550.00 Papers to close the loan will be sent out to-day, and completed papers sent to you as soon as they are received at this office. Herewith I hand you several applications, all through our old and reliable correspondent, E. B. Woods, of Chaumont, N. Y. I have thoroughly examined the loan and ihink it is a good one. If the committee do not care to handle the loan I will take it myself. Business will be brisk here this fall I think, and we are now ready to Tiandle a good many loans. Keep enough funds on deposit to take all the loans we can get. Yours iruly. ,^ Chicago, 111., Jan. 27, 1386. 2:30 P. M. Dear Sir: Wheat opened firm and slightly higher, but soon lost the advance, ruling dull for a short time, and then suddenly started upward, sell- ing at 88 cts. for May, from which point it broke to 87 3/3 for a closing. Exports show some increase. The general feeling is "bull- ish", more from a suspicion that the market is manipulated by a strong "clique" that now propose to put it up, rather than the belief that the Wheat is actually worth more than the present prices. Receipts light, samples in good demand. Corn is neglected, but I look for it to very soon begin to attract attention. Present prices are not bringing Corn to market TYPE-WRITTEX LETTERS. 219 frefily enough* Farmers as a rule wauit more for their Com, and feeders are paying more than shippers can stand. Should May Corn go to 45 cts. it would be no surprise, and would still be low. The East will soon begin to want more Corn and the Southern order trade (for White Corn) is increasing. Samples were a trifle firmer to-day, selling very readily. Oats show a little change, remaining firm, and all samples sell readily. Very little advance can be looked for until Corn starts upward. The demand proiuises to be good for the balance of the sea- son, and stocks are light. Shippers buying more freely this week. Rye and Barley dull and unchanged. - Timothy Seed very firm and 1 ct. higher. Receipts fair and dealers buying anxiously. The spring trade which will be active from now on is expected to be heavy. March sold at SI. 85 light. Flax easy, trading light and demand slow. Awaiting your valued favors, I am Respectfully yours. Chicago, 111., April 11, 1889. Mr. F. H. Henderson, Huron, Dak. Dear Sir: V I notice many of our cars with U. P. single link cast draw-bars in them; I cannot say at this writing where they are put in, but I do not want any of our cars accepted from foreign lines equipped in this manner, neither do I wish any U. P. draw-bars placed in our cars by our own men, unless it be that they are the only bars they have, and the car is loaded with perishable or time freight. Please acknowledge the receipt of this and advise me, if you know where these bars are being put on our cars. Yours truly. St. Albans, Vt., Jan. 15, 1884. Messrs. Page & Co., Boston, Mass. Gentlemen: You will please furnish, on account of this Company, the follow- ing articles, and send duplicate bills to the undersigned immediately upon shipment. Payment will be made upon receipt of invoice and shipping documents, or as per contract, but no draft on this Company will be honored. v/ 320 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ffhen a particular pattern or quality is not specified, this order Is for goods of guaranteed first quality only: — 2000 tons steel rails, 56 lb«, 3 1/2 inch, Sandsburg section. 1500 kegs best railroad spikes, 5 1/2 x 9/16. 10,000 angle bars, to fit section of rail, as above, and 40,000 3 1/4 X 3/4 track-bolts, with hexagon nuts. Price of the rails to be $42.60 per gross ton, delivered f. o. b. Worcester; spikes, $2.85 per 100 lbs.; angle-bars, !|2.40 per 100 lbs., and 52.60 per 100 lbs. for track-bolts. Spikes to be delivered f. 0. b., Boston; angle-bars and track-bolts with hexagon nuts to be delivered f. o. b., Wilmington, Del. The above order is given on condition of delivery on or before April 1st, next, by which it is understood that this Company is ex- empt from any charge of packing, or any cost other than the price of goods. Please acknowledge receipt of order and oblige. Yours very truly. Chicago, 111., Jan. 18, 1888. Steele & Fuller, Atchison, Kan., Gentlemen: Yours of the 23d inst. duly received. We quote you on: 100 lbs. 6-lb. Tinned Rivets 20 cts per lb. 30 " 1 1/4 lb. Tinned Rivets 29 " ° 40 " 1 3/4 X 1/4 Black Head Wagon Rivets, 13 " " 20 ° 1 1/4 X 1/4 n ., .. " 13 " 10 " 1 1/4 X 1/4 " 13 " 45 cts. discount for freight allowed to the Mississippi River. We hope to receive your order. Very truly yours. Chicago, 111., Jan. 21, 1882* Messrs. Harwood Bros. & Co., Bloomington, 111., Dear Sirs: - Replying to your inquiries of the 18th inst., we quote you f«- o. b. here, 4 months, or 3 per «ent. off for cash:-- TYPE- WRITTEN LETTERS. 221 0. H. Crown Slab Steel 3 1/2 cts. per lb. Solid Cast Steel 4 1/2 " " Crucible Cast Steel 5 1/2 " " Iron Center Cast Steel 8 1/2 " Spring Steel 3 3/4 " " 1/2 and 9/10 Ground Harrow-Tooth Steel ...4 ° N. S. N. Iron a.. .4 " card. Yours truly. Chicago, 111., Feb. 24, 1886. Messrs. Hummel Bros. & Co., Bloomington, 111., Dear Sirs: We will sell you axes at the following prices, delivered in Bloomington, payable 4 mos. after date, less ZX for cash: Manna' Red Warrior Axes, Red, Blk., or Bronsed, S9.Q0 per doz. " " Handled " "or ex. No. 1 handles, 13.00 " " " " Red or Blk., " " 12.00 " " " " Boys' Axes 9.00 '■ Marshalls' Axes 17.00 " Manns' Red Warrior Double Bitt Axes 8.50 Marshalls' •■ " " 13.00 " Beveled Single Bitts, Extra J .50 " Double " " 1.00 •• Silver Steel Axes, ■ .50 " Your orders are solicited, and shall have our best attention. Yours truly. Atchison, Kan., Nov. 10, 1885. M. Thompson & Co., Kansas City, Mo. Gentlemen: You may ship us the following Long Leaf Yellow Pine: 1 Car 7/8x4 1st and 2d Clear Fl'g, at 525.00 1 " •• Standard Fl'g, 1st and 2d Clear, at 20.00 1 " 1x4 1st and 2d Clear Sis. and " E, at 18.00 We will need 10 cars each for immediate shipment, providing the quality is satisfactory. We want all straight grained we can possibly 222 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. get of the 1st and 2d cleare Consider It should run at least 76 per cent. Yours truly. Messrs* Brown & Fisher Lumber Co., Oberlin, Kan. Gentlemen; We charge your account freight as follows: Car 1234, Weight 30,000 lbs 320.00 " 12354, " 20,500 ■• 40.00 " 5678, " 24,500 » 45.00 » 34511, " 34,500 " 50.00 » 4.551, " 22,300 " 60.00 • 4321, " 54,500 " 60.00 • 4561, " 30,000 " 40.00 Yours truly, Mr. J. P. Williams, Bushnell. 111. Dear Sir: Your favor of the 15th containing remittance at hand, for which accept our thanks. We have no left-hand Stitching Horse in stock, but we can have one made at the factory if you desire. We quote you prices on Buckles, etc., as follows: X. C. "Champion Trace" (C plate) at $2.00 per dozen. " " " (Japanned) at 1.75 5/8 inch "Kangaroo," at 75 per gross, 3/4 " ° at 85 7/8 " " at 95 " 3/4 Barrel Roller, at 1.25 1 " " at 90 No. 44 Ring Bitts, (stiff or Joint) 45 per dozen. "50 '• " " " 55 " 17 Half Snaffle 90 " " 20 Full Snaffle 1.10 " Hoping to receive an order from you soon, we remain Yours truly, TYPE- WRITTEN" LETTERS. 333 St. Albans, Vermont, Jan. 10, 1884. Messrs. Page & Co., Boston, Mass* Dear Sirs: Please quote us your lowest price for 2000 tons, 56 lb., 3 1/3 inch Steel Rail, Sandsburg section. 1500 kegs 5 1/2 x 9/16 best Railroad Spikes. 10,000 Fish Plates, angle, and 40,000 3 3/4 X 3/4 Track Bolts, with Hexagon Nuts. All to be delivered by April 1st, next. An iEunediate reply will oblige. Yours truly, Dear Sir: Please express to Mr. W, H. Green, Mobile, Al8., 3 No. 45 Lamps. 2 Large Shade Holders. 2 Large Sockets with Tubes. 220 Large Porcelain Shades. 1 Lock Switch C. Bill at the usual discount and send goods at the earliest possi- ble moment. Must have goods before the 20th without fail. Yours truly. Chicago, 111., Sept. 22, 1885. Mr. C. N. Dietz, Omaha, Neb. Dear Sir: We have received your order for 1 car load of extra shingles. 2 car loads of 2 x 4, 12 and 16. 1 car load of first common siding. 1 car load of inch B selects, surface on one side. 12 cars 1 1/4 inch, 1/3 clear. 1/4 car 1 1/2 surfaced on one side. You have omitted to name the grade of the 1 1/2, but to pxpedite ohlpping your order please wire us at our expense the grade requlredt Respectfully yours. 224 ECLECTIC SHORTHAIs^D. Omaha, Neb., January 22, 1886» €• H* Crocker, £sq», F> A,, C. R> I* & P. Ry., Chicago. Dear Sir: Returning all papers in 0-C claim of Kelley, Maus & Co., Chicago, $53.90, would state that you are at liberty to charge this company $46.69, as follovs: Charges Cheyenne to Garrison $42.98 Pro chgd. Chicago to Cheyenne 76 1/4 per cent. 15.96 Should be $58.94 300 at $1.75 $ 5.19 270 at $1.20 3.24 360 at $1.06 , , 1.82 $12.25 $46.69 Detroit, Mich., Oct. 25, 1889. Messrs* Elmore Bros. & Co., Bloomington, 111. Gentlemen; Your card of the 24th at hand, ffe take pleasure in sending you cuts of the "Palace" B. B., and quote prices as follows: No. 45 $36.00 No. 50 ...' 40.00 These are the larger sizes with great heating capacity, and though we are crowded with orders beyond measure, should make an extra effort to give you satisfaction on any orders you should favor us with. Our Round "Peninsular" B. B. is splendid. One customer in Cincinnati says: "I ordered some 'Graphics, but had I seen and Jmown your Stove as I do now, I would not have bought any of them at all," and continuing, says: "The 'Peninsular' is the emperor and pope of Base Burners in comparison with the 'Garlaiid,' which they advertise as the prince of Base Burners." We quote No. 25 Firepots 13 1/2.-. $26.95 " 30 " 14 1/2...=-. 30.45 " 40 • 15 1/2 33.95 >' 50 " 16 1/2.. ;.... 40,95 TYPE-WRITTEN LETTERS. 225 Price includes Leg Base and Rail, and all full Nickeled* ^ We solicit your favors. Terms: freight allowed to Chicago, 4 months or 5 per cent. cash. Yours truly. Atchison, Kan., 10-12-1885. TTorthington & Pillsbury Lumber Co., Omaha, Neb., Gentlemen; We have the following cars on track, and can offer to you at annexed prices delivered. We consider that the stock in all of these cars will be fully up to grade, and most of it above grade: 10 Cars 2x4, No.l, D«E, 400 12 ft, 400 14, 700 IG, 100 18, 100 20 §20. 5 " TX6, " " 300 14, 300 16, 100 18, 100 20.. 18. 10 » 2x8, " " 300 12, 200 14, 300 16, 50 18, 50 20 21. 10 • 2x12, No. 2, RF, 150 12, 150 14, 150 16 19. 10 " 2x10, " *■ 175 12, 175 14, 181 16. 18. 10 " No. 2, Bds. Sis., 1000 10 ft., 5000 12, 5000 14 18.5 10 " Mo. 3, " " 12 and 14 ft. 16. 5 •• 12, No. 3, Bds. Sis., 1/4 12, 1/4 14, 1/2 16..... 20. 5 ■ No. 2, Fencing Sis., 1/3 12, 1/3 14, 1/3 16 19. 5 ■ 6, " C.&D. ?l'g, 1/4 12, 1/4 14, 1/2 16, 1/3 C 25. X " 4, " Select Y. P. Fl'g, 12, 14, 16 22. 5 " 8, No. 1, Drop Siding, 3000 12 ft., 3000 14, 8000 16 22. 5 " 8, No. 1, Ship Lap ' " " " " ' " 20. 5 " 10, " " 1. " n <.»>.. 22. 5 " In. B. Select Sis., 12-14-16 ft. 35. 10 " No. 1 Lath ,. 4. 10 ■ XZX Shingles .^„ 3.7 If you can use any of the above cars, please let us know at once, so that we can forward same immediately. Hoping you will favor us witl:, a good order, »e remain, Youra truly. 226 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION. Correct tlie following letters in spelling, capitaliza- tion, punctuation, and ftaragrapliy, and. transcribe them on the machine in jjerfect form: EXERCISE 1. Chicago ill may 14 1889 Mr J. W Lewis Paxton 111 CI St L & C car 3154 arived liere biled for wood street body of ear lias bin so badly reeked that it will have to be rebilt pleas ad vis us if j'ou no when and wher the ear was recked and from what point it was sent to your yards we have know repoH showing that ear has bin damagd on C & N W road yours truely. EXERCISE 2. Chicago ill april 8th 1889 messrs Franklin Mc veigh & eO city gentlemen we regret that we are compeled to report that our eforts to colect this aeount seem to have proved a failure we took judgment through our atoniey at marinette eing the nearest point wher we could reach the debter we had hoped to get something out of it by a levey or a lein upon real estate as we had ben informed through what we suposed to be relible sourses that the party had real estate at florence wise it now developes however that this real estate had been sold for tackses and tliere is no posibility of reching it in that direcsion there is some slight prospect that we may get something out of the aeount yet but the clame is vary doutful as we have led you into sum expence thrugh our expectasion to be able to realise we shall certainly leave no ston unturnd to get some- thing out of the aeount yours truly N W Martin EXERCISE 3. Chicago 111 May 14th 1889 Mr II C wilson manchester iowa dear sir Replying to yours of dec 6 giving comparative statment of oil and waiste used at wood street i must say i am grattled at the result of your eforts and beleve equal results can be obtaned at every point on the road where this kind of work is perforin yours truely THE LEGAL AMANUENSIS. 221 THE LEGAL AMANUENSIS. 1. The work of the legal amanuensis consists in taking from dictation and transcribing various kinds of legal papers and correspondence. 2. Such is the peculiar character of legal phraseology and the prescribed forms of legal papers that it is necessary that the student who seeks to enter legal work, should, to some extent, become familiar with both. For this pur- pose, make a thorough study of and practice both in shorthand and on the machine the following forms. 3. In connection with this practice on legal forms, make a thorough study of the legal terms of the Short- hand Dictionary. 4. AFFIDAVIT FOR ATTACHMENT. State of Illinois, ) ^^ r SS. County of Cook, j Arthur B. Brooke, of Chicago, etc., being duly sworn, upon his oath says, that Chester Deitriek is justly indelited to him in the sum of One Hundred Dollars by his, the said Chester Deitrick's, certain promissory note in writing, and that the said Chester Deitriek is about to depart from this State, with the intention of having his effects removed from this State, to the injury of the said Arthur B. Brooke; and afifiant further says that he saw the note signed by the said Chester Deitriek, and knows the amount to be One Hundred Dollars. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this day oil , 1890. E. F., Clerk. 5. AFFIDAVIT FOR GARNISHEE PROCESS. State of Illinois, [ County of Cook. \ A. B., being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: that on the 10th day of March, A. D. 1889, the said A. B. recovered 238 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. a judgment in the Circuit Court of Cook County against Munn G. Wood, for the sum of Ninety Dollars, besides costs of suit; that afterward, to wit, on the 19tli day of March, A. D. 1889, an execu- tion was issued upon said judgment, wliich said execution was, on the 20th day of March, 1889, returned by the sheriflf of Cook County, to whom the same was directed, no part satisfied, and no property found. Deponent further saith that the said defendant has no property, within the knowledge of affiant, in his possession, liable to execu- tion; and that affiant hath just reason to believe that John B. Little is indebted to said defendant, Munn G. Wood, and has effects and estate of said defendant in his hands. Deponent further saith that there is danger that the benefit of said judgment will be lost, unless garnishee process issue before the leturn day of the said execution. A. B. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this day of ., A. D. 1889. E. F., Clerk. 6. POWER OF ATTORNEY TO COLLECT A DEBT. Know all men by these presents, that I, Alvin Boltwood, of Chi- cago, Cook County, Illinois, reposing special trust and confidence in Charles Dunning of Moreland, Cook County, Illinois, have made, or- dained, nominated, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, ordain, nominate, constitute and appoint him my true and iawful attorney, for me, and in my name and stead, and for my own proper use and benefit to ask, demand, sue for, recover and receive of and from Elmer F. Foss, of Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, all such sum or sums of money, debts and demands, whatsoever, which are now due and owing unto me, the said Alvin Boltwood, by and from the said Elmer P. Foss, and to have, use and take all lawful ways and means, in my name or otherwise, for the recovery thereof, by attachnient, arrest, distress or otherwise, and to compound and agree for the same; and acquittances or other sufficient dis- charges for the same, for me and in my name, to make, seal and deliver ; and to do all other lawful acts and things, whatsoever, con- cerning the premises, as fully and in every respect as I myself might, or should do, were I personally present at the doing thereof; and attor- neys, one or more under him for the purposes aforesaid, to make, and again at his pleasure to revoke ; ratifying and confirming, and by THE LEGAL AMANUENSIS. 239 these presents allowing whatsoever ray said attorney shall, in ray name, lawfully do, or cause to be done, in and about the premises, by virtue of these presents. In witness whereof, etc, 7. DECLARATION ON A PROMISSORY NOTE. State of Illinois, | Circuit Court of Cook County, Cook County. ) ' January Term, A. D. 1890. John S. Williams, Plaintiff in this suit, by William B. Bright, Attorney, complains of James B. Poorpay, Defendant in this suit, in a plea of trespass on the ease on promises : FOR THAT WHEREAS, the said defendant, heretofore, to wit: on the First day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine, at tlie County aforesaid to wit: at Chicago in the county aforesaid, made his certain Promis- sory Note in writing, commonly called a Promissory Note bearing date the day and year last aforesaid, and then and there delivered the said Note to the said Plaintiff, in and by which said Note the said Defendant by the name, style and description of James B. Poorpay, promised to pay to the order of said Plaintiff, by the name, style, and description of John S. Williams the sum of Five Hundred Dollars two years after the date thereof with interest thereon at the rate of seven (7) per cent, per annum from the date thereof, payable semi-annually, for value received. By reason whereof, and by force of the Statute in such case made and provided, the said Defendant became liable to pay to said Plaintiff the said sum of money in the said Note specified, according to the tenor and effect of said note; and, being so liable, the said Defendant, in considera- tion thereof afterwards, to wit: on the same day and year last afore- said, and at the place last aforesaid, undertook, and then and there faithfully promised the said Plaintiff well and ti'uly to pay unto tlie said Plaintiff, the said sum of money in the said Note specified, according to the tenor and effect of said Note. YET the said Defendant, although often requested, etc., has not yet paid the said sum of money, or any part thereof, to the said Plaintiff, but so to do has hitherto wholly refused, and still does refuse, to the damage of the said Plaintiff of and, tliercfore, he brings suit, etc. WILLIAM B. BRIGHT, Plaintiff's Attorney. 230 ECLECTIC SIIORTIIAXD. 8. CERTIFICATE OP PROTEST. State of Illinois, ^ City of Chicago, 1^ ss. County of Cook. J Be it known, that on this 20th day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine, I, Warren Law- rence, a notary public, duly commissioned and sworn, and residing in the City of Chicago, in Cook County, and State of Ilhnois, at the request of Will D. Judd, went with the original Note, which is above attached, to the office of Lyman Gardner, and demanded payment thereon, which was refused. Whereupon, I, the said notary, do hereby certify that, on the same day and year above written, due notice of tiie foregoing pro- test was put in the Postoffice of Chicago, as follows: Notice for Philip L. Davis, 500 West Monroe St.. Chicago. Notice fpr Warner Good, 1100 Wabash Avenue, Chicago. Each of the above named places being the reputed place of resi- dence of the persons to whom this notice was directed. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal the day and year above written. WARREN LAWRENCE, Notary Public. 9. SHORT FORM OF LEASE. This indenture, made this 10th day of April, 1890, between John Wadhams, party of the first part, and Harry D. Lee, party of the second part, witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, in consideration of the covenants of the said party of the second part_ hereinafter set forth, do, by these presents, lease to the said party of the second part, the following described property, to wit: Rooms No. 10, 11, 12 and 13, Borden Block, located in Chicago, Illinois. To have and to hold the same to tlie said party of the second part, from the 1st day of May, 1890, to the 1st day of May, 1894. And the said party of the second part, in consideration of the leasing the premises as above set forth, covenants and agrees with the party of the first part, to pay the said party of the first part, as rent for the same, the sum of |200.00 per month, payable as follows, to wit; on the first day of each month. The said THE LEGAL AMAXUENSIS. 231 party of the second part further covenants with the said party of the first jxirt that, at the expiration of tlie time mentioned iu this lease, peaceable possession of the said premises shall be given to said party of the first part, in as good condition as they are now, the usual wear, inevitable accidents, and loss by lire excepted; and tliat upon the non-payment of the whole or any portion of tlie said rent at the lime wlien tlie same is above promised to be paid, the said party of the first part may, at liis selection, either distrain for said rent due, or declare this lease at an end, and recover possession as if the same was held by forcible detainer; the said party of the second part hereby waiving any notice of such election, or any demand for the possession of said premises. The covenants herein shall extend to and be binding upon the heirs, executors and administrators of the parties to this lease. Witness the hands and seals of the parties aforesaid. 10. LEASE OF A COW FOR A YEARLY RENT. This indenture, made the 5th day of March, A. D. 1889, by and between Alson Butcher, of, etc., on the one part, and Carlo Dolce, of, etc., on the other part, witnesseth, that the said Alson Butchei', for and in consideration of tlie rent and benefit hereafter mentioned and reserved to be paid and performed by the said Carlo Dolce, his, etc., hath demised and let, and by these presents doth demise and let, to the said Carlo Dolce his, etc., a certain black cow, now of the age of four years, for and during the term of throe years next ensuing the date hereof, for him, the said Carlo Dolce, his, etc., to use, improve and receive all the benefit and profit to be derived from the milk which may be given by the said cow during the said term ; and the said Carlo Dolce, for himself, his, etc., covenants and agrees that he will yield and pay yearly, and every year, on the 5th day of jMarch, to the said Alson Butcher, his heirs, etc., the sum of Twelve Dollars ($12.00) for and during the whole term he shall keep said cow. And also, that, at the end of three years from the date hereof, he will return and redeliver said cow to tlie said Alson Butcher, his, etc., in as good order or state of flesh as she is now, when to him delivered. Provided nevertheless, that if said cow shall die or be killed before the expiration of said term of three years, and come to end without the negligence or default of the said Carlo Dolce, his, etc., then the said Carlo Dolce, his, etc., shall not be required to pay 232 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. the value thereof; but so long as the said cow shall live and be in the use and possession of the said Carlo Dolce, his, etc., he, the said Carlo Dolce, shall pay the yearly rent aforesaid. In witness, etc. 11. FORM OF SIMPLE BOND, WITH CONDITION. Know all men by these presents that I, Albert Bond, of Geneva, Illinois, am held and firmly bound unto Carl Dane, of Elgin, Illi- nois, in the sum of Eight Hundred Dollars, good and lawful money of the United States, to be paid to the said Carl Dane, his executors, administrators and assigns, to which payment, well and truly to be made, I bind myself my heirs, executors and administrators, and every one of them, firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal this first day of April, A. D, 1889. The condition of this obligation is such, that, if the above- bounden Albert Bond, his heirs, executors and administrators, or either of them, shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said Carl Dane, his executors, administrators or assigns, the just and full sum of Four Hundred Dollars, lawful money aforesaid, with interest thereon, at the rate of ten per centum per annum for the same, on or before the first day of November, A. D. 1889, with- out fraud or further delay, then this obligation to be void and of none eft'ect; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Signed and sealed in ) ALBERT BOND presence of Ray Woltz. ) 12. A BILL OF SALE OP GOODS. Know all men by these presents, that I, Frank \¥ells, of Spring- field, Illinois, in consideration of the sum of Five Hundred Dollars, to me in hand paid by Henry Coles, of Springfield, Illinois, at and before the sealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge, have granted, bargained, sold and con- firmed, and by these presents do, grant, bargain, sell and confirm, unto the said Henry Coles all tlie goods, household stuff, and imple- ments of household, and all the other goods and chattels whatsoever, mentioned in the schedule hereunto annexed. To have and to hold all and singular the said goods, household stuff , and implements of house- iiold, and every of them by these presents granted, bargained, sold and confirmed to the said Henry Coles, his executors, administrators and assign? forever. And I, the said Frank Wells, for myseli, my THE LEGAL AMAIfUENSIS. 233 executors and administrators, shall and will warrant, and forever defend, all and singular, the said goods and household stuff unto the said Henry Coles, his executors, administrators and assigns, against me, the said Frank Wells, my executors, administrators and assigns, and against all and every other person and persons whatsoever, of which goods, etc., I, the said Frank Wells, have put the said Henry Coles in full possession, by delivering him one silver cup, in the name of all the goods and chattels at the sealing and delivery hereof. In witness, etc. 13. CAPTION TO DEPOSITION. SsATE OF Illinois, , County of Cook. The deposition of Jesse D. Pullman, of the County of Cook and State of Illinois, a witness of lawful age, produced, sworn and examined upon his corporal oath, on the 15th day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, by me, Charles Marston, Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, in the State aforesaid, at my office in Chicago, in said County, in compli- ance with the Dedimus hereto attached, to be used in a certain suit and matter in controversy now pending and undetermined in the Circuit Court of Cook County, in the State of IlUnois, on behalf of the said Chicago Manufacturing Company. The said Jesse D. Pullman, being first duly sworn by me, as a witness in the said cause, previous to the commencement of his examination, to testify the truth in relation to the matters in con- troversy, so far as he should be interrogated, testified and deposed as follows : 14. FORM OF DEPOSITION. State of Illinois, ) ^^ In Circuit Court r SS. Cook County. ) Of the May term, A. D. 1889. J«^N I^«E> 1 Assumpsit. vs. > ■p -n J Affidavit for continuance on the part of defendant. State of Illinois, } Cook County. ) Richard Roe, being duly sworn, says: that he is the defendant named in the above entitled cause, and that he cannot, with safety and justice to himself, proceed to the trial of the above cause at this 234 ECLECTIC SHORTHAJSTD. term, for the want of testimony, material, competent and proper, in the said suit. And this deponent further saith, that Evan Frank, late of Chicago, is a material, competent and proper witness for this denonent in the said cause, as he is advised and believes to be true, and that he cannot safely proceed to the trial thereof without the testimony of him, the said Evan Frank; that he expects to prove by the testimony of the said Evan Frank, that, etc., etc., and this deponent further saith, that he has endeavored to find the said Evan Frank, but that he hath been to the house of the said Evan Frank and was informed that he was gone to Elgin, in the county of Kane, and that he, this deponent, hath sent there for the purpose of subpoenaing him, but that the said Evan Frank is gone from there as this deponent hath heard and verily believes to be true ; and that he, this deponent, cannot get any information where the said Evan Frank is, but is informed that he will be at home in Chicago, and that he, the deponent, hopes and expects to be able to procure the presence of the said Evan Frank at the next term. RICHARD ROB. Subscribed. and sworn to before me, this 12th day of May, A. D. 1889. Henry S. Ames, J. P. 15. FORM OF STIPULATION. United States Circuit Court. FOR THE Southern District of New York. Catherine L. Dobson, •> vs. y In equity. Edwin J. Cubley, et al. J It is hereby stipulated and agreed that the testimony in the above entitled cause shall be taken in writing orally by questions and an- swers and may be taken from any Notary Public or United States Commissioner authoi'ized to administer oaths at the place where such testimony is to be taken, with like elfect as if the same were taken before an examiner appointed therein, and otherwise as provided in the 67th Rule in Equity as amended: and that ordinary printed copies of letters patent and drawings of any letters patent which either side may be entitled to introduce in evidence, shall have the same force and effect as would duly certified copies. Solicitor for Complainant. New York, July 26^ 1886. Of Counsel for Defendants. - Bill of Particulars. THE LEGAL AMANUENSIS. 235 16. PETITION IN REPLEVIN. In the County Court for Douglas County, State of Nebraska. The Italian Insurance Company OF Freeport, Illinois, vs. August Belmont. The above named plaintiff alleges that it is a corporation organ- ized and existing under the laws of the State of Illinois, and is doing business within the State of Nebraska. Plaintiff further alleges that it is the owner and entitled to the possession of the following described property, to wit, two books com- monly called Policy Registers, fifty blank policies, and printed sta- tionery. And that the defendant, August Belmont, wrongfully and unlawfully detains in his possession tlie said property and has so detained it for more than a week last past, to plaintiff's damage $50. Wherefore, plaintiff prays judgment for the possession of said property or for the value thereof if the same is not returned, and for his damages and costs. 17. PROOF OF LOSS, Of Adam Freeman to the Excelsior Insurance Company, of Chicago. State of Illinois, ) County of Cook. ) Be it known, that on the 16th day of December, A. D. 1889, before me, Alex. J. Pullman, legally qualified, and residing in the City of Galesburg, in the County and State aforesaid, peisonally appeared Adam Freeman, of Galesburg, in the County of Knox, and State of Illinois, who, being duly sworn, according to law, declares under oath, that the Excelsior Insurance Company, of the City of Chicago, through its agency at Chicago, did, on tlie first day of August, 1887, issue to Adam Freeman their policy of insurance, No. 16,790, the written body of which, with its immediate context, is as below specified, said insurance terminating on the first day of August, 1891, at twelve o'clock, noon. No. 16,790. The Excelsior Insurance Company, of the City of Chicago, in consideration of Fifty Dollars ($50.00) do insure, which said policy was, on the first day of August, 1890, renewed by 336 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. certificate No. 9,300, until the first day of August, A. D. 1892, at twelve o'clock noon. That, in addition to the amount covered by said policy of said company, there was other insurance made thereon, to the amount of Two Thousand Dollars ($2,000) as specified in the accompanying schedule, showing the name of each company and the written parts of each policy, besides which there was no other insurance thereon. That on the IGth day of December, A. D. 1890, a fire occurred, by which the property insured was destroyed, to the amount of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000), as set forth in the statement, and the several schedules and papers hereunto annexed, which the deponent declares to be a just, true and faithful account of his loss, so far as he has been able to ascertain the same. That the actual cash value of the property so insured am.ounted to the sum of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000) at the time immedi- ately preceding the fire, as will appear by the annexed schedule, showing a full and accurate description of each kind of property, and the value of the same, with the damage or loss on each. That the building insured or containing the property destroyed was occupied in its several parts by parties hereinafter named, and for the following purposes, to wit : residence, and for no other pur- poses whatever. That the fire originated in the basement thereof. Amount of claim, Pour Thousand Dollars ($4,000); and the said deponent further declares that the fire did not originate by any act, design or procurement on his part, or in consequence of any fraud or evil practice done by or with his privity or consent to violate the condi- tions of insurance, or render void the policy aforesaid. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this ) 17th day of December, A. D. 1889. ) 18. FORM OF TITLE IN JUSTICE COURT. State of Illinois, { ^^ In Justice Court, Cook County. i ' Before James C. Gregg, Esq., J. P. John Doe, -j Affidavit for continuance ^s. y In assumpsit. on part of plaintiff. Richard Roe. J State of Illinois, .•ss. Cook County. John Doe, being duly sworn says, that he is plaintifE in above entitled cause, etc. THE LEGAL AMANUENSIS. 237 19. FORM OF TITLE IN CIRCUIT COURT. State of Illinois, } ^^ In Circuit Court Cook County. i" " Of the April term, A. D. 1889. John Doe, vs. Richard Roe, John Dox, I James Buck. J Security for costs. 20. FORM OF TITLE IN COUNTY COURT. State of Illinois, ) g In County Couiit Cook County. ) ' Of the May term, A. D. 1889. Peter Johnson, ^ vs. > Assumpsit. Conrad Reed, J 21. FORM OF TITLE IN PROBATE. State of Illinois, ) ^^ In County Court. r Do. Cook County. ) In Probate. In the matter of the estate -j of John Doe, late of said }■ Account of Administrator, etc. county, deceased. J 22. FORM OF TITLE IN CHANCERY. State of Illinois, { In the Superior Court. Cook County. i ' In Chancery. John Doe, complainant, -^ vs. > Affidavit for preliminary injunction. Richard Roe, defendant, J CHAPTER XI. COURT REPORTING. 1. Court^reporting consists in making a full record oi all that is done in courts of justice. After 3'ou have the required speed and accuracy in writing, have made your- self familiar with the following points, and have some idea of what court reporting is, you will still be liable to experience a feeling of incompetency when you first enter the court room for practical work. This cannot be avoided, but gradually the strangeness of the situation will wear olf as with attentive eye and ear you strive to make yourself familiar with the order of business. It will be greatly to your advantage if you can practice awhile in court with some exjaerienced stenographer in making the report of a case, observing carefully what part of the pro- ceedings he writes, and what he does not write, that you may acquire a practical idea of the general run of business. 2. Do not think of undertaking to report a case in court until you can write at an adequate rate of speed. The statutes of most States which have provided for the appointment of court reporters, require of the candidate for appointment an average writing speed of 150 words a minute. By writing a few cases in court for practice, you will be able to form an idea of the adequacy or inadequacy of your speed. gas COURT REPORTING. 239 3. Be sure to secure a seat aiul table very near to the witness stand, that you may have the best possible oppor- tunity to hear all that is said by tbe witness and interro- gating counsel. If at any time you fail to hear either question or answer, immediately request its repetition, that you may lose no part of the testimony. 4. Do not allow yourself to become nervous, nor care- less in writing; but write every word so that you may be sure what it is when called upon to read it. Write so that the fact that you haye a word, phrase, or sentence written is, to you, positive proof that it was uttered as you have written it. 5. If called upon to read any part of your notes, do not undertake to read aloud until you are sure of the right place, and then run your eye over it before reading aloud, to give you confidence in reading. When by practice you have acquired absolute confidence in your ability this sug- gestion may be disregarded. 6. Write the cai^tion of the case on the cover of your book, for easy reference. 7. Keep an index of each case as it progresses on a separate sheet or a small book kej)t lying at your hand, noting in it the page of the beginning of the testimony of each witness, also the pages of the direct, re-direct, cross and re-cross examinations, that should any particular question or answer be called for, you may, by means of the index, readily locate it in your note book. If your note book is not paged by the printer you must page it before the trial begins. 8. Accustom yourself to referring to your notes, pick- ing out a question here and an answer there, to so famil- 240 ECLECTIC SHORTHAlSrD. iarize yourself with doing this that when you are called on in court to read a certain question or answer^ you will be able to find and read it at once. 9. Reporting a case in court comprises two things: I. The taking of complete notes of all that is trans- acted in court, necessary to be recorded. II. A perfect transcript of the written notes. These two features we shall treat of in their order, TAKIXG THE NOTES OF A TRIAL. 10. Taking notes of a trial consists in writing the en- tire proceedings, except arguments of counsel, as follows: I. The caption of the case, with appearances, etc., as, for instance : State of Illinois, 1 [-SS. Cook County, j In the Superior Court of Cook County, September Terra, A. D. 1889. Jonathan Edwards et al ) I vs. )- Assumpsit. Abraham Jones et al Before His Honor, Richard W. Clifford, Judge, and a Jury. Appearances: Smith, Davis & Wesson, for plaintiff (or com- plainant); Johnson, Edwards & Coon, for defendant. 11. It is not usually necessary in civil cases to report the examination of the jurymen, but occasionally the reporter will be requested by counsel to do so. In crim- inal cases, it is the invariable practice to report the examination of the jurymen as far as possible. The re- port will consist of the names of the jurors, their cross- examination, together with any objections or changes. COURT REPORTING. 241 and the reasons for them, and the decisions of the court on the same. 12. Every preliminary motion connected with the case must be noted, with the rulings of the court on it. 13. The opening statement of the case by counsel, in putting it before the jury, should be reported, but need not be transcribed, unless ordered by counsel or court. To write the statement of the case, and thus become acquainted with it, will often jjrove invaluable to the stenographer in writing the testimony. 14. As soon as a witness is sworn, take his name, writ- ing first the surname, that you may be sure to get it correctly. Following this, every word of the testimony, both of questions and answers, should be exactly written. 15. All objections made by the counsel, and the rulings of the court in regard to them, and exceptions made to the rulings by counsel, must be noted. 16. The first examination of the witness by the party who has called him is called the '' direct examination." After the direct examination comes the examination by the opposite party, which is called the '^cross-examina- tion," unless they waive the right. After the cross- examination comes the "re-direct examination;" that is, the re-examination of the plaintiff. This will be fol- lowed by the "re-cross-examination," which is the exam- ination of the same witness by the second party. Each of the above examinations, as they occur, is noted in the middle of the page in strong characters, that they may be distinct and prominent. 17. At the beginning of the examination, the name of the examining counsel must be noted, thus: Direct Examination by Mr. Smith. 342 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. 18. When the plaintiff closes his testimony it should be stated: "Plaintiff rests;" and at the close of the defendant's evidence make the statement: "Defendant rests.'' 19. If a case is closed by the charge of the judge to the jury, the same should be accurately reported; but, instead of the charge, the court usually gives the jury "written instructions, in which case it is not necessarily reported. 20. In writing the questions and answers which com- prise the testimony, let the questions be commenced at the left side of the page and extended across it, beginning each new line of a question at the left side of the page. Each answer should be indented an inch or more, thus preserving a clear distinction between questions and answers, which is a very important aid in referring to testimony, which the reporter is often obliged to do, as he is called upon unexpectedly by counsel or the court to read some particular question or answer. It is desi- rable to drop the answer a line below the question. 21. Court reporting is usually done in blank books prepared for the purpose, having a perpendicular line about an inch from tlie left side of the page. This line is used to make a distinction between questions and answers; questions being written in full lines, and answers beginning at the perpendicular line. If the perpen- dicular line is omitted, the same relative positions of question and answer should be preserved. Some court reporters use very narrow books, to avoid the long sweep of the hand across the page at the end of each line. Others double the book in the middle, to form a crease COURT EEPORTING. 243 down the middle of the page, thus dividing tlie pages into halves, each half page being used as a separate page. On narrow pages, the distinction between question and answer is preserved by indenting, as is done in the ordinary full-width page. 22. In taking the notes, everything must be written as it occurs, whether it be question or answer, objection, ruling of the court, or exceptions to the ruling, in order that a perfect mirror of the joroceedings may be given. The opening and close of each session must be noted, giving the date, noting whether it be morning or after- noon session, thus: Morning session, Jan. 4, 1889. Afternoon session, Jan. 4, 1889. Coui't adjourned to 10 o'clock to-morrow. Adjourned to 2 o'clock p. m. Adjourned to 2 p. m., Nov. 30, 1889. Court convened pursuant to adjournment. Parties present as before. Afternoon, Nov. 29, 1889. MAKING TRANSCRIPT. 23. There are two methods of making transcripts: I. The full form. II. The narrative form. 24. Most transcripts are made in the full form. In this form the questions and answers are given complete, but in the narrative form questions are omitted in all cases in which the answer would suggest the question. However, when the question cannot be clearly inferred from the answer, it is given. 244 ECLECTIC SHOETEAXD. 25. In either form of the transcript, the title of the case embracing grade of the court, the caption of the case, and the appearances, are Avritten in full at the beginning of it. The name of each witness as he is called, the name of the attorney who conducts the examination, the remarks and rulings of the court, the kind of examina- tion; namely. Direct, Cross, etc., and any deviation from the question and answer, must be clearly transcribed. 26. In the full form the question and answer is fully given, each in a separate paragraph, each question pre- ceded by the capital Q., and each answer by a capital A. 27. In the narrative form, all questions that can be inferred from the answer are omitted, and the answers continued one after another, only separated by a period. Questions that cannot be clearly inferred from the answer are given. 28. In the court room, all cases are reijorted in full, and in criminal cases are fully transcribed, but for reasons of economy, civil cases are sometimes transcribed in the narrative form. Whether the full or narrative form is adopted, will be determined by the counsel in the case. 29. Transcripts are made on legal j^aper, which gener- ally has a ruled margin on each side of the page. The writing should be confined within those ruled lines and written only on one side of the page. If the paper is not ruled, a margin should, however, be preserved. The transcript, when completed, is backed with a sheet of firm Manilla paper, which is folded down over the top edge of the leaves of the transcript and all fastened together by means of brass clasps or tape tied through holes which are punched through the upper end of the sheets. COURT REPORTING. 245 30. The first page should be used for an index of the case. The title of the case should follow on a page after the index, and should contain the name of the court, title of the suit, name of the judge before whom the case is tried, and whether it is before a jury, date of the trial, names of counsel, with the names of the parties for whom they appear. A new title page should be made for each day of the trial. 31. FORM OP INDEX. Circuit Court Cook County, March term, A. D. 1889. John McClennan, vs. Chicago Hansom Cab Co. complainant's testimony. Before Hon. J. S. Grinnell, March 21, 1889. W. p. Vineyard, L. M. Long, Mary J. Spring, W. D. Dows, W. P. Vineyard, Direct. Cross. Redirect. 2 5 9 3 6 10 3 7 4 11 Recross. 14 14 defendant's testimony. John B. Ridgeway, G. M. McMill, James P. Coonley, 15 22 17 22 20 EXHIBITS. 33 24 Defendant's exhibit, bill of J. R. Mills & Co. 33. FORM OP TITLE. State of Illinois, } ^^ r So. Cook County. ) In THE Circuit Court of Cook County, March term, A. D. 1889. John McClennan, "j vs. > Bill of Exceptions. Chicago Hansom Cab Co. J George H. Kitteredge, Esq., appearing for plaintiff. Henry S. Morrow, Esq., appearing for defendant. 346 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAKD. 33. FORM OF IXDEX. State op Illinois, ) y *. j^i i i -p n nf n -i ' r Inquest on the body of George McGarrity. County of Cook. ) Adam Smith 1. Wallace D. Good 2. Herman Y. Orlaff 3. Alex. Tyndall 4. Benjamin Harvey 5. 34. FORM OF TITLE. Inquest on the Body of George McGakrity. — 3 v. m. Henry Du Jardin, being duly sworn, was examined by the Cor- oner, and testified as follows : 35. FORMS OF STATEMENTS. Nathan Evans. A witness called on behalf of complainant, being first duly sworn, testified as follows: Direct Examination by Mr. Clews. Cross Examination by Mr. Cratty. James G. Goodrich, A witness called on behalf of defendant, being first duly sworn, testified as follows : Direct Examination by Mr. Cratty. Cross Examination by Mr. Clews. Redirect Examination by Mr. Cratty. Recross Examination by Mr. Clews. By the Court : — You may answer the question. By Mr. Clews: — I object to the question as incompetent, irrele- vant and immaterial. ILLUSTRATIVE TRAXSCRIPT AND NOTES. 36. The following sliort case in Chancery was presented for this book by M. B. Sherman, Master in the U. S. Courts, Chicago. It is followed by the same in shorthand: COUET REPORTING. 247 In the Circuit Court of the United States For the Northern District of Illinois. In Chancery. Josiah Comstock James Johnson and Sophronia A. Johnson. Bill to Foreclose Mortgage. October 12, 1889. Testimony taken before Ezra B. Smith, Master in Chancery of said Court, pursuant to an order of reference therein. Present: Mr. James Mason, Solicitor for Complainant. Mr. George Rogers, Solicitor for Defendants. JOHN H. KING a witness called on behalf of complainant, being first duly sworn, testified as follows: — DIRECT EXAMINATION by Mr. Mason. Q Please state your name, age, residence and occupation. A John H. King: 44 years; Chicago; real estate agent. Q Do you know the parties to this suit, and if so, hov; long have yon known them respectively? A I have known the complainant for 10 years, and the defend- ants about 4 years. Q Look at the paper now shown you, and state what it is. A This is a note for $10,000, dated January 1, 1885, made by the defendant, James Johnson, due three years — By Mr. Rogers, i object to the witness' stating the substance of the paper; the note is the best evidence of its contents. By the Master. The witness may describe the paper sufficiently to identify it : the contents can not be proven by parole. By Mr. Mason. That is true; 1 did not ask the witness to give the contents of the written instrument. I now offer this note in evidence, as complainant's Exhibit "A". 1 also offer in evidence a mortgage from defendant to complainant of even date with the note, and given to secure the same, as complainant's ExJiibit "B". Q State, if you know, what amount is due to complainant on this note. By Mr. Rogers. State what you know of your own knowledge* 248 ECLECTIC SHOETHAND. By Mr. Mason. Or what you have heard defendants say about the amount due. A There was due and unpaid on the first day of January, 1889, the principal sum, $10,000, and one year's interest at 6^, $600. Q ¥hat is your means of knowledge as to the amount due? A The defendant, James Johnson, stated to me just before this suit was commenced, that he had never paid the note or the last year'e interest on the same. Q State as nearly as you are able when this conversation took place, and where it was? A It was in the early part of January of this year, and in my Office. CROSS EXAMINATION by Mr. Rogers. Q Have you any knowledge as to the consideration of this note? A No, Sir. ^ Were you present when the note and mortgage were executed, or did you have anything to do with that transaction? A I was not present, and I had nothing whatever to do with the matter. Q Do you mean to be understood as saying that the defendant Johnson admitted that he owed the complainant $10,600 in Jsmuary, , 1889? A Mr. Johnson told me that he had not paid this note or the last year's interest thereon. Q What other conversation, if any, took place between you and Mr. Johnson at the time he made this statement, as you say, in your office in January last? A I can't remember all that was said, there was considerable conversation between us. Q Didn't Mr. Johnson say to you in that conversation that the reason he had not paid the note in question was because he had a good defense? A I think he did say something of that kind. Q Didn't he tell you that he did not consider that he owed the complainant a single dollar on that note? A He told me that the note was given to complainant to close out some deals on the Board of Trade. Q What is the business of the complainant? A He is a commission man; he is on the Board of Trade. Q That does he deal in on the Board of Trade? A I think his transactions are mostly confined to wheat, corti> end pork* COURT REPORTING. 249 Q Now, didn't Mr. Johnson say to you that this note was given for a gambling transaction? A Yes, I think he said the note was given to close out some deals— option deals—on the Board of Trade, that the complainant had made for him. Q Didn't he tell you that the transactions which this note was given to close out were gambling transactions? A Yes, I think he said that in substance. Q Then he didn't admit to you that he actually owed the com- plainant $10,600, did he? By Mr. Mason. I object to this question; let the witness state the conversation between himself and Mr. Johnson. By the Master. State what was said at this interview between you and Mr. Johnson. A I can't state the exact conversation. By the Master. Give the substance of this conversation as you now recollect it. Q What reason did Mr. Johnson give for no' paying that note? A Well, he said the note was given for losses in deals made through the complainant on the Board of Trade. Q Didn't Mr. Johnson say that the note was given for a gam- bling debt? By Mr. Mason. I object to the question; Mr. Johnson's state- ments are not competent evidence in his own favor. By Mr. Rogers. Certainly not, but you have tried to prove by this witness that Mr. Johnson admitted that he owed the complainant $10,600 on this note, and 1 am entitled to the whole conversation. By the Master. Of course the statements made to the witness by Mr. Johnson will not prove or tend to prove that this note is void because given for a gambling transaction; but since the complainant sought to show by the witness that the defendant, James Johnson, ad- mitted that the note and one year's interest was due and unpaid, the defendants are entitled to all the conversation so that the Court may determine whether there was any admission of a bona fide indebtedness to the complainant. A Yes, Mr. Johnson said that he had made a lot of deals on the Board of Trade through the complainant, and that he had incurred large losses, and that the note was given in settlement of these losses, >iind that the transactions were all gambling transactions. Q Did Mr. Johnson say that the reason he didn't pay the note and the interest on it, was because these were gambling transactions and this was a gambling debt? A Yes, that was the reason he gave. 250 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. NOTES OF PRECEDING TRANSCRIPT. "^ _£2_ -^^^ -^ ^^^ "^^^^ ~^^ --r r- , . ? /^ ^ TZ^ y_ — >_j:2:a. /m -=^ -7-55- COURT REPORTING. 251 9- -6^ g— ^_ "XZT t A ^^ H ^^ t u^ — . { JL ^^^--^ .zz /^ ctL Z^A^ -^^^.A^^ ^ cA.,-.-^ r tr ^ 7^ ^ ^^^ / 352 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAND. / r /Jr,< n r-<^^ j^9— ^f ^ S^ 1=^ ^^^ JJL ^ ^ t _= CL COURT REPORTING. 253 ■—Zy V 7^ ^ '^' J_ "^ ^-6=^ Xi ^ -£_ :3^ >n^ 254 ECLECTIC SIT0RTHAN"D, JL^_ ^-Vt-^ > At ■— A •^ L _ -f- / o ^ ^ ^ J -^ '~^ '/^ ^ ^—f ^ COURT REPORTING. 255 ILLUSTEATIONS OF TRANSCRIPT. The following transcript in the full form is also fol- lowed by the same matter transcribed in narrative form, that you may form a clear idea of their difference. They may also be used for dictation, and should be repeatedly written. Also make transcripts of them on the machine until you can do it quickly and without embarrass- ment. W. P. Sission, sworn, testified as follows: Q. Mr. Sission, how long have you been manager of this company? A. I have been a general manager of the Brick Co. since a year ago last July. I was there April 5, and twice after that before July 1. Q. Can you give the exact dates of the several times you were there before July first? ^■1. I cannot. Q. To what extent were the piles of faced and paint brick dam- aged? A. The bottom of the pile of the fticed and paint brick were damaged. Q. When did you ascertain this ? A. I learned about it the fifth, when I was buying brick. Q. Which brick are the finest quality? ^4. The faced brick are the finest. Q. Describe the brick which you call paint brick? A. The paint brick are called off color, are a true brick, have a smooth surface, and are used for side and rear walls. Q. How did the flood injure these brick? A. The muddying of the brick reduced tlieir price. They were not even salable so long as we had common brick. Q. State to what extent they were damaged? A. I kept no account. Q. How many of these brick, and to whom did you sell? A. We sold from 20 to 25 thousand paint brick, some to Geo. Arnold, some to A. P. Anderson, and some scattering, say how many paint brick I sold. 256 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. Q. How many faced brick have you on hand now? A. There are 8 or 10 thousand faced brick there yet. Q. Is it not possible to clean off these brick? A. You cannot wash them off except with salt and water. Q. When was this suit first brought? A. July first. Q. Did you not say that no damages would be claimed for these brick ? A. I did not know what damages would be asked for those brick. Q. You did not know it? A. Yes, I did know it, in a general way. Q. Has this suit been under your general directions? A. No, I have not had much to do with it. Q. Did you not refuse to continue it ? A. Yes. Q. Why, then, have you been pushing it? A. I have done what I deemed to be my duty as manager, in pushing it. Q. Have you not taken any interest in this suit? A, I have. Q, Did you keep a correct account of the brick sold? A. 1 did not. 1 made no special endeavor to keep a correct account of the brick sold. I thought nothing of trusting to memory or books. Q. Why did you not keep an accurate account? A. I did not know they would claim damages for brick. Q. Did you not call my attention to the damaged brick? A. I did. Q. And have you not sworn that you did not know they would not claiiii damages ? A. I have not. Q. Who commenced this suit? A. Mr. Calkins. Q. You sold these brick, counted them, but kept no account of the damaged ones? A. Yes, that is the exact statement of the case. Q. To whom did you sell? A. I sold some to Tom Smith, 12,000 to 15,000, for the West building. Q. When was that? \ COURT REPORTING. 257 A. That was last May. Q. In what condition were these brick? ^'1. They were muddy. Q. To what other parties did you sell ? A. I sold Geo. Arnold 3,000 or 4,000 for Marshall Parson's house. Q. For what price did you sell them? A. We sold them for $8.00. Q. How many did }"ou sell Mitchell? A. I could tell by looking at the books. Q. Did you not have some yourself? A. Yes. Q. How many of the good paint brick? A. I bought 3,600 to send to Decatur, and 30,000 to Chicago, Q. What did you do with the rest? A. I sold them here and there. Q. How many were there of them? A. I cannot say. J. H . Calkins recalled. Q. Have you made a draft of these works, Mr. Calkins? A. I have. Defendant's counsel objects : objection overruled : counsel excepts. Q. Is this map drawn to a scale ? A. It is not. Q. Did you yourself make the sketch ? A. Yes, except three or four pointers or spears. Q. Is the drawing mathematically correct? A. It is not. Q. Why did you not draw it to a scale ? A . I had no scale. Defendant objects to each and every question regarding map. Objection overruled by court, and the defendant excepts. Q. What is letter A in this sketch ? ^1. That is the miners' tool house. The L was not there at the time of the flood. Q. What are the figures? A. The figures 3, 4, and 5 are the kilns. Q. What is 5? A. JB is a coal shaft. 258 ECLECTIC SHORTHAISTD. Q. You may explain the other points. A. C is the store-room; D the bridge at the north end of the yard; E represents another bridge;^ is theofncc; 6' is the briek- shed. I tried to make it as accurate as I could without measurement. Tlie dotted lines are supposed to be the cemetery grounds. It repre- sents the base of the hill where the water would naturally go. It shows the dam. The plaintiff offers tlie i)lat in evidence. CROSS-EXAMINED. Q. Did you draw the plat from measurement? A. I did not. Q. Where were you when you drew it? A. I was in the office of the Second National Bank when I drew it. Q. When were you last on the ground ? A. I looked over the grounds last week. Q. What does X and Y represent here in the plat? A. They represent a rise in the hill. Q. What do the arrows mark? A. They show the course of the water, according to my idea of it. Q. Where was there the most water ? A. At the east and south of kiln 4 there was more than north of it. Q. Where did the water show the most force? A. At kiln 5. Q When did you decide to abandon kiln 4? A. I never heard of kiln 4 being abandoned. The plat is oilered in evidence ; objected to by counsel for defend- ant. Overruled by the court, and exception taken by defendant. F. E. SMITH SWORN. Q. Mr. Smith, what is your occupation? A. I am a builder. Q. Have you bought brick from this company? A. I bought some muddy brick. Q. Mr. Sission here tells me the brick for the Snap House was sold to you. Defendant objects; objection overruled; defendant excepts. A, We were short of brick. COURT REPORTIN"G. 259 Q. What was the market value of this brick? A. I do not know the market value. The Court: Let him state the fair market value as compared with the common brick. A. We paid the same price for that as we did for those that were not dirty, and had them to wash afterwards. We paid the same as for the same kind not dirty. CROSS-EXAMINED. Q. How much did you pay for these brick ? ,1. I paid $7.00. Q. Why did you get them for this low price? A. The brick were dirty, that was all. I had a man washing them all the time. Q. How much did it cost you to wash those brick? A. It cost from $15.00 to $30.00. Q. How many were there of them ? A. Thirty thousand. Q. Did washing entirely remove the stain cf mud from them? A. No; they did not look so nice as the others, Q. Could they be stained? A . They could be. Q. Would it cost 10 cents a brick? A. It would not. Q. Could they not be painted ? A. They could. Q. Could they not be washed thoroughly clean ? -4. They could not. Q' What kind of brick were they? A. They were paint brick. Q. Were they first quality? A. They were not so hard as other paint brick. They were culled out of the others. Q. What discolored them? A. I do not know NARRATIVE FORM OP PRECEDING TRANSCRIPT. W. P. SissiON, Sworn. 1. I have been general manager since a year ago last July, of the brick company. I was there April 5, and twice after that 260 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. before July 1. Can't give dates. The bottoms of the piles of the faced and paint brick were damaged. I learned about it 2. the fifth, while buying brick. Faced brick are finest. The paint brick are called off color, are a true brick, have a smooth surface. They are used for side and rear walls. The muddying of the brick reduced their price. They were not even salable as 3. long as we had common brick. I can't give a definite amount. I kept no account. We sold from 20,000 to 25,000 of paint brick; some to George Arnold, some to A. P. Anderson, some scattering. I can't say how many faced brick I sold. There 4. are 8,000 or 10,000 faced brick there yet. You can't wash them off except with salt and water. At the first of July the suit was 5. brought. I didn't know that damages would be asked for these brick. Yes, I did know it in a general way. I have not had a 6. good deal to do with this suit. Yes, I refused to continue it. I have done what I considered my duty as manager in pushing it. I have taken an active interest. I don't know as I made a special efl!ort to keep a correct account of the brick sold. I thought nothing about trusting to memory. I didn't know they would claim damages for brick. I called your attention to the damaged 7. brick. I didn't swear that I didn't know they would claim damages. I sold brick, counted them, but kept no account of the damaged ones. I sold them to Tom Smith, 12,000 to 15,000 8. for the West building. That was last May. They were muddy. I sold George Arnold 3,000 to 4,000 for Marshall Parsons' house. 9. We sold them for $8.00. 1 could tell how many I sold Mitchell by looking at books. Of the good paint brick I bought some 10. myself, 3,600 to Decatur, and 30,000 to Chicago. Bought some in July. I sold the rest here and there. I can't say. 11. J. H. Calkins, Recalled. I have a sketch of the works. Objection; overruled; exception. It is not drawn to a scale. I made it, except three or four pointers or spears. I made the rest of it. It is not mathe- 12. matically correct. I had no scale. Defendant objects to each and every question regarding map. Objection overruled and exception taken. The letter A is the miners' tool house. That L was not there at the time of the flood. The figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 are the kilns. COUET llEPOKTING. 261 13. B is the coal shaft, C the storeroom, D the bridge north end of yard ; E represents another bridge, F is the office, G is the brick 14. shed. I tried to make it as accurate as I could without measure- ment. The dotted lines are supposed to be the cemetery ground. Tt represents the base of the hill where the water would naturally go. It shows the dam. Cross-Examined. 15. I made no measurement. I was in the office of tho Second National Bank when I drew it. I looked over the grounds last week. At X and Y there was a rise in the hill. The arrows 16. mark the course of the water according to my idea. There was more water east and south of kiln four than north of it. It 17. showed more force down at kiln 5. I never heard of kiln 4 going to be abandoned before. 18. Plat offered. Objection; overruled; exception. T. E. Smith, Sworn. 1 am a builder. I bought muddy brick from the company. Q. Mr. Sission here tells me that the brick for the Snap house were sold to you. Objection; overruled; exception. We were short of brick. I do not know the market value. Court: Let him state their fair marketable value as compared with common brick. We paid the same price for them we did for those that were not dirty and had them to wash afterwards. We paid the same as for the same kind not dirty. CROSS-EXAMINED. I paid $7.00. The brick were dirty, that is all. I had a man washing them all the time. It cost from $15.00 to $20.00 to wash what we had. There were 30,000, The brick don't look so nice as the others. They could be stained. It would not cost 10 cents a brick. I could paint them. You can't wash them thoroughly clean. They were paint brick. They were culled out of others. I don't know what discolored them. 26'Z ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. ILLUSTEATIONS OF CURVE-LmE RULING. Our Country, T-^ ji — ^eiij- '^'-'^'^'^'^^^^^2:0,,^ CURVE-LINE RULING. 263 The Power of Habit. L..^^- ^^^ -^r- - 264 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND. The Love of Country. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES UBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below MAR 2 8 194; I ihuV 2 1 \^q\ Form L-9 20m-l, '42(8619) ri "^trort^ ^56 C88e ISOO ' ■'■'■', '••-••►>v;>vw,>v;,v'." "^