1 87, according to Act of Congress, in the year iS59, BY A. O. MOOEE & CO, La the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Southern Pi* trict of Now York. TO PROF. JARED P. KIRTLAND s 0flflu s BY HI8 fKIEND, TUB PREFACE. IT was my original intention to prepare only a small work, giving descriptions of new Western fruits, or those only that succeeded in the West. As I progressed, my friends urged me to extend it, and make a work for the whole Union ; at the same time, it was desired to have the work issued previous to the Spring of 1854, consequently, I was compelled to prepare some of it hastily. The first Edition was, therefore, sent out under circum- stances very unfavorable to its successful reception by the public ; but, as it has been generally well received, I have thought it due to myself, as well as to the public, to revise and correct it ; and, so far as possible, make it the most complete of its kind. In doing this, I have availed myself of liberal and generous notes and com- ments made for me by a large number of the best pomologists in the United States; of the published transactions of all large pomological conventions, public journals, etc., and of an extensive and careful examination of trees and fruits. The present Edition has had a careful revision, and the addition of all important knowledge relating to cultivation, diseases, insects, stock about six inches above the bud ; and as the shoot, or bud, grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its insertion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some is, to place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with moisture, that they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of of the stock, and hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot Fig. 8. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 21 containing buds intended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are to be kept a number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss, or wet cloths ; or if to be sent to a distance, the whole wrapped in oiled silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more. " Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick L rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of bark is removed from the stock, and another corresponding ring, containing the bud, slit open on one side, is made to fit the denuded space. (Fig. 8.) " Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice, may be preserved by a process similar to annular budding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, and apply- ing one or more pieces of bark peeled from the branch Flg - 8 - of another tree, so as to restore the connection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as the bark will separate ; the same end may, however, be accomplished early in Spring, by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in grafting. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax." Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all resolv- ing into the same thing that of transferring one variety on to ano- ther. Such methods as are in most common practice, we describe. 4 Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practiced when the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it lies in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. (See fig. 10.) The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut in the graft, and, when put together, to serve as support in steadying the graft, until the circulation of the sap has united it with the stock. This is practiced to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of roots, and is then termed " root-grafting." Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit is made in either stock or graft. (See fig. 11.) Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the upper rootlet or fibre. (See fig. 12.) ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obliquely on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge, and the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock. (See fig. 13.) This is the best mode to pursue with the cherry and other stone fruits. Side Grafting, as seen in the cut (fig. 9), is per- formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por- tion, splitting the graft, and paring the inner portion, then inserting it so as to give a union of the bark and wood leaving meanwhile the top of the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions may have been received late in the Spring, or the work of grafting unavoidably delayed. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Cleft Grafting is an easy, though clumsy mode, rarely practiced, except on limbs, or -branches, too large for whip grafting. In this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock is split with a grafting chisel, or large knife, which is drawn to one side, and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albumen, or inner barks, match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away. Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is performed, bass-bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen or cotton yarn, is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nursery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed on stand- ard trees, it is better to cover the matting with a wax, made in tbe following manner : PROPAGATION BY BUI DING, GRAFTING, ETC. 23 Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard. Thig should be well incorporated together while warm, strips of cotton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width re- quired for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the labor ; and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen string, may be dispensed with. Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is applied so gradually, that its absorption may require several weeks. In one instance, shoots cut early in Autumn, and subjected to thorough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next Spring, by wrapping them well in moss, and burying them in the ground ; and, being set, they all grew. Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with oil-silk, or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them, to include the moisture by means of small thread. Partially decayed wood from the fores* is also used successfully for keeping scions. Layering. This is practiced in low shrubs and vines, as the quince and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking a branch, cutting a notch, or slit, on the under side, immediately below a bud, and pegging it securely, so that the centre will be about four inches under ground (see fig. 14). With the grape, trailing the vine on the surface, as shown in fig. 15, and after buds have started a few inches, cover with soil the Fig. 14. vine ; each bud will throw out roots, and if the operation be performed in Spring, they may be taken up and separated in the Fall. Fig. 15. ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. Cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multi- plying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices expend them- selves in the production of new roots, which shoot downwards into the soil (fig. 16). Under ordinary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is only applicable to such species as readily throw out roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. The cutting should be made from eight inches to a foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted perpen- dicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see, under the head of Grapes ; the earth should be pressed securely at the bottom, and lightly at the rig. 16. top, and, when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark, saw-dust, etc., thrown over them to preserve mois- ture. Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as soon as well rooted, they are suited to be removed. Suckers, are underground runners often the result of careless cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed, but never replanted. The Frost Gage plumb, from having been propagated thus, has become so diseased, as to be nearly discarded and this in the short space of about fifteen years. CHAPITER rn. TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OP WHEW RECEIVED ; PRUNING TIME WHEN, HOW J THE TOPS, THE ROOTS ; LABELS FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAIN- ING ; FORM OF YOUNG TREES. THE first care in the removal of trees, should be not to destroy the roots in digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such c-ause than large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the ground, by tbar>. apparently riot to injury of roots, but really they were cracked through every pt/rtiun, and all the tissues through whioh the circulation of sap is had, broken and injured, often more to injury of tree, than if one-half the roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything- J;Jf? 0)*ir tfflJJve vigor, and are not. worth, to the planter, over one-half as much as trees well And care- f'llly dug, with roots nearly entire. Preparing the soil. If an orchard is to be planted, on soil reten live of moisture, or, in other words level clayey soil it should first be thoroughly ^b^oiler), at least twenty-two inches, d^ep ; it should then have sufficient number of under-drams, so that no eurplus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging deep holes should never be practiced, but the whole soil should be made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well-drained, or naturally dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, a^d one foot deep, If the ground is not drained, and naturally Wbi A location and condition which should never be adopted let the planting be made by placing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon the level prairies this course has been fouttd most successful, and at times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree. Many suppose, that a tree grown in the nursery on sandy soil, will not succeed on clay, and so the reverse ; this, if they will only use reason, and study the nutritive process in the tree, they will see, at once, has no foundation in fact; but atiee taken from the rich ground of a well-kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved soil, mmid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in vigor and I TKANSI'LA !:i;K8. health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our Western country would have, t ran-planted to some of ihe bleak, barren hills, of New England. Food for the plant is, therefore, requisite, and this should be prepared in a well, and j.reviou-ly cultivated :md * n- riehed soil, and not expected to be Ittppi&d in a raw staff, by appli- cation of animal manures immediately to th" rootA IVof. Lindley says, "that a small quantity of supcr-pho-phate of lime, '<^ it is called. that is to .say, a mixture of oil of vitriol and burnt ;>one.;, mixed uith dry mould, and thrown in around the rooi- of a newly-transplanted vill generally aid in th'-. formation of root fibre.-., ;md eon--q'jently assist very much in establishing the plant in it.-, new >itua ion ; or, if scattered over the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where most required." How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next proceed to plant the tree. Supposing that, the roots, in removing, have been Carefully pre-ei-ved. our v.'iii pr-:-fnt, when placed in the hole, pre- pared for it, the appear- ance r'-pre.-.enied in our Jig' ir". 17, the upper root being about four inches lower than the level of the surrounding soil. If the roots are broken, prim--, by a cut from the under side of each end. Now, one man should scatter in carefully the fine earth, while another holds the body of the tree with one hand, arid with tin; other carefully presses irth around and beneath every root, taking care, to keep the Hnall roots and fibres, each in its place, lifiing them a-> the work pro- gresses to :i nearly horizontal position. Leave, the, r-arth, if the plant- Mi" he done in Spring, level around the tree, and with the .-urround- ingsurfafe; if planted in the Kail, -art.h up a little mound around the tetm-end, and o\er the entire, circle of roots, to be, drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid treading or other pn me around the tree, other than that made by the hand, infirmly placing the earth around the roots in the process. Time to Plant. With nearly all tree, and all locations, Fall is the best time to transplant; new granulation^ have to l , mad- . ly aid up is exhausted ere new rootlets are formed. Mulching, and other well as inn servmen, often have occasion to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable that they be so packed, as to ensure success when " received. In order to do this, they should he made int.) a bundle, with damp moss liberally mingled among the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the small within; lie securely with twisted straw bands, then take Ion;:; straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near the centre of the. roots of the bundle; lay another layer, with the butts four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you ha\e the length of the bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw oxer it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at the lop, M> that when (he cords are around it, all will be covered' proceed with one end of (he cord, first lashed to a strong root, Id bind it around, once in about ten inches, all the wav lo the top. It* intended to go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, it stout Mick should be packed in the centre of each bundle, extend ing about lour inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong bass matt, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing I he roots of the bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it b\ strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, lei the roots l>e well puddled, us it is termed, that is, dipped inn thick clayey mini, but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc , among them. ('etl in a running stream of wafer, and after t he buds are swollen, planted out in .some location for tho season, where the mid-day sun will not strike them, -mil where the earth can be alwa\s kept moist by mulching, etc. I'rnnnnj. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is evident ; but that the culling away of .small branches, or t\vis, if correctly made, will materially atleci the health and* longevity of :i tree, whether niiido in Spring, ju-^t before muUnmmer, in Fall or Win- 28 TRANSPLANTING TREES. ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected, where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c., &c., should, by all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July; that all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer, closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to be removed, let the time from July to ^September, inclusive, be se- lected. A subject so liberally" treated upon as this has been from the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood than appears from the quantity of ill shapen, malformed trees, to be seen in almost every orchard. Barry says : " It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice. " The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal- ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch or stem, if we cut between two joints, so as to leave a portion of wood above the bud, intended to be cut to, as in fig. 18, this wood dies, and we have the trouble of another pruning to remove it. If we cut too close to the bud, and thus re- move a portion of the wood with which it is connected, as in fig. 19, the bud will either die or disappoint us by producing: a verv *. . b . ., v, u ,, u , should be. Fig. 21, removal of n , , , m, J a branch, the cross line indicating the proper place for feeble growth. I he proper way is to take the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig. 20. In soft-wooded, pithy plants, like the grape vine, for example, half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The cut should also be made, as much as poSvsible, on the lower side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, to produce or mod- ify certain forms When we wish the new shoot of a lateral 18 19 20 FIGS. TO PRUNING. Fig. 18, cutting too far above the bud. Fig.. 19, cutting too close. Fig. 20, the cut as it s PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 29 branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction, we prune to a bud on the inside; and if we wish it to spread, we choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back of young trees, the bud selected to form the leader is chosen on opposite sides every successive year, in order to maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclination to that side injurious to the sym- metry of the tree. "Th-e Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a comrnon axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons who take the proper care in this matter. They are either cut so that a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem is taken with them, and a wound made that years are required to heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided. " The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should in no case be larger titan the base of the branch. Where a branch is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the cross line in fig 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder, and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com- pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch. When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smoothly with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the heal- ing of the wound." Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re- store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken, or mutilated, to a greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches in length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered, the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring them to a corresponding condition. Disbudding. When a tree is unfruitful by reason of its rampant growth, and the cultivator desires to bring it into a bearing state, the best and easiest way is by the simple method of disbudding during the months of April, May, and June. This we consider preferable to " pinching in," of which, extended directions are to be found on future pages. At the commencement of the Spring growth, the mana- 30 TRANSPLANTING TREES. ger has only to mark the swelling buds, preserving all those- which he wishes developed for the formation of spurs, or for extending the leaders, and rubbing off all the rest. This will check the demand upon the roots, consequently stop their extension, and they will send up a diminished supply of sap. Thus, a check upon the vigor of the whole system will be induced. In the course of a month, more or less, another set of young buds will be produced ; and yet another, some four to six weeks ensuing These must be rubbed closely off, checking the growth, and causkg the production of fruitful spurs and buds. "Pruning the Roots. This is practiced as well to promote fruit- fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of food from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the young branches and the buds begin to assume a fruitful character. " Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur- face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches. The principle is the same. "The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, the distance from the tree will depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots. The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep enough to reach all the roots of the tree. If the lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife should be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possi- ble, will separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the condition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those practicing it for the first time should go to work with great caution. It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As regards the ^season, it may be performed either at the end of the first growth, in July or August, or in the Autumn or Winter, when vegetation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth was going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given after the pruning is performed." Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or lea- PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 31 sen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, in France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit Gar- den." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in gardens, than of standards in orchards. He says : * The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following six general principles : " I. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches. " In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally distri- buted in the different parts without any other aid than nature, be- cause the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural tendency of the sap.* " But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im- posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c., change, more or less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees require the development of ramifications, more or less nume- rous, and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it happens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be ob- tained disappears, to be replaced by the natural form that is, a stem or a trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ cer- tain means, by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed and directed towards the points where we wish to ob- tain the most vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegeta- tion in the parts to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the contrary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish this, the following means must be successively em- ployed : " 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves. The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have produced ; consequently, the sap is attracted therein less quantities, and the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long, present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves, and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle holds good in all trees, under what- ever form they may be conducted. * This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, exhibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense. 32 TRANSPLANTING TREES. " 2 Leave a larje quantity of fruit on the strong part, and re* wove the ivhole, or greater part, from the feeble. We know already that the fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of this is, what we are about to point out viz., that all the sap which arrives in the strong parts will be absorbed by the fruit, and the wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be ap- propriated by the growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength. " 3. Bend the strong parts, and keep the weak erect. The more erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees. " 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the super/Incus shoots as early in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos- sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth. " 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always any ^hoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such point is checked, and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched : this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. " 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave tht feeble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parti obstructs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently, favors the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers. " 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light, and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance, for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions and their actions on the roots, arid the parts receiving the greater proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. " II. The sap acts with greater force, and produces more vigorous growth on a branch or shoot primed short, than on one pruned long. This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must, evidently, produce a greater development of wood on them than if it were divided between fifteen or twenty buds. " It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches. we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. Go PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33 the contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit. " Another application of this principle is, to prune short for a year or two such trees, or parts, as have become enfeebled by over-bear- ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is of great importance.) " III. The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots, causes the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Accord- ing to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no production that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. " IV. The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more likely it will be to produce fruit-buds. This principle is founded on a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer viz., that the sap circulating slowly, is subjected to a more complete elaboration in the tissues of the tree, and becomes better adapted to the forma- tion of fruit-buds. " This principle can be applied to produce the following result : When we wish to produce fruit-buds on a branch, we prevent a free circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular or circular incisions on it ; and, on the contrary, when we wish to change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a ver- tical position, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we con- centrate the action of the sap, and thus induce their vigorous devel- opment. "V. The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth, or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly growth. " VI. Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develope before the a ge of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very dose pruning, and, in some cases, as the peach, this, even, will often fail. This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots thus produced, for, without this, the interior of the tree will become naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult. " If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied 2* 34 TRANSPLANTING TREES. in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be perfectly plain and simple : yet no one need hope to accomplish, in all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skillful operator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant attention to their trees will always discover a failure in time to apply a remedy." Training. We give the accompanying (fig. 22), taken from " Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening," merely as illustrative of the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly, the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful and ornamental are attempted to be' combined, in training a tree to hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each form is known : , the herring-bone fan ; b, the irregular fan ; e, the stellate fan ; c?, the drooping ian ; e, the wavy fan ; /, the horizontal ; <7, the horizontal, with screw stem ; A, the vertical, with screw or wavy shoots ; i, same, with upright shoots. Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or pine, about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with a soft lead pencil, before the oil or paint has dried, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the commencement of each variety. For standard trees, slips of wood, three inches lorir, and half an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above or, having the name burned in with iron type, which is better then secured to PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 35 a side branch by strong copper wire, are those most in use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mixture of two parts (by v eight) of verdigris, two f of sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be mixed in a mortar, with a small portion of water at first, and the whole added after- wards. Preserve the mixture in a well-corked bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards, to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for years. If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire, it should be firmly twisted round the zinc, so as not to remain loose, or else the constant motion, from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and passed round a side-shoot, in'stead of a main branch, to prevent the danger of cut- ting in by the growth of the tree, and should be attached below a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch. The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following contriv- ance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid-way between the ends, and clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. Oxyda- tion soon renders the letters distinct. Common pasteboard printed with printers' ink has recently been introduced. Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection is to take three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will also serve to protect in a great measure, from mice ; but for protec- tion from the latter, strong " hardware paper," as it is termed, secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar, is best. The form of young trees most desirable for planting, are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by permitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened-in in the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents the form of a pyra- mid. One tree so grown is worth more to the planter than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size, six or seven feet high. A tree rightly grown (as first described) will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years, and then never make a fine tree. CHAPTER IV. DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. INFLUENCE OF SOILS CLIMATE STOCKS. THE theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist ence in the parent tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have never been able to reconcile it with any known laws of vegetable life. That all cuttings taken from a seedling plant, no matter how propa- gated, are but the continuation of a single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with considerable reason, is a proposition we cannot accede to. Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be procured of a healthy origin except grown on die principle of Van Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varie- ties to produce fruit on trees of an advanced age. and without care, of size equal to its first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evidence of the "running out" of that variety ; those BO citing seeming not to know that fruit is being produced else where on younger trees, under, good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from a wildling or a cultivated variety ; and some varieties are undoubtedly unhealthy when propagated ; but that they are more so on account of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt. That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natu- ral limit shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree, propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks, or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original tree, is a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical, i'he influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now well known *>iiong horticulturists, and the exhaustion of the soil is too often, inwittingly, made to support the theory of degeneracy of varieties. We have repeatedly remarked that it is requisite for the oichardist to fully understand the nature of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit originating in soil abundantly supplied with lime will preserve the same character and quality when grown in one deficient m that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, ifl FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. 37 while practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c., exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on varieties has the effect to create more or less rapid growth of both tree and fruit, as we go north or south, causing in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in tke apple and pear ; but the peach, apricot, and nectarine, have additional character and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated. The influence of Slocks on varieties seems one not easily explained ; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to reduce its growth of wood and create a fruitful habit, and the reverse, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit, yet the reason why fruit is bet- ter or worse in quality when grown on varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seedling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on them and removed to various loca- tions. Under each variety of fruits, we give such information as we have been enabled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, arid refer thereto for further remarks. CHAPTER V. GATHERING FRUIT TIME WHEN FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AN1> RIPENING. THE gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is depositing ; neither should they be gathered immediately after a lain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but ander our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they 38 GATHERING FRUIT. are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering, with ''fruit gatherers," is esteemed most perfect, but if we could induce all our orchard farmers to gather by the hand, we should consider we had accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation. The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter Apples should be gathered some ten days earlier Fig. 23. than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended to have them keep well. Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening, much has been said, and often with great reason and truth. The following description of a fruit room is from a foreign jour- nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char- coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it produces a cooler temperature in Summer. " Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well oh the tree, after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good, because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tissues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit become shriveled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces- sity of gathering fruit at two different periods, from one and the same tree. First, from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation ceases first, and eight or ten days later, from the upper half, or ex- tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath- ering from espalier trees than from standards ; and likewise, sooner from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part- ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump- tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity. The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccharine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in the open air, they should be kept from thoso ripened in houses or on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen, as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off singly with the hand, care FRUIT-BOOM FOR KEEPING. being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the aid of a ladder, but practically, they require too much time, and therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all. Long, shallow, and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car- pet at the bottom, are in general use about Montreuil. In these baskets the fruit is placed in layers three layers, separated by leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit, we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care, and at the proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent clfange of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows. The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where the temperature is very low say an ice-house it will keep a long time, if not destroyed by moisture; but, before it is wanted for dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the* keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos- phere should be kept rather dry than humid, and the iruit should be placed separately, so as not to touch one another. We would select a northern aspect, and dry place, sheltered, if pos- sible, by high evergreen trees, for the purpose of building the fruit room ; the quantity of fruit to be preserved must determine its di- mension. The annexed plan is fifteen feet long Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Room. y twfclve ^ ^^ ^ iine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig. GATHERING FRUIT. 24, a and b). A body of air is interposed between the two walls, and c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors, are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the walls. The enlrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a double door, c?, one to open at the outside, and the other in the inside. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four \t r ooden shutters, f, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean- ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil- ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall. In the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig. 25), from the bottom up to the ceilings, are placed a foot above one another. To facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the shelves above four feet from the ground are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in the form of a stage ; the lower ones are fixed horizontally, b. To ensure the circulation of air between the shelves, they are divided in five parts, and a space of an inch left between each of Fig. 25. Section showing the ar- them ; those in front, c, are provided with ' Shelves ' a ledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room is reserved for a table (fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar- ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a fruit room, by the aid of which we are eanbled to furnish the table with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the year When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised one.* are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days, to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected, the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can, also, bo, preserved for a length of time in this place, having been gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a pair of scissors, and fixed the reverse way to a metallic hook, of the FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. 4:1 .. . ^- Movable frame for sus- pendin g the Grapes. form of an S. (Fig. 26.) Attached thus, they are less likely to rot, because the berries are placed in a freer position, and do not touch each other. They are hooked to one or two hoops, as shown at fig. 27, and suspended with a cord to the ceiling, and made movable with two pulleys. Having thus all the fruit Fig. ?6. Method of disposed in the fruit room. suspemhng^ciusters t | 1(3 doors an( j shutters are opened during eight or ten days, to deprive the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been done, a fine dry day is chosen to cl-se the fruit roon hermetically. The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of drying-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass, through the apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious ; the interior temperature will change according to the ex- terior ; and, bad as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to chance, and disappointment will soon follow IA this case, we recommend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the property of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit. It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden box is made (fig. 28, a,) one foot and a hall square by three inches deep, and placed upon a table, 6, which is at the side, c, an inch lower than on the other. The chlo- rine of calcium, after having absorbed a certain quantity of moisture, becomes liquefied, and runs into the earthenware vase, d, placed underneath for the pur- pose. Should the chlorine become dis- solved before the total consumption of the fruits, the dose must be renewed ; in which case, the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan. and placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good for use as before. in the best condition. 4:2 THE ALMOND. Fruit in Cellars. "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early inconsequence of a deficienc}' of ventilation, especially during Autumn, and after the fruit is deposiied. Another cause of decay, is the im- proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed again-t or around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls. To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas- sage all around. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may )& twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or pick- ing. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats cannot reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the principal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a current, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from thn vegetable and other contents." THE. ALMOND. Amygdulus communis Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. THE almond tree is a native of the north of Africa, of the moun- tains of Asia, and of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the parent of both the fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know ; but we do know that nature produces no such variations in the present age. The ir-;e bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the peculiar color and hardness of ihe wood. The flowers resemble those of the peach. but are larger than most varieties, and produced in greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, and especially in our South- Western States, where it should be grown in such quauiii.e as to entirely exclude importation from Europe. Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in sand, kept moist during the Winter, cracked in Spring, and sown in drills three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding oh the wild plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the plum is best SUPERSEDED PY BETTER SOKT8. 4:3 Scil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well chained, but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive in the middle and portions of the Northern States ; while South, the soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The cultivation needed is the same as that of the peach. Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article of food, arid used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic qcid of the shops. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Varieties generally esteemed. LONG HARD SHELL. Long Hard Shell Almond, | Amandier a gros fruit, | Amandier a gros doux. Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; .stone, about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper y very hardy ; ripens about last September. LANGUEDOC. Great-fruited Sweet, | Greht Soft Shell, | Large Persian. The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know. It is said to be very large and sweet. SOFT SHELL SWEET. Soft Shell Sweet Almond, Doux a coque tendre, Ladies Thin Shell, Sultan a coque tendre, Amandier des Dames. Ou Amande Princesse. Amandier a coque tendre, This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The flowers open at the same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged with red! Fruit, oval, compressed; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August or in July at the South, where it is only adapted. CLASS 111. Varieties superseded by better sorts. COMMON ALMOND. Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune A variety usually found in nurseries ; inferior to the Long Hard Shell. SULTANA SWEET ALMOND. Amande Sultane, | Sultan. A tender-shelled variety; inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet. PISTACHIA SWEET. Amande Pistache. Small, pointed, inferior fruit. PEACH ALMOND. Pecher, | Amandier Pe 'her. A cross between the peacL and almond. Nearly sweet or.en U tar. BITTEE ALMOND. Differing from the common almond in its bitter kernel. THE APEICOT. Armeuiaca vulgaris Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. THE common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu- mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes it as known in Italy under the name pr&cocia ; while the former mentions that it was introduced into that country about the sixteenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abounding in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin are described by the same author as being covered with these trees; and Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole range of the Caucasus." It is also stated to be from Armenia and Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the Tuscan, bacoche or albicoco,'and the English apricock, and, finally, apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub- lished in 1817, says of the apricot: "This fruit is extremely tender in our severe Winters, in exposed or open situations, unprotected by a wall ;" and similar statements have been made by writers, from time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late years its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more tender as a tree than our sweet cherries; and, contrary to general statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions, for. in climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tending suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour, during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps, apparent until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root, in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best, but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a preventive. The trees should be shortened-in " freely," as with the peach ; and standards should always be grown more in manner of round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for, if so grown, injury to the fruit from late Spring frosts can often be prevented, by covering them with a cloth. Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States makes 44 MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 45 one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which answers very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too much ten- dency to wood growth, rather than producing fruit. The seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and productive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum tree, has been thought to add hardihood to the apricot. Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot, although they are often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter case, how. ever, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the tree ripens its wood and drops its fruit before fully matured. The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of this insect. Uses. " A very handsome arwl delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to the peach, ripening about Midsummer, after cherries and before plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown, in the preparation of tarts. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. BREDA. Amande Aveline, I Ananas, I Hasselnussmandel. De Hollande, | Persique, | This old variety withstands severe frosts in Spring, is hardy as a tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even alter ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich, brownish orange in the sun ; Jlc.sh. deep orange, parting freely from ihe stone, juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, smal.l, roundish, compressed ; kernel sweet. Season, first of August. HEMSKIRKE. A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the peach apricot. Tree very short-jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ; skin, orange, with a brownish red cheek : Jlesh, bright, clear orange, tender, juicy, rich flavor; stone, small: kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July. 46 THE APKICOT. LARGE EARLY. Gros Prccoce, I De St. Jean Kouge, j Gros Freche. De St. J<>.un, j Gros D'Alexandrie, | This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an abundant bearer ; foliage large, leaves tapering toward the footstalks, with little ear- Ukt 1 appendages in place of glands. Fruit, medium size, oblong, compressed : suture, deep ; skin, downy, pale orauie in ihe shade, fine bright orange, with a few ruddy spots, in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates freely 1'rom the stone ; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perforated along the back from base to apex; kerne!, bitter. Season, 10th to 15th July. MOORPARK. Alison's, Dunmore, Sudlow's Moorpark, Oldaker's Moorpark, De Nancy, Anson's Imperial, Peche, Peche Gros, Temple's, Dunmore's Breda, Hunt's Moorpark, Walton's Moorpark, Peach, Eoyal Peach, Abricot Peche, Wurtemburg. This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, arid previous to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter each way, -larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, orange in the shade, but deep orange, or brownish red, in the sun, marked with numerous carmine specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor ; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back, where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August. We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moorpark and Peach apricot, and have, therefore, made the Peach a synonym of Moorpark. MUSCH. Musch Musch, j D'Alexandrio | Gros Musch. This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the fro*.irs of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety, and so, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed thorn identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as Moorpark, wood being very short-jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, about one and a half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow,-tender, melti-D-g, sweet ] kernel. sweet. Season, last of July. ROMAN. Abricot Commun, I Grosse Germine, G ermine, | Transparent. A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold, unfavorable situations ; good bearer; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow, dotted with a few red spots ; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry ; stone, o 4ong : kernel, bitter. Season, 1st of August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 4:7 CLASS II. Embraces varieties, of which many are new and untested, and "/Ac'/v? suited only to large orchards or certain localities. BLACK. Purple, I Noir, I Du Pape. Angoumois, | "Violet, | Fruit, small , resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple : fesh. lender, juicy, ac'ln-riim to the stone, astringent : kernel, sweet. Season. August. George lioadiey. Esq., informs us that this variety lias been broimbl ;A in Germany under name ot ' Hamburg Apricot/' probably from Booth's nursery, near Hamburg. BROWN'S EARLY. Origin, Chelsea, Mass. fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek : flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last July. BURLINGTON. This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the peach apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Wool man, in 1838. Native soil, poor gravel. Tree, vigorous ; young wood, reddish. Fruit, medium size, ob- long, somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture; skin, golden yellow, with red spois. and a ruddy cheek in sun; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine flavor; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July. EARLY GOLDEN. Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot. Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty yel close wood, hardy, productive. Fruit , small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, narrow suture ; skin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moderately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor : separates from the stone : kernel,, sweet. Sea- son. 10th to 15th July. KAISHA. From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish, semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged, and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with a sweet kernel/' LAFAYETTE. Origin, City of New York. Tree, remarkably vigorous ; fruit, very large, oval : skin, light yellow, marbled with red next the sun; flesh, high-flavored and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. R. Prince.) LARGE RED. Under this name we received a tree three years since, hut it has not yet farted. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, round dark orange red, sweet, and juicy. 48 THE APRICOT. NEWHALL'S EARLY. Origin. Lynn, Mass. Fruit j medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor ; clingstone. Season, last July, early in August. 'Cole.) RlNGOLD. Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruit, large, roundish, a little ohlong ; suture slight ; skin, light orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully doited with carmine ; flesh, deep yellow, juicy and excellent. Ripens just after the orange ; hardy and productive. (Wm. N. White.) ROYAL. Abricot Koyale. A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth. Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with a little red ; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy. Last of July. SHAKER PARA. A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen it in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society. Its name, meaning "bit of sugar,'"' is the only description given. SHIPLEY'S. Shipley's Large, | Blenheim. From England : a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval' orange yellow, juicy, sweet; kernel, bitter. Season, last July. TEXAS. Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruit, email, round, color dark maroon, darker in the sun ; suture, slight, a mere line ; flesh, juicy and pleasant, except at the stone, where it is astringent. Adheres to the stone. (W. N. White.) TURKEY. Large Turkey, | De Nancy. Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish orange in the sun: flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet. Season, middle August. The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves more or less blotched with yellow. CLASS III. Varieties superseded by better sorts. ALBEKGE. Albergier. Frnit, small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August. BRUSSELS. Frnlt, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks : flesh, yellow. fiitt. brisk flavor ; kernel, bitter. Middle of August, THE APPLE 49 OBANGE. Early Orange, , Royal George, I Royal Persian. Koyal Orange, | Persian, Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh, dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Season, middle July. KED MASCULINE. Early Masculine, I Abricot Precoce, I Abricotier. Brown Masculine, | Abricotier Hatif, | Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, pooi kernel, bitter. Season, middle July. WHITE MASCULINE. White Apricot, I Abricotier Blanc, I White Algiers Abricot Blanc, } Early White Masculine, | Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days Utter. THE APPLE. Pyrus Malus, L. Rosaceee of Botanists. OF all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever had preference. The " crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had ar- rived at all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less num ber of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and of Europe, it is generally understood that, from the variety pyrus malus of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-two varie- ties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman writers ; these have increased, until now, probably, 2,000 would not include the whole number named and partially or wholly described. To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas, and others, as well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much for aid in winnowing this immense number, the wheat from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seedlings, adapted mainly to their own locality only, but occasionally of such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is owing to this, that, not- withstanding pomological writers are daily condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to the almost utter con 8 50 THE APPLE. founding of the seeker after a knowledge relative to " what varietiei to plant." The pecuniary profits of the orchard, especially of apples, is well understood, and no one, who has land in any way suitable, now hesi- tates to plant. We have no certain data, but think we do not over- state when we say, that, besides large quantities imported from East- ern States, there are propagated and planted annually over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wiscon- sin. The Western country is already producing by millions of bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of increased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased, at what would here be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin, as sent from the Pell orchard, on the Hudson river, has done much toward establishing our reputation abroad, we antici- pate an advance in good favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East, far superior in size. The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul- ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1,000 years old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight regarded "many varieties" as in his time "already on the decline," which Coxe, in his " View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says " grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard." Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit. The puberty or fruit-bearing age of the apple tree varies accord- ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and under the clear sun of our Western States, most varieties come into bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated va- rieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to fif- teen years. Propagation By seeds. These should be selected, if intended for stocks, from native seedling trees of strong, vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider mill in the months of October or November, and take therefrom indiscriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself. The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, although much of it will grow BUDDING, 51 if spread immediately on the land thinly and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse, unworkmanlike method. To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process is washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich in vegetable, or partially mixed with well rotted animal manure, trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of about one foot wide and two feet between each drill ; scatter the seed so that when it grows there will be one plant to every two inches, and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects, and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for shipment, or keeping over until the Spring planting, boxes not over six inches deep should be procured, with holes made in the bottom for drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building or fence. By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of a diameter at the crown of from one-quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our rich western soils ; they should be dug up, have their side roots trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about eight inches ; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with exception of shortening the roots. Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make, good trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root, as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or November often with as good success as in Spring. Nurserymen generally practice taking up the seedling trees late in Autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them, when laid down at an angle of 45, with earth. This is done in the cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted just coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them, covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in a cool place but free from frost, until the day of planting. 52 THE APPLE. By Budding This course, from the immense demand for trees and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots, has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud- ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for budding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on the north side of the stock as possible. The time for this is usually the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the location is South or North, and the season early or late. By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf va- rieties. Some growers West, however, have reputation for increasing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means of layers, than otherwise. We have never seen them. Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in Spring always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the Fall, when they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until Spring. The wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if possi- ble, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until toward Spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps, be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen the vitality and success of the scion. Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft, with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads, are worth twice as much as trees six years old, ten and twelve feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and just to the fancy, he rnay often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other varieties, at the same age ; and in his selection he should be guided more by the stocky pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather than height of tree. Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity an d vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the atten- tion of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss comparative!/ TRANSPLANTING. 53 of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. There are some parts of the West, and very much at the East, where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old, they will make the most profitable of orchards. On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes destructive to fruit and tree. Here also the selection of the highest knolls and oak groves is found best for success in fruit growing. Influence of Stock on the hardihood. Recently there has beef much speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indiscriminate use for stocks, of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found in the main any better than the grafting process, when the latter is performed at the crown of a seedling root, we are dis- posed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. The only point we can see in its favor, is the hardihood of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be grown ; this will in some varieties make budding the preferable mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong rapid-growing sorts, of Northern or Eastern origin, are somewhat disposed to " bark-burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy although as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole roots, and again re- worked at three feet from the ground, would ensure as much hardi- hood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will never be practiced to any considerable extent, on account of its expense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be increased or lessened by budding or grafting as we advise, is also another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothing to favor it, excep the fact that trees budded do produce better than roots grafted on the old 'common indiscriminate practice of using anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influence of stock, see previous pages. Transplanting. Trees when taken from the nursery should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on arriving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which, if not ruined, they are frequently so far injured as to check their entire growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but as usually dug, it is requi- 54 THE APPLE. site to success that the top be shortened back, to correspond with the diminished root. One reason for objecting to the Shortening-til, is, that it has a tendency to start the top of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather than increase the number of branches. The mode of planting has been written on a previous page. The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on the soil and the variety rich deep soils requiring a greater distance than shallow ones of inferior quality. And of varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Apple, and other stocky or up- right growing sorts, twenty-five feet apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil, forty feet. Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or other- wise, in proportion to the supply of that substance in the soil. Liebig bis shown that the acids generated in plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree during its development, pro- duces a great quantity of acid ; ana therefore in a corresponding de- gree, requires alkaline, and probably, earthy bases, as an indispensa- ble condition to the existence of fruit." " It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay- ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most certain, at the same time, that these alone would be inefficient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be some- what affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very exis- tence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quantity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable to the formation of acids." " The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 Ibs. of ashes, de- prived of carbonic acid, about 13 Ibs. of phosphoric acid, 7 Ibs. of sulphuric acid, 38 Ibs., of potash, and 25 Ibs. of soda ; these four bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark, about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent of lime in the ash of the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our Western soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the produc tion of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily timbered INSECTS AND DISEASES. 53 lands of the West, which have been cut and burned, the ashes from the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, already there are or- chards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of trees, and perfection in fruit. The Western prairie soils require these only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup- plied, and application of animal manure is not needed. Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as re- quisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid man- ures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness, and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decaying ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Potatoes, peas, and corn are most advisable. Priming. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an- nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap one another to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots. This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed, as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with reference thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these require thinning out ; while others, are of straggling, rampant habit, requir- ing only the checking of branches at the ends to maintain an evenly ba anced tree ; these points will be found partially noted in our des- criptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particular forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to a previous chapter. Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, Western cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex- empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa- tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and troublesome. The Borer, (Saperda bivittata), is increasing ; destroying yearly many trees, and impairing still more. It is an insect that should be watched and checked on its first appearance. It is destructive, not tfb THE APPLE. only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, suffer equally. The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be destroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard. In its larva state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the surface of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an extent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed ; the small round holes from which dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole and destroys the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. Downing advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the following mixture : "one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and sufficient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint." The Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of orchards. " This," says Thomas, " is hatched in Spring as soon as the leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out u yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are de- posited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each, encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of the extremity. They remain through Winter, protected from the weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in Spring, as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars." A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches which hold the eggs, during Autumn or Winter, and burn them. Those that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June, by attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other time in the day. A little care will correct the evil. The Canker Worm. (Anisopteryx pometaria.) Of this insect, there are several allied species. They are not confined to the apple, but, if anything, prefer the elm to all others. " The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. " The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the Spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find their way up in the Autumn. The females, having no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we examine, the trees, we shall INSECTS AND DISEASES. 57 r$ee the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twentieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-brown, or ash- colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence preying upon the foliage." ^ The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvas saturated with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden wedges, between it and the tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the Fall, and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and cotton-batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all that have become entangled therein. " Apate Bicaudatus. This is the scientific name given by Mr. Say to a little beetle whose injurious habits have lately been observed. The insects are found burrowing in the pith of the young branches of the apple tree, during the Spring. The branches above the seat of attack soon die. These beetles are from one-quarter to more than three-tenths of an inch long, cylindrical, dark chestnut brown, roughened like a grater, on the fore part of the thorax, with short spines pointing backwards, and armed, in the males, with an incurved spine, near the tip of each wing-cover. " The Palmer Worm, a wanderer, as its name signifies, is a small worm, about half an inch in length, with many legs, and extremely nimble. It appears at different times, in different parts of the coun- try, and on apple, oak, cherry, plum, and other trees. They give the trees the same appearance as the canker worm does ; and not only the leaves, but sometimes the fruit is injured or destroyed by them. Their appearance is generally directly after the canker worm ; and they differ from them in having sixteen legs, in being much more active in their motions, and in creeping without looping or arching up their backs at every step. They are also smaller and differently colored. The same remedies are applied to prevent their depreda- tions as with the canker worm." For further information respecting this insect, see N. Y. State Agricultural Society's Transactions, 1853. " The New York Weevil, ( Curculio Noveboracensis,) attacks in May and June the buds and young shoots of trees ; gnawing them so that they break off and die. They work most in the night, and still, cloudy weather. They may be destroyed or their ravages prevented, by pursuing the same remedies as lor the plum weevil." For further description, see as above, N. Y. S. Transactions, 1853. " The Oak-pruner, (Sienocorus putator,} occasionally attacks the small branches of the apple tree ; and the blight beetle, Scolytus or Tomicus pyriy whose perforations blast and kill the branches of the a* 58 THE APPLE. pear tret', has also been found equally injurious to those of the apple tree." Tiie Apple Moth (Carpocapsa pomonana}, is the insect which dis- figures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall prema- turely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of brown mingled with gray, four wings light gray and brown, and a dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the crevi- ces and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed with lye-water early in Spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. The Bark Lowe, a species of coccus, or scale insect, is of a brown color, about one-tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, at- taching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale-oil soap, or a mixture of lime, soft soap, and water, of the consistency of common whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in Winter or early Spring. The Wooty Aphis (Aphis lantgera), makes its appearance in the form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches. It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with lye-water, lime wash, or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five gallons of weak lye, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces soot, or ''lamp black," thoroughly mixed. The Blight, or blackening and decay of terminal shoots, we have elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, and" plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling to the moon. Runt on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We" have never seen it, but suspect that it arises, from an unhealthy state of the tree, caused by a deficiency of some elements in the soil, and therefore a result, not a cause of disease. Of Teimsused in Description of Varieties. Thomas, in his ' Fruit Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These terms, as applied to the growth of a tre, in its shoots, have reference mainly to young trees, and comparatively as follows : Mrect as in FORMS OF THE APPLE. 59 the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Ribston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Drooping, when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees do, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. Ascending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular, as in black Gilli- flower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern Spy, Stout, as in Red Astrachan. " The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif- ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of expo- sure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season. When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap- plied by a comparison, at the time, with the color of other sorts. During Winter, and early in the Spring, the shoots of most trees be- come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be ob- tained. Skillful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos- sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman- ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use- ful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could easily mistake the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown, or purple, of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or grayish appearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the clear, shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astra- chan." The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in the Rhode Island Greening; bluish green, as in Peck's Pleasant. Forms of the Apple. In these we follow the general understand- ing of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by Barry, from whom we extract : Round or Roundish (fig. 29), when the outline is round, or nearly so. the length being about equal to the breadth. Flat (fig. 30), when the ends are compressed, and the width con- siderably greater than the length. 60 THE APPLE. Conical (fig. 31), in the form of a cone, tapering from the base to the eye. Ovate, or Egg-shaped (fig. 32). Oblong (fig. 33), when the length is considerably greater than the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as in the conical. 34 In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some varieties are Angular, having projecting angles on the sides. One-sided, having one side larger than the other. Ribbed (34), when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur- rows running from eye to stem. Of size Small, as in Gilpin, medium, as in Fameuse, and large, as in Rhode Island Greening. Of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c., there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially about the calyx. Pip- pin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle texture of flesh, in the apple ; while Greening is understood to imply a breaking, tendei character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular, roundish conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh. Uses. The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple deserves more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 61 VARIETIES. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN. Watkin's Early, | Early Summer Pearmata, This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, except at the South. In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard fruit, it will riot " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole of September. The tree requires thinning out of small branches, but. as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections. Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in good or poor soil : color ; red, streaked and dotted with grayish yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep, round, smooth ; Jlesh } tender, sub-acid best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pyriform. 62 THE APPLE. AUTUMN STRAWBERRY. Late Strawberry, | Strawberry, American : originated Western New York. Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a plum; stem, slender, medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed : flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. October. AUTUMN BOUGH. Philadelphia Sweet, 1 Autumn Sweet Bough, | Autumn Swaar, Late Bough, | Summer Bellflower, | Fall Bough. American. Tree, vigorous, productive; size, medium, or above : form, obtuse conical : color, clear light yellow, with occasionally a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stem, slender, curved to one side : cavity, deep, regular; calyx, closed with long segments; basin, ribbed or fur- rowed; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deliciously sweet; core, small; seed cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, full. September. AUTUMN SEEK-NO-FURTHER. American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with red in sun ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open, erect segments basin, round, medium depth ; core, medium ; flesh, white, juicy, tender sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October. AUTUMNAL SWAAR. Grown at the West. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sprinkled with star-shaped dots; stalk, rather short; cavity , broad, deep, slightly russet ted ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, and corrugated ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, sub-acid flavor. September. (Downing.) AUTUMNAL SWEET SWAAR. Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Golden Pippin. Tree, spreading ; shoots, vigorous, diverging ; fruit, larse, round, flat- tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long ; cavity, open, shallow f MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 63 calyx, half closed ; basin j slightly ribbed, deep flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not juicy: "very good.'' October. AUTUMN PEARMAIN. English Summer Peannain, Summer Pearmain, Royal Pearmain, Parmain d'Ete, Sigler's Bed. Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular, popular in Kentucky and South ; fruit, medium, oblong conical, brownish yellow and green, red, blended with yellow, in sun. small brown specks stalk, short calyx, in a broad, shallow basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, pale yellow, crisp j nearly " best." September. BALDWIN. Late Baldwin. Pecker, Woodpecker, Steele r s R<1 Winter. American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to bitter ur dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash, and. for the Western soils, should be worked where intended to have the head commence. It has proved tender on Western prairie soils, and, in Southern sections, is liabie to drop prematurely. Trees fifteen years old do better than while young. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very productive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern-grown specimen, and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in Illinois. Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color, yel- lowish, nearly covered arid striped with red. dotted with a few russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem ; stem, three-fourths inch long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; batin, rather narrow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; core, small, com- pact; capsules, ovate hollpwj seeds, long ovate, pyriform. December to Maroh, 64: THE APPLE. BALTIMORE. Baltimore Pippin, | Cable's Gilliflower, | fcoyal Pippin. Origin, unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm, rich soils ; size, medium to large ; form, round, or roundish ovate ; color, light yellow, striped, and splashed with purplish red, a little bronzed russet about the stem, large whitish dots, and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem, resembling a bloom; stem, short; cavity, open. deep, regular; calyx, small, half open; basin, shallow, regular \flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium, or small ; seeds, obovate pyriform. December to March. This is distinct from the Baltimore of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with red. and with large open calyx. BATCHELOR. Gross, | King, erroneously. From North Carolina. Fruit, very large, roundish, flattened, angular, lemon yellow, washed with lively red on sunny side, gray dots, russet around stem ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; cahix. small, open ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, fine-grained, juicv, rnfld. sub-acid; core, medium. October, November. Very valuable in Southern States. BENONI. From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer ; fruity medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow, striped wUh crimson, dotted with white specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narro-v ; calyx, large, open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous; "very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and Sep teraber. Succeeds finely on the Western prairies. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. BENTLEY'S SWEET. From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great keeper ; valuable South, in rich soils ; fruit, above medium oblong irre- gular, flattened at ends, red and yellow striped, or blotched : stem, long, carved; calyx, large : basin, open, deep, furrowed; core, compact; seeds* large, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very good.' 3 January to September. BELMONT. Gate, Mamma Beam, Golden Pippin of some, White Apple, Kelly White, Waxen ofbome. American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by others, in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland. Mr. Downing, in his first edition of '' Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it synonymous with the "Waxen "of Coxe. Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high, warm, or lime- itone soils does finely, and makes a large tree. Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, sometimes oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, on new rich soils in Wisconsin ; but grown South its delicacy, fine grain, and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, rich clear light yellow; at South with a few dark brown specks, and North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots : South slight russet marblings. and much of mould or fungus; stem, medium length, projecting slightly beyond the sur- face, always slender: calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed ; basin, from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed ; flesh, yel- lowish white fine-grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; core 66 THE APPLE. rather large ; seeds, ovate pointed, abundant, brownish red. November to February, October to January in South- Western States. BELLFLOWER. Yellow Bellflower, | Yellow Belle-fleur, | Lady Washington. American. Tree, of slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish, rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy ; grafted on pieces of roots, dees not bear well ; otherwise, very productive. Size, large : form, oblong, a little irregulai, tapering to the eye; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun ; sif.m, long, slender, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid , core. Jaree; capsules, long, hollow; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. angular at broad end. December to March. October to February, South. BERRY. Red Hazel, | Pound. From Virginia. Fruit, above medium, oblate irregular, red, striped, and splashed on greenish yellow, large dots ; stem, short : cavity, broad: calyx, open; basin, shallow: flesh, juicy, vinous; "very good;" core, small. December to March. Esteemed South, and will probably prove valuable all South West. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. BETHLEHEMITE. This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newtown Spitzeriberg, and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under that name. Thus far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich, loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is, that it came from Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, tapering slightly to the apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and stained with two shades of bright red. dotted with irregular-shaped brown dots, some russet about the stem ; calyx, medium, sometimes large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, some- what furrowed: stem, short; cavity, narrow, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild, sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor; core, small, compact ;. seeds, obovate obtuse pyriform. November to January, but keeps until April. Trees upright, strong growers. BOHANON. A variety probably originally of Virginia, and is highly esteemed ~n Kentucky and South. It much resembles Maiden's Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye. with inclination to the ribbed sur- face ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny side, russet about stem: stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, 'partly closed ; basin, deep, expanded ; core, open ; seeds, numerous, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. September. An excellent regular bearar. BROADWELL. Broadwell Sweet. American. Origin. Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, light yel lowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large : form, regular, roundish, flattened at. base, and tapering slightly toward the calyx; skin, thin, smooth; :/or, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny side brownish bronze ; stem, short* 68 THE APPLE. cavity, expanded ; calyx, open : segments, short ; basin, narrow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, sweet, juicy : core, close, compact; seeds, small, plump, light- brown. November to March. BULLOCK'S PIPPIN. American Golden Ku.set, Sheepnose, Hunt's Russet, Fall Winesap, erroneously. American. Tree, ultimately of only medium size, with a round regular head, shoots erect, rather slender, admirably suited to rich soils of Southern Ohio, Indi- ana, the South-west, etc., etc. Grown South, the fruit is almost entirely COY- ered with russet ; North, on sandy soils, it is a warm, rich yellow, with only marblings of russet. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 69 Size, small to medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering much toward the eye; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, regular; calyx. small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate, sprightly; core, large for size of fruit; seeds, full, ovate pyramidal. December to March. November to January, South, Canadian Eeinette, Porame de Caen, Ecinette Grosse du Canada, De Bretagne, CANADA REINETTE. Januarea, German Green, Eeinette du Canada, | Grosse Keinette d'Angleterre, Yellow Newtown Pippin, erroneously. Eeinette da Canada Blanche, Eeinette du Canada a'Cortea, Portugal, Wahr Eeinette, Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly angular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, surrounded with light green, suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, angular, with prominent ribs : flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, small, compact; seeds, dark, almost black. January to May. CARNATION. Fruit, medium size ; a delicious sub-acid apple, fully first-rate ; color, dark- J, splashed with russet ; flesh, white, brittle, and very juicy ; both the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions: no Autumn apple is superior August, at South. red 70 THK APPLE. CAROLINA WINTER QUEEN. Ladies Sweet, erroneously, \ Nix's Green. American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red from the stem, a little russet at sjern, and few small faint dots; calyx, open, segments, re- flexed ; basin, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; core, medium , seeds, abundant ; Jlesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy ; " best." No- vember and January. CHALLENGE. American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, hardy. Size, large : form, roundish flattened ; color, rich yellow, with many rus- set dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully exposed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red; stem, projecting even with surround- ing surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, with long irregular segments; basin, broad, open, medium depth, always farrowed : fesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender; core, medium; seeds, large, plump. October and November. COGSWELL. Cogswell's Pearmain, | Ohio Nonpareil, incorrectly of some. American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass, and Ohio, and thus far, where the variety has been fruited, it has proved every- thing that can be required to class it as a first-rate fruit worthy of general cultivation. The tree is a good bearer, producing always fair and even fruit. Tree, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a dark, reddish brown color. The fruit is above medium size, roundish flattened j often angular ; and also often, on the same tree, somewhat round- MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 71 lh conical ; the color is rich yellow, covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of red ; some russet specks and russet about the stem ; stem, short ; cavity, open : calyx, medium, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow- ish, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, small : seeds, medium size, dark brown. January to March. COOPER. Beauty Red, | Lady "Washington, | Seok-no-further, of some erroneously. An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 1796, its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, stout j branches at right angles; wood, reddish, "subject to canker;" a good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best on rich limestone clay. Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep : stem, slender, short: cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; "very good/' September, but often keeps to November. COOPER'S EARLY WHITE Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as produc'ive and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with faint blush, greenish tinge at stern ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyy, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, sprightly. September and October. Requires soil supplied with potash. CORNISH AROMATIC. Foreign : requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium ; form, round- ish regular, sometimes a little conical ; color, yellow ground, mostly over- THE APPLE. spread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; stem, long, slender . cavity, regular, oper, rather deep; calyx, small; basin, abrupt, furrowed flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor closely allied to Esopus Spit- zenberg ; core, open, hollow, regular form ; seeds, large. November if. February. DANVER'S WINTER SWEET. Epse's Sweet American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, yearly produc- tive ; valoable winter fruit for baking or stock. Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong ; color, dull yellow, with orange blush, and small russet specks; stem, slender, inclining to one side; calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet core, large, open ; seeds, ovate pointed, dark rich brown. December to April. DRAP D'OR. Vrai Drap cTOr, Early Summer Pippin, of some, Bay Apple, Bonne du Mai. This is, by some, said to be identical with ' Cooper." We do not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, moderate bearer. Size, 'arge : form, roundish, flattened : color, dull yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks; stem, short; cavity, wide, open; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow, plaited; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine-grained, tender, juicy, well flavored ; core, with open, hollow capsules : seeds, short, ovate, dark reddish brown. August t October. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 73 DlSHAROON. From Georgia. Fruit, large, regular, slightly conical ; calyx, small, in a narrow basin ; skin, yellowish green, with many roundish spots made darker by minute specks : flesh, fine aromatic, sub-acid. Early Winter, or late Autumn at the South. DOMINE. ;er, I Hogan, | Re2 Streak, of some, \ Weft Apple. Wells, I English Winter, | Striped E. J. Greening, Origin, uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower : shoots, long, diverging j early, good bearer, profitable orchard sort, West ; succeeding finely in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes and splashes of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender, inclining to one side: cavity, wide; calyx, small; basin, broad; core, medium; seeds. abundant, purplish brown; flesh, white, tender, juicy; "very good." November to April. DUCHESS OF OLDENBURGH. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, productive, valued for cooking and market. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red, striped and splashed on yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, accuminate ; basin, deep; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September Very fine at the North in Canada. DUTCH MIGNONNE. The Dutch Mignonne Darling, or Favorite is from Holland, and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with strong, upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South Ohio. Size, large; form, roundish regular ; color, dull orange, mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, nar- row, deep; calyx, open; basin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming tender when well matured, sub-acid, aromatic flavor ; core, small, compact ; seeds, few, defective. November to January. Pomme Royal, Golden Spice, Tompkins, Beard Burden, DYER. Pomme Water, Bullripe, Mygatt's Bergamot, Bard Apple, White Spice, Smithfleld Spice. American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading irregular, aoderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or roundish flattened; :olor. clear yellow, with russet marbled more or less over the surface ; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep, slightly furrowed ; calyx, with long, recurved legmeiits; basin, medium; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, rab . acid : core, medium; seeds, small. October and November. 4 74 American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat question- able if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple has the most of delicate-pear flavor of any variety, and, while it is all unsuited to orchard- ing, one tree should always be planted. While young, it is of slow growth, but, as the trees get older, it improves, and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form, of medium size. It is very hardy, but should have rich, strong soil. Shoots, dark-colored, and so foliage. Size, medium, or rather below; form, roundish flattened; stem, rather slender; cavity, open, deep, a little russetted ; color, pale yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red : calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, very delicate ; core, medium, centre open ; seeds, short ovate pyriform. Last of August. EARLY STRAWBERRY. American Bed Juneating, | Bed Juneating. American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous leaves erect, with long footstalks; productive, and successful in all localities, and, although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed. Size, small : form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, yel- lowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; stem, varying from long straight arid slender, to medium, curved ; calyx, small; basin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red, sub- acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, small. July. EQUINTELEY. Sol. Carter. Origin, Yancey Co., N. Carolina. One of the best of the Southern apples. Fruit , large, oblate, conic, angular, slightly oblique; skin, whitish ytllow, mostly overspread with beautiful bright crimson, and thinly MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 75 sprinkled with whitish dots ; stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a broad, deep cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a deep, rather narrow, irregular basin . flesh, yellowish, very tender, almost melting, juicy, with a very mild, sub* acid flavor. November 10 May. (Downing.) ESOPUS SPITZENBERO. American : origin, on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender shoots t when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open head ; requires a strong soil and age to produce much or good fruit, and much of lime and potash, when it is a good bearer. Size, above medium, large when carefully grown : form, flattened at oase, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably ribbed and irre- gular in its surface, and almost always slightly angular ; color, rich, lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled with yellow russet; stem, vary- ing, sometimes short and stout, at others long and slender ; cavity, deep regular, open; calyx, small, closed : basin, , almost abrupt, furrowed; jlesh yellow, crisp, a little tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate, rounded in form ; seeds, large. January to March. Fallawatftr, Green Mountain Pippin, Dutch Codlin, erroneously^ FALDWALDER. "Waldenner, Tulpahocken, Pirn's Beauty of the "West, Pound, erroneously, Mountain Pippin, Burbacker. American: originated in Berks Co.. Penn. Its name is from a Mr Faldwald, with whom it originated. Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens, but, on rich limestone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable, being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long time, even in Southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, stout, partially spreading. 76 THE APPLE. Fruit, large ; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surrounded with a shade of light green, presenting, at first glance, appearance as of white specks ; stem, short cavity, open, generally regular ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed. December to May. FALL PIPPIN. Philadelphia Pippin. This is, unquestionably, an American seedling, and probably from the " White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers respecting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name, as well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the Eastern States, and universally succeeds well; but, where the soil is of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous ; shoots, dark ; diverging or spreading ; becomes large ; not always productive; proves tender on prairie soils. Size, large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, greenish yellow until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush, when grown in good soil and exposed to sun; stem, long, moderately stout; cavity, deep, round ; calyx, above medium, with segments in divisions ; basin, deep, wide, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. TT and open : fash, yellowish white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic ; cor, medium, for size of fruit; seeds, ovate. October to December Summer Horse, Yellow Horse, FALL QUEEN. Horse Apple, I Oldfteld, Red Gloria Mundi? Fall Beauty. Origin, unknown. Valued highly South and West for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular: greenish yellow to orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short; cavity, shallow; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last July. FALL QUEEN OF KY. Winter Queen, | Ladies 1 Favorite of Tenn. Origin, uncertain. Much grown at the South and Southwest, where it is highly esteemed. Tree, very vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, oblate inclining to conic, slightly oblique, angular; skin, yellow, striped and marbled with crimson, and thickly sprinkled with brown and whitish dots; stalk, short, inserted in a broad, deep-russetted cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, set in a large open basin ; flesh, yel- lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a sprightly mild sub-acid flavor. January to March. ( Downing.) T8 THE APPLE. FALL WINE. Sweet Wine, Ohio Wine, American : its origin unknown ; introduced West from the garden 01 Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; drooping when in bearing state ; very healthy ; producing moderately, but annually, large, beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils, and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure exhibits from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana and Illinois, as ki Wine," from which it is quite distinct. Size, medium to large; /orm, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of brownish sometimes it is faintly striped; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, half closed; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. September to November. Although evidently an old Eastern fruit, it appears now unknown there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his notice of where grown. FAMEUSE. Pomme de Neige, | Sanguineus, | Snow. Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to all Northern sections, producing yearly, and always fair, smooth fruit. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 79 of moderate, rather diverging, habit : shoots dark: ani, as an orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular, handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy and rich; strong or heavy soils suit it best ; proves hardy West. Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem, slender ; cavity , narrow ; calyx, small : basin, shallow, narrow: flesh, remarkably white, .tender, juicy, with a slight perfume; core, close,. compact ; seeds, light brown, long pointed. October to January. FORT MIAMI. Scandiana Mala. American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 1846, we made our outline and descriptions from specimens sent us by A. Spafford, Esq., t'errysburgh, Ohio., since which we have been unable to obtain any of the fruit, Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early oearer, but the original tree said to be very pro- ductive. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed; color, brownish red, more or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long ; cavity, deep, open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; basin, medium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceedingly high, spicy, sub-acid flavor. February to May. FULTON. Native of Fulton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36| inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet acrosi THE APPLE. top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem cavity, small dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep : calyx, short segments ; basin, rather deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid ; " very good." November to March. GARDEN ROYAL. American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower while young , hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious fruit is desired for table use. Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, very regu lar ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, becoming brighter in sun ' } stem, short, slender : cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shal low : flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild, sub-acid. Last of August and September. GOLDEN SWEET. Orange Sweet. American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size ; spreading, irregulai branches ; succeeds well in all soils \ productive annually of large crops of fair fruit. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide ; color, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 81 yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium to long ; cavity, round, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender; core, medium, round ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. July and August. GOLDEN PIPPIN. American Golden Pippin, I Bibbed Pippin, New York Greening, | Newtown Greening. An old American sort, of strong growth, not an early, but productive bearer. Fruit, large ; form, variable, sometimes ribbed, roundish flattened; golden yellow, with a few dots, sometimes net russet'; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, vinous, aro- matic ; core, large. November, February. GOTTEN BALL. Belle et Bonne, | Connecticut Apple. The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt bnt it is probably a native of Connecticut, from whence it has teen largely distributed East. The trees do not bear well while young, but improve o they advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ; requires a rich, strong, heavy soil. Fruit, large ; form, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots ; stem, shortj etout ; cavity, broad ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, large and plump. October to December. The Belle Bonne of Lindley is quite another fruit, and should not be confounded with this. GRAVENSTEIN. King of Pippins, erroneously, \ Grave Sltfe. Foreign .A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cooking in August, and eating in September and October; shoots, strong, smooth, upright Tree, large, regular, round head, foliage broad. Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened, a little irregular, somewhat rib- bed, on surface undulating : color, at first pale greenish, yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes of a dark hue, beautiful, few iaint light green dots; stem, short; carity, open, deep: calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin, rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellow- ish, crisp, tender, sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, cap* sules open, hollow ; ~stxds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown. 82 THE APPLE. GRAY VANDERVERE. Windower, Green Vanderrere, White Vandervere, Betsey's Fancy, Yandervere Pippin, o/somt. A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. This is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and esteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round flattened ; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem ; stem, long ; cavity, open ; calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March. HAWLEY. Douse, | Dow's. Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger, and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots ; stem, slender; cavity, wide ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin. medium, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in September. GREEN SWEET. Honey Greening. Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading shoots rather slender ; fruit valu- able for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ; fruit always fair Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish : color, dull greenish white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots ; stem, varying; cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size for the fruit, closed ; fccuin, medium, slightly furrowed ; flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, aiul MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 83 quite sweet ; core, medium, round ; seeds, ovate. December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is large, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November. EARLY HARVEST. Yellow Harvest, Prince's Harvest, Early French Eeinette, Bracken, Early June, July Pippin, Large White Juneating, Yellow June&ting. American. Universally esteemed; requires a soil well sur plied with hi.ie and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots, erect, straight ; growth, not successful ; rootgrafted as a& orchard tree. THE APPLE. Fruit, medium ;/0ri, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color, pale light yellow, with a few dots of white : stem, medium length, rather slender, often short, and a little stcut; cavity, open, deep, regular; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, light brown, ovate. July. HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN. Winter Pearmain, erroneously, Boyal Pearmain, Boyale d' Angle terre. Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit is of the highest excellence ; some regard this as first-rate, others as only second ; cultivation, soil, and location, make the difference. It is best in Northern sections. Snoots, diverging, partially drooping. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical ; color, brownish red. mottled, and slighty striped, on a dull, rusty green, or, when fully matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, from the stem, dotted with greyish specks : stem, slender; cavity, acuminate, russeted ; calyr, open; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid, aromatic ; core, me- dium, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. De- cember to February. HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH. Hubbardton Pippin. American : originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even better when grown West than in its native locality, but not always hardy. Tree, vigorous grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwiu, which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very pro- ductive. Fruit, large, West very large; form, roundish ovate, very regular : color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with rich red : stem, hort; cavity ', narrow; calyx, with short open segments; foui*, deep MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 85 round, rarely ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, mild, sub-acid, juicy. October to February'. HIGH TOP SWEET. Summer Sweet of Ohio | Sweet June, of Illinois. From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." Last of July. Very popular Southwest and West. JERSEY SWEETING. American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of fair fruit in all soils : warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and more cha- racter to the flesh. Shoots, stout, short-jointed, reddish ; tree, spreading, round head. For. dessert, cooking, or stock, valuable. Is said to decay young ; we think incorrect. Fruit, medium ; 'form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ; co/or, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered with stripes oi pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, half closed ; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet ; core, rather open, medium, round ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. September and October. JEFFERSON. Tree, good habit, spreading ; much grown and esteemed in some parts of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after lying in a warehouse during Winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; cavity, mod- erate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, compact ; seeds, liiiht brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid : almost " best." October to March. 86 THE APPLE. JEFFERIS. Fr^m Chester Co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant and abundant bearer. Fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained with red, becoming dark in the sun, dotted with .white spots and russet at stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, nearly closed, woolly; basin, deep, regular ; flesh, -white, crisp, tender, juicy ; best." September and October. JEWITT'S BEST. From Torybridge, Vt. Fruit, large, nearly globular, irregular, greenish, shaded with deep red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basil, small ; core, medium ', flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sub-acid j almost "best" December to February. JONATHAN. Philip Rick, I Winesap, erroneously. King Philip, j Wine, * American : originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, slender, diverging; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping and pendent habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yellow ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light red, and with few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender : cavity, open, wide , calyx, small, nearly closed basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yel- lowish white, tender, juicy, slightly acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprichtly ; cor*, medium ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown December to February MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMEE. 87 JULIN. Juling. Fruit, medium size, roundish, tapering somewhat to the eye, rather one- sided ; calyx, small, in a narrow basin ; stem, short, in a moderate cavity ; skin, thin, yellowish white, striped and marbled with carmine, of a beau- tiful waxen appearance, sprinkled sparingly with whitish dots; flesh, white, tender, juicy, and fine flavored ; indeed, the finest summer apple known North and South. Ripens about the middle of July at South : August at North. KESWICK CODLIN. Foreign. Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate, conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptibly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid, September and October. KlNGSLEY. From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed with pinkish red. white dots, russet near calyx : stem, slender; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow : core, medium, open ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July. (H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.) KING OF TOMPKINS COUNTY. Winter King | King. This variety we have had more or less acquaintance with for the past ten years. It is really one of the most valuable apples grown at the North. Fts origin is uncertain. Supposed to have been brought at an early day from New Jersey to Jacksonville, Tompkins Co., N. Y. It is distinct from "King" of Ky., and Newark King of N. J. Tree, annually productive. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, thick : cavity, open, regular calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, slight farrows, and pro- jecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. December to February. LADY APPLE. A pi, I Pomme Eose, Petit Api, Pomme d'Api Bouge, Petit Apt Rouge, Gros Api Bouge. Pomme d'Api, Foreign. Trees, very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, like that of a Pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters require to be ten or more years old, ere bearing much : after which, very productive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, always commands a high price. Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; very glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed j white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. December to May. 88 THE APPLE. LADIES' SWEETING. American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety West, where it seems generally to succeed, but varies much in different soils often not more than second-rate quality* always fair, handsome fruit; pro- fitable for marketing, or stock feeding. "Wood, not very strong: grows thriftily; bears abundantly." " Fru.il, large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ; skin, very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellowish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprinkled with well- marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is also, generally, a faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx, quite small, set in a narrow, shallow-plaited basin; stalk, half an inch long, in a shallow cavity : flesh, greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp, delicious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor ; keeps without shelving, or losing its flavor, till May." LONDON SWEET. London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet, I Heicke's Winter Sweet. American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio ; often abundant in Cin- cinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell. Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West ; annually productive. Fruit, medium, occasionally large; form, roundish flattened; color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ; very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender; cavity, open, medium depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, round, regular: flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet; core. rather small : seeds, ovate pointed. Novem- ber to January but will keep through February. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 89 LOWELL. Orange, of some, Tallow Apple, Tallow Pippin, Greasy Pippin, Queen Anne, Pound Royal, erroneously. American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair fruit will always command a place in large orchards, where this variety if known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading ; most valuable OB rich heavy soils. Fruit, large : form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color, green, be- coming rich yellow; oily surface: stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, small, nearly closed: basin, deep, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma; core, medium or small: seeds, ovate. August and early September. MAIDEN'S BLUSH. American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; sue ceeds. so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its handsome appearance. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, clear lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich crimson ; stem, short; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt : core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp sub-acid unless fully ripened. September and October 90 THE APPLE. MANGUM. Seago, I Maxfleld. From Georgia. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical ; yellowish, striped and shaded with red; whitish brown dots; stem, short, small; cavity. broad, often russeted : calyx, closed; basin, medium ; core, small ; flesh. yellow, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, excellent. October and November Valued South as keeping until March. MAVERACK'S SWEET. Southern origin. Fruit, very large; roundish, irregular, slightly conical ; striped with bright red, and a few greenish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, regu- lar ; calyx, open ; basin, medium ; skin, thick : flesh, fine-grained, tender, sweet, excellent. November and December at the South; December to March at the North. MELON. Norton's Melon, | Watermelon. American. Origin questioned whether New York or Connecticut, li proves fine so far. wherever it has been tested. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil. Fruit, medium to larue : form, roundish flattened, regular ; surface, glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark in the sun ; stem, medium, slender : cavity, wide, round, open, marked with greenish russet; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bottom : flesh, white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, rather small ; seeds broad, nearly black. October to December. McLELLAN. Martin. From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive bearers. Fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 7>1 with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyx,, nearly closed ; basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to March. MINISTER. From Massachusetts. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, oblong conical, tibbed ; red striped on greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, small, closed; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; u good ;" showy and salable. October to December. MICHAEL HENRY PIPPIN. American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very productive. Fruit, medium to large ; form, angular, roundish conical ; color, light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregular formed specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow, marbled or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually short ; cavity, narrow, regu- lar ; calyx, with long segments in divisions ; basin, shallow, narrow, some- what furrowed : flesh, white tender, juicy, sweet : much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use from October to March ; core, small, com- pact, surrounded by a broad, coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core; seeds, ovate pointed, light brown. MOTHER. Queen Anne, of some, incorrectly. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer. Fruit, large, roundish ovate; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and 92 THE APPLE. striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender : calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, plaited; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-acid , " best." October to January. MONMOUTH PIPPIN. Bed Cheek, of some, \ Ked Cheek Pippin. American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as very productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conversant only with the fruit. Fruit, large; form, roundish flattened; sometimes roundish conical; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised, rough, brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around them underneath the skin; stem, rather short; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, medium, sen- ments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide, abrupt, deep, much plaited . flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse-grained ; breaking tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with considerable aroma, or perfume : core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, abundant. December to February, and often till April. MYER'S NONPAREIL. Ohio Nonpareil, | Cattail Apple. The original tree, in orchard of Mr. Bowman, Massillon, O., is over fifty years old. It has been claimed as identical with " Cogswell," but it is only a Fall fruit, and the tree a far more upright grower. In our experience, it is one of the most valuable of Fall apples. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact head ; an annual bearer of fruit uniform in size. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; red and y*llow marbled and splashed : stem t medium ; cavity, regular } calyx, partially MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 93 open ; basin, not deep ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; "best." October to December. NEWTOWN PIPPIN. I Green Winter Pippin, Petersburg Pippin. THE APPLE. American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich lime, stone clay soil, or a warm, sandy, rich loam, well dressed with lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see further pages ; but it is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood. Growth slender, slow : as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with branches diverging, pendent. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio, and farther west, this and the Yellow New- town Pippin succeed, and produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, oblong flattened ; color, dull green when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small minute rus- set dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, grown on alluvial soils South, patches of dark green mould : stem, slender ; cavity, acuminate, regular; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, hollowed, and slightly wrinkled; flesh, greenish white, very fine-grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly, perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark brown, ovate. February to May. NEWTOWN SPITZENBERG. Spiced Ox-eye, Ox-eye, Burlington Spitzenberg, Matchless, Kountz, Joe Berry, Vandervere of New York, and Eastern States. Ameiican. From Newtown. Long Island. Originally described by Coxe, in 1817. It is extensively and successfully grown in the West an Ox-Eye, y.nd highly estimated. When Mr. Downing wrote his description of Vandervere, he evidently had this apple before him ; and was not ac- quainted wi'.h the true Vandervere. Fruit, medium: form, round, flattened; color, yellow ground, mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the crests of waves ; item, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small, segments MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 95 erect ; basin, open, regular, not deep ; flesh, yellow, tender, slightly sweety rich, aromatic: core, small: seeds, few, ovate pointed. December to February. NORTHERN SPY. American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot be con- sidered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It is of thrifty, vigor- ous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cultivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots, stout, dark, spotted : blooms late, often escaping late frosts in Spring. Frtlitj medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes ribbed ; skin t thin and tender; color, light yellow, mostly overspread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, and. when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom ; stem, slender, projecting about even with the surface ; cavity, open, wide, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open, regu- lar, other than the furrows produced by ribs of the fruit not deep, but rather abrupt; flesh, yellowish white, very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open: seeds, abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. January to April. South, it will probably become an early Winter variety. Ortley Pippin Woolman's Long, White Belleflenr, White JJellflower, Green Bellflower, Willow Leaf Pippin, Ohio Favorite, Detroit, White Detroit, THE APPLE. ORTLEY. Van Dyne, Jersey Greening, Davis, erroneously, Hollow Core Pippin, Greasy Pippin, Melting Pippin, Crane's Pippin, Warren Pippin, White Pippin, erroneously Yellow Pippin, Golden Pip|>in, of (tome, Woodward's Pippin, Tom Woodward Pippin, Ininan, White Seek-no-further, of some, erroneously. American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindley as Drtley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the entire West- ern States, it. proves one of the hardiest, most productive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form is more oblong, the texture some- what closer, and sprightliness a little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brown- ish, yellow, upright, long jointed. Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils : skin, smooth ; form, oblong oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; co/or, pale yellowish white, at the North South it becomes a richer yellow, with specks of dark red. and a vermillion tinge surrounding when exposed to sun; stem, varying from hort and stout to long and slender : cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 7 closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited, from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the fruit ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core, large, open ; seeds, abundant, loose in the cap- sules. January to April. PECK'S PLEASANT. Waltz Apple. American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots, rather erect, slightly di- verging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large. Fruit, medium to large: form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when first gathered, green, with a little dark red when ripe, a beautiful clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ; stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost always with a slight ridge or wave on one side, connecting with stem; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round, regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm, yet tender, juicy, mild, aromatic, sub-acid; core, medium; seeds, abundant, ovate, dark reddish brown. December to February, often keeps to April. PARADISE WINTER SWEET. Honey Sweet, of some. From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive . Fruit, large, roundish flat- tened; dull green, with a pale brownish blush; stem, short; cavity, rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyri 6 THE APPLE. form; fath* white, fine grained, juicy, sweet ; "very good." l^vemoei to March. Quality a little variable. PEACH POND SWEET. From Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; an- nual moderate bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish j pale red. marbled and striped on yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, open, slightly rusaeted ; calyx, with segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ; st-rds. ovate pyri- form ; flesl). yellowish, ten/'er, sweet ; " very good." October. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. PEOPLE'S CHOICE. 99 Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, hardy : shoots, slender, diverging ; fruit oorne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases as they advance in years and size, and under good culture. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with yellow russet ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short, erect segments ; basin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp, juicy, tender, sub-acid; core, small, compact ; seeds, long; oval-pointed, abundant. January to April. POMME GRISE. Qriae, | Gray Apple. 100 THE APPLE. A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to Northern and Southwestern sections, and only to gardens. It is a go< * bearer, of slender growth, forming a tree of small size. Fruit, below medium; form, roundish, somewhat flattened; color, yel- low, gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slende. avity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, round ; flesk, yellow, tender, sprightly ; ore, medium ; seeds, abundant. December to February. PORTER. Golden Pippin of Michigan. American: native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender, slow growth, a egular, even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good supply of lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown one of the best at South ; aardy all West. Fruit, medium to large; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear yellow when exposed to sun, a fine, blush cheek ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, fine-grained, juicy, yet tender, acid. September and October. POUGHKEEPSIE RUSSET. English Eusset, | Winter Buuet f is variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," is prob ably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt the name of Pough- keepsie Russet, as commemorative of the section whence it was first dis- seminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name, of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when grown makes a dense top. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 101 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regular ; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish russet j when well matured, becomes yellowish ] stem, rather short ; cavity round j calyx, small, close } basin, abrupt, regular, round ; flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic } core, small ; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. All Win- ter and Spring. There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they may prove identi- cal, and the soil and location make the apparent difference. PRIMATE. Rough and Beady, | Summer Pippin, erroneously. A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New York, that may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye pale yellow occasionally, blush red cheek j calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, varying ; cavity, rather narrow ; core, with open seed-capsules; seeds, pyriform : flesh, yellowish white, very tender, delicate, juicy, mild sub-acid ; " best." September and October. PRYOR'S RED. Prior's Bed, 1 Pitzer Hill, | Big Hill. This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield Seek-no- further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keeping well when grown South, and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at the North, the trees come into bear- ing at about eight years, and the fruit has very little russet (unless unusu- ally warm seasons), except at stem end j South, in good culture, it attains 102 THR APPLE. size of four inches diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly Covered with russet. Popular in Kentucky, not so, farther North. Fruit, medium to very large ; form, at North, regular roundish, tapering to the eye South, always angular, sometimes even broad at apex, being roundish angular, flattened; color, pale yellow, ground mostly overspread with rich, warm rea and russet, marbled and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; stem, short; cavity, narrow: calyx, small, segments erect; basin, abrupt, pretty deep, round and even, occasionally shallow ; fash, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid, much resemblimg Westfield Seek-no-further; core, medium, marked at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate. January to April. PUMPKIN SWEET. Pound Sweet, I French's Sweet, Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, | Yankee Apple. An old Connecticut fruit, valued for baking. In wet soils or neavy clay, liable to be watered-cored. Bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit, large, roundish, ribbed at base yellowish green, whitisL dots and streaks ; stem, short; cavity, deep greenish, russeted; calyx, small ; basin, irregular; fash, white tender, sweet ; " good." September to November. RAMBO. Romanite, 1 Seek-no-further, Bread and Cheese Apple, | Terry's Red Streak. American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and locations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suited best to it, clay or loam. Fruit, medium ; form, flat, or roundish flattened, sometimes ribbed or angular ; color, yellowish white, marbled and streaked with yellow and MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. ioa red, ind with large rough spots ; stem, long, slender, often curved ; , acuminate : calyx, nearly closed ; basin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, greenish white, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid j core, large, rather hol- low; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. October to December, but often keeps to March. RAULES' JANET. Raul's Gennetting, Rawl's Janet, Winter Genneting, Bock Remain, Jennette, Jeniton, Raulos' Janette, Rawle'a Jennette, Rock-Rlmmon. Neverfail, Yellow Janette, Indiana Jannetting. This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to the South-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock-Rionmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was prob- ably on account of its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in Spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varieties ; thus escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincinnati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others often fail. In Missouri it is regarded as essential to every orchard. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end j skin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red. and with a blue or grayish shade lying within as of a bloom : small russej dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored South, many patches of mould or fungus; stan, slender, rather long ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short seg- menta ; basin, open, regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near J04 THE APPLE. tne calyx ; flesh^ yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid ; core, medium ; angular ovate. Late Spring. RED ASTRACHAN. Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular, moderate bearer of fruit, always fair. As a dessert fruit, it is rather acid, unless MOST GENEBALLY ESTEEMED. 105 fully ripe; but, for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ; color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson, a little russet near the stem and a white bloom ; stem, varying, generally short : cavity, narrow : calyx, large; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid ; core, small ; seeds, ovate, dark browish black. August. RED CANADA. Bteele's Bed Winter of Mich., | Old Nonsuch, | Eichfleld Nonsuch. American : probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender growth , shoots diverging; requires rich, strong soil, when it is productive, and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most valuable for orchard, or garden. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end ; co/or, rich, clear, yellow ground; when exposed to the sun, overspread with bright, handsome red, two shades, light and dark, intermingling, or striped, many light gray dots, presenting at first sight an appearance of a somewhat rough exterior ; skin, thin, tender ; stem, varying from short and stout to slender and long, usually as seen in our figure ; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light russet ; calyx, smaii, elored ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven; j1esk< yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aromatic; cor*, small, compact; seeds, ovate pyriform. January to April. RED JUNE. Carolina Bed June, | Blush June, | Carolina June. A vigorous grower; early and abundant bearer; popular West and South Fruit, medium, generally oblong conic, but occasionally flat ; skin, waouui, green m tiw ihade, changing rapidly at maturity to a fine dark 108 THE APPLE. crimson ; stem and cavity, varying in specimens ; calyx, closed, segment* long, reflcxed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk sub-acid, not rich ; core, large. Ripens in June at the South and South- west. RED RUSSET. Origin, Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree, very vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with dull red, and deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight appearance of rough russet on most of the surface ; stalk, rather short and thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet ; calyx, nearly closed, segments long, recurved in a narrow, uneven basin ; flesh, yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent rich, sub-acid flavor, some- what resembling Baldwin. January to April. (Downing.) RHODE ISLAND GREENING. Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening ? Coze, \ Hampshire Greening. This variety has been condemned in many sections, because of not pro ducing as fine fruit on the same trees withowt care, as when the trees were young. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder, and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes will answer. On sandy soils, well manured, the texture is closer than on clay. It is unreliable, South ; drops too early. Fruit, large : form, roundish flattened, sometimes a little angular at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull blush, on suu-gr.owii specimens,. near the stem; stem, medium ; cavity,, open. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 107 rather small, woolly; basin, medium depth, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yel- lowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, lively acid juice; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed. December to February. The best cooking apple as yet known. RIBSTON PIPPIN. Glory of York, | Travers, | Formosa Pippin. Foreign. Valued in Northern sections ; not esteemed South or Central. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in nun; stem, slender ; calyx, small closed; basin, open: corf, small; seeds, flattened ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. November to February. RICHMOND. We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near 3an- iusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with any known sort. Fruit, large ; form roundish ; occasional specimens have one side a little enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite overspread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light russet ; stem, varying, mostly short, slender; cavity, deep, open, regular, a little brownish at bottom; calyx, large, segments long; basin, deep, open, uniformly fur- rowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. October to December. ROMAN STEM. French Pippin, of eom*. From New Jersey. Shoots, slender, diverging ; succee Is finely on the iry prairi^ and on all rich limestone soik ; productive. Fruit, rued mm, 108 THE APPLE. roundish oblong, whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and rateheaol blackish russet, unless well grown ; stem, with a fleshy knob one side; cavity, russeted ; calyx, small, closed: basin, narrow; core, open, Jong ovate : seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly : " very November to February. One of the best at the Southwest. ROME BEAUTY. Koman Beauty, | Gillett's Seedling. American. Native of Southern Ohio. Requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich, warm, loamy soil. On poor land, it is undersized, deficient in char acter, and inclined to overbear. Fruit, large ; form, roundish ; color, rich light yellow, mostly overspread and striped with shades of clear, bright red; ste-n, slender ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly separate ; basin, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, B.omewhat hollow ; seeds, long ovate, large and full. October to December. Ross NONPAREIL. Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium roundish, dull red, blotched and striped, over \v hich is a marbling of thin mellow ruA*et ; stem, lender; calyx, medium; fle*k, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic; flear>y"bfcit, October to November. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 109 Boston Russet, Marietta Russet, ROXBURY RUSSET. Putnam Russet, Belprc Russet, Sylvan Russe*. American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts II was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or : 97, by Israel Putnam, and from thence distributed throughout the Southwest. It is a thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second rate in quality; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to " bark burst " near the ground, but elsewhere perfectly hardy, and very productive. Spreading growth, with rathei downy shoots ; young trees often crooked. Unreliable, West or South. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish flattened, and often angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet, occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, closed; basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, greenish white, moderately juicy, mild sub-acid ; core, compact ; seeds, ovate, defective. January to June. Gibbon's Smathhouse, Millcreek Vandervere, SMOKEHOUSE. Gibbon's Smokehouse, English Vandervere, Smathhouse, Millcreek. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Has been in cultivation about twenty years. Tree, a free grower, bearing early and abundantly. Fruit, above medium ; flat; red, striped and mottled on greenish yellow; stem, short, slender: cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium ; seeds, long, brown; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, delicate, aroma agreeable October, November. SUMMER ROSE. Wolman's Harvest, Lippincott. This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, sprightly, sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert. Tree, a slow gr9wer, diverging shoots downy; requires rich, strong soil, lime and 110 THE APPLE. phosphate to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. Moderate, regular bearer. Fruit, medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flattened color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; stem, varying from stout to slender, short ; cavity, shallow; calyx, partially closed : basin, round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Last of July and August. SMITH CIDER. Oregon Spitzenberg, j Smith's Superb. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, round- ish flattened ; bright red and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity, regular ; calyx, half closed, long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid ; lor, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow marbled and splashed, the latt seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) COCKLIN'S FAVORITE. Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumberland Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) COOPER'S MARKET. Cooper's Redling. Tree, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches. Productive, and a late keeper. Fruit, medium, oblong conic; skin, yellowish, shaded with red, and striped with crimson : stem, short : cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, closed basin, small ; flesh, white, tender, with a brisk, sub-acid flavor. December to May. (Downing.) CORNELL'S FANCY. Cornell's Favorite. From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblong conical ; skin, waxen yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson t stalk, of medium length ; cavity, rather large ; calyx, closed, abrupt, cornu gated ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor September. (Downing.) COURT-PENDU PLAT Court-pendu, Garnon's Apple, Cour Pendn, Bond Gros, Musque, Coriandra Kose, Wollaton Pippin, Capendu, Cour pendu Extra, Coor _ Pomme de Berlin^ Russian, Princisse Noble Zoete. Foreign. Tree, slender, early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium le gular,. flat; pale greenish yello-.v, crimson in sun; stem, short; cavity UNTESTED 7AKIETIES, ETC. deep ; calyx, large ; basin, wide, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly little acid. " Very good." November to February. Bartow, Co Art de Wick, Fry's Pippin, Wood's Huntingdon, COURT OF WICK. Philip's Keinette, Week's Pippin, Court of Wick Pippin, Eival Golden Pippin, Golden Drop, Transparent Pippin, Knightwick Pippin, Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert, this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy suited to the North. Fruit, small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened, greenish yellow in shade, little red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long, wide-spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, ovate , flesh, yellow, sharp sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February. CRACKING. From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little pruning. Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, slight tinge of red in sun, and large green dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. October to January New; highly esteemed where known. CRANBERRY. American. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine, gray russet dots ; stem, in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx, small, closed. GULP. A native of Jefferson Co., Ohio. Tree, a fine, upright grower. Fruit, medium to large, conical, irregular; skin, yellow, with dull blush, dotted THE APPLE. with russet specKs j calyx, closed ; basin, uneven ; flesh, firm, crisp, very hard until ripe, juicy, with an agreeable sub-acid flavor and light perfume. January to March. CUMBERLAND. Cumberland Seedling. From Cumberland County. Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed, valuable for market, large, roundish flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ; 11 good," new. CUMBERLAND SPICE. The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description : " Rather large, varying from roundish conical to long conical, the taper- ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ; color, waxen yellow, with a slight vermillion tinge near the base, and with black specks on the sur- face j stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long ; cavity, wide, slightly russeted calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather liyht ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and agreeable spiciness j of good second-rate quality." CURTIS SWEET. Origin, unknown. Fruit, large, oval, ribbed, yellow, sprinkled and marbled with crimson, whitish gray dots ; calyx, small : basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, esteemed ; core, large. August to October. DAPPER. American. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and speckled with crimson in sun; calyx, small, closed. DAVIS. From Wayne Co., Mich. Fruit, below medium, ovate regular, flattened at base and crown ; color, yellowish, shaded with red-gray dots ; calyx, closed ] basin, small ; flesh, whitish, firm, sub-acid ; great bearer and keeper. March to April. DARLINGTON. Darlington Kussct. Native of Northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear, smooth russet ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ] flesh, white j hardly " very good.'' January to June. DERRY NONSUCH. Dinsmore, | Londonderry. Origin, unknown ; from Keene, N. H. ; and held in estimation there. Tree, thrifty and productive ; a late keeper. Fruit, above medium, oblong or conic angular; skin, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and splashed with crimson ; stem, short, in a moderate cavity j calyx, large, closed ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly aromatic, agree- ably sub-acid. January to April. (Downing.) DICKSON'S EMPEROR. From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine red and minute specks of straw color, dull red cheek in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, irregular core, small j fleshj yellowish white, juicy ; i: very good." November to January. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 135 DELIGHT. From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, vermilion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep } calyx, large, short segments; basin, round, slightly furrowed; core, compact; seeds, ovate angular ; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet ; " very good." New. December to March. DETROIT. Eed Detriot, I Jacksonia, Black Detroit, | Crimson Pippin. Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark, blackish crimson, dotted and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes grown as the Black Apple. DlLLINGHAM. From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky. Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium, round regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" great bearer. October and November. DOCTOR. Eed Doctor, | De Witt Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in Southern Ohio and Indiana, producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat, yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January. DUCKET. Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, light waxen yellow, often 186 THE APPLE. a red cheek, grayish dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small basin, deep ; flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, vinous; core, small; u very good." October tc November. EARLY LONG STEM ? Early Spice. Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burlington, Iowa. Fruit, small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, corrugated ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic, nb-acid. August. (Downing.) EARLY PENNOCK. Shakers' Yellow, I August Apple, I Warren Pennock, Indian Queen ? | New Jersey Ked Streak ? | Harmony. This is probably an old Eastern variety, so changed by our Western soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or Belmont counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early, prolific bearers of fruit, rather below second-rate quality. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red ; stem, long ; cavity, deep, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. August. Re- sembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen. June, of some in Ohio, EARLY RED MARGARET. Red Juneating,, Striped Juneating, ipd rly E Early Red Juneating, Eve Apple, of the Irish, Margaretha Apfel, of German*. This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry oftener grown as Red Juneating. Tree, a regular, moderate bearer, upright, downy shoots. Fruit, medium or below, roundish oblong conical ; green in shade, dark crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick : cavity, medium : calyx, half closed , basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender j " very good." July. EARLY SWEET. American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree, productive, growth, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish oblique, clear lemon yellow, light blush red in sun, a few small russet dots, and consecutive russet lines about the calyx, suffused white spots on the blush side ; stem, medium to long, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, half closed, with long, partially reflexed segments : basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, aweet and delicious as an eating apple. July, August. ENFIELD PEARMAIN. American. Fruit, medium, globular ; color, deep red, with many small dots; stem, long, slender ; cavity, large, thinly russeted; calyx, partially closed ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, pleasant, rich flavor November to January. ENGLISH GOLDEN RUSSET. Golden Rusaet, of New York. Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yel low ; stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to March, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 137 ENGLISH SWEETING. RamsdelTs Sweeting, I BamsdeU's Eed Pumpkin Sweet, 1 Aver. Sweating. BamdelTs Sweet, | Ked Pumpkin Sweet, Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early, prolific bearer. Fruit medium to large, oblong, tapering to the eye. green and rough in shade, dark red dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun: stein, short; cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob ; calyx, with short stiff seg- ments; basin, round, regular; core, long, ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesh, yellowish white, sweet : " very good/' October to February. ERNST'S PIPPIN. Ohio Pippin. American. Originated with A. H. Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio Tree, strong, vigorous grower, productive and hardy. Fruit, large, round ish flattened, sometimes slightly oblong ; color, light greenish yellow, faint blush when exposed to sun, small dark green specks, surrounded with light green, suffused beneath the skm ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep : flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, small, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, dark. December to February. The general appearance of this apple closely re- sembles the Canada Reinette, from a seed of which it probably originated. ESTEN. From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow : flesh, white, sub-acid. October. EUSTIS. Ben. Native, Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened; red and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slender, inclined to one side; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core small ; seeds, orate angular j flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January. EVENING PARTY. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, greenish yel- low, shaded with red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, >pen ; flesh, juicy, tender, crisp, fine dessert fruit ; core, medium. Decem- ber to March. Young shoots, reddish ; old wood, gray. A new variety *hat promises valuable for small gardens. EWALT. Origin, farm of John Ewalt. Size, full medium ; form, truncated, some- iv-hat angular ; color, greenish yellow, with a bright red cheek, and many greenish russet spots, especially about the base ; stem, very short, rather stout, inserted in a narrow, not very deep, cavity ; caly, closed, set in a narrow, moderately deep, slightly plaited basin ; flesh, fine texture, tender ; flavor, sprightly and pleasant, with an exceedingly fragrant odor ; quality, cry good. April. (W. D. Brinckle.) EXCEL. From Sharon, Conn. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium, oundish flattened, marbled and splashed with red, light gray dots ; cavity 138 THE APPLE. deep ] calyx, closed ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, large. December, February. EXQUISITE. Named and introduced by C. R. Overman, of Canton, 111. Tree, mode- rate, upright grower, productive, hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; yellow striped and marbled with red ; stem, short, russet at base ; cavity, broad, deep ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, fine grained, tender, rich, vinous, almost sweet ; promises to be valuable. September, November. FAIRBANKS. Origin. Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, medium, oblate conic, light yellow, striped with red and patched with russet; stem, long; cavity, broad and shallow ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. September to October. (Me. P. S. R.) FALL HARVEY. Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots ; stem, slender : cavity, deep ; flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy; : 'very good/'' October and November. FALL JENNETTING. FallGennetting. Probably American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale greenish yellow, blush in sun. russety specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin, round ; core, small ; seeds, angular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ; "very good." October and November. There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July to September, which is sour and unworthy. FALL PEARMAIN. A variety considerably grown in Connecticut. Trees, moderate bearers : healthy. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical ; color, yellow ground, mostly overspread with red in stripes, patches, &c., and many grayish green dots; stem, medium; cavity deep, slightly russeted; calyx, partly d >sed ; basin, deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich aromatic flavor. September and October. So far as we have met with this, at the West and Southwest, it proves successful. FALL SEEK-NO-FURTHER. Winter Seek-no-Further. Tree, thrifty and productive. Origin, unknown ; grown in Connecticut, and rrfuch prized there. Fruit, very large, oblate : skin, yellow, mostly shaded with red. striped with darker red and covered with numerous grayish dots ; stalk, rather long, inserted in a broad, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very broad, uneven basin; flesh, whitish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant, sub- acid flavor. October, January. (Downing.) FARLEY'S RED. From Kentucky. Tree, hardy and productive. Fruit, roundish conical angular ; color, yellowish, shaded and striped with bright, rich red, dotted UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 139 with light dots; stem, short; cavity, deep, irregular, fiinly russeted; calyx, open : basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, firm, crisp, ;uicy, pleasant. January to April. FATHER ABRAHAM. From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's description : " Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker red ; texture, thin, tender ; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun, juicy, agreeable. Early Winter. Keeps till April." FAVORITE. Fr-m Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yellow, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid ; not quite u very good/' Novem- ber to January. FAY'S RUSSET. From Vermont.. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, small, conical, light yellow russet, faintly striped with red ; stem, short ; calyx, with long segments; basin, furrowed; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid. March to April. FERDINAND. Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit, large, oblate irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick : calyx, open ; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New (Wm. Sumner in Hort.) FERRIS. Westchester Seek-no-Farther. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, yellow shades and stripes of red, stem, slender ; cavity, broad, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, mild sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, small. Novem- ber, December. FISK'S SEEDLING. Origin. Keene, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive; highly esteemed in its locality. Fruit, medium, oblate oblique ; skin, deep red on the sunny side, indis tinctly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots , stalk, medium length, in a round, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, large, seg- ments reflexed, in a broad basin of moderate depth : flesh, greenish white, tender, melting, with a rich vinous, saccharine flavor. October, November. (Robert Wilson's MS. ; Downing.) FLEINER. Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright. Fruit, medium, oblong, lemon yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; " good." Septem- ber and October. Productiveness its chief merit. FORD APPLE. Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. Fr lit, large, roundish, slightly conical ; color, rich yellow; stem, long: cavity, shallow j basin, small, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid flavor. October, January. (Cult.) 140 THE APPLE. FLUSHING SPITZENBERG. American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots. Fruit, medium, round- ish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red, russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender \ cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinged yellow, juicy, mild, crisp, nearly sweet; "very good." November to February. FOCHT. A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree, a low open head ; productive Fruit, large, oblate, slightly conic angular ; skin, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, russeted ; calyx, almost closed ; cavity, broad and shallow ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with a good sub-acid flavor. October, December. Excellent for culinary purposes. (Downing.) FOUNDLING. Funtling, | Shirley, | Groton. Native of Mass. Fruit large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes, pale red, greenish specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. August and September. FRANKLIN GOLDEN PIPPIN. Budlow's Fall Pippin. American. Tree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with fine whitish net- work, few russet dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed ; basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy " very good." October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. FRENCH'S SWEET. The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe, October and November, and will keep till January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.) FRONCLIN. Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer. Fruit, medium, regular, round, bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New. (Pom. Trans.) GABRIEL. Ladies' Blush, erroneously. The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers , fruit, medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with pale red ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid j "best." October and November. GARRETSON'S EARLY. John Garretson's Early. Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun dant bearer : fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; pale green, becoming yel lowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx closed ; basin, ribbed ; core, large ; seeds, plump flesh, white, crisp, tender, sub-acid; u very good." August. GEORGE. From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer. Fruit, me- dium, roundish flattened j pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks, 142 THE APPLE. oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy, mild acid. July. GILES, From Wallingford, Conn. Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh, ten- der, juicy ; u very good." October to November. GILPIN. Carthouse, | Eomanite of the West. From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex, deep red and yellow; stem, varying; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, sometimes furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy ; will keep a year. GLOUCESTER WHITE. American ; medium, roundish oblong, bright yellow, black patches ; flesh, breaking, dry. October and November. GOBLE RUSSET. Sweet Seek-no-farther. Medium to large, oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red ; flesh whitish yellow, dry, sweet. October and December. GOLDEN Goss. Fruit, roundish flattened, angular, yellow; stem, slender; calyx, nearly closed ; flesh, whitish, juicy, brisk; " very good " core, medium. GRANDFATHER. American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; color, yellowish white, striped, splashed, and shaded with rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, with prominent angles ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. GR ANN I WINKLE. Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong, dark red; flesh, yellowish, sweet. October and November. GRANNY EARLE. Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.) GREEN'S CHOICE. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, me- dium, roundish conical; skin, yellow, striped with red : flesh, tender, juicy, very mild sub-acid or almost sweet ; ripe, last of August and first of September. GREEN CHEESE. Winter Cheese, | Turner's Green. Origin, Tennessee. Tree, of rather slow growth, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, obliquely depressed ; skin, greenish yellow, covered with brown dots ; stalk, very short, in a broad, deep cavity, sur- rounded by russet; calyx, partially closed, in a broad, shallow, uneven basin ; flesh, rather fine, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavor. November to April. (Downing.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. GREEN MOUNTAIN PIPPIN. From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fru.t Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and crown ; skin, greenish yel- low stalk, medium, curved, in a rather broad, deep cavity, surrounded with russet ; calyx, open, in a broad, shallow basin flesh, white, crisp, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November and February. GREENSKIN. Southern Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, oily ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed basin, broad, open ; flesh, juicy, core, sweet, vinous, very good dessert apple ; core, small. October to January. GRIMES' GOLDEN PIPPIN. From Brooke Co., Va. Fruit, medium, oblong flattened, golden yellow, flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid ; " very good." December to March. GULLY. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium ; white, with blush cheek j flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.) HAGLOE. Summer Hagloe. Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots ; valued for cooking, often fine for dessert. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on yel- low 5 flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small, ovate, cider fruit. HAIN. Origin, Berks Co.. Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. Fruit, large, globular, inclining to oblong j skin, yellow, striped, marbled and mottled with red ; stalk, rather long, slender, set in a deep, abrupt cavity ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, rich, sweet and slightly aromatic. November, March. (Downing.) HALL. Hall's Bed, | Jenny's Seedling. From North Carolina. Fruit small, roundish flattened, mostly red, with many dots ; stem, slender j cavity, open j basin, small ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, rich, vinous aromatic ; " best." January. This variety should be introduced Southwest as a dessert apple. The trees are very hardy. HAMPHILL. From North Carolina, Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; very productive ; young wood, reddish gray. Fruit, medium, roundish, straw color marbled 'and washed with red ; stem, long ; basin and cavity, small ; flesh, firm, sub-acid, juicy; "very good." November to May. HARRIS. Originated with Mr. Harris, Rockingham Co.. N. C. Tree, vigorous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, bright straw color, occasionally with a pink blush : stem, very Bhort and stout ; cavity, broad and shallow ; basin, large and deep ; flesh, coarse, THE APPLE. pleasant, sub-acid. Last of August and continues a long time : valuabi* for culinary purposes. (G. W. Johnson.) HARRISON. Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until March, it becomes " very good " for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very productive. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate ; yellow, with black specks, light-suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx, closed j basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core, large; seeds, long, ovate. November to March. It is from this variety, mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark cider is made. HARNISH. Fruit, medium, oblong oval, slightly angular ; skin, mostly shaded with dark red. and sprinkled with grayish dots ; flesh, compact, tender, not juicy, almost sweet, pleasant. September to October. From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster County. (Downing.) HARTFORD SWEETING. Spencer Sweeting, | Champ Sweeting. Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ; " very good." December to March. HASKELL SWEET. Sassafras Sweet. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture. Fruit large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun ; stem and cavityj medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost " best." October. HAWTHORNDEN. White Hawthornden, | Mountaineer. Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, white, acid. October, November. Not equal to Maiden's Blush. HEART'S PIPPIN. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened at ends, oblique ; color, pale yellow, with suffused shades of whitish yellow, and faint blush cheek in sun ; stem, medium ; cavity, regular, even, moderately deep, russeted : calyx, with five distinct, erect, open segments ; basin, regular, medium depth , flesh, white, very tender, acid, juicy, fine for sauce; core, medium; seeds, roundish oval. November. HECTOR. From Chester County, Pa. Large, oblong conical, striped and mottled with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender : deep, open russeted cavity ; basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good." (W. D. B.) HELEN'S FAVORITE. From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light spots stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; core, compact ; seeds, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 14:5 mall; liJesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy; "very good." Jan- uary and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) HENRY. From Vermont. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, conical ; color, yellow, bronzed red in sun. small gray dots; stem, short; calyx, closed; basin, small ; flesh, yellow ; " good." October, December. HERMAN. From Cumberland County. Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy; " very good." December to April. (Pom. Trans.) HESS. American. From Lancaster County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; shades of red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow ; basin, deep, n arrow; flesh, greenish white, tender, aromatic. December to March, <; Good to very good." HIGBY'S SWEET. According to present information, this variety originated in Trumbull County, Ohio. It is a good and regular bearer, and extremely valuable as a table fruit. Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish flattened, often one side enlarged or oblique ; color, pale, clear yellow, with faint tinge of red is seen small obscure dots, and mostly apparently underneath the skin ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, regular, moderate depth, russeted regular ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, pretty regular, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, very tender, pleasantly sweet, juicy and well fla- vored ; core, small ; se0ds, pJump, round ovate. October to March. 146 THE APPLE. HIGHLANDER. Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree, a good grower, very productire; fruit, medium, oblate, approaching conic ; skin, greenish, mottled and striped with red ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a rather deep cavity; calyx, small and closed; basin, small; flesh, white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor, September, October. (Downing.) HILTON. Origin, Columbia County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive ; apples making the finest tarts and pies. It is not equal to the Fall Pippin for eating. Fruit, very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it ; a little narrowed next the eye ; stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply sunk ; calyx, small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin ; skin, green- ish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few scattered, large greenish dots. (Downing.) HILL'S FAVORITE. From Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical, yellow shaded and striped with red, whitish dots, thin bloom , stem, short ; cavity, uneven ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yel- low, firm, tender, juicy, aromatic ; core, medium ; " very good." Septem- ber, October. HIXON'S FAVORITE. American. The fruit resembles Houghton Seedling in size and quality. The plant is of dwarf habit ; upright growth, hardy and productive. HOCKING. Western. Fruit, medium to large ; red and yellow striped, sometimes slightly russeted; stem, medium length; cavity, open, broad; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; core, small. August. Tree, upright, vigorous grower, hardy and productive. Origin, uncertain ; may prove identical with some Eastern sort as yet only known West. HOLLADY'S SEEDLING. Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania County, Va. A very thrifty, upright grower, a good bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate ; color, yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh, yellowish, compact, ten- der, rich, aromatic. November to March. (H. B, Roby.) HOOKER. Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, conic, slightly oblique ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded with dull crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots : stalk, short, inserted in a very shallow cavity ; calyx, small, partially closed, in a small, abrupt basin ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub- acid flavor. November to January. HOOVER. Raised by Mr. fioover, of Edisto, South Carolina. Fruit, large and beautiful, nearly globular, inclining to conic; color, rich, dark crimson, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 147 peculiarly marked with round, white spots, of about an eighth of an inch in size; stem, half an inch long, fleshy; calyx, open, in a smooth, green- ilt yellow basin ; flesh, white ; flavor, brisk acid. November to February HOLLAND PIPPIN. Eeinette d'Holland, Summer Pippin, Pippin, of some. Tree, resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is often confounded, but from which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip- tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter, cavity not as deep, more broad and open ; calyx smaller, and basin not as wide. HOUSUM'S RED. From Berks County, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides ; skin, red, in stripes, yellow at base; stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited : flesh, fine tex- ture, tender, with delightful aroma ; " very good." at least. October to February. (W. D. B.) HOWE'S RUSSET. Origin. Shrewsbury, Mass. Very much resembles Roxbury Russet, and ma> be seedling of it. Fruit, large, oblate, often conic, angular ; skin, greenish yell 3 w. mostly covered with russet, and generally with a bronzed cheek ; stalk, short, inserted in a broad cavity ; calyx, partially closed ; basin, abrupt, uneven: flesh, yellowish, compact, brisk vinoug flavor. January to May. (Downing.) 148 THE APPLE. HUGHES. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. From Thomas Hughes, said to be an abundant bearer : large, roundish. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous gray dots ; stem, variable in length, slender, inserted in a moderately deep, open cavity ; calyx, large, open, set in a wide, deep, sometimes plaited basin: flesh, fine texture, tender, juicy ; flavor, very agreeable, saccharine with- out being sweet, with a delicate and delicious aroma; quality, "very good," if not " best." March, April. (Ad. Int. Rep.) HUNTER. From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, striped and splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy October. HUNT'S RUSSET. Origin. Mr. Hunt's Farm, Concord, Mass. Growth, rather slow, bears annually' and abundantly. Fruit, small, conic ; skin, russet, shaded with dull red, on a greenish yellow ground ; stalk, short, slender ; cavity, deep and broad ; calyx, closed : segments, long, recurved in a round open basin ; flesh, juicy, fine grained, rather rich, sprightly, sub-acid flavor. December to April. Little known at the West. HURLBUT. Hurlbut Stripe. Origin, farm of Gen. Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree, very vigorous, and great bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly conic angular ; skin, yellow, shaded with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly sprinkled with light dots ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, closed, basin rather shallow ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild sprightly sub-acid flavor. No- vember, December. (Downing.) INDIANA FAVORITE. From Fayette Co., Ind. Tree, spreading head, good bearer. Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened at ends, tapering to calyx, angular ; yel- low, mostly covered, splashed and striped with two shades of red, many russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, irregular, short segments ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly sub-acid, almost sweet, plea- sant ; " very good ;" core, compact ; seeds, pointed, light brown. January to April. IOLA. Southern origin. Fruit, large, oblate angular, compressed horizontally ; skin, yellow, mottled, marbled, striped and shaded with crimson ; stem, short, in rather large cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, in an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous, rich and agreeable. A very delightful apple; core, small. December to Feb- ruary. JABEZ SWEET. From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, jnedium, nearly round, pale green, dull red in suiij sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.; UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 149 JACKSON. From Bucks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, greenish yellow, with dark blotches and gray dots in sun, faint stripes and mottlings of red ; stem, in a deep narrow cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, aromatic flavor. October, December. JEFFERSON COUNTY. From Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, globular ; color, greenish yellow, with marblings and shades of red russet in sun ; stem, in a deep cavity ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid. October, December. JENKINS. Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ; red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground j stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, closed } basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seeds, grayish brown, acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor, agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic j " very good," if not "best." The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples peculiarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.) JEWETT'S RED. Jowett's Fine Bed, | Nodhead. Tree. slow, rather slender, diverging growth ; fruit, unfair while young best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to sue ceed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the eye, sometimes angular : greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped with red, numerous white dots; stem, varying; cavity, narrow; calyx, small, par- tially closed: basin, shallow, wrinkled; core, medium; seeds, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild aromatic sub acid. November to February. 150 THE APPLE. JERSEY PIPPIN. Foreign. Fruit, medium, round oblong conical, flattened, pale yellow- ish green, faint stripes red ] stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, rather large j basin, shallow ; core, small j seeds, imperfect ; flesh, green- ish yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. New. JOHNSON. From Brookfield, Conn. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; smooth, strip- ed red on yellow, dark red in sun ; flesh, tender, crisp, juicy ; very fine. August, September. JOHN'S SWEET. Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. A good grower, somewhat straggling ; a. prolific bearer. Fruit, medium, oblong or conic ; skin, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and splashed with red ; stem, short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by russet j calyx, closed, set in an abrupt basin ; flesh, juicy, tender, with a sweet peculiar flavor. January to May. (Downing.) JUNALIESKA. Raised in Cherokee Co., North Carolina, by J. Whittaker. Fruit, large} globular, inclining to conic ; skin, fine yellow color, speckled with dark brown russet ; stem, short and fleshy : cavity, narrow ; basin, very small ; flesh, yellow, with a sprightly sub-acid flavor. November to March. (J. Van Beuren.) (Downing.) KEIM. Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, pale waxen yellow ; stem, long, slender : cavity, medium j calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium ; flesh, white, tender, mild, pleasant ; " very good." January to March. REISER. Red Seek-no-further. An old variety much grown in Jefferson Co., Ohio, and highly prized, growth of tree like Rambo. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular ; skin, pale yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with large grayish dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a large cavity calyx, small, closed in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin ; flesh, yellowish, not very juicy, but mild sub-acid. November to February. There is another Red Seek-no-further, grown near Lebanon, Pa., distinct, and a universal favorite there. December to April. KELSET. Origin, Berks County, Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. Size, me- dium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical ; skin, greenish yel- low, with occasionally a faint blush and numerous gray dots ; stem, short, inserted in a deep, moderately open cavity calyx, closed, set in a very shallow, plaited basin flesh, tender, fine texture, greenish white ; flavor, mild, and exceedingly pleasant, fragrant aroma ; quality, very good. March, 'W. D. Brinckle.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. KAIGHN'S SPITZENBERG. Bed Spitzenberg, Red Pearmain, Red Winter Pearmain, Long Pearmain, Long John, d Pippin, Red 151 RedPhanix, Bheepnose, of sotfw, Eussanx This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. Meet- ing, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name, Spit- zenforg, was derived from a mountain " berg." Fruit, large, oblong rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about even with surrounding surface : cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, irregular in form ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, dry ; " good." November and December. Often grown in Michigan as Red Belleflower. KETCHUM'S AVORITE. Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, Sudbury, Vt. Tree, vigorous and product- ive. Fruit, medium, irregularly oval, inclining to conic ; skin, light waxen yellow, slightly shaded with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots stalk of medium length, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep and narrow ; flesh, white, with a very mild rich, and excellent flavor September to January. (Downing.) 152 THE APPLE. KING APPLE. From Mason Co., Ky. Fruit yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow core, small ; seeds, medium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February. KlRKBRIDGE WHITE. Medium in size or rather large, oval, ribbed, tapering equally to each end and blunt at the ends ; skin, smooth, pale yellow ; stem, short ; cavity and basin both very narrow } flesh, very tender, sub-acid, fine-grained ; " good." Latter part of Summer. KLAPROTH. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, round- ish flattened, greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, light specks and russet spots ; stem, short ; cavity, smooth, deep : calyx, small, closed ; segments, reflexed; basin, broad ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid j " very good." August to October. Valuable for market. KOHL. From Germany. Tree, thrifty, good grower ; new. Fruit, small, round* ish j crisp, juicy ; good keeper. December, May. ^, KROWSER. Origin, Berks Co., Pa., where it is exceedingly popular. Tree, a hand- some grower and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conic ; color, whitish yellow, striped and splashed with carmine ; stalk, rather short, inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small and corrugated ; flesh, white, tender, mild sub-acid flavor. December, March. LANCASTER. Lancaster Greening. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches ; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small ; ftesh, greenish white, juicy, sub- acid ; valued for keeping till April. LANDON. From Vermont. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ground, mottled with two shades of red, minute dots with grayish suffused skin surrounding ; stem, medium ; cavity, regular, with a tinge of greenish russet ; calyx, with broad segments nearly closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed : flesh, yellowish, crisp, firm, tender, juicy, aromatic ; " very good," or " best :" core, medium ; seeds, abundant. January to March. A new variety that promises high value. LANDRUM. American. Fruit, medium, conical, deep crimson sprinkled with large white dots ; stem, slender cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, .ather coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous ; " very good ;" core, small. October. November. ETC. 153 LANE'S RED STREAK. Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree, of moderate growth. Fruit, large, round conical, regular ; color, yellow, with very fine short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful ; flesh, white, fine, tender, pleasant sub-acid, of fair quality. October. (McWhorter.) LAKE. Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, abundant bearer, fruit hangs well. Fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; li very good." October. LATE QUEEN. Brown's Late Queen. American. Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; u very good." September and October LECKER. Laquicr, | Lacker. From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, round- ish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a pale red, with numerous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, narrow, rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark cinnamon, short, plump : flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy, " good," at least. December to March. (W. D. B.) LEDGE SWEET. From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer. Fruit, large roundish flattened ; yellowish green tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus- set specks ; stem, short, stout : cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ; basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.) LELAND SPICE. Leland Pippin, | New York Spice. From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green- ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half- inch : cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. Deserves more attention than yet received. LEICESTER SWEET. Potter Sweet. Rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red ; tender, rich, excel- lent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. Tree, vigorous, not very pro- ductive. Origin, Leicester, Mass. (Cole.) LEWIS. Origin, Putnam Co., Indiana. A good grower, and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellowish, striped with crimson, and partially covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gray and brown 7* 154: THE APPLE. dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed, or nearly so, in a moderate basin ; flesh, yellow, compact, with a rich sub-acid flavor j not very juicy. November, February. (Downing.) LIBERTY The Liberty Apple, as exhibited at the Ohio State Fruit Conventions, is claimed to be a seedling of Delaware county, in that state. Its claim for introduction to the West, we think, rests upon its character as a long keeper, even when grown on rich prairie lands. Fruit, medium to large; form, oblong oblique conical; color, yellowish, striped and splashed with shades of red often the red is most prominent at first glance, and it appears as though there was a shade of rich yellow marbled underneath, small, irregular, russet dots, and occasionally a large oblong rounded russet patch; stem, usually medium height ; cavity, narrow, of medium depth, regular ; calyx, large ; segments, half open, slightly recurved , basin, open, broad, acute ; flesh, yellow, firm, a little tough, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid ; skin, thick, tough ; core, medium, central, compact ; seeds, light brown, ovate long, pointed. February to June. LOCY. Globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong or conic ; skin, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, short, inserted in a small, acute cavity ; calyx, closed, in an open, furrowed basin ; flesh, green- ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, brisk, vinous flavor. Novem- ber, February. (Downing.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. LIMBER TWIG. James Kiver. 155 A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, hardy, productive. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light yel- low, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and occa- sional patch of russet ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, open, funnel shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large, hollow ; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid; "very good." Keeps to May. For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c. LONG STEM. From Berks Co., Pa. Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angu- lar ; skin, red, in faint stripes, with a number of gray russet dots ; stem, long; cavity, medium, acuminate; basin, small, shallow, plaited; flesh, greenish white, tender, agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very good." This is distinct from the "Long Stem" of Cole, which is large, roundish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A native of Mass. And also distinct from the " Long Stem " of Count. LORING SWEET. Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged with pale red in sun, brownish specks ; s'tem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, medium, closed: basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel* lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet " very good." Nov. to Jan. i56 THE APPLE. LOUDON PIPPIN. Tree, productive ; most grown in Northern "Virginia. Fruit, large, ish conical; greenish yellow: stem, short; calyx, large; flesh, greenish white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples should be. LOWIIE QUEEN. Loure Queen. Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; some- what resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, oft angular; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular dots. or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regular, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ; " very good." November to February. LYSCOM. Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite. From Mass. Fruit, large, round; greenish yellow, broken stripes, and splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin plaited ; flesh, fine-grained, mild sub-acid . September to November. MACOMBER. Origin, Guilford, Maine. Fruit, full medium, oblate angular ; skin, yel- lowish, shaded and striped with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large ; calyx, closed; basin, large and regular; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender; flavor sub-acid. December to January. (Downing.) MAGNOLIA. Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, beautifully striped and mottled with crimson ; stalk, short, in a broad, uneven cavity; calyx, closed; basin, small ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, with a brisk ; aromatic flavor. October. (Downing.) MAIDEN'S FAVORITE. Maiden's Apple. From Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree, a slow^ grower, productive. Fruit, below medium, oblong rounded, pale yellow, shaded with blush, sometimes mot- tled carmine, and few minute dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, thin, russeted ; calyx, closed; segments persistent ; basin, regular; flesh, whitish, crisp, very delicate, vinous ; " very good ;" a dessert apple. December to February. MANSFIELD RUSSET. American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, small, oblong conical : cinnamon russet : stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long segments ; flesh, whitej aromatic " very good;" core, small. MANOMET SWEET. Horseblock. From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and trace of russet at stem; stem, short, slender; cavity, shallow; calyx, large, closed ; long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact 5 seeds., medium ; UNTESTED VARIE1IE8, ETC. 157 flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet; "very good/' August and September. MALE CARLE. Mela Carla, I Pomme de Charles, I Charles Apple. Mela d6 Carlo, | Pomme Finale, | Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should always have a place. North, it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu- lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxy lemon yellow, with distinct brilliant crimson cheek in sun. irregular russet dots, and oft marred by patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, slen- der ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small : basin deep; core, small,* seeds, round, ovate pointed : flesh, white, tender, delicate rose perfume ; " best," October to January. MARIA BUSH. Origin. Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania. A healthy grower and good bearer Fruit, large, roundish oblate ; skin, yellow shaded, striped and splashed 1 with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, large basin, abrupt and open ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sub-acid. Octobei and November. MARKS. Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania, on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit, medium size, roundish, taperinf slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; skin, yellowish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange blush; stem, half an inch long, rather stout ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, 158 THE APPLE. closed : basin, narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; flesh, whitish, tendor. fine texture, delicately perfumed; quality, "very good," if not "best." January to March. (Ad. Int. Rep.) MARKS. From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch long : cavity, narrow, deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whitish, ten- der, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed; quality, "very good," if not " best." (W. D. B.) MARSTON'S RED WINTER. From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, round- ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun. russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds, dark brown; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy ; " very good." January to April. MAJOR. Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ; red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin, uneven, shallow : flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac- charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which, however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) MAY. Medium sized, roundish conical, flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red streaks ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; valued only for its earliness, which, in the South, is the latter end of May. MCAFEE'S NONSUCH. From Kentucky ; somewhat grown Southwest. Fruit medium, roundish flattened, oblique angular; yellowish, mostly overspread with two shades red, bluish tinge, and grayish dots apparently raised on surface ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, little russeted, broad, deep ; calyx, medium ; seg- ments, short, stiff, half open, erect, reflexed : basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, compact ; seeds, short, ovate ; " very good." December to February. McHENRY. Origin, Hamilton Co.. Ohio. Growth upright and free, moderately pro- ductive ; color, and quality similar to American Summer Pearmain. Sep- tember to December. (Jackson.) MEACH. From Vermont. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic; skin, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk, long, rather slender, set in a pretty large cavity ; calyx, closed in a corrugated basin; flesh, yellowish, rather fine, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic. October and November. MEIGS. Fruit, large, regular oblong, narrowing to the eye, sometimes slightly fibbed; skin, yellow, but mostly concealed with a marbling of r^d, and UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 159 prinkled with prominent yellow dots; calyx, small and closed, set in a narrow basin ; stem, very short, thick, in a narrow, deep cavity ; flesh, yel- lowish white, tender, juicy, with a rich, slightly sub-acid flavor. Autumn. ^White's Gard.) MEISTER. From Berks Co., Pa. Size, below medium ; roundish conical ; skin, greenish yellow, striped with red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots ; stem, nearly half an inch long, inserted in a wide, moderately deep cavity : calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, shallow basin ; flesh, tender ; flavor sprightly and pleasant : quality, " very good." October. (Int. Rep.) MELVIN SWEET. From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped flith pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. (Hov. Mag.) MELT IN THE MOUTH. Melting Mouth, I Melting. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical ; deep red on a green ground, small white dots ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, broad, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid; very good. October and November. MIFFLIN KING. From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong, red on yellow; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid : " best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.) MIL AM. Harrigan, | "Winter Pearmain, of tome. American. Small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped dull red : flesh, greenish, insipid. December and March. This variety con- tinues to have its friends South and West. It should be superseded, for it is unworthy. MILLER APPLE. Supposed to be a seedling, and brought to notice by James 0. Miller, Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, rather large, oval or conical ; skin, yellow, striped with red : stalk, short, inserted in a deep, large cavity ; calyx open, in a broad, uneven basin ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, with a rather mild, rich, pleasant flavor. Sep iernber and October. (Downing.) MONARCH. A fruit considerably grown, West ; will yet probably prove identical with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, perfumed ; "good." October. MONK'S FAVORITE. From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree very thrifty, rapid growth, annual bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled, btriped and splashed with dark red. gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin! broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow- ish white ; sub-acid, tender ; " very good." December to June. 160 THE APPLE. MORRISON'S RED. From Medfield, Mass. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, abova medium, conical, angular ; whitish yellow, shaded and striped with deep red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, tender, crisp, mild, pleasant: core, large, open. January. MOUNTAIN SPROUT. American. Fruit, medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white dots. MOUSE. Moose. From Ulster Co-, N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical; pale greenish yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed : flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than " very good." De- cember to March. MURRAY. Southern. Fruit, medium, oblong conical, rich yellow; stem, short- cavity, deep; basin, deep; flesh, whitish, brisk sub-acid. January tc March. South. MUSK SPICE. Fruit, small, roundish flattened, yellowish, bright, clear red cheek ; stem, long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed : segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed : flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." October. MUNSON SWEETING. Orange Sweet, | Ray Apple, | Meachum's Sweet From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark-colored ; short- jointed shoots, good bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, blush in sun : flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, sweet , "very good." October to December. NANTEHALEE. Maiden's Bosom. Origin, Alabama ; introduced by Dr. W. 0. Baldwin, of Montgomery. In size large, in shape quite conical, and deeply ribbed ; in color .1 beau- tiful pale waxen yellow ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a narrow, deep cavity ; calyx, rather large, basin deep, very much ribbed ; flesh, white, juicy, and pleasant. Middle of July to first of August. (J. Van Beuren, MS.) NE PLUS ULTRA. Southern. Fruit very large, roundish flattened, angular; jhades of crimson with large brightish dots: stem, short; cavity, deep, bioad. sur rounded by russet; calyx, open: basin, large, deep, furrowed, downy; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, vinous ; core, small ; " very good :7 or "best." October. NEQUASSA. Origin, Franklin. Macon Co., North Carolina. Fruit, large, oblate ; color, yellow, striped with red ; stem, of moderate length, inserted in a large, open cavity ; basin, smooth and open ; flesh, white, and very sweet. November to January. (J. Van Beuren'* MS. in Lbwning.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 161 NEVERSICK. From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish; exterior of an exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short and rather stout ; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh, yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much shriv- eled : flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple; quality, "very good." (W. D. B.) NEWARK KING. Hinchman. An old variety from Newark, New Jersey; originally described by Coxe. It is sometimes shown as " King" of New Jersey, and it is for this we have taken it from our list of unworthy sorts. It is unworthy attention along side of " Tompkins County King." Tree strong, spreading grower, pro- ductive. Fruit medium, roundish conical ; striped and shaded with two shades red on a yellow ground, grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, me- dium ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ;. flesh, white, firm, pleasant ; core small ; " good." October to February. NEWARK PIPPIN. French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin. Tree, crooked, irregular growth. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. NICKEJACK. Summerour. American. From North Carolina. Fruit, large, oblate, red striped and mottled on greenish yellow; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, large, partially open; core, small; seed, light brown : flesh, tender, juicy, delicate ; "best." Well adapted to the Southern and Southwestern States. November to April. NORTHERN SWEET. Northern Golden Sweet. From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich yellow, often carmine red cheek; calyx, nearly closed; basin, slightly fur rowed ; stem, rather stout, swollen at base ; cavity, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, sweet; nearly "best." November. OCONEE GREENING. Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Fruit very large, roundish flattened ; skin, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, russet about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots; calyx, open, in a shallow, slightly- furrowed basin ; stalk, very short, in a rather regular, deep cavity; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding in a delightful aromatic, lively, sub-acid juice ; quality, " best." (Ad. Int. Kept., Ga. H. Sc.) OHIO RED STREAK, Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., Ohio. Growth, vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, oblate ; skin, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 162 THE APPLE. with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large, russeted ; calyx, large, closed ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, rather compact, juicy, rich, sub-acid. January tc April. (Downing.) OLD TOWN CRAB. Spice Apple, of Fa. Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.) ORANGE. Holden, 1 Holden Pippin, j Ked Cheek. Hog Pen, I Jones' Pippin, From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots: early and productive bearer. Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin, slightly plaited ; cure, small ; flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid : best when fresh from tree. October to December. ORNDORF. From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit 3 medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon vellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red j stem, slender : cavity and basin, deep : calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October and November. ORNE'S EARLY. Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy. September. (Thomas.) OSBORN'S SWEET. Osborn's Fall Sweet. Fruit, large, roundish ; lemon yellow, with specks ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, sweet. October. OVERMAN'S SWEET. From Fulton Co., III. Fruit, medium, conical : pale yellow, striped with red; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, closed; basin, obscure; flesh, white, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November. OSCEOLA. From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat; yellow, striped with red : dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; keeps till May- Resembles the Newtown Spitzenberg. PARAGON. Downing's Paragon. Origin, Canton, 111. Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends ; pale yellow, faint blush ; stem, short, slender : cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep, slightly ribbed ; core, medium ; capsules, open ; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, slightly sweet; nearly 11 best." September to November. Good regular bearer. PAWPAW. Originated Little Bain, Ronde, Mich. Size, medium ; color, red, ob- scurely striped ; flesh, yellowish iuicy mild sub-acid : sprightly. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. PFEIFFER. 163 From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish, Bparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded partSj the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, on the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx, rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. PHILLIPS' SWEET. American; native of Ohio. Growth, vigorous, upright, wants strong heavy soil. Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened : color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. December and January. PHILLIPPI. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, large, oblate conical ; skin, greenish-yellow, with numerous blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed sidej stem, short and slender, inserted in a wide, moderately deep cavity ; calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow superficial basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture, juicy, fragrant; flavor delicate and fine quality; "very good" or " best.'' January. (W. D. Brinckle.) PlCKMAN. Pickman Pippin. From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered shades of russet and small russet specks : stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, centre somewhat hollow ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, Sharp acid; valued for cooking. January to April. PINK SWEETING. Originated Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, producing enormous crops. Fruit, small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, TIIK APPLE. perfect in form ; rich, pleasant, sweet flavor, and a general favorite when known, but think it too small for general use. September and October PINE APPLE RUSSET. Hardingham's Russet. Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over- spread with thin russet; stem, long: calyx, small : basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November. PlTTSBURG PlPPIN. Flat Pippin. I Swiss Apple, I William Tell. Father Apple, | Switzer Apple, | Supposed origin, Pittsburgh^ Pa. Tree, irregular grower, moderate bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with brown dots : stem, short; cavity, deep, slightly russeted; calyx, nearly closed, segments long ; flesh, whitish, sprightly sub-acid ; core, medium. December to January. POWNAL SPITZENBERG. From Pownal, Vermont. Worthy more attention. Fruit, above me- dium, roundish oblong; yellow, striped and overspread with red iu sun, large russet specks ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, a little coarse ; " good." De- cember to February. \ PRESS EWING. Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened at base and crown, angular, slightly oblique ; skin, yellow, shaded and striped with crimson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre ; stalk, medium, inserted in a very deep, narrow cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an uneven, abrupt, peculiar basin ; flesh, yel- lowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor, aromatic. February till April. (Downing.) PROGRESS. Esquire, | Miller's Best Sort. From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, yellow, specked with greenish russet, blush in sun, conical ; flesh, tender. Keep? till Spring. PUMPKIN RUSSET. Sweet Russet, | York Russet, | Flint Russet Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish green, thinly russeted ; stem, long; cavity, wide, shallow ; basin, small; flesh, dry, sweet; "good." Septem- ber to December. PUTNAM HARVEY. American. Origin, uncertain ; first received by me from A. H. Ernst. Esq., Cincinnati. Fruit, of size medium or above, roundish flattened, pale green, with suffused white specks, patches of russet about the stem ; stem, long and slender, with a strojig knob at end where joined to the tree ; cavity, narrow, rather deep; calyx, closed; segments long, connecting, re- flexed ; basin, varying, sometimes moderately deep and regular, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, sub-acid, agree- able ; core, medium, centre capsule open, seed capsules closed ; seeds, ovate pointed. August and September UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. QUINCE. Cole's Quince. 165 From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Great bearer: should be better known. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, with ridges, pale yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad concentric lines ; seeds, short ovate, dark brown ', flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, aromatic perfume, sub-acid : " very good." December to March. RAG AN. Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, over- spread, striped, and marbled with light red, an occasional russet patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed j basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small ; seeds, abundant ; flesh, white, crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises valuable as an early Winter market variety. EANDEL'S BEST. Bandel Bert Fruit, medium, globular, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly striped and overspread with dark red; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, white, tender; smooth-grained, sweet. November to February (A. H. Ernst, MS.) THE APPLE. EARITAN SWEET. From New Jersey. Tree, productive; valued for baking and stock. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, dull yellow, tinged with red in sun, irre- gularly scattered brownish red spots : stem, short ; cavity, deep, little russeted; calyx, with bold, stiff segments; basin, deep, irregular, slightly wrinkled : core, medium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, sweer October, November. REBECCA. From Delaware. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, whitish yel- low, red cheek in sun; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, open; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; u very good." September. RED CATHEAD. Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, shaded with red, whitish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant; -very good." October, November. REPUBLICAN PIPPIN. Bed Republican. From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West. A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread- ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, mottled and striped with red, few large gray dots; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sub-acid. September to October. RED QUARRENDEN. Devonshire Quarrenden, | Sack Apple. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, clear, deep red, with specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; calyx, large, half closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." August. RED SWEET. Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer. Fruit, uniformly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cook ing. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellow, overspread and striped with lively red ; stem short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweei. November to February. RICHARD'S GRAFT. Derrick's Graft, | Wine Strawberry, Bed Spitzenberg. An old fruit, supposed from Ulster County, N. Y., but as yet little known, Tree, a free, upright grower, good bearer of an apple, fine for the dessert. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattenened ; yellow, striped with red ; stem, inch long ; cavity, deep, broad ; calyx, closed ; segments reflexed ; basin, deep ; flesh, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous. September to October. RITTER. American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong, hades of red striped, white dots; stem, short; cavity, deep, narrow ; *eed, hort, plump ; flesh, tender " very good." October, November. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 167 RIDGE PIPPIN. .Fruit, rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed ; skin, yellow, very slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots ; stalk, rather short, inserted generally in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt, uneven basin : flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. March, April. (Downing.) RlEST. From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. Size, large, roundish, ribbed at apex ; skin, fair yellow ; stem of medium length, in a narrow, moderately deep cavity, with some stellate russet rays; calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, contracted, ribbed basin; flesh, fine, flavor pleasant; "very good." August. (W. D. Brinckle.) RIVER. Origin. Mass. Tree of slow growth, but productive. Fruit, medium to large, oblong oval, slightly conic, ribbed ; skin, yellow, striped and shaded with dark red, with a slight bloom ; stalk, medium, deeply planted ; calyx, small, closed, set in a basin of moderate depth ; flesh, coarse, juicy, tender, pleasant sub-acid. August, September. (Downing.) ROCK SWEET. From Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, strong grower, regular bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, splashed and shaded with red, largo whitish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " good." September. ROCK APPLE. From New Hampshire. Fruit, large, roundish ; red on yellow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. September. ROCKPORT SWEET. Originated with H. R. Spencer, Rockport, 0. Tree, a moderate healthy grower. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, flat at base ; waxy yellowish green, with brown russet or occasionally a dull red cheek ; stem, slender ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, regular, open ; flesh, white, juicy, pleasantly sweet: core, open; seeds, ovate pointed : "very good;" January to April. There is also a Rockport Sweet, originated in Mass., with a short, thick stem, set in a ribbed cavity. ROADSTOWN PIPPIN. From Roadstown, N. Jersey. Tree, strong, erect grower, good bearer ; market sort. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, angular ; greenish yellow, with green dots; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender,, sub-acid : " good." August, September. RUM APPLE. Bromley's Bam. American. Tree, vigorous, upright, hardy, shoots slender, productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, slight crimson shades ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open ; flesh, whitish, juicy, sub-acid, November to March 168 THE APPLE. SAILLY AUTUMN. Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree, upright, vigorous and productive Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, greenish yellow, the exposed side fre- quently deep red; stalk, short, in a medium cavity; calyx, small, closed ; basin, small, narrow ; flesh, very tender, rich, high flavored, with a pecu- liar aroma. September. SEEVER. Seever's Bed Streak. From Coshocton County, 0. Fruit, medium, globular; lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg- ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, yel- lowish, juicy, sub-acid j " best." October to November. SELMA. From Clark County, 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened j'ellow, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in sun ; stern, long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, mild sub-acid : " very good." November to December. SCOLLOP GILLIFLOWER. This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been confounded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering towards the eye, sometimes angular, always much ribbed or scolloped; light yellow, striped and splashed with UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 169 shades of light and dark red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, irregular; calyx, with long segments; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed; core, large, hollow: seeds, ovate rounded; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. November to February. SCARLET PEARMAIN. Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach. Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils Fruit, medium, conical, red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid ; " good." September to October. SCHOONMAKER. Schoolmocker. Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit, in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun , skin, little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed , basin, open ; core, small, compact ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk sub- acid ; "very good." January to March. SEPTEMBER. Pride of September. Origin, Canton County, Pa. Tree, hardy and vigorous, a good and regu- lar bearer. Fruit, large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conio angular ; skin, yellow, slightly shaded, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots : stalk, short, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin rus- set ; calyx, partially closed, set in an open basin ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor. October. (Downing.) SHEPPARD'S SWEET. Origin^ Windham County, Conn. Tree, thrifty, upright, and a great bearer. Fruit, medium, angular oblong, approaching conic; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stalk, long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity ; calyx, firmly closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, white, tender y sweet, and pleas- ant. October, November. SIBERIAN CRAB. The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as R.ed, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for preserving, or grown for ornament. All Crabs, if left on the tree, will naturally dry and preserve themselves. SINCLAIR'S YELLOW. Fruit, small to medium, flat or roundish ; skin, smooth, of a fine orange color, darkened in the sun ; flesh, pale yellow, with a rich, sub-acid flavor , a good bearer, and excellent for both the table and kitchen. June and July. SlNE-QUA-NON. From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fru}t, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, qlospd j flesji, greenish white, tender, juioy, mild sub-acid. August. 8 170 THE APPLE. SLINGERLAND PIPPIN. From Albany Co., N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, oblate angular, inclin- ing to conic, or distinctly conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with red. and sprinkled with minute dots ; stalk, short and stout, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, surrounded with very thin russet ; calyx, small, partially closed, set in a fine angled basin of variable size ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, with a very brisk, rather rich, sub-acid flavor. December, February. (Downing.) SMALLET. Spice. From Kensington, Conn. ; where it was much esteemed. Medium size, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; stalk, short and large ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, brisk, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. September, October. SOPS OF WINE. Sops in Wine, | Sapson, | Bennington. Foreign. Tree, vigorous early bearer ; esteemed for its peculiar pink flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light red, nearly covered with bright purplish red,. in streaks, yellowish in shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom : stem, short, slender ; calyx, with broad segments ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed core and seeds, me- dium; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild, sub-acid;, "very good." August to September. SPICE SWEETING. Moderate bearer, large, roundish, yellowish ; flesh, firm, sweet. August and September. SPICE RUSSET. Sweet Kusaet, of tome erroneously Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened ; light yellow russet, numerous email fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen- der; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, large, some- what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine- grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic; "very good." December to March. SPONGE. Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches and stripes of red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, large open ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. SPRING PIPPIN Springport Pippin. Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish , yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots ; calyx, closed ; stem, short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly sub-acid. December to May. STANARD. Btanard's Seedling. From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish, yel- low, overspread with red stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 171 ribbed , core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, acid ; not quite u very good." November to February. STEHLY. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, oblate conic, an- gular ', skin, yellow, striped and shaded with red, and covered with large brown dots ; stem, very short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a small, uneven basin ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid. January to April. STILLMAN'S EARLY. Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. Fruit, small, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a few brown dots j stalk, long, stout ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, very shallow, plaited } flesh, yellow, tender, pleasant sub-acid. Last of July and first of August. ST. LAWRENCE. Montreal. From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and splashed with red and deep crimson; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, closed; basin, slightly furrowed; core, large: seeds, small; flesh, white, fine-grained,, tender, juicy, sharp, sub-acid ; "very good." September to October. STRAUDT. From Berks Co., Pa. Size, large, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin, deep crimson, with stripes of paler red, and numerous light dots ; stem, ehort, in a wide, deep, russeted cavity; calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, shallow, furrowed basin ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, white ; flavor, sub acid and pleasant : " very good." November. (W. D. Brinckle.) STURMER PIPPIN. Foreign. Tree, healthy, good bearer. Fruit, rather small, roundish :onical, yellowish green, with brown dull red in sun j flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, *cid : keeps well. January to June. STROAT. Btratt The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, tender, brisk sub-acid. September o November. STRIPED PEARMAIN. Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter. Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip- tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular, slightly flattened, yellow, striped and blended with two shades pf red ; calyx, small closed; basin, shallow; stem, short, slender; core, open: seeds, large ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. December to Fet 172 THE APPLE. SUGAR SWEET. This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium, ov&te ; dull yel* lowish, inclining to a russet; abundant bearer; ripe, September. October] a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.) SUMMER SWEET PARADISE. From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading shoots Fruit, large, roundish oblong, flattened at ends j pale green, yellow in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, oft rus- seted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; core, small : seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good." September. SUMMER QUEEN. Sharped Early, | Lancaster Queen, | Homony. Popular and profitable in some sections of the Southwest. Fruit, me- dium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the eye, yellow, striped and splashed with purplish red : stem, medium ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, sometimes a pink tinge, juicy, aromatic, sub-acid ; " very good." August to September. SUMMER BELLFLOWER. Bummer Belle-fleur. From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, strong* upright growth, spreading nead, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs : clear yellow, few greenish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed, small reflexed segments ; basin, five-sided ; core, medium, hollow ; small seeds ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sub-acid ; " best." New. Aug. to Sept. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower grown in Ohio, which w have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit, distinct from above. There is also a SUMMER BELLFLOWER which is distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and closed calyx. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very juicy, with a brisk, agreeable, very pleasant flavor, and decidedly the best of its season. Last of August and first of September. SUMMER PIPPIN. Sour Bough. American. Tree, vigorous, profitable market sort ; valuable for cook- ing. Fruit, medium to large, oblong oval, irregular, waxy yellow ; shaded with crimson blush, green and grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep, abrupt ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, plea- sant, sub-acid ; core, large. August, September. SUPERB SWEET. Raised by Jacob Dean, Mansfield, Mass. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, rather large, roundish, pale yellow, much red in the sun ; stalk, long, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, large, open ; basin, broad ; flesh, white, UNTESTED VABIETtES, ETC. 173 rery tender, juicy, sweet, rich, high-flavored. September and October. (Cole.) SUPERB. Origin, Franklin Co., North Carolina. Tree, tolerably vigorous, and a prodigious bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate, regular ; skin, green, rarely with a blush ; stalk, of medium length, in a shallow cavity ; calyx, large and open; flesh, yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, and particularly high-flavored. November to March. SUTTON BEAUTY. Beauty. Originated in Sutton, Mass. Tree, upright, thrifty grower, good bearer ; fruit, very handsome, fair and regular in form. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; yellow, shaded and striped with fine crimson, slightly sprinkled with whitish dots ; stem, medium : cavity, with a slight greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open, round ; flesh, whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sub- acid ; u very good ;" core, small. November to February. SWEET BELLFLOWER. Better, of some. There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name. We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light and dark specks; calyx, closed; basin, ribbed: stem, long, slender: cavity, deep; core, open; seeds, small; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking, juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, November. SWEET BELLFLOWER OF WYANDOTT COUNTY. Fruit, large, globular, slightly conical : light yellow, dark cloudy flakes and reddish specks ; stem, short : calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal- low ; core, small, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, tender, sweet. No- vember, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely re- sembles this, and may prove identical. SWEET FALL PIPPIN. From Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk, short, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very shallow basin ; flesh, juicy, sweet, and rich. October, November. SWEET PIPPIN. Moore's Sweeeting, | Red Sweet Pippin, of Indiana, \ Pound Sweet, of some, West. Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened; yellow striped and mostly covered with red, white bloom; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, broad ; core, small ; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking. December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet. Early Winter. SWEET VANDERVERE. Sweet Bedstreak, | Sweet Harvey. Origin, unknown. Tree, of crooked growth ; a profuse bearer. Fruit, medium size, oblong, slightly conic, obscurely angular, sometimes nearly 174 THK APPLE. cylindric ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a broad, open basin ; flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, with an exceedingly saccharine, aromatic flavor. November, March. (Downing.) SWEET WINESAP. From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin, greenish yellow, with blotches of dark green : calyx, medium ; basin, open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small : flesh, yellowish white, tender, mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December. SWEET WINESAP. From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic ; color, red. splashed with deep crimson : stalk, long and slender, inserted" in a deep cavity, sur- rounded with russet ; calyx, large, open, set in a rather deep, open basin flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, with a very sweet, rich, peculiar flavor. November, December. (Downing.) SWEET ROMANITE. Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously. This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by W. B. Lipsey. if Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The [flesh being fine-grained and firm somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite probably induced the name. It is grown in Illinois, under the name of " Sweet Nonsuch/' and intro- duced there under the erroneous name of " Orange Sweet. 3 ' Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer. Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular : color, greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright red, and covered UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 175 with a fine bloom : stem, short j cavity, open, regular, with little russet , calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half erect ; basin, broad, shal- low, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet superior to Ramsdeli : s or Danvers' Sweeting j core, medium, or rather small, com- pactcentre, slightly hollow j seeds, ovate, oblong pyriform. November to March. There is another Sweet Rornanite grown in the Western States, which 19 oblong ; stem, long and slender ; core, light yellow, striped with red ; flesh, more yellow and dry an inferior or unworthy variety. There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown, which is flat, with slender stem , cavity, deep, light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, and tough : inferior. SWERT PIPPIN. Hog Island. American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical or angular : yellow, shaded and striped with red ; stem, short \ calyx, closed basin, small, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, large. November to March. SWERT RAMBO. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate ; yellow with shades of red, large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary ; " very good." November, January. SYLVESTER. Originated at Lyons, N. Y. Growth, upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium size, roundish ; color, yellowish white, red cheek in sun, occasionally net work of russet ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, fine-grained, sub- acid, negative but pleasant flavor. October. TETOFSKT. A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves large 176 THE APPLE. broad, light green, peculiar; regular annual bearer; in quality abcul with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two weeks earlier ; very valuable for cooking or marketing : a gross feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does not well represent it. being far too small for an average. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yellow groiind, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white bloom; stem, short^ stout; cavity, deep, furrowed ; calyx, rather large, long segments; basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, sp ightiy, juicy, slightly acid or sharp sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light brown. Last of July. TEWKSBURY BLUSH. Tewksbury Winter Blush. From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very productive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened, yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; stem, slender ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow; core, medium: seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to August. Fink's Seedling so closely resembles this, as to be,by many thought identical. TINMOUTH. Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. Tree, a good grower and productive. Fruit, above medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, considerably shaded with car mine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots ; stem, short, inserted in a deep cavity; calyx, partially closed, set in a rather large basin : flesh, wnitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid. November to February. TOCCOA. Muskmelon. Originated Toccoa Falls, Habersham Co., Georgia. Fruit, rather large, conical irregular ; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stem, short, in an irre- gular cavity ; calyx, closed in a small, irregular basin ; flesh, yellow, witli a brisk, rich, Spitzenburgh flavor, moderately juicy. First of August. (White's Gard.) TOWNSEND. From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately spreading growth, abundant early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, overspread and streaked with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots, rough, blue bloom ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; segments, narrow, in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate : flesh, yellowish white, breaking rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good." September. This may prove same as Hocking. TRENTON EARLY ? History unknown. We think it an old English apple belonging to the class of codlins. Our warm suns and rich soils have so improved it that it is often a right good table fruit, and always valuable for cooking. Fruit, medium or above, roundish conical, slightly ribbed ; color, yellow- ish, with suffused patches of green ; skin, smooth, oily ; basin, often fur- rowed ; flesh, white, tender, pteasant, sub-acid. July and August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 177 TRUMBULL SWEETING. Fenton Sweeting. From Trumbull Co., Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, slight blush and red spots; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet : u very good." Sep- tember to November. TWITCHELL'S SWEET. From New Hampshire. Fruit, medium, conical, red, with small gray dots ; flesh, white, veined with red, sweet. November, December. VANDYNE. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic; skin, yellowish, with a tinge of red, and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots : stalk, rather slender, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a deep, uneven basin ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, agreeable. October. VAUGHAN'S WINTER. Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate oblique angular ; skin, whitish waxen yellow, shaded with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped and thickly covered with conspicuous light dots; stalk, small and short, inserted in a deep, uneven cavity, surrounded by very thin green russet; calyx, open, or partially closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, with a brisk, very agreeable vinous flavor. January to March. VIRGINIA GREENING. Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular, dull green- ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green circle suffused around them ; stem, medium ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to March. Esteemed at the South as a keeper. WADDEL'S HALL. Shockley. Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, yellow, clouded and striped with red, little russet ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, firm, juicy, saccharine ; " very good." October to March. WALKER'S YELLOW. This apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia. Fruit, large, conic, fine golden yellow, with a faint blush on the sunny side ; stalk, of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity; basin, small; flesh, white, juicy, rather too acid for a dessert fruit. November to April. (White's Gard.) WALPOLE. From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, yel low, with bright red stripes, deepest in sun, and yellowish specks; stem, short; cavity, open; calyx, closed; basin, slightly ridged: core, large, open ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following descrip- tion of the Sparhawk is from B. V. French, Esq. We suspect the two 8* 178 THE APPLE. identical : " The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and if; known in the family of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found, as the ' Gall ' Apple. It was introduced to our Society by A. de Copen, of Dorchester, and the Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large apple, oblate ; skin, smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ; abundant bearer; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ; flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid. Highly desirable for cook- ing, and is ripe September. October, but will keep longer. It will class Well with the Twenty ounce Pippin." WALWORTH. Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin. From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical, clear yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large, open ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.) We suspect this is an old variety under a new name. WASHINGTON ROYAL. Origin, farm of Joseph P. Hayward, Sterling, Mass. Fruit, above medium size, flattish round, yellowish green, with numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin ; calyx, in a broad basin ; stem, slender, half an inch long; flesh, crisp juicy, and fine flavor, keeping till July. (N. E. Farm.) WAXEN. American. Fruit, above medium, oblate, pale yellow, oily skin, sprinkled with a few dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish yellow, crisp, tender juicy, mild sub-acid ; core, small ; " good," or " very good." November, December. Formerly much grown and esteemed in Virginia. This must not be confounded with " Bel- mont," which is sometimes grown under the erroneous name of Waxen. WELLFORD'S YELLOW. Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. Fruit, rather small, roundish flattened ; skin, pale yellow, with faint red streaks oi one side ; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, very j nicy, with a ich aromatic flavor. Keeps well until June, retaining its flavor. WELL'S SWEETING. From Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx, mall ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good." November to January. WESTERN SPY. From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with red. becoming brilliant on sunny side, small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, large; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." De- cember to March. WESTON. Origin, Lincoln, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; skin, yellow, striped and marbled -with red ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant. September, October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 179 WHEELER'S SWJCET. American Introduced by W. C. Hampton, 0. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends ; color, rich lemon yellow, with reddish cheek in sun and russet marblings at blossom end ; surface, uneven or ribbed ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at bottom ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, deep, uneven, slighly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sweet, pleasant. October. WHITE. Medium to large, regular, slightly conical; calyx, in a hollow basin } color, lemon yellow, with spots and splashes made darker by minute black specks on a greenish ground ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy. Keeps until January. Rather acid for the table, but fine for cooking. WHITE BEAUTY. Ashtabula Co., 0. Medium, globular, smooth, even surface, dull greenish, grayish specks ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, in a broad, open basin ; flesh very white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; negative character. September to December. Good grower; wood, red- dish, with gray specks. WHITE DOCTOR. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large> roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, short, set in an acute cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow and furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, acid, sprightly but not rich. September, October. WHITE JUNEATING. Juneating, I Owens 1 Golden Beauty, I Carolina, of torn*. Caroline, | Early May, Foreign. Its early maturity its chief merit. Tree, fair upright growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; broad basin ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub- acid. Last of June, early July. WHITE SPANISH REINETTE. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, I D'Espagne, De Eatteau. | Concombro Anclen. Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, sometimes ribbed ; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular ; stem, half inch long ; cavity, even : color, yellowish green ; flesh, yellow- ish white crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. November to Feb- ruary. WHITE WINTER. Origin, farm of Mr. Cacklin. Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Tree. moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit, small, nearly globular; skin, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek; stem, medium, in an acuto cavity ; calyx, firmly closed, a little sunk, in a very small basin ; flesh, whitish, juicy, almost buttery, with a mild, sub-acid, but not a rich flavor. January to May. 180 THE APPLE. WHITE RAMBO. Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at ends : skin, rough, yellow, russet dot* and spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavuy, broad, open ; calyx, large ; segments, in division? basin, large, open, deep ; core, small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, mild sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. WHITE SWEETING. Wetherill's White Sweeting. From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils, large, roundish oblong, pale yellow; stem, short; valued for baking and for stock. September. Fruit, flesh, white, sweet; WHITEWATER SWEET. From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round, bright yellow, with dart spots ; stem, short; calyx, slightly sunk ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy sweet : keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.) WHITNEY'S RUSSET. From Canada. Medium, oblate, almost wholly covered with thick yel low russet : flesh, white, with a very smooth, pear-like texture, and rich, brisk, spicy flavor ; keeps well till March ; tree, is a good bearer, but mus< be stock-worked the same as Rambo, when planted in Western orchards. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. WILLIAM PENN. 181 A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre of which is a minute russet dot ; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, u very good," if not "best;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W. D. B.) WINBLOW. From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded towards calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes; calyx, open, segments, short; basin, expanded ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow, rather deep ; core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early Winter. (A. H. Ernst's MS.) WINN'S RUSSET. Origin, Sweden, Maine. Tree, of slow growth, hardy and productive. Fruit, large ; cavity, deep ; basin, broad and shallow ; color, dark russet, with obscure stripes of red, covered with whitish spots ; flesh, fine grained. smb-acid ; keeps till May. (Me. P. S. Rept.) 182 THE APPLE. WING SWEETING. Fruit, small, round flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on light yellow; calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet ; pro- ductive. Winter. WINTER PIPPIN OF VERMONT. Origin unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower, and pro- ductive. Fruit, large, to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, obscurely angular; skin, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots, cheek shaded with dull crimson; stem, short, inserted in a deep com- pressed cavity ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; segments, long, in a rather deep, uneven basin ; flesh, white, tender, and agreeable. November to March. (Downing.) WINTER PIPPIN OF GENEVA. The appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall Pippin, but is a very late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Fruit, large, oblate, slightly angular ; skin, fine yellow with a crimson cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots ; stalk, short and small, inserted in a narrow cavity : -calyx, open ; segments, long ; basin, open ; flesh, yellow ; tender, juicy, vinous, excellent. January to May. (Downing.) A variety of Northern origin ; will not keep South later than January. WINTER HARVEY. Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed; pale yellow; stem, short; flesh, yellowish, tender, firm, juicy. WINTER PEARMAIN. This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain Fruit, medium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; basin, small ; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender, sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to March. WINTHROP GREENING. Lincoln Pippin, j Howe Apple. Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, large, golden yellow, with slight rus set tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, tender, crisp, very juicy, with a sprightly nch flavor. September. (Cole.) WINTHROP PEARMAIN. Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Size, large, roundish ovate ; skin, yellow, striped with red, and deep red in the sun ; stem, in a large cavity ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy ; flavor, spicy and pleasant. September to January. (Me. P. S. R.) WONDER. A Southern variety. Size, large ; mostly covered with red on yellow ground ; flesh, white, tender, jucy, well-flavored. August. WRIGHT APPLE. Origin, Hubbardton, Vermont. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate; skin, fine lemon yellow; stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed; basin, rather large and corrugated ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Middle of Sep. tember to middle of October. UmESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 183 YACHT. Origin, Montgomery County, Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, striped with red, with various hues on yel- lowish ground ; stalk, short, inserted in a small cavity ; calyx, open, set in a large, shallow basin ; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor. November to March. YACHT. Medium, roundish, striped with red of various hues on yellowish ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very shallow, plaited ; fleshj fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good." (W. D. B.) YELLOW CRANK. Medium size, flat, greenish yellow ; high flavor. January to March. YELLOW MEADOW. A Southern fruit. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; sterr , rather slender, in a deep, irregular cavity ; calyx, large and open, in a shallow basin ; flesh, yellow, compact ; flavor, vinous, rich and excellent. November. YELLOW PEARMAIN. Golden Pearmain. Origin uncertain ; probably a Southern fruit, moderate in growth and productiveness. Fruit, medium, obliquely conic, inclining to oblong ; skin, yellowish, slightly shaded with dull red ; stem, short, inserted by a lip in a very narrow cavity ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, round and open ; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, rich, vinous flavor, slightly aromatic. January to March. YOPP'S FAVORITE. Fruit, larse, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, smooth, oily, greenish yel- low, with a "blush in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a little russet about the stem ; calyx, open, in a deep basin ; stalk, short ; cavity, deep : flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, almost melting, of a most grateful, sub-acid flavor. From Thomas Co., Georgia. (Robert Nelson.) YORK IMPERIAL. Johnson's Fine Winter. From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun- cated oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, wide, plaited basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least " good " to many tastes, " very good." '(W. D. B.) YOST. Rather large ; roundish oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide, deep, cavity ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor j '' very good " quality. (W. D. B ) 184 THE APPLE. CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. ALFRISTON. Foreign. Large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun ; flesh, crisp, acid. October, December, AMERICAN PIPPIN. Grindstone, | Green Everlasting. Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red ; flesh, white, firm, acid. January to June. ANGLE. Medium, roundish yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes of light >nd dark red, with white dots ; flesh, yellow, tender, sweet. September. AUGUSTINE. American. Large, conical, red striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. August. AUTUMN BOMANITE. American. Medium, round, red ; flesh, yellow. September. BARRETT. American. Bather large, conic ; skin, yellow, striped and splashed with crimson ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender. January. BAKU. Bars. American. Medium, roundish oblong, red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish white, poor. BABNHILT. American. Small, conical, yellow striped with red; flesh, white, tough, dry. October, November. BEAUTY OF AMERICA. Large, roundish flattened, yellow with blush cheek ; flesh, yellowish, tender ; poor "bearer. November to January. BEAUTY OF THE WEST. Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, sweet. October, November. BEAUTY OF KENT. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red ; flesh, tender, Inferior. October, November. BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING. Foreign. Large, roundish, green; flesh, yellowish, acid. November, December. BLACK ANNETTE. American. Small, roundish, dark red. November. BLACK LADY APPLE. Api Noir. Foreign. Small, roundish, blackish red ; flesh, white stained. November to March. BLACK GILLIFLOWEB. Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple; flesh, greenish white, dry, sub-acid, poor. November to March. BLACK OXFORD. Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, nearly covered with red, light dots: stem, long, slender; calyx, half open ; basin, slightly russeted ; flesh, whitish, compact, not juicy, sub-acid. March to May. BLENHEIM PIPPIN. Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin. Foreign. Large, roundish, yellow and dull red; flesh, yellowish, sweet, dry. October, HoYembei. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 185 BOBSDORFFEB. Borsdorfl; King George the Third, | Queens. Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red check; flesh, yell wish white, ti isp, sub-acid. November, December. BOXFOBD. Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish striped with red; flesh, compact, not very juicy, nor high flavor. September, October. BKEWEB. From Mass. Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh, yellowish, ten- der, pleasant, mild sub-acid. October, November. BTTENHAP GREENING. Origin, Vergennes, Vt. Medium, nearly globular, inclining to conic; skin, greenish yellow ; flesh, solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant, sub -acid flavor. January and February. BOBOVITSKY. Foreign. Medium, roundish, pale green striped red ; flesh, white, sub-acid. August, Sep tember. BULLET. Bartlett, | Priestly, of some. American. Medium, oblong, bright red on yellow; flesh, light yellow, inferior; January to June. CAKE APPLE. From Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed; skin, yellowish, with ablush; flesh, *uicy, tender, pleasant. January to March. CHANDLEB, Winter Chandler. American. Large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow ; flesh, greenish white, sub-acid. November, February. CABOLINE. Foreign. Medium, round, yellow, streaked with red; flesh, firm, acid. November, Feb- ruary. CATHEAD. Cathead Greening, | Bound Catshead. Large, roundish, yellowish green; flesh, white, coarse, sharp acid. October, November. There is another one of this name, equally worthless, same shape, but striped yellow and red. CATLIKE. Gregson, | Winter Grixon. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, pale yellow, nearly sweet, for cider. October, December. CASH SWEET. American. Medium, round conical, light red ; flesh, white, coarse, sweet, dry. October, November. CHEESEBOROUGH KTTSSET. Howard Russet, I York Russet, of some, Kingsbury Russet, | Forever Pippin, of some, West. American. Large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish white, coarse, dry, 3ub-aeid. October, November. Cos, OB CAAS. American. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid. December to March. COBNISH GlLLIFLOWEB. Cornish July Flower, | Pomme Regelans, | Egg Top, of some. Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek ; flesh, yellowish, acid, November to February. CONNECTICUT SUMMER SWEET. American. Medium, roundish, yellow and red striped; flesh, yellowish, sweet, tough, August 1S6 THE APPLE. CBAKBEBBY PIPPIK. American. Above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sub- acid November, December. DONNELAN'S SEEDLING. American. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub- acid. September. DOWNTON PIPPIN. Downton Golden Pippin, J Knight's Golden Pippin, | Elton Pippin. Foreign. Small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, yellowish, sharp acid. October, November. DUMELOW'S SEEDLING. Dumelow's Crab, | "Wellington Apple. Foreign. Medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots ; flesh, yellow, acid. No vember to March. DUMPLING. Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana, \ Watson's Dumpling. Large, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in sun: flesh, white, indifferent October December. DUTCH CODLIN. Chalmers Large. Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun ; flesh, white, sub-acid. Octo- tr, December. EASTER PIPPIN. Toung's Long Keeper, I Ironstone Pippin, Claremont Pippin, | French Crab. Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush ; flesh, greenish, inferior. Novem- ber to June. EGG TOP. Eve, I Round Top, Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some, Went. Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red ; flesh, yellowish white, ten der, inferior. November to February. ELLIS. From Conn. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek; flesh, firm, juicy, pleasant; a long keeper. April, May. EPSY. From Vermont. Handsome, productive, small, elongated conic, deep red, almost crimson ; flesh, whitish, sweet. December, January. FALL CHEESE. Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese. American. Medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in sun ; flesh, crtap often mealy. September to November. FAMA GUSTA. Foreign. Large, conical, pale green ; flesh, white, acid. October. FEBBIS. American. Medium, roundish, red, sub-acid ; new, but surpassed by many others. Nov*m- ber to February. FENNOUILLET KOUGE. Black Tom, | Bardin. Foreign. Small, roundish, dark red ; flesh, firm. November to January. . FENNOUILLET GBIB. Pomme d'Anis, | Caraway Eusset. Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow ; flesh, firm, acid. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 187 FLOWER OP KENT. Foreign. Large, roundish, flattened, dull yeHow and red; flesh, greenish yellow, coarse, lub -acid October, January, GATJLT'S BELLFLOWER. American. Large, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, white coarse. October, December. GIANT. American. Large, roundish, dull red striped ; flesh, greenish white, tender ; "good." GOLDEN APPLE. American. Large, oblate ; skin, golden yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots; flesl, yellow, coarse, juicy, sub-acid flavor. October to December. GOLDEN. American. Medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow ; flesh, yellowish, acid. July. GOLDEN KEINETTE. Aurore, I Kirke's Golden Eeinette, Yellow German Keinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c., &c. Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild sub-acid. October, January. GOLDEN HARVEY. Brandy Apple. Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid. November to March. GOLDEN PEARMAIN. Buckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain, I Bed Basset. Medium, roundish flattened, red, russet; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub-acid. November, D oember. GOODYEAR. Goodyear's Seedling. American. New, medium, roundish, red ; flesh, juicy ; only valuable as a keeper. GOVERNOR. American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. October, January. GOLDEN PIPPIN. English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, Ac. | Eleven other names. Foreign, Small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings; stem, long, slender; basis, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, sub-acid, sprightly. December to March. There is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the West, which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above. GRAND SACHEM. Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red ; flesh, white, dry. September. GREEN DOMINE. Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped with dull red ; flesh, whitish, firm, with pleasant, peculiar flavor. December, February. GREYHOUBB. Medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes; flesh, firm and dry; said to be .ae for cider. Winter. HANNAH. American. Medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red ; flesh, white, dry. October, November HARVEST BED STREAK. From Michigan. A local name ; probably an old variety ; small or medium, oblate ang lar ; skin, whitish; striped and splashed. HBPPBR. Hepler, of some. American. Small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, dry. 188 THE APPLE. HEWITT'S SWEET. Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red ; flesh, whitish, sweet, tender, and pleasant. Octo ber, November. HETEKICH. American. Medium, round, yellow ; flesh, whitish, acid. November, January. HOLLAND SWEET. Fruit, medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red ; flesh, firm, sweet. January to May. HOLLANDBUBGH. Hollandbury. Medium, roundish flattened, red on yellow ; flesh, white, sour. December, February. HOARY MORNING. Dainty Apple, | Downy, | Sam Kawling's. Foreign. Large, roundish, red striped on yellow ; flesh, pinkish. October, December. HUNGE. Hunger. Origin, uncertain. Popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, green, with a blush ; flesh, soft, sub-acid, pleasant. September, October. IRISH PEACH APPLB. Early Crofton. Foreign. Medium^ roundish conical, yellowish, streaked with red ; flesh, whitish, watery. September, October. KANE. Cane, | Cain. American. Medium, roundish, striped crimson ; flesh, yellowish ; beautiful to look at Au- tumn. KERRY PIPPIN. Edmonton's Aromatic. Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, yellow, streaked with red ; flesh, firm, crisp. September, October. KENTISH FILL BASKET. Potter's Large Grey Seedling, | Lady de Grey's. Foreign. Large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush; flesh, tender. October, January. KKNBIOK'S AUTUMN. American. Large, roundish, yellowish green, striped red; flesh, white, acid. September. KILHAM HILL. American. Large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red ; flesh, dry. September. KING OF THE PIPPINS. Hampshire Yellow. Often grown West as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish oblate, yellow and red splashed ; flesh> white, slightly sweet, not agreeable. October, November. KIRKE'S LOBD NELSON. Foreign. Large, roundish, red on pale yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy, acid. October, December LADIES' BLUSH. American. Medium, yellow, with red blush ; flesh, dry. LADY FINGEB. Sheep Nose. Medi am, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush ; flesh, firm, watery. November, December. SUPERSEDED BY BETTEB SORTS. 189 LANE SWEET. Small, roundish flattened, yellow with red ; flesh, yellowish, dry. November. LEMON PIPPIN. Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Foreign. Medium, oval, pale greenish yellow ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. October, January. LONG ISLAND HITSSET. Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet ; flesh, greenish, dry. December, March. LOAN'S ENGLISH PEAKMAIN. Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet ; flesh, firm ; almost worthy culture. Septem- ber, October. LONGVILLE'S KEBNEL. Sam's Crab. Foreign. Below medium, oval flattened, brownish red on yellow ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. August, September. LONG JOHN. American. Large, conical, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish whit* dry ; great keeper. LUCOMBE'S SEEDLING. Foreign. Large, roundish conical, yellow, spotted with red in sun; flesh, whitish, firm* cooking. October, December. LUCE'S EAELT JOB. American. Small, round, bright red on yellow ; flesh, crisp, inferior. September. LOVETT'S SWEET. American. Fruitmedium, roundish conic; skin, yellow; flesh, yellow, moderately juicy weet. October to February. MEBBITT'S SWEET. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush; flesh, compact, very sweet Last of August. METHODIST. From Connecticut. Medium size, oblong oval; skin, greenish, marbled and striped 'rtt* red ; flesh, white, tender, mild sub-acid, not rich. November. MANK'S CODLIN. Irish Pitcher, I Frith Pitcher. Foreign. Medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun ; cooking only. August. MABGIL. White Margil. Foreign. Small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red; flesh, white, tender. Early Winter. MARBLE SWEETING. Virginia Sweet, j Mclntire's Sweeting. American. Medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow; flesh, sweet, dry. November, February. MAY SEEK NO-FITBTHEB. Pilliken, | May Apple, | Lop-sided Pearmain. Outwardly like Pryor's Bed; flesh, dry, coarse ; only valued as a keeper ; skin, thick. MAUCK. Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical; flesh, "good." MKNAGEBE. Menagerie. Foreign. Large, flat, pale yellow. September to January. 190 THB APPLE. MONSTROUS PIPPIN. Gloria Mundi, I New York Gloria Mundi, I Baltimore Pippin. American Mammoth, | Ox Apple, Very large, greenish yellow, roundish ; flesh, white, acid. October, December. MOTHER DAVIES. Medium, round oblong, greenish yellow, little red ; flesh, crisp ; " good." October, November MOLASSES. Priest's Sweet, | Butter, J Blue Sweet. American. Small, roundish, red, dry, sweet October. MURPHY. Murphy's Bed, | Jack Murphy. American. Large, roundish oblong, pale, and dark red streaked; flesh, greenish whito , * good." November, February. NORFOLK BBATTFIN. Bead's Baker, | Catshead Beaufin. Foreign. Large, flat, dull red on greenish ; flesh, sub-acid, good drying. November to May. NONSUCH. English Nonsuch. Foreign. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red; flesh, white. October, November. OLD FIELD. Origin, Connecticut. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid. January to April. OLD ENGLISH CODLIK. English Godlin. Large, oblong conical, lemon yellow ; flesh, white, tender, cooking. July to November. OLD EOYAL BUSSET. Leather Coat Busset. Foreign. Medium, roundish, gray russet on green ; flesh, greenish white, sharp sub-add. November, February. OLD NONPAREIL. Non Pareille. Foreign. Medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown ; flesh, firm, crisp ; poor bearer. Decem ber, January. OSLIN. Arbroath Pippin. Foreign. Small, roundish, pale yellowish ; flesh, firm, crisp, acid. August. PARSON'S EARLY. American. Medium or above, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-aci 1 August, September. PUTNEYITE. American. Medium, roundish, light yellow, coarse, dry, acid. December, January. PRESS. Origin, Buck's Co., Pa. Bather large, oblate; skin, whitish yellow, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid. March. PROLIFIC SWBET. From Connecticut. Boundish conic ; skin, greenish ; flesh, whitish, tender, sweet. Novm ber to February. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. I9i PBNNOCK. Pomme Roye, of some, West, Big Eomanite, Pehnock's Red Winter, Large Eomanite, | Penick, Eed Pennock, Neisley's Winter. Prolific Beauty, American. Large, roundish conical, angular, dull red, little yellow ; flesh, coarse, dry rot. November to March. This is largely grown through the Southwest, but intelligent persons do r.ot now plant it. POLLY BRIGHT. Resembles Maiden's Blush. Sharp acid. September, October. POUND. Large, roundish oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor. October, January. POMME DB ROSE. Large, roundish flattened, red on yellow, small dots ; flesh, white, coarse, acid. December February. PRIESTLEY. Priestley's American, | Eed Cathead. Large, roundish oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green; flesh, greenish white, inferior. December to March. QUAKER PIPPIN. American. Medium, greenish yellow, very acid. October. EED AND GREEN SWEET. Prince's Eed and Green Sweet, | Large Eed Sweeting, | Bed Bough. American. Very large, oblong conical, green and red striped ; flesh, sweet, poor. August, September. EED INOESTBIE. Foreign. Small, oblong ovate, yellow, marbled with red ; flesh, firm, sprightly. September. October. RED GILLIFLOWER. Bed 8eek-no-Further, | Harkness' New Favorite. American. Medium, oblong conical, fine red ; flesh, white, mild sub-acid. November to January. EED CALVILLK. Eed Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge, Calville Eouge d'Hiver, | Spice, of some, West. Foreign. Above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun ; flesh, tender, poor. November, February. EED BELLFLOWEK. Eed Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur, Belle Fleur Eouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of tome, Foreign. Large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with red ; flesh, white, dry. November, January. BED STREAK. Herefordshire Eed Streak, | Scudamus Crab. Foreign. Medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks ; flesh, yellow, dry, cider only. October, December. BYMER. Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, clear red, glossy ; flesh, white, sharp acid. October, December. EOSEAU D'AUTOMNZ. Eoseau, incorrectly, of some. Foreign. Medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek : flesh, yellowish, rfsp, acid. November to January. 1^2 THE APPLE. EOSBAU. Foreign. Large, dark red, irregular in size and form ; unprofitable. EITLB'S SUMMER SWEETIN*. American. Medium, oblong, yellow, poor. August. SCARLET NONPAREIL. New Scarlet Nonpareil. Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green ; flesh, firm, acid. November I* February. SHIPPERS EUSBET. Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow; flesh, white, spongy, acid. January to March. SHIPLEY GREEN. American. Medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; cooking only. All Winter. SKUNK. Polecat. American. Large, flat, dull dark red on yellow ; flesh, yellowish, dry. December, January. SPRAGXTB. Size, small, oblong oval, slightly onic; skin, yellow; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, sprightly, ob-acid. October. STEEL'S SWKET. Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit, medium, globular angular, yellowish, slight blush ; flesh, white, compact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March. SPRING GROVE CODLIN. Foreign. Medium, oblong rounded, greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, sub-acid; cooking. August, November. SPRINGER'S SEEDLING. American. Small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red ; flesh, firm, negative January to May. STRIPED MOHAWK. Above medium, round, red striped on yellow ; flesh, dry, poor. Late Autumn. SUGAR LOAF PIPPIN. Sugar Loaf Greening. Foreign. Large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun; flesh, "good." August, September. SUMMER GOLDEN PIPPIN. Foreign. Small, roundish oblong, yellow; flesh, whitish, firm, sweet. August, September. SUMMER EAMBOUR. Summer Eambo, | Eambour Franc, | Eambour d'Ete. Foreign. Above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish flattened, apt to b mealy. August. SUMMER EUSSET. American. Small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry. September. SWEET AND SOUR. Medium, roundish flattened, greenish ; only valued as a curiosity. From a diseased propa- gation. SUPERSEDED JiY BETTER BOETS. 193 SURPRISE. Foreign. Small, round, whitish yellow ; flesh, stained with red. November, December. SWEET BALDWIN. American. Medium, roundish, deep red, striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. Septembei, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name, as Thomas describes one as " nearly first-rate," and ripening " early Winter." TART BOUGH. Kesembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten days late* ; V""" acid. TURKEY GREENING. From Connecticut. Fruit, fair, and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic; skin, green, with a dull blush, and many light dots ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, sub-acid, not rich. January February. TITUS PIPPIN. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, oblong conic ; skin, light yellow; flesh, tender Juicy, not high flavored. November, December. TRANSPARENT DE ZURICH. Bmall or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent. September. THEMS BED STREAK. American. Medium, round, pale green, red stripes ; flesh, sour. Winter. (Hov. Mag.) TWENTY OUNCE PIPPIN. Large, roundish conical, brown red, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or Cayuga Jfied VICTUALS AND DEINK. Big Sweet, | Pompey. American. Large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry. October, January. VICTORIEUBE BEINETTE. Eeinette Triomphante. Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. December, January. WHITE DOCTOR. Small, pyramidal, greenish white, sweet, dry. September, October. WHITE CALVILLE. White Winter Calville, I American White Winter Calville. Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger. Foreign Above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow; flesh, white negative. November, February. WHITE ASTRACHAN. Transparent de Moscovie, | Glace de Zelande. Foreign. Medium, roundish conical, white, faint streak of red ; flesh, white, dry, pcflp August, 9 194 THE APPLE: WINTEB CHEESE. Ameitean. Medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun, mealy, poor. De- cember, January. WILLIS SWEET ? Largr* roundish oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red ; flesh, white, sweet, cooklwr. October November. WOBMSLEY PIPPIN. Knight's Codlin. in^c~ Afedm, roundish, greenish yellow, acid. October, November. WINTER QTTEEN. Winter Queening. American. Medium, conical, crimson and pale red ; flesh, yellowish, sub-acid. December. YELLOW INGESTRIE. Foreign. Small, clear yellow, crisp, spicy, not valued. October. Foreign. *jarge, rt White, acid. Winter. YORKSHIRE GREENING. roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red ; flesh, greeniifc ZANE. Zane Greening. American. Large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor. February to June. ZlEBEB. American. Small, roundish, yellow, striped red cheei . flesh, dry; " THE BLACKBEREY. Rulus Villosus. A WELL known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at- tention from cultivators. f Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that more exertions have not been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants se- lected from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor. In 1845, Colonel Coit, of Cleveland, exhibited at one of the Cleve- land Horticultural Society's meetings, a plate of Blackberries grown from plants he had carefully selected from the woods. Many of the berries measured five inches in circumference. He stated that he had selected the plants when in fruit, transferred them to his garden in the Fall, and those on exhibition were a sample of the produce, having been increased in size fully one half, and much improved in flavor. Our fields throughout the Middle States contain many plants worthy cultivation. The " New Rochelle," or Lawton, the " Newman," Crys- tal White, and others, are instances of what has been done by the use of a little attention to the subject. As a crop for profit, there is no question but that it will prove more valuable than any Raspberry yet known. Cultivation of the Blackberry. Prepare ground by digging or plowing very deep ; if not naturally rich, add plentifully of well rotted manures or leaf mold. Set the rows six feet apart, running north and south, and place one plant every four feet distant in these rows. When planting, cut the plant back to a stem of not more than ten inches long. After having finished planting, run the plow north and south, throwing earth up to the plants and leaving the centre with an open furrow, that perfect drainage may ensue. The first season, permit but on shoot to grow from the parent ; this course will cause the shoot to be v^ry strong and healthy. The second season, early in Spring, cut back the shoot of the pre- vious year's growth one half; permit but one other shoot to spring from the ground until after the fruit crop is ripened. After the fruit is gathered, any number of shoots may be permitted to grow, pro- 196 THE BLACKBERRY. vided extra plants are wanted for forming new beds ; but if plants are not wanted for re-setting other beds, then more than two shoots should never be permitted to grow from one stool at a time. Keep the ground well stirred with plow or hoe from time to time, or better, cover the entire surface with three to four inches deep of leaves or chopped straw. Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries. There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the same botanical description. They are known under the common names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black- berry, etc. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as well as a curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. As a dessert fruit, and for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often advised by physicians, on account of its healthful character. There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish-white. Of the varieties named and offered for sale by dealers, we select the following as most esteemed. CRYSTAL WHITE. Originated from seed, in Albion, 111. This is a new variety, and entirely distinct from the old white blackberry, being free from spines. The canes are a bright, clear, light green ; vigorous, strong growers ; hardy and very productive. Fruit, very large, oval roundish ; when fully ripe, a clear, rich white, juicy, tender, sweet, and high flavor. Ripens last July to middle of August. DORCHESTER. Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass. ; nearly equal in size to New Rochelle, of a more elongated form, grains rather smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high-flavored fruit ; a vigorous grower. Fruit, large, oblong conic, sometimes measur- ing an inch and a quarter in length, of a deep shining black. The berries should be fully matured before they are gathered ; it bears carriage well. Ripens about the first of August. Hiura BLACKBERRY. Bush Blackberry, | Bubus Villosus. This is an erect growing blackberry, the stems tall, and more or less branching. The fruit is small, round, reddish-black, and good ; seldom raicy or high-flavored. There is a variety cultivated with greenish white fruit, that is unworthy. Not the Crystal White. NEW ROCHELLE. Seacor's Mammoth, | Lawtoa. Th'jf variety was found by Lewis A. Seacor, by the road-side in the town ll New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth, with strong spines which belong to the bramble ; is hardy and exceedingly THE CHEERY. 197 productive. Fruit, very large, oval, and when fully ripe, intensely black; when mature, the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender with a sweet excellent flavor ; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The granules arc larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other variety. Ripens about the first of August, and continues in use five or six weeks. NEWMAN'S THORNLESS. A new variety discovered by Jonas Newman, Ulster Co., N. Y. Pro- mises to be valuable ; growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle and Dor- chester, but produces abundantly of good-sized oval berries of excellent flavor: the canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others, which is an important consideration. We have too little personal know- ledge of it to speak decidedly of its merits. Ripens about the first of August. THE CHERRY. Gerasus Sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacece of Botanists. THE Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re- corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name), a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy by the Roman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri- dates, in the year 69, B. C. In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now growing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years ago. He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a Cherry of enormous size which grows along the northern coast oi Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng- land. It is cultivated in gardens always as a standard, and by a graft. The second variety is an amber-colored transparent Cherry, cf a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the ancient Sanga- rius. The trees attain gigantic size the trunk of one measured in circumference five feet ; height to where the first branch issued, forty feet ; summit of highest branch, ninety feet and this immense tree loaded with fruit." From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty- second year B. C., although some authorities date its introduction as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era that is, in the early part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be confirmed 198 THE CHERBT. by Pliny, who says : " Italy was so well stocked, that in less than twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain, beyond the Ocean." The poet Lydgate, who wrote in or about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the streets of Lon- don, much as they are at the present day ; and in a curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to them : Straberys rype and Cherreys in the ryse." From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced into this country, early after its first settlement. " Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71, A. D. ;" and from this dae up to the present time, the varieties have been gradually increasing, until we have now described, in various works, upwards of one hundred and fifty. The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or- namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward pecuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connecti- cut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt- land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. London, in his Ar- boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger- many; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of, and described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan, to the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says Mr. London : " These avenues in Germany are planted by the de- sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the trav- eler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which it grows." In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren- der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals i. e., the robbing of orchards ; and possibly a law like that enacted in the ter- ritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that, 1*3 case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the of- fence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in pre venting depredations on his neighbor's property. PROrjLOATION. 199 Propagation. The Cherry is propagated from seed- -by budding by grafting and occasionally, by pieces of roots. By Seed. The seed of the black Hazard is that generally used, and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish will occa- sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being no germ or seed bud within the stone. The seed should not be per- mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in boxes, of say four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drainage, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building, clear of di- rect sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and if possible fresh turf; and spaded or plowed in the Fall one foot deep. As soon as the frost is out in the Spring, rake down the ground level, mark out drills six inc.hes wide and one inch deep, sow seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mold. By Budding. This is done as described on page 20 ; but in the Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cincin- nati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted the past Spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this sec- tion line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Occa- sionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes happens that a second growth is made about that time. By Grafting. This should be performed in all sections south of Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where both stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is best where the stock is not over half to three fourths inch diameter ; and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree; it is better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work has been put off a little too late. By Roots. The root of the Hazard Cherry, cut into pieces of about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about one inch under ground early in Spring, will often throw up strong *hoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next 200 THE CHEERY. best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable tc sucker than if from seed. Transplanting. When from the seed bed to the nursery row, if should be done in the Fall on dry soils, and early in Spring on soiis not perfectly dry in Winter. They should be set in rows four feet apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well a? the tap root, cut back to six inches. These, if the season is good will be suitable for budding the same Summer. Orchard trees, and also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ends with a sharp knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of eight feet each way. Standard Trees. Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa- tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and throughout the West and South not more than two feet. Dwarf Trees. Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is best formed; and also, by means of pruning (see page 28), they should be made to form heads branching immediately from the ground. Soil and Situation. The soil best suited to most Cherries is that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the Hazard or Sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where water stands most of the Winter. To this want of drainage, in great measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most <>f the prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States ; and not until we manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Dukes, Morellos, and Maltaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and therefore less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigorously for any length of time unless drainage is effected. To this point in the culture of the Cherry we beg especially to call attention of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them, that whatever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they will Jind drainage, or the want thereof rather, to be the primary cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry probably does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suitable soil, but where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we found water to have stood a long time about the roots. Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States is rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to the CULTIVATION, ETC. 201 Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact that most trees have their roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground-work to suc- cess will be performed. Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom, rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and also render the tree more liable to second growth in the Fall, and thus unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout Winter. Northern exposures are recommended, but an eastern one we regard best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is, also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when planted on ground, sloping south, west, or north. When planting on either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to the south- west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position. Cultivatio?i. In nursery rows, the earth in Spring should be first turned away from the trees ; in about ten days it should again be stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing season. In October it slaould be turned up toward the trees. Th* plants budded last season should be cut back to within six inches of the bud as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the stocks, and in June the stock should be cut with a slope downward close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of culture toward keeping the ground clean, after August; it induces second growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in Winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots. Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs little pruning except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another. This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth : and close to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow too rapidly, dig around a tree, of say four inches in diameter, a circular trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet deep, cutting off with a sharp spade every root and fibre outside that spacel And for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often the top of the tree 9* THE CHERRY. will also require pruning, so as to give it a round head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench. TJ v e Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the Heajt varieties, but all are impatient of the knife; yet if to be done, let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming. D varfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by the 4; pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor on die Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require not only to have their tops pruned, but also to be root-pruned annually. If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut from a Sweet Cherry tree. We have examined the results of many cases where large branches were lopped in Spring for the purpose of chang- ing the tree to a different variety by grafting ; the result has almost invariably been death after two summers. When necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting composition or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrapped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the, winter and spring months with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ; for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months, although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August. The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts at once in Summer. Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio, are more or less destructive to the Cherry, but as they are described in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases, ac- cording to writers,' are, in the West, numerous ; but as they all centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term the pri- mary cause of this disease, and if added to what we have said under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect to check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree en- tirely free of the disease we are not prepared to say ; but if to it be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nursery on ground well drained and not over stimulated by barn-yard ma- nures, we believe a change for the better will be the result. Uses. The wood of the Wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabinet makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the tender- fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome. The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much esteemed for culinary use, while the Mazard and Wild Virginian Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German Ktrsckwusser is made by distilling the liquor of the common black Mazard (in which the stones are ground and broken and fermented with the pulp); and the delicious Ratifia cordial of Grenoble is also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor of Italy, is distilled from a small Mazard, with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and CLASSIFICATION. 203 .kernels of the fruit are mixed. The gum of the Cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties." As a substitute for raisins, the following method of preparing the Sour Cherries deserves especial attention. It is given us by Charles Carpenter, Esq., of Kelley's Island, Ohio, by whom it has been suc- cessfully practised : 4 * Take the ripe cherries and pit them. Put a quantity in a por- celain kettle and let them just scald, which will separate a part of their juice from the pulp. Skim out the cherries on platters to dry. Put more cherries in the hot juice and scald until all are scalded. Partially dry them (one or two good days is sufficient) , and put them in jars, scattering a little sugar among them say a quarter of a pound of sugar to a pound of the dried fruit. Thus prepared, they will keep for years, if protected from the moths. For all purposes of cooking they are as good, and by many preferred to raisins. " To the juice which is separated from them by the scalding, add a small quantity of sugar, and boil down a little, and it is better than boiled eider for all purposes for which boiled cider is used." Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the Cherry is best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but if intended for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem attached, and when dry. Classification. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties of the Cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those heretofore made have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lindley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions : one embracing varieties the fruit of which is round, acid, or sub-acid ; the other sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees, makes four divisions or classes, viz. : Heart-shaped, Biggarreaus, Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have adopted these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing Dukes and Morellos we shall continue, as they are not inapplicable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau, being de- nved from Bigarree. originally meaning and intended to convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not meaning (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists) ftrm-jfleshed, we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again : there are vari- eties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and partially tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the old classi- fication were pursued) to come under the head of Heart-shaped. There are also varieties where the characters, both of tree a*id fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions Heart and Bigarreau are so closely commingled as to often perplex the amateur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall therefore desig- 204: THE CHERRY. nate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes heretofore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus being rapid growing, lofty, and spreading trees as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry, being up- right in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading head, with wood less strong and somewhat darker colored than the Sweet Cher- ries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully ripe, rich sub-acid The Morellos are less upright in growth than the Dukes. Branches, small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green ; fruit, acid. Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci- mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's hands. They represent the Cherry cut in half, and are intended to show the form of fruit in that way, and also exhibit the lines of tissue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in numerous specimens of the same variety. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. AMERICAN HEART. Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com- pressed, pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish, watery towards the pit, juicy, sweet, second flavor ; pit, medium \ stem, long, moderately slender. Early in June. Productive. ARCH DUKE. Griotte de Portugal, 1 Late Arch Bake, Portugal Duke, | Late Duke. An English variety, first described by Lindley. The May Duke, or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more vigorous grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape. Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed, dark shining red ; flesh, light red, slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Early in July Desirable South and West. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 205 BELLE DE CHOISY. Ambrfec de Choisy, I Cerise a Noyau Tendre, I Cerise de la Palembre, Cerise Doucette, | Ambree a Gros Fruit, | Schone Von Choiay. Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit thus far prov- ing hardy in nearly all locations. It bears regularly every year, but only moderate quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the table, but unsuited to market purpose. Fruit, round, or slightly depressed ] skin, thin, trans- lucent, showing the netted texture of flesh beneath ; of pale amber in the shade, mottled with red and yel- low where more exposed, and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright cornelian red ; flesh, amber yellow, slightly tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in irregular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy, sub- acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, a little pointed at apex ' } stalk, often shortj but varying. Last of June. BELLE OF ORLEANS. Belle de Orleans. From France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, valuable. Fruit, medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear pale red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, tender, juicy, and delicious. Early in June. This proves one of the very best early Sweet Cherries. BLACK HAWK. Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near Cleveland, in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846. The tree is of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much of the general character of Yellow Spanish ; flowers, above medium ; soil of origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit, its high flavor will always commend it ; while, as a market fruit, its size and productive habit of tree place it among the very best. Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, sides com- pressed, surface uneven ; color, dark purplish black, glossy flesh, dark purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich, sweet, fine flavor ; pit, medium size, uneven surface ; stalk, varying, inserted in a broad cavity. From 20th' June to 1st July. We regard this as the best Black Cherry known. 206 THE CHERRY. Bishop'* Large, Frazer's Black Heart, Ronald's Heart, Circassian, BLACK TARTARIAN. Superb Circassian, Black Russian, Ronald's Black Heart, Frazer's Black Tartarian, Tartarian, Black Circassian, Ronald's Large Black Heart, Double Heart This variety is supposed to have originated in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia, and thence introduced into England, about 1 794 or 1 796, whence it found its way to this country, and in 1810 was cultivated in Middletown. Ct.. as Bishop's Large, and 181 3 as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of peculiar, upright growth, unlike any other variety, or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its vigorous habit, erect form, large foliage, and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps the most popular variety in cultivation. The tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin it out than other varieties ; other- wise, as the trees grow old, they become too thick, and the fruit attains only medium size. Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, irregular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black, slight suture half round; flesh, liver color, juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from pit. mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; pit. below medium size ; stalk, sunk in a regular cavity. Last of June. BLACK EAGLE. English ; raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong grower, unproductive while young. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes, obtuse heart shape, deep purple, almost black : flesh, reddish purple, half tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Early in July. BRANT. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly loam. The tree is vigorous, with large foliage, and spread- ing, or rather round regular form j flowers, large, and open irregularly, so that often a portion may be injured by late frosts, and others escape. Fruit, large, rounded, angular heart shape, sides slightly compressed; color, reddish black ; flesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines whitish, partially indis- tinct, half tender, juicy, sweet, and rich ; pit, nearly smooth, slight depressions, round oval ; stem, medium, set in a cavity slightly angular. Early say middle of June. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 207 BELLE MAGNIFIQUE. Belle et Magniflque. First introduced into this country from France, by Gen. Dearborn. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healhy, and vigorous. It is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of June. As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very desirable. Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed, heart shape ; color, clear rich red on pale yellow : when fully exposed to the sun, mostly red ; fash, yellow- ish, tender, sub-acid when fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the pit; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity, or basin, and varying from li to If inch in length. Middle June to August. CAROLINE. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles Belle de Choisy ; in growth, healthy, hardy, vigor- ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable as a dessert Cherry. Fruit, above medium, round oblong, one side com- pressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the sun becomes rich red fash, slightly tinged with pale red, or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy, sweet, and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval. Last of June. War Cherry, Crown, Cerise de Portugal, CARNATION. Cerise Nouvelle d'Ansleterre, Grosse Cerise Kouge Pale, Grottier Eouee Pale, Griotte de Villennes. A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit, above medium, yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red, slightly marbled : fash, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than most of this class: stem, stout. Middle to last of July, but will hang a long time. Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse bearer; Valuable Southwest on the prairies. 208 THE CHERRY. CLEVELAND. Cleveland Bigarreau. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, on a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty, with stout shoots, and of a rounded, spreading habit; large leaves ; flowers, above medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far. it has proved healthy wherever grown. Fruit j large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one side, near the stern ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground, and occasionally blotched with carmine red \flesh, pale yellowish white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines indistinct, juicy, rich fine flavor j pit, medium size ; stem, rather stout, medium length. About one, week before Elton, or say 23rd to 25th June. Very productive. COE'S TRANSPARENT. Raised by Curtis Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, sosiewhat spread- ing, vigorous, healthy habit. Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regu- lar rounded form, often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale light amber yellow, with a bright, clear red. indistinctly mottled on two- thirds the surface ; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; pit, above medium ] stem, rather short, a moderate depression. Middle to 25th June. EARLY PURPLE GUIGNE. German May Duke, | Early Purple Griotte. The origin of this valuable variety we have been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators received it from England, where it was figured and de- scribed by Mr. Thompson, in the London Hort. Society's Transactions. Western cultivators re- ceived it through a party of emigrants from Ger- many, under the name of German May Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a straggling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit, but of healthy, hardy character, only moderately productive while young, but as they grow older become more pro- lific. Its earliness and delicious character, must always render it popular where known. Fruit, medium to large, roundish heart-shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex : color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh, dark purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; pit, medium j size, roundish oval ; stem, long, slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow, basin. June. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. DOCTOR. The Doctor. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The tree is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, spreading, rounded in form, bearing even to excess of fruit, so much so. that unless well cultivated, the fruit becomes small. Original soil, gravelly loam. Fruit j medium, roundish heart shape, with a suture extending all round ; co/or, light yellow and red, the latter most prevailing ; flesh, white, tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, with a delicious flavor j pit, small ; stem, rather slender, in a round, regular basin. It ripens early in June, and will hang until July. Bigarreau Coulcur de chair, Flesh Colored Bigarreau, Gros Bigarreaa Couleur du chair Gros Bigarreau Blanc, Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc, ELTON. Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously,, Bigarreau de Rocmont, Coeur de Pigeon, Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont, Guigne Gros Blanche, of some. Bigarreau Common, Belle Audigeoise. Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior quali- ties have made it a great traveller, and although often introduced to notice, under a new name, it is always worthy place. The trees grow vigorously, with a spreading, rather drooping habit ; leaves, with purplish foot stalks. First introduced to this country in 1823. Fruit, large, long heart shape, pointed ; color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled and streaked with bright glossy red ; flesh, yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half tender, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in a rather deep basin ; very productive. Last of June. 210 THE CHERRT. DOWNER'S LATE. Downer, | Downer's Late Bed. Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. The tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant bearer. Should be in all collec- tions. Fruit, medium size, round heart shape, slightly compressed on one side ; color, a bright, lively red, mottled with amber in the shade ; flesh, amber color, stained slightly with red near the pit. radiating lines slight; tender, sweet, and delicious when fully ripe. It is often gathered before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter ; pit, above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem, medium, inserted in a narrow slight depression. From fourth to twelfth July. This variety .suffers less than most varieties from warm wet weather. DELICATE. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a grav- elly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It is pro- ductive, and as a dessert cherry, its delicate, trans- lucent character, rich, juicy, sweet, high flavor, will always render it a favorite. When the Sweet Cherry can be grown it is far preferable to the Belle de Choisy. Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish flattened, with a slight suture one side ; color, rich amber yellow, overspread and mottled with light carmine red, while the flesh is so translucent that, held to the light, the tissue is distinctly, traced, and red appears as though mingled throughout, when, on cutting it, the flesh is a whitish yellow, with distinct radiating lines ; tender, juicy, sweet, deli- cious, high flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval, with a broad ridge stem, medium, set in a deep, round depression. About first July. The best of all for the amateur. FLORENCE. Knevett's Late Bigarreau. From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spreading, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows old. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, flattened at base-, pale amber, mottled or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm. rich, sweet, fine flavor ; fit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad basin. Middle July. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 211 Kentish, Virginian May, Common Red, EARLY RICHMOND. Sussex, 1 Montmorency a league queue, Pie Cherry, I Commune, Kentish Bed, | Muscat de Prague. An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country, under the name we have adopted. It is probably the true Kentish ; but under that name it becomes so often confounded with the common Sour Pie-Cherry, of our country, that we have preferred to continue it here, under the name it is best known in this country. The tree belongs to the Morello class ; grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish spreading head; very productive, ripening its fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until July. It is indispensa- ble to every garden ] and for market, coming as it does so early, is very profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla remaining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with which the stone adheres thereto. Fruit, of medium size, borne in pairs, round, bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the tree a long time : flesh, of a reddish cast, juicy, very tender sprightly, rich acid flavor : stem, usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in deep, round, basin Twenty-sixth May to first of July. GOVERNOR WOOD. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of Ohio. The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower, forming a rounded, regular head ; very productive while young ; flowers large. Fruit, of the largest size, roundish heart shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or marbled with a beautiful carmine flush ; grown fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear, rich red : suture, half round, followed on opposite side by a dark line ; flesh, light, pale yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu- minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine, rich, high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, considerably ribbed ; stem, varying in length and size. Middle of June. In even small collections, this variety should al- ways have a place. GREAT BIGARREAU. Large Prool ? Foreign. Its direct origin in obscurity ; first introduced to notice by that eminent writer, A. J. Downing, when editing the Horticulturist, in 1851. Trees, extremely vigorous, with large and long foliage, and producing 212 THE CHERRY. abundantly. When first preparing this work, we made it a synonym of " Large heart-shaped ;" we are now satisfied it is a distinct and a very de- sirable variety. Fruit, very large, oblong heart shape ; beautiful deep red, becoming; nearly black at maturity ; stem, rather short, and set in a deep cavity ', flesh, similar to Black Tartarian. Early July. Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish, Fellow's Seedling, West's White Heart, Hollandische Grosse, GRAFFION. White Bigarreau ? Amber or Imperial, Turkey Bigarreau? Bigarreau Tardif Prinzesin Kirsche, Bigarreau lloyal, Italian Heart, Bigarreau Gros? Groote Princess, Cerise Ambree. The Graffion, or Yellow Spanish, as it is generally known throughout the States, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The tree is of strong, spreading, healthy habit, and productive. Fruit, large regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and mostly overspread in the sun with bright red; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, small, round, ovate ; stem, stout, in an open basin. Early July. JOC-O-SOT. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at Cleveland, in 1844. Tree, thrifty, half spreading, or round- headed, and productive. Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart-shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep indentation at apex ; sides, compressed ; suture, broad, half round, followed with a dark line, and often a knob-like projection: surface, uneven: color, rich, glossy, dark liver-color, almost black ; flesh, with indistinct radiating lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a rich, sweet flavor ; pit, below medium size, regu- lar smooth : stem, long, and of medium size. Near the last of June. HILDESHEIM. I Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Blanc Tardiff dfe Hildesheim, doH Hildesheim Bigarreau, Tardif de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim, | Bigarreau Noir Tardit From Germany. Tree, upright, strong grower, unproductive while young Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and splashed MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 213 with red ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow, broad ; suture, broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex; flesh, pale yellow, firm, sweet; pit, medium, surface marbled with red. Last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before peaches, and when there are few fruits in market. KIRTLAND'S MARY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, described and named by ourself, in compliment to the daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong, healthy grower, upright, rounded in form, shoots strong, not rampant ; flowers, large and open, very proli- fic. The fruit is one of the most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-fleshed, but, withal possessing delicacy and high flavor, that renders it one of the most desirable varieties, either for dessert or market purposes. Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, very regu- lar ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply marbled and mottled on a yellow ground, grown fully in the sun is mostly a rich, dark glossy red ; flesh, with distinct irregular radiating lines, light yel- low, quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored ; pit, medium, regular, rounded, with dis- tinct prominent lines or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it ; stem, moderately stout, varying in length. Last of June and first of July. KIRTLAND'S MAMMOTH. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, from a pit of the Yel- low Spanish, grown on a tree remote from other varieties. Its name is given from the extreme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth greater than any other variety. The tree is of strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves and large flowers. It is. however, only moderately produc- tive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam. Fruit, of the very largest size, often three and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over- spread, and marbled with rich red; flesh, with distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed, almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very fine high flavor: pit, roundish oval, regular, surface indented : stem, generally short, moderately stout. Last of June. KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered 214 THE CHERKY. situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class 3U size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. Fruit) medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suturc } half round, with a knobby projection opposite: purplish red, becoming nearly black : flesh) parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medium; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Last of June. LARGE HEART-SHAPED. Black Bigarreau of Savoy, Bigarreau gros Couret, Bigarreau de Lyon, Guigne Noire luisante, erroneously, New Large Black Bigarreau, Bigarreau gros Monstreux, Gros Couret, Large Heart-Shaped Bigarre&u, Ward's Bigarreau. This variety, originally from France, we ha* e received from different sources, and fruited under most of the synonyms given. The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with large foliage. Its productive habit, fin? flesh, and large size of fruit, render it very desirable as a market variety ; while its want of delicacy and flavor unfit it for grounds of those whc, bright rod, with a dark maroon-colored stripe half round ; flesh, whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. Early July. D 8 PA. A Morello; medium size, dark red, acid. DWARF DOUBLE FiowERrNa. Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles. A variety of the Kentish, or Sour cherry, with semi-double flowers; a pretty ornamental shrub tree. FLEMISH. Montmorency, I Kentish, I Oros Gobet Cerise a Courte Queue, | Montmorency a Gros Fruit, | Fruit, large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid ; stem, stout, short ; fruit borne in pairs. Last of July. GRIDLET. Apple Cherry, | Maccarty. American. Fruit, small, roundish; color, almost black; flesh, firm, purplish, moderately Juicy. Early July. HONEY. Large Honey, I Cream, J Meresier a Fruit Blanc. Late Honey, | Yellow Honey, | Little better than a Mazard; small, roundish oval, yellow and red; flesh, tender, sweet ; pit large. Middle July. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar, and probably identical with HYDE'S RED HEART. Hyde's Seedling. Fruit, medium, heart shape, red on yellow ; flesh, whitish, sweet, mazardy. Early July. HYDE'S LATE BLACK. Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black ; flooh, half tender, juicy, gwet 230 THE CHERRY. KENTISH. Late Kentish, I Common Red, I Kentish Bed. Pie Cherry, | Common Sour Cherry, 1 This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found everywhere that man has Cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that, wherever planted, it has grown, and by suckers, increased " seventy fold." It is hardy, and fruits abundantly; and many think it indispensable, but not after having grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit, medium size, round, lively red ; tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July. KNIGHT'S LATE BLACK. Medium to large, roundish heart shape ; flesh, half tender, sweet, dry. Middle July. LADY SOUTHAMPTON'S YELLOW. Lady Southampton's Duke, I Lady Southampton's Golden Drop, Yellow CT Golden, | Spanish or Yellow. Frnit, small, heart shape, fellow ; flesh, firm, dry. Middle July. LARGE DOUBLE FLOWERING. A beautiful ornamental tree, with large, showy, doble white flowers, like little roses, with- out fruit, and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation, on account of fruit. As an orna- mental tree, it is beautiful when in flower. GEAX. Fruit, medium, roundish elongatad, dr.ik purplish black ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, harsh* July. MANSINW'J LAT BLACK. Miiuuiug'o Lat* Blaok Uoart. Fruit, medium size, heart &hape, dark purplish black ; flesh, purple, half tender, sweet ; pit, large. Early July. MANNING'S EAKLY BLACK. Fruit, medium, heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, tender, sweet, good. Middle June. Ox HEABT. Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, | Very Large Heart Fruit, above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black ; flesh, red, half tender, sweet Early July. OSTHEIM. Ostheimer WeichseL A Morello. Fruit, below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July. PRINCE'S DUKE. Like carnation, but poor bearer. PINK HEART. A small Mazard, of pinkish red, oral ; stem, short July. RED BIGARKEAU. Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, | Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. Fruit, very large, oblong heart shape, irregular ; color, yellow or red. becoming dark red. in sun ; flesh, yellowish, stained with red, firm, sweet Early July. Poor bearer. REMINGTON. Remington White Heart, | Remington Heart Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, dry, bitter sweet Middle of August RUMSEY'S LATE MOKKLLO. This variety matures its fruit late ; but we have been unable to find qualities in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and the tree a miserable grower* Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, Juicy, add. August ..... SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 231 SWEET MONTMOBKNCT. Allen's Sweet Montmorency. Fruit, medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled; flesh, yellowish, tender, weet. Middle to last July. TOBACCO-LEAVED. Four to the Pound. Fruit, small, round, red; firm, dry flesh; large pit. TRANSPARENT GUIGNB. Transparent Gean, | Transparent. Fruit, small, oral heart shape, yellowish white, shaded with red ; flesh, translucent, tender, tnelting sweet, a little bitter. Early July. VIRGINIAN WILD CHEBBY. This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for flavoring liquors, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well known to need description, being the Cerasus serotina of Torrey and Grey ; while the Choke cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virginiana. There are two varieties of C. serotina in the West th*t produce fruit three to four weeks. VIBGINIA MAT DUKE. A. variety of Mazard. WHITE TABTABIAN. Fraser's White Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent, j Amber a Petit Fruit. Fruit, small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color ; flesh, whitish yellow, half tender, weet. WEEPING, OB ALL SAINTS. Ever Flowering Cherry, I Cerise Tardive, Cerisier Pleurant, | Cerise de St. Martin. Fruit, of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes it very desirably WABBEN'S TBANSPABENT. Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet, Middle July. (Cole.) WILKINSON. Fruit, medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July. WELLINGTON. Fruit, medium size, obtuse heart shape, blacfc ; almost firm fleshed. Early July. THE CUEEANT. JRibes rubrum, Lin. Grossularia of Botanists. THE Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro- ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit-shrub planted by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits, ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of the Kentish cherry. The Cherry currant, a variety of comparative new introduction, by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex- pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from seed, and improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of the life-time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticulturists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties. Propagation. Where the intention is to produce new and improved varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed. When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early in following Spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and on approach of Winter have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mold scattered among the plants. The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in similar manner, and at the same time as directed under head of Goose- berries. Transplanting. This is best done in October, or early in Spring ; but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur. The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each way. Soil and Situation. The Currant will grow in almost any soil, producing fruit abundantly ; but it is only when grown in rich, deep 232 CULTUKE, ETC. 233 soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac- ters. We have grown the Cherry currant in a poor, gravelly soil. and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same; the first being only of medium size and indifferent character, while in the second they were large, as described, and possessing the sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July to September. Culture. The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard manure every Fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and during the fruit season the ground should be kept clean of weeds. Pruning. This should be pursued much as is described under head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyramidal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in diameter. The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa- liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations, producing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well supplied with food. Insects. The Currant Borer (^Eyeria tipuliformis) attacks the Currant, but is seldom met with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the plant. This insect is produced from a blue-black moth, appearing about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower buds ; these hatch, and the young borer en- ters the stem to the pith, which it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and burn all branches affected. The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Currant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the New York State Agricultural Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D. Uses. Familiar to every one are the uses of the Currant ; green, it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in Winter, by gather- ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red ; have 234 THE CURRANT. them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and pack in sand in a cool cellar. Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes. Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit, numerous recipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals. The fruit of the Black currant, made into a jelly, is regarded by many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, etc. ; made into jam or dried, it is valuable for puddings, etc. Varieties. Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of cul- tivation. The Ribes rubrum, or Common Red currant, is distinct in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black currant. The Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul- tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with prefix ** large-fruited " any more deserving attention of fruit-growers. The Ribes sanguineum, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a pretty, ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds. The Ribes floridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce new varieties. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. BLACK NAPLES. Black Grape, | Ogden's Black Grape. The largest fruited and most productive of the Black currant. Hardy in ail sections of the States. CHERRY. From Italy. In rich, deep, strong soils, and high culture, it is an abun- dant bearer of large, very acid fruit. In poor, thin, light soils, it. is not desirable. KNIGHT'S SWEET RED. Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply colored and slightly less acid ; resembling more the White Dutch in quality. PRINCE ALBERT. New. Plants, vigorous, large foliage, productive, ripens late, therefore valuable. Fruit, large, resembling Victoria. RED DUTCH. Long Bunched Red Dutch, I Large Red Dutch, I Morgan's Bed. New Bed Dutch, | Bed Grape, incorrectly, \ Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in the fruit being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp. One of tho best for general cultivation. D.NTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 235 VICTORIA. May's Victoria, | Goliath, Houghton Castle. Bunches very long. Fruit, red, somewhat larger than Red Dutch, and slightly more acid ; ripens later, and hangs a long time. Plants, vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its very large, long bunches make it the most desir- able of all currants for market culture. New White Dutch, White Crystal, WHITE DUTCH. White Leghorn, Keeve's White, Large White, White Clinton. Morgan's White, Differing from the Red Dutch, in being of a yellowish white, and less acid, therefore preferred for table use. WHITE GRAPE. River's White Grape. Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches more f preading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable la small gardens. Productive. CLASS II. Embraces varieties, of which many ore new and untested, and others suited only to large Orchards, or certain localities. AMERICAN BLACK. Unproductive. ATTRACTOR. New, from France. Fruit, very large, white ; vigorous and productive. BLACK ENGLISH. Common Black. Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive. COMMON RED COMMON WHITE. Well known old sorts, not requisite to describe. CHAMPAGNE. Pale red, or flesh color, very acid. FERTILLE D : ANGERS. France, new. Bunches, long, large ; fruit, red, said to be valuable. GONDOUIN RED. From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be further , but not largely planted. There is also a white variety. GONDOUIN WHITE. Fruit, large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any other sort branches, rather long, strong growth, productive. THE CURRANT. KNIGHT'S EARLY RED. Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it. KNIGHT'S LARGE RED. Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch. LA CAUCASSE. A new variety ; vigorous, upright shoots ; bunches, very long, often seven inches, with berries two inches in circumference, sprightly, mild acid, pro- mises valuable. LA VERSAILLAISE. New French currant, very large, with long bunches ; next in size to Cherry currant, deep red, very productive. LA HATIVE. A new early Red currant from France, not yet fruited here. Said to be excellent. MISSOURI. Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson. Valuable only as ornamental ; fruit, large, bluish black ; flavor, requiring a peculiar taste to admire it. MISSOURI LARGE FRUITED. Missouri Eatable. Similar to the foregoing. PALNAU. Fertile Currant of Palnau. From Tours, in France. It is considered of great excellence, flowering early, and producing abundance of fruit, less acid than others of the reds. RED GRAPE. Fruit, large ; bunches long, clear red, more- acid than Red Dutch ; pro- ductive. Not upright in growth. RED PROVENS. Similar to, if not identical with, Red Dutch. SHORT BUNCHED RED. Very similar to Red Dutch, except bunches shorter, and fruit not as large. STRIPED FRUITED. Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white and red. TRANSPARENT. Blanc Transparent A new French currant. Fruit, very larje, yellowish white, similar to White Dutch ; very productive. THE GOOSEBERRY. 237 WHITE PEARL. A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as haying bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of pearl ; raised near Brussels. WHITE ANTWERP. Fruit, large, sweet; productive. .. THE GOOSEBERRY. Ribes Grossularia Grossulacece of Botanists. THE Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle portions of our country, but with few exceptions its fruit is prickly and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun- dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all been in- troduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost certainty of success of importations made in the Autumn. The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en- thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens, has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been custom- ary to issue annually a GOOSEBERRY BOOK, in which all new vari- eties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ; yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds. Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in Sections bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western prairies suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec- tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew, to the destruction of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the attention of some one to make experiments, by raising from seed of our best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of which, it might safely be expected, would be plants vigorous and comparatively free from disease as our natives. 238 THE GOOSEBERRY. Propagation. Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an inch d ep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in Septem- ber, or as soon as the season's growth is completed and the wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpendicularly in a soil two feet deep, composed of loam arid sand, and exposed only to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep, fill up two inches, and tread very firm and compact, the remaining four inches fill in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow-flowering or Missouri currant, has been practiced, and is said to prevent mildew. Transplanting. This is best done in early October, at which time the bushes transplanted (if it has not been previously done) should be pruned back to within three buds of this year's growth. The dis- tance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three feet each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or new-mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones. Soil and Situation. The soil should be two feet deep, well en- riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy, haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and away from under shade of trees ; but where it can be done, shaded from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge. Culture. Where mulching is practiced, the ground dug up once early in Spring and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and soot from chimneys or stove-pipes, will be all required, save the pull- ing of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course of Summer. Pruning. This, in training the Gooseberry, like the Dwarf Pear, consists much in the " pinching-in" process, i. e., by means of thumb and finger, stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for success of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and pull- ing most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early September, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in or rubbed off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free circulation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators prune in Febru- ary ; we prefer the Fall. The following simple process of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good success : In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's growth cut back one third ; the second bush has every branch cut back to two, close* to the VARIETIES. 230 stem; the third, trimmed same as first; fourth, same as second, nnd so on alternately. The next year this course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This supplies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the plant in only fruiting every other year, has a tendency to prevent mildew. Mildew. This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, attach- ing itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appearance of scurf. It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmosphere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the plant. The remedies are : mulching the ground three or four inches deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in Spring, and after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap-suds, or such as come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive. Uses. In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies, tarts, &c., and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill- ing the Dottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, corking and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks downward. Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice which, after fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re- sembling champagne. The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and coming immediately after cherries, when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market. VARIETIES. Varieties. As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them vary- ing only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf. We have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well tested in this country. BRIGHT VENUS. (Taylor's.) Branches erect ; fruit, whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy ; ttavor " best ;" hangs a long time. BUNKER HILL. (Capper's.) Branches spreading ; *'~>iit. yellow, large, roundish, smooth ; flavor very good. 24-0 THE GOOSEBERRY. CHAMPAGNE. Branches erect ; fruit red, small, roundish oblong, hairy ; very good ; . Iremely productive. CROWN BOB. (Melling's.) Branches spreading ; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy ; flavor, " best.' DUCKWING. (BuerdsilPs.) Branches erect ; fruit, yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very good ; ripens late, EARLY SULPHUR. Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy ; flavor, "best; 5 ' ripens very early. GREEN WALNUT. Branches spreading ; fruit, green, medium size, obovate, smooth ; flavor, " best." GREEN GAGE. (Pitmaston's.) Branches erect ; fruit, green, small, obovate, smooth; flavor. " best ;" hang* late. HEART OF OAK. (Massey's.) Branches drooping; fruit, green, very large, oblong, smooth j flavor, "best." HOUGHTON'S SEEDLING. Bran<>hes erect, spreading, slender ; fruit, pale red, oval, medium size, flavor, " good ;" productive. This is claimed an American seedling, and thus far has proved entirely free from mildew. Especially fine for cooking. IRONMONGER. Branches spreading , fruit, red, small, roundish, hairy ; flavor, very good ; productive. JOLLY ANGLER. (Collier's.) Branches erect ; fruit, green, large, oblong; flavor ''best." KEEN'S SEEDLING. Branches drooping ; fruit, red, medium, oblong, hairy ; flavor, " best f early and productive. LAUREL. (Parkinson's.) Branches erect ; fruit, green, large, obovate ; flavor, " best." PALE RED. Branches erect, slender ; fruit, pale red, medium, oval, flavor very good; rery productive. We received this variety from England, in 1847, and Have fruited it yearly since. We have grown it in good and poor soil, TAEJETIES. 241 with and without cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for productiveness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two hundred fruit. RED WARRINGTON. Branches drooping; fruit, red, large, roundish oblong, hairy : flavor, " best." ROARING LION. Branches drooping; fruit, red, large, oblong, smooth; flavor, "best;" hangs late. SHEBA QUEEN. (Crompton ; s.) Branches erect ; fruit, white, large, obovate, downy ; flavor, " best." WHITESMITH. (Woodward's.) * Branches erect; fruit, white, large, roundish oblong, downy; flavoi > " best.'' WHITE HONEY. Branches erect ; fruit, white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth ; flavor, 11 THE AMERICAN GRAPE. Vitis labrusca, L. Vitacece of Botanists. THROUGHOUT nearly every portion of the United States the Grape, in its wild state, is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the vitis labrusca, being our common Fox grape, and from which we are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental seed- lings ; while the Frost grape (vitis cordifolia), may, perchance, have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign grape, they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine-producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign varieties, and are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temperance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on streams of waters ; yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba grape which we saw last year grow- ing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and had produced that year over 200 Ibs. of fruit. The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abounding in lime, while the wash- water, soap-suds, &c., &c., of the house bad its escape near the roots. We may also remark that upon this island we have seen grapes, more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine- yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the bouquet and aroma so much esteemed by connoisseurs. Vineyards. The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of France, have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the latter country naving been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons, annually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required. " The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his- tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus, however, discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it as a beverage, until his edict was abolished. The general culture was then encouraged, and increased to such excess that it became necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one time 242 vi.\:..YA;:i>3. 243 women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever, under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among relations of kiss- ing women when they met, was to ascertain by their breath if they had been drinking wine. " Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterses. " The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of a deity for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix. " It is said by Pliny that Bacchus was the first who ever wore a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed- ding, changed the water into wine. " At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the mountains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape. Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine, are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly esteemed for their prolific bearing, and regular crops. " The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac, and other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine ; and among the blessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat, barley, and vine." Although we have record of wine being made from a native grape in Florida, as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New Har- mony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c , about 1812, the originals of which are now mostly destroyed. Jefferson recorded his opinion, that " no nation is drunken where wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substitutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the mines of denizens of the u Rhine of America," i. e., the borders of the Ohio river, above and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten thousand 244 THE GKAPK. acres are occupied with vines, mostly of the Catawba grape, the pro- duce of which is made mostly into, what is there termed, " dry wine/' much resembling the better class wines of the Rhine. The culture of the vine and manufacture of wines, is only now in its infancy ; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the presAit amount. Large establishments for the manufacture are now existing at Cincinnati and St. Louis. At the latter place the manufacture of the " Still Catawba," into sparkling champagne, is conducted by the Missouri Wine Company, upon a large scale, and upon the most intelligent principles. Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyards in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating to health. Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says: "During an extensive practice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, I have frequently found it important to employ wine and other diffusive stimulants as medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce, in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign .compounds, that often find their way to the bedsides of the sick, under the names of ' Lisbon/ * Madeira,' &c., &c." Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of foreign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and at this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be planted to any considerable extent. Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio and Missouri rivers have thus far taken the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found through- out the entire West, where, by application of manures suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal success would be had. Georgia and North Carolina have lately produced large crops of the Catawba. The whole extent of Western prairies, rich in all the constituents if the grape vine (if we except potash, and, possibly, in sections, the phosphates), are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards, and at no greater outlay of expense for constituents toward success- ful culture, than the vineyards of the " Rhine of America," which have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food, in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied. North of latitude 42, however, it may be doubted whether saccha* rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ; but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on, would more than occupy the number of pages intended PROPAGATION. 245 for this entire book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to such instructions as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, premising that once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition will be found freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted to the subject. Propagation. By Seed. This course is only pursued where in- tended to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of pre- mium are circulated in the journals of the day for the production of a hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertil izing some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis labrusca, or vice versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success; the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size without ameliorating their character. By Cuttings. These are taken from the strongest vines of the last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, according as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where pos- sible, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred. These being made in the Fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away in bundles in a cool cellar until Spring ; when, as soon as the ground is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water, for four or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the form of a half circle, as represented by figure, which shows the cutting as it appears in about one month from plant- ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is covered nearly an inch : in clayey soils, or those retentive of moisture, the upper bud should be just even with the soil. The rows, in nursery, should be three feet apart, and the plants one foot distant each in the row. This is the best and most successful mode of growing the grape vine. The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and left light and loose at top. By Grafting. The best season to perform this operation is when the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abund ant, and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been kepi in a cool, yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it is best done, is at or near the ground ; and, after insertion, earth up a small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun, &c. If the operation be performed further up on the stalk, wrapping the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each other 246 THE GRAPE. perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines are almost always better than the patching up of old, neglected plants, which have never been " cared for " either in branch or root. Transplanting and distances. In taking up the vines at one year's growth from the cutting (which is best), care should be taken to mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo- sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep ; the hole broad ; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken rcot with a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only th two buds are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if making a vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the Catawba or Isabella, should be four by eight feet ; the Schuylkill and Herbemont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three and a half by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the former varieties may rise seven to eight feet. These ex- tents are for vineyard culture. Our native grapes, however, all do better. and produce most when permitted to make long growths upon high, extended trellises. Some vines trained in this way have pro- duced nearly thirty bushels in a season. Cost per acre of Vineyard. The estimated cost of trenching, fur- nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far from two hundred dollars ; and at the expiration of three years it may be estimated to yield, annually, about 200 gallons of wine, at a cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &c., of about seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon), as the net profit per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity, seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we. therefore, stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex- pectation. Position and Soil. R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained the vine, has the following on this point : " A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east- ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Sojne have recom- mended the north, on account of safety from late Spring frosts, but it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in co!d, wet seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject to the * rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a level one. " The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam, with a porous sub-soil, not retentive of moisture; if mixed with PRUNING AND TRAINING. 247 some gravel or small stones, so much the better. SV.ILC prefer a sandy soil with a gravelly sub-stratum, as in this the grapes are less subject to rot ; the juice, however, is not so rich lacking in saccha- rine matter and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on :he vines, if swelled prematurely in Autumn, are sometimes killed by the frosts of a severe Winter. " Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within one hundred feet of the vineyard." Preparing the Ground. " In Autumn, or early Winter, dig or trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the spade ; this is far better than ploughing ; turn the top soil under. " Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul- verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100 or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size. This will do for gentle declivities, but steep ones must be terraced or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill." Cultivation of the ground. The first two years the grounds should be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two-pronged instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the Spring, but the best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not be stirred ; this especially through the Western prairie country. Pruning and Training. Tact and judgment are necessary to per- form this portion of vineyard work, and none but general instructions can be given. Buchanan says : " In the Spring, cut the young vine down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for greater safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake, six or seven feet long, firmly to each plant ; locust or cedar is preferred, but oak or black \valunt, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or coated with coal- tar, will, it is said, last nearly as long. Keep the young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick off all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow. " The second Spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes, or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off laterals, tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant where failures have occurred. The third year the vines will produce 248 THE GBAPE. a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take off TO"" advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as soon as the fall of the leaf in Autumn, but any time when the fro Lcnoir. and a native others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy character and resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, hcwever, seems rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. Only moderately vigorous. Wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, red or brownish. Bunches, large, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, round : skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, sweet, excel lent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine like Spanish Manzanella. HUDSON. Originated in the gardens of Mr. Calkins. Hudson, N. Y. Growth similai to Isabella, and said to be two or three weeks earlier. Bunch and berry much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so rich. IMITATION HAMBURG. Union Village, | Shaker Grape. A native variety. Fruit, large, dark purple, or as large, skin as thiri, pulp as soft and juicy, but of inferior aroma and flavor, to the Black Ham- burg. Origin, supposed among the Shakers, at Fnion Village, Ohio. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 261 LENOIR. Sumpter ? | Clarence ? Subject, in clay soils, to mildew and rot. Bunches, large, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berries, small, black, sweet, agreeable. Earlier than Herbemont, and by many considered superior. LOGAN. A new variety of a dark or black grape ; hardy, and said very fine. We have not seen it. LOUISA. Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. Vine, hardy, vigorous growth. Bunch, medium, rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry, round, oval, blackish, with blue bloom ; resembles Isabella, and said to ripen a few days earlier. MARION. A seedling raised at Bethlehem, Pa., many years since, but not until recently much noticed. It is said to resemble (we have never seen it) the Isabella in many respects, but is more uniform in ripening, and of a more delicate character. Vines, healthy ; wood, firm, short jointed ; good bearer. Bunches, large, regular, seldom shouldered ; berries, above or medium, inclining to oval, dark purplish black, with blue bloom ; juice, abundant ; pulp, thin; promising to be one of the most valuable. MISSOURI. Missouri Seedling. Said to be a native of Missouri ; it is of slow growth, short jointed, and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it a wine is made resembling Maderia. Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed. Bunches, below medium, loose ; berries, small, round ; skin, thin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." NORTON'S VIRGINIA. Norton's Seedling. A native seedling produced by a cross between the Bland and Miller's Burgundy, by Dr. N. Norton, of Richmond, Virginia. It is a most produc- tive grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops (especially at the South, where many kinds rot), in all seasons. It has been confounded by some with Ohio grape, from which it is quite distinct, more pulpy, and less agreeable for the dessert, though a much better wine grape. Bunches, long, sometimes eight or nine inches, occasionally shouldered, somewhat compact ; berries, small, round ; skin, thin, dark purple ] flesh, pulpy, with a brisk, rather rough flavor. Shoots strong and hardy. NORTHERN MUSCADINE. Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon, Columbia County, N. Y. Bunches small, short, compact ; berry, large, round, chocolate or brownish red ; skin, thick, with a pungency and odor common to the wild fox grape, and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The berries fall from the bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks before Isabella. (Dowii- ing.) 262. THE GBAPE. OHIO. Longworth's Ohio, | Segar Box. The original of the vines now known under this name were some cut* tings left in a segar box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq., Cincin- nati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever planted should have long range on a trellis. Only valued for table use. Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly black, blue bloom : flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the amateur. PAULINE. The finest Southern native grape. Bunches, large, shouldered, compact j berries, medium, brownish crimson, very sweet ; skin, thin ; no pulp. (Berkman's Cat.) RAABE. Eaabe's No. 3. Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Catawba aroma ] quality, " best." (Ad. Int. Kept.) REBECCA. Originated in the garden of E. M. Peake, Hudson, N. Y. The vines are hardy, and it promises to be one of the most valuable ; leaves deeply lobed, coarsely and sharply serrated ; upper surface light green, under surface with thin whitish down. Bunches, medium size, very compact, not shoul- kered : berries, medium, obovate, greenish white, becoming pale arnber at maturity, and covered with a thin white bloom ; flesh, melting, juicy, free from pulp, musky aroma ; seeds, small, two to four in each berry. SCUPPERNONG. Fox Grape, of the, South, \ American Muscadine, of the South, Bull or Bullet, " | Eoanoke, * A distinct Southern species, vitus vulpina, too tender for the North, highly esteemed throughout the entire Southern States, where it is much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from Virginia to Florida. Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glossy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The White and Black varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White being light green, and the Black, dark red. with tendrils of vine corresponding with color of fruit. Bunches, small, loose; berries, round, large; skin, thich; flesh, pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent. Schuylkill Muscadel, Alexander, Spring Mill Constantly SCHUYLKILL. Maderia, of York, Pa., Muscadine, Cape Grape, Clifton's Constantly Tasker's Grape, Winne. From the banks of the Schuykill. Pa. Its value is only as wine grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it extensively distri- buted North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves are much moro UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 263 downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the bunches being not shoul- dered, while the Isabella is always shouldered. Berries, often large, roundish oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, firm pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh. Minor's Seedling, Shurtleffs Seedling, Northern Muscadine, Charter Oak, Mammoth, and some others are cultivated in localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain in circumscribed limits ; not having yet been seen, when cultivated away from their first friends, inclines us to say they are simply varieties of the Fox Grape. Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Sherman, Chillicothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub- varieties, and not equal to the original Isabella. Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling. Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane, are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equaling it. The " Mammoth Catawba '' is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses the original only in size. TAFT. Originated with W. P. Taft, Cleveland, 0. Bunches, medium, short, compact, variety shouldered ; berries, above medium, globular compressed, light green in shade, marblings of chocolate red in sun ; flesh, slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet, a little musky ; skin, tough, thick, with somewhat of the pungency belonging to the common Fox Grape ; vines very hardy ; fruit ripens two weeks before Isabella. TO-KALON. Raised by Dr. Spofford, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. This fine grape has been but little disseminated in consequence of the general supposition that it was very much like, if not identical with, the Catawba, from which it is entirely distinct in wood, foliage, and every characteristic of the fruit. It is a vigorous grower, foliage very large, abundant, and much less rough than Catawba or Isabella, and the alae of the leaves overlap each other different from any other with which we are acquainted. Bunches large and shouldered ; berries varying in form from oval to oblate, very dark in color and profusely covered with bloom. Its fruit, when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, and luscious, without foxiness in its aroma, or any toughness or acidity in its pulp. It is perfectly hardy, and with good treatment in deep, rich, pervious soil, it is an early and abun- dant bearer with indifferent treatment it is a poor bearer. It ripens a little earlier than Isabella. (Downing.) YORK MADEIRA. From York Co.. Pa. Excellent when fully ripe ; extremely productive, hardy: canes, rather slender, short jointed ; resembles Miller's Burgundy in size of berry, shape, and compactness of bunch. Excellent when fully ?ipe } of a peculiar flavor. (Downing.) THE FOREIGN GRAPE. Vitis vinifera, L. Vitacece of Botanists. From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and plenty. " The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fer- tility of the vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its intro- duction and entire history up to this date, would occupy more room than the limits of our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ; that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the commencement of the Christian era ; that the varieties native of Britain and America, are quite distinct ; that those native of Britain are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so far as tried north of 34 of latitude, has not been satisfactory, few or no varieties withstanding the extremes of our climate, with- out protection. Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of ^oreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to wine. The experiment failed, as have those of Longworth, and others since. Of the longevity of the vine, records are made, giving it existence from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and stems six feet around, or sufficient to afford the cutting out of planks fifteen inches broad. Propagation. The same practices as noted under head of American Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in propa- gating esteemed varieties of the foreign grapes is by eyes, as represented in ad- joining figure. This is done by select- ing a strong bud and cutting it off from the remainder of the branch, at about two inches above and below, and plant- ing it in a pot covered about half an inch deep with light loamy soil, then plung- ing the pot in a hot-bed. By this means every bud on a shoot can be formed into a plant. Out-door Culture, In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities, &c., such varieties as the Black Prince, Trammer, and Royal Mus- 264 VINE BORDERS. 265 cadine, may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup- ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.* Cold-Houses. By this term is meant an inclosed structure of wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These structures, as made at the East, and by a few wealthy men at the West, and represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen- sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the West. But expensive structures are not necessary; many a man at the West has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four-inch scant- ling against the building, nailing boards to it, and filling in between with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging shutters. Now, the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the slopr from back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for swinging shutters of say two feet square ; these opened, will give ventilation, in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of width of house ; stiles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper stile or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty two inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six-inch glass. When the location of such houses is not in a very cold climate, or where the thermometer rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose ; but, perhaps in the end, not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to purchase " Allen's Treatise on the Grape." Vine Borders. Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as well as forcing-houses, more has been written arid published than one person could read at the rate of ten hours a day, in one entire iiionth. Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while * Geo. Hoadley, Esq., says, that in 1820 to 1830 there was growing in the garden where he then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from David Deforest, aa vv bite Sweet-Water, which never mildewed. This garden was sixty or seventy rods from the harbor (or salt water). The prevalent winds were from the harbor, in Summer, and in \turm9 the shrubbery not unfrequeutly covered with spray. " 12 '' 266 THE GRAPE. others prefer inside. If sandy ground, no care will be required to form a drainage ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three feet deep, form a drain in centre at bottom, leading away from the house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods, and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quan- tities, or perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one-tent), in quantity each of gypsum (plaster of Paris), and ground bones, nr one-sixth of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border. Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street scrapings, leather parings, old rags, bones, &<:., are all used and all good, but the above named materials, wrth liberal water- ing with soap-suds, and occasional sprinkling with sulphur (which will be necessary at times to check mildew) will give good growth of vine and fruit. Planting and Training. The vines, being obtained from the nur- sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or bot- tom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; now plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall, so as to be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best for cold houses, and is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the Fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on each side of the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, the sidrj shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each bud puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and the one at the base is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom one is pinched out. The fruit-bearing spur is stopped three or four joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also stopped, when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now trained as shown in the following figure. "a is the bearing shoot, and b the one not to be fruited till next year ; at next pruning (or what is still better, two or three weeks previous), a is cut clean out to the base of 5, and, when the leaves fall, b is cut back to three eyes, as a was last season, and so on from yjar to year." Every Fall, at approach of cold weather, take down the vines, lay them on the border, inside, and cover with tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same depth with barn-yard manure. Routine of Culture. The following brief instructions, from A J. THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 267' Downing, contain all that is essential for a epld-house : " In a vinery without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com- mence swelling their buds in the Spring, they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning ; and every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus- pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm, than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery of this kind. Insects. The aphis or " vine-fretter" is destroyed by fumigating, t. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely afterward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at evening, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur. VARIETIES. Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and confuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign grapes not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on which to recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy of general cultivation by the American Pomological Society. BLACK HAMBURGH. Warner's Black Hamburgh, Red Hamburgh, Dutch Hamburgh, Valentine's, Purple Hamburgh, Brown Hamburgh, Salisbury Violet, Gibraltar, Frankendale. Hampton Court Vine, This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In sheltered locations, out of doors in cities south as far as Cincinnati, it does well with protection in Winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, large, shouldered on both sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclining to oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black when fully ripe ; of sugary rich flavor. Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar. Fruit, larger, bloom very thick ; flesh, firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Hamburgh. A vine of this variety at Hampton Court oally oTr one ton wight of fruit Palace, planted in 1769, la stated to produce an* 268 THE GRAPE. Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value. Bunches, not aa large ; berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a synonym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly-improved sub- variety. Allcant, Black Valentia, Boston, BLACK PRINCE. Steward's Black Prince, Black Spanish, Black Portugal, Sir A. Pytche's Black, Cambridge Botanic Garden, Black Lisbon. Pocock's Damascus, This often succeeds well with Winter protection out doors, whi> in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully ripe. \ pro- fuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered; berries, large, ihr.!'v set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue bloom ; flavor, svveet ; excellent; "very good." Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin. Muscat Notr, Muscat Noir Ordinaire, Black Frontignac, BLACK FRONTIGNAN. Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees, Sir Wm. Rowley's Black, Purple Frontignan, Purple Constant!*, Muscat Moir de Jur*. This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A good bearer. Bunches, long ; berries, medium size, round, black ; skin, thin ; flavor, musky rich. BLACK CLUSTER. Black Morillon, True Burgundy, Small Black Clu uster, Early Black, Pineau, Black Burgundy, Black Orleans. This variety is hardy, and succeeds out doors. It is valued in France for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the West, which is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this country. Bunches, small com-, pact ; berries, medium size, roundish oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by absence of down on the leaf. EARLY BLACK JULY. July Grape, t Burgunder, | De St. Jean, Madeleine Noir, Madeleine, August Traube, Morillon Hatif, | Raisin Precoce, | Jacob's Straube. The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, is its chief merit. Foliage, small light green ; bunches, small, compact : berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and of indifferent flavor ; " good." GRIZZLY FRONTIGNAN. Grizzly Frontignac, I Red Constantia, Muscat Rouge, Muscat Gris, se ; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient in flavor. August. BELLE CHEVREUSE. Foreisrn. Glandf, renlform; fruit, medium, oval, greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, white, red at stone. Free-stone. September. BELZAR'S EARLY RARERIPE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, round, red in sun ; flesh, streaked with red. August. CHILIAN. American. Glands, ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, deficient in flavor. Free-stone. September. CANARY. American. Fruit, medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, to which il adheres closely. September. CABLE'S MEDIUM MELOCOTON. American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. Sep- tember. 306 THE PEACH. CABLE'S EARLY. Cable's Early Melocoton. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. September CONGRESS. Congress Cling. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish with red, juicy ; poor bearer. September. CHANCELLOR. Chanceliere, I Noisette, I Edgar's Late Melting. Late Chancellor, | Stewart's Late Galande, | Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson cheek ; flesh, red next stone. Free-stone. September. CAKEY'S MAMMOTH CLING. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white. September. CHARLOTTE. Old Eoyal Charlotte Grimwood's Koyal Charlotte, New Eoyal Charlotte, Kevv's Early Purple. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ; flesh, white red at stone. September. CATHERINE CLING. l, one side enlarged, yellowish green., Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval, one sid d In sun ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. September. red In sun DOWN EASTER. Hall's Down Easter. American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red check, geod, hardy, productive. 20th September. (Cole.) EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. Cut-leaved, 1 New Cut-leaved, Serrated, | Unique. American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek; flesh, firm, yellowish white. Free-stone. August. EARLY ROBINSON CRUSOE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with pad in sun. September. GEST'S SUPERB. Gest's Large Free-stone. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish whlto and red ; flesh, flrm^ sub-acid. September. GOLDEN BALL. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow, with which it ripens. Early September. There is a Golden Ball cultivated at the South ; but whether it is this variety, or distinct, we do not know. ISPAHAN. Pecher d'Ispahan. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, round, whitish green ; flesh, greenish white, a little sub- acid. September. LATE YELLOW A LBERGB. October Yellow, | Algiers Yellow, | Algiers "Winter. Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow when ripe; flesh, firm, yellow, dry October. SUPERSEDED BY BLTTER SORTS 807 LA FAYETTE CLINGSTONE. American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yelk w, poor. September. LA FAYETTE. American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, stained with red. September. . MELTING. Large Melting. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish, with red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone , poor bearer. Free-stone. September. MAGISTRATE. Majestrate. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek ; flesh, juicy, not high flavor. Free-stone. September. * MONSTROUS FREE-STONE. American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. PHFLEIGER. American. Fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Free-stone. September. RED NUTMEG. Brown Nutmeg, I Avant Rouge, Early Ked Nutmeg, | Red Avant Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August. Early Royal George, New Royal George, Millet's Mignonne, ROTAL GEORGE. Lockyers Mignonne, Griffin's Mignonne, Superb, buperb, Red Magdalin< Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, red dots, and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone. Last of August ROSANNA. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow, and purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. September. SWALSH. Double Swalsh, | Swalze. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September. SWEET WATEB. Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg. There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson. SCOTT'S EARLY RED. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ; flesh, whitish, juicy. Free-stone. August SMITH'S NEWINGTON. Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington. Foreign. Glandless; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with purplish red in sun; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone, ding-stone." August. SMOCK CLINGSTONE. American. Large, oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid. September. 308 THE PEACH. SPRING GROVE. Foreign. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yc'low, red cheek: greenish yellow. Free-stone. September. SULHAMSTEAD. Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September. SLOCUM'S EARLY. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow. August. SIEBOLT. American. Glands; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white. Free-stone. September. TICK. Tice's Red and Yellow. American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September. VANDEEMARK. American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. A cling-stone. September. WHITE NUTMEG. Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, | White Avant Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh,' white to the stone. Early August. WHITE BLOSSOM. White Blossomed Incomparable, | Willow Peach. American. Glands, reniform; fruit, above medium, oval, white; flesh, white to stone. Free-stone. September. WEEPING. Eeid's Weeping. American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not deserve to be cbM64 In fruits. YATE'S EARLY. American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior. YELLOW ADMIRABLE. Orange, I Apricot Peach, Abricotee, | Admirable Jaune. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red in sun ; flesk yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Free-stone. September. ZoAn BEAUTY. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where exposed to aa flesh, tinged with red. Free-stone. September. THE PEAR. Pyrus communis, L. Rosacece of Botanists. NATIVE of Europe and Asia, the Pear has long been cultivated, but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con* siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, except they were cooked. Of Van MODS, Knight, and others, and their ex- ertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before written, and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best imported va- rieties ; while, in this country, we are not the less indebted to such men as H. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, J. P. Kirt- land, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States. Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the Pear, as well as of the Apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests, few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one re- move from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impression that " he who plants Pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute the neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable number of Pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with practice and results, and information become freely disseminated through our agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plantations increased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly planted in the States not less than one million of trees. In almost every State there appear certain localities where the Pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor, and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be eelected from many : Danvers, in Mass. ; Hartford, and East New Haven County, in Conn. ; Vincennes, in la. ; Detroit, in Mich. ; and North-western or Central New- York. And, indeed, we may find it difficult to name a place where, with the appropriate care in culture we have pointed out, the Pear may not be grown healthy and pro- ductive. Propagation By Seed. The propagation of the Pear by seed is the same as that of the Apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots of the Pear the first year are generally confined to the one '* tap- root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary chat the soil be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow, trenched with the spade, is the best for the growing of pear seedlings 309 310 THE PEAK. The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the Pear as in the Apple, arid usually performed at same season. The remarks we made relative to root-grafting on pieces of roots are also equally applicable to the Pear as the Apple. Some practice the grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of the Pear from the graft; this is easily done, but we see no advantage; and our experience with trees, .roots so formed, has not been favor- able ; we have found the roots thrown from the Pear small and in- sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the circu- lation of sap-vessels. Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over foreign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sustained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within a a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for- eign varieties. Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling pear stocks, usually two years old and about three-eighths to half an inch diameter at crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince, apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for growing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seed- lings are not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain-ash are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where the quince roots do not appear as well suited. While a very large number of varieties will take, and grow for a year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now very extensive on the quince root, we can not but fear that in eight- tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remaining two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots. There are, however, some sorts of the fruit that seem improved by be- ing worked on quince, as Duchesse d' Angouleme, Easter Buerre, etc., arid this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore > while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that without careful and high culture the grower will meet disappointment. About one hundred years may be taken as the natural duration of the Pear on pear roots, when grown in soil supplied with the elements TRANSPLANTING, ETC. 811 necessary to sustain it ; and about thirty or forty years the natural duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where trees exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in one half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has been so great for some years past that, too often, little regard has been paid to the stock ; and we have now in our grouuds rows of bearing trees on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, from which although receiving the same care and attention, there may be selected those that ere many years must of necessity decay, as the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as before remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The success of the Pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old country has been con- fined to but few varieties, and these kept under a steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will never repay the first cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected of varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of culture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result, if we except a few va- rieties of foreign origin, when grown on the pear, and annually root- pruned ; added to which, if one half the trees were taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine permanent orchard, to be managed as our apple orchards. In small gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers (and correctly so, if the right varieties are selected), success will not be had without an ap- preciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is capable of ripening and con- tinue in health ; the tendency being rather to over-production and exhaustion. Transplanting, Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. The roots of the Pear have few laterals except grown on shallow, rich soil, and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly destroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention, except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends of each root, as often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking care that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the quince. Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown, and shaped as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are 312 THE PEAK. be=,t at one year from the bud; for, as a general thing, the nursery, -nan has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com- pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed positions The distance apart of Pear on pear roots for large orcharding, should be from twenty five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much planted intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the prac- tice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary method of plowing, planting potatoes, etc. Soil and Manures. The pear roots thrive best in a soil where the subsoil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and p'orous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, extend- ing deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of extreme drought. Cold clay is a bad subsoil, and where it exists in the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and thoroughly sub- soiled, and well drained. The Pear on quince roots succeeds best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring considerable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis of the ash of the Pear as made by Dr. Emmons : Sap-wood. Brk. Potash 22.25 6.20 Soda 1.84 Chlorine.... 0.31 1.70 Sulphuric Acid 0.50 1.80 Phosphate of Lime 27.22 6.50 Phosphate of peroxide of iron 0.31 Carbonic Acid 27.69 3<.29 Lime 12.64 30.36 Magnesia 3.00 9.40 Silex 0.30 0.40 Coal 0.17 0.65 Organic Matter 4.02 4.20 100.25 98.30 From this it will be seen what is most wanted in the soil to pro- duce healthy foliage and wood in the Pear. As a general thing, soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone dust; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig in around the tree whale bones from the use of a family, or procured from & slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and applied to vegetablt mould from the woods, and this dug in around the tree, is also a cheap %nd ready way of supplying food requisite. Iron filings, etc., from PRUNING. 313 smith-shops is also good, and hence the impression of some, that through it the blight was cured or prevented. The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was exhausted in the soil. Pruning. In connection with what we have recorded under this head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable to the Pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq., England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in the world : " If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp- pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise these root-pruned trees on the quince stock are so full of them, that the tree receives a check if they 'are all allow- ed to expand. About ten or fifteen fruit may be permit- ted to ripen the first season ; the following season two or three dozen will be as many as the tree ought to be allow- ed to bring to perfection, in- creasing the number as the tree increases in vigor, al- ways remembering that a few full -sized and well -ripened pears are to be preferred to a greater number, inferior in size and quality. " Summer pinching in the youth of the tree is the only remedy, if it is not well fur- nished below ; and a severe remedy it is, for all the young shoots on the upper tiers, including the leader, must be pinched closely in May and June till the lower ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniformity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble ; it is better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this description may soon be made to assume the shape of the fore- going figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it oughr to be in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leader? 14 314 THE PEAR. are shortened, which is best done towards the end of August ; this shortening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots shortened in the same maneer ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with. The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched in June." Planting and after man- agement. As before men- tioned, the autumnal and early winter months are to be preferred for planting ; care should be taken in se- lecting trees that are fur- nished with buds and branches from bottom to top ; but if a young gar- dener intends to plant, and wishes to train up his trees so that they will become quite perfect in shape, he should select plants one year old from the bud or graft ; these will, of course, have good buds down tc the junction of the graft with the stock. The first Spring, a tree of this de- scription should be headed down so as leave the shoot about eighteen inces long ; if the soil is rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpendicular, this must be fastened to a stake. As soon in Summer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; the side shoots will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight stake, so that an open py- ramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the PLANTING, ETC. 315 end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds of the stem ; * this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and no pruning in Winter will be required. The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be pinched off to within three inches, all but the leading shoot of each side branch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top- ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most symmetrical trees may be formed. When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root- pruning to bring them into a fruitful state. I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the young cultivator. I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees, adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa- tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valuable auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of moderate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should recom- mend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered, during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with guano water (about two pounds to six gallons), which must be well stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be produced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine specimens to show for prizes. Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants (Jardin des Plantes), France, where all are on their own or pear roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul- turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded as the most perfect of specimens. " M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with * There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ; these mwt not to reckoned. 316 THE PEAR. - the knife all the hading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, that is, the terminal shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not only a new leading shoot, at the end of the branch, but side shoots, b, b, at various places on the lower part of the shoot. The side shoots are left to grow till the end of May. They have then pushed out to about four or five inches in length. The ends of all tiiese \' 4 side shoots are then pinched off, leaving only about ^Jd an inch and a half at the bottom of the shoot. " Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The dotted lines, by b, show the point to which these shoots should be pinched ofi. " The terminal or leading shoot, e, is left entire, in order to draw up the sap, which would other- Fig, i. wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently push out new shoots again, just below where they were pinched. This being the case, about the last of August M. Cappe shortens back these new side shoots to about an inch and a half. But this time he does not pinch them off. He breaks them, and leaves the broken end for several days attached and hanging down, so that the flow of sap is not .so suddenly checked as when the branch is pinched or cut off, and the danger of new shoots being forced out a third time is thereby effectually guarded against. "The object of this stopping the side branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more Fur - 2 - properly, the organizable matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly year after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in the same manner every Summer. " In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we have just said, are shortened back in March for then is the time to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run into, on either side ; and in the summer pinching the balance of growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while those that start near the bottom of the branch (or the centre of the tree) INSECTS AND DISEASES. 317 where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five inches long. " Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry and beauty of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree which is only a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ; for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and fullness of branches at the bottom." All this our readers will understand relates more especially to the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that pursued in the Apple ; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the branches becoming too thick. Insects and Diseases. The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight. Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of as much destruction, as reported. The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is found in the larvae state under the bark, on the bodies of both the Pear and Apple ; and what is often taken for sun-Blight, is the effect of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, on the South or Southwest side. Cutting it away carefully, and destroying the larvae in months of July to September, and washing the body first with lye-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy. The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both Cherry and Pear in June, July, and August. It is about half an inch long, of a dull, greenish brown, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, following up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have remarked on in previous pages, and refer thereto. Bark Lice, or Scale insects, are often found upon the Pear, as well as the Apple. See " Apple Insects," for remedies. " The Psylla, or jumping louse, is probably identical with the same species that infests the Pear tree in Europe. In some of its forms it 318 THE PEAK. is found on pear trees from May to October ; and probably two or more broods are produced every year. These little insects live by suction, and obtain their food by puncturing the bark of the young shoots, mostly in the vicinity of the buds. They defile the shoots with the fluid which they discharge in large quantities, and which soon forms a blackish crust on the bark. The best remedy that occurs to me is, a wash of strong soap-suds and sulphur, applied with a brush to the branches in the Spring, before the buds expand. A solution of whale-oil soap, thrown upon the trees, will kill the insects, but will have to be repeated at intervals through the Summer." Selection of varieties known to be permanently successful on the Quince. As we have before remarked, while there are a great many varieties that at first take, and grow well on the quince stock, there are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there- fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in planting the grounds of our residence we looked to the testing of va- rieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of a sort. On a double border so planted, containing over two hundred sorts, we in three years discarded one half, and feel confident that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to continue permanently. As yet, few of our American native Pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all introduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots, we advise most planters so to procure them. u Cultivated on the pear stock, the trees in general grow vi- gorously in a light, deep, alluvial soil, provided always that the sub- soil is free from stagnant water. The form and quality of the fruits depend in a great measure on the conditions of the soil and subsoil,, careful cultivation, proper management of the trees, and vigor of the stocks." Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. " Gather pears of the summer sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat mealy if kept above a day or two ; even when gathered as they ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They should not, however, be gathered when they require much force to pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time of gathering, though they will keep longer than the Summer. Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on the trees as they may, so as to es- cape frost, which would make them flat in flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but not after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a Jiift, so as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the tree. Let them be quite dry when FORMS AND SIZES COMPARATIVE. 319 pulled, and in handling, avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way bruis- ing it ; as gathered, lay them quietly in shallow baskets." This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with their after maturing in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature, has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened, when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. Others, again, as is the case with most varieties maturing late, require simply to be put away in barrels in the cellar, like apples, and a few days before wanted for use, brought out and placed in a warm room. The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic juice, soft sub-liquid pulp, or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or fine crisp and "breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as when first written. The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, dry- ing, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider. Varieties and Nomenclature. The number of varieties now known is something over twelve hundred, but of these it is more than pro- bable over one thousand may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Throughout the West, the pear culture is only in its in- fancy, and we therefore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention, than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those most known in our own language, while we could wish (and probably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to trans- fer all names into the English language ; we have at this time thought best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size type. Forms and Size comparative. Our forms illustrative of the terms used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, pyriform is with the email end at the stem ; while in the apple it is at the calyx. 320 THE PEAK. Obovate. Globular ; obtuse pyriform. Globular : acute pyriform. FOBMS AND SIZES COMPARATIVE. 821 acute pTrffonn. Orate pyriform. Oblong pyrifonn. Obovatc obtuse pyriform. 322 PEAK* Oblong obovate pyriform. Oblong ovate pyrlfor m. Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Doyenne, or Virgalieu, as medium ; the Bartlett as large. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 323 CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. ANANAS D'Exs. Ananas, of some, \ Poire Ananas. \ Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. Tree, vigorous, light brown wood, with white oblong dots, early regular bearer, fruit always large and excellent. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular ; color, dull yellowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest at base or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, open, short divi- sions 5 basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules small; seeds, long ovate; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, perfumed 324 THE PEAK. Last August and early September. This variety varies much in form. Our figures are from specimens from same tree. BARTLETT. William's Bon Chretien, I Poire Guilliaume, William's, | Delavoult de Clement. An English variety, originated about 1770. Now extensively grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees are vigorous, and early productive of fair, handsome fruit, either on Pear or Quince root. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, surface somewhat uneven ; co/or, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet around the stem, and minute russet dots over whole ; stem, short, thick ; calyx, medium, partly open : basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous Middle August to middle September. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 825 BELLE LUCRATIVE. Fondante d'Automne, | Signeor d'Esperta. A Flemish variety. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive bearer, young shoots long, yellowish gray. Thus far, does well on the Quince. If picked, and fruit ripened in house, one of the very hest. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform; color, pale yellowish green, slightly russeted ; stem, stout, often fleshy } calyx, short, open ; basin, medium , core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Last September. BEURRE GIFFARD. Beurrfc Gifford. Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish, good bearer on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium pyriform, yellowish green to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved calyx, open j core, small ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good. Last of August. THE PEAK. Dncd'Aremberg, Colmar Deschamps, L'Orphelines, BEURRE D'AREMBERC. Soldat Labonreur, of tome, Deschamps, D'Aremberg Parfalt, Beurrfe des Orphelinea, OrpheliMd'Enghein. A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Glout Vorceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. The wood ia strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale gray specks ; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy, bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly ; the fruit hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from December to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward the stem, where it often terminates in a flesljy junction : color, dull pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces and patches of light cinnamon russet; stem, short, stout, uneven, set obliquely, without depression ; calyx, small, closed, segments short ; basin, rather deep ; core, medium } seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous December to February. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 327 DleL Diel's Butterbirte, Dorothce Royal, Grosse Dorotheo, BUERRE DlEL. Buerre Koyal, DesTrois Tours, De Melon, Melon deKops, Buerre Magniflque, Beurre Incomparable. Foreign. Grows and fruits well on Pear or Quince, but is best on Quince. Tree vigorous, the foliage large ; wood, olive brown, with grayish specks , very productive. Fruity large, obovate obtuse pyriform, surface rather uneven ; color, dull gr?cn. bright yellow when mature,' russet specks, and scattered russet and greenish brown patches; stem, stout, and slightly curved ; co.vity, narrow calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; cc-e, large ; seeds dark brown ; ftuA, yellowish white, rather coarse, especially near the core juicy, melting, perfumed. October to last November. THE PEAK. BEURRE MOIRE. Beurrfe Moire. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which, of course, does not mature ; promises well. Fruit, large, obovate oblong pyriform, pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ; stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression ; calyx, small, short, stiff segments ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; skin, thick, harsh ; flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly ; " very good." November and December. BRANDTWINE. American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyriform, running into the stem, which is fleshy, and rather obliquely set; color, dull yellowish green, reddish brown in sun, marked with russet dots and streaks, and much russeted about eye ; calyx, open, segments few ; basin, smooth, moderate depth ; MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 329 core, small, compact : seeds, few, dark brown ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous. Last of August, first of September. Succeeds on Quince. BEURRE Bosc, Calebasse Bosc, | Marianne Nouvelle, | Bosc'a Flaschenbirne. . ' A foreign variety, raised in 1807, by Van Mons. It is an early, annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish olive shoots strag gling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always fair and smooth. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly covered, 330 THE PEAR. dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender; calyx, medium, segments partially erect ; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven : core, small ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, or last of September. BEURRE D'ANJOU. Niell, I Poire Niell, I Colniac Bosc, Bcurrt Niell, | Ne Plus Meuris, of some catalogues, \ Fondante du Bois, erroneously. Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently intro- duced under a new name, and grown on Quince. It is found of the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on Pear or Quince, but largest on Quince. Fruit, large, long, oblong obovate pyriform, obtuse at stem ; color, pale yel- low, dull blush, and numerous small specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, seg- ments thick, reflexed ; basin, round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity core, small ; seeds, long pointed : flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. October and November. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 331 Doyennfc d'Hiver, Doyenne du Printemps, Bsrgamotte de la Pentecote, Beurrt} de la Pentecote, Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles, BEURRE EASTER. Beurre Koupe 1 , Du Patre, Beurre de Paques, Phillippe de Paques, Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros, Chauniontel tres groa, Canning, Seigneur d'Hiver, Pater Noster. Foreign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening, when it Is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on Quince. Fruit, large, globular obtuse pyriform j color, yellowish green, with rus- set spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep : calyx, generally small } basin, narrow, rather deep j core, medium : seeds, long, ovate acute pyri- form ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. January to May. BEURRE ST. NICHOLAS. St Nicholas, I Duchess of Orleans. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colcredwood, leaves THE PEAR. dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on Quince : one little tree ; two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beautiful specimens. Fruit, large, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open, short segments '.flesh, melting, juicy ; " very good." October. BEURRE COIT. A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, 0. We first ate of it in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we have seen it several times, and as we write this, September 25, 1853, have the fruit before us. It is worthy a place in all collections. The tree is hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading in form, dark brown shoots, and early good bearer on the pear root. Our drawing was made from a specimen pulled in August, and is below an average size. Fruit, above medium, obtuse pyriform, slightly angular ; color, rich brown russet, mostly overspread- ing a yellow ground, with a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, rather short ; cavity, shallow, with un- equal projections ; calyx, with segments nearly erect, surrounded by depressed crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small ; smfo.blackish ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet vin- ous. Last Sept. and Oct. BEURRE LANGELIER. A foreign pear, newly introduced j it has fruited but few times in this country, but may safely be placed as " best." Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating ob- tusely at, stem ; color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale yellow, with a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots : stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted, without depression ; calyx, medium ; lasin, shallow, plaited : core, medium; seeds, long, ovate pyriform '.flesh, yellow- ish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, sub-acid, slight perfume. Novem- ber to January. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 333 BLACK WORCESTER. Black Pear of Worcester, | Parkinson's Warden, | Iron Pear. A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking purposes ; shoots, dark olive, diverging ; tree, hardy vigorous. Fruit, large, obovate oblong; color, dull green, with numerous mar- blings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight depression ; calyx, rather small ; flesh, firm, coarse, austere. November to February. BLOODGOOD. American. From Flushing, L. I. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish brown, short-jointed wood ; a regular bearer. We think it requires a rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit, medium, or below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots ] calyx, open ; stem, fleshy at base core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting ; " very good." Early August. BON CHRETIEN FONDANTE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and much russet ; stem, medium, curved ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty; " very good." September, October. BUFFUM. American. Native of Rhode Island. It is very successful wherever grown, admirably adapted to stan- dard orcharding, an up- right, strong grower, red- dish brown shoots, always productive of fair, even- sized fruit ; not, however, of more than second-rate quality. Fruit , medium, oblong obovate ; color, brownish green, becoming yellow, bright red. suffused in sun ; brown dots and a little russet stem, half to inch long, slight depression ; alyx, with short recurved segments ; basin, round ; core, rather .small ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, buttery, sweet. Septem- ber. 334 THE PEAR. DELICES D'HARDENPOINT. Delices d'Ardenpont, | Deliced'Hardenpont of Angert. Foreign. Tree, hardy, moderate grower ; ahoots, upright, yellowish brown, good bearer ; deserves more attention. Fruity medium, roundish, pale yellow, with many gray dots and russet in sun ; stem, varying ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, round, slightly uneven ; core, me- dium ; seeds, broad, ovate \ flesh, whitish, buttery, melt- ing, juicy, almost " best." October. Dix. American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, young shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform ; skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem : stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, marked with a dark gritty circle, extending toward the stem ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little harsh, juicy, sweet. October and No- vember. DOYENNE D'ETE. Summer Virgalieu, I Duchess de Berry d'Ete of JBivort, J Summer Doyenne, Doyenne de Juliet. Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood, early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on Quince. Fruit rather small, roundish obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a bright mar- bled red cheek ; stem, rather long, fleshy at base ; inserted without depres- sion; calyx, small, closed: basin, shallow: core, medium; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Last of July. % DOYENNE BOUSSOUCK. Doyenne Bousaouck Nouvelle, Providence, Plymouth, Beurre de Mesode, Double Phillip I. Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country in 1841, by William Kenrick. Tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown, sprinkled with large round grayish specks ; a good and regular bearer j a little vari- able in quality. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 335 Fruit, large, globular, obtuse obovate pyriform ; color, yellow, with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ; seeds, small, almost black, abortive ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. October. DOYENNE GRIS D'HIVER NOUVEA.U. Doyennfe Marbre, Doyenn* d'Alencoa, St. Michael d'Hiver, Doyennfe d'Efc-er d'Alenon. Foreign. Proves valuable on the Quince Fruit, medium or above. obovate, obtuse pyriform, slightly angular, or one side longest : color, pale dull yel- low, with many small brown russet specks ; stem, short, stout calyx, me- dium ] basin, irre- gular, abrupt ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed \flesh, whit- ish, rather coarse- grained, melting, juicy, vinous, a little astringent un- less well ripened January to May. Doyennt d'Automne, Gray Dean's, Doyenne Gris, Eed Doyenne, St. Michel Dore, Doyenne Galeux. DOYENNE GRAY. Gr&y Butter Pear, Gray Doyennfc, Doyenne Rouge, Doyenne Roux, This has been confounded with u Boussouck,''" and with * 5 ' Surpas?e Vir- galieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on Pear or Quince, a hardy tree, with upright, grayish brown shoots. Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform : skin, covered with smooth cinnamon russet : stem, curved : cavity, rather deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin* shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting. Oct 336 THE PEAE. DEARBORN'S SEEDLING. Done's, I Wheeler's New St. Michael Raised by General H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury, Mass. ^ree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading; requires little pruning; productive on the pear root ; quality variable. Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a little to we stem; color, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, and surface dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick segments ; stem, long, slender, curved ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed ; jlesh^ yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. August. DOYENNE WHITE. White Dean Virgalieu, Butter Pear, St. Michael, Yirgaloo, Bergaloo, Yellow Butter, White Beurr, White Autumn BeurrS Kegnier, Dean's, Warwick Bergamotte, Snow Pear, Pine Pear, St. Michael, ' Doyenne, Doyenne Blanc, Beurrfe Blanc, Keigner, And twelve others of French and Dutch. An old variety, everywhere esteemed when well grown. Trees, hardy, productive either on Pear on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regularly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek : stem, medium, brownish ; cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, delicious. September tc November. The DOYENNE PANACHEE is a sub-variety, differing from this in its more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green and red striped. It if juicv not high flavored. October. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. FLEMISH BEAUTY. Belle de Flanders, Bosche Nouvelle, Bosch Fondante du Bois, erroneously, Bosc Sire, Imperatrice de France, Beaurre Speacc, O/WWA Poire Davy. J'oreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation than it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the Quince, and on the rich soils of Illinois, we have seen it far surpass even the most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree is vigorous, with upright, dark brown shoots. Fruit, large, oblong obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun, rich reddish brown stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, she*/, open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with oblong capsules ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, melt- ing, sugary. Last of September. Does not keep long. 338 THE PEAR. FULTON. American. Native of Maine. Tree, very hardy, yearly and abundant bearer, well suited for standard orcharding at the West; young shoots, slender, red- dish brown. Fruit, small, obovate ; color, at first gray russet, becoming dark cinnamon russet; calyx, open, seg- ments nearly erect; basin, round, regular ; stem, one to two inches long ; cavity, nar- row; core, encircled by a coarse line, but of itself .small, compact ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, half buttery, moderately juicy, sprightly. October, November. GOLDEN BEURRE or BILBOA. Hoopr's Bilboa. Foreign. From Spain. Tree, hardy, requires rich, strong, heavy soil, when it is an abundant bearer of fair, regular, medium-siz- ed fruit of second-rate quality. Fruit, medium, obovate ; color, rich yellow, with russet around the stem, and many russet dots and patches over the entire sur- face ; stem, slender ; cavity, slight ; calyx, small, most- ly open, short stiff seg- ments ; basin, shallow ; flesh, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sometimes a little acid and harsh. Septem- ber. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED.' 339 GLOUT MORCEAU. Goula Morceau, Gloux Morccau, Beurrfe d'Hardenpont, Hardenpont d'Hiver, Colmar d'Hiver, Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle, Linden d'Autonme, Hot de Wurtemberg, And five more of German. Beurre d'Aremberg, of ih& Frtnc\. This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they may. It is an unproductive variety while young, either on Pear or Quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or blue-green wood and its wavy leaves. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface rough ; 340 THE PEAR. color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole surface ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity, but flesh raised one side ; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ; basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scal- loped ; core, large ; seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. December to February. HOWELL. American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to notice. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint red blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; [ irregular ; flesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. JALOUSIE DE FONTENAY VENDEE. ; basin, Oc- tober. Foreign. We have never fruited a pear that has given us more satisfaction. On the Quince it is a fine grower, and inclined to over-bear. It must not be confounded with the " Jalousie," a third-rate varie- ty. Young shoots upright ; brownish yellow. Fruit, medium or above, ovate pyriform ; color, dull yel- low, with brownish red cheek, and patches and dots of russet, often the russet covering one half the surface; stem, vary- ing, often obliquely set on, with a fleshy ridge at side ', calyx, with segments, long, half open ; basin, shallow ; core, medium or small ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, white, but- tery, melting, juicy, sweet, aro- matic. Last September, early October. LAWRENCE. Native of Flushing, L. I. An abundant bearer on pear roots, exceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate growth ; wood, light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons says, " Succeeds very finely on Quince. 1 ' Fruit, above medium, long, obovate, obtuse at stem j color, pale red yel- MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED 341 low, marbled with dull* green, small dark specrcs, and russet at each end ; calyx] large, closed ; basin, open, furrowed ; stem, medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree ; cavity, round, deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. November to February. KIRTLAND. Seedling Seckel, Kirtland-s Seedling, Kirtland's Beurre. Grown from seeds of the Seckel pear, by H. T. Kirtland, of Mahoning Co., Ohio. Tree, vigor- ous, hardy, early and very productive bearer on the pear root ; shoots, yellow- ish brown, upright, stout ', succeeds well on Quince. Fruit, medium, of- ten above obovate, obtuse pyriform ; color, rich yellow, overspread with cinnamon russet ; stem, usually stout, medium length curved j calyx, short, reflexed, persistent ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. September. LONG GREEN, of Coxe. Verte Longue de la Mayenne ? Verte Longue, Mouth Water, New Autumn, Muscat Fleure, Mouille Bouche. This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark green specks ; stem, medium length, slender ; calyx, with long reflexed segments } basin, very shallow ; core, above medium; seeds, dark brown; flesh, yel- lowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. October. The Striped Long Green. Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily striped ap- pearance. 342 Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard variety, but re- quires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rapidly, causing the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, roundish ob- ovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with many russet specks ; stem, long, slender, shallow depression ; calyx, large ; segments, broad, in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy. November to February. ELIZABETH. (Manning's.) Elizabeth Yan Mons, | Van Mons No. 154. Foreign. Received under number, and named by the elder Manning : young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon yellow, red in sun. slight traces of russet : calyx, small, open ; core, large ; flesti, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy ; " very good.' 7 Last August. MOST GENBBALLY ESTEEMED. LODGE. Bordenave, | Smith's Bordenave. American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil, when it is one of the best; on cold clay it is hardly "very good." Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see our en- graving) j when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet, and patches of dull russet ; calyx, with short, half reflexed segments ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, melt- ing, " very good." September and October. MADELEINE. Citron des Cannes, | Magdalen. Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, strong grower, a little liable to frozen sap blight on the rich Western soils, until it has acquired the age of ten or more years ; very productive on pear or quince root. Fruit, below medium, obovate. oblong pyriform ; stem, long, slender, at base one side of fruit a little enlarged color, pale yellowish green, a lit tie brownish blush, and russet specks on those exposed most to sun ; calyx. 344 THE PEAK. with long, persistent, irregularly placed segments ; basin, obscure, slightly plaited ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Fifteenth to last July. The Striped .Madeleine Citron des Carmes Panachee, differs from the former in being striped with light yellow, flesh more sweet and less juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight. NOUVEAU PoiTEAU. New Pear. Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far success- ful on both pear and quince stock. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriforrn, contracted or one-sided at neck ; color, pale green, with many dark green dots, and a few russet stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium size, set on and not into the fruit ; calyx, medium, with broad segments half reflexed ; basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyhform : flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. November. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 345 LOUISE BONNE DE JERSEY. Louise Bonne d'Avranches, Beurre or Bonne Louise d'Araudore, William the Fourth. The " Good Louise of Jer- sey," from the Lsle of Jersey, proves one of the best pears grown on the quince stock in this country. Tree, hardy, very productive, snoots rigor- ous, upright. Fruit, large, (our drawings were made ere the fruit had swollen its full size, and are not more than half size,) ob- long pyriform: skin, glossy, smooth, green in shade, brown- ish red in sun, dotted with gray dots ; stem, about one inch long, moderately stout, a little curved, fleshy enlarge- ment at base; calyx, open, segments large, reflexed ; ba- sin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, long, ovate pointed; flesh, white, juicy, melting, delicious. October. PARADISE D'AUTOMNE. Calebasse BOM. Foreign. This is esteemed by many pomologists as superior even to the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface , color, dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ; calyx, rather large, open ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; stem, about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy, and often times wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, delicious. Sep- tember and October. 346 THE PEAK. Duchess De'BeTfe, 0/ vinous, nearly " best." September. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 359 ALPHA. Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yellowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery; "very good" October. ALTHORPE CRASSANE. Foreign, Quality, variable. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, rough, pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of brown ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse; "very good." October and November. AUGUSTS DE MARAISE. Seedlings of Van Mons, of Belgium. Fruit, large, pyriform ; skin, rough, dotted and patched with deep brown ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, buttery, sweet, juicy, delicious flavor. October. BANKERBINE. Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with small russet dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, open, broad segments ; core, large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October. < BARRY. Foreign. Fruit, medium size, sometimes, large, pyriform, irregularly shaped ; skin, rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish on the opposite ; calyx, small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk, obliquely inserted ; flesh, white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and perfumed. October. BELLE CRAINESE. Elize d'lleyst Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular obovate, pale greenish yellow with dirty green or brown specks; stem, slender; calyx, open; flesh, white, coarse-grained, juicy; "good." February to March. BELLE DE NOEL. Fondante de Noel, | Belle apres Noel Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ; calyx medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy ; " very good." December. BELLE DE THOUARS. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform angular, rich brown russet ; short stem : cavity, little plaited; calyx, half open; shallow basin, core, small; seeds,' ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " very good." October and November. BELLS EXCELLENT. Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey. Oblong pyriforro, yellow, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October. #60 THE PEAR. BELLE JULIE. Foreign. Tree, upright grower. Fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, medium, refiexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy ; " very good.' ; October and November. (Hov. Mag.) BELLE EPINE DUMAS. Epine Dumas, | Da Mas, | Due de Bordeaux. Foreign. Heretofore considered as a synonym of Vicar of Wirikfield Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull yellow, with red cheek in sun ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sugary; "very good." November, December. BERGAMOTTE HAMBOURG. Belgium. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, com- pressed at ends, greenish yellow, rough, dotted with brownish red in sun flesh, white, fine-grained, sugary, perfumed. September and October. BEURRE BEAULIEU. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots and blotches ; short, stout stem ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy. October. BEURRE BENOIST. Beurre Auguste Benoit, | Benoita. Foreign. Tree, not vigorous, but very productive. Fruit, medium, obo- vate ; skin, bright green, spotted and shaded with brown russet ; stalk, of moderate length, inserted in a cavity ; calyx, open, in a regular basin : flesh, white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and well perfumed. Ripe, end of September. BEURRE BROWN. Beurre Grls, Beurre Eouge, Beurre, Golden Beurre, Gray Beurre, Beurre Vert, Badham's, Beurre d'Or, Beurre Doree, Beurre d'Amboise, Beurre d'Ambleuse, Beurre du Koi, Poire d'Amboise, Isambert, Isambert le Bon. An old variety ; does finely in warm, rich soil, but a peculiar vinous taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel- lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September. BEURRE CHARRON. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow ; stem, long : calyx, small, closed; basin, deep; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery; "best." Octo- ber. (T. S. H. & Co.) BEURRE CRAPAUD. Beurre Cadet. Foreign. Vigorous and productive on Pear or Quince, fine for extreme northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate. deep yeiiow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved : calyx ; partially clewed; core, large; flesh, yellowish melting, sugary, juicy; "very good. 7 ' October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 361 BEURRE DE BEAUMONT. Jeri Vaet Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, brownish red in sun. covered with dark green or russety specks : stem, short; calyx, closed- flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet: "very good." Last September BEURRE DE RANZ. Beurre Kance, I Beurre de Flanders, I Buerre Noirchain. Beurre Epine, j Hardenpont du Printemps, | Foreign. Very variable, rarely "very good." Tree, a straggling, pen- dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; core, small; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April. BEURRE DE RHINE. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular; stem, stout; calyx, open, basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots ; flesh, white, rather coarse ; " good." Grows well on Quince. October and November. BEURRE FOUGIERE. A foreign pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. Frujt, of medium size, obo- vate ; skin, greenish yellow, with patches and points of light russet, and some dark green spots ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, a little gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, and good. October. (Robert Manning.) BEURRE KOSSUTH. Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ; stem, curved, inserted upon a little projection ; calyx, in divisions, dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at crown, greenish at stem ; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE LEON LE CLERC. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oval, approaching elongated pyriform , skin, yellowish green, thickly speckled with large russet dots ; stalk, long, curved, inserted in a cavity by a lip ; basin, abrupt, deep ; calyx, par- tially closed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, but not high flavored. October. BEURRE MOLLETT'S GUERNSEY. Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle. Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform. yellowish green, with dark brown russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melting, vinous ; " very good." December. BEURRE PREBLE. American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet and green spots; flesh, white, buttery; "very good." October and No- vember. BEURRE SUISSK Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red and yellow Only desirable as a curiosity. October. 16 362 THE PEAK. BEUTIRE WINTER. Raised by Thomas ilivers, England. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread* ing, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, obovate elongated pyriform ; skin, greenish, rough, spotted with russet ; stalk, stout, curved, inclined at its insertion ; calyx, firmly closed, set in a shallow irregular basin ; flesh, yellowish fine grained, melting, buttery, vinous or sub-acid. January, February. BEURRE BENNERT. foreign. A new, hardy, late, melting pear of small size from the collec- tion of Van Mons. Ripe February. (Riv. Cat.) BEURRE GENS. Tree, vigorous, very productive. Fruit, medium, irregularly obovate, inclining to conic, truncate ; skin, rough, greenish, slightly shaded on the sunny side and thickly covered with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, in- serted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, open, stiff, in a broad, rather deep, uneven basin ; flesh, sugary, perfumed, excellent. September. BEURRE D'ELBERG. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; skin, pale yellow, often with a blush, slightly speckled with russet ; stalk, medium, stout, curved, inserted in an irregular cavity : calyx, small, open, set in a very small basin; flesh, whitish, somewhat coarse, juicy, buttery, mel ting, sweet, and perfumed. November. BEURRE HAMECHER. Foreign. Fruit medium, elongated-oval, inclining to pyriform, angular, and irregular ; stalk, large, long, curved, inserted at an inclination by a lip ; calyx, small, and closed, set in a shallow, irregular basin ; flesh, melt- ing, sugary, and excellent. ' October, November. BEURRE DUHAUME. Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower, productive, young wood yellowish brown. Fruit, medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a suture along one side ; skin, rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots ; stalk, short, thick and fleshy, inserted by a lip at an inclination; calyx, open, segments stiff; basin, irregular; flesh, coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November to February. BEURRE MILLET OF ANGERS. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very productive, young wood yellowish brown. Fruit, medium, angular, somewhat conic ; skin, greenish, covered with russet, and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots ; stalk, medium stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity ; calyx, closed, set in & deep, irregular basin; flesh, greenish, somewhat buttery, exceedingly juicy, melting, with a brisk vinous flavor, sometimes astringent. November tf January. (Downing.) BEURRE D'AMALIS. Beurrfe (TAmanlis, | Beurre d'Amaulis. Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on Pear or Quince ; said to near well ; ur experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull UNTESTED VAEIETIE8, ETC. 363 yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches ; stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open j basin, shallow : flesh, yellowish, a little coarse, often austere : " very good." Early September. There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis, differing not materially, except in being striped red, yellow, and green. BEURRE BTMONT. Bymont. Above medium, obovate truncated, russety ; stem, rather long, curved, slight lip : calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, juicy, sweet, perfumed ; (l very good," perhaps " best." New ; foreign. October, December. BEURRE NANTAIS. Beurr6 de Nantes. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, crimson cheek, rus- set dots ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary ; " very good." September. BEURRE SUPERFINE. Foreign ; with some very fine, others unproductive. Fruit, large, pale green, traces, and patches of russet, dull brownish cheek ] flesh, juicy, melt- ing, slight aroma j "very good." Succeeds on Quince. Middle to last October. BEURRE VAN MARUM. Grosse Calebasse of Langlicr, I Triomph de Nord, Triompli de Hasselt, I Boutielle. Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow ; stem, long ; calyx, large; flesh, white, hardy j u good;" its bearing, its recommendation. October. BEURRE BACHELIER. Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow ; stem, stout j cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE MILLET. Madam Millet Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Tree, healthy grower. November to January. BEURRE BRETTONNEAU. Beurre Bretouneau. Foreign. Does not succeed on the Quince ; very fine on Pear ; very hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot- ted with russet ; flesh, melting, j uicy, sugary. February to April. (Rivers, in Hort.) BEURRE D J ALBERT. Poire d'Aloert, | Poire Prince Albert. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, dark wood, good bearer. Fruit, medium, pyra- midal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem, stout, curved, swollen at base ; calyx, partly open ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, melt'ng, juicy. October., 364 THE PEAK. BEURRE GRIS D'HIVER NOUVEAU. Beurre Oris d'Hiver, I Beurre Gris Superieure. Beurre de Lucon, | St. Michael d'Hiver. Foreign. Very similar to Brown Beurre, except in its time of ripening, Tree a poor, irregular grower, with dark reddish brown wood. Fruit, me- dium, obovate obtuse oblique, rough, dull, yellow, cinnamon russet, red- dish, bronzed in sun, and dotted with dark specks; stem, short, stout, obliquely inserted : calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous : core, large. December to February. BEURRE COMICE DE TOULON. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong obovate,, pale yellow, with red dots, highly colored in the sun ; flesh, white, melt- ing, juicy. November, December. BEURRE PHILLIPPE DELFOSSE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. December. BEURRE DE WETTEREN. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, thorny. Fruit, medium, turbinate, cinnamon russet ; flesh, fine, yellowish white, buttery, sugary, perfumed ; " very good." BEURRE JUDES. Longue de Monkowty, | Longue de Nakourto, Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, dull yellowish green, russet patches and dots ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; basin, furrowed : flesh, melting, but- tery, sweet j variabl e, core, medium ; seeds, sharp pointed. October. BEURRE DE KONINK. , Beurre de Konig, of Downing. Belgium. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellowish green, with russet and brown dots ; stem, medium length, stout, inserted in shallow cavity ; calyx, open basin, broad ; flesh, white, melting, vinous. October. ' BEURRE DE MONTGERON. Beurre de Montigeron, | New Frederick, of Wurtemberg. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, promises to succeed on Quince. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, deep yellow, suffused with bright vermilion in sun, a few pale gray specks j stem, long, swollen at base j calyx, large, open, in a broad, open basin ; segments, thick, broad core, small ; seeds, large, light colored ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, per- fumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE BENOITS. Beurre Anguste Benoite. Foreign. Wood, reddish brown. Fruit, large, roundish, depressed, irre- gular, dull green, bronzed with red, dotted with russet specks ; stem, short, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, short segments ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, vinous, sprightly, musky core, large, gritty ; seeds, obovate, brown. Oc- tober, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 365 BKUBRE DUHAUME. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, brownish russet ; flesh, melting, juicy J " good." November. BEURRE KENNES. Medium, oblate turbinate, angular or oblique, greenish, with thin rus- set and shade, dull crimson russet, and crimson dots ; stem, varies, fleshy ring at base : calyx, large, open ; flesh, whitish, buttery, juicy, sweet, per- *umed ; " good " or "very good." October. BEURRE NAVER. Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, turbinate ; stem, medium, inserted without depression ; calyx, closed ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, pleasant ; " very good." October. BEURRE SOULANGE ? Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tracings of russet ; stem, curved, fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, pleasant. Oc- tober, November. BEURRE SPENCE? Medium, globular, short pyriform, greenish, yellow at maturity, shaded crimson and russet, russet dots ; stem, fleshy at insertion ; calyx, closed ; basin, abrupt ; flesh, juicy, melting, vinous ; core, small. September. BEURRE RICHELIEU. Large, obovate oblong, obtuse pyriform, truncate irregular, greenish yel- low dots ; stem, stout, slight lip ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad, shallow, fur- rowed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; " good" to "very good." November. BEURRE Six. Foreign. Tree, vigorous on pear stock. Fruit, large, pyriform, light green, dotted with brown, and a deeper shade of green; flesh, white but tery, melting, sugary, perfumed. November. BEURRE DELFOSSE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. No- vember, December. BEURRE BERCKMANS. Medium, turbinate or short pyriform ; yellowish, rough russet ; stem, at right angles, large ; calyx, small, basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, highly perfumed ; core, small ; " very good." November. BUERRE LEON LE CLERC. Above medium, oval obovate elongated, yellowish green, with large rus- set dots ; stem, curved, large, inserted with a lip ; calyx, partly closed , basin, deep ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet ; " good." October. BEAU PRESENT D'ARTOIS. Foreign. Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, gray and green spotted j gtem, larges, short, calyx, short, broad; flesh, white, with green lines, tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.) 366 THE PEAB. BERQAMOTTE D'ESPERIW. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches o russet ; calyx, closed basin, furrowed ; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet "very good ;" very productive in clusters. December to February. BERQAMOTTE GAUDRY. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " good." November. BERGAMOTTE CADETTE. Beurrfe Beauchamps, | Beauchamps, I Bergamott* Buffo, Ognonet, | Poire de Cadet, | Bergamotte Crapaud. Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely little red in sun ; stem, long, stout ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. Wood, light olive brown ; productive on Pear or Quince. BEURRE AUDOBSON. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, large, open ; flesh, melting, tender, juicy ; " very good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) BEURRE CLAIROEAU. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong obo- vate pyriform ; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun : stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous ; " very good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most valuable, as a large-sized pear, and desirable as an orchard variety, on the pear root. Growing strong, and bearing very young : does not succeed on Quince. BEURRE ESPERIN. Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy ; " very good." October. BEURRE STERCKMAN. Beurre Hardy. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov- ered with russet ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sub-acid. October. DE MONTIGNY. Trouve de Montigny, I Doyennfe Masque, Louise Bosc, | Beurre Komain. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, rather stout ; calyx, small, open, reflexed : core, large ; flesh, white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary. October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 367 DE LA MOTTE. Bein Armudi, J Beurre Blanc de Jersey. Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit, medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ; stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved : calyx, small, open, reflexed seg- ments : core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, sugary, juicy, melting ; " very good." October. BEZI DE NAPLES. Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with blotches and stripes of darker hue. occasional russet patches and dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, small j basin, furrowed j flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, sweet j " very good." Last September. BEZI SANSPAREIL. Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long : cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; segments, long; core, medium ; seeds, purplish black ; flesh, yellow- ish white, melting, juicy, aromatic ; " very good," if not u best." February to March. BEZY D'ESPEREN. Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower ; good bearer. Fruit, large, elongated pyriform ; skin, dull yellow, sprinkled, and patched with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots ; stalk, rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or Up at an inclination, in a small, irregular cavity ; calyx, small, open, set in a very deep, acute basin, surrounded by russet ; flesh, juicy, with a sprightly, vinous flavor. October, November. BEZY GARNIER. Foreign. Fruit, pyriform, very beautiful ; flesh, white, breaking, very juicy, sugary. April. (Pap. Cat.) BEZY QUESSOY D'ETE. Foreign. Tree, of good vigor, and of exceeding fertility. Fruit, moder- ate size, roundish oval, of almost equal diameters ; skin, rough, thick, and altogether covered with gray russet, becoming russet fawn at maturity ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, half melting, very juicy, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. This pear is very beautiful, and of first quality, with the excep- tion of a little grit about the core. Ripe towards the middle of September. (An. Pom.) BEADNELL. BeadnelTs Seedling. Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer ; shoots long, bright chestnut color ; white dots ; fruit, middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little open ; skin, pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. Last September. BENOIST NOUVEAU. Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ; THE PEAK. stem, stout : cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, long, ovate pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful ripening. February to April. * BERGEN PEAR. A chance seedling, found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to Simon Bergen, of New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree vigorous, and early bearer, productive. Fruit, large, turbinate ; skin, very thin, smooth, clear yellow, with a beautiful red cheek on the sunny side ; stalk, rather long, slightly curved, inserted at an inclination, in a very small depression ; calyx, small ; basin, very shallow; flesh, white, fine grained, buttery, juicy, melting, with a sweet, excellent flavor ; core, small, with few seeds. Ripens last of September. (T. G. Bergen.) BELLE FONDANTE. Fruit, medium, pyramidal, turbinate ; skin, pale yellow, clouded with green, irregularly patched with russet, especially around the eye ; flesh, juicy, buttery, very fine grained and rich, with a perceptible astringency. October. (Rob. Manning.) BERGAMOTTE HEIMBURG. Foreign. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit, large, Bergamotte shaped ; skin, rough, green, changing to lemon yellow when ripe, dotted with brown, and tinged with red next the sun; flesh, white, very fine, somewhat buttery, juice abundant, sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in Oc- tober. (Gard. Chron.) BERGAMOTTE LESEBLE. Foreign. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, or Bergamotte shaped ; skin, yellow, with a sunny cheek, numerous small dots, and russeted patches : stalk, long, curved, inserted in a depression ; calyx, large, open, broad; basin, irregular; flesh, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet and perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) BERGAMOTTE DE MILLEPIEDS. Foreign. Fruit of medium size, roundish, resembling Belle de Brussels; skin, greenish, rather dark, dotted ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, first rate Ripens September. (Leroy's Cat.) BLEEKER'S MEADOW. Spice Butter, 1 Heidelberg, Large Seckel, [ Feaster. American. Tree, free grower, hardy and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish ; quality, " good." October, November. BONNE DE EZEE. Bon cPEzee, | Bonne des Hales. Foreign. Tree of short, stocky habit : wood, yellowish; fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem, rather short, uneven; calyx, partly closed; short segments; core, large, flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary ; " very good." September. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 369 BONNE CHARLOTTE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive ; fruit, moderate size, variable in form, generally resembling Doyenne ; skin, smooth, lightly washed with purple on the side of the sun ; flesh, moderately fine, more buttery than melting, sugary, and strongly perfumed. Should be gathered early. It is a long time in use. Ripe middle of August. (Al. Pom.) BON GUSTAVE. Foreign Tree, vigorous ; fruit, medium, pyriform, light green, nearly covered with russet ; flesh, white, sugary, perfumed. December, January. (Hov. Mag.) BOUVIER BOURGERMESTRE. Foreign. Growth moderate. Fruit, above medium, obtuse, pyriform, green, yellow at maturity, rarely red cheek in sun ; stem, rather long ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, pleasant sweet ; " good." October. November. BRANDES ST. GERMAIN. Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this a very desirable variety. Tree, moderate grower, succeeding finely on Quince, very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth russet ; stem, short, stout; calyx, small ; flesh, juicy, vinous ; " very good." November, December. BRINQEWOOD. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem, long and slender ; calyx, open, prominent ; flesh, yellowish white, gritty at core, the rest buttery; " very good." November. (Hov. Mag.) BRIELMONT. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish and russet specks ; calyx, prominent ; basin, open ; flesh, white, melting ; " good." October.. CAEN DU FRANCE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and reddish dots; stem, rather long; calyx, open; flesh, fine, juicy, sweet; ' very good." December, January. CAPIAUMONT. Beurrfe Aurore, | Beurrfe Capiaumont, | Beurrfe Caloma. Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on Pear or Quince. A free grower : branches, grayish yellow. Fruit, medium, glo- bular, acute pyriform. yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and streaks ; stem, curved ; calyx, large ; flesh, buttery, sweet, a little astringent; "very good/' September, October. CALHOUN. American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy; " very good." Oc- tober, November. 16* 370 THE PEAB. CAPSHEAF. American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree, hardy, wood yellowien. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet; stem, short; calyx, closed; core, large: flesh, yellowish white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very good." October. CATINKA. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, yellowish; flesh, fine, juicy, ' very good," and will probably prove " best." We have only seen it once. November. CANANDAIGUA. Catherine. American. From Central New York. Fruit, large, resembling Bart- lett; flesh, white, fine, juicy; "good." Tree, vigorous, upright grower on Quince or Pear, productive. September. CALEBASSE D'ETE. Bummer Calcbasse. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy ; foliage, light green. Fruit, above me- dium, oblong pyriform, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun, rich yel- low at maturity, russet at stem and eye ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; core, small ; seeds, long ; flesh, white, fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. One of the best. Last August and early September. CAMERLYN, Foreign. Vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin, yellow, with numerous brown dots and a slightly marbled cheek ; stalk, long, slightly inclined in a small cavity surrounded by russet ; calyx, open ; basin, small and shallow; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, sugary, with a very peculiar, aromatic flavor. September, October. CANANDAIGUA. Catherine. Origin uncertain; supposed to have been brought from Conne'cticut to Canandaigua about the year 1806 ; vigorous and productive. Fruit, rather large, irregular, obtuse pyriform, surface uneven, resem- bling Bartlett ; skin, lemon yellow ; stalk, medium or rather short, inclined ; calyx, open ; basin, small ; flesh, whitish, not very fine, buttery, and melt- ing, with a vinous somewhat sugary flavor. September. CASSANTE DE MARS. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles Doyenne blanc; skin, smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, striped and shaded with fawn ; flesh, when in full perfection is half melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. December to April. ( Al. Pom.) CATHERINE GARDETTE. Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Foliage much waved, young shoots short-jointed, yellow-olive on the shaded side, brownish-olive on the side exposed to the sun, with many minute white dots : buds, pointed. Size, above medium, roundish obovate ; skin, fair, yellow, with numerous small carmine dots on the exposed side; stalk, one inch long, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. . 371 curved, inserted by a fleshy termination into a slight depression ; calyx, small, *set in a rather deep, regular basin ; flesh, fine texture, buttery ; fla vor, delicious, with a delicate aroma; quality, "best." Beginning of Sep- tember. (Trans. A. P. S.) CAMERLING. Medium, yellow, brown dots, marbled cheek ; stem, rather stout, curved, inserted by slight inclination in a small cavity ; calyx, open ; basin, shal- low; core, small; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic peculiar flavor; " very good." September to October. CHAPTAL. Beurrfe Chaptal. Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish yellow : stem, curved ; cavity, slight ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow : core, medium ; seeds, oblong ; flesh, white, breaking, juicy ; " very good." December, January. CHANCELLOR. Green's Gcrmantown, | Early St. Germain. Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, healthy, abundant bearer ; young wood, slender, yellowish brown. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyri- form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely a faint brown cheek ; stem, one inch long, rather thick ; cavity small, irregu- lar ; calyx, small ; basin, contracted ; core, medium ; seeds, long, yellowish brown ; flesh, melting ; " very good." Last September. CHARLES VAN MONS. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem, slender, curved, depres- sion one side : calyx, large, open ; segments, broad, completely reflexed ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, obovate pyriform ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, vinous ; " very good," if not " best." January. CHARLES VAN HOOGTEN. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale yel- low ; stem, stout, enlarged at base ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy ; " very good." Promises valuable : good grower, productive. Early October. CHRISTMAS. Noel. American. New ; from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit, medium, ovate rounded , skin, rough, bronzed, russety ; stem, stout, slight depression ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, a little gritty, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Decem- ber, January. (Warder's Notes.) CHOICE D' UN AMATEUR. Foreign. New. Tree, upright, strong growth. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, smooth, pale green ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, su- gary. (Hov. Mag.) 372 THE PEAK. CHARLOTTE DE BROWER. Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish golden russet, with spots of yellow in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; long segments ; core, small ; flesh, pinkish white, half melting, buttery, juicy, perfumed. November. (Hov. Mag.) CHURCH. From New Rochelle, N. Y. Medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish green, spotted and marbled with russet; stem, medium; calyx, closed; basin, medium ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. July, August. CHAUMONTEL. Bezi de Chaumontelle, | Winter Beurrfe, Beurre d'Hiver, j Oxford Chaumontel, Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit, large, oblong obovate ; skin, rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem, one inch, curved ; calyx, medium ; basin, deep ; core, small : seeds, flattened : flesh, buttery, melting ; " very good." November, January. CITRON. American. Native of New Haven,. Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots ; flesh, a little coarse, greenish white > melting, juicy, " very good." Last August. COOKE. Origin, King George County, Virginia. Tree, a very strong, vigorous grower, and productive. Introduced by H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh, Vir- ginia. Fruit, rather large, irregularly pyramidal ; color, pale yellow ; flesh, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, rich and vinous. (Roby.) COLLINS. "Watertown. American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit, large or above medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some rus- set ; stem, short, curved : calyx, large, open ; core, large : flesh, white, vinous, juicy, sweet, melting. September. COLMAR EPINE. Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obtuse oblong, dull green, with cloud- ings of darker hue; flesh, white, melting, vinous, juicy; "very good." September. COLMAR D'ALOST. Comtesse d'Alost, | Duchesse d'Alost, | Deliea d'Alost, Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, elongated pyri- form, sometimes obovate : skin, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, sprink- led with many green or brown dots, often much russeted ; stalk, large, rather long and curved, inserted in a slight depression ; calyx, open ; seg- ments, long ; basin, shallow and uneven ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, iuicy, slightly astringent. October, November. UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 373 COLUMBIA. ] Colombian Yirgalouse. Columbian Virgalieu, Native of Westchester county, N. Y. Without being of more than second quality, its hardihood of tree, productive habit, and fruit uniformly smooth and fair, make it a valu- ble as well as profitable variety. Tree, thrifty ; young shoots, yellowish brown. Fruit, large or above medium, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, at first pale green, becoming, when ripe, fine golden yellow, dotted with small gray dots ; stem, medium size, slightly curved ; ca- lyx, rather small, partial- ly open, or half close'.; basin, shallow ; ~ore. me- dium ; seeds, oblong pyri- form : flesh, white, mode- rately juicy, EW et; va- riable quality. Decem- ber to January. COLMAR NEILL. Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh, white, buttery, melt* ing : l ' good." October. COMPTE DE LAMY. Marie Louise the Second, Marie Louise Nova. Foreign. Beurre Curte, Dingier, Tree, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate. yellow, brownish red cheek, small russet dots : stem, long calyx, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery : '' good." Early October. COMTE LELIEUR. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Fruit, me- dium, turbinate ; skin, yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek, speckled with gray and patched with russet ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. September. (Rob. Man- ning) 374 THE PEAE. COMTE DE FL ANDRE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyri- form, yellowish, traced with russet, occasional red in sun j stem, stout, fleshy at base; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet sub-acid; very good. Novem- ber, December. Promises to become valuable. CONSEILLEUR RAMUEZ. Conseilleur Banwez. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded wid traced with russet ; flesh, melting, tender ; " good." October. Valu- ble as a market sort. COUNTESS OF LUNAY. Comtesso de Lunay. Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; very productive on Quince has been much disseminated as " Doyenne d'Ete." Fruit, medium, roundish obovate ; skin, smooth, pale yellow, often thinly sprinkled with red in sun, some rus- set specks, and russet at base of stem ; stem, long, largest where it joins the tree ; cavity, slight, often a little lip one side of stem ; calyx, large, open, with long reflexed segments ; core, medium ; seeds, brown ; flosh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy ; " very good." October. TTNTE8TED VARIETIES, ETC. 375 COTER. Foreign. Tree, healthy ; young wood, short-jointed, light yellow. Fruit, medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, melting, juicy ; " very good." November. CROSS. Winter Cross. American. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, slender, grayish yellow wood. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and patches; stem, stout; calyx, small; flesh, white, melting, juiey "very good." November, January. , GUSHING. American. Native of Hingham. Mass. Tree, hardy, of slender, diverg- ing growth. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small gray dots, dull red cheek ; calyx, small ; stem, one inch long ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, sweet ; " very good." September. DALLAS. American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet. ; stem, medium ; calyx, large, open ; core, rather small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous ; " very good." November. DANA'S No. 19. Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Fruit, large, obovate, swel- ling out at the base ; stalk of moderate length, inserted in a rather slight depression ; skin, yellow and thick ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, half melt- ing, with a pleasant perfumed flavor. November. (Hov. in Mag.) DANA'S No. 16. Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury Mass. Fruit, under medium, obo- vate : skin, yellow russet, with dark russet specks ; stem in a very slight depression : calyx, open, in a deep cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, high flavored. November. (Hov. in Mag.) DE LOUVAIN. Poire de Louvain. Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, rough russet dots and patches ; stem, long, medium size, curved ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, greenish white, crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March. DKSIREE CORNELIS. Cornells. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, thorny. Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; skin, rough, pale green, yellowish, and tinged red in sun ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary. Early September. (Hov. Mag.) 376 THE PEAR. DELICES D'HARDENPONT DU NORD AND BELGIUM. Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, \ Beurre Curtet, tfA. Leroy. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted ; calyx ; small ; flesh, coarse, melting, sugary, "good." October. Promises to become valuable. DBS NONNES. Poire des Nonncs, | Beurre de Brignais, | Des Nones. Foreign. New. Fruit, medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many small brown dots ; stem, long, slender : calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow , flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed; "very good,' 7 perhaps "best." September. DEUX SOEURS. A fine tree, very productive. Fruit, large, elongated, pyriform ; skin, green, spotted with dark brown ; flesh, fine yellowish, green, buttery, very sugary, with a decided flavor of almonds. November. (Al. Pom.) DE BAVAY. Poire de Bavay. Foreign. Succeeds and bears well on quince or pear stock. Fruit, medium, turbinate. dull yellow, dotted and traced with russet ; calyx, large, open; flesh, juicy, agreeable sub-acid; "very good." October, November. DELICES CHARLES VAN MONS. Delices de Charles. Foreign. Fruit, large, medium, pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also re- sembles in size and shape ; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shal- low basin ; flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. DELICES DE MONS. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half-inch long ; calyx, small ; skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted and spotted with gray; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed; "very good." September, October. DE SORLUS. Foreign. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; wood, yellowish, grayish white dots ; free bearer. Fruit, large, turbinate ; stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, gray russet, marbled most at stem : flesh, white, melting, juicy. October, December. DlCKERMAN. Dikeman, | Pardns, No. 2. From New Haven, Conn. Good grower and bearer, medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, minute dots; steari, short, curved, fleshy at insertion; calyx, small; segments, persistent; basin, shallow, uneven : flesh, whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, vinous, perfumed; core, small ;" very good." September, October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 377 DlLLEN. Deacon Dillen, | Dillon, | Doyennfe Dillen. Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre Diel ; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigoious, branches erect, diverging: grayish rough wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, russet at stem; stem, short; calyx, small; flesh, fine, melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. DlLLER. Probabably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood, short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and, in sun, mostly covered with light cinnamon russet ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, buttery, sugary ; " very good," or "best." September. It must not be confounded with the Dillen, a foreign variety. DOCTEUB BOUVIER. Foreign. A vigorous tree, covered with long, sharp spines, forming a beautiful pyramid ; very productive. Fruit, large, elongated pyriform ; skin, light green, taking a slight tint of yellow at maturity, and mottled with russet ; flesh, white, fine, half but- tery, half melting, sufficiently juicy, vinous, and of a perfume most agree- able. February, March. (Al. Pom.) DOCTEUR CAPRON. Foreign. A new pear of good promise. It has a thick skin of greenish yellow color, covered with blotches of russet, red in the sun, and russet specks ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, of a pleasant, rather spirited flavor. October, November. (Hov. Mag.) DOCTEUR LENTIER. Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin, bright green, becoming slightly yellow at maturity; flesh, fine, melt- ing, buttery, juice abundant, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. Mature at the end of October and November. (An. Pom.) DOCTEUR TROUSSEAU. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform; skin, green, spotted with red, and sprinkled with gray dots; stalk, strong and woody; flesh, firm, white, melting, buttery, with an abundance of perfumed sugary juice. November, December. (An. Pom.) Dow. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit, rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform. sometimes tur binate ; skin, rough, yellowish green, sprinkled with russet dots, and a few small patches of russet ; stalk, long, inserted at an inclination in a very slight cavity; calyx, large, open, set in a very small basin ; flesh, white, but- tery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, sometimes slightly astrin- gent. September. October. (Downing.) 178 THE PEAR. DOYENNE DU COMICS. Doyenne du Cornice, of Angers. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriforn, greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem ; stem, short : calyx, open j basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary ; " very good.'" October, November. DOYENNE DEFAIS. Beurre Defaia, | Doyenne D'Affay. Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, smooth, yellow, often with a fine red cheek ; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh, fine, white-grained, very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored, and delicious. Tree, robust, and a great bearer. " Promises well/ 7 October. DOYENNE DOWNING. Foreign. Raised and dedicated by M. Leroy (France) to the memory of A. J. Downing. Fruit, medium, roundish, irregular green yellowish, speckled with russet dots ; stem, short, obliquely inserted ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated. September. DOYENNE GAUBALT. Chapen. Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on Pear roots Fruit, medium to large, obovate acute pyriform : surface, uneven, dull pale yellow, with a few traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the fruit ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very good." November, December. DOYENNE ROBIN. Beurre Kobin. Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with russet dots and spashes ; stem, usually very long and thick; deep, narrow cavity : calyx, small, narrow ; moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ; flesh, melting, somewhat granular; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very good." Succeeds on Quince. September. DOYENNE SIEULLE. Beurre Bieulle, \ Sieulle, | Bergamotte Sieulle. Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on Quince, under garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks : stem, stout ; calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy; " very good," sometimes " best." October, November. DOYENNE SANTELLETE. Sentilet Foreign. An old variety, little known-. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout, yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish green, traces, streaks, and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy ; " very good." October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 379 DOYENNE ROSE. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush rod cheek, patches and dots of russet: stem, stout set without depression; calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse, Juicy ; " good." October. DUCHESS D'ALOST. Comtesse d'Alost, | Delices d'Alost. Large, elongated pyriform, or oval, greenish yellow, red cheek, brownish dots and russet ; stem, stout, long : calyx, open, segments long ; basin, shal- low, uneven; flesh, white, melting, juicy; core, small; "very good." October. DUCHESS D'ANGOULEME. Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the Quince, and on the Quince only. It succeeds well at the Southwest. High culture of this variety produces very large and very good fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in size or character. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyriform, dull greenish yel- low, traced and dotted with russet ; stem, rather long, stout ; calyx, me- dium, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ; seeds, ob- long pyriform; flesh, white, buttery, juicy; "very good." An extremely variable fruit, unreliable. October. The striped Duchess d'Angouleme differs only in the fruit being striped yellow and green. Due DE BRABANT. Miel de Waterloo, I Fondante des Charneause, Desiree Van Mons, Eccellentissima. of some, Beurre de "Waterloo, Fondante du Cornice. Beurre de Charneau, Vigorous, productive, large, oval pyriform, angular, greenish shade, crim- son in sun, greenish dots ; stem, long, curved, flesh at base ; calyx, large, open, segments persistent; basin, irregular, ribbed; flesh, whitish, granu- lar, vinous; core, medium; "very good." October, November. DUCHESS DE BERRI D'ETE. Souverain d'Ete, | Duchess of Berry. Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of An- gouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spreading ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale yel- low, dotted with small russet specks ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep- tember and October. The Duchess de Berri is a synonym of u Pound." DUCHESS DE MARS. Captif de St. Helena. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered with russet, ruddy in sun : stem, set without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed ; " very good," if not " best." This succeeds well, and this fruit is best grown on Quince. October and November. Due D'ORLSANS. Foreign, new. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, golden yellow, with reddish brown dark specks: stem, slender; flesh, white juicy, melting, sugary, vinous. November, Deeember. 380 THE PEAR. DUNDAS. Parmentier. Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun j stem, stout ; calyx, small ; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed ; " very good." October and November. DUNMORB. Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots ; requires rich, high culture ; shoots, slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large to very large (our drawing made from an unripe specimen), oblong obovate, greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of rough russet near calyx: when not fully ripe, dark green specks underneath tho skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, much re- flexed ; core, rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting ; " very good." September and October. UNTESTED VABrETTES, ETC. 381 DUPUY CHARLES. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, pyriform; skin, rough, be comes yellow at maturity, and chiefly covered with fawn russet : flesh, whitish green, melting, juicy, very sugary, the end of November. (Al. Pom.) EARLY SUGAR. An excellent fruit, ripening Amire Joannet, Joanette, St. John's Pear, Archduc d'Ete, Sugar Pear, Harvest Pear, St Jean. Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform, tight green to yellowish, faint blush: flesh, white, sugary; "good," if eaten just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July. ELIZABETH. (Edwards.) American. From New Haven, Ct. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ; calyx, large, open; core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous; " very good," often " best." October. EARLY BUTTER OF CINCINNATI. This is a variety which our Cin- cinnati Pomologists seem unable to recognize with any known descrip- tion. We have been unable to ex- amine the fruit in perfection, but some small specimens received, from which our drawing was made, in- duced a guess at Dearborn Seedling. The original tree at Cincinnati is said to have been probably brought from New Jersey. It is of upright growth, short-jointed, yellowish brown wood, forming a handsome symmetrical head. Fruit, small, oblong ovate, narrowing most to the stem, light greenish yellow, with dark green specks, rarely a bronzed red in sun ; calyx, prominent ; seg- ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact ; seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, juicy, buttery j " very good." Last July. ECHASSERY. Echasserie, Bezi d'Echassie, Bezi de Chasserie, Jagdbirne. Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, yellowish, dotted with gray when ripe : calyx, open ; flesh, melting, but- tery, sweet ; " good." November and December. THE PEAK. EMILE D'HKYST. This fruit is dedicated by Major Esperen to the son of his friend, L. E. Berckmans, of New Jersey. A Belgian fruit. Tree of moderate vigor ; a healthy and good grower, but straggling and not easily brought to a pyramidal form. It seems well suited to this climate and grows well on Quince. Young wood, fawn or light-brown, rather slender. Fruit, large, or above medium size, long cale- basse form ; color, light green, washed and waved with fawn and russet, becomes bright yellow at the time of maturity ; stem, variable, but rather long, sometimes fleshy, inserted in an uneven cavity; calyx, small, set in a deep, narrow basin, surrounded by uneven protube/ances : flesh, buttery, melting, very juicy, exceedingly fine, sugary and well perfumed. Ripen- ing well through November. (L. E. Berckmans.) EMILE RIVORT. Dedicated by Bonvier, to the daughter of the distinguished Belgian Po- mologist. A. Bivort. Tree, of slow growth, but very hardy, with reddish or light brown, up- right, stout, short shoots. Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to conic, very much depressed ; skin, deep orange-yellow, much covered with russet ; stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a rather deep cavity, surrounded by protuberances : calyx, small, inserted in a deep well formed basin ; fleshj yellowish, buttery, melting, abounding in rich, sugary, vinous juice, with a peculiar flavor, somewhat resembling quince. Ripe October, November. (Berckmans.) EYEWOOD. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown, with large white specks ; fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish yel- low, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender : calyx, small, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. FIGUE OF NAPLES. Figue de Naples, j Comtesse de Frenol, Fig Pear of Naples, | De Vigne Pelone. Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze. Tree, vigor- ous, productive, shoots upright, brown ; fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale greenish yellow, dull red in sun. russety : calyx, small : stem, stout, fleshy knob at base : flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking; " good." October. FIG D'ALENCON. Vert Longue de la Mayenne. Medium, long, oval, curved, green, netted with russet; stem, short, thick at junction; calyx, open; basin, shallow; flesh, greenish, coarse; core, small ; " good." October, November. FIGUE. Figue Vert. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive on either Pear or Quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform. green, much overspread with yellow and red russet; stem, stout, fleshily set upon the reck ; calyx, open, without UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 383 divisions j core, rather large ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, slightly per- fumed; " very good." November. FONDANTE SERRURIER DE MEILLOT. Bcrrurier d'Automne. Foreign. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specks and blotches ; stem, in a deep cavity ; basin, shallow } flesh, melting, juicy, " good." October. FONDANTE DBS PRES. Foreign. Fruit, medium, turbinate pyriform, greenish lemon yellow ; stem, medium, fleshy at base ; flesh, white, sweet, agreeable. October. FONDANTE AGREEABLE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, slightly russeted ; stem, planted angularly, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow; flesh, tender, melting, juicy, delicately aromatic; very good, if not best ; core, large ; seeds, plump. August, September. FONDANTE DE MALINES. Fondante de Malines (Esperin.) Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brownish red, occasional spot of vermilion in sun ; stem, long; calyx, small ; core, large; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sweet ; " very good." October. FONDANTE VAN MONS. Foreign. Tree, good grower and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate. greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, melting, buttery, sweet ; "very good." October. FORELLE. Trout Pear, | Poire Traite, | Forellenbirne. Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received. Tree, vig- orous, productive on Quince or Pear ; wood, violet red, young shoots, downy. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermilion in sun, grayish dots, margined with crimson : stem, slender ; calyx, partly open ; core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous ; u very good " or " best." October. November. FREDERICK OP WURTEMBERG. Frederick de "Wurtemburg. Foreign. Well known and extensively grown in this country. Tree, very early and productive bearer ; young wood, strong, yellowish brown ] fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe. Fruit, large, angular pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek ; stem, stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow; flesh, white, juicy, melting ; "good." September. THE PEAR. FLEUR DE NEIGE. Snow Flower. Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, tapering by a mamelon protuberance to its junction with the stem which meets it by a fleshy enlargement ; calyx, small, partially closed, in a small, shallow basin ; surface, very uneven ; color, yellowish green, mottled with thin russet ; flesh, somewhat granular a^id coarse, but sweet and high flavored. Ripens middle of October. FLORIMONT PARENT. Foreign. Tree, of moderate vigor and fertility. Fruit, very large, pyra- midal, swelled towards its centre j skin, green, pointed and striped with brown russet, becomes deep yellow at maturity ; flesh, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed. End of September. (Al. Pom.) FRANKFORD. Origin, on the premises of Eli Merkins, near Frankford, Philadelphia. A new fruit, and said to be an acquisition. Size, medium, roundish, some- times inclining to pyriform, not unfrequently obovate ; skin, yellow, con- taining many russet dots, especially towards the crown, and having occa- sionally a faint blush on the part exposed to the sun ; stalk, rather short, thick, and fleshy at its termination, inserted in a small cavity; calyx, medium, open, set in a shallow, moderately wide basin ; flesh, fine texture and buttery : flavor, exceedingly rich, with a delicious aroma ; quality, " best." November. (Int. Kept.) FRANKLIN. Native of Georgia. Fruit, large, oblong turbinate, irregular, narrowing to the eye j green, clouded with shades of darker green, and dotted with dark green gray dots ; basin, shallow, oblique ; stem, medium, one side fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet. January. Valued South. FREDERIKA BREMER. Virgalieu, erroneously, of some. American. From Oneida Co., N. Y. Fruit, above medium, roundish obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, becoming pale yellow with slight rus- set dots ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity ; calyx, open, short, erect segments \ basin, rather deep, slight furrows ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, a little coarse, melting, juicy. Quality, variable , often only " good." October, November. GANSEL'S BERGAMOT. Broca's Bergamot, I Staunton, I Guile's Buerre, Ives 1 Bergamot, | Bonne Eouge, | Diamant Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown. It requires, a warm, rich soil } on cold clay it is almost tasteless. Tree, vigorous, spreading, succeeds well on Quince, productive. Fruit, large, roundish obovate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and patches ; stem, short j cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, melting, juicy; u very good," or "best, October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 885 GANSEL'S LATE BERGAMOT. Foreign. An new variety recently introduced, very much resembling the preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into December. It is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely free from granu- 'ations. Tree, vigorous, and productive on the pear root. GANSELL'S SECKEL. Medium, oblate, rough, uneven ; yellow, with thin russet ; stem, short, stout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity: calyx, closed; basin, abrupt; Sesh, coarse, aromatic; "very good." November. GENERAL DE LOURMEL. Foreign. Fruit, medium size, resembling Doyenne ; skin, greenish, irregularly spotted and dotted with russet ; flesh, delicate, juicy, melting, sugary. Ripening in November. (Leroy's Cat.) GENERAL TAYLOR. Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old. Size, under medium ; form, turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the crown; color, cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem, inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a broad, not very deep, furrowed basin ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, ovate, no angle at the obtuse end ; flesh, yellowish white, granular, becoming but- tery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor, as high as the Seckel, aroma, delicious ; quality, " best." November. (Ad. Int. Kept., GERARDIN. Fruit, medium, roundish, somewhat irregular ; skin, yellow, with many spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the sun ; flesh, coarse, buttery, astringent, granular, tolerably good. September. GIDEON PARIDANTE. Foreign. Fruited with us this year for the first time. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and marbled red russet over surface ; stem, one and a half inch long, angularly planted, with a lip one side ; calyx, open, narrow segments ; basin, shallow ; core, medium; flesh, white, melting, sugary; "very good," nearly "best." Last September and October. GLORY OP COMBRONE. This variety we have fruited several years upon the pear stock. It is a fine grower, healthy and hardy, and deserves extensive cultivation. Fruit, above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyriform, regular; skin, yellowish, mostly overspread, marbled and dotted with warm brownish yellow russet ; stem, i inch long, moderately stout, and planted in a slight cavity ; calyx, medium size ; segments, open, reflexed ; basin, medium depth, regular ; flesh, whitish yellow, granulated, almost buttery, melting, juicy, abounding in saccharine, high-flavored, delicious ; core, small ; seeds, nearly black oblong pyriform acuminates. Twentieth September to tenth October. 17 386 THE PEAK. GRAND SOLEIL. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ; stem, medium, swollen at base ; calyx, small, closed ; core, large : seeds, obovate ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic; "very good," nearly "best." November. GRASLIN. Large, oval pyriform, green, sprinkled with russet , stem, thick at junc- tion ; calyx, open ; segments stiff; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, whitish, granular, juicy, rich, vinous ; core, large ; " very good." October, November. GREEN MOUNTAIN BOY. American. Fruit, medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes angu- iar pyriform; stem, varying; calyx, open, reflexed segments; golden yel- low or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core, rather large; seeds, long, flattened; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; "very good." October. GROOM'S PRINCESS ROYAL. Foreign. Fruit, of medium size, roundish ; skin, greenish brown, with tinge of brownish red, and some russet tracings ; stalk, short and thick, set in a very trifling depression ; calyx, small, open, set in a shallow basin ; flesh, buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high- flavored. January and February. GROSSE MARIE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, oblate pyriform ; skin, yellow, covered with cinnamon russet ; stalk, inserted without depression ; calyx, partially closed ; flesh, juicy, tender, with a rich, perfumed flavor resembling Brown Beurre. October. GROS ROUSSELET D'AOUT. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, of pyramidal form, very productive. Fruit, medium pyriform ; skin, green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, shaded with russet and spotted with fawn ; flesh, whitish, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed. Ripens in August. (Al. Pom.) HACON'S INCOMPARABLE. Downham Seedling. Foreign. A hardy, productive variety; spreading, rather drooping branches ; deserves more attention than yet received, young shoots slender, olive color, diverging ; fruit, rather large, roundish obtuse pyriform, dull yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks and dots ; stem, rather long, straight ; calyx, with small divisions ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite "best." October, November. HAGERMAN. Hampton. American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, overspread with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open, segments, reflexed ; basin, shallow ; core, small : seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, juicy, sprightly, pleasant ; " very good." September. TOTTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. HADDINGTON. American. From seed of Pound Pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at Haddington, Pa. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheeks, and russet dots and patches ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow j calyx, medium ; segments, short, erect : core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, aromatic ; " very good." January to April. HAMPTON. Cluster Fear. American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Very productive , fruit hanging in clusters. Fruit, small, roundish, slightly obovate flattened, in most specimens, a distinct suture half around like unto a plumb ; color, light yellow ground, mostly overspread with reddish russet in sun, and rus- set marbling in shade, whitish gray dots on the sunny side ; stem, i to f inch long, slightly curved, generally set without depression, and fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, fine, disconnected, partially reflexed : basin shallow ; flesh, white, juicy, buttery, melting, delicious flavor; core, medium; seeds, plump, brownish black. August, 385 THE PEAB. HAMPTON VIRGALIEU. Originated with W. C. Hampton, of Mount Victory, Hardin Co., 0., from a seed of the White Doyenne. Tree, vigorous, hardy, very oroductive. Fruit, medium size or above, globular, or slightly obtuse pyriform, yel- lowish green, with many russet dots and marblings of russet, the russet becoming reddish brown in sun ; stem, short, stout, with little or no cavity ; basin, moderately deep, regular ; calyx, with five segments, nearly erect, open ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous, excellent ; core, small, eat- able even to the capsules ; seeds, full, oblong pyriform. Oct and Nov. BANNERS. Hamus. Origin, uncertain; has generally been considered a synonym of Gushing, but proves distinct ; Mr. C. M. Hovey, first pointed out the error. Shoots, upright, brownish yellow. Fruit, medium, oblong, rounded at crown, obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet patches and dots ; stem, stout, swollen at base; calyx, small, open: core, large; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous; "very good." September. HANOVER. From Hanover furnace. New Jersey. In size it is usually rather small, tound obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a brown cheek; UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 389 stein, one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular; calyx, open, plaited, some- times furrowed, irregular basin; seeds, large, plump, acuminate; flesh, greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant : " good." (W. D. B.) HARVARD. Boston Epargne, | Cambridge Sngar Pear. American. Native of Cambridge. Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, up- right, productive. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, reddish cheek ; stem, rather stout, not sunk ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow ; seeds, long, obovate ; flesh, white, juicy; "very good ;" liable to decay at core, September. HAWE'S WINTER. Origin, King and Queen counties, Va., on the farm of the Hawe's family. Free, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, at maturity, dull yellow, with russet spots ; flesh, a little coarse, very juicy, rich, sweet, vinous. November to January. (H> E. Roby.) HEATHCOT. Gore's Heathcot. Native of Waltham, Mass. Tree, hardy, a moderate grower, branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well thinned out ; young shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium or above, obovate rounded; skin, rough; color, greenish 390 THE PEAK. yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around stem and ey } stem, medium ; cavity shallow ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, narrow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. October. HENKEL. Foreign. Tree, fine grower, young shoots, grayish brown ; an early, ver* productive bearer on pear roots ; valuable for orcharding. Fruit, large obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet and green specks ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; basin ? uneven ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, " very good." Early September. HENRIETTA. Edwards' Henrietta. American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous, hardy, pro ductive. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson spots in sun, russet at base of stem ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy; "good." Last August. HENRIETTA. Foreign. Fruit, small or medium, turbinate ; skin, rough, almost en- tirely covered with russet ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, abounding in juice, sugary, agreeably perfumed. A very good fruit, ripening in Novem- ber. (Al. Pom.) HENRI BIVORT. Foreign. Tree, very vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; calyx, open ; skin, smooth, pale green, with brownish specks ; flesh, yellowish white, half buttery, juicy, melting, perfumed. September. HENRY THE FOURTH. Ananas, I Beurre Ananas, I Jaquin. Poire Ananas, | Henri Quatre, | Foreign. Tree, hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish brown. Fruit, small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with small gray dots r stem, long, slender, swollen at base ; calyx, small ; flesh, whitish, rather coarse, juicy ; " good." Early September. HERICART DE THURY. Foreign. A good grower, of peculiar habits and appearance, rather pyra midal, but with diverging, crooked limbs of a deep brown or purple hue Not an early nor a very profuse bearer. Fruit, pyramidal, turbinate: skin, rather rough, with a decided cinna mon color ; stalk, long, and curved, inserted in a small abrupt cavity calyx, closed, deeply sunk ; basin, uneven. Flesh, yellowish, compact, buttery, sufficiently juicy, with a peculiar Vich flavor. January and Feb- raary. (L. E. Berckmans.) HERICART. Foreign. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, light pale greenish yellow, russet dots and patches; stem, long, slender; calyx, small; segments, reflexed ; core, small; seeds, long ; flesh, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very sweet; " very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had of thii praved almost best : we think it improves with age of trees. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 391 HONEY. This is a delicious little pear, received some year since by Professor Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any descrip- tion published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Poraological Man- ual. The tree is moderately vig- orous ; wood, yellowish brown, an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regu- lar shape. Our drawing is too small. Fruit, below medium, roundish, tapering slightly to the stem : color rich golden russet yellow, with faint blush, many small red russet dots, and occasional patches of brown russet ; stem, rather stout, uneven, without depression ; calyx, with open half reflexed segments j basin, shallow, little russeted ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate, blackish ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but- tery, a little coarse-grained, sweet, perfumed. Ripe a few days be- fore Bartlett. HOVEY. Foreign. Fruit, medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the Beurre Capiaumont ; skin, fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around the eye; calyx, set outside; stem, obliquely inserted ; flesh, yellow, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. September. HOSEN-SCHENCK. Schenck's Pear, Smokehouse, Bchenck's August "Watermelon, Butter Pear. American. From Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, obovate, yellow, melting not high flavor ; quality, variable. Last of August. HULL. American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and russet : stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, gritty at core, juicy; "good." October. HUNTINGTON. From New Rochelle, N. Y. Below medium, ovate obovate, green with a slight crimson tinge near calyx : stem, long, slender ; deep, broad, uneven cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, abrupt, dotted with a few russet circles ; flesh, melting, juicy, buttery, delicate. Tree an early bearer. September. INCONNUE VAN MONS. Foreign. Best on Quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pale green, traces and dots of russet ; stem, long, slender , calyx, open ; basin, 392 THE PEAK. deep; flesh, melting, buttery , "very good." December to February, /Wilder, in Hort ) ISLAND. From Gowanus, L. I. New. Said to be of medium size, pyramidal form, and, when ripe, a pale yellow, rich aromatic flavor, and very pro- ductive. IVES' BERGAMOT. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles the Seckel, and is very productive. Fruit, medium or small, Bergamot shape, protuberant at calyx; skin, greenish yellow, with slight traces of russet ; stalk, short and thick, inserted by a ring or lip ; ilesh, rather coarse, but- tery, melting, juicy, with a Gansel's Bergamot flavor. Ripens first of September. (Downing.) IVES' PEAR. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous and very productive. Fruit, small, irregularly turbinate / inclined ; skin, greenish, with a brownish red cheek ; stalk, long, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip ; calyx, open ; basin, very small ; flesh, juicy, melting, sugary, and good. Ripens first of September. IVES' SEEDLING. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit, nearly medium, some- what globular: skin, greenish yellow, shaded with crimson; stalk, short and thick; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow and irregular; flesh, whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, melting, with a refreshing sugary flavor, well perfumed. Ripe about the first of September. IVES' VIRGALIEU. American. Below medium, pyriform. greenish, shades dull crimson, russet dots ; stem, fleshy at base, or with a lip ; calyx, small, open ; basin, irregular ; flesh, whitish, granular, juicy, sweet, vinous ; " good," or fi very good." October. JACKSON. Origin, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, short pyriform, or turbinate ; skin, greenish yellow, somewhat rus- seted ; stalk, long and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight cavity ; calyx, small and open, set in a rather deep, abrupt basin ; flesh, white and juicy ; flavor, brisk and vinous. Ripens the last of September (Downing.) JACKSON'S SEEDLING. Originated by S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati, from seed of the Seckel. Size, below medium, larger than Seckel ; color, similar, but less russety ; flavor, very good, not as spicy as the Seckel. Tree, moderately vigorous, and does well on Quince. JAMINETTE. Josephine, I Sabine, | Beurrfe D'Austrasie, Colmar Jaminctte, | D'Austrasie, j Wilhclmines Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet ; " good." November, December. This has proved with us. for two years past, a great bearer, and one of the best of Winter Pears. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC 393 JARGONELLE. ,_ . Grouse Beau Present, Poire de Tables des Princes, Saint Sampson, Saint Lambert, Sweet Summer, Beal Jargonelle, Jargonelle of the Engltih- Belle Verge. Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all except large collections by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large, long, ovate pyriforra, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long : calyx, open, prominent ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy ; " good," often " very good." August. JEAN DE WITTE. Nos. 1,482, 1,082, and 1,608 of Van MOM. Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed >od, upright. Fruit, medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pt k* 7.3! low, little russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid ; " very good." November to January. JERSEY GRATIOLI. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on Quince ; wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish oblong obovate, slightly angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and also at base of stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx, open, short seg- ments ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, melting, juicy, vinous. September, October. (Hov. Mag.) JOHONNOT. Franklin. American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower, upright, spreading : wood, dark reddish brown ; suited to orcharding in our Western rich soils ; productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish obovate, angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem, stout, fleshy at base , calyx, large, open ; core, large, sseds, small ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous ; almost '' best." September. JONES. Small, acute pyriform, cinnamon russet, reddish in sun, juicy, buttery, sweet j "very good." November. JOSEPHINE DE MALINES. Foreign ; not an early bearer or a good grower ; best on Pear. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus- set ; calyx, open ; core, large : flesh, yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy Vinous ; " very good." December, January. JULES BIVORT. Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, large, obovate, dull greenish yellow dotted with brown, and red tinge in sun ; flesh, yel- lowish white, melting, half buttery, sugary, vinous. November. JULIENNE. Origin uncertain. Tree, thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots^ productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils oitta very fine ; in cold clay it is inferior ; best on Quince. Fruit, below medium, roundish obleng obo- 17* 334: THE PEAK. vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patchei , stem, rather stout ; calyx, small, closed ; core, compact ; seeds, blackish , flesh, white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet ; " very good." August. KING EDWARD'S. Jackman's Melting. Foreign. Tree, thrifty ; shoots, upright, dark brown. Fruit, large, pyri- form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, small ' } flesh, yellowish, buttery, melting, variable ; u good." Octo- ber. KlNGSESSING. L ~.,ch B Kingsessing. American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree, upright, vigorous, sonewnat thorny; young shoots, yellowish green or brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on Quince, requires double working. Fruit, large, or above medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem, stout, fleshy at base : calyx, smal ; basin, shallow ; flesh, buttery, delicate ; " best." Last August. KNIGHT'S SEEDLING. Knight's E. I. Seedling. Native of Cranston, R. I. Tree, vigorous, hardy, and early pro- ductive ; wood, smooth, yellowish. Fruit, medium, obo- vate, tapering a little to the stern ; color, yel- lowish green, with a brov r n red cheek in sun, brownish specks, and dull russet around the calyx ; stem, medium or rather long, curved ; calyx, medium ; seg- ments, broad, partially reflexed ; core and seeds, medium; flesh, white, not fine-grained, melt- ing, juicy, sugary. Sep- tember. KNIGHT'S MONARCH. Foreign. A vaiiety requiring very high culture ; wood, light olive color. Fruit, large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red, dotted with gray; stem, short: calyx, open; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy. January. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 395 LAS CANAB. Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit, medium or below pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet , seeds, black ; flesh, juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October. LA JUIVE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous; branches, upright. Fruit, above medium, pyriform, yellow, with gray specks ; stem, short ; flesh, yellowish, buttery, juicy. October. LAMORICIERE. General Lamorlciere. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem, stout , calyx, large, closed ; flesh, greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last September. LAHERARD. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yel- low, brownish red cheek in sun ; calyx, closed ; stem, stout ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid ; " very good. ' October. Succeeds on Quince. LAURE DE GLYMES. Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, medium, oval turbinate, dull yellow, nearly covered with orange russet ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, pleasant ; " good." October, November. LENAWEE. Origin, uncertain. Grown at Adrian, Michigan, and introduced by Dr. D. K. Underwood of that place, and description made by T. M. Cooley. Fruit, medium to large, ovate pyriform, generally more or less one-sided, surface frequently irregular ; skin, lemon yellow, with small russet specks, and a lively vermilion cheek in the sun ; stalk, an inch long, curved, in- serted without depression, sometimes below a fleshy protuberance ; calyx, small, set in a shallow basin flesh, yellowish white, tender, buttery, with a high and quite peculiar aromatic flavor. Ripens first to middle of August. \Downing.) LEOPOLD I. Foreign. Tree of moderate vigor. Fruit, large, turbinate pyriform ; skin, smooth, green, spotted with brown russet ; flesh, whitish, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, and strongly perfumed. Ripens middle of December and keeps till January. (Al. Pom.) LEE'S SEEDLING. American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish ovai, greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open ] core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, juicy ; " good." September. LIBERALE. Foreign. Fruit, rather large, elongated, truncate pyriform ; skin, green- ish yellow, sprinkled with brown or russet, and having patches of russet ; stem, long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, large and open ; basin, broad and shallow ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and pecu- liarly aromatic. October. THE PEAP 396 LlEUTANANT Foreign. ; Fruit, of large size, resembling in color Glout Morceau ; SKin, yellow, netted and spotted with russet : flesh, white, juicy, half melting. Ripe from February to April. (Leroy's Cat.) LIMON. No. 8 of Van Mons, | Beurre Haggenton. Foreign. This promises to take a first-class rank. Tree, moderately vigorous; shoots, long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, obo- vate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek : stem, rather short ; basin, shallow; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly li best." August. LOCKE. Locke's New Benne*. American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ; stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed : flesh, greenish white, juicy, vin- ous ; " good." November and December. Louis DUPONT. Foreign. Tree, vigorous and beautiful, promises to be fertile. Fruit, sufficiently large, sometimes in the form of Doyenne, but ordinarily longer and more turbinate ; skin, smooth, dull green, passing to yellow at matu- rity, strongly shaded with fawn russet, sometimes striped and marbled ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A fruit of first quality, ripening towards the end of October. (An. Pom.) LYCURGUS. A variety originated by Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland, from seed of the Winter Nelis, collected from fruit grown on a Winter Nelis tree in close proximity to a tree of Martin Sec. The fruit has outward form, and russet yellow skin, closely resembling the Martin Sec, and its texture melt- ing and juicy and sprightly, as the Winter Nelis, but with the sweet saccha- rine of the Martin Sec. Fruit, below medium, generally oblong pyriform, occasionally oblong obovate pyriform ; color, rich dull yellow, overspread with brownish yellow russet ; stem, usually three-fourth inch long, slender, set without depres- sion, and one side a slight lip ; calyx, large in proportion to the size of fruit, open ; segments, connected : basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, hard, and of breaking texture, until fully ripe, when it becomes melting, juicy, and extremely sweet, with a spicy, sprightly, and slightly vinous charac ter ; core, compact ; seeds, large : capsules, close. January. MADAME ELIZA. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, wood stout. Fruit, large, pyriform : skin, smooth, bright green, and becomes almost yellow at maturity ; flesh, rosy, fine, buttery, melting, abounding with sweet juice, very agreeably perfumed November. (Al. Pom.) Excellent in Belgium, promising well here. The tree is hardy, but has an awkward, rather crooked, and declining nabit *nd very narrow leaves. The young shoots are olive gray. UNTESTED VARIETIES, TC. 397 MCLAUGHLIN. Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate, healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. pale yellow, with brownish red in sun , stem, short, swollen at junction with tree; calyx, open; core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse juicy; "very good." November and December. MCLAUGHLIN. A native of Maine, first described in the N. E. Farmer. Tree, hardy and vigorous. Fruit, large, elongated, obtuse pyriform : skin, rough, greenish, mostly covered with russet, which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm, sunny cheek; stalk, short, inserted at an inclination, with- some appearance of a lip ; calyx, open, set in a shallow, corrugated basin ; flesh, whitish, not very fine, juicy, and melting; flavor, sweet rich, and perfumed. No- vember to January. MADAM DUCAR. Foreign. Tree, pyramidal, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, oval, slightly depressed at base and crown : skin, smooth, bright green, becoming yellow at maturity ; flesh, white, half fine, very juicy, sugary, and slightly perfumed. Ripens the middle of August. (Al. Pom.) Good in Belgium. MALCONAITRE D'HASPIN. Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obovate, dull yellow, brownish red cheek, coarse dots, russet at calyx ; stem, set in a slight depression ; calyx, closed; basin, deep ; flesh, juicy, tender, sub-acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, small. Tree, vigorous, hardy and productive. Promises to prove valuable. MALCOMAITRE. Foreign. We suppose this name to be only a synonym of the foregoing , but our tree, received of Ellwanger and Barry, produces a small, greenish yellow fruit, with a coarse, yellowish flesh, rotting at core, and ripening in August. MARTHA ANN. Dana s Seedling, No 1. American. Fruit, above medium, obovate oblong, smooth, yellow, with russet specks ; calyx, closed ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, sub- acid , u good." MARIANNE DE NANCY. Foreign. Tree, moderate grower. Fruit, medium, greenish yellow, streaked and dotted with russet; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous. September and October. MARIE PARENT. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large pyriform, surface un- even ; stalk, short, inclined ; calyx, in a large furrowed cavity : skin, golden yellow at maturity ; flesh, white, very fine, melting, somewhat buttery, very juicy, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. October. (An Pom.) 398 THE PEAK. MARIE LOUISE. Forme de Marie Louise, I Princes de Panne, I Maria. Marie Chretienne, | Braddick's Field Marshal, | Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping, with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise it is only a " good " pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob- long pyriform, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots and patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem; stem, medium, obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ; calyx, open, irregularly formed : segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous ; " very good." Last of September and October. MARCH BERGAMOTTE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow ; flesh, buttery, gritty at core; "good." March. MARTIN SEC. Eoussellet d'Hiver, Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate angular, yellow, with small specks, bright red one side ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, in an abrupt furrowed basin; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy; "good." December. MATHER. Originated with John Mather, near Jenkmstown, Montgomery Co., Pa. Fruit, below medium size, obovate ; skin, red, with occasionally a mot- tled cheek, and russeted around the stem, which is obliquely inserted by fleshy rings without depression ; calyx, medium ; basin, very small ; flesh, a little coarse, but buttery; flavor, delicate and pleasant. August. (Ad. Int. Rep.) MAYNARD. Origin unknown ; grown in Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; skin, yellow, with russet dots and a crimson cheek ; stalk, obli- quely inserted, fleshy at its junction ; calyx, open, in a slight depression ; flesh, white, juicy, and sugary. Ripe last of July. (Dr. Eshleman.) MERRIAM. American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow, much covered with smooth pale russet ; stem, short ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary : core, large : seeds, dark brown. Last of September. (Hov. Mag.) MIGNONNE D'HIVER. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform ; skin, very rough, russet ; stalk, stout, inserted by a lip, often at a great inclination ; calyx, partially closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, granular, nearly melting, brisk, sweet, and rich, slightly astringent. November. MILLOT DE NANCY. Foreign. A pyramidal tree, very fertile, producing at the same time at the extremity of its branches and its long spurs. Fruit, small, or medium, regularly pyriform ; skin, smooth, light gree.n, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 399 becoming yellow a long time before its maturity ; flesh, whitish yellow, buttery, melting, not deficient in juice, sugary, and very agreeably perfumed. October, November. (A. Pom.) MILLOT DE NANCY. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform. pale yellow, with patches and traces of russet; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary; "good." January. (Wilder, in Hort.) MITCHELL'S RUSSET. Origin Bellville. Illinois. Fruit, medium, or small, obovate ; inclining to conic ; skin, rough, dark russet, thickly covered with gray dots ; stalk, long, inserted in a small cavity by a ring or lip ; calyx, open ; basin, un- even ; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, highly perfumed. November. (Downing.) MOCCAS. Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive. Fruit, medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun, and a few russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh, yellowish, melt- ing, juicy ; " very good." December. MONSEIGNEUR Ai FRE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, somewhat angular; skin, rough, greenish, considerably covered with thick russet, and thickly sprin,Jjd with russet dots ; stalk, long, curved, inserted in a moderate cavity ; cal Tr x, email, open, persistent ; basin, broad ; flesh, white, rather coarse, granular, rich, and perfumed. November. MoYAMENSINfi. Smith's Moyamensing. Native of Pennsyl- vania. Tree, vigor- ous, wood yellowish brown, with light dots, regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate ; color, lemon yellow, with occasional blot- cL ,1 and lines of yel- lowish russet ; stem, s'.c: '-, Ktout,often fleshy, calyx, large ; basin, furrowed, broad, arid rather deep ; core, me- dium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, u best." August. MUSCADINE. American. From near Newburgh., N. Y. Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate, pale yellowish green, with brown dots; stem, an inch long; 4:00 THE PEAR. calyx, with reflexed segments ; basin, shallow ; flesh, wj. jte, buttery, melt- ing, musky ; shoots, stout, dark gray brown. Last August, first Sep- tember. MUSKINGUM. American. Supposed a na\ ; .ve of Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish obo- vate. greenish yellow, numei- us russet specks ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, open ; segments, short, connected ; flesh, white, coarse ; " good." Last August. MARECHAL DE LA COUK. G- nsieller "e k Cour, | Duo d'Orleana. Foreign. Tree, vigoroup, branches long, thorny at mds, early bearer. Fruit, large, oblong pyrif>rm or ova.e, yellowish green, vermilion in sun; stem, broken, inserted with a iij .me sir ^ ; calyx, large, open ; flesh, white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous ; " promises well." NAPOLEON. Medaille, | Roi de Borne. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit largest and finest on Quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to obo- vate, and rounded pyifo'-n ; greenish yellow, smooth stem, varying, usually stout ; calyx, met . ; urn, open; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; "good. 1 ' Valuable as a market sort on Quince. River says the Napoleon d'Hiver is not sufficiently distinct to be retained. O *oer. NE FLUS MEURIS. Belgian. An unprepossessing looking, uneven, dull russet fruit, bt very fine flavor. The tree grows upright, h -3 rhort-jointed, olive-colored shoots and bears in thick bunches or clusters. Fruit, medium, or rather small, roundish, usually very irregular, with swollen parts on the surface; skin, rough, dull yellowish brown, partially covered with iron-colored russet ; stalk, quite short, set without depression, in a small cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, with a sugary and very agreeable flavor. January to March. NONPAREIL. American. A new variety from Western New York ; too small for any but amateurs. Fruit, small, roundish flattened at apex, russety yellow, with red specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; core, large ; flesh, fine, melt- ing, juicy, sugary, vinous; nearly a best." November. OAKLEY PARK. Oakley Park Bergamotte Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus- set ; calyx, partly open ; stem, slender ; flesh, buttery, melting ; " good." Octobei OMAR PASHA. From France. New. Productive. Fruit, medium, turbinate, roundish, irregular, clear green, dotted and specked with russet about the stem ; flesh, fine, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous. Early September. UNTESTED 'VARIETIES. EIC. 401 ONONDAGA. Swan's Orange, | Onondaga Seedling. Probably a native of Farmington Ct. It takes its name from having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onandaga Co. N. Y. Tree vigorous, \vith strong, upright, olive-colored shoots. In quality it is variable, not succeeding in all locations. Fruit, large, ovate obovate j color, pale greenish yellow, becoming golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally a dull blush in sun stern, one to one and a half inch long, inserted without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ; calyx, rather small, closed ; basin, shallow, abrupt and marked with patches of cinnamon russet , core, compact vember. seeds, small ; flesh, white, juicy, buttery. October and No- 4:02 THE PEAK. ONTARIO. Origin, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y. Tree vigorous and prodvjctive said to be a valuable market variety. Fruit, medium, elongated obtuse pyriform, somewhat irregular, skin, pale yellow, thickly covered with gray or green dots ; stalk, long, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a rather large depression ; calyx, partially closed. or open in a shallow, irregular, corrugated basin ; flesh, white, granular, juicy, almost melting, with a sweet pleasant flavor. Ripens last of Septem- ber. (Downing ) ORANGE BERGAMOTTE. Orange Pear. Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking. Fruit, above medium, pyriform ; yellow, russet in sun ; flesh, yellowish, sprightly astringent. September and October. ORPHELINE COLMAR. Foreign. Tree vigorous, very fertile. Fruit, very large, pyriform ; skin, bright green, becomes somewhat yellow at maturity, striped and dotted with gray, brown, and black, and shaded witli russet fawn on the sunny side, and around the calyx and stem ; flesh, whitish yellow, fine, melting, a little granular around the core, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A beautiful and excellent fruit, ripening about the middle of October. (An. Pom.) OSBAND'S SUMMER. Osband's Favorite, | Summer Vergalieu, of ton*, American. Native of Wayne C.., N. Y. Fruit, below medium, ovate obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red cheek in sun ; skin, rather thick ; sUm, medium, inserted in a shallow, un- even cavity ; calyx, with open, lor .3, straggling segments ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse grained, juicy ; promises u valuable." Early Sep- tember. OSBORN. Amencan. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H. Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit, small, ovate pyriform, greenish yel- low ; stem, about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent ; ' : good. Early August. OSWEGO. Oswego Beurre, | "eed's Seedling. American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hardy, succeeds well thus far, and an early bearer on Quince or Pear roots ; fruit, medium, ovate obovate, or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings and patches of russet; stem, shrrt, stout; cavity, rather deep; calyx, me- dium, closed : core, small ; fle^h, melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly " very good" October. OUDINOT. Bourrfe Oudinot. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellowish green ; with brownish cheek ; stem, curved ; calyx, medium : basin, shallow ; flesh, fine, ji>*cy : " good ;/ September. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 4:03 PADDOCK From C. Goodrich. Burlington, Vt. Small, ovate conisal, light yellow j flesh, fine-grained, sweet ; " good." August. PARSONAGE. Medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, rough, shades of dull crim- son, netted russet, russet dots ; stem, short, thick at junction ; calyx, half open j short, stiff segments : basin, shallow, russeted ; flesh, white, coarse, granular: core, small : " very good." September. PASSANS bu PORTUGAL. Poire Cheneille, | Miller's Early, | Bergamotte. . Foreign. Tree, upright growth ; shoots, reddish brown, Fruit, below medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun : stem, one inch ; calyx, erect ; flesh, white, juicy, breaking ; " very good." Last of August. PASSE COLMAR. Passe Colmar Epineaux, Colmar Gris, Passe Colmar Gris, Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel, Precel, Kegintin, Chapman's, Colmar de Sille, Colmar Harden Fondante de Panisel, Marrotto Sucree Jauae, Present de Malines, denpont, Malines, Colmar Souverain, Gambler, Cellite, Colmar Preule, Colmar Doree, Colmar Van Mons, Fondante de Mons, ' 1 Souverain, Colmar d'Hiver. Beurre d'Argenson, | Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with long, stragling, half drooping shoots of a lively brownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care, it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care it is worthless. Fruit, medium to large, oblong obovate. obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem, a little more than medium length, set with slight depression ; calyx, partly open ; basin, shal- low flesh, yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November, January. PATER NOSTER. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse at ends, surface uneven ; stem, fleshy; calyx, open; segments, short, thick; core, medium; flesh, yellow- ish, juicy, vinous, perfumed, acid. November, December. (Hov. Mag.) PAUL THIELEN. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ; stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; segments, short, upright ; flesh, rather coarse, juicy ; "good." October. PEACH PEAR. Medium, turbinate pyriform, yellowish, dots of red russet ; calyx, open , flesh, juicy; "good." August, September. PENDLETON. Pendleton's Early York Pear American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive. Fruit, rather large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem, curved ; calyx, open : flesh, white, tender, sweet ; " good." Last July (Hov. Mag.) PENGETHLEY. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish brown, russeted ; stem, medium ; calyx, small, partly open ; flesh, yellowish, juicy j " good." February, March. THE PEAK. PENNSYLVANIA. American. From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, hardy, and moderately productive. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem, stout ; calyx, small, half closed ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy; "good." October. PETRE. American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila- delphia. Pa. Tree, moderate grower, with slender, yellowish brown shoots, abundant bearer. Fruit, medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellow, with russet patches ; stem, rather stout, largest at base ; cavity, abrupt; calyx, medium: basin, narrow; flesh, whitish, fine, melting, but tery, perfumed, juicy, nearly " best." October. The "Bezi de la Motte " Jias been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the West. PHILADELPHIA LATCH. Large, oblate pyriform, yellow, greenish gray dots, netted russet ; stem, stout ; cavity, deep, abrupt ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open ; flesh, coarse, sugary, juicy; core, srra-li; rots at core; productive; "very good." Sep- tember, October. PHILIPPE GOES. Foreign. Tree, sufficiently vigorous and very fertile. Fruit, medium, turbinate-pyriform, bossed, and often irregular ; skin, rough, totally covered with gray russet ; flesh, whitish-yellow, fine and melting, juice enough, sweet and finely perfumed ; quite first quality. Ripens middle of Novem- ber. (An. Pom.) PINNEO. Boston, I Summer Virgalieu, Graves? | Hebron. American. Originated in Tolland County. Conn., and first introduced to notice in transactions of the Hartford County Horticultural Society. Young wood, of a brownish red ; tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, small to medium, oblong obovate pyriform, tapering toward the stem ; color, pale yellow, tinge of red in the sun, obscure dots, and considerable russet near base of stem; stem, rather long; cavity, shallow; calyx, me- dium, open : basin, broad, shallow, slightly ribbed or furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, rich delicious flavor ; core, medium or small ; seeds, dark brownish black. Last of August. Pius IX. Foreign, Large, obovate, irregular pyriform; yellow, slightly rus- seted; stem, short, curved, fleshy at junction; calyx, open; basin, shal- low flesh, coarse ; " good." September, October. PLATT'S SEEDLING. Origin, on the farm of the late Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown, Clin- ton County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hardy and productive. Fruit, rather large; skin, yellow : 4 a fruit of good quality, and perhaps maybe valuable for orchard culture, particularly at the North. October, November. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 405 POCAHONTAS. Origin, Quincy, Mass. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, medium, form variable, obovate pyriform, often turbinate; calyx, small, closed ; stem, short, inserted without depression ; color, lemon yellow, with traces of russet, and occasionally a Bright vermilion cheek: flesh, white, melting, juicy and buttery; flavor, sweet, rich and musky. 'Ripe first to the mid- dle of October. (Wilder in Hort.) POIRE D' ALBERT. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, pyramidal (elon- gated or obtuse-pyriform) ; skin, rough, clear dark cinnamon russet, bronzed on the sunny side ; stem, of medium length, stout, curved, swollen and fleshy at the base, obliquely inserted in a slight cavity, on the lower side ; oye, medium, partially open, and very slightly depressed, in a small, shal- low basin ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, buttery, melting and juicy ; flavor, vinous, very rich, and deliciously perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) POIRE DBS DEUX SOEURS. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, long pyriform, pale green, with brown and blajk dots ; stem, short ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, fine, yellowish green, juicy, sug ry. November. POIRE RAMEAN. Begy de VotrarJB. Large, obtuse pyriform, light y,llow, gray dots, patches of russet; calyx, half closed; basin, open; flesh, firm, tough, cooking; productive. POIRE D'ABONDANCE. D'Atxmdance. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, olloiig pyriform, pale yellow, with russet dots, red in sun; flesh, melting, juicy; "very good." October. POIRE D'AVRIL. Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, yellowish green, rough, rus- seted, and reddish in sun ; stem, fleshy at base ; calyx, closed ; flesh, green- ish white, crisp, juicy, cooking ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed. February to May. POIRE DE TONGRES. Foreign. Tree, strong grower. Fruit, large, obovate, bronzed, brown- ish yellow, streaks of red in sun ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, agreeable. October. PRATT. American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, upright growth, productive on Pear. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yel- low, with gray and russet dots and specks; stem, slender; calyx, open; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary ; " variable." September. PREVOST. Poire Prevost Foreign. Fruit of medium size ; skin, thin, smooth, light green, passing to golden-yellow at maturity, deeply shaded with carmine in the sun j 4:06 THE PEAJB. flesh, white, half melting, half buttery, sweet, and strongly perfumed. Ripens in December, but may be kept until April. (AL Pom.) PRINCE ALBERT. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, succeeds on Pear and Quince. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin, very thick arid smooth ; color, yellowish, sometimes with a slightly sunny cheek ; stalk, an inch long ; eye, small, open, in a shal- low even cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, melting, sugary and rich. February, March. (Gard. Ch.) PRINCESS ROYAL. Groom'3 Princess Royal. Foreign. Tree, hardy and vigorous; not an early bearer. Fruit, medium, obovate, dull pale ren, dotted 'vith russet; stem, set in shallow cavity ; calyx, open ; segments, short : iore, large ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy; "good." January, February. PULSIFE. . American. Native of Illinois. Tree, upright, vigorous ; shoots, dark olive ; early and productive carer. Fruit, below medium, pyriform ob- tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet : stem, short ; calyx, small, open , flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Early August. QUEEN OF THE Low COUNTRIES. Eelne des Pays Bas. Foreign. We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as yet to fruit it in ten years that we have had the variety. We condense our description from Downing. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull yel- low, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun ; stem, one and a half inch long, curved ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white ; buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October. RALLAT. We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this pear from Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry. It is. we believe, an old variety, but we had never before seen it. Fruit, small to medium, globular acute pyriform : skin, rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole spots of russet ; stem, slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx, with crumpled segments; core, large; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, juicy, gritty at core ; "good." November, December. RAPALJE. Bapalje Seedling. American. Fruit, medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform, stern, long ; calyx, in a slight hollow ; flesh, buttery ; variable quality. Early September. RAVENSWOOD. Fruit, obtuse pyramidal, tending to obovate, small to medium in size, with a very short, thick stem ; ripening from the middle of July to middla of August: rich aromatic flavor, and great abundancce of vinous carbo- naied juice. It is a great bearer. It is a seedling found in the woods cf Astoria, and planted on the grounds of Mr. Charles Ehrard. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 407 READING. Large or above medium, pyriform, greenish yellow with numerous dots , stem, medium, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, erect ; basin, very shallow ; core, medium ; seed, dark brown; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, vinous ; young shoots, slender, yellowish olive ; " good." January to May. RETOUR DE ROME. Fruit, medium, oblate, very much depressed, obscurely pyriform, angular; skin, yellowish, blotched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots ; stalk, short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity ; calyx, partially closed, in a round, narrow basin ; flesh, whitish, coarse, granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, slightly astringent. September. RICHARDS. Origin, Wilmington, Delaware. Fruit, rather large, obovate oblate pyri- form ; skin, yellow, with numerous rmall russet dots ; stalk, of medium length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight deprecion calyx, par- tially closed ; basin, very small ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, granulated, with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor. Ripens first of October. RIDELLE'S. Beurrg Audusson, | Poire Eitellc. Tree, of moderate vigor, reddish brown shoots ; productive. Fruit, medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform ; skin, yellow, covered nearly all over with bright red ; stalk, short,, fleshy at its insertion by a lip ; calyx, open, in a very shallow basin ; flesh, not very fine, rather juicy, not melt- ing or delicate in flavor. September. ROE'S BERGAMOTTE. Raised by William ;oe, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit, medium, oblate or Bergamotte-shaped, somewhat angular and irre- gular ; skin, smooth, yellow, with minute yellow dots in the shade, mottled and clouded with red on the sunny side ; stalk, short, inserted in a narrow, abrupt cavity ; calyx, small, with short, stiff segments, set in a narrow basin ; flesh, rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-per- fumed flavor; core, large. The flavor of this excellent new pear is ex tremely like Gansel's Bergamotte, but much more sugary. September (Downing.) RONDELET. Foreign. Tree, upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding Fruit, small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem, slender > calyx, erect, long segments : core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, butter}, juicy, sugary, aromatic j nearly " best." October. ROPES. American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it on ginated at Salem, Mass. Fruit, small, oblong obovate, brownish russei, tinged with red in sun : stem, short, rather stout j calyx, small, open , core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, melting ; " good." October. 408 THE PEAE. ROSABIRNK. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyriform, angular, surface, un even, ru.sset on dull greenish yellow ; stem, fleshy at base ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid ; " very good," may be " best." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) Ross Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green and russet; stem, short; calyx, open; flesh, yellowish, rather gritty, sweet. juicy; "good." January. ROUSSELET D'ESPERIN. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obo- ate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, covered with cinnamon russet stem, long, stout, fleshy at base : calyx, open ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, melting, sprightly ; " very good." October. Promises valuable. ROUSSELET VANDERWECKEN. A pyramidal tree, of medium V^T, out very productive. Fruit, small, varying in form from Doyenne to Bergamotte ; skin, yellow at time of ma- turity ; flesh, white, fine, melting ; juice, abundant, sugary, and strongly aromatic, like that of the Rousselet ; fruit, quite of first quality, and ripe first of November. (An Pom.) SALISBURY SEEDLING. A native of Western New York. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, depressed pyri- form ; skin, rough, somewhat covered with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, inserteo by a fleshy ring ; calyx, closed, in a deep, uneven basin : flesh, coarse, and jf not much claim to excellence so far as proved. Ripe October. SELLECK. The origin uncertain. Tree. 30 years old. Mr. Selleck, Columbus, Vt. Tree, healthy, productive ; leaves, small ; a free, thrifty grower. Fruit, large, ovate obovate obtuse pyriform, angular ribbed, fine yellow, and crimson cheek, russet dots ; stem, medium, curved, fleshy at insertion, where it is slightly russeted ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, small, uneven: flesh, juicy, melting, aromatic; core, small; "very good;" promises valuable for market. October. SHEPPARD. Raised by James Sheppard of Dorchester, Mass. Tree, a free growei; and very productive. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, sometimes pyramidal (greatly varying in form) ; skin, rough, yellow, sometimes with a brownish red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots, and with some patches of russet ; stalk, short and stout, in a depression, often inclined, surrounded by russet; calyx, partially closed, set in a very shallow, furrowed basin : flesh, whitish, coarse, and granular, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a vinous, perfumed,banana fla- vor. Ripens last of Seotember, and first of October. (Downing.; SHURTLEFF. ShurtlefTs Seedling. American. Native of Boston. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 409 russet specks, dark red cheek in sun ; stem, rather long, swollen at base , calyx, large, open : core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty *t core. September. SIGNORET. Sagaret. Foreign. Fruit, medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, useet specks ; calyx, open ; flesh, coarse, breaking, hardly " good." No rember. SOUVERAINE DE PRINTEMPS. Poire dePrintempi. Fruit, medium, ooscurely pyriform ; yellow, sprinkled with russet ; stalk, .'hort, inserted in a depression ; calyx, closed ; basin, irregular ; flesh, *rhite, juicy, melting, coarse und granular, somewhat as- tringent. March. ST. GHISLAIN. St. Galen. Foreign. Tree, upright, vig- orous growth: young shoots, light brown; requires warm rich soil, otherwise a little in- sipid. Fruit, below medium ; gene- rally pyriform, but varying ; color, pale yellow, or yellow- ish green, with dots of green underneath, arid marblings of russet on surface: stem, gene- rally curved ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, and sprightly. September. ST. DOROTHEE. Eoyale, | Nouvelle. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, acute pyriform ; skin, rough, dull green, faintly browned in the sun; stalk, long and curved, in a very shallow cavity; calyx, partially closed, moderately sunk in a rather contracted basin ; flesh, white, fine, very melting and juicy ; flavor, rich, saccharine and vinous, with an orange-like perfume. October. (Hov. Mag.) 18 410 THE PEAR. ST. HERBLAIN D'HIVRE. Foreign. New: poor grower. Fruit, below medium, smooth, green, sprinkled with small brown dots ; stem, short ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. December to March. ST. JEAN BAPTISTS. Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ; stem, short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh, white, melting, buttery, vinous , calyx, halt' open. October and November. ST. MENIN. Poire St Menin. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, greenish, nearly covered with pale rus- set ; flesh, melting, sweet ; " good." August. ST. MESMIN. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, yellowish green; stem, without depression : calyx, half open ; flesh, juicy ; " good," perhaps may be " very good." October. ST. MICHAEL ARCHANGE. Plombgagtel, I Plumbgartel, I Jergfla? Dusnas, | Plougastel, Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, succeeds on Quince. Fruit, above medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet specks ; stem, stout ; calyx, large, open, segments reflexed ; core, large ; flesh, white, half-melting, juicy; "good," or perhaps "very good." Sep- tember, October. STERLING. Do Mott American. Native of Western New York. Tree, thrifty, upright growth, early bearer. Fruit, large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded with red in sun, russet at base of stem : stem, long ; calyx, open ; core, Jarge; flesh, white, coarse, half melting, juicy; "very good." Early Sep- tember. Long known as De Motte in Michigan. ST. VINCENT DE PAUL. Foreign. Fruit, small, like Martin Lee ; skin, russet ; flesh, sugary, half melting, ripening in January. (Leroy's Cat.) STYRE. Origin unknown. Fruit, medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow, with russet dots and tracings; stem, varying; cavity, shallow: calyx, im- perfect; basin, narrow, abrupt, deep; core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed; "best." Sep- tember. SUMMUER FRANC REAL. Franc Kfeal d'Etfe, I Gros Micet d'Ete, Mouille Bouche, | Fondante. Foreign. Tree, thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than " good " on pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish OTIE8TED VABIET1ES, ETC. 411 green dots; stem, short, thick; calyx, medium, long segments, furrowed liusin, large core ; flesh, white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet. Sep- tember. SUPREME DE QUIMPER. Foreign. Tree, strong, erect grower ; wood, brownish-olive. Fruit, me- dium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, red in sun, and russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, medium, partly open, segments, short j flesh yellowish white, coarse, sugary, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, pale brown. Au- gust. SUZETTE DE BAVAY. gazette de Bavay (Esperen). Foreign. Tree, vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh, melting, juicy; "very good/ 7 February and March. TAYLOR PEAR. Merriweather. Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweather, near Charlotteville, Albe- marle Co., Va. Tree, vigorous, young wood olive, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblate; skin, light green, mottled with dark green ; stalk, rather long, fleshy at its termination, in a very slight de- pression ; calyx, very small, set in a wide, superficial basin ; flesh, fine texture, buttery ; flavor, vinous, with a delicate vanilla aroma ; quality, "very good." November to February. (Dr. W. D. B.) TEA. American. Native of New Haven Co., Conn. Fruit, below medium, roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx, with short open seg- ments, even with surface : core, small ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy : " very good," nearly " best." Last September. THEODORE VAN MONS. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ; stem, long, little or no depression ; calyx, large, open, broad segments ; flesh, whitish, melting; "very good " on Quince. November. THORP.- Prindle. Above medium, obovate truncated, oblique, yellow, dull reddish cheek, brown dots ; stem, medium, inserted in an abrupt, acute cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, russeted ; flesh, white, coarse ; core, small ; good." November. THUERLINCK. A very large, showy fruit, whose quality does not equal its beauty, and whose great weight of fruit causes it to fall from the tree with so little wind, that it is not profitable for garden or orchard. (Al. Pom.) TOTTEN'S SEEDLING. Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium or below, turbinate pyriform ; skin, pale yellow, slightly sprinkled with russet, and shaded with dull crimson ; stalk, long, and 4:12 THE PEAR. fleshy at its insertion, by a lip ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whit- ish, buttery, juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous, perfumed flavor. Ripens last of September, and first of October. (Downing.) TRIOMPHE DE JODOIGNE. Foreign, ^re,. very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer. Fruit, large to ve ; large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish with traces and faint spots of russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sub-acid; "good." November. Unsuccessful on ifuinse. TYLER. Fruit, small, turbinate, remotely pyriform; skin, yellow, covered with russet dots ; stalk, long and slender, in a moderate cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, open ; jasin, shallow and uneven ; flesh, white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk and vinous. October. UPPER CRUST. American. Native of South Carolina. Tree, healthy, moderate grower ; branches, slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit, size and shape of Dearborn Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh, but- tery, melting; "very good," if not "best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) UWCHLAN. Dowlin, | Bound Top. From Chester, Pa. Above medium, obovate, somewhat compressed ; skin, cinnamon russet, patches and dots of fair yellow; stem, medium, slight depression at base ; calyx, above medium ; segments, half reflexed ; core, medium : flesh, fine, buttery, saccharine. August, September. Young wood yellowish brown, old wood grayish. VEZOUZIERE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, succeeds on Quince. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem, long ; cavity, open ; calyx, medium, open ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, sweet; "very good." November. VICOMPTE DE SPOELBERCH. Despoilberg, | Bezi de Spoelberch, | Vicompte de Spoelberjr. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown, with whitish gray specks. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks; stem, long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx, medium ; segments, short, erect ; core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary ; "best." December. WALKER. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea- green ; stem, curved, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; long segments ; basin, Juallpw ; flesh, coarse, crisp, juicy ; " very good." September. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. V VAN MON'S LEON LE CLERC. Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne, | Celeatln. Foreign. Distinct from " Leon Le Clerc of Van MORS." A variety on the Quince, bearing early, but not surely. In growth the tree is mode- rately vigorous, nearly upright, yellowish olive wood with round grayish spots. Fruit, very large, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, golden at maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches, some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem ] stem, medium length and size, curved calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed segments ; basin, medium j core, medium 414 THE PEAK. long ovate capsules ; seeds, long, ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yel- lowish white, fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. October and November. WHARTON'S EARLY. Originated from seed sown by Silas Wharton, a pioneer in fruit culture, in Ohio. First grafts were distributed by A. H. Ernst, Esq. Tree, a vigor- ous, strong grower ; wood, yellowish brown ; large foliage. Fruit, above medium, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots, suffused at base with a sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, slight ; calyx, open ; segments, short, rounded ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet j " best." Middle to last August. It deserves extensive cultivation. WENDELL. A seedling of Van Mons, named in honor of Dr. H. Wendell, Albany, N. y. Tree, vigorous, upright. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 4 4-1.5 Fruit, of medium size, pale yellow, wilh tracings and sometimes large patches 'of russet, often with a bright red cheek next the sun ; flesh, melt- ing and juicy; " good," but not high flavored. Middle of August to middle of September. (Robert Manning.) WESTCOTT. American. Native of Cranston, R. I. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and blotches of russet ; stem, slender, fleshy at base ; calyx, large, open ; basin, plaited ; flesh, white, juicy, coarse, melting, sugary ; " good." September. WIEDOW. "Wredow. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yellow ; stem, medium, obliquely planted with lip one side ; calyx, small : flesh, white, juicy, vinous, per- fumed ; u very good." October. WILBUR. American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, a moderate grower, with reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit, medium, oval obovate, dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem, medium j calyx, open ; core, large ; flesh, whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy ; " good." September. WILLIAM'S EARLY. American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree, moderate grower, reddish brown wood. Fruit, below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem, medium, a little fleshy at base ; calyx, large, open core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sweet ; " very good." September. WILLIAMSON. American. From the South side of Long Island. Fruit, medium, obo- vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and rus- set at stem and crown ; stem, short, stout, narrow irregular cavity ; calyx, none ; basin, deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds, small, flattened ; flesh, yel- lowish white, fine grained, juicy, sugary, vinous : " very good " if not " best." October. WlLLERMOZ. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; skin, smooth, pale green, yellowish, tinged with red in sun; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary, musky. October, November. WILKINSON. American. From Cumberland, R. I. Tree, thrifty, hardy, productive , " good " in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit, medium, oval obovate, yellow, with brown dots and specks ; stem, rather long and stout ; calyx, small, open ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. October to December 4:16 THE PEAR. WILMINGTON. A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by Dr. Brinckle. of Philadelphia, Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, somewhat compressed at the sides, some- times roundish obovate ; skin, cinnamon russet, with patches of greenish yellow on the shaded side, and sometimes faint traces of carmine on the part exposed to the sun, with occasionally a number of black dots encircled by a carmine margin; stem, somewhat variable in length, obliquely inserted in a small cavity, sometimes without depression j calyx, medium, with short, erect, segments, set in a rather large, sometimes slightly furrowed basin : flesh, fine, melting and buttery ; flavor, rich and saccharine, with the deli- cious aroma of the Passe Colmar : " best." September. (W. D. B.) WINSHIP. Winshlp's Seedling. American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree, vigorous, wood yellowish, early and productive bearer. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow, traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem, long, slender, curved ; calyx, closed j core, large ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary ; "good." August. WINTER SECKEL. Origin, near Fredericksburg, Va. Introduced by H. R. Roby. Fruit, medium, regularly formed, obovate ; skin, dull yellowish brown, somewhat russeted, with a red cheek ; stalk, long, slender, curved ; flesh, white, fine- grained, buttery, very juicy, melting, with a very rich, sweet, aromatic fla- vor. February. WOODSTOCK. Origin, Woodstock, Vt. Medium, irregularly ovate obovate; yellow, with brown dots ; stem, long, straight, abrupt cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad, open ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet, perfumed ; core, small : " good.' 7 September. ZEPHERINE GREGOIRE. Foreign. Fruit, globular, acute pyriform ; stem, fleshy ; color, dull green, thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek ; flesh, very melting, tender, juicy ; " very good." November. ZEPHIRIN Louis GREGOIRE. Foreign. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive. Fruit, of medium size, turbinate ; skin, yellow, with a crimson cheek, and slightly russeted about the stalk, which is short and thick, inserted in a small cavity ; eye, small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, melting, very juicy, and delicately perfumed. December. (Al. Pom.) SUPERSEDE*) BY BETTER SORTS. 4:17 CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. ADMIBAL. Ainiral, | Colmar Charnay. Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, juicy. October. AMANDE DOUBLE. Amanda's Double. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September. AMBBETTB. Tilton, I Ambrette d'Hiver, I Trompe Yalet Ambre Gris, | Belle Gabriel, | Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, January. T^is is classed Dy some as identical with Echassery ; we think them different AMBBOSIA. Early Beurre. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted. August. English Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet; flesh, white. September. ANGLETERBE NOISETTE. Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. September. ASTON Town. Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October. AUTUMN BEKGAMOT. English Bergamot, | York Bergamot, | English Autumn Bergamot Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French Autunrm Berg* motte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless. AUTUMN COLMAR. Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October. BELMONT. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October. BELLE ET BONNE. Gracieuse. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September. BERG AMOT, EASTER. Bergamot de Paques, I Bergamot de Toulouse, I Royal Tairling, Bergamot d'Hiver, "Winter Bergamot, Terling, Bergamot de Bugi, | Paddington, | Bobert's Keeping Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February, May. BEBGAMOT D'HOLLANDE. Holland Bergamot, I Bergamot d'Alencon, I Amoselle, Beurre d'Alencon, | Bergamotte de Fougere, | Lord Cheeney's. Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet For ever. BERGAMOT PARTIIENAT. Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January. 18* 418 THE PEAK. BEBSAMOT Botrssnnut Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, Januarj. BEITKBE BBONZEE. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December. BEITBBB DUVAL. Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November! BEURBE SEITTIN. Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. BETJBRE KNOX. Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet September. BECRBE COLMAB. Beurre Colmar d'Automne. Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October. BETTBBE KOMAIN. Gros Bomain. Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October. BETTRRE DE BOLLWILLEB. Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red In sun. Winter. BETTBBE KENBICK. No. 1599 of Van MOM. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. BELLE DE BBUXELIES. Belle of Brussels, | Belle d'Aout Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyrifprm, deep yellow, greenish dots, tinge of rd m sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August. BEZI Bezi Royal. Foreign. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow. October 1 . BEZlBLAKO. Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August BON CHRETIEN, SPASIBII. Bon Chretien d'Espagne, | Spina. Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. BON CHRETIEN, FLEMISH. Bon Chretien Ture. Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March. BISHOP'S THUMB. . . Beurre Adam. Foreign. Large, oblong irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet October. BlTBQOMABTEB. Burgermeister. Foreign. Medium, long, pyriform, yellowish green. December. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. BOTTOQUIA. Beurre Boucquia. Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyrifonn, pale yellow, red cheek. October. BTTBLINGHAMK. Burlingame. American. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September. BUBNETT. American. Large, obtuse pyrifonn, pale yellow, russet. October. BBOOME PABK. Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown. December. BBOFGHAM. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; flesk yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary ; " very good." November. CABOT. American. Medium, oval roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September. CALEBABSE. Calebasse Double Extra, | Calebasse d'Hollande. Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet September. CALEB ASSB GBOSSE. Monstrous Calabash. Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October. CALEB ABBE DELVINGE. Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyrifom, pale yellow. October, November. Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October. CATILLAC. CadUlac, | Grand Monarque, J GrooteMoguL Foreign. Larg, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March. CHAPMAN. American, Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October. CD ABLE8 OF AtlSTBIA. Charles d'Autriche. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russoted. October, CITRON OF BOHEMIA. Great Citron of Bohemia. Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red cheek. October. CLINTON. No. 1288, Van Mons, Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November. CLABA, Claire. Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October. 420 THE PEAE. CHELMSFOBD. Stone. American. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. September. COLMAB. * ColmarDore, I D'Auch, Incomparable, | De Maune. Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, yellowish.. December. COLMAB D'AKEMBEBG. Foreign. Large, obovate pyrifonn, yellow, with russet. October, Novembet COLMAB DE MEESTEB. Foreign. Large, pyriform, greenish yellow. October. COMPBETTE. Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. COMMODOBE. Van Mons, No. 1218. Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow with red. October, November. COMSTOOK. Comstock Wilding. American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek. November, January COPEA. American. Large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow. September, October. CEASANNB. Bergamot Crasanne, | Cresane, | Beurre Flat. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October. CBAWFOBD. Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August. CBOFT CASTLE. Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October. CUVELIBB. Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November. ClTMBEBLAND. American, Large, obovate, orange yellow, red cheek. September, October. D'AMOFB. Ah ! Mon Dieu, | Mon Dien. Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November. DEABBOBN. Foreign. Large, pyriform, russeted. November, December. DE DEUX Foix LANK. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. Laet August. DOYENNE D*HlVEB. Coffin's Virgalieu. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November. DOWN-TON. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 421 DOBB. American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August. DtTMOBTIEB. Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October. DUQTTESNB D'ElE. Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish. September. EARLY BERGAMOT. Foreign. Medium, roundish flattened, yellowith green. August. EAELY CATHERINE. Eoussellet Hatif, I Poire do Chypre, Kattern, Early Koussellet, Perdrue, Green Catherine. Cyprus Pear, Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July. EARLY DENZELONIA. American. Fruit, small, roundish flattened, yellow russet. August. Much resembles Ful ton outwardly. EMERALD. Foreign. Medium, oboyate, green and brown. December. ENFANT PBODIGE. Foreign. Medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull yellow. October. FAMENGA. Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September. FINK GOLD OF SUMMEB. Fin Or d'EteJ Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August FOBTTTNEB. Episcopal, I La Fortunee de Paris, La Fortunee de Parmentier, | Beurre Fortunee. Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February. FORME DE DEUCES. Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet October. FOBTEB'B ST. MICHAEL Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October. FBANO EEAL D'HrvEB. Franc Beal, | Fin Or d'Hiver. Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February. Chaumontel d'Ete, Bellissime d'Ete, Supreme, Bellissime Supren* FRENCH JARGONELLE. Vermilion d'Ete, Poire des Princes, Bed Muscadel, Sabine d'Ete, Summer Beauty, English Bed Cheek, Bed Cheek, Bidal. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August GBNDEBHBXK. Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November. 4:22 THE PEAK. GlLOGIL. Gile-o-gile, I Garde d'Eoosse, PoireaGobert, | Jilogil. Foreign. Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February. GBEEN CHISEL. Sugar. Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August. GREEN PEAK OF YAIB. Green Yair. Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September. GREBN SVGAS. Prince's Green Sugar. American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, September. GBISB BONNE. Small, pyriform, green. Middle August. HAMPDEN'S BERGAMOT. Bergamot d'Angleterre, I Ellanrioch, j Bergamot d'Ete. Fingals, | Summer Bergamot, | Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a Summer Berg* mot, small, roundish, yellowish green; and a large Summer Bergamot, all equally worthiest Eipens 1st of August HARBISON'S FALL. Bushmore Bon Chretien. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October. HESSEL. Hazel. Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September. HUGUENOT. American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of rod. JALOUSIE. Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September. LEON LE CLEBG. Leon Le Clero do Laval. Foreign. Large, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February LITTLE MUSCAT. Little Musk, I Petit Muscat, Primitive, | Muscat Petit. Foreign, Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July. LOUISE BONNE. Louise Bonne Real, 1 St. Germain Blanc Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December. MABULIS. Maroellia. Foreign. 8maH, roundish, greenish yellow. September. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 4:23 MADOTTE. Amadotto. Foreign. Lnrge, pyrifonn, yellow. October. MESSIBE JEAN. Monsieur Jean, I Messire Jean Blanc, I Mr. John, Messire Jean Gris, | Messire Jean Dore, | John. Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December. MARIE LOUISE NOVA, Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September. MICHATTX. Compte de Michaux. Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October. MOOB FOWL EGO. Little Swan's Egg, | Knevett's New Swan's Egg. Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October. MUSCAT EGBERT. Poire a la Eeine, I St. Jean Musquee Gros, I Early Queen, ITAmbre, | Musk Bobine, | Queen's Pear. Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July. NAUMKEAG. American. Medium, roundish, yellow russet October. OLIVER'S BUSSET. American. Small, obovate roundish, yellow, red russet October. OWEN. American. Medium, roundish oval, dark green. November. (Cole.) PAILLEAU. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. PITT'S PBOLITIO. Pitt's Marie Louise, | Pitt's Surpasse Marie. Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow, and brownish red. September. POPE'S QUAKER. American. Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet October. POPE'S SCARLET MA JOE. American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August PRINCESS OP ORANGE. Princesse d'Orange, | Princesse Couqnette. Foreign. Medium, roundish, reddish russet October, November. QUEEN CAROLINE. Beine Caroline. Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November. QUEEN OF PEARS. Beine des Poires. Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October. QUITTELLXTTE. Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull fusset November. 4:24 THE PEAK. RAYMOND. American. Medium, obovate yellow, red in sun. October. ROUSSELET. Large Bousselet, j Gros Bousselet Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August EOUSSELET DB MEESTEB. Ferdinand de Meester. Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October. EOUSSELET OF EIIEIMS. Eousselet, I Spice, or Musk Pear, Petit Eousselet, | Late Catherine. Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September. STYBIAN. Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October. SITGAB TOP. July Pear, | Prince's Sugar Top, | Harvest Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July. SUCEEE DE HOYEBBWEBDA. Sugar of Hoyersworda. Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August. SFMMEB BON CHBETIEN. Bon Chretien d'Ete, | Eichard's Beurre, Summer Good Christian, | Musk Summer Bon Chrettan. Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September. SUMMEK EOSE. Epine Eose, I Caillot Eosat, I Epine d'Ete Couleur Eos*, Poire de Eose, | Caillot Eosat d'Ete, | Thorny Eose. Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet August SUMMER THOBK. Epine d'Ete, | Fondante Musquee, | Satin Vest Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. STTMMER ST. GEEMAIN. Short's St. Germain, | St Germain de Martin, | St Germain d'Ete. Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September. SULLIVAN. Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. September. SWAN'S EGO. New Swan's Egg. Fruit, below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October. Swiss BEBOAMOT. Bergamot Suisse. Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow and red. October. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 425 SYLVANGE. Bergamot Sylvange, | Green Sylvange. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October. TABQTJIN. Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February VAN BUBEN. American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October. VALLEE FBANCHE. De Vallee, | De Keingheiin. Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August. VlBGOTTLEtTSB. Poire Glace, | Chambrette, | Bujaleufl Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November, January. WHITFIELD. Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October. WILLIAM. (Edwards'.) American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September. "WlNDSOB. Summer Belle, | Kongo. Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September. WINTEB OBANGB. Orange d'Hiver. Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January. WTTBZUB. "Wurzur d'Autuma. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November. TAT. Yutte. Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September. ZOAS FLAT. American. Small, obovate, green. September, Oototar. THE PLUM. Prunus domestica, L. Rosacece of Botanists. THE Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production in our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests the adaptedness of both soil and climate. Propagation. By Seed. The gathering, preserving, and planting of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches, to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be taken ; avoiding, except when wanted for forming dwarf trees, those of slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red or yellow (P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but it should always be worked just at or rather below the collar. Seed- lings from it often answer to work the same season, and we have seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The Chickasaw (P. Chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native. New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ; no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them- selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the preserving of separate or combined characters. By Budding. The plum is generally and best propagated in its varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially selected for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple Favorite, &c., &c. By Grafting. Where budding can be done, we should prefer never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery- men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the stocks, if left to another budding season, would become too large. They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March, drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud out. Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the ground, and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c., should only be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes practiced, and as successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as in the apple j it is also done in same way we cannot recommend it. 426 PRUNING., 4:27 Transplanting and Distance Apart. The plum tree is perfectly hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the Fall, say Octo- ber. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a round regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out. The roots, with exception of tap-roots, should only have the ends trimmed smooth, tire tap-root should be cut out. The distance apart depends very much on the variety ; such sorts as Green Gage, Cloth of Gold, &c., requiring only to be about fifteen feet apart, while the Imperial Gage, Washington, &c., would be better at twenty feet. Soil and Situation. The soil generally recommended for success ful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ; this, by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to bake and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; we have been unable to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in varied soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of trees. That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a tree is planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting of both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more successful either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than he who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and sup- plies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil : the insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July and August, black warts, &c., &c., are equally injurious in one as the other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils, and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro- ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils from strong clay, through all intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the most convenient. Pruning. The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back, each Summer or Spring, such shoots as are becoming too vigorous and likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out weakly- growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with branches formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best. In order to have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin with ; the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet from ground, then shortened back one-half the next year. After which, 4:28 THE PLUM. if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will need nc farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of the strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning, (t. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp spade, cut off all the roots), and at the same time shorten back the year's growth one-half. This is best done in August. This mode is especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South- ern States. Cultivation. Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of curculio. Trees planted where swine have run among them are generally healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring of ground by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excrements, is yet a question undecided. Manures. The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly beneficial: the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of half an inch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the Spring, may be regarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in the soil. Ashes, in soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twelve feet high, and in bear- ing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and smaller ones less. Brewer's grains are also valuable as a manure, when they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of ani- mal manures. Diseases. The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed by some to insects (niembracis bubalis), (see Harris's Treatise on Insects); by some to inherent cause from its* parent ; by some to temperature and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the tree ; and by others to a diseased state of sap. After noting that it first appears in a neighborhood on trees grown from suckers, or propagated on suckers or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined to a support of the last- named cause. Trees in a judicious, rather high state of cultivation, and grown or worked on good, healthy seedlings, are rarely subject to it. And a tree diseased by inoculation may be recovered by appliance of abundant food at the roots, cutting away the apparent INSECTS INJURIOUS. 429 knots, and washing the wounds either with salt or copperas-water. The latter is best. And if, also, the whole tree be watered with a solution of one ounce of copperas to two gallons of water, the knots will disappear. Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some specific ingredient in the soil. We have cured it by dressing -with ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the foliage drop. Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to the belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the supplies of the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have come under our notice, on which only a moderate quantity of fruit was per- mitted to mature have apparently been free, while those overloaded, and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with food, have decayed. Our friend, Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science, have, however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus. Insects Injurious. The JEgeria, which is noted under head of peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil (Rhynchcenus Nenuphar}, is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with difFr,ent fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often- times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly desccribed in " Har- ris's Treatise on Insects ;" and so much is written yearly relative thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con- tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish ^**. brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps, TfflT^' giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp- seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting, with which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent-shaped mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of June, the curculio commences his task of propagation, and his mark will 430 THE PLUM. then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much larger than a pea; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in July, near the close of his labors, they will be found very near the stem. These last marks in July are riot often found, as they are produced only from a few insects which have escaped late from the larva state, or, as some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding in the earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs de- posited the same season. The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit, and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground. The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured, varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hard when the egg is laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some- times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm within. The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following Spring, when it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and perpetuate its race. The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea- ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying upon his back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their movements. If the least motion or noise is made, they remain inactive. The insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or to the same orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated orchards are soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have been known to be wafted on the wind for a mile or more, the windward side of orchards being most infested, immediately after strong winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. In the cool of the morning they are nearly torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl but slowly ; hence, at this time of the day they are most easily destroyed. The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectarine and cherry, all suffer ; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the insect leads it to the fruit again. The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course of the curculio are recorded in number more than vre care to recount. Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found USES. 431 frees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc., ect., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not. Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door; and the one as valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching it to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under- neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by the larvae of the insect ; hence the value of plantations made where swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but here the tree does not flourish as well. In large orchards, where there is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole of about ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one end, passing from tree to tree, and scattering dirt freely, will well repay the cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; while, for small gardens, the plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of the most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of New York, is the best. It is, in first preparing a short pole, having at one end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India rubber ; place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the morning, (having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, the diameter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy mallet : the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may easily be gathered and destroyed. Uses. The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts, conserves, and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the plum in the lowest state of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked, they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com- merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely built for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise (German), as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a 432 THE PLUM. small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of those engaged in drying fruit : "Prunes," says Liegel, "have become an important article cf commerce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud- denly cooled, when drawn from the oven. "The country people in this part of Germany prepare their prunes by putting them into their bread ovens. I have put up, for my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which, after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend ; and for the construction of which I give the annexed draw- ing and explanatory description : " The vault or exterior of the oven, four and a half feet long, is surrounded by a brick wall one foot thick, so that the whole stove, abed (see figs. 1 and 2), is exactly six feet every way; the front wall, n, being only half a foot in thickness. At the top, the vault is arched over with six inches of brick-work at the crown of the arch. The flues, i i, are about fourteen inches square. The hurdles or trays, m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers, so as to ad- mit of their being pushed in and drawn out with greater ease. These lines of trays are placed at a distance of six inches from the furnace, so as to keep the fruit from too great a heat ; they may be made entirely of wood, but it will be better if the bottoms are of open work, like shelves. Their weight is such that they may be i\ , > [ SjBHaMMBgai easily managed by a woman ; ~jj but in preparing prunes on a "I large scale, let them be made of L-^z=[iBiB| middle September. ROYAL DE TOURS. Eoyal Tours. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, deep, giv- ing appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, min- ute golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk, stout ; cavity narrow ; flesh, greenish, firm, with abundant juice ; adheres closely to large, oval flattened stone. Early August. ROYAL HATIVE. Mirian. Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North : branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh, amber color, rich, parts from stone ; stalk, half-inch long, stout ; stone, small. Last July. ST. CATHERINE. Foreign. Branches, smooth ; valued in France for drying, surpassed here by varieties of later origin. Fruit, medium, obovate, pale yellow, little red in sun ; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September. SCHENECTADY. Schenectady Catherine. An American Plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first intro- duced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree, thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender; fruit, above me- dium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at stem end; suture, shallow ; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted on the sunny side ; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor ; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts readily from the flesh; stalk, three-fourths inch long, rather slender, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Last August. SCHUYLER GAGE. American. Origin, Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright grower ; branches, gray, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval ; suture, indistinct ; yellow, with small green splashes, dots and shades of red in sun, thin bloom ; stalk, long, curved : flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor, separates freely from the stone. September, 452 THE PLUM. SHARP'S EMPEROR. Denyer's Victoria, | Qucet Victoria. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish oval, lively red in sun. paler in shade; flesh, yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor. Middle September. THOMAS. American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., say? this is a seedling of Mr. Thomas, Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches, stout, slightly downy. Fruit, large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture, dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots and whitish bloom; flesh, deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large, roundish ovate stone ; stalk, half-inch, stout, deeply inserted. September. TROUVEE DE VOUCHK. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous and very fertile. Fruit, medium or small, is regularly oval ; skin, thick, reddish violet, with a shady side and a violet bloom on the sunny side ; flesh, juicy, sweet, and Ci very good. 7 Ripens the end of August. (Al. Pom.) WAX PLUM. American. Fruit, large, oval rounded ; stem, long, downy ; color, yel low, mostly covered with carmine : lilac bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, sprightly ; " good." Free-stone. October. (Hov. Mag.) WHITE DAMSON. Late Yellow Damson, I Shailer's "White Damson, White Prune Damson, | White Damascene. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, oval, pale yellow, few red spots; flesh, yellow. C ling-stone. September. WILKINSON. Tree, vigorous. Branches, smooth, rather slender. Fruit, medium, oval, slightly necked ; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom ; stalk, medium, set in a small cavity ; flesh, dark yellow, rather firm, sweet, not rich or high flavored ; adheres partially to the stone. Ripens the last of September. (Downing.) WOOLS-TON'S BLACK GAGE. Foreign. Fruit, round, below medium size, black, very juicy, rich and sugary : a free grower and great bearer. This, and Angeline Burdett, are much alike in their fruit, but differ in the habit of the trees. Both have thick skins, which induces them to shrivel on the trees and become lusci- ous sweetmeats. Beginning of September. (Riv. Cat.) YELLOW EGG. Yellow Magnum Bonum, White Magnum Bonum, White Egg, Eg^ Plum, White Mogul, Askew's Golden Egg, I D&cie Ambert, Col. Young's Seedling, " Jaune, White Imperial, " " Blanche, White Holland, Grosse Luisante. Wentworth, Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing little from the parent. " Long's Yellow" is one considerably SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 453 West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, narrowing at ends, suture distinct ; skin, yel- low, white dots, and thin white bloom flesh, yellow, adhering mostly to the stone ; stalk, long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. . Middle to last August. CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. ADMIBAL. Corse's Admiral. Canadian. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, light purple; flesh, greenish yellow Cling-stone. September. AMEBICAK WHEAT. American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, blue; flesh, greenish. Cling-stone. August APRICOT. Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricotee, I Bed Apricot. Abricotee de Tours, | Yellow Apricot, | Foreign. Branches, downy ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, with red ; flesh, yellow, bit- ter. Free-stone. August BLUE GAGE. Azure Hative, | Black Perdrigon, | Little Blue Gage. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, round, blue; flesh, greenish. Free-stone. August BBKVOOBT'S PURPLE. New York Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolinar, | Brevoort's Purple Washington. American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, yellowish. Cling* stone. September. BEACH PLUM. Native of the sea-coast Fruit, small, reddish, astringent BLUE PEBDBIGON. Violet Perdrigon, I Brignole Violette, Perdrigon Violette, | Battle Monument. Foreign. Branches, downv. Fruit, medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish yellow. Cling-stone. August BTFIELD. American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, light yellow; flesh, yellow. Cling- stone. August CHESTON. Cheston Matchless, | Matchless, | Violet Diaper. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, oval, purple ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone. Aagust COPPEB. French Copper. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, bluish copper ; flesh, greenish. Free- Btcne. September. CBOFT'S EABLY. A small, reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry, and devoid of flavor. August DAMSON. Common Damson, | Purple Damson, | Early Damson. A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many sub-varieties, undei names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson, &c. branches, downy. Fruit -" , oval, purplish blue ; flesh, greenish, partially free. September to November. 454: THE PLUM. DIAMOND. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, oval, purplish black; flesh, yellow, dry. atone. September. DlCTATOB. Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal. Tree, vigorous and hardy. Fruit, very large, brown- 4 sh purple, covered with a bloom ; flesh, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. FIELD MARSHAL. Corse's Field Marshal Canadian. Fruit, medium, oval ; flesh, greenish yellow. Cling-stone. August. FOTHEBINGHAM. Sheen, | Grove House Purple. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh, greeniaL yellow. Free-stone. August. GHISTON'S EAKLY. American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, yellow; flesh, yellow. Free-stono. August. GIFFOBD'S LA FAYETTE. American. Fruit, medium, long, oval, purplish blue ; flesh, yellowish. September. GOLIATH. Caledonian, I Steer's Emperor, Saint Cloud, | Wilmot's Late Orleans. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, purplish red; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. August. GUTHBIE'S APSICOT. Guthrie's Apricot Plum. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, yellow, with crimson dots ; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. August. GWALSH. American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, obovate, dark purple; flesh, yellow, acid. Cling-stone. August. HOLLAND. Blue Holland, | Holland Prune. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, round, reddish purple; flesh, yellowish. Free-stone. September. HOBBE PLTTM. Large Early Damson, | Sweet Damson. American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish yellow. Free-stone. August. JTTDSON. American. Fruit, small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled; flesh, yellowish; atone, large, free. August. LAKGK GBEEN DBYINO. Knight's Large Green Drying. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish. Cling stone, insipid. September. LATE BOLMEB. Fruit, medium, roundish. Skin, yellow, mottled with red next the sun. Flesh, yellow, rather firm, sweet, but not rich. Free-stone. September. LEWISTON EGG. Origin, Lewiston, N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive. Branches, downy. Fruit, medi- um size, oval ; skin, pale yellow, with a bloom ; flesh, yellow, adhering closely to the etoaa, Bfii vry sweet, and only second-rate flavor. August. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 455 LITTLE Qmtm CLAUDE. Yellow Gage (of the English), I Eeine Claude Blanche, I Gonne's Geeen Gage, Petite Eeine Claude, | Small Green Gage, | White Gage. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, yellowish green, with red spots; flesh, pale yellow. Free-stone. August LUCOMBE'S NONSUCH. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green; flesh, greenish. Cling-stone. August. MUSCLE. Foreign. Only grown for stocks. Fruit, oblong, dark red, large stone. NECTARINE. Caledonia? | Howell's Large. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, roundish, purple ; flesh, greenish yellow, partially cling-stone. August. PEOLY'S EARLY BLUB. American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh, yellow, partly free August PRINCE'S ORANGE GAGE. Fruit, medium, roundish oval; suture, moderate; skin, yellow; stalk, long, set in an open cavity ; flesh, light yellow, coarse, juicy, pleasant, but not rich, adheres to the stone. September. QUEEN MOTHER. Bed Queen Mother, | Pigeon's Heart, | Damas Violet Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, purplish red in sun, amber in shade flesh, yellow. Free-stone. September. BED IMPERIAL. Imperial Eouge, | Early Forcing. Foreign. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, large, oval, reddish violet ; flesh, greenish yel- low. Free-stone. September. BED PERDRIGON. Perdrigon Bouge. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac bloom ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone. August. EHINEBEOK YELLOW GAGE. Origin, Ehinebeck, N. Y. Tree, very strong and vigorous. Fruit, large, oval; suture, deep; skin, yellow; stalk, rather long, inserted by a fleshy ring, without depression ; flesh, coarse, adheres to the stone. September. SEMIANA OF BOSTON. This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duhamel. We are not pre- pared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it worth looking after. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, dark blue; flesh, harsh, acid. Cling-stone. Sep. tember. SIAMESE. American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, grows in pairs, which is its only merit, pale yellow* flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September. ST. JOHN'S. Prune de St. Jean. Foreign. Branches, downy, Fruit, medium, purplish blue; flesh, greenish yellow. August 456 THE PLUM. STABKLEK'S SEEDLING. American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, greenish yellow, with white flesh, yellowish. Cling-stone. August. Simiana, I Swiss Plum, I Prune d'Altesse. Bimiana, Swiss Plum, Prune Suisse, | Monsieur Tardif, Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, round, violet red; flesh, greenish yel- low, acid. Cling-stone. September. VIRGIN. Virginale. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, purple ; flesh, yellow. Free-stoa. Foreign. September. WHITE APKICOT. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ; flesh, rather firm, not sweet, but pleasant. Cling-stone. Middle of August. WHITE IMPERATBICE. White Empress, | Imperatrice Blanche. Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red spots ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone. September. WHITE PEBDBIGON. Perdngon Blanc, | Maitre Claude, | Brignole. Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, greenish yellow, red spots in eun : flesh pale yellow. Cling-stone. August. WILDE'S. American. Fruit, large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish green. Cling-itoa*. July. THE QUINCE. Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. Rosacecc of Botanists. THE Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will acquire a height of twenty-five to thirty feet. While young and in the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth ; but after the trees com- mence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading than upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from its first attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest tree on record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New York, and is, according to the " Horticulturist," thirty feet high, with a trunk girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle seventy-five feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London Horticultural Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia, of which the fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and ripened, loses all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like a soft, ripe pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way to our shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large, pale pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and appear- ing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it is almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit. We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some secluded shaded corner. Propagation. By Seed. The seed should be saved by cutting out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days, or until they become soft, when, rubbing in water and passing the pulpy part through a sieve, leaves the seeds clear. They should then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a cool cellar or out-house until Spring care being taken that they do not get dry, nor yet wet enough to decay, In Spring, sow thinly, in drills, good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep. By Cuttings. These are usually taken off in Spring, early, from wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the cut- ting set erect, ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil. If ground is available where moisture can be insured in Summer, without over- plus in Winter, the month of September is best for making and put* 20 457 4:58 THE QUINCE. ting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made, well shaded from noonday sun, and watered during the Summer season. By Layers. These are usually made in Spring, by bending down and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They usually form roots the first season, and will answer the following Spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery rows. By Roots. Small pieces of the roots, from four to six itches long each, taken off in Spring, and planted with the upper er.d about two inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the season. For propagating Cydonia Japonica, or Japan Quince, this is de- cidedly the best way. By Budding and Grafting. The Portugal and Orange Quince, being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding anJ graft- ing ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand, the common white thorn answers a very good purpose often doing even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those who neglect cultivation. It is rendered more thrifty, when worked on pear stocks more hardy on thorn. Soil. The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep say two feet and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and allowed to lie six months before being applied, and spaded-m around the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing of virgin earth or leaf mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures, applied during Winter and Spring, have to our knowledge kept a plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt-marsh mud, is frequently used in the States bor- dering on the ocean or salt water. Situation. A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni- versally advised; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on the contrary, is objectionable ; while, in soils well supplied wkh ma- nures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found. Transplanting, Pruning* and Distance apart. The Quince is hardy, and the Fall is best for transplanting ; but, when tiot conve- nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even if left until late in Spring. Newly planted trees should be pruned back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inche? from the crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of eigh- teen inches just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees destined for an orchard, should be about twelve feet each way. The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head open and VARIETIES. 459 regular cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers. " The bear- ing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy shoots, pro- duced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore should be shortened back the Spring after they have borne, in order to pro- duce new spurs at the same point." Insects, etc. " The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood, during the summer season. " As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre Tention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife, lengthwise, and not across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to arrest early their progress ; hence, trees should be examined frequently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree." In Spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an insect (scolytus), and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme- diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a very few hours. Uses. The Quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marmalade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered carefully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in a cool room, kept until near midwinter. VARIETIES. Of these there are very few really worthy of description, and, of these, three only worthy of cultivation to any extent. The Chinese Quince (Cydoma Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental. Its fruit 460 THE QUINCE. is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince ( Cydonia Japonica) is also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three varieties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the latter, with flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, with a pleasant odor ; not eatable. ANGERS. This variety is mostly grown for the purpose of engrafting the pear upon. The fruit is. however, equal to the Pear-shaped, and much resembles it, only that it is larger, somewhat more rounded, and a lighter, brighter yel- low. The principal value, however, is for stocks on which to work the Pear. NEW UPRIGHT. Paris de Fontenay. A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from cuttings, but after the first year's growth, seems to lose vigor and afterwards grows very tardily. ORANGE QUINCE. Apple Quince, | Apple-shaped Quince, | Cydonia v. Malformia. This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. When fully ripe ? its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of an orange VARIETIES. 461 than its shape corresponds to the general form of apples therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to produce the pear-shaped or even far in- ferior fruit, as seedlings from a good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to the last of October. If gathered too early they do not cook tender. Leaf, ovate pointed. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to obovate conical ; stem, usually in a slight depression when well-grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow ; without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly ; core, large, and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown. PORTUGAL QUINCE. Cy donia Lusitanica. This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abundant as the Orange Quince. Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety; core, medium, and placed near the centre; seeds, light brown , flesh, mild, less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender 4:62 THE KASPBEKEY. and turns a fine purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about ten days earlier than Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep soil PEAR QUINCE. Pear-shaped Quince, I Pyriform Quince, Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform, This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like many varie- ties of the Pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyriform, taper- ing to the stalk. Skin, dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough, dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, oblong ovate. Last of October REA'S SEEDLING. Van Slyke. New. Originated by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Green Co., N. Y. Tree, healthy, thrifty grower, productive ; said to be very valuable. Fruit, one- third larger than the Orange variety ; of same form and color, fair, hand- some and equally good. THE RASPBERRY. Rubus idceus. Rosacece of Botanists. A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this country and Europe. The roots being permanent, and the stems biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been produced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers. Propagation and Transplanting. New varieties are produced from seed; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange," produced from seed of a crimson berry. Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe, about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded. They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in- creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro- pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing cuttings of the rose; the care and attention requisite, making it only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties^ as the American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their branches bending over until the ends touch, and become covered in the ground. CULTURE AND TRAINING. 463 In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous season's growth. The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We think they become matted too soon in this way. Soil. All cultivators agree that, while the raspberry may be made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from the woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons. Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south. Culture and Training. In large plantations, weeds are kept down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti- vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single pruning in the Spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early in March or April, according to the season or section of the country where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers, unless wanted for future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in Spring. An English gardener, in our immediate neighborhood, has prac- tised the following modes of training, ever since our residence in the north of Ohio : Figure 1 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April. The uprights are posts made of cedar or locust, four inches square at the bottom, and two inches at top. The horizontal lines may be of tarred rope, or annealed iron % wire, coated with coal tar. To the horizontal wires, the canes are tied by strips of bass bark, such as is used in budding. 464: THE RASPBEKRY. Fig. 2. In figure 2, the arched portion tied to the stake in the centre, represents the canes of last year's growth pre- pared for fruiting the coming season. Figure 3 represents Fig. 3. the plants in the Fall ; the upright canes being those of the season's growth, while the arch- ed ones are those which have produced fruit, and must be cut away. Insects. The rasp- berry is generally free from destructive in- sects. Dr. Munson, of New Haven, Conn., in a paper to the Ameri- can Pomological Soci- ety, speaks as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the common red raspberry, fiubus idceus. in Connecticut ; and the exhaustion oc- casioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. This atfection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy." Protection. Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re- quire protection in Winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other, with a shovel, throws two inches of earth upon them. Gathering Fruit. This should be done in the cool of the morning, when they are higlier flavored than at midday. Uses. " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre- serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by confectioners, for making syrups ; by distillers, for making raspberry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines." (Downing.) Its fruit, immediately succeeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermentation in the stomach, is regarded, and prescribed by many physicians, as a pro- moter of health. Profits. Seldom failing to produce a crop, when grown on suita* MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 465 able soil ; requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep the plant in order ; always meeting ready sale, at fair prices, it is sur- prising that more attention has not been given the culture of the raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which is mostly grown for the New York market by cultivators on the Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets, of one pint each, from three-fourths of an acre ; and $1,500 has been realized, in a single season, from sale of product *of three acres. A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro- fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a fresh piece of ground. Autumn Fruiting. Any variety may be caused to mature its fruit in the Autumn, by cutting away all shoots in Spring, and stop- ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one- half, Classification and Varieties. We have made but two classes of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for a first class, which would bear the mark of worthy general culture. Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re- garded as finest for the dessert ; but, since the introduction of the Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded as suroassed in delicacy. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. AMERICAN BLACK. Thlmblebeny, | Common Black Cup, | Black Raspberry. This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late, will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring puddings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots, long, rambling, recurved. Berries, dark purple, nearly black, round flattened. AMERICAN RED. Common Bed, | English Bed, of some. Well known. Shoots, upright, light brown. Fruit, medium, roundish, light red, sub-acid. Early. BELLE DE FONTENAY. A dwarf-growing variety, with large and deep green leaves ; bears large fruit all the Autumn, of good flavor, but requires warm soil and exposure. Hort.) CATAWISSA. American. From Columbia Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, dark reddish purple, producing abundantly on the young wood, and commencing to ripen 20* THE JRASPBEERY. early in August. This character will probably make it valuable when raspberry canes are liable to be destroyed by the colds in Winter. ANTWERP. New Red Antwerp. | True Red Antwerp. Although universally desired, it is rare that the true Red Antwerp rasp- berry is found West of the State of New York. It is a Dutch sort, ori- ginally from Antwerp city. An exa- mination of the Red Antwerp as im- ported from several sources, all of which prove incorrect, leads us to doubt whether it is better known in the old -country than here. The common Red Antwerp is easily de- tected in its fruit beins smaller and round, while that of the true is large, regularly long conical, dull red, with a rich, sweet flavor. Canes, mode- rately strong, yellowish green, be- coming pale brown or mouse color, early in Autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens from first to tenth July. The canes need protection in Winter throughout Northern sections, in order to secure a full crop.' COLONEL WILDER. Another seedling of Dr. Brinckle's. Shoots, strong, light-colored. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical, light cream color, firm, with a sprightly, fine flavor; moderately productive, ripening its fruit in succession, from early until quite late in the season. Raised from seed of the Fastolf, and named in honor of one of the best pomologists in America. COPE. A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's ; promises well. Foliage, light green. Fruit, large, conical, crimson ; spines, red. CUSHING. This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It promises well ; should receive atten- tion of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; prickles, brown ; leaf, plaited, regular form. Fruit : large, roundish conicah crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 467 - EMILY. A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigorous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally shouldered ; light yellow. ENGLISH EED CANE. Allen? | False Eed Antwerp. A variety much grown and highly valued by market gardeners. The canes are pretty strong, tall, of a bluish red color, whitish gray bloom, very hardy and productive. Fruit, medium or above, globular, slightly conical ; dull red, large grains, and moderately firm, bearing carriage well ; flesh^ juicy, pleasant, not high flavor. FASTOLF. An English variety, in- troduced with high praise, which it has fully sustained in this country. It is proba- bly a chance seedling of the Red Antwerp, which it much resembles. Its name is from an old pile, called Fastolf Castle, near Yarmouth, Eng. Throughout most of North and Western States it will need protection in Winter, as its canes are not quite hardy. For small gardens, we prefer it to Red Ant- werp ; but for market cul- ture, the latter is best, on account of being more firm. Shoots, strong, are much in- clined to branch, light yel- lowish brown. Fruit, large, roundish, obtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored, product- ive ; ripening its fruit in long-continued succession. FRANCONIA. Introduced to this country from Francs, under this name ; but not to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. Its canes are nearly hardy maturing good crops, without protection, four years out of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles; leaves, rather narrow. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A few days later than the latter in ripening. It ia said that in New Hampshire there is a wild variety similar if not identical, 468 THE RASPBERRY. FRENCH. Vice-President French. This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yello\v Antwerp ; originated with Dr. Brinckle. Fruit, large, round, crimson, matures late ; spines, red. It is one of the best of the Brinckle seedlings, and deserves extensive culture. FULTON. From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson ; productive, and a vigorous grower ', spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle' s origin. GENERAL PATTERSON. Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. Spines, red. Fruit, large, round, crimson. KNEVETT'S GIANT. Imported from England by Col. Wilder, in 1843. This raspberry has proved more hardy than any other foreign variety, requiring no protec- tion, and producing uniformly large crops of fruit. Its texture being firm, it will be found profitable to grow for market. Canes, strong, upright, dis- posed to branch. Fruit, large, obtuse conical or roundish, deep red and of excellent fla- vor. It is recommended for genera] cultivation by the American Pomological Society. MAGNUM BONUM. A white or yellowish fruit of large size, rather firm flesh, and finely flavored, similar to the old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive and vigorous. MERVEILLE DE QUATRE SAISONS. Large, bright red, and is, of all the Autumnal raspberries, the most abundant bearer ; its spikes of fruit are often twelve or eighteen inches long, and produced till the end of October. (Hort.) MERVEILLE DE QUATRE SAISONS. Yellow fruit, new variety, raised from the above. It bears abundantly in the Autumn, and its fruit is sweet and well flavored. (Hort.) MONTHLY. Large-fruited Monthly, | Elvers 1 Large-fruited Monthly. Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with dart purple spines. Fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 469 MRS. WILDER. Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to require distinct description. NORTHUMBERLAND FILLBASKET. A new foreign variety. A strong, vigorous grower, with numerous rather strong, crimson-colored spines. Fruit, somewhat globular or obtuse conical, deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor. Productive. OHIO EVER-BEARING. Ohio Kaspbeny. Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing two crops in a year. By many esteemed very desirable. ORANGE. This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow Antwerp, while its late period of ripening will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots, vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular. Fruit, large, ovate, beautiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor. Productive. By many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by Dr. Brinckle. THUNDERER. A new variety lately introduced from England, and which very much resembles Franconia. It promises equally valuable. YELLOW ANTWERP. "White Antwerp, | Double-bearing Yellow. This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there, we presume, will.soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long time, whence its synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light yellow, with greenish spines. Fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, and excellent. Requires protection in Winter. In our Southern States, the Antwerp varieties are said to fail. WALKER. Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as a market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit, large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps long in per fection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines, red. WOODWARD. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties, though larger than the ordinary wild raspberry. Fruit, round, sometimes roundish ovate, crimson ; red spines. Has ripened as early as the tenth of June. (Wilder in Hort.) 4:70 THE BASPBEKEY. CLASS HI. Superseded varieties. AMERICAN "WHITE. "White Thimbleberry. Varying from above, only in color. BARNET. Cornwall'! Prolific, I Cornwall's Eed, I Lord Exmouth's. Cornwall's Seedling, | Large Ee'd, English. Shoots, long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit, large, soft, roundish conkal, purplish red, agreeable. BBENTFOBD CANE. English. Shoots, strong, branching. Fruit, medium, oval conical, dull red. Inferior. Cox's HONEY. English. Fruit, medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems. CBETAN EED. From the Mediterranean. Shoots, upright, hardy. Fruit, medium, round, deep red. ci*L Late. DOUBLE-BEARING. Perpetual Bearing, I Late Cane, Siberian, | Eed Double-Bearing. Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Eipenslate. NOTTINGHAM SCABLET. English. Fruit, medium, obtuse conical, red. EED ANTWERP. Old Eed Antwerp, I Rowland's Eed Antwerp, I Burley. Knevett's Antwerp, | Framboisier a Gros Fruit, | This is the common Eed Antwerp of England and this country, and is quite distinct from the North Eiver variety, which is shorter in growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes, strong and tall ; spines, light red, rather numerous, and pretty strong. Fruit, large, nearly globular or obtuse conical ; color, dark red, with large grains, and covered with a thick bloom; fleshj juicy, with a brisk vinous flavor. VICTORIA. English. Medium, roundish conical, red. WOODWARD'S EED GLOBE. English, Large, red, roundish conical. "WILMOT'S EARLT BED, English. Small, roundish, red. Early. THE STRAWBERRY. Fragaria,) (of species,) L. Rosacea of Botanists. DURING the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed- ling to the varieties of the Strawberry, there has arisen a furor for the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the United States has its "rare and unsurpassed seedling," cultivated and extolled with praise and poetry equaling that of olden bard ; while savans, wise on Strawberry culture and the structure of plants botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical men. A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the varieties of the Strawberry are universally esteemed among the most delicious, as well as most wholesome, of the smaller fruits. And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates, it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this country. As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not sufficient quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of Strawberries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry season there is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most agreeable testimonial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at the present day. The dis- tinctive name, Fragaria, is highly expressive of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit. Raising from Seed. When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the morn- ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold-frame with the lights sloping to the North. Sow the seed at distances of about one inch, and cover lightly, by sifting fine sand, or, what is prefera- ble, vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June,*the plants will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a frame, they should have tan-bark or decayed leaves strewed among them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans- plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable com post. 471 472 THE STRAWBERRY. Propagation from Runners and Divisions. All varieties of the Strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them, to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way, from fifty to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a season. To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while in fruit, jtnd set stakes by side of those from which you wish to renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little variation. They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster of roots early in the Spring. Fertile and Barren Plants. It is an old saying that " every person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, of Cin- cinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in common phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms ; and so vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country, whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the distinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers understood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe. " The European Wood and Alpine Strawberries always maintain a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and there- fore every blossom gives a perfect fruit." Fig. 1. Sterile Staminate Blossom. Fig. 2. Sterile Pistillate Blossom. Fig. 3. Natural Slatt The " Scarlets," and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be, and hence arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms, male and female. In the production of new varieties, even in our wildlings, the seed- ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the VARIETIES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 473 other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which, when once formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr. Downing, " that the organs are always present, though imperfectly developed," and that when " deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 1,) they are called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female plants, the terms are incorrect ; " yet these terms have become so commonly accepted, that we have, for the better understanding, continued their use. This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif- ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will, when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con- struction in the flower of the Strawberry cannot be depended on from a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich- ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage, with corresponding decrease of fruit-stems ; hence, the necessity of forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants, and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from the root, being given to creation of new plants by means of runners instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety. With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continually being produced, in which one organ is most prominently developed, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit-bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting, to secure such propor- tion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or stami- nate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pistillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males. Varieties, however, exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been class- ed as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit. These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her- maphrodite. Varieties and their Classification. The varieties of this fruit have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensjome to the author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few are retained as desirable to cultivate, where quantity of produce and char- acter, or rather flavor in fruit is expected. The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage, yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more varie- 4:74 THE STRAWBERRY. ties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them. Authors have classed the Strawberry as Scarlets, the original type being our wild Strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or Surinam Strawberry ; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood Straw- berry of Europe ; Hautbois, or High wood, from Bohemia ; Chili, from South America. The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ; long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit, of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded. The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green leaves ; fruit of pine-apple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds slightly imbedded. The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit, small, sweet, and separating freely from the calyx. Tiie Hautbois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks, the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color. The Chili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit pale red and insipid. The Green Strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country. We have dropped the arrangement into classes, as many of the new varieties combine two of the above classes, and it is therefore im- possible to classify distinctly. Soil and Situation. Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils, are generally found to produce the largest berries, as well as most in- quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of ani- mal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any recorded in the public journals. Deep, the soil must be, say twenty inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a moderately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and perfect, while the heat and drought, so usual throughout the West and South-west in Strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remainder. Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well repay the labor, in the extra crop produced. Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig- ging in, liberally, of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit- stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum (plaster of Paris), to every four feet square of ground, with two inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods TIME OF KIPENmG. 4:75 ct old pastures, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de- tected, as they flower some eight or ten days earlier than the pistil- lates, and may then be drawn out. Tne situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or later" maturity of a variety. A side-hill sloping south-east, with springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the ; ' Early Scarlet " strawberry, some ten days or two weeks in advance of others, who have the same variety on warm soils and upon level exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or springy, cold soils, should never be selected. Season for Transplanting and Preparation of Plants. South of Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to transplant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust or the like ; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by frosts of Winter. The plants, when set, should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable, one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants. Time of Ripening. This varies according to latitude. In the latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree of lati- tude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier or later, as you go north or south. The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering. If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken, of eight feet square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and fruit at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first fruit- stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no moisture after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. The result will be a succession of fruit in order. Modes of Culture. Different varieties require measurably different modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. That of 4:76 THE STRAWBERRY. cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a hill, the runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the Wood and Alpine varieties, and is the only successful mode of growing any of the English varieties ; it also returns the largest and most perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to compare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which have been successfully and largely practiced in this country, and are thus described by A. J. Downing : " Culture in Rows. The rows should be two feet apart, and the plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting- them off at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every Autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. " A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in the Fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold Winter. Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be covered with straw or new-mown grass to keep it clean. A planta- tion in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must always be renewed after the fourth year." Culture in Alternate Strips. " Strike out the rows three feet apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to take possession of every alternate strip of three feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The occupied strip, or bed of runners, will now give a heavy crop of strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next season's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new space alloted to them, and will perhaps require a par- tial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the case say about the middle of August dig under the whole of the old plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the next season of fruits. " In this way, the strips or beds occupied by the plants are re- versed every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be con- tinued in a productive state for many years." SPECIFIC NUTRITION. 477 Specific Nutrition. R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : " I fertilize the plants, on opening of Spring, with a liberal sprinkling of a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium, Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week, or ten days, until they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen." An old recipe, published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia, says that " a bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a week,' for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in *ull bloom, the following preparation : " Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quarter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water, one-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening." If dry weather, free application of clear soft water should be made between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of the Western soils there is, as yet, no necessity for specific application of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. For field, or market culture, new clover-lye will be found better than specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their susceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ; yet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than enhance vigor. We append analysis of the Strawberry plant, made by Mr. Bilius Kirtland, for guidance of those whose grounds have become exhausted, and who prefer this method : GARDEN STRAWBERRY. In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes : Grains. Silica 6.117 Charcoal and Sand 3.103 Perphosphate of Iron 1.515 Lime 26.539 Magnesia 8.908 Sulphuric Acid 1.469 Phosphoric Acid 6.970 Chlorine 708 Potash 33.154 Soda 2.790 Carbonic Acid 23.008 Organic matter and loss 1 .739 116.020 THE STRAWBERRY. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. BOSTON PINE. American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation : vines, vigorous. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical; seeds, yellow, slightly imbedded . rotor, deep, rich, shining red flesh, pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, with sprightly, agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey is the originator of this variety Its earliness and great productiveness make it highly valuable. BURR'S NEW PINE. Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex; vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive. Fruit, large, obovate, or rounded, light pale red ; seeds, slightly imbedded flesh, whitish pink, deli- cate aromatic flavor, sweet, and delicious ; core, firm, long rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very ear- liest. GENESEE. American. Hermaphrodite j vines, luxuriant ; fruit-stalks, stout, sup- porting the fruit well. Fruit, large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc- tive. Ripens late. Originated with Ellwanger and Barry. HOOKER. Originated with H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. Esteemed. Herma- phrodite ; vines, vigorous, large broad foliage, hardy, productive, long time in bearing ; fruit-stalks, long ; truss, large. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, generally regular, but sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, purplish red, surface soft, polished ; seeds, not deeply imbedded ; flesh, fine, sweet, rich, and excellent. HOVEY'S SEEDLING. American. Pistillate. Flowers, small j vines, vigorous ; leaves, broad, roundish, distinct from all other varieties ; leaf and fruit-stalks, short and stout. Fruit, very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical. w r ith a short neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark, rich, shining red ; seeds, dark; flesh, scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator, this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. The " Methven Scarlet ' has been largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as Hovey's Seedling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in Winter. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 479 HUDSON. Hudson's Bay, Old Hudson, Late Scarlet, American Scarlet, Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than an/ other variety , its har- dihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine, rich, acid flavor, so valuable for preserving, will continue for years to bring it abundantly to the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around Cincinnati it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as Longworth's Pro- lific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit, above medium, ovate, often with a neck; seeds, deeply imbedded; color, rich dark glossy red ; flesh, firm, of a high, brisk acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until fully matured. Season, rather late. JENNET'S SEEDLING. Valuable for ripening late say one week after c: Longworth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dundee " and for its firm texture, and desirable qualities as a variety for preserving. Flowers, pistillate : vines, very hardy ; leaf and fruit-stems, both long, stiff, and upright ; calyx, very large, dis- tinctive. Fruit, large very regular, roundish conical ; color, rich, glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply imbedded : flesh, white, tinged with pink at the core, while the red of surface is shaded in one- sixteenth of distance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious j core, long conical, open texture, sometimes, hol- low. Season, late. ' Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathered from less than three-quarters of an acre. LONGWORTH'S PROLIFIC. Schneike's Seedling. Originated at Cincinnati at the same time as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar ground ; both on the land of Mr. Longworth known as the < : Garden of Eden." For market culture we re- gard it of more value than McAvoy's Superior. Flowers, hermaphrodite; vines, hardy; foot- stalks, long, stout ; leaf, broad, round, bold, up- right, with a curve ; trusses, large, full, stand up well from the ground ; productive, regular, and -sure bearer. Fruit, above medium to large, gen- erally regular, roundish or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or coxcomb ; color, rich, dark crimson ; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim surrounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high, not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long acuminate, and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season or with " Hudson." 480 STKAWBERKY. LARGE EARLY SCARLET. Early Virginia. American. Hermaphrodite. With some this is regarded as the best early berry. Its chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet : seeds, deeply im- bedded ; flesh, tender, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. We think "Jenny Lind " will prove superior to this, and take its place. McAvor's SUPERIOR. McAvoy's No. 12. Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati Horticultural Society. 1851. Flowers, pistillate; vines, hardy; foliage, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long ; trusses, full, and well- formed. Fruit, very large, exceeding by one-eighth that of any other va- riety ; form, varied, as shown in our drawings, generally roundish, irregu- lar conical, and occasionally slightly necked ; color, rich, dark, glossy crimson ; seeds, large, slightly imbedded ; flesh, red crimson, lighted and veined with white, the white most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely fine, high flavor ; core, round oblong, rather open and coarse in texture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances; desirable for private gardens. Ripens at medium season. MONROE SCARLET. American. Pistillate. Plants, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, large, round- ish, short neck, fair flavor ; flesh, firm. Valuable market sort. WALKER'S SEEDLING. Staminate. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical, very , seed, moderately sunk; flesh, not quite solid, deeply stained American, dark crimson with red. sprightly rich flavor, of quality "best ;" prolific for a staminate., MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 481 Conical Hautbois, Musk Hiutbois, PROLIFIC HAUTBOIS. I Double Bearing, Caperon Boyal, Lafayette, of some, La Grange, of some. Of all thr, Hautbois or high-wood class of strawber- ries, this -wo regard as the only one worth cultivating ; and even this is only adapted to private gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky flavor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varieties, imparts a richness and character that few can avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both sexes require to be carefully selected in order to give product. Foot-stalks, long, bearing the fruit above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and very productive. Fruit, medium, sometimes large, rounded conical, dark purplish red ] seeds, light crim- son, prominent; flesh, firm, musky, very rich, sweet and delicious : core, ovate conical, partially hollow. Ripens with ;c Wes- tern Queen ;" and sometimes, when the season is rainy, gives a partial second crop. John Saul, Washington. D. C., says the Fertilized Hautbois of Myatt is a larger fruit and bearer than above. WESTERN QUEEN. Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, in 1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistillate; vines, very hardy; foot-stalks, long; foliage, dark, acumi- nate ; truss, well spread, very productive. Fruit, medium to large, regular rounded conical, very little inclination to form a neck: color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds, dark : flesh, yellowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and agreeable flavor ; core, long, conical. This variety bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as forger than Hudson or Willey, should supersede them. WILLEY. Wiley. American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha- racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruit, medium to large, ovate conical rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red ; flesh, firm, juicy, high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do ; vines, very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially lessened in size. WILSON'S ALBANY. Raised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Flowers, pistillate ; vines, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit, large, broadly conic, pointed ; color, deep crimson ; flesh, crimson, tender, with a brisk acid fla- vor : a promising variety. The introduction of this, as well as most other Northern varieties, at the Southwest, should be done cautiously, as it ii doubtful whether they -yvili bear the heat of Southern summers. 21 482 THE STRAWBERRY. CLASS II. New and untested varieties, or adapted to certain localities. ADMIRAL DUNDAS. English. New. Foliage, small. Fruit, large, irregular, conical flat- tened, pale scarlet, yellowish, seeds slightly imbedded ; flesh, pale red, hol- low, juicy ;" good." (Hov. Mag.) AJAX. English. Staminate. Fruit, globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, fine flavor. New. ALICE MAUDE. Princess Alice Maude. English. Hermaphrodite. Large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy, flavor sprightly, abundant bearer; grown largely in some sections of Virginia. BICTON PINE. English. Staminate. Fruit, large, long oval, flattened, bluish white For amateurs only. BISHOP'S ORANGE. Orange Hudson's Bay, | Bishop's New. Pistillate. Medium, light orange scarlet, conical; fruits in clusters, moderately prolific. Desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. BLACK PRINCE. Black Imperial. English. Pistillate. Large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy ; seeds, slightly imbedded, very showy ; flesh, rich, red, sweet ; in some localities as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit proves of the very highest flavor ; wants a rich, loamy clay ; core, full, firm, surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black Prince, which is long, conical, somewhat acid. BREWER'S EMPEROR. English. Staminate. Large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro- ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has not as yet been much disseminated. BRIGHTON PINE. Raised by Mr. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. An early and prolific variety, much lauded by Mr. Hovey, from whose magazine we extract description : Vines, vigorous, hardy. Fruit, large, roundish conical, dark red ; flesh, tinged with scarlet, sprightly, high flavor. Ripens among the verv earliest. BRILLIANT. American. Hermaphrodite. Flowers, large. Fruit, large, conical, deep crimson ; flavor, excellent. Productive ; plants vigorous. (W. R. P., in Hort.) tn*TE8TED VABIETLESj ETC. 4:83 BRITISH QUEEN. Myatt's British Queen. English. Staminate. Large, roundish, scarlet, rich ; poor bearer. BURR'S SEEDLING. Burr's Staminate Seedling, | Burr's Old Seedling. American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, light green; vines, strong, vigorous and hardy Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; eed, light-colored ; color, light pale red ; flesh, tender, mild, and pleasant flavor, does not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market. Productive, and, as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable. CALEB COPE. American. Pistillate. Large, pointed, scarlet: flesh, white; flavor, good. Prolific. CAPTAIN COOK. English. New. Vines, said to be strong and haray; great bearer. Fruit, large, firm, bright scarlet. CHARLOTTE. American. Pistillate. Flowers, medium ; foliage, broad. Fruit, large, obovate ; color, dark scarlet flesh, sweet, sprightly flavor. Productive. (W. R. P., in Hort.) CLEVELAND. American. Hermaphrodite. Leaf, large, ovate rounded, dark green. Fruit, large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular ; color, dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds, ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh, firm, of pine-apple flavor, rich, and deli- cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve- land, Ohio. CLIMAX. Climax Scarlet American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, slightly necked, light scarlet, rather acid. Very productive. (E. and B.) CORNUCOPIA. American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, conical, scarlet. Productive. (W. R. P., in Hort.) CRESCENT SEEDLING. A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing. CRIMSON CONE. Dutch Berry, | Scotch Pineapple. Pistillate. Flowers, medium. Fruit, large, conical, good flavor, slightly acid. Vines, vigorous, requiring space ; productive. An old market sort Superseded. 484 THE BTEAWBEEEY. GUSHING. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large; color, light scarlet; form, ohtuse conical ; flesh, fine ; flavor, sprightly, agreeable. Productive. Ori- ginated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. DUCHESSE DE Tp.EVISE. A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus describes it : " Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris, September 6th, 1851. Fruit, middle-sized, ovate, deep red : seeds, small, rather deeply imbedded; flesh, pale red, juicy, with a brisk, rich flavor ; leaves, large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf- stalks, moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon- tally, but those on the scapes and runners are depressed. Appears to be a good bearer." DUNCAN'S SEEDLING. English. New. Fruit, large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive. Lately introduced. DUNDEE. Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves, light green ; foot and fruit-stalks, long, sup- porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich acid, high flavor very productive ; extremely valuable as market berry, its period of ripening being from five to ten days after Wiley or Hudson. Vines, very hardy. DUKE OF KENT. Duke of Kent's Scarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, | Early Prolific Scarlet English. Staminate. Fruit, small, roundish conical, bright scarlet, sharp, rather acid flavor ; valuable only on account of its early period of ripening Vines, hardy. FlLLBASKET. English. New. Vines, strong. Fruit, large, round, bright scarlet, firm ; great bearer. GERMAN-TOWN. Young's Seedling. From Germantown, Pa. Vines, vigorous, hardy, productive, long time in bearing. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, regular, rich, dark crimson, firm, sweet, high flavor ; promises valuable for market pur- poses. GREEN STRAWBERRY. Green Pine, | Green Wood, | Green Alpine. Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish whitish green. HAUTBOIS SEEDLING. Peabody Seedling. American. New. Origin, C. A. Peabody, Columbus, Geo. Herma- phrodite. Hardy, vigorous plant, withstanding both cold and heat without injury. Fruit, borne upon tall stalks, and attached to the calyx by a coral- UNTESTED VAEIETIES ETC. 485 like neck, without seeds size, large ; form, irregular, conical ovate, pressed ; color, rich, dark crimson ; flesh, firm, melting, juicy, exquisite, pine flavor ; prolific, and bears carriage well. HOOPER'S SEEDLING. English. Staminate. Fruit, medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor ; productive. Late. IOWA MALE. Washington. American. Staminate. Fruit, medium, round conical j seeds, deeply imbedded ; color, pale red : core, ovate conical, marked with a greenish line ; flesh, yellow ; flavor, delicate ; moderate bearer. JENNY LIND. Staminate. Size, rather large ; form, conical, perfect, generally with short neck ; seeds, moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color, bright light scarlet ; flesh, white, nearly solid, heavy, tender, and juicy j flavor, plea- sant sub-acid, and, under favor able circumstances, highly perfumed ; quality, "very good." Early, ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. MAGNIFIQUE. American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant flavor ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) McAvov's No. 1. McAvoy's Extra Bed. American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but, with exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large, roundish, scarlet; seed, deeply imbedded ; flesh, stained with red; flavor, agreeable ; the extra red, sub-acid. METHVEN SCARLET. Methvcn Castle, I Southampton Scarlet, I Hovey's Seedling, of some. West, Methven, | Keen's Seedling, of some, West, | Stoddart's do. ** Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit, large, roundish or cock's- comb shaped j seed, slightly imbedded ; color, dull scarlet ; flesh, coarse, open texture ; core, large and hollow ; flavor, very indifferent. It some- times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the height of strawberry season. MONTEVIDEO PINE. American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, large ana vigorous ; flowers, very large. Fruit, large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in Hort.) MOYAMENSING. American. Pistillate. Foliage, large, crenate serratures. Fruit, large, roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed, crimson, set in rather deep depres- sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh, red ; flavor, fine. Valuable market sort in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 86 THE 8TEAWBEKET. NECKED PINE. Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple. American. Pistilla;e. Fruit, medium, conical, always necked, light scarlet ; flesh, white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe ; little grown, except in private gardens at Cincinnati. OMAR PACHA. English. Vines, vigorous ; a seedling from British Queen. Fruit, large, roundish, cock's-comb form ; bright red, with many small, yellow seeds ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. New. ORANGE PROLIFIC. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, orange scarlet, acid ; produc- tive, late. (E. & B.) PENNSYLVANIA. American. Pistillate. Leaf, large, deep green. Fruit, large, broadly conical, dark crimson ; seeds, crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im- bedded ; flesh, red ; flavor, fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.) PRINCE OF WALES. English. New. Said to be very early. Fruit, medium, deep scarlet, fine flavor ; productive. PRIMATE. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, conical, deep scarlet; pro- ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.) PRIMORDIAN. American. Pistillate. Flowers, small. Fruit, large, conical, deep scarlet; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) PROLIFIC HUDSON. American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor ; ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.) PROLIFIC SWAINSTONE. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor, fine ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) RED ALPINE. Stafford's Washington Alpine, | Newland'a Mammoth. Flowers, perfect. Fruit, small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos- soms. The " White Alpine " varies only in the color of its fruit. BED WOOD. English Bed Wood. The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long continuance; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The White Wood varies only in color. UNTESTED VABIETIES, ETC. 4:87 REFULGENT. American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) RICHARDSON'S LATE. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, roundish, short neck, light scarlet, rich sub-acid, sprightly flavor ; moderately productive. Ripens in succession, until about middle of July. (M. P. W., in Hort.) RIVAL HUDSON. Burr's Rival Hudson. American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, bright scarlet ; flesh, red, firm, sub acid ; very productive. Originated same time as <; Burr's New Pine," ana is much like "Hudson," its parent. Ross PHCENIX. American. Staminate. Fruit, large, roundish, compressed, dark red flesh, firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer. RUBY. English. Fruit, medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov Mag.) SALTER'S VERSAILLAISE. English. We copy description of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. So- ciety : Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer- smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit, large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds, rather deeply imbedded : flesh, pale, juicy, and rich ; leaves, middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf -stalks, scapes, and runners, hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A good bearer. SCARLET NONPAREIL. English. New. Vines, vigorous. Fruit, large, regular roundish, coni- cal, glossy red ; delicate perfumed flesh. SCOTT'S SEEDLING. From Brighton, Mass. Staminate. Vines, dwarfish, hardy j light yel- lowish green foliage. Fruit, medium, conical, crimson scarlet, hollow at core ; flesh, pale red, wanting in flavor. SIR C. NAPIER. English. Vines, vigorous; foilage, medium. Fruit, large, roundish cock's comb, glossy scarlet ; seeds, yellowish ; flesh, pinkish, juicy, slightly musky. SIR HARRY. English. Vines, vigorous, productive. Fruitj large, cock's-comb form ; flesh, red, solid, delicious, perfumed ; fruit-stems, stout. New (Hov. Mag.) SOUTHBOROUGH. Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling. English. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, sometimes pointed, rich deep scarlet; seeds, small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor; firm 488 THE STRAWBERRY. flesh, bearing carriage we 1. We have fruited this several years in con- nection with ''Large Early Scarlet " (to which it is a good mate), and found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines, hardy ; fruit and foot-stalks, short. SWAINSTONE SEEDLING. English. Staminate. Fruit, large, ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed, rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer. . UNIQUE SCARLET. American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious flavor. Moderate bearer. VICTORIA. Trollope's Victoria. English. Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit, medium to large, round, conical, rich scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season, with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety^ but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any variety under different name. The vines are hardy ; promise well. WHITE ALPINE. Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit. WHITE BUSH ALPINE. This and Red Bush Alpine differ from the Alpine previously described, only in not forming runners, but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing through- out the entire season, renders it desirable. They are propagated by divid- ing the roots early in Spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, N. Y., fir&t introduced the Bush Alpines to this country. CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. ABEEDKBN BEE HIVE. English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet. BAIN'S EXTBA EABLT. Medium to small, round conical ; flesh, tinged with red, sweet and pleasant BOSTOCK. Eostock. English. Eoundish ; poor bearer. BUIST'B PBIZE. American. Hermaphrodite ; large, firm ; moderately productive. COLE'S LATE SCAELET. English. Medium, deep color; moderate bearer. COLE'S PBOLOTO. English. Large, conical, good flavor. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 489 Cox's SEEDLING. English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid. COLTTMBTTS. American. Pistillate ; large, dark red, sweet, too tender. CRIMSON PINB. Hermaphrodite ; resembles Hudson. DEPTFOBD PINK. Hyatt's Deptford Pine. English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet ; poor bearer ; partially hardy. DOWNTON. Knight's Seedling. English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet ; unproductive. EBEBLEIN'S SEEDLING. Ainencan. Hermaphrodite; vines, vigorous; flowers, medium; fruit, medium, conical compressed; seeds, light colored, prominent; color, dark scarlet; good, slightly acid flavor. ELTON. Elton Pine. English, Staminate; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender; unproductive. GIANT ALPINE. Medium, globular, tasteless. GLOBE HATTTBOIS. English. Small, globular ; unproductive. GOLIAH. German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous; there is also an English variety. GBOVE END SCABLBT. Atkinson's Scarlet. English. Hermaphrodite; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, acid ; early; pro- ductive. HUNTSMAN'S. American. Pistillate; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Staminate: Medium, dark scarlet, good flavor ; poor bearer. KEENE'S SEEDLING. English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rlJa, high flavor, tender ; unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, receivyl by N. Long- worth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive. LA LIEGOISE. French. Staminate ; medium, bright scarlet; unproductive. LATE PBOLOTC. American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet. LIZZIE RANDOLPH. American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet ; indifferent grower. MYATT'S ELIZA. English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow cor , Mgh flavor ; poo* bearer. MOTTIBB'S SEEDLING. American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson." MELON. Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color ; dwarf. 21* 490 THE STRAWBERRY. HYATT'S ELEANOB. English. Stamlnato ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid. HYATT'S GLOBE. English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender. HYATT'S HAMMOTH. English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, pool bft&rar ^HYATT'S PBINCE ALBERT. English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson. HYATT'S PINE. English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor ; poor bearer. HYATT'S PROLIFIC. English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor ; not prolific. OHIO MAMMOTH. American, Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient in flavor poor bearer. OLD PINE, OB CAROLINE. Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, | Pineapple American. Staminate ; medium, conical, with a neck, bright scarlet, rich flavor, riponr when there are many better varieties. PBOFTTSE SCABLET. American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles. PROFUSION. American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive. PBINOE OF ORLEANS. Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor. BOSEBEBBY. English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor ; poor bearer. EICHABDSON'S EAELY. American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid. SCIOTO. American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet. SOABLET HELTING. American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy, good. TAYLOR'S SEEDLING. American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet and agreeable, Hollow core ; unproductive. TRUE CHILI. Patagonian, | Greenwell's New Giant, | Greenwell's French. This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit, large, conical, du 1 red, firm, hollow core. WILMOT'S STTPEBB. English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet ; poor bearer. WILMOT'S NEW SCABLTKT. English. Large, oval, bright scarlet ; poor bearer. WILLIAM HENBY HARBISON. American. Staminate ; large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh, reddiah, YELLOW CHILI. Fruit, large, irregular, yellow, firm. SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. WE have prepared the following list of Fruits, as most desirable for growing in the several sections of country we have designated. It is not presumed to be a perfect list, or to embrace all the valuable varieties, but it is believed to embrace those most known, proved and esteemed, and comprisable within the bounds of our numbers. Our list embraces, of Apples 40 varieties. Peaches 12 market do. Peaches 12 garden do. Pears 80 varieties. Pears on Quince 20 do. Sweet Cherries 12 do. Duke Cherries. 6 do. Morello Cherries . 6 do. Plums. 15 do. Nectarines. 8 do. Quinces 8 do. Apricots 4 do. Currants 6 do. Hardy Grapes 4 do. Strawberries 6 market sorts. Strawberries 6 garden sorts. Raspberries 6 varieties. Gooseberries 6 do. We have divided the territory as follows : SEC. 1. Embracing Northern Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Northern Ohio, New York, most of Pennsylvania, and the States east. SEC. 2. Embraces Southern Pennsylvania, Southern and Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Southern Iowa, Northern Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee and Northern Missouri. SEC. 3. Includes all territory south of what is noted in the two pre- ceding sections. These sections we use only with the Apple and Pear. With Cherries, and other fruits, we give selections of the best. Perfect drgrinage, and trees with branches near the ground, is essential to successful culture of the Cherry at the South and South-west. Propagated on Morello stocks, they are more hardy, and succeed better than on Mazzard or Mahaleb. We have also endeavored to give the use for which the variety is most adapted, and also its time of ripening. In our illustrations necessary to this end, T stands to designate that it is used for the table, or dessert ; M, that it is profitable as a market variety j C, that it is among the best for cooking purposes ; b, for baking of sweet apples. APPLES FOB SECTION 1. Name of Variety. Uses. Jeffries. T.M. Sept, Oct Fameuse T.M. Oct., Nov Baldwin T.M Dec., Feb. KingofTompkins'Co. T.M. Dec., Mar Belmont T.M. Dec., Feb. Bellflower. T. M. C. Dec., Feb Bullock's Pippin T. Jan^ Mar. Melon T.M. Dec., Feb. Eambo T.M. Nov., Jan. Esopus Spit/enberg T.M. Jan., Mar. Name of Variety. Uses. ^^ j- T. Aug., Sept Amer. Summer Pear- main. Early Harvest ......... T. M. C. July. Ked Astrachan ........ M. C. July, Aug. Sweet Bough ......... T. b. Aug. Primate ............... T. Aug.,8ept. Gravenstein ........... T. C. M, Aug., Get Fall Pippin ............ T.M. Oct., Dec. Lowell ................ T.M. Sept., Oct. Garden Royal ......... T. Sept., Oct. Autumn Bough ........ T. M. Sept., Oct Mother ............... T.M. Oct., Jan. Myer's Nonpareil ..... T. M. Sept., Nov. Jersey Sweet ........ T. b. Sept. Westfield Seek-no- further. T.M. Dec., Feb. Domine.... ......... S. T.M. JaiL, Mar. Hubbardstown Non- such... T " M> Dec ^ Feb> 491 492 SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. Name of Variety. Uses. jjjffSg^ Jonathan T. M. Jan., Mar Name of Variety. Uses. ^^ Q Lady Apple T. M Dec , Mar- Newtowu Pippin T.M. Feb., May. Paradise Winter Sweet T.M. b. Dec., Feb. Autumn Pearmain T. M. Aug., Sept. Carnation T. M Aug. Peck's Pleasant T. M. Dec., Feb. Fall Queen M. C July Aug Rhode Island Greening T. M. O Nov., Mar. Bohanoa M C Aug Sept Swarr . .T.M. Jan, Mar. Fall Wine T Aug Sept Red Canada T. M. Jan., Mar. Fall Pippin T M An^* Richmond T M b Oct Dec London Sweet T. M. b. Dec., Mar. Mala Carle 5 T' M* Au^SepL Cogswell T. M Jan., Apr White Spanish Reinette T M Oct'Nov Winesap .. T. M C Dec. Feb Ne Plus Ultra T/ M Oct'' Newtown Spitzen- , berg . \ rr\ -\r TV HT W'addell's Hall T.M. Oct., Jan. Man^um T M Dec Mar VanLrvere of Dow- \ T " ^ Dec " Mar " Bentley's Sweet " T. M b Dec Feb tivng .... ' Nickejack T M Dec July Ladies 1 Sweet T M. b Dec Apr Ben Davis ....'. . T! M. Jan 'Mar ,. Hall T. M Jan APPLES FOB SECTION 2. Disharoon T M. Oct Nov Green Skin T.M. Jan, Mar. Amer. Summer Pear- ) m A main.... f T ' Au &' Camaks' Sweet T. M. Dec., Mar. Early Harvest T. M. C. July. Duckett T. M. Oct., Feb. Red Astrachan M. C. July. Sweet Bough T.b. July, Aug. Berry T. M. Nov., Feb, Bachelor T. M. Oct., Dec. High Top Sweet b. July, Aug. Red June. M. July White C. Nov., Jan Hamphill T. M. Nov., May. Fall Pippin T.M, Sept., Oct. Garden Royal T. Aug., Sept. Gravenstein T. C. M. Aug., Sept. Raule's Janet T. M. Nov., Jan. Jonathan T. M. Oct., Dec. Limber Twig T. M. Jan., Mar. Mother. T. M. Sept., Dec. Porter T. M. Sept, Oct. Fall Wine.. . T. Sept Oct Carter T.M. Oct., Jan. Rambo T. M. Oct Jan PEAKS FOB SECTION 1. Smith's Cider. T. M. Nov., Feb. In this we have one column to designate the Smokehouse T. M. Nov , Feb Jeffries. T.M. Auf,Sept P stands for Pear Stock and Q, for Quince Paradise Winter Sweet T. M. Nov., Jan. Willow Twig M. Jan., Mar. Stock. Stocks Uses. Maturity. Newton Spitzenberg... T.M. Dec., Mar. Vandervere . . . T. M. Nov., Jan. Ananas d'Ete P. T. M. Aug., Sept. W'inesap T. M. C. Nov., Feb Domine T. M. C. Dec., Mar. Belle Lucrative . P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. Bullock's Pippin T. M. Nov., Jan. Talman's Sweet M. b. Nov., Feb. Poughkeepsie Russet.. T.M. Dec., Feb. Myer's Nonpareil T. M. Sept., Oct. Ortley ' T.M. Jan., Mar. Brandy wine P. T.M. Aug., Sept. Beurre Bosc. . . P. T. Sept., Oct. Bellflower T. M. Dec., Jan. Esopus Spitzenberg. ... T. M. Dec., Feb. Jonathan T.M Dec., Feb Beurre d'Anjou . P. Q, T. M. Oct, Nov. Black Worcester.. P. Cooking. Nov., Feb. Lady Apple T. M. Nov., Jan. Bloodgood P. T. Aug. Newtown Pippin T. M. Jan., Mar. Bon Chretien Q^ ^ ^ Sept. Oct gwaar T.M. Nov., Jan. Fondantc .... Maiden's Blush M. C. Sept., Oct. Keswick Codlin . M. C. Aug., Sept Dearborn 8 p m _ Seedling..... R Tt Aug ' Prior's Red M. T. Jan., Mar White Pippin T. M. Jan., Mar. Flemish Beauty.. P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. Raule's Janet T. M. Feb., Apr. White Winter Pear- ) T ^ j Feb main J te*nay Vendee f T *'** Kirtland P T M Sept Oct APPLES FOB SECTION 3. Early Harvest T. M. C. May. Lawrence P. T. M. Nov., Jan. Red June T. M. June. Long Green of T> /-\ m \r r\ f Julian . . T. M. July. Red Astrachan .. M. C. June, July. Toccoa T. M. July. NoveauPoiteau.. P. Q. T. M. Nov. Dovenne d'Ete... P. T. July, Aug Sweet Bough T. M. June. Ma'delaine P. Q, T. M. Aug. -ion. Summer Pearmain T. Julv. Aug. Pound... .. P. Cooking. Dec., Mar. SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. Stock*. UaM. Maturity. Boldat Laboureur ) ~ T M Dec j^ cPEsperin 1^ Stevens' Genesee P. Q. T. M. Sept. Tyson P Q. T. M. Aug. PEAKS FOE SECTION 8. Stocks. Uses. Maturity. Ananas d'Etc P. T. M. July, Aug Bartlett P. T.M. Early Aug Belle Lucrative P Q. T M Aug., Sept W inter Ne'lis P. T.M. Nov., Feb. Jaminette .... P. T. M. C. Dec., Mar. Beurre Langlier .'. P. Q. T, M. Oct. Beurre Moire P. Q. T. M. Sept. Washington P. T.M. Sept. Brandy wine P. T.M. July. Urbaniste Q. T.M. Oct., Nov. Beurre Bosc .... P. T. M. Sept. Vicar of Winkfleld Q. M. C. Nov., Jan. Doyenne d'A- ) Q^ T K NOV-J Jan> Beurre d' Anjou.. . P. Q. T. M. Sept. Be ber 6 d ' Arem " [ p - T-M- Nov -i T)ec - Beurre St. Ni- I ^ T ^ Noy> cholas J Beurre Easter.... Q. T.M. Dec., Mar. Buffum P. T. M. Aug., Sept B be7 B d ' Arem " | P- T - M - Dec., Feb. Black Worcester. P. Cooking. Oct., Jan. Bloodgood P. T Last June. Zoar Beauty P. T.M. Aug. Payency Q. T. M. Oct, rf t v Q. T.-M. Aug., Sept Skinless . P. T. Aug. Doyenne White P. Q. T M Aug. Sept Bostiezer P. T. Last Aug. D gou?!me. d . An .~[ Q " T ' M - ***** Doyenne d'Alen- j. Q^ TM Qct PEAKS FOR SECTION 2. ^Sas 8 *' M "[ Q * T ' M - Sept Ananas d'Ete P. T. M. Aug. Bartlett. P. T.M. Aug. Doyenne d'Ete P. T. June. Belle Lucrative... P. Q. T.M. Sept. Fulton P. T.M. Sept. Beurre Langlier... P. Q. T. M. Oct., Nov. Beurre Moire Q. T.M. Oct Glout Morceau... Q. 1 T.M. Nov., Jan. Forelle Q. T. M. Sept. Beurre Bosc P. T. Sept., Oct. Beurre d Anjou. . . P. Q. T. M. Oct. Beurre Easter Q. T.M. Jan., Mar. Buffum P. T. M. Sept. Jaminette P. T. M. Nov., Dec. Jalousie de Fon- [ o T M Sent, tenay Vendee, f * T ' *" Black Worcester.. P. Cooking. Nov., Jan. L J 1 e s r e 8 onne de i Q. T. M. Aug, Sept Bloodgood -. P. T.M. July. Lawrence. . P. T.M. Oct, Nov B daSe ret ' nF n ~ } ^ T - M ' 8ept Long Green of j. P . Q. T . M. 8ep t, Dearborn Seedling P. T. July. Dovenne White. . . P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. Ful+on . P. T.M. Oct. Nouveau Poiteau. P. Q. T.M. Sept. Martin Sec........ Q. T.M. Oct Flemish Beauty... P. Q. T.M. Sept. Kostiezer P. T.M. July. Glout Morceau Q. T.M. Nov., Jan. Skinless . P T. June. Jalousie de Fon- | Q^ TM 8 t Seckel P. T. M. Aug., Sept tenay Vendee, f ^ l 3SL*rf'4 ** "* Lawrence P. T.M. Nov. Stevens 1 Genesee.. P. Q. T.M. Aug., Sept 80 Spe a Sr eUr h- T ^ Ct " NOV St. Ghislain P. Q. T. M. July. Long Green of | p T M g t o t Payency Q. T. M. Sept Coxe i Lewis P T M. Oct Jan Urbaniste Q. T.M. Sept Nouveau Poiteau. P. Q. T.M. Oct., Nov. Beurre Giffart.... P. Q. T. July. Be Sas 8t " m '\ Q- T ' Mt Oct, Nov. p oun d P. Cooking. Nov., Dec. Winter Nelis P. T.M. Oct, Nov Washington. P. T.M. Aug. THB TWELVE BEST SWEET CHERRIES. All Cherries ripen, at the South, about one *$$!!?! i* T - M - Nov " Dec - Urbaniste Q. T. M. Sept., Oct month earlier than the date we have fixed. These are all good market varieties, with the exception of " Delicate," and " Early Purple Vicar of Winkfleld Q. M. C. Oct., Dec. Seckel .. P. T M Sept., Oct. Guigne." Uses. Maturity. Stevens 1 Genesee. P. Q. T. M. Sept. Tyson P. Q. T. M. Aug. Belle of Orleans.... Table .. Early June. Brant Mid. June. g t, Ghislain P. Q. T. M. Sept. Black Tartarian Last June. Winter Nelis. P. T.M. Nov., Jan. Black Hawk. Last June. Jaminette. P. T M. Nov Feb 5S5L5^r* ** Aug ^ 8ept - Coe s Transparent, ) "Last June, or Caroline f Delicate First July. Washington. P. T.M. Aug., Sept. Madeleine P. Q. T. M July Aug Downer's Late Mid. July. Early Purple Guigne First Juna Beurre d'Arem- I T> m -. T Elton Last June. berg j P> T>M - Nov ' Jan> Governor Wood Mid. June. Skinless P T. July Aug Kirtland's Mary Last June. Bostiezer P. T.M. Aug. Kockfrort. . Mid. June. 494 SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. THB SIX BEST DtTKE CHEBBIE8, Uses. Maturity. Arch Duke ..... Table & Cooking. Early July. Belle de Choisy Table. Last June. Belle Magnifiquo Cooking. July & Aug. May Duke ...... Table. Mid. July. Eeine Hortense. Table. June. Tail's August Duke ......... Table & Cooking. Aug. THE SIX BKST MOBBLLO CHKBBIB8. Carnation (for ) South) and > Table & Cooking. July. West ...... ) Early Kichmond Cooking. June. Shannon ........ Table & cooking. Mid. July. Donna Maria... Cooking. Mid. July. Imperial ....... " Aug. Louie Phillippe Mid. July. Jhe "Large Morello," originated by Pro- fessor Kirtland, will probably supersede Car- nation, but it is not yet sufficiently tested. THE FIFTEEN BEST PLTTMS. Maturity at South. At North. Bleecker's Gage ...... First July. Last Aug. Coe's Golden Drop... Early Aug. Last Sept. ' f " First Aug. Mid. Aug. First Sept. Last Aug. Last Aug. Last July. Last Aug. Mid. Sept. Early Aug. Mid. Aug. First Oct. Last Aug. Last Aug. Early Orleans ........ Last June. Green Gage .......... Early July. Imperial Gage ........ First July. Jefferson ............ Last July. McLoughlin ......... Last July. Imperial Ottoman ---- Mid. June. Purple Favorite ..... Mid. July. Purple Gage ......... Mid. Aug. Prince's Yellow Gage Mid. June. Red Gage ............ July. Saint Martins ........ Last Aug. Washington .......... July. Smith's Orleans ...... July. THE TWELVE BEST PEACHES TOR GABDENS. 6turtevant .......... Early July. Early Sept. Cooledge's Favorite.. Early July. Last Aug. Early York .......... Mid. June. Mid. Aug. Grosse Mignonne ____ Early July. Mid. Aug. First Oct. Last Aug. Mid ' 8ept ' Early Sept Early Sept. Last Sept Last Aug. Early Sept Hyslop Cling-stone... First Sept Large Early York.... Mid. July. M pre l servlng ite ' *" \ Mi Seedling 263 Jerusalem Muscat 269 uly Grape 268 Jleinbranner 269 ^ebanon Seedling 255 Lee's 263 ^noir 261 Mgan 261 />ngworth's Ohio . . . . .262 urre Caloraa . . .369 PAGE Beurre Capiaumont 369 Beurre Chaptal 371 Beurre de Chameau 379 Beurre Charron 360 Beurre Clairgeau . . 366 Beurre Coit ... 332 Beurre Colmar ... 418 Beurre Colmar d'Automne 418 Beurre Colmar Gris dit Precel . Beurre Cornice de Toulon . Beurre Crapaud 360 Beurre Curte 373 Beurre Curtet . .... 376 Beurre Delphos 365 Beurre Diel 327 Beurre Doree 360 Beurre Duhaurne 362 Beurre Duhaume 365 Beurre Duval . .' . . . .418 Beurre Easter 331 Beurre d'Elberg 362 Beurre Epine 361 Beurre Esperin ...... 366 Beurre de Flanders 361 Beurre Defais 378 Beurre Fortunee . . . . .421 Beurre Ibugiere 361 Beurre Gens 362 Beurre Gifford 325 Beurre Giffard 325 Beurre Gris d'Hiver 364 Bourre Gris 360 Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau . . .364 Beurre Gris Superieure .... 364 Bourre Haggenton 396 Beurre Hamecher 362 Beurre d'Hardenpont . . .339 Beurre Hardy . . . 366 Beurre d'Hiver . . . 372 Beurre d'Hiver 'de Bruxell s . . . 331 Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle . . 339 Beurre Incomparable . . 327 Beurre Judes . . . . . .364 Beurre Kenrick 418 Beurre de Konig of Downing . . . 364 Beurre Knox 418 Beurre de Konink 364 Beurre Kennes 365 Beurre Kossuth 361 Beurre de Lucon 364 Beurre Leon le Clerc 365 Beurre Leon le Clerc 361 Beurre Langelier 332 Beurre Magnifique 327 Beurre de Montgeron 364 Beurre de Malines 355 Beurre de Mesode 334 Beurre Millet 363 Beurre Millet of Angers . . . .362 Beurre Moire 328 Beurre Moire 328 Beurre Mollet's Guernsey . . . .361 Beurre de Montigeron .... 364 Beurre Nantais 363 Beurre de Nantes ... . 363 Beurre Neille .... .330 Beurre Noirchain f. . . . 361 Beurre Naver 365 Beurre d'Or 360 Beurre Oudinot . .... 400 Beurre des Orphelins .... 828 Beurre do Paquee 831 516 INDEX OF FRUITS. Beurre de la Pentacote Beurre Phillippe del Ibsse Beurre Picquery Beurre Plat Beurre Preble PAGE . . 331 .364 352 420 361 Beurre Ranee ...... 361 Beurre de Ranz ...... 361 Beurre de Rhine ..... 349 Beurre de Rhine . . . . .361 Beurre du Roi ...... 360 Beurre Richelieu ..... 365 Beurre Remain ...... 366 Beurre Romain . . . ... . 418 Beurre Robin ...... 378 Beurre Rouge ...... 360 Beurre Roupe ...... 331 Beurro Royal ...... 327 Beurre Seutin ...... 418 Beurre Six . . . . . .365 Beurre Sieulle ...... 378 Beurre Soulange ..... 365 Beurre Spence ...... 337 Beurre Spence ...... 365 Beurre Steikman ..... 366 Beurre St. Nicolas ..... 331 Beurre Suisse ...... 361 Beurre Superfine ..... 363 Beurre Van Marum ..... 363 Beurre Van Mons ..... 352 Beurre Vert ...... 360 Beurre de Wetteren . . . . .364 Beurre de Waterloo . . . . . 379 Beurre Winter ...... 362 Bezi Blanc ....... 418 Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros . . . 331 Bezi de Chaumontelle .... 372 Bezi dc Chausserie ..... 381 Bezi d'Echassey ...... 381 Bezi d'Esperin ...... 136 BeziHeri ....... 418 Bezi de Montigny ..... 366 Bezi de la Motte ...... 367 Bezi de Naples ...... 367 Bezi Royal ....... 418 Bezi SanspareU ...... 367 Bezi de Spoelberch ..... 412 Bezy d'Esperen ...... 367 Bezy Gamier ...... 367 Bezy Quessoy d'Ete ..... 367 Bishop's Thumb ..... 418 Black Pear of Worcester .... 333 Black Worcester ...... 333 Blether's Meadow ..... 368 Bloodyood ....... 333 Bon Chretien d'Espagne . . . .418 Bon Chretien Turc ..... 418 Bon Chretien d'Ete ..... 424 Bon Chretien Flemish . . . .418 Bon Chretien Fondante . . . .333 Bon Chretien Spanish . . . 418 Bon Gustave " ...... 369 Bon d'Ezee ...... 368 Bonne d'Ezee ...... 368 Bonne des Haies ..... 368 Bonne Charlotte ...... 369 Bonne de Malines ..... 355 Bonne Rouge ..... . 384 Bordenave ....... 343 Bosc Sire . ...... 337 Bosc's Flaschenbirne . . . .329 Bosch ....... 337 Bosche Nouvelle ..... 337 PAGK Boston 404 Boston Epargne 389 Boucquia 419 Boutelle 363 Bouvier Bourgermestre .... 369 Braddick's Field Marshal . . . .398 Brande's St. Germain . . . 369 Brandywine 328 Bretagne Cour . ... 346 Brielmont 369 Bringewood 369 Broca's Bergamot 384 Broom Park 419 Brougham 419 Brown St. Germain . ... 348 Buffum ... ... 333 Bujaleuf ... ... 425 Burgewneister 418 Burgomaster 418 Burlingame 419 Burlinghame 419 Burnett 419 Butter Pear 336, 391 Bymont 363 Cabot 419 Cadillac 419 Caen du France 369 CaillotRosat ...... 424 Caillot Rosat d'Ete 424 Calabasse Bosc 329. 345 Calebasse 419 Calebasse Delvinge 419 Calebasse Double Extra . . . .419 Calebasse d'Ete 370 Coltbasse Grosse 419 Calebasse d'Holland 419 Calhmm 369 Cambridge Sugar Pear .... 389 Camerling ....... 371 Camerlyn 370 Canandaigua 370 Canning 331 Capiawmont 369 Capsheaf 370 Captif de St. Helena 379 Capucin 419 Cassante de Mars 370 Catherine 370 Catherine Gardette 370 Catillac 419 Catinka 370 Celestin 413 Cellite ....... 408 Chambers' Large .... 346 Chambrette 425 Chancellor 371 Chapin Chapman ..... 419 Chapman's 403 CJiaptal .371 Charlotte de Brower 372 Charles of Austria 419 Charles d'Autriche 419 Charles Van Hoogten . . . .371 Charles Van Mons 371 Chaumontel 372 Chaumontel d'Ete 421 Chaumontel tres gros .... 331 Chelmsford 420 Choice d'un Amateur .... 371 Christmas 371 Church 372 INDEX OF FRUITS. 517 PAGE Citron 372 Citron of Bohemia ..... 419 Citron des Carmes 343 Clara 419 Claire 419 Clinton 419 Clion 354 Cluster Pear . .387 Coffin's Virgalieu 420 Collins 372 Colmar 420 Colmar d'Alost 372 Colmar d'Aremberg 420 Colmar des Champs 326 Colmar Charnay 417 Colmar Dore 403, 420 Colmar Epine 372 Colmar Gris 403 Colmar Hardenpoint 403 Colmar d'Hiver 339, 403 Colmar Jaminette 392 Colmar de Meester 420 Colmar Neill 373 Colmar Preule 403 Colmar de Sille 403 Colmar Souveraine 403 Colmar Van Mons . . . .352, 403 Colniac Bosc 330 Columbia .373 Columbian Virgalieu 373 Columbian Virgalouse .... 373 Commodore 420 CompreUe .420 Compte de f'landre 374 Compte de Lamy 373 Compte de Michaux 423 ComteLelieur 373 Comtesse d'Alost .... 372, 379 Comtesse de Lunay 374 Comtesse de Frenol 382 Comstock 420 Comstock Wilding 420 Conseilleur Ranwez 374 Conseilleur Ramuez 374 Conseiller de la Cour 400 Cooke 372 Copea 420 Cornells 375 CWer 375 Countess of Lunay 374 Crasanne 420 Crawford 420 Cresane 420 Croft Castle 420 Cross 375 Cumberland 420 Gushing 375 Cuvelier 420 Cyprus Pear 421 Dallas 375 D'Abondanco 405 D'Ambre 423 Dana's No. 16 . . . . . .375 Dana's No. 19 375 Dana's Seedling No. 1 . . . . 397 D'Amour 420 D'Aremberg Parfait 326 D'Auch . . . . .. . .420 D'Austrasie 392 Dean's 336 Deacon Dillen 377 Dearborn 420 Dearborn's Seedling . DeBavay . De Deuxfoix Lane De Keingheim . Delavoult de Clement Delice d'Hardinpont of Angers . PAGE 336 . *76 . 420 . 425 . 324 . 334 Delices d'Ardenpont 334 Delices de Charles 376 Delices Charles Van Mons . . . .376 Delices d'Hardenpont .... 334 Delices d'Hardenpont du Nord and Bel- gium 376 Delies d'Alost 372 Delices d'Alost 379 Delices de Mons 376 De Louvain 375 De Maune 420 De Melon 327 DeMott 410 DeSorlus 376 DeVallee 425 De Vigne Pelone 382 Deschamps . .... 326 Despoelberg 412 Desiree Van Mons 379 Des Nones 376 Des Nonnes 376 Des Trois Tours 327 Desiree Cornells 375 Deux Saeurs 376 Diamant * . 384 Dickerman 376 Diel 327 Diel's Butterbirne 327 Dikeman 376 Dillen Diller . Dillon . Dingier Dix . Docteur Trousseau 377 377 377 373 334 377 Docteur Bouvier 377 Docteur Capron 377 Docteur Letiern 377 Done's 336 Dorathy Royal 327 Dorr 421 Double Phillipe 334 Dow 377 Dowlin 412 Downham Seedling 386 Downton 420 Doyenne 336 Doyenne D'Affay 378 Doyenne d'Alencon 335 Doyenne d'Automne 335 Doyenne Blanc 336 Doyenne Boussouck . . . . 334 Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle . . . 334 Doyenne du Cornice 378 Doyenne du Cornice of Anger . . . 378 Doyenne Dillen 377 Doyenne Downing 378 Doyenne d'Ete 334 Doyenne de Fais Doyenne Galleux Doyenne Gaubalt Doyenne Gray . Doyenne Gris Doyenne Gris d'Hiver-Nouvcstu Doyenne d'Hiver Doyenne d'Hiver D'Alencon 378 335 378 335 335 335 331 335 518 INDEX OF FRUITS. Doyenne de Juliet Doyenne Musque Doyenne Marbre Doyenne & Hiver Doyenne du Printemps PAGE I 420 ... 331 Doyenne Robin ...... 378 Doyenne Rose 379 Doyenne Rouge . . ... . .335 Doyenne Roux ...... 335 Doyenne Santellette 378 Doyenne Sieulle ..... 378 Doyenne White 336 Due d'Aremberg 326 Due de Bordeaux 360 Due de Brabant 379 Due d'Orleans . . 400 Duchess D'Alost Duchess of Berri Duchess de Berri Duchess de Berry d'Ete of Bivort Duchesse d'Angouleme Duchess de Berri d'Ete Duchess de Mars Duchesse d'Alost . 379 . 379 . 346 . 334 . 379 . 379 . 379 Figue de Naples 382 Figue of Naples 382 Figue Vert 382 Fig Pear of Naples 382 Fig d'Alencon 382 Fine Gold of Summer Fingals ^ Fin Or d'Ete Fin Or d'Hiver . 421 422 421 421 Flemish Beauty 337 Fleur de Guines 350 Fleur de Neige 384 Fiorimont Parent 384 Fondante 410 Fondante d'Automne . . . .325 Fondante Agreeable 383 Fondante du Bois .... 330, 337 Fondante du Cornice 379 Fondante des Charneause . . . . 379 Fondante de Malines ..... 383 383 403 Fondante de Malines (Esperin) . Fondante de Mons Duchesse of Orleans 331 I Fondante de Noel 372 I Fondante Musquee 424 Due d'Orleans 379 Dumas ....... 360 Dumortier 421 Dundas 380 Dunmore 380 Du Patre 331 Dupuy Charles 381 Duquesne d'Ete . . . . . .421 Dusnas 410 Du Tonneau 346 Early Bergamot 421 Early Beurre 417 Early Butter of Cin . . . .381 Early Catherine 421 Early Denzelona 421 Early Queen ...... 423 Early Roussellet 421 Early St. Germain 371 Early Sugar 381 Echasserie 381 Echassery 381 Edward's Elizabeth 381 Edward's Henrietta 390 EMzad'Heyst ...... 359 Elizabeth Van Mons 342 Elizabeth Mannings 342 Ellanrioch 422 Emerald 421 Emiled'Ha/st 382 Emile Bivort 382 En/ante Prodige 421 English Autumn Bergamot . . .417 English Bergamot 417 English Beurre 417 English Red Cheek 421 Epine Dumas Epine d'Ete Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose Epine Rose Episcopal . Etourneau . Eyewood . Excellent'BSima Famenga . Feaster Ferdinau-l de Meeeter 424 424 424 421 355 382 379 421 368 424 359 Fondante de Panisee ..... 403 Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule . 376 Fondante Serunier de Midlot . . .383 Fondante des Pres ... . . .383 Fondante Van Mons ..... 383 Forelle ....... 383 Forellin-birne ...... 383 Forme de Delices ..... 421 Forme de Marie Louise . . . .398 Fortunee ....... 421 Foster's St. Michael ..... 421 Franc Real ...... 421 Franc Real d'Ete ..... 410 Franc Real d'Hiver ..... 421 Frankford ....... 384 Franklin ....... 384 Franklin ....... 393 . 383 Frederic de Wertemburg Frederic of Wertemburg 384 Frederika Bremer French Jargonelle Fulton {{38 Gambier 403 GanseVs Bergamot 384 GanseVs Late Bergamot . . . .385 GanseVs Seckel . . -. . . .385 Garde d'Ecosse 422 Gendesheim 421 General Lamoriciere General de Lourmel General Taylor . Gerardin Germain Baker . Gideon Paridante Gil-o-gil 422 Gile-o-gile .422 Glory of Combrone 385 GloutMorceau 339 GlouxMorceaux 339 Golden Beurre 360 Golden Beurre of Bitboa .... 338 Gore's Heathcot 389 Goulu Morceau 339 Gracieuse 417 Graslin 386 Grand Monarque . ... 419 Grand Soleil . . ... 386 385 346 INDEX OF FRUITS. 519 PAGE Graves 404 Gray Beurre 360 Gray Butter Pear Gray Deans Gray Doyenne Great Citron of Bohemia Green Catherine Green Chisel Green Mountain Boy Green Pear $ Fair . Green Sugar Green Sylvange reen Yair Green's Germantowu Grise Bonne Groom's Princess Royal Groom's Princess Royal 335 335 335 419 421 422 386 422 422 425 422 371 422 386 406 Groote Mogul 419 Grosse Calebasse of Langlier . .363 Grosse Cuisse Madame . . 393 Grosse Dorothee . . . 327 Grosse Marie 386 Gros Micet d'Ete 410 Gros Remain 418 Gros Rousselet 424 Gros Rousselet d'Aout 386 Guernsey 351 Curie's Beurre 384 Hacon's IncomparaJble . . . 386 Haddington 387 Hagerman 386 Hampden's Bergamot 422 Hampton 386 Hampton 387 Hampton Virgalieu 388 Hamus 388 Hanners 388 Hanover 388 Hardenpont d'Hiver . . 339 Hardenpont du Printemps 361 Harvest . . 424 Harvest Pear . . 381 Harrison' 1 s Fall . . . . . .422 Harvard 389 Hawe's Winter 389 Hazel 422 Heathcot 389 Hebron 404 Heidelberg 368 Henkel 390 Henrietta 390 Henri Quatre 390 Henri Bivort 390 Henry the Fourth . . . . .390 Hericart 390 Hericart de Ihury 390 Holland Bergamot . . . . . 417 Honey ... ... 891 Hooper's Bilboa . ... 338 Hosen Schenck . . ... 391 Hovey 391 Howell 340 Huguenot 422 Hull .... . 891 Huntington .... . 391 Imperatrice de France . . 337 Incomparable .... . 420 Inconnue Van Mons 391 Iron Pear 333 Isambert 360 feambert le Bon 860 PAGB Island 392 Ives' Bergamot 384 Ives' Bergamot 392 Ives' Pear 392 Ives' Seedling 392 Ives' Virgaiieu 392 Jackman's Melting . ... 394 Jackson ... ... 392 Jackson Seedling . ... 392 Jaquin ... ... 390 Jagdbirne ... ... 381 Jalousie ... ... 422 Jalousie de Ftmtenay Vendee . . .340 Jaminette 392 Jargonelle 393 Jargonelle (of the English) . . .393 Jean de Witte . . . . . .393 Jergil's 410 Jersey Gratioli 393 Jilogil . 422 Joanette . 381 John 423 Johonnot 393 Jones 393 Josephine 392 Josephine de Malines 393 Julienne . . . . . . .393 Jules Bivort 393 July Pear 424 Kattern 421 King Edward's 394 Kingsessing 394 Kirtland .341 Kirtland's Beurre 341 Kir Hand's Seedling 341 Knevett's New Swan's Egg . . . 423 Knight's Monarch 394 Knight's Seedling 394 Knight's R. I. Seedling . . . .394 Konge 425 La Bonne Malinoise 395 La Fortunee de Paris 421 La Fortunee de Parmentier . . . 421 Laherard 395 LaJuive 395 Lamoriciere 395 Large Rousselet 424 Large Seckel 368 Las Canas 395 Late Catherine 424 Laure de Glymes 395 Lawrence 340 Le Cure . 354 Leech's Kingsessing 394 Lee's Seedling 395 Leon le Clerc 422 Leon le Clerc de Laval . . . .422 Leopold I. .395 Lenaioee 395 Lent St. Germain 346 Lewis 342 Liberate . . . ... . . 395 Lieutenant Poitevin 396 Limm ' . .396 Linden d'Automne .... 339 Little Muscat 422 Little Musk 422 Little Swan's Egg 423 Locke 396 Locke's New Beurre 396 Lodge 343 Longue de Monkowty .... 364 520 INDEX OF FKUITS. Longue de Nakourto Long Green of Coxe . Lord Cheeney's . . PAGE . 364 . 341 . 417 Muskingum . . . Musk Robin . .' 423 Mush Summer Bon Chretien . Napoleon Naumkeag . Neill . 424 . 400 . 423 . 330 . 355 . 330 . 400 L'Orphilines .... Louis Dupont .... . 326 . 396 Louise Bosc . 366 Louise Bonne .... Louise Bonne d'Avranches Louise Bonne de Boulogne Louise Bonne de Jersey Louise Bonne Real Louise of Orleans Ix)uise de Prusse . . . 422 . 345 . 413 . 345 . 422 . 352 . 351 Nellis d'Hiver .... Ne Plus Meuris .... Ne Plus Meuris .... New Pear . 344 . 34 . 424 . 347 . 364 . 371 . 400 . 409 . 344 . 396 . 393 . 419 . 393 . 418 . 393 New St. Germain New Swan's Egg New York Red Cheek New Frederick of Wurtemburg. Noel Nonpareil Nouvelle . 396 Madeleine ..... . 343 397 Madame Eliza 396 Madam Millet . 363 Madotte 423 Nouveau Poeteau No. 8 of Van Mons . No. 1602 of Van Mons No. 1238 of Van Mons No. 1482 of Van Mons No. 1599 of Van Mons No. 1082 of Van Mons Oakley Park Magdalen . 343 Malconaitre d'Haspin Malcomaitre .... . 397 . 397 Marcellis . ... . 422 398 Marechal de la Cour . . 400 Maria Marianne Nouvelle . . 398 . 329 397 Oakley Park Bergamot . 400 Marie Chretienne Marie Parent . 398 . 397 Oliver's Russet .... Omer Pasha .... . 423 400 398 Onondaga .... . 401 . 401 Marie Louise Nova . 373 423 Onondaga Seedling . Marie Louise the Second . Martha Ann .... . 373 . 397 Orange Bergamot . . . Orange d'Hiver .... Orange Pear . . . Orpheline d'Enghein . Orpheline Colmar Osband's Favorite Osband's Summer . 402 . 425 . 402 . 328 . 402 . 402 . 402 Martin Sec 398 403 Marulis . 422 Mather . . . . 398 . 398 McLaughlin 397 Medaille Melon de Kops .... . 400 . 327 411 Oswego Beurre .... Ott . 402 398 Messire Jean .... . 423 . 423 Messire Jean Doree . . 423 423 Mi el de Waterloo 379 Mignonne d'Hiver Michaux ..... . 398 . 423 . 403 Milanaise Cuvelier 355 Pardus, No. 2 . Paradice d'Autumne Parkinson's Warden . . 376 . 345 333 Miller's Early .... MUlot de Nancy .... . 403 . 398 399 Mitchell's Russet 399 Moceas Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle Mon Dieu . . . . 399 . 361 420 403 Passe Colmar . . . . Passe Colmar Epineaux Passe Colmar Gris . Pater Noster Pater Noster PaulThielen . Payency . . . Payenchi de Perigord . . 403 . 403 . 403 . 331 403 403 347 347 347 . 403 403 403 347 403 404 Monsieur Jean .... Monsieur le Cure . . . . 423 . 354 Monsigneur Affre Monstrous Calabash . Moor-Fowl Egg .... Mouth Water .... . 399 . 419 . 423 . 341 Moyamensing .... . 399 341 410 Mr John . 423 Peach Pear .... Pendletoii's Early York Pear . PenflelfJ . 341 Muscat Robert 423 422 Muscadine . 399 Pennsylvania . . . . INDEX OF FRUITS. PAGE Perdrue ... ... 421 Petit Muscat . . ... 422 Petit Rousselet . . ... 424 Petre 404 Philadelphia Latch 404 Phillippe de Paques 331 PhUlippe Goes 404 Pickering Pear 346 Pine Pear . 336 Pinneo 404 Piper ... 346 Pitt's Marie Louise 423 Pitt's Prolific . 423 Pitt's Surpasse Marie 423 Pius .LT . . 404 Platt's Seedling . 404 Plombgastel . . . . . .410 Plougastel . . . . . .410 Plumbgartel 410 Plymouth 334 Pocalwntas 405 Poire d'Abondance 405 Poire d'Albert 363 Paired' Albert 405 Poire d'Ambois 360 Poire d'Avrite 405 Poire Ananas 323, 390 Poire de Bavay 376 Poire de Boulogne 413 Poire de Cadet 366 Poire Chenielle 403 Poire de Chypre ,421 Poire Davy '337 Poire Glace 425 Poire Ritelle 407 Poire Gillaume 324 Poire His 357 Poire de Louvain 375 Poire des Nonnes . . . 376 Poire Neill 330 Poire Prince Albert 363 Poire de Payency 347 Poire Prevost 405 Poire de Perigorel 347 Poire Ramean 405 Poire a la Reine 423 Poire des Deux Socers .... 405 Poire de Rose 424 Pfrire de Ingres 405 Poire Sans Peau 350 Poire de Printemps 409 Poire St. Andre 350 Poire St. Menin 410 Poire de Tables des Princes . . .393 Poire des Princes 421 Poire Truite . . . . . .383 Poire a Gobert 422 Pope's Quaker 423 Pitpe's Scarlet Major 423 Pound 346 Pratt 405 Procel 403 Preoost 405 Present de Malines 403 Primitive 422 Priucesse Coquette 423 Princesse d'Orange 423 Princesse de Parme ..... 398 Princess of Orange 423 Prindle 411 Prince Albert 406 Princess Royal 406 TAG* Prince's St. Germain . 348 Prince's Green Sugar . . . 422 Prince's Sugar Top ... .424 Providence .... . 334 Pulsiper .406 Queen Caroline . . . 423 Queen of the Low Countries . 406 Queen of Pears 423 Queen's Pear 423 Quittellette 423 Ralley 406 Rapalje 406 Rapaljc Seedling .... 406 Ravenswood 406 Raymond 424 Reading 407 Real Jargonelle 393 Red Cheek 421 Red Cheeked Seckel .... 347 Red Doyenne 335 Red Muscadel ..... 421 Reed's Seedling ......... 402 Regintin 403 Regnier 336 Reigner 336 Reine Caroline 423 Reine des Pays Bag .... 406 Reine des Poires .... 423 Retour de Rome .... 407 Richards . 407 Richard's Beurre . . . . .424 Ridal 421 Riddle's 407 Robertson 355 Robert's Keeping . . , 417 Roi de Rome 400 Roi de Wurtemberg ..... 339 Rondolet 407 Ropes 407 Rosabirne 408 B*** 408 Rose Bergamotte 407 Rostiezer 346 Round Top 412 Rousselet 424 Rousselet . 424 Roussellet Hatif 421 Rousselet d'Esperin 408 Rousselet de Meester 424 Rousselet de Rheims 424 Rousselet Vanderwecken . . . .408 Rousselet d'Hiver 398 Royale . . . . . . .409 Royal Tairling 417 Rushmore Bon Chretien .... 422 Sabine 392 Sabine d'Ete 421 Sagaret .409 Salisbury Seedling 408 Sanspeau 350 Satin Vest 424 Schenck's- August Watermelon ... 391 Schenck's Pear .... .391 Seckel 347 Seckel 347 Seedling Seckel 341 Seigneur d'Esperin ..... 325 Signeur d'Hiver SelUck Scmtilet . Serrurier d'Automne Sheppard . . , 331 408 378 383 408 522 INDEX OF FKUITS. Shtldbn 347 Short's St. Germain 424 Shvrtleff .408 Saurtleff'sSeedltag . . . .408 Sickle .... 347 Sieulle . . . .378 Signoret 409 Skinless 350 Sraith's Bordenave 343 Smith's Haddington . . . . .387 Sraith's Moyamensing .... 399 Smokehouse 391 Snow Flower 384 Snow Pear ...... 336 Soldat Labourer of some . . . 326 Soldat Labourer d'Esperin ... 349 Souveraine d'Ete 379 Souveraine 403 Souveraine de Printemps . . . .409 Spice Butter ...... 368 Spice or Musk Pear 424 Spina 418 St. Andre .350 St. Dorothee 409 St. Galen 409 St. Herblain d'Hiver 410 St. Germain de Martin . . . .424 St. Germain Blanc . . . . .422 St. Germain d'Ete 424 St. Ghislain *. 409 St. Vincent de Paul 410 St. Jean 381 St. Jean Baptiste 410 St. -Jean Musquee Gros .... 423 St. John's Pear 381 St. Lambert 393 St. Marc 352 Si. Menin 410 St. Mesmin 410 St. Michael 336 St. Michael d'Hiver . . . . 335, 364 St. Michael Archange .... 410 St. Michael Dore 335 St. Nicolas . . . . .331 St. Sampson - 393 Staunton 384 Stephen's Genessee 351 Steven's Genessee 351 Sterling 410 Stone 420 Styre 410 Styrian , 424 Sucree le Hoyerswerda . . . .424 Sugar 422 Sugir 2f Hoyersworda .... 424 Sugar Pear 381 Sugar Top 424 Sullivan 424 Summer Beauty 421 Summer Belle 425 Summer Bergamot 422 Summer Bon Chretien .... 424 Summer Calebasse 370 Summer Doyenne 334 Summer Franc Real . . . . 410 Summer Good Christian .... 424 Summer Hose 424 Summer St. Germain 424 Summer Thorn 424 Summer Virgalieu . . .334,402,404 Supreme .... . 421 Supreme de Quimper . 411 PAGH Surpasse Virgalieu ..... 362 Surpasse Vigilouse 352 Suzette de Bevay 411 Suzette de Bevay Esperin .... 411 Swan's Egg 424 Swan's Orange 401 Sweet Summer \ 393 Swiss Bergamot .... . 424 Syde 347 Sylvange 425 Tarquin . 425 Taylor Pear 411 Tea 4n Terling . 417 Theodore Van Mons 411 Thompson's 353 Thorny Rose . . . ... . 424 Thorp .... .411 Thuerlinck .... .411 Tilton 417 Totten's Seedling ..... 411 Triomph de Nord 353 Triomph de Hasselt 353 Triomphe de Jodoigne .... 412 Trompe Valet .... . 417 Trout Pear 333 Trouve de Montigny . ' . . ] . 366 Tyler 412 Tyson 351 Union . . - . . . * . . 346 Upper Crust 412 Urbaniste 352 Uvedale's St. Germain . 345 Uvedale's Warden 345 Uwchlan 412 Vallee Franche 425 Vanasse 353 Van Asshe 353 Van Assche 353 Van Assene 353 Van Buren ...... 425 Van Mons Leon le Clerc .... 413 Van Mons, No. 154 342 VanMous, No. 1,218 420 Vermilion d'Ete 421 Verte Longui 341 Verte Longui de la Mayenne . . 341 382 Vezouziere .... . 412 Vicar of Wakefleld 354 Vicar of Winkfield 354 Vicompte de Spoelberch . . . .412 Vicompte de Spoelberg .... 4 ( 12 Virgalieu 336, 3*84 Virgaloo 336 Virgouleuse .... .425 Walker .... , 412 Warwick Bergamot 336 Washington .... .366 Watertown 372 Wayne .347 Wendell 414 Westcott 415 Wharton's Early 414 Wheeler's New St. Michael . . 336 White Autumn Beurro .... 336 White Beurre 336 White Dean . . . . . .836 WTiitfield . 425 Wiedow .... . 415 Wilbur .... . 415 Wilhelmine ... . 392 Wilkinson ... . 415 INDEX OF FRUITS. 523 PAGE 415 425 324 415 415 Willtrmoz . William (Edward's) . William's . William's Bon Chretien William's Early Williamson William the Fourth 345 Wilmington 416 Windsor 425 Winihip .416 Winship's Seedling 416 Winter Bell 346 Winter Bergamot 417 Winter Beurre ...... 372 Winter Cross 375 Winter Nelis 355 Winter Orange ...... 425 Winter Seckel 416 Woodstock 416 Wredow 415 Wurzur 425 Wurzur d'Automne 425 Yat 425 Yellow Butter 336 York Bergamot 417 Yutte . 425 Zepherine Gregoire 416 Zepherine Louis Gregoire .... 416 Zoar Beauty 356 Zoar flat .425 Zoar Seedling 356 Abricotee 453 Abricotee de Tours 453 Abricotee Sageret 439 Admiral . 453 AgenDatte 449 Albany Beauty 439 Amber Primordian ..... 446 American Wheat . 453 American Yellow Gage 437 Angelina Burdete . 439 Apricot ... 453 Apricot Plum of Tours 453 Apple Plum . 439 Askew's Golden Egg 452 Askew's Purple Egg ' 450 Autumn Compote 439 Autumn Gage . 433 Azure Hative . 453 Battle Monument 453 Beach Plum . 453 Beekman's Scarlet 436 Belgian Purple . 439 Belle de Septembre ' 440 Bingham . . .440 Black Damask 437 Black Morocco 437 Black Perdrigon 453 Bleeker's Gage .433 Bleeker's Scarlet ..... 436 Blue Gage 453 Blue Holland 454 Blue Imperatrice ..... 434 Blue Perdrigon 453 Blue Plum 440 Bolmar 438 Bolmar's Washington . . . .438 Bradford Gage ...... 435 Grerxort's Purple 453 FMB Brevoort's Purple Bolmar . . . 453 Brevoort's Purple Washington . . 453 Bradshaw 434 Bricetia . . . . . 440 Brignole 456 Brignole Violette ..... 463 Brugnon's Gage 435 Bruyn Gage 435 Buel's Favorite 440 Burgundy Prune 440 Bury Seedling 434 Burretle's 440 Byfiell . . . . . . .453 Catalonian 446 Caledonian 454, 455 Chapin's Early 440 Chapman's Prince of Wales . . '449 Cherry 440 Cheston 453 Cheston Matchless 453 Cloth of Gold d'Esperin . . 442 Coe's Fine Late Red 450 Coe's Late Red . . . . . -450 Coe's Golden Drop 434 Coe's Imperial 434 Columbia 441 Columbian Gage 441 Col. Young's Seedling . . . -452 Common Damson 453 Common Quetsche 443 Cooper's 441 Cooper's Large American . . . 441 Cooper's Large Red ... 441 Cooper's Red 441 Copper 453 Corse's Admiral 453 Corse's Field Marshal . . . -454 Corse's Nota Bene 447 Croft's Early 453 Cruger's -441 Cruger's Scarlet 441 Cruger's Scarlet Gage . . . -441 Cruger's Seedling ..... 441 D'Agen . . ' 449 D'Amerique Rouge 440 D'Avoine 446 Damask 443 Damas d'ltalie 445 Damas Violet 455 Dame Ambert 452 Dame Ambert Blanche .... 452 Dame Ambert Jaune 452 Damson 453 Dana's Yellow Gage 441 De Delice 441 De Montfort . . . . . .441 Denniston's Albany Beauty . . . 439 Denniston Red 441 Denniston's Superb ..... 434 Denyer's Victoria ..... 452 Der Virginia . . . . .440 Diamond 454 Diapree Rouge .450 Dictator -447 Dictator -454 Die Violette Koning Claudie ... 437 Domine Dun -442 Downing' s Early 442 Dovmton Imperatrice . . ... . 442 Drap d'Or 434 Drap d' Or d'Esperin 442 Dunne's Purple ... . . 434 524 INDEX OF FRUITS. Duane's Purple French PAGE . . . 434 Ida Green Gage . . Imperatrice PAUH 435 Early Black Morocco . Early Cross 437 Imperial Diadem Imperial Gage . . . 434 . 450 Early Damask . Imperial de Milan Imperial of Milan Early Forcing 465 Imperial Ottoman . Early Morocco . 437 Imperial Rouge . Irving 's Bolmar . . 455 Early Purple . Isabella Early Royal of Niketa Early Scarlet . Early Yellow Prune . . 442 . 440 . 442 Isleworth Green Gage Italian Damask . Italian Damask . . . 435 . 448 Egg Plum . . 452 Italian Prune Elfrey ... Ives' Seedling Elfrey's Prune . . 443 /res' Washington Emerald Drop . . 443 Jaune de Catalogue . English Wheat . Jaune Hative English Pond's Seedling . . 434 Jefferson Fair's Golden Drop . Fdleriberg . . 434 Jenkinson Imperial . . 435 Field Marshal . King of Plums . Kirke's .... Knight's Large Green Drying . 454 Knight's No. 6 . Franklin .... . 438 Lady Plum French Copper . . 453 La Delicieuse . 438 Fulton . 443 Langdon's Seedling . . 451 Galbraiih .... . 443 . 454 . 433 . 442 . 443 Large Black Imperial LateBohner . 454 . 434 . 446 Ghiston's Early . Gifford's Lafayette . Golden Cherry . . 454 . 454 . 440 Late Yellow Damson . Lawrence 1 s Favorite . Lawrence's Gage . 452 . 436 Golden Gage 434 Leipzic .... Goliath .... . 454 Lewiston Egg . . 455 Little Blue Gage Little Queen Claude . . 453 Gundaker Plum . Gundaker Prune . 443 . 444 Long Scarlet . 436 Guthrie's Late Green . . 444 . 444 Madison .... Guthrie's Tay Bank . 444 Maitre Claude . Guthrie's Apricot . 454 Mamelonne .... Guthrie's Apricot Plum . 454 Mamelonne Segerat . Grimwood's Early Orleans Groundacre . 435 . 444 Manning's Long Blue Manning's Long Blue Prune . 446 446 . 452 Manning's Prune 435 Grosse Reine Claude . 435 Matchless . 454 McLaughlin 437 Gwalsh .... . . 454 Hampton Court . . . . 435 Meigs I Harvest Gage . . .437 Hartwiss Yellow Prune . . 444 Mirable .... Henry Clay . 444 Mirabelle Double Highlander Holland .... . I . 444 . 454 Mirabelle Tardive Mirabelle Grosse 447 434 Holland Prune . Horse Plum . 454 . 454 Mirabelle Jaune Mirabelle Petite 447 Howard's Favorite Howel's Early . . . . . 444 . 444 Mirabelle D' October . Miriam .... 447 Bowel's Large . . How's Amber . 455 . 445 Miser Plum .... Montgomery . 440 443 Hudson Gage . , . 445 448 Huling's Superb . Ickworth Imperatrice . . 445 . 445 Monsieur Hatif .... Monsieur Ordinaire . 435 . 448 INDEX OF FRUITS. 525 PAGE Monsieur Tardif 466 Montgomery Prune 436 Monroe 447 Monroe Egg 447 Morocco ....... 437 Mulberry 447 Muscle 455 Myrobolan 440 Nectarine 455 New Green Gage 435 New Golden Drop 434 New Early Orleans 435 New Orleans 435 New Washington 438 New York Purple 453 Nota Bene 447 October Green Gage 447 Old Orleans 448 Orange 447 Orange Gage 447 Orleans .448 Parker's Mammoth 438 Parsonage 448 Peach Plum 448 Penobscot 448 Peoly's Early Slue 455 Perdrigron Blanc 456 Perdrigon Rouge 455 Perdrigon Violet 453 Peter's Yellow Gage 448 Petite Reine Claude 455 Picket's July 446 Pigeon's Heart 455 Plum de 1'Inde 448 Plum of Louvain 449 Pond 's Purple 448 Pond's Seedling 448 Precoce de Bergthold 448 Prince of Wales . . . . . 449 Prince Enjlebert 449 Prince's Yellow Gage . . . .437 Prince's Orange Gage . . . .455 Prince's Imperial Gage .... 435 Prince's Orange Egg 449 Prune d'Agen 449 Prune d'Allemagen 443 Prune of Agen 449 Prune d'Altesse ...... 456 Prune de Brignole 449 Prune d'Ast 449 Prune de Burgoyne 440 Prune Peche 448 Prune de St. Barnabe . . ... 446 Prune de St. Jean . . . . .455 Prune de Louvain 449 Prune Suisse 435,456 Prunier de St. Martin .... 450 Prunus Cerasifera 440 Prunus Myrobolana 440 Purple Egg 450 Purple Favorite 437 Purple Gage . . . . . .437 Purple Damson 453 Purple Magnum Bonum .... 450 Quackenboss 449 Queen Mother 455 Queen Victoria .... . 452 Quetsche 443 Quetsche Grosse 443 Reagle's Ancient City . . . 449 Keagle's Gage 449 Reagle's Union Purple . . . .449 PAGE Red Apricot . .... 453 Red Damask 4*8 Red Diaper 450 Red Egg 450 Red Gage 438 Red Imperial 450 Red Imperial 455 Red Magnum Bonum 450 Red Perdrigon 455 Red Queen Mother 455 Red Saint Martin 450 ReinaNova 450 Reine Claude 435 Reine Claude IHaphane . . . .450 Reine Claude de Bavay .... 438 Reine Claude Blanche . . . .455 Reine Claude Rouge of September . . 450 Reine Claude d'Octobre . . . .447 Reine Claude d> October . . . .450 Reine Claude Ta.rd.ive. , . . .447 Reine Claude Violet 437 Rhinebeck Yellow Gage . . . .455 Rennselaer Gage 435 River's Favorite 451 River's Early, No. 1 451 River's Early, No. 2, 451 Robe de Sergrut 449 Roche Corbon 450 River's Prolific 451 Roe's* Autumn Gage 433 Reizenstein's Yellow Prune . . .450 Royale . . . ... . .451 Royale de Tours 451 Royale Tours 451 Royal Hative 451 Saint Catherine 451 Saint Cloud 454 Saint Martin 450 Saint Martin Rouge 450 Saint Martin's 438 Saint Martin's Quetsche . . . .438 Scarlet Gage 446 Schtnedady Schenectady Catherine Schuyler's Gage Schuyltr's Gage . Setniana of Boston Shailer's White Damson Sharp's Emperor Sheen Siamese Simiana Small Green Gage Smith's Orleans Stabeler's Seedling Steer's Emperor St. John's . St. Maurin . Suisse . Superior Green Gage Sweet Damson Sweet Prune Swiss Plum Thomas Trouvee de Vouclae True German Prune . Turkish Quetsche Veritable Imperatrice Violet Diaper . Violet Perdrigon v : .olet Queon Claude 451 451 435 451 442 455 452 452 454 455 456 455 438 456 454 455 449 456 435 454 443 456 452 452 443 443 434 453 453 437 526 INDEX OF FRUITS. Violette PAGE . 434 Cornwall's Red .... J4GB 470 Virgin 456 Cornwall's Seedling . . 470 Virginale . 456 Virginian Cherry . 440 . 434. 43? Gushing ..... 466 Wax Plum 452 470 438 Double Bearing Yellow . . . 469 Wentworth 452 Emily . 467 White Damascene . . 452 English Red Cane 467 White Apricot 456 English Red, of some . . . 465 White Damson .... White Egg . 452 . 452 false Red Antwerp . Fastolf 467 , 467 White Empress 456 Framboisier a Gros Fruit . . . 470 White Gage 455 435 437 467 White Holland . ' 452 French . 468 456 Fulton . 468 White Imperial .... . 452 . 468 White Magnum Bonum . 452 452 Rowland's Red Antwerp . Knevett's Antwerp ... . 470 . 470 White Perdrigon 456 KneveWs Giant 468 White Primordian . 446 Large Fruited Monthly . 468 White Prune Damson 452 Large Red .... . 470 Wilde's . 456 Wilkinson 452 Lord Exmouth's ... . 470 Wilmot's Early Orleans 435 Magnum Bonum 468 Wilmot's Green Gage 435 Monthly , 468 Wilmot's Late Green Gage Wilmot's Late Orleans . 435 454 Merveille de Quartre Saisons Mrs Wilder . 468 . 469 Woolston's Black Gage Yellow Apricot . 452 453 New Red Antwerp Northumberland FiUbasket 466 . 469 Yellow Egg .... . 462 452 Nottingham Scarlet . 470 469 Yellow Perdrigon 434 Ohio Ever-bearing 469 Yellow Gage .... . 455 Old Red Antwerp 470 469 QUINCES. Angers ..... .460 460 Perpetual Bearing Red Antwerp . . Red Double Bearing River's Large Fruited Monthly . . 470 470 470 . 468 460 Siberian ..... 470 . 461 465 460 469 Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform . New Upright . 462 . 460 True Red Antwerp . ... Vice President French 466 468 462 Victoria 470 Oblong Quince .... 460 Walker range y i e , 460 White Antwerp . . . 469 462 White Thimbleberry . . 470 . 462 Wilmot's Early Red . 470 . 461 Woodward's Red Globe . 470 462 469 462 Van Slyke . . . 462 RASPBERRIES. Allen . 467 . 465 STRAWBERRIES. Aberdeen Bee-Hive Admiral Dundas Ajax . 488 . 482 482 465 Alice Maude 482 American White . . 470 American Scarlet 479 . 466 Atkinson's Scarlet 489 Barnet ..... 470 . 465 Austrian Scarlet Bain's Extra Early 484 488 Black Raspberry . 465 Bath Scarlet 490 ; ; So Bicton Pine 482 470 Bishop's New 482 . 465 Bishop's Orange 482 Colonel Wilder . 466 Black Imperial . 482 . 465 Black Prince . 482 . 465 Bostock 488 . 466 Boston Pine 478 Cornwall's Prolific . 470 Brewer's Emperor 482 INDEX OF FRUITS. 527 PAGE Brighton Pine 482 Brilliant ... ... 482 British Queen . . . . . .483 Buist's Prize 488 Burr's New Pine ... -478 Burr's Old Seedling 483 Burr's Seedling 483 Burr's Rival Hudson 487 Burr's Stamenate Seedling . . . 483 Caleb Cope 483 Caperon Royal 481 Captain Cook 483 Cliarlotte 483 Cleveland 483 Climax . 483 Climax Scarlet 483 Cole's Late Scarlet ..... 488 Cotes Prolific -488 Conical Hautbois ..... 481 Columbus -489 Cornucopia 483 Cox's Seedling .489 Crescent Seedling ..... 483 Crimson Cone .483 Crimson Pine 48 Gushing . 484 Deptford Pine ... . . .489 Double Bearing . . . . . . 481 Downton 489 Duches.s de Trevisse . . . . . 484 Duke of Kent . . . . .484 Duke of Kent's Scarlet . . . .484 Duncan's Seedling 484 Dundee .484 Dutch Berry 483 Early Prolific Scarlet 484 Early Virginia 480 Eberleine's Seedling 489 Elton 489 Elton Pine 489 English Red Wood 486 FiUbasket 484 Genesee 478 Germantown . . . . . 484 Giant Alpine ....".. 489 Globe Hautbois . . . . .489 Goliath 489 Green Alpine 484 Green Pine 484 Green Strawberry . . . . . 484 Green Wood . . . . . . 484 Green well's New Giant .... 490 Greenwell's French 490 Grove End Scarlet 489 Hooker .478 Hooper's Seedling 485 Hovey's Seedling 478 Hovey's Seedling 485 Hudson ... ... 479 Hudson'gBay 479 Hautbois Seedling 484 Huntsman's 489 Iowa Male 485 Jenny Lind 485 Jenny's Seedling 479 Keen's Seedling 485 Xeene's Seedling 489 Knight's Seedling 489 Lafayette (of some) . . . ... 481 La Grange 481 La Liegoise 489 Large Early Scarlet 480 PAGS LateProlific .... . 439 Late Scarlet 479 Lizzie Randolph ..... 459 Longworth's Prolific , . . . .479 Marshall's Seedling ..... 437 McAvoy's Extra Red ..... 485 McAvoy's Superior .... 430 McAvoy's No. 1 .485 McAvoy's No. 12 -Synonym . . . 480 Melon .489 Methven Castle 485 Methven Scarlet ' 435 Methven Synonym \ 485 Monroe Scarlet ...... 4$$ Montevideo Pine \ 435 Mottier's Seedling \ 489 Moyamensing .485 Musk Hautbois 431 Myatt's British Queen . . . ' 483 Myatt's Deptford Pine . . . ' 489 Myatt's Eleanor ..'... 490 Myatt's Eliza '489 Myatt's Globe .....' 490 Myatt's Mammoth .... i 490 Myatt's Pine ' 490 Myatt's Prince Albert .. . . .490 Myatt's Prolific i 490 Necked Pine . . . . . . 486 Newland's Mammoth ..." 486 Ohio Mammoth ..... 499 Old Hudson . . . . . ] 479 Old Pine, or Caroline ..." 490 Old Scarlet Pine . . . . [490 Omar Pacha 435 Orange Hudson's Bay . . . [ 482 Orange Prolific 486 Patagonia '.490 Peabody Seedling . . . . .484 Pennsylvania 486 Pine Apple 48 * 6 490 Primate .486 Primordian 486 Prince-of Orleans . . . . [ 490 Prince of Wales . . . . .486 Princess' Alice Maud ..... 482 Profuse Scarlet .490 Profusion .490 Prolific Hautbois ..... 481 Prolific Hudson ...... 486 Prolific Swainstone ... .486 Red Alpine .... . 486 Red Wood .486 Refulgent ..... .487 Richardson's Early 490 Richardson's Late ..... 487 Rival Hudson . . . ... . 487 Roseberry .490 Ross Phcenix ... . 487 Rostock .... . 488 Ruby .487 Sdlter's Versaillaise ..... 487 Scarlet Melting 490 Scarlet Nonpareil ..... 487 Schneike's Seedling ..... 479 Sdoto 490 Scotch Pine Apple . 483 Scott's Seedling . . 487 Sir C. Napier . . . 487 Sir Harry ... 487 Southborough . . 487 Southborough Seedling . 487 528 INDEX OF FRUITS. Southampton Scarlet 485 Stafford's Washington Alpine . . .486 Stoddard's Seedling 485 Swainstcme Seedling 488 Taylor's Seedling 490 Trollope's Victoria 488 True Chili 490 Unique Prairie 486 Unique Scarlet .488 Victoria . .... 488 Walker's Seedling .... 480 Watalngtoa . .... 486 MM 481 White Alpine . White Bush Alpine . Wiley 488 488 481 . 481 William Henry Harrison . Wilmot's New Scarlet . 490 . 490 . 490 . 481 . 48C. Young's Seedling . . 484 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling &) 642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW MAR 3 1993 Yb 47593