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 Prri^cvted tn 

 
 Biographical Notks on the University Printers 
 FROM the Commencement of Printing in Cam- 
 bridge TO the Present Time. By Kobert Bowes. 
 
 Repiintoil for private circulation from the ('(iiiiltridnc Aittiqiimidn Siicicty's 
 ComiinmiciitiouK, No. XXVT. (Vol. v. No. 4) IHSC.
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Introductory 283 
 
 Chronological List of Printers . . . . . . . . 285 
 
 Biographical Notes 286 
 
 Appendix A (Early Cambridge Bindings) ...... 333 
 
 Aijpendix B (Legge and the Stationers) 335 
 
 Appendix C (Two Early Lists of Cambridge Stationers) . . . 335 
 
 Appendix D (Ornaments) . 337 
 
 3:3'7803
 
 XX. Biographical Notes on the University Printers 
 FROM the Commencement of Printing in Cambridge 
 to the Present Time. Communicated by Robert 
 Bowes, Esq. 
 
 [January 2S, 1884.] 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 The following pages are tlie result of an attempt to trace 
 the succession of University printers and to ascertain how far 
 and for how long each printer was actually engaged in the 
 management of the Press. Many of the printers appointed 
 before 1700 appear never to have been so engaged. These were 
 for the most part graduate members of the University holding 
 other offices (Esquire Bedell, Registrary, etc.) and received a 
 small salary. The smallness of this salary (£5 a year, occasion- 
 ally increased by a gratuity of the same amount) makes it seem 
 probable that the office was looked upon as a sinecure, and that 
 an appointment was made when a vacancy occurred in order to 
 preserve the right of the University to appoint three printers. 
 The printers of the latter class certainly held their office on a 
 different footing, as, for instance, John Hayes was paying £100 
 a year to the University at the same time that Hugh Martin 
 and Jonathan Pindar were receiving £.5 a year from the Uni- 
 versity.
 
 2N4 NOTES «>N THK 
 
 My iiil'orination lias been mainly obtained from well-known 
 authorities, sucli as : 
 
 Ames, Typograpliicai Antiquities, 1749; antl the second 
 edition by Herbert, 3 vols., 1785-1790 (cited as Ames-Herbert). 
 
 Carter, Hid. of the University of Cambridge, 1753 (taken 
 almost entirely from the first editi(m of Ames). 
 
 Nichols, Literarg Anecdotes and Literary Illustrations, 17 
 vols., 1812-1858. 
 
 Watt, Bihliotheca Britannica, 4 vols., 1824. 
 
 Cooper, Annals of Cambridge, 4 vols., 1841-1852, and later 
 writers. But beside these 1 have had the advantage of con- 
 sulting certain sources of evidence, some of which are not so 
 generally accessible, viz : 
 
 1. Documents in the Registry. 
 
 2. A Chronological List (MS.) of all documents, entries in 
 the Grace-books, and other material in the Registry relating to 
 the Press, compiled by Mr A. P. Humphry. 
 
 3. The Minute-Book of the Curators of the Press, 1696- 
 1740. 
 
 4. The Registers of the Stationers' Company from 1554 to 
 1640, edited by Edward Arbcr. 
 
 5. The Churchwardens' Books of St Mary the Great, 1583- 
 1630. 
 
 6. The Churchwardens' Books of St Edward's, 1 625—1 670. 
 
 7. The Churchwardens' Books and Rate-Books, etc., of St 
 Botolph's, 1646-1743, and Registers of Baptisms, Deaths, etc., 
 1617-1743. 
 
 8. The Additions to Cooper's Annals of Cambridge. These 
 sheets were never published. They were discovered in a 
 grocer's shop, where they were being used as waste-paper, 
 when only three copies could be made up. Of these three copies 
 one is in the University Library, one in the Cambridge Free 
 Library, and the third is in my possession. The sheets arc
 
 INIVKllSITV I'RINTKIiS. :>.S5 
 
 marked Vol. v. Q-Ff, pp. 22o-44N. Of Vol. v. only one part, 
 pp. 1 — 128, has been jniblished. 
 
 Besides eliciting a small amount of new matter, I have been 
 enabled by consulting the above original sources to verify some 
 statements which had appeared previously and to correct others. 
 
 Since the paper was read before the Society, I have received 
 from friends many additions and corrections; and I am especiall}'^ 
 indebted to Mr F. Jenkinson, not only for the footnotes signed 
 J., but for material help and advice on the paper as a whole. I 
 shall still feel grateful to any one who will point out any in- 
 accuracies that he may discover. 
 
 For access to the MS. matter my thanks are due to Dr 
 Luard, Mr J. W. Clark, Mr A. P. Humphry, Mr C. J. Clay, 
 Dr Campion, and the churchwardens of the several parishes 
 named. 
 
 It will be convenient, as a preliminary step, to exhibit in a 
 tabular form the chronological order of the printers, as far as 
 I have been able to ascertain it, with the dates of their ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 
 
 (Ill the following- list the iiatiies of those who are not known to have 
 printed anything are in italics.) 
 
 1.521. .John Si))erch. He disappears after l.">22. 
 
 1 ri'M. Nicholas Speri/iiff. 
 
 Garratt Godfrey, 
 
 Si/f/ar Nicholiton. 
 15."}!). Nicholas Pilgriiti. 
 1540. Richard Noke. 
 1545. Peter Sheres. 
 1577. Joint A'inf/st(i)/. 
 
 1583. Thomas Thomas, M.A. d. 15S8. 
 
 1588. John Legate. d. 1620. 
 
 ? John Porter (before 15!):i). 
 1606. Cantrell Legge. He did not print after 1625. 
 
 ? Thnwax Brooke, MA. before KiU). .\t least till 1(;21.
 
 28G 
 
 NOTES ON THK 
 
 \6'22. 
 
 Leonard Greene. 
 
 d. 163(1. 
 
 1625. 
 
 ThoKiii.s Unci, .M.A. 
 
 Said to have resigned 1653. 
 
 
 John Buck. M.A. 
 
 (0 
 
 1630. 
 
 Fnincis Buck. 
 
 Resigned 1632. 
 
 1632. 
 
 Roger J)anicl. 
 
 Patent cancelled 1650. 
 
 1650. 
 
 .lolui Legate (the you.iger). 
 
 Patent cancelled 1655. 
 
 1655. 
 
 Jolin Field. 
 
 d. 1668. 
 
 1669. 
 
 Matthew Wliinii. 
 
 
 1669. 
 
 .John Hayes. 
 
 d. 1705. 
 
 1680. 
 
 John Peck, M.A. 
 
 
 1682. 
 
 Hugh Martin, M.A. 
 
 
 1683. 
 
 Dr James Jack.ton. 
 
 
 1683. 
 
 Jonathan Pimhir. 
 
 
 1693. 
 
 H. Jenkes. 
 
 
 1697. 
 
 Jonathan Pinrf'ir. 
 
 At least till 17.30. 
 
 1701. 
 
 John Owen. 
 
 Bankrupt 1703. 
 
 170.5. 
 
 Cornehu.s Crownfield. 
 
 Pensioned 1740. 
 
 1730. 
 
 W. Fenner 
 
 
 
 Mrs Fenner i ^^^.^^^^ ,.^,,j,,, 
 Thomas James 
 
 juisliod by Mrs Fenner 173S. 
 
 
 John James 
 
 
 1740. 
 
 Josepli Bentham. 
 
 Resigned 17ti(!. 
 
 175S. 
 
 John Baskerville. 
 
 Nothing after 1763. 
 
 1766. 
 
 John Archdeacon. 
 
 Died 1795. 
 
 1793. 
 
 John Burges. 
 
 Died 180-2. 
 
 i S02. 
 
 John Dcighton. 
 
 Resigned 1S02. 
 
 1802. 
 
 Richard Watts. 
 
 Resigned 1809. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Andrew Wilson. 
 
 (01811. 
 
 1809. 
 
 John Smith. 
 
 Pensioned 1836. 
 
 1836. 
 
 John William Parker. 
 
 Resigned ls53. 
 
 1854. Charles John Clay. 
 
 (Jeorge Seeley. 
 18S2. John Cliiv. 
 
 Retired ls56. 
 
 1. John Siberch. 
 
 John Siberch printed several books at Cambridge in the 
 years 1.521 and 1522; and although he was not, strictly 
 speaking, a University ])rinter, he naturally finds a place here 
 as being in a certain sense the precursor of the University
 
 UNIVERSITY PKIXTKHS. L>S7 
 
 ftiiijteis. An entry in Dr Caius's Annulet)^ under date 1569 
 informs us that Siberch occupied a house between the Gate 
 of Humility and tlie Gate of Virtue under the sign of the 
 Anna liegia. This statement is most interesting, as, besides 
 marking the exact spot on which our first printer worked, it 
 explains how the arms of France and England quarterly came 
 to be used as a device in some of Siberch's books^ 
 
 Erasmus writing^ on Christmas-day, 1525, to Dr Robert 
 Aldrich of King's College, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle, sends 
 greetings to " veteres sodales Phaunum, Omfridum, Vachanum, 
 " Gerardum, Nicolaum, et Joannem Siburgum bibliopolas." 
 Unless Erasmus had had no information about Siberch for 
 some years, this would seem to imply that the latter was still 
 in Cambridge in the year 1525. 
 
 Beyond this I have seen nothing that gives any informa- 
 tion about Siberch ; where he came from when he commenced 
 printing in Cambridge in 1521, or what became of him after 
 1522. I should rejoice if the statement of this fact might lead 
 some one with the necessary time and interest in the subject to 
 try and supply these particulars. 
 
 The list of his books as found in the published biblio- 
 graphies has grown up gradually. For two we are indebted 
 to Maittaire in 1722 ; for three more to Palmer in 1732 ; 
 Ames in 1749 raised the number to seven, and an eighth was 
 added by Herbert in 1790. Since that date no fresh book 
 from his press has been discovered. Ames suspected that there 
 was a second book printed in 1522, having seen the last leaf 
 of a book ending " Impressum in Alma Cantabrigia per me 
 "Joannem Siberch, anno Domini mdxxii 8 Decembris." But 
 further investigation has not confirmed this suspicion. As the 
 
 ' For this information I am indebted to Mr Bensly, Librarian of Caius 
 College. 
 
 ^ Sec Appendix A. 
 
 3 Opera (Lugd. Bat. 1703;, vol. ni. pars. 1, col. f)OI (epist. 782).
 
 2N!S XoTKS OX TMK 
 
 result of en([uines made for copies of books priiiteil by Siberch, 
 a copy of Papiirlus (leininus, the eighth book in Herbert's list, 
 was discoveied in St John's College Library and brought to my 
 notice by Dr Wood. The last leaf proved to contain the im- 
 print quoted above, and it became evident that Ames was in 
 fact describing a detached leaf of this book, of which he had 
 apparently never seen a perfect copy. 
 
 In a volume in the same library containing two of the eight 
 known books Thomas Baker has written these notes : 
 
 Erasmus cfe conscribendis episfolis and Henry Bullock's Oration to 
 Cardinal Wohcij etc. are two of the first books, that I (or Mr Bagford 
 who lias seen more books than most men in England) ever saw, printed at 
 Cambridge. One otlicr book I have seen printed the same year [1521] and 
 no more. 
 
 Dr Fuller [Hist: of Cainbr: P: 58, .ji>.] seems to be of tlic .same opinion, 
 tho' he had never seen Erasmus his book, as appears by mistakes there 
 made. 
 
 I never could meet with aiinther copy of either of tiiese books in thi^ 
 University. 
 
 I have siuce seen one in ('. ('. ('. of Erasmu.s. 
 
 Besides these two books, J have only seen one other printed by 8iberch 
 at Cambridge this year viz : an: \7y2\, and there he styles himself, Joannes 
 Siberch primus utriusq?/^ linguae in Anglia impressor. 
 
 T. B. 
 
 In Hearue s Walter Htniynyforde (p. 7'35) there is a some- 
 what similar note taken from a copy of Erasmus given to 
 Hearne by Baker. 
 
 I have not entered into any details respecting the books 
 printed by Siberch, as an examination of the eight books ha.s 
 been made by Mr Bradshaw, and his notes will appear in a 
 ri'|iriidu<-tiiin "f P)ull()ck s Oration.
 
 university printers. 289 
 
 2. Nicholas Speryng. 
 
 3. Garrett Godfrey. 
 
 4. Segar Nicholson. 
 
 This appointment was made by Grace of the Senate, under 
 the power granted by letters patent of the king, July 20, 1534, 
 " to assign and elect from time to time by writing under the 
 " seal of the Chancellor of the University three stationers and 
 " printers or sellers of books, residing within the University," 
 etc.^ They were to print or import for sale only books ap- 
 proved by the censors of the University. This was in accord- 
 ance with a petition which had been presented to Wolsey by 
 the University in 1520. 
 
 The terms of the Grace, which occurs last but one among 
 the Graces from Mich. 1533 to Mich. 1534 (Grace Book F. 
 148), are as follows : 
 
 Yt ys grawntycl that tlie vnyuersyte shall assine & chose accordynge to 
 your graunte lately made & geven yow by the Kyiigs grace at the procu- 
 ratyon and costis of Nycholas Sperynge, Garret Godfrey, & Segar Nycolsun 
 the same forsayde three Statyoners to have & ynioy all & synguler lyber- 
 tyes & priuylegis specyfyed yn the same graunte for ternie of ther natural! 
 lyvys, so that thei shall fuUfyll at all tymes all & synguler dewtys men- 
 cyoned yn the same graunte belongyng to them on ther party, and that 
 thei may have this your assygnatyon & electyon of them yn wrytyngis 
 sygnd wythe yowre common scale. 
 
 Speryng, Godfrey and Nicholson Avere all in business in 
 Cambridge before their appointment as printei's and stationers 
 to the University ; and although there is no reason to suppose 
 that they ever printed anything, we can still point to books 
 which are almost imdoubtedly specimens of their work as 
 binders^ 
 
 Godfrey lived in St Mary's parish, and appears as one of the 
 
 ' Cooper's Annah, vol. i. p. :jf>8. 
 - See Appendix A. 
 
 C. A. S. Comm. Vol. V. 20
 
 290 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Churchwardens in 1517; and in tlie Parish Book for the year 31 
 Hen. VIII. (1539) there are the followiBg entries: 
 
 Item for the buryall of Garrett Godfreye vi" viij''. 
 
 # * * '' 
 
 Item for the dyrge of Garrett Godfraye ij". 
 
 and in the following j'ears we still find 
 Item for Garrett Godfreys Dyrge vi''. 
 
 It has been suggested^ that Garrett Godfrey may be the 
 same as Gerard the friend and bookseller of Erasmus, and 
 " Garret our bookbynder" whom Ascham** mentions as well 
 acquainted with the habits of Erasmus. 
 
 Speryng also lived in St Mary's parish, and appears as 
 Churchwarden in 1516. 
 
 Nicholson was a member of Gonville Hall'; and it is re- 
 markable, in view of his present appointment, that so lately as 
 1529 he had been accused of "holding Lutheran opinions 
 " and having in his house the works of Luther and other pro- 
 *' hibited books without presenting them to the Ordinary V In 
 
 ^ By Mr Searle in hia History of Queens' College, p. 155, where (be- 
 sides the letter written from Basle on Christmas Day, 1525, already men- 
 tioned, p. 287) he quotes Opera, vol. iir. col. 130 (Epist. 148) salutabis... 
 veterem hospitem mcum Gcrardum ; col. 121-2 (Epist. 141) bibliopolam. 
 
 Mr Searle also quotes {ib. pp. 188, 189) two entries from the account 
 books of Queens' College. 
 
 [1529.] Item Cegarto bibliopolle [Sygar Nicholson] pro constructiono 
 duorum illorum librorum in quibus statuta nostra conscribuntur cum 
 reliquo eorundem ornatu et jiro stapo papyri regii qui in eorum altero con- 
 stringitur iiij s. iiij d. 
 
 [1531.] Item 2° die IMaji Gerardo [Goodfrey] bibliopola {sic) pro libro 
 in quern statuta transcribuntur viij d. 
 
 2 ToxopJiilus (ed. Arber), p. 46. 
 
 2 Some interesting remarks upon the frequency with which members of 
 the University in those days were engaged as tradesmen in the town, will 
 be found in Mr Mullinger's Uiiinersitif of (kimhriOge to 1535, p. 627. 
 
 ■* Cooper's Annals, I 329. He quotes Baker MSS. xxiv. 82 ; " the fol- 
 lowing charges in the accounts of John Lyndesey and Thomas Wilson,
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. '2[)l 
 
 fact it seems to have been in connexion with this prosecution 
 that the University applied to Wolsey for leave to appoint 
 stationers who should be under their own control. 
 
 The names of Nicholson or Segar occur three times in 
 Arber's Registers of the Stationers' Company. 
 
 1557. Fraunces Nycholson alias Seager (i. G9). 
 
 1565. Benjamen Nycholas alias Seger of Chambryge ap- 
 prenticed (i. 285). 
 
 1595. Beniamyn Segar alias Nycolson receives an appren- 
 tice (II. 207). 
 
 5. Nicholas Pilgrim. 
 
 The Grace for his appointment as Printer is dated 16 October 
 1539, from which it would appear that he was appointed to fill 
 the vacancy caused by the death of Garrett Godfrey. 
 
 (I. Richard Noke. 
 A Ciracc for sealing his Patent occurs in 1540. 
 
 7. Peter Sheres. 
 
 The Grace for his appointment as Stationer or Printer is 
 dated 5 February 154f. 
 
 S. John Kingston. 
 
 The Grace for appointment of John Kingston is dated 
 8 February 1575^, and a copy of the Patent is in Grace-book 
 
 Proctors, appear to refer to this matter: *To Edw. Heynes on account of 
 his office as scribe in the proceedings against Sygar for Heresy, 8s.' : ' To 
 the minister of the University for keeping of the same Sygar in prison 
 during the time of his examination, 3s. 4d.' : ' For faggots for burning 
 books, 4d.' " 
 
 20—2
 
 292 NOTES ox THE 
 
 A, 282 a. 0)1 18 July loTT, Lurd Burghley wrote to Dr Goatl, 
 Vice-Chancell(jr, on the subject of Kingstou's appointment, and 
 disapproved of printing Psalters, Prayer Books, &c., as interfering 
 with the Queen's grants to Seres, Jugge, Day, and others\ Not- 
 withstanding the grant of the patent, Kingston seems never to 
 have printed in Cambridge. 
 
 9. Thomas Thomas. 
 
 Thomas Thomas, born in Loudon 25 December 15.53, was 
 educated at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge, where 
 he became a Fellow in 1574. He was appointed University 
 Printer by Grace 3 May 1583. He at once began to print a 
 book by William Whitaker, but the Company of Stationers 
 seized his press and materials. This seizure is spoken of in 
 a letter, 1 June 1583, from the Bishop of London to Lord 
 Burghley : '* There was alsoe found one presse and furniture 
 " which is saide to belonge to one Thomas a man (as I heare) 
 " vtterlie ignoraunte in printinge, and prctendinge that he en- 
 "tendeth to be the printer for the vniuersitie of Cambridge^" 
 On June 14 of the same year the Vice-Chancellor and Heads, in 
 reply to a letter from Lord Burghley suggesting a Conference 
 with the Company of Stationers, urge the speedy return of 
 Thomas's press that the Stationers had seized, and express 
 the w-illingness of the University to confer with the Stationers. 
 On the 16th of March, 1584, Lord Burghley replied to a 
 further letter from the University, stating that he had sub- 
 mitted their Charter to the Master of the Rolls, Avho concurred 
 with him in the opinion that it was valid I On the 24th of 
 July, 1584j Thomas Thomas, M.A. and printer, entered into 
 
 ' Baker MSS. xxix. 374, quoted in Cooper's Annals, ii. :J.')7. 
 ■ Arber, Stat. Reg. r. 246. 
 ^ Cooper, Ann. ii. 393.
 
 UNIVERSITY I'RINTF.HS. 293 
 
 recognizances in 500 marks before the Vice-Chancellor, subject 
 to tlie following condition : 
 
 If tlio said Tho. Thomas do not or shall not print or cause to be 
 printed any book, panijihlet, or paper after he hath once finished Saddils 
 works 1, which he hath now under his press, until further order shall be 
 taken with him by the Rt Hon. the Lord Treasurer our Chancellor, 
 Mr Vicc-Chancellor, and the University, tiiat then this recognizance to bo 
 void and of none effect, or else to stand in full strength'''. 
 
 In 1584 books began to issue from Thomas's press, and 
 Herbert gives the titles of 17 that appeared between that year 
 and 1588. He was at the same time encjaofed on his Latin 
 Dictionary, which bears the date in the dedication of Septem- 
 ber 1587; and the great labour of this work is said to have 
 brought on a grievous disease which shortened his life. He 
 died 9 August 1588, and was buried in Great St Mary's 
 Church I 
 
 His attainments as a scholar and a printer combined are 
 spoken of with admiration by his successor John Legate, in the 
 dedication to Lord Chancellor Bacon of the 11th edition of the 
 Latin Dictionary, published in 1619 ; 
 
 He was about 30 years ago a famous Printer among your Cantabrigians ; 
 yes something more than a Printer such as we now are, who understand 
 the Latin tiiat we print no more than Bellerophon the letters he carried, 
 and who sell in our shops nothing of our own except the paper Mack tcith 
 the press's siceat^. But he, a companion of the Stephenses and of the 
 other, very few, printers of the true kind and best omen, was of opinion 
 that it was men of learning, thoroughly imbued with academic studies, who 
 should give themselves to cultivating and rightly applying that illustrious 
 benefit sent down from heaven and given to aid mankind and perpetuate the 
 
 ^ Sadeells Dispiitationes Theologieae et Scholasticae published by 
 Thomas in 1584, 4to. 
 
 ^ Baker MSS. in. 430, quoted by Cooper {Additions to Annals, p. 289), 
 who also refers [ih. 301] to a letter, dated July 27, 1588, from the Bishop 
 of Lincoln to Lord Burghley on behalf of Thomas, in MS. Baker, vi. 293 ; 
 MS. Lansd. Ivii., Art. 74; Heywood and Wright, Unii\ Trans, i. 534. 
 
 ' Cooper, Ath. Cant. ir. 29, 513. 
 
 * ' preli sudore nigrantem'.
 
 294 NOTES ON THE 
 
 arts. Accordingly what moro fit than that when he had wrought what was 
 worthy of type, he should himself, needing aid of none, act as midwife to 
 his own progeny. 
 
 Thomas's printing-office, according to Leonard Greene 
 writing about 1029', was in the Regent Walk, Avhich was 
 immediately opposite the west door of St Mary's Church. 
 
 I can find only two entries in the Parish Book that refer 
 to Thomas. In the Churchwardens' accounts for 1584 he 
 appears as paying 6s. 8d. rate; and in 1589 Mrs Thomas pays 
 "for the buriall of her husband 6s. 8d." 
 
 10. John Legate. 
 
 John Legate, the immediate successor of Thomas, was ap- 
 pointed by Grace, 2 November 1588, "as he is reported to be 
 skilful in the art of printing books." He was the first who used 
 (from 1G03 onward) the impression of the Alma Mater Canta- 
 brigice with the motto Hiiic lucem et pocula sacra round it, and 
 he seems to have printed at Cambridge till about 1609. He is 
 stated by Carter to have resigned in 1607; but while after 
 1609 (?) all books with his name have London on the title-page, 
 he still continues to call himself 'Printer to the University' 
 and to use the University design. His right to this title is 
 confirmed by an entry in a MS. account of the University 
 written by John Scot, Notary Public, in 1617, where his name 
 appears, with those of 'Canterell Legg' and Thomas Brooke, as 
 one of the three University printers. 
 
 In the Registers of the Company of Stationers (Arber IV. 45), 
 there is an entry by John Legate (the younger), 21 August 1620, 
 of certain books "the copies of John Legat his father lately 
 deceased," .so that we may take 1620 to be the year of his death, 
 
 ' Registry M8. 33. 1. 11. Ihc passage is quoted below in my notes on 
 Tlionias Buck (p. 300).
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 205 
 
 aud not 162G as stated by Ames and subsequent writers'. He 
 was admitted and sworn a Freeman of the Stationers' Company 
 in April, 1586'^ and was Master of the Company in 1G04^ He 
 married Agatha, daughter of Christopher Barker, the King's 
 printer, and left 11 children, his son John succeeding him\ 
 
 In 1612, an edition of Perkins's Works is described as to be 
 sold at his house in Trinitie Lane. This, Mr Henry B. Wheatley 
 informs me, was called after the Church of the Holy Trinity, 
 which was destroyed in the Great Fire and not rebuilt, and is 
 described as between Old Fish Street and Bow Lane. 
 
 Lender date 1 August 1597, the following entry appears in 
 the Stationers' Registers^ showing that at that date Legate was 
 recognized by the Stationers as University printer : 
 
 WHEREAS John legat hathe printed at Cambridge by Auctlioritie of 
 the vninersitie there a booke called the Rpformed Catholike : This seid 
 booke is here Registred for his copie so that none of this Company shall 
 prynt yt from hym. provided that this entrance shalbe voyd yf the seid 
 booke be not Aucthorised by the seid vninersitie as he saieth it is, vj''. 
 
 He had a grant of the exclusive right of printing for a term 
 of years Thomas's Dictionary, as augmented by him [Legate] ; 
 and the 11th edition, from the dedication of which an extract 
 has been made under Thomas Thomas (see p. 293), appeared in 
 1619, the year before his death. This right was renewed to 
 John Legate, his son, on behalf of himself and 10 others his 
 brothers and sisters, 11 February 162f^ 
 
 Legate's name appears in the St Mary's Parish Book from 
 1590 to 1610: from 1591 to 1609 there is an annual entry "For 
 " Rent of hys shopp 55.", and in 1610, " Received of Mr Williams 
 
 1 It is a further confirmation of this that in John Scot's Foundation of 
 the Unicersity written in 1621 (British Museum, Add. MSS. 11720), 
 Legge and Brooke are given as printers, while the third place is left blank. 
 
 '^ Arber ii. 696. ^ Arber n. 737. 
 
 * Ames Typographical Antiquitifi.t, page 462. 
 
 ^ Arber in. 88. 
 
 •^ Rymer's Focch'vn xvii. 2S3,<jUotcd by Amcs-Ilcrbcrt, page Itin.
 
 296 NOTES ON THE 
 
 "for Mr Leggatt's Rent 5s." In 1599, " For buriall of a Child 
 " wh. died at Mr Leggatt's." In 1609, he was elected Church- 
 wardens 
 
 Leonard Greene in a document already alluded to^, says that 
 Legate hired a house in the Regent Walk for his printing-office; 
 and as Greene lived in St Mary's parish from 1G12, he must 
 have been in a 'position to have accurate information on the 
 subject. Could this be the shop for which Legate paid rent 5s. 
 to the parish? 
 
 11. John Porter. 
 
 On 17 June 1593, John Porter and John Legate pi'oseciited 
 John Tidder in the Vice-Chancellor's court for offering books for 
 sale in the Cambridge market^. I can find no record of Porter's 
 appointment, but he lived in Cambridge*, and was evidently 
 one of the stationers appointed by the University at this time. 
 He was a member of the Stationers' Company, and is probably 
 the John Porter of Haslyngfylde who was apprenticed to Cut- 
 bert in 1568 (Arber, Stat. Reg. I. 375). Some of Perkins's 
 books are printed for him (in 1595, etc.) with John Legate, and 
 Walsall's Sermon in 1607 'for I. Porter and Len : Greene of 
 Cambridge.' 
 
 12. Cantrell Legge. 
 
 Cantrell Legge was apprenticed to his predecessor John 
 
 Legate, as appears from the following entry : 
 
 1589: 26 April. Cantrell Legge sonne of Edwarde Legge of Burchani in 
 the Countie of Norffolk Y[e]oniaii, liathe put liimself apprentize to John 
 Legat Citizen and Stacioner of London for Eighte ycrcs from midsomer 
 nexte [24 Jimc 1589] ij' vj' solutuni gardiano .6. niaij\ 
 
 1 " Also Mr Legatt, and Wulter Betson were chosen cliurchwardens for 
 the yere and have payd for their dismission for a fine eyther of them x'. to 
 thuse of the said p^/>-ish." Parish Book (Jroat St Mary's, 160!). 
 
 - Registry MS. 3.3. 1. II. •' Registry MS. lili. 2. ]. 
 
 * See Appendix C. ' ArV)er, Stnt. lien. ii. 157.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 297 
 
 Legge was sworn and admitted freeman of the Stationers' 
 Company, 11 December 1599\ He was appointed printer to 
 the University by Grace, 5 June lOOG. He is said to have been 
 in partnership with Legate, but their names never appear to- 
 gether, and Legate's name never appears as Legge's agent in 
 London for the books printed at Cambridge, which would have 
 been but natural had any partnership existed. From the date 
 of Legge's appointment entries of books under his name occur 
 very frequently in the Stationers' Registers, and in nearly all 
 cases in connection with some of the London Stationers — Leo- 
 nard Greene, Thomas Man, &c. — showing the kind of partnership 
 that still to a small extent exists in what are known as " Trade 
 editions." 
 
 With the growth of the Cambridge press the difficulties 
 with the Stationers' Company seem to have increased, for in 
 1620 Legge petitioned the Lords in Council on a prosecution 
 by the company for printing Lilly's Grammar'^. On 29 No- 
 vember 1623 the Privy Council made an order defining the 
 rights of the University''. But this evidently did not satisfy the 
 Stationers, as in 1624 the company complained that 
 
 About two yeares since one legg, printer of Cambridge, printed great 
 nombers of Psalmes, and eudeauored to iustifie the Doing tliereof, by 
 Colour of some generall wordes in a Charter made by King Henry the 
 VI IJ"" to that vniuersity...The said Legg being assisted by the vice Chan- 
 cellor, and some Doctors proceeded in printing the iysahnes to the great 
 hindrance of the Companie of Staconers and almost to their vtter Yndoing"*. 
 
 The complaint also extends to the printing of Almanacks. 
 In the year 1623 there was a grace of the Senate to examine 
 the orders concerning the printers. Legge died in or before 
 1629, as on June 1 of that year his widow transfers her in- 
 terest in 16 books of her late husband to Boler^ 
 
 1 Arber, Stat. Reg. ir. 724. ^ gge Appendix B. 
 
 ^ Cooper's Ann. iir. 161-2. * Arber, Slaf. Reg. iv. 527. 
 
 " Arbor, Slot. Rrg. \\\. 212.
 
 298 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Legge appears in the Parish Book ot" St Mary tlie Great 
 from 1607 to 1623. 
 
 In MS. Coll. Regin. Oxon. CLV. p. 227 is the certificate of 
 Nicholas Hide and Thomas Richardson, Attorney and Solicitor- 
 General, as to the difference between Norton, the King's printer, 
 and Legge, the printer to the University of Cambridge, 1621. 
 (Cooper's Additions to Annals, 331). 
 
 13. Thomas Brooke, M.A., Clare. 
 
 The date of Brooke's appointment does not appear ; but on 
 2 June 1614 there was a Grace for granting him a new patent, 
 as he had lost his old one. There is in the Registry (MS. 33. 
 1. 6.) his resignation dated December 4 ; but without j^ear. 
 This could not have been before 1621, as in the copy of the 
 MS. 'Foundation of the University of Cambridge' by John 
 Scot written in that year\ his name still appears as one of the 
 printers. 
 
 He probably resigned in the year 1624, in which case Leonard 
 Greene, who Avas appointed in 1622, would be in place of John 
 Legate, who died in 1620; and Thomas and John Buck ap- 
 pointed in 1625 would take the places of Cantrell Legge and 
 Thomas Brooke. Brooke also held the office of Esquire Bedell; 
 he died in 1629. 
 
 14. Leonard Greene. 
 
 Leonard Greene was a member of the Company of Stationers, 
 having been admitted freeman April 14, 1606'^; and the first 
 book registered with his name appears in the following month : 
 
 John Porter & Leonard Grene. Entred for their copie vnder the 
 handcs of Master Pasfield & Master Norton "Warden Meditacons Diuine & 
 Moral), a third Ccnturic [By Bishop Joseph Hall] vj. 
 
 ' Sec J), "iyr., iintr. - Arlic-r iii. (In:?.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 209 
 
 He was appointed one of the printers to the University by 
 Grace, Oct. 81, 1622', and on Dec. 16, 1G25, there is a second 
 Grace for sealing a patent to him in conjunction with Thomas 
 and John Buck^ 
 
 How long his connection with the University lasted can only 
 be inferred from a statement of his own. In a document^ con- 
 taining charges against his partner, Thomas Buck, he avers that 
 he had a knowledge of books and printing " by reason of his 
 " trade therein for the space of thirtie years almost." If this 
 period included the time of his apprenticeship, it would date 
 from about the year 1599, so that these charges were probably 
 written about the year 1629. In the same document he claims 
 to have sent everything to the Cambridge press, even books 
 that were entirely his own property, and as we find in 1630 a 
 book printed in London " for Leonard Greene of Cambridge," it 
 is probable that his connection with the Cambridge press had 
 ceased by that time. I do not find any entries in Arber's Regis- 
 ters after the year 1629. 
 
 The following entries occur in the St Mary's Parish Book. 
 In 1612, Greene appears as paying jointly with W, Williams 
 (described in 1607 as "bookbynder") -Rent of shojDs 135. 4(i.' 
 In the following year each name is entered separately for the 
 same property, Leonard Greene "For hys shop at the south side 
 of the steple, 6s. 8d.'\ while Williams pays a like sum for the 
 shop on the north side. From 1614 to 1617, the two names 
 appear together as paying jointly, and after the latter year the 
 entry ceases. From 1620 to 1629, Greene pays annually a sum 
 
 1 The imprint in Crakenthorpe's De Providentia Dei (Marcli, I625) is 
 ' Cantabrigise, impensis Lconardi Greene unius e Typographis Academic.' J. 
 
 ' Accordingly in William Bedell's Latin version of Pietro Sarpi's History 
 of Italy under Paul V. (tlie dedication of which is dated March 28, lG2(j), 
 we find Thomas and John Bnck and Leonard (ireene appearing together 
 on the title-page as University Printers. J. 
 
 ■' This is the document (Registry MS. 33. 1. 11) already alluded to, 
 p. 294 and p. 2;)t>, and (piotod on p. 300.
 
 800 NOTES ON THE 
 
 of 4s.; in IG'll) and 1C2(), lie signs the L'hurchwni'ilcns' accoiiuts 
 as one of the Auditors; and he would appear to have died in 
 1G30, as in that year there is an entry " for buriall of Mr Leonard 
 Greene, 65. 8c^." 
 
 15. Thomas Buck. 
 
 Thomas Buck, M.A. and one of the Esquire Bedells, was 
 appointed by Grace, July 13, 1G25. He would appear to have 
 held the office of printer, or to have retained some interest in it, 
 for upwards of 40 years, as after the death of John Field in 1GG8 
 there is a petition of T. and J. Buck against his estate. During 
 this time Buck had several partners, none of whom seem to 
 have found it easy to work with him, and much of the informa- 
 tion that we get regarding the press is derived from their com- 
 plaints and petitions addressed to the University authorities. 
 The first is Leonard Greene, who was appointed three years be- 
 fore him, and in whose petition we read : 
 
 That whereas L. Gr. beinge acquainted with the matter of bookes and 
 printingo by reason of his trade tlierein for the space of thirtie yeeres 
 ahnost, and Mr Bucke being unexperienced, haveing lead a students life, the 
 said L. Gr. did hide nothinge and conceale nothinge from the said Mr Bucke 
 nor spare any paines (although to the hindrance of his owno busincs divers 
 from this) whereby the com;«on benefite of the pressc might be furthered. 
 
 That for divers copies the sole printinge whereof the said L. Gr. might 
 have had for his ovvne profite as he is of the Company of Stationers of 
 London, he hath ever l>rought to this presse, notw/thstandinge lie hath 
 but a third part therein (and some of them and the best were his before 
 ever Mr liucke came into the place), and besides the charge of printinge at 
 Cambridge is deerer then at London ^ 
 
 Greene then j^rocecds to complain of Buck taking as a new 
 printing-office in his own name, and without consulting him, 
 the Angeir, "leased from Mr Lukyns," Greene desiring instead 
 
 > Registry MS. 33. 1. H. 
 
 - Called at different times St Mary's Hostel, Xew Inn, and Angel. It 
 .•^tood, as I am informed by Mr J. W. Clark, on the site now occupied by 
 tlio Senate House and the portion of Senate House Passage lietwcen that
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 301 
 
 " that the presse might be phiced in a house most convenient 
 " for all their coming to it, as the Regent walke (in all men's 
 " opinion the fittest), which Thomas and Legatt had successivehe 
 " all their time hired — or els at the house where Mr Craine 
 " dwelt'." 
 
 Thomas Buck's next partner was his brother John, also one 
 of the Esquire Bedells, who was appointed by Grace Dec. 16, 
 1625, and who probably printed in partnership with him'* from 
 that time, although I find no record of any partnership arrange- 
 ment. As early as 1627, we find the names of T. and J. Buck 
 alone together on the title-page of a poem by Phineas Fletcher^. 
 On May 15, 1632, articles of agreement were drawn up between 
 T. and J. Buck, by which John assigned his printing patent to 
 Thomas for seven years for a payment of £56 a year, and agreed 
 to execute his brother's duties as Bedell during this period. With- 
 in two years of this agreement, differences arose between the two 
 brothers, and copies of documents relating to these differences 
 are in the Registry (MS. 83. 1. 21). The two brothers how- 
 ever retained a joint interest in the press to a much later period, 
 as they appear together as claimants against John Field's estate 
 in 1668. 
 
 Roger Daniel was appointed by Grace July 24, 1632, and 
 articles of agreement were entered into between him and Thomas 
 Buck, Aug. 21-22 following. From MS. 33. 1. 19, we learn that 
 
 building and Caius College. In the Audit book, 1695, there is an entry 
 "To the Bursar of Bennet College a years rent for the ten' called St 
 Mary's Hostel, now part of the Xew Inn due Mich. 169.5 £14 0." This 
 bite however would seem to be as central as the Regent walk itself. 
 
 1 There is a note in the St Mary's Parish Book by the late Mr Thomas 
 Stevenson to the eflfcct that Mr Craine's house was that in which he was 
 then (1837) living. The house (at the corner of Trinity and St ]\Iary'8 
 Streets) is that now occupied by Macmillan and Bowes, and before Steven- 
 son's time was occupied by Nicholson, commonly called ' ^laps.' 
 
 - See note on p. 299. 
 
 ^ Lociista; rel Pietns Jesuitica, etc. by Phineas Fletcher. Cambridge, 
 16-27. 4to. J.
 
 302 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Daniel agreed to take 
 
 That Capitall messuage and tenement called the Augustine Fryars' 
 wherein the said Thomas Buck now dwelleth together with the printyng 
 liouse & all other houses yards orchards closes wayes & all other ease- 
 ments & commodities thereunto belonging, 
 
 for a period of six years at tlie rate of £190 a year paid quar- 
 terly, this sum to include the two patents of Thomas Buck and 
 John Buck. 
 
 On Feb. 2, 1633, new articles of agreement^ were entered 
 into for five years, by which Thomas Buck was to receive two- 
 thirds of the profits and Roger Daniel one-third. On March 14, 
 1634, or in less than two years from the first agreement, Daniel 
 complains': "that whereas the petitioner was about August last 
 " was twelve month chosen to be one of the University prin- 
 ters"... he had been led by Buck to enter upon conditions that he 
 was not able to fulfil, and he asks the University to allow him 
 to print independently of Buck. In a document* written at the 
 same time as the petition from which the foregoing extracts are 
 taken, he represents to the University the advantage that would 
 arise from the establishment of more than one printing house. 
 
 That parting of the printers will beget in thena a laudable emulation 
 which of them shall deserve best either in the books set forth, or the 
 manner of their setting forth, or the materialls. 
 
 It would appear therefore that although the University con- 
 tinued the old practice of appointing three printers, only one office 
 existed up to this date. Notwithstanding these complaints, the 
 partnership between T. Buck and Daniel did not come to an 
 end, as their names occur together for several years, and on 
 Sept. 5, 1639, articles of agreement were entered into between 
 Buck and Daniel on the one part and certain London stationers 
 on the other. The press was in a condition of great activity 
 during the period that Buck was connected with it. There was 
 
 * The site of the Xew Museums in Pembroke Street and Free School Lane. 
 2 MS. n.l 1. 20. 3 MS. 33. ]. 22. ^ MS. 33. ]. 23.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 303 
 
 an agreement with Edward Weaver', a London stationer, for three 
 years to supply 500 reams of Almanacks ; while not less than 
 nine editions of the Bible were printed between 1G28 and 1040. 
 
 From 164-0 to 1G50, Buck's name does not occur on the title- 
 pages of books ^, but only Daniel's. In the latter year, however, 
 Daniel's patent was withdrawn, and in 1651 and 1652, Buck's 
 name again appears as 'printer to the University.' He is said 
 to have resigned in 1653, but I cannot discover the authority 
 for this statement, and as has already been seen, he claimed 
 some interest in the business in 1668, only two years before his 
 death in 1670. 
 
 Buck was elected Fellow of Catharine Hall, March 16, 161f, 
 being then B.A. He took an active part in College affairs, 
 especially in acquiring land for the new building, and " out of 
 " the love and atfection which he beareth to our said College " 
 advanced money out of his own pocket for this purpose, as ap- 
 pears by entries in the College books between 1622 and 1637. 
 In 1622, he was " M.A. and Fellow "; Jan. 27, 162|, "Fellow and 
 " late Steward"; 1624, "one of the Esquire Bedells" ; 1630, (Jan. 
 7) he is described as "late Fellow". Between 1624 and 1630, 
 only two Fellows were elected, viz. July 9, 1627 and Jan. 7, 1630, 
 and one of these must have been in the place of Buck. The 
 Rev. G. F. Browne (who has kindly made the extracts from the 
 College books from which the above facts are taken) inclines to 
 the later date. 
 
 In 1632, Buck was living' at the house called the 'Augustine 
 Friars,' which is in the parish of St Edward, and as his name 
 is in the parish book of St Edward's in 1667 and 1669, it is 
 probable that he continued to live there till the time of his 
 death. 
 
 1 MS. 33. 1. 12, 13. 
 
 2 III 1640, Gerard's Meditations is printed by Roger Daniel for Thomas 
 Buck. J. 
 
 * See p. 302.
 
 304 NOTES ON THE 
 
 IG. John Buck. 
 
 John Buck, one of the Esquire Bedells, was appointed prin- 
 ter by Grace, Dec. 16, 1625, and seems to have been living in 
 1668. Such particulars as are known respecting his connexion 
 with the Press will be found under Thomas Buck. He was 
 married and lived in the Parish of St Botolph. A son, Samuel, 
 was baptised Nov. 18, 1632. Another son, John, was baptised 
 June 11, 1635, and buried June 4, 1636. In 1669 " Mrs Bucke, 
 John Bucke's wife was buried." In 1660, there is an entry of 
 £5 received from Mr John Buck given by Mr Brooks for the 
 poor of St Botolph Parish. 
 
 17. Francis Buck. 
 
 Francis Buck was appointed printer by Grace, Oct. 27,1630, 
 and resigned July 21, 1632, so that he held the office for less 
 than two years. His name does not occur in any of the agree- 
 ments between Thomas Buck and his various partners, nor have 
 I ever seen it on the title-page of any book. 
 
 18. Roger Daniel. 
 
 Daniel was appointed by Grace July 24, 1632, and it has 
 been necessary to give the main facts of his connection with 
 the Cambridge press in a preceding section — that on Thomas 
 Buck. I cannot find his name among those who were admitted 
 freemen of the Stationers' Company up to the year 1640. In 
 the year 1638 I find on the title-page of a large Bible Printed 
 at Cambridge by Buck and Daniel " and are to be Sold by 
 " Roger Daniel, at the Angell in Lumber Street, London." His 
 name occurs on title-pages at a later date at the Angell, and it 
 is therefore clear that while acting as one of the printers to
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. -SOo 
 
 the University, lie liad a book shop, perhaps also a printing 
 office, in London. 
 
 On 23 August, 1642, the House of Commons ordered 
 
 That Roger Daniell, Printer to the University of Cambridge, be forth- 
 with summoned to attend the House, concerning printing the Book set 
 forth in Defence of the Commission of Array^ 
 
 And on September 3 it Avas ordered 
 
 That Mr Daniel, the Printer of the University of Cambridge, be injoined 
 by this House, i;ot to print anything concerning the Proceedings of Parha- 
 mcut, without the Consent or Order of one or both Houses of Parhament : 
 And that he be discharged of further Attendance'"'. 
 
 In January 164f the House of Commons took offence at 
 the publication of llie Resolving of Conscience, etc., by Henry 
 Fern, D.D., afterwards Bishop of Chester. Roger Daniel was 
 taken into custody of the Serjeant at Arms for printing this 
 work ; but on the 2nd of February the House ordered him to 
 bo forthwith bailed, and on the production of the warrant for 
 the printing under the hand of Dr Holdsworth, the Vice-Chan- 
 cellor, it was 
 
 Resoh'ed, upon the Question, that Dr Hoklsworth forthwith be sent up, 
 in safe Custody, at his own charges : and that Captain Cromwell be desired 
 to take care to scud him \\\} accordingly^. 
 
 Daniel's patent was cancelled for neglect on June 1, IGoO, 
 but he continued to print books in London ; for instance, in 
 1G51*, his shop is "in vico vulgo dicto Pater-noster-row, aula 
 vero Lovelliana," and in 1658 he appears as the printer of a 
 book ' at the Angel '. 
 
 ^ His Majesties anst'er to the Declaration of both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment, Concerning the Commission of Array: Of the first of July 1^42. 
 Printed by his Majesties speciall command, At Cantbridge, By Roger 
 Daniel, Printer to the famous Universitie. 1642. 4to. 
 
 - Commons' Journals, ii. 733, 751 quoted in Cooper Ann. iir. 332. 
 
 ' Commons' Journals, ir. 900, 951, quoted in Cooper Ann. iii. 337. 
 
 * See the titlepage of Patriarchce siee lesu Christi Genealogia per 
 Mundi abates traducta a D. Emanuele Thesauro. 1651. 8". J. 
 
 C. A. S. Comm. Yoi,. V. 21
 
 o06 NOTES ON THE 
 
 19. John Legate (the younger). 
 
 John Legate, the younger, was admitted freeman of the 
 Stationers' Company G September, 1619, and in the following 
 year entered^ certain publications of his father, 42 books in all, 
 26 of them being by Perkins. He is said by Ames to have 
 obtained in 1026 licence to print Thomas's Dictionary, and he 
 continued to use the University stamp and to describe himself 
 on the title-pages of books^ as Printer to the University, as his 
 father had done, although I can find no reference to any 
 appointment till 1650. It seems probable therefore that until 
 this 3^ear he traded on his father's name. He was appointed 
 one of the University printers by Grace July 5, 1650, evidentlj'^ 
 in succession to Roger Daniel, whose patent was cancelled on 
 June 1 of the same year. On October 10, 1655, Legate's own 
 patent was cancelled for neglect. 
 
 In a list [without date: about 1685] of "The names of 
 suche as keepe printing-houses" there is the following entry: 
 
 Master John Legate succeeded John Legate his flfather about 14 yeeres 
 since, I beleeve never admitted, but as I have beene credibly informed his 
 flFather being Printer for Cambridge, and there printing some of the 
 [Stationers'] Companies privileged Ware, to their prejudice ; was by the 
 Company allowed to set up and worke here on condicon he would doe so 
 no more (he hath no other right) (he hath sold away his jjrinting house 
 at Cambridg[e]) ^. 
 
 In the Register of St Botolph Parish there is the following 
 entry : 
 
 1642. John Leggat and Elizabeth Grime married June 2.5. 
 
 ' Aibcr IV. 45. 
 
 '^ e.g. in 16-26, 162S, 1033, 1648. 
 
 3 Arber, Stat. Reg. ni. 701 from State Papers Charles I. vol. ;i07, Art. 86. 
 The sentences printed within brackets are added subsequently.
 
 rXlVERSITY PRTNTKRS. :](l7 
 
 20. John Fikld. 
 
 John Field was appointed printer by Grace Oct. 12, 1655. 
 Before that date he was " printer to the parliament," in which 
 capacity he produced many editions of the Bible, that of 1653 
 in 82ino. forming the subject of an article in Disraeli's Curiosities 
 of Literature, " Pearl Bibles, and 6000 errata." His name 
 occurs on the title-page of Bibles as early as 1648 and as late 
 as 1668, the year of his death. He would seem to have con- 
 tinued his London press, at least for a time, after the date of 
 his appointment as printer at Cambridge, as books were printed 
 by him in 1658, in which he describes himself as "one of His 
 Highness's Printers." In a pamphlet entitled The London 
 Printers Lamentacon, or, the Press opprest, and oucrprest, there 
 is a fierce attack on Field and the two other Republican 
 printers, Newcome and Hills : 
 
 "VVho printed the pretended Act of the Comnious of Englnud for the 
 setting up an High Court of Justice, for the tryall of his Martyred 
 Majesty in 1648 1 Or, the Acts for abolishing King-Ship, and renouncing 
 the Royall Line and Title of the Stuarts ? Or, for the Declaring ir.hat 
 Offences should he adjudged Treason ? For taking the Engagement ? for 
 sale of Dean and Chapters Lands ? for sale of the Kings, Queens and 
 Princes Goods and Lands; and the Fee-farme Rents? for sale <f 
 Delinquents Lands; or, the Proclamation of 13. of Septemher 1652 
 after the fight at "Worcester, offering, One Thousand pound to any 
 person, to bring in his Majesties 2^erson ? but only John Field Printer to 
 the Parliament of England (and since by Cromwell was and is continued 
 printer to the University of Cambridge I;... Have they [Hills and Field] not 
 invaded and still do intrude upon His Maiesties Iloyall Priviledge, Prne- 
 rogativo and Prajeminence ; and by the pusillanimous Cowardize and 
 insignificant Compact of Master Christoi)her Barker |the younger], and 
 another of his name, and (not without probable suspicion) by the consent 
 and connivance of Master John Bill (though he was artificially defeated in 
 his expectations of profit ;) Have they not obtained, (and now keep in their 
 actuall possession) tiie Manuscript Cojjy of the last Translation of the holy 
 Bible in English (attested with the hands of the Venerable and learned 
 Transl.ators in King James his time) ever since 6 March K)")")?' 
 
 ' Arber, Stat. Heg. in. 27, 28. 
 
 21 — 2
 
 •SOcS NOTES ON THE 
 
 There is a letter dated August 17, 1G6S, from Charles II. to 
 the Vice-Chancellor, desiring that a printer be not yet ap- 
 pointed in succession to the late John Field, whose estate is 
 considerably engaged in the service of the press. Field appears 
 in the St Botolph Parish Books as paying rates from 1657 to 
 16G8. He held office in 16G0 as Churchwarden and Headbrow\ 
 Field built in 1655 a new Printing Office in Silver Street 
 (Carter 469), the University having for that purpose taken a 
 lease of the ground from Queens' College for a term of years ; 
 and by several renewals this continued to be the University 
 printing-office till about 1827, when the Pitt Press was com- 
 menced. It stood on the north side of Silver Street, on a 
 portion of the site now occupied by the new Master's Lodge of 
 St Catharine's College. 
 
 21. Matthew Whinn, M.A., St John's. 
 
 The Grace for sealing Whinn's patent is dated 16 March 
 1669. He also hold the office of Registrary, to which he was 
 elected in 1645. 
 
 22. John Hayes. 
 
 John Hayes was appointed printer by Grace Oct. 14, 1669, 
 it iiaving been decided by the Heads of houses on July 7 to 
 lease the printing to him for £100 a year, the office having 
 been left open for nearly a year in consequence of the letter of 
 Charles II. of August 17, 1668, already alluded to under John 
 Field. There is in the Registry a bond (dated 28 October, 
 
 ^ llead-boroiigli, Uea<l-l)orro\v. In England formerly the chief of a 
 frank-pledge, tithing, or deeennary, consisting of ten families. Called in 
 some counties Bors-holder, tliat is, l>orough's elder, and sometimes tithing- 
 man. In England Ilead-boroughs are now known by the name of Tctty- 
 constables. Imperial Dictionary (Ogilvie and Annandalc, 1883).
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 309 
 
 1703), by which J. Hayes and J. Collycr undertake to pay £150 
 a year to the University so long as Hayes continues Printer \ 
 He seems to have done so until the following year, and from a 
 tablet in Botolph Church we find that he died 28 November 
 1705, aged 71. In the year 1696 active measures were taken 
 to improve the condition of the press. The Duke of Somerset, 
 Chancellor, wrote to the Vice-Chanccllor on June 29 of 
 that year suggesting the re-establishment of the press ; stating 
 that £800 had been raised towards the erection of a new 
 buildinjr, and offering to endeavour to raise a further like sum. 
 In this work however Hayes would appear to have had no 
 part, as in all arrangements for the purchase of new type, &c., 
 his successor, Cornelius Crownfield, who Avas then acting as 
 Inspector of the Press, seems to have been always employed. 
 
 From the time of Field, 1655, the University Printing Office 
 has continued in the Parish of St Botolph", and the printers 
 therefore appear as ratepayers, &c., in that parish. Hayes so 
 appears from 1609 to 1705 ; in 1672 he was elected sidesman 
 and in 1669 churchwarden. 
 
 23. John Peck, M.A., St John's. 
 
 The Grace for sealing his Patent is dated 20 October 1680. 
 He also held the office of Esquire Bedell, to which he was 
 elected in 1669. 
 
 ' Registry MS. 3,3. ]. 32. 
 
 '^ Samuel Sewall, the American judge, describes it in KiSl*. 'By it 
 [ Ivatherine Hall] the Printing Room, which is about 60 foot long and 20 
 foot broad. Six Presses. Had my cou.sin Hull and my name printed 
 there. Paper windows, and a pleasant garden along one side between 
 Katherine Hall and that. Had there a Print of the Combinations.' 
 Etnjlandin \Q>S9. Beinrj extracts from a Diary etc. Communicated to 
 the Massachusetts Historic d Society, Boston, U.S.A.., 1878, by James 
 Greenstreet: Printed for the Society, 1878, and reprinted in Wal/onl's 
 Antiquarian for September, 1885, jiagc 12f).
 
 310 NOTKS ON THK 
 
 24. Hugh Martin, M.A., Pemb. 
 
 The Grace for sealing his Patent is dated 9 December 1682. 
 He received a salary of £5, but in the year 1G91 there is a 
 Grace for an augmentation by consent of the Heads for three 
 years, and during that and the two following years there is an 
 extra payment of £5 to him and to Jonathan Pindar. On 
 October 10, 1698, there is a Grace for an annuity of £5 each 
 to Martin and Pindar, " formerly elected printers." Martin 
 received that salary certainly till 1705, and probably till 171C. 
 He also held the office of Esquire Bedell from 1680 to 1716. 
 
 25. Dr James Jackson. 
 
 The Grace for sealing his Patent is dated 7 November 1688. 
 
 26. Jonathan Pindar'. 
 
 The Grace for sealing his Patent is dated 11 June 1686. 
 
 27. H. Jenkes. 
 
 Grace for sealing Patent 30 March 1693. He received a 
 salary of £5, with an extra £5 " by consent of the Heads." In 
 1698 there is in the Audit Book Mr Halman for Mr Jenkes 
 1 year and a ^ as printer, £7. 10*. ; more, an additional gift to 
 Mr Jenkes "as he is a poor man", £7. lO.s. 
 
 ' The luiine of Pindar occurs frequently in the University Books and 
 Tarisli Registers. A Jonathan Pindar appears in the St Mary's Parisii 
 Book in 1625. From the Audit Books we learn that in 16;56-7 Jonathan 
 Pindar received £5 " in consideration of his paines in the Library iu tran- 
 scribing several Catalogues"; and in 1G92, 1G93, 1694 payments were made 
 to a bookbinder of the name. In 1693 there is a payment "To Goodwife 
 Pindar bv order of the Audit £3."
 
 university printers. 311 
 
 28. Jonathan Pindar. 
 
 The Grace for scaling his Patent is dated 8 September 1697. 
 Like his namesake, he received as printer a salary of £5, with 
 additions. On August 28, 1730, there is a Grace declaring the 
 voidance of the office of Printer to be necessary before certain 
 proposals for printing Bibles and Praycr-Books can bo settled, 
 and offering Pindar the continuance of his full salary after his 
 resignation. 
 
 29. Cornelius Crownfield. 
 
 The nomination and pricking for election of Crownfield took 
 place December 16, 1705, and the Grace for sealing his patent 
 is of date Feb. 11, 170§\ But although his formal appoint- 
 ment did not take place until this date, he was engaged in the 
 service of the press for many years before the death of John 
 Hayes, and would seem to have been the business adviser of 
 the Curators of the press from 1698, the year in which they 
 were first appointed ^ 
 
 There exists among the documents at the Press the Minute- 
 book of the Curators from 1698 to 1741, which affords much 
 information about the w^ork then going on, and from which 
 copious extracts have been made in Mr Chr. Wordsworth's 
 University Studies, Appendix IX. At the meeting of the 
 Curators on August 23, 1698 (which appears to have been 
 the first), leave is given to Mr Tonson, of London, to print 4to. 
 editions of Virgil, Horace, Terence, Catullus, Tibullus, and Pro- 
 
 ^ After the revolution, one Cornelius Crownfield, a Dutchman, who had 
 ""been a soldier, and a very ingenious man, had that office, as he told mo 
 himself in Cambridge in 1739, and is since succeeded by Mr Joseph 
 Bentham. Ames (1749) p. 462. 
 
 * Grace January 21, 169^. Among the Curators is "Mr Laughton, 
 Coll : Trill : Academia^ Architypographus."
 
 312 NOTES ON THE 
 
 pertius; and on tlic same day it was agreed that Cornelius 
 Crownfield have leave to send to Rotterdam for 800 lbs. of 
 double pica for printing the same. On Nov. 9, 1G98, it was 
 resolved that Mr Crownfield be allowed ten shillings per week 
 for the inspection of the press. In the minutes of March 1, 
 1G9|, an order is directed to be signed by " the Delegates and 
 Mr Crownfield the Printer." 
 
 The University now for the first time undertook to manage 
 the Press for itself Hitherto the University had appointed 
 the printers in the first instance, but had left them to make 
 the business arrangements at their own risk, and print what 
 they chose, so long as it obtained the imprimatur of the Uni- 
 versity authorities. Henceforward every book printed was 
 sanctioned directly by the Curators, who determined the price 
 per sheet, and among other details appointed some competent 
 person to correct for the press. 
 
 The minutes consist largely of permissions to Cambridge 
 booksellers to print books at the press ; the names of these 
 booksellers, Webster, Jeffery, etc., are found on the title-pages. 
 Among them frequently apjjears the name of Crownfield him- 
 self, from which it would seem that he was a bookseller on 
 his own account, as well as being University printer. An 
 agreement with Tonson of London is mentioned above ; one 
 book at least is printed for a Newcastle bookseller. On 
 October 4, 1701 \ they entered into an agreement with John 
 Owen of Oxford Stationer for the production of an edition of 
 Suidas' Lexicon, 3 vols, folio; Owen to pay £1. 10s. Qd. per 
 sheet, paying for the first 100 copies when the second 100 
 were ready for delivery, and so on, six months credit being 
 given for the last 200. The whole stock was to remain 
 at the Press as security till paid for. Owen evidently was* 
 unable to fulfil his part of the engagement, as on April 16, 
 1703, a Grace was passed for a new contract with Sir T. Jannson, 
 ' Registry MS. 33. ('>. 31 ; Minutes of the Curators, p. 18.
 
 UNIVERSITY PllINTERS. 313 
 
 in place of John Owen, insolvent. Owen's failure placed the 
 University in difficulties with regard to the work, and cor- 
 respondence and negotiations respecting it went on for a period 
 of 40 years. Owen had one large book printed in Cambridge in 
 1703 — the first volume of Cellarius' Geography. The second 
 volume was printed at Amsterdam in 1706. 
 
 On Feb. 25, 17-1^, a resolution was passed to appoint a new 
 inspector, and to allow the present, now infirm, to continue his 
 full salary ; and on March 24, 1740, it was resolved that Joseph 
 Bentham be appointed in the room of C. Crownfield. 
 
 Crownfield was living in the parish of St Edward from 1700 
 to 1704, as, with other parishioners, he signs the parish book 
 at the Easter meeting in each of those years. He may have 
 been living there before 1700, but there is no list of parishioners 
 given in the book. From 1707 he appears in the rate book of 
 St Botolph. In that year there is an entry of a 22 months' rate 
 "Cornelius Crownfield for the Univ. £1. 135. Od.," the first time 
 it appears in this form, and probably the first time that the 
 rate was paid directly by the University, as Hayes paid a fixed 
 sum to the University for his printing rights, and so would pay 
 rate on his owm account. In 1726 the rent on which Crownfield 
 is rated is £16, and his name continues till 1742. In the 
 registers there are entries of baptisms and burials of several 
 children: 1710, James baptized; 1710, Anne-Penelope, bap- 
 tised; 1711, Catern buried; 1714, Thomas, baptized\ In 1733 
 is an entry "Mary, wife of Cornelius Crownfield, buried" and 
 Nov. 4, 1743, Cornelius Cro\vnficld, printer to the University. 
 
 In St Botolph Book, March 1, 1715, is the following entry : 
 
 Received of Mr Crownfield for the year 170S seven shillings for a piece 
 
 ^ There were two of the name of Crownfield who graduated at Clare : 
 Henry, entered July I), 1715, pupil of Mr Laughton ; Thomas, entered 
 May 27, 17"2!>, inipil of I)r Wilcox, afterwards Fellow of Queens'. The 
 latter would not iniprobaUly Ik; the son of Cornelius Crownfield.
 
 .•n4 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 (if ground coimnouly called the round O in In'a garden which should have 
 been paid at 1 shilling the year for the use of the poor. 
 
 There was an Adrian Crownfield married and living in the 
 parish at the same time, who is sometimes described as "junior"; 
 and in 1760 the names of C. and J, Crownfield appear on the 
 title-jDage of a book. 
 
 Carter states that from 1696, when Crownfield was ap- 
 pointed Inspector of the Press till 1707 [he should have said 
 1705], when Hayes died, there were two printing offices: one 
 that then in use [1753 when Carter wrote] and where Hayes 
 printed ; and the other the Anatoni}'- School and Elaboratory. 
 After much search I am unable either to confirm or rebut this 
 statement. In its favour there is the evidence of the Minute 
 Book of the Curators from 1698, in which Crownfield's name 
 frequently appears, but Hayes' not at all. Against there 
 is the fact that Hayes alone appears in the parish book as rate-' 
 payer, neither the University nor Crownfield coming in the 
 book till 1707, after Hayes' death ; and Crownfield having lived 
 certainly till 170-i in the parish of St Edward. The following 
 entries from the University audit book show that payments for 
 printing were being made both to Hayes and to Crownfield 
 during the period in question : 
 
 1697. 
 1698. 
 
 1702. 
 
 1702. 
 
 1703. 
 1704. 
 1 70.5. 
 
 Mr Hayes the Printer, a Bill .... 
 
 55 ), 1) .... 
 
 A book of Verses, Mr Hayes, for Printing . 
 
 Mr Hayes for 15 Psalm Books and printing the Assize 
 
 of Broad ........ 
 
 Mr Crownfield for i)riuting combinations &c. this year 
 
 and paper for the same 
 
 Verses : Crownfield for paper £6 \2s. and £16 . 
 Paid Press account for printing 31 sheets . 
 Mr Hayes for printing Hebrew, &c. Verses 
 ,, ,, „ the As.size of Bread 
 
 Mr Crownfield's Bill for Combination Verses, &c. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 26 3 
 
 
 
 o 13 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 12 6 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 22 12 
 
 
 
 16 14 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 11 
 
 
 
 ]-) 
 
 
 
 'i U 
 

 
 UNIVERSITY PHINTERS. 315 
 
 SO. \V. Fenner, Mrs Fenner, and Thomas and John James. 
 
 It -will 1)0 nic-re convenient to deal with tliese iuur names 
 together. On December 29, IToO, the Syndics resolved to lease 
 the right of jjiinting Bibles and Prayer-33ooks to James and 
 Fenner ; and on April 28, 1731, a lease was granted to W. Fenner 
 for 11 years. Tins license Avas granted to Fenner for the special 
 purpose of printing from stereotype plates. In Nichols' Literanj 
 Anecdotes, Vol. ii. 721 will be found a full account of this 
 matter, from which we (luote : 
 
 Williiun CJed, ;in ingeiiious artist, was a Goldsmith in Edinburgh, 
 and made liis iuiprovenient in the art of printing in 1725 * * * * In 
 July 1729 William Ged entered into partnership witii William Fenner, 
 a London stationer, who was to have half the profits, in consideration 
 of his advancing all the money requisite. To supply this Mr John James, 
 
 then an Architect at Greenwich, was taken into the scheme, and 
 
 afterwards his l>rother, Mr Thomas James, a Founder, and James Ged, 
 the inventor's son. In 1730 these partners applied to the University 
 of Cambridge for permission to print Bibles and Prayer- Books by Blocks 
 instead of single types, and, in consequence, a lease was sealed to them 
 April 2.5, 17.'3I. In their attempt they sank a large sum of money, and 
 finished only two Frayer-Books : so that it was forced to be relinquished, 
 and the lease was given up in 1738. 
 
 It will be seen that the first attempt to work from stereotype 
 plates was made at Cambridge, and that it was not at that 
 time successful. Fenner died insolvent about the year 1784, 
 and his widow continued the printing under the lease, not- 
 withstanding the strong protests of John James, who claimed 
 that he had got the concession from the University, that he 
 and his brother Thomas had found about £1000 of the capital 
 for which they had had no return, and that Fenner's name was 
 inserted in the lease only because he was a practical printer, 
 while his partners were not. There was a long correspondence 
 between John James and the University, in which he charged 
 the Fenners with dishonesty towards hi)n ; an<l to these charges
 
 31() NOTES ON THE 
 
 Mrs Fenner replied. The matter was only settled in 1738, by 
 a composition, and Mrs Fenner relinquishing the lease. 
 
 Certain London Stationers, with Baskett, King's Printer, 
 entered June 28, 1732, a Bill in Chancery against Fenner for 
 printing Bibles, but on August 4, 1733, an order was obtained 
 to dissolve the injunction against the defendants. Although 
 the action was taken against Fenner, it was really an atta.ck on 
 the printing rights of the University. 
 
 Thomas and John James were the sons of a London type 
 founder; Thomas, who was also a type founder, was greatly 
 injured in purse and in health from his connection with Ged's 
 invention, and died in 1738. 
 
 At a later period stereotyping was revived by Alexander 
 Tilloch, editor of the Philosophical Magazine, who did not 
 know of Ged's plan, and obtained a patent for a similar in- 
 vention, which he afterwards relinquished. But the exertions 
 of Andrew Wilson were more successful ; and an account of his 
 arrangements with the University will be found under the year 
 1804. 
 
 31. Joseph Bentham. 
 
 On Dec. 13, 1740 there was a Grace to appinnt a Printer 
 durante bene placito; the nomination of Joseph Bentham and 
 W. Goodbed took place the same day; and Joseph Bentham 
 was elected on the next. On January 5, 174 i, the suit of' 
 Baskett v. Bentham was commenced, by which the King's 
 Printer sought to prevent the University Printer from printing 
 an abridgment of the Excise Acts, and the litigation was con- 
 tinued until 1758. On Nov. 24 of that year the Court of 
 King's Bench decided in favour of the University. On Jan. 20, 
 174|, there was a Resolution of the Syndics that Mr Bentham 
 is to sell no Bibles without an order from one of the Syndics. 
 On Feb. 2(1. 1740, the Syndics resolved that Mr Bentham
 
 UNIVERSITY I'lUNTEllS. 317 
 
 sliould demand of all Authors in avrcar with tlie Press, the 
 payment of all sums due within twelve months. On Nov. 7, 
 1765, the Syndics resolved to appoint an assistant to Bentham. 
 John Archdeacon was appointed Inspector of the Press in place 
 of Joseph Bentham, Oct. 29, 17GG and on Dec. 13, Bentham 
 resigned. The Syndics allowed him to retain the use of the 
 house at the Press. 
 
 Bentham, one of 10 children, was the son of the Rev. 
 Samuel Bentham, Vicar of Witchfoi'd near Ely, and descended 
 from a very ancient family in Yorkshire, and brother of Janies 
 Bentham the historian of Ely Cathedral. He was an Alderman 
 of the town, and died June 1, 1778, aged 68, and was buried in 
 Trumpington Church. 
 
 Bentham appears as ratepayer in the Parish of St Botolph 
 from 1743 to 1779. On March 2, 174^ the rental on which 
 rating is made is £22, but other properties are added in subse- 
 quent years. 1761, New Printing Office, £12, and Tenements, 
 Silver Street, £5. os. and £2. 10s., Pembroke Lane £2. os., Black 
 Lion Yard £4, Cock Yard £2. 10.?. From 1767 New Printinc; 
 Office £12 is rated to Archdeacon (in 1771 it is described as 
 "White Lyon Warehouse"): from same date he pays £11, part 
 of Printing Office. From 1779 Aichdeacon pays the whole. 
 
 32. John Baskerville. 
 
 John Baskerville, the celebrated type founder and printer of* 
 Birmingham, was born at Wolverley in the County of Worcester 
 in 1706; in 1726 he became a writing master at Birmingham; in 
 1737 taught at a School in the Bull Ring; in 1745 took a large 
 building to carry on the business of a Japanner; and in 1750 
 tried his first experiments in type founding, in which business 
 and that of printer, he was chiefly engaged for the next 15 years. 
 He was elected printer for 10 years from December 16, 1758, 
 according to Articles of Agreement dated December 15. The
 
 318 NOTES ON THE 
 
 followinof letter written to the Vice-Chancel lor in ^Fav of the 
 next year -will sliow what work he was engaged upon. 
 
 Birmingham, 31 May, 1759. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have at last sent everything requisite to hegin the Prayer Book 
 at Cambridge. Tlie Bearer j\P Tho. Warren is my JJeputy in conducting 
 the whole. I have ordered him to inform you of every step he takes, 
 and to desire you would appoint a person to tell out the number of sheets 
 l)efore they go to press and again before they are packed up for Bir- 
 mingham. M' Beutham will inform you how many sheets per 1000 are 
 allowed for wast. I have attempted several ornaments, but none of them 
 please me so well as the specimen ; which I hope will be approved by 
 you and the Gentlemen of the Syndick. I propose printing off 2000 the 
 first impression, but only 1000 of the State holidays &c. which the 
 l)atentee has left out. The paper is very good and stands me in 27/ or 
 28 the ream. 
 
 I am taking great pains in order to i>roduce a striking title page and 
 specimen of the Bible, which I hope will be ready in about six w-eeks. 
 The importance of the work demands all my attention ; not only for my 
 own (eternal) reputation ; but (I hope) also to convince the world, that 
 the University in the honour done me has not iutircly misplaced their 
 Favours. 
 
 You will please to accept, and give my most respectful duty to the 
 University, particularly to the Gentlemen of the Syndick. I should be 
 very happy if I could make an Interest to a few gent" to whom the work 
 would not be disagreeable, to survey the sheets, after my people had 
 corrected them as accurately as they are able that I might, if possible 
 be free from every error of the press ; for which I would gladly make 
 suitable acknowledgment. I procured a Sealed copy of the Common 
 Prayer with much trouble and expense from the Cathedral of Litchfield, 
 but found it the most inaccurate and ill printed book I ever saw : so that 
 I returned it with thanks. 
 
 I am S' Y' most obed' hble Serv' 
 JOHN BASKERVILLE. 
 
 Addressed on the back 
 
 The Rev* Doctor Caryll Vice Chancellor 
 of the University of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 In a letter to Horace Walpole dated Easiy Hill, Birmingham, 
 Nov. 2, ]7G2 lie thus speaks of liis arrangements with the 
 I^niversity:
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 319 
 
 The University of Cambridge have given nie ;i grant to print their 
 8vo. and 12nii>. Common Prayer Books : but under such Shackles as 
 greatly hurt me. I pay tliem for tiie former, tvt'enty, and for tlie latter 
 twelve shillings the thousand ; and to tlie Stationers' Company thirty-nvo 
 pounds kn- their permission to print one edition of the I'salms in metre 
 to the small Prayer-Book ; add to this the great expense of double and 
 treble c;irriage ; and the inconvenience of a double printing-house an 
 hundred miles off. All this summer I have had riothing to i»riiit at home. 
 My Folio Bible is pretty fiir advanced at Cambridge which will cost me 
 2000/ all hired at '> i)er cent. If this docs not sell, I shall be obliged to 
 sacrifice a small patrimony, which brings me in 74l a year, to this business 
 of printing, whicli I am heartily tired of, and repent I ever attempted. 
 It is surely a particular hardship, that I should not get bread in my own 
 country (and it is too late to go abroad) after having acquired the repu- 
 tation of excelling in the most useful art known to mankind ; while every 
 (iue who excels as a Player, Fiddler, Dancer, &c. not only lives in affluence, 
 but has it in their power to save a fortuned 
 
 Oil July 3, 17G1, articles of agreement were entered into 
 between the University and Baskerville, and they are probably 
 those alluded to in the foregoing letter. He produced his folio 
 Bible in 17G3, and Nichols says that after that he seemed to have 
 become weary of his printing, and that in 1765 he wrote to his 
 friend Dr Franklin, then in Paris, to see if he covdd dispose of 
 his types. Franklin answered, "that the French, reduced by the 
 "War of 1756, were so far from being able to pursue schemes of 
 "taste, that they were unable to repair their public buildings, 
 "and suffered the scaffolding to rot before them." He died in 
 1775. 
 
 33. John Archdeacon. 
 
 John Archdeacon, a native of Ireland, was apisointed 
 Inspector of the Press in place of J. Bentham, Oct. 29, 1766 ; 
 the latter having resigned December 13 following. Archdeacon 
 was elected Printer December 15. On May 26, 1768, a resolu- 
 tion of the Syndics of the Press fixed his salary at £140 per 
 ann., without any contingent advantages. Although Archdeacon's 
 ' Nichols Lt'f. Avrrd. vi. 4r).Sn.
 
 320 NOTES ON THE 
 
 appointment as Inspector was not made until ]7GG, it will 
 
 presently appear that he was connected with the Press in 
 
 the previous year. In Nichols Lit. Anec. Vol. Ii. 459, we 
 
 read : 
 
 In consequence of overtures from a few respectable friends at C;im- 
 britlge, M' Bowyer had some inclination towards the latter end of 1765, 
 to have undertaken the management of the University Press, by purchasing 
 a lease and their exclusive privileges, by which for several years they had 
 cleared a considerable sum. To accomplish this he took a journey to 
 Cambridge ; and afterwards sent the compiler of these anecdotes to 
 negotiate with the Vice-Chancellor. The treaty was fruitless ; but he 
 did not much regret the disappointment. 
 
 Nichols wrote to Bowyer as follows : — 
 
 Sunday afternoon Sept. 15, 1765. 
 
 Good Sir 
 
 I write to you now from the house of M' Labutt, with whom I have 
 dined, and who has most obligingly shown me all in his power. M' Arch- 
 deacon is not at home. I have opened to M' Labutt my plan, who is of 
 opinion that something may be done. I have talked also with a com- 
 positor, who is sensible, and who now works in the house. Six hundre'd 
 a year I believe may carry it. They talk of ten having been offered. For 
 7 years last past the University have cleared one-thomand-three-huudred 
 pounds annually ; besides farming the Almanack (2001 more). This might 
 at least be doubled by ojjeninff the trade in new channels. If any book- 
 seller of reputation would enter into a scheme witii you, an innjiense 
 fortune would certainly be raised 
 
 In Bowyer's reply he says : 
 
 Mr Archdeacon as you observe, must be a leading person, and there 
 is some delicacy necessary to be shown to him. 
 
 A note is added : 
 
 M' John Archdeacon, a very excellent printer ; whom the University 
 appointed to succeed M' Bentham ; and who continued in that office 
 several years. He died at Hemingford Abbots, Sept. 10, 1795, set 70. 
 
 The following is extracted from a letter of the Rev. William 
 Ludlam of St John's College^: 
 
 For my own part, I am sometimes forced to make types, which are 
 commonly brass, of wliich I here send you a specimen (±a ^b =tc). 
 
 ^ Nichols Lit. Avccd. Vol. viii. 414.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTEllS. :?2I 
 
 It is Ciillod plus-iuiiius i. I priiitcil my first tnicts at Ciiiubridyo, wiicii 
 Archdeacon (not Bciitliam) was their printer. I was very sick of it ; the 
 University meanly provided with mathematical types, insomuch that they 
 used daggers turned sideways for j)f.u.s\s\ They were sunk into arrant 
 traders, even to printing hand-bills, quack-bills, &c., which they then for 
 the first time permitted for Archdeacon's profit. As to table-work of which 
 I had a deal, they knew nothing of it ; and many a brass rule was I forced 
 
 to make myself 1 complained of this to M' JJowyer, and would have 
 
 had him print my essay on Iladley's quadrant; but he was too full of 
 more important work. T remember I told him I had nnirked all Arch- 
 deacon's damaged letters ; which were not a few, especially in the italic. 
 To which the old gentleman replied "I dent like you the better for that." 
 
 Archdeacon did not die till 1795, but his successor, John 
 Burges, was appointed in 1793, and from that date until the 
 death of the former, the two names appeared together as 
 printers. 
 
 Archdeacon first appears in the books of St. Botolph, rated 
 at £5, Sept. 1759; at £G, 3rd Quarter 17G1 ; June 23, 17G7, 
 £12 for New Printing house (in 1771, described as "White 
 Lyon Warehouse"); Dec. 3, 1771, £11 (half of the printing 
 office, Bcntham paying the other half); March 15, 1779, the 
 remaining half of printing office, £11. This total, £34, continued 
 till the end of Archdeacon's residence at the Press, 1794. He 
 died^ at Hemingford Abbots, Sept. 10, 1795, age 70. 
 
 34. John Purges. 
 
 John Barges was elected July 1, 1793, and, until Archdeacon's 
 death in 1795, acted in partnership with him. He died April 
 10, 1802, aged 54, and was buried in St Botolph's Church. He 
 appears in the rate book of St Botolph from July 4, 1794, to 
 July 7, 1802, paying, like Archdeacon, on a rental of £34. The 
 name of John Burges is in the books of the parish from Sept. 23, 
 177G, for a house in Pembroke Lane, formerly held by Arch- 
 deacon, rent £2. os. This may have been the same John 
 Burges who was afterwards printer. 
 
 ' Nichols' Lit. Anec. Vol. ii. 400 n. 
 C. A. S. Comm. Vol, V. 22
 
 322 NOTES ON THE 
 
 35. John Deighton. 
 
 John Deighton was elected April 28, 1802, received his 
 patent July 28, and resigned December 11 in the same year. 
 Although he only held the office of printer for about eight 
 months, he was apparently connected with the press, even at 
 that time, as publisher. On 5 July, 1803, a bond was executed 
 by J. Deighton, F. Hodson, and R. Newcome, for securing pay- 
 ment of £2323. 10s., the price of the whole of the University 
 stock of 8vo. Bibles (MS. 33. 1. 44). 
 
 A volume with four catalogues of J. Deighton, belonging to 
 Messrs Deighton, Bell and Co., which has been kindly lent to 
 me by Mr W. W. Smith, contains at the end the following 
 entries : 
 
 J. Deighton commenced Book-binder at C May 1. 1777 
 
 Bookseller at C Jan. 1. 177S 
 
 Man-led Feb. 11.1779 
 
 Removed to London Jan. 1786 
 
 A later hand has added in pencil : 
 
 Qy returned to Cambridge, Feb. 1795, successor to Merrill] 
 
 The first " Catalogue of Books, including the Library of the 
 " Rev. Dr Barnardiston, late Principal Librarian to the University 
 "of Cambridge, and Master of Corpus Christi College," is* 
 dated November, 1778, and Deighton describes himself as 
 successor to Mr Matthews, bookseller, near Great St Mary's 
 Church. At the end of the catalogue he is called Book and 
 Printseller, Stationer and Bookbinder, but the word " Print " is 
 drawn through with the pen, and " near Great St Mary's Church" 
 is changed in the same way to " opposite the Senate House." 
 In the three other catalogues, dated Dec. 4, 1780, Nov. 1783, 
 and Dec. 1784, the address is given as opposite the Senate 
 House, so it is not improbable that, before he went to London, 
 Deighton's shop was on the site of that occupied as a bookshop
 
 UNIVERSITY I'UINTEKS. 32^ 
 
 successively by tlic secfnid John Nicholson, son of "Old Maps," 
 from l.S()7, by Tlionias Stevenson from 1822 ; and by Macmillans 
 since IH-iG. 
 
 John Deighton would appear to have returned to Cambridge 
 in 1795, and, perhaps, as suggested above, to take the business 
 of J. and J. Merrill, one of the most important in Cambridge 
 during the last half of the 18th century. His two sons, John 
 and Joseph Jonathan, were in partnership with him from 1813, 
 and he died in the parish of St Michael, 16 January, 1828, aged 
 80. From 1827 the two sons carried on the business as J. & 
 J. J. Deighton till 31 Aug. 1848, when the latter died, aged 56, 
 and was buried in St Bene't churchyard. From that date John 
 Deighton continued the business alone till 13 July, 1854, when 
 he died at the age of 63, and was buried in Grantchester 
 churchyard. After his death the business was bought by 
 Messrs George Bell and W. W. Smith, and has been carried on 
 since then under its present style of Deighton, Bell and Co. 
 
 36. Richard Watts. 
 
 Richard Watts was elected Dec. 16, 1802, and his connection 
 with the Press terminated by his resignation in 1809. From 
 1802 to June, 1806, the rate in the St Botolph books is entered 
 as for University Printing Office ; from Sept. 1806 to Dec. 1809 
 in the name of Richaixl Watts. The rent is still £34. From a 
 pamphlet entitled " Facts and Observations relative to the state 
 " of the University Press," printed toAvards the end of 1809, it 
 would appear that serious differences had arisen between the 
 Syndics and Watts. In the spring, 1808, two of the Syndics — 
 Dr Milner and Mr Wood — were appointed to investigate the 
 Press accounts, and they requested Mr Watts to make out a 
 statement of the accounts for the five years, Michaelmas, 1802 
 to Michaelmas, 1807. The Syndics represented that, whereas 
 during the 15 or 20 years prior to 1802 there had been a profit 
 
 22—2
 
 324) NOTES ON THi! 
 
 of uot less than £1500 a year; under Watts' management for 
 the five years ending 1807 there had been no profit at all. 
 Watts, irritated by the enquiry, resigned June l.'J, 1808, and at 
 the next meeting of the Syndics his resignation was accepted. 
 A subsequent application to withdraw his resignation " in con- 
 " sequence of the more due consideration of the causes which 
 " led to it," was made to the Syndics, but they resolved that 
 no answer could be given till the examination of the accounts 
 was concluded, and apparently the matter was never re-opened. 
 The accounts were not finally completed till June, 1809, when 
 Mr Watts, having surrendered his patent into the hands of the 
 Vice-Chancellor, it Avas resolved that a new printer be elected in 
 October. In his final letter of June 17, 180.9, Watts admits 
 certain mistakes in the accounts, and that the pecuniary result 
 was not what might have been expected. After leaving Cam- 
 bridge Watts went in the first instance to Broxbourne, where 
 his name appears in the parish books from 1810 to Nov. 181.5. 
 In the latter year there appeared an octavo edition of Walton's 
 Angler, with imprint : " London : printed for Samuel Bagster, in 
 "the Strand, by R. Watts, at Broxbourne, on the River Lea, 
 "Herts., 1815." About the end of 1815' he left Broxbourne, 
 for London ; and early in the following year a book printed for 
 tlic Church Missionary Society has imprint : " Printed by 
 " Richard Watts, Crown Court, Temple Bar, London," with date 
 " Lady-day, 1816." While at Broxbourne he was appointed 
 Printer to the Hon. East India Company's College at Hailey- 
 bury, and retained the appointment after his removal to 
 London, printing for the College Classical and Oriental Ex- 
 amination Papers for Professor Jeremie and others. He 
 paid special attention to printing, in Oriental and other Foreign 
 
 ' For the information respecting Watts after lie left Broxbourne I am 
 indebted to Mr C. Cornish, of Messrs Gilbert and llivington, Limited ; and 
 for the examination of the IJroxbounie Tarish Registers to Mr .1. S. Vaizey, 
 Barrister- at- Law, Churchwarden.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 325 
 
 lanofuases, Bibles, Testaments, and other works for the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society, Church Missionary Society, &c. He 
 printed also Monier Williams' Sansknt Dictionary, Johnson's 
 Persian Diction ary, Wilson's Glossary of Indian Terms, and 
 some of the Catalogues of Oriental Books and MSS. in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 He died at Edmonton, March 24, 1844, at an advanced age, 
 and "vvas succeeded by his son, William Mavor Watts, who, in 
 18G7, the premises being required for the new Law Courts, 
 removed to Gray's Inn Road. On March 19, 1870, a fire de- 
 stroyed the premises with all the types. Fortunately the 
 punches and matrices were preserved in another building, and 
 Mr Watts retiring from business on account of ill-health, these 
 passed into the hands of Messrs Gilbert and Rivington, who 
 re-cast the types and added many others. 
 
 87. Andrew Wilson. 
 
 Early in 1804, and soon after Richard Watts had been 
 elected printer, a proposal was made to the University by 
 Andrew Wilson, a London printer, that he should on terms to 
 be agreed upon communicate his secret respecting stereotyping. 
 This secret was the invention of Earl Stanhope, who refused 
 to receive anything in respect of it, or even the repayment of 
 a sum of £6000 spent in experiments. In what it differed 
 from the invention of Ged in 1725, which was exercised in 
 Cambridge by Fenner and James 1730 — 38, does not appear; 
 and as Ged's invention was not a pecuniary success it is possible 
 that it was forgotten, and that Lord Stanhope's invention was 
 entirely independent of it. Dr W^illiam Chambers, writing in 
 18G7 says, that the art of stereotyping has undergone little 
 change since its invention by Ged. 
 
 A preliminary agreement was drawn up between the Syn- 
 dics and Wilson, April 20, 1804, under which Wilson was to 
 receive for a period of fourteen years one-third of the savings
 
 326 NOTES ON THE 
 
 effected by stereotyping ; and jointly with Watts the University 
 Printer to act as agent for the sale of the Bibles and Prayer 
 Books. To estimate the savings, each party was to appoint an 
 arbitrator, and these in case of difference had power to appoint 
 an umpire. The work of stereotyping under this preliminary 
 agreement had not been going on for two years before the 
 services of the arbitrators were required, and in 180G Wilson's 
 Case w^as printed in a pamphlet of 44 pages. The nature of 
 the agreement would be very likely to lead to differences, 
 unless the items that were to form the basis of the calculations 
 of savings were clearly defined. In Wilson's 'Case' he claims 
 that the stereotype process having enabled the Syndics, by an 
 expenditure of £1500, to turn their warehouse into a printing- 
 office instead of building a new one at a cost of £4500, the 
 difference, £3000, was a stereotype saving in which he had a 
 right to participate. 
 
 On March 6, 1807, an agreement betAveen the Syndics and 
 Wilson provided for the payment of a bill for stereotyping 
 plates amounting to £865. 165. dd., on condition that some of 
 the plates not then delivered should be delivered within one 
 week ; and that Wilson within eight weeks should make and 
 deliver the plates for a nonpareil Welsh Testament, charged at 
 the same rate as those contained in the bill. It was further 
 provided that the University should make so many stereotype 
 plates of 8vo. editions of Ainsworth's Dictionary and Johnson's 
 Dictionary as shoidd come to the amount of Wilson's bills, he 
 supplying at once the original types for the purpose; and a 
 bond for £2000, with R. Watts as surety, was executed to 
 secure the payment of one-tliird of the amount, and of £500 
 advanced for the purchase of types, on the delivery of the plates 
 and return of the types ; one-third in nine, and one-third in 
 eighteen months. It was a condition that this agreement 
 should bind neither party in other matters in dispute. The 
 following arc the details of Wilson's bill :
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 
 
 H27 
 
 Example 1. 
 
 The Bourgeois Testament in :\I' Wilson's Bill July 10, 
 
 1805 : 
 
 Casework of 228 pages at 2.s-. 4d. per page 2(5 12 
 
 Reading ^th 6 18 
 
 DfHible of the above two sums 
 
 Alterations, over-running, &c. £11. l.f. 10^: the double of 
 
 this 
 
 One set of plates 470 lbs. 4oz. at :}.s\ per lb., viz. the price 
 
 per lb. of Bourgeois types 
 
 A printer's principal gain being upon the presa-work, one 
 half of the sum thus arising exclusive of the alterations 
 (viz. £137. Os. 9J.) is added to allow a sufficient profit; 
 proceed therefore thus : brought forward 
 
 Allowance instead of press-work 
 
 A second set of plates half price, exclusive of alterations, 
 over-running, &c 
 
 £. a. d. 
 
 6(5 10 
 
 22 3 9 
 
 70 10 
 £159 4 
 
 £29(5 
 
 Example 2. 
 Mr Wilson's bill for 126 pages of the Brevier 
 Testament, August 31, 1805, casework 
 and reading at 1.?. 8^/. and 5of. per page 
 
 The double of this sum .... 
 
 Plates 1st set, 155 lbs. 9 oz. at 3.*. 6d. per lb 
 
 the price of Brevier types 
 Allowance instead of press- work 
 A second set of plates .... 
 
 Example 3. 
 Mr Wilson's bill for the Welsh Test. May 7, 1806 
 Casework and reading 14 sheets at £5 . 
 
 The double of this 
 
 Alterations, over-running &c. £17. 4s. 
 
 The double of this 
 
 332 ]>lates containing 428 ll)s. 8 oz. at 3.f. 6d. 
 per lb. the price of the types . 
 
 Allowance instead of press- work 
 
 A second set of plates 
 
 £. .<?. d. 
 
 13 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 . £26 5 
 
 
 
 
 27 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 26 14 
 
 9 
 
 
 26 14 
 
 9 
 
 £106 19 
 
 70 
 £140 
 
 34 S 
 
 74 2 3 
 
 159 4 
 
 6 
 
 68 10 
 
 4 
 
 68 10 
 
 4 
 
 £248 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 462 
 £865 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 9
 
 328 NOTES ON THE 
 
 August 8, 1807. An agreement was entered into for the 
 acquisition by the University of Wilson's stereotype secret, for 
 which the following sums were to be paid : 
 
 ^2000 on execution of the agreement. 
 
 ^1000 advanced to Wilson, May 29, 1805, to become his property. 
 
 JIOOO when the sales from March 25, 1807, shall exceed £4500 : £2 
 for every £45 of such excess till it reaches £1000 ; but if that sum shall 
 not be reached till March 25, 1818, no further payment to be made^. 
 
 In 1811 a case was submitted by the University for the 
 opinion of Sergt. Lens and Mr Leycesfcer. It is stated that 
 the Syndics consider the charge made by Wilson for stereo- 
 type plates was unreasonable, and that in agreeing to pay the 
 amount of £865. 16s. 9c?. they expected to get a corre- 
 sponding advantage to themselves in supplying the plates of 
 Ainsworth and Johnson on the same principled Wilson refused 
 to send the types from which to set up these books till he 
 was informed how many plates he would have for the sum. 
 During the four years since the agreement was made, wages 
 had largely increased, and counsel held that they were by the 
 agreement bound by the prices of 1807. It is probable that 
 the work was never done, but there is nothing to show how 
 the arrangement with Wilson ended. 
 
 There is a hypothetical case, not dated, but placed among 
 
 the papers of 1811 (33. 7. 28) of which the following is a copy : 
 
 Whether supposing A. B. to be acquainted with the secret mode of 
 making stereotj^jc plates, and supposing C. D. to know the mode now 
 in general use, and whereas it is conceived that the secret is now no 
 secret. Supposing A. B. to inquire of C D, his (C. D's) mode of making 
 tlie plates, and by his answers it appeared that ho (C. D.) was acquainted 
 with all the peculiarities of the secret, would A. ]J. be justified in telling 
 C. 1). that such was the secret ? 
 
 38. John Smith. 
 
 John Smith was elected Nov. 11, 1800. On Nov. 2, 1836, 
 a Grace was passed allowing him a pension of £200 a year 
 » Registry MS. :VX 7. 26. ^ Registry MS. .3.S. I. 27.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 329 
 
 (half his salary), after a long period of service as printer. He 
 died at Thetford, Norfolk, August IG, 1840, and there is a 
 tablet in St Botolph's Church, in which parish he was born 
 Sept. 12, 1777. 
 
 From the St Botolph books it appears that Smith, as Uni- 
 versity Printer, was rated at £84 (Printing Office £22, and 
 Warehouse £12) till April IG, 1827. For the following cpiarter, 
 July 12, 1827, he is assessed at £45 for printing office and 
 house. Oct. 7, 1880, there is in addition, old premises, £11, 
 and this ceases July 11, 1831, being erased from the book after 
 having been entered. Oct. 21, 1881, a new entry appears. 
 University late A. Watford, £4. U)s.; Jan. 12, 1882, house 
 and University Press, £45 ; but now it is placed in Mill Lane 
 and Laundress Lane, instead of Silver Street ; and there appears, 
 in Trumpington Street, Univ. late Thos. Hill, £8 ; late Mrs Hill, 
 £5; late Wm. Neal, £10; late John Glasscock, £8. 5s. ; late James 
 Nutter, £24 ; late Thos. Eddlestone, £7; late Wm. White, £10 ; 
 late A. Watford, £9. lO.s. July, 1832, Pitt Press sites of houses, 
 £94. OS.; Oct. 3, 1883, house, J. Smith, in Mill Lane, £10; in 
 addition to printing office, £45, Silver Street, Univ. warehouse, 
 £15 ; Univ. old office and house, £23. April 14, 1836, old office, 
 £23, ceases. University Press property : 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 Pitt Press, Trumpington Street . . . 94 5 
 
 University Warehouse (Silver Street) . . l.'j 
 
 John Smith's liouse, Mill Lane . . . 10 
 
 University Office and Warehouse . . 4.'") 
 
 39. John William Parker\ 
 
 John William Parker was elected Nov. 15, 188G, and held 
 office till 1854. But his connection with the Press dated from 
 an earlier period. In the year 1828, the Press having been 
 
 ^ For much of the information respecting Parker I am indebted to an 
 article in the Bookseller, June 1, 1870.
 
 330 NOTES ON THE 
 
 found to be in an unsatisfactory condition, the Syndics con- 
 sulted two eminent London printers — Mr Clowes and Mr 
 Hansard — on the subject. At the request of the University 
 that the former would come to Cambridge and examine the 
 Press, he sent his overseer, Mr Parker ; and in February, 1829, 
 on Mr Clowes being appointed superintendent of the Press at a 
 salary of £200 per annum, he accepted the office, performing 
 his duties through Mr Parker. The latter was able very soon 
 to justify the selection of the Syndics, and to make the Press a 
 source of profit. One of the first things he did was to turn to 
 account some of the old and apparently useless stereotype 
 plates, and in tliis he was most successful. He was soon 
 able greatly to increase the accounts with the Bible Society 
 and with the Christian Knowledge Society, and in other 
 ways opened up channels of trade for the disposal of Uni- 
 versity books. Upon the resignation of John Smith in 1836 
 he was appointed printer, with a salary of £400 a year, 
 he visiting Cambridge for two days once a fortnight. After 
 much opposition he succeeded in introducing steam power, but 
 for many years the Bible Society resolutely set their faces 
 against the purchase of books so printed. An amusing illus- 
 tration is given in the Bookseller, June 1, 1870. 
 
 Some idea may be formed of the amount of reduction in 
 prices of Bibles and Prayer-Books, during the time of Parker's 
 management, from the Report of the University Commission of 
 1852: 
 
 
 1830. 
 
 1850. 
 
 
 *. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 ■ico of Cheapest Bible . 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 10 
 
 „ Medium Bible . 
 
 7 2-^ 
 
 . 3 7^ 
 
 „ Cheapest I'rayer Book 
 
 G^ 
 
 21 
 
 „ Medium Tniycr Book 
 
 , 1 71 . 
 
 1 3 
 
 The Commissioners remark on this reduction in prices : 
 
 Much of this great reductiou of price is attributable to improved 
 jnachincry and to better arrangements in the establishment ; much of it
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 331 
 
 is more apparent tliaii real, arising from the inferiority in paper and 
 execution ; the rest from a reduction of profits, which, in the case of 
 the Cambridge Press, lias not been compensated, as lias been usual 
 in similar cases, by a very great increase in production. On the contrary, 
 the number of Bibles and Prayer- Books produced has rapidly diminished. 
 
 The Commissioners attribute these results partly to the 
 "virtual abolition of the monopoly" by which the profits were 
 reduced to the " ordinary commercial standard, and in some 
 " respects even below it (for private subscriptions were brought 
 " in aid of the production of cheap Bibles in Scotland)." 
 
 Parker, whose father had been in the Navy, was born about 
 the year 1792 ; was apprenticed to Mr Clowes, and stayed with 
 him till 1832, when he left to commence business as a pub- 
 lisher at 445, West Strand. He was appointed "publisher of 
 " the books issued under the direction of the Committee of 
 "General Literature and Education appointed by the Society 
 " for Promoting Christian Knowledge." The publishing business 
 soon became an important one, and Parker's catalogue ulti- 
 mately contained the works of Whately, Whewell, Hare, 
 Trench, Maurice, Kingsley, Froude, Helps, Miss Yonge, G. H. 
 Lewes, Buckle, &c. &c.; and a large proportion of the educational 
 books produced at Cambridge. In 1843 his son, John William 
 Parker, jun., came into the business. On his death in 1800 
 Mr Parker took his old assistant, Mr William Butler Bourn, 
 into partnership; but in 1803^ the business was sold to Messrs 
 Longmans, and the house of Parker, Son and Bourn ceased to 
 exist. Mr Parker resigned his ofitice of Printer in 1854 and 
 died May 18, 1870, aged 78. 
 
 ^ Frase)-'s 3fagazine for October, 186.3, was published by Parker, Son 
 & Bourn : the number for November by Longman & Co.
 
 332 NOTES ON THE 
 
 40. TCharles John Clay, M.A., Trinity. 
 
 41. (George Seeley. 
 
 42. John Clay, M.A,, St John's. 
 
 The Cambridge University Commissioners of 1850-52, in 
 their Report, published in 1852, about two years before the re- 
 signation of John William Parker, gave it as their opinion that 
 
 It is only by associating printers or publishers in some species of 
 co-partnership Avith the University, or by leasing the Press to them, that 
 any considerable return can hereafter be expected from the capital which 
 
 has been invested in it we are satisfied that no Syndicate, however 
 
 active and well chosen, can replace the intelligent and vigilant .superin- 
 tendence of those whose fortune in life is dependent upon its success. 
 (Report, pp. 1.36-7). 
 
 This opinion was at variance with that of the Syndics of 
 1850, as given in the same volume [Evidence, p. 21). But very 
 shortly after the issue of this Report it became necessary, 
 on the resignation of Mr Parker, to appoint a new printer ; 
 and the Syndics, in their Report May 26, 1854, recommended 
 a partnership with Mr George Seeley and Mr C. J. Clay. 
 This recommendation was carried out in July. Mr Seeley re- 
 tired in 1856 ; a new partnership was entered into with Mr Clay 
 alone, and that continued until 1882, when Mr John Clay, son 
 of Mr C. J. Clay, was also admitted as a partner. 
 
 In the Report of 1852 we find the following particulars: 
 
 The office contains frames, fittings and appurtenances for 70 com- 
 positors ; presses and appurtenances for .')6 press-men; eight printing 
 machines, which require about nO men and boys to manage, work and 
 supply them. A ten-horse steam-engine; two boilers; turning- lathe, 
 forge and circular saw, occupying at present, four hands; one (steam- 
 power) milling machine, hydraulic and screw hot-presses, at which, 
 together, 100 men and boys might bo employed if necessary. 
 
 The great increase in the prosperity of the Press, since 
 the above was written, 32 years since, has entirely confirmed 
 the opinion of the Commissioners as (juoted above.
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. iVM] 
 
 It is curious to compare the present condition of the Press 
 with that of 300 years ago, when by decree of the Star Chamber, 
 in 1584, each of the Universities was limited to one press and 
 one apprentice — at the most ! 
 
 APPENDIX A (see pages 287, 289). 
 
 Early Cambridge Bindings. 
 
 It is on general grounds quite likely that binding as well as 
 printing went on in John Siberch's shop under the sign of the 
 Arma Regia, and that the bindings executed there should bear 
 some identifying mark. The opportunities of examining bind- 
 ings of that date are however few and far between ; I can only 
 refer to one specimen, and that has unfortunately been reno- 
 vated, so that possibly some evidence has been destn^yed. 
 
 There is in Lincoln Cathedral Library a volume (T. 4. 3) 
 which contains, among other books belonging to the years 151G 
 to 1520, Richardi Ci'oci Britanni introductiones in Rudimenta 
 grasca. 1520. 4". It is printed, according to the colophon, 
 "ColonigB in ledibus Eucharii Cervicorni, anno a Christo nato 
 M.D.XX. mense Maio expensis providi viri doniini Joannis Lair 
 de Siborch." But it must have been bound in England ; for 
 stamped on the leather are the several badges of the then 
 king of England. The entire ornamentation is formed by 
 three lengths of a roulette pattern side by side within a 
 plain rectangle. The roulette consists of four compartments ; the 
 uppermost contains a crowned pomegranate, the next a crowned 
 portcullis, the third a crowned rose, and the lowest a crown 
 over three fleurs-de-lys, with the initials J. S. at the foot, on 
 either side of the lowest fieur-de-lys.
 
 834 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Ames {Typographical Antiquities, p. 4o()) noticed the name 
 Johannes lair de Siborch in this book, and considered the 
 type similar to that used by Siberch at Cambridge. The 
 binding of this copy seems to afford an additional argument 
 for considering the two varying appellations to belong to one 
 and the same person. 
 
 [There are also specimens of binding, in Cambridge libraries 
 and elsewhere, which Mr Bradshaw has for some time supposed 
 to be the work of one or other of the stationers appointed in 
 1534. Books tooled with a rather large roulette pattern con- 
 taining fabulous animals and the initials G. G. may be referred 
 with great probability to Garrett Godfray ; and in the case 
 of Nicholas Speryng the identification seems almost certain. 
 There exist many octavo volumes in stamped calf, having on 
 the obverse^ cover the Annunciation with a 4-mark and the 
 initials N. S. at the foot, all surrounded by the text ECCE 
 
 ANCILLA DOMINI FIAT MICHI SECUNDUM VERBUM TUUM, and 
 on the reverse cover (above the same mark and initials) St 
 Nicholas and the three children, with the legend NICOLAUS 
 SPIERNICK at top and bottom, and a scroll with acorns and 
 cockatrices (?) at the sides. As a specimen may be named a 
 Sarum Missal (Paris, Hopyl for Birckman, 1515, 8°) in the 
 Bodleian (Gough 2) ; and a pair of covers are among the spoils 
 of the Douce Collection. A book from Hengwrt (now in my 
 possession) similarly bound was printed at Paris in 1508. It 
 would be interesting to obtain a list of all such books that are 
 now in existence. J,] 
 
 ^ It sccins convenient to l)orrow these terms from the language of 
 numismatics, denoting by obverse the front cover, and by reverse the other.
 
 UNIVKIISII'Y I'ltlNTKKS. 335 
 
 APPENDIX B (sec page 21)7). 
 
 Extract from the accounts of Dr Mawe, V. C, illustrating 
 tlic dispute between the University and the' Stationers ; 
 
 Uuiv. Accounts 1621—22. fol. 261 b. 
 
 £. .S-. d. 
 
 Item payed to M' Tabor for a iourney to London w"' 
 Cantrell Legg about tlie printinge bnaincssc when he was 
 sent for by y° Bp. of Exeter 6 18 4 
 
 Item layed out by M' Tabor when the Vice Chancellor, 
 })' Warde, i)' Bcale, and Lcgg v.'ent to lloyston to deliucr a 
 Letter, aud Petition to the King in y behalf of y" Vuiuersi- 
 tye . . . ... ... . . . 5 y 6 
 
 fol. 262. 
 
 Item for a iourney to London Januar. 3 when I went to 
 finish my own businesse, w''' I left vnfinished before Christ- 
 mas, being hastened home to sto[)p the stationers procedingc 
 by Petition to the King at lloyston 7 13 
 
 fol. 262 b. 
 
 Item spent in a iourney to London by my selfe, M' Tabor, 
 and Cantrell Legg when the cause was to be lieard, be- 
 tween the stationers of London and the Vniuersity Printer 
 by the fowre Committies appointed by the King ut patet per 
 diversas billas 28 dayes 33 5 1 1 
 
 Item spent at Newmarket when I went to procure the 
 Kinges leave to sell the Grammars vpon tlie L''' certificate . 11 4 
 
 Item given to the M' of request to drawe vp the Kinges 
 order for the selliuge of Grammars 5 
 
 1622—23. fol. 267 b. 
 
 Item to M' Tabor for expenses at London when hee went 
 vpp with Cantrell Legg beinge sent for by Warrant from the 
 Counsayle there attendinge with him 9 dayes . . . 13 14 
 
 APPENDIX (see page 296). 
 
 I. In A note of all such persons as are jy^vileged hi/ the 
 
 Universitij of Cambridge and dwelling ivithin the Toivn of 
 
 .Cambridge, written between June 5, 1.592 (the date of John 
 
 Pahner's appointment as Archdeacon of Ely) and 1 594 (when 
 
 Duckett was appointed University Librarian in place of John
 
 336 NOTES ox THE UNIVERSITY PRINTEHS. 
 
 Matthew so described in the list), the names of the following 
 
 stationers are given : 
 
 Assessed at 
 
 Mr Watson ii s 
 
 Mr Legate xii d 
 
 John Porter viiid 
 
 Hughe Burwell vid 
 
 Manasses Vaiitrolier vi d 
 
 John Joanes iiii d 
 
 Beuiamin Prime iid 
 
 William Scarlett 11 d 
 
 Jo. Cuthbert viii d 
 
 Thomas Bradshawe viii d 
 
 The list, consisting of one sheet (4 pages) folio, is in the 
 Library of Downing College (Bowtell MSS.). 
 
 II, It seems desirable to add here for comparison the 
 names of stationers which appear rn another list of Tlie pri- 
 vilerjed jjersons in the Universiti/ of Canihridge ivliich are 
 r'ecorded in the Register s Office, dated during the year 1624. 
 
 Thomas Moodeii [Morden]. 
 Anthony Harrison. 
 Leonard Greene. 
 William Williams. 
 Phillip Scarlett 
 Peter Scarlett. 
 Henry Wray. 
 Simon Robuck. 
 Richard Ewlam. 
 Edmund Porter. 
 Jonathan Pinder. 
 Samuel Dishcr. 
 Jolin Jones. 
 Daniel Boyse. 
 Richard Ireland, 
 besides 
 
 CantrcU Legg, Printer. 
 
 The list, consisting of two sheets (8 pages) folio, is in the 
 Library of Downing College (Bowtell MSS.).
 
 UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 337 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Ornaments, Initial Letters and Devices. 
 
 It is often convenient, in examining the works of a particular 
 printer, to be able to refer to specimens of the ornaments, &c. 
 which he used to embellish his books. I have accordingly made 
 a collection of some of those which occur in Cambridge-printed 
 books, more complete in the case of the earlier printers, but, 
 as far as I could make it, fairly representative of the whole 
 series. 
 
 The books from which the illustrations are taken are as 
 follows : 
 
 AvLgyiiihn de miserta vitae. 1")21. 4". Nos. 4, 5. 
 
 Galeni de temptn-itnwntis. 1521. 4°. Nos. 1, 2, 8 — 13. 
 
 Papyrii Gemini Eleatis Hormalhena. 1522. 4°. Nos. 3, 6, 7. 
 
 1'. Rami Dialcdkae lihrl dm. 1584. 8°. No. 28. 
 
 P. Ocidil Na,s-iin'ts ftihularuni interprekitio. 15S4. S". Nos. 17, If), 
 21, 22. 
 
 Jac. Miirtini de 2}t'iina simjjlicium et concretortini corporiim gene- 
 ralione. 1584. S". No. IS. 
 
 I fanu'iny of the Confessions oj the Faith. 15SG. 8°. No. 15. 
 
 Wliitaker, Uisputatio de sacra Scriptara. 1588. 4". Nos. 20, 24, 
 25, 27. 
 
 'Dc I'Espinc, A verij excellent discourse., etc. 15!)2. 4". Nos. 14, IG, 
 23, 26, 34. 
 
 Whitaker adcersiis T. Stapletoni defensinnem. 1594. F". Nos. 2!), 
 31, 32. 
 
 Perkins on the Creed. 1596. 4". No. 33. 
 
 Perkins, A Reformed Catholick. 1598. 8". No. 30. 
 
 lleydon, Ur/lnce of Jtidiciall Astroloffie. 1603. 4°. No. .35. 
 
 Epicedium Cantabrigiense. 1612. 4°. Nos. 36, 37. 
 
 Daveuant, E.rposiiio epistolae...in Colossenses. 1630. F°. Nos. 
 44—47. 
 
 Novum Testamentum. 1632. 8°. Nos. 40 — 42. 
 
 Dalechamp, Christian Hospitalitie. 1632. 4°. No. 39. 
 
 Hanstetl, Senile Odium. 1633. 8°. No. 38, 43. 
 
 (Jarthwiixte, Ecangelicall Ilarmonie. 1634. 4°. Nos. 48, 49. 
 
 Bible. 1638. V". Nos. 50, 51, 54. 
 
 * Some of the figures were used l)y more tlian one printer ; in these 
 cases, froju whatever book tliey may have been taken, tliey are arranj^ed 
 among those of the printer who is observed to have first used tlieni. 
 C. A. S. Comm. Vol. V. ^^ 
 
 4>0
 
 338 NOTES ON THE UNIVERSITY PRINTRRS. 
 
 Bookqf Common rraijn: 103S. F". Nos. 52, 53, 55— 61. 
 
 Dury, Summary Discourse. 1641. 4°. No. 62. 
 
 Yeni. Bcsdlriiiff o/Oinscience. 1642. 4°. No 63. 
 
 Ill's Mdtjestics Dfdanrtion, etc. Aug. \2. 1642. 4°. Nos. 64, 6.5. 
 
 Hall's Poems. 1646. 8°. No. 86. 
 
 Love, O ratio, etc. 1660. 4°. Nos. 67, 69. 
 
 Kemp, Sermon, etc. 1668. 4°. No. 68. 
 
 University Queries. 165.9 (no printer's name). 4". No. 70. 
 
 Kidd, Ichabod. 1663 I'no printer's nanie). 4°. No. 71. 
 
 Crashaw, Poemata. 1(570. S°. No. 72. 
 
 Saywell, Reformation in England. 1688. 4°. No. 73. 
 
 Barnes, Edicard III. 16S8. F°. No. 74. 
 
 Cellarius, Notitia Orhis Aniiquae, Vol. i. 1703. 4°. Nos. 75, 76, 77. 
 
 Bentley's Horace. 1711. 4°. No. 78. 
 
 Eusebius, Historia Ecdesiastica. 3 vols. 1720. F°. Nos. 80, 87. 
 
 Middleton, Bihiiotheca Cantabrioiensis. 1723. 4°. No. 81. 
 
 Parne, Sermon, etc. 1 724. 4". Nos. 85, 86. 
 
 Drake, Concio, etc. 1724. 4". No. S3. 
 
 Kerrich, Sermon, etc. 1735. 8°. No. 84. 
 
 Middleton, Dissertation on Printing. 1735. 4°. Nos. 7J), 88. 
 
 A Collection of Poems. 17.33. 8°. Nos. 89— 92. 
 
 Saunderson's Algebra. 1740. 4°. No. 82. 
 
 [Book of Comm.on Prayer. 174,5. F°. See No. 99.] 
 
 Gratulatio Acad. Cantahrigiensis. 1748. F". No. 97. 
 
 Mason's Odes. 1756. 4". No. 9.3. 
 
 Adrice to a Young Studeiit. 1760 (no printer's name). 8". Nos. 94, 95. 
 
 Gratulatio Acad. Cantahrigiensis. 1761. F". No. 96. 
 
 Love's Elegies. 1776. 4°. No. 98. 
 
 So far the illustiations have been taken in faosinulc from 
 
 the books named. The remainder (Nos. 99 — 107) are printed 
 
 from original woodcuts belonging to the University Press, and 
 
 kindly lent by Messrs C. J. Clay and Son. The books given 
 
 below are the earliest in which I hav^e noticed tlic devices 
 
 severally named with them. 
 
 Book of Common Prayer. 1 745. F°. No. 99. 
 
 Altar Ser rice. 1814. 4°. No. 100. 
 
 Cam,hridge University Calendar. 1828. 12". No. 101. 
 
 Prolusinnes Acad. 18.30. 8'. No. 102. 
 
 Bible. 1830. Royal 8". No. 103. 
 
 Cambridge Astronomical Ohser cations. 1833. 4". No. 104. 
 
 Irenaeus, Harvey. 1857. 8°. No. 105. 
 
 Prayer-Bnok. 18()3. Royal 4". No. 106. 
 
 i'car.son On the Creed. 186.'). 8'. No. 107.
 
 JOHN SIMKHOir. 
 
 339 
 
 ■2:]^'2
 
 :uo
 
 JOFIN SIIJERCH. 
 
 ;}4i 
 
 ^b2i)H,
 
 :J42 
 
 JOHN ,SU?E1U'H. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13
 
 THOMAS THOMAS. 
 
 :u:]
 
 344 
 
 THOMAS THOMAS. 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 27
 
 JOHN LEGATE. 
 
 U'i
 
 34G CANTRELL LEGGE (30, 37) ; T. AND J. BUCK (38— 45). 

 
 T. AiND J. liUCK (40, 47) ; T. BUCK AND 1{. DANIEL (48 — 50). :J47 

 
 T. BUCK AND R. DANIEL.
 
 llOGEll DANIEL. 
 
 :w,)
 
 70
 
 UNCERTAIN (71); .lOIIN HAYES (72-74, ? 7;') aiid 7(j). -"J-"'! 
 
 Cfhc- Chur'o'h qj- ^n.c\icvnA , 
 
 75 

 
 352 JOHN HAYES ? (77) ; C. CROWNFIELD (78, 79).
 
 COIJNELIKS CHOWXI'IKIJ). 
 
 :vr.i 
 
 
 iamu ' ;»ank'i»«ff'«ft 
 O 
 00 
 
 C. A. S. Comm. Vol. V. 
 
 24
 
 354 
 
 CUKN KLI rs ('U( iWX PI KM » 
 
 M^M 
 
 CO 
 00
 
 C. CROWNFIKLD (85 — 88); W. FKNNEU (8!)). .So5 
 
 tii>.chtronocL- Wt' f^^iMMm^^iMn vi^'cis^'E^'^ o'.dnbdin.rcu.lps: 
 
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 IM 
 
 89
 
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 .1. I'.KN'TilAM. 
 
 357
 
 358 
 
 J. RENTllAM (07) ; J. ARCHDEACON (98). 
 
 97 
 
 
 98
 
 ir.NTiiAM (!»;»); ■). smith ( loo, loi ). 
 
 :}.■)!>
 
 8G0 
 
 .lOHN SMITH 
 
 102 
 
 103
 
 ■Mil IN SMIT 
 
 3G1 
 
 
 vW/ >^ 
 
 O 
 
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 C. A. .S'. Comm. Vot.. \", 
 
 25
 
 3U2 
 
 C. J. CLAY. 
 
 105 
 
 106 
 
 lo;
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 286, line 16, oniit John Owen. 
 
 On consideration I feel that Owen sboukl not be included in this list, as he 
 does not appear to have been appointed Printer, and his arrangement with the 
 University respecting the edition of Suidas (see pp. 312 — 13) was purely that of 
 a publisher. His name appears in the first vol. of Cellarius' Geography, 1703 : 
 Cn7it(ibri<ii(f, Inqu'iisia Ioaiiiii.<^ Oircnl, Ti/jworaphi, with the device No. 77 which 
 does not appear elsewhere ; and again in Simon Ockley's Introductio ad linguaa 
 orientales, Cantabripia : Tt/j^ii' Academicis, mdccvi. Impensis loannls Oweni 
 Typopnqyhi. But the denomination ' Typographus ' seems to have been used 
 rather loosely. 
 
 Page 286, line 30. ./or 1853 read 1854. 
 
 Page 303, line 11, for 1670 read 4 March, 164ii. 
 
 [From the Diary of Alderman Newton, a contemporary of Buck, and living 
 also in the Parish of St Edward. But an entry in St Mary the Great Parish 
 Book, 10 Fel). 1070 (167^), states that a resolution was passed to sue T. Buck 
 for non-payment of £2 due to the Parish.] 
 
 Page 311, Crownfiold, par. 2, line 2, for 1741 read 1749.
 
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