UNIVERSITY o* CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY THE :,Y OF EASTERN FLORIDA. BY E. H. SELLARDS GQNTER. From the Fifth Annual Report of the Florida ^urvey. pp. IM THE ARTESIAN WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. BY E. H. SELLARDS AND HERMAN GUNTER. 116450 CONTENTS. PAGE. Introduction 113 The area treated 114 Geology . . .' H4 Oligocene 114 Vicksburg group 114 Apalachicola group 117 Miocene 118 Pliocene 119 Pleistocene 119 Earth movements during the Pleistocene 120 Topography and Drainage 121 \ Elevations ik51 S ' Rivers 122 * Climate 123 Temperature ."X 123 Precipitation 125 Soils 127 General discussion of underground waters 129 Source 129 Annual rainfall 130 Disposition of rainfall 130 Amount available for the underground supply 133 Underground circulation of water 133 Cause of movement 133 Rate of movement 133 Depth of underground water 134 Hydrogen sulphide in underground water 135 Sulphur water not evidence of beds of sulphur 137 Sulphur deposits formed from hydrogen sulphide 138 Absence of hydrogen sulphide from certain waters in Florida 138 Amount of hydrogen sulphide influenced by preessure 139 Artesian water 139 Artesian water defined 140 Conditions necessary to obtain artesian water 140 Artesian basin _. 141 Artesian slope 142 Artesian water from unconfined horizontal beds 143 Artesian water from solution passages 143 Source of artesian water in Florida . 144 106 CONTENTS. PACK. ^rmations supplying artesian water 144- ^^uepth of artesian water 145 Cost of wells 145 Increased flow with increased depth 146 Increased head with increased depth 146 Increased temperature with increased depth 147 Loss of head and reduction in flow 149 Table showing loss of flow of artesian wells 149 Cause of the loss of flow 151 Waste of artesian water 152 Method of measuring flow of artesian wells 152 Tables for determining yield of artesian wells 155 Area of artesian flow in Florida 157 Discussion by counties 162 Nassau County 162 Location and surface features 162 Water-bearing formations 162 Area of artesian flow 164 Local details 165 Callahan 165 Crandall 167 Evergreen 167 Fernandina 167 Milliard 170 Italia ivi King's Ferry 171 Lessie 172 Lofton 172 Duval County 172 Location and surface features 172 Water-bearing formations 174 Area of artesian flow 175 Local details 176 Baldwin 176 Bayard 176 Jacksonville 176 Mandarin ISO Manhattan Beach 181 Maxville 182 Mayport 182 St. Johns County 183 Location and surface features 183 Water-bearing formations 184 Area of artesian flow . 185 CONTENTS. 107 PAGE. Local details 185 Anastasia Island 185 Armstrong 187 Bunnell 187 Dinner Island 187 Elkton 187 Espanola 188 Federal Point 188 Hastings 189 Holy Branch 190 Hurds 191 Moultrie 191 Picolata 192 Riverdale 192 Roy 193 St. Augustine 193 Switzerland 196 Yelvington 196 Clay County 197 Location and surface features 197 Water-bearing formations 198 Area of artesian flow 200 Local details 200 Doctors Inlet 200 Green Cove Springs 200 Hibernia 202 Leno 202 Magnolia Springs 203 Middleburg 203 Peoria 205 Russell 205 Walkill 205 West Tocoi 205 Williams Crossing 205 Putnam County 206 Location and surface features 206 Water-bearing formations 206 Area of artesian flow 207 Local details 207 Bostwick 207 Crescent City 207 Orange Mills 208 Palatka , ,' 209 Penial . . . 21 1 108 CONTENTS. PAGE. Rice Creek 211 Rodman 211 San Mateo 212 Satsuma 212 Welaka 212 Woodburn '. 213 Orange County 214 Location and surface features 214 Water-bearing formations 215 Area of artesian flow 215 Local details 215 Chuluota 215 Geneva 21& Orlando 217 Oviedo 217 Sanford 218. Volusia County 221 Location and surface features 221 Water-bearing formations 222. Area of artesian flow 222. Local details 222 Daytona 222 DeLand 225 Enterprise 226- Lake Helen 228 New Smyrna 228 Oak Hill 229 Orange City 230 Ormond 231 Pierson 232" Seville 23 Brevard County 23 Location and surface features 232- Water-bearing formations 233 Area of artesian flow 233 Local details 233 Chester Shoals - Discharge in Gallons per * Minute from Respective Pipes "o of Diameter given in Inches. 1 Flow in Gallons per Minute for Pipes. I 1 ,* iy 2 2 3 |.s 1 inch in Diam. 2 inch in Diam. a be % In. % 3.96| 6.2 5.601 8.7 8.91 M2.6 15.8 22.4 30.6 51.4 II 6 in. level. 12 in. level. 6 in. level. 12 in. level. 2| 7.99| 12.5 18.0 32.0 71.9 3 9.811 15.3 39.2 88.3 In. 41 11.331 17.7 25'.5 45.3 102.0 6 7.01 4.95 27.71 19.63 12.68| 19.8 28.5 50.7 113.8 7 8.18 5.77 32.33 22.90 6 13.881 21.7 31.2 55.5 124.9 8 9.35 6.60 36.94 26.18 7 14.96| 23.6 33.7 59.8 134.9 10.51 7.42 41.56 29.45 8 16.00] 25.1 36.0 64.0 144.1 It 11.68 8.25 46.18 32.72 9 17.01J 26.0 38.3 68.0 153.1 11 12.85 9.08 50.80 35.99 10 17.93 28.1 40.3 71.6 161.3 12 14.02 9.91 55.42 39.26 11 18.80 29.5 42.3 75.2 169.3 13 1 15.19 10.73 60.03 42.51 12 19.65 30.7 44.2 78.6 176.9 14| 16.36 11.56 64.65 45.81 13 20.46| 31.8 45.9 81.8 184.1 15| 17.53 12.38 69.27 49.08 14 21.22| 33.0 47.6 84.9 190.9 16 18.70 13.21 73.89 52.35 15 21.95 34.2 49.3 87.8 197.5 17| 19.87 14.04 78.51 55.62 16 22.67 35.2 50.9 90.7 203.9 18| 21.04 14.86 83.12 58.90 17 23.37 36.3 52.5 93.5 210.3 19 22.21 15.69 87.74 62.17 18 24.06 37.5 54.1 96.2 216.5 20 23.37 16.51 92.36 65.44 19 24.72 38.6 55.6 98.9 222.5 21 i 24.54 17.34 96.98 68.71 20 25.37 39.6 57.0 101.6 22S.'5 25.71 18.17 101.60 71.98 21 26.02 40.6 58.4 104.2 234.3 23 26.88 18.99 106.21 75.26 22 26.66 41.6 59.9 106.7 240.0 24 28.04 19.82 110.83 78.53 23 27.28 42:6 61.4 109.2 245.6 25 29.11 20.64 115.45 81.80 24 27.90 43.5 62.8 111.6 251.1 26 30.38 21.47 120.07 85.07 25 28.49 44.4 64.1 114.0 256.4 27 31.55 22.29 124.69 88.34 26 29.05 45.3 65.3 116.2 261.4 28 32.72 23.12 129.30 91.62 27 29.59 46.1 66.4 118.2 | 266.1 29| 33.89 23.95 133.92 94.89 28 30.081 46.9 67.5 120.3 | 270.4 30| 35.06 24.77 138.54 98.16 29 30.55| 47.5 68.5 121.9 274.1 31 36.23 25.59 143.16 101.43 30 30.94 48.2 69.4 123.4 277.6 37.40 .26.42 147.78 104.70 36 34.1 53.2 76.7 136.3 306.6 33 38.57 27.25 152.39 107.98 48 39.1 61.0 88.0 156.5 352.1 34 39.64 28.08 157.01 111.25 60 43.8 68.4 98.6 175.2 394.3 35 40.45 28.64 161.63 114.52 72 48.2 75.2 108.0 192.9 434.0 36 41.60 59.46 166.25 117.19 84 51.9 81.0 116.8 207.6 467.0 96 55.6 86.7 125.0 222.2 500.0 Continue by addii g for eac a Inch: 108 58.9 92.0 132.6 235.9 530.8 120 62.2 98.0 139.9 248.7 559.5 1.15 .82 4.62 3.27 1321 65.1 102.6 146.5 260.4 5S5.9 144| 68.0 100.4 153.1 272.2 612.5 1 156 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. "In both these tables it has not been thougnt necessary to make any allowance for the resistance of the atmosphere. Doubt- less, when the velocity of the stream is great, the resistance is considerable; but as the pressure checks the flow, and our object is simply to measure the amount of flow, it need not be taken into consideration. In case pipes are found of diameters not corresponding to the table, the same rule may be applied as in the first case. "Whenever fractions occur in the height or horizontal distance of the stream, the number of gallons may be obtained by dividing the difference between the readings in the table for the nearest whole numbers, according to the size of the fraction. For example, if the distance from the top of the pipe to the top of the stream, in the first case, is nine and one-third inches, one-third of the difference between the readings in the table for nine and ten inches must be added to the former to give the right result. In case one measures the flow of his well according to both methods, he may think that they should correspond, but such is not the case. In the vertical discharge, as there is less friction, the flow will be larger, so also difference will be found according to the length of horizontal pipe used in the second case. The longer the pipe, the more friction and less the flow. "As pipes are occasionally at an angle, it is well to know that the second method may be applied to them, if the first measure- ment is taken strictly vertically from the center of the opening, and the second from that point tarallel with the axis of the pipe to the center of the stream as before. The measurements may then be read from the table as before. "This method is also applicable to measuring the discharges of different pipes when water is distributed about a farm or in a cky. "Pipes which have been cut in the usual way are frequently diminished in diameter by the incurving of the edge of the pipe. This will diminish the flow, but how much can only be roughly estimated. It will be greater than that of a straight pipe having- the exact diameter of the opening as reduced." WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 157 THE AREAS OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN FLORIDA. The accompanying map indicates, in a general way, the flow- ing and non-flowing areas of the State. In using such general maps it should be borne in mind that artesian water depends primarily upon the structure of the underlying formations, and these are subject to variations of which there may be no surface indications. Moreover, local elevations which affect flow can not be indicated on a small scale map. Thus while the map indicates approximately the limits of flow, the exact limits can be deter- mined in most cases only by drilling. The shading on the map indicates those parts of the State in which flowing wells have been obtained, or may be expected. There are, as will be seen, three principal areas of flow as follows r the Atlantic Coast area, the Southern Gulf Coast area and the Western Gulf Coast area. THE ATLANTIC COAST AREA. The Atlantic Coast area includes much of Nassau and Duval Counties, and, with the exception of local elevated areas, all of St. Johns County ; it follows the valley of the St. Johns River almost if not quite to the head waters, while a narrow strip reaches south along the Atlantic Coast for 250 to 300 miles. The artesian water-bearing formation dips in passing to the south, being reached at Palm Beach at the depth of about 1,000 feet. In addi- tion to its increased depth the water at Palm Beach was found to be too salty to be used for household purposes. Between Palm Beach and Key West no wells have been drilled deep enough to reach this formation. The deep well drilled on Key Vaca by the Florida East Coast Railway terminated at 700 feet in quartz sands, with sandstones and clay in streaks, not having reached the Vicks- burg Limestone.* At Key West two wells have been drilled to the Vicksburg, which is reached at that locality at a depth of about 700 feet. The first of these wells, drilled in 1895, is reported to havi 'Florida Geol. Survey, Second Annual Report, p. 205, 1909. 158 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. reached a depth of 2,000 feet. The well was non-flowing and the water salty. No adequate record of this well was kept, and it is not known to what depth the well was cased, nor whether or not there was any attempt made to drill beyond and case off the salty water. The second well was drilled, in 1909-10, by S. O. Johnson and reached a total depth of 1010 feet. This well is cased about 150 feet. It is non-flowing and salty. Two samples of water from this well have been received from Mr. Johnson. One is said to have been taken from the water near the top of the well : the other from near the bottom of the well. The first of these samples contains chlorine 2,340 parts per million parts water. The sample said to have come from the bottom of the well contains 1358 parts chlorine per million parts water. THE SOUTHERN GULF COAST AREA. Flowing wells have been obtained in areas of low elevation at Tampa, St. Petersburg and elsewhere, along the Gulf Coast for some distance north of St. Petersburg. It is only near the sea level in this northward extent of the area that a flow is to bo expected. In Manatee County, along the Manatee River, strong flowing wells have been obtained ; some of them having a pressure of eight or more pounds. The wells in this county are used extensively for irrigation. In DeSoto County flowing wells occur at Punta Gorda, and along Peace Creek into Polk County. Some of the wells at Punta Gorda have a head of about fifty feet. In Lee County flowing wells have been obtained at Ft. Myers, along the Caloosahatchee River to Labelle, and in the interior southeast of Ft. Myers. In the well of A. P. Miller, of Ft. Myers, having a depth of 535 feet the water was found to be under a pressure of 17 pounds, giving it a head of 39 feet above the surface. The southward extent of this flowing area has not been determined. Approaching the southern limit the amount of salt in the water increases, certain of the wells toward the southern part of Lee County becoming too salty for use. The Vicksburg Limestone is probably the water bearing formation in Southern as in Eastern Florida. Whether or not flowing wells can be obtained in the Ever- WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 159 glades, east and south of Lake Okeechobee, has not been deter- mined as no wells have been drilled in this part of the State. While definite information is lacking-, it is considered probable that flowing wells will be obtained within the Everglades ; particularly toward the western side. Subsequent records may show that the Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast flowing areas are connected bv way of the Everglades and around Lake Okeechobee. While the northern limit of the Southern Gulf Coast area has been given as the Pinellas Peninsula, from recent well records it seems probable that a flow may be obtained north of this limit, and possibly entirely around the Gulf Coast. Two wells have reached this deeper flow, one at Crystal River, in Citrus County, and one at Perry, in Taylor County. The well in Taylor County reached a depth of 1,199 feet. The total dissolved solids in this water, as shown by analysis made by the State Chemist, is 5,650 parts per million parts water. The chlorine alone amounts to 590 parts per million parts water. The water is reported to have medicinal qualities. The well in Citrus County reached a depth of 1,900 feet. The following is an analysis of the water from this well made for the State Survey by the State Chemist in 1907: Ingredients. Parts per million. Calcium oxide (CaO) 1,385.0 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 480.6 Sulphate (SO 4 ) 2,684.0 Chlorine (Cl) 903.9 Silica (SiO 2 ) 30.0 Total solids WESTERN GULF COAST AREA. The Western Gulf Coast area begins at Carrabelle, in Franklin County, and extends to the western line of the State. The flow along this westward extension of the State is evidently due to the rapid southward dip of the formations exposed along the northern line of the State, and in southern Georgia and Ala- bama. Both the Oligocene and the Miocene formations exposed 160 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. along the Ocklocknee, Apalachicola and other rivers crossing Western Florida, from north to south, dip and pass from view in approaching the coast. It is doubtless from these or from later formations that the flowing water of this section is obtained. At Apalachicola the artesian water has a head bringing it only a few feet above the surface. The wells at this locality vary in depth from 350 to 620 feet. A number of deep wells have been drilled along St. Andrews Bay, in Washington County. The artesian water in this section will rise several feet above sea level. One of the city wells at Panama City is reported to flow 13.02 feet above the surface, or about 15 feet above sea level. A second city well, located on higher ground, is non-flowing although drilled to a depth of 630 feet. Several wells, ranging in depth from 181 to 210 feet, have been drilled along Choctawhatchee Bay, in Walton County. A strong flow is obtained in this section. A well 210 feet deep, 3 miles south of Freeport, owned by the Baker-Wingfield Company, had a pressure when measured September 22, 1910, of 15 pounds, equivalent to a head of 34.65 feet above surface. Another we 'I near by, 189 feet deep, belonging to the Choctawhatchee Lumber Company, had a pressure on the same date of 12^2 pounds, equiva- lent to a head of 28.87 feet above the surface. Both of these wells are located on low ground, near sea level. A well, 181 feet deep, belonging to Messrs. J. C. Blackburn and J. N. McLain, located on higher ground, in the town of Freeport, had a pressure of Q l / 2 pounds, equivalent to a head above the surface of 15 feet. At Pensacola, and generally along the coast in Escambia County., good flowing wells are obtained. A well at Northrop, 1,030 feet deep, belonging to Stephen Lee, is reported to have a head of 60 feet above the surface. At Muscogee a well, 175 feet deep, belonging to the Southern States Lumber Company, is reported to have a head of 38 feet above the surface. A well on Bayou Grande, near Pensacola, belonging to Messrs. Stephen and W. F. Lee, is reported to be 1,000 feet deep and to have a pressure of 24 pounds, equivalent to a head of 55.44 feet above the surface. The temperature of the water is given as 92 degrees F. and the flow as 225,000 gallons per day. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 161 Among the isolated flowing wells in the State two at Grace- ville, in Jackson County, are of especial interest. The first well at this locality was drilled some years ago by Mr. F. J. White. When first drilled, Air. White says, the well flowed slightly above the surface, but soon afterwards ceased to flow. On the day fol- lowing the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906, however, the well was observed to be flowing, and it has continued flowing from that date. The second well at Graceville was drilled in 1910 for the city by Mr. C. D. Williams. This well is 287 feet deep. The water has a head sufficient to rise about 2 feet above the surface. The well is eight inches in diameter for 161 feet, and six inches to the bottom. The flow is estimated at 20 gallons per minutes. Although no well samples have been obtained it seems probable from the driller's notes that the wells at this lo- cality pass through the Yicksburg Limestone and enter an under- lying formation. A well drilled as a test well for oil about six miles south of Chipley, in Washington County, is said to have flowed at a depth of about 1,250 feet. During 1912 flowing wells were obtained at and near Ponce de Leon, in Holmes County. These wells vary in depth from 200 to 213 feet. The water rises 5 to 6 feet above the surface. After passing through about 100 to 130 feet of sands, sandstone, and blue marl, limestone is reached from which the artesian water is obtained. The following is a log of one of these wells drilled for the town of Ponce de Leon. This well flows 65 gallons per minute and has a head of six feet above the surface. The record is by the drillers, M. J. Gray & Company. Feet. Coarse yellow sand 0- 10 White sandy clay 10-39 Yellow sand 39- 43 Sandstone 43- 60 Blue marl 60-130 White limestone 130-203 162 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. DISCUSSION BY COUNTIES NASSAU COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Nassau County lies bordering the Atlantic Ocean in extreme northeastern Florida. The St. Mary's River, taking its source in Okefenokee and other swamps along the Florida-Georgia boun- dary line, after flowing south and southeast until approximately on a parallel with the mouth of the St. Johns River, turns abrupt- ly and flows directly north for a distance of 30 miles. From this point the river flows slightly south of east to the Atlantic. Nas- sau County occupies the northern and western part of the penin- sula-like extension of Florida formed by the northward bend of this river, the northern and western boundaries of the county being formed by the river. The surface is in general level or rolling. The highest eleva- tion found within the county is near the western side, where a flat-topped ridge extends north and south, lying only a few miles distant from the St. Marys river. Towns lying on this ridge are as follows : Boulogne, elevation TO feet ; Hilliard, elevation 66 feet; Crawford, elevation 85 feet; Kent, elevation 70 feet Some places on this ridge may exceed 100 feet in elevation. Aside from this ridge no points are recorded in Nassau County having an elevation reaching 50 feet. That part of the county east of this ridge, including fully two thirds of the county, is lower in elevation and is prevailingly 'of the open flatwoods type of soil. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. Up to the present time the identification of the age and char- acter of the different strata encountered in drilling in Nassau County has been difficult owing to the fact that no complete set of well samples from any well in this county has been obtained. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FIX)RIDA. 163 From an incomplete set of samples from the J. R. Wilson well at Callahan, kindly saved by the driller, Mr. H. C. Russell, it is seen that limestone was encountered at a depth of from 212 to 255 feet. The limestone was very hard and massive and no fos- sils were observed in the sample. Just above this stratum of rock is reported a twelve foot layer of sand and black pebbles, and in fact these black pebbles were seen imbedded in the underlying limestone. Water is reported to flow from this depth. Below this stratum of rock 100 feet of blue marl with inclusions of several thin strata of shells is reported. In a sample from this stratum the sand was gray in color and the grains were round in outline. The black pebbles, smaller than those in the above stratum, occur also at this depth but may have dropped down from above. At a depth of from 355 to 364 feet a very hard rock is reported, but no further notes were made of this and no samples kept. From 364 to 418 feet indurated gray sand and blue marl are reported and immediately below this is encountered a rock, apparently limestone, in which the water is reported to increase in head and in volume of flow as each hard layer is pene- trated. From all information that could be gathered it seems probable that this limestone is the Vicksburg. Exposures of clayey, impure limestones are found along the St. Marys River, at High Bluff, about six miles and at Saw Pit Bluff, about two miles above the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge ; also at Chalk Bluff and at Orange Bluff, near King's Ferry. The section at Saw Pit Bluff is as follows Feet. Slicky blue clay with some soil 5 Impure .limestone o At Chalk Bluff, about two miles above King's Ferry, the fol- lowing section was observed : Feet. Sticky blue clay with some soil at top 2 Calcareous clay resembling fuller's earth 2 White chalky material 1 Clay resembling fuller's earth 2 164 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Going down the river from Kings Ferry no rock or shell ex- posures are seen until Reeds Bluff, near Crandall, is reached. This bluff, which lies on the Florida side of the St. Mary's River, is semi-circular in shape and is about three-fourths of a mile long. The following section was made near the middle of this bluff: Feet. Incoherent pale yellow sands 20-40 Oyster shell reef imbedded in fine, sandy clay 10-15 Blue sands and sandy clays oxidizing yellow 10-20 The oyster reef in this section rests irregularly upon the un- derlying sands, the base of the reef being 10 to 20 feet above low tide. The oyster reef extends about two hundred feet along the face of the blufi. The unusual thickness of the loose yellow sands at the top of the bluff is due to the fact that the upward moving currents of air carry sand as it is loosened along the face of the bluff to the top, where it accumulates as a sand dune. Roses Bluff, also on the Florida side of the river, about two miles below Crandall, is semi-circular in shape and is fully two miles long. The following section was made near the middle of this bluff: Feet. Dark colored sand and soil 4 Dark iron-stained sand (hardpan) 7 Ochre yellow sand S Sand with some clay 5 Sandy shell bearing marl, blue, oxidizing yellow 4 Sloping to water's edge at low tide 5 33 AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN NASSAU COUNTY. That part of Nassau County in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated on the accompanying map by shading. Flowing wells may be obtained as shown by the map, Fig. 6, in approximately the eastern twc-thirds of the county. A rela- tively small area, including the ridge already mentioned, lying near the western part of the county and extending north and south, parallel with the St. Marys River, stands too high to obtain WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 165 flowing wells. In this section, however, non-flowing artesian water may be obtained which will stand within a few feet of the surface. LOCAL DETAILS. CALLAHAN. There are several flowing wells at and in the vicinity of Cal- lahan, varying from 410 to 489.7 feet in depth. Three different w r ater-bearing strata are reported in all the deeper wells at Cal- lahan, the first occurring at about 50, the second at from 160 to 200, and the third at 400 to 425 feet. The water from the first stratum does not flow, but rises to within 6 to 10 feet of the surface, and is found in a shell formation. The water from the other two strata rises from 28 to 48 feet above the surface. The first deep or artesian well at Callahan was drilled in 1904. This well was put down at the instance of several of the residents, by D. C. Stafford. It is a three-inch well and reported to be about 400 feet deep. The main source of domestic water supply at Callahan until the completion of ihis well had been shallow wells. These wells, which vary in depth from 25 to 60 feet, obtain their water supply chiefly from the underlying sands and clays. The water from these sands and clays, while soft and very desirable for domestic purposes, seemed to be contami- nated by surface impurities as was indicated by the many cases of typhoid fever. Several of the citizens suspected that this sick- ness was due to the drinking of this surface water and their combined efforts resulted in the completion of this first artesian well. Since the completion of this and other deep wells the healthfulness of the locality has greatly improved. A three-inch well drilled for J. R. Wilson in 1908 by H. C. Russell reached a total depth of 412 feet. It is reported cased 188 feet and has a pressure of 21 pounds, as shown by the pres- sure gauge February 3, 1910, or a head of 48.51 feet above the surface. The elevation of the depot at Callahan, as given by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, is 20 feet above sea. The location of the above well is approximately 2 feet lower than the depot. 166 FLORIDA STATE; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. or about 18 feet above sea, thus making a total head of 66.51 feet above sea. Another three-inch well was drilled by H. C. Russell for T. R. Wells & Brother. This well, reached a total depth of 420 feet and is cased 192 feet. The pressure of this well, as shown by the pressure gauge, February 3, 1910, was 19 pounds or a head of 43.89 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well is approximately 3 feet higher than the depot or 5 feet higher than the Wilson well. The head would thus be 66.89 feet above sea or about the same as that of the Wilson well. In February, 1910. H. C. Russell completed a second well for J. R. W r ilson. This well is located about three-fourths of a mile east of Callahan. It is a three-inch well and reaches a total depth of 489.7 feet. 212 feet of 3-inch casing was used. The first flow in this well was encountered at 200 feet, the second at 275 feet and the third at 425 feet. Although the drilling in this well was continued to a depth of 489.7 feet it is reported that no increase of water was obtained below 460 feet. The following is a log of this well as constructed from the notes kept by the driller and from samples of the drillings saved by him.: Feet. Sand 0- 2 Red clay 2-10 Blue clay and sand 10- 45 Shell deposit, including a thin layer of hard rock at 52 ft. Water above and below this rock comes to within ten feet of surface 45- 60 Blue marl with occasional beds of shells 3 or 4 feet thick and containing black to dark gray water-worn pebbles. 60-200 Medium coarse sand with numerous very small black grains or pebbles. A flow was obtained at this depth 200-212 Limestone (sample) 212-255 Blue marl and fine sands with inclusions of several thin strata of shell. (Sample) 255-355 Very hard rock 355-364 Indurated gray sand and blue marl 364-418 Rock, hard and soft strata with increase of flow upon pene- trating each hard stratum. No increase reported below 460 feet. Driller reports the rock to be closer grained from 460 to 489.7 feet, and not containing much water.. 418-489. 7 WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 167 CRANDALL. Two wells are reported at Cranclall, both of which are owned by Messrs. L. A. Davis & Brother. These wells are three inches in diameter and both are reported cased to a depth of 80 feet. One was drilled to a depth of 480 feet; the other *.c a depth of 450 feet. The water is reported to rise 35 feet above the surface. The water from one of the wells is used for the boiler supply at the sawmill and is said to form a hard scale. The other well is used for general drinking purposes. EVERGREEN. Flowing wells are obtained at Evergreen postoffice, a village about four miles distant from Evergreen st-ition on the Sea- board Air Line Railway. A well owned by Mr. L. L. Owens and drilled by Mr. D. C. Stafford in 1909 is about 500 feet deep. It is two inches in diameter and is reported cased 270 feet. The water is reported to rise 25 feet above the surface. FERNANDINA. Fernandina, the county seat of Nassau County, is located in the northeastern part of the county, on Amelia Island. This is- land is thirteen miles long and is from one to three miles wide. The greater portion is low and flat, while other parts are gently undulating. The highest elevation on the island is to be found along the line of sand dunes bordering the ocean. The dune on which the lighthouse is placed reaches an elevation of abotu 55 feet above the sea. The first flow of water in and near Fernandina is reported to be encountered at a depth of from 400 to 500 feet after drilling through a considerable thickness of sand and blue to greenish clay or marl. The water at this depth, as indicated by notes obtained from well drillers, comes from a sand stratum confined there by the overlying, very compact, blue to greenish clays. The second water bearing stratum or chief source of supply is obtained at or about the depth of HOO feet. In the log of the 168 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. new well at the city water works limestone or what was termed by the driller, Mr. H. Walker, "water rock" was encountered at a depth of 556 feet. This was reported to consist of alternating hard and soft strata and the flow of water to increase with depth as each hard stratum was penetrated. The first well drilled on Amelia Island was put down for the City of Fernandina by Messrs. Wade and Hampton in 1888. This well is located 5 blocks east of the city postoffice and is eight inches in diameter and was drilled to a total depth of 640 feet. It is reported cased 618 feet. At this depth an abundance of flowing water was obtained but as the well subsequently be- came filled with sand the flow decreased to such an extent thar in order to get a sufficient amount of water to supply the city pumping had to be resorted to. Later the well was drilled deeper to a depth of 731 feet. The flow, however, is reported not to be as great as it was originally, although the deepening of the well increased the amount of flow to such an extent that the pumping of the water became unnecessary. This well is reported to have had a pressure of 14 pounds when first drilled in 1888. The following record of measurements of the flow of this well were kindly supplied by Mr. R. V. Nolan, superintendent of the City Waterworks. Flow of well. Date. Gallons per day. 1890 1,152,000 1902 641,832 1904 '. 495,408 1905 i 440,564 1907 425,952 1909 408,000 In 1906 a second well was drilled for the city by Mr. H Walker. This well contains 120 feet of 10-inch casing; 356 feet of 8-inch casing; and 455 feet of six-inch casing and is drilled to a total depth of 733 feet. The head of the water in this we'i as shown by the' pressure gauge January 28, 1910, was 14 pounds to the square inch or 32.3 feet above the surface elevation of the well, which is about 29 feet above sea, thus making a total head WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 169 of 61.3 feet above sea. The flow of this well in 1909 was 672,- 000 gallons per day. The following is a log of the new well at the City Waterworks as given by Mr. H. Walker, the driller: Feet. Sand 0-110 Medium hard rock 110-126 Sand and clay 126-185 'Clay 185-400 Sand 400-450 Green clay 450-512 Rock 512-517 Blue clay 517-556 Limestone, termed "bed rock," with alternating hard and soft strata 556-733 A well three and one-fourth miles south of Fernandina owned by the Nassau Truck & Farm Company was drilled by J. W. Wiggins in 1909. This is a six-inch well, 650 feet deep and cased 442 feet. The first hard rock is reported at a depth of 500 feet. The pressure of this well was taken January 14, 1910, and was found to be 20y 2 pounds or a pressure sufficient to cause the water to rise 47.3 feet above the surface. The following is a log of this well as constructed from the notes kept and kindly made available by Mr. Walter Schucht, Superintendent of the company: Feet. Muck 0- 3 Hardpan. A small flow just below this 3- 9 Sand 9-100 Blue clay. A good flow of water reported 100-200 Sand 200-400 Coarse sand and black pebbles 400-500 Hard rock 500-630 Limestone, hard and soft strata. Increase of flow upon breaking through each hard stratum 630-650 The following is an analysis of the water drawn from this well January 14, 1910. Analysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst : 170 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Constituents. Parts per million. Silica, (SiO 2 ) 24.0 Chlorine, (Cl) 30.0 Sulphates, (SO 4 ) 133.0 Phosphates, (PO 4 ) 0.0 Carbonates, (CO 3 ) 0.0 Bicarbonates, (HCOa) 195.0 Sodium and Potassium (Na & K) 30.0 Magnesium (Mg) 13.0 Calcium (Ca) 55.0 Iron and Alumina, (Fe & Al) Trace Loss on Ignition 130 . Total dissolved solids 500.0 A well just across Amelia River and about two miles south- west of Fernandina was driven by James Jones for L. G. Hirth. The well is 94 feet deep, two inches in diameter and the water stands 7 feet below the surface. The following is an analysis of the water from this well made by Dr. E. R. Flint, Chemist, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. : Constituents. Parts per million. Free Ammonia None Albuminoid Ammonia Slight Trace Nitrites Slight Trace Nitrates None Chlorine 20.40 Total Solids 192.01 Organic and Volatile Solids 30 . 00 Hardness (CaCO 3 ) 54.85 Permanent Hardness None HILLIAR'D. Milliard is located in northwestern Nassau County, on the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, and about eight miles distant from the St. Marys River. No flowing wells have been reported in this part of the county, the elevation being too great. The eleva- tion of the depot at Milliard as recorded by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad is 6G feet. Mr. D. W. Griffing has kindly fur- WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 171 nished several points of elevation covering the property of the Cornwall Farm Land Company The only deep well reported at Milliard is owned by The Cornwall Farm Land Company and was drilled by J. W. Wig- gins in 1909. It is an eight-inch well, 648*/i feet in depth and cased about 400 feet. The elevation at the well is somewhat above the depot and the water is reported to rise to within 12 feet of the surface. Hard rock was encountered at 300 feet and the principal supply of water is reported as being obtained from the depth of 400 feet. The following is an analysis of the water from this well. Analysis by the Chemical and Engineering Com- pany, 35 Kinzie Street, Chicago, 111. : Constituents. Parts per million. Organic Matter 37.0 Silica 36.0 Calcium Carbonate (Lime 91. parts per mil.) 151.0 Calcium Sulphate 16.0 Magnesium Sulphate 105 . Magnesium Chloride 40 . 8 Sodium Chloride (common salt) 20.3 ITALIA. One deep well is reported at Italia. This well is now owned by McLeod Bros. & Airth and was drilled in 1905. It is a 2-inch well and reached a total depth of 430-f- feet. It is reported cased 40 feet and to have a head of 30 feet above the surface. KING'S FERRY. Kings Ferry is located on the St. Marys River, about 30 miles up the river from Fernandina. One deep well owned by W. J. Carlton is reported from Kings Ferry. This well is two inches in diameter and about 400 feet deep and was drilled in 1909 by D. C. Stafford. The pressure of this well could not be ascer- tained but it furnishes a strong flow and was reported to rise more than 31 feet above the surface in a one-inch pipe. 172 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. LESSIE. A deep well at Lessie, owned by J. R. Wilson & Company and drilled by D. C. Stafford, is reported to have a depth of 450 feet. It is a two-inch well and furnishes an abundant supply of water. LOFTON. The well of J. W. Rodgers at Lofton was bored in 1906 and is reported to have a depth of 510 feet. It is two inches in diameter and gives a good flow, but the height to which the water would rise above the surface was not learned The water from the well is used for general domestic purposes and to supply the turpentine still. DUVAL COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Duval County joins Nassau County on the south, and is sepa- rated from it by the Nassau River and its. tributary, Thomas Creek. The St. Johns River flows through Duval County. The surface drainage from this county is carried off largely through these rivers and their tributaries. The surface is in general flat or but slightly rolling. The surface elevation rises gradually from sea level. The highest elevation reached is found in the southwestern part of the county, where the "Trail Ridge" forms part of the boundary. A narrow strip along this part of the county exceeds 100 feet in elevation. With this exception practically all parts of this county lie below the 100-foot contour line, while much of the area lies below the 25-foot contour line. The elevations in Nassau and Duval Counties have been ob- tained from various sources. An important line of levels extend- ing from Trout Creek across Nassau and Duval Counties in a southwesterly direction, made during the summer of 1909, in con- nection with a preliminary survey for a ship canal across Florida, were kindly made available for this purpose in the office of the WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 173 United States Engineer at Jacksonville. Similar surveys made by the same office in 1879 supplied elevations from Fernandina MANDINA Fig. 6. Map of flowing area of Nassau and Duval Counties. The area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading. to Maxville and at various points along the St. Marys River.* In addition much information as to elevations has been obtained *Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1880, pp. 973-1010. 174 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. from the profiles of the several railroads crossing this section, particularly the Seaboard Air Line from Jacksonville to Maxville, the Florida East Coast from Jacksonville to Mayport and the Atlantic Coast Line from Jacksonville to the St. Marys River. From Jacksonville westward the rise in elevation, as shown by the profile of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, is very gradual to a point three miles west of Jacksonville where an elevation of 27 feet is reached. From this summit the elevation drops off slightly, the elevation of Cedar Creek being 17 feet. Beyond Cedar Creek the elevation rises more rapidly. Marietta station is approximately GO feet above sea. The summit of this rise is reached two miles west of Marietta \vhere the elevation is 94 feet. White House station is 82 feet above sea Beyond McGirts Creek one and one-half miles an elevation of 91 feet is reached. From this point there is a very gradual slope to Baldwin, this latter place being 86 feet above sea. South from Baldwin the contour rises in general, reaching an elevation of 93 feet at Max- ville and 100 feet one-half mile beyond the county line. The line of levels run by United States Engineers extends from Trout Creek, passing just to the south of Brandy Branch station, or Bryceville postoffice. The summit elevation in Nas- sau and Duval Counties along this line occurs about four miles northeast of Brandy Branch, where an elevation of 90 feet is lecorded. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. The deeper wells in Duval County reach and terminate in the Vicksburg Limestone. This is known to be the case at Jack- sonville, at which place the Vicksburg is reached at approxi- mately five hundred feet from the surface. The wells at Jack- sonville, the deepest of which reach a total depth of something over a thousand feet, do not, so far as the records show, pass entirely through the Vicksburg. The formations lying above the Vicksburg are less charac- teristic lithologically and are not easily differentiated. The sur- face deposits include both recent and Pleistocene material. During a part of Pleistocene time this section of the State stood at a WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 175 lower level than at present, permitting the ocean to extend inland some distance beyond the present coast line. Conrad* has re- *Conrad, T. A., Am. Journ. Sci. (2) 11, 38, 1846. corded the occurrence of marine shell deposits of post-Pliocene age along the banks of the St. Johns River at an elevation of from ten to fifteen feet above the present high tide. Conrad also reports a similar post-Pliocene deposit about one-half mile from the bank of the river near the ancient village of Hasard. Marl deposits are said to occur near the mouth of the St. Johns River, on the banks of Ft. George Inlet. That the depression of the coast during Pleistocene time was general is indicated by the records from several other localities. Beneath the Pleistocene, Pliocene deposits probably occur over some parts of the county. The total thickness of the Pleistocene and Pliocene, if both are represented, is, however, not great, as the fossiliferous Miocene limestone was reached at Jacksonville, in the boring at the city well, at a depth of 33 feet. AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN DUVAL COUNTY. The area of artesian flow in Duval County is indicated on the accompanying map by shading. As will be observed the flowing area borders the Atlantic coast, Nassau and St. Johns Rivers and extends some distance inland, following each smaller stream and tributary. The wells in western Duval County are non- flowing. A topographic map of this section would assist in deter- mining flowing and non-flowing sections, since the flow is to a large extent correlated with elevation. It is to be borne in mind, however, that artesian water depends primarily upon the struc- ture of the underlying formations and these formations are liable to variations of which there is no surface indication. For this reason, while the map indicates the area of probable flow the exact limits of the area are best determined by drilling. 176 FLORIDA STATE; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. LOCAL DETAILS. BALDWIN. Baldwin is located on the Seaboard Air Line Railway, nine- teen miles west of Jacksonville. The elevation is approximately 8G feet above sea. Three wells have been drilled at or near Bald- win. The deepest of these, located at the Atlantic Coast Line Rail- road crossing, one-half mile north of Baldwin, is reported to reach a total depth of 580 feet and is cased 511 feet. A second well nearby reaches a depth of 100 feet. A third well located at Bald- win reaches a depth of 92 feet. All of these wells are non-flowing, although the water rises within a few feet of the surface. The distance at which the water stands from the surface in the deep weli is not reported beyond 'the statement that the well is non- flowing. BAYARD. Bayard is located on the Florida East Coast Railway, fifteen miles south of Jacksonville. The elevation of this place is ap- proximately 22 feet above sea. Flowing water is obtained at Bayard, one well having been put down for the Carter-Lucas Co. This is a three-inch well, reported to have been drilled to a depth of 280 feet. The water here will rise at least fifteen feet above the surface. JACKSONVILLE. The large number of wells occurring at Jacksonville precludes the possibility of listing or describing all. Probably not less than five hundred flowing wells occur in or near this city. The first flow obtained at Jacksonville, according to the rec- ords of the city well, was a light flow from a depth of 487 feet. A large flow, however, is not obtained until the drill enters the Vicksburg limestones, at a depth of about 524 feet. After reach- ing the Vicksburg the flow increases upon breaking each compact layer. At a depth of 632 feet the flow in the new city well was found to be one million gallons per day. At a depth of 980 feet WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 177 the same well supplied a flow of two million gallons per day. The material penetrated in the drilling at Jacksonville, for a depth of about 500 feet, consists largely of clays, sandy clays, and sands with some fossiliferous limestone and some shell de- posits. From about 500 to 524 feet the record shows considerable dense hard rock. After penetrating this stratum the limestones of the Vicksburg group are reached.. The water supply for the city of Jacksonville is obtained from artesian wells. At present ten artesian wells are in use. Details as to the depth and construction of these wells will be found in the table of well records Nos. 1 to 10. The log of well No. 6 was given in the Second Annual Report, p. 109. The samples from which this log was made were obtained by Superintendent Ellis by first drilling an eight-inch well, and afterwards reaming it out to a ten-inch well. The following is the record of the new city well at Jackson- ville. Sample of drillings from this well, together with notes on the materials penetrated, were kindly kept by Mr. S. L. Hughes of the Hughes Specialty Well Drilling Company, of Charleston, South Carolina : Filled ground and sand - 15 Sand with some clay 15 - 33 Sandy limestone, yellowish or light buff in color 33 - 37 Light colored clay marl 37 - 70 Blue sticky clay with black phosphatic pebbles 70 -100 Marls, usually green or olive green in color containing variable amount of sand, and clay. Black phosphatic pebbles together with some shell fragments occur throughout the marl. Occasional thin layers of light colored limestone are reported within this interval. First flow of water at 270 feet 5 gallons per minute 100 -320 Buff clay resembling fuller's earth mixed as seen in the sample, with green sandy marl 320 -340 Greenish and sandy clayey marl 340 -390 Indurated sands or sandstones 390 -396 Greenish sandy marls 396 -415 Light colored limestone 415 -420 Greenish calcareous sandy clay 420 -434 Dark colored hard sand rock . . . . 434 -435 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. . 462 -490 Olive green calcareous sandy clay Light sandy marl Green sandy marl Dark sandy clay ..... Very hard dark or gray sand rock Silicified and very hard shell rock with siliceous phos- phatic pebbles. After passing through this rock the flow is increased to 112 gallons per minute, tem- perature 71 degrees F. / 493 -498 Light colored marl 4 - Hard rock ; 50 - 506 Light gray sandv calcareous rock with black phosphatic pebbles ..." 506 - 510 Feet. Light colored fossiliferous limestone (Vicksburg). Upon reaching this formation the flow is increased to 200 gallons per minute. At 625 to 635 feet the harder stratum was drilled through, which flowed 500 gallons per minute, temperature 74 degrees F. At 680 feet the water pressure measured, as shown by the gauge, 12 pounds 310-680 Limestone, prevailing brownish in color, and as a rule hard- er than above. Occasional thin layers of marl and shell. Slight increase of flow at 780, water pressure at 900 feet 15 pounds ; flow about 900 gallons per minute ; temperature 74 degrees F 680-900 Limestone similar in character to above, but as a rule not so hard. Flow at 980 feet, 1,500 to 2,000 gallons per minute 900-980 The Vicksburg Limestone was reached in this well at a depth of about 510 feet. The first 170 feet of the Vicksburg is prevail- ingly light colored or white and fossiliferous. Below 680 feet the limestone is as a rule brownish in color, compact and harder in texture and not so fossiliferous. The amount of flow, the pressure and the temperature increased as the deeper layers of the Vicksburg Limestone were penetrated. The formations lying above the Vicksburg Limestone can scarcely be differentiated. The Jacksonville formation, Miocene, is reached at the depth of 33 feet. At about 320 feet some clays resembling fuller's earth were obtained. At from 415 to 420 feet light colored clayey limestones were encountered. With these WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 179 exceptions the interval from 37 feet to 510 feet consists largely of an olive green sandy marl. An analysis of the water of the public supply at Jacksonville was made in 1898. Analyst, Albert Leeds, Stevens Institute of Technology. The analysis is as follows : Grains per Constituents. U. S. gallon. Silica and insoluble matter. Alumina Carbonate of lime Sulphate of lime Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of soda Chlorides of soda Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia . 0.729 0.047 3.866 4.053 2.927 5.843 4.811 Parts per million. 12.497 8.057 66.274 69.480 50.177 100.166 82.474 0.143 0.044 The following is an analysis of the water from the well of the Florida East Coast Railway, at South Jacksonville. The well is 651 feet deep. The analysis is by the American Water Soften- er Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Grains per Parts per Constituents. U. S. gallon, million. Calcium carbonate 32 5.48 Calcium sulphate 15.00 257.14 . Calcium chloride 1.23 21.08 Magnesium carbonate 5.94 101.82 Sodium chloride 0.69 11.82 Free carbon dioxide 0.41 7.02 Iron, aluminum and silica 0.09 1.54 Incrusting solids 22.59 387.26 Non-incrusting solids 0.60 11.82 Total solids... 25.90 444.00 The following is a log of this well obtained through Mr. G. A. Miller, as reported by the driller, Mr. H. Walker. Feet. Dark sand 0- 6 Clay 6- 7 White sand 7- 9 Gravel . . C- 13 180 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. White clay 13- 17 White clay and sand 17- 31 Hard rock, clay and rock 31- 35 Blue clay 35-50 Rock 50- 56 White clay and sand 56- 89 Sand 89- 90 White clay and sand 90-129 Soft rock 129-130 Blue clay and sand 130-200 Loose sand 200-201 Tough clay and sand 201-310 Sand 310-312 Loose sand : 312-355 Clay and sand 355-365 Clay 365-387 Clay and gravel 387-388 R ck : 388-396 White clay 396-406 Rock and clay 406-412 Hard rock 412-414 Clay with thin strata of soft rock 414-451 Clay and sand 451-465 Blue cla y 465-477 Sand 477-481 Soft sandy rock... 481 _ 486 Sand ' 486-492 49"-501 r Ck ' ' "".".""SOI-SIO r0ck 510-536 536-650 MANDARIN. Mandarin lies within the flowing area which borders the St Johns River. Several wells have been put down in this section. 11 near Mandarin, drilled by H. Walker for J D Mead reached a total depth of 600 feet. This well is cased 377 feet the water is reported as rising 60 feet above the surface WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 181 MANHATTAN BEACH. The following is a log of a well drilled at Manhattan Beach by H. VanDorn for the Florida East Coast Railway. This well flows 15,000 gallons per hour through a two-inch pipe. The pressure at the surface is 20.5 pounds. The record has been obtained through Mr. G. A. Miller. Feet. Sand 0-35 Clay 35-47 Clay resembling soapstone 47- 90 Clay 90-140 Soft rock 140-155 Clay 155-160 Soft rock 160-170 Sand and clay 170-185 Sand 185-210 Clay 210-275 Rock 275-280 Clay 280-290 Rock 290-292 Sand and clay 292-310 Rock 310-311 Clay 311-320 Sand and clay 320-340 Clay 340-350 Sand 350-357 Clay 357-361 Rock 361-363 Clay 363-369 Rock 369-370 Clay 370-385 Rock 385-387 Sand 387-390 Rock 390-391 Clay 391-395 Rock 395-396 Clay 396-398 Rock 398-404 Water-bearing rock 404-450 Soft rock 450-490 Hard rock 490-520 Water-bearing rock 520-540 182 FLORIDA STATS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Hard and soft rock in thin layers 340-555 Soft rock 555-576 Hard and soft rock in thin layers 576-600 MAXVILLE. Maxville is located on the Seaboard Air Line Railway, near the southwestern corner of Duval County. The elevation at this point is, according to the profiles of the railroad, about 93 feet above sea. A well drilled at this place in 1902 for Mr. R. V. Douglass is reported to have reached the depth of 650 feet. This well is non-flowing. MAY PORT. The following is an analysis of the water of the well of the Florida East Coast Railway at Mayport. The well is 600 feet deep and has a pressure of 22 pounds. Analysis by the American Water Softener Company, Philadelphia, Pa. : Grains per Parts per Constituents. U. S. gallon, million. Calcium c.-irbonate 3-57 60 20 Calcium sulphate 5 33 91 37 Magnesium carbonate 4. 46 76 ' 43 Sodium carbonate 70 3 .> 00 Sodium chloride 245 4? 00 Free carbon dioxide 32 5 48 Iron, aluminum and silica 33 5 65 Incrusting solids " 13 ' 69 234 ' 6g Non-,ncrusting solids 3 . 13 53 _ 6 - Total solids 18 09 The following is a log of a well drilled at Mayport by B S Partndge for the Florida East Coast Railway. The record 'has >cen made available by Mr. G. A. Miller : Sand and muck Feet Rock . - 57 Sand 5? - G1 Rock .. tn - 85 85- 87 WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 183 Clay 87-160 Rock ! 160-165 Clay 165-200 Sand 200-240 Clay 240-275 Rock 275-280 Sand 280-350 Rock 350-353 Clay 353-363 Rock 363-366 Clay 366-375 Rock 375-379 Sand 379-400 Clay .400-440 Soft rock 440-447 Soft water-bearing rock 447-627 Hard rock .. ...627-630 ST. JOHNS COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. St. Johns County lies in northeastern Florida, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. On the north it joins Duval County and on the south Volusia County. The western boundary is formed by the St. Johns River. The county has a total length of sixty miles. In width it varies from eighteen to twenty-four miles. The total area is approximately 1,000 square miles. Owing to the location of St. Johns County between the St. Johns River, on the west, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the east, no great variation in elevation is to be expected. It is probable, however, that small areas in the interior of the county lie above the fifty-foot contour. In passing from St. Augustine to Jack- sonville, levels made by the Florida East Coast Railway show near the county line an elevation over a small area of 57 feet. The greatest elevation recorded between St. Augustine and Hast- ings is in the vicinity of Kurds. A line of levels run from the coast at St. Augustine, at the instance of Mr. B. A. Carter, gave for Hurds an elevation of thirty-eight feet. Levels obtained from the U. S. Engineers' Office, Jacksonville, Florida, give, for a point 184 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. a short distance east of Hurds, a level of thirty-six feet. From East Palatka south information regarding elevation is unfortu- nately very deficient. From the fact that such wells as have been put down at Dinner Island, Espanola, Bunnell and Dupont, are non-flowing, it is probable that this part of the county is above the twenty-five-foot contour line, and parts of this area may, in fact, approach or exceed the fifty-foot contour. Along the west side of the county bordering the St. Johns River areas varying in width from 3 to 10 or more miles lie below the twenty-five- foot contour line. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. The Vicksburg Limestone is the chief source of the artesian water supply of St. Johns County, although a small flow is prob- ably obtained before reaching this formation. The Vicksburg Limestone consists of alternating hard and soft fossiliferous strata and is usually easily recognized. At St. Augustine, accord- ing to determinations made by Dr. W. H. Dall,* fossils charac- teristic of this formation were obtained from a depth of 224 feet. At Hastings, 17 miles southwest of St. Augustine, well records indicate that a limestone similar in character to the Vicksburg is reached at a depth of from 175 to 200 feet. At Orange Mills, in Putnam County, 3 miles southwest of Hastings, Orbitoides, ap- parently representing some member of the Vicksburg group, were obtained at a depth reported at 110 feet. At the time the sample was received the well was drilled to a total depth of only 130 feet. Toward the northern part of St. Johns County the Vicksburg Limestone probably dips deeper, since, at Jacksonville, this formation is first reached at a depth of about 524 feet. The superficial material in this county is largely Pleistocene and recent sands together with Pleistocene and recent shell de- posits. Oscillations of level have affected the surface elevation, and consequently the relative extent of land and water area in this county within comparatively recent time. That this part of the State stood at a lower level during a part of Pleistocene time is evident from the occurrence of marine shell deposits of Pleisto- WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 185 cene age at some distance inland and at an elevation of several feet above the present sea level. Oyster banks, probably of Pleistocene age, are exposed along a small drainage ditch on the farm of A. W. Corbett, four miles southwest of St. Augus- tine, at an elevation of at least 15 to 20 feet above the present sea level. That this depression during Pleistocene time was general for this part of the State is indicated by the evidence already given. The identification of the formations lying above the Vicksburg limestones and beneath the superficial sands, from well records alone is a matter of difficulty. This interval in St. Johns County is occupied largely by clays, although some sand, shell and rock strata occur. AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN ST. JOHNS COUNTY. The areas of flowing and non-flowing wells in St. Johns County are indicated on the accompanying map. The shaded lines on the map indicate the area in which flow- ing artesian wells can be obtained in this county. As will be seen from the map the flowing area borders the Atlantic coast and the St. Johns River, and has a width along the coast and also along the St. Johns of from two or three to eight or ten miles. The flowing area extends inland following the streams. So far as present records show, a narrow strip extending north and south through the central part of the county is non-flowing. A fresh water spring is reported to occur in the ocean opposite Matanzas. Springs of this character represent the natural escape of the underground waters into the ocean. LOCAL DETAILS. ANASTASIA ISLANB. A six-inch well, drilled in 1895, at South Beach, on Antastasia Island, reached a total depth of 2GO feet. A strong flow of sul- phur water was obtained from this well. *U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 84, p. 125, 1892. 180 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Scale of Miles 8 Fig. 7. Map showing the area of artesian flow in St. Johns Count}'. The area in which Mowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 187 ARMSTRONG. Flowing wells have been obtained in the vicinity of Armstrong. A four-inch well, drilled in 1908, for J. W. Williams by, N. H. Monck, reached a total depth of 200 feet. This well is cased 70 feet and the water is reported to rise 12 feet above the surface. BUNNELL. An effort was made in 1909 to obtain a flowing well at Bun- nell. A five-inch well was drilled at this place by Mr. N. H. Monck for Messrs. Lambert & Moody. This well was cased to a depth of 130 feet and is reported to have been drilled to a total depth of 300 feet. A flow is not obtained in this well, although the water rises to within about two feet of the surface. A second well owned by Messrs. Lambert & Moody, drilled by Bellough & Melton in 1910, is 128 feet deep. The following log of this well was supplied by the drillers : Feet. Surface material and sand - 45 Blue clay 45 - 90 Black material looking like gunpowder or pepper ....... 90 -109 Blue clay 109 -119 Shell and sand 119 -124 Blue hard rock 124 -124J4 Cavity 6-inch, sand and shell. Water rises to within 1.4 feet of surface 124^-125 Blue hard rock, more water, with same head ; drilling stopped in second cavity 125 -128 DINNER ISLAND. A record of one well has been obtained at Dinner Island. This is a three-inch well drilled by Mr. H. Mervin for Padgett & Company. It has a total depth of 200 feet and does not flow, although the water is reported to rise to within two feet of the surface. ELKTON. Flowing wells are obtained at Elkton. A five-inch well drilled by N. H. Monck, in 1908, on the Middleton farm, reached a total 188 FLORIDA STATE; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. depth of 260 feet. The well is cased 100 feet and the principal supply of water comes from a depth of 200 feet. The water is reported to rise five feet above the surface. ESPANOLA. A few wells occur in or near Espanola. The wells immedi- ately in the town do not flow. Flowing wells are obtained, how- ever, from one to five miles south, along Haw Creek. FEDERAL POINT. Federal Point lies within the flowing area bordering the St. Johns River. A considerable number of wells 'have been drilled in the vicinity of this place. The material encountered here, to the depth of about 125 feet, consists largely of clays. Water "is obtained at a depth of from 200 to 250 feet, the wells terminating in limestone. The following is a partial log of the well of Messrs. Hubbard and Hart, one-fourth mile northwest of Federal Point. This is a six-inch well drilled by Lloyd Crary in 1889. The well has a total depth of 225 feet and is cased 60 feet. The water is re- ported to rise twenty feet above the surface or about thirty feet above sea level. The principal supply is obtained at a depth of two hundred feet. Feet Record incomplete, said to consist largely of clays, bluish in color except where oxidized yellow at surface 0-128 A sample from the depth of 128 feet consists of frag- ments of dark-colored rock, more or less water worn, including small sharks' teeth, fragments of bones, occasional shining black phosphatic pebbles 128-130 llowish sandy clays 130-145 Dark fossiliferous rock. Fragments of this rock are of grayish color and contain inclusions of a dark- colored mineral similar in character to rock, found :. Augustine at a depth of 178 feet. Sharks' teeth and black phosphatic pebbles also occur as well as numerous shell fragments 145-16a WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 189 A mixed sample contained material similar to above with addition of gray sandy clay 160-168 Buff colored sandy clay 168-180 White granular fossilif erous limestone 180-225 This well probably reaches the Vicksburg group of limestones, as indicated by sample, from the depth of 180 to 225 feet. The material obtained between the depth of 168 and 180 feet may represent the Upper Oligocene, as it has certain lithological re- semblances to parts of the Alum Bluff formation. The conglom- erate material from 145 to 160 feet together with a part of the overlying clays probably represents the Jacksonville formation of the Miocene. HASTINGS. Hastings is in the western part of St. Johns County, and is located on Deep Creek, a tributary to the St. Johns River. The town site is inland about three miles from the river. The eleva- tion at Hastings, at the residence of T. H. Hastings, is, according to the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 8 feet above sea. A considerable number of artesian wells have been put down at and in the vicinity of Hastings. Record has been obtained of fifty-one wells within a radius of three miles of the town. Wells at Hastings are largely used for irrigating purposes. The average depth of the wells now in use is 148 to 272 feet, although some reach a greater depth. Most of the wells are 4 to 6 inches in diameter. The length of casing used in the wells is variable, ranging from 65 to 170 feet. Aside from the superficial soil and sand the material penetrated at Hastings to a depth of about 170 feet consists largely of clays although some water-bearing sands are reported and a shell stratum at a depth of 60 to 62 feet is specially mentioned. At a depth of 170 to 180 feet a dark colored, very hard stratum occurs. This rock appears from the well records to be similar in character to the rock found at St. Augustine at a depth of 170 to 180 feet. After passing through this stratum the wells pene- trate limestone consisting of alternating hard and soft strata, the 190 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. flow increasing as each hard stratum is penetrated. This lime- stone, probably representing the Vicksburg group, has been pene- trated at Hastings about 200 feet or to a total depth of 365 feet, feet. Of the many wells at Hastings it is possible to give an in- dividual record of only a few. The following is a log of the well of F. R. Allen, kindly supplied by the driller, Mr. H. Walker. This is a 6-inch well, located three miles southeast of town. It was drilled in May, 1908, and is used for irrigating purposes. Feet. Yellow clay - 6 Blue clay 6 - GO Shell stratum ; 60 - 64 Clay 64 -160 Soft rock 160 -165 Clay 165 -171 Rock supplying small flovv 171 -171]^ Limestone 171^-183 Shell and limestone 183 -245 Material not reported 245 -300 The following is a partial log of the well of Henry Bugbee taken from the notes kept by I. C. Peck. This is a four-inch well drilled in 1902 and located two and one-half miles south of Hastings. The well has a total depth of 257 feet and is cased 178 feet. It is used for irrigating purposes. Feet. Surface material, soil and sand 0- 6 Mostly clay, some sand at 32 feet. Material from 38 to 70 feet not reported 6-186 Seven feet of very hard rock through which it was possible to drill only a few inches a day 186-193 Porous limestone from which flowing water is obtained. . .193-208 Soft limestone, flow increasing with depth 208-257 HOLY BRANCH. Flowing wells are obtained at Holy Branch. A four-inch well drilled in 1908 for Charles Slater by N. H. Monck reached a total depth of 240 feet. This well is cased 200 feet and the water is reported to rise 12 feet above the surface. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 191 The following is a log of the well of Mr. G. A. Beach, sup- plied by the driller, Mr. Frank Bartlett. This is a 4-inch well, 257 feet deep, and is cased 184 feet: Feet. Surface sand and soil - 6 Red clay 6 - 20 Hardpan, black 20 - 24 White sand 24 - 30 Blue clay and marl 30 - 33 Sand and shell 33 - 53 Blue clay and marl 53 - 59 Shell and sand, water rises to within nine feet of surface 59 - 80 Blue clay and marl 80 -130 Black quicksand, water plentiful 130 -146 Very hard blue marl and clay 146 -180 Black quicksand, water-bearing 180 -186 Blue marl 186 -196 Very hard black flint, water flows 196 -197J^ Hard rock, flint and more water W7 I / 2 -2Ql I / 2 Softer limestone, more water with increase of depth 201^2-251 KURDS. Hurds is located on the Florida East Coast Railway, seven miles southwest of St. Augustine. The elevation at Hurds, ac- cording to levels made for Mr. B. A. Carter, is 38 feet above sea. The deepest well recorded at this point is 385 feet. This is a 4-inch well and was drilled in 1906. It was cased to a depth of 160 feet. This well does not flow, although the water rises to within five feet of the surface. The well was drilled for B. A. Carter by I. C. Peck. MOULTRIE. Flowing wells are obtained at Moultrie. A six-inch well put down here for the St. Augustine Industrial School reached a total depth of 300 feet. The water at this locality is reported to rise 32 feet above sea level. The surface elevation in the vicinity of Moultrie varies from to about 30 feet above sea. 192 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PICOLATA. Picolata is in the extreme western portion of St. Johns County, almost due west of St. Augustine, on the St. Johns River. A four-inch well, drilled about the year 1890, is now owned by R. H. Bohn. The depth was reported to be about 300 feet. The pressure of this well was taken January 10, 1910, and was found to be 15 pounds. The elevation of the well is approximately 8 feet above the river. This, together with a pressure of 15 pounds, would give the well a head of 42.65 feet above the level of the water in the St. Johns River. RIVERDALE. Riverdale is a settlement along the St. Johns River, in south- western St. Johns County. At this place several artesian wells have recently been drilled. A well 302 feet deep was sunk in 1909 by Mr. R. C. Walker for the Riverdale Land Company. This is a six-inch well and is cased 107 feet. The well is re- ported to have a head of 33^2 feet above the surface and the surface elevation above the St. Johns River is estimated to be 8 feet, which gives the well a total head of 41^ feet. The first rock encountered was at a depth of 175 feet, and at this depth the water was found to be under sufficient pressure to rise to the surface. An increase in the flow of water was reported at a depth of 190 feet. Mr. R. C. Walker completed on February 1, 1910, a well for Mr. J. D. Clark. This well is six inches in diameter, 318 feet deep, and is cased 136 feet. At the depth of 174 feet a one-foot stratum of bluish; clayey limestone was encountered. An in- crease in water is recorded at the depth of 200 feet, from which depth the first flowing water is reported. The well samples in- dicate that this flow comes from a very hard, bluish colored rock and water-worn small pebbles. Immediately on passing through this stratum, which was 19 feet in thickness, the Vicksburg Lime- stone was reached, as is shown by the presence of Nummulites. This determination was made from a very complete set of samples of the drillings from this well, kindly saved by the driller, Mr. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 193 R. C. Walker. This limestone was penetrated for nearly 100 feet, the total depth of the well being 318 feet. The following is a log of this well, constructed from the notes and the samples sent in by Mr. Walker : Feet. Surface sand, yellow in color. Soft water 0- 18 Light gray sands 18- 30 Dark gray sands, partly indurated ; some clay 30- 44 Shell, sand and gravel 44- 55 Very dark (almost black) marl, similar in appearance to Miocene marls, including shell fragments 55- 63 Light greenish sandy marl 63- 80 Dark green marl, small shark's tooth observed 80-100 Gray sand and shell fragments ; water 100-112 Gray sand and shell, water, shark's tooth, also minute black phosphatic pebbles 112-133 Blue clayey marl 133-135 No sample 135-153 Blue marl with inclusions of black phosphatic pebbles ....153-174 Blue clayey limestone ; water-bearing 174-175 Dark green marl with some black phosphatic pebbles 175-200 Very hard bluish colored rock, and water-worn small pebbles ; water commenced to flow upon pene- trating this stratum 200-219 Limestone, Vicksburg as indicated by the presence of Nummulites 219-318 ROY. Roy is located on the Florida East Coast Railway, about six miles inland from the St. Johns River. One deep well is reported from this place. This is a four-inch well drilled by Mr. S. I. Killingsworth for Mr. L- J. Campbell. The well has a total depth of 298 feet and is cased 150 feet. The flow is reported to rise four feet above the surface. ST. AUGUSTINE. St. Augustine, the county seat of St. Johns County, is located on Matanzas Bay. An abundance of flowing water is obtained at this place. Probably not less than 100 wells occur in and near 194 I'LQRIOA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. St. Augustine. Of this large number it is possible to mention only a few. The first considerable flow in and near St. Augustine is ob- tained at a depth of from 170 to 180 feet after drilling through a five- or ten-foot stratum of dense hard rock. The material penetrated before reaching this hard rock stratum consists largely of sand near the surface, followed by 'blue clays with some shell and occasional thin layers of rock. A shell stratum often de- scribed as "coquina" occurs at a depth of about 60 feet. The material below the depth of about 180 feet consists of alternating hard and soft strata, largely limestones, with probably occasional flints. The flow of water increases as the limestone is penetrated. The chief large increase of flow occurs at a depth of about 520 feet and most of the wells at St. Augustine terminate at this depth. \Yater for the city of St. Augustine is obtained from two ar- tesian wells located about one mile north of the city. Well No. 1 was drilled in 1897 by Mr. Hugh Partridge and had originally a depth of 371 feet. About 1903 this well was deepened to a total depth of 550 feet. The well is 12 inches in diameter for 354 feet; 9 inches for 17 feet, and four inches for 179 feet. It is reported cased to a depth of 100 feet. The head of the water is given as 33 feet above the surface or about 38 feet above sea level. The flow of the well when first drilled in 1897 was 2,396,- 000 gallons per day (1,664 gallons per minute). Well No. 2 is a 10-inch well and has a total depth of 500 feet. It is cased about 140 feet. The head of the water is the same as well No. 1 or about 38 feet above sea. The total flow of this well is not recorded. This well was drilled in 1903 bv Mr. Horace Walker. The water system at St. Augustine is now owned by the city. Formerly the city was supplied by five artesian wells, the system then being under private ownership. These wells were located in various parts of the city. They vary in depth from 250 to 500 et and range from 6 to 8 inches in diameter. The first of these wells was drilled in 18SJ. They are now in use as private wells. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 195 Several wells have been drilled at St. Augustine to supply water to the Ponce de Leon and other hotels of the Florida East Coast Hotel Company. One of these, commonly known as the Ponce de Leon well, reached a total depth of 1,440 feet, and is the deepest well in St. Johns County. The following log of this well has been made up from records kindly supplied by Messrs. McGuire & McDonald, under whose direction the well was drilled, supplemented by a partial set of samples from the boring. The original intention was to go to a depth of about 3,000 feet : n the expectation of obtaining warm water. The well was begun November 27, 1886, and drilling continued until February 24 of the following year. Owing to delay caused by the loss of the drill, boring was finally discontinued at the depth of about 1,440 feet. Feet. Sand. Temperature of the water at 35 feet, GO degrees F. 0- 35 Sand, with some shell 35- 50 Blue clay 50- 57 Shell 57- 65 Sand 65- 76 Indurated clay and sand 76- 95 Blue clay and black sand, pieces of hard stone. Tem- perature of the water 72 degrees at 110 feet, 74 degrees at 170 feet. Head 32 feet above sea. Sul- phur water, 50 gallons per minute at 170 feet 95-170 Hard rock. Temperature of water 76 degrees at 177 feet. Flow 350 gallons per minute at 177 feet 170- 177 Limestone. Flow 1,800 gallons per minute at 350 feet.. 177- 350 Limestone. Temperature of water 76 degrees at 410 feet. Flow of 2,083 gallons per minute at 410 feet. . 350- 410 Limestone 410- 495 Dense light brown limestone. Temperature of water 79 degrees at 520 feet. Head 42 feet above sea at 520 feet. Flow of 4,860 gallons per minute at 520 feet. . 495- 520 White "chalk," green clay, dark porous limestone 520- 557 Limestone 557- 675 Hard rock 675- 685 Limestone 685- 770 Limestone, gray to light yellow 770- 960 Thin stratum of hard limestone, followed by limestone similar to above. Temperature of water 80 degrees 196 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. at 1,110 feet. Flow of 6,075 gallons per minute at 1,110 feet 960-1110 Hard rock, said to be sandstone, with some flint 1110-1140 Material not recorded 1140-1170 "Sandstone," followed by limestone. Temperature of water 85 degrees at 1,225 feet 1170-1225 Limestone, as above 1225-1278 "Sandstone." Sample not seen 1278-1293 Fossiliferous limestone 1293-1340 Fossiliferous limestone, easily penetrated. Temperature of water 86 degrees at 1,340 feet 1340-1390 Denser limestone 1390-1440 The following is a log of the well of Mr. W. J. Sherman. This well was drilled by the owner in 1886 and is 210 feet deep. It is two inches in diameter and is cased 110 feet. The head is reported to be 32 feet above sea and the flow about 80 gallons per minute : Feet. Sand 5 White quicksand g -M Cla y .'i. "'.!!."!.'.'!..'.';.'.".'.'.".'." 11 ~-uy 2 Coarse pebbles and some shells H T /2- 43 Coarse gray to greenish sands, water-bearing; slight flow 43 - 45 White plastic clay and fine sand ; . 45 _ 90 Greenish clay, very compact 90-14? -143 Greenish clay with a mixture of black sand 143 -173 Hard rock ; water rises 32 to 37 feet above sea. ... 179 _ 180 White chalk rock (probably Vicksburg) '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.180 -210 SWITZERLAND. Switzerland is located in the area of artesian flow on the St. River, m the northwestern part of St. Johns County Wells locality reach a depth of from 350 to 500 feet,' and the r is reported to rise 29 to 30 feet above the surface. YELVINGTON. two wells have been obtained from and near Yel- No. 1 is located near Yelvington depot and is WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 197 owned by E. L. Campbell. This well was drilled by Frank Bart- lett in 1909 and reached a total depth of 352 feet. It is reported as having 95 feet of four-inch casing. The head of this well was measured Dcember 11, 1909. The water was found to stand at this time l l /2 feet below the surface. Well No. 2 is located one mile west of Yelvington depot. It is a four-inch well and is owned by Campbell & Killingsworth. This well was drilled in 1907 by S. I. Killingsworth and is re- ported to be 300 feet deep and cased 180 feet. The water is said to stand two feet below the surface. CLAY COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Clay County has a varied topography. The eastern portion, bordering the St. Johns River, is low and flat and consists largely of open pine woods. Extending westward from the river the elevation rises and the country becomes more rolling. The county is intersected by a number of streams, the largest of which is Black Creek, a tributary to the St. Johns River. This stream is navigable for small boats to or above Middleburg, at which point it divides, forming the north and south forks. The north fork rises in Lake Kingsley, and with its tributaries drains the north- western part of the county. The south fork rises in Blue Pond and other lakes and drains the central part of the county. In the southwestern part of the county many small lakes occur. The elevations in this county have been obtained from the levels made by the railroads crossing the county, including the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line and the Georgia Southern and Florida Railway. In addition levels made during 1909 by the U. S. engineers in connection with a preliminary survey for a ship canal have been available. These levels show that the water level in Lake Kingsley stood at the time the levels were made 170 feet above sea. The measurements of depth show that this lake averages 58 to 60 feet, although one place was found at which the depth exceeded 78 feet, the full length of the sound- 198 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ing line. The country surrounding this lake stands at or about 175 feet above sea. According to the levels made by the Seaboard Air kine- Railway the town of Highland, in the northwestern part of the county, stands 210 feet above sea. Newburg*and Brook- lyn, in the lake region of the southwestern part of the county, have elevations, as recorded by the Georgia Southern and Florida Railway, of 155 and 157 feet, respectively. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. Most of the flowing wells of Clay County terminate in the Vicksburg Limestone. The first flow at Green Cove Springs, in the eastern part of the county, is obtained at a depth of from 325 to 400 feet. The Miocene formations underlie much if not all of Clay County. In the pit of Union Brick Company, at Middleburg, the following section was observed : Feet. Loose sand and soil 1 Sandy clays oxidized red 7 Blue sticky clay, comparatively free from sand 1C Light-colored sands 3 The clay exposed in this pit is probably the same as the clays in the clay pit near Jacksonville. Beneath these clays, as indi- cated by well borings, calcareous and phosphatic Miocene rocks are encountered. This part of the Miocene, the Jacksonville for- mation, is exposed at many localities along Black Creek and its tributaries. The section exposed at High Bluff, on the south fork of Black Creek, about five miles above 'Middleburg, has already been given. Other exposures of this formation were noted at the following localities along the river. At Fowler's Landing, on the south fork of Black Creek, three miles above Middleburg, fifteen feet of the Jacksonville formation is exposed. At Buddington's Land- ing, one and one-half miles above Middleburg, seventeen feet of the Jacksonville formation is exposed. Hogan's Landing, just below Middleburg, shows twenty-eight feet of the Jacksonville WATER SUPPLY Of EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 199 formation. A bluff at the mouth of the south fork shows twenty- five feet of the Jacksonville formation. A bluff on the north bank Fig. 8. Map showing the areas of artesian flow in Clay and Putnam Counties. The area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading. 200 FLORIDA STATE; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of the north forks, one and one-half miles from Middleburg, shows three feet of the Jacksonville formation. AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN CLAY COUNTY. The area of artesian flow in Clay County is confined to that portion bordering the St. Johns River and its tributaries. As has already been stated, upon leaving these streams the elevation soon becomes too great for a flow to be obtained. The location of successful flowing wells, together with the consideration of the elevation, will aid in the determination of the flowing and non- flowing sections in the county. The flowing area in this county is outlined on the accompanying map : LOCAL DETAILS. DOCTORS INLET. A well owned by D. D. Denham and drilled in 1908 by D. C. Stafford is located near Doctors Inlet. This is a four-inch well, 372 feet deep, in which the water is said to rise twelve to fifteen feet above the surface. A second well, two and a half miles east of Doctors Inlet, was drilled by H. Mervin for Messrs. DeLoach & Edwards in 1907. This is a three-inch well and is 400 feet deep. It is reported cased 120 feet and the water is said to rise twelve feet above the sur- face. Blue marl or clay from the depth of 198 to 398 feet is re- ported as encountered in this well. Immediately below this blue marl or clay the first : hard rock was struck. GREEN COVE SPRINGS. Green Cove Springs, the county seat of Clay County, is sup- plied with water from two artesian wells. These wells are under private ownership. One is owned by N. B. Ivey, the other by O. A. Buddington. The well owned by Mr. Ivey is 815 feet deep, four inches in diameter, and cased 556 feet. The well is reported to have a head of 23 feet above the surface. The eleva- WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 201 tion of the well above the St. Johns River is given as 24 feet, thus giving the well a total head of 47 feet above the level of the water in the St. Johns River. The first flow in this well was encountered at a depth of 400 feet. The following is an analysis of the water from this well drawn January 6, 1910. Analysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst : Constituents. Parts per million. Silica (SiO 2 ) 7 Chlorine (Cl) 9 Sulphates (SO 4 ) 1 Phosphates (PC>4) Carbonates (CO 3 ) Bicarbonates (HCO 3 ) JT7 Magnesium (Mg) 4 Calcium (Ca) 16 Iron and Alumina (Fe and Al) Trace Loss on Ignition 07 Total dissolved solids 155 Aside from the above well, the following two records of wells have been obtained : A well on the property of Mrs. George Hal- liday (known as the Borden estate), is 825 feet deep and six inches in diameter. The head is reported as 25 feet above the surface. A little southeast of this well is one owned by L. A. Hamilton. This has a reported depth of 785 feet, is six inches in diameter and is cased. 100 feet. The 'head is given as 25 feet above the surface. A well four and one-half miles southwest of Green Cove Springs, drilled by H. Mervin in 1907 for the La Villa Turpentine Company, is non-flowing. This well contains 128 feet of three-inch casing and 320 feet of two-inch casing. It is 406 feet deep and the water stands 1? feet below the surface. The first rock noted in this well was at a depth of 170 feet. A well directly east of Green Cove Springs and across the St. Johns River is owned by W. A. Hallows. This well was drilled by N. B. Ivey and is used for irrigation and general do- mestic purposes. It is 500 feet deep, six inches in diameter and is cased about 200 feet. The water is reported to rise 35 feet above the surface. 202 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Another well owned by N. B. Ivey is located about two miles southwest of Green Cove Springs. This well is used for irriga- tion and was sunk by the owner in 1907. It is a four-inch well and is reported to be 500 feet deep. At this depth the water is reported to rise five feet above the surface. HIBERNIA. One well is reported from Hibernia. This well was com- menced July 20, 1885, and was finished in October of the same year. It was drilled by O. H. Wade for F. A. Fleming. The well is 468 feet deep, four inches in diameter and is cased 377 feet. This well when first drilled, in 1885, had a pressure of 23 pounds. Unfortunately, when visited in January, 1910, the pressure could not be obtained. The elevation of the well is about 25 feet above the St. Johns River. A pressure of 23 pounds will cause the water to rise 53.1 feet above the surface, or about 68.1 feet above the St. Johns River. The first water- bearing stratum in this well was reported at a depth of 400 feet, and the first rock noted was at a depth of 120 feet. The following is an analysis of the water from this well drawn December 17, 1909. Analysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst: Constituents. Parts per million. Silica (SiO 2 ) 9 Chlorine (Cl) 7 Sulphates (SO 4 ) ...... ..!.. ..... . 5 Phosphates (PO 4 ) '.'.'.'.'.'. Carbonates (CO 3 ) '.'.'.'.'.'. Bicarbonates (HCO 3 ) '' ' 98 Sodium and potassium (Na and K) ' 2 3 Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) ' . Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) Trace Loss of ignition Total dissolved solids 1*2 LEND. There are two deep wells at Leno, owned by the Leno Tur- pentine Company, and drilled in 1903 by H. Mervin. One well, WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 203 404 feet deep, is four inches in diameter and the water stood when measured January 6, 1910, 12.5 feet from the surface. The second well is two inches in diameter and 220 feet deep. The water is reported to stand at about the same level. MAGNOLIA SPRINGS. Magnolia Springs, a station on the Atlantic Coast Line Rail- road, one mile north of Green Cove Springs, takes its name from a small spring located along the western bank of the St. Johns River. A four-inch well owned by O. D. Seavey, pro- prietor the Magnolia Springs Hotel, was sunk by W. J. Sher- man in 1882. This well is said to be 325 feet deep and flows several feet above the surface, although the exact head could not be obtained. This water is bottled and sold as a medicinal and table water. The following analysis shows the mineral con- stituents. Analysis by C. F. Chandler, Ph. D., School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, N. Y. : Constituents. Parts per million. Sulphate of potash Trace Sulphate of lime 21.3 Chloride of sodium 14.4 Carbonate of soda 26.1 Carbonate of lime 40.4 Oxide of iron and alumina Traces Silica 31.0 Organic and volatile matter 16.4 190.4 Two other wells occur on this same property, but a record of these was not obtained. They are both reported to furnish an abundant supply of water and are used for general household purposes. MIDDLEBURG. Middleburg lies in the north-central portion of Clay County, just at the point where Black Creek divides, forming the north and south forks. There are several flowing wells in the vicinity of Middleburg. The wells vary in depth from 355 to 498 feet. 204 FLORIDA STAT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The 498-foot well is owned by George A. Chalker and was drilled in 1907 by D. C. Stafford. The well is six inches in diameter at the top and one and a quarter inches at the bottom. The pres- sure of this well as indicated by the pressure gauge, January 10, 1910, was 18.5 pounds, or a pressure sufficient to cause the water to rise 42.7 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well is approximately 24 feet above the level of the water in Black Creek; thus, with the head of 42.7 feet above the surface, would give the well a total head of 67.7 feet above the water in Black Creek. The temperature of the water at the point of overflow was reported as 72 F. The first rock of which note was made was at a depth of 68 feet. The well of C. C. Howard, two miles northeast of Middle- burg, has a depth of 490 feet. The well was bored by D. C. Stafford in 1907, is cased 80 feet, and is four inches in diameter. The pressure of this well could not be taken, but it is reported to have a head of 21 feet above the surface. Another well, two and a half miles northwest of Middleburg^ was sunk by D. C. Stafford for Messrs. Long & Buddington, in 1907. The exact depth of this well could not be obtained, but it was reported to have a depth of about 370 feet. The well flows and gives an abundant supply of water, but measurement of the head could not foe made. In addition to the above wells is one eight and one-half miles northwest of Middleburg, or six miles southeast of Maxville, on the west bank of Yellow Water Creek, a tributary of the north fork of Black Creek. This well is located in the northwest part of the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 17, Township 4, Range 24 east. It is owned by Messrs. Long & Buddington, and is said to be 370 feet deep. It is a three-inch well and was drilled in 1907 by D. C. Stafford. The head of this well is reported to be 30 feet above the surface and the first flow encountered was at a depth of 44 feet in a stratum of black pebbles. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 205 PEORIA. A deep well was put down by Mr. Joseph Doyle at Peoria. This well was drilled to a total depth of 498 feet. The water rises to the surface, giving a slight flow. The well is located about one-half mile west of Peoria station and on the ridge probably 40 or 50 feet above the St. Johns River. RUSSELL. One flowing well is reported from Russell. This well is now owned by the Florida Farmers' Land Company and was drilled by L. J. Campbell. The well flows several feet above the sur- face, but a measurement could not be made and information in regard to the depth and size was not procured. It is used for general drinking purposes. WALKILL. A deep well at Walkill, drilled by H. Mervin in 1903 for E. B. Willcoxon & Company, reached a total depth of 352 feet. This well contains 128 feet of three-inch casing and 330 feet of two-inch casing. The water is reported to rise 25 feet above the surface. WEST TOCOI. A record of one well has been obtained from West Tocoi. This is a three-inch well, reported to have a depth of 313 feet, and is owned by the R. W. Mattox Company. The head of this well is given as 21 feet above the surface. WILLIAMS CROSSING. Messrs. De Loach and Edwards have one deep well at Wil- liams Crossing. This well is 395 feet deep and is three inches in diameter and was sunk by H. Mervin in June, 1907. The pressure of this well, as shown by the pressure gauge, January 206 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 6, 1910, was eight and one-half pounds or a pressure sufficient to cause the water to rise 19.6 feet above the surface. PUTNAM COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Putnam County lies bordering the St. Johns River. On the north it joins Clay County, and on the south Marion and Volusia Counties. The total area of the county is 772 square miles. The elevation increases inland from the St. Johns River. At Flora- home, in the northern part of the county, along the line of the Georgia Southern and Florida Railway, an elevation is reached of 150 feet. On the Rochelle branch of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad an elevation of 105 feet occurs at Interlachen, in the central part of the county. That part of the county bordering the St. Johns River includes palmetto flatwoods and some open flatwoods. Much of the southern and western part of the county is occupied by the lake region, many small, beautiful lakes oc- curring in this section. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. The data regarding the formations reached by the wells in Putnam County is very meager, owing to the fact that few well samples 'have been preserved. After passing through the superficial sands in this county, calcareous clay and sands are reached, in which are imbedded black phosphatic pebbles and water-worn gravels. From such imperfect information as has been obtained it seems probable that some of the wells terminate in this formation and do not reach the Vicksburg Limestone. The log of a well at Orange Mills, which terminated in loose, clear-grained sand at a depth of 160 feet, is given on a subsequent page. A second well within a half-mile of this well apparently reached the Vicksburg Lime- stone at or about the depth of 160 feet. Samples from the well of B. F. Dotney, at San Mateo, drilled in 1909, by H. Mervin, show the presence of black phosphatic pebbles as deep at least WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 207 as 175 or 180 feet. At a depth of 315 feet light-colored calcare- ous sands were penetrated. It is probable, as these wells seem to indicate, that the Vicksburg Limestone here, as at some other localities, has a very irregular top surface. AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN PUTNAM COUNTY. The flowing area of Putnam County includes a relatively narrow strip bordering the St. Johns River and its tributaries. Upon leaving the river the elevation rises and flowing wells are not obtained. The flowing area in this county is indicated by shading on the map. LOCAL DETAILS. BOSTWICK. Flowing wells are obtained at Bostvvick. A three-inch well, drilled in 1904 for J. W. Glisson by H. Mervin, reached a total depth of 248 feet. This well is reported cased 60 feet and the water is reported to rise 18 feet above the surface. Another well three and one-half miles northeast of Bostwick was drilled in 1906. This well is now owned by the R. W. Mat- tox Company and is used for the general supply around the tur- pentine camp. It is a three-inch well and reached a total depth of 215 feet. CRESCENT CITY. Crescent City lies in southeastern Putnam County, on the western shore of Crescent Lake. Immediately along this west- ern border flowing wells are obtained. The first flow of water at this locality is obtained from a shell stratum lying from 30 to 60 feet below the surface. Most of the wells at Crescent City terminate at this depth. In some instances this shell stratum is reported absent and in such cases the water is reported as coming from a very fine sand. The water from this depth is usually more or less hard and is impreg- 208 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. nated with hydrogen sulphide gas. These wells are reported to have a head of about 15 or 16 feet above the surface. The second flow in and near Crescent City is obtained at a depth of about 300 to 316 feet. From the immediate vicinity of Crescent Lake westward to the St. Johns River flowing wells are not obtained. The intervening country includes rolling, sandy hills. Surface wells, terminating in the sands and sandy clays furnish an abundant supply of soft water. Aside from the use of private wells, Crescent City is supplied with water from four artesian wells. The water supply system is under private ownership. Two of the wells are two inches in diameter, while one is six inches in diameter. They are all re- ported as reaching a depth of approximately 316 feet, and cased about 100 feet. The wells are located on Crescent Lake and have approximately the same elevation. The head is reported 26 feet above the surface or about 27 feet above the level of the water in Crescent Lake. In addition to supplying the town the flow from one two-inch well is used for condensing purposes and for the manufacture of ice. Part of the flow from the other three wells is used for power to run an overshot wheel, which in turn runs a pump, pumping the surplus flow of water to a reservoir or tank where the water is distributed to different parts of the city by gravity. ORANGE MILLS. Orange Mills is located on the Florida East Coast Railway, midway between Hastings and East Palatka. The wells in this vicinity are used for the purpose of irrigation. The depth of e wells range from 143 to 200 feet. All of the wells of which record has been obtained are four inches in diameter. The length of casing used in the wells averages 60 feet. Four wells drilled for J. H. Bahrenberg & Brother by N H nek in December, 1909, gave the following pressure: Well L * 143 feet deep and is cased 65 feet. The pressure of this -s shown by the pressure gauge December 4, 1909, was 5% pounds. Well No. 2 is 160 feet deep and is cased ?"4 feet. The WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 209 pressure December 4, 1909, was 0^2 pounds. Well No. 3 is 219 feet deep and is cased 54 feet. The pressure of this well on the same day was 5>4 pounds. Well No. 4 is 160 feet deep and is cased 58 feet. This well was not finished at the time the pressure of wells Nos. 1, 2 and 3 was taken. As will be seen from the a'bove records the pressure in the case of these three wells di- minished with depth. In this respect the wells are exceptional. The amount of flow of these three wells was not obtained. The following is the record of well No. 4, made from the samples kindly kept by the driller : Feet. Sand 0- 5 Olive green calcareous clay, with black phosphatic pebbles and fragments of shell, and flattened water-worn gravels 5- 40 No sample 40- 45 Similar or somewhat more calcareous green clay or clayey marl. This sample contains occasional fragments of chert 45- 80 This sample contains the black phosphatic water-worn pebbles in greater number than the above sample. Clear quartz grains are numerous. Flattened, water- worn siliceous pebbles up to size lx l /2 inches occur... 80- 90 In this sample clear quartz grains predominate. These are mixed with gray sand grains. Calcareous gray sand nodules occur, water-worn chert gravels are present, also numerous large, water-worn chert fragments.... 90-113 No sample 113-115 Loose, clear-grained sand in mass appearing light gray and contains a small amount of calcareous matter in the form of fragments of shell 115-160 PALATKA. Palatka, the county seat of Putnam County, is located on the St. Johns River, 55 miles south of Jacksonville. The elevation of the Atlantic Coast Line depot, as recorded by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, is thirteen feet above sea. -Records from 35 wells 'have been obtained from and in the vicinity of Palatka. The first flowing water encountered at Palatka is obtained from a shell stratum at a depth varying from 30 to 60 feet A 210 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. great many wells in the city terminate at this depth. The water from this formation is more or less hard, but is not so strongly impregnated with hydrogen sulphide gas as is the water from the deeper water-bearing formations. These more shallow wells at one time ceased to flow and pumps had to be resorted to. When the deeper wells were put in, the shallow wells in this vicinity commenced flowing again. As an instance of this, the well now owned by Messrs. L. H. and W. A. Merryday and located in the yard of the Putnam House, may be cited. This is a two-inch well and is 50 feet deep. It is reported as being cased the total depth. The well flowed when first put in, but in subsequent years had ceased to flow. During the year 1908 Mr. H. Mervin drilled a four-inch well for Dr. G. E. Welch about two blocks to the north. This well reached a total depth of 220 feet and is reported cased 120 feet. Immediately on the completion of this well the Merryday well commenced to flow. This seems to indicate that these wells are supplied with water through leakage from the wells reaching the deeper water-bearing strata. The principal flow in and near Palatka is obtained from a depth of 175 to 250 feet. At this depth an a'bundance of water is obtained having a head varying from 18 to 26 feet above sea. A measurement was made of the pressure in the well of A. D. Curry, about three-fourths of a mile southwest of Palatka, in December, 1909. The well at this time was found to have a pressure of eleven and one-half pounds. The pressure was taken at the top of the pipe which stands about two feet above the surface of the ground. A number of wells have been put down across the river and in the vicinity of East Palatka. The elevation of the depot at East Palatka, as given by the Coast and Geodetic Survey, is seventeen feet above sea level. A four-inch well drilled for H. Hanna at this place by N. H. Monck in 1909 reached a depth of 225 feet. It is reported cased 135 feet and the water is reported as rising fifteen feet above the surface. A second well drilled for the Florida East Coast Railway by N. H. Monck in 1909 was WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 211 drilled to a depth of 256 feet. This is a four-inch well and is re- ported cased 135 feet. The water is said to rise fifteen feet above the surface. The following is an analysis of the water from the city well at Palatka. The water was sent in by Dt. E. S. Crill. Analysis made in the office of the Chemist, B. H. Bridges, analyst: Constituents. Parts per million. Silica (SiO 2 ) 18.0 Chlorine (Cl) 156.0 Sulphates (SO 4 ) 76.9 Carbonates (CO 3 ) 7.3 Bicarbonates (HCOa) 156.1 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 43.3 Calcium oxide (CaO) 97.1 Total solids 531.0 PENIAL. A three-inch well was drilled at Penial by H. Mervin in 1904. This well is now owned by E. L. Parker and is used for general supply around the turpentine camp. This well reached a total depth of 235 feet and is reported cased 110 feet. The water is reported to rise 16 feet above the surface. RICE CREEK. A two-inch well drilled at Rice Creek in 1904 reached a total depth of 175 feet. This well is reported cased 60 feet. It has a small flow of sulphur water, perhaps 12 to 15 gallons a minute. The head as shown by the pressure gauge December 8, 1909, is 25.1 feet above the surface. RODMAN. An attempt was made in 1909 to obtain a flowing well at Rodman. Two four-inch wells were drilled 'by H. Mervin for the Rodman Lumber Company. Well No. 1 reached a total depth of 139 feet and is reported cased 110 feet. Well No. 2 has 110 '212 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. feet of four-inch casing, 200 feet of three-inch casing and 420 feet of two-inch casing, and was drilled to a total depth of 507 feet. The head did not increase with depth in this well, as is s'hown by the level of the water in either well, the head being three and one-half feet below the surface. Approximately one mile east of Rodman a flow is obtained. A well drilled by H. Mervin for J. P. Buie in 1909 at this point has a head of four feet above the surface. It is a three-inch well and has a depth of 270 feet. The flow as measured Decem- ber 9, 1909, is twelve gallons per minute. SAN MATEO. Flowing wells are not obtained at San Mateo, the surface elevation of the town, according to barometic readings, being approximately sixty feet above the St. Johns River. A four- inch well drilled for B. F. Dotney in 1900 by H. Mervin reached a total depth of 365 feet. The water in this well rises to within 48 feet of the surface. A number of flowing wells have been ob- tained, however, along the river, near San Mateo. SATSUMA. No artesian wells are in use at Satsuma. The water used at this place comes from surface sands or clays at a depth varying from 25 to 46 feet. Flowing wells have been obtained along the river west of town. WELAKA. Welaka is located on the St. Johns River, about twelve miles south of Palatka. Records of two wells have been obtained at this place. One of these is the well now owned by the Welaka Mineral Water Company, a three-inch well, drilled in 1906. The first water under pressure was encountered at a depth of 160 feet. Below 160 feet the size of the boring was reduced to two inches, and was continued to a total depth of 329 feet, at which depth a highly mineralized water is obtained. The well has 98 feet of three-inch casing and 213 feet of two-inch casing. The WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 213 elevation of the well above the St. Johns River is reported to be 22 feet. The water in the well comes to within 16 feet of the surface or stands 6 feet above the level of the water in the St. Johns River. The following is an analysis of the water from this well. An- alysis by Robert Spurr Weston, 14 Beacon street, Boston, Mass. : Constituents. Parts per million. Silica 12.00 Alumina 8.57 Iron carbonate 12.00 Calcium chloride 586.32 Calcium sulphate 697.75 Calcium nitrate Trace Magnesium bromide 5.14 Magnesium chloride 507.45 Magnesium carbonate 241.72 Sodium chloride 8808.52 Potassium chloride 13.70 A second well at Welaka is owned by Mrs. Franklin Swift and was drilled by H. Mervin in 1909. This is a four-inch well and has a total depth of 151 feet. It is reported to be cased 104 feet and the water is said to stand eight feet below the surface. WOODBURN. A well was drilled one and one-half miles northeast of Wood- burn in 1905 by H. Mervin for J. E. Edmonson. This is a four- inch well and has a depth of 185 feet. It is reported cased 120 feet and to have a 'head of five feet above the surface. 214 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ORANGE COUNTY.* LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Orange County lies in South Central Florida, bordering the St. Johns River. This county has an area of 1,250 square miles and presents considerable diversity in soil and topography. The northwestern one-half of the county is included within the lake region of Florida and is dotted with innumerable small and large lakes. This part of the county has a rolling surface topography, the uplands rising considerably above the lakes. The eastern and southeastern part of the county bordering the St. Johns River is of lower elevation and consists largely of pine lands of Scale of Miles Fig. 9. Map showing the area of artesian How in Orange County. The area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading. ""Including Seminole County, which was created from Orange County after this paper was set in type. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 215 the palmetto flatwoocls type. The surface elevation in this county varies from about 20 feet above the sea in the northern part of the county to elevations of from 100 to 150 feet at points in the interior. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. The deep wells in Orange County terminate in the Vicksburg Limestone. At Sanford, in the northern part of the county, this formation lies comparatively near the surface, being reached at a depth of from 113 to 125 feet. Owing to the lack of a com- plete set of well samples the depth at which the formation is to be expected in other parts of the county has not been accurately determined. The formations lying above the Vicksburg 'have not been fully differentiated. It is probable that the Miocene occurs over the county, as the surface exposure of this formation has been recognized at Rock Springs, in the northwestern part of the county.* AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW OF ORANGE COUNTY. The flowing area of Orange County is confined to a narrow strip bordering the St. Johns River. At Sanford this strip has a width of from three to five miles. Passing inland these low lands quickly give place to the more elevated, rolling lands of the lake region. With the exception of a few wells immediately bordering some of the lakes, flowing wells in this upland section have not been obtained. The flowing area in this county is out- lined on the accompanying map. LOCAL DETAILS. CHULUOTA. A two-inch flowing well three miles east of Chuluota is owned by Mr. G. M. Jacobs. The well is 114 feet deep, is cased 75 feet, *Smith,-E. A., On the Geology of Florida. Amer. Journ. Su. (3) XXI, 292-309, 1881. 2iC) FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and has a head of eight feet above the surface. The water is used for stock. GENEVA. There are several non-flowing wells in Geneva, the elevation being too great for a flowing well to be obtained. Mr. H. H. Pattishall has a two-inch well 133 feet deep and cased 85 feet. This well was drilled by the Geo. H. Fernald Company in 1909. The water is said to rise to within 29 feet of the surface. Mr. J. T. McLain owns a well one and one-half miles north of Geneva. This is a two-inch well and is 135 feet deep. The water is reported to rise to within 31 feet of the surface. The water from this well is hard and is charged with hydrogen sul- phide. In addition to the above well Mr. McLain has two wells on Mullet Lake, on the St. Johns River, about four miles slightly west of north from Geneva. Both of the wells furnish salt water impregnated with hydrogen sulphide and are not used. One is seventy-five feet deep and is said to flow two feet above the sur- face ; the other is 135 feet deep and the water is reported to rise within one foot of the surface. The apparent difference in head is due to the difference in the elevation of the two wells. Mr. W. B. Raulerson owns a two-inch well five miles north- west of Geneva and near the St. Johns River. This well is 76 feet deep and is cased 72 feet and furnishes a small flow of salt water which rises a few inches above the surface. The first flow in the well was encountered at a depth of 70 feet. An increased flow was obtained at 72^2 feet. The first water was reported to be more salty than the second, as was indicated when the first flow was cased off. Owing to inability to drill deeper with the light drilling outfit used, the boring was discontinued. Mr. Raulerson states that the water is more salty in seasons of drought than in seasons of normal or heavy rainfall. A two-inch well owned by Chase & Company, two miles south- east of Geneva, on Lake Harney, is 35 feet deep. This well was sunk by F. B. Bradley and is cased 34 feet. It has a head of four feet above the surface. The water is fresh and is only slightly diarged with hydrogen sulphide. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AXD SOUTHERN' FLORIDA. 217 ORLANDO. Orlando, the county seat of Orange County, lies in the lake region of Florida. The elevation at the depot, as given by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, is 111 feet. Several wells have been drilled at Orlando. These are non-flowing wells, the ele- vation -being too great to obtain a flow. The deep wells at this locality are used principally for drainage purposes and for irri- gation, the city water supply being obtained from one of the small lakes. A few private wells in and around Orlando are used as a source of water supply. A well near the north edge of the city owned by Mr. F. A. Lewter, 'has a total depth of 216 feet and is cased 86 feet. The water is used for general purposes, A second well at the ice plant is used in cooling pipes in the manufacture of ice. This well is 470 feet deep. The use of wells to carry off surface waters at this locality 'was described in the Third Annual Report. One of these drain- age wells has developed at intervals the unusual phenomenon of spouting. An account of this well, together with an explanation of its unusual behavior is given in the report referred to, page 72. OVIEDO. Oviedo lies on the eastern edge of the lake region of Orange County. The region is sandy and the topography is flat to gently undulating. The country east of Oviedo is of the prevailing flat- \voods type bordering the St. Johns River and Lake Jessup, and flowing wells are here obtained at comparatively shallow depths. Both flowing and non-flowing wells occur at Oviedo, depending on the local elevation. Mr. N. J. Tanner's well, about one-eighth of a mile east of the postolfice at Oviedo, located in a depression, is about 114 feet deep, two inches in diameter, and is cased 75 feet. The water from this well flows just above the surface. It is a hard, sulphur water and is used for irrigating purposes. A l FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The well of Mr. A. J. McCulley is 75 feet deep, two inches in diameter and is cased 70 feet. This well was sunk by the owner in 1907. The water is reported to rise to within 14 feet of the surface. Mr. McCulley owns another two-inch well which is 73 feet deep, and is cased 68 feet. The water in this well is said to rise to within three feet of the surface. This apparent difference in head is due largely to a difference in elevation of the wells. A two-inch well, 117 feet deep, one and one-quarter miles west of Oviedo, was completed for Mr. D. W. Curry in 1910 by Mr. A. J. McCulley. This well gives a good flow of sulphur water and had, when measured in April, 1910, a- pressure of four and one-quarter pounds, the measurement being made about five feet above the ground. The first flow in this well was encoun- tered at a depth of 79 feet. A well fourteen miles east of Oviedo, on the Econlockhatchee Creek, furnishes a flow of salt water. This well was drilled in 1907 by A. J. McCulley and is 114 feet deep, two inches in diam- eter, and is cased 75 feet. The first flowing water, which was salty, was found at a depth of 70 feet. SANFORD. Probably not less than 1,000 wells occur in and around San- ford. These wells are used for irrigating purposes and obtain flowing artesian water at a comparatively shallow depth, the average being from 125 to 200 feet. Bordering Lakes Monroe and Jessup and the St. Johns River, the wells are more shallow and terminate at a depth of from 66 to 85 feet. The first flow in the wells at Sanford is encountered at a depth of from 100 to 125 feet, after drilling through a rock more or less hard and penetrating the characteristic "water rock" or the Vicksburg Limestone. In some instances a light flow is obtained above this harder rock immediately overlying the Vicks- burg. When such is the case it seems the water comes from a quicksand or sometimes from a stratum of sand and shell. In order to get a sufficient and permanent flow, however, the boring is continued until the Vicksburg Limestone is reached. WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 219 In a well owned by Mr. L. E. Morrow, four miles south of Sanford, on the Sanford-Orlando: public road, and drilled by Mr. W. E. Holmes in April, 1910, the Vicksburg Limestone was reached at a depth of 113 feet. The first flow was obtained at a depth of 110 feet, coming from a light yellow sand. The fol- lowing is an approximate log of this well constructed from notes given by the driller and from a partial set of samples kindly saved by him : Feet. Surface soil 0- 5 Yellow sand 5-40 Shell and sand, water, no flow 40-60 Sand 60-91 Shell and sand with shark's teeth 91-95 Dark blue rock with black phosphatic pebbles 95-100 Very dark rock 100-101 *,' Light yellow sand 101-113 Vicksburg Limestone 113- ' t . The principal supply of water for the city of Sanford is drawn from Lake Ada, about four miles southeast of the city. The soft . water from the lake is preferred to the hard, sulphuretted ar- tesian water. However, the city has four artesian wells, which serve as a source of supply when the lake is low. These wells are all four inches in diameter and are reported to have an aver- age depth of 130 feet. Measurements in regard to the volume of flow of these wells could not be obtained. Several flowing wells occur at Cameron City, on Lake Jessup, about six miles southeast of Sanford. The wells here are of about the same depth as those in and near Sanford and good flows are obtained. The principal use of the water is for irri- gating purposes. At Monroe, a station four miles northwest of Sanford, on the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, a number of wells have been sunk. According to reports from drillers the artesian conditions 'here are essentially the same as at Sanford. A well about one-fourth of a mile southwest of the depot was drilled for the Title, Bond and Trust Company by W. E. Holmes & Son. This is a two-inch well, 180 feet deep and cased 120 feet. The pressure of this 220 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. well April 19, 1910, was eight and one-half pounds, the measure- ment being made one and one-half feet above the surface. About one-fourth mile beyond the above is a second well. This well indicated a pressure of eight pounds, the measurement in this instance being made three feet above the surface. Unfortunately the total depth of this well could not be learned. A third well about one and one-fourth miles beyond this second well indicated Artesian well of E. Hy. Palmer on the west side of Lake Jessup. a pressure of one pound. This well has a total depth of 201 feet, is two inches in diameter and is cased 154 feet. As will be seen these wells decrease in pressure on leaving the river. This de- crease in pressure is due to the increase in elevation. All of the above mentioned wells are along the grade of the now abandoned railroad from Paola to Monroe. Another well four miles southwest of San ford and owned by . V. Weeden, terminated in the Vicksburg Limestone as hown by a mixed sample of the drillings gathered after the well was completed. Unfortunately neither the total depth of e we 1 nor the depth at which the Vicksburg Limestone was reached could be learned. This well i s two inches in diameter and furnishes a good flow of water. The well of Mr. E. Hy. Palmer, seven miles south of Sanford, WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 221 near the western shore of Lake Jessup, is 75 feet deep and was drilled in 1907. This is a four-inch well and is cased 40 feet. The pressure of this well as indicated by the pressure gauge, April 26, 1910, was nine and one-half pounds, or a pressure sufficient to cause the water to rise 21.9 feet above the point of connection of the gauge, which was three feet above the surface. The well is estimated to be about 12 feet above Lake Jessup, which estima- tion will give the well a total head of 36 feet and 9 inches above the surface of the lake. The deepest well at Sanford is the well owned by Mr. J. E. Pace. This well is located just outside of the known flowing area and was sunk in the hopes of obtaining a flow. The well is six inches in diameter to a depth of five hundred feet, below which depth the size of the drill hole was reduced to four inches. It has a total depth of 670 feet and the water rises to within one and one-half feet of the surface. The well is reported cased only 94 feet. A detailed record of the well could not be obtained, but it was stated by Mr. Pace that no apparent increase in head re- sulted from the increased depth, although no exact measurements regarding this were made. VOLUSIA COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Yolusia County lies between the St. Johns River and the At- lantic Ocean. It joins St. Johns County on the north and Bre- vard County on the south. The area of the land surface of this county is approximately 1,281 square miles. Much of the eastern part of the county is level and consists largely of palmetto flat- woods. Bordering the Atlantic Ocean, however, is an extensive strip of 'hammock known as Turnbull Hammock. Back of the hammock is found the line of sand dunes. Bordering the St. Johns River is found some open flatwoods. Running in a general north and south direction through the western part of the county is a ridge including much sandy pine land. Numerous lakes occur in this upland section which forms a part of the lake region of Florida. Elevations above sea level recorded by the Atlantic 222 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Coast Line Railroad which traverses this ridge are as follows: Seville, 52 feet; Pierson, 78 feet. WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. Xo complete set of well samples having been obtained from any one well in Yolusia County the information regarding the underlying formations is very meager. In the city well at De- Land the first water was obtained at a depth of 113 feet after passing through eight feet of clay and entering a twelve-foot shell stratum. The stratum of shell overlies a bed of rock re- ported to be 24 feet thick. The next rock encountered is at a depth of 237 to 24T feet. At Daytona the Yicksburg Limestone, as shown by the comparatively shallow depths of the wells, lies close to the surface and is presumably reached at from 125 to 150 feet. AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN VOLUSIA COUNTY. The area of artesian flow in Yolusia County is confined to a strip bordering the Atlantic Ocean on the east and a strip on the west bordering the St. Johns River. This area is indicated on the accompanying map. There are no doubt areas not mapped where flowing wells can be obtained. The area mapped, however, is based on definite information and on well records. In the north- ern portion of the county flowing wells are obtained as far west as Crescent Lake. This part of the county is flat and of low altitude. LOCAL DETAILS. DAYTONA. ^ Daytona lies in the flowing artesian section in eastern Yolusia ounty, along the western bank of Halifax River The city is supplied with water from four artesian wells, all of which are six- 's m diameter. These wells were drilled in 1909, but in order to obtain an increased flow were deepened in 1910 and now ran-e depth from Ifi5 to 200 feet. The 260-foot well on April 7 1910 WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 223 had a head of 9.3 feet above the surface or approximately 13.3 feet above sea. The wells now furnish an abundant supply of hard sulphuretted water. Inlet Fig. 11. Map showing the areas of artesian flow in Volusia County. The areas in which flowing wells can be obtained are indicated by shading. 224 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. In addition to the city wells above mentioned numerous pri- vate wells occur in and near Daytona. Of these it is possible to list only a few. Mr. Paul Petion owns a two-inch well about two and one-half miles south of the city. The well was drilled by Mr. H. VanDorn in 1910. It is 145 feet deep and is cased 85 feet. The first flowing water is reported to have been encoun- tered at a depth of 85 feet after drilling through about one foot of hard rock. Messrs. Bellough and Melton completed a two-inch well for Mr. Chas. Lee about two miles southwest of Daytona in April, 1910. This well is 130 feet deep and has a head of five feet above the surface. The first flow is reported from a depth of 88 feet just below a hard rock upon which the casing was landed. The following is a log of this well as given by Mr. Melton : Feet. Dark sandy soil _ g White marl 6-15 Sand and shell 15-30 B i"e cia y ..'."!!.'!.'".'.'.'.'.'!! so- 65 Sand and shell 65-87 Limestone, medium hard. First flow at 88 feet, increase 'of water with depth The following is a log of Mr. H. VanDorn's well. The well is one-half mile, west of the postoffice and was completed by Mr \ anDorn in April, 1910. It is a four-inch well, 205 feet deep and is cased 83 feet : Dark sandy soil Feet Hardpan V.'.Y.V.V. White sand Coquina and shell White sand .40-45 Blue clay 45 ' 65 Hard rock. Light flow'just ab'ov'e this'rock! ' ' L.ght-colored limestone, with harder and softer 'layer's "in" 3f water with increase of depth ' 84 . 205 - wells listed are representative of the wells surrounding lowing water , s obtained at a comparatively shallow WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 225 depth. From the above two logs it will be seen that hard rock was encountered at the depth of 87 and 84 feet, respectively. Immediately under this hard rock a softer limestone is reported and in this limestone the first flowing- water is obtained. The description of this formation given by the drillers characterizes it as the Vicksburg which is apparently reached in this section at a depth of not more than 125 to 150 feet. DE LAND. The city of DeLand, the county seat of Volusia County, lies in the southwestern portion of the county. There are a number of non-flowing artesian wells in and near DeLand. The city is at present supplied by two deep wells located at the pumping station. The six-inch well is 406 feet deep and was sunk in 1895. This well was reduced in diameter in the process of drilling and is cased as follows : Six-inch casing to 100 feet, four-inch casing to 290 feet, two-inch casing to 390 feet. The second well, which was drilled in 1906 by W. F. Hamilton, is ten inches in diameter and is 269 feet deep. At the depth of 191 feet hard rock was en- countered upon which the casing was landed. The head of the wells, regardless of the difference in depth, was reported to be 27 feet below the surface in both cases. The following log and analysis of the water from this well were kindly made available by Mr. E. D. McLeod : Feet. Sand 0- 25 Clay 25- 45 Shell 45- 50 Rock 50- 55 Sand 55-105 Clay .' 105-113 Shell, water-bearing 11.1-125 Rock 125-149 Sand 149-157 Rock 157-197 Sand and shell 197-237 Rock . . 237-247 226 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Clay 247-257 Sand 257-265 Rock 265-277 Clay 277-2.92 Shell and clay 292-372 Rock 372-392 Cavity with water 392-406 The following is an analysis of the water from the six-inch city well at DeLand. Analysis by H. Herzog, Jr., Gainesville, Fl?.. : Constituents. Parts per million. Total solids 136.29 Residue after ignition (mineral matter) 76.11 Gas and ignition (organic matter) 60.17 Sodium chloride 11.31 Free ammonia .68 Albuminoid ammonia 17 Oxygen (consuming power) 1.54 Nitrates 34. Nitrites None Sulphates o 95 Phosphates Trace ENTERPRISE. Flowing wells are obtained at Enterprise, along the shore of Lake Monroe, and in areas where the elevation does not exceed more than ten or twelve feet above the level of the water in the lake. The depth of the wells in this vicinity ranges from 20 to 200 or more feet, the average depth ! being between 90 and 110 feet. The water is 'hard and is charged with 'hydrogen sulphide, in some instances containing a large amount of salt. A well owned by Mr. William S. Thayer was drilled to a depth of 98 feet. It is two inches in diameter and is cased 45 feet The stimated elevation of this well is 15 feet* above the level of the water in Lake Monroe. The water is reported to rise to within .hree feet of the surface of the ground. An analysis of the water from this well made in the office of the State Chemist showed to contain 140 parts total solids to 1,000,000 parts water The total solids are reported to be composed of calcium carbonate WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 227 (lime), sodium chloride (common salt), and magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts). The following is an analysis of the water of the Benson Min- eral Spring, located about one-fourth mile west of town, and owned by the Misses Emma and Tina Tucker. Analysis made at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., by W. H. Hollenshead : Constituents. Parts per million. Potassium 27.104 Sodium 1805.046 Magnesium 213.047 Calcium , 321.619 Iron .702 Chlorine 3389.640 Bromine 103.206 Carbon dioxide 559.234 Sulphuric acid (radical) 541.132 Silica 16.989 Phosphoric acid (radical) .702 Boric acid Heavy trace Organic matter Small amount Hydrogen sulphide Slight trace The above are probably combined in the water as follows : Constituents. Parts per million. Potassium sulphate 60.346 Calcium sulphate 720.043 Sodium bromide 133.722 Magnesium chloride 819.787 Sodium phosphate .994 Iron chloride 1.594 Sodium chloride 4504.371 Calcium chloride 76.701 Calcium bicarbonate 330.928 Silica 16.989 Carbonic acid 379.624 Sodium biborate Heavy trace Hydrogen sulphide Slight trace Organic matter Small amount 228 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. LAKE HELEN. Lake Helen lies in the lake region of southern Volusia County. The land 'here is high, rolling pine woods. The elevation of the depot at Lake Helen, as recorded by the Florida East Coast Rail- way, is 70 feet. The wells recorded from this place range in depth from 130 to 238 feet. The Bond 'Sand-Lime Brick Com- pany own several three-inch wells ranging in depth from 130 to 140 feet. The water is reported to rise within 28 feet of the surface. A well for Mr. G. W. Webster was drilled in 1897'' by Mr. H. C. Haven. This well is 238 feet, four inches in diameter and cased 158 feet. The first rock is reported at a depth of 78 feet. The principal water supply is obtained from a depth of 210 feet. The water is hard and is only slightly charged with hydrogen sulphide. NEW SMYRNA. The artesian conditions at New Smyrna are essentially the same as those given for Daytona. The wells in this vicinity range in depth from 108 to 144 feet. The water is hard and is charged wit'h hydrogen sulphide and is used to a large extent for irrigating purposes. The following is an analysis of the water from the well of Mr. W. L. Widmeyer, made in the office of the State Chemist, B. H. Bridges, analyst : Constituents. Parts per million. Silica (SiO 2 ) 27.0 Chlorine (Cl) 836.6 Sulphates (SO 4 ) 7.8 Carbonates (CO 3 ) 12.0 Bicarbonates (HCO 3 ) 209.8 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 108.6 Calcium oxide (CaO) 197 7 Total solids 1980.0 The following is a log of a four-inch well drilled by R. C. Walker for the Florida East Coast Railway. The record is ob- tained through the courtesy of Mr. G. A. Miller: WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 229 Feet. Coal cinders (filled land) 0- 3 Coquina rock 5- 14 Sand 14- 16 Sand and shell 16-42 Blue clay 42- 43 Fine shell 43-64 Fine shell and sand 64-80 Coarse shell 80-91 Rock 91-92 Clay and shell 92-96 Hard rock 96-100 Soft white limestone 100-156 The following is a log of a three-inch well drilled by H. Van- Dorn, two miles west of New Smyrna, for the Florida East Coast Railway. The record is obtained through the courtesy of Mr. G. A. Miller: Feet Sand -16 Rock 16 - 20^ Shell 20 l /2- 24 Clay 24- 40 Rock 40- 42 Clay 42- 44 Rock 44- 46 Clay 46- 79 Rock 79- SI Shell 81- 85 Rock 85- 87 Rock, bearing salty water 87-103 Rock, bearing fresh water 103-124 OAK HILL. Oak Hill is eleven miles south of New Smyrna, on the Florida East Coast Railway and about four miles north of the head of Indian River. Several flowing wells occur in the vicinity of this place. These wells are reported to be about 130 feet deep. The water is hard and sulphuretted. Approaching the head of Indian River, some four or five miles south of Oak Hill, flowing wells of brackish water are obtained. Mr. T. J. Murray owns four 230 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. wells, all near the head of Indian River, which are used for stock. One of these wells was never satisfactorily completed. Two of the wells give a brackish flow while the water from the other well, which is located about one mile south and west of the head of the river, is reported to be fresh. This well, however, is not as deep as the other two wells, being only 82 feet deep and ter- minating before passing through the "bed" or hard rock which was encountered at that depth. The two brackish wells are re- ported to have a depth of 110 feet and to have a head of about seven feet above the surface. According to well records this seems to be the northern extent of the shallow' brackish flowing wells, fresh water wells being obtained just a few miles to the north. Eastward this salt area presumably extends to the Atlantic Ocean. In 19<)r Mr. J. W. Griffis had a well sunk one mile north- west of Shiloh, to a depth of 149 feet. The well at this depth flowed just above the surface and furnished a very strong salt water. The well is now capped and is not used. The character of the artesian water westward in this part of the county is not known, records of wells not having been obtained. ORANGE CITY. The Orange City wells vary in depth from 11 r to 890 feet. The 890-foot well is owned by Mr. Albert Dickinson and is not used. Salt water was encountered at the depth of 890 feet and the well was plugged up below 660 feet. The depth of the well as now used is 660 feet. The principal use of the artesian wells m this vicinity, aside from general domestic purposes, is that of irrigation, the Orange City Mineral Spring Company, however, have a well 117 feet deep, the water from which is bottled for This is a ten-inch well and is reported cased to a depth of The water is said to rise to within twenty feet of WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 231 the surface. The following is an analysis of the water from this well.* Analyst unknown : Constituents. Parts per million. Free ammonia 0.00 Albuminoid ammonia 0.05 Oxygen consumed 1.05 Nitrites 0.00 Nitrates 1.00 ORMOND. Several deep wells have been sunk at Ormond. These deep wells all furnish a salt water which cannot be used except in some instances where it is used for bathing purposes. A four-inch well was drilled by Mr. H. Walker in 1900 at the Hotel Ormond. This well reached a depth of 752 feet and is cased 360 feet. At a depth of 320 feet salt water was encountered. The water from the well is used for bathing purposes. Another well at the Hotel Ormond reached the same depth. This well is eight inches in diameter and is cased 400 feet, at which depth salt water is re- ported, continuing to 550 feet. From the depth of 550 feet to the total depth of the well, 752 feet, no water was encountered. The average depth of the wells surrounding Ormond and vi- cinity is from 160 to 225 feet. At this depth a hard sulphuretted water is obtained. However, in some instances salt water at this shallow depth is reported. Mrs. A. M. Watson owns a three- inch well which is 180 feet deep and cased 90 feet. The water from this well is not used because it contains salt. This well is the only one of this depth on record that contains salt, other wells of medium depth furnishing an abundant supply of fresh water, which is used for domestic and irrigating purposes. The head of the wells range from eight to nine feet above the surface or about fourteen to fifteen feet above sea. *U. S. Geological Survey, Bull. 102, p. 263, 1904. 232 FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PIERSON. Pierson is located on the sandy ridge running through the west central portion of Volusia County. The elevation of the depot at this place, as recorded by the Atlantic Coast Line Rail- road, is 78 feet. Records of two deep wells occurring here have been obtained. The N. L. Pierson well is three inches in diame- ter and 150 feet deep. The water is reported to rise to within forty feet of the surface. Its use is general domestic and irriga- tion purposes. The second well was drilled at the public sc'hool house and is used for general drinking purposes. SEVILLE. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad owns four artesian wells at Seville, used for the railroad boiler supplies. One well is four inches in diameter and is reported to be 126 feet deep. The other three wells are two inches in diameter. The exact depth is not known. The water is said to rise to within 18 feet of the surface. About two miles south of Seville and west of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad is a flowing artesian well. This well is owned by J. W. Whitner, and was drilled in 1909. This is a two- inch well, 140 feet deep and is cased 90 feet. The elevation at the well, as determined by measurement, is sixteen feet above Lake George. The well on April 25, 1910, as indicated by the pressure gauge, had a pressure of four and one-quarter pounds, equivalent to a head of 9.8 feet above the surface or 25.8 feet above the level of the water in Lake George. The first flowing water was reported at the depth of 80 feet, at which depth hard rock was encountered. BREVARD COUNTY. LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES. Brevard County lies between the St. Johns River and the At- lantic Ocean. It has a total length of 66 miles and, including Mcrritts Island, is about 25 miles wide. It joins Volusia Countv WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 233 on the north and St. Lucie County on the south. -Aside from the line of sand dunes running parallel with the coast this county is prevailingly of the palmetto flatwoods type of country, although extensive prairie and muck lands occur in the interior of the county. Lake Washington, in the central part of this county, has an elevation of 15.74 feet while Lake Wilmington, the head waters of the St. Johns River, in St. Lucie County, has an eleva- tion of 23.3? feet above mean sea level at Indian River Inlet.* i WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS. The deep wells in Brevard County enter the Vicksburg Lime- stone. At Melbourne this limestone, as indicated by well samples kept from the well of Mr. Oliver Gibbs, was reached at the depth of 221 feet. At Cocoa, in the well of Mr. H. Bradford, the Vicks- burg Limestone was recognized at a depth not exceeding 190 feet. AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN BREVARD COUNTY. Although the interior of this county is 'but thinly settled and but few wells have been put down, it is probable that the greater part of this county lies within the area of artesian flow. On the high sand dune ridge, which lies out three or four miles from the coast, a flow is not to be expected. This is probably also true of points within the interior of the county, particularly in the south- western part. LOCAL DETAILS. CHESTER SHOALS. Some fifteen miles from Titusville, through Banana Creek, is the Chester Shoals Life Saving Station and Canaveral Club House. At this club house an artesian well was drilled about 1890. It is a three-inch well and the original depth was 222 feet. The amount of casing used could not be learned. The well in *Survey made in 1903, under the direction of Captain F. R. Shunk, U. S. Army. 234 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. subsequent years decreased in flow, and in order to get a sufficient amount of water for general use it became necessary to deepen the well. In 1905 Captain Alex. Near continued the drilling to 297 feet. The well now gives an abundance of water strongly impregnated with hydrogen sulphide and tasting slightly brackish, although not so much so as to condemn it for general purposes. CITY POINT. Flowing wells are obtained along the shore of Indian River at City Point. Between the village on the river and the 'City Point depot, on the Florida East Coast Railway, there is quite an elevation, evidently an old sand dune. The elevation of this ridge, according to barometric readings, is about fifty feet above the level of the water in the river. A well sunk here some years ago failed to flow, although the water rose to within a few feet of the surface. A well owned by S. Hendry is reported to 'have a depth of about 160 feet. The elevation of the well is approxi- mately twenty feet above the water in Indian River. The pressure of this well, as indicated by the pressure gauge March 5, 1910. was five pounds, or sufficient pressure to cause the water to rise 11.5 feet above the surface, or approximately 31.5 feet at>ove the river level. The following is an analysis of the water from this well. An- alysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst : Constituents. Parts per million. S.l.ca (Si0 2 ) ............................ V Sulphates (S0 4 ) Phosphates (PO 4 ) ......................... 8 00 Carbonates (CO 3 ) ............... ........! 000 Bicarbonates (HCO 3 ) .................. ........... 16800 Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . 117400 Magnesium (Mg) ......................... '''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ne.'oo Calc'U'nCCa) .......................................... 440.00 ron and alumina (Fe and Al) ...................... 1 OQ Loss on ignition .......................... "" oeo'oo Total dissolved solids .................... ........ ..... 5053 00 WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 235 COCOA. The number of artesian wells in and around Cocoa renders it impossible to specifically mention more than a few representative ones. The artesian wells in this section terminate at a medium depth and are sunk without encountering great difficulty in drill- ing, thus making the cost comparatively slight. The wells ter- minate in the Vicksburg Limestone, as indicated by the mixed samples of drillings from the well of H. Bradford, one mile south- west of Cocoa. The water is reported in some instances to con- tain a trace of salt, but only in a very few cases was it found to be injurious to vegetation. The well of O. K. Key was sunk by the owner in 1908. It is a three-inch well and has a depth of 202 feet. The well is cased 140 feet. The pressure of the well, as indicated by the gauge, March 10, 1910, was ten pounds, or a head of 23.1 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well above the level of the water in the Indian River, as shown by barometric readings, is 15 feet, thus giving the well a total head of 38.1 feet above the water level in the river. The water has a slight trace of salt and is impregnated with hydrogen sulphide gas. About one-fourth mile southwest of the city postoffice is the well of the Cocoa Ice Company. This well is reported to have been drilled in 1888. It is a four-inch well, 325 feet deep, and cased about 125 feet. The pressure of this well in 1908 was re- ported to be twelve and one-quarter pounds. This pressure would give the well a head of 28.2 feet above the surface. The esti- mated surface elevation is about 10 feet above the river, making a total head of 38.2 feet above the level of the water in Indian River. An artesian well one mile southeast of Cocoa was completed in February, 1910. This well was drilled by J. A. Coward and is owned by H. Bradford. It is three inches in diameter, 190 feet deep and is cased to a depth of 80 feet. A mixed sample of the drillings taken after the completion of the well indicates that the Vicksburg Limestone was encountered. The exact depth at which this limestone was reached could not be learned. The volume of 236 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. flow, as measured March 10, 1910, was 60 gallons per minute and the pressure as indicated by the pressure gauge on the same date was five pounds or a pressure sufficient to cause the water to rise 11.5 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well above the level of the water in Indian River, as shown by baro- metric readings, is 20 feet. This elevation, together with a head of 11.5 feet above the surface, gives the well a total head of 31.5 feet above the river level. The water is the characteristic sulphur water common to most of the artesian wells of the State. The following is an analysis of the water from this well. Analysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst: Constituents. p arts per million Silica (SiO 2 ) 12 Chlorine (Cl) ] 1082 Sulphates (SO 4 ) 201 Phosphates (PO 4 ) Carbonates (CO 3 ) \ Bicarbonates (HCO 3 ) ..' 152 Sodium and potassium (Na and K) 536 Magnesium (Mg) 7? Calcium (Ca) Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) Loss on ignition Total dissolved solids . .