THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S COi»TRIBUTI Oli TO THE THEORY AKD PRACTICE OP CIVIC EDUCATION. c • ^ o X • OS" 3y Vary Elizabeth Creath ( A. B. Iowa Wesleyan, 1917) Thesis Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education In the viraduate Division of the University of California. i.ovember 23, 1921 . \ TALLS OP C0tfTB*!T3. PART I. Concept it Citizenship. LB b noosevelt's Conception of American £rk of the •>nl ,...107 An example 108 Knowledge 108 The creed of American Democracy 109 Interdependence 109 National consciousness Ill Seeling HI ociqbility 112 Cooperation 114 faith in the creed of American Democracy 115 Patriotism 117 Justice 118 Civic responsibility 119 Conduct 120 Self-control 120 TABLE OF COKTERTS. naif-reliance 120 Tolerance . 121 Adaptability 121 Initiative 122 Surplus energy 1-23 Summary 124 CHAPTER II. Roosevelt's Appreciation of the School and its Teacher*. Introduction 126 Training in Character 127 The teacher '. 128 Hi o attitude toward work 129 Preaching rersue practice 129 Hie view of play 132 Value of y laygsounds 133 The strenuous Life 133 CHAPTER III. Roosevelt's Contribution to Teachers and Pupils as quoted from his Works. Introduction 135 Charac ter 136 Voral quality , 138 TABLE 0? COisTBaTS. Self-reliance 141 Good qualities 141 Kight 142 Cooperation 143 Courage 145 Justice 145 Ameri cani sm 14 7 Initiative 148 Honesty 148 service 150 Equality 151 Ideals 152 Responsibility 153 Work 1 54 Education 156 Books 158 INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this paper is, first, to present Theodore Roosevelt's theory of citizenship; second, to consider Theodore Roosevelt as an active citizen; and third, to set forth the values that may be deduced from his life and works in order that they o far from liberty, from freedom, from responsible self-government, being things tnat come easily and to any people, they are peculiarly things that can come only to the highly developed people. Only people ca- pable, not merely of mastering others, but of mastering them- selves, can achieve real liberty, can achieve real self-govern- ment, and for that self-mastery, for the cultivation of the spirit of self-restraint which is but another side of the spirit of self-reliance, we must rely to no small degree upon those who furni: us much of the thouj^ht of the great bulk of those who think most'.' Jfreedom can stay only with people who have the habit of self mastery, 'ftach can use his freedom to advantage only pro- vided that he can master himself, that he cnn control his own passions and direct his own faculties. Every man must have a 1. hemarks at the Dinner of the Periodical Pub. Assn. of America. The iiew Willard, Washington D.C. Apr, 7, 1904. -8- 1 master, if he is not his own master somebody else will be." While each one must hold his own against outsiders at times, it is of greatest importance that he be on guard against himself, "The chief dangers to each mnn dwels within that man's own heart and brnin; and what is true of each of us individually, is true of all of us in a mass. Ho man can do good work in the world for himself, for those whom he lo"»es who are dependent upon him, or for the state at large unless he has the great virtue oi' self- 2 mastery." The free and equal development of all its citizens is the 3 most precious thing the state has in its keeping. Bach per- son should be t,iven the opportunity to show what is in him and to bring him to his best. This development is not for the sake of the individual alone, but also for the contribution wnich his skill and personality will bring to soci- Squal Opportunity ety. The man who serves tue community greatly should be greatly regarded by the community, so while equality of opportunity should be carefully guarded, where there is inequality of service there should be also inequality of re- ward. Koosevelt speaking to the point on this matter says, "When we speak of liberty, when we praise it, let us try to see that in actual practice we achieve it. .Vhen we speak of 1. At Keokuk, Iowa, Oct. 1, 1907. 2. Nationalism and Democracy, Outlook 97; 622-5, Mar. 25, 1911. 3. Cf. Lange , A. P. Lowell's Conception of Citizensniri, p. 109. -9- fraternity, of brotherhood # let us exercise each for himself the qualities that make for brotherhood, for fraternity. When we spe-;k of equality, let us try to realize it in the spirit of Abraham Lincoln, who pointed out that there was, of course, a certain sense in which men are not, and can not be equal; but who realized by his life and hi a duties the profound truth that in the larger sense, in the real, the all- important sense there can and must be an equality among all men. This equality we, of the American republic, must seek to secure among our fellow citizens. It is an equality of ri^it before the law; a measur- able equality of opportunity, so far as we can secure it for each man to do the best that is in him without harming his fel- lows, and without ninderance from his fellows, and finally, and most important, it is the equality which we should prize above all else, the equality of self-respect and of mutual respect 1 among each and all our citizens." Hence there should be no com- promise with monopoly. The government should exercise control i s over anything which A incompatible with equality of opportunity. The initial value of the individual stands far above industrial systems, and the nation must realize that its great- est work lies in the use of material interests for the devel- opment of the highest possibilities of manhood. The labor 1. Address to ochool Children of U. is. April 15, 1907. -10- problem is not merely an economic but also a human and a moral problem. Any deterioration of labor conditions means wholesale sacrifice of human lives and human happiness. Material progress and prosperity are desirable chiefly so far Value of the Individual as they le^d to mor^l and material welfare of all citizens. Material prosperity must be considered merely as a foundation upon which to build the superstructure of higher citizenship. A3 iioosevelt says: **We are now in a condition of prosperity unparalleled not merely in our own history but in the history of any other nation. This prosperity is deep roated stands on firm basis because it is due to the fact that the average American has in him the stuff out of which victors are made in the great individual contest of the present day, just as in the great military contests of the past, and because he i 8 now able to use and develoo his qualities to the best ad- vantage under our well established economic system. We are win- ning headship among the nations of the world because our people are able to keep their high average of individual citizenship and to sho^ their mastery of the hard, complex, pushing life of the age. There will be fluctuations from time to tine in our prosperity, but it will continue to grow just so long as re keep up this hi ti h average of individual citizenship, permit 1 it to work out its own salvation under proper economic legislation.' 1. At .^ineapolis, 'inn., April 4, 1903. -11- ..oosevelt had too much common sense not to know that the chief factor in winning success for the state and for the people in the state, must be the character of the individual man, of the individual woman. "It is all essential for our people ever to keep in their minds the fact that tnough national resources can do a great deal, though the law can do a good deal, the fun- damental requisite in building up prosperity and civilization is the requisite of individual character in the individual man 1 or woman." Character counts far more than intellect or phys- ical prowess in winning success in Value of Character life. "It is a good thing to have a sound body, and. a better thing to have a sound mind; and better still to have tha.t aggregate of virile and decent qualities which 2 we group together under the name of character." The building of character is the first essential toward the achievement of good civilization. It must accompany each talent or the possesor of th«? talent is a menace to the community. ^oosevelt gives suggestions as to the development of a well rounded character which it would be well for every citizen to adhere to. "Insistence upon self-respect, insistence upon others showing unselfishness also, as a corollary to your first duty of yourself showing unselfishness and self-abnegation, you 1. Address at _alt ake, Utah, Aug. 16, 1903. 2. Roosevelt Doctrine, liarx-ison, Page 40. -12- will develop a well rounded Cii iracter and capacity to do good such as you can not possibly develop in itooaevelt' 8 idea any other fashion. "In developing of development of character character, remember that while you need to develop the negative virtues, the virtues that make you easy to live with, that make you not actually do anything wrong to any one else, yet those virtues are not enoutih. The ordinary qualities that a man needs to display are not the ordinary qualities that a woman needs to display; but in the great, crises, in the time s of great stress, each must show the traits that he or she prizes in the other. The nan must have in nim a fund of sweetness and usefulness; and the woman must h^ve in her the courage and the strength thnt s#e will surely need if she is to do her duty aright in life under the trials that will 1 surely befall us as we do our way thru the world." The object of government is to serve the interests of the many, tne sum of individual citizens. This government, like all governments, is subject to human improvement by the pr^ctic- 2 al application of Christianity. By Value of Christian ideals citizens following the highest public standard of conduct, not merely on ound^y, but at home and in business. If the mass of citizens adhere honestly and up»ightly 1 Tn« Commencement of the Rational Cathedral bchool , aeh.D.C. June 6, 1900. 2. Of. Lange, A. F. Lowell's Conception of Citizenship, p. 11. -13- to the fundamental laws of private and public morality it will count mote for the republic than special genius or universal brilliancy. In speaking of Christianity applied, Hoosevelt says, "We need civic righteousness. The best constitution that the wit of man ever devised, the best institution that the ablest statesman has ever reduced to practice by law or by custom, i.ll these shall be of no avail if they are not vivified by the spirit vhich makes a state great by making its citizens J honest, Just and brave! 1. At the Pan-American Missionary Service, Mt at. Albon, Washington D. C, Oct. 25, 1903. 13a CHAPT&R II. Kecessary Attitudes for Citizenship. Roosevelt whs an ardent sur^norter of the political faith on which our nation is built. He was conscious of the fact tnat democracy is more or less an experiment and realized the dangers that beset it, but his heart and His faith in mindweie with the cause because he had democracy . faith in the average man. "The noblest of all forms of government is self- 1 government; tut it is also the most difricult 1 ! "1 believe in the future of the American people because I be- lieve that fundamentally and at he-=>rt. the average man and the average woman of America are sound, that however deep they may at times err, yet they have " ■•■'■ ' ., ' ' i . i i 1. Message coTrpnunicated to the Two Houses of Congress, December 5, 1905. -14- in them fundamentally, the power of self-mastery, the power of self-control, the power to live their lives in accordance with a high and fine ideal, to do strict justice to others, and to insist upon their rights only as a vantage-point for the better 1 performance of their duties." But itoosevelt not only believed with all his heart in real and thoroughgoing democracy but he wished to make this democracy industrial as well as political, and thus reduce theory to practical conditions of living. He says; "Democracy cannot possibly be achieved save among a people fit for democracy. There can be no real political democracy unless there is something approaching an economical democracy. A democracy must consist of men who are intellectually, morally, and materially fit to be their own masters. There can be nei- ther political nor industrial democracy unless people are rea- sonably well-to-do, and also reasonably able to achieve the dif- 2 ficult t-*sk of mastery." Democracy will not solve all oolitic 1 problems and con- flicts but, as Dr. Lange has said, "its substance is common 3 thinking, feeling, and willing of its citizens." The first con- dition for its success is the rise and progress of a national spirit. "t each shall have a genuine spirit oi regard and friendship for others and that each of us shall try to look at the problems of life somewhat from the neighbors standpoint, t-iat v?e shall have the capacity to understand one anothers position, one anothers needs, and also the desire each to help his brother as well as to help 1 himself ." Topeka, Kansas, May 1, 1903. -17- Koosevelt. like Lowell, had a practical mind. He was not given to substituting vague abstractions for full-grown facts. When speaking of the nation and national spirit he pointed out that a nation consisted of men and women, that national spirit in reality is the feeling of brotherliness each have for all, and all have for each. Fatriotic loyaly is really loyalty to good citizenship, the showing of afiection to one's Hie conception of the nation neighbor as well to one's self. He realized too that national consciousness has its foundation in local pride 1 and love. He cautions us to reracaiber that we must not, subor- dinate national consciousness to sectionalism. "In the first place we wish to be moadly American and national, aa opuOsed to being locnl or sectional. We do not wish in politics, in lit- erature, or in art to develop that unwholesome spirit, that over- exaltation of the little comnunity at the expense of tne great nation, which produces whnt has been described as the patriotism 2 of the village, tne patriotism of the belfry." C*ood citizenship begins at home. Most of us will never be in a position to show by heroic deems our patriotism, our nation- spirit and loyalty but e ch can contribute all tnat within him lies to the progress, material, intellectual and moral of the 1. It. Lange. A. F. Lowell's Conception of Citizenship, p. 114-S. 2. American Ideals, p. 16. -IB- small social group to which he happens to belong. Ae Roosevelt sh^s. "It does not sound quite so inspiring to be asked to be a good citizen of the village, of the county, What is good citizenship? as it does to be asked to be a good citizen of the nation; but you can not be a good citizen of the nation if you are not, in the first place a good citizen among your own neighbors, atove all remember that you can not be a good citizen of the town, or county if you are not a good citizen 1 in your own home first." In doing our own particular huuidrum duties of every day life most of us can show our national spirit, under the guiding thought that patriotism is loyal public spirit, excluding narrow sectionalism and enlarged to include the thought that after all we are one people whether we live in the city or the country, in the East or in the West in the Korth or in the Douth, we are but one mighty whole, one indivisible country with tne interest of all the citizens at heart, ratriotlsm in Roosevelt's conception is not a sudden outburst of emotion such as is so often manifested on the Bburth of July. "If a man who comes to the Fourth of July celebration „. ^ goes home and conducts himself so that his wife riie idea of pa rio ism and cnildren ^^ beyond anything else that he never did come home, you can guarantee taat man is a poor 1. At Oyster Bay, ft. Y. July 4, 1906. -19- 1 citizen". True patriotism is a feeling which is real and strong, a feeling which should ever be present in the daily tasks and pursuits of eveiy member of a community. Individual life lacks de-per meaning, remains undeveloped and dwarfed if there is not the feeling of patriotism, love of country and pride in the flag which symbolizes the country, the feeling which makes the citi- zen ready to live for as well as to die for his country. "Tie principle, all for each and each for all, is a nec- essary element in individual character as well as in good citi- zenship. While Hoosevelt approves of it Each for all and all for each. as a working motto, he warns us not to forget that the first requisite in accomplishing it is that each man should work for others by working for himself, in the devel- opment of his own capacity. "The first requisite of a good cit- izen in this Republic of oure is that he shall be able and will- ing to pull his own weight- that he s^all not be a mere pas- senger, but shall do his share in the work e*>ch generation of us finds ready to hand, and furthermore that in doing his work he shall show not only the c-roacity for sturdy self-help and 2 self-respecting regard for the rights of others". If one has a foundation of self-help and self-service he can safely build 1. At Oyster r>ay, I, Y. July 4, 1906. ii. Adarese to Chamber of Commerce of State of 1« Y.At | . Y. City, Kov. 11, 1902. -20- ur^on it the useful superstructure of service to his fellows, of service to the state, of service to the community as a whole. icing a success of one's own work, attending well to . one's own business also implies attending well to the affairs of the neighborhood and the nation. Taking part in politics is not merely a right, not merely a duty, Duty of a citizen to participate. tat is demanded by one's own eelf- respect. "JSach man should feel that he has no excuse, as a cit- izen in a democratic republic like our3, if he fails to do his part in tne government. It is not merely his rignt to do so, but his duty, his duty both to himself and to the Nation A man may neglect his political duties because he is too lazy, too selfish, too short-sighted, or too timid; but whatever the reason may be it is certainly an unworthy reason, and it shows 1 either i weakness in a man's character or something worse". Taking part in the government does not necessarily mean the holding of a public office, but it does mem that each cit- izen take an intelligent, disinterested, and practical part in the every day duties of the avernge citizen by seeing to it # as best he can, that there is a genuine equality of opportunity for all men so far as it can be brought about, and that there 1. At the Harvard Union, Feb. 23, 1907. -21- is the right attitude of this nation toward other nations. The man who does nis duty day in and day out in the small things as well as in the large taings, is the man who is doing his duty to nimself, to his neighbor, to tne state, and to the nation. "A good citizen," Koosevelt says, "must be a good breadwinner, he must take care of his wife, and his cnildren, he must be a neighbor whom his neighbors can trust, he must act squarely in his business relations, he must do all these duties first, or he is not a good citizen. iut he must do more. In this country of ours the average citizen must devote a good deal of thought and time to the affairs of the state as a whole or those affairs will, go backward, he must devote that thought 1 and time steadily and intelligently* . noosevelt never tireB of repeating, "Back of laws, back of the administration, back of th9 system of government lies the man, lies the average manhood of our people, and in the long run we are going to go up or go down according as the averse citizenship does or does not wax 1 in growth and grace." The fundamental duty of good citizenship, then, consists in the cultivation of patriotism as a habit of thought and action, Thought must be transformer! into action in order that progress ma,y exist. To know an' to act are the fundamentals which are 1. At Symphony Hall, Loston, Aug. 25, 1902. -22- not always easy but which self-government requires. "A man is not h good citizen, 1 do not care how Thought and action go together. lofty his thoughts are about citizenship in the abstract, if in the concrete his actions do not bear him out, and it does not make much difference how high his aBperations for mankind at large may be, if he doee not behave well in his 1 own family those aspirations will not bear visible fruit". It is the duty of every American citizen to become famil- iar with our country's history, its governmental operations, and to act intelligently upon problems of local and national interest. To see to it that efficient schools rare main- "ht* influence of the school. tained for "the public schools are not merely educational centers for the mass of people, but they are the fac- tories of American citizenship. Incidentally to its other work the public echool does more than any other institution of any sort or description to Americanize the child of foreign oorn parents who come here when young, or is born here. nothing counts so much in welding together into one compact mass of citizenship the different race stocks which here are being fused into a new nationality" . But not only must a real democracy see that the chance 1. At Symphony riali, boston, Aug, 26, 1902. 2. To the Bowrd of Education of district of Columbia and others at the v/hite House, Dec. 18, 1905. -23- for elementary education is open to every boy and girl, but also schools of the most advanced type so that there will be oppor- tunity for developing leaders. "The education of the mass, while the most important problem in democratic education, is in no way or shape by and of itself sufficient. Democracy cornea Bhort of what it should be just to the extent that it fills to provide for the exceptional individual the highest kind of exceptional training, far democracy as a permanent world force must mean not only the raising of the general level but also the raising of tne atai.ds.rd of excellence to which only exceptional individuals ran attain. The table land must be raised, but the high peaks 1 must not be leveled down; on the contrary they too must be raised." It is impossible for government to operate without lead- ership, i'roifl those who have received a higher education a spe- cial quality is expected. In speaking of leaders Roosevelt says, "In order to succeed we need leaders of Leadership inspired idealism, leaders to whom are granted viei^n, who dream <*nd strive to raake their dreams come true, who can isindle tae people with fire from their own burning souls, The leadei of the tirae being whoever he may be, is but an in- strument to be used until broken and then cast aside; and if he is wort., -lis salt he will care no more when he is broken than 1. Noteworthy project in higher education. Outlook 97,344-6, Feb. 18, 1911. -24- a soldier cares when he is sent where his life is forfeit in 1 order th«t victory may be won". ttevertaeless it remains true that no matter how great the leader he cam accomplish little unless he has the ri Jit kind of peopj e to lead, ho leader can improve our citirenship un- less the average nan has in him the capacity for such improvement. The m*n behind the ballot is the one who counts most in civil life and it depends upon the people whetner thi s movement shall stand in the future ae i t has in tne past. 1. Riffht of the people to rule. Outlook, 100; March, 23, 1912. i»a a. -24 a- CHAPTBK III. Practical Qualities of Citizenship. Roosevelt would not have us follow the maxim "My country right or wrong", as it is frenuently understood. To him it 1 is not a favorite maxim. He went to the core of things when he said, "then I speak of Americanism I do not for a minute mean to e»y that all things we do are all right. I think there art plenty of evils to correct and that often a man shove himself all the more a good Faith in the people. American because he wants to cut out any evil of the body politic which may interfere with our approaching the ideal of true Americanism. But not only admitting but also emphasizing this, it yet remains true that, throughout our history no one has been able to render a really great service to the country if he did not 1. Cf. Lange, A. F. , Lowell's Conception oi Citi zenship,p.ll8. -25- 1 believe in the country" . i.y the same high ethical standard he judged political parties, "a party is of worth only in so far as it promotes the national interest, and every of ficial, high or low can serve his mrty best by rendering to the people the best service of which h» in enable. Effective government comes only as trie result 2 of long co-operation 1 *. The best citizen is a practical man of high ideals, one who does his best to put those high ideals into actual practice. In fact an ideal can not really be called Worth of ideals high unless it is one that is, at least, partialiy realizable. Concerning this point hoosevelt says, "be practical as well as generous in your ideals, keep your eyes upon the stars, but remember to keep your feet on the ground ..... The salvation of our whole social system depends upon the nroduction year by ye^r of a sufiicient number of citizens who possess hign ideals combined witn. the practical power to realise the*!, In every walk of life, in business, politics if the need comet,, in war, in everything, what we need is a sufticien' t number of men who can work well and who will "»ork with a high ideal" . 1. At Augusta, Maine, \ug. 26, 1902. 2. Adareee at Oyster Bay, ■; Y. July 27, 1904. 3. hema.rks Introducing riev. G. ftagner, at the Lafayette Opera Hou se , .Vash . D, : . £ov . 22 , 1 904 . -26- But knowledge and practical efficiency are not the only things for a citizen to acquire and demand. A man can not be a good citizen unless he is willing to work. The worst thing one can do as a citizen is to do nothing. The idle man is a detriment to the community. It is the duty of every A- merican man and woman to work, regardless of the kind of em- ployment so long as it is honorable, is necessary, and is done well. "We have no place in our Individual industry scheme of government, no room for the man who does not wish to pay his way thru life by what he does **or himself and the community /.'ork, the capacity for work is absolutely necessary and no man's life is full, no man can be said to live in the true sense of the word if he does not 1 work". The man who counts is one who has the force, trie power, the will to accomplish results, but whose ideals are such that he works for something worth striving for. One of the sterling qualities that counts for much is a sense of unadulterated honesty. Unless one can be trusted by his fellow man he is not a good citizen. He must possess the the quality of honesty, ueing the term in the Honesty broadest sense, in the sense of devoted, disin- terested promotion of our national ideals of life. ^peaking 1. At Topeka, Kansas, Kay 1, 1903 -27- to the point hoosevelt says. "You must demand honesty or you are not "ten; and you must do honesty or you are not decent men? Again ne says, "On behalf of our people, on behalf no less of the honest man of me -me than the honest man who earns each days livelihood by the sweat of his brow, it is necessary to insist upon honesty, in all walks of life, in big things and in little 2 things, upon Just and fair dealing as between man and man 3 K very desirable citizen is one wao has a sense of fair play and justice. One who while demanding justice for himself, is no lees scrupulous to do justice to o triers. It is a safe doctrine for citizens to play fair and The square deal or fair play just, to give a little more than a square deal rather than less. Roosevelt never tired of pleading for square de**l . Square deal— the word he himself coined because it expressed exactly what he meant, to let each man stand on his own merit 8, receive what is due him, and be judged accord- ing to his deeds. "Tie must treat each man on his worth and merits as a man, we must see that e^ch is given a square deal, 3 because he is entitled to no more, and should receive no less" • In order to have fair play each of us should have a genuine spirit of regard and friendship for others, understand 1. Public ^ervantand his teachings. 2. Big Stick and square Oeai. 3. At the state Jtair, ii. Y. oept. 7, 1903. -28- one another's position, one another's needs and have the desire to help each other. "I do not think a man is fit to do good work in our American democracy unless he is Sociability. able to have a genuine fellow feeling, for understanding and sympathy with fcis fellow American, whatever their creed or their birthplace, the section in which they live or the work they do provided they possess the only kind of 1 Americanism that really counts the Americanism of spirit". Again speaking for sociability he s^ys, "I firmly believe in my countrymen and therefore I believe the chief thing necessary in order that they shall work together is tri^t they shall know one another — that the Northerner shall know the ..southerner and the man of one occupation know the man of another occupation; the man who works in one wal^c of life know the fellow who works in another walk of life, so that he may realize that the things which divide us are superficial, are unimportant, and that we are, and must ever be knit together into one indissouble mass 2 by our American brotherhood" • witness for companionship implies also a disposition to do teamwork for the common good. In our government, a man acts in combination with others if he wishes to accomplish anything. 1. An Autobiography. Chap. Ill, p. 9b. 2. To the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Chattanooga, ^enn. Sept. 8, 1902. -29- This means* of course, that he subordinate his personal beliefs and personal prejudices to the judgment of his fellows, .hot only must man work hard for his own benefit but '"e^mwork at the 8^me time manifest a disposition to do work in conjunction with others for a common good. Roosevelt says, "There are times, of course, when it may be the highest duty of a citizen to stand alone, or practically alone. But if this is a man's normal attitude, if normally he is unable to work in combination with a considerate body of his fellows it is safe to set him down as unfit for useful service in a democracy. In popular government results worth having can be achieved only by men who combine worthy ideals with practical good sense; who are resolute to accomplish good pur- pose but who can accommodate themselves to the give and take 1 necessary when work has to be done, by combi nations* . While tasks can be performed with better results by com- mon effort it does not follow that individual initiative should b* discouraged. Tar from that it should be stimulated. "Facing the immense complexity of modern social and Initiative . industrial conditions, there is need to use freely and unhesitatingly the collective power of all of us; and yet no exercise of collective power will ever avail if the average individual does not keep his or her sense of personal duty, initiative and responsibility". -30- ho republic can proceed toward its highest goal unless the average individual cultivates a sense of civic responsibility. Since a republic provides extraordinary privileges, the respon- sibility is correspondingly great. Too often the ordinary cit- izen, immersed in the tasks of caring for hesponsibility. his business and providing for his family, gives little thought to civic problems, lsut sooner or later social progress urges his civic pride to act upon vital ques- tions; such as playgrounds, parks, street cleaning, paving, the election of city, county, state and national officers, as well as *"*ny o+her civic problems which present themselves. uoosevelt remarks, "The average voter needs to learn to keep steadly in mind the fact that if in the last resort the real responsibility is his. He can not cast ofl on anyone else 1 the responsibility for our governmental short comings" • Conclusion. hoosevelt in his direct, forceful way appeals to every citizen. He gives to them a code of behavior which we might term as the professional ethics of the cit- Ethical code izen. He considers behavior as a profess- ion which man can not escape. It depends entirely upon the citizen whether he practices it well, badly, or indifferently. His faith in the average man, his confidence in the people to overcome all tendencies which attempt to lower the standards 1. Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Va., May 30, 1906. -31- of citizenship caused him to urge organized effort toward that end . Thru personal appeal, thru speech and active participation during his life time, Koosevelt came in touch with the large mass of the people. He made a contribution to democracy such as on- ly the greatest Americans can give, hat he contributed His influence will be felt far beyond his day. Those whom he helped and still helps to incorporate the ideas and ideals of the practice of good citizenship, will pass it on. Thru the inspiration of his writings and personal exam- ple he led public opinion to a higher plane, by his enlightened patriotism he has made easier the process of developing an in- dividual into the reality of citizenship. Our forefathers gave us this republic in which e^ch citizen is a ruler. Roosevelt thru his efforts helped to make each ruler better fit to perform his duties to the republic. The only wajr to perpetuate this progressive Essentials of citizenship. republic as handed down to us is to meet the requirements for good citizenship as pointed out by iioose- velt in the following: "le must possess the qualities which are indispensible in doing our duty in our homes, among our -32- neighbors, and in addition we must possess the qualities which are indispensible to the make up of every great and maeterful nation— the qualities of courage and hardihood, of individual initiative and yet the power to combine for a common end, and above all, the resolute determination to permit no man and no set of men to sunder us from the other by lines of cast or creed or section. We must act on the motto of all for each and each for all. There must be ever present in our minds the fundamen- tal truth that in a republic such as ours the only safety is to stand neither for nor against any man because he is rich or be- cause he is poor, because he is engaged in one occupation or an- other, beciuse he works with his brain or with his hands. We must treat each uian on his worth and merits as a man. We must see that each is given a square d'-tl, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no lens. .Finally rre must keep ever in mind that a republic such as ours can exist only by virtue of orderly liberty which come through the equal domination of law over all men alike, and through its admini etaration in such resolute and fearless fashion as shall tench all that no man is 1 above it and no man is telor? it? 1. At the St-te Pair, flew York, Sept. 7, 1903. -33- PART II. INTRODUCTION. Roosevelt' s theory of civic education has been pointed out. Our purpose now is to examine the active life of Roosevelt to see how well he practiced the principles of democracy as set forth in his theory. It is not our purpose to speak only of the praic- worthy things he did, but to point to the mistakes and ad- verse criticisms that have come against him in public and private life as well. -34- FAHT II. HOOSBVELT AS A CITIZBM. CHAPXuui I. . General Character of his Development. Theodore Hoosevelt was a preacher of preparedness not only in nation**! life but in individual life. He considered it not only a privilege for an individual to prepare himself for a place in a democracy but also a duty. If man does not fit himself physically and mentally he can not contribute nis fu"M sh*»re to the unity of effort, itoosevelt believed in a strong body, well trained for the active pursuit of any work that becomes necessary to be done. nature gave to Roosevelt a puny body with poor eyes, but he made it his business to develop a strong body in order to be able to do work worth while when he Early life became a man. To gain good health and a strong body was one of his longest and hardest fights. He had within him a conquering spirit and through faith and will power to overcome these difficulties he became strong like other boys. -35- By the time he entered Harvard he was ready to take part in what- ever athletics he chose. His first realization of his physical condition is stated in his autobiography as follows: ••Having been a sickly boy, with no natural bodily prowess, and having lived much at home,, I was at first quite unable to hold my own when thrown into contact with other boys or rougher antecedents. I was nervous and tim- id. Yet from reading of the people I admired —ranging from the soldiers of Valley Forge, and Morgan's riflemen, to the heroes of my favorite stories — and from hearing of the feats perform- ed by my Southern forefathers and kinsfolk, and from knowing my father, I felt a great admiration for men who were fearless and who could hold their own in the world, and I had a great desire to te like them. Until I was nearly fourteen I let this desire take no more definite shape than daydreams. Then an incident happened that did me great good. I was sent off by myself to ooaehead Lake. On the stage coach ride thither I encountered a couple of other boys who were about my own age, but who were much more competent and also much more mischiev- ous. I have no doubt they were good-hearted boys, but they were boys. They found that I was a foreordained and predestin- ed victim, and industriously proceeded to make life miserable -36- for me. The worst feature was that when I finally tried to fi,iht them I discovered that either one singly could not only handle me with easy contempt, but handle me so as not to hurt me much »nd yet to prevent my doing any damage whatever in return. The experience taught me what probably no amount of good advice could have taught me. I made up my mind that 1 must try to learn so that I would not again be put in such a helpless position; and having become quickly and bitterly conscious that I did not have the natural prowess to hold my own, I decided that I would try to supply its place by training. Accordingly, with my father's hearty approval, I started to learn to box. I was a painfully slow and awkward pupil, and certainly worked two or three years before I made any perceptible improvement 1 whatever? hile in college lioosevelt developed a well-rounded per- sonality, rie realized that a one-sided development could not pro- duce a good citizen. He enjoyed every phase of college life tthysical and intellectual as well as social. It was there he cultivated the habit of concentration both Early manhood in physical and mental development. He stu- died the best exercises for developing tne entire Dody. He found that along with physical development mental power increased, 1. Autobiography, pp. 32-2?. -37- He won a Phi Beta Kappa "key" for his proficiency in scholar- ship along with his proficiency on the side of physical devol- opment. Play was a part of college life and he enjoyed his part in it but he never regarded it as having an end within itself but a* a means to an end. Speaking of his college life in his autobiography he sflys, "I thoroughly enjoyed Harvard , and I am sure it did me good, but only in tne general effect for there was very little 1 in my actual studies which helped me in sifter life." It was college life that helped him to find himself and that w^s its greatest service to him. tfrs. Robinson, his sister, says, "His college life broadened every interest and did for him what had hitherto not been done, which was to give him confi- dence in his relationship with young men of his own age. Up to that time, owing to delicacy of health, he had been some- what of a recline, from the standpoint of relationship of boy 2 to boy" . After Roosevelt had developed his physical condition to the highest point he kept it there, v/hen he was Governor of iiew York he regularly wrestled three or four time a week. He kept up the practice after he Later attitude toward physical development. became President until he re- ceived an injury in the left eye. A boxing mate once said of 1. Autobiography, p. 16. 2. quoted from Lewis' Life of oosevelt. pp. 25-6. -38- him, "iiometime he would let his enthusiasm run away with him 1 and cause Him to do a little more than his strength justified? He played tennis diligently tout was never an expert. He was a splendid horseman and usually spent a few hours out of every twenty-four in his favorite exercise. Hoosevelt was a great cross country walker. He retained his boyish way of going from one point to another by wading small streams and climbing over obstacles that might be in the way of approach. He did not take exercise as if he were doing it for health but rather for the fun of doing it. This attitude seems to have been beneficial in giving him splendid results. The work and responsibility of the Presidency was con- sidered enough to break down the strength of the stoutest man. Hoosevelt was physically fit for the heavy burden. If he did have moments of discouragement and weary trials at times, they were soon thrown off and he was thoroughly enjoying himself. Every day of his seven and a half years there was a strenuous program to be cirried out but he left the office with the same vigor and zest of life that he had when he entered the office. Hot only did he see to it that his own body was kept in the best condition but did all within his power to instill in his fellow citizens a realization of the need of a strong body as an instrument to be directed by the mind. 1. Leslies, Oct. 22, 1921. -39- In order to have good health it become s necessary that sanitary conditions be favorable, therefore, hoosevelt took definite steps toward bettering living conditions. As President of the Police Force in i-.ew York he had a place on the Board of Health. He promptly made his influence felt for better living conditions by seizing a hundred or more wretched and crowded abodes of the poor. As a result the death rate was considerably lowered. In one neighborhood it fell from 39 to 16 in 1000. Later when he became Governor of Mew York he made a personal tour through the sweatshops of ttew York City and examined con- ditions at their worst. He dove into the dark alleys and went through the clingy halls of the slum districts, in order to stamp out hot beds of disease. He never tired Sanitation of fight nor made any compromise with vice. He started movements to improve conditions in tenement houses for he realized the need of healthy home life if children were expected to grow up fitted for the very exacting duties of American citizenship. After he became President he learned that meat packing was often carried on under filthy and un- sanitary conditions. He proposed meat inspection, first, by attempting to get the cooperation of the corporations in establishing an inspection law but they would not join him and openly defied the establishment of such a law. He then .40- sent a secret report to Congress and aroused public opinion which compelled immediate enactment of a meat inspection law. He also advocated the Pvre Food law and was again successful. Thus he contributed toward conditions which make for strong, healthy bodies. It was his philosophy that "bodily rigor is a method of getting that rigor of soul without which rigor of 1 the body counts for no thing" • ftooserelt realized that along with physical strength man needs courage, so he dereloped this stern virtue as he relates in his autobiography, "There were all kinds of things of which I was afraid at first, ranging from grizzly bears to "mean" horses and gun-fighters; but by acting as if I were not 2 afraid I gradually ceased to be afraid". Kis Courage. experience backed up his theory that one who is easily influenced by fear can train himself to be more or less fearless if he but chooses to do so. He can school himself to think of fear as a thing to be orercome. Courage became a typ- ical characteristic of iiooserelt. Whether he rode the range or hunted big game on the prairies and among the mountains, or chased bandits, he was erer the courageous leader. Time and again he showed his pugnacious courage. His book describing 1. Autobiography, p. 57. 2. p. 60. -41- his explorations in umth America tells of the physical perils in which his life was placed. He had no sense of physical dan- ger not even when his life was placed at greatest risk. While on his way to make a political address at the Milwaukee Audito- rium, October 1912, he was shot. Every effort was made to induce him to receive medical aid at once and give up the speech but he refused because he thougnt it might be the last message he might, ever be able to utter. He was criticised for hazarding nis life for the sake of a political speech, but it was only an example of the self control and physical courage that belong- to Koosevelt. Hot only did he have physical courage but ever present and just as striking was his moral courage. The secret of his courage in the political world may be found in his belief that truth is more powerful than political machines or labor organi- zations or commercial trusts. He showed his political courage by securing a tax law which caused corporations to be taxed on their franchise in the s^me manner as private citizens are made to pay tax on their personal property, relieving that every citizen, regardless of whether he is a great capitalist or the humblest citizen, should be compelled to obey the law, he prosecuted the Beef Trust by bringing indictments against -42- some of Chicago's most prominent millionaires. This act showed that he believed moral principle is more powerful than either concentrated wealth or popular clamor. Another example of his moral courage is shown in the case where he sacrificed friend- ships and personal prestige in the Progressive Campaign in 1912. It was because he considered his action %o he just and right that he took the stand. Concerning ^ooseveltte courage Presi- dent Harding said: "Here was a great and courageous American, who called the slumbering spirit of the republic and made it A- merican in fact as well as in name. I say it after full deliberation and free from all in- clinations which characterize hero-worship, I believe Colonel Roosevelt to have been the most courageous American of all times . He not only believed, he proclaimed and acted. He was not only American in his own heart and soul, but he believed every man who wore the habiliments should be an American in every heart beat, and commit himself to simple and unfailing 1 Americanism" . Along with courage is another important element, self control. If self control is not present then courage is dan- gerous to the welfare of society. Physical development and self control should go hand in hand. Koosevelt is an excellent 1. Address delivered before the Ohio Legislature, Jan. 29, 1919. -43- example of the partnership of body and mind. He developed both to such an extent that one kept pace with the other, .uoosevelt was a man of ardent impulses and often became very angry but for the most part reason controlled. His aim was to make passion his servant— always under control. Lyman Abbot said of him in 1912, "He is habit- Selfcontrol . ually self-controlled under provocation, and It is needless to say that his life always brings him at times strong provocations. He rarely defends himself, even to his friends; and attacks upon him usually he dismisses either with indiflerence or with a laugh, but even then he does not strike unless he is quite sure the blow will tell. He rides himself, as a sure rider rides a mettlesome steed; he has plenty of mettle but the steed is always well in hand. "Ho man can control others unless he can control himself; and it is the combination of strong passions and self mastery which gives Mr* xioosevelt his commanding influence among strong men One phase of his self control is his justice. He has staying power; he can wait, liapld as is his movement of mind he knows how to moderate his speed and adjust his pace to those who are cooperating with him. He believes that patient waiting is no loss. This patient temper, the impatient -44- in^ettenoent cannot understand tout it enables Mr. Roosevelt to get along with the "machine" and make it serve the ends of a good government and so gives him a power that self-willed im- petuosity would sacrifice. This patient temper enabled him to wait calmly for the psychological moment to propose to Russia and Japan negotiations for peace; an earlier proposal would have defeated itself. Taere is a time to act and a time to refrain from acting and Mr. Roosevelt has the power to refrain 1 as well as act" . Along with Roosevelt's strength, courage and self control was the spirit of gentleness. President Harding said, "The pop- ular impression often had him domineering and insistent, but there are few American presidents who sought uentleness . advise more widely or were more ready to ac- cent. Wy own impressions, concerning him, gathered from press, lolatform and passing events, were largely altered by personal contact, and utterly changed by the revelations of those who knew him longer and better. Many thought the mighty hunter lacking in gentle attributes, but he could be as gentle as he was strong and as sympathetic as a mother touched by love." Roosevelt's gentleness was especially manifested in his dealings with his children. The following paragraph is 1. Ladies Home Journal, Oct. 1912. -4 5- taken from his autobiography. "There are many kinds of success in life worth having. It is exceedingly interesting and attrac- tive to be a successful business nan, or a railroad man, or a Fresident, or a ranchman, or the colonel of a fighting regiment, or to kill griszly bears or lions. But for unflaging interest and enjoyment, a household of children, if things go reasonably well, certainly make all other forms of success and achievment 1 lose their importance in comparison". On another occasion he said, "Above all teach that the first duty is to the family and within it; and that the greatest success, the highest happiness 2 comes only thru the right type of family life". dm believed the strength of the nation lay in the homes. The love of par- ents and children for each other was of first importance in cit- izenship. The itoosevelts always saw to it that their family life was thoroughly normal and happy. Both Mr. and u.rs. uoose- velt felt that nothing could be more important than the training of their own children. They kept them unspoiled by their father's distinction and fitted then for the life of manly men and womanly woman. ..o matter how great the pressure of public duties, or how severe the trials and burdens of being the head of the nation, It Autobiography, p. 364. 2. jpeeches and Addresses, Vol . 5, p. 781. -46- th e President never forgot hie duty to his children. He consid- er** ^laying with them a necessary part of the day. They had various games but the "•bear" game was the A companion of children favorite. The President would act the part of a very active and fierce bear and the children would be the young hunters armed with any object which they first found. After the be«?r had been killed or captured they changed charac- ters and so the fun continued. Their games were ^oosevelt's games. He romped and played with tnem regardless whether it was at iiagamore (ill or in the White House. Children always appre- ciated having niiri in their crowd as is seen in a letter written by Uoosevelt, to the parents of two visiting boys, "I am really touched the way in which your children as well as my own treat mer- ai a playmate and friend. It has a comic side. Thus the last day the boys were here they were all bent upon having me take them for a scramble down nock Creek. Of course, there was absolutely no reason why they should not go alone, but they obviously felt that my presence was needed to give zest to the entertainment I do not think that one of tftem saw any- thing incongruous in the President's getting as bedaubed with mud as they got, or in my wiggling and clambering around jutting rocks, thru creeks, and up what were really small cliff faces, -47- jU8t like the rest of them; and when any one of them beat me at any point he felt and expressed simple and whole-hearted de- light, exactly as if it had been a triumph over a rival of his 1 own age " . Whenever itoosevelt was separated from his children he sent then messages of love and sympathy. hen they were too young to read they received picture letters which they enjoyed greatly. D writing his children he addressed tham as equals; when small he wrote them as playmates and the letters were especially adapt- ed to their childish imaginations and intelligence. As they grew older he wrote on the basis of equality— as a sympathetic and keenly interested companion. These letters were so full of helpful suggestions and advice given in such a way as to be es- pecially useful to youths of all ranks. Joseph .bishop collected and published a volume of "Letters to His Children - . They are now accessible to the American youth and are valuable guides for all ages, noosevelt was in hearty sympathy with the work of r« Bishop for he said, "I would rather nave this book published 2 than anything that has been written about me 2 The attitude he took toward the death of his youngest son, uentin, in the late war, furnished another example of his gentleness. It was 1. Letters to lis Children, p. 112. 2. " " - 10. -4 8- a blow to him and he would, had it been possible, hare given his own life to save that of his son. He gave the best he had to the call of threatened civilization. Lawrence Abuot cays, "lioosevelt ♦s personality was an un- surpassed combination of the unterrified fighter of what he be- lieved to be worst, and the tender hearted lover of what he believed to be the best in mankind Other impressions. whether he loved or hated, talked or 1 read, worked or played he did it with zest and eagerness." Many writers agree that Koosevelt's personality was his great- est contribution to his country and'hiles, like political organizations, instruments not ends. The end he recognized was the welfare of all the people. His leadership shows that his great aim in life was to be of service. Just how did not matter much, so long as he accomplished something for the good of the people. lis whole life was regulated by a simple and sincere desire to make his fellow men hapr>ier. He was ever ready to help the man who was -51- down. After he Jnd helped him to get upon his feet again lie encouraged him to go on by nimselt". ile considered Service . that to he a brother's keeper requires service and that the greater number the service reaches the more univer- sal will be the ties of brotherhood. Jioosevelt had no patience with the Old Jacksonian theory of service and expressed himself very strongly when he said: %>o republic can permanently endure when its politics are corrupt and base; such as exists when we have the application in polit- ical life of the degrading doctrine that to the victor belongs 1 the spoils". To him the only kind of true democracy is that in which every man is on his own merits; what he is, not what he has, what he can do, not what a pull can do for him. He determined that the fellow who had no pull would stand equal chance with his rival who had a pull, that the working man would coimete with the man of social preetige. He manifested this principle in his work as a member of the Civil Service Commission. He worked with the one idea, devotion to the public welfare. He sought to extend the classified service just as rapidly as possible and to see that the law was administered thoroughly and squarely. The system of competitive examinations 1. Addresses and state Papers, p. 177. -52- wae strengthened by the three principles which the Commission adhered to. tfirst, publicity, they not only advertised the holding of examinations but also published the names of the successful candidates. The inspection of the records in the office was open to all who had proper reason for investigating, second, absolute political impartiality. The Commission took special care to emphasize that the appointees would be selected from those who passed the highest in the examinations and that political influence would play no part. Third, the Commission maintained a high standard ol fairness in making investigations, vtoosevelt preferred a personal investigation whenever possible tor he said he could get more information by a few minutes talk with a clerk who had charge of the businese under investigation than by a fortnight of formal correspondence with the head of the department. Koosevelt was a firm believer in competitive examina- tions for selecting men but he did not believe it came first in promoting men. "The reason", he s^id,*for written compet- itive entrance examinations is that it is impossible for the head of the office, or the candidate's prospective immediate superior himself to know the average candidate or to test his ability. Bat when once in the of t ice, the best way is by -53- experience in seeing him actually at work, ais promotion 1 should depend ur>on the judgment formed of him by supervi sore" . President Cleveland's letter to Koosevelt Merit system. regretfully accepting his resignation shows his appreciation of his service on the Civil Service Comiaission. "You are certainly to be congratulated upon the extent and per- manence of civil service reform methods which you have substan- cially aided in bringing about. The struggle for the firm estab. liahment and recognition is past. Its faithful application and reasonable expansion remains a subject of deep interest to all 2 who really desire the best attainable public service". The work which iioosevelt helped to accomplish ic summed up in a public statement made by himself nfter he left the Com- mission. "People sometimes grow a little downhearted about the reform. tfhen they feel in thie mood it would be well for them to reflect on what has been actually gained in the past six years. By the inclusion of the railway mail service; the free delivery ofiices, the Indian school service, the internal rev- enue service, the other less important branches, the extent of the public service which is under the protection of the law has been more than doubled, and there are now nearly fifty 1. Quoted from Levis' Life of hoosevelt, Chap. VI, p. 88. V. . Quoted from Kii a, J., Hoo6evelt, the Citizen. -54- th ou sand employees of the federal government who have been withdrawn from the degrading influence that rulea under the 1 sooils system". Koosevelt found 14.000 places under civil ser- vice when he became commissioner, when he left the ofiice there were 40,000. His interest in the merit system did not end when he was no longer commissioner. &ix years later when he be cam* President, his firrct message to Congress urged the exten- sion fr*f the merit system to the insular possessions, and in the second message h« urge; that it also should be extended to the District of Columbia. During his administration the number of classified positions subject to competitive examinations grew from 110,000 in 1901 to 206,000 in 1908. Koosevelt went outside his party lines to look for men whom he considered most caoable for service. He had been in of- fice little more than a month when he appointed Thomas tf. Jones t^ the nited btates District Judgeship in Alabama and ^eorge S. i'oester as Collector of Internal Iievenue in i>outh Carolina. 3oth were democrits who were of good Service on merit. standing and reputation in their re- spective corrminities. iot only did he try to appoint good and honest men to office, but he was Just as anxious to put incom- petent men oat of office. *hen he became aware that there was 1. quoted from Lewis, W., Life of hoosevelt, Chap. VI. p. 95. -55- fraud in the Post office Department he directed the fourth as- sistant Fost faster General who uas qualified to investigate the matter, to look into the postal affairs. He also appointed as- sistants, one of whom was a democrat because he would be ready to find Republican wrong doings. The investigation resulted in cleaning the Post Oxfice of inadequate service. Roosevelt was willing to punish the rogues regardless of their party. He was anx- ious to hunt for them impartially. Through manifesting thi a kind of attitude by extending his influence and example, service in political office came to be regarded from a new point of view. aviously i man in public office was looked upon with suspicion. He did, perhops, more than any other American to modify that at- titude toward politics for at the close of ais administration people began to look upon the holder of a public office with respect. uoosevelt stood for broad Americanism, the kind which cares nothing for color or creed, or whether a man is from the Korth, wouth, Bast or 'West. He admired Booker T. Washing tan, the van who strove all his life to bring his rice to a realization of wnat citizenship really means. He enraged many of tne people ot the 6outh by inviting Mr. Washington tc lunch at the White House so that he could consult with him on a matter of mutual interest. When criticism was brought against the President he -5o- replied: "I can not consent to take the position that the door of hope- the door of oonortunity is to be shut on any man no 1 mtter how worthy, purely on the grounds of race or color'. lie recognized the colored race in the matter of appointments. He named *s collector of nevenue tt the lost of Charleston, South "arolina, William D. Crun, an educated colored man of excellent standing and character. His policy throughout his irlntration was to consider the character and the capacity of the man, net whether he was "black or white, rioosevelt stood for en equal chance for »11 who were ready to use it not only, for their own but also for the Equality of opportunity country's good. It wai.; while he was President that a man was dismissed from the Government Printing Office because he did not belong to a labor union, iioosevelt ap proved of labor unions but he had the man rein- stated, because he refused to bar opportunity to *ny man because was he was non-union any more than if he were of a different race. He sought to secure an equal opportunity for every citizen. Roosevelt believed that the powerful corporations were meddling with politics for their own selfish benefit. He ap- proved of corporations for he believed in doing business on a 1. quoted from Korgan, J., Hoosevelt, Boy and Van, p. 184. -57- gigantic scale, but he believed in them operating honestly* and subject to governmental regulation. .Roosevelt was criticised for his approval of corporations for, to some, it seemed tftat he was substituting regulation for competition. Herbert Siuick said: "The Colonel is definitely in favor of abandoning the efiort to keep up competition in the industrial His attitude toward corporations. field. His policy seems to accept 1 monopoly as normal, and to regulate it2 But ;-x> o eev el t * s ef- forts were toward making the corporations servants of society. iJize was not to be considered, rather the spirit, aims, and accomplishments. Because of certain harmful practices he made successful attacks upon the standard Oil Company and a fine of '29,000,000 was obtained against this company. The Sugar Trust w*s also prosecuted for violations of the law. rie realized that the corporations were despotic in pre- scribing the conditions under which men and women had to earn a living as well as the price of labor. In order to remedy this the p'ederal Department of Commerce and Labor was organised. of This department has for its object the adjustment A such problems as concern matters arising between employer and employee and mat- ters of commerce, itoosevelt believed that the workers and toil- ers should not only have a proper ahare of the profitt of industry 1. Quick, H."why I prefer Wilson to itooeevelt. Am. li. 74 Jbi." -58- but also some voice in the management of the industry; that tney be allowed to heln determine and regulate conditions under y/nich they work. He strore to establish industrial democracy in which men shall have equal rights under the law and in which there shall be no special interest exempt from the operations of the law. Roosevelt took an active part in developing the natural resources of the country. He may be given the credit of launch- ing and putting into operation the conservation movement, a move- ment which is of great importance to the material welfare of the present and future generations. He believed that the incentive of private profit and of brave and virile pioneering axe important factors in developing American citizenship; but at tne same time he believed that this should be directed not by the individual only, but by the common and united efiort of all the people. He saw that tne individual w^s not strong Kf forts toward rlcllmatiJn n * qnd enough to cope with the monopolizing power of modern industrialism whicn had behind it vast masses of cap- ital and had for its goal more wealth. Therefore he insisted that the use of primary sources of wealth must be controlled by public authority whenever constitutionally possible. He w^n f-'miliar with conditions and understood the necessity of -59- action on the part of the governement. He was thoroughly in sym- pathy with the views of Gifford Pinchot, the founder of the United states Forest lie serve, and P. H. flewell, the founder of the I nited otates reclamation Lieivice. In consultation with these two men, Roosevelt presented the subject to Congress in his first message Dec. 1901. In June 1902 the reclamation Act became a law. During his administration many acres of arid public land were reclaimed. American citizens built homes on the be lands and new villages and town have come into existence. Thru Roosevelt's influence two laws were passed for the conservation of forests. He saw tnat our resources of timber were being destroyed at a very rapid rate and unless steps were take tiis nation would very soon be without forests for lumber and for conservation of water supplies. Vast regions of our 'flountiin systems hare been reserved for future use. He made it possiole for the resources of the forests to be opened up to the people ao that they can be made use of more than before. The national forests are now managed for the public good. The Forest Homestead Act which became a law in 1906, opened up every tract on the national forest reserves suitable for ag- riculture for homes of the citizens of the country. battlers near the national forests can now enjoy the free gift of grazing >cO- and timber privileges to the extent of their domestic needs. The Jtoreot hangere are ever ready with helpful suggestions to travelers seeding health and pleasure. Coal lands were toeing gotooled up rapidly toy combinations and trusts. Roosevelt caused action to be taken against these comtoinations that had obtained coal lands illegally. This did not polve the problem so he went a step further and withdrew from coal entry many million aca-es of coal lands on the public domain. He took the same action concerning oil lands and water rower sites. He asked Congress to pass an act for leasing large areas to mining companies, but Congress adjourned without passing the bill. He then asked tne ideological .,urvey to value the land. f?hcn a fair price was set per acre for different sec- tions h« repealed the withdrawal for certain areas ^nd the land was turned back to entry. Bjf this means legitimate mining en- terprises rere carried on. The public owes to hoosevelt the conservation of water power. The big water power corporations wanted to buy exclusive and continuous ownership of tooth the mountain snows and the springs; as well as the slopes over which the water runs. Under the law the government hao the right to grant only revocatole permits. The itorest service drafted legislation to authorize -61 fifty year leases on conditions agreed upon with the leasees. The service fixed a small rental charge on each permit issued. The corporations put up such a bitter fight that the forest ,,ervice policy would probably have been swept away if it had not been for hoosevelt. The true situation was brought out in his message transmitting the report of the Inland Waterway Commis- sion. As a result leasing was continued under permits. Devel- opment has been greatest in the mountains and the Pacific states. He appointed a National "Jonservation Comni scion *rhich made an inventory of our national wealth. This was published in 1909 •m-i was the first record of our national wealth in the history of the nation. It created world wide attention. fcoosevelt contributed much to the common welfare of the nation •and the world by the inaugurating -?.nd fostering the con- servation movement. F,ven Canada owes har conservation movement to hoosevelt for the movement had its birth in the J orth Ameri- can Conference which was called and held in his administration. This movement is of the highest importance because it places our natural resources ^t the service of all the people. The most priceless resource of a nation is its men and women. It is the work of a cSersocracy to develop this resource as highly as poseible. One form of development is tnat of civic -62- rignteousness. He used his keen and accurate perception to arouse the conscience of human nature to something tetter. He rendered a great service by presenting in new language the old familiar virtues. He inspired new interest into the ideals which have been, and are still, guides to the .goal of democracy, He taught the need of pure politics, pure business methods, and pure living, uoosevelt, like Lincoln, was devoted to ethical teachings which he lived as well as taught. He paved the way for cleaner and healthier public life by living, both in public and in private life, what he stood for. Roosevelt believed that the church Civic righteousness. should exert a great influence upon civic righteousness. heer? i j ; "Our American statesman of course, wib firmly in favor of separation of church and atote of and ^universal tolerance. But he advises every one to join the eorr.e church, church, any old ciurch; not because one shares its beliefs, creeds are increasing unimportant - but because the church is an instrument of social welfare, and a man can do more good in 1 combination with his fellows than when he stands alone." Roosevelt helped to bring standards of morality in the political world upward. After 1904 he made use of the "Big Stick" to improve political morality, but his efiorts were not 1. Beers, A. Roosevelt as Man of Letters, Yale Re's. 8: 694-709 jl 19. -63- always consistent. He was such a man of action that it seemed at times his motion out ran his better judgment and that he al- most sympathized with imperialism. But he always aimed his Big Stick for the public good. While many of his solutions of public problems were questioned no one who is fair-minded can say he did not play a full man's share in American life. President Harding says, "Perhaps his greatest worth apart from hi 8 appealing Americanism, and yet a vital part of it, was his crusade for a new order of things, a new conscience in the re- public . We can appraise him now in the aftermath of fuller understanding, and even those who most violently opposed him must confess his treat part in an essential awakening. He did four years of arousing and uprooting. His far-seeing vision detected a dangerous draft. .Ie cried out for governmental asser- tions of authority, lest government itself should be governed. In his zest he was radical, as all crusaders are, but when he saw the business conscience of America awakened, he gladly wel- comed constructive supersedure. He was really less the radical than he ofttimes appeared, an* fl-vn* times suoke radically against his own judgment. The greatest blunder of his career was made in this very Chamber when he addressed the Constitutional Convention in 1912. He -04- came against his own judgment and in yielding to insistent ad- vice declared for the recall of judicial decisions. It is not surprising that one of his energy and courage should blunder, particularly in a period of tremendous conflict and crusading zeal. It was a mark of his greatness that he instantly recov- ered, and lost little of his hold and none of nis respect of the American people. He incurred violent enmities but none ever called hisi an unfair opponent. He struck as he spoke, straight from the shoulder, and he practiced as he preached. In his vir- ile American manhood he was the surpassing example. In the fullness oi mental and physical vigor, he was the great patriot- ic sentinel, pacing the parapet of the Republic, alert to danger 1 and every menace and in love with duty and serene and unafraid* 1 In 1898 Hoosevelt was tendered the nomination of Governor by the Citizen Union Party of l<.ew York, but he declined it and accepted the Republican nomination because he believed he could have a better chance to do good by cleaning up the Republican 2 Party as an organization. There were things within the repub- lican party which Roosevelt did not ap- Party loyalty. prove but he sank minor differences be- cause he was a Republican by inheritance and by association and had cast his lot with that party. He T~. Harding's Address to Ohio Legislature, Jan. 29, 1919. 2. Gf. Lewis, #. Life of Theodore Roosevelt, Chap. X, p. 149. -6«- felt it to be his duty to be loyal to its principles by purify- ing it of corruption and maintain its organization. His action in creating the new party in 1912 was incon- sistent with his teaching. This may be partially understood when we remember he was very impulsive, impatient with delays and an* ew^er to champion what he believed to be the cause of right. The keynote to his object in forming the progressive party may be found in his statement, "If we form a third party and go out and fight for better social conditions in this country we will accomDlish more in three months than could be accomplished under 1 ordinary conditions in a dozen years!! He desired to be President in 1912 because of certain abuses that were going on at that time. He became a candidate for nomination in the .republican Convention at Chicago. He believedthat he was unjustly denied the nomination by this convention. Feeling the sting of this injustice and urged on by hosts of influential citizens to head a new party for reform, he decided to become the nominee of a new party in order that he might have a chance to correct the abuses of politics. It may be siid that his loyalty to prin- ciples of good governemnt stood above loyalty to a pelitical par- ty whose abuses he could not correct. Regardless of the blunders he may have made there never 1. quoted from Lewis, W., Life or Theodore noosevelt, Chap. XIV, p., 369. -co- was a greater patriot. It has been s^id that his whole life was an expression of "Jubilant Americanism". His love for his country wss intense. He knew his country's history as few men knew it. He was intensely acquainted with Patriotism. the conditions involving the life, the outlook, and the aspirations of so many classes of people. President Harding says, "A 100. per cent Americanism was the mastering pas- sion. Men thought of him first as a warrior, but it was his all-encompassing Americanism which made him one. Historians rank him high as a statesman; It was his Americanism that exalted him. L'any believe him to have become a consummate politician- and he wo a_ but he r>ut his Americanism high above political plans and 1 practices." :Iis last great message to the American people was con- cerning loyalty. He was unable to attend the meeting of the American Defense Society, of which he was honorary president, so he sent a letter which closed with the words which express hi 8 life creed. "We have room for but one soul loyalty and that 2 is loyalty to the American people." Loyalty to country implies loyalty to duty and he who is not loyal t6 duty is really not loyal to his country in the true sense. Koosevelt did not try to shirk or dodge any 1. Harding Address to Ohio Legislature, June 29, 1919. 2. quoted from Lewis. W., Life of Roosevelt, p. 471. -67- responsibility and that was one regain why he could do so much in a life time. Lyman Abbott said of him, "During nearly nine year a of his executive life as Governor of .New York fctate and President of the United States he was courageous in fulfilling all the responsibilities laid upon him by responsibility. the Constitution and the laws, he has been scrupulous in not assuming responsibilities which were 1 not laid upon him" Hoosevelt believed in centralized government and he endeavored to arouse i sense of civic responsibility in the great mass of the people. He contributed much along this line by sending messages that were technically addressed to Congress but were really addressed to the whole country. Ef- fective government comes by each citizen feeling his responsi- bility and doing his share of the work. Hoosevelt was born to wealth and position in the City of Lew York, and was educated in one our famous universities. He could have chosen a life of ease but he preferred the stren- uous life. Few youths born to wealth ever gain an important place in the history of our democracy. As a rule the men who achieve the highest places come from the country where the d^ily struggle with nature for a livelihood breeds into them the stern virtues of greatness and mwakens a realization T". Outlook, 102. p. 101. .6o. of their relation to national governemnt, and the duty they owe to it. "Almost all our great Presidents have been brought up in the country, and most of them worked hard on farms in their youth and got their early mental training in the healthy democ 1 racy of farm life.* woosevelt was the first city born boy to reach the presidency. He sought places where he could assume responsibility, work, fight and learn. He was all the time working at something worth doing and trying Initiative. to do it well whether it was writing books, cowpuncrxing, hunting mountain lions or spoilsmen, or performing his duty as an executive. Giflord Pinchot, a long and intimate friend of Hoosevelt s«ys: "President Roosevelt's remarkable power as an executive, rested, as I knew him principally upon the following qualities: "First and most of all, his natural tendence was to act. He understood that while action may sometimes be wrong, the fail, ure to act is almost always so. He was painstakingly careful in reaching conclusions on matters of great moment, but once the conclusion was reached action followed instantly. This was so true that it was never safe to go to him with any plan that was not fully worked out and ready for action. 1. At Bangor, Maine, Aug. 27, 1902. -6 9- "Roosevelt trusted his men and gave them their head. He knew, as every great executive must, that he could not do all himself. He wanted us, each within our sphere to act as vigor- ously as he did himself. Once he had come to have confidence in the wisdom and honesty of an adviser, he adopted recommenda- tions almost as a matter of course. The result was that tne men working under him were not only confident in his support, but had a feeling of pride and proprietorship in their work which doubled their efficiency. Red tape had no place in his scheme of life. He wanted things done, done in accordance with rules if possible- but in any event done. I remember his sending for an official who had reported that a certain thing could not be done, to say if the ofiicial in question could not see his way to do it, he, the President, would get somebody in his place who could, where red tape conflicted witn getting things done, it was always the red tape tnat had to sufier. tfith him machinery nevei took the place of the end for which the machin- ery had been created. Koosevelt had an unequaled capacity for inspiring the men who worked under him. During his administra- tion thousands of clerks in ashington who had never spoken to him or shaken his hand were filled with the spirit of his great personality, saw the vision of larger things to be accomplished -70. thru the medium of their minor tasks, and gave the best that was in them instead of watching the clock. "Promotion was for merit in Roosevelt' s time. As former Civil service Commissioner he understood that it is no more im- portant to keep the faithful civil servant in office than to get rid of the unfit. The sin of the delinquent was sure to find him out and no amount of political influence could keep the un- fit in ofiice, prevent the recognition of the efiicient or defer the punishment of the guilty. Under him, the chiefs in the de- partment were free from political control. During my twelve years of oil ice there were never to my knowledge a single case of appointing, promoting, dismissing, or retaining any one in the United utates Forest service for political reasons. "Roosevelt not only appointed men of merit and gave them a chance to do their work, but when their work clashed with private interests he stood firmly behind them against political and financial pressure of every kind without his . backing they would have been helpless or would have been forced out. "Roosevelt led his men. He asked nothing of us that he was not ready to do himself. He was his own severest task- master, and expected of himself and actual Ly accomplished more work than any of us. -71- "Ttnally, he was always more than generous in acknowledging help or good work, not seldon to the point of attributing to the other the credit for things done or said for which 1 he was mainly responsible'! He believed in acting for the welfare of all the people whenever there was a chance for such action. An example of this may be found in his action of appointing a number of Toluntary, unpaid commit doners to report to him in regard to gov- ernmental scientific work, department methods, and country life. Congress did not give express warrant for the action taken by the President but he saw in each instante that the welfare of the people would be improved. His action resulted in great benefit to all the people. His motto was: "Get action; do things; be sane, don't fritter away your time; create, act, take a 2 place wherever you are and be somebody; get action': He ap- pointed men whi did things just as every one in our nation would have them appointed. It was die to his initiative that various things were accomplished during his administration. It was due t» his initiative th=»t the Panama Canal was built. He was intensely interested in having the canal built. He was willing to oppose and overcome the powerful opposition 1. quoted from Lewis, W., Life of uoosevelt, p. 251. 2. quoted from Douglas, G, W,, Many „ided Roosevelt, p. 83. -72- to the construction of any canal. Greatest of all he waB willing to take the responsibility of positive action. In a speech to the University of California on March 23, 1911, he said: "I an interested in the Pamama Canal because I started it. If I had followed traditional convention methods I should have submitted a dignified stite paper of probably 200 pages to Congress and the debate would have been going on yet. But I took the canal zone and let Tlis initiative in building the Panama Canal. congress debate arid while the debate was going on the canal was also" Had he not taken action while he had an opportunity, it is quite possible, the ca- nal would still be n thing for future action. i*rom the time of the treaty of 1846 until the building of the canal the histoid of Prom a was one long series of revolu- tions. The disturbance seemed to be on the increase when Koose- velt became president. The United States tried to establish a treaty, known as the Herman-Hay Treaty whereby the United States was to pay ?10,000,000 for a strip of territory across the Isth- mus six miles wide. The United States after ten years was to pay Columbia $250,000 annually. When Karoquin rejected this trea- ty Hoosevelt saw three routes which the United states might choose. (1) Accept the situation and continue conversation with -75- Maroquin, or turn again to the JKicaraguan route. This meant in- definitely postponing the construction of the c*nal. .Roosevelt considered it the moral duty of this country to construct it. (2). Encourage a revolution in the Isthmus. This seemed to him an immoral thing to do. (3). Carry out the ter.us of the treaty by seizing the strip across the Isthmus ceded by the treaty and proceed to construct the canal. Considering this the right course to take, he drafted a message to Congress in which he ad- vocated the seizure of the strip . This was not necessary for at about this time Paiiama decided to sever relations with Col- umbia. The revolution broke out &ov. 3 and on *,ov. 6 the Unit- ed States recognized the Hepublic of Panama. Immediately a treaty was made giving the United states full power to proceed to construct the canal. This procedure has been criticised as questionable. One writer said: "Kootevelt took the can^l zone by what amount- ed to violence or worse. I am proud of the canal, but we shall grow more and more ashamed of the w«y we entered on the canal 1 project as we improve in national morals! itoosevelt's concep- tion of the White Man's burden involves relations of one country with another. He believed that it was the White Man's burden 1. Quick. H . why I prefer tfilson to Koosevelt, Amer. ff. 74, p. 16 iv'L2. -74- to t?>ke charge of backward nations. There is a question whether this policy is the proper kind for a democratic nation to pursue. Roosevelt r/as such a man of action that at times it Beemed he overestimated the rights of the strong. The criticism has been made that at times he used the Big Stick a.a a way to get power. The following shows some of the public comment, "When Uncle bam acquired the Panama Canal zone there was a very strong suspicion throughout the country that the Roose- velt administration was asserting the doctrine that "might makes right" , at the expense of the Republic of Columbia. We acted toward that country in very much the same way Italy did toward Turkey. Italy wanted Tripoli and took it, .... And so when we wanted Panama we encouraged, if we did not actually inspire, a revolution th*t was made short and sweet by our prompt reconition of the independence of Panama. Panama belonged to Columbia, and if Columbia had been strong enough to successfully resist the United States, this country might have been forced to accept her terras before start- ing to construct the canal across the Isthmus. But Uncle Sam is bossing this hemisphere, and there is no nation in either of the Americas big enough and strong enough to dispute her au- thority. Columbia could* t ds it; almost before she had opened -76- her mouth to protest Roosevelt warned her that she might expect a spanking if she got gay. That is the naked truth about the Panama transaction, as most people understood it; but there was a general feeling that Columbia was insisting upon unreasonable terms in the matter of the ditch that Uncle Sam wanted to dig, and therefore there is disposition to look upon the end as 1 justifying the means." Notwithstanding all these criticisms Roosevelt* s inter- est was with the work from the first, /«hen there was a dispute as to the type of the canal to be built he did not let the ma- jorities of opinions in the Commission rule. He analyzed care- fully the reasons for and against each type, made up his mind, and set them to work on the lock type. He saw it was not the time to theorize hut a time for action, iiy his initiative he stopped the argument that had been going on for over a hundred years and made it possible for the United states to perform one of the greatest feats of its kind. It was Roosevelt who took trie initiative in the settle- ment of the ^u s so -Japanese War. Doubtless peace was brought a- bout very largely through the in- Roosevelt'e part in the settlement of the rtusso- fluence of Roosevelt. He watch- Japanese ,var. ed for the psychological moment to surest a settlement to these nations. At times when the 1. editorial Jomment by American ftewspipers on "How the U. S. Acquired the Right to Bui 3d the Panama Canal", p. 98. -7o- commissi oners of the two countries could not agree, Roosevelt *n«r»e suft/^eetive compromises which were the basis of the final agreement. This action placedhim on record as an advocate of arbitration of international disputes. As a mediator between Russia and Japan, Roosevelt was regarded as a great benefactor by the world at large. i?or this service he was awarded the .uoble Peace Prize which consisted of a gold medal and #40,000. In the same speech in which he acknowledged his gratitude for the award, he characteristically gave the ^40,000 to further the cause of industrial peace. He believed thafthe peace of righteousness and justice, tnc only kind of peace worth having, is, at least, as necessary in the 1 industrial world as it is among nations? Roosevelt not only displayed enormous energetic initiative himself but he aroused the initiative in others. Whenever he saw citizens struggling to solve problems for the common welfare of the American people he unselfishly backed up their initiative. As Mr. Davenport soys, "It was a Encouraged initiative in others. custom with him while he was in the White House to keep his eye on every sign of dawning initiative in every corner of the country, get in touch with it thru frequent Ti Aduress before tne i\oble Peace Committee in Christiania,' Kay 5, 1910. -7?- luncheons at the hite House, ile inspired it with his own ideals and sent it forth. "If the number of men and women in the United etates up- on whom hoosevelt laid the hand of appreciation and inspiration were known, it would be a great company. While no man thought more deeply upon democracy than the great and practical Lincoln, perhaps no man ever thought so deeply, and no man ever cleared a greater single obstacle from the path of democracy, than he, Koosevelt, on the other hand, did more to make democracy per- manently workable than any other man in our history. His mar- velous moral and political dynamic personality has permeated •very corner of his country. The influence of his spirit has gone into every election district in the United States and at this hour in all parts of America, men nnd women are climbing up to public power and influence in their respective conrnunities 1 who get their start from the touch of ^ooseveltt It is not easy to say what sentiment was most dear to him but it might be indicated by his favorite expression,** square deal*. When he wae only twenty- three years ol* he took his seat in the i..ew York Legislature, boon there was a scandal raised concerning a judge. Fachine politics ordered silence but hoose- velt would not be silenced. He demanded fair pliy and pressed 1. Davenport, F. Best Contributions to Demonracy. Outlook; 127, pp. 470-1, March 23, 1921. -7o- the i88ue until it had conrerted public opinion and the state came to his support. When he became head of the i>ew York Po- lice force his first purpose was to estab- Square deal lieh order and honesty within the force. There existed a regular anil well known price for promotion. Koosevelt stopped the system, punished guilty members of the force and awarded deserving ones without regard to outside influence. He gave them a square deal and showwd thit a man stood on his own merits, not on politics, race or religion. He saw that the law was enforced. There were 30,000 saloons in lew York when he came into office. The law directing the closing of all saloons on Sunday had never been enforced on all snloor keepers, .ome favored few kept open. Under his direc- tion all saloons were closed. When he became President our government was largely controlled by the wealthy people of the country. He made the statement, "The labor union shall have a square deal, and the corporations shall have a square deal and in addition, all private citizens shall have a square deal? Koosevelt was not afraid of wealth and considered that it ought to be controlled by law for the common good. He immediately took steps to res- cue the government from the hands of corporate wealth. In "American Ideals" he scorns lawless money getting. "The con- -79- scienceless stock speculator, who acquires wealth by swindling ais fellowe, and by debauching Judges, and corrupting legislatures, and who ends his days with the reputation of being among the richest men of America, exerts over the minds of the rising gen- eration «n influence worse than that of the average murderer or bandit, because his cnreer is even more dazzling in success, and 1 even more dangerous in its efiects upon the com-nunityl ftoose- velt's attitude was cautious toward the big corporations. He asked Congress to provide for publicity in affairs of corporations and as a result the Department of Commerce and Labor was brought into existence, vithin it was a bureau of corporations charged with the power and duty of investigation. Thru the Department cf Justice he brought to time the standard oil Company and con- victed railways and shirkers in the Kast and West for taking and giving unlawful rebates. A senator who was attempting to influ- ence an exectutive department contrary to law was imprisoned. Another senator was convicted for joining a conspiracy to steal public lands. He seems to sum up his feelings when he says, "The man is not square who picks pockets with a railroad rebate, murders with an adulterant instead of a bludgeon, burglarizes with a "rake off instead of a jimmy, cheats with a company 1. American Ideals, p. 5. -30- lroapectus instead of a deck of cards, or scuttle his town in- stead of his ship, does not feel on his brow the brand of a mal- efactor. The thedaer of blood, the oppressor of the widow, and the fatherless, long ago became odious, but later-day treacher- 1 ies fly no skull and cross-bone flag at the mask head." Roosevelt tried to nracticr the square deal thruout his life work. Inci- dents may be pointed out to prove that he was inconsistent, as in the Henry 55, Whitney matter, the Bellamy ^torers business, the Harriman Campaign, etc., but in all probability there repre- sent mistakes common to all men. Jirom his early life Roosevelt was thoroughly democratic, burns' s sympathetic democracy appealed to him and he profited by hi 8 advice. When he entered Harvard he had the name and money which might have made him a snob but it did How he practiced democracy. not. He was quite human and showed his simple taste in fitting up his room. hile many students spent thousands of dollars furnishing their rooms, he ornamented his with the ckins and stuffed animals and rare bird3 which he had mounted. He held that he was only a common place person qnd thought that almost any one could do the things which he himself had done. A letter dealing largely with sportsmanship brings out this point more clearly. He says; "Personally, as you know, 1. Quoted from Mechlin's "Introduction to oocial jtthics, p. 78. -8l- I am not really good at any game. Ferhaps in my time I came nearer to being fairly good as a walker, a rider, and a rifleshot than in any other way; but. I was never more than average man even in these three respects, "'hat ever success I have had in game hunting— and it has been by no me*\ns notewortfty — has bee due, as well as I can make out, to three causes: first, common sense and good judgment; second, perseverance, which is the on- ly way of allowing one to make good one's own blunders; tnird, the tact that l shot as well at ^ame as at a target ..ow, of course, the possession and practice of these three qualities did not by any means make me as successful s hunter as the men who, in addition to possessing them were also better shots than I was, or who had greater power of endurance «£ aftsddXRaRftec, or who were more Bkilled in plainscraft or woodscraft. Jbut they did enable me to kill a reasonable quantity of big game and to do it in ways that made my observation of value to the faunal or outdoor naturalist. Besides I knew what I wanted, and was willing to work hard to get it. In short, 1 am not an athlete, I am simply a good, ordinary, out-of-doors man. You speak of wy recent hundred-mile ride. Aow this was no feat for any young man in condition worth speaking about; twice out in the cattle country, on the roundup, when I was young, I have myself -82- 8pent thirty-six hours in the saddle, merely dismounting to eat or change horses; the hundred-mile ride represents what any el- derly man in fair trim can do if he chooses I think my last sentence covers the whole case, that is, 'if he chooses'. It has always seemed to me that in life there are two ways of achieving success, or, for the matter of that, of achieving what is commonly called, greatness. One ie to do that which can only be done by the man of exceptional and extraordinary abili- ties, of course this means that only this one man can do it, and it is a very rsre kind of success, or of greatness. The other is to do that which many men could do, but which, as a mat- ter of fact, none of them actually does. This is the ordinary kind of success or greatness. ISobody but one of the world's rare geniuses could have written the Gettysburg speech, or the L-econa Inaugural, ofc met as Lincoln met the awful crisis of the Civil 'Jar. Lut ,nost of us can do the ordinary things, which, however, most of us do not do. Sfy own successes fcave come within this second category. Any fairly hardy and healthy man can do what I have done in hunting and ranching if he only re- ally wants to, and will take the pains and trouble and at the s^me time use common sense. Any one that cftose could have led the kind of life I have led, and any one who had led that life -83 ould if he chose— and by choosing I mean, of course, choosing to exercise in advance the requisite industry, judgment, and foresight, none of them to an extraordinary degree— have rais- ed my regiment or served in positions analogous to those in 1 which I have served in civil life? The cosmopolitan make up of his cavalry regiment shows Roosevelt democratic attitude. In his book, "The Kough Hiders" he says, "We drew recruits from Harvard, Yale, Princeton and many other colleges; from club life the Somerset of Boston and Knickerbocker of Sew York, and from among the men who belonged neither to club nor college. I'our of the policemen who had served under IM while I was president of the lie* York Police Board insisted on coming Easterners and Westerners, Northerners and .Southerners, officers and men, cow boys and college graduates, wherever they came from, whatever their social position, possessed in common the traits of hardihood and thirst for adventure Some were professional gamblers and on the other hand, no less than four had been or were Baptist or Methodist clergymen, and proved first class fighters, by the way. From the Indian Territory there came a number of Indians- Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws and Creeks. One of the gamest and best fighters of the regiment was Pollock, a full blooded 1. Living Age, 205: p. 527. -84- Pawnee There were wen who had won fame as Rocky fountain stage dri/ero, or who had spent endless days guiding the slow wagon train across the grassy plains. There were miners who knew every camp from Yukon to Leadville and cow-punchers in whose memories were stored the brands carried by the herds from 1 Chiknakua to Aeslnaboid? As officer of the Hough hiders Roosevelt had the priv- ilege of having more and better things to eat than the common soldiers. Fait he would not take different food or different shelter from what his men had. All dainties went to the sick at whose bedside he was a constant visitor. He called each of his men by name and treated them as if they were members of his own family. Roosevelt was proud of the battle of Santiago , not that he attached undue importance to it, for in speaking at Chatta- nooga in 1902 he said: "Compared to the great death wrestle that reeled over the mountains roundabout this city, the fight of tianti*go was the merest skirmish; but the spirit in which we handled ourselves there, I hope, was the spirit in which we have to face our duties as citizens if we are to make the Re- public what it must be made? 1. Rough Riders, pp. 13-31. -85- Koosevelt could entertain as formally as Washington when occasion demanded, but at other times he was quite informal and entertained at the White House as a private citizen. He enjoyed the informal entertainments because they helped him to get in touch with other men on matters which were of vital and mutual interest. A morning caller often would be invited to return for lunch in order tnat they might complete their conver- sation and become better acquainted, iien whom it would have been difficult to confer with in the formal atmosphere of tiie executive study, under these infox-mal conditions became at ease and expressed themselves freely His guests were men and women with live qualities, ttiose who had done and were doing some good work. It might be a clergyman, a labor leader, a profession- al musician, explorer, or author. All sorts of men were invited if they had accomplished or had possibilities of accomplishing some thirg worth while.. It made no difference whether they were thr>R<° familiar with drawing room codes or the ready manner of the ranch. He believed that people from all parts oi the country should meet and conduct their bu sines- as neighbors. This atti- tude caused many plain Americans all over the country to visit him. The President would often stop his morning business and go down to the waiting line in the Cabinet room. His amazing -8b- memory and extraordinary interest in people made it possible ir. many cases for him to say some thing personal to the visitor. He enjoyed this part of his morning work because he could shake hands and have a personal word with 50 or 60 people in fifteen minutes and let them feel that the,y had a friend in hi*. He was also fond of meeting his fellows in friendly rivalry in vigorous ■port*. As President he put himself in closest touch with the people and studied the thoughts and feeling of the average citizen. .Vhen he wished something done he asked the people to help hira by expressing their wants and desires with reference to what was to be done. Within four years he traveled more than 50,000 miles and visited every state in the Union. In his Western tour he delivered 385 speeches in 25 states and terri- tories. He was known by more people in his own country, as well as abroad, than any other American. His virile democratic ac- tions caused him to attract people of other countries. Tikis gave opportunity for other nations to know more of the United Stateo and the people of this country to know more of other countries. As a leader of democracy he kept his mind plastic, iio one enn say of him that he was an obstructionist, for he was -87- always ready for new ideas, fie did not believe in laying down rules that were never to be broken. Alien he saw that a rule was blocking the path of what he termed "the larger good" he broke it without hesitancy. After hie speech before the Chamber of Commerce of l»ew York City, November 15, 1911, an Eastern news- paper spoke of his as M A full tirown man wno was still growing? He believed that politics and political activity are the mechanical side of governemnt; that beneath these the real spirit of democratic expression of the people is the force that is to be reckonei with in administering the great policies of the nation, it is this that makes society Btable r-.nd gives permanence- and life to our progressive organism. He acted in the belief that the great policies of state cannot be obtained unlesn the mechanism which ie neee66ary fos their operation is fetivt in perfect j-unning order. Therefore he never tired of locking after the mechanical side of stateemnnship. In all his utterances there is found a belief in strong national character and national action. One hundred per cent. Aim tri e*i was no t suggestd to him by the peril in which he saw the nation during the last four years of nis life. He was always looking into the future and might even be Farsightedness. considered a prophet. As early as 1883 he wrote:*A miserly economy in preparation .nay in the end in- volve a lavish outlay of men and money which after al L comes -88- too late to more than partially offset the evils. It was crim- inal folly for Jefferson and *,iadison not to give us a force of regulars during the twelve years before the struggle. The ne- cessity for an efiicient navy is now so evident that only our 1 almost incredible shortsightedness prevents our preparing one!! Later in an address at the iiaval War College, in 1897, he said: "If wo forget that we can only secure peace by being ready and railing to fight for it we may come day have little cause to re- alize that a rich nation which is slothful , timid, or unwieldy, ie an e^Bj prey for any people which still retain those most val- uable of all qualities, the soldierly virtues, we may strive to build ut> those fighting qualities for the lack of which in a nation, no refinement, no culture, no wealth, no material pros- perity can atone. To see this country at peace with foreign na- tions we will be wise to place reliance upon a first class fleet or first class battleships rather than on any arbitration treaty which the wit of man can devise. Peace is a goodness only when sne comes with a sword girt on thigh. Cowardice in a race is the unpardonable sin and a wilful failure to prepare for danger may be as bad as cowardice. The timid man who can not fight, an^ the selfish or foolish man who will not take the steps that will enabla him to fight stand almost on the same plane. The 1. History of Baval War of 1812. -89- ™*»n #in hive m^ached universal peace which premitted the contin- uance of the Armenian butcheries have inflicted a wrong on human- ity greater th*m would be inflicted by the moat ruthless mad war- loving deercot. .better a thousand times err on the side of tame sucnisEion to injury or cold blooded indifference to the misery 1 of the oppressed? In his message to Congress, December 1901, December 1902, in his speeches made at Minnessota state Fair, September 2, 1901, at 3an Francisco, vay 14, 1903, 'it Williams College, June 22, 1905 and at Cairo, Illinois, October 10, 1907 the anme thought is expressed. Koosevelt vns one of the first to advocate a League of Rations. He preoeivecs tne international state of mind produced by the '■Jiorld v/ar. In his address before the lobli Prize Commis- sion in ["hri atiania on /ay 5, 1910, he said: '♦It is earnestly to be hoped that tne various governments of Europe, working with t.iose of America and Asia, shall set iii3 attitude toward a League of i.ationa. t. lemselves seriously to the task of devising some method which will accomplish this result, (The establishment of an international supreme court of the v orld) . If I may venture the suggestion, it would be well for the states- men of the world, in planning for the erection of this *orld 1. American Id'eala. -90- court, to study what has been done in the United otates by the supreme Court. I cannot help thinking that the constitution of the United otates notably in the establishment of the ^uoreme Court and in the method adopted for securing peace and good relations among and between diflerent states, ofier certain val- uable analogies to what should be striven for in order to se- cure thru the Hague courts and conferences, a speciee of world federation for international peace and justice "Something should be done as soon as possible to oneck the growth of ax'maments, especially naval armaments, by inter- national agreement. Ko one power could or should act by itself; for it is eminently undesirable, from the standpoint of the peace of righteousness, that a power which really does believe in fierce should plane itself at the mercy of some rival which may, m\ bottom, have no such belief and no intention of acting on it* .nut, granted cincerety of purpose, the Great Powers of the World should find no insurmountably difficulty in reaching an agree* ment which would out an end to tne present costly and growing expenditure on naval armpments "It would be a master stroke if those Great Powers, hon- estly bent on peace, should form a League of Peace, not only to -91- keep the peace among themselves, but to prevent by force if necessary, it being broken by others. . "In new and wild communities, where there is violence, an honest man must protect himself; and until other means of se- curing safety are decided, it is both foolish and wicked to per »uade him to surrender his amis v/hile the men who are dan- gerous to the community retain theirs. He should not renounce the right to protect himself by his own efiorts until the com- munity is bo organized that it can efiectively relieve the in- dividual of the duty of putting down violence, ^o it is with t the nations. Each nation must keep well prepared to defend itself until the establishment of some form cf international po- lice power competent and willing to prevent violence, as between nstionw *The combination mignt at first be only to secure peace within certain definite limits and certain definite conditions, but the ruler or statesman who should bring about such a com- bination would have earned his place in history for all time, and hi 8 title to the gratitude of mankind'.' Iho World ar gave noosevelt opportunity for his last great service to his country. froa the beginnings of hostilities -92- in Uui'ope he urged, in speech and in writing, for America to pre- pare lor the inevitable struggle, '..hen the struggle did come he did all in hi a ^ower to pueh it thru Kie last great service. to a 8UC cessful conclusion. He never hesitated , but bent every effort toward strengthening the army and navy and to induce hi. 3 fellow countrymen to rise to the nro-ner heroic mood which is necessary for war. He insisted from the first that the United st^tee covld not aftord to endure witnout fighting the wrong and resist the humiliation Helped up- on all nations by the German Empire. Thru his leadership Amer- ica awakened to the need of military training. . when war was declared he urged others to go »nd was desperately anxious to go himself. He wanted to recruit an army and respond to the call of threatened civilization, but the 'ar Department refused to furnish him with facilities. He was represented, however, by four sons, one of which gsve hir life for his country. .oocevelt rendered a great service behind the lines with voice and pen, ever intii sting upon action, ."hile he might have become a general had he been permitted to r^ise his volunteer army, many feel as Harding when he said: "Somehow I am glad he remained a Colonel— nay, The Colonel. low significant it is. -93- and whit a tribute, that he has made the title of lof tJ est rank; lie is "The Colonel * to all America, and one ne^ds only to men- tion the title without the name to have it understood he is speaking of the most eminent Colonel of all time': -94- CHAPTSii III. itoosevelt ' a Literary Activities. "trictkly speaking iioosevelt's literary ^cti/itiea hardly belong to topics considered, except in the wider sense of an American citizen who was a leader in a number of fields. j£ven when he was writing on other things or exploring, far re- moved from political matters, there was the same point of view. He nevev fsrgot that he was an American citizen. iioosevclt not only demonstrated by example the principles of democrpcy, but he also contributed thru literature the things toe regarded of highest value for the present and future generations Laurence Abbott has estimated that xioosevelt produced 16,000,000 written rorde in his life time. A writer wno does nothing but write would feel that he had fulfilled his duty to his profess- ion if he produced that much. Writing was not hoosevelt's chief profession, it was merely one of his avocations. He was a writer at the e<*me time he was student, soldier, explorer, traveler, apeiVer, governor, and president. His writing difier from most men of letter* for he did not hpve time for conoi deration and revision which the profeeeional writer b ive to hie work. iather Zahm, the scientist* who ac- companied uoosevelt on a large part of his iouth American ex- plorations describes hia methods thus: natural scientist. "The articles intended for one of the m^ga^ir.-**. to which he contributed, -as dictated to his o«§retary and dictated for the most part immediately after the occurrence of the event deeorifced while all the facts were fresh in his memory. Descriptions of scenery were rarely delayed more tnan one d«y, usually not more than a few hours. As soon as he re- turned from a visit to a museum: a cattle ranch or public gatner- ing of any kind he called his secretary, and we soon heard the clicking of the keys of a typewriter and it mattered not where he hardened te be at the time- on a railway train, or on * ateamer, or in a hotel- it -j/bb all the ssme to him* The work had to be done, nnd it was accomplished at the aarliest possible moment. ... The articles which appeared in another magazine described his in hunting expe.iences M liatto (irosso, unlike those recounting inci- dents of the triumphal march to other parts of oouth A..i ilea, were written by his own hand, and often with the expenditure 01 greit labor. Iiost people have come to believe -»0- that because Hoosevelt wrote so much— and tnat often under the most unfavorable conditions— he must therefore have dashed off his articles for the press with little or no effort, .noth- ing is further from the truth. ivo one was more painstaking or conscientious than Hoosevelt was in his literary work. I had frequent evidence of this especially in the upper iara & uy. Here it often happended that he received difierent and contra- dictory reports regarding the habits of certain animals but he would not put in writing nib own opinion about the disputed question until he nad thoroughly investigated the subject and had satisfied himself that he had arrived at the truth Liometime his observations were penned alter he han re- turned from a long hunt in the jun fe le. Any other man would nave thrown himself into his hamn.ock and taken a rest, .out not so our x.i-f.rod. He would refresh himself cy a plunge into a stream, if there was one near by, or by a copious aclution in his portable bath, and then he would forthwith seat himself at a folding writers table, which he always carried wi th hi , anc set down the experiences of the day while they were still vividly before his mind. He would thus continue to write for an hour or t-*o, or even several hours, according to the time at his disposal -97- He wrote with indelible pencil, and by means of carbon caper, three copies were nude of each article. This was as a precaution against loss of the manuscript in the mails. He did not aim at stylistic efiort, and never m^de any attempt at mer- itricious adornment of his thoughts like Cardinal iiewman, his chief efiort was to be clear, to express himself in such ways that no one could mistake the meaning he desired to convey. It is for this reason that the style of his hanting articles is so graphic and pelluced, and that he was able to make his read- 1 ers see marvels of tropical scenes ae ne saw them'j Koosevelt's indignation was aroused by faulty observations and fake deductions of writers. He always demanded care and accuracy in observations. His constructive work was great but he *»lso rendered another service. Vhenever he found mistakes whicn had been associated with the histories cf animals he took care to expose them and thus correct false ideas which were being handed down from generation to generation. He discovered that more attention had been given by writers, to the means of hunting of game rather than to their full life histories. Here he has made a contribution to natural science. He supplied to the best of ale ability recorded life histories of our large an- iiials. a — 1# Outlook, 121- 434 -C, March 12, 191S. -98- Eefore hunting noosevelt would read all tnat was writ- ten about the mimals he proposed to hunt. Then while hunting he looked not only for the truth of the descriptions he had read but also for things that otner observers had overldoked. A statement made by him helps to clarify his reasons for selecting the natural history of big game animals as his specialty. "Most big game hunters never le^rn anything about the game ex- cept how to kill it; and most naturalists never observe it at all. Therefore a large amount of important and rather oovious f«-.cte remain unobserved or unaccurately observed, until the spe- cies become extinct. What ic nost needed is not tne ability to sec what very few people car: tie, but to see wiiat almost any one can see, but nobody takes the trouble to look at. ...... The facte 1 saw and observed daring our five weeks mint (for ougars) were obvious, th.iy need only the simplest power of observation and deduction from observation. 3u' nouody nad hitherto shown 1 or expressed these aaunple powers" "ae qualities whien Roose- velt used in hunting, keenness of mind and perception, accuracy of deduction with absolute love for truth, are the qualities whi^h if used will raiBe nntuaral hiBtory to higher levels. Roosevelt • 3 interest in big game animals was seconded to* nia interest in birdt. In his boyhood he began collecting 1. James Morgan. Theodore Roosevelt, ""he Boy and Man. -99- birds and in early life published a pamphlet about them. He might hive t*;ken a place among the out-of-door ornithologists of America had he chosjen bird study r.r a major interest but he selected the life of big animals because of the greater field which refined unexplored. rtooeevelt had beer criticised for killing game unneces- frily. He had great regard for the preservation of wild life hut he knew it was- necessary to have specimens for scientific research. "There should be no collecting except for an adequate and public par post, and of specimens on the verge of extinction there should no collecting at ill, and purposeless slaughter committed under the pretense of collecting should be rigorously punished. i.'ut if the conditions be fulfilled, it is as neces- sary to collect animals for museum species aa to kill sheep and 1 chickens for foodl An evidence of hii? eagerness to keep our natural life protected from win ton slaughter, he, while Presi- dent, established the firfct I.ational v.ird Preserve, on Pelican Island, Florida. Altogether he established fifty-one reserva- tions to keep diflerent species from extinction. His influence in natural history is very valuable. lie developed internet in out-of-door life and paseed it on to high- er planes. Father Zahm considered that science had lost a great -100- leader when Roosevelt entered upon a political career, iirander Uathewe, ana af the beat American contemporary critics of liter- ature claims aoosevelt should have chosen the writing of histo- ry as a profession. '*Hie untimate reputation aa a man of letters •will rest moet securely upon nie stern labors aa a historian. His "Winning of the tfest" is an abiding contribution to American 1 historical literature': Lawrence Abbott says: "On the political side I think his "iiaval War of 1812" and his "Life of UOuverneur rrifi" ouyht not to be— and will not be- As nistorian. 2 forgotten': His "Oliver Cromwell" and " Auto biotyraphy*' rlace his among the biographers . i>ooeevelt was also an essayist. Bum of his works are certainly attistic and literary. "Perhaps his chapter on "Out- door *njd Indoor" in his Autobiography is the most striking il- lustratioxi. In fact the general character of the Autobiography, the three articles describing Arizona experiences in 1913 and his paoere on History and Literature all -orove his place among tssayists. Just after the publication of As an Besayist . •History and Literature and otner essays", a critic wrote: "Despite the fact that he is too earnest and en- ergetic to assume successfully the discussive manner oi a typical 1. Hefer to Abbott* Impressions of .Aoosavelt, p. 130-2 2. Ibid. -101- essayist, despite frequent repetitions and an unresisted tendency to indulge in exhortations, despite occasional extravagance of statement and a rcore tfcan ccc<3Bio;al looseness of structure* Mr, Roosevelt has not merely interested us by his essays, tout has • left ua full of gratitude and high admiration Lr. Koose- vfit is always and everywhere trying to make hi s. fellov men see - - clearly as ne sees how glorious, on the one hand and now far from perfect on the other, the progreer of the race has been. t noble opportunities of advancement and #hat dire peril con- front the world to-day, what splendid promise the future holds for individuals and natior.3 that seek to know their duty and to 1 • it fearlessly: Kooeevelt'a addtesces, essays, editorials end miscellane- ous capers are not always litexaxj in subject, but he has used plnir. direct, forceful English without thought as to the style. In these we have the thought of 1st, essayist, high- minded preacher of strenuous lif»2, ''hriai tanity th^.t ha* cour- to make itself felt, one-hundred per cent . American and military DreDarcdne sg. In these iioosevelt gives, a f*>ir sum- mary of his philosophy of life - j ?id his conception of -nublic and individual morality. One of his critics said: *Mr. Moosevelt 1. independent, 76, 1013, p. 92. -102- is in some ways the literary descendant of fienj amine Franklin. There is the same frank, crude, sensible materialism, the same indifterence to some of the finer shades of thought, the same whole-hearted, healthy patriotism, the same innate respect for justice and order, the same preference for action over specu- lation, tne s-.me apothtsis of the common-place necessary virtues of courage, self-control, industry and honesty. And if we are sometimes annoyed by the "cocksureness" which runs through the whole strain, we must remember that self-confidence is the characteristic American quality, and that no one would really be accepted as a leader or spokesman by any large body of people of the 'ni ted states who was not liberally provided with tnat 1 useful ad.lunct to success in a hesitating world? ^oosevelt was a successful public speaker. In every auctress he had something to say and was vitniiy interested in getting it over to hie audience. He spoke as one American talking to his fellowmen upon subjects of interest to all alike. These addresses were of such value that they Addresses. were preserved and are placed witu hi* other literary contributions. A speech which deserves special men- tion because of its contribution to citizenship, was that made 1. Living Age; 2fc8: p. 558, 1911. -103- in Paris, April 23, 1910. Roosevelt gave a lecture *t Sorbonne which was an appeal to the highest type of citizenship based UT>on individual and social conduct. "The success of republics like yours and like ours means the glory, and our failure the despair of manhood; and for you and for us the question of the quality of the individual citizen is supreme. ...... I speak to a brilliant assembly. I speak in a great University, which rep- resents the flower of the highest intellectual development; I pay all homage to intellect; and yet I know 1 have the assent of all of you present when I add that more important still are the commonplace, everyday qualities and virtues',' He then em- phasized those qualities which we have discussed under his theory of citizenship. In his straight forward waj he attacked race suicide whiota was a growing problem in France. "Even more im- portant than ability to fight at need, is to remember that the chief of blessings for any nation is that it shall leave its ssed to inherit the land. It was the crown of blessings in Bibical times; and it is the crown of blessing now. The greatest of all curses is the cyrse of sterility, and the severest of all condemnations should be visited upon wilful sterility. The first essential in any civilization is that the man and the woman shall be father and mother of healthy children so that the race shall -104- 1 increase and not decrease: He praises the man who toils against forces which strive to pull him down. 'It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stum- bles or when the doer of deeds could have done better. The cred- it belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust, sweat, and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs and comes short again and again- because there is no ef- fort without erxors and shortcomings- but who does actually st- strive to do the deeds/ Who knows the great enthusiasm, the grea+ devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achieving and who et the worst, if he fails, at le^st f ^ils while daring greatly, so that his place shall nerer be with thoee cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeats In the same speech he states his opinion on various subjects, such as the relation of labor and capital and the dangers of extreme socialism based on class war. This address had an influence upon French public opinion. One of the leading daily newspapers of Paris printed fifty seven thousand copies of this address and had them dis- tributed to every school teacher in Erance. The Sorbonne ad- dress helped to destroy $he power of the international socialists who were striving in the early days of the war in behalf of a -105- a peace between France and iiermany. If France had given over t to the will of the international socialiste she would have been loet. Thru hie addresses, uooscvelt gave the people renewed en- ergy and vigor. He stimulated better citizenship abroad as well as in hie own beloved country. -106- PART III. THEODOHE ROOSEVELT'S THEORY AED PRACTICE FROM THE POIiiT OF VIEW OF CIVIC EDUCATION. CHAPTER I , Objectives in Training for Citizenship. The practical examples to be found in the lives of men who have shown themselves worthy of emulation, are the most po- tent factors in directing the educational work of the republic. Those who practice civic righteousness become the models for the study of better citizenship. Roosevelt comes well within this class. He was interested in the schools of the country and voiced himself thus: "The nation^ most valuable asset is the children; for the children are the nation of the future. All people alive to the nation's need should join together to work for the moral, spiritual, and physical welfare of tne children 1 in all parts of tne land? Sincethe hope of a nation lies in the children the question arises, can Roosevelt's contribution l to theory and practice of civic education be of use in the train- ing of the youth to live the fullest and best life possible, both as an individual and as a worthy member of our American democracy, 1. ueorgia t tate uuildg. Jamestown Ex. June 10, 1907. -107 "The stability and future welfare of our institutions of government depend upon the grade of citizenship turned out 1 from our public school 1 ! The Training in citizenship the most important work American school is concerned of the school . with the problem of socializing individuals in accordance with American ideals. Democracy cnn be made safe only by intelligent and moral citizenship; conse- quently the training for such citizenship is the most important work of the school. "Of course, in any of our American institu- tions of learning even more important than the production of scholarship is the production of citizenship. That is the most important thing that any institution of learning can 2 produce? Up to the time of the World War we often assummed that students would get citizenship incidentally as a part of the rest of their work. But now we realize more geneially that ev- ery teacher should have before her certain objectives or ^oals that should guide her in educating the youth for a place in democracy. These objectives as worked out in Dr. Lange's sem- inar, fall undtr three main headings, namely, knowledge, feeling, conduct. Our -problem, then, is to see if .Roosevelt's contribu- tion to the theory and practice can be of use in realizing the 1. Address at Philadelphia, Pa. Uov, 22, 1902. 2. Leland Stanford, Jr. Univ. Palo Alto, Calif. May 12, 1903. -108- raajor objectives in training for citizenship. The greatest service an individual can render in a dem- ocracy is to be an example in any position ranging from the humblest to th»t of the highest. The life a An example. citiz€n leadB is determined in a large meas- ure by the conception or theory he has of citizenship. The pri- mary inspiration of a pupil in becoming a worthy citizen is to have a hero for an example- The nany-sided kooeevelt stirs up in youth a desire to rmulate hie patriotic motives. Koosevelt did not leave his theory in doubt but as we saw in Part I .he gave it to the world as a code of beh Trior and in Part 1 1, that he practiced well his theory of citizenship. vnowledge is power. To be a good citizen requires an enlightened mind particularly in regard to social afiairs. "Education may not make a good citizen, but most certainly ignorance tend 6 to irevent hie being a good Knowledge . 1 citizen? In hie theory of citizenship Hoose- velt gives, in words suitable for the understanding of youth, full conceptions g>f the terms brotherhood, equality, freedom, and social justice? These concepts may be used by teachers in connection with various subjects, especially history and civics. 1. Address at the University of Pa, Philadelphia, Pa. Feb .22, 05, 2. i\efer to Part I .Theory of Jitizenship,pp.l-8. -109- An understanding acquaintance with the creed of Amer- ican democracy is the first step toward effective membership in American society. The meaning of government and the relation that exists between the gov- The creed of American democracy. ernment and the citizen enables the individual to enter upon his duties with foresight and well directed effort. In speaking of being familiar with the history of our country, Roosevelt says: "I wish that our people is a whole, and eepecialiy those among us who occupy high legislative or administrative positions would study the history of our nation not merely for the purpose of national self- Kratification but with the desire to learn the lessons that his- 1 tory teaches us? The teacher, in giving instruction with reference to the structure and function of American national government, can point to the life of hooeevelt as a man who was so interested in the promotion of government that he studied every field until he often knew more than those in charge of these special field 8 of the government. The action of the individual in the group life is stres- ed in the words of the following quotations, • Jjundamentally for weal or woe we are knit together; we shall go un or go down to- gether, whenever a deed is done by an American which reflects 1. At Annapolis, Maryland, April 24, 1906. -110- credit upon our country, each of us can walk with our heads a little higher in consequence, and whenever anything happens through the fault of any of ue that ia discreditable, it ia dis- 1 creditable of us more or less? *Decade by decade, it becomes more and Interdependence. more necessary that, without sacrificing their independence individually, the people of this country shall recognise in more efiective form tieir mutual interdependence and the duty of safe guarding the interests of each in the ul- 2 timate interest of nil? "All of ue here are knit together by bonds wnich we can not sever. Pr we^l or for woe our fater are inextricably in- termingled. All of ue in our preeert civilization are dependent uron one another to a degree never before known in history of 3 mankind ar.d in the long run we are going to go up or down together? Continued progress in group life hinges upon the connec- tion between the preceding and the succeeding activity of the past and present groups. In as much as we build upon the past it is necessary that the school open to the youth a correct view of the past and the present. To-day we are determining what shall exist in the future. This can be stated in iioosevelt's T~. At Danville, Va. Sept. 9, 1902. 2. At Jamestown Exposition, June 10, 1907. 3. At Topexa, Kansas. Kay 1, 1903. -Ill- utterances. "Any work done by any man must largely have its in- fluence, not upon the life of that man but upon the lives of those coming after him. "Y/e who did not fi^hl in the Civil War have reaped the un- measurable benefit from the courage and self devotion of those who did fidfct oo if we of this generation do our duty -when face to face with our speciTl problems, our 1 frhildr'en, and our children's children shall be better fit for it? ftooeevelt furnishes a concrete National consciousness. example of constructive work which challenges the thought and ambition to aspire to even bet- ter things for future generations. Evidence is to be found in the acts passed during his administrate on , such as the creation of the Department of Commerce and Labor and the Bureau of Cor- porations; the law authorizing the building of the Panama Canal, the Pure Food n.nn y«at Inspection la.?s; the law creating the Lureau of Immigration; the Employers Liability and bafety Appli- ances laws, that limited the working hours of employees; the law waking the Jo vernment liable for injuries to its employees and the law forbidding child labor in the District of Columbia. Feeling as well as information is essential for correct 1. At jyster Bay, u, Y. July 4, 1906 -112- attitude. Civic intelligence unaccompanied by proper civic not.jvPH and ide-tle is dangerous. "If a man is not decent, is not square and honest, then the posses* ion of ability only 1 serves to render him more dangerous to his community 1 ! Intel- ligent citizens are not always good citizens. "If an educated man is not heartily American in instinct and feel- reeling. ing and taste and sympathy, he will amount to 2 nothing in our public life: Youth is a plastic and formative age and the teacher has a very delicate as well as a rer^ impor- tant problem before him in helping the youth to cultivate proper civic motives and ideils. It is essential to develop the feeling of so- ciability, that is, not mere fondness for companionship but also fitness for companionship. It means a friendly relationship with fellows, a consideration of their welfare Sociability. and a desire to cooperate with them for the common good: The teacher can get valuable material from Koose- velt, the threat democratic instructor. He had mucn to say about genuine fellow-feelings, the understanding and sympathy of each, for the other regardless of birthplace, religion or creed. He insisted that man know his neit^ibor regardless of rank or posi- tion. "In addition to mere obedience to the law each man to 1. At i,orthfield, Lass. Sept. 1, 1902. 2. American Ideals, p. 45. -113- be a really good citizen must show broad sympathy for hie neighbor and genuine desire ~o look at any question arising be- tween them from the standpoint ol the neighbor no less than 1 from his own'; iioosevelt is an excellent example for those stu- dents who have a tendency to be snob Dish. In him $hey hare an illustration of a man who had everything to make a snob of him but who w3s broad minded and a democratic mixer with all fellows, making himself fit for companionship and for getting the most out of companionship with others. He speaks directly and finally to those who feel that education somehow confers a special distinction which relieves them from doing their part in the community, or in the nation. He says: "Your education, your training, will not confer on you one privilege in the way of excusing you from efiort or from work. All it can do and what it should do, is to make you a little better fitted for such effort, for suca work; and I do not care whether tnat is in business, politics, in no matter what branch of endeavor, all it can do by the training you have re- ceived, by the advantages you have received, i s to fit you to do n little better th«i the average man that you meet. It is incumbent upon you to show that the training has had that effect. It ought to enable to jemfekfi you to do a little better for 1. Message to Congress, Dec. 5, 1905. -114- yourselves, and if you have in you souls capable of a thrill of generous emotion, souls capable of understanding wiiat you owe to your training, to your alma mater, to the past and the pres- ent that have given you all that you have.*, if you have such souls it oucht to make you doubly bent upon disinterested work for the 1 State and the liation? The learning of the importance of cooperation for the com- mon good is beautifully illustrated by the life of uoosevelt. In him we find a man capable of originating cooperation. an idea and setting up of ideals. He was able to use the cooperative aid of others for accomplishing ideals. In his addresses time and again he brings out the fact that in a government such as ours, work can be accomplished only by cooperation with followmen. "The only safe way of working i& to try to find out some scheme by which it is possible 2 to make a common effort for tne oonaon good'.' In American citizeiisnip, wj can succeed permanently only upon the basis of standing shoulder to shoulder, working in association, by organization, each working for all, and yet re- membering that we need each so tc shape things tnat each man can develop to best advantage all the forces and powers at ais 3 command! "Kan can not afford to lose his individual initiative. 1. At Palo Alto. Calif. May 12, 1903. 2. At Ji^ngor, Taine, August 27, 1902. 3. At Chattanooga, Tenn. Gept.§, 1902. -115- his individual will power: but he can best use that power if for 1 certain objects he unites with his fellows: Unless the youth has faith in American democracy, espe- cially with reference to the future he has a feelin^of despair and distrust. Roosevelt himself possessed to such a great degree the confident hone in the natiorfs future that he felt that she must ever strive to fit himself for a great destiny. "I believe thnt every man who has the inestimable privilege of living here in our free land should feel in his soul, deep in the marrow of his being, that not only nre we bound to act juetly and honest- ly and honorably as a nation for our own sakes, not only nre we bound so to act for the saxe of the children who are to come af- ter us, but we are also bound thus to act because all over the world the peoples are looking eagerly at this great experiment 2 in popular government? Again he says: "I believe in the fu- ture—not in a spirit which will "Faith in the creed of American democracy. set down and look for the future to work itself out— but with a determination to do its part 3 in making the future what it can and should be made*.' Juch utterances helo the youth to realize that democracy is not a 1. At Sioux Fall. oouth Dakota, April 6, 1903. 2. ueali^able Ideals, p. 123. 3. At Banquet of Spanish War Veterans, Detriot. Fich.^ept.22,02. -116- gift handed down from our fathers, nor a thing that exists at present, but rather a goal more or less remote, ^n ideal we are striving to realize. Koosevelt's teaching!* spurn the creed of failure and distrust. He shows the youth that th* future is his if he hut have the manhood to grasp it and by so doing awakes a masterful energy and resolution. Roosevelt challenges the young people of to-day to bear themselves so that the nation's future will ever surpass the glorious past. ,:oys and girls readily develop the spirit of loyalty to their athletic teams and to tneir school but they need to en- large that loyalty and extend i t to the Stfttt and the Kstion. itoosevelt especially exemplifies loyalty to the principle, all for each and each for all, not only in the school tut in the «t*te, in f .he nation at large. Tht following quotations may be of use to the youth in getting a clearer coxiception of what loyalty really means. "The loyalty that counts is the loyalty which shows it- 1 self in deeds rather than in words: "Shame to our people if they evei come to pay loyalty to 2 cast or class ahead of loyalty to good citizenship? "An American citizen's first loyalty is duo to the •1. At Banquet of -atf: Society of Sons of American devolution, Washington, D. C. May 2, 1902. 2. Kealiz^tle Ideals, p. 17>4. -117- nation and to his fellow citizens no matter what position they 1 occupy as long as those fellow citizens are decent raen2 One way of cultivating patriotism in the present is by keeping alive the leraory of what we owe to tiie patriotism of the past. All schools now have libraries and whether they are large or small, they are richer and render a more valuable ser- vice if they contain the works of Kooeevelt. ais *ork& are pa- triotic, not partisan,; his speeches are those Patriotism. whicn embody a broad and full national spirit. Hi s books give a fair and human presentation of all the inter- eats and activities of society in such a way as to be attractive and instructive. In f^ot, his addresses arid meeyagey form a most important contribution to the history of his time, for they are the works and thoughts of a man wno had th& largest share in his day in directing the course and fortunes of his country. His works reveal the aims and the iueals of the average man and the average woman of his own generation. i'hey give frank views on politics, citizenship, arid organized social and economical life. These views are ^iven with honesty and fearless truthfulness. i*ot only do they reveal the nistory of his time but also portray the activities of this country for more than a century. This makes his works of great value as references as they give the facts. 1. realizable Ideals, p. 135 -118- His works have not only nistoric value, they are examples of lit- erature also. While criticism can be made to some extent upon hie unconventional phraseology, at the same time he adopted the method of the best contemporary English speakers, that of stating in a direct, conversational manner, certain things they wish to say. for the most part, his speeches and addresses were sponta- neous utterances of a trained mind inspired by strong convictions, and full of historic knowledge and public experience. His sen- tences may not be well polished yet they are forceful in express- ing deliberate and orderly thought. True democracy requires taat taere be harmony between mem- bers of society, A sense of Justice must exist before such a condition can be realized. The ni & aest form of justice as Roose- velt sets forth, is where there is harmony of re- Justice. lation^nip, wuare each man gives the best that is in him and receives from his fellow men their best. "Mankind goes ahead tut slowly, and it goes ahead mainly through each of trying to do the best tnat ie in him and to do it in the sanest 1 way? •After all, we nre one people, with the same fundamental characteristics, whether we live in the city or in the country, in the est or in the west, in the north or in the south. Each of us, unless he is contented to be a cumberer ox the earth's 1. At Symphony Hall, Boston, Aug. 25, 1902. -119- surface, must strive to do his life work with his whole heart. jfiach must remember that while he will be noxious to every one unless he first does his duty by himself, he must also strive ever to do his duty by Ms fellows. The problem of how to do 1 these auties is acute everywhere? The teacher has a wealth of illustrations in the life of Koosevelt. These show how he tried to bring about, to the best of his ability, a condition in which every man should receive a square deal. Along with the square deal is the obligation or responsibility. The sense of civic responsibility can not be over emphasized in our present Civic responsibility. life especially. The school affords ample opportunity to bring the youth face to face with the re- alisation that it is highly necessary for him to assume a re- sponsibility to society and to learn the limits of his own rightful actions, such as keeping up with his personal Droperty in relation to other property and manifesting helpful care for the prorerty of others. This action gives healthful civic com- TtAnity progress. "The upbuilding of any part of our country is 1 a benefit to the wholeU What Koosevelt has to say concerning the power and responsibility of the average citizen can be used in helping to instill the idea of civic responsibility. His works are a splendid reference for debates on civic and political 1. At bangor Vaine, Aug. 27, 1902. -120- issuea. Individual character can never progress by the individual simply knowing and feeling what is good to do. A eltiswB must think, feel and act. As iiooeevelt says; "The Conduct . rulee of good citizenship are tolerably simple. The trouble is not in finding them out; the trouble is living 1 up to the* after they hare been found out? Courage is mors easily developed in youth than self-control* but if youth is courageous und can not control himself he is a dangerous person, oelf-control is an asset to be developed in each individual. Physical and mental con- self -control . trol determine a person's chance of making a good or a bad citizen, xioosevelt very emphatically states that real liberty, freedom, and responsible self-government can come a only to pe- pie who are capable of mastering tnemselves. Again he says: H I want to eee th~ average American a good man, an hon- S est man, and a man who can handle himself, well under difficulties? In youth is the time to develop self-reliance. Children must be trained to have confidence in their ability to do. So one can make a success of life if he contin- Self -reliance, ually imitates another or leans upon tha shoulders of die companions. Koosevelt is a concrete example 1. At Charlestown Exposition, April, 1902. 2. Remarks at L",t .1 ntricks Church, Washington, D.C. Nov. 20, 1904 . 3. Kefer to PAkT I. p. 7. -121- of a m*n who depended upon his ability to act. He was so self-reliant th^t he even coined new words and phrases when he could not find those which exactly expressed his thought. He enriched the vocabulary with "square deal", "strenuous life", "big stick ? "malefactors f great wealth? "hyphenated Ameri- cans? "undesirable citizens? "rarlor socialist? and "rose-water reformers" Tolerance is essential in a democracy, its cnief demand is tne understanding cf other people «?nd sheir opinions. Tol- erance for others is especially necessary when Tolerance. all are putT,in^ forth ef torts for the common good. "There should be no yielding to wrong; but there should most certainly be not only deeire to do right, but a willingness each to try to understand the viewpoint of his fellow, with whom, for weal or for woe, hie own fortunes *re indissolubly 1 bound" . It would be hard to find a more adaptable character than that of iioosevelt. He developed a great deal of his ideal of conduct by spending much of his time in the Adaptability. field and woods. He led the free life which is the heritage of every free /merican. The"many-sided hoose- velt*is an example of a man who was jaok-of-all- trades and a 1. Address to X^ew York Chamber of Commerce of the State of i«ew Hew York, November 11, 1902. -122- master of many. He made such a success of hie life bec^uoe he was able to adapt himself to each situation. He treated each new condition he met as if it furnished an opportunity to learn, and contribute the best possible thought toward making something good out of it. He did not think it best to discard a thing sim- ply because it did not harmonize entirely with his ideas. In "s T»uch as others had to share it too they should have some share should in saying what A be and he w*s willing to compromise by respecting tneir views to a liberal extent. Where there is strong competition, such as we have in this country, there is need of initiative. This initiative must be developed in the child in early life so that it may become alert to the opportunities that offer promising fields of activity. It is only by arousing and directing the pow- Initiative. ers of tne child that the school can give it a chance to meet the conditions it will find after it leaves school, i-.ooseveit says; "The only way tb get good service is 1 to give somebody power to render its He means by this to give opportunity for the individuil or group of individuals to use the power which they possess. He is a splendid example of a rmn whs, through his initiative, sought nn opportunity to use his -Ower. It takes will nower to succeed. Out of a weak child 1. Autobiography, t>.88. -123- he made a powerful man; out of half -blindness he made a boxer, a constant render, a good shot; out of a liking for authorship rather than a talent for it, he «ade a voluminous writer. Otit of a voice and manner never meant for oratory ^e made a speaker; out of a sense of duty, he made a soldier; out of a soldier, a governor; out of a governor, a vice president, and out of a vice 1 president a President? Instruction in obtaining and maintaining good health is a vital part of civic education. Health promotes progress. Fhysical devela "merit must go hand in hand with mental development in order that we may have active men and women for the civic du- ties. The school must start with the child and build and fashion It for producing the necessary energy required for life's work. The way in which hoocevelt developed him- self physically in early life and in man- hood, the attitude he took townrd physical development as brought out in FART II. furnishes a most valuable and inspiring example of how surplus energy may be developed. His attitude toward play is very wholesome ac it points out the aim and use of play. "Play while you play and work while you work; and though play is a mighty good thing remember that you had better never play at all than to get into a condition of mind where you regard play as the serious business of life or where you permit it to 1. Qt, street, J. "The most Interesting American. -124- hamper and interfere with your doing your full duty 4n the re- 1 al work of the wofcldS A student should not get into the habit of hurrying through work that he might get at some favorite game for he will likely. Blight his work.. Work \ixe play is a means to an end and both have trteir place In trie scheme of tne day's r>rogr* Roosevelt approved athletics because he believed they were a constructive force in building up a good citizen. "I be- lieve in at.iietics; but I believe in them chiefly because of the 2 moral qualities that they display? fie used his efiorts to make football a test of alertness, skill and energy, not a dis- play of brutal force, He considered trie training the boys receiv- ed in doing teamwork, in developing the power of self-control and the enjoyment received from the rush and tussle was an excel- lent method of preparing for the best conduct in life, itoosevelt would have tae world remember tniB It sson which is to keep a sense of proportion, tie considered sports prooerly managed a means for developing not only mind and body but as he has said so often wnat is infinitely more important- character. We may sum up in general by saying the Koosevelt's theory anri practice is worthy of a place in forming the character and 1. At irv.ard _nion, ¥eb. 23, 1907. 2. At Owm e nc cment of >ieergetown College, June 14, 1906. -125- life work of the pupil because he sets forth clearly the object- ives of citizenship, namely: (a) knowledge, the understanding of American democracy in practice, the acquaintance with asso- ciated living and acquisition of the requisite mental attitude necessary for consciousness of a national action; (b) feel- ing, such as sociability, disposition to do teanr. ork for the common good, faith in the creed of American democracy especially with reference to the future, inclusive loyalty rooted in the principle — all for each, and each for all; sense of fair play an^ justice, sense of civic responsibility; (c) conduct, self- control, self-reliance, tolerance, adaptability, initiative, surplus energy for all. -12b- CHAPrSH II. ROOSEVELT'S APPRECIATION OF THE 3CH00L AJBD ITS TEACHERS. Teachers h-t Philadelphia P^ . , i,ov .22 ,1902 . 2. Address to iembers of trie national Educational Association, ./sshington, D.C. #eb.2t>, 1008. -128- peculiar a relation to the boys and girls under nis or her care- a relation closer, more intricate, ?ind more vital in its after- effects that any other relation save that of parent and child. 7/herever - burden of that kind is laid, those who carry it nec- essarily carry a great responsibility. There can be no grentex*! Speaking; directly to the teacher with regard to character he s^ys: " Gome times you can develop character by direct inculcation of lonl rjrecppt; a great deal more often you cannot. You de- velop it less by precept than by your practice. Let it come as an incident of the association with you; The teacher. as an incident to the general tone of the whole body, the tone whicn in the a^regote we alt create. Is not tnat the experience of alL of you, in dealing witn tnese children in the school, in dealing witn them in the family, in dealing with them in bodies anywhere? They are quic* to take the tone of those to whom tney look up, and if they do not look up to you then you can preacn virtue ali you wisn, but the 2 efiect will be small? iioosevelt continually emphasized that any work wortn do- ing should be approached in a spirit of sincere love for work, 1. M"ress at Philadelphia, Ta., Kov. 22, 1902. 9 . It M h School, Philadelphia, Ta. :ov. 22, 1902. -129- and a desire to do it well for the work's sake. "Doubtless most of you remember the old distinction drawn between the two kinds of work, the work done for the sake of the fee and the work done for the sake of the work itself. The man or woman in public or private life who ever His attitude works only for the sake of the reward that comes outside of the work, will in the long run do poor work . The man or the woman who does work worth while is the man or woman who lives, breathes that work; with whom it is ever pres- ent in his or her soul; whose ambition is to do it well and to feel rewarded by the thought of having done it well. That man, that woman, puts the whole country under an obligation. As a body all those connected with the education of our people are entitled to the heartiest praise from all lovers of their country, because as a body they are devoting heart and soul to 1 the welfare of those under them? It is necessary for the teacher to understand that talking counts for little unless backed up by practice, lioosevelt express- his opinion thus; "I do not believe in teaching what cannot be 2 practiced 1 ! "I would not have you preach an impossible ideal, lor if you preach an ideal that is impossible you tend to make your pupils believe that no ideals are possible, and therefore 1. Address at Philadelnhia, Pa. i.ov . 2$, 1902. 2. Address to the iielieiious Education Association, , Aash.ye0.12,08, -130- • you tend to do them the worst of wrongs to teach them to divorce preaching from practice, to divorce the ideal that they in the 1 abstract admire from the practical good after whicn they strive? hoosevelt insists that preaching does not count if it is not tacked up by practice. He says: "remember that the preaching does not count if it does not conform to practice. There is no good in your preaching to your boys to be brave, if you run away. There is no good in your preachi.^ to them to tell the 2 truth if you do not; The teacher needs to guard agiinat mere theorizing for "no matter how beautiful Freaching if versus practice. the theory is, A it won't fit in with facts 3 it is of no good? The teacher must be practical and tench the youth to be practical if their ability is to be of use in the wor*' af the progress of their country, hoosevelt expresses it well wnen ne says: "If a man is not practical, he is of no use 4 anywhere? He believed a readjustment of values was needed in the country and that the readjustment could be brought ibout mainly thru the teichere in our public schools. speaka directly to the teicaer when he says: "Teach the boy and girl to workj teach them that their proper duty is in the home; their duty to one 1. Adaresa to the i.atiorinl educational Association, tfasn. Keb .2t>,08. 2. Address at Philadelphia, , ov. 22, 1902. 3. Adnress at Oyster i3ay, i,. Y. Aug. 16, 1903. 4. At for tl and, :aine, Aug, 2b, 1902. -131- wnother and toward their neighbors. Then teach them more; teach them to build upon this foundation the superstructure oi" the higher life. I want to see our education directed more and more toward the training of boys and girls back to the farm and shop, so that they will be first rate farmers, first rate me- chanics, fit to work with the hands and realizing that work with the hands is just as honorable as work witn the head. In addi- tion, I want to see a training that will make every boy, every girl leaving tne public achools, leaving the scnools of the na- tion, feel impel lei so to carry himself or herself that the net result, when his or her life shall have been lived, shall be an addition to the sum total of decent living and achievment for t the nation, and have them understand that they are never ^oing to amount to much in the big things if they don't first amount to something in the little things. The effort should be Tiade to teach every one that the first requisite of good citizenship is doing the duties that are near at hand. But of course this does not excuse a man from doing the other duties too ile ought to add decency in home life, decency in politics, de- cency in public life "Our children should be trained to do the homely duties in the first place, and then in addition to have it in them so to car- ry themselves that collectively we may well and fitly perform the great and responsible tasks of American citizenship': 1. Address to national Educational Assn, V/ashington, i<'eb.2o,190t3. -132- lioosevel^ lad no eympathy with the attitude taat some teachers take of play, what he desired was to have children given op • ortunity to enjoy pl^y and work happily and cheerfully. But they can not do so if they are obliged to play a a their elders think they should play. He did not believe that teachers should insist that the child play in such a way as to train the "child mind 2 The child must enjoy as well as play. ko;- did he approve of teacher a insisting His view of play. that book learning run tnru -^11 hours of the day. Lessons as lescont are to the average student a task, The teacher who is constantly requiring stud nts to carry home piles of books in order to keep up with the class work is doing a wrong to the them and to the nation because the stu- dents will not have time for honest, robust play, the kind which lite tharufor their life work, recreation has its place in the day's program. If the child is so crowded with work tnat he is compelled to pour over the printed page both in school and out of school in order to fulfil the requirements of the teacher who is pushing him alon & in the mad rush for education he can not help but develor* into a one-sided person. A neglect of the physical nelf makes youth develop into a person unable to bear his own weight. The m4nd grows sick in a sick body. uotn should be kept healthy by taking care of both. -133- i\0 school can really tie a school without proper play- ground. It is a necessary part of every school. The more play- grounds we h^ve and the more they are properly used means more healthy citizens, uood health is Value of playgrounds. the first consideration for prepar- ing the child for eflicient work. •It is a poor type of school nowdays that has not a good play- ground attached I think we realize wnat a good healthy playground means to children. 1 think we understand not only the effects for good upon their bodies, but for good upon their minds. We need healthy bodies. We need to have scnools proper- 1 ly pnysiCTlly developed" He would nave teachers come into act- ual contact with life and if they are so in love with their work that it becomes the one nnd only laought they are committing a ^reat crime by driving the undeveloped child into mental work beyond his years. He urged flexibility and serenity of mind on the part of the tencher for it has rnucn to do T?ith the re^l progress of the pupil. Hoosevelt urged tVie living of a strenuous life. By that. he meant «; life of work, or life of efiort for worthy causes. What he has to s^y concerning going The strenuous life. after things that are worth while in life instead of pursuing trifles is applicable to teachers and 1. Address at iigh school, Philadelphia, Pa. i.ov.22,1902. -154- stu'lents alike, otrenuous life dot? a not mean nervous hurrying scout but rather a life of vigor. The teachers has the opportu- nity to help the youth develop habits which will relieve hire of much responsibility in accomplishing tasks. iabit plays such an important part in our lives and especially in the period of youth th^t we can not neglect them. If the youth can train :inbitB to become servants to him ne will not lose so much valua- ble time in thinking what to do next. The strenuous life is a great factor in accompli shin*, this, iioosevelt is a good exam- ple of man who made habit his servant, tie learned this secret of effectiveness, and this was why he could accomplish so much without nervous strain. If the teacher helps the youth to devel« op, like ivoosevelt, the power of habit and the determination to nccomplish something, to turn out a great deal ol good work, she has rendered an invaluable service to the youth and the n«ti*n. 3ince leading a strenuous life means devoting self to some work that is interesting and worth while, trie teacher has a very large opportunity to accomplish .ureat good in devoting himself or herself to training children physically, intellectu- ally a 4 id morally. -135- CHAPTFH III. ROOSEVELT* i> OOi»st and present promot human action to acquire preparation of real ser- vice to their fellow men. Professor Home put it thus: Inter- est in one of the great words in education, tecauFe it removes tfru'-Vgery from the school, puts the motive porer of the feelings at tilt disposition of the teacher, and is the immediate of all 1 €loc?tion'2 ice interest is of so nucn inportance, the question arl0«s, ho - * 3 an it be got ton? One way ic by coming in touch with the living forces of nen nnd women who have achieved great suc- cess inn serve as models. .Such men in our country's history 1. Home, H. H. Psychological Principles of Education, p. 191. -136- help the youth to see the remote goal. The youth as well ae el- ders honor the statesmen of the past and strive to live over a- gain their virtues. The memory of great men tends to serve as a spur to the youth of to-day to act as well as did the men of yesterday. Therefore it is fitting to have a classified list of quotations which nay be used by the teacher in training the youth for his place in democracy, and at the sane time be inter- esting and pleasing to tic pupil. Honeevelt's works furnish a p-plerd!* source for ruch quotations. These will be classified und< r the headings: Character, Voral qualities, elf-reliance, uood qualities, uight, Cooperation, Courage, Justice, Americanism, Initiative uonesty, service, Equality, Ideals, iiesponsibility , i/ork, Education, and Books. List of quotations. Character . In the long run the one vital factor in tne permanent pros- perity of tne country is the high individual character of the average American worker, the average American citizen. (Message to first cession Fifty-ninth Congres3,Dec.5,1905) Materially we must strive to secure a broader economic op- portunity for all men, so that each shall a*>ve a better chance to show the stuft of which he is made, spiritually and ethical- ly "*e "lust strive to brin;? about Class living and right thinking. Hie appreciate the things of the body as important but we appreciate -137- also that the things of the soul are immeasurably , and ever must be, tne more important. The foundation stone of national life is and ever will be, the high individual character or the average citizen. (Laying of "orner ..tone ofxlce Building of House of representatives, April 24, 190c). Athletics are good; study is even better, and bebt of all is the development of the type of character for the lack of which, in an individual as in a nation no amount of brilliancy of mind or stren^tn of body will atone. (At harvard Union, Feb. 23, 1907). A vot^ is like a rifle; its usefulness depends upon the character of the user. (Autobiography) . ■o it comes to rendering service, th^t which counts c liei'ly is not intellect so muah as stands above raere pcwer of body, or mere power of mind, but must in a sense include them. and is character. (At Hem York at Banquet, 1902). All public achievement rests upon private character; the stat* Baa rut go onward and upward, t^e nation can not make progress, unless the average individual is of tne rijsht type. iM*ali Kab l fc Ideals, p. 38). -138- Sach talent- the talent for making momy, tiie talent for showing intellect at the bar, or in any other way, if un- accompanied by character, makes the possessor a menace to the fte. He must take pride in iiis own work, instead of sitting idle to enjoy the energy of otaers, ae must face life with resolute courage, win victory if he can, and accept def-f t if he must without seeking to pl^ce on his fellow- men the responsibility which is not theirs. AIL the lawB that the act of man can devise will never make a uian t worthy citizen unless he his within himself the rignt stuff, unlesc he has aelf-reliince, energy, courage, the power of insisting on his own rights and the sympathy that makes him regardful of the rights of others. { Autobiography, p. 30) . Jood qualities. Line -tenths of wisdom is to be wise in time and at the right time. (Autobiography, p. 548). Dai&g iuty well is what counts. The man who does not care -142- to do any *ct until the time for heroic action comes does not do the heroic act when the time does come. ( anquet ooeiety L.one or Amer Re v. Hay, 1902), If you meet duty well you f^ce the next duty a stronger and if you meet it ill you face your next duty a weaker man. ( iarvard Commencement Dinner, June 25, 1902) . Wit'a both men and women the prime necessity to remember is that simple duties are the ao at important. (Realizaele Ideals, p. 44). Let us remember that, our success in accomplishing anything depends very much unon our not trying to accomplish everything. (Roosevelt Doctrine , p .17) . The worth of a promise consists purely in the way in which the T>prfort we need as a nation, is to stand by the eternal, immuta- ble principles of right and decency, the principle of fair deal- ing as between man and man, the principles that tench us to re- gard justice and virtue with respect and vice wit'n abhorrence whenever either virtue or vice nay be found. (At City Park, Lit Lie ..ock. Ark , Oct. 25, 1905) . -143- uood can often oe done by criticising sharply and severely the wrong; but excessive indulgence in criticism is never anything but bad, end no amount of criticism can in any way take the place of active and realous warfare for the right. (College Graduate and Public Life) We ought to admire intelligence and ability; but only when intel ii;, n: n and aoility are controlled and guided by the will to do right, (itealiznble Ideals, p. 108) If we are to advance in broad huroinity, in kindnesB, in spirit of brotherhood, exactly as we advance in our conquest over the nidden forces of nature, it must oe by developing strength in virtue and virtue in strength, by breeding And training men who sh^ll be botn good and strong, both gentle and violent— men who scorn wrong-doing and who at tne s^me time nave ootn the cour- age and strength to strive mightily for the right. (At Carnegie Ball, yet. 26, 1903) . There is no experience, no evil, that out of i t good cannot come, if only we look at it right. (Omaha, i\eb. April 27, 1503). Co-operation, t more thin all else we need th-^t the average MM) shall have in him the root of righteousness of living; that the average man sh*»ll have in him the feeling thnt will make him ashamed -144- to "Jo wrong, ^nd that will make him fpel his "boundless dutj to help tnose that are weaker, to help those especially tiiat are in any way dependent upom him, ana while Jaot in any way losing his powers of individual initiative, to cultivate the further power of achieving in combination with his fellows for the common end of social uplifting and good govemement. (Adaress in j.ew York 3ity,Fel;.14,1905) . We of tl\n United Statta must develop an educational sys- tem under which enca individual citizen eh.*lL trained so as to he efiective individually as an econo lie unit and fit to be or- ganized wit. his fellows so that he and the;' can work in effi- cient fashion together. This questi on is vital to our future progress, and public attention should be focused upon it. (Address at Lansing, Hal eh. Kay 31, 1907). In handling problems much can be done by government. *hen government has done all it can there will remain as the vi- tal af all factors tie individual character of tne avera & e man and average woman. i»o governmental action can more than sup- plement individual action. There must be collective action of kinds distinct from irovernmental action. (Au^otiOtsraphy, p.175} Thoroughly good national work can be done only if each of us works hard for himself, and at the same time keep constantly in mind that ne must work ir conjunction with others. (At Charlestown imposition, Anrjll902). -145. He live in an en "hen the best results can only be achiev- ed, if to individual self-help we add mutual self-help waich comes by combination, both, of citizens in their individual ca- pacities and of citizens working through the State as an invest ment. (At Bangor, ¥aine, Aug. 27, 1902). Courage. A man to be a good American must be straight and he must also be strong. He must hate in him the conscience whicn will te^ch him to see the right and he must also h*ve vigor, tae courage, and the nracti^al hard-headed common sense whica enable him to make his seeing right result in benefit to his fellowo. (At liorthfield, ^a»s. Sept.l, 1902). There ->re mnny quplitie* rhieh we need alike in the pri- viitf ni *• r. n d in the publir man, but thiee above all,— three for eaca of wnich no brilliancy ind no genius can atone,— and those tnree are course, honesty, and common sense. (At AntietaiJ, Sept. 17, 1903). In our modern life we have found it absolutely indispen- sible to supplement the worth of the individual by the worth of individuals gathered into an association. Aitnout tne work of the association you can not give the highest expression to in- dividual endeavor. ( At opening Session of Military burgeons Association, June 5, 1902). t Justice the ..'e must be genuine, we must help our poorer brother and A first -lob- ster* toward securing justice i s to treat every man on his worth as a man, showing no special favors, but so far as may be holding open for him the door of opportunity so that reward may wait urjon honest and intelligent endeavor. (Aaaress at Univ. of Pa. Feb. 22, 1905). Our aim -nust be to de^l justice to each man; no more and no lees. This purpose must find its expression and support not merely in our collective action thru the agencies of trie govern- ment, but in our social attitude rich man and poor man alike nuat feel (hat on one hand they are protected by l*w and on the other hand they are responsible to tne law; for each is entitled to be fairly deilt with by hi a neighbor and by the 3tite; and if we as citizens of this nation are true to ourselves and to the traditions of our forefathers such fair measure of justice shall 3lw«ys be dealt to tacb man; so that as far as we can bring it about each shall receive his dues, each shall be given the chance to show the stun that is in him, shall be secured against wrong, ana in turn pre^enteu from wronging others. ..'ore tnnn that no wn is entitle' to and lest than this no man shall receive. (Kichmond, Va. Oct. 18, 1905). Our ^ira should be to strive to keep the reign of justice "live in tne country so that we sjtall above all tilings avoid the chances of ever dividing on the lines that separate one class from another, one occupation from smother. (At Charlotte, B. C. Oct .19, 1905. -14 7- Americanism. Americanism is not a matter of birthplace, of ancestry, of creed, of occupation, Americanism is a matter of the epirit that is within a man's soul. ( Address in i,ew York City, Kec.14 ,1905) . #e are Americans, and that means that we treat Americanism primarily as a -natter of spirit and purpose, and in tae broadest sense vr rogard every 'nan as a good American, whatever his creed, whatever 'lis birthplace if he is true to the ideals of this tternablle (At Banquet of society of Sons of Imer. tier, ^,1902) ifjn I speak of Americanism I do not mean to siy that all the things we do are all right. I think there are plenty of evils to correct and that often a man shows himself all the more a good. American because he wants to cut out any evil in the body politic wnich may interfere with our aprroaching the ideal of true Americanism. (At Augusta, T'aine, Aug. 26, 1902). Americanism is not a matter of creed, or birthplace or descent. That man is the best American who has in him the Amer- ican spirit, the American soul. ;5uch a man fears not the strong and harms not the weak. He scorns what is base or cruel or dis- honest. He looks beyond the accidents of occupation or social conditions and hails each of his fellow-citizens as his brother asking nothing save that each shall treat tae other on his wnrtb «is a man, and that they shall ail join together to do what -14 8- in then lies tor the uplifting of this mighty and vigorous people. (Address ei'ore tne friendly ^ons of ^t. Patrick, N . Y. City, Varcn 17, 1905) . Initiative. Do not make the mistake of thinking that it is possible ever to call in any outside force to take tae place of the man's own individual initiative, tne man's individual capacity for doing what is worth doing. (At Dayton, :.ast>. ^ept.3, 1902). It is » good thing to act in combination for tae common &ood but it is a very unheTlthy thing to let ourselves tnint ,23,19o3) l*o action by the ot^te c^n do more than supplement the ini- tiative of the individual and ordinarily the action of the i^tate can do no more than to secure to each individual the chance to phow under m favorable condition as possible the stuff that is in him. (Koosevelt Doctrine, p. 18). Honesty. On the behalf of our people, on behalf no less of the honest man of means than to the honett mar. who earns t&ch day's lively ho -3d hy the sweat of his brow, it is necessary to insist upon honesty in business and politics alike. In all walks of life, -149- in big things and in little things; ut>on just unci fair Aval log as oetween man and man. (Autobiography, p. 500) . To all good citizens I make the appeal to stand for hones- ty in public life and to stand for the creator of an opinion which shall demand decency in the press and magazines. (Realizable Ideals, p. 153) One feature of honesty and comnon sense combined is never to -nrnnise what you do not think jou can perform, and then never to fail to perform what you have promised and that ar-piles to public life just as much as in private life. (At Sltchburg, ' ass. Sept. 2, 1902). The first need of any nation is intelligent and honest citizens. (At P-lo Alto, Kay 12, 1903). You must demand honesty or you are not men and you murt do honesty or you are not decent men. (Realizable Ideal*, p. 113). Woe to us as a nation if we do not have the hoiiesty, the uprightnr i I , the desire to treat with vise and generous and considerate justice. (Realizable Ideal*;, p, 121). e shall never come near realizing the very realizable ideal of honesty in business and public life until are make it evident thai the scoundrel v/hom we hats most is not the scoun- drel who fails but the scoundrel who succeeds. (Realizable Ideals, pp. 26-7). -150- ^ervice . The first indispensirle prerequisite to bettering your fellows is to better those that are nearest to in every day life. (At Commencement fix. of Harvard i!niv.,l90o) . Do your duty to your neighbor; try to serve him in uody, try to help him in body, try to help him in soul; and you will thereby help your own aoul far more efiectively than if you spend your time in morbid self- searching about merely your own soul. Practice steadily the doctrine of useful service for others and above ill for those nen.rcct you. - Commencement of the national cathedral oCaool) Wash. D.C June 6, 1900. What ever your work io do it well; and then by degrees witn- out hunting for them, the chances v;ill of themselves arise fox each of you to do for more than common place duties, to do the 1H n^ of '"orV which our educated men in the .et>ublic must do if the republic is to rise level to the standards set for it by its fathers and founders. (At the Commencement of Georgetown College, June 14,1900) I would tell every young man that it is his fifcst duty to pull his own weight; to tike care of himself snd take care of those dependent upon nira. ile cannot do anything for others until he has first made it certain that he will not be a burden to others. I want to set; a man able to earn his own livelihood. -151- I w*nt to see the woman able to do her part as a housewife and mother. But all my Plea is that, trie man shall not be content v^ith merely that; the man shall realize tViat after a certain point has been reached the increment of his fortune, tae incre- ment of his material well being amounts to but very little com- pared to the results of eftort spent in other directions. (Address to tae neligious Education Association. Washington, D.C. 5teb . 1?, 1908). Not one in a hundred of us is fit to be in the highest 8ex.se i productive scholar, but all of us are entirely fit to do decent service if we are to talc* th€ pains. (.hew york banquet, Columbia Univ., 1902) L\t is necessary is to tell boys tnat their first duty is to earn their own livelihood, to suprort themselves and those dependent unon them, but when that first duty has been performed there yet remains a very large additional duty, to tae way of service to their neighbors, of service to the rest of mankind. (itealiz^cle Ideals, p.7). Equality. This government was formed with its i,asic idea the principle of treating each man on his worth as a man, of paying no heed to whether he was rich oi poor, no heed to his creed or his so- cial stan-iing, but only to t u '*a| la which he performed his duty to himself, to his neighbor, to the state. aom this principle -152- we can not afiord to vary by bo much ae a hand's breadth. (Richmond, Va. Oct. 18, 1905). Ideal*. Have a high ideal and try to realize it, measurably with- in your powers, as, unmeasurably and with tremendous power* Abraham Lincoln and George tfashington strove to realize their ideal a. Have higu ideals , and then try to realize them practic- al snape. (Williams College, wiliiamstown, Mass. June 22,1905). I believe in realizable Ideals and in realizing tuem, in preaching what can be practiced and then in practicing it. (Autobiography, p. 187) . I prench as an ideal neither to txuckle to nor hate the ■an of mere wealth, because if you do either you admit your infe- riority in reference to him; amd if you admit you are inferior as compared to aim you are no good American, you have no place in this republic . , ' ,. ,, _ , , _' , (Kealizable Ideals, p. 21). One great realizable ideal for our people is to discourage mere lav,- honesty. It is necessary to have ^ood laws and to have them well inforced. But the best laws and the most rigid enforce- ment will not by themselves produce a really healthy tyne of mor- als in t.ie comnunity. In addition to the law and fcne inforeeraent have" we must A public opinion which frowns on the man who violates the -153- Lpirit of the law even although he keeps just witnin the letter, (iteali stable Ideals, pp. 24-5). Bo liatioi ever amounted to anything if it did not aive within it's soul the power of fealty to lofty ideals. (Kealizible Ideals, p. 32) . I.o ideal can be right in tnie world it it is not fitted to be used in this world. (Realizable Ideal a, p. 36). Kesponsibilit: ■. If you neglect to prepare yourselves now for the duties and re- sponsibilities whicn will fall upon you later, if you do not learn the tilings which you will need to know when your school-days are over, you will suffer the consequences. (To school children of the United ;jt*tea, Apr. 15, 190?) . With every right there must always go hand in hand a duty, and no man, and no nation, can permanently enjoy the right if he or it shirks the duty. With every privilege there must go the responsicility of exercising the privilege aright. .( uoted from Keynote of Theodore Roosevelt, ail-nan, n. of H. 46303: 15-S. 1912). The man who does best in this world, the woman who does beat, almost inevitably does it because e »i she carries some burden. Life is constituted that the mar. or the woman who har not some responsibility ie t?iereby deprived of the deepest hap- piness that can come to mankind, because each and ev^ery one of -154- us, if 'ie or she is fit to live in the world must be conscious that responsibility always rests on him or on her. (At Kount St, Alban, flashing to n,3).C. Oct. 2b, 1903) . Remember you, the peonle of this government by the people, that while the public servant, the legielator, the executive of- ficer, the judge, are not ta be excused if tney fall short, of their duty, yet that doing their duty can not ivail unless you do yours. . (At Presbyterian Church, Wash. u. 0.,itov.l6, 1903). Work . The life that is wortn livin fo , th< only life that ie worth living, is e life of effort, the life of efiort to attain what is worth striving for. (Address at Frize-day £x.at Qratan xaanl, .una. March 24, 1904) . A man to amount to anything, must be practical. lie must actually do taings, not t well but they con do their work right up to the handle. If I wore asked, on the other hand, to pick out the uneducated men of the community, I should include a great many, white as well as colored, who hare learned to read and write, them and hare thought that that fact excused A from learning how to earn their own livelihood and become good cltisens. Tou girls, if you don't learn to become good housewives and, if you marry, to be good helpmates to your husbands, good mothers to your children, then you are not well educated, no mat- ter what else you know. You men, if you learn all that any institution can teach you of books and yet are not able to turn your hands to useful- ness, to earn your own livelihood you are not well educated, no -158- matter how many academic prizes you take. (At Hampton formal and Agricultural I net., Hampton, Va. Hay 30. 1906). Education is good chiefly according to the use you put it to. It it Uatktf you to be so pufted with pride as to make you nderestimate the relative values of things, it becomes a harm and not a benefit* The country has a right to demand the honest and efficient service of every man in it, but especially of 9fxy man who has had the advantage of right mental and moral training. (College graduate and Public Life). When you come into science, art, and literature remember that one fivst-class bit of work is bstter than one thousand pretty good cits of work, that as the years roll on the man or woman who has bsen able to make a master piece with the pen, the brush, the pencil, in any way, has rendered a service to the coun- try such as not all of his or her compeers who merely do fairly good second-rite work can ever accomplish. Only a limited fSimbsr of us can ever "become scholars or work successfully along ***• lim»s T have moVen of, but we can all be good citisens. (At Leland Stanford Junion, Univ. Palo Alto, Calif. May 12, 1903). Books. Books are almost as individuals as friends. (Autobiography, p. 309). -159- Any reader ought to cultivate hie or her taste to that good book* will anneal to it, and that traah won't. (Autobiography, p. 260). Th» statesman, and the publicist, and the reformer, and the agitator for new things, and the upholder of what Is good in old things, all need more than any thing else to know human nature, to know the neede of the human soul, and they will find this nature and these needs set forth as no where else by the great imaginative writers whctier of prose or poetry. (Autobiography, p. 361}. There are tens of thousands of interesting books, and some of then are sealed to some men and some are sealed to others and some stir the soul at some given point in a man's life and yet convey no message at other times. ( Autobiography, p. 363). -160- BIBLIOGhAPHY. Addresses and Books by Theodore uoosevelt. Address at the reception at the White House, national educational Association of U. S., 1908, pp. 212-214. American Ideals, Review of Reviews Co., 1910. Applied ethics, Cambridge, Harvard University, 1911. A BoMc-lovers Holiday in the Open, 2. Scribnwr'e Sons, 1916. An Autobiography, MacMillan Co., 1913. Hunting the uriiz?,^ and Other Sketches, review of Reviews, 1910. Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, Review of reviews, 1910. Theodore uoosevelt* s Letter to his Children, ed. by Joseph -ichop, C. scribner's Sons, 1919. The «av**l far of 1S12, Review of Review*, 1910. The kew nationalism, jutlook Co., 1910. Outdoor Fast time of an American Hunter, C. Scribners' Sons. Presidential Adrtreeeee and state Papers, Vol. 13-20, neview of reviews, 1910. realizable Ideals, \7hittaker, and ha;;- in Co., 1912. roosevelt Doctrine, Comn. by 3. S. Snrrison, R. U. Cook, 1904. The ^ough .dders, review of reviews Co., 1910. The Strenuous .ife, Review of reviews Co., 19x0. The winning of the .Vest, Review of reviews Co., 1910. -161- Authorities on Roosevelt. Abbott, Lawrence : Impression of Theodore hooseTelt, Doubled *y Page 4 Co., 1919. Andrew, Byron: The Tacts About the Candidate, S. Stone, 1904. Bishop, J. B. : Theodore ..ooserelt and his TTime Shown in his Own Letters. C. Scri oners' Sons, 1920. Douglas, 0. W.: The Vany-sided oosevelt, Doda, Head & Co., 1907. Hagedorn, H.: The Boy* s Life of Theodore HooseTelt, Harpar and Bros., 1918. "I Took the Isthmus? Sx-President Kooserelt's Confession, Columbia's Protest, and Editorials by American newspapers on how the United States Acquired the Bight to Build the Panama Canal. K. B. Brown Co., 1911. Leupp, F. S.: The Kan ^oosevelt, D. Appleton Co., 1909. Lewis, W. D.: The Life of Theodore .vooserelt, John C. Wens ton Co., 1919. *org*m. J.: Theodore Roosevelt, The Boy and The Man, MaoMillan Co.J.919. Union League Club: Theodore hooseTelt oenior, a Tribute, 1902. Pearson, is. L. : Theodore noosevelt, Mac'.' ill an Co., 1902. Mils. J. A. : Theodore noosevelt, the Citizen, The Outlook Co., 1904. Street, J. l.: The 1 ost Interesting American, The Century Co., 1915. Thayer, W. R*l Theodore .oosevelt, lougnton Mlfxlin Co., 1919. ash burn, C. 0.: 3f}S9JQ£ e co 00 f§IS lt: Ihe Lo * ic of ni * Car • p » -toughton Uiacellaneoue. Home, H. H.: The Pevchological Principles of Education, 1 ic ilian Co., 1909. Lange. A. ?. : Lowell *e Conception of Citizenship, University Chronicle, 7: 1904-5. ^