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 Accession No. <O 9? <?/-<?/ . CLns No. 
 
 
 

QUMTZJEIYARIETIES 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 ROCK CRYSTAL, AMETHYST, AGATE, JASPER, 
 
 AGATIZED WOOD, SMOKY QUARTZ, ETC, 
 
 WITH A DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 LOCALITIES. 
 
 BY 
 
 ALBERT C. BATES, 
 
 BY 
 
 ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN 
 237 North yth Street, 
 Newark, N. J, 
 
\ \ 
 
 |:ARTH 
 
 SCIENCE* 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 QUARTZ and its Varieties was printed in parts, beginning 
 in the June and ending in the December, 1895, number of 
 THE MINERAL COLLECTOR. 
 
 In writing the articles, my aim has been to describe in 
 detail the famous old localities which still afford specimens of 
 the mineral, the more recently discovered and little known 
 localities, and the character of the material found at each 
 ot them. 
 
 I have avoided, as far as possible, mention of the exhausted 
 
 *%^* v 
 localities, or those which have afforded a very limited supply 
 
 of specimens, even though they were of exceptional interest. 
 I realize that many localities worth recording have not been 
 mentioned, for the reason that the facts relating to them 
 were not accessible to me. 
 
 The editor of THE MINERAL COLLECTOR, Mr. Chamberlain, 
 and the few collectors who have expressed an opinion relative 
 to the matter, believe that if the articles were printed in pam- 
 phlet form, they would be acceptable to collectors generally. 
 
 Because of the arrangement of the localities, an index is 
 not considered necessary. 
 
 I shall be glad to be informed of any American localities 
 affording quartz or any of its varieties, not fully mentioned in 
 the following pages. 
 
 ALBERT C. BATES. 
 
 320 Roseville Avenue, Newark, N. J. 
 November 20, 1895. 
 
PUBLISHER'S NOTE. 
 
 THE publishing of this article in pamphlet form from THE 
 MINERAL COLLECTOR has naturally caused some discrepancies 
 in referring to cuts. These I have noted below : 
 
 The frontispiece referred to on page i , now faces page 8. 
 Fig. -4, referred to on page 5, now faces page 24. Frontispiece 
 referred to on page 10, now faces page 16. Frontispiece re- 
 ferred to on page 1 1 , now faces page 1 6. Fig. 7 referred to on 
 page 1 5, now faces page 24. Figures referred to on page 23, 
 now faces page 28. Figs. 5 and 6 referred to on page 25, 
 now faces page 24. The frontispiece referred to on page 27, 
 now faces page 32. The frontispiece referred to on page 29, 
 now faces page 32. The frontispiece referred to on page 35, 
 now faces page 36. The frontispiece referred to on page 40, 
 now faces this page. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Quartz, Hot Springs, Arkansas Frontispiece 
 
 Capped (?) Quartz, N. C 5 
 
 Amethyst Crystals, N. C 5 
 
 Quartz Crystals in Pockets, Herkimer Co., N. Y 8 
 
 Mineral Collection of Albert C. Bates facing 8 
 
 Average Forms of Crystals from Herkimer Co., N. Y 9 
 
 Groups from Herkimer Co., N. Y 10 
 
 Crystal with Movable Bubble 11 
 
 Large Perfect Crystal, Herkimer Co., N. Y 12 
 
 Phantom Quartz, Stoneham, Me 16 
 
 Group of Twenty-three Crystals, Herkimer Co., N. Y facing 16 
 
 Crystal with moval Bubble and Rhomb of Calcite, Herkimer Co., 
 
 N. Y facing 16 
 
 Crossed Crystals, Sing Sing, N. Y 17 
 
 Group Flattened Crystals, Arkansas 22 
 
 Quartz Crystal, Arkansas 24 
 
 Slender Crystal, Arkansas 24 
 
 Peculiar Forms of Quartz Crystals facing 24 
 
 Singly Terminated Crystal, Arkansas 25 
 
 Bare Forms of Quartz Crystals, Hot Springs, Arkansas .... facing 28 
 
 Hydrolite, Uraguay 30 
 
 Quartz Geode, Cheyenne Biver, S. Dakota facing 32 
 
 Scepter Quartz, Bingham, Utah " 32 
 
 Quartz inclosing Stibnite, Nevada " 32 
 
 Views in Chalcedony Park, Apache Co., Arizona " 36 
 
 Quartz Crystals from Guanajuato, Mexico " 40 
 

 - 
 
 
QUARTZ, HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS. 
 
 In the collection of 
 
 WM. H. ANDREWS, Esq., 
 
 Gouverneur, New York. 
 
QUARTZ AND ITS VARIETIES. 
 
 BY ALBERT C. BATHS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 QUARTZ is the most widely distributed of the minerals, and is found 
 in all quarters of the earth. The varieties of form and color embraced 
 in quartz are infinite. Its beauty and usefulness in many ways, have 
 been acknowledged from the earliest times. Nearly all collections of 
 minerals include a greater number of specimens of quartz than of any 
 other single species. 
 
 As it is well nigh impossible to make a complete collection of all 
 the known minerals, there are collectors who seek to make a complete 
 collection of a single species, and to this class I belong, selecting 
 quartz in the belief that it is the ideal mineral. 
 
 The subject of the frontispiece is a part of my mineral collection, 
 and was selected for illustration, first, because it consists almost en- 
 tirely of quartz, and, second, to give an idea of how small a space 
 may be used to good advantage, in the arrangement of shelves and 
 drawers. 
 
 The cabinet is eight feet long by seven feet high, including the 
 fifteen drawers. The shelves, painted white, slope back step fashion, 
 which admits the light to the top and front of each specimen, and per- 
 mits of freedom in handling. An alcove of any width and two feet 
 deep, may be used in like manner to good advantage. 
 
 With this introduction to my subject, I should add that I have made 
 no original investigation into it, and cannot, therefore, interest the 
 student, but since I have gathered some facts by the careful observa- 
 tion of the specimens which have come under my notice, I may rea- 
 sonably hope to interest the collectors of minerals. 
 
 There is very little popular literature upon the subject. Des 
 Cloizeaux's work on quartz, published in France in 1854, is pronounced 
 a classic, but no English translation of it has been made. Mr. George 
 F. Kunz, in his work on " Gems of North America," has given more 
 space to quartz than to any other mineral. The illustrations of quartz 
 in that work are the m,pt beautiful ever printed. As new finds of 
 
quartz have been made, their occurrences and peculiarities have been 
 recorded in . The American Journal of Science. 
 
 It is difficult to photograph a group of crystals because of the 
 reflected light. Some of the engravings will not, therefore, show to 
 the best advantage the particular points I wish to illustrate. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 North Carolina is rich in minerals interesting to the collector. 
 Alexander, Lincoln, Burke and other counties have for several years 
 yielded crystals of quartz which have received much attention from 
 crystallographers here and in Germany. Besides the usual forms 
 presented, there were found many crystals showing planes not found 
 elsewhere. Kecent prospecting work by Mr. E. H. Harn, particularly 
 in Lincoln Co., brought out several new forms and variations, due, 
 probably, to a process of etching of the angles of the pyramid, and 
 often of the prism. 
 
 The "thing" (gas, acid, water, pressure) which causes the etching, 
 or erosive' effect, is not yet determined. Several pockets containing 
 these crystals, a few showing basal pinacoids according to some col- 
 lectors (I cannot say authorities), have been found. Rare planes 
 which delight the eye of the enthusiast are found in abundance. 
 
 Some crystals show a complete rounding with all sharp angles 
 
 gone, as if eaten with acid, but are found bright and glassy details 
 
 . of which will be given further on. Modifications and distortions are 
 
 common. Inclusions of rutile, muscovite, tourmaline and other 
 
 minerals are found in handsome specimens. 
 
 The prettiest, or as some people say, the " cutest " specimens of 
 North Carolina quartz, are made up of several small doubly termin- 
 ated crystals superimposed along the prism of a large crystal and 
 generally in parallel position. One such specimen in my collection is 
 about four inches long, with small crystals on all sides of the prism, 
 and thickly grouped near the pyramid. 
 
 Some specimens are sold labelled " inclosing clay," and there is 
 often plenty of clay inclosed, but nearly always in an open cavity. 
 These cavities are often parallel to one angle of the pyramid, and 
 formed one above the other the length of the prism ; but why they 
 should so arrange themselves is not an easy matter to determine. 
 Some crystals contain one or more empty cavities, and I have seen 
 others containing as many as forty cavities with liquid inclu- 
 sions. 
 
 Bursting, caused by the expansion of the liquid contained in the 
 cavities, admits a deposit of clay into them. This clay is of a rusty 
 
iron color, and seen through a brilliant crystal in the " phantom " 
 shaped cavities, makes attractive specimens. 
 
 The crystals vary much in color from limpid to citrine, amethys- 
 tine and the smoky shades. As it is probable that these crystals will 
 be offered for sale everywhere, I hoped to convey by illustrations a 
 few of the more complex forms. But photography does not, in the 
 attempts made by my amateur friends, properly bring out the planes, 
 and hand-drawings and wood engravings are very expensive methods 
 of illustration. I therefore depend upon description to convey to the 
 reader the crystalline forms of a few selected specimens. 
 
 A single pocket has afforded crystals of true form, distortions, 
 some few flattened out, the rare " s " and " x" planes, and others with 
 as many as twelve reflecting planes. But the rarest and most inter- 
 esting, are those showing a "basal pinacoid." 
 
 Now, what is a basal pinacoid ? Webster defines it thus : 
 " Pinacoid. A plane parallel to two of the crystalline axes." 
 To convey an idea of the form simply, I should say that the ter- 
 mination ends with a blunt plane in place of the usual point. Very 
 few of these so-called basal pinacoids are flat, but where they are flat, 
 they are admittedly bases. 
 
 A great many crystals terminate in what are called " saw-teeth 
 points", because they are as uneven as a fine saw, but sharp. Others 
 terminate with the end bevelled and sometimes grooved, as if the 
 angles had been eaten by acid. Others again are as completely 
 rounded as a water washed pebble, but are always bright and smooth. 
 What ^re the causes of these phenomena ? These crystals occur 
 in pockets filled with clay, compactly laid together. The formation is 
 very old. Hot springs may have made a perfect caldron of these 
 pockets, and stirred their contents in such a manner as to cause the 
 rounding and etched effects noticed. 
 
 Again, there is an abundance of minerals and rare earths at these 
 localities which contain peculiar acids, and which may have produced 
 on these crystals the effects I have mentioned. 
 
 Still, all this is mere speculation ; but ideas are wanted, and some 
 professors of mineralogy who have examined these crystals have not 
 advanced easily acceptable notions of the causes of the etching. 
 
 To appreciate these crystals, one must have some knowledge of 
 crystallography. 
 
 They are valuable intrinsically since they fetch high prices. From 
 one to five dollars being readily paid for crystals showing an extra 
 number of rare planes, and without much regard to beauty otherwise. 
 Very few of these crystals are doubly terminated, and none is per- 
 fect in the fullest sense. A comparison with crystals from other local- 
 
ities readily reveals the characteristics I have endeavored to de- 
 scribe. 
 
 Of the rarer forms of these quartz crystals, perhaps the finest 
 selected suites are owned by Mr. W. D. Schoonmaker of Brooklyn, Mr. 
 Lazard Calm of New York City, and myself; we being so fortunate as 
 to have had sent us for inspection the contents of the pocket contain- 
 ing the " eroded " crystals. Mr. Harn, doubtless, saved a splendid 
 suite for his private collection, which is rich in the more beautiful 
 form and colors of these North American quartzes. 
 
 Mr. Cahn has kindly furnished me with a description of his views 
 relative to these crystals as follows : 
 
 "During the past few months, Lincoln County, North Carolina, has 
 furnished more crystals of quartz to New York collectors than all 
 other localities put together. The quartz is interesting, because it 
 exhibits, besides the ordinary 1011 and Olll planes, lower rhombohe- 
 drons and low trapezohedrons ; but its chief interest is perhaps due 
 to the beauty and variety of the etching on its planes. 
 
 The most common, and perhaps the most beautiful of the etching, 
 is the indentation of triangles, with their apices pointing toward the 
 prism. These are usually very minute and of uniform size, but in 
 many cases the size of these triangles varies on the same plane, and 
 on two or three crystals that I have examined, the sides of some of 
 the triangles measure a quarter of an inch. The triangular etching 
 figures are not always indented, but are sometimes in relief, their 
 apices then point upward. Both kinds are present on the faces of 
 some crystals. Altogether, the most interesting that I have observed 
 from this region, is a lot of thirty crystals of light amethystine color 
 approaching pink. The quartz is in part clear, but the greater portion 
 is filled with cavities and fractures. The crystals are very much 
 eroded, and their edges so blunted and rounded that, at first glance, 
 they appear to be pebbles ; upon more careful examination, one can 
 see that the rounding is due to erosion, and that the character of the 
 etching changes with the plane, like planes being similiarly etched. 
 Those of this series that have been best protected from the solvent 
 are the most attractive. The usual rhombohedrons, 1011 and 0111, 
 are pitted very finely ; the form of the pittings is undiscernible with 
 the naked eye, but the minute triangles can be seen with the aid of a 
 triplet ; they point downward, are of uniform size and in parallel 
 position. The pittings leaves these planes dull. On the lower planes 
 the solvent has been more active, and has produced a number of curi- 
 ous gutters, but has left the surface lustrous. 
 
 The etching of the quartz crystals from the adjoining counties 
 Burke and Iridell, has been ascribed to the action of alkaline carbon- 
 
ates. The crystals under consideration have probably been attacked 
 by the same substances. 
 
 The crystals have a multitude of planes. The edge between 1011 
 and 0111 is replaced by a channelled plane, there are three rhombo- 
 hedrons of the negative series steeper than 0111, but only one steeper 
 than 1011. The trigonal pyramid 1121 is present; all of its four 
 edges are truncated. In the m s z zone there appear to be six or 
 more trapezohedrons. Collectors should be grateful to Lincoln County, 
 and to the workers there, for this highly interesting material." 
 
 1 hope to have further contributions relating to these crystals from 
 authorities on crystallography, to appear later on in this article. 
 
 There are mineralogists who think the peculiar planes of these 
 crystals are not really due to etching, but were built up just as 
 they were found. The great number of reflecting planes on some crys- 
 tals certainly favor that theory ; but the true causes of the peculiar 
 forms have yet to be scientifically determined. 
 
 A few very pretty specimens of quartz crystals, single 
 and in groups, were found in Catawba County, with an 
 amethystine capping on a milky or clear prism. I am 
 doubtful about the tops being " caps " properly so called? 
 since there is no evidence in the crystals I have seen of an 
 inclosed termination. 
 
 Figure 1 shows the enlarged top of one of those crystals 
 found several years ago. Recent finds show tops much 
 larger in proportion to the prism. 
 
 Groups of small amethystine crystals in parallel posi- 
 tion on a milky quartz gangue are quite pretty. A few 
 Fig. i. specimens show but one or two crystals, as in figure 2. 
 
 Crystals showing dislocation are of rare occurence. 
 See Figure 4. These " dislocated " crystals appear to have been broken 
 and then healed by natural process, but just how the operation is 
 accomplished, I cannot learn from reading or inquiry. 
 
 The story of the occurrence of quartz in North Carolina was recent- 
 ly written for me by Mr. E. Harn, of Henry, that State, and I give it 
 here as received : 
 
 " The quartz-bearing region of North Carolina, 
 roughly speaking, or that portion that I wish to speak 
 of, extends over an area of at least sixty miles in 
 length, by some thirty miles in width. This territory 
 comprises portions of Iredell, Alexander, Catawba, 
 Cleveland, Lincoln and Gaston Counties, and has fur- 
 nished more and finer examples of the quartz group than 
 possibly any other section of like extent in the world. Fig. 2. 
 
6 
 
 The country is nowhere, with the exception of parts of Alexander 
 and Cleveland Counties, hilly in a degree approaching mountainous, 
 and was evidently in former geological times a low-lying range of hills 
 covered with innumerable mud and hot water springs. This is borne 
 out by the character of the crystals themselves, and the deposits or 
 " pockets." 
 
 The quartzes of North Carolina are essentially pockets, as nowhere, 
 to my knowledge, has there been a continuous vein yielding finely 
 crystallized specimens struck. 
 
 This view may be show'n to be erroneous in the future if any deep 
 mining is projected in the State, but it is hardly probable. These 
 pockets are very numerous, frequently occurring in groups of half a 
 dozen within the compass of a quarter acre. 
 
 There is seldom any indication of wall rock, but this is not sur- 
 prising when the great age of the strata is taken into consideration. 
 What was the walling of the fissure, or more properly speaking, 
 fumerale, is generally a lining of clays of various colors. 
 
 The extent of these pockets is limited, sometimes but a foot or two 
 in circumference, and not any deeper. The average extent of the 
 crystal bearing space would be about one foot by four, and three feet 
 deep. 
 
 There are exceptions to this, of course ; as an instance, I took 
 from a single pocket on the farm of C. A. Wyout, one mile northeast 
 of Henry Post Office in Lincoln County, on March 19th, clear and 
 other crystals that weighed, when packed, 1439 pounds. This is pos- 
 sibly the largest pocket yielding good crystals ever struck in this 
 State, or any other State for that matter. 
 
 The crystals lie closely packed and embedded in the red clay. 
 Great care is necessary in taking them out, to avoid breaking. This 
 danger can be overcome by using a strong stick with the end 
 pointed. 
 
 The points of the single crystals all lie downward or horizontal. 
 In the case of groups, the points are almost invariably pointed 
 downward. 
 
 The proportion of perfect crystals to those that are damaged, is 
 extremely small, as a general thing. The method of prospecting and 
 locating a vein is very simple. The ground is looked over carefully 
 for surface specimens, and where these are found, a pick or shovel will 
 soon reveal the pocket. Sometimes a vein of flints occurs, and very 
 frequently leads to the treasure looked for, if followed. 
 
 Some noted localities for the different varieties are as follows : 
 Amethyst on the farms of Caleb Wood and John Goodnight, in North- 
 brook township. These two localities have furnished possibly the 
 
finest stones on the continent, but the deposits were small and long 
 since exhausted. 
 
 Eutilated amethyst, on farms of Caleb Wood, Polo Yount and 
 Henry Canipe, in Northbrook township in Lincoln County. The latter 
 is exhausted. 
 
 Water bearing crystals of fine quality, as well as other fine crystals, 
 have been found on the plantations of Dolph Budisill, Charles Shall, 
 Daniel Lutz, Monroe Buttain, James Ehinehart, Eichard Johnson and 
 others, all in Bandy township, Catawba County. The latter belt has 
 furnished some of the most perfect examples of smoky quartz in 
 existence. 
 
 Mr. Lutz's plantation in particular, has yielded some fine speci- 
 mens of a composite nature. Among them is a variety of milky quartz 
 in slender finger crystals, tipped with a secondary deposit of pale 
 amethyst. The present known pockets are all worked out. 
 
 Opal of fair quality has been found in small quantity in flint rocks 
 on the plantation of Eichard Johnson. 
 
 The largest groups have been found on the places of Mr. Wyout, 
 mentioned before, and on a place three miles north of Hiddenite, in 
 Alexander County. Some of the latter weigh as much as sixty 
 pounds." 
 
 The quartz of Hiddenite are too well known to be mentioned by 
 me. 
 
 HERKIMER COUNTY, N. Y. 
 
 Doubly terminated quartz crystals are found at nearly all the lo- 
 calities where crystallized quartz occurs. It is easily noticeable, 
 however, that each locality favors a preponderance either of groups 
 of singly terminated or of loose doubly terminated crystals. 
 
 In the calciferous sandstone of Herkimer Co., New York, occur the 
 most brilliant doubly terminated quartz crystals found anywhere, not 
 excepting even those found in the marble of Carrara, much of the ex- 
 quisite beauty of the latter specimens being imparted by the glisten- 
 ing white matrix. 
 
 Very few clear Herkimer County crystals adhere to any matrix, 
 since they occur nearly always loose in pockets. An occasional speci- 
 men is found on a matrix of pearlspar mixed with bitumen, but matrix 
 specimens of any kind are scarce, even in small, carefully worked out 
 pockets. The natives often select pieces of rock upon which they glue 
 crystals, which they sell for matrix specimens ; but these do not stand 
 the test of time or water. 
 
 Some collectors consider glueing legitimate when the crystal is 
 
8 
 
 known to belong to a pocket in a piece of rock which they have care- 
 fully tried to work out for a matrix specimen. 
 
 I have one matrix specimen showing a good sized crystal wedged 
 in the rock, and protruding on two sides. A resident of Little Falls, 
 who has an enormous number of all kinds of crystals stored away in 
 old jars and tumblers, has also several glass-covered cases in his yard 
 against the house, in which are large pieces of the sandstone with 
 numerous cavities containing crystals, just as they were found after 
 blasting. 
 
 Occasionally a pocket may be so broken into as to expose a crys- 
 tal, but not to permit its falling out, as is shown in the illustration. 
 
 There are not enough matrix specimens of any kind to supply the 
 demand. One dealer told me that he has had unfilled orders on his 
 book for years, with directions to send when he can, and he has used 
 every effort to secure a supply, with but meagre results. 
 
 Daring the progress of the building of railroads at various times 
 through the County, great quantities of these crystals were found and 
 sold by the laborers. Local dealers bought many a hatful for from 
 one to five dollars. Boys sold crystals in small bottles or boxes to 
 travellers at the stations or on the cars. Bat when the work on the 
 railroad was finished, the supply of crystals was in few hands, and 
 prices advanced to high figures. 
 
 A local dealer used to advertise " sixty-five crystals in a box, post 
 free, for one dollar." Fine specimens have always brought good 
 prices, and collectors who now seek perfect crystals of average size, 
 must expect to pay fancy prices. 
 
 Fairly good crystals may be bought at from twenty-five cents up 
 
9 
 
 to five dollars, according to perfection and the dealer. The latter is 
 mentioned because every experienced collector knows something about 
 how values vary ''according to the dealer." Values are arbitrary in 
 the mineral business supply being a minor factor as compared with 
 the demand and the perfection of the specimens to be priced. If we 
 compare the prices asked for some rare minerals with the prices 
 asked for some others which are found in abundance, we shall note 
 the truth of this assertion. 
 
 I have seen Herkimer County quartz in groups of from two up to 
 twenty-three crystals, but to my mind the most beauty has been con- 
 centrated in the perfect single crystal. " Whiter than the diamond, 
 and frequently as brilliant," these crystals are without rival in the 
 mineral kingdom. 
 
 If a thousand of these crystals were laid out for examination, they 
 would appear at the first glance to be very nearly alike, but closer in- 
 spection would show much variation of form, such as distortions, 
 modifications and shortened prisms. The following cuts show a fair 
 range of the average forms. 
 
 ^" 
 
 Mr. Arthur Chamberlain's collection contains a fine series of these 
 crystals, as it should, since he several years ago, purchased one of the 
 best crystal bearing ledges in the town of Middleville, and has had 
 first choice of the product of many blasts. 
 
 A collector who owns a good mineral locality is certainly in an 
 enviable position. Mr. Chamberlain has been liberal in disposing of 
 the many thousands of crystals which he personally has worked out, 
 or has had worked for him. 
 
 His finest specimen is a slightly flattened crystal about 
 
10 
 
 without blemish. Another about the same size incloses in ome 
 the blackest lignite, and is a most attractive specimen. 
 
 His exhibit of Herkimer County crystals is arranged on narrow, 
 step-like shelves covered with black velvet, and the reflected light 
 from several hundred as nearly perfect crystals as could be selected 
 from the thousands he has handled, is dazzling. Here, also, are 
 groups, phantoms, inclusions, movable bubbles, and bottles of the 
 minutest crystals galore. 
 
 As there is a law for almost every natural occurrence, there may 
 be one to explain the grouping of crysWs; but if there be such a law, 
 its application to Herkimer County crystals must be something like 
 the law governing me in writing this article go as you please. 
 
 As a result, these crystals are joined together pyramid on prism, 
 end on end, two, ten, or twenty-three, as shown in the group belong- 
 ing to Mr. Crim, illustrated in the frontispiece, and by the annexed 
 cuts. 
 
 There is a remarkably handsome group of good sized crysiuls in 
 the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. I have 
 one fine group of seven large, brilliant crystals, and several groups of 
 two crystals each. One crystal, two inches long, with nineteen small 
 crystals grouped in rosette form on its prism, is another of my inter- 
 esting specimens. Two crystals, 1 inches long, crossing through each 
 other in the form of a Maltese cross, is in the collection of Mr. 
 Chamberlain. 
 
 These groups have to be handled carefully, because the crystals 
 separate easily a slight tap often being sufficient to part them. A 
 transparent glue may be used with good result the crystals adher- 
 ing, when nicely glued, more firmly than in their original condition. 
 
 Inclusions of bitumen, commonly called carbon, are plentiful, and 
 when found in brilliant crystals, are maryelously beautiful. The 
 bitumen is either distributed through the crystals in minute specks, 
 in hair like forms, like flakes, or in masses taking up more than half 
 the crystal. Some crystals show " phantom " forms of the bitumen, 
 but they are almost always in the singly terminated groups of orystals, 
 and are of poor color, 
 
11 
 
 Inclusions of pearlspar are comparatively rare, but may be found 
 in pockets whose wsi}s are lined with that mineral. In Mr. Cham- 
 berlain's collection there is a specimen which includes a crystal of 
 pearlspar of an eighth of an inch in size. Another crystal with a "dry" 
 cavity contains bitumen and a small perfect crystal of quartz ! Inclu- 
 sions of other minerals are beautiful and interesting. 
 
 I do not know why I say "interesting," because the word has 
 grown to have very little meaning for me, when used in like manner 
 by mineralogists. It is generally used, doubtless, for lack of a more 
 comprehensive term with which to express an opinion of a specimen 
 under examination. 
 
 However, much that pfesses for scientific opinion is of a happy-go- 
 lucky order, and unless we have a reputation to protect, we need not 
 analyze too closely. 
 
 Liquid inclusions are quite common. Nearly all these inclusions 
 of liquid contain a movable bubble of air, 
 as in figure. 
 
 Some contain, in addition, a speck of 
 bitumen, or spar or sand, which follows the 
 motion of the bubble. Again in others, the 
 bitumen is so heavy that it falls to the bot- 
 tom of the cavity while the bubble rises. 
 
 One of the most beautiful specimens of 
 this character, is in the possession of Mr. 
 
 Crim, and is pictured in the frontispiece. It is a very perfect single 
 crystal with a large cavity containing liquid in which the bubble 
 moves freely followed by a cleavage of calcite (?). The specimen is 
 certainly unique, and Mr. Crim is authority for the statement that it 
 is without rival among the millions of crystals found in Herkimer 
 County. 
 
 Some crystals are found which contain several cavities filled with 
 liquid, and I have seen groups of three crystals, each one of which 
 contained liquid with movable bubble. 
 
 Crystals containing empty cavities, or cavities with dry bitumen 
 or sand which may be shaken about, are not uncommon. 
 
 Crystals of a fipae deep smoky color are rare, but crystals showing 
 a streaked or unevenly distributed dark shade of color are quite 
 plentiful. 
 
 A few crystals of light amethystine and also citrine color have 
 been found. Size of specimens is always an item of interest to col- 
 lectors. The largest crystal found at' this locality, that I can 
 learn of, was over five inches long, doubly terminated, and quite 
 perfect. 
 
12 
 
 I have one slightly smoky crystal of 
 good form, four inches long. Very few 
 perfectly formed crystals larger than the 
 one shown in figure which is drawn 
 from nature, are found, and such speci- 
 mens are valuable. 
 
 The quality, and not size, of any min- 
 eral should be the prime factor in deter- 
 mining beauty and value. Leaving the 
 purely gem minerals out of consideration, 
 perhaps quartz more than any other mineral requires the property of 
 quality to be beautiful. 
 
 Herkimer County affords very few crystals with rare planes. I 
 have been able to find one such, which is a clear crystal minus a half 
 P., and is now in my collection. That it is rare will be more apparent 
 when I explain that it was the only crystal found presenting unusual 
 planes among over ten thousand crystals of average size, personally 
 examined during a period of four years. 
 
 That I may not be misunderstood, I wish to say here that I mean 
 
 to be precise in my statements, and to avoid exaggeration of any kind. 
 
 Quantities are a difficult subject to determine, and in the absence 
 
 of real knowledge of what others have discovered, a mere statement 
 
 of facts and not one of comparison, is the better plan to follow. 
 
 An illustration of this fact is now in mind. Mr. Harn in writing 
 of his discoveries in North Carolina mentions that one pocket yielded 
 crystals weighing, when packed, 1439 pounds, and that it was possibly 
 the largest pockets ever found in the State, or any other State, for 
 that matter.* Mr. Kunz, in the Eleventh United States Census re- 
 ports for 1890, in writing of the quartz of Arkansas, says, " and in one 
 instance thirty tons of crystals were found in a single cavity." 
 
 I never saw a twin crystal of quartz from Herkimer County. 
 There are collectors who call a grouping of two crystals, especially 
 those found in parallel position, twins. They are, however, simply 
 groupings of crystals. It is safe to say that no other locality, so ex- 
 tensive as what is known as " Herkimer County," has adhered more 
 closely to one general form of crystallization. 
 
 My opinion of these crystals is based wholly upon a careful ex- 
 amination of their external appearance, a method not to be relied 
 upon to give correct results, if we accept Descloizeaux as a guide. 
 He says : " The examination of the last two sections from Danphine 
 well proves the certainty of the fact upon which too much cannot be 
 
 * See Part I. of this article, June number, 
 
13 
 
 insisted : it is, that crystals, geometrically simple, may offer internal 
 penetrations altogether unappreciable externally by crystallographic 
 characteristics, and that a crystal of quartz, homogeneous throughout 
 its entire mass, is one of the greatest mineralogical rarities known. "* 
 
 Places are few where one may profitably work for crystals on other 
 than private property, and even a hired privilege may not " pan out " 
 the cost. The finest crystals are found in pockets which contain a 
 stiff, pasty clay ; the next best in pockets containing water, and the 
 poorest are found in dry pockets. 
 
 Cavities lined with pearl-spar are interspersed with the pockets 
 containing the quartz crystals, but few of the spar cavities contain 
 any quartz crystals, or when they do they are of poor quality. The 
 pockets are distributed through the rock in layers' from two to three 
 feet apart. 
 
 The natives delight in telling "yarns" about the number of crys- 
 tals found in a single pocket, " a bushel " being the average quantity ; 
 but it is doubtful if more than a hundred crystals averaging half an 
 inch in size were ever found in a single cavity. 
 
 The rock is very hard to drill, and prospectors seeking these crys- 
 tals, must expend much time and labor to be rewarded. 
 ' 
 
 NOTE, JUNE 15TH. I have recently examined a lot of Herkimer 
 County quartz crystals under a microscope, to ascertain primarily 
 whether there was any evidence that escaped the naked eye of exter- 
 nal features, characteristic of twin crystals. I selected fifty crystals, 
 averaging three-quarter inches long, and of a fine quality, for examin- 
 ation. I found but one prism showing striations. The pyramids of 
 several crystals showed wavy markings, which may be evidence of 
 twinning, but of no such character as is shown in crystals from other 
 localities. The pure quality and perfect surface of these crystals, baffle 
 the novice in the investigation of so complex a subject as that of twin- 
 ing in quartz crystals. 
 
 I discovered other peculiarities, however, which were very pleasing 
 to me, and I suppose other collectors have noticed them also. The 
 first crystal examined showed three minute crystals whose axes were 
 parallel with that of the crystal which contained them. This seemed 
 so remarkable, that I looked over the crystals for those showing minute 
 inclusions, selecting twelve. The first one of these examined showed 
 a single perfect crystal in the same relative position ; the next showed 
 six crystals, one of which was distorted, but all the terminations 
 pointed one way, which was true also of each specimen examined with 
 
 * Translated by Mr. L. Cahn from Descloizeaux's "Memoire," page 146, Ed. 1855. 
 
14 
 
 crystal inclusions. A few of those selected contained simple cavities, 
 or both cavities and crystals. 
 
 The specimen described as containing a cavity in which is a loose 
 perfect crystal, in Mr. Chamberlain's collection, should be remem- 
 bered. 
 
 What, if any, bearing does the main fact here noticed, have upon 
 our notions of the mode of crystal building ? I shall examine crystals 
 in other collections to see if there is any variation from the relative 
 position of the enclosed crj^stals noticed in my own supply. I shall 
 be glad to hear from any one who may make personal investigation of 
 these crystals. 
 
 In writing this series of articles on quartz, my effort has been to 
 present the subject in such a manner as to interest collectors who have 
 not had opportunities of seeing what may be called the standard of 
 excellence in specimens afforded by each locality considered. 
 
 I have long sought to learn this for myself, by viewing, as oppor- 
 tunity offered, the cabinets of my friends, of well known collectors, 
 and of public museums. To wish to know the chief features of the 
 finest specimens of any particular mineral, and who owns them, seems 
 to me perfectly natural. That this curiosity is widespread, I have no 
 doubt, since one has but to listen to the conversation of a company of 
 collectors to notice the fact. 
 
 The specimens which I wish to dwell upon are those which present 
 extraordinary forms, but it is difficult to convey a clear idea of them 
 by description alone. I have said before that engravings are costly, 
 and even they are not "always satisfactory. 
 
 Certain features and peculiarities in the same species of minerals 
 differ from each other according to locality, as natives of one country 
 differ from those of another. This fact enables one familiar with the 
 minerals of many localities to name at a glance the place of their oc- 
 currence, and this kind of familiarity it is well to cultivate. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 Nearly all the varieties of quartz occur in Nova Scotia. Localities 
 are numerous, but few of them are easily accessible. Along the Bay 
 of Fundy runs a sharply outlined precipice for one hundred and thirty 
 miles, from Briar Island on the west to Capes Split and Blomidon on 
 the east. Here and there masses of trap rocks, from 200 to 600 feet 
 in height, overhang the coast. 
 
 The formation is the new red sandstone. Grey granite, gneiss 
 and mica-slate prevail. Trap rocks are often imbedded in clay-slate, 
 
15 
 
 and it is in this trap rock that many varieties of quartz are found. 
 In the amygdaloid occurs the many beautiful zeolites which have made 
 Nova Scotia dear to the collector of minerals. 
 
 There are many curious and beautiful fossils, besides amethysts, 
 agates, chalcedonies, jaspers, smoky quartz, milky quartz, rose 
 quartz, etc. 
 
 Amethysts are usually associated with cacholong in the form of 
 geodes, and make attractive specimens, the purple color of the amethyst 
 contrasting with the milky whiteness of the cacholong. 
 
 At Moose River Bluff, Basin of Minas, there occur in the trap rock* 
 rosettes and radiating groups of crystals of a pinkish white quartz. 
 The crystals are found in cavities of varying sizes, and may be loosened 
 by a sharp blow of a sledge hammer, but not always with perfect re- 
 sults. A specimen is poorly shown in figure No. 7. 
 
 A fine lot of these resetted crystals is in the collection of Rev. J. 
 Selden Spencer at Tarrytown, N. T. Dr. Spencer secured them at the 
 locality several years ago, and they show the careful handling of the 
 experienced collector. 
 
 Mr. H. D. Miller of Plainville, Conn., has made several trips to 
 Nova Scotia in search of minerals, and was one of the first to intro- 
 duce the zeolites he found to nearby collectors. His collection of 
 Nova Scotia quartz includes many rare forms in fine specimens. 
 
 Crystals of milky quartz having a common centre, in ball-like 
 masses, are found loose near McKay's Head, and are curious 
 specimens. 
 
 I have seen but few specimens of other varieties of quartz from Nova 
 Scotia, those described being in my own collection, and secured by 
 exchange with collectors who have visited the localities. I can safely 
 say that a quantity of good specimens can be sold in the vicinity of 
 New York City. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 In Maine there are several well known localities where quartz is 
 found. At Paris, Oxford Co., the so-called Mt. Mica ledge has furnished 
 handsome specimens of rose quartz, but this fades quickly on exposure. 
 The rose quartz from the Stearns ledge, in the same County, occurs in 
 as handsome specimens, and does not fade. 
 
 I know of a piece of this quartz that has lain on a piazza roof for 
 over seven years, which is to-day as bright and pure in color as when 
 broken from the ledge. Both of these localities are about worked 
 out. 
 
 At the last-named locality there is found a milky white quartz, 
 
16 
 
 which, when cut into gems, resembles the moonstone. Mr. L. K- 
 Stone, of Paris Hill, has cut several gems from this material, which are 
 now in his collection. Polished balls, dishes and other objects cut 
 out of rose quartz of fine quality from Oxford County, are in the Amer- 
 ican Museum Collection, New York City. 
 
 In Hebron, at the Mt. Rubellite locality, there were found, a few 
 years ago, several small groups of quartz crystals with a coating of 
 minute colorless crystals of apatite, which gave them a frosted appear- 
 ance. At the same locality are found masses of crystallized quartz 
 and cookite, some specimens of which are very pretty. The quartz is 
 in long, slender, colorless crystals, and the cookite is of a light green 
 color. 
 
 Quite fine cabinet specimens of smoky quartz have been found by 
 Mr. Geo. L. Noyes, at the tourmaline locality in Greenwood, Maine. 
 These were not transparent, but were clean and of a glossy 
 black. 
 
 At Greenwood there is a vein of white quartz, some twelve or fif- 
 teen feet in width, in which occurs some of the finest specimens of rock 
 crystals so far found in the State. The crystals are found in pockets 
 and the largest measure about four inches long. 
 
 Several years ago a few larger crystals of smoky quartz were found 
 at the beryllonite locality, near the base of Sugar Loaf Mountain, 
 Stoneham, Maine. The largest weighed over one hundred pounds, 
 parts of which were transparent, and afforded beautiful gems of a 
 smoky brown color. These crystals came from a large pocket in a vein 
 of feldspar. 
 
 Groups of transparent crystals, and others with a milky additional 
 growth, occur at Stoneham. In examining one of these groups, I 
 noticed that the broken crystals were transparent in the centre, with 
 well defined markings of several layers of opaqu 6 
 new growth, and believing the addition was not 
 simply a coating, but extended to a capping of 
 the crystals, I had three sides of the prism 
 ground down and polished, which disclosed a 
 perfect phantom. This crystal is shown in the 
 annexed engraving. 
 
 On Deer Hill, Stow, have been found a quan- 
 tity of amethysts, shading from a smoky purple 
 to the royal hues of that color. Gems cut from 
 crystals from this locality are all illustrated in 
 natural colors in " Gems and Precious Stones of 
 N. A." 
 
 QUARTZ PHANTOM, -, if . .-. . . -, , -, . . 
 
 STONEHAM, ME. Mt. Mica is the most famous mineral locality 
 
17 
 
 in the state, but quartz, although plentiful, has seldom been found in 
 fine specimens. Crystals and masses of quartz are often the matrix of 
 beautiful gem crystals of tourmaline, and if the quartz were transparent, 
 so that cutting would show the tourmalines often found imbedded in 
 it, handsome inclusions could thus be obtained. 
 
 NEW YORK STATE. 
 
 A few years ago a small lot of peculiar quartz crystals was found, 
 surrounded by a graphitic powder, filling a crevice in the Marcellus 
 shale in Oneida Co., New York. The crystals occur with a deep de- 
 pression occupying the place of each plane of both prism and pyramid. 
 The reason for the centre of the faces not filling up in conformity with 
 the angles and edges, is not easy to give. It is easy, however, to con- 
 ceive of a crystal forming in this manner by cooling after fusion, con- 
 tracting in the process towards its own centre, thus depressing its 
 faces, and leaving the angles and edges as well defined as originally 
 taken. The graphite impregnates the crystals little more than super- 
 ficially, but adheres tenaciously. What, if any, influence the graphite 
 had upon the form of crystallization of the quartz, is another matter 
 of which I can find little to help me determine. 
 
 Amorphous silicon, when strongly heated under certain conditions, 
 is converted into graphitoidal silicon. These crystals were originally 
 advertised as " Quartz crystals with sunken faces." 
 
 Pretty and odd 'crystals of quartz occur in the limestone 
 quarry at Sing Sing, N. Y. Mr. Henry Fair has a fine series of 
 these crystals. One specimen which he found in 1889 and presented to 
 the New York State Museum at Albany, is in the form of a cross on 
 a matrix of crystallized dolomite. The crystals are light yellow in 
 color, and are each about two inches 
 long. As will be seen in the illus- 
 tration, the upper right arm is 
 imbedded and the others are free 
 and show the terminations per- 
 fectly 
 
 A few transparent crystals are 
 found, but the majority are milky 
 or opaque from impurities, small 
 flattened and distorted crystals are 
 found, and small groups of either 
 singly or doubly terminated crys- 
 tal occur sparingly. A few smoky 
 crystals have been found/ but of 
 poor quality. 
 
18 
 
 In the fall of 1890, Mr. J. L. Davison of Lockport, & well known 
 collector of minerals, while out hunting in the woods near Theresa, 
 Jefferson County, discovered a small lot of quartz crystals, which were 
 exposed at the root of a large tree, which had recently blown down. 
 
 In the fall of 1894 Mr. Davison made excavations at the locality 
 and brought out a fine lot of specimens. One group, about 12 x 18 
 inches, weighed over sixty-five pounds ; the crystals varied from small 
 up to two inches in diameter by three inches in length. 
 
 Another group about 8 x 10 shows more than onehundred crystals, 
 the largest of which is three-quarter inches in diameter. There were 
 a good many detached loose crystals, some of which show twinning 
 plainly. Very good crystals of iceland spar were taken from the same 
 excavation. 
 
 The quartz crystals are opaque with small transparent spaces. 
 Nearly all of the crystals are capped with a thin coating of transparent 
 quartz, thus showing the " phantom " clearly. The capping on a few 
 of the crystals is so formed as to leave a sharply defined channel along 
 each angle of the pyramid. 
 
 There are several localities in Jefferson Co., N. Y., \riiere quartz 
 occurs. At Natural Bridge, crystals up to four inches long are found 
 coated with a calciferous material, which may be eaeily removed by 
 acid. 
 
 At Sterling, Antwerp, Edwards and other places, doubly terminated 
 dodecahedral crystals are found, sometimes loose or grouped on a 
 matrix of quartzite and specular iron. The majority of the crystals 
 inclose hematite, and are of a reddish brown color ; others are found 
 transparent and clean. The iron mines where Itfie best crystals were 
 found are now closed, and it is difficult to obtain good specimens. 
 There are local collectors who work at the deposits to obtain material 
 for sale, but they have peculiarly high notions of value. 
 
 LEAD MINES, ULSTEE COUNTY, N. Y. This locality has 
 furnished some of the most magnificent groups of quartz crystals ever 
 found. Work ceased several years ago, asid the mines became flooded 
 with -water. 
 
 There is an immense dump near the mine which is worked with 
 'some success by collectors who visit the locality. An old man who 
 tends the railway crossing, whose shanty i near the dump, says that 
 he can point out places where " plinty of foine crystals can be found if 
 ye will only dig dape enough." 
 
 Large and small groups of much battered crystals line the walks 
 leading up to several residences in the village. A few good groups 
 sparkle amid the bottles on the shelves of several local bar-rooms ; 
 
19 
 
 but they are not for sale. So far as I can learn i&ere are no really 
 fine specimens in the hands of the best known dealers in minerals. 
 
 The most beautiful groups that I have seen are in the E. L. Stuart 
 collection in the Lenox Library Building. These groups are ideal in 
 size, form and quality. The largest groups are in the Museum of 
 Natural History in New York City, the gift of Mr. Jackson Steward, 
 who personally collected them. 
 
 The largest group measures about 36x22 inches, and is covered 
 with brilliant crystals of various sizes. There are three other groups 
 of much smaller crystals on matrixes nearly the same size, and several 
 smaller groups with stouter crystals. 
 
 There are two groups, the largest measuring about 24x15 inches, 
 with crystals crowding each other as closely as possible, which meas- 
 ure from two inches to four inches each in diameter. These last-named 
 groups are transparent only in spots, being for the most part milky 
 and tinged with yellow. There is a glassy brilliancy on the pyramids, 
 unlike that in quartz from any other locality with which I am familiar. 
 There is another feature in these larger crystals peculiar to this local- 
 ity, in that the angles and edges are built up perfectly, leaving the 
 centre of the planes grooved, sometimes uneven, or with a number of 
 small terminations, showing the length of the groove, evidence of effort 
 to fill up even with the angles. 
 
 I realize the clumsiness of my effort at illustration, and ascribe it in 
 part due to our general lack of knowledge of the forces at work during 
 crystal building, and the consequent dearth of nomenclature with 
 which to easily convey meaning relating to the subject. 
 
 Perhaps the best example of the last form of crystal described is 
 in the Butgers College Collection. 
 
 I have one large crystal of this character in my collection, and a 
 group of small crystals on a matrix measuring 15 x 15. 
 
 A few good specimens of both milky and smoky quartz crystals 
 have been found near Kingsbridge, New York City. Mr. F. Braun has 
 collected small geodes of dolomite incrusted with drusy quartz in the 
 upper part of the city. 
 
 SmW greenish crystals of quartz on a zigzag shaped matrix of 
 quartzite occur at various iron mines on Staten Island. The shade of 
 color i peculiar to the locality, I think, since I have seen nothing like 
 it from elsewhere. But few specimens are to be seen outside of cab- 
 inets of local collectors. 
 
20 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 The old Hoxie quarry at Paterson, N. J., furnished a few fine spec- 
 imens of amethystine quartz pseudomorphous after pectolite. The 
 finest specimen is in the collection of C. L. Hatch, and is of a brilliant 
 purple color. But one really fine specimen of smoky quartz was found, 
 which is in the cabinet of Dr. Stiles. The members of The Brooklyn 
 Institute Mineralogical Club, to which the gentlemen named belong, 
 secured nearly all the finest minerals from this locality. Dr. Joseph 
 Hunt has a grand lot of the pseudomorphs, and was one of the first to 
 report their occurrence at the Hoxie quarry. 
 
 About seven miles from Paterson, in the Orange Mountains, at Upper 
 Montclair, is located the McDowell quarry. Here the amygdaloid lies 
 between the trap and the brownstone, and in it has been found several 
 fine specimens of pseudomorphous quartz. The original mineral is 
 very much like the altered pectolite of Paterson, but the quartz has 
 here replaced it more thoroughly, so that groups of perfectly termin- 
 ated crystals are more common. Dr. Disbrow, of Newark, has a fine 
 series of milky and amethystine specimens. One group of milky crys- 
 tals in my own collection is as perfect a specimen as I have seen from 
 this locality. 
 
 Crystallized quartz occurs sparingly in the Bergen Hill localities. 
 Mr. Kato of Jersey City has found several specimens of milky quartz 
 and a few transparent crystals. 
 
 A small lot of fair amethysts on trap rock, were found at the West 
 Shore Railroad tunnel, Weehawken. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Connecticut affords very little quartz in fine specimens. A col- 
 lector who travels over the township of Haddam in search of specimens, 
 will be surprised at the peculiar nature of the occurrence of the 
 minerals which have made the locality famous. The country is hilly 
 on both sides of the Connecticut River, and here and there huge 
 bowlders stand out in relief, while others are nearly covered with 
 soil, many of which show traces of the prospector's drill and hammer. 
 I have walked in the company of a local collector over many miles of 
 the township, and have seen scores of bowlders bristling with crystals 
 of black tourmaline and muscovite. It is singular how well the last- 
 named mineral resists the action of the weather. It was while thus 
 prospecting that green gem tourmalines were found. An unusually 
 large black crystal, sticking out of a bowlder twenty feet high, attracted 
 
21 
 
 the attention of the prospector, and prying around it with an iron bar 
 a pocket was broken into which was filled with a decomposed mass of 
 mineral, out of which was taken the gem tourmalines and about one 
 hundred pounds of quartz crystals. These crystals at one time were 
 fast to the walls of the pocket, and were probably loosened by the 
 slight local earthquakes which occurred at intervals during several 
 years, and which were called " Moodus noises." A few of the crystals 
 were doubly terminated, milky or opaque, and enclosed splinters of 
 albite. The majority, however, were smoky, with transparent spots 
 approaching the color of " Spanish topaz." I had one smoky crystal, 
 about three inches long, sliced and polished to show the albite inclus- 
 ions, which is very pretty. I have one smoky specimen weighing over 
 fifteen pounds, beautifully crystallized on three sides. One quarry in 
 Haddam has been more or less continuously worked for over one 
 hundred years. Milky quartz crystals in a vein of white quartz near 
 the quarry are quite plentiful. 
 
 Yery good groups of milky crystals occur at the Lantern Hill Silex 
 Mines, a locality a few miles from Mystic, Conn. There are several 
 other places in Connecticut where quartz is found, but, so far as I can 
 learn, only in small quantities and in inferior specimens. 
 
 ARKANSES. 
 
 Arkansas is rich in crystallized minerals, and particularly so in one 
 species quartz . 
 
 A geological survey of the territory' was begun in 1857 and two 
 volumes of Eeports were published in 1858 and 1860. Prof. F. L. 
 Harvey published a pamphlet in 1886, entitled " Mineral and Kocks 
 of Arkansas," in which he says that the State needs above all things a 
 carefully conducted and detailed geological survey. His summary of 
 the geology of the State is copied here : 
 
 "The topography of Arkansas embraces upland and lowland. The 
 former includes the archean, silurean, subcarboniferous and millstone 
 grit formations; the latter, cretaceous, tertiary, quaternary, and recent. 
 The upland is that portion of the State west of 91 west longitude, 
 and north of 34J north latitude. The granitic axis of Arkansas be- 
 gins at Fourche Cove near Little Eock, and runs along the border of 
 the upland to the west boundary of the State. 
 
 " Igneous outcrops occur in Pulaski, Saline, Hot Springs, Montgom- 
 ery, Pike and Sevier Counties, and there is good reason for believing 
 these igneous rocks are continuous beneath the drainage of the country. 
 Another axis of disturbance shows a granitic out-crop on Spavinaw 
 Creek in the Cherokee country, west of Benton county. The stratified 
 
22 
 
 rocks of Arkansas probably rest at no great depth upon an igneous 
 platform. 
 
 " In northern Arkansas the disturbance shows itself in small faults, 
 gentle folds, and slightly indurated shales ; but as you approach the 
 granitic axis, greater faults, strata with high dip, and talcose slates 
 intersected with quartz and calcite veins become common. These 
 disturbances are intimately connected with and determined the char- 
 acter of the mineral deposits of the State. 
 
 " The veins along the granitic axis probably were filled by per- 
 colating hot alkaline waters, which deposited the metaliferous com- 
 pounds they contained. The veins and caverns of the Silurian and 
 subcarboniferous formations of northern Arkansas were, no doubt, 
 filled in the same way. The water of Arkansas is still quite alkaline, 
 and quartz crystals are at the present time forming about Hot Springs." 
 
 That quartz crystals are constantly forming I have no doubt, be- 
 cause the conditions of their occurrence are in ample evidence. 
 
 " Seas, that daily gain upon the shore, 
 Have ebb and flow conditioning their inarch." Tennyson. 
 
 Then, too, the great and peculiar variety of groupings of crystals, 
 the many phantoms often contained in a single crystal, and the inclu- 
 sions of other crystals, suggest more or less constant growth. 
 
 Inclusions of crystals, sometimes called penetrations, which is 
 erroneous, since the larger crystal has simply inclosed the smaller, are 
 good objects for studying the forces at work in crystal building. It is 
 fair to assume that the slender crystals were of symmetrical form be- 
 fore being inclosed in the larger crystals, but examples are common 
 showing apparent loss of regular form of the slender crystal, as if the 
 larger crystal in building had absorbed some part of it. 
 
 Crystals of apparently simultaneous growth do 
 not have this appearance of loss of form, nor do 
 the stouter crystals show it. When two or more 
 crystals are joined or grouped, their forms are gen- 
 erally the same, but there are deviations, such as 
 distorted or flattened crystals, joining others of 
 symmetrical form. 
 
 One would think that the crystallographical in- 
 fluence exercised at a certain locality would be the 
 same, but can it be the same and produce distorted and symmetrical 
 cry stals at the same time ? 
 
 But nature plays many pranks with her superabundance of silica 
 before collectors see the results, and careful study, and not mere 
 speculation, is required to find out how the tricks are done. When 
 
23 
 
 one group of crystals exhibits small and very large rhombohedral 
 faces, distortions, modifications, with here and there what are called 
 rare planes, a collector may look upon it and admire it for its beauty, 
 but he will have a hard time of it if he seeks to learn the why and 
 wherefore from the literature on the subject. 
 
 Dr. G. W. Lawrence, one of the leading physicians at Hot Springs, 
 made the finest local collection of quartz crystals. 
 
 Dr. Lawrence was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania 
 and the author of many scientific papers. He was a typical, open- 
 handed Southern gentleman, and when he wanted a specimen, he 
 bought it regardless of price. Often large lots were bought in order 
 to get a single desirable specimen. 
 
 Thousands of crystals that were of no use in his collection he gave 
 to museums and collectors all over the world. He made a display at 
 the Centennial Exhibition that was the delight and wonder of col- 
 lectors. 
 
 He did not part with any of the best specimens shown, and when 
 the Columbian Exhibition was announced he made extraordinary 
 effort to increase his collection, expecting to exhibit it at Chicago. It 
 was packed and ready to ship when he died. 
 
 This collection was purchased last winter by Dr. A. E. Foote, and 
 the best specimens it contained are now in the cabinets of Messrs. 
 W. W. Jefferis, C. S. Bement, Geo. Yaux, Jr., and the Wm. S. Vaux, 
 and other public collections. 
 
 Figure 2, in frontispiece, shows a transparent flattened crystal in- 
 closing diagonally its whole length a milky rounded crystal. I say 
 crystal, because I believe it was such at one time, as I have an irregu- 
 lar milky crystal having a stalactitic appearance from same lo- 
 cality. 
 
 Figure 1 represents, also, a flattened crystal inclosing diagonally 
 its entire length, a slender crystal of good form with termination pro- 
 truding. These crystals, together with four others of the same char- 
 acter, are in the cabinet of Mr. George Vaux, Jr., of Philadelphia. 
 
 Figure 3 represents a group of brilliant flattened crystals. Figure 
 4 is a crystal with inclusions of chlorite. Figure 5 shows a crystal 
 with several "phantoms of manganese oxide." Figure 6 shows in a 
 very beautiful manner a highly developed "S" plane. 
 
 Figure 10 shows a crystal having the "S" plane at each angle, 
 which occurs only in twin crystals. 
 
 This engraving is of additional interest to collectors, because it 
 was executed by the late B. B. Chamberlain, a well known collector o^ 
 the minerals found near New York City, and whose collection is now 
 in the American Museum of Natural History. 
 
Arkansas affords a variety of qualities and 
 forms of quartz. Doubly terminated crystals, 
 quite as brilliant as the average of those found in 
 New York, are occasionally met with. There are 
 very few cavernous crystals, although there are 
 many found containing liquid, but they occur be- 
 yond the influence of frosts. 
 
 Very odd crystalline forms are found, notably 
 the one illustrated in Figure 8, in frontispiece o^ 
 August number. This specimen is opaque from 
 impurities chlorite and sand and may be de- 
 scribed simply as a capped crystal. 
 
 Milky, gnarled masses with some crystalline 
 form are not uncommon. Distorted crystals are 
 plentiful, and some are found with one rhombohedral face nearly the 
 size of the entire crystal. Flattened crystals, some of which are quite 
 broad and thin, and highly modified, are found plentifully in attractive 
 specimens. 
 
 Figures 7, 8 and 9 represent crystals of that character, but they 
 are extraordinary fine examples. Slender crystals, several inches 
 long, called "slim jims " by the "crackers," occur in handsome 
 groups, but they are brittle and break easily, " as if they had dried 
 too quickly after forming." 
 
 Groups of these slender crystals may be had with a large crystal 
 on same matrix, and there seems to be something about such speci- 
 mens especially attractive to the novice and collector alike. I have 
 groups of these slender crystals running vertically through one large 
 crystal which lies flat on the matrix. 
 
 The slender crystals were first formed, and the larger one must 
 have been crystallized in true form later on, by creeping along among 
 the " roots " of the slender crystals and inclosing them. 
 
 'Tis plainly to be seen, but hard to understand in a satisfac- 
 tory way. 
 
 " O wad some power the giftie gie us," 
 To see how the thing is done. 
 
 Doubly terminated slender crystals several inches long are 
 common, and some are found cruciform. Others have crystals 
 impigned on them, or adhering to the prism. Such specimens 
 when of fine, clear quality, are delicately beautiful. The large 
 cruciform crystals are much sought after, and where the cross- 
 ing is perfect and the quartz of good quality, the specimen 
 commands a fancy price. The finest example of this kind, is 
 in the collection of Mr. Horace I. Johnson, of Waltharn, Mass. 
 
PECULIAR FORMS OF QUARTZ. 
 Collection of A. C. BATES. 
 
25 
 
 ;< " Crystals containing one or more distinct phantoms, and es- 
 pecially if the phantoms are of milky color, are very attractive 
 and are not of rare occurrence. Inclusions of chlorite sometimes take 
 
 ; phantom form, or stream toward termination of crystals, as if some 
 
 'force had separated the fibres before crystallizing. 
 
 Dislocated crystals are occasionally met with, and two fine exam- 
 ples are shown in Figures 5 and 6 in August frontispiece. Such dislo- 
 cations are caused by motion of the inclosing rock, the material of 
 which is forced, or it may be transfused, into the rents, thus mending 
 them. 
 
 Doubly terminated crystals occur plentifully, but 
 singly terminated crystals are more frequently seen in 
 collections and in the stock of dealers in minerals. 
 These singly terminated crystals are generally broken 
 out of a group, and when of good size, and with small 
 crystals attached to the base, make attractive shelf speci- 
 mens. 
 
 Capped crystals occur sparingly in fine specimens. '] 
 A few are found with cavities, which once contained 
 ankerite or dolomite, between the old and new crystals. 
 Crystals of large size, up to a foot or more in diame- 
 ter, are not uncommon. Mr. W. E. Hidden, the well 
 
 'known mineralogist of Newark, N. J., has a perfectly 
 terminated crystal about a foot long and seven inches in diameter, of 
 splendid quality. 
 
 v Nearly every collection contains one or more. crystals and groups, 
 or both, and the "great show specimen*' of nearly every museum 
 collection is a group of rock crystals from Arkansas, 
 
 Large pebbles are found in the river beds, and when free from 
 flaws, may be made into attractive specimens by sawing off one end 
 and polishing. I have seen beautiful specimens as pellucid as a quiet 
 spring of clear water. 
 
 Dealers in minerals in preparing labels for quartz ' from Arkansas, 
 give Hot Springs or near Hot Springs, as the locality. The probable 
 reason for not being more definite in the matter of labelling, is that 
 the crystals are gathered by farmers or professional "crackers," who 
 
 * 'bring the specimens to Hot Springs for sale, and the exact locality is 
 considered of little importance by local dealers. 
 
 o: . There is a difference in both the quality and form of the crystals 
 
 ; found at Blue Mountain and Colliers Creek, which is worth distin- 
 guishing by exactness in labelling. 
 
 Authorities state that " smoky quartz is found as you go west from 
 Hot Springs," but I have never seen a fine smoky quartz crystal from 
 
Arkansas. Small doubly terminated smoky crystals are found at 
 Magnet Cove, but they are not of fine quality. Chalcedony, agates, 
 flint, buhrstone and silicified wood occur in considerable quantities. 
 
 Novaculite occurs near Hot Springs in various colors and grades 
 of fineness, and is used for honestones, and is sometimes cut into 
 ornaments. I have not treated the subject of Arkansas quartz crys- 
 tals exhaustively, nor have I sought to do so, but rather to sketch the 
 more common forms in a popular manner. 
 
 As the majority of the crystals found are coated with iron or 
 foreign matter, a method for cleaning them may be of value to collec- 
 tors not already familiar with some process. 
 
 Place crystals in an old iron kettle, cover with cold water, and for 
 each gallon of water used, add one teaspoonful of oxalic acid crys- 
 tals. Boil slowly, and add boiling water whenever necessary to keep 
 crystals covered. Do not remove crystals until the water has been 
 allowed to cool. 
 
 I have treated fine crystals by this process without injury, but 
 much care is required. Long soaking in a stronger cold solution is 
 also recommended. 
 
 WESTERN LOCALITIES. 
 
 We are told that inorganic matter is without life or feeling, which 
 we of course readily accept as truth. But, with a knowledge of quartz 
 and some of its peculiar associations, and its character generally, one 
 may, without doing violence to the imagination, see much in its variety 
 of forms which is analagous to human nature. 
 
 A mountain maiden with mind serene is not more pure and beau- 
 tiful than Nature's finest modelling in silica, and for the other ex- 
 treme, the phlegmatic old man who knows little and cares for nothing, 
 has his character reflected in the massive boulder, which refuses to be 
 moved one jot without the use of force. 
 
 Silica is stealthy, and will creep in the dark upon some unoffend- 
 ing fellow mineral and rout it out of house and home, and occupy its 
 place forever. No tears are shed, no prayers are said, as there might 
 be were the same thing done by human beings ; but reparation is 
 sometimes sure and swift, and the individual crystals are covered up 
 solidly. 
 
 There is a peacefulness in the life of most crystals accorded to 
 but few organisms. But the organic and inorganic are of the earth, 
 earthy where is the material difference ? 
 
 Searching for minerals has brought me into correspondence with 
 quifce a number of collectors in various parts of the country, and prin- 
 
27 
 
 cipally with those who regularly visit localities which afford good 
 specimens. I find that the number of actual collectors, those who 
 seek for themselves, is very limited. 
 
 Digging out specimens helps make enthusiastic and intelligent 
 collectors. I do not say that those collectors who buy nearly all of 
 the specimens that they possess are not as intelligent and enthusias- 
 tic, but they lack the particular knowledge and intense interest which 
 characterize the ivorkers in Nature's fields. 
 
 There are but few collectors living in the far West, and it is that 
 section we are now to consider, from whom I can get accurate in- 
 formation regarding quartz localities. Mr. M. Bixby contributes the 
 following note on Bingham quartz a fine specimen of which is shown 
 in the frontispiece, and which is in his collection. 
 
 " Quartz crystals are frequently found at the silver mines at Bing- 
 ham and adjoining districts, but the greater number of them are 
 quite small and devoid of any particularly rare feature. 
 
 " The crystals are usually found in cavities planted on a mixture 
 of quartz, pyrite, galena and sphalerite ; the three latter minerals 
 generally in small but perfect crystals, lining the cavities along with 
 the quartz. 
 
 " A very few quartz specimens have been found showing a slender, 
 singly-terminated crystal, penetrating a much thicker, doubly-termin- 
 ated crystal, at the apex of one of its terminations, and thus support- 
 ing it clear of the matrix the general appearance reminding one of 
 a tinner's soldering iron. 
 
 " These crystals are generally milky, so that a termination can npt 
 be seen on the slender, supporting crystal, and I shall have to leave it 
 to conjecture, as to whether the formation of the two crystals may be 
 contemporaneous. 
 
 " The illustration gives a good idea, but the size of the crystals is 
 enlarged about three times." 
 
 In the region around Keokuk, Iowa, and along the Fox Biver, 111., 
 there have been found great quantities of geodes, varying in size from 
 a hickory-nut to a peck measure. 
 
 These geodes occur in a schist from which they may be easily re- 
 moved ; some are found loose in the beds of streams and in the soil. 
 
 The walls of these geodes are of various degrees of thickness, and 
 are lined either with quartz crystals, or chalcedony, or both. The 
 crystals in the geodes found at Niota, 111., are often twinned and 
 coated with chalcedony. 
 
 A collector who in 1868 worked all the localities, and broke open 
 several hundred geodes, states that, a dozen or more contained liquid 
 or pasty bitumen, and that he observed no other liquid inclusion. 
 
Looking tip the literature relating to' the subject, I find in Yol. 
 'of American Journal of Science, an article entitled "Facts Tending to 
 Illustrate the Formation of Crystals in Geodes," from which I copy 
 the following paragraphs : 
 
 "Mr. Whitney states, that being in Georgia, in the year 1806, he 
 was informed of the following facts, and saw the specimens by which 
 they were established. On Brier Creek, a stream which passes through 
 Millhaven, and empties into the Savannah River, and at the distance 
 of two or three miles from the road leading from Savannah to Augusta, 
 the people were occupied in excavating a raceway for a mill; the mill 
 'dam was built on a solid mass of agate which crossed the creek, and 
 'formed a natural basis for this superstructure. In clearing the pass- 
 age for water below this dam, the workmen discovered a great num- 
 ber of hollow balls, in their form resembling bomb-shells. Some of 
 them were as large as a man's head, and some even eight or < nine 
 inches in diameter. They had a dark rusty appearance, the crust 
 'looked like an iron ore, outside of a snuff color, inside of alight 
 brown. "When broken they proved to be mere shell, the walls of 
 'which were from' five-eighths to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, 
 and the capacity of the cavity was from a pint to two quarts or more. 
 This cavity was filled with a milky fluid, so perfectly resembling 
 white paint, or whitewash, that it was used to whiten the fireplaces 
 and the walls of the rooms of the neighboring houses. Unfortunately 
 tid experiments were made to ascertain the nature of the fluid, or of 
 the white matter suspended in it, and it is to be feared that the oppor- 
 tunity is now lost. 
 
 "The region around is a sandy pine-barren, destitute of stones of 
 any description, on the surface but, for a mile around the place where 
 the balls were discovered, were scattered numerous arrowheads, and 
 fragments of agate, from which the arrowheads were chipped, by the 
 aboriginal Indians. 
 
 " From Bournon' s Mineralogy, Vol. II., p. 33 : 
 
 " Count Bournon informs us, that in the vicinity of Lyons, in 
 France, there is a calcareous rock, which contains here and there 
 geodes often very large, having for their envelope silex mixed with 
 lime often alternating in concentric layers. In the midst of these 
 geodes, beautiful crystals of carbonate of lime occur, mixed with those 
 ' of quartz, which they rivalled both in perfection of form, and in trans- 
 parency. Count Bournon caused numbers of these geodes to be 
 broken ; some of them were full of water ; on a particular occasion a 
 happy fracture left half of one of these geodes, containing unspilt the 
 : liquor which it had enclosed. Perceiving that the fluid moved heav- 
 ily, in a kind of mass (almost like mercury), he concluded that it 
 
RARE AND INTERESTING FORMS OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS FROM 
 NEAR HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS. 
 
 Now or Recently in the Stock of Dr. A. E. Foote of Philadelphia. 
 Three-Quarter Size. 
 
29 
 
 must be a very concentrated solution, and as it was in the middle of a 
 very warm day in the month of July, the fluid was all evaporated, in 
 little more than a quarter of an hour, and there remained in the 
 geode, a spongy amorphous crystalline mass of carbonate of lime. 
 This fact is certainly very instructive as to the formation of crystals 
 in geodes. Count Bournon observed the same thing at Vougy, about 
 the same period, but the geodes were composed of black oxide of 
 manganese lined with crystals of carbonate of lime. 
 
 " Spallanzani remarks that the numerous beautiful rock crystals 
 in the cavities of the Carrara marble, continue still to form, and from 
 a pure acid fluid. Ripetti in his tract * Sopra 1'Alpe Apuana ei 
 Marmi di Carrara, 1811,' adduces some new observations in favor of 
 this opinion, and tells us, that on opening a drusy cavity, there was 
 found 1J lb. of the above fluid, and among the solid crystals, a soft 
 mass the size of the fist, which, on exposure to the air, hardened into 
 a substance having the characters of calcedoiiy. According to Dau- 
 buisson and Beaudant, the opal of Hungary is sometimes found in a 
 soft state." 
 
 A quantity of unusually pretty and interesting geodes, have re- 
 cently been found loose in the soil of the Tertiary beds of the Bad 
 Lands, on a creek between the Cheyenne and White Rivers, about 
 one hundred miles southeast of Deadwood, Dakota. 
 
 The walls of these geodes are of chalcedony, and are lined gener- 
 ally with minute crystals of quartz, which resemble frost work. A 
 few are found with well formed terminated crystals. A very few 
 occur filled with transparent selenite crystals, and this with the 
 translucent chalcedony and white quartz, is very beautiful. 
 Others, again, are filled with minute rhombs of calcite, which rattle 
 out on breaking open the geode. 
 
 The fantastic columns, or stalactites, of minute white crystals in 
 the majority of these geodes, sparkle in a strong light and renders 
 them unlike the geodes from any other locality. A few have been 
 found with lilac or faint amethj^stine tint, but the majority are white. 
 
 Mr. L. W. Stilwell, of Deadwood, has lived for many years near 
 the Pine Ridge reservation of the Sioux Indians, and it is within the 
 approaches to the Agency that these geodes are found. Mr. Stilwell 
 is my authority for what is here written. He reports the locality '"as 
 being known only to his own collectors, who have brought in nearly 
 ten thousand geodes. Some seven thousand were smaller than hens' 
 eggs, and a few hundred as large as geese eggs. The specimen shown 
 Jri frontispiece is about two and one-half inches in diameter. 
 
 These geodes are so very pretty and cheap, that every "collection 
 should contain a series. 
 
 ; .. : . , ' ; > . . . '. :-.:..- firfT 
 
30 
 
 Chalcedony geodes sometimes lined with drusy quartz and filled 
 with water, are found at Tampa Bay, Florida. The forms of some of 
 these geodes are very peculiar, nearly all of them being alterations 
 from corals and sponges. Mr. Chamberlain has one very odd speci- 
 men showing a stalactite of chalcedony in the middle of it. 
 
 Small chalcedony geodes called hydrolites, tilled with water and 
 containing a movable bubble, are found at Astoria, Oregon. The 
 water cannot be preserved in them any great length of time unless the 
 geodes are varnished. The following engraving of a Uraguay hycro- 
 lite'shows the general appearance of these geodes. 
 
 Fine masses of chalcedony are found along the Cheyenne River in 
 the Bad Lands. A blueish-white chalcedony is found filling the nar- 
 row^cavities of bones, which are found in considerable quantities in 
 the same region. 
 
 Beading over what I have written, I notice an almost constant re- 
 petition, but it is in the terms used, and I can think of no way to relieve 
 the subject of it, and treat it seriously. B-eading the article is like 
 looking over a collection of the material of which it treats, one grows 
 tired of the difference in the sameness, to coin a phrase, and there is 
 little use in denying it. 
 
 I have observed " that tired feeling " come over my friends as 
 drawer after drawer was placed for their inspection, and I have learned 
 partially how to avoid it : 
 
 Show a collection as you would serve courses at dinner a little 
 wine, figuratively speaking, now and then and champagne last, with 
 a reserve in the cellar. An apt anecdote or illustration would make 
 serviceable breathing spots ; but, dear reader, any oddity that I may 
 possess does not partake of the nature of the story-teller or artist. 
 
 Let us now proceed to the consideration of the quartz of Colorado. 
 
 The mineral locality known to collectors as Pike's Peak, covers an 
 
31 
 
 area as large as the State of Connecticut. Quartz abounds in this 
 region, but it is inferior in quality to the Swiss or North Carolina 
 varieties, although local dealers prefer it for cutting purposes. 
 
 The smaller crystals sometimes show many interesting planes, 
 such as steep trapezohedrons and many rhombohedrons higher than 
 the unit. The "S" plane is quite common, and in one example a 
 trigonal pyramid lower than the " S " plane was observed. The 
 largest crystal of which I can learn as coming from this section 
 weighed about one hundred and fifty pounds, and had nothing but its 
 size to commend it. 
 
 In Black Bear Canon occurs interesting smoky topaz coated with 
 small white opaque quartz crystals, which in form somewhat suggest 
 rice, and they are called rice crystals. They are of value to local 
 lapidaries, who cut them up in sections parallel to the base, polish 
 them, and sell them to tourists for watch charms. They are very 
 attractive. 
 
 Onegite occurs at Crystal Peak, Colo. Onegite is a fine acicular 
 gothite inclosed in smoky quartz. The quartz is often banded parallel 
 to prismatic plane. Crystals four inches in diameter have been found, 
 covered with opaque white quartz, and discolored by limonite, with 
 outer bands of mixed smokj and amethystine onegite, and a center of 
 dark smoky color. Polished basal sections are in demand, both by 
 tourists and collectors. 
 
 Near Bidell, Saguache Co., Colo., are found quantities of small 
 amethystine tipped crystals, often containing byssolite and chlorite, 
 and exhibiting a wealth of planes. 
 
 Cripple Creek produces large quartz crystals of clear colorless 
 quality, often six inches long by two inches in diameter, showing 
 splendid large phantoms of amethyst. 
 
 Quartz of fine quality occurs in the gold and silver mines of Gilpin 
 Co., Colo., rivalling in transparency the crystals found in Herkimer 
 Co., New York. Groups of crystals showing etching suggestive of 
 Poretta and North Carolina crystals, and others of scepter form are to 
 be had. These groups are associated with siderite, pyrite, chalco- 
 pyrite, galena, tetrahedrite and enargite. 
 
 The minerals associated with the quartz of Colorado are numerous 
 and interesting. At Crystal Peak, quartz is found with albite, gothite, 
 topaz, phenacite, biotite, albite and limonite. Fine specimens of 
 amazonstone and smoky quartz are as beautiful as they are highly 
 prized, and bring fancy prices. 
 
 At Mt. Antero the quartz is associated with phenacite, garnet, bis- 
 muthite, beryl, bertrandite, orthoclase, muscovite, colorless and purple 
 fluorite and hematite. 
 
I am indebted to Mr. L. Cahu for much information regarding the 
 quartz localities of Colorado. 
 
 Hollow crystals of quartz, often radiating from a center of chal- 
 cedony, and always associated with it, are found about three miles 
 southeast of Final, Arizona. 
 
 In many instances the hollows seem to be formed by a peculiar 
 grouping of several crystals expanding from a root centre, as the 
 petals of a daisy, which, in form, the finest specimens much resemble. 
 The prisms are striated and the pyramids exhibit rhombohedral faces 
 with plane / slightly developed. 
 
 In some examples the hollows seem to be contained in a single 
 crystal, which are seldom more than an inch long. The top of* the 
 widest hollow is about a half inch across, which tapers down to the 
 base of the crystal. Fine specimens are rare, and one less than two 
 inches across having several of the hollow crystals well developed, 
 commands from two to five dollars. 
 
 Mr. F. G. Hillman, of New Bedford, recently sent me a selection of 
 chalcedony specimens labelled "from near Socorro, N. M." All the 
 forms of the mineral are exhibited : mammillary, botryoidal, stalac- 
 titic, twisted, gnarled and drusy. The variety of colors shown is re- 
 markable : red, pink, milky, deep and light green. 
 
 Tufts of radiated crystals of transparent quartz are sprinkled over 
 the surface of some of the specimens. The underside of several of the 
 specimens have a deep mould of scalenohedral form, evidence that the 
 chalcedony occurred on crystals of calcite. 
 
 At the Redington Mine, Lake Co., California, are found showy 
 specimens of translucent chalcedony on cinnabar. The deep red 
 color of the cinnabar makes an effective background for the chalced- 
 ony. A sharp contrast in color to the last named specimens is found 
 in the quartz on chrysocolla occurring at Globe, Arizona. 
 
 The quartz crystals are small and colorless, and enhance the rich 
 green of the chrysocolla seen through them. Specimens of fair size 
 having an even or oval surface are very beautiful. One such about 
 ix6 is in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, 
 New York, and I have heard visitors exclaim over its beauty, as they 
 stood before the case containing it. 
 
 Groups of quartz crystals inclosing epidote, and fine doubly ter- 
 minated crystals over an inch long filled with chlorite, are found near 
 Valley Springs, California. ' 
 
 Long slender quartz crystals of a smoky amethystine tint, showing 
 smoky phantoms peculiar to crystals of this color, are found at the 
 Black Jack Mine, Silver City, Idaho. Some of these crystals contain 
 small floating bubbles. 
 
33 
 
 A vein of crystallized quartz over one hundred feet long, was dis- 
 covered about 1890 by Mr. John Blackiston, at Placerville, California. 
 The vein is much decomposed and filled with red mud, and contains 
 thousands of loose quartz crystals. 
 
 These crystals vary in size from very small to very large one 
 taken out in 1893 weighing one hundred and four pounds. Others 
 fort} r to fifty pounds each were quite perfect, and of fine quality. 
 
 Splendid frosted and fantastic forms of chlorite are frequently 
 found inclosed in fine transparent crystals. I have seen several crys- 
 tals inclosing what appears to be a calciferous substance about the 
 size and shape of a pea, and of a cream white or buff color. 
 
 Breaking up a few crystals to discover the nature of the inclosed 
 substance, I found the white cavities empty, and the buff ones filled 
 with a siliceous powder. The form of these cavities indicate that the 
 inclosed material was not crystallized. Beautiful phantoms, ranging 
 from a faint tracery to distinct forms both of chlorite and successive 
 layers of quartz, are quite common. 
 
 The majority of the crystals are doubly terminated one end by 
 the usual pyramid, the other by several imperfect pyramids. The 
 finest inclusions are in singly terminated crystals, which occurred in 
 groups in the wall rock. 
 
 Mr. Blackiston is an invalid and a veteran of the late War, and ac- 
 cording to his history of the method of the disposition of some of the 
 best material taken from his property, he has been shabbily treated; 
 
 Quartz inclosing other minerals is not an uncommon occurrence, 
 but in the finest specimens found in this country, the quartz 1 is 
 massive, or without crystal form. 
 
 The specimen shown in the frontispiece is a group of two trans- 
 parent crystals 2Jx2, filled with stibnite and casts of that mineral, and 
 was found not far from the sulphur mines of Humboldt Go., Nevada. 
 It is a part of a group, and is by far the finest specimen of an Atiieri- 
 can quartz crystal with inclusions that I have yet seen. 
 
 Quartz, its varieties and the localities at which it occurs, could^ a's 
 a subject upon which to write, be made almost interminable. But as 
 I purposed at the beginning to confine this article to a coftcise de^ 
 scription of 'specimens from the best known American localities, a 
 little further journeying, now in the West, and in the next part back 
 to the South and East, and my purpose will have been accdmfjlish&d. 
 
 Many new beauties in this mineral, both of form and quality, have' 
 been opened out to rne'asThave pursued the subject. : <( ' ; 
 
 < ->i As I have examined specimens, what appeared for the nioineiit ' fe>. 
 be a glimpse into the mysterious 'forces at work in crystal : bul 
 
34 
 
 has been dissipated before I could obtain a fuller grasp. Ideas are 
 elusive things. 
 
 Conviction comes with substantial evidence, when the material 
 before us for consideration is a natural product. Of the circumstan- 
 tial evidence surrounding crystallization of quartz, there is plenty, but 
 it is not convincing. Favorable conditions may sometimes inductively 
 teach us the truth. 
 
 Mr. Bixby contributes the following notes on a new find of quartz 
 in Utah : 
 
 Good clear and milky quartz crystals enclosing a greenish acicular 
 tourmaline, are found in the hills, about 12 miles from Frisco, Utah. 
 The crystals are found over a very small area, probably not more 
 than 1.QQ feet square, and on the outcrop of a mineral-bearing vein. 
 The ye^n carries chalcopyrite, and transparent selenite is found in it, 
 inclosing tjris mineral. The clear crystals have so far been found 
 lopse in tjae soil, on the surface, or in small pockets in the vein forma- 
 tion a few inches deep. Milky or semi-transparent crystals inclosing 
 t,ourmaline, are found imbedded in a material which seems to be a 
 mixture of hematite and manganese, with traces of copper, and also 
 planted on massive quartz, and a radiated fibrous black or dark brown 
 tourmaline, which, in thin particles, shows a reddish color by trans- 
 mittecj. light. I have seen no clear crystals so planted or imbedded, 
 except one group of fine transparency on a quartz base, embracing 
 about twenty-five crystals, to one of which was attached a small per- 
 fect pseudomorph of hematite after calcite. The crystals are mostly 
 small, from J to 2 inches long, and very many of the terminations have 
 been bruised by natural causes. The tourmaline is sometimes so fine 
 as to be scarcely visible in the crystals, and runs through them in all 
 directions, though the most of it is parallel to the sides. I have also 
 nojted the fibrous tourmaline standing up between quartz crystals, like 
 bristlep, coated with a dark substance, probably hematite, and this 
 coating being removed by acid, the olive green color of the fibres 
 became visible, as in the crystals. Some have been found enclosing 
 minute crystals and fragments of a mineral appearing like hematite. 
 The crystals are generally of the ordinary habit, and I have noted 
 some showing rare modifications or forms. 
 
 Jasper is found in handsome specimens in several places in the 
 United States. In Oakland County, Michigan, jasper is found in 
 rounded masses of deep red color, with narrow bands of black, in a 
 matrix of quartz and flint, the whole making an attractive pudding stone. 
 
 Near Colly er, Kansas, is an inexhaustible deposit of banded red, 
 yellow and white jasper, which takes a high polish, and when so 
 treated, makes most attractive specimens. 
 
35 
 
 Agate also is found in several States and Territories. On the 
 shores of Lake Superior fine agate pebbles abound, which, when cut 
 and polished, exhibit delicate colors. 
 
 Agates of great beauty are found in Colorado, but very few of those 
 sold at the tourists' resorts of that State are of native origin. 
 
 Most every mineral collection contains specimens of W3 r oming moss 
 agates in rolled pebbles. Recently large masses weighing over a 
 hundred pounds have been found, mostly of a milky white color with 
 occasional clear spaces, and filled with moss like forms. Sliced thin 
 sections make beautiful objects for the microscope. 
 
 " Dr. McCulloch instituted a very ingenious inquiry into the nature 
 of these vegetable appearances of different colors visible in the more 
 transparent chalcedonies, which are termed mocha, and more particu- 
 larly in those which are less so, termed agate. Close observation, 
 added to chemical experiment, induce the conclusion that many of 
 these appearances are owing to the existence in the stone of aquatic 
 confervae ; that these plants sometimes appear perfectly in their 
 natural form and color ; in others they seem to be coated by oxide of 
 iron, which occasionally hides the forms of the plants, and discolors 
 it. Mosses and some varieties of lichen have been observed ; and oc- 
 casionally chlorite, which sometimes is so disposed as to represent a 
 vegetable." 
 
 Silicified wood is found in Texas, California, Colorado, Michigan, 
 and other States and Territories, but the most extensive deposit is 
 near Corrizo, Apache County, Arizona, and is known as Chalcedony 
 Park. The Park is about one mile square, and is surrounded by low 
 hills, and was probably the bed of a lake (see frontispiece). There 
 are two other deposits of the same character one eight and the other 
 sixteen miles from Chalcedony Park. The trees rest on layers of 
 sandstone of several colors, the topmost of which is white, and which 
 was the original matrix of the wood. None of the trees are standing, 
 nor are there any roots to be seen. 
 
 Trees 150 feet long and over three feet in diameter are found 
 broken into many sections and small fragments. In the cavities of 
 the heart of these trees, beautiful groups of amethysts are sometimes 
 found " The most remarkable feature of the Park, is a natural bridge 
 formed by a tree of agatized wood spanning a canon 45 feet in width." 
 (See frontispiece). This tree is over one hundred feet long, three feet 
 in diameter at the smallest end, and four feet at the other both ends 
 being imbedded in sandstone. 
 
 The polished sections of these tress exhibit the richest colors in a 
 great variety of shades. The Drake Company have on exhibition in 
 New York City a quantity of polished sections of agatized wood ot 
 
36 
 
 all sizes, set up in mantels, and as tiling for fire-places. Large sec- 
 tions, gorgeous in natural colors, are shown for use as table-tops. 
 
 Theories as to the probable causes of silicification of wood are 
 numerous, and the following opinion' of scientists who have made a 
 study of the subject, will prove interesting to those not already 
 familiar with their writings. 
 
 Mr. Geo. F. Kunz, in his admirable work, " Gems 'and Precious 
 Stones of North America," says : 
 
 " The general theory of petrification is derived as follows : When 
 the wood is soaked in a strong solution of iron sulphate (copperas), 
 then dried, and the same process repeated until the wood is highly 
 charged with this solution and then burned, the structure of the wood 
 will be preserved in the peroxide of iron that remains ; also it is well 
 known that the smallest fissures and cavities in rocks are speedily 
 filled by infiltrating waters with mineral matters ; hence wood buried 
 in soil soaked with some petrifying material becomes highly charged 
 with the same, and the cells filled with the infiltrating material, so 
 that when the wood decays the petrifying material is left, retaining 
 the structure of the wood. Furthermore, as each particle of organic 
 matter passes away by decay, a particle of mineral matter takes its 
 place, until finally all of the organic matter is replaced. The process 
 of petrification is therefore one of substitution as well as of interstitial 
 filling. From the different nature of the process in the two cases, it 
 happens that the interstitial filling always differs, either in chemical 
 composition or in color, from the substituting material. Thus the 
 structure remains visible, although the mass is solid." 
 
 Prof. James D. Dana offers the following explanation of the phe- 
 nomenon. "The wood, or often trunks of trees, and sometimes 
 standing forests, which have been petrified in the Rocky Mountain 
 region, have in general been buried under volcanic debris, which con- 
 stitutes beds of great extent in many regions. This volcanic material, 
 called tufa, undergoes partial alteration through the action of the 
 waters or moisture it may contain, or that may filtrate through it. 
 In this alteration or partial decomposition much silica is set free, and 
 makes the waters or moisture silicious. The silicious solution then 
 made penetrates the wood that is buried in the tufa. Very slowly the 
 silica is deposited in all the cells of the wood ; and as the wood de- 
 composes, silica takes the place of the particles of the fibres until 
 finally the wood becomes wholly silica or quartz." Concerning the 
 color, he adds that the brownish-yellow is limohite, which if heated 
 will turn red. 
 
 Dr. A. A. Julien read the following ! paper before the New York! 
 Mineralogical Society in January, 1892 : - 
 
VIEWS IN CHALCEDONY PARK, APACHE CO., ARIZONA. 
 
37 
 
 "In the jasperized wood from Arizona, many of the wood-cells are 
 traversed by the well-preserved mycelium of a fungus, secreting iron- 
 oxide, of which the still living species has already been described. 
 
 The fine threads are silicified and heavily coated with yellowish to 
 reddish brown ferric oxide, and, by their minute and close branching, 
 form spongy masses of cylindrical shape, often somewhat curved or 
 spiral, and of a little less diameter than the wood-cells along which 
 they lie. It was often noticed in a thin sliced section of the silicified 
 wood, that these spongy cylinders of iron-oxide adhered mostly to the 
 same side of the wood-cells which enclosed them. In other cases, the 
 ( walls of several wood-cells appeared to be broken down, in the vicinity 
 of the larger ochreous cylinders, as if by erosion through the agency 
 of the organism, producing irregular cavities, now filled with clear 
 quartz. 
 
 Another mode of growth of the funges was well shown in many 
 branching plants which have insinuated themselves within the thin 
 lamellae, which make up the walls of the wood-cells, and so have 
 crossed over several cells through and inside of their walls, but with- 
 out entering the cells. 
 
 The mode of introduction of the fungus into the wood is clearly 
 shown in many thin veins of agate which cross the sections, and indi- 
 cate cracks in the trunk of the original tree. In these veins, as well 
 as in the erosion cavities referred to above, many fungus spores were 
 observed, sprouting into mycelium, of which some of the branches 
 were noticed, penetrating through the walls of the neighboring 
 wood-cells. 
 
 From these, as well as from other facts observed on the plant now 
 living, the following conclusions were drawn : 
 
 1st. That the tree fell and was submerged in a shallow sheet of 
 gently running water, such as that which oozes through the cedar 
 swamps of the Alan tic Coast down to the sea, at the present day. i 
 
 2nd. The wood-tissue of the tree was attacked by the water fungus 
 immediately after its fall, and this growth mainly progressed on the 
 lower side of the cells in the prostrate tree. After the decay and 
 loosening of the bark, the floating spores of the fungus evidently 
 made their entrances into the tree, through the crack in its trunks. 
 
 3rd. The slowly moving current under the swamp brought by in- 
 filtration into the wood-cells, a constant supply of water charged with 
 ; organic salts of iron, etc. The coloration of the wood has been ef- 
 iected, not by the chemical or mechanical agency,; but Entirely by 
 organic secretion and deposit of ferric oxide, : etc., by this . interesting 
 species of water-fungus. ; : ' ! ft 
 
 V 4fch. The complete Silicifica,tion:of the wood finally rensued/ with -a 
 
38 
 
 deposit of the chalcedouic and crystalline quartz, producing varieties 
 of jasper, banded chalcedony, ruin-agate, etc. 
 
 In the silicified wood from Barillas Springs, Texas, still more deli- 
 cate and complex forms of the same fungus were detected in a perfect 
 state of preservation." 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 Mexican quartz is famous the world over, and has an individuality 
 of its own which is readily recognizable by those familiar with it, even 
 though its variety of forms and colors exceeds that of any other North 
 American locality. 
 
 Mr. William Niven, the well known mineralogist, has made re- 
 peated collecting trips through Mexico, and his knowledge respecting 
 localities, the people and their institutions, is both extensive and in- 
 teresting. Mr. Niven is a good observer, and the small affairs incident 
 to life do not escape him. Consequently his stories of travel are 
 replete with the detail of his observations, which enables one to see as 
 he has seen. 
 
 A collector seeking large lots of minerals in Mexico must call at 
 the homes of the men who labor in the mines, and take such specimens 
 as have escaped injury at the hands of the children, who use them as 
 pretty playthings. The homes are adobes, dug-outs, hovels or huts, 
 infested generally with insects and filth. 
 
 Men who work all day more or less under ground, carrying upon 
 their backs sacks containing 150 pounds of ore, and receiving in 
 return 25c. (Mexican money), must necessarily live in squalor. 
 
 These laborers do not know mineral specimens by their proper 
 names, as quartz, amethysts, apophyllite, etc., but by some term which 
 includes all crystallized minerals : Thus, at Guanajuato the term is 
 " Gheekeely," signifying sample ; at Pachuca, " gallos," anglicized 
 rooster. It seems funny to think of an amethyst being called a 
 rooster. 
 
 Specimens may be bought by tourists at fancy prices of people 
 who deal in minerals at the mining centers, but a collector, seeking 
 material to ship and sell may buy very cheaply of the miners, if he 
 will suffer the inconveniences and torments a sojourner among them 
 must encounter. 
 
 With all their squalor, the Mexican Indian laborers are very polite 
 people. Once interest them, and often your presence alone is enough 
 for that, their politeness is extreme ; but it is not sincere. 
 
 The mines of Pachuca and Guanajuato are essentially silver. The 
 ore of the former is in quartz veins, which afford great quantities of 
 
milky quartz crystals. Specimens are often found sprinkled with balls 
 of bright pink rhodocrosite. 
 
 Milky quartz occurs at the Mina de Dolores, at Key del Nonte, near 
 Pachuca. Very Itttle amethystine quartz is found, but Mr. Niven saw 
 one doubly-terminated crystal of deep color, nine inches long by one 
 and a half inches in diameter, quite perfect, and worth, according to 
 his estimation, one hundred dollars. Mr. Niven hopes soon to secure 
 this crystal. 
 
 There are two noticeable features of the Pachuca quartz : That 
 the crystals of a group vary much in length, and that they are brittle. 
 They seem to have grown quickly, and with too little real substance, 
 and sometimes specimens seem to me to have lost their moisture, thus 
 rendering them brittle. 
 
 The mines of Guanajuato are many and have been extremely rich 
 in minerals, yielding their stockholders handsome cash returns, and 
 collectors a quantity of splendid specimens. 
 
 The Valenciano Mine, famous as the place of occurrence of the 
 mineral valencianite, was of great extent, but is now filled with water 
 and abandoned. A miner entering it in its later days, was obliged to 
 walk an hour and a half to reach the spot at which he was to work. A 
 tunnel cut the vein at right angles, and then followed it down a long 
 series of levels. Water followed the windings in a trough of rock at 
 one side of the passage, and found its way out of the mine through a 
 tunnel made to carry it off. 
 
 All of the ore from this mine was carried in bags upon the backs 
 of men up to the ore house at the mouth of the tunnel. The condition 
 of the mine necessitated labor of this sort, and men willing to perform 
 it for a miserable subsistence were at hand. But the song from start 
 to finish was up, up, up ! attuned to the surging of the hurrying water. 
 I don't know whether or not to be glad that the water now prevents such 
 awful labor. Fair specimens of quartz and amethysts were found at 
 the farthest end of this mine. 
 
 The Mina de Luz " Mine of Light " afforded excellent specimens 
 of quartz. The Mina de las Rayas is another of great extent, Mr. 
 Niven after entering having walked continuously for an hour and a 
 half to reach the quartz pockets, securing beautiful amethyst and 
 milky quartz groups. 
 
 The chief features of the quartz of this district are in the delicacy 
 of the tints and blending of quality and color, and in its associations 
 with other minerals. Bands of amethystine tints in the matrix, and 
 on up to the tips of the crystals of a group, are not unusual. Oval 
 groups of short crystals with an amethystine blush appeal to all lovers 
 of beauty. And then there are groups of the deepest royal purple, 
 
40 
 
 Some with quite transparent tips, and others showing phan- 
 toms. 
 
 Groups of quartz, either milky or amethystine, with fine calcite 
 "crystals, small and large, sprinkled over them, are common. Trans- 
 parent crystals with hollows in the faces of the pyramid, are frequently 
 iound. 
 
 Scepter crystals, some in curious combination with crystals of 
 peculiar shape, are occasionally met with, a few specimens of which 
 I have secured, and two are shown in the frontispiece. 
 
 Crystals inclosing floating bubbles are rare. The specimen shown 
 .is a good one, the bubble moving in a zig-zag cavity over two inches 
 long. 
 
 There are other places in Mexico where quartz occurs, but they are 
 not very well known and but few specimens have been offered for sale 
 in this country. 
 
 The amethyst is a variety of quartz or rock-crystal, distinguished 
 by its fine violet blue or purple color. This tint seems to be caused 
 by a minute mixture of the peroxide either of iron or manganese, and 
 is lost when the stone is exposed to the action of fire. 
 
 The amethyst is one of the precious stones mentioned in the Bible. 
 Commentators generally are agreed that the amethyst is the stone in- 
 .dicated by the Hebrew word "achlamah," an opinion which is abun- 
 dantly supported by the ancient versions. 
 
 The amethyst, according to Pliny, got its name, dpettaTof* from 
 its supposed power of preventing drunkenness. 
 
 Pennsylvania has no extensive deposits of crystallized quartz, but 
 the mineral is widely distributed within her borders and in consid- 
 erable variety. In bygone years many interesting specimens were 
 found, a goodly number of which have a permanent place in the cabi- 
 nets of local collectors. 
 
 As becomes collectors living in a State which has furnished them 
 a great variety of beautiful minerals, they are conservative, and select 
 specimens with rare judgment and keen discrimination. 
 ,; The amethysts found in Delaware County are superior to those 
 afforded by any other American locality. One has but to see the 
 magnificent specimen from Upper Providence in the collection of the 
 American Museum of Natural History, or an illustration of it in natural 
 .colors in " Gems and Precious Stones of North America," to appreci- 
 ate the truth of the assertion. 
 
 ;.. This specimen is a cluster of royal purple crystals, not of gem 
 ^quality, and the largest crystal, measures four ' and one half inches 
 .across the prism. . F. , ',. s . sen? c-: ft-toii, j ojij ftffcfi ': ^- ; ^- 
 

 
 < 
 a 
 
V* OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
41 
 
 The finest gem crystals that I have seen were found near Chester, 
 in a sandy soil intermixed with clay. The purple color is very un- 
 evenly distributed through the majority of the crystals found at this 
 locality. Some are purple in the centre, others purple in one or both 
 ends, the other parts being colorless. In the more transparent crystals 
 a smoky phantom may occasionally be seen in the purple parts. I 
 have from this locality a brilliant cut gem over an inch across, with a 
 smoky phantom in its center. Unlike most amethysts, it is mdre 
 beautiful by artificial light than by daylight. Several collectors 
 whose opinions are of value, pronounce it the finest gem amethyst 
 which has come under their notice from any locality. 
 
 In Birmingham crystals are found in groups, or on a quart^ifce 
 matrix. In Middle town, Concord, Marple and other places b6th 
 singly and doubly terminated crystals of good color have been found. 
 
 Fine specimens of amethyst from any of the Delaware County 
 localities fetch high prices. 
 
 Prase is found at Blue Hill in doubly terminated crystals, seldom 
 more than one inch long, and in rosettes and bunches of crystals lip 
 to three inches across. This is the finest distinctly green crystallized 
 iquartz found at any American locality. Nodular aggregations of 
 quartz coated with a micaceous substance are found at the same 
 place. 
 
 Very good specimens of lamellar quartz, called cleavable quartz by 
 local collectors, occur in loose boulders, milky and transparent in 
 spots, at Overbrooke and Howard House, Delaware County. At Hen- 
 derson Station, Montgomery County, transparent and milky groups of 
 quartz crystals occur implanted on crusts of quartz. The crystals 
 taper toward the pyramid, which generally exhibits one prominent 
 rhombohedral plane. 
 
 At Hitners, curved and dislocated crystals are found. Drusy 
 quartz and chalcedony of several shades of honey color, some quite 
 brilliant, are found at the old Corundum Mines in Newlin. 
 
 Doubly terminated quartz crystals, opaque and quite rough and 
 pitted, are found at the lead mines at Phcenixville. 
 
 A few very interesting pseudomorphs of quartz after twin crystals 
 of feldspar were found in 1893 by Mr. Elmer Benge at the Old Copper 
 Mines near Shannonville. The pseudomorphs were all of the siWe 
 general character, but of different sizes, the largest crystals found 
 being over five inches long and coated with drusy quartz, and standing 
 ,m relief in a thick shell of quartz. 
 
 i The largest specimen is now in my collection, and, though homely, 
 is unique among pseudomorphs. 
 1 Asbestus altered to quartz, is found at Marple. At Newton, what 
 
is, said vto be serpentine altered to quartz is found in large masses, 
 with cavities in it filled with minute quartz crystals of bright brown 
 colors : iv ..,,.-/.: :.;<; - > 
 
 .Many qther quartz pseudomorphs have been found, several having 
 been described in the American Journal of Science. 
 
 One of the most attractive groups of quartz that I have seen from 
 a Pennsylvania locality is in the American Museum of Natural History 
 collection. The specimen is about 9x12 inches, with trilliant crystals 
 an. inch or more in length sticking out in all directions. Lying flat in 
 cruciform position on one side of the group are two crystals, the 
 longer of which measures nine inches. The contrast in position and 
 color between the small and large crystals is very striking. The spec- 
 is labelled from 
 
 PAXINOS, NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PA. 7; 
 
 The siliceous oolite found in Centre County, was described by Geol 
 B. Wieland'in THE MINERALOGISTS MONTHLY, Vol. VI, No. 1, which is 
 quoted in full : 
 
 j r "In the A midst of the wide valley formed by the Appalachian 
 Mountains as they stretch through Centre County, Pa., is an area of 
 secondary highlands, itself divided into hills and valleys, known a& 
 the Chestnut Ridge. It extends about parallel to the northeasterly 
 a&d southwesterly trend of the mountains, quite across Centre County, 
 Qccupies an area some thirty miles long and two to three miles wide, 
 is poorly watered, of a light sandy soil, and mostly covered by forests 
 ;of ;pine, oak and chestnut. Though not wholly unfertile, and slowly 
 ; being obliterated by farms, this region is in some of the older maps 
 marked as the "Barrens," and is still often locally so-called. The 
 underlying rock is a sandstone, and scattered over the surface is much 
 Ipose sandstone and flint. Here and there are beds of limonite and 
 hematite, abandoned or still being worked. In fact it ranks as a rich 
 iron region.. 
 
 ;,-. So much of detail in the description of this area, for the fact that 
 amongst the rocky debris of its soil and surface is found irregularly 
 shaped boulders and fragments, much weathered and iron stained, at 
 first sight very rough looking, but really the most singular and beau- 
 tiful of all the oolites, called siliceous oolite. 
 
 The name arises from the fact shown by the following analysis : : 
 Single; Spherule from Pennsylvania Siliceous Oolite. 
 
 Silica ;'. .- ; .... .>; .-, '.v, . ; . . , . ; . ; 99.99 
 
 , . . ..... . . . . ....;.:.... .01 
 
 100.00 
 
43 
 
 Single Spherule from Iowa River Oolite. 
 
 Silica 2:54 
 
 Iron . : tralce 
 
 Calcium Carbonate . . 97.44 
 
 1 While .traces are met with (the oolite being very variable in ap- 
 pearance and qi 4ity) at various points in the Chestnut Ridge country, 
 the most frequent occurrence is marked by a line running northeast 
 from Scotia and terminating two miles north northwest of State Col- 
 lege, where the blocks are quite numerous and reach a weight of as 
 much as four hundred pounds, and where all the finer specimens are 
 obtained. Many of the pieces from this point are free enough from 
 iron and cleavage to admit of getting good cabinet specimens showing 
 ,to perfection the wonderful regularity in the size of the spherules, 
 the concentric lines, and, under the lens, when polished, the groups of 
 interspherules. Occasionally the blocks contain cavities lined with 
 quartz crystals. Sometimes a section shows a porous structure, the 
 position of the spherules being occupied by spherical cavities lined 
 with drusy quartz, presenting an appearance as of many minute quartz 
 geodes broken open in matrix. 
 
 Whe ther this oolite is of organic origin or not is uncertain. Where 
 it came from remains an unanswered question. Roughly speaking, 
 the Chestnut Ridge region belongs to the Canadian period, but no 
 connection between the siliceous oolite and the underlying rocks has 
 yet been established. A strata of lime silica oolite in conjunction 
 with silica lime oolite, of peculiar structure, crops out in a higher 
 'horizon (ordovician ?) on the State College grounds, but no one has 
 been able to say positively that this occurrence is even a neighbor, to 
 that of the siliceous oolite. Nor does any part of this region show a 
 conclusive evidence of glacial action. Consequently the origin of this 
 i oolite remains, for the present, one of the unsolved geological para- 
 doxes, and the collector must content himself with its beauty.^ , 
 ,- Later. Since completing the above article, I have made a discovery 
 'which surprises and astonishes me. I have found between Rockwood 
 (a station on the Cincinnati Southern Railway, in Roane County, T^nm.) 
 and the Tennessee River, siliceous oolite in place, both as a stratified 
 -rock and in masses embedded in a magnesian limestone. I first 
 noticed rough looking pieces among loose surface flint in surroundings 
 i that strikingly remind one of the Pennsylvania occurrence. Bkt 
 -further search revealed the beds. ;. .-. :. 
 
 tld Whether or not they have been noticed before I cannot say, but 
 isatia under; the impression that no regular survey of this section, 
 
44 
 
 ever been made. It is quite probable that further investigation will 
 develop facts of interest as well as throw much light on the origin and 
 character of siliceous oolite as found in Pennsylvania." 
 
 For a structural description of siliceous oolite, with further com- 
 parative analyses, see Barbour and Torrey in the Sept., '90 Number,, 
 of the 'American Journal of Science. 
 
 ., Mr. F. B. Jones of New York, sent a quantity of this oolite to 
 Gberstein to be cut into cubes and balls, with very handsome results. 
 
 WEST PATERSON, N, J. 
 
 As work progressed at this locality during the season of 1895 
 there was found a considerable quantity of quartz lining cavities in 
 the trap rock. Milky quartz in crusts of drusy crystals, groups of 
 stout crystals, and large masses of bright purple amethysts were, 
 found. Quartz pseudomorphs after natrolite (?) sprinkled thickly 
 with small crystals of quartz occur in handsome specimens. 
 
 ! Other minerals associated with quartz occur in very showy speci- 
 mens. Large transparent crystals of heulandite and apophyllite on 
 masses of short milky quartz crystals occur plentifully in one part of 
 the quarry. The large masses of pseudomorphous quartz found at 
 Hoxie's Quarry a few years ago, were quite different from any so far 
 found at this locality. 
 
 Amethyst crystals of a light purple or pink color are found at 
 Clayton, Babun County, Ga. The color is unevenly distributed, and 
 transparent crystals are rare. Crystals with cavities containing liquid 
 and movable bubbles, some quite large, have been found in fair quan- 
 tities. The crystals are generally terminated at each end in several 
 pyramids ; the prism planes are uneven, the whole having the appear- 
 ance of a multiple crystal. Crystals up to three inches long have 
 been found. 
 
 Transparent quartz crystals from one-half to one and a half inches 
 long, inclosing petroleum in one or more cavities, are found at Gun- 
 tersville, Alabama. There is one pleasing feature about these crystals, 
 
 the liquid inclusions will not freeze should they be left in a cold 
 room, as will most other liquid inclusions with which collectors are 
 familiar. 
 
 At Newport, Kentucky, there are found doubly terminated quartz 
 crystals of the average size of those found in Herkimer County, New 
 York, but much inferior in quality. The majority of the crystals are 
 wonderfully distorted ; some are flattened and others are cavernous. 
 . ; Mr. E. H. Harh has done a good deal of prospecting work in the 
 neighborhood of Henry, Lincoln County, N. C., this year, and with 
 
45 
 
 satisfactory results. A great many interesting quartz crystals, some 
 pretty groups of crystals, and a quantity of massive quartz filled with 
 rutile, have been gathered in. 
 
 None of the material, however, differs much from that already de- 
 scribed in the first part of this article, excepting a lot of what has been 
 termed " porcelain top " crystals, which are both attractive and unique. 
 The crystals appear to be glazed or enamelled with a pinkish white 
 substance resembling some porcelains, hence the name. The glazing 
 is but a thin coating on the usual crystals found at this locality. 
 
 Messrs. Geo. L. English and Company have this year exhibited a 
 great \ariety of the quartz from Lincoln County. 
 
 Itacolumyte or flexible sandstone occurs at several places in the 
 Southern States, the most notable of which is Linville Mountain, 
 Burke County, N. C. This mineral is made into specimens by sawing 
 or cutting it into strips up to two feet long, by from one to six inches 
 wide, the thickness depending on the splitting of the stone when 
 quarried. I quote what follows from a newspaper clipping 
 
 The peculiarity of the stone is that, while it looks just like an or- 
 dinary piece of sandstone, it is capable of being bent in the hand with 
 considerable less force than is required to bend a piece of wet leather 
 of equal thickness. When examined with a lens, by reflected light, 
 the particles of which it is built up are seen to be movable individually 
 by using a needle point. When a thin slice of the stone is looked at 
 under a lens, by transmitted light, the fragments are seen to be locked 
 together, like the parts of a -section puzzle toy, fixed, but not loosely. 
 Of course, there is no means of flipping out the various sections of the 
 stone, as the interlocking is not only in one plane, but in every direc- 
 tion. The simplest way of explaining how this stone was formed is to 
 say that the grains of sand were once cemented firmly together by an- 
 other material, which has been partly dissolved, leaving countless 
 natural ball-and-socket joints of jagged shape behind. 
 
 Mr. D. B. Corson of Concord, New Hampshire, recently sent me for 
 examination several colorless slender quartz crystals, averaging two 
 inches long, which were found at Strafford, Vermont. These crystals 
 are very brilliant, some are doubly terminated, and all taper so that 
 the alternate planes of the prism are nearly lost just before reaching 
 the pyramid. The terminations are sharp, and a few show the " S " 
 plane exquisitely. 
 
 One Western locality in particular I failed to mention while dis- 
 cussing that section. At Seven Rivers, New Mexico, small doubly 
 terminated ferruginous quartz crystals are found. The smaller 
 crystals averaging half an inch in length have a uniformly red-brown 
 color, and are quite perfect. The larger crystals average one and,* 
 
46 
 
 "half inches in length, and are of a dirty brown color, but some are as 
 bright and perfect as the smaller ones. 
 
 Now-a-days one seldom sees any of the amethysts from the mines 
 around Thunder Bay, Lake Superior. Years ago they were plentiful, 
 and old collections usually contain several fine specimens. 
 
 A collection made by an old sea captain living at Nantucket, con- 
 tains three bright specimens which are carefully preserved by his 
 daughters. The locality was a favorite resort of the late Dr. A. E. 
 Foote, who collected and sold many remarkable specimens of the 
 amethysts. 
 
 A recent letter from a mining engineer living at Kat Portage, 
 Ontario, stated that he had for sale eight specimens averaging 6xfr 
 inches, price $60.00 for the lot. He also stated that specimens were 
 very scarce, because of work having ceased years ago at the best 
 localities. 
 
 The crystals are generally stout and short, dark amethystine in 
 color, ferruginously flecked just under the surface of the pyramidal 
 faces, and nearly always very bright in their general appearance. 
 
 Asteriated quartz occurs as a constituent of a granitic vein in 
 pieces not larger than a small egg in the neighborhood of the Gatineau. 
 Canada. The stone is perfectly transparent, and by reflected light 
 exhibits a star of six rays. A few rare specimens show this effect in 
 ordinary light. Ottawa lapidaries charge from four to ten dollars per 
 specimen, according to quality. 
 
 There is a large deposit of massive quartz, milky white, transparent 
 and some slightly ferruginous, two miles west of Westminster Park, 
 Wells Island, St. Lawrence River. This quartz is suitable for com- 
 mercial purposes, and is close to navigation, but no mining has yet 
 been done at the locality. 
 
 Other near-by islands of the Thousand Island group have large 
 veins of milky quartz in granite. 
 
 Quartz of good quality that is free from impurities is valuable, 
 
 'and parties having extensive deposits should notify their State 
 
 ' Geologist of the fact, and request the address of people seeking such 
 
 material. 
 
 The End. 
 
ESTABLISHED 1879. 
 
 47 
 
 DR. A. E. FOOTE, 
 
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 SPEAKING OF 
 
 QUARTZ 
 
 AND ITS VARIETIES. 
 
 When toning up and rounding out your collection, you should 
 write and see what I can offer you. I can furnish at very reasonable 
 prices, splendid Quartzes from Nova Scotia, New York, North Carolina, 
 Arkansas, New Mexico, Wyoming, England, Germany, Japan and 
 niany other localities, in all the choice forms and varieties of color, 
 milky, smoky, ferruginous, clear, amethystine, black, green, pink, red 
 and yellow ; asteriated, aventurine, capped, cellular, drusy, geodes, 
 hacked, hollow, opalescent, radiated and vitreous, quartz with inter- 
 eating enclosures of Hematite, Hornblende, Eutile, Tourmaline, etc. 
 
 A fine line of the varieties of Quartz ! Beautiful Agates from 
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 curiously cpntorted forms of Chalcedony of different colors, associated 
 with rare forms of Quartz. Prase, Chrysoprase, Prasopal, Plasma, 
 Sussatite and Tufa, from Socorro Co., New Mexico ; Onyx and Sard 
 from Oberstein, Germany ; Flint from England, Jasper from Illinois, 
 Novaculite from Arkansas, Itacolumite from Georgia, Tiger Eye from 
 (rriqua Land, South Africa; Silicified Oolite from Centre Co., Pa.; 
 interesting Oolitic Sandstone from Egypt ; Silicified, Jasperized, 
 I Agatized and Opalized Wood from Arizona and Germany. 
 
 It will be a pleasure to quote prices. I am sure I can please you. 
 
 IE\ GK 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 ffine Minerals, Rocks from Lithological Study, Fossils, 
 Shells, Archaeological Specimens, Zoological Sped- 
 : mens, and Natural Science Material of all kinds. 
 
 Schools, Colleges and Museums supplied at Low Rates. Corre- 
 spondence desired with all. 
 
 1O36 A.OT 
 
 NEW BEDFORD, MASS. 
 
51 
 
 505-506 LIBERTY BUILDING, 
 
 N. E. COR. LIBERTY AND GREENWICH STS., 
 NEW YORK, U. S. A. 
 
 December 2, 1896. 
 
 The undersigned take pleasure in announcing that they 
 have this day formed a co-partnership under the firm name of 
 
 . NIVEN & HOPPING, 
 
 for the purpose of dealing in 
 
 MINERALS AND GEMS. 
 
 We offer to our patrons a well selected stock, gathered 
 from all parts of the world. 
 
 SPECIALTIES. 
 
 ''' ' , ' : ' . ' ? 't 
 
 In addition to the rare minerals recently found on Man- 
 hattan Island by Mr. Niven, such as Xenotime, Monazite, 
 Autunite, &c., we have secured the exclusive agency for the 
 PATERSON, N. J., QUARRY, which, as is well known, gives 
 promise of yielding the most beautiful Zeolites that the world 
 has ever seen. 
 
 Mr. Niven is so well known to museums, colleges and 
 collectors as to need no introduction. 
 
 Mr. Hopping, from his long experience with the leading 
 houses in this line, will bring to the business an intimate knowl- 
 edge of the needs of customers, which will enable us, we trust, 
 to give entire satisfaction in filling any orders with which/ we 
 may be entrusted. Send stamp far fjulletin. ,< c x,. 
 
 Awaiting your favors, we are, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 WILLIAM;.. NIVEN. 
 ROY ..HQFTFINO.V 
 
62 
 
 QUARTZ. 
 
 QUARTZ. 
 
 QUARTZ. 
 
 QUARTZ CRYSTALS, QUARTZ GEODES, QUARTZ PHANTOM, 
 QUARTZ PSEUDOMORPH. 
 
 QUARTZ ENCLOSURES. 
 
 Actinolite, Byssolite, Bubbles, Calcite, Carbon, Chlorite, Gothite, 
 Gold> Hornblende, Kutile, Silver, Tourmaline, Tremolite. 
 
 QUARTZ COLORED. 
 
 Amethyst, Blue, Black, Bloodstone, Chrysoprase, Ferruginous, 
 Green, Onyx, Prase, Kose, Sard, Sard-onyx, Smoky, Yellow. 
 
 AGATES. 
 
 Agates, Fortification Agates, Moss Agates, Ruined Agates, Water 
 Agates. 
 
 QUARTZ. 
 
 Asteriated, Aventurine, Cavernous, Cap, Cat's Eye, Cellular, Chal- 
 cedony, Chert, Crocidolite, Drusy, Fibrous, Flint, Granular, Horn- 
 stone, ^Radiated, Siliceous Sinter, Jasperized Wood, Opalized Wood, 
 Silicified Wood. 
 
 RARE FORMS. ODD FORMS. CURIOUS FORMS. 
 QUARTZ IS OUR SPECIALTY. 
 
 Collectors wishing to buy at low prices, will find it to their advan- 
 tage to correspond with us, as we keep in stock a fine large assort - 
 nt. Prices on application. 
 
 N. L. WILSON, 
 
 170 TBEMONT ST., BOSTON, MASS. 
 
63 
 
 SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS. 
 
 My facilities for securing educational materials, enable me to take the lead in furnish- 
 ing systematic collections for teaching MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY and ZOOLOGY in 
 Schools and Colleges. Individual Specimens also furnished, among which we would 
 call attention to the following : Sulphur, Girgenti, Sicily, single crystals and groups, 
 from $1 to $5. Stibnite, Hollister, California, crystals in groups, 50c. to $10. Crystal- 
 lized Silver associated with copper, Lake Superior region, $7 to $10. Opal, Washington, 
 various shades, yellow, brown and green, 25c. to $3. Opals, cut, from Australia, Mexico, 
 Hungary and Washington, 50c. to $25. Beryl, Yancey Co., N. C., 25c. to $2. 
 Quartz Crystals, greatly modified, from Tennessee, lOc. to $1. Zunyite, 
 Colorado, 50c. to $1.50. Topaz, Utah, 20c. to $1. Tourmaline, brown and black, N. Y., 
 25c. to $5. Titanite, Canada and N. Y., 25c. to $5. Anglesite, Sardinia, $1 to $3.50. 
 Landscape Marble, England, 50c. to $3.50. Zoisite, Mass., 25c. to $2. Catalogue 
 sent on receipt of 6 cts. in postage stamps. 
 
 RELIEF MAPS. 
 
 New model of the United States, with adjacent ocean bottoms, modeled on correct 
 curvature. Circular describing 35 Belief Mapi free. 
 
 METEORITES. 
 
 A good price paid for meteorites of all kinds. New and undescribed ones especially 
 desired. An extra price paid for the entire " find " or "fall." Meteorites also cut, pol- 
 ished and etched. 
 
 WASHINGTON SCHOOL COLLECTIONS. 
 
 Minerals, Rocks, Invertebrate Animals. 
 
 Unquestionably the best collections for the money ($2.00 to $3.50 each) ever offer in 
 this country. Descriptive Catalologue and Text Book of 64 pages (price 20 cts.) accom- 
 panies each collection. Send for circular. 
 
 BUILDING STONES. 
 
 20 Specimen*, in neat case, of the various Granites, Marbles, Limestones, and Sand- 
 stones used in the Public I Buildings of the National Capital. Sent to any address, pre- 
 paid, on receipt of 85 cents. 5 collections to one address $3.50. 
 
 EDWIN E. HOWELL, 
 
 612 Seventeenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 
 
WALL WHITE CHALCEDONY. 
 
 One-half dozen differing rare interiors 
 of beautiiul crystals which I name 
 Quartz, Frost, Snow, Chalcedony, Calcite 
 (loose rhombs), Selenite, and lavender tint, 
 15c, to 85c. each. Set of 7 for $1.75 post- 
 paid. Found in the marl on Cheyenne 
 liner. Nothing like them. 
 
 25 Minerals for Schools, 2x2, for $2.00. 
 50 Minerals for Schools, 2x2, lor $3.75. 
 FOSSILS of BAD LANDS. 
 MINERALS of the WORLD. 
 INDIAN RELICS of all Kinds. " 
 Catalogue for stamp. 
 Eleven years in the trade. 
 Wholesale and retail. 
 
 Black Hills Natural His:ory Establish- 
 ment of 
 
 K W. STILWELL, 
 
 DEADWOOD, So. DAK. 
 
 NEW. Wine color translucent Barite, 
 Golden Calcite groups, and Griphite, all 
 Black Hills. 
 
 A. J. I^inde, 
 
 26 JOHN STREET, 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 IN/lanuifacturer of 
 
 and all ACCESSARIES, 
 HAMMERS, CHISELS, 
 DRILLS, etc. 
 
 Gems cut and mounted in all 
 styles at moderate prices. 
 
 Engraving, chasing, and die 
 And seal cutting neatly executed. 
 
 ^%^%'%/%'*/%'%/%/%^%,'v%^ 
 
 I QUARTZ* \ 
 
 i'%'%^ AND ANY OF ITS *^%^%^i 
 f VARIETIES. # 
 
 Parties having specimens to 
 dispose of may correspond with 
 me, and be sure of prompt replies. 
 
 Localities at which quartz oc- 
 curs or is found are particularly 
 interesting to me, and reports 
 concerning them will be gladly 
 received and acknowledged. 
 
 ALBERT C. BATES, 
 
 320 Roseville Ave., 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 
 A. N. FULLER, 
 Lawrence. 
 
 y 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 in 
 
 Jim minerals 
 
 FROM ALL PARTS 
 OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Rare and Beautiful Specimens for 
 the- Amateur, Mineralogist and 
 General Collector, at very moder- 
 ate prices. 
 
 Schools and Colleges supplied. 
 
55 
 
 DANA'S 
 
 SERIES OF MINERALOGIES, 
 
 FOR BEGINNERS AND SUITABLE 
 FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 
 
 MINERALS, AND HOW TO STUDY THEM. 
 
 By Prof. E. S. Dana ............. .i2mo, cloth, $i.5o 
 
 For Advanced Instruction in Schools and 
 Elementary Instruction in Colleges, 
 
 MANUAL OF MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. 
 
 By Jas. D. Dana, LL.D. Twelfth edition. 
 
 I2mo, cloth, '$2,00 
 
 :*: 
 
 For Advanced Instruction in Schools of 
 
 Science. 
 
 A TEXT-BOOK OF MINERALOGY. 
 
 By Edw. S. Dana. Seventeenth edition. 8vo, cloth, 13.60 
 
 NEW "SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY," 
 
 Sixth edition. . . . ........ 1 197 pp., 1426 Cuts, #i2.5o 
 
 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF 
 MINERALS. 
 
 Reprinted from sixth edition of the System. 
 
 8vo, cloth, $1.00 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS, 
 
 . 53 EAST TENTH STREET, NEW YORK 
 
NORTH 
 
 CAROLINA 
 
 CRYSTALS. 
 
 The Western part of North 
 Carolina has become celebrated, 
 and justly so, not only for the 
 great number of different Miner- 
 als found there, but for the rare 
 forms and species. Even in the 
 common minerals Nature has been 
 so lavish in making them, either 
 on so gigantic a scale or of such 
 surpassing beauty and brilliancy, 
 as to excite our admiration. 
 
 Much of the territory is as yet 
 wholly unexplored, and as it be- 
 comes more thoroughly pros- 
 pected, new wonders in the min- 
 eral kingdom will be added to the 
 long list that are favorites with 
 collectors. I am permanently lo- 
 cated right in the heart of this 
 section of the State. It was 
 through my efforts that the wealth 
 and importance of the great quartz 
 belt of Lincoln and Catawba 
 Counties was brought before the 
 public two years ago and no labor 
 shall be spared while any section 
 lies unexplored. I have men in 
 almost every county always on 
 the alert for something of extra 
 merit. I make a specialty of 
 Crystals and Gem Stones in 
 rough, but will collect in any 
 branch. Let me know your wants 
 and send your orders ahead, and 
 if not in stock every effort will be 
 made to collect it. 
 
 Write for lists and prices. Es- 
 timates cheerfully given on speci- 
 mens or collections for colleges, 
 etc. Respectfully, 
 
 E. H. HARN, 
 Henry, Lincoln County, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 THE 
 
 FAVORITE 
 
 GEM-HOLDER. 
 
 Price 15 Cts. 
 
 Per dozen $1.50 
 
 Per Hundred $11.00 
 
 This Gem-Holder is made with 
 four prongs and is finished so that 
 an eighth carat stone can be held 
 without being hidden by the teeth, 
 a virtue not possessed by any 
 other holder. It will also hold 
 rough specimens and crystals up 
 to 15 carats. It is nickel plated 
 and finished in the neatest man- 
 ner. 
 
 ARTHUR CHAMBERLAIN, 
 
 237 N. 7th St., Newark, N. J. 
 
 The 
 
 Mineralogists' 
 Monthly. A 
 
 I have still on hand a few 
 
 sets of 
 
 VOLS. VI and VII 
 
 of this magazine, full of in- 
 teresting reading which I 
 wish to close out. Also 
 some sets of Vol. V of the 
 
 EXCHANGERS' MONTHLY. 
 
 Price 50 cts. per volume. 
 AETHUE CHAMBERLAIN, 
 
 7th Street, Newark, N. J. 
 
^* J ^'* >*__%*** ^^fcfc a ^t 
 
 :, .-,-: 
 
 
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