'f V J.C^^^^:^"'r'l7 /V--:''" 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM WARNER BISHOP 
 
 PREPRINT OP 
 
 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 American lihratp ^gfiotiatton |3ttbU«l)inff ^oarti 
 
 78 E. WASHINGTON ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 
 1911 
 
A. L. A. MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 Chap. I. "American Library History," by C. K. Bolton. 
 
 11. "The Library of Congress," by W. W. Bishop. 
 
 IV. "The College and University Library," by J. I. 
 Wyer, Jr. 
 
 XVII. "Order and Accession Department," by F. F. 
 Hopper. 
 
 XXII. "Reference Department," by E. C. Richardson. 
 
 XXVI. "Bookbinding," by A. L. Bailey. 
 
 The above chapters are each printed in a separate pamphlet. 
 Price lo cents each. 
 
 Projected chapters now in preparation are as follows: 
 "Loan Department"; "Branches and Other Distributing 
 Agencies"; "Pamphlets, Clippings, Maps, Music"; "Book 
 Selection"; "Classification"; "Commissions, State Aid and 
 State Agencies"; "Work with the Blind"; "Library Service"; 
 "State Libraries"; "Fixtures, Furniture, Fittings and Sup- 
 plies"; "Free Public Libraries"; "Catalog"; "Shelf Depart- 
 ment"; "Museums, Art Galleries, Lectures"; "Public Docu- 
 ments " ; " Library Training " ; ^ " Special Libraries " ; " Adminis- 
 tration"; "Bibliography";, \^Piii}ifc.\ Library and Public 
 Schools " ; " Librp^ry : Wctfk . :^ith . Children." ; " Legislation " ; 
 "Buildings." •*'-•• ^y^^>^ *::..; :\ .. ' 
 
II 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 WILLIAM WARNER BISHOP 
 Superintendent of the Reading Room 
 
 HISTORY^ 
 
 The Library of Congress was established by virtue of an 
 Act of Congress, approved April 24, 1800, appropriating $5,000 
 for the purchase of books and for fitting up a suitable apart- 
 ment in the Capitol to contain them. In 1802 a Joint Com- 
 mittee of both Houses on the Library was created; under direc- 
 tion of this committee the Library continued for many years, 
 but with the abandonment of joint committees the control 
 passed more and more to the librarian. Since 1897 the direc- 
 tion of the Library has been entirely in his hands as a matter of 
 law. 
 
 In 1 8 14 the Library, then numbering slightly over 3;ooo 
 volumes, was destroyed when the Capitol was burned by the 
 British troops. Very shortly thereafter the library of Thomas 
 Jefferson, amounting to about 7,000 volumes, was purchased 
 as a nucleus of a new collection. A catalog of this library, made 
 by Jefferson himself, was pubhshed in 181 5. The system of 
 classification used by him was followed in the arrangement of 
 the books and in various pubhshed catalogs until 1864. The 
 annual increase was steady but small (about 1,300 volumes) 
 until a second disastrous fire in 1851 left but 20,000 volumes 
 out of the 55,000 to which the collection had grown. Appropri- 
 ations were made at once to restore the Library's quarters in 
 
 ^Cf. Johnston, Wm. Dawson. History of the Library of Congress, 
 vol. I, 1800-1864. Washington, Gov. print, office, 1904. 
 
 U.S. Library of Congress. Report of the Librarian for 1901. Wash- 
 ington, Gov. print, office, 1901; pp. 183-97; cf. also the annual reports 
 from 1897 to date. 
 
 251V0I 
 
2 /:% : :/; ;4^<?^1LJ)F.LI3RARY ECONOMY 
 
 the Capitol and to replace at least in part the books destroyed. 
 In 1865 these quarters were much enlarged and in 1867 the 
 purchase for $100,000 of the Peter Force Collection of i\mericana 
 of some 60,000 articles increased materially the size of the Li- 
 brary, which had reached nearly 100,000 volumes in the previous 
 year. In 1867 also the Library of the Smithsonian Institution 
 of some 40,000 volumes, consisting largely of transactions of 
 learned societies, was deposited with the Library of Congress, 
 which has continued to act as the custodian for the Smithsonian 
 Institution. 
 
 From 1846 to 1859 the copyright law required one copy of a 
 copyrighted book to be deposited in the Library. The same 
 provision was in force from 1865 to 1870. The act of July 8, 
 1870, placed the registration of copyrights under the care of 
 the Librarian of Congress, and required the deposit of two 
 copies of each article copyrighted. This pro\'ision remains in 
 force, under the act of March 4, 1909. 
 
 With the administration of Dr. A. R. Spofford, appointed 
 Librarian in 1864, the Library entered on a period of rapid 
 growth. In addition to the Force Collection many smaller 
 collections were acquired, large numbers of newspapers were 
 secured and bound, and the manuscripts greatly increased by 
 the purchase of the Rochambeau and other papers. The 
 operation of the copyright law and the agreement with the 
 Smithsonian Institution permitted the somewhat meager appro- 
 priations for the increase of the Library to be used to great 
 advantage in the auction market and in buying foreign books. 
 When Dr. Spofford retired from the active direction of the 
 Library in 1897 it had grown to about a miUion volumes and 
 pamphlets. The crowding of this collection in the extremely 
 inadequate space at the Capitol had long since shown the 
 imperative need of a separate building for the Library. 
 
 As early as 1873 Congress began to consider the matter of 
 new quarters. In 1886, after thirteen years of discussion, the 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 3 
 
 construction of a new building was authorized on the site 
 immediately east of the Capitol. This building was completed 
 in February, 1897, at a cost of $6,347,000, on land costing 
 $585,000. The books were moved to the building in the follow- 
 ing summer, with the exception of a portion of the Law Library 
 which still remains at the Capitol. 
 
 Before the new building was occupied. Congress in the 
 Appropriation Act of 1897 provided for the reorganization of 
 the Library, created the office of Register of Copyrights, and 
 increased the number of employees. Dr. Spofford, to whose 
 unwearying zeal and enthusiasm the growth of the Library was 
 largely due, became chief assistant librarian in 1897 on the 
 appointment of John Russell Young as librarian. In 1899 
 Herbert Putnam was called from the Boston Library to the post 
 made vacant by Mr. Young's death. 
 
 Since entering the new building^ the Library has grown re- 
 markably in size and in service rendered. It has become in 
 fact, if not in name, the National Library. In 19 10 its collec- 
 tions numbered: books, 1,793,158; maps and charts, 118,165; 
 music, 517,806; prints, photographs, etc., 320,251. The num- 
 ber of persons employed (including those in the copyright 
 office and those charged with the care of the building and 
 grounds) is 484. It has come into active relations with the 
 libraries of the country, and while rendering greatly increased 
 service to Congress, has begun a career of service to the whole 
 nation. 
 
 CONSTITUTION^ 
 
 There is no single Act of Congress setting forth the consti- 
 tution of the Library. Sections 80-100 of chap. 6 of the Revised 
 Statutes of 1873 and the Appropriation Act of 1897 are the most 
 
 ^ For a description of the condition of the Library in 1900 cf. Putnam, 
 H., The Library of Congress, Atlantic monthly, vol. 85, pp. 147-58. Cf. 
 also Annual report of the librarian, 1901, pp. 292-351. 
 
 ^Cf. Annual report for 1901, pp. 208-91. 
 
4 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 important laws relating to the institution. The Library is 
 classed by law as a branch of the legislative department of the 
 government, and although the librarian and the superintendent 
 of the building and grounds are appointed by the President, 
 they report directly to Congress. Appropriations for its sup- 
 port are made annually by Congress in the legislative, execu- 
 tive, and judicial appropriations bill. The librarian and the 
 superintendent each submits to the Treasury estimates of his 
 respective needs, and appears before the appropriations com- 
 mittee in support of his recommendations. 
 
 The total appropriation for 191 1 was $627,245, divided as 
 follows : 
 
 Contingent expenses $7,300.00 
 
 Increase of library 
 
 Books .... $100,000.00 
 Lawbooks . . . 3,000.00 
 Periodicals . . . 5,000.00 
 
 108,000.00 
 
 Salaries 454,445.00 
 
 Fuel, lights, furniture, etc. . . . 57,500.00 
 
 $627,245.00^ 
 
 The librarian handles no moneys, save those received from 
 the sale of printed cards. All disbursements for salaries, 
 contingent expenses, and purchases are made on his approval 
 by the superintendent of the building and grounds, who is the 
 disbursing officer of the Library. 
 
 The building is open from 9 : GO a.m. until 10:00 p.m. except 
 on Sundays and most hohdays, when it is open from 2 : 00 until 
 10:00 p.m. The main reading room and the periodical read- 
 ing room are open during these hours, and the other reading 
 rooms and offices from 9:00 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. 
 
 ^This sum is exclusive of an appropriation of $10,000 for the comple- 
 tion of the book stack in the southeast court, and an annual credit of 
 $202,000 at the Government Printing Office for printing and binding. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 5 
 
 The Library is absolutely free to any reader over sixteen 
 years old. The privilege of drawing books for home use is 
 confined to senators and representatives, certain high officials 
 of the government, judges, and other persons designated by 
 statute. The librarian, in pursuance of his authority to make 
 rules and regulations, occasionally grants this privilege to 
 scholars engaged in research. The government bureaus in 
 Washington draw books freely for official use, usually through 
 their librarians.^ 
 
 The purpose of the administration is the freest possible use 
 of the books consistent with their safety, and the widest possible 
 use consistent with the convenience of Congress. There is 
 no limit to the number of books a reader may draw for reference 
 use, and he has direct access to a reference collection of over 
 15,000 volumes in the main reading room. If his studies 
 require that he have access to the shelves, this privilege is 
 granted him, and if he needs to have the continuous use of the 
 same books day after day, he is given a table where they may 
 be reserved for him. When a typewriting machine will greatly 
 facilitate a scholar's labors, a desk is provided in a room where 
 readers will not be disturbed by its use. The Library has 
 no force of copyists or photographers, but gives to those desir- 
 ing to have extracts or facsimiles made the names and addresses 
 of persons making a business of such work. 
 
 BUILDING 
 
 The plans for the building,^ which was begun in 1886 and 
 completed in 1897, were drawn by Messrs. Smithmeyer & Pelz, 
 but the building was actually constructed and many architec- 
 tural details worked out under General Thomas L. Casey, chief 
 
 ^ Cf. Annual report, 1907, pp. 70-78; ibid., 1908, pp. 57-66. 
 
 * Cf. Small, Herbert, Handbook of the Library of Congress, Boston, 
 1909; Green, B. R., The new building for the Library of Congress, 
 Library journal, vol. 21, pp. 13-20; Green, B. R., The building 
 
6 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 of engineers, U.S. army, and after his death by Bernard R. 
 Green, the present superintendent. The exterior is of grey 
 granite, and the interior is highly decorated with marbles, 
 sculpture, and paintings. The building occupies three and one- 
 half acres of land, contains 7,500,000 cubic feet of space, and 
 over eight acres of floor space. The book stacks are of steel 
 (Snead-Green shelving), and the whole construction is fireproof. 
 About a thousand readers can be accommodated at one time in 
 the various reading rooms and alcoves. Owing to the rapid 
 growth of the collections a book stack has been constructed 
 (1909) in the southeast courtyard. This is lighted wholly 
 by electricity, and ventilated by forced draught. 
 
 COLLECTIONS 
 
 The main collections of the Library are supplemented and 
 strengthened by those of the several separate departments, 
 maps, music, prints, law, and manuscripts. The Library proper 
 is strongest in bibliography, public documents (especially those 
 of foreign governments), Americana, economics, poHtical science, 
 public law and legislation, genealogy, and newspapers. Through 
 the Smithsonian Institution extensive files of transactions of 
 foreign learned societies are received. By virtue of the copy- 
 right law it has received the most complete collection in exist- 
 ence of the products of the American press. American local 
 
 for the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Institution, Annual report, 
 1897, pp. 625-33; Bain, G. G., The Congressional Library at Washington, 
 Amer. architect and building news, vol. 48, pp. 95-97; Schuyler, M., The 
 new Library of Congress, Scribner's magazine, vol. 21, pp. 709-27; 
 Spofford, A. R., The nation's library-: I, The new building; II, Special 
 features of the Congressional Librarv% Century, v^ol. 31, pp. 682-94; 
 Hempstead, E. A., The new Congressional Library, Chautauquan, vol. 
 23, pp. 695-705; Maury, N. B., The new Congressional Library, Cos- 
 mopolitan, vol. 23, pp. 10-20; The National Library, Munsey's mag., 
 vol. 18, pp. 707-13; Cofl&n, W. A., The decorations in the new Con- 
 gressional Library, Century, vol. 31, pp. 694-711. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 7 
 
 history and biography are represented with unusual fulness. 
 The Yudin Collection of some 80,000 volumes of Russian works, 
 purchased in 1907, is particularly valuable for the history of 
 Russia and Siberia. A collection of Japanese books (9,000 
 volumes) was bought in 1907, and in 1908 the Huitfeldt-Kaas 
 collection of Scandinavian literature of about 5,000 volumes. 
 Orientalia is further represented by the Weber library of San- 
 skrit literature (3,018 volumes, 1,002 pamphlets). The Library 
 has bought recently large numbers of the monumenta of Euro- 
 pean history, and is rapidly growing in the sciences, pure and 
 applied. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION (9 persons) 
 
 The administrative officers of the Library are the librarian, 
 chief assistant librarian, chief clerk, and secretary. The 
 superintendent of the building and grounds with his aids 
 has entire charge of the maintenance of the building, and 
 makes all disbursements for the Library. 
 
 The duties of the librarian, chief assistant librarian, and 
 secretary are those customary in libraries, save that the libra- 
 rian is not under the direction of a board of trustees. The 
 functions of the chief clerk are those of administrative assist- 
 ant. He is charged with the discipline of the force, and in his 
 office are kept the records of the service and of the expenditures 
 under the appropriations for the Library and the allotment for 
 printing and binding. 
 
 THE DIVISIONS 
 
 The Library force is organized into ^'divisions," each with 
 a chief and assistants; some of the divisions, including the Copy- 
 right Office, are further divided into sections. 
 
 The Mail and Delivery Division (5 persons) handles all 
 materials arriving at or dispatched from the library building, 
 including all mail matter and all books delivered for outside 
 use. The yearly mail received exceeds 225,000 items, including 
 
8 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 articles received for copyright, but not including newspapers and 
 periodicals. 
 
 The Order Division (13 persons), organized in 1900, attends 
 to all business connected with the purchase of books, and 
 handles in the first instance all material destined for the increase 
 of the Library proper, including gifts, deposits, exchanges, 
 and transfers. 
 
 No accession books are kept, as the files of vouchers contain 
 all the information generally recorded in formal accession 
 records. Every item approved for purchase is entered on a 
 card, and from these cards the orders, in the form of lists, are 
 prepared for the dealer. The result is a card catalog of acces- 
 sions. All bills are paid by check on the treasury of the 
 United States after the most careful auditing and final approval 
 by the librarian. A card-ledger system is kept which shows at 
 any moment the condition of each appropriation, the outstand- 
 ing orders, bills paid, and balances available. 
 
 Printing Office and Bindery. — These are branches of the 
 Government Printing Ofiice, which supphes the equipment and 
 details the workmen. The work done is solely for the Library, 
 and is charged to the "allotment" of the Library for binding 
 and printing. The allotment for 191 1 was $202,000. The 
 printing office prints the catalog cards, and all needed forms and 
 circulars.^ Five linotype machines are kept constantly busy at 
 the card work. 
 
 The binding for the Library is mainly done in the building. 
 A special Binding Division (3 persons) has charge of forward- 
 ing material in proper shape, keeping accounts with the bindery, 
 etc. 
 
 The Catalog Division (91 persons) deals with printed books 
 and pamphlets only, and includes the work of classification, 
 shelf-Hsting, labeling, preparation of copy of catalog cards 
 
 ^ The publications of the Library in book form are printed at the 
 Government Printing Office, not at the Library Branch. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 9 
 
 for the printer, proofreading, and filing cards in the various 
 catalogs. 
 
 The Catalog Division not only catalogs and classifies the 
 current accessions (over 100,000 volumes annually), but has 
 been engaged since 1899 in reclassifying and recataloging the 
 entire collection. The greater part of the Library has now 
 (191 1) been reclassified, and new catalog entries have been made 
 for over three-fourths of the entire collection. When this work 
 was begun in 1899 there were approximately 700,000 volumes, 
 exclusive of duplicates, to be handled. Moreover, the catalog 
 being in the form of printed cards, a considerable force other- 
 wise available for cataloging was necessarily devoted to proof- 
 reading. Not only has the enormous task been almost com- 
 pleted in a decade, but its results from day to day in the cards 
 printed have been made available to the libraries of the whole 
 country, assisting them to an extraordinary degree in the 
 preparation of their catalogs and relieving them of a very con- 
 siderable expense. 
 
 The system of classification adopted has been devised from a 
 comparison of existing schemes, and a consideration of the 
 particular conditions in this Library. The schedules are still 
 somewhat subject to change, and therefore no complete scheme 
 has been printed. The outlines for most of the classes have 
 been issued in pamphlet form. 
 
 The main catalog^ of books and pamphlets is in the form of 
 printed cards, arranged in the "dictionary" order, i.e., author, 
 title, and subject entries in one alphabet. The rules followed 
 are those of the American and British Library Associations. 
 There are also special catalogs in book form for many of the 
 special collections, as prints, maps, manuscripts, etc. These 
 are noted under the various divisions. 
 
 ^ For the earlier catalogs in book form see Ford, Paul Leicester, A 
 list of the Library of Congress catalogs, Library journal, vol. 15, pp. 
 326-27. Also, Annual report of the librarian, 1901, Appendix II, pp. 
 362-67. 
 
10 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 The Card-Distribution Section (27 persons), established in 
 1 901, handles the accumulated stock of printed catalog cards 
 and their distribution and sale.^ 
 
 The stock now (191 1) numbers over 30,000,000 cards. These 
 are stored by serial number in steel cases. Complete sets of 
 one copy of each card pubHshed are on deposit in the principal 
 library centers of the country, enabling inquirers in those places 
 to ascertain whether a book is in the Library of Congress, and 
 also facilitating greatly the ordering of printed cards. The 
 cards are sold under the law governing the sale of public docu- 
 ments at the actual cost of manufacture plus 10 per cent — 
 the maximum price being two cents per card, and one-half cent 
 for each additional copy. In 1910 more than 1300 libraries 
 and individuals purchased cards regularly. 
 
 The Bibliography Division (7 persons) deals with inquiries 
 involving research too elaborate for the attendants in the read- 
 ing room, or in form inconvenient for them to handle expedi- 
 tiously; compiles Hsts of references on topics of current interest, 
 particularly those pending in Congress. The division furnishes 
 references in the case of numerous inquiries received by mail, and 
 is also frequently called into service by members of Congress. 
 
 Reading Rooms (58 persons). The main reading room is in 
 the center of the building. It has desks for 200 readers and 
 sixty tables in the alcoves and galleries which are assigned to 
 scholars making extended investigations. The issue desk is 
 in the center. It is connected with the stacks, the Capitol, 
 Smithsonian Division, and Librarian's Office by pneumatic 
 tubes. Electric book carriers connect the desk with the north 
 and south stacks, and with the Capitol. Books can ordinarily 
 be delivered to readers in about five minutes after a request is 
 handed in. 
 
 The alcoves surrounding the reading room contain a 
 
 ^ Cf . U.S. Library of Congress, Handbook of Card Distribution. Wash- 
 ington, Government Printing Ofl&ce, 1909, and subsequent Bulletins. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ii 
 
 reference collection of some 15,000 volumes, to which access is 
 entirely free. The card catalogs of the Library are on the 
 floor of the reading room. 
 
 In addition to the main reading room there are separate 
 reading rooms for senators and representatives; a station is 
 maintained at the Capitol for the receipt and delivery of books 
 (an electric carrier runs through a tunnel over 1,200 feet long 
 connecting the station with the Library — the passage takes 
 three minutes). There are also in their respective divisions 
 reading rooms for periodicals and newspapers, fine arts, maps, 
 and music. 
 
 Periodicals Division (12 persons), organized in 1901, handles 
 all periodicals as received, and prepares the completed volumes 
 for binding. The total number of periodicals received is in 
 excess of 13,000. Over 1,000 newspapers are currently received, 
 including about 275 foreign newspapers; of these 375 are bound 
 and shelved. Half the space in the new stack in the southeast 
 court is fitted up with shelving designed especially for news- 
 papers. The files of American newspapers are very extensive,^ 
 while the collection of newspapers of the eighteenth century is 
 perhaps the largest in America. 
 
 The reading room for periodicals occupies the south side 
 of the building on the main floor. It has seats for 250 readers, 
 and 400 newspapers and 3,500 magazines are kept in this room. 
 
 Documents Division (5 persons), organized in 1901. The 
 function of this division is to acquire, arrange, and make avail- 
 able for use the publications of governments, national, local, 
 and municipal, and of quasi-pubUc bodies, such as commercial 
 organizations, international congresses, and the like. This 
 division has charge of the exchange of pubHcations of the federal 
 government for those of other nations. The average annual 
 receipt of these foreign documents is about 7,500 volumes and 
 
 ^ Cf. U.S. Library of Congress, Check-list of American newspapers, 
 1901. (New edition in preparation.) 
 
12 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 pamphlets. The average annual accessions of all documents 
 total over 40,000. 
 
 The Division of Manuscripts (4 persons), established 1897, 
 has the custody of manuscript material not classified as maps, 
 music, or prints. There is a special reading room for the con- 
 sultation of manuscripts, in which is placed the card index to 
 the collection. The collection consists almost wholly of the 
 papers of American public men and of the federal government, 
 and is by far the largest in America. It is constantly growing 
 by gift and purchase. Calendars have been published of several 
 of the groups of papers,^ and the Journal of the Continental 
 Congress is being published by the Library. The various depart- 
 ments of the government are authorized to turn over to the 
 Library material of historical importance as it ceases to be 
 needed in the departments. Much extremely valuable material 
 has been received in pursuance of this law. 
 
 Manuscripts are repaired (frequently a task of great diffi- 
 culty), mounted, and bound into volumes. The repairers and 
 mounters handle about 8,500 pieces annually. Index cards are 
 written for all important items in each manuscript. 
 
 Manuscripts are consulted by readers only under the 
 supervision of attendants. The privilege of making extracts 
 and photographs is granted on permit from the librarian. 
 
 Division of Maps and Charts (6 persons), organized in 1897. 
 All maps, atlases, and many works on cartography are in the 
 custody of this division (118,165 pieces, 1910). Maps are 
 kept flat in steel cases, each map in a separate manila paper 
 folder. The collection is richest in maps of North America,^ 
 
 ^The Franklin papers (1905); John Paul Jones manuscripts (1903); 
 Papers of James Monroe (1904); Naval records of the American Revolu- 
 tion (1906); Vernon- Wager manuscripts (1904); Washington aids (1906); 
 Washington correspondence (1906); Washington manuscripts (1901). 
 
 ^ Cf. U.S. Library of Congress, A list of maps of America in the Library 
 of Congress .... by P. Lee Phillips. Washington, Gov. print, office, 
 1901. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 13 
 
 and includes a number of manuscript maps. The collection of 
 atlases is especially noteworthy/ comprising over ij^ooo vol- 
 umes, including most of the early printed atlases. 
 
 The Division of Music^ (6 persons), organized 1897, has the 
 custody of the collection of music (both scores and works of 
 music), numbering over 517,000 items in 1910, with yearly 
 accessions of more than 25,000. The greater part of the collec- 
 tion has been acquired by copyright, but of late extensive pur- 
 chases have been made in addition. The Library now owns 
 one of the largest and finest collections of music in the world, 
 and by far the largest in America.^ 
 
 Division of Prints (5 persons), organized in 1897. The 
 collection of prints of all sorts and the books and periodicals 
 devoted to the fine arts are in the charge of this division. In 
 1910 the collection numbered 320,251 pieces, including the 
 Garrett collection of 19,113 and the Bradley collection of 1,980 
 engravings deposited with the Library. Card catalogs of all 
 prints are made and filed in the division. A catalog of the 
 Hubbard collection of prints was issued in 1905. 
 
 Law Library (6 persons); 138,059 volumes in 1910. Part 
 of the Law Library (American and EngHsh common law, 
 reports and legal periodicals) is kept at the Capitol, where it 
 occupies rooms on the ground floor. In the library proper are 
 placed works on foreign law, international law, and nearly 
 complete dupUcate sets of American reports, as well as a selec- 
 tion of treatises. 
 
 Under the direction of the law librarian acting under 
 
 ^ Cf. U.S. Library of Congress, A list of geographical adases in the 
 Library of Congress, compiled under the direction of P. Lee Phillips. 
 2 V. Washington, Gov. print, office, 1909. 
 
 ' Sonneck, O. G. S. The Music Division of the Library of Congress 
 in the proceedings of the Music Teachers' National Association, 1908. 
 
 3 U.S. Library of Congress, Dramatic music: catalogue of full scores. 
 Compiled by O. G. S. Sonneck. Washington, Gov. print, office, 1908. 
 
14 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY 
 
 special authorization from Congress, an index to the Federal 
 Statutes from 1873 to 1908 was compiled and published in 
 1908-11.^ 
 
 Copyright Office (84 persons), organized in its present form 
 in 1897. It has the entire '^ copyright business" in its charge. 
 The ofl&ce is under the register of copyrights, who "acts 
 under the direction and supervision of the Hbrarian of 
 Congress." It receives and records all material offered for 
 copyright entry, turning over to the Library such items as are 
 desired. Fees received from owners of copyrights are turned 
 into the U.S. Treasury. These amounted to $104,644.95 in 
 1910, exceeding the appropriation for the office by $15,685.00. 
 The total number of articles deposited was 219,024 in 1910. 
 The work of the office in acknowledging entries and sending 
 certificates of copyright is kept strictly up to date. The office 
 publishes in weekly a,xid monthly issues a Catalogue of Copy- 
 right Entries, recording each item copyrighted, and forming 
 the most complete record made of the product of the press of 
 America. 
 
 The Library of Congress and Other Libraries. — The resources 
 of the Library of Congress have been put at the disposal of 
 other libraries, (i) by the sale and deposit of printed catalog 
 cards; (2) inter-library loans; (3) distribution and sale of its 
 publications, including bibliographies of special topics; (4) 
 co-operation in pubHshing. The sale of printed cards has been 
 mentioned above.^ The inter-library loan is a matter of 
 comparatively recent development. It acts on the principle 
 that the duty of the National Library is to aid the unusual need 
 with the unusual book. Books are lent to other libraries for 
 
 'An Index analysis of the Federal Statutes .... by G. W. Scott 
 and M. G. Beaman. Prepared under the direction of the Librarian of 
 Congress. 2 vols. Washington, Gov. print, office, 1908-11. {Not dis- 
 tributed by the Library, but sold only by the Superintendent of Documents.) 
 
 ' P. 10. 
 
LIBRARY OF *CONGkE§S' '* ' '* * •*''* 15 
 
 the use of investigators engaged in research expected to enlarge 
 the boundaries of knowledge. The material lent cannot include, 
 therefore, books that should be in a local library, or that can 
 be borrowed from a library (such as a state library) having a 
 particular duty to the community from which the appUcation 
 comes; nor books that are inexpensive and can easily be pro- 
 cured; nor books for the general reader, mere textbooks, or 
 popular manuals; nor books where the purpose is ordinary 
 student or thesis work, or for mere self-instruction. Nor 
 can it include material which is in constant use at Washington, 
 or whose loan would be an inconvenience to Congress, or to the 
 executive departments of the government, or to reference readers 
 in the Library of Congress. 
 
 Genealogies and local histories are not as a rule available 
 for loan, nor are newspapers, the latter forming part of a con- 
 secutive historical record which the Library of Congress is 
 expected to retain and preserve; and only for serious research 
 can the privilege be extended to include volumes of periodicals. 
 
 The expense of transportation must be borne by the borrow- 
 ing library. 
 
 The Publications'^ of the Library are distributed by exchange 
 with other institutions, and by sale through the office of the 
 Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing 
 Office. A very limited number is distributed gratis. 
 
 The Library has co-operated with the American Library 
 Association in editing and publishing the "A. L. A. Catalog" 
 of 1904 and the "A. L. A. Portrait Index," and with the libraries 
 of the District of Columbia in the "Union List of Periodicals, 
 Transactions, and AlUed Publications," issued in 1901. 
 
 ^ U.S. Library of Congress, Publications issued since 1897. January 
 1911. 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 
 
 PUBLISHING BOARD 
 
 78 E. Washington St., Chicago, III. 
 
 Guide to reference books. Edited by Alice B. Kroeger. Revised and 
 
 enlarged edition. Cloth, SL50 (i30stage, 11 cents). 
 Literature of American history. Edited by J. N. Lamed. Cloth, 
 
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