/TijiciiiyN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 VU*MV*tSITY Of i 
 CAUKMNtA J 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM 
 FROM S. A. BARREII 
 
 book was bound by 
 V P A Project 8687 
 Sponsored by the 
 
MUKEfc 
 
 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 19 LIBRARY OF 
 
 S. A. BARRETT 
 
 MILWAUKEE. - WIS. 
 
 A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. - 
 HAND-BOOK FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS WILSON, 
 
 Curator 0/ (he Department 0/ Prehistoric A nth) 0]>o!o°y, 
 
 FrODJ the Report of the National Museum. lSSy-'SS^pages 597-671, 
 and Plates LXXXVI1-OVI. 
 
 DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT 
 
 NOV 25 1959 
 
 LIB" 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1890. 
 
 C~ 19-LIBRARY OF- 
 
 S. A. BARRETT 
 
 / 
 
 ( MILWAUKEE, - WIS. I 
 

w 
 
 ANTHROF. 
 LIBRARY 
 
 STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY.* 
 
 HAND-BOOK FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 By Thomas Wilson. 
 
 Prehistoric anthropology is susceptible of many divisions, each ol 
 which is sufficiently extensive to form an independent branch of sci- 
 ence, such as the following: 
 
 Architecture. Fine arts — Continued. 
 
 Cliff or cave dwellings. 
 
 Towers, ruined or otherwise. 
 
 Engraving. 
 
 Painting. 
 
 Sculpture. 
 
 Ceramics. 
 
 Decoration. 
 
 Ornamentation. 
 Sociology. 
 
 Love and marriage, child-life. 
 
 Social organizations, customs and be- 
 liefs, pastimes. 
 
 Tribal organization. 
 
 Government, property, law, etc. 
 
 Religion, myths, creeds and cults. Folk- 
 lore. 
 
 Education, relief and charities. 
 
 Mortuary customs and furniture. 
 
 Biology and comparative anatomy. 
 Human anatomy. 
 Anthropometry, craniometry. 
 Comparative psychology. 
 Literature, language (written, oral, 
 sign). 
 Industryc 
 Materials and implements of every craft. 
 Clothing and personal adornment. 
 Habitations, and household utensils. 
 Weapons. 
 
 Objects for amusement. 
 
 Articles, uses uukown. 
 
 Architecture. Fine arts. 
 
 Monuments and public works. 
 Roads, trails, canals, irrigating, etc. 
 Mounds — sepulchral, effigy, altar. 
 Forts and earth-works. 
 Graves and cemeteries. 
 Idols and temples. 
 
 Short experience in the field will demonstrate the necessity of a 
 knowledge of science, or of certain branches, of even wider scope than 
 those enumerated. Remains of human industry may be found which, 
 insignificant in themselves, derive their value from their geologic ho- 
 rizon. Of this kind may be meutioned the Trenton implements found 
 by Dr. Abbott in the gravel deposits of the Delaware River ; the same 
 of the quartz implements found by Miss Babbitt in the terraces of the 
 Mississippi River, at Little Falls, Minn. ; the discovery of the remains of 
 a prehistoric fire-place, decided by Professor Gilbert to belong to the 
 
 * The imperfections of this fragmentary paper are known to no one better than to 
 the author. It contains nothiug new or original, not even the illustrations. No gen- 
 eral work on this subject applicable to the United States is easily attainable. Mauy 
 requests have been received by the author for elementary information. It was found 
 impossible to give satisfactory answers by letter, and this paper has therefore been 
 written as an answer to serve temporary purposes until a more complete work shall 
 have been prepared. — T. W. 
 
 ~ 597 
 
 345 
 
598 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 quaternary deposits between Lakes Erie and Ontario ; and of an ob- 
 sidian spearhead in tbe white marl of the Walker River Canon formed 
 by the fossil Lake Laboutan in nortbwest Nevada, discovered by Pro- 
 fessor McGee; and tbe paleolithic implements found by Dr. Hilborn 
 T. Cresson, at Claymont, Delaware, and at Upland, Pa. 
 
 So also animal remains are frequently found associated with hnmai 
 remains, and therefore some knowledge of zoology is required. The 
 stone implements themselves belonging- to the prehistoric peoples re- 
 quire a knowledge of geology and mineralogy to determine their names 
 and the locality from which they come, both of which items may be of 
 great importance. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF PREHISTORIC MAN. 
 
 Denmark is entitled to the credit of the discovery of the existence 
 of man on earth in the ages before history began. The historic period 
 proper of Scandinavia began about 1000 A. D. But for centuries 
 before that time there had been made, frequently on stone monuments, 
 but also in other ways, runic inscriptions and the poetic legends of 
 tbe early times of tbat country, called Sagas. The antiquarians of 
 that country in the past century delighted in studying these Sagas. 
 In this pursuit they discovered Kjokenmoddiugs, the Danish name for 
 kitchen refuse, the dolmens, the polished stone hatchets, the beautiful 
 flint poignards, and the daggers, knives, spear, and arrow-heads, for 
 which that country has been so justly celebrated. They became im- 
 pressed with the idea that these belonged to a more ancient race of 
 people than that which had written the Sagas and had erected the 
 runic stones. They were able, by their examination and study, to sep- 
 arate the implements found into three grand divisions, which they des- 
 ignated, respectively, the ages of stone, of bronze, and, lastly, of iron. 
 These ages were found to have endured in these countries for a long 
 period of time and came to a high perfection. Thomson published his 
 memoir in LS36, announcing these discoveries. The conclusions were 
 that the Kjokeumoddiugs were places of habitation of prehistoric 
 man, or, at least, places occupied by him, and that the shells which 
 formed the heaps were but the refuse from his kitchen. The pieces of 
 flint and bone were his implements, the dolmens were his tombs, and 
 the polished and beautifully- worked flints were but his tools and 
 weapons. They placed his earliest occupation of these countries at 
 from three to four thousaud years B. C. and continued it down through 
 the epochs of the different ages until that period when the written his- 
 tory of their country began. 
 
 The age of stone, when applied to the Scandinavian countries, refers 
 only to polished stone, for no traces of man's existence in those coun- 
 tries during the paleolithic period have been found. Public attention 
 became attracted to the subject of prehistoric man by Dr. Ferd. Keller 
 in 1853, when he discovered in Lake Zurich the remains of the Swis£ 
 Lake dwellers of prehistoric times. He found the same ages of stocs 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 599 
 
 bronze, and iron as have been found iu Scandinavia. Other men took 
 up the investigation, and finally the opening of the canal between 
 Lakes Bienne, Neuchatel, and Morat not only brought to light the great 
 deposit of the iron age at La Tene, bat so lowered the waters in the 
 two former lakes as to expose their shores, and to turn loose upon them 
 an army of seekers after the implements of prehistoric man. 
 
 In 1859 was developed and acknowledged as genuine the discovery 
 of the paleolithic period, an earlier epoch in the existence of prehistoric 
 man. This was called at first the age of chipped stone, because the 
 implements were chipped or flaked, and not polished. This discovery 
 was made by M. Boucher de Perthes iu the valley of the river Sorame, 
 France. Thus there were fouud two kinds of stone implements — the 
 chipped and the polished — and from their respective positions it was 
 concluded that they belonged to two different races of men occupying 
 the country at different and perhaps remote periods of time, in which 
 the earlier chipped the stone to make his implements, while the other 
 had so increased his knowledge as to be able to polish them. These 
 different periods were named by Sir John Lubbock paleolithic, meaning 
 ancient stone; and neolithic, recent stone. From that moment prehis 
 toric anthropology received an impetus proportionate to its importance, 
 and since then has gradually elevated its rank among the sciences. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Prehistoric anthropology is a new science, and although its bibliog- 
 raphy is not extensive, it has attracted much public attention and many 
 books have been written in later years. These have either been of a 
 popular character or else have related to a particular epoch or a single 
 locality. No complete or standard work has yet been published, either 
 in Europe or America. Professor Worsaae, of Copenhagen, contem- 
 plated such a work, of which Hou. Rismus Anderson, United States 
 minister to Denmark, was to have been the English translator. But Pro- 
 fessor Worsaae's death prevented the carrying out of this undertaking. 
 
 Monsieur de Mortillet published "Le Prehistorique," which, with its 
 album of illustrations, has become a standard work for the age of stone 
 in Frauce. He now has iu press a work to be called " TheProtohisto- 
 rique or the Aurora of History." 
 
 MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy have now under way a work to 
 be entitled " Histoire Generate des Races Humaines," to be published 
 by the ethnologic library, but of which there has, as yet, been issued 
 only the introduction by M. de Quatrefages; and "The Aztecs," by 
 M. Lucien Biart. 
 
 Dr. D. G. Brinton, professor of ethnology and archaeology in the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has edited the portions 
 of the "Iconographic Encyclopedia" which relate to anthropology, 
 ethnology, and ethnography. The articles on the two former subjects 
 were prepared by Dr. Brinton, and the latter was translated from the 
 orerman of Georsr K. C. Gerland. 
 
600 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 "The Prehistoric Times," by Sir Johu Lubbock, is the most complete 
 work yet published in English. 
 
 It would be useless to attempt tho mention of every book extant, 
 dealing with the subject of Prehistoric Anthropology. I give only the 
 most prominent works which should be found in almost every public 
 library. From these a choice can be obtained, and with these the stu 
 dent may obtain a fair start in the science. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Nadaillac (Marquis do). Prehistoric America. | By the Marquis de Nadaillac. | 
 Translated by M. D'Anvers. | Edited by VV. H. Dall. | New York and Loudon: | 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons. | 1884. | 8vo., pp. 1-566. 
 
 Abbott (Chas. C). Primitive Industry : | or | Illustrations of the Handiwork | ii 
 Stone, Bone and Clay | of the | Native Races | of | the northern Atlantic Seaboard 
 of America. | By Chas. C. Abbott, M. D. | Corresponding Member Boston Society 
 of Natural History, etc. | Salem, Mass. : | Geo. A. Bates. | 1881. 8vo., pp. 1-366, 
 426 figures. 
 
 Squier (E. G.) and Davis (E. H.). Ancient Monuments | of | the Mississippi Valley, | 
 Comprising the results of | Extensive Aboriginal Surveys and Explorations. | By | 
 E. G. Squier, A. M., and E. H. Davis, M. D. | Washington, 1S48. 4to., pp. 
 i-xxxix, 1-306, 48 plates. 
 
 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol I, 1848. 
 
 Sqnier (E. G.). Aboriginal Monuments | of | the State of New York, | Comprising 
 the results of Original Surveysand Explorations; | with an Illustrated Appen- 
 dix. | By | E. G. Squier, A. M. | Washington, | 1850. 4to., pp. 188, 14 plates. 
 Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, Vol II, 1850. 
 
 Whittlesey (Chas.). Descriptions | of | Aucient Works in Ohio. | By | Chas. Whittle- 
 sey | of the late Geologic Corps of Ohio. | Washington, | June, 1852. 4to., pp. 1-20, 
 7 plates. 
 
 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol hi, 1852. 
 
 Jones (Joseph). Explorations | of the | Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee. | By | 
 Joseph Jones, M. D. | Washington, | October, 1876, 4to., pp. 1-181, 110 figures. 
 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. xxn, 1880. 
 
 Ran (Chas.). The | Archaeological Collection | of the | United States National 
 Museum | in charge of the | Smithsouiau Institution. | Washington, D. C. | By 
 Chas. Rau. Washington, | 1876, 4to., pp. 1-40, 340 figures. 
 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. xxn, 1880. 
 
 Rau(Chas.). Prehistoric Fishing | in | Europe and North America. | By | Chas. Rau. | 
 Washington, | 1884. 4to., pp. 1-40, 405 plates. 
 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, No. 509. 
 
 Mason (O. T. ). Standard Natural History. Appendix. Guide to all Departments of 
 Anthropology. By Prof. O. T. Mason. Boston : Lathrop & Compauy. 
 
 Short (Johu T.). The | North Americans | of | Antiquity, | their Origin, Migrations, 
 and Type of | Civilization considered. | By John T. Short. | 2d edition. New 
 York, | Frauklin Square: | Harper Brothers. | 1880. l6mo., pp. 1-544. 
 
 Baldwin (John Dennison). Ancient America. New York: Harper Brothers. 1872. 
 12mo., pp. 1-299. 
 
 Baldwin (John Dennison). Prehistoric Nations. New York: Harper Brothers. * Q 69. 
 12mo., pp. 1-414. 
 
 Foster (J. W.). Prehistoric Races | of the | United States of America. | By J. W. 
 Foster, LL. D. | 2d edition. Chicago: | S. C. Griggs & Company; London, 
 Triibner & Company. | 1873. 24mo.,pp. 1-415, 72 figures. 
 
A. STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 601 
 
 Dawson (J. W.). Fossil Men | and | their Modern Representatives. | An attempt to 
 Illustrate | the Character and Conditions of Prehistoric | Men in Europe, by 
 those of the | American Races. | By | J. W. Dawson, LL. D.,F. R. S., F. G. S., | 
 Principal of McGill College and University of Montreal. | Montreal, Canada: | 
 1880. | 1 vol. 48ino. pp. i-xi, 1-340. 1-43 figures. 
 
 Wiuchell (Alexander). Preadamites; | or a Demonstration of the Existence of | Man 
 before Adam, | together with | a Study of their Condition, Antiquity, | Racial 
 Affinities and Progressive Dispersion over the Earth. | With Charts and other 
 Illustrations. | By Alexander Wiuchell, LL. D. | 3d edition. Chicago: S. C. 
 Griggs & Company; | London: Triibner & Company. | 1881. 8vo. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe). The Native Races | of the Pacific States. | By Hubert 
 Howe Bancroft. | Vol. IV. Antiquities. | San Francisco: | A. L. Bancroft & Com- 
 pany. | 1882. 8vo. pp. iii-vii, 1-807. About 3(>0 figures. 
 
 McGee (W. J. ). Paleolithic Man in America: his Antiquity | and Environment. | 
 By W. J. McGee. | New York, 1888. 
 
 Popular Science Monthly, xxxiv, 1888, pp. 20-36, 7 figures. 
 
 Winsor (Justin). Narrative and Critical | History of America. | By Justin Winsor. | 
 Boston and New York: | Houghton. Mifflin & Company. | 1889. Vol. I, pp. 
 i-xxxvii, 1-444. 
 
 PERIODICALS. 
 
 The Americau Anthropologist. A quarterly journal published under the auspices 
 
 of the Anthropological Society of Washington. Editorial Committee, Prof. 
 
 J. Howard Gore, Thomas Hampsou, H. W. Henshaw. Prof. O. T. Mason, Dr. Wash- 
 ington Matthews, S. V. Prondfic, Col. F. A. Seely. 8vo., 1888-'89. 
 The | American | Naturalist. An illustrated monthly devoted to the Natural Sciences 
 
 in their widest sense, 8vo. New York and Philadelphia. 1866-'89. 
 The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal. Bi-monthly. Editor: Rev. 
 
 Stephen D. Peet, Mendon, 111. Vols. i-x. 8vo. Mendon, 111. 1878-'89. 
 Annual Reports of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology in 
 
 connection with Harvard University. Prof. F. W. Putnam, Curator, Cambridge, 
 
 Mass. 
 Annual Reports and Monographs of the Bureau of Ethnology. Maj. J. W. Powell, 
 
 Director, Washington, D. C. Vols. I-V. 4to. 1879-84. Volumes vi, VII, and vin 
 
 are in press. 
 The Americau Association for the Advancement of Science — Section H, Anthropology — 
 
 contains the Annual Address of the Presideut of the Section and Abstracts of 
 
 Papers read. 
 The | American | Journal of Archaeology j and of the | History of the Fine Arts. | 
 
 Managing Editor: | Prof. A. L. Frothingham, jr., Ph. D., Princeton College, | 
 
 Princeton, N. J. Vols, i-v, l884-'89. 8vo. 
 Ohio Archaeological aiid Historical Quarterly. Editorial Committee : Geo.W. Knight, 
 
 Ph. D. | Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. | Vols. i-n. 1888-'c9. 8vo. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Lubbock (Sir Johu). Prehistoric Times, | as Illustrated by | Ancient Remains | and 
 the | Manners and Customs of Modern Savages. | By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., 
 M. P., D. C. L. | 4th edition. | London : | Frederic & Norgate, | 70 King Street, 
 | Covent Garden. | Williams & Norgate, 20 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. | 
 1878. pp. i-xxvii, 1-655, 228 figures. 
 
 ^vans (John). The Ancient | Stone Implements, Weapons | and Ornaments | of | 
 Great Britain. | By | John Evans, F. R. S., F. S. A., etc. | New York: | D. Ap- 
 pleton & Company, | 549 and 551 Broadway. | 1872. pp. i-xvi, 1-640, 470 figures. 
 
602 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 Evans (John). The Ancient | Bronze Implements, | Weapons and Ornaments | of 
 Great Britain | and | Ireland. | By j John Evans, F. R. S., F. S. A., etc. | Lon- 
 don: | Longman, Green & Company. | 1681. pp. i-xix, 1-509, 540 figures. 
 
 Dawkins (W. Boyd). Early Man in Britain, | and | his Place in the Tertiary Pe- 
 riod. | By | W. Boyd Dawkins, M. A., F. R. S., F. G. S.. F. S. A. | Illustrated by 
 Woodcuts. | London : | MacMillan & Company. | 1880. pp. i-xxiii, 1-537, 168 
 figures. 
 
 Dawkins (W. Boyd). Cave Hunting. | Researches on | the Evidence of Caves | re- 
 specting the | Early Inhabitants of Europe. | By | W. Boyd Dawkins, M. A., 
 F. R. S., F. G. S., F. S. A. | Illustrated by colored plates and woodcuts. | London : 
 | MacMillan & Company. | 1874. pp. i-xix, 1-455, 129 figures. 
 
 Lyell (Sir Charhs). The Geological Evidences | of | the Antiquity of Man, | with an 
 Outline of | Glacial and Post-Tertiary Geology | and remarks on | the Origin of 
 Species | with Special Reference to Man's First Appearauce on the Earth. | By Sir 
 Charles Lyell, Bart., M. A., F. R. S. | Fourth edition, revised. | Illustrated by 
 woodcuts. | London: | John Murray | Philadelphia: J. B. Lippiucott & Com- 
 pany. | 1873. pp. i-xix, 1-572, 129 figures. 
 
 Mitchell (Arthur). The | Past in the Present. ! What is Civilization? | By Arthur 
 Mitchell, M. D., LL. D. | New York: | Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square. | 
 1881. pp. 1-362, 148 figures. 
 
 Tylor (Edward B.). Primitive Culture: | Researches into the Development of | My- 
 thology, Philosophy, Religion, | Language, Art and Custom. | By | Edward B. 
 Tylor, LL. D., F. R. S. | Boston: | Estes & Lauriat, | 143 Washington Street. | 
 1874. 2 vols., pp. 1-50 >, 1-476. 
 
 Tylor (Edward B.). Auturopology. | An Introduction to the Study of | Man and 
 Civilization. | By | Edward B. Tylor, F. R. S. | With illustrations. | New 
 York: | D. Appleton & Company, | 1, 3 and 5 Bond Street. | 1881. pp. i-xv, 
 l-44*>, 78 figures. 
 
 Munro (Robert). Aucient Scottish Lake-Dwellings or Crannogs, with a supplement- 
 ary chapter on Remains of Lake-dwellings in England. By Robert Munro, M.A. 
 Edinburgh: David Douglass. | 1882. pp. i-xx, 1-313, 264 figures. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Keller (Ferdinand). The | Lake Dwellings ] of | Switzerland and Other Parts of 
 Europe. | By | Dr. Ferdiuand Keller, | President of the Antiquarian Association of 
 Zurich. | Second edition, greatly enlarged. | Translated and Arranged | by John 
 Edward Lee, F. S. A.,F. G. S. | London: | Longmans, Green & Company. | 1878. 
 2 vols., pp. i-xv, 1-606. 205 plates. 
 
 Desor (E.). Palafittes, or Dacustrian Constructions | of the Lake of Neuchatel. | By 
 E. Desor. | with Designs by Prof. A. Favre-Guillarmod. | Translated, with the 
 Author's Recent Additions, for the Smithsonian Institution, | Washington, D. C. 
 pp. 347-409, 92 figures. 
 
 Annual report of Smithsonian Institution, 1865. 
 
 Tryon (Frederic). Habitations | Lacustres | des | Temps Anciens etModernes. | By | 
 Frederic Tryon. | Lausanne: | George Bridel. | 1860. pp. i-xii, 1-495, 27 plates, 
 380 figures. 
 
 Gross (Victor). Les | Protohelvetes | on les Premiers Colons | snr les bords des lacs 
 de Bienue et Neuchatel. | By Dr. Victor Gross. | Preface by Prof. Virchow, | 
 Berlin: | Librairie A. Asher & Company, | 5 Unter den Linden. | London: 13 
 Bedford Street, Covent Garden. | 1883. pp. i-xiii, 1-114, 33 plates. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Montelins (Oscar). The Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times. By Oocar Mon- 
 telius, Ph. D. Translated by Rev. F. H. Woods, B. D. London and New York : 
 MacMillan & Company. 1888. pp. i-xvi, 1-214, 205 figures, 1 map. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 603 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Qaatrefages (A. de). Tbe Human Species. | By | A. de Quatrefages. | Second Edi- 
 tion. | London: | C. Kegan Paul & Company-, 1 Paternoster Square. | 1881. pp. 
 i-x, 1-498. 
 
 Quatrefages (A. de). Homines Fossiles | et | Homines Sauvages | fitudes d' Anthropo- 
 logic | By | A. de Quatrefages. | Paris: | Librairie J.-B. Bailliere & Fils. | 1884. 
 pp. i-xii, 1-G44, 209 figures. 
 
 Quatrefages (A. de). Histoire Gene"rale | des | Races Humaines. j Introduction | a | 
 l'Etude des Races Humaines. | By | A. de Quatrefages. | Paris: | A. Hennuyer, | 
 47 rue Laffitte. | 1887-'89. 
 
 Part I. pp. i-xxviii, 1-283, 227 engravings, 4 plates, 2 maps. 
 Part II. pp. i-xxxiii, 285-608, 236 figures, 2 plates, 5 maps. 
 
 Hovelacqne aud Herv£ (Abel and Georges). Bibliotheque Anthropblogique. | 
 Precis | d'Antbropologie. | By | Prof. Abel Hovelacqne and Dr. Georges Herv£. | 
 Paris: | Adrien Delabaye and Emile Leerosnier. | 1887. pp. i-xi, 1-654, 20 figures. 
 
 Mortillet (Gabriel de). Bibliotheque des Sciences Coutemporaines, | Le PreTiisto- 
 rique | Autiqnite" de l'Homme. | By Gabriel de Mortillet. | Second Edition. | 
 Paris: | C. Reiuwald. | 18-5. pp. i-xix, 1-658, 65 figures. 
 
 Mortillet (Gabriel and Adrien de). Musee Pre"historique. | By | Gabriel and Adrien 
 de Mortillet. | Paris: | C. Reiuwald. | 1-81. pp. 1-203. 100 plates, 1269 figures. 
 
 Lartet and Christy. Reliqui;« Aquitauicae; | being Contributions to | the Archseol- 
 ogy aud Palaeontology | of | Perigord | and | the Adjoining Provinces of Southern 
 France. | By | Edouard Lartet and Heury Christy. | Edited by Thomas Rupert 
 Jones, F. R. S., F. G. S., etc. | 1865-75. | London: | Williams and Norgate. | 
 Paris: J. B. Bailliere & Fils. | Leipsic: F. A. Brockhaus. | 1-75. pp. i-xxii, 
 1-187, 3 maps, 81 plates. 
 
 Topinard (Paul). BibliothequertesScieucesConteinporaines | l'Authropologie. | Bv | 
 Dr. Paul Topinard. | With Preface by Prof. Paul Broca. | Tbird edition. | 
 Paris: | C. Reiuwald. | 1879. pp. about 500. 52 figures. 
 
 Broca (Paul). Instructions | Craniologiques | et Cranioiu6triques j de la Socie'te' 
 d'AnthropologiedeParis. | By | Paul Broca. | <^Extrait des Memoires de laSociete" 
 d'Antbropologie, | T. II. 2e Se"rie. | Paris: | G. Masson. | 1875. pp. i-vii, 1-196, 
 10 figures. 
 
 Cartailhac(E nile). La Franco | PnShistorique | d'Apres | les Sepultures et les Monu- 
 ments. | By | Emile Cartailhac. | Paris: | Felix Alcau, | 108 Boulevard Saint- 
 Germain. | 1889. pp. i-iv, 1-332, 162 engravings. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Cartailhac (Emile). Les | Ages Prehistoriques | de | l'Espagne etdu Portugal. | By j 
 M. Emile Cartailhac. | Preface by M. A. de Quatrefages. | Paris: | Ch. Reiuwald, 
 | 15 rue des Saints Peres. | 1886. pp. i-xxv, 1-336, 450 figures. 
 
 biret (Henri et Louis). Les | Premiers Ages du M6tal | dans | le sud-est de l'Es- 
 pagne. | Text. | By Henri et Louis Siret. Preface by P. J. Van Beueden. | 
 Anvers. | Louvaiu : Cbas. Peeters, 22 rue de Namur. | 1887. pp. 1-415, 27 plates. 
 
 Siret (Henri et Louis). Les | Premiers Ages du Me"tal | dans | le sud-est de l'Es- 
 pagne. | Album. | By Henri et Louis Siret. | Designs from nature by Louis 
 Siret. | Reproductions from Photographs by W. Otto, Bruxelles-Dusseldorf. | 
 Anvers: 1887. 70 plates. 
 
 The prehistoric ages have been divided in otber parts of the world 
 into stone, bronze, aud iron, so called from the material principally em- 
 ployed for cutting implements. 
 
604 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 THE STONE AGE. 
 
 The stone age has been divided, in Europe, into periods, although 
 scientists are not entirely harmonious therein. The names given, are: 
 Eolitbic, or dawn of the stone age; the Paleolithic, or ancient stone; 
 and the Neolithic, or recent stone. The first two are of chipped stone, 
 the last is of polished stone. The first or Eolithic period belongs en- 
 tirely to the tertiary geologic epoch, and is not accepted by many of the 
 scientists of Europe. I give it a place here because of the possibility 
 of information we may obtain concerning it in America from disputants 
 and investigators. By being thus forewarned they might find imple- 
 ments or evidence in this country which would materially assist in solv- 
 ing the riddle and establish the existence of this period. 
 
 THE EOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 But little is known concerning this age in any part of the world. 
 But enough has been discovered to justify attention to and a search for 
 its evidences in places where they are likely to occur. The implements 
 will be of the rudest possible form, so much so that their human manu 
 facture has been the subject of much discussion, doubt, and, manj 
 times, denial. The materials of which the implements found have been 
 made are usually flint or chert, but there is no reason why the man of 
 that period, if he had an existence, may not have used any stone which 
 was capable of being chipped. 
 
 It is possible that bone or shell may have been used for implements, 
 and fossil specimens may be found bearing evidence of human work- 
 manship. While no such instance has been recognized, yet the objects 
 are worthy of attention. Fossilized human remains might also be found. 
 Some examples are declared to have been discovered in Europe and in 
 South America, not to mention the contention over the Calaveras skull. 
 
 The man of this age is claimed to have had an existence during the 
 tertiary geologic period. On this question the world needs enlighten- 
 ment. This can only be obtained by intelligent observation, accompa- 
 nied by accuracy of statement, with minute details, as everything de- 
 pends, in case of the discovery of a piece of evidence, upon the location, 
 situation, and association of the object, which once disturbed from its 
 original position can not be replaced. It is always best to call what- 
 ever of scientific aid is obtainable before any removal is made; also as 
 many witnesses as practicable. 
 
 The value of human implements or remains will be greatly enhanced 
 if they are found associated with the remains of fossils, especially ani- 
 mals belonging to that period. These should be gathered and reported 
 with all possible detail and the specimens preserved, no matter in what 
 number. In all discoveries of this kind the contention has heretofore 
 been whether the stratum in which the object is found belongs really to 
 the tertiary or to some later geologic formation, and after that whether 
 there has been any subsequent disturbance or intrusion. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 605 
 
 By all means do not seek to clean tbe specimens by scraping - or wash- 
 ing, nor even by brushing. The arcbaBologic value of the Calaveras 
 skull was destroyed by this means. 
 
 These objects may be s >ught for in the clays and gravels of the 
 Washington Columbia formation, iu the phosphate beds of South 
 Carolina, the coral beds in the lagoons of Florida, and the equus beds 
 of Texas aud Mexico. It is the contention of some geologists, though 
 disputed by others, that the auriferous gravels of California also be- 
 long to the tertiary formation. 
 
 THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 The paleolithic period of the stone ago has been subdivided into vaii- 
 ous epochs, though iu these subdivisions and their nomenclature the 
 scientists of Europe are by no means agreed. M. Lartet named the 
 epochs after the animals which have been found associated with the 
 implements and called them, respectively, the epochs of tht) cave bear, 
 the mammoth, and the reindeer. MousieurDupout, of Belgium, divided 
 it only into two aud named the epochs after the mammoth aud the 
 reindeer. M. do Mortillet has divided it into four epochs and has 
 named them, respectively, the Chellian, after the station of Chelles, a 
 few miles east of Paris ; the Moustierian, after the cavern of Moustier 
 on the river Vezere, Dordogne; the Solutian, after the cavern of Solu- 
 tre near Macon ; and the Madelenian, after the cavern or rock shelter 
 of La Madeleine, Dordogne. 
 
 Iu later days the tendency seems to be to divide them otherwise. 
 M. Cartailhac, M. Beinach, following Mr. Johu Evans, are in favor of 
 the first period being called that of the alluvium and the second that 
 of the caverns. All these gentlemen are, however, unanimous iu their 
 agreement that this period and all these epochs, whatever they are to 
 be called, belong to the quarteuary geologic period ; that they were 
 earlier than the present geologic period, aud that they came to an end 
 before its commencement. The most certain, and therefore to me the 
 most satisfactory division, has been that of M. de Mortillet, named 
 after the various localities where the respective implements have beeu 
 found iu their greatest purity. I give my preference to it, but do so 
 subject to the correction incident to further discovery. If for no other 
 reason it is more convenient. The names given are for localities aud, 
 consequently, are purely arbitrary. They may not, perhaps, serve for 
 general terms over the world, but within their own locality they have 
 a definite and certain meaning, while to say the epoch of alluvium, 
 the epoch of caverns, the epoch of the drift, or the epoch of the mam- 
 moth, bear, reindeer, etc., might have an application iu other coun- 
 tries which would deceive the studeut op reader. The names of Chel- 
 lian, Moustierian, etc., have no such application, are not possible to be 
 applied to other countries. They mean, then, just one kind of civiliza- 
 tion, one kind of implement, and thus we know what is meant when 
 
60G REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 these terms are used. If other couutries have different things to be 
 described, if different epochs are fonud, then other names may have to 
 be given, but when we speak now of these epochs, the Chelliau, Mons- 
 tierian, etc., aud the implements that belong to them, tbe speaker and 
 hearer are on a common ground in which both understand the same 
 terms used to mean the same thing. 
 
 The world is indebted principally to M. Boucher de Perthes for the 
 great discovery of prehistoric man in the paleolethic period. He lived 
 at Abbeville, on the river Soiiime, about halfway between Paris and 
 Calais. In 1841 he found in a sand-bank, then being worked at Menclie- 
 court, a piece of flint rudely fashioned to an edge aud point, which ex- 
 cited his attention and wonder, for he asked himself, " How could this 
 stone have taken this form by any other than human intervention V He 
 continued his investigations at occasional intervals, chiefly in the ex- 
 cavations aud fillings at Abbeville and in the gravel which was be- 
 ing removed he found many of the same implements. In the year 
 1841) was published his first work on the subject, in which he announced 
 his belief that these were human implements aud of the same age as the 
 gravels in which they were found. This statement made but few con- 
 verts; nevertheless, being an enthusiast, and pressing his belief always 
 in seasou and sometimes, possibly, out of season, came to be regarded 
 as what would now be called a "crank." 
 
 Doctor Kigollot, in 1853, was the first to make such examinations of 
 the locality by which, finding the implements in situ, he became a be- 
 liever in the new theory. M. Boucher de Perthes was no exception to 
 the rule that prophets are without honor in their own country. At 
 last, however, the tide turned in his favor, and I can not do better 
 than to quote from Sir John Lubbock, himself one of the actors, his 
 description of the event: 
 
 In 1859 Dr. Falconer, passing through Abbeville, examined the collection of M. 
 de Perthes, and on his return to Eugland called the attention of Mr. Prestwich, 
 Mr. Evans, aud other English geologists to the importance of his discoveries. In 
 consequence the valley of the Somme was visited in 1859 and 18 >0, firstly by Messrs. 
 Prestwich and Evans, aud shortly afterwards by Sir C. Lyell, Sir R. Murcbisou, 
 Messrs. Busk, Flower, Mylue, Goodwin-Austen, and Galton ; Professors Henslow, 
 Ramsay, Rogers; Messrs. H. Christy, Rupert Jones, James Wyatt, myself, aud other 
 geologists. 
 
 Mr. John Evans, in his "Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,'' 
 describes the same event : 
 
 We examined the local collections of dint implements and the bed in which tiny 
 were said to have been found, and, in addition to being perfectly satislied with the 
 evidence adduced as to the nature of the discoveries, we had the crowning satisfac- 
 tion of seeing one of the worked flints still in situ in its undisturbed matrix of gravel, 
 at a depth of 17 feet from the original surface. 
 
 The locality was also visited by the French savants who were especi- 
 ally qualified for such a scientific investigation. MM. Mortillet, d'Acy, 
 Gaudry, de Quatrefages, Lartet, Collomb, Hebert, de Verneuil, and G. 
 
A STUDY OP PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 607 
 
 Pouchet. Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, was also an earnest and ardent 
 investigator, Mr. John Evans says : 
 
 Indeed it turned out, on examination, that more than one such discovery had 
 already heen recorded, and that flint implements of similar types to those of Abbe- 
 ville and Amiens had been found in the gravels of London at the close of the seven- 
 teenth century, and in the brick earth of Hoxue, in Suffolk, at the close of the 
 eighteenth, and were still preserved in the British Museum and in that of the So- 
 ciety- of Antiquaries. 
 
 The name "paleolithic" was given to this period by Sir John Lubbock. 
 It is composed of two Greek words signifying ancient stone. Belong- 
 ing to the stone age, all its cutting implements were, of course, of stone. 
 The method of manufacture was by chipping, and all cutting edges or 
 points were thus made. The man of this period seems not to have 
 known, at least never employed, the method ot smoothing or sharpen- 
 ing a stone by rubbing it against or upon another. Bone and horn 
 implements were also made during this period, and in its latter part 
 were apparently greater in numbers than the stone. 
 
 This period belongs entirely to the quaternary (pleistocene) geologic 
 period, and is assumed to have been contemporaneous, in Europe at 
 least, with the formation of the river valleys and the deposit of the 
 gravels therein. The climate of the first epoch is supposed to bave 
 been warm and moist; that it afterwards grew cold, and man in West- 
 ern Europe sought the caves for protection. It is believed by many 
 this period of cold corresponds with the glacial epoch of that country. 
 
 Tbe fauna of the first epoch was composed principally of animals 
 which were extinct before our earliest knowledge of natural bistory. 
 Tbe Eleplias antiquus, a pachyderm, the ancestor of the elephant tribe; 
 Rhinoceros Merclii, Trogontherium, a large beaver, have been found at 
 Cbelles, associated with implements of human industry. 
 
 These animals are now all fossil. They belong to the quaternary 
 geologic period, and have never been seen or known in the present day. 
 Tbey have been found in many otlier prehistoric stations associated 
 with the Chellian implements of human manufacture. Here was the 
 beginning of human art. Tbis was the first art product. 
 
 The foregoing sentence might be easily overlooked. Its importance 
 is largely out of proportion with the space which it occupies, for it 
 tells the story that man existed in that country contemporaneous 
 with these animals, and in a geologic period so much older than the 
 present that one can scarcely imagine man's antiquity as having any 
 relation thereto. The succeeding epochs were more like that of the 
 present. The mammoth came first, and after it the reindeer. One 
 can obtain a faint idea of the time by considering that the reindeer 
 which occupied Southern France iu probably greater numbers than it 
 now does iu Lapland, was the animal on which the prehistoric man of 
 this epoch in that country relied principally for his food. A study of 
 the fauna of that period in southern France, as compared with that of 
 the present, shows that there were eighteen species of animals, then 
 
608 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 occupying that country, which in the present time have immigrated 
 to the colder regions. Thirteen of them have gone to the north, by 
 degrees of latitude, while five, like the chamois, mountain goat, etc., 
 have retreated to the mouutains in search of that cold which was nec- 
 essary to support their lives, and which they did not find in the sub- 
 sequent warm climate of southern France. 
 
 THE CHELLIAN EPOCH. 
 
 The Chelliau implements here figured are the standard ones for this 
 period, though they were mostly almond-shaped or oval, with the cutting 
 edge to the point, which is the contrary to those of the neolithic period. 
 The body of the implement was thick, after the shape of an almond or 
 peach stone. It was not thin aud flat like those of the later epoch, the 
 Solutrian, and the two are not to be confounded. They are made of 
 flint where that stone was obtainable ; where it was not, quartz and 
 quartzite seems to have been employed, although any stone would serve 
 which was homogeneous, so that it might be flaked in every direction; 
 tough, that it might hold an edge, and hard, that it would not break or 
 crumble. The flint always broke under a blow with a conchoidal frac- 
 ture, and this may be frequently seen. 
 
 These implements differ somewhat in form and size, though they are 
 substantially the same. Some of them are more round ; others more 
 pointed. A few approach the disk form, aud have an edge which 
 might have served for scraping rather than cutting; but all we know 
 of this is obtained from an examination of the object itself. They were 
 all made by chipping, and were usually brought to an edge by the re- 
 moval of smaller and finer flakes. Chips, flakes, spawls, etc., the de- 
 bris of manufacture, are frequently found in the deposits associated 
 with finished implements. Many, indeed most of the specimens, show 
 signs of use. Some are broken aud others apparently unfinished. 
 
 Occasionally the cutting edge exteuds nearly around the implement, 
 but many times a portion of the pebble is left for a grip. So, while it is 
 possible it may have been attached to a handle in some cases, it is evi- 
 dent that sometimes it was intended to be taken in the hand. The 
 hand may have been protected against the sharp ones by a bit of skin, 
 fur, grass, or other substance. I much doubt whether any of them 
 were attached to a handle, for it must have been with great care and 
 labor that the workman was able to bring them to this sharp ei\ge all 
 around, and when so done it produced a form of implement very diffi- 
 cult to successfully insert in a handle. To make a firm attachment the 
 handle must envelop it at its greatest diameter, and herein lies the 
 difficulty. If the sharpened implement be only partially inserted, a 
 few hard blows would split the handle; if it be inserted too far the 
 same blow will drive it through. Plate lxxxvii, Figs. 1-2. 
 
 The flint of which these implements are made has, in mauy speci- 
 mens, passed, since their manufacture, through certain chemical and 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 609 
 
 physical changes on their surface. Some show a brilliancy called 
 patiue; in some the color has changed to red and yellow, and so on 
 through the scale to chalky white. This change is produced by con- 
 tact with the atmosphere or earth, or by the contact of water which 
 has percolated through the various earths in the neighborhood, gener- 
 ally those containing iron, and has changed the chemical combination 
 of the flint on its surface. This change sometimes extends deep into 
 the stone, and in small specimens may pass entirely through it. In 
 the United States all this might be called weathering; in France it is 
 called patine. The objection to the former word is that it conveys, 
 possibly involuntarily, some relation to the weather, while the patiue 
 may be formed on a specimen deep iu the earth. 
 
 Dendrites are also formed on the specimens. These changes are all 
 evidences of antiquity of the specimen, and to the experienced eye 
 become testimonials of its genuineness. 
 
 The use of the Chellian implement is unknown. The wise men of 
 Europe have made niauy guesses and suppositions, but these are at 
 best nothing more than speculation. Many of them bear undoubted 
 traces of use ou their edges. Mr. John Evans iu his latest work re- 
 verts to his first aud original opinion, "That it is nearly useless to 
 speculate as to the purposes to which they were applied." Sir John 
 Lubbock says, "Almost as well might we ask to what would they 
 not be applied. Infinite as are our instruments, who would attempt 
 even at present to say what was the use of a knife ? But the primitive 
 savage had no such choice of tools. We see before us, perhaps, the 
 whole contents of his workshop, and with these weapons, rude as they 
 seem to us, he may have cut down trees, scooped them out into canoes, 
 grubbed up roots, kill animals and enemies, cut up his food, made holes 
 iu winter through the ice, prepared firewood," etc.* 
 
 The implements of the Chellian epoch are found substantially all 
 over the world. This would indicate, if it does not prove, the expan- 
 sion of that civilization, aud the duration of that epoch to have been 
 much greater than has ever heretofore been supposed. Those from Great 
 Britain are found only in the eastern and southern portion, from Nor- 
 folk around to Devonshire and Land's Eud. They have been found iu 
 every quarter of France and southern Belgium, Italy in all its parts, 
 also iu Spain aud Portugal. They have not been found in northern 
 England, Scotland, Wales, or northern Ireland. Neither iu northern 
 Belgium, or Holland, or in the Scandinavian countries, or that por- 
 tion of Germany bordering ou the Baltic, or in northern Russia. 
 These countries were probably covered at that epoch with glaciers, or 
 possibly by the Great North Sea. Paleolithic implements have been 
 found iu Asia, Palestine, in India from Bombay to Calcutta, in Cam- 
 bodia, Japan, in Africa all along the shores of the Mediterranean, and 
 up the valley of the Nile, and lately in the United States. 
 
 * Prehistoric Times, p. 3G4. 
 H. Mis. 142— )>t. 2 ^9 
 
610 KEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 They have beeu called in England drift implements, because they 
 have been found in the river drifts or deposits. Their position when 
 thus found indicates the same antiquity as the river valleys themselves. 
 There was a time when the rivers filled the valleys from hill to hill, 
 pouring down with a rush and carrying the greatest quantity of water 
 to the sea. In that time the irresistible current eroded the earth, and, 
 if need be, the rock, to make for itself a waterway. As time progressed 
 the water subsided more or less, and thecurreut become slower and less 
 powerful. The sand aud gravel which had before been carried out to 
 the sea began to be deposited here aud there in this bend and on that 
 point, until the deposit came to the surface of the water and formed 
 what is now the highest terrace. Then the river was narrowed and the 
 terrace became a new river bank. This process was repeated again aud 
 again until the river finally retreated to its present bed, aud left ter- 
 races, sometimes three in number, the first being higher, deeper, and 
 more distant from the river than the others. These are now the marks 
 of the successive stages in the formation of the river valleys. 
 
 The sand and gravel deposit of the river at Chelles spreads out and 
 forms the plain of the river valley. It is from 22 to 26 feet in thick- 
 ness. The sand and gravel rests upon the original chalk, and is about 
 on a level with the highest floods of the river in modern times. These 
 deposits are of different degrees of fineness, and are laid in strata or 
 layers, showing that they were made by the action of water. The strata 
 are not always continuous, aud differ in thickness and position, showing 
 that (he water had varying currents. There are to be found occasional 
 huge blocks of erratic stone. The sand and gravel is sometimes in- 
 tercalated by other strata which could not have beeu laid down at the 
 same time or in corresponding manner. One of these is a stratum of 
 calcareous cement several inches in thickness. In many other places, 
 but nearer the top, are pockets or strata which contain various solu- 
 tions of iron, the percolating water from which gives the color to the 
 implement heretofore described. 
 
 There have beeu many and great discussions over the formation of 
 these river valleys and the deposits of their sand and gravel. These 
 as to the time, manner of formation, aud antiquity. I do not enter into 
 this discussion now. I merely state a fact on which all disputants 
 are agreed: that the implements of human industry belonging to this 
 epoch are found in these river gravels, in positions which indicate their 
 deposit at the time of the original formation aud at a distance from the 
 river aud depth below the surface which indicates their antiquity to 
 be equal with the first deposit. Whether they were swept down from 
 the springs which formed the headwaters of the river, were dropped on 
 the borders in the near neighborhood, or precisely in what manner 
 they became involved with the sand and gravel in which they are now 
 found, is not only unknown but there has as yet been developed no sat- 
 isfactory theory, 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 611 
 
 In seeking- to establish the existence of a paleolithic period in 
 America, it has been objected that many of the implements introduced 
 as evidence were found on the surface. In western Europe surface 
 finds are not at all uncommon. The St. Germain Museum, at Paris, ex- 
 hibits six cases of Chellian implements. In five of them are displayed 
 those from the river gravels, and in one is shown similar implements 
 from the surface. These are distinguished as being from the plateau. 
 (The plateau in this case meaning the surface of high level unaffected 
 by the wash of the water which formed the river.) Mr. Solomon 
 lieinach, curator of that museum, in his catalogue and " Description 
 Raisonne'e," says, page 84 : 
 
 The implements found in the ancient ajluvium of the rivers are those which have 
 been used or have been rejected. Sometimes they are water-worn, sometimes alto- 
 gether new and even unfinished. * * The implements gathered on the plateau 
 come from the camps or workshops. They are much less iuterestiug than those of 
 the alluvium, not being accompanied by a fauna which can serve for their chrono- 
 logic classification. * * * As the soil of the plateaus is continually upturned 
 by its cultivation, which has thrown together in the same layers the remains of suc- 
 cessive civilizations, so the paleolithic and neolithic instruments are often found 
 on or near the surface mixed with those of the epoch of metal and of modern times. 
 
 The plateaux on the surface of which these Chellian implements were 
 found extends largely over the interior of France. 
 
 Dr. John Evans, the celebrated prehistoric archaeologist of Eugland, 
 and the author of "Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain," says 
 in that work (page 531), " Xot far from Currie Farm I found on the 
 surface of the ground, in 1809, a well-marked paleolithic implement, in 
 character and size resembling that of Stud-Hill (Fig. 402), and stained 
 arichochreous color." During a visit to Dr. Evans's collection in 1889 
 the writer saw thirty or more paleolithic implements which had been 
 found on the surface in the neighborhood of Ightham, Kent. Mr. B. 
 Harrison has gathered in the same neighborhood nigh six hundred 
 paleolithic implements which are described by Mr. Prestwich in the 
 Quarterly Geologic Journal, No. 178, of May 1, 1889. I quite agree 
 with Mr. Reinach that these surface implements are much less inter- 
 esting than those found in the river gravels. I agree aud have 
 always said that the implements thus found are not proof of the 
 antiquity of the paleolithic period. The most I have ever contended 
 was that they were evidence of its existence. The paleolithic imple- 
 ments of Europe have been found by the ten thousand in the river 
 gravels at various depths, aud associated with the extiuct fauna 
 of the Quaternary geologic period. Thus the antiquity of the paleo- 
 lithic period has been established without the aid of the implements 
 found upon the surface. In the United States this is not the case; there- 
 fore the discovery of the paleolithic implements on the surface have a 
 greater relative importance than in Europe. They, however, are evi- 
 dence only of the existence and not of its autiquity of a paleolithic 
 period. The antiquity remains to be solved by other means. 
 
612 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 Enough has been said to demonstrate tbat the paleolithic implements 
 of this epoch belong to one general type. Their similarity of material, 
 mode of manufacture, and general appearance all testify thereto. 
 While there is this similarity they are not copied one from another. 
 Each one has an individuality, yet they can be recognized as belonging 
 to a common family and having a common origin. In this manner, 
 and for these reasons, a person acquainted with them, or who has had 
 sufficient experience, will be able to recognize a Ohellian implement 
 independent of its locality or its associations. This knowledge comes 
 only from experience, but it is the same experience by which the Ameii- 
 cau archaeologist recognizes the genuineness of the arrow or spear 
 head, the polished stone hatchet, Indian pipe, and similar objects, and 
 is fairly able to assign them to their proper localities. 
 
 The following paragraphs, relating to the differences in form between 
 paleolithic and neolithic implements, may be found of interest: 
 
 A glance at the stone implements hitherto discovered iu the river drift, whether of 
 England or France, will at ouce show how different iu character they are, as a whole, 
 from those of the neolithic period, excepting, of course, mere flakes, and implements 
 made from them, and simple blocks aud hammer-stones. So far as we at present 
 know, not a single implement from the river drift has been sharpened by grinding or 
 polishing, though, of course, it would be unsafe to affirm that such a process was un- 
 known at the time when they were in use. With the unpolished implements of the 
 neolithic period, which most nearly approach those of the paleolithic in form, it will, 
 as a rule, be found that the former are intended for cutting at the broader end, and 
 the latter at the narrow or more pointed end. Even iu the nature of the chipping a 
 practiced observer will, inmost instances, discern a difference. 
 
 When first treating of the character of these instruments (in the Arclneologia, now 
 thirteen years ago), I pointed out these differences between the implements of tins 
 two periods as being marked aud distinct; aud though since that time, from o ir 
 knowledge of the form and character of the stone implements of both periods having 
 been much enlarged, some few exceptions may be made to a too sweeping assertion 
 of the distinctions between the two classes, yet, on the whole, I think they have been 
 fully sustained. 
 
 Unground flint implements, with a sharp point aud a thick truncated butt, and, 
 in fact, what I have termed tongue-shaped in form, are, for instance, no longer con- 
 fined to the drift, but have been found by myself, with polished implements, on tho 
 shores of Longh Neagh, in Ireland; and yet, though analogous iu form, they differ 
 in tho character of the workmanship, aud in their proportions from those from the- 
 gravel. Tho difference is such that, though possibly a single specimen might pass 
 muster as of paleolithic form, yet a group of three or four would at once strike au 
 exp-.-rienced eye as presenting other characteristics. 
 
 In the same manner some of the roughly chipped specimens from Cissbury aud 
 elsewhere — such, for instance, as Fig. 26* — appear to be of the tongue-shaped type, 
 or like other river -drift forms. These are, however, exceptional in character, and as 
 their finding appears to bo contiued to the sites of manufactories of Hint implements, 
 where a very largo proportion of the specimens found are merely " wasters" produced 
 iu the manufacture, it is doubtful how they are to bo regarded as finished tools. 
 
 On this subject of the difference iu character between the paleolithic and neolithic 
 forms I have been severely taken to task by M. Zinck, in the Proceedings of the So- 
 ciety of Northern Antiquaries of Copenhagen, who has figured several Danish neo- 
 lithic specimens in juxtaposition with some of my own figures of implements from the 
 drift. In many cases, however, tho comparison is made between implements of very 
 
 * Ancient Stone Implements, n, 7 1, 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 613 
 
 different dimensions, though, by being drawn to different scales, they are made to 
 appear of the same .size in the figures; and, in other cases, the specimens engraved 
 are apparently unfinished, or merely wasters thrown away. 
 
 But, even granting that these exceptional instances of re -semblance cau be found, 
 there is no one who can deny that the general fades of a collection of implements 
 from the river drift, and one from the surf ic \ is totally and entirely distinct. With 
 regard to the Danish stone antiquities, I think I may safely say that I have as ex- 
 tensive a collection of them as any one out of that country ; and, further, that I have 
 more than once examined the collections, both public and private, at Copenhagen, 
 as well as at Stockholm and Lund, and yet that I do not remember to have seen any 
 specimen — unless possibly a mere flake or rough block— which, if placed before me 
 without comment, I should have taken to be paleolithic. 
 
 In most cases, even if a similarity of form should be found to exist, there will be 
 a difference in the character of the surface of the material ; the deep staining more 
 especially, and the glossy surface so common on the implements from the gravel, 
 being but rarely met with ou those from the surface soil. 
 
 But, though, on the whole, so widely differing from the implements of the neo- 
 lithic period, those belonging to paleolithic times show a marvelous correspondence 
 with each other in whatever part of England they are fouud ; and this correspond- 
 ence extends, in an equal degree, to the implements fouud in the river gravels of 
 France. In illustration of this, Mr. Flower has engraved, side by side, two imple- 
 ments from Thetford and two from St. Acheul, each pair being almost identical 
 both in shape and size. But what is more remarkable still, this resemblance iu form 
 prevails not only with the implements from the river gravels of western Europe, 
 but with those from the laterite beds of southern India. It is true that the material 
 is somewhat different, the Indian implements being formed of compact quartzite 
 instead of flint, and that this circumstance somewhat affects the character of the 
 fracture and facets, but, so far as general form is concerned, they may be said to be 
 identical with those from the European river-drifts.* 
 
 MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH. 
 
 This is the commencement of the cavern period. Daring this epoch 
 and the two succeeding, man inhabited principally the caverns and 
 rock shelters. While I would not assert that the implements and ob- 
 jects belongiug to these epochs are not to be found on the surface and 
 otherwheres, yet it is true that the habitations, the workshops, the 
 residences, the fireplaces, hearths, etc., of these three epochs, are to be 
 found principally iu the caverns or under the rock shelter. When 
 Monsieur Reinaeh speaks of the epoch of alluvium, he means the epoch 
 prior to this; when he speaks of the period of the caverns, he means 
 these three epochs following, It is entirely possible that these may 
 have been contemporaneous, that man may have occupied them all 
 at once, to have made and used the implements belonging to these 
 epochs all at one time, and such has been the contention of some emi- 
 nent scientists. But they are not by any means agreed upou that 
 theory or statement. These subdivisions of the cavern period, made 
 by M. de Mortillet, are Moustierian, the Solutrian, and the Madelenian. 
 
 The Moustierian is so named after the Cavern de Moustier, on the 
 river Vezere, Dordogne, France. The typical implements are the 
 
 • Evans: Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, p. 568. 
 
614 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 ! 
 point and scraper.* The point is different from all other points, in that 
 
 while one side is left flat and smooth as it was struck from its nucleus, 
 the retouching by which the point and edge are made is all done from 
 the opposite side. The scraper is made in the same way, and its pecul- 
 iarity is that its edge is upon the side rather than upon the end, as 
 it was in all succeeding epochs. These appear to have beeu the first 
 scrapers used by the pre-historic'man. ) While the Moustierian imple- 
 ments have beeu found in the river gravels of Europe, there has been 
 much contention as to their contemporaneity with those of the preced- 
 ing epoch. But they have been found in the caverns at such depths 
 and with such associations as to cause many prehistoric anthropolo- 
 gists iu Europe to believe that they formed a separate epoch, during 
 which the caverns were occupied by the inhabitants for a long period 
 of time. v It has been contended that this epoch was, at least in south- 
 ern France, contemporary with the glacial period. This, if established, 
 would sufficiently account for his occupation of caves and rock shel- 
 ters. The extinct fauna of the preceding epoch is not found iu con- 
 nection with these implements. The animals become more like those 
 of our own time. This epoch begins what has beeu called the cavern 
 
 P en0t " SOLUTRIAN EPOCH. 
 
 Is so named after the Cavern of Solutre, near Macon, Saone et Loire. 
 The Chellian implement had in this epoch ceased to be made; also the 
 one sided Moustierian point. They were probably replaced by the large 
 and thin spear head which is shaped like a laurel leaf. The scrapers 
 have been changed in form. They are smaller, and the scraping edge 
 is on the end instead of being upon the side. Knives and saws of 
 flint also appear. The man of this epoch excelled in the art of chip- 
 ping flint. Indeed, it is doubtful if any subsequent age or epoch even 
 equalled him. The implements are renowed for beauty of form and 
 fiueness of finish. It is by this progress that this epoch has become 
 recognized. It is remarkable that these leaf-shaped implements should 
 be found in France in nests or en cache, and that great numbers of sim- 
 ilar instruments should be found in the United States likewise fre- 
 quently in nests. It would be exceedingly strange if, upon further 
 study and careful investigation, it should be discovered that the Ameri- 
 can implements should belong to the same paleolithic epoch, as do 
 those of France.t 
 
 Points were also made of bone, sometimes apparently for use In 
 piercing skins, or for sewing garments. Sometimes to replace the 
 chipped flint for spear-points. Another implement peculiar to this 
 epoch was a fine flint-point, apparently a spear, with a tang and shoul- 
 der on only one side. 
 
 But it is in its art products that this period is remarkable. The 
 Chellian implements and the Moustierian points and scrapers are 
 scarcely fine enough to be worthy of the title ot artistic. 
 
 * Plate lxxxviii. * Plate lxxxiv, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. G 1 5 
 
 The art of the third period, the Solutriau, was mueh finer, although 
 confined to the chipping' of Hint and the making of bone and horn iin- 
 plements. The representative implement of this epoch is the flint 
 spear- head or dagger, which was shaped like the laurel leaf. It was in 
 the working of the flint to make these objects that the best art of the 
 Solutriau epoch is manifested. It may be objected that there was no 
 art required in chipping flint implements, but an inspection of those 
 from the Solutriau epoch, coupled with an attempt on the part of the 
 objector to make one of the larger and finer, will show how far he is 
 from the truth. 
 
 An examination aud measurement of these implements is required 
 to understand the delicacy of their manufacture. It must have re- 
 quired much education and experience and a large amount of manual 
 dexterity. 
 
 Figure 1 represents one of these leaf-shaped points found en cache 
 with ten others. It is one of the largest kuown, aud is in the Museum 
 of Chalo'n-sur-Saone. Its length is 14 inches, its breadth 3^, arid its 
 greatest thickness less than three eighths of an inch. It is made en- 
 tirely by chipping, which is not either primary or secondary, but ap- 
 pears to be even tertiary. The flakes by which it has been reduced 
 have been struck or pressed off from the edge, aud are so long aud 
 thin as to resemble shavings rather than chips. 
 
 The art of chipping flint attained its highest point during this epoch. 
 It has never been exceeded, aud rarely equalled in any time and by 
 auy people. The prehistoric people of Scandinavia, in Europe, aud 
 those of Mexico and California, in America, are the only ones which 
 have in auy way approached it. The modern Indian has chipped his 
 arrow-heads, aud many persons of high artistic abilities have, in the 
 interest of science, reproduced them, making them sometimes of flint, 
 obsidian, and even of common bottle glass. Occasional persons have 
 used their abilities, like "Flint Jack," in making spurious implements 
 to be palmed off as genuine ones. But no flint-knaoper of the present 
 day, whether amateur or professional, has yet been able to reproduce 
 one of the hue, Solutrian, leaf-shaped implements. We have had to 
 contend many times with other fraudulent and spurious specimens 
 which evinced a high degree of art and manual dexterity, but never 
 with forgeries or counterfeits of these beautiful implements. 
 
 MADELENIAN EPOCH. 
 
 So named from the rock shelter, La Madelaine, on the Vezere, Dor- 
 dogne, about half way between Le Moustier and Les Eyzies. 
 
 This epoch endured longer than the preceding. Its stations are 
 more frequent; the area more extended; its implements increase in 
 number, variety, aud form, and indicate continued progress. While in 
 former epochs the material used by man for the fabrication of his uten- 
 sils and implements was almost entirely of flint, or at least stone, in 
 
GIG REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888 
 
 this epoch he used bone, horn, and ivory. He made the long straight 
 flakes of flint in profusion, for bis need for knives and saws was natur- 
 ally great.* Scrapers, gravers, etc., were also of flint (Figs. 1, 3, 4); 
 but piercers or points, needles, harpoons, hooks, and ornaments of 
 divers sorts, were made of bone, horn, or ivory.t 
 
 It was in the Madelenian epoch that pre-historic art attained its per- 
 fection. The art of that epoch seems to have been indigenous to that 
 country in which its greatest manifestations have been discovered ; 
 that is, the Dordogne district of France. It does not seem to have 
 been an imitation, nor to have been borrowed from any other country 
 or people, but only to have been a display of the artistic tendencies of 
 the human mind, and a manifestation of the manual dexterity of that 
 period and locality. It consisted sometimes of sculpture done in the 
 round, sometimes of engravings or etchings on stone, bone, or horn, 
 possibly on wood (though such specimens have decayed), and also the 
 making of the bone and horn implements such as points, harpoons, 
 daggers, needles, etc. The decoration was sometimes of geometric 
 designs made by curved or straight lines, by festoons, zigzag, or her- 
 ring-bone, or by the same figures made by dots or points. 
 
 The principal and wonderful manufacture of art in this epoch was 
 the representation of living things. Sometimes the animals represented 
 are at rest, but many times they are in action. Hunting scenes are 
 depicted in which the hunter, a man, is shown in the chase and engaged 
 in active couflict with his game. In one, a man is throwing a spear; 
 in another, the serpent bites his heel ;| deer in actiou ; the reindeer with 
 his nose high in the air and horns thrown on his back. A reindeer 
 browsing, which represents a veritable laudscape with perspective 
 drawing. The engraving and sculpture represent the mammoth, the 
 reindeer, horse, bison, birds, fish, serpent, musk-ox, and others. § Some 
 of these are Arctic animals now found only in cold countries. Some of 
 these are of animals now extinct. A mammoth is found engraved on a 
 piece of ivory (part of his own tusk), a cave-bear was engraved on a 
 flat stoue of schist, a poignard was made of reindeer horn, the handle 
 of which is in the form of a reindeer himself. These all came from 
 southern France, and are evidence of their existence in that locality, 
 for the artist must have seen them before he could depict them. 
 
 The art tools with which this work was done have been found in con- 
 siderable numbers. They are of flint, and have been chipped to the 
 same sharp, triangular point as the steel graver of modern times.|| 
 
 The implements and utensils of every-day use were objects of an art 
 by no means contemptible, even as compared with those of our times. 
 The harpoons, needles, daggers, and other implements and utensils 
 were so ornamented as to show an appreciation of decorative art applied 
 to household or domestic uses which would not be unworthy the decora- 
 tive schools of art of the nineteenth century. 
 
 - Plate xci, Fig. 2. t Plate xcm, Fig! 2. II Plate xc. Fig. 2, and Plate 
 
 t Plate xcn. § Plates xcm and xciv. xci, Figs. 3, 4. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 617 
 
 There has also been found an instrument made of reindeer horn, the 
 use of which is as yet unknown. It has been named " Baton (or stick} 
 de Commandemeut," and is supposed to have been some sort of emblem 
 of authority. Their length was such as to require the principal part of 
 a reindeer horn, and from two to three holes about three-fourths of an 
 inch in diameter were drilled through sideways.* 
 
 These artistic manifestations are intended not alone for utility, as in 
 the decoration of implements, weapons, and utensils, but they display 
 art for its own sake. Sketches have been discovered which, like those 
 of many artists of the present day, appear to have been purely for 
 practice or for innate 1 ove of the work.t They are mere essays, attem pts 
 in which the artists have made various efforts on the same piece with- 
 out any attempted relation one to the other. The piece known as the 
 combat of reindeer, live animals, Marquis de Vibraye's collection, is 
 an example. Another is a sketch of eight animals, horses and deer, 
 from the Cavern of Lartet, Judge Piette's collection. These are each 
 on one piece; the lines run into each other. The animals represented 
 are without relation to each other. They have even been done from dif- 
 ferent planes, so that some are upside down. Some are complete ; 
 others incomplete. The author of these sketches was only utilizing his 
 material, as does the artist of to-day when he puts many studies on 
 the same canvas. The mammoth engraved on a laminated piece of 
 his own tusk, and the bear on a flat pebble, are purely artistic, are 
 done solely for their art; while the sculpture of the mammoth aud 
 reindeer, decoration of the handles of daggers and poi guards are such 
 utilization as put one in remembrance of like work done by Benvenuto 
 Cellini. Similar illustrations are found in the various "Batons de Com- 
 mandement." 
 
 The excellent and artistic work shown in these engravings and sculp- 
 tures is itself strange enough. But the really wonderful and incompre- 
 hensible thing concerning them and the civilization belonging to this 
 epoch is that at the close of the period the entire culture painted on its 
 existence disappeared. It passed away and left no trace. Whatever 
 may be the truth concerning this in other parts of the world, it appears 
 to be certain in its relation to western Europe. This leads one to speak 
 of the close of this period, and what has been called by some of the 
 archaeologists the hiatus; that is, the gap between that and the suc- 
 ceeding epoch or period. 
 
 I have already shown how the human occupation during the paleo- 
 lithic period was spread generally over western Europe, but whether 
 the subdivision or epochs according to the classification of de Mortillet 
 extended to aud were developed in other countries than France has not 
 been determined, and there were persons of both ways of thinking. On 
 one proposition, however, the archaeologists seem to be agreed, that there 
 were subdivisions in the paleolithic period, and they are to be traced 
 and recognized by the differences in the human industry according to 
 
 * Plate xcm, Fig. 2, antl Plate xciv, Figs. 1, 3. t Plate xciv. Fig. 4. 
 
618 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 their association and superposition. There are many illustrations to be 
 given. The Grotte de Placard is situated on the banks of the river 
 Tardoire, a branch of the Oharente in the department of the same name. 
 A cut of this grotte is given in Plate xc, Fig. 1. By its side is shown 
 a section of the grotte made during its excavation. It is drawn to scale 
 and shows the various strata of earth or debris with which the grotte 
 was filled. The top layer was naturally the last in point of time to be 
 laid down; the bottom was just as naturally the first. The divisions 
 in the scale from the bottom to the top represent the various strata 
 found during the excavation and their component parts show by their 
 differences how they were deposited, each one subsequent to the other, 
 and what were the distinctions between the habits or industries of the 
 man who successively occupied the cavern during the filling of the re- 
 spective strata. 
 
 A. —Strata of small pieces of rock and debris fallen from the roof of the cavern, and 
 separating the arehseologic layers: No traces of human industry, and, conse- 
 quently, man was not present. 
 
 B. — A stratum of the same with a fine streak of clay. 
 
 C. — The top archseologic strata, 38 centimeters in thickness, belongs to the neolithic 
 period for it contained pieces of property, fragments of polished stoue flint 
 hatchets, barbed arrow-beads, together with the bones of modern animals. 
 
 D, E, F, and H. — Four strata with tbe characteristic fauna and objects of industry 
 of the prehistoric period, Madaldnian. epoch. These four, together with the 
 intermediate strata are nigh 4 meters (5 feet) in thickness. 
 
 7. — A stratum of Solutrian industry of the finer and later order. Flint arrow or 
 spear-beads with shoulder ou onefend. 
 
 K. — A stratum of the lower or earlier Solutrian with leaf-shaped implements. 
 
 L. — Stratum Monstieriau with a characteristic point. 
 
 Although this evidence of chronologic and successive occupations 
 can be repeated in many cases, yet it has not been universally ac- 
 cepted, and when accepted it has been with a different classification 
 and nomenclature. The division into epochs according to the classifi- 
 cation here adopted is not laid down as a hard and fast rule. It is 
 only tentative and liable to be changed and modified by future dis- 
 coveries. Whether all these subdivisions of the paleolithic period 
 extended to aud were developed in other countries than Frauce has 
 not been determined, and there are persons of both ways of thinking. 
 The principal cause of my willingness to adopt the theory is that it 
 makes a segregation of the objects aud implements of the paleolithic 
 period, aud gives them a nomenclature by which they can be described 
 aud understood; it provides a common language for both hearer and 
 speaker. 
 
 The man of the paleolithic period left no monuments. It appears 
 that he built no houses for either the living or the dead. Indeed, it is 
 doubtful if the dead were buried or had any place of sepulcher. The 
 general belief is that he made no pottery. The sole exceptions to this 
 have arisen in Belgium, since the discovery by M. Dupont in the 
 Grotte deFurfooz, and MM. Fraipont and Lrdiest in the Grotte de Spy. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 619 
 
 Portions of the skeleton of paleolithic men are believed to have been 
 found in several places throughout western Europe. It is useless to 
 attempt a full description of them ; sufficient for my purpose to say 
 that they have been determined, from investigation of the skull, to have 
 been a long-headed race with retreating forehead and heavy frontal 
 projection. Enough bones have been found to determine that he was 
 of small stature, the extremities being comparatively short but heavy. 
 The sinuses indicate the attachment of heavy muscles, and, conse- 
 quently, great strength. The typical skulls of this race of men, and 
 which have given their names respectively to it, are that of Neander- 
 thal, the original of which is now at Bonn, and of Cauustadt, which is 
 at Stutgard, both in Germany. 
 
 I have said that the human occupation during this period, as indi- 
 cated by the remains of its civilization, extended generally over the 
 world. What became oi man at its close is not at all determined, and 
 has-scarcely been studied. In western Europe the scientists have had 
 bettter opportunities than in this country, and, consequently, have 
 made greater discoveries. It is the opinion of some that there was a 
 hiatus between the two races; others, without admitting this, are 
 equally satisfied of the great differences between the two. The neo- 
 lithic man, so far as concerns western Europe, must have come from 
 the east, that great foundation of civilization and unknown cradle of 
 the human race. He occupied the same territory which was before 
 occupied by paleolithic man, but what became of the paleolithic man 
 is unknown and a mystery. Whether he migrated to the north, follow- 
 ing up the Arctic animals when they took their departure; whether 
 the neolithic man came down upon and exterminated him; whether he 
 drove him off or absorbed the remuents, is as yet unknown. It may 
 never be known, but it is a subject for investigation, and the scien- 
 tists of these countries are engaged seriously in the work of examination. 
 
 On the subject of this hiatus or gap, Mr. John Evaus says: 
 
 There appears, in this country at all events, to be a complete gap between the 
 river-driffc and surface-stone periods, so far as any intermediate forms of implements 
 are ' concerned ; and here, at least, the race of men who fabricated the latest of the 
 paleolithic implements may have, and in all probability had, disappeared at an 
 epoch remote from that when the country was again occupied by those who not only 
 chipped out but polished their flint tools, and who were, moreover, associated with 
 a mammalian fauna far nearer resembling that of the present day than that of the 
 quarternary times. 
 
 So different indeed are the two groups of animals that, as has been already re- 
 marked, Mr. Boyd Dawkius has shown that, out of forty-eight well-ascertained spe- 
 cies living in the post-glacial or river-drift period, only thirty-one were able to live 
 on into the prehistoric or surface-stone period. Such a chauge as this in the fauna 
 of a country can hardly have been the work of a few years, or even of a few cen- 
 turies; and yet we must intercalate a period of time sufficient for its accomplish- 
 ment between the farthest date to which we can carry back the neolithic period, and 
 the close of the paleolithic period as indicated by the low-level gravels. The an- 
 tiquity, then, that must be assigned to the implements in the highest beds of river- 
 
G20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 drift may be represented (1) by the period requisite for the excavation of the valleys 
 to their present depth ; plus (2) the period necessary for the dying out and immi- 
 gration of a large part of the quarternary or post-glacial fauna aud the coming in 
 of the prehistoric ; plus ^3) the polished stoue period ; plus (4) the bronze, iron, and 
 historic periods, which three latter in this country occupy a space of probably not 
 less than three thousand years. A single equation involving so many unknown 
 quantities is, as already observed, not susceptible of solution.* 
 
 And Prof. Boyd Dawkius: 
 
 The great changes in the fauna and geography of Britaiu, at the close of the Pleis- 
 tocene age, render it very improbable that the cave men were in any way repre- 
 sented by the neolithic tribes who are the tirst to appear iu prehistoric Europe. 
 The former possessed no domestic animals, just as the latter are not known to have 
 been acquainted with any of the extinct species, with the exception of the Irish 
 elk. The former lived as hunters, unaided by the dog, iu Britain, while it was part 
 of the continent; the latter appear as farmers and herdsmen after it became an is- 
 land. Their states of culture, as we shall see presently, were wholly different. We 
 might expect, on a priori grounds, that there would be an overlap, and that the former 
 would have beeu absorbed into the mass of the new-comers. There is, however, no 
 evidence of this. * * » 
 
 From the facts at present before us we may conclude that they belonged to two 
 races of men, living in Europe in successive times,- and separated from each other by 
 an interval sufficiently great to allow of the above-mentioned changes taking place 
 in the physical conditions of Britain. * * * 
 
 From the preceding pages the reader will gather a distinct idea of the physical 
 couditiou of Britain in the neolithic age, and of the manners and customs of the 
 inhabitants. The population was probably large, divided into tribal communities 
 possessed of fixed habitations, and living principally on their flocks and herds, ac- 
 quainted with agriculture, and subsisting in a lesser degree by hunting and fishing. 
 The arts of spinning, weaving, mining, and pottery-making were known, and that 
 of boat-building had advauced sufficiently far to allow of voyages being made from 
 France to Britain, aud from Britaiu to Ireland. Traffic was carried on by barter, and 
 stone axes were distributed over areas far away from those in which the stone was 
 found. Tombs also were built, some of imposing grandeur, for the habitation of the 
 dead in the after-world, iu which the spirits were supposed to lead a life not very 
 different from that of the living, and at which they were worshiped by the family 
 or tribe, after the manner of the red Indians and many African peoples. 
 
 The neolithic implements and the domestic animals and plants, described in the 
 preceding pages, have been discovered over the whole of Europe, with the exception 
 of northern Russia and northern Scandinavia. They imply that the neolithic civil- 
 ization was long established, and that it underwent so little change, if any, in the 
 lapse of ages that no traces of a change have been preserved to our times. Its dura- 
 tion varied in different countries, aud it yielded place to a higher culture in Greece 
 aud Italy long before it passed away from central and northern Europe. * * 
 
 The introduction of this civilization is the starting-point of the history of the pres- 
 ent inhabitants of Europe. To the neolithic peoples we owe the rudiments of the 
 culture which we ourselves enjoy. The arts which they introduced have never been 
 forgotten, and all subsequent progress has been built upon their foundation. Their 
 cereals are still cultivated by the farmer, their domestic animals still minister to us, 
 and the arts of which they only possessed the rudiments have developed into the 
 industries — spinning, weaving, pottery-making, mining; without which we can 
 scarcely realize what our lives would bc.t 
 
 "Evans: Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain; p. 618. 
 tW. Boyd Dawkins: Early Man in Britain; p. 2G5, etc. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 621 
 
 Monsieur Gabriel de Mortillet iu Le Prehistorique, page -479, dis 
 cusses this hiatus between the paleolithic and the neolithic periods. 
 He considers that the former belonged to the quaternary geologie 
 period, while the latter belongs to the present, or period actual. He 
 says that "Between these two epochs (that is, between the Madaleu- 
 ian epoeh and the neolithic period) •' there are differences everywhere; 
 there exists a veritable revolution." And he puts in the form of a 
 table, side by side, the differences. 
 
 (1) Iu the neolithic period the climate 
 
 was temperate and uniform. 
 
 (2) The uiaminotb extinct. 
 
 (3) Chamois, marmot, and wild goat have 
 
 gone to the summits of the mount- 
 ains. 
 
 (4) These animals have emigrated to- 
 
 ward the Arctic region. 
 
 (5) No hyenas or grand cats. 
 
 ((>) Domestic animals abundant. 
 (7) Huiuau type much varied. 
 ( s ) Population sedentary. 
 
 (9) Agriculture we'll developed. 
 
 (10) Stone implements polished. 
 
 (11) Pottery. 
 
 (12) Monuments: Dolmens and menhirs; 
 
 burial of the dead. 
 
 (14) Religious ideas well developed. 
 
 (15) No artistic sentiment. 
 
 (1) In the Madaleniau the climate was 
 
 cold and dry, with extreme tem- 
 peratures. 
 
 (2) Existence of the last grand fossil spe- 
 
 cies — the mammoth. 
 
 (3) Chamois, marmot, the wild goat iu 
 
 the plains of France. 
 
 (4) Reindeer, saiga (antelope), elk, glut- 
 
 ton, white bear, in the center of 
 Europe. 
 
 (5) Hyena and the grand cat tribe. 
 
 (6) No domestic animals. 
 
 (7) Human type uniform. 
 
 (8) Population nomadic. 
 
 (9) Hunters aud lishers, but uo agricult- 
 
 ure. 
 
 (10) Stone implements always chipped. 
 
 (11) No pottery. 
 
 (12) No monuments. 
 
 (13) No burials; norespect for the dead. 
 
 (14) No religious ideas 
 
 (15) A profound and pure artistic senti- 
 
 ment. 
 
 This revolution is at once physical and industrial, natural aud social. 
 In the physical or natural there have been great changes in the climate, 
 which proves changes of equal importance in the orography and geog- 
 raphy, which in its turn was followed by profound geologic modifica- 
 tion. This could be done but very slowly, and, therefore, there must 
 have existed a long period of time between the two epochs. This can 
 be assured by certain proofs. In the Grotte de Placard one can see 
 between the uppermost stratum, containing implements of the Madal- 
 eniau epoeh, and that which contains implements of the neolithic period 
 there is to be found a depot or stratum of fallen rubbish, principally 
 small stone from the roof of the casern, which is completely sterile, so 
 far as concerns archaeology, and is 70 cm in thickness. The Cavern of 
 Laugerie Haute gives the same evidence and is even more conclusive. 
 Between the strata of the two periods there exists a sterile stratum of 
 1.30 m . Iu the Grotte de la Vache there exists a thick stratum of sta- 
 lagmite, sometimes 45 cm , between the Madaleniau epoch aud the neo- 
 lithic period and the same difference exists between the industrial aud 
 
622 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 social cultures of the two epochs. The table just given, and which 
 need not be repeated, shows the industries and customs of the two 
 epochs to have nothing in common. There was a substitution complete 
 of the former by the latter. The more advanced have entirely replaced 
 the primitive. It has produced a phenomenon analogous to that which 
 took place in America or the Oceanic Islands after the arrival of the 
 Europeans. There is no progressive or local development, but an in- 
 vasion of a superior civilization. There are the same changes in the 
 races of the men of the two epochs, but, by atavism, we may And the 
 type of the Chellia-u man reproduced in the neolithic period. If this be 
 established by future discoveries, it would tend to show a contact of 
 the two populations and that the hiatus was not real, but only a gap 
 in our knowledge of the civilizations of the two peoples. 
 
 NEOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 There was a marked improvement in the civilization of this period 
 over that of its predecessor, the paleolithic. This extended to many 
 things, but the distinguishing feature was the art of polishing or 
 smoothing the stone implements and weapons. Therefore it has been 
 called the polished stone age. 
 
 The characteristic implements of this period are the polished stone 
 hatchets, called celts in England and America. They are found like 
 the paleolithic Chellian implements, which preceded them, substan- 
 tially all over the world, thus showing that this civiliz itiou must have 
 endured for a long period of time and comprised an extensive popula- 
 tion. The materials differ according to locality, and the form may 
 vary with the requirements of the material. 
 
 The standard hatchet in Alaska is made of nephrite, that of the West 
 Indies may be made of shell; there may be also slight differences of 
 form, some havinga square top,others being pointed. The Scandinavian 
 hatchets are usually square in section and therein are different from 
 others ; they are also much longer, but this arises from the peculiarities of 
 the material. The general likeness in these implements prevails through- 
 out the world notwithstanding the minor differences mentioned. While 
 an experienced prehistoric archaeologist may be able to determine from 
 an inspection of the polished stone hatchet from what country it comes 
 and possibly to what locality it belongs, yet the statement is true that 
 they are substantially the same implement and that the invention of the 
 art of polishing, together with the form of hatchet, has passed by com- 
 munication from people to people, country to country, and descended 
 from generation to generation until it has spread everywhere. A series 
 of the polished stone hatchets, or celts, from almost any one of the 
 United States will stand as a fair representative of the same implement 
 in any other State or country. The single exception to the universality 
 of this statement is from Scandinavia. I shall not at present attempt 
 any general description of the implements, weapons, or ornaments of 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 623 
 
 this period. That will be reserved until I come to speak of those from 
 the United States, when it can be done more in detail and will not be a 
 repetition. 
 
 The stone arrow or spear-head or knife is another equally charater- 
 istic implement or weapon of this period. The North American Indian 
 was in the neolithic period of the civilization at the time of the discovery 
 of the continent by Christopher Columbus. Although he used copper 
 as a material for implements, yet it did not displace stone nor was its 
 use sufficiently extended to establish, an age of copper. 
 
 Another characteristic of the neolithic period was its monuments. 
 Their erection and construction by man began in this period, and are 
 therefore its oldest representatives in every country. In the United 
 States they consist of mounds and earthworks, likewise stone and other 
 forts. In western Europe principally of dolmens, menhirs; cromlechs, 
 and alignments. I will not attempt any description of the monuments 
 of the United States further than to say that many of them are believed 
 to have been places of sepulture. Some of the forts, from their appear- 
 ance and location, seem to have been erected as places of defense or for 
 safety. But there are vast numbers both of mounds and earthworks 
 which would seem so illy suited for the respective purposes indicated as 
 that it is difficult to believe they were sointeuded. Many theories and 
 arguments have been presented, but much of it has been of that kind 
 which darkeueth wisdom by words without knowledge. 
 
 The excavations into the mounds and other prehistoric monuments 
 in the United States have been unfortunately made more in pursuit of 
 trinkets and to add numbers to the owner's collection than in the in- 
 terest of science or for the purpose of discovering the history, customs, 
 or civilization of the men who made the mounds. Any description at 
 this time would necessarily be imperfect, and probably all wl»" ,, * Ji " 1 
 this pamphlet will have had as much general and indetinite knowledge 
 of these mouumeuts as could be here given. Those who would know 
 more concerning this subject must be referred to the special works 
 treating thereon. 
 
 DOLMENS. 
 
 The neolithic monuments of western Europe may be briefly described. 
 
 The dolmen was made in the form of a chamber or series of com 
 municating chambers or alley-ways with sides, floor, and covers, and 
 was a tomb.* Its floor and entrauce were at about the level of the 
 neighboring surface, and the entire monument is believed to have been 
 covered with earth; thus in ancient times it was a tumulus, t 
 
 The covering stones of a dolmen have been found to weigh 5, 10, 20, 
 ami 40 tons. | Used for sepulture they may be described as houses for 
 the dead. They are perhaps the earliest form of receptacle for the dead, 
 although the Kistvaen, made of smaller flat stones with sides, ends, top, 
 
 * Plates xcv to xcix. | Plate XCVII, Fig. !. 
 
 t Plate xevi, Fig. 1, and Plate xcvm, Fig. 2. 
 
624 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 and bottom shaped like a box or chest (Kist) and covered with stones 
 like a cairn, may be older, but they may also have only been the sep- 
 ultures of a poorer people. 
 
 The dolmens, usually square but sometimes round, were made in the 
 form of chambers, sometimes as small as 4 by feet, 4 feet high ; some- 
 times these were 16 feet wide, 30 feet long, and 8 fret high. Most of the 
 dolmens consist of a single chamber, but many have as many as six 
 lateral chambers. They are made of huge flat unhewn granite stones, 
 which are stood on end or edge to form the sides and ends of the chain 
 bers.* The covering stones (which are called tables) are large, and a 
 single one is sometimes sufficient to cover the entiremouumeut.t The 
 dolmens usually have a gallery or corridor leading to the chain ber, 
 made in the same way. This is for approach to the chamber. This 
 gallery is about 3 or 4 feet wide and as many or more high, sufficient 
 for a man to make easy entrance. It is sometimes blocked with an- 
 other slab of granite at the inside and nearest the chamber, sometimes 
 at the outside, ami sometimes both. Fig. 2| will explain this. In this 
 example the door has fallen in. Their orientation is irregular. They 
 open in every direetion, north and south, east and west; but there are 
 more to the south than to the north, and more to the east than to the 
 west. The greater number open towards the southeast. For purposes 
 of comparison the ground plan of several of the important dolmens are 
 here given. § It will be perceived that though they are all one general 
 type, vet no particular or precise form has been invariably followed in 
 their construction. Each one has its own individuality and differs from 
 any other. 
 
 The tine unshaded lines indicate the covering stones. The direction 
 of the opening is indicated by letters SSE, etc. 
 
 (1; Dolmen of Kerlescant, at Carnac. This opens to the west. This dolmen is 
 what is usually denominated Alice courerlc. 
 
 (2) Dolmen of Kervilor, at Trinite-sur-Mer. Opening to SSE., one side square and 
 one side round. 
 
 (3) Dolmen du Rocher, at Plougoumelen. Opening to SSE. 
 
 (4) Dolmen of Crncuno— same as Fig. l.|| Opening to SE., chamber rectangular. 
 
 (5) Dolmen of Keroed-Kerzu, at Crach. Opening to east, circular chamber. 
 
 (G) Dolmen of Beu-er-Groah, at Lochmariaquer. Opening south, two successive 
 circular chambers. 
 
 (7) Dolmen of Kervihan, Carnac. Two chambers, semi-circular, with alley be- 
 tween. Opening SSE. 
 
 (8) Dolmen of Keriaval, near Plouharuel-Carnac. Three lateral chambers, opening 
 east. 
 
 (9) Second dolmen of Manfi Kerioued, near Plouharnel. This is one of three in 
 the same tumulus— side by side— opening south, and is elaborately sculptured on the 
 face of the supports. 
 
 (10) Three dolmens of Rondessec, at Plouharnel, all under the same tumulus, open- 
 ing SSE. In one of these was fouud a pair of gold bracelets, one of which is still to 
 be seen at Pere Gaillard's, Plouharnel. 
 
 (11) Small type dolmen of Kermario, Carnac. Opening to southeast. 
 
 * Plate xcv, Fig 1 ; Plate XCViil, Fig. 1. t Plate xcv. || Plate cvn. 
 
 t Plate XCVH, Fig. 2. § Plate xox. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 625 
 
 (12) Dolmen of Mane Lud, at Loehmariaquer. Opening south. 
 
 (13) Dolmen (with tumulus) of Kercado, Plouharnel, SSE. 
 
 (14) Tnmulus of Pornic, Loire-Iuferieure, in the upper right-hand corner. Tins 
 contains several dolmens opening in different directions. A opens to the east. B 
 and C to the southwest. D to the north. E and F in ruins. 
 
 It is believed that the interments were made continuously in the same 
 sepalcher (as is done partially in our own vaults), a practice which pre- 
 vails to a certain extent in the country to the present day. When the 
 dolmen or tomb became full, the skeletons could have been taken out 
 and deposited in an ossuary. 
 
 It was once the fashion to speak of these monuments as having be- 
 longed to the Druids. This seems to have been a tradition that has 
 grown Up within historic times and long after the Druids had passed 
 away. The dolmens belonged as well to the age of bronze as to that 
 of polished stone. Incineration and inhumation were both customary, 
 but the former method pertains more to the bronze age. 
 
 There are about thirty-five hundred dolmens in France. They are 
 plentiful in the center, south, and west, but rarer in the north and east; 
 plentiful in Great Britain and Ireland, in Spain and Portugal, in Deu- 
 mark and Sweden; some in Belgium and Holland, the Rhine country, 
 and Western Germany ; none in Norway ; almost none in Italy ; none 
 in Eastern Europe. The city of Dresden marks about the dividing 
 longitudiual line. They are found on the coast of Northern Africa be- 
 tween Morocco and Tripoli, in Palestine, in Asia, in South and Central 
 America, but not in North America. 
 
 Many of the dolmens are now covered with earth, and these have 
 been called tuinili. It is believed by those best qualified to judge, after 
 the longest experience and closest examination, that all have been at 
 oue time so covered. One reason for this belief is that it is universal 
 to find the gallery, corridor, or covered way made of the same kind of 
 stones in the same way, on the same level, and leading from the prin- 
 cipal chamber, gradually narrowing in both width and height to what 
 would appear to have been the circumference of the tumulus. In this 
 regard the dolm n now without a tumulus corresponds exactly with 
 those covered by oue. Some of these corridors are 40 and 50 feet 
 in length. In this way the tomb could be covered, the monument com- 
 pleted, and yet the entrance be easily opened and entered upon the 
 occasion of a secoud or subsequent iutermeut. 
 
 The covering of these tumuli consists of layers of broken granite alter- 
 nated with layers of clay and mud from the seashore and vegetable 
 earth from the neigboriug surface. 
 
 The tumulus of Gav'r Iuis has a dolmen remarkable for the sculp- 
 turings. It is 8 feet by 7, 5 feet 8 inches high, with a corridor or 
 alley 14 feet long, 4 feet 6 inches wide ; 5 feet 4 inches high, while the 
 tumulus crowning it is 180 feet in diameter and was 30 feet high. (See 
 Plate xcvi.) 
 
 Tumiac at Arzou is 100 feet in diameter aud 65 feet high ; Mam-r- 
 H. Mis, 14'J, pt. 2 40 
 
626 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 'hoeck is 300 feet in diameter and 30 feet high; Mane Lud 300 feet loug^ 
 350 wide and 30 feet high; Mont Saint Michel 320 feet long, 120 feet 
 wide and 80 feet high ; Kercado is about 100 feet in diameter and 20 
 
 feet high. 
 
 MENHIRS. 
 
 The dimensions of some of the menhirs is as follows : 
 Peuinarck,25feet high;* Cadion,28;t Mount Dol,31; Plouarzel, 36£; 
 Plesidj, 37, and Lochmariquer, 67i. The latter, fallen and broken, is 
 134 feet wide and 7£ feet thick, and weighs 347 tons. There are seven 
 hundred and thirty-nine of these in Brittany. The menhir stands sin- 
 gle and alone. When arranged in parallel lines, as they sometimes are, 
 they are called alignments. 
 
 ALIGNMENTS. 
 
 The Province of Brittany has twenty-three alignments— one half of 
 those in all France. The department of Morbihan audFinistere have, 
 together, seventeen of these. Carnac has in its immediate neighbor- 
 borhood six out of these seventeen. These six alignments represent 
 three thousand menhirs. 
 
 Meuec, near Carnac, has eight hundred and thirty-five menhirs, ar- 
 ranged in eleven parallel lines, 3,778 feet in length, and 328 feet in 
 breadth at the head, tapering to 200| feet at the tail. It has at its head 
 a cromlech of sixty-two menhirs. 
 
 Kermario has six hundred and seventy-eight menhirs, no cromlech, 
 nine parallel lines, 4,037 feet in length — same width as Menec. 
 
 Kerlescant has two hundred and fifty- eight menhirs, a cromlech 
 square of thirty-nine menhirs, thirteen lines, 1,000 feet in length — 393 
 feet width at the head and 164 at the tail. 
 
 Erdeven has thirteen lines, one thousand one hundred and twenty 
 menhirs, 6,886 feet in length, 836 in width at the beginning, and 180 at 
 the end. 
 
 About one-half of these have been overthrown and are lying on the 
 ground. Nearly 10 per cent, should be added for the menhirs known to 
 have been destroyed in modern or historic times. Without doubt the 
 gaps now existing were once filled. This would double, at least, the 
 number. These monuments have served as stone quarries for the 
 neighborhood, and doubtless the great castles and churches of the early 
 ages were built therefrom. 
 
 There is on the menhirs no mark of tool or quarrying, yet I think 
 they were quarried. They are so much weathered that all marks are 
 worn away. Look at the weathering on the top of the menhir of Peu- 
 marck (PI. c, Fig. 2). No traces of a quarry have been discovered, 
 though the granite of which the menhirs are formed is the local rock, 
 coming always and many times quite to the surface. The menhirs have 
 evidently been planted. In most cases they stood on the surface with- 
 
 * Plate c, Fig. 2. t Plate c, Fig. 1. } Plate c, Fig. 3. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 627 
 
 out any foundation, but foundations had beeu built where needed. In 
 many cases the smaller end of the stone was downwards. 
 
 Flint implements and chips, and broken pottery are found about and 
 among the alignments as elsewhere over the country, especially around 
 the foot of the menhirs, showing a prehistoric occupation ; but no 
 traces of the use or purposes of the menhirs or alignments have ever 
 been discovered. There have been many theories broached but no 
 facts adduced sufficient to support them. They have been called mili- 
 tary camps or religious or other rendezvous for the people. They may 
 have been tents. No trace has been found of their use as burial places, 
 and so far as established by ascertained fact, the popular idea is as 
 near the truth as any other, viz., that they were the columns of a sac- 
 rilegious invading army, turned to stone by the wrath of an offended 
 God. 
 
 SCULPTURINGS. 
 
 Many of these stones or monuments have marks or sculpturiugs on 
 them. The menhirs of the alignments have cup markings only, and 
 these are rare. In some cases they have beeu marked in modern times 
 with crosses, made sometimes by religious devotees, sometimes by the 
 priests, dene in order to prevent or break up any chance remaining 
 pagan custom of worshipping, revering, or employing these stones. 
 The dolmens are marked with various signs. These might be set out 
 in full but for want of space, though none however have au} T discovered 
 signification. 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 Switzerland is the country of lake dwellings, because it abounded in 
 
 akes, and the mountains were not inviting dwelling places; but lake 
 
 dwellings extended over the adjoining districts of France, Italy, and 
 
 Germany, were similarly situated, and they have lately been found in 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 The lake dwellings were, as their name imports, human habitations on 
 the lakes. They were bnilt near the shore, consisted of houses, and 
 possibly other structures, such as shops, barns, stables, granaries, 
 erected on piles placed in the lake bottom, and which, standing above 
 the surface of the water, were cut to a general level and then floored 
 over for the entire settlement. The houses were connected with the 
 mainland by a bridge (probably with a draw), the piles of which it was 
 constructed being often found. 
 
 There have been differences of opinion as to the houses. Keller sup- 
 posed them to have been square or a parallelogram, while Dr. Gross 
 believes them to have been round. They were destroyed before the 
 beginning of history, and practically all that is known of them is de- 
 rived from the discovery of the relics. The water has preserved the 
 piles so that they are frequently visible from the surface, though they 
 are usually decayed to the surface of the earth at the bottom of the 
 
628 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 lake. Many times, as at Robenhausen,the lake has filled up with peat 
 and turf, and the piles and other objects are only found by digging. 
 
 Such is always the case with the terremare of northern Italy. These 
 were probably lake dwellings similar to those of Switzerland. The evi 
 deuce of the use of piles is manifest, and from the relics found it is 
 believed that they were contemporaneous in time and in civilization. 
 
 The greater number of lake dwellings are supposed to have been over 
 the water, although near the shore and where it was shallow, but many 
 (the number can not be estimated, owiug to the greater facility for decay 
 and destruction) were on the mainland. 
 
 The era of lake dwelling forms no epoch in itself; they were only the 
 incidents of location. The dwellings on a given spot may have been 
 removed again and again, even in the same age, the preceding settle- 
 ment having been destroyed, possibly by fire, possibly by an enemy. 
 At Robenhausen, which station has given its name in France to the 
 neolithic age, there were three prehistoric occupations, one on top of 
 the other, and each was destroyed before the next began. The tops of 
 each set of piles are from 3 to 5 feet higher than the earlier set. The 
 number of houses in the first occupation has never been estimated; 
 that of the second has been estimated at thirty, and the third and last 
 at fifty houses. The settlement covered nearly three acres and con- 
 tained about 100,000 piles. 
 
 Keller reported in 1879 one hundred and sixty-one prehistoric lacus- 
 trine stations, and I carl suppose the number discovered has doubled 
 since then. 
 
 The occupation of the lakes for dwellings continued through the 
 bronze and iron ages, as well as during that of stone. These different 
 occupations were not always continuous, perhaps never were. In many 
 places, notably at Morges, on Lake Geneva, there are three different 
 stations occupied by prehistoric man, each independent of the other — 
 all within a space of 500 or 600 yards. The first was called "The 
 Church," the implements of which were all stone — no metal ; the second, 
 Roseaux — a mixture of stone and the straight fiat bronze hatchets be- 
 longing to the earliest period ; the third, the great city of Morges, in 
 which the implements fouud, to the number of five or six hundred, all 
 belonged to the fine age of bronze — no stone. Here there could have 
 been no contemporaneity — no mixture. Each must have been destroyed 
 before the other began. That this could be, is proved from what we 
 know frim history, for the present town of Morges has existed for a 
 thousand or fifteen hundred years, until 1854, without a suspicion that 
 these other three towns had consecutively existed on its site. 
 
 In the Lake of Geneva there aie fifteen or twenty stations belonging 
 to the neolithic age and twenty-five or thirty to the bronze age. In the 
 common cantonal map there is shown in Lake Bienne two stations of 
 the stone age, four of bronze, and four of iron — in Lake Morat five of 
 stone, four of bronze, and two of iron — in Lake Ueuohatel nineteen of 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 629 
 
 stone, sixteen of bronze, aud four of iron. This is highly imperfect, for 
 I know many stations not noted, aud where noted as one they really 
 include several stations. At Ohevroux, Lake Neuchatel, I found twelve 
 stations, of which seven 'belonged to the neolithic and five to the 
 bronze age, yet they are noted at only one of each. An idea of the ex- 
 tent of these stations may be obtained from the fact that they contain 
 from ten thousaud to one hundred thousand piles. I drew one out at 
 Estavayer, Lake Neuchatel, and brought it home, aud it aud its cast 
 are now in the Smithsonian Institution. At the station of Wallishofen, 
 Lake Zurich, discovered about three years since, there have been found 
 no less than two thousand bronze hair-pins, some long with large and 
 beautiful heads, which, when polished to their original gold color, must 
 have given a gorgeous appearance to the female head-dress of that age. 
 
 BRONZE AGE. 
 
 So called because bronze was the material of which the cutting im- 
 plements were made. The progress in its manufacture is plainly indi- 
 cated in both form and method. The material is not a natural primi- 
 tive one, but a combination of copper and tin in varying proportions 
 of 9 to 1. It was not made in Europe, but seems to have been brought 
 from Asia, and was used over many times by recasting. No less than 
 fifty-seven foundries of bronze have been discovered in France, aud a 
 proportionate number in Italy, the one at Bologna having no less than 
 fourteen thousand pieces broken ready for melting and recasting. The 
 people of the bronze age in Europe were the descendants of those of 
 the neolithic age, and their hatchets were at first made in the same 
 general form as the polished stoue hatchet of their ancestors. They 
 were straight, flat, thin, and made by hammering. Iucreased strength 
 was obtained by hammering the edges into projections which after- 
 wards increased to wings. This was the second step of progress. Then 
 the hatchets were cast in moulds with wings and a stop which pre- 
 vented the splitting of the handle. Lastly was invented the socketed 
 hatchet, into which the handle (bent at the poll) was iuserted. Nearly 
 all the latter forms had an eye with a hole therein, on the inside of the 
 hatchet, by which it could be lashed to the handle which prevented 
 the edge from working outwards.* 
 
 PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS IN AMERICA. 
 
 The paleolithic implements of the United States are similar to those 
 of Europe in form, appearance, and mode of manufacture, though not 
 usually so well finished. If classified according to Mortillet, they 
 would belong to the earliest epoch of the paleolithic period — the Chel- 
 leen. The investigations concerning these implements have not been 
 very profound, nor has it been settled to the satisfaction of all prehis- 
 toric archaeologists, perhaps not even to a majority, that they are truly 
 paleolithic implements. There have been various contentions concern- 
 ing this. 
 
 * Plate ci, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
 
£30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 They have been discovered in almost every State of the United States, 
 and if they be accepted as such, their presence would prove the occu- 
 pation of America by man during that period. This presence and oc- 
 cupation, and the consequent antiquity seems to bave been established 
 by the discovery of implements of human manufacture winch it is not 
 possible to avoid calling paleolithic, at various localities in the United 
 States. These implements have been found to the number of several 
 hundred by Dr. Abbott in the gravels of the Delaware Eiver, as they 
 were washed from the glacial terminal moraine and deposited at Tren- 
 ton, New Jersey ; also by Miss Franc E. Babbitt, in the gravels of oue 
 of the terraces of the Mississippi River, at Little Falls, Minnesota. 
 Similar implements have also been found in the gravels of the Little 
 Miami River, at Loveland, Ohio, in White River, Indiana, and in the 
 Columbia gravels of the railway cuts south of Chester, Pennsylvania. 
 The association and condition of these finds would seem to satisfacto- 
 rily establish the antiquity of man's occupation in this country. Simi- 
 lar implements have been discovered on the surface in almost ever^ 
 State. 
 
 A circular, No. 36, was issued by the Smithsouiau Institution in 
 January, 1888, in which the following questions were put for informa- 
 tion concerning these implements: 
 
 Question 1. — How mauy of these rude stoue implements have you iu your collec- 
 tion ? 
 Question 2. — Of what material are they made ? 
 Question 3. — Where have they heeu found? 
 
 (1) As to locality. 
 
 (2) Position, condition and associated with what ohjects. 
 
 (3) Whether on or under the surface, and if so, at what depth, and iu wh it kind 
 
 of geologic formation. 
 
 (4) Were they found in mounds, tombs, or other ancient structures. 
 
 (5) Were any other ancient implements found with them, and if so, of what kind. 
 
 (6) Did their deposit seem to be accidental or intentional. 
 
 (7) Have they been described in auy publication, and if so in, what, and where 
 
 can it be obtained. 
 
 (8) Canyon forward specimens (as many as possible) to this Museum in exchange 
 
 for publications or duplicate specimens. 
 
 Answers and information responding to these questions not hereto- 
 fore given are still desired, to the end that the record may be kept up.* 
 
 Cuts of certain paleolithic implements were given for information 
 and comparison, among which were the following : 
 
 * The information received up to date in reply to this inquiry is embodied in f\ 
 paper in this report entitled "Results of an inquiry as to the existence of man in 
 North America during the paleolithic period of the stoue age." 
 
A .STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 G31 
 
 ^ 
 
 (26 958) 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 Jaspeky Flint. 
 
 (Trenton gravels, New Jersey. Received from Dr. C. C. Abbott.) 
 Primitive Industry: Chap, xxxn, p. 471. 
 
 tfg. 2. 
 
 Gray Qi-artzite. 
 
 nks of the Schuylkill, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Received from A. F. Berlin.;. 
 American Antiquarian: Vol. I p. 10. 
 
'632 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 W) 
 
 Fig. 3 
 Black Flint 
 
 (VVj >ming Territory. Collected by Dr. Joseph Leidy. 
 
 ..■!*' ' 
 
 (10543) 
 
 (W,< 
 
 UBOWNISH-YRLLOW •! ASPEK. 
 ngTerritory. Collected l.y Dr. V V. Hayde 
 
 These two implements* came from the Bridger Basin in the Uintah 
 Mountains in southwestern Wyoming and Northern Utah, explored 
 by Professor Hayden and Dr. Joseph Leidy. Report of the U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, 1^72, p. (552. 
 
 * See Figs. 3, 4. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 633 
 
 / 
 
 This implement* was made from a pebble which has been split in two 
 The upper or flat surface shows the chips 
 with the bulb of percussion by which it was 
 worked- A portion of the rolled surface of 
 the pebble is left untouched, and shows in the 
 cur, proving- beyond doubt its intentional and 
 consequently human manufacture. It is im- 
 possible that these fractures should have 
 been either natural or accidental. This ex- 
 hibition of the rolled surface, the crust of the 
 pebble, is a peculiarity belonging chiefly to 
 the valley of the Potomac, where they have 
 been found in considerable numbers. I have 
 ventured to name this the Washington imple- 
 ment, in contradistinction from that other 
 kind which is chipped all over, shows no 
 trace of the crust of the pebble, and which 
 Dr. Abbott once named "Turtle back,'' but 
 is now by his consent changed to " Trenton implement." 
 
 XrfWsjU^ 
 
 \<aV 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 YBLLOWISH-BBOWN Ql' 
 
 'amunkey, Charles County, M:i 
 
 lected by O. N. Bryan 
 
 ryl.iiid. Col- 
 .) 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 ../■.- 
 
 (753) 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 Indurated Clay Slate. 
 
 nkey, Chnrle* County. Maryland. Col- 
 lected by O. N. Bryan. ) 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Reddish Quaktzite. 
 
 (Georgetown. District of Columbii 
 Colleiteil by James Webster. ) 
 
 See Fig. 5. 
 
634 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Pale Gray Flint, having somewhat the appearance of 
 
 asratized wood. 
 
 (Austin, Texas. J. Van Ostrand. ) 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 Yellow Chekt (from a shell heap on 
 the Tennessee River, adjoining and 
 
 opposite Savauunh, Tennessee). 
 (Collected by J. Parrish Stelle. ) 
 S. 1. Report, 1S70, p. 414. 
 
 These implements* are to be remarked as representatives of a possi- 
 ble new type. They are smaller and thinner than the others, and are 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 POEPHYRITIC FELSITE. 
 ( Raleigh, North Carolina. Collected hy Howard Hayward. ) 
 
 See Figs. G, 7, 8, 9. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 635 
 
 found more frequently in the river valleys and on the lowlands, while 
 the others are found more on the bluffs and highlands. They may be 
 found in the neighborhood of mounds and other places of apparent 
 Indian occupation, while the larger kind do not always seem to be. 
 
 This implemeut* corresponds closely in appearance, material, and 
 mode of manufacture to the average paleolithic implement ; but there 
 is a remarkable difference in that this is notched on the edges, appar- 
 ently for the purpose of attaching a handle with a withe or thong, 
 and some of them show traces of such usage by these edges being 
 worn smooth. This feature is unique aud has never been found 
 belonging to an undoubted paleolithic implemment. The question 
 whether they are paleolithic must therefore be held in abeyance aud 
 for further examination. They have been reported principally from 
 the Atlantic slope. The United States National Museum possesses 
 about sixty-live specimins. It has been suggested that these imple- 
 ments have been used as agricultural digging implements, also that 
 they have been used as adzes for the making of cauoes and for scooping 
 out soap-stone pots and vessels. If any of these uses should be accepted 
 it would decide prima facie that they were not paleolithic. 
 
 The following is a resume of the information and contributions 
 received in response to this circular. 
 
 State. 
 
 Answer.s 
 received. 
 
 9 
 G 
 14 
 
 3 
 20 
 3 
 20 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 
 Implements 
 
 reported. 
 
 Number 
 sent. 
 
 Original 
 number in 
 
 Museum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 190 
 
 70 
 
 79 
 
 8 
 
 530 
 
 348 
 
 1,000 
 
 33 
 809 
 400 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 218 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 96 
 19 
 
 7 
 41 
 39 
 59 
 298 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 393 
 °7 
 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 180 
 
 239 
 26 
 23 
 
 632 
 
 
 591 
 
 
 1 219 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 1 406 
 
 
 439 
 41 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 31 
 25 
 6 
 66 
 26 
 23 
 15 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 1 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 Texas 
 
 6 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1,215 
 
 489 
 
 189 
 
 25 
 
 48 
 
 224 
 
 21 
 
 Few 
 
 335 
 
 86 
 57 
 
 71 
 26 
 
 1, 352 
 541 
 
 912 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 30 
 6 
 
 9G 
 
 
 230 
 
 
 6 
 2 
 5 
 
 4 
 38 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 
 350 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 48 
 
 See Fig. 10. 
 
636 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 State. 
 
 Answers 
 
 received. 
 
 Implements 
 reported. 
 
 Number 
 
 sent. 
 
 Original 
 number in 
 Museum. 
 
 Toial. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Kansas ... 
 Nebraska . 
 Coloialo . . 
 
 Utah 
 
 Wyoming . 
 Arizona . . 
 Canada ... 
 
 Total 
 
 6,702 
 
 789 
 
 100 
 i, 5 rl 
 
 EEC A PITUL A.TION. 
 
 Original number iu Museum 950 
 
 Number sent 789 
 
 Number of implements in Museum 1, "39 
 
 Total implements reported as in United States 8, 502 
 
 There is a question yet to be examined, whether certain leaf-shaped 
 implements (see Fig. 15), the same being long, thin, and well-formed 
 chipped points (spear-points), made frequently of the same material, and 
 found associated with the ruder forms just described, may not also be- 
 long to the paleolithic period, but not to the same epoch. These may 
 possibly be found to belong to a later epoch which corresponds with the 
 Solutreen t)f Europe. This, however, waits further investigation. 
 
 NEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS IN AMERICA — INDIAN RELICS. 
 
 The civilization of the aboriginal occupants of the United States, 
 whether mound builders, or the red Indian in possession ofthe country 
 at the time of its discovery has been assigned to the neolithic period. 
 Many copper implements have been found, and were used, but there 
 was never such general use of that metal as to establish what might be 
 called the epoch of copper. Stone does not appear to have been super- 
 seded as material for implements. This can not be attributed to scarcity 
 of copper, but rather to its want of favor among the savages. They 
 were about as difficult and tedious to make as were the stone imple- 
 ments, while, when made, they were much softer and more inefficient. 
 Altogether, they do not seem to have possessed sufficient advantages 
 over the stone implement to have displaced it, The principal objects 
 and implements, whether tools, weapons, domestic articles, those for 
 ceremony, gaming, and many for ornamentation, continued to be made 
 of stone. Pottery was, of course, made aud used to a great extent. 
 Some domestic articles and many for personal decoration were of bone 
 and shell. 
 
 Illustrations of types of these objects taken from the originals in the 
 National Museum will be given in the following pages. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 637 
 
 ARROW OR SPEAR-HEADS, OR KNIVES. 
 
 These are of almost every form, material, and size. With but slight 
 differences in these qualities, they are found all over the United States, 
 and are substantially the same as those of the prehistoric ages in 
 all parts of the world. Their various uses, as indicated in the title, 
 are not known with certaiutv in all cases. Their difference in size 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 AliKOW-HEADS. 
 
 Different forms, from various localities iu the United States. 
 
 seems to have indicated the difference in name. Except for this the 
 same implement might have served as either arrow or spear-head 
 or knife. A tang indicates attachment to a shaft or handle, and this, 
 if found, would determine its purpose. Instances of this attachment 
 occur on the Pacific slope, but in the eastern half of the United States 
 specimens bearing such evidence are practically unknown. They might 
 have been fastened with a cord, or with seme adhesive substance. 
 
638 
 
 BEPOJJT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 
 Pig. 12. 
 
 Spearheads ok Knives. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 639 
 
 Every finder should examine bis specimens carefully for evidences of 
 any sort of attachment, and if found the specimens should be for- 
 warded for examination. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 CmrFFD Daggek of Grat Flint. 
 
 (Cat- So. 9330. B. S. Nat. Mus. From a mound in Alabama. Collected by S. T Lupton.) 
 
 The Museum 'possesses one specimen of a knife or dagger with tne 
 handle complete, chipped from a single piece of flint somewhat after 
 the fashion of like implements from Scandinavia. It also possesses a 
 dozen or more specimens of knives, principally from California, the 
 handles being short, with the flint blade inserted and fastened with 
 bitumen. In some cases the handle has bee;s preserved, but in others 
 the bitumen alone remains as evidence of the attachment. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 Flint Knife, attached to short wooden handle by bitnmen. 
 
 (Cat. No. 14329, I'. S. Nat. Mas. Southern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. \V. Powell.) 
 
 The Museum possesses a specimen which has served as a knife, but 
 without any handle being attached thereto; instead it is wrapped with 
 a strip of otter skin. It is a large specimen, 7 inches long, 2h wide, 
 and one-half inch thick, and is leaf-shaped. It was collected by Capt. 
 Philip H. Kay, U. S. Army, from the Xatano band of Tinneh (?) Indi- 
 ans at Hupa Valley, California. It is of mottled obsidian, which is 
 said to have come from Oregon. Captain Ray relates that these imple- 
 ments were held in great veneration by the old Indians, and that this 
 had been used as a charm or talisman. In writing of the Hupas, Mr. 
 Powers, in his u Tribes of California," says, page 79: 
 
 There are other articles paraded and worn in this aud other ceremonial dances 
 which they will on no account part with, at least to an American, though they some- 
 times manufacture them to order for one another. One of these is the flake or knife 
 of obsidian or jasper. I have seen several which were 15 inches or more in length 
 and about 2| inches wide in the widest part. Pieces as large as these are carried 
 aloft in the bauds in the dance, wrapped with skin or cloth to prevent the rough 
 edges from lacerating the baud, but the smaller ones are mounted on wooden handles 
 and glued fast. The large ones can not be purchased at any price, but I procured 
 some about 6 inches long at $2.50 apiece. These are not properly "knives," but 
 jewelry for sacred purposes, passing current also as money. 
 
640 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 LEAF- SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 These, or similar implements, generally called leaf shaped, have been 
 found nearly all over the United States, many times deposited inten- 
 tionally in nests or caches, sometimes to the number of a hundred or 
 more, placed on end or on edge, and together as close as they can 
 stand or lie. It is curious to note that in that portion of the United 
 States east of the Rocky Mountains we are practically without informa- 
 tion concerning their use or purpose, whether they were used as spear- 
 heads or knives; whether they were objects of ceremony, as mentioned 
 by Powers above, or whether they were intended for practical use. 
 No one knows whether they were used naked in the hand or were at- 
 tached to a handle. Dr. Metz and Professor Putnam discovered in 1884 
 in the Mariott Mound, No. 1, Little Miami Valley, ten points of deer 
 antlers, which were grooved or chamfered, so that they might have 
 served as handles for these leaf-shaped implements. But no leaf- 
 shaped implements were found in connection therewith. Of the ten 
 handles one had a piece of bone inserted for a cutting or piercing im- 
 plement, and another a bit of worked flint, but it was triangular, and 
 had no relation to the leaf-shaped implements, and was to be classed 
 among the arrowheads of common form. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 Leaf-shaped Implements. 
 
 These implements are found in plenty on the Pacific slope, but it is 
 remarkable that in only two localities have they ever been found with 
 their use indicated either by attachment to a handle or otherwise. 
 
A STUDY OF PKEU1STOKKJ AMILKOPOLOGY. 
 
 641 
 
 In the Hupa Valley, northern California, the locality of the implement 
 last described, we have seen it with a strip of otter skin lor a handle 
 (PI. en, Pig. 78), but others to the number of six or eight were also col- 
 lected by Captain Kay, which were inserted in a broad wooden handle and 
 fastened with bitumen (PI. cu, Pigs. 75, 76, 77). Some were leaf-shaped 
 and some were with a tang; some were found with handle attached, while 
 others bore the traces of bitumen, but were without a handle. The 
 other locality is southern California in the region and islands about Santa 
 
 m -A K' 
 
 (157531 
 
 (13351) 
 
 (liG96) 
 
 (15757) 
 
 (.2831) 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 Leaf-shaped Implements. 
 
 Barbara and the adjacent portiousof Mexico. Here they have been found 
 in burial places which appear to be, without doubt, prehistoric. The 
 great archreologie interest of these leaf-shaped implements is that in 
 Europe they belong to the paleolithic period, and are the type of the 
 Solutreen epoch. They have been called in Prance feuille de laurier, 
 laurel leaf. In America bat a slight consideration has been given to 
 them. They have always been considered as Indian, and the possibility 
 of their belonging to the paleolithic period has never been contemplated. 
 H. Mis. 142, pt. 2 41 
 
642 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 It would become intensely interesting if, now that the attention of the 
 public is directed to these implements, they should be found so associ- 
 ated with other paleolithic implements, or with the fauna, or under cir- 
 cumstances which would point to their belonging also to the paleolithic 
 period. 
 
 Note. — Between the time of the preparation of this paper and the 
 reading of its proof, I have prepared for the Museum, a classification of 
 arrow or spearheads or knives, a short description of which is as follows : 
 
 LEAP-SHAPED. 
 
 Sub-class A : Thin and finely-shaped implements of the form of a laurel leaf; ellip- 
 tical and pointed at both ends. They correspond substantially with the French 
 Solutrian type of the paleolithic period of the stone age. 
 
 Sub-class B: These maybe thicker and ruder than subclass A. Some are more 
 oval, and the bases are not pointed, but are either straight or convex. The class in- 
 cludes the leaf-shaped argillite implements found by Dr. Abbott in the Delaware 
 River gravels of Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Sub-class C : These are long, thin blades with nearly straight edges, more like a 
 dagger or poignard. The base may be either convex, straight, or concave. Many of 
 them show traces of attachment to a handle by means of bitumen or gum. They 
 are peculiar to the Pacific Slope. 
 
 TRIANGULAR. 
 
 This class includes all forms approaching a triangle, whether the bases or edges be 
 convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems, and consequently without 
 shoulders, but in some specimens the concavity of the base produces barbs. 
 
 This class includes all varieties of stems, whether straight, pointed, or expanding, 
 and all varieties of bases and edges, whether convex, straight, or concave. 
 
 Sub-class A : Lozenge-shaped. 
 
 Sub-class B: Shouldered, but not barbed. 
 
 Sub-class C : Shouldered and barbed. 
 
 Note. — Nearly all of the convex bases are smooth, as though they had been worn. 
 The purpose or cause of this is unknown. 
 
 PECULIAR FORMS. 
 
 These have such peculiarities as distinguish them from all other classes, but by rea- 
 son of their restricted number or locality can scarcely form a class of themselves. 
 Sub-class A : Beveled edges. The bevel is usually in one direction. 
 Sub class B : Serrated edges. 
 Sub class C: Bifurcated stems. 
 
 SCRAPERS. 
 
 Thick flakes of flint, obsidian, etc. Worked at one extremity to a 
 convex edge. They were inserted in a handle and used for scraping 
 any needed substance, but principally for dressing skins. Nos. 38 and 
 41 arc from Texas; 30, 40, and 310 from Ohio, 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 643 
 
 Occasional specimens are found shaped more or less like No. 40, with 
 a tang and barb much resembling in that regard certain arrow or spear 
 
 319 
 
 heads, from a broken one of which it is supposed they have been made, 
 thus serving a secondary purpose. 
 
 PERFORATORS. 
 
 They may have served to drill the harder substances, but also softer 
 materials, as wood, hides, bone, etc. But slight traces of usage are 
 found. Their form has "given rise to the theory that they were drills 
 or perforators, and they may have been so used, but it is by no means 
 certain, and they may have had another origin or purpose. Old Indians 
 have declared them to have been charms or fetiches. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 Perforators. 
 
 Nos. 32, 35 are from Ohio; 33 from Oregon; 34 from Missouri; 30 
 from Tennessee, and 37 California. No. 7 is triangular, of brown flint 
 from Santa Cruz Island, California. 
 
644 
 
 KEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 HOES OR DIGGING TOOLS. 
 
 Dr. Eau describes these as "large, flat implements of siliceous mate- 
 rial, usually ovoid in shape and sharp around the circumference. They 
 are supposed to have been used as spades or hoes. The lower part is 
 often smoothed by wear, appearing almost glazed." These are prob- 
 ably the largest style of chipped implements belonging to prehistoric 
 times. The Museum possesses specimens 1G inches long, 6 wide, and 1 
 inch thick. I am not satisfied with the explanation of the smooth or 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 Hoes, Digging Tools, ok Agricultural Implements (J). 
 
 polished appearance at the lower end. They may have been smoothed 
 by use in digging, but many times the polish appears to be indicative 
 of another origin. 
 
 No. 54 is from Tennessee: 54« and 55 are from Illinois. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 645 
 
 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS. 
 
 These are sometimes called celts, from the Latin word chisel, but 
 they are not chisels, but chopping tools used as axes or hatchets. 
 The correctness of the Latin word has been assailed, and the name is 
 being gradually abandoned. They have been also called in the United 
 States (I think improperly) flesbers. They are the standard implement 
 representing the neolithic period, or polished-stone age. They were 
 often made of flint, but any hard, close-grained, and tough stone in the 
 locality would serve. They are substantially the same in form, size, 
 and, subject to the above suggestion, the same material in all parts of 
 the world. A series of these implements from the United States will 
 not differ essentially from a like series of any other country. They 
 were used as a hatchet, being inserted in a handle of wood; occasion- 
 ally in a socket of deer-horn, which, in its turn, was inserted in a 
 wooden handle. Specimens made of hematite are, I believe, peculiar 
 to the United States. 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 Polished Stone Hatchets d). 
 
 Eo. 56 represents a hematite hatchet from Ohio ; 57, greenstone from 
 Indiana; 58, syenite from Illinois; 59, greenstone, and 00, indurated 
 chlorite slate, from Tennessee; 01 from Louisiana; 02 rare, from North 
 Carolina. 
 
64G 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 CHISELS, GOUGES, AND ADZES. 
 
 The chisels ami gouges are similar to the polished stone hatchets Just 
 described, except the difference in form indicated by their name. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 Chisels and Gouges (principally from tin- Atlantic States). Adzes (from the northwest coast). 
 
 No. 63, diorite, from Ohio; G4, lydite, from Connecticut; G6, horn- 
 stone, from New York; G7, from Pennsylvania; 08, greenstone, from 
 Massachusetts. Of the adzes 09, 70, and 71 are from the northwest 
 coast. 
 
 GROOVED AXES, HAMMER HEADS, AND HAMMER STONES. 
 
 The grooved axes are peculiar to the United States. They are not 
 found at all, or rarely, in European countries. They were used with a 
 handle, which was attached by means of a withe or thong which passed 
 around in the groove. They were of nearly all sizes, from 2 inches 
 in length, weighing 3or 4 ounces, to one in the Museum from Illi- 
 nois 13 inches long, 7i wide, and weighing 20£ pounds. The different 
 styles are shown by the figures. No. 72, greenstone, is from Massachu- 
 setts. The average size and weight was from 5 to 7 inches in length 
 and weight 1£ to 2 pounds. No. 73, greenstone, is from Arizona; 74* 
 greenstone, is from South Carolina; 75 is from Wisconsin ; 70, green- 
 tone, is from Alaska; 77, graywacke, is from Pennsylvania, 
 
 Hammer ■■stones. — The largest number of these are simply pebbles or 
 broken stones which have been used by holding in the hand. Their 
 broken and battered corners and edges, pecked and roughened by num- 
 berless strokes, are the only evidence of their use. Some large and 
 
A STUDY or PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 647 
 
 heavy specimens show a groove, as do the axes, which have served for 
 the attachment of a handle. These are called mauls. No. 78, a ™nite 
 Colorado we.ghs 11 pounds. Many specimens which have been named 
 hammer.stones are flat or oval pebbles, with au iutentioual wo hefl de 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 predion in the center of sometimes one, sometimes both, sides These 
 
 Zu ed' o 7- ^ e " f0 " n,i OTe '' a krge " 0rti0 " ""ha " d w 5 
 belouged to prehtstonc times. They are supposed to have been use 
 
648 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 in the mines. Tin's is practically the only grooved implement found in 
 Europe. The Brothers Siret found similar implements in the mines of 
 southeastern Spain. The British Museum has some specimens from the 
 English mines. 
 
 No. 79 is a weapon or implement belonging to the modern Indians, 
 a quartzite pebble weighing 2 pounds, incased in rawhide, which con- 
 tinues and is sewed around the withe which forms the handle. 
 
 ORNAMENTS, CEREMONIAL AND DECORATIVE OBJECTS, GAMING IM- 
 PLEMENTS. 
 
 There are a great number of objects widely different in form and 
 material, but which, with all their differences, may be classed together. 
 They have largely passed out of use. by the modern Indians, and their 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 Hannek stones, on Diiii. i. Ed Ceremonial Weapons (J). 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. G49 
 
 actual purpose is unknown. Divers names have been given to them, 
 all of which have been based upon a theoretical idea of their purpose 
 or because of their appearance. Some have been called banner stones, 
 some drilled ceremonial weapons, some pierced tablets, others gorgets, 
 pendants, bird-shaped objects, boat-shaped objects, etc. The names 
 thus given may or may not be correct, but are as good as others that 
 have been suggested in their stead. They should be retained until 
 something more correct can be given. They are all supposed to fall 
 within the category given in the title above. 
 
 Banner stones, or drilled ceremonial weapons. — These are for the most 
 part symmetrically shaped and well polished. Their material is gen- 
 erally a soft kind of stone, principally slate, ofttimes banded. They 
 are all drilled with a small hole. These holes have apparently never 
 been used, for their edges (as well as flie corners of the implements) are 
 as fresh and sharp as the day they were made, showing no trace of 
 usage. They have been drilled apparently with a hollow reed, and the 
 annular stria?, is frequently to be seen. Many specimens are found 
 partly made, then broken and rejected. These sbow that they had 
 been shaped approximately before the drilling commenced. 
 
 No. 84, of serpentine, is from Pennsylvania; 85, striped slate, from 
 Wisconsin; 8G, striped sbtte, from Indiana; 87, striped slate, from Penn- 
 sylvania; 90, striped slate, from Indiana; 92, striped slate, from Indi 
 diana; 88, brown jasper, from Louisiana; 91, translucent ferruginous 
 quartz, from Indiana. 
 
 Pierced tablets and boat shaped articles. — These are mostly made of 
 slate, the greenish striped variety having been preferred. The tablets 
 are flat and thin ; the holes may be drilled from one side or from both, 
 and are accordingly of a conical or biconical shape. They bear no 
 trace of usage. The same remarks apply to the boat shaped articles, 
 except as to the difference in shape. 
 
 No. 127, slate, from New York ; 128, slate, from Pennsylvania; 129, 
 from Louisiana; 130, 131, 132, slate, from Tennessee; 133, potstone, 
 from Pennsylvania; 134, striped slate, from Ohio; 135, greenstone, 
 from Kentucky. 
 
 Stone beads, pendants, and other ornaments. — Stone beads are found of 
 different forms and material. No. 200 is serpentine, from Santa Bar- 
 bara, California; Nos. 201 and 202 are of soapstone, from Pennsylvania ; 
 204, catliuite, from New York ; 203 is a straight tube nearly 3 inches 
 in length, from Mississippi, beautifully drilled with a small hole its 
 entire length. It is of a siliceous material resembling yellow jasper. 
 A manufactory of beads of this material was discovered in Lawrence 
 County, Miss, in the spring of 187G, and four hundred and forty- 
 nine specimens were sent to the Museum by Mr. T. J. K. Keenam An 
 account of this find was given in Smithsonian Report for 1877, pages 
 293-298. 
 
650 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 Another specimen, 211, striped slate, from a mound in Ohio, much 
 larger and longer, not drilled lengthwise, but diagonally across the 
 corners, may have served the same purpose of ornament, as likewise 
 212, which is of fine-grained argillaceous sandstone, from Kentucky. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 riEHCED TABLETS AND BOAT SHAPED A liTICLES (£). 
 
 Pendants. — No. 205 is of trap rock; 206 a flat sandstone pebble, from 
 Rhode Island ; 207, same, from Pennsylvania ; 208, same, Virginia ; 200, 
 argillaceous slate from a mound in Ohio, where it was found lying uear 
 the neck of a skeleton. 
 
 Bird-shaped objects. — Though this name has been given to numerous 
 relics from their general resemblance to birds, their shapes are so vari- 
 ous as to leave the design often uncertain. Some specimens more re- 
 semble the fence lizard, and the eyes are frequently indicated by small, 
 round protuberances. The objects are generally of soft stone, such as 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 651 
 
 the favorite green-striped slate: yet sometimes syenite and other hard 
 substances have been employed. 
 
 205 
 
 201 
 
 20 2 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 Stone Beads, Pendants, and other Ornaments. 
 
 No. 210 is striped slate from Pennsylvania. Small holes are drilled 
 Brans the bottom and end, respectively, diagonally so as to meet and 
 
652 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 form a continuous bole. The purpose of these have been for a long 
 period unknown. A Chippewa Indian told nie, in the Smithsonian In- 
 stitution, last summer, that they served for gaming. They were placed 
 in a pan or basket, which, being covered, was shaken and then set down 
 quietly, the cover removed, and an inspection would show how many 
 of the birds were seated upright. The player having the greatest num- 
 ber thus won the game. 
 
 Plummets and sinkers (Fig. 2G). — These are analogous in name, and 
 possibly sometimes in appearance, to the pendants just described; but 
 an examination of the real object in the number as possessed by the 
 Museum shows such differences as that they can not be classed together. 
 Taking the last numbers on Fig. 20 for first description, Nos. Ill and 113 
 are of quartzite, from Pennsylvania; 112 is of graywacke. from New 
 York. They are simply flat pebbles with notches chipped out on oppo- 
 site sides to receive a cord or thong. Another variety, but of the same 
 class, are pebbles more nearly round, which are still in their natural 
 state, but have been grooved around the circumference. No. 104 is 
 greenstone, from California ; 107, granite, from Rhode Island; 108, soap- 
 stone, from Georgia; oue with two grooves at right angles is 109, talcose 
 slate, from Rhode Island ; while No. 110 is sandstone, from Oregon, and is 
 decorated with engraved lines. The latter may have served as an orna- 
 ment. These specimens show a substantially different purpose from 
 the gorgets or pendants (No. 205 et seq.), and it is alleged were used 
 as plummets or sinkers, but on that opinions differ. No. 107 may pos 
 sibly have been used with a handle and served as a weapon. The 
 others, Nos. 100 to 105, are totally different from the pendants, and 
 have been manufactured into their present state. They are of hard 
 material, red or brown hematite, jasper quartz, greenstone, etc., and 
 are made, with grooves, knobs, or holes, apparently all for suspension. 
 Their form would indicate them to be plummets. They much resemble 
 the modern plummet, but their actual use is unknown. No. 100 is horn- 
 blende, from Ohio; 101, hematite, from Tennessee; 102 is from Arkan- 
 sas; 103, greenstone, from Ohio; 105 is quartzite from Massachusetts; 
 100, greenstone, from Massachusetts. This class are supposed to have 
 served as sinkers for the nets of prehistoric fishermen, but nothing 
 more is known with certainty than is indicated by their appearance. 
 
 Discoidal stones (Fig. 27).— These are supposed to have been used for 
 games among the Indians, probably in playing the game called "chuug- 
 kee." It resembles the modern game of quoits, except that the stones 
 are rolled on the ground instead of being pitched through the air. Some 
 of these discoidal stones measure G inches and more in diameter with a 
 regular dish-shaped cavity on each side. Their material is always hard 
 and is often ferruginous quartz. They are carefully made, evidently, 
 with great labor; their outline is regular and true, and they have been 
 rubbed and polished smooth. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 653 
 
 105 
 
 
 Xuiicy 
 
 Fig 26. 
 
 Plummets and Slnkebb. 
 
654 
 
 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 No. 316 is yellow-brown ferruginous quartz, from Tennessee; 117, 
 brown ferruginous quartz, from Tennessee ; 118, dark greenstone, from 
 a. mound in Illinois. In some specimens the cavities on the sides are 
 carried deeper than in others, and their center marked by a perforation. 
 Nos. 119 and 120 are quartzite, from Ohio. Other specimens are with- 
 out the dish-like cavity. No. 12 L is quartzite, from Georgia. Some 
 specimens, similar in every other appearance, are diminutive, scarcely 
 more than an inch in diameter. No. 122 is argillite, from Pennsylvania; 
 and curious to remark, relics presenting the same appearance have 
 been made of broken clay vessels, which, except the hole, resemble the 
 spindlewhorl. The writer found a specimen of this kind in a prehistoric 
 workshop in Brittany, France. It has been suggested that they were 
 used as paint cups, and possibly this may be true. 
 
 Fig. '27. 
 Discoidal Stones (J). 
 
 When in Italy 1 remarked a game which had a great similarity to 
 the chungkee of the Indians. In 1889 I wrote to my friend, K, Manciui, 
 for a description, which he gave in the following : 
 
 LETTER FROM K. MAXCINI, ORVIETO, ITALY, TO MR. WILSON. 
 
 The play, made 1>\ rolling discs at a mark, which you saw in oueof the streets out- 
 side the city of Orvieto, lias several names. It is called Ruzzola, or Enzzoletta when 
 played hv the children witli small discs; but if the play be by adults and with large 
 discs it is called Ruzzolone, or sometimes (iiuoco del Formaggio, or Play of the 
 Cheese, because when played by the peasants or shepherds they use tbeir discs of 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 655 
 
 cheese, betting one cheese agaiust another. It is usually played by two persons, 
 but may be by four. They divide themselves iuto opposite parties, and each oue 
 alternately throws the cheese or the disc, rolling it ou its periphery at the distaut 
 mark or peg. 
 
 The discs are generally of hard wood. Sometimes the children, for economy, make 
 them of terracotta, and also sometimes, but rarely, of stoue. The small discs are 
 from 7 to 12 centimeters in diameter, while the large ones are from 18 to 20 centime- 
 ters. 
 
 The following are the principal rules of the game: 
 
 Choice is made by "odd and even" as to which party shall have the first play. 
 The line or point of departure is fixed by consent, and here the player stands to roll 
 his disc. The goal or mark for its arrival is also fixed, and he whose discs rest near- 
 est the mark or line is declared the victor. 
 
 This play dates from high antiquity, and is believed to be the modern repetition 
 of the ancient classic game made known generally by the antique statue of Discob- 
 olus. 
 
 In excavating the ancient tombs I have found terra-cotta discs placed as covers for 
 amphora in crematory burials, but which appeared to have been first used as dis- 
 cobolo. 
 
 Perforated stones — club heads or riatta. — The discoidal stones of the 
 perforated kind pass by degrees iuto the ring form, a type exemplified 
 
 124 
 
 126 
 
 Fijr. 28. 
 Perforated Stones— Club heads on Riatta. 
 
656 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 by a large number of specimens from southern California. Their mate- 
 rial is sandstone, serpentine, soapstone, etc., though occasional speci- 
 mens have appeared of a harder material like greenstone. They vary 
 much in size and character. They are from 1£ inches in diameter 
 to a inches and more. Some are only half an inch in thickness, 
 while others are so thick as to equal their diameter, almost forming a 
 globe. Some are pear-shaped; others, with the globular form like No. 
 125, have their holes drilled the same size all through. They are occa- 
 sionally decorated, and may have served as heads for a club or staff". 
 Specimens with a staff 5 feet long have been found in California and 
 Mexico, and also in New Zealand. 
 
 No. 124 is hornblende, from Santa Cataliua Island; 125 greenstone, 
 and 126 serpentine, from Santa llosa Island, California. 
 
 Evidences of usage are to be seen in specimens resembling 124, 12C, 
 and similar objects are used in Mexico called riattas. A lariat is passed 
 through the hole in the stone and stretched, and is polished and 
 smoothed by the stone rubbing back and forth. 
 
 CUTTING- TOOLS, SCRAPER AND SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Gutting tools. — No. 93 is of black slate, fioin Pennsylvania; 91, hard 
 red shale, from Pennsylvania; 95, irom Indiana. Implements similar 
 to these are used on the northwest coast for opening fish. (Fig. 29.) 
 
 Scraper and spade like implements. — These have been classed as axes, 
 but an examination shows them more likely to have served as scrapers 
 or spades. They are of large size, hard material, and scarcely enough 
 examples have been found to establish them as a class. They are pos- 
 sibly abnormal specimens. No. 96 is greenstone, from Kentucky ; 97, 
 from Arkansas; 98 and 99, from South Carolina. 
 
 STONE VESSELS FOR CARRYING OR HOLDING LIQUIDS— COOKING AND 
 
 GRINDING UTENSILS. 
 
 Vessels like a pot or platter were made and used by the aborigines. 
 East of the Rocky Mountains they were made of soapstone; while on 
 the western side the material used was much harder. Soapstone quar- 
 ries have been found in many parts of the United States where these 
 utensils had been manufactured by the prehistoric man. Uncompleted 
 vessels and these in fragments are frequently found. They were many 
 times made of a size and depth sufficient to hold, and if need be cook, 
 liquids. (Figs. o0 ? 31, 32, o'6.) 
 
A STUDY OP PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 657 
 
 Fi_. 29. 
 
 CUTTIKG TOOUS, ScKAPER, AXl! SpADE-LIRE IMPLEMENTS 
 
 H. Mis. 142, ft. 2 4-5 
 
G58 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 Others were in the shape of plates, and as such could be used to fry 
 and broil. 
 
 1*3 
 
 144 
 
 146 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 Stone Vessels < ). 
 
 Nos. 150 and 151 are of graywacke from a mound in Alabama; 152 
 is of soapstone, from Santa Cruz Island, California. 
 
 152 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 Stone Plates on Platters (,',). 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 659 
 
 Mortars are of varying dimensions and shapes. The best specimens 
 come from California. Nos. 153, 104, and 155 are all from San Nicolas 
 Island, California; 15(5, Dos Pueblos, and 157, from Santa Cruz Island, 
 California. Nos. 158 and 159 are stone slabs used for grinding (the 
 process being indicated in the figure) after the fashion of the Mexican 
 Indian metate. They are from Utah and New Mexico. 
 
 153 
 
 155 
 
 156 
 
 jdL mortar without a pestle would be of bat slight use. Many speci- 
 mens are found. While the greater proportion of those in the Museum 
 
660 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 come from the Pacific coast, yet the Eastern States are by 110 meaa3 
 unrepresented. 
 
 161 162 /f 
 
 mi 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 Pestles and HammehB (principally from California). 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 661 
 
 No. 161 is of syenite; 162, 163, 101, 165 are from California; 166 is 
 fine-grained sandstone, from Rhode Island ; 168, greenstone, from Penn- 
 sylvania; 160, syenite, from Ohio; 167 is from Alaska, 2 feet 5 inches 
 long, of greenstone. Nos. 171 and 172, from the Pacific coast, are 
 labeled as hammers with which to drive wedges to split wood. Dr. 
 Ran says . 
 
 There is a class of small conoid-shaped mailers made of hematite, which may have 
 heeu used for rubbing paints (No. 174, greenstone, Ohio). 
 
 ROOK SCULPTURES OR PICTOGEAPHS. 
 
 These represent sometimes human, sometimes animal, forms, and 
 sometimes forms which can not be identified. They may have been 
 made by scratching, pecking, or cutting. Occasionally they are colored. 
 The figures are often large and complicated, and could only have been 
 produced by long-continued labor, which, from their position (many 
 times on naked rocks, high up on a precipice), was not unaccompanied 
 by danger. Their position should be noted by the observer ; when pos- 
 sible, sketches should be made and the discovery reported to the Smith- 
 sonian Institution. 
 
 Cup-stones. These are small cavities wrought by pecking in the sur- 
 face, sometimes of the solid rock, and again in bowlders and pebbles. 
 
 IGOrt 
 
 They, like the rock-sculpturing, are distributed almost over the en- 
 tire globe, and have been found in regular lines or diagrams high up 
 on the face of the rocks in the Himalaya Mountains. They have been 
 found on large bowlders among the Alps and all over Europe; also 
 on the stones composing the megalithic monuments of prehistoric man, 
 where the cavities are often polished smooth. They are numerous in 
 Scotland and England on pebbles or small bowlders, and equally so in 
 
662 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSUEM, 1888. 
 
 the United States. They are found in abundance in Ohio. Their use 
 or purpose is entirely unknown. The subject forms an interesting 
 study. Dr. Rau published an interesting monograph thereon, entitled, 
 "Observations on Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures," con- 
 tributions to North American Ethnology, vol. V, etc. He inclines to 
 give them a religious rather than a utilitarian character. 
 
 PIPES AND SMOKING TUBES. 
 
 No class of aboriginal productions of art exhibit a greater diversity 
 of form than do the pipes of the prehistoric man of North America. 
 
 Fi r. 35. 
 Stone Pipes. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC AX THHOPOLOGY. 
 
 663 
 
 They are chiefly carved from stone, but not unfrequently were molded 
 in clay. 
 
 Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their explorations of mounds in Ohio, 
 discovered many curious and interesting types. They were supposed 
 at one time to have been made of hard stone, a kind of porphyry, but 
 later examinations and scientific analyses have shown them to be of 
 softer materials, composed of slaty and calcareous minerals. 
 
 Nos. 177 to 184 represent types of those found by Squier and Davis. 
 
 • No. 186, argillaceous stone, from Pennsylvania; 187 represents a loon, 
 and is of serpentine, from West Virginia; 188, from New York; 189, 
 
661: REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 from Ohio; 100, from Virginia; 191, serpentine, from New York; 192, 
 steatite, from Pennsylvania, highly polished, representing a lizard : 
 193, soapstone, from North Carolina: 194 is from Texas; 105 from a 
 mound in Kentucky. The latter is of compact limestone, and evidently 
 of high antiquity. Its form is somewhat peculiar, in that it is the fav- 
 orite among those who manufactured pipes from the catlinite or red 
 pipestone, aud has been continued into recent times. No. 10G is from 
 Georgia; Nos. 108, 100 are made of clay, and were both found in Mad- 
 ison County, New York. 
 
 Stoue pipes of entirely different character are found in California. 
 They are represented by No. 107, of serpentine, from Santa Barbara 
 County. These were in the form of tubes of various sizes and lengths, 
 some of which are very large. Specimens have been found with a 
 piece of bone inserted in the tapering end and cemented with bitumen 
 for use as a mouthpiece, after the fashion in amber at the present day. 
 
 Allied in appearance to the California pipes are tubes which may 
 have served as pipes, though neither in the instrument nor in the hole 
 drilled therein is there apparently any provision for insertion in the 
 mouth. The hole through the tube is sometimes biconical, having 
 been drilled from both ends, aud is smaller in the center, but quite too 
 large at either end for the mouth. It has been suggested that these 
 wide-mouthed pipes might have had two reeds inserted, which, being 
 cemented with bitumen, were smoked through the nose. The smoke 
 would thus be inhaled into the lungs, and so have a more powerful in- 
 toxicating effect. This, if true, might account for the small size of the 
 bowl in many Indian pipes, a smaller quantity of tobacco being re- 
 quired in this than in the usual mode of smoking. 
 
 176 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 Tubes (J). 
 
 The material was soapstone, slate, and chlorite. Nos* 175 and 170 
 are from Tennessee. 
 
 The name "calumet pipes" has been given to those of large size 
 smoked with a stem and representing usually a bird, animal, and some- 
 times a human figure. They are thus called by the Indians on account 
 of their bulk and their use on occasions of great ceremony. 
 
 No. 185 is one of the finest possessed by the Museum, and is from 
 Kentucky. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 G65 
 
 185 
 
 ^gjpp 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 Calumet Pipe. 
 
 (Cat. No. ICGOr, I". S. N. M. Received from the Kentucky University.) 
 
 BONK IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 The adoption of bone instead of stone for the implements of the pre- 
 historic man differed widely in different countries. It is difficult to 
 give satisfactory reasons therefor. It has been said that bone imple- 
 ments were not made in the United States, because the stone was so 
 easily obtained. But in France, where bone implements are in greatest 
 profusion, the flint suitable for chipping, and of which the finest imple- 
 ments could be and were made, was to be found, and is still very abun- 
 dant. Bone, horn, and ivory were used indiscriminately, and served, 
 according to the need, as perforators, points, harpoons, fish-hooks, etc, 
 They were often drilled, and so formed objects of suspension, ornaments, 
 etc. Hollow bones might serve as tubes. They might be also sawed to 
 serve as rings or beads of varying size and length. One of the most 
 interesting varieties of implements in bone are those found almost only 
 at the prehistoric cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, by Dr. Metz and Mr. 
 Low. Any discoveries made, information obtained, or specimens 
 found of scientific interest should be reported. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. 
 
 Implements and ornaments of this metal are shown in figure 40. 
 They need not be described; their appearance will be sufficient. The 
 remarks concerning the fraudulent character of some specimens sought 
 to be foisted upon museums and collectors, and the necessity for the 
 greatest care concerning the preservation of proofs and of genuineness, 
 apply with even greater force to copper implements than to those of stoue. 
 
GGG 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 Bone Implements (j). 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 GG7 
 
 2 30 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 225 ffi 
 
 '3 
 
 .324 
 
 2S/I 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 Copper Implements and Ornaments from the United States. 
 
668 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 HUMAN REPRESENTATIONS. 
 
 Occasionally, though rarely, specimens of sculpture representing 
 the human face or figure have been found in the United States. Those 
 represented in the cuts ore mostly from Mexico, but they will serve as 
 illustrations. In consequence of their rarity and the superior art dis- 
 played, they have been much sought, and these with representations of 
 
 215 
 
 220 
 
 Tip. 41. 
 Human Representations. 
 
 animals have been subjects of fraudulent manufacture. The fortunate 
 finder of such a specimen should take every means possible, by the call- 
 ing of witnesses, identification of the precise locality, the preservation, 
 if possible, of the matrix or bod in which it is found, and by any other 
 means, to preserve the evidences of its authenticity aud genuineness. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 669 
 
 SHELL IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. 
 259 
 
 Pig. 42. — Slioll implements and ornaments V'- 
 
670 EEPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 
 
 The various shells of the rivers and ocean furnished a material of 
 great value to prehistoric man, and one which he could without much 
 labor apply to a variety of uses. Small shells were perforated and 
 used as heads- others were cut from the clam and mussel shells, which 
 furnished the wampum. The haliotis was ground from the back and 
 center so as to form bracelets. The same ornament made in the same 
 way has been found in great numbers by the brothers Siret in their 
 late discovery in southeastern Spain. The most interesting, as well as 
 artistic, of the ornaments made from shell are the gorgets, which are 
 especially noticeable for their engravings. They are sometimes cut so 
 as to represent, upon the outside, a human face, but many have been 
 found beautifully engraved in elaborate desigus much resembling the 
 mythologic art of Mexico and Central America. Nc. 272, found in Ten- 
 nessee, represents one of these. 
 
 POTTEKY. 
 
 The prehistoric pottery of Mexico and Central America forms a spe- 
 cial group; thatfrom ilie Pueblosof Arizona and New Mexico, 'anothei 
 while that made by the North American Indian constitutes a thir. 
 group. Each of these has distinctive characteristics. 
 
 The pottery of the North American Indian is in some respects in a 
 the dolmen pottery of Europe, although it differs in many details of 
 form, mode of manufacture and ornamentation. The North American 
 Indian used neither wheel nor furnace, nor did he, except rarely, deco 
 rate it with colors. The clay was frequently mixed with pounded 
 shells. The decoration of pottery made in the eastern portion of the 
 United States was effected by incised lines and dots, with various com- 
 binations. The spiral and volute were employed. Among the Sou: hern 
 Indians much of the decoration was made by the impress of textile fab- 
 rics, sometimes with only a string or cord. In the interior, and princi- 
 pally on the Mississippi River, the pottery vessels were made to rep- 
 resent sometimes the human form, sometimes animals. There was a 
 much greater prevalence of the bottle form in the United States than 
 in Europe. 
 
 Prof. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Ethnology, has written an in- 
 teresting monograph upon aboriginal pottery in the United States, and 
 the late Col. James Stevenson described the Zuni and Pueblo pottery. 
 Both these papers have been published in the Reports of the Bureau of 
 Ethnology, and are profusely and elegantly illustrated. 
 
 The following are given as specimens of what may be found in mounds: 
 
 No. 280 is from a mound in Tennessee: 281 from a mound in Illi- 
 nois ; 282 from a mound in Union County, Kentucky; 283 a mound 
 in Tennessee: 284 a mound in Arkansas: 285 a mound in North Car- 
 olina; 286, which is a bright red and the only one painted, is from a 
 mound in Tennessee; 287 is from a mound in Louisiana. 
 
A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Gil 
 
 mm 
 
 Fig. 4a.— Pottery (4). 
 
Reoort of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate LXXXVi; 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Fig. 1. Chellian implement (flint): from St. Acheul. France. 
 Fig. 2. Chellian implement (quartzite); from India. 
 
Repcrtof National Museum, 1888— Wnson. 
 
 Plate LXXXVlll. 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Fig. 1. Moustierian point, spear or otherwise (flint); from cavern of Le Moustier. 
 Fig. ~. Opposite side of Fig. I. 
 
 Fig. 3. Moustierian scraper, showing bulb of percussion (flint); from Chez Poure. 
 Fig. 4. Opposite side of Fig. 3. 
 
Report of National Museu,n : 1888— Wilson. 
 
 Plate LXXXIX. 
 
 IS 
 
 v 
 
 
 ..it 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Fi&. 1. Solutrian point: shape of laurel leaf. Rij?ny-sur-Arroux (Saone-et-Loire), France. 
 Fig. 0. Solutrian point. Grotte de PEglise, Dorddsne. 
 Fig. 3. Solutrian point. Grotte de Gargas, Vaucluse. 
 Fig. 4. Solutrian point. Grotte Qe PEglise, Dordogne. 
 
 Figs. 5 and G. Solutrian implements, beautifully chipped for spear or other points, with a shoulder on 
 one side. They may have been used for fish spears or harpoons (flint); from Dordo°-ne. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XC. 
 
 
 "mJSO^SSP^S, 
 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Fig. 1. Grotte du Placard. Charente, France. 
 
 Fig. 2. Flint graver. Gorge-d"Enfer. Dordogne, France. 
 
 Fig. 3. Flint flake: worked. Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. 
 
 Figs, i and 5. Flint points; worked to an edge. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCl. 
 
 % 
 
 Paleolithic Implements 
 
Repoitof National Museum, 1 888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCI: 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Harpoons made of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 
 Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Points and harpoons made of reindeer horn; hole and slit for attachment to shaft. 
 Southern France. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCIII. 
 
 ^Et^T^^r" i i I H'i mt~ V 
 
 
 Paleolithic Engravings. 
 
 Fig. 1. Engraving of pike on canine tooth of bear. Grotte of Duruthy, southwestern France. 
 
 Fig. 2. Engravings of a man. horses, aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dor- 
 
 dogne, France. 
 Fig. 3. Engraving of seal on canine tooth of bear. Grotte of Duruthy, southwestern France. 
 
>LATE XCV. 
 
 _ 
 
 edge forming 
 g stone with a 
 
Report of National 
 
 Paleolithic Engravings. 
 
 Fig. 1. Baton de commandment; reindeer horn, on which are representations of flsl 
 La Madeli Ine Dordogne, France 
 
 Fig. 2. Reindeer horn; representation of a fish. La Madeleine, I h-nh^ne. Frannv 
 Fig. '■■ Baton de conunandnieut; reindeer horn, with tracing of a fish Cave oi ''•■'• 
 Fiq, 4 Rude engraving on Bcapula of ox, Laugerie Basse, Dordogne, France 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCV. 
 
 
 Neolithic Monuments— Dolmens. 
 
 Fig. 1. Dolmen of Palo de Vinha, Portugal. 
 
 Fig. 2. Ground plan of dolmen of Palo de Vinha. near Evora. showing the stones on edge forming 
 
 the gallery, chamber, and door. The light line around shows the covering stone with a 
 
 group of cup-markings on the under side. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888. — Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCV. 
 
 
 
 
 Neolithic Monuments— Dolmens. 
 
 Fig. 1. Dolmen of Palo de Vinha, Portugal. 
 
 Fig. 2. Ground plan of dolmen of Palo de Vinha. near Evora, showing the stones on edge forming 
 
 the gallery, chamber, and door. The light line around shows the covering stone with a 
 
 group of cup-markings on the under side. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCVI. 
 
 ^^c^OcZ.- 
 
 £?6s*i*-£.a-e>. /?-r~2.(77c- «._ 
 
 ^^^•^^niTT^^r^^^V--'-- 
 
 "' - ■ s*' •■■■■■ -.■■■ ;~: :'.-.„, ;,.•..... r~~-" -rHf^* 
 
 h EC r J) _1_ 
 
 BSftlr 
 
 
 
 i froi&£PM ! 
 
 4 
 
 Neolithic Monuments— Tumuli and Dolmens. 
 
 Fig. 1. Tumuli in Brittany. 
 
 Fig. 2. Dolmen d'Ala Safat, Palestine. 
 
 Fig. 3. Double dolmen, near Veevajapett, southern India. 
 
 Fig. 4. Dolmen de Thizay, Iudre-et-Loire, France. 
 
Reoort of National Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate XCVll. 
 
 Neolithic Monuments— Dolmens. 
 
 Fig. 1 . Dolmen of Crucuno, Morbihan, Brittany. 
 
 Fig. •-'. Dolmen of Lochmariaquer, Morbihan, Brittany 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888. — Wnson 
 
 Plate XCVIII. 
 
 Neolithic Monuments— Dolmens and Tumulus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Dolmen of Grand Island. 
 
 Fig. 2. Dolmen and tumulus of Kercado near Plouharnel-Carnae, Morbihan. Section showing the 
 chamber and the corridor or covered way by means of which second and subsequent inter- 
 ments were made. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888,-WHson. 
 
 Plate XCIX. 
 
 Neolithic Monuments- 
 
 -Ground Plans of Dolmens in Brittan> 
 
Report of National Museum, 1 888. -Wilson. 
 
 Plate C. 
 
 
 
 Mi^MMl£Ji^>^:w- : >^fcS'iSMa 
 
 MtZ^ /W/' f/f C^tL-flt O *> 
 
 
 
 ~x 
 
 _^a » /^; .--j: . 
 
 — &f ^ ? £7ZsZ^Z*Zsr<Z / &~. 
 
 Neolithic Monuments— Menhirs and Alignments. 
 
 Fig. 1. Menhir of Cadiou. 
 
 Fig. 2. Menhir of Penmarck. 
 
 Fig. 3. Alignment of Menec. near Carnac. 
 
Report of National Museum, 1 888— Wilson 
 
 Plate CI. 
 
 Bronze Implements. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bronze hatchet (first style): standard type. 
 Fig. 2. Bronze hatchet (second style): standard type. 
 Fig. 3. Bronze hatchet (third style); standard type. 
 Fig. 4. Bronze hatchet (fourth style): standard type. 
 Fig. 5. Bronze arrow-point ; stemmed. 
 Fig. G. Bronze arrow-point; socketed 
 Fig. 7. Bronze fish-hook ; single barb 
 Fig 8. Bronze fish-hook; double-barbed. 
 
Report of Natior 
 
 Plate CM. 
 
 
 Paleolithic Implements from the District of Columbia, i See page 630.) 
 
 (Half natural size.) 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.— Wilsor 
 
 Plate Clll. 
 
 /\ V 
 
 ? 
 
 k 
 
 (■■ 
 
 ^■~^^ae^Tj 
 
 Paleolithic Implements from the District of Columbia. (See page 630. 
 
 (Half natnr .1 size.) 
 
Report of National Museum, 1 888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate CIV. 
 
 Rude chipped Implements from the District of Columbia. (See page 630.) 
 
 (Half natural size.) 
 
Report of National Museum, 1888.-W,lson. 
 
 Plate CV. 
 
 Rude chipped Implemen 
 
 TS FROM THE D,STR,CT OP COLUMBIA. (See pa^e 635 ) 
 (Half natural size.) ; 
 
■port of Nationa. Museum, 1888.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate CVI. 
 
 
 J? 
 
 « 
 
 <M 
 
 ^ >#k ^i 
 
 
 -H%¥ 
 
 fj 
 
 Handled Knives, from Hupa Reservation, California. 
 
 Figs. 75, 715. and 77. Hafted knives, of jasper; wooden handles attached with bitumen. 'Cat. Nos. 
 
 126527-8-9, U. S. N. M.) 
 Fig. 7^. Obsidian knife: wrapped around one end with a strip of otter skin. (Cat. No. 126530, U. S. 
 
 X. M.) 
 Fig. 79. Elk-horn wedge. See Smithsonian Report. 1886, Part I, Ray collection. Plate XVIII. 
 
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