University of California 
 College of Agriculture 
 Agricultural ftcperiment Station 
 Berkeley, California 
 
 SEASONAL LABOR NE^DS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS 
 Monterey County 
 
 Progress Report No. 27 
 by 
 
 R. L. Adams 
 
 Preliminary — Subject to Correction 
 September, 1936 
 
 Contribution from the 
 Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economic 
 Mimeographed Report No. 53 
 
(Farm Labor Survey — January- June , 1936 
 
 Progress Report No. 27 September, 1936 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops 
 Monterey County 
 
 Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the present- 
 ation of this progress report: 
 
 !« The data are confined to the area indicated above. 
 
 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 
 
 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements 
 as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed 
 on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 
 
 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — 
 planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, 
 tractor drivers, irrigators, hay balers, threshermen, and shed packers of vegetables 
 or fruits. 
 
 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving 
 workers which comprise an important source of help neoded in connection with 
 certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many 
 field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 
 
 6. This report is confined to California's nood for soasonal agricultural 
 workers becauso of the moro pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- 
 with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved 
 in the production of California's many crops. 
 
 Brief Description of the Area . — Monterey County is one of the coast count- 
 ies of California, bordering the Pacific Ocean on the west about 75 miles southeast 
 of San Francisco. On the cast it joins San Benito, Frosno, and Kings counties 
 along the crests of tho Gabilan Mountains, a rango of modcrato height. On the 
 north it is bounded by Santa Cruz and San Bonito counties; and on tho south by San 
 Luis Obispo County. Bctwoon tho Santa Lucia Mountains, which parallel the wostern 
 shore line, and tho Gabilan range on the east, lies tho Salinas Valley, soveral 
 milos in width, along which tho Salinas River runs northwestward through tho central 
 portion of tho county for its whole length of about 90 milos. 
 
 Tho main farming district lies along the Salinas Rivor, from Salinas and 
 Castrovillo on tho north to San Luoas on the south. Botwoen these are tho towns 
 of Chualar, Gonzales, Solodad, Grconvillo, and King City. Smaller farming districts 
 aro locatod in the Carmol Valley, about ono-half milo wide and 10 or 15 miles long, 
 in tho northwestern part of tho county, and in tho Lockwood and Poach Treo valleys 
 in tho southern part; also in a portion of tho Pajaro Valley on the northern bound- 
 ary adjoining Santa Cruz County. 
 
 The county contains a total of 2,131,000 acres, of which 355,245 acres are 
 classed as available for crops by tho 1935 Census. This is further classified as 
 follows by the Census for tho crop yoar 1934: 
 
is*. 
 
 . .-•i-'f.'. ...v. v.-,.- • ■ ■. 
 
 I 
 
Aero ag e 
 
 Crop land harvested 
 Crop failure 
 
 Crop land idle or fallow 
 
 Plowable pasture 
 
 Total land available for crops 
 
 198,397 
 21,053 
 48,148 
 87,647 
 
 355,245 
 
 Crop acreages in 1935 are estimated to have been about as follows: 
 
 A creage 
 
 Field crops 
 Vegetable crops 
 Fruit and nut crops 
 
 167,519 
 63,705 
 10,541 
 
 241,765 
 
 Total 
 
 The farming lands of the Salinas Valley are mostly below 250 feet in elev- 
 ation, although less intensively cultivated crops, such as hay and grain are raised 
 on the higher sloping or rolling land along each side of the valley, aid in some of 
 the tributary valleys to an elevation of 750 feet or more. The Carmel Valley lies 
 mostly below the 300-foot contour. The Lockwood Valley has an elevation of about 
 1,000 feet, and is used mostly for wheat growing. 
 
 Many different soils are represented in the county. The lower and most 
 intensively farmed land, which lies along the Salinas River is generally of a 
 heavier texture than the higher land on either side of it, and is mostly silty clay 
 loam and clay, with smaller areas of fine sand and fine sandy loam at various 
 places close to tho river. The higher land of tho Salinas Valley is of six or 
 sevon different soil sorios, and ranges from sand to clay in texture, the greater 
 portion being of the lighter textures — sandy loam and fine sandy loam. The Carmel 
 Valley is mostly fine sand, with some areas of sand and sandy loam. The rolling 
 land of the Elkhorn district is mostly sandy loam and loamy sand, of two or three 
 different sories. The soils of that portion of tho Pajaro Valley lying in Monterey 
 County are mostly loam in texturo, but include some fino sandy loam, silty clay, 
 and a considerable acreage of clay loam adobe. 
 
 Crops, Acreage, and Production . — The basis used in calculating occasional 
 or seasonal need for labor, in addition to that furnished by farm operators and 
 regularly employed workers, appears as table 1. 
 
 Acreage figures in table 1, except where noted, are from tho "Summary of 
 Major Crops of Monterey County for 1935." from the County Agricultural Commissioner. 
 Owing to lack of assemblod data, the figures on production aro from various sources, 
 and in many cases arc estimates based on average yields per acre. While not accu- 
 rate in all details, they aro beliovod to represent conditions with a fair degree 
 of accuracy. 
 
TABLE 1 
 
 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements 
 Monterey County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Production 
 
 Field crops: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa* 
 
 
 15,915 
 
 72,972 
 
 tons 
 
 Beans 
 
 
 45,000 X 
 
 592,000 
 
 cwt . 
 
 Garlic 
 
 
 525 
 
 34,125 
 
 cwt . 
 
 Grain 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 40,000 
 
 480,000 
 
 cwt . 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 27,000 
 
 216,000 
 
 cwt . 
 
 Guayule 
 
 
 1,557 f 
 
 
 
 Hay, other than alfalfa 
 
 15 ,000 
 
 22,500 
 
 tons 
 
 Onions 
 
 
 250 
 
 25,000 
 
 sacks of 100 pounds 
 
 Potatoes (early — 
 
 500) 
 
 1,000 
 
 62,500 
 
 lugs early potatoes 
 
 (late 
 
 500) 
 
 
 37,500 
 
 cwt. lato potatoes 
 
 Seed crops 
 
 
 
 
 
 Seed beans 
 
 
 3,700 H 
 
 59,200 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Seed peas 
 
 
 4,542 <fl 
 
 63,500 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Seed nasturtiums 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Seed radishes 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 Seed sweet peas 
 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 14,087 
 
 178,417 
 
 tons 
 
 Vegetable crops : 
 
 
 
 
 
 Artichokes* 
 
 
 3,800 
 
 — 
 
 
 Cabbages * 
 
 
 150 
 
 — 
 
 
 Carrots (spring — 
 
 2,267) 
 
 4,34911 
 
 1,087,250 
 
 packed crates 
 
 (fall 
 
 2,082) 
 
 
 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 
 2,400 II 
 
 600,000 
 
 packod crates 
 
 Lettuce (spring — 
 
 22,353) 
 
 
 
 
 (fall 
 
 22,871) 
 
 45,215 H** 
 
 6,782,250 
 
 packed crates 
 
 Peas, green (spring — 3,000) 
 
 
 
 
 (fall 
 
 — 2,100) 
 
 5,100 
 
 325,000 
 
 hampers of 30 pounds 
 
 Peas, canning 
 
 
 650 
 
 — 
 
 
 Spinach, table * 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 canning 
 
 
 567 
 
 2,268 
 
 tons 
 
 Tomat o e s , tabl e 
 
 
 700 
 
 122,500 
 
 packed lugs 
 
 canning 
 
 ft 
 
 674 
 
 2,696 
 
 tons 
 
 Fruit and nut crops: 
 
 
 
 
 Almonds 
 
 
 3,170.9 
 
 317 
 
 tons 
 
 Apples 
 
 
 2,138 
 
 800,000 
 
 boxes 
 
 Apricots 
 
 
 1,665.8 
 
 4,165 
 
 tons (fresh weight) 
 
 Cherries* 
 
 
 74.4 
 
 
 
 Grapes* 
 
 
 163.6 
 
 
 
 Pears (mostly not Bartletts) 
 
 963.8 
 
 2,410 
 
 tons 
 
 Pe ache s * 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 Strawberries 
 
 
 250 
 
 262,500 
 
 crates (of 12 baskets) 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 
 234 
 
 165 
 
 tons 
 
 * Need for seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored. 
 
 "f Bean acreage estimated as 20,000 acres dry farmed, balance irrigated. 
 
 *f Unharvested acreage — spring, 1935 — 2,385 acros were harvested in 
 Monterey County in the "Campaign" from August, 1934 to May, 1935. 
 
 (Footnotes continued on noxt page.) 
 
28'V. • 
 
 » -flaw-* i'XS* 
 
 i 
 
 •* . ts, W ifi 
 
 •J 
 
4. 
 
 <^ Acreages of a few minor crops such as broccoli, mustard, parsley, and mis- 
 cellaneous flower seeds ignored, 
 
 «fl Data from four major seed companies for 1935 season. 
 
 11 Acreage data from Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association of Central California. 
 
 ** Figure includes one-third of the acreage of the Watsonville District, esti- 
 mated to be in Monterey County. 
 
 ft Figures from W.P.A. Fruit Acreage Survey of 1936. 
 
 f f Strawberry acreage estimated by Central California Berry Growers Association 
 and represents bearing acreage only. 
 
 Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Time of Need . — Farm operations re- 
 quiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in 
 Monterey County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include the 
 employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack and prepare various commodities for 
 shipping and marketing. 
 
 table 2 
 
 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops 
 
 Monterey County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Field crops: 
 
 Beans, dry farmed 
 (Estimated at 
 20,000 acres) 
 
 Beans, irrigated 
 (Estimated at 
 28,700 acres, in- 
 cluding seed beans) 
 
 Hoeing (80 per cent by 
 seasonal workers) 
 
 Turning ends of windrows 
 (33 per cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 
 Threshing (with "pick up" 
 harvester) 
 
 (25 per cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 
 Hoeing (100 per cent by 
 seasonal workers) 
 
 Irrigating (33 per cent 
 by seasonal workers) 
 
 Raking (30 per cent by 
 seasonal workers) 
 
 May, June, July 
 (one-third each month) 
 
 August (one-half of acreage) 
 Sept. (one-half of acreage) 
 
 Aug, 20-31 (25 per cent of 
 acreage) 
 
 Sept, 1-30 (75 per cent of 
 acreage ) 
 
 May, June, July, August 
 (25 per cent each month) 
 
 May (20 per cent of job) 
 June (30 per cent of job) 
 July (30 per cent of job) 
 Aug. (30 per cent of job) 
 
 Aug. 15-31 (25 per cent of 
 acreage ) 
 
 Sept. 1-30 (75 per cent of 
 acreage) 
 
 (Table continued on next page) 
 
% ..-..:> • 
 
 ,;V.: ' : 
 
 M 4 " 
 
 •3v- 
 
 1 " 
 ! 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 B*3 
 
 1 ; 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
5, 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Field crops: 
 
 Beans, irrigated 
 (continued) 
 
 Turning ends of windrows, 
 etc. (50 per cent by 
 seasonal workers) 
 
 Aug. (25 per cent of agreage)' 
 Sept. (75 per cent of acreag^ 
 
 
 Threshing (with pick up 
 harvester) 
 
 (25 per cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 
 Sept. (80 per cent of acreag^! 
 Oct. (20 per cent of acreage) 
 
 Grain, (barley, wheat 
 and oats) 
 
 Pulling radish on one-third 
 of barley acreage 
 
 March (50 per cent of job) 
 April (50 per cent of job) 
 
 
 Harvesting by combine (33 
 
 per Otrill/ U t '. bcaoUilaJ. WUI ivel cy 
 
 June 10-30 (20 per cent of 
 
 July 1-31 (70 per cent of 
 
 acreage) 
 Aug. 1-10 (10 per cent of 
 
 acreage) 
 
 Garlic 
 
 Planting in field 
 
 Nov. 15-30 (10 per cent of 
 acreage ) 
 
 Dec. 1-31 (80 per cent of 
 acreage) 
 
 Jan. 1-15 (10 per cent of 
 acreage ) 
 
 
 Hoeing (twice) 
 
 February, March, April 
 (two-thirds of acreage each 
 month ) 
 
 
 Pulling and throwing in 
 piles 
 
 August (all of crop) 
 
 
 Clip off roots and tops, 
 and put in sacks 
 
 August (all of crop) 
 
 U WtA V W X 
 
 H/inrfi stinp* 
 
 August 1 to May 
 
 Hay, other than 
 
 CLX1 cxX X Mm 
 
 Mowing, raking, shocking 
 
 VOW L/wX w w J. i. L' \J y UvUUUiiUJ. 
 
 workers) 
 
 May (80 per cent of acreage) 
 June (20 per cent of acreage) 
 
 
 Baling (50 per cent of 
 
 June, July, August 
 
 ( one— third e^ich month) 
 
 Oni ons 
 
 Hoeing, first time 
 second time 
 
 February (100 per cent of 
 (acreage) 
 
 May (100 per cent of acreage) 
 
 
 Pull and throw 3 beds in 
 1 
 
 Sept. 1-20 (all acreage) 
 
 
 Clipping tops 
 
 Sept. 1-30 (all of crop) 
 
 X 1 1 F— 
 
 (Table continued on next page) 
 
?v} ;/>M!' nv) ftfci, ,] 
 
 4 i 
 
 '•i 
 
 iat'-6i.r-f.,'T<v a:Mo>-{ *tVj iji'j.r- 
 
 >::;:o.. 
 
 > \t.. 
 
 l iO" '*^r'.:.- *i..-q 0%) :<ft;:X.r*^ 
 
 o_r.hii->>.fij.^ii'.' 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 6. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Field crops: 
 Onions (continued) 
 
 Sorting and sacking 
 
 Sept. 1-30 (all of crop) 
 
 Potatoes (early) 
 Potatoes (late) 
 
 Picking up and boxing 
 Hoeing 
 
 Picking up and sacking 
 or piling 
 
 Apr. 15-30 (10 per cent of 
 
 crop) 
 
 May 1-31 (70 per cent of 
 
 crop) 
 
 June 1-15 (20 per cent of 
 
 crop ) 
 
 May, June, July (two- thirds 
 of acreage each month) 
 
 September, October, November 
 (one-third of crop each 
 month) 
 
 Seed Peas 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Piling and turning ends 
 of windrows, etc. (50 
 per cent by seasonal 
 v/orkers) 
 
 Feb. (40 per cent of acre- 
 age) 
 
 Mar. (40 per cent of acreage) 
 Apr. (20 per cent of acreage) 
 
 May (all of acreage) 
 
 
 Threshing (by pick-up 
 harvester ) 
 
 (33 per cent by seasonal 
 workers ) 
 
 June (all of acreage) 
 
 Seed Beans 
 
 (Operations same as field beans and therefore included, 
 with field beans. ) 
 
 Seed, Nasturtium 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 May (all acreage) 
 June (all acreage) 
 
 
 Cutting by hand and 
 putting on sheets 
 
 Aug. 15-31 (one-third of 
 acreage ) 
 
 
 Threshing and screening- 
 twice 
 
 ■Sept. (two-thirds of 
 acreage ) 
 
 Seed, Radish 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Jan. (all acreage) 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 February (all acreage) 
 
 
 Hand cutting and piling 
 
 August (all acreage) 
 
 
 Threshing 
 
 September (all acreage) 
 
 Seed, Sweet peas 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 February, March (50 per cent 
 of acreage) 
 
 
 Cutting and piling by 
 hand 
 
 Threshing 
 
 July (all acreage) 
 July (all acreage) 
 
 (Table continued on next p«ge.) 
 
*•■!'. l£ in 10 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 '■'X: 
 
 3 
 
 I if 
 
 I 
 
 5«tl 5>Ofl 
 
 vwt: 
 
 ( 
 
 t*fci "tiff 
 
 ;>:? i :.> :>H 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Field crops: 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Irrigating (average 
 2 times), (80 per 
 cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 
 Topping and loading 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 Artichokes f 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Weeding 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Irrigating (two 
 times) 
 
 February (l,900 acres) 
 
 March (5,000 acres) 
 
 April (5,000 acres) 
 
 May (1,700 acres) 
 
 June (400 acres) 
 
 July (35 acres) 
 
 March (1,900 acres) 
 April (5,000 acres) 
 May (5,000 acres) 
 June (1,700 acres) 
 July (400 acres) 
 
 April, May, June (two-thirds 
 of acreage each month) 
 
 July (800 acres * 10,133 tons) 
 Aug. (4,000 acres « 50,666 tons) 
 Sept. (4,287 acres 8 54,302 tons) 
 Oct. (5,000 acres » 63,333 tons) 
 
 January (0 per cent of acreage) 
 February (3 per cent of acreage) 
 March (7 per cent of acreage) 
 April (13 per cent of acreage) 
 May (10 per cent of acreage) 
 June (7 per cent of acreage) 
 July (6 per cent of acreage) 
 August (8 per cent of acreage) 
 September (12 per cent of acreage) 
 October (10 per cent of acrerge) 
 November (10 per cent of acreage) 
 December (12 per cent of acreage) 
 
 January (12 per cent of acreage) 
 February (0 per cent of acreage) 
 March (3 per cent of acreage) 
 April (7 per cent of acreage) 
 May (13 per cent of acreage) 
 June (10 per cent of acreage; 
 July (7 per cent of acreage) 
 August (6 per cent of acreage) 
 Sept. (8 per cent of acreage) 
 October (12 per cent of acreage) 
 November (10 per cent of acreage) 
 December (10 per cent of acreage) 
 
 Mrrch (10 per cent of acreage) 
 April (20 per cent of acreage) 
 May (23 per cent of acreage) 
 
 (Table continued on next page) 
 
..... 
 
 ! 
 
 f : :• 
 
 **** ^ f i>, 
 
 S ... 
 
 I 
 
 ■ . •! ••: > 1 if •': • . .; • ■>/ 
 
 :jj<i pa * " 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 8. 
 
 Cr0 P 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 (Carrots (continued) 
 
 Irrigating (two timos) 
 (continued) 
 
 Pulling and tying in 
 bunches 
 
 Caulif lower 
 
 Planting 
 
 Hoeing (twice) 
 
 (50 por cent by seasonal 
 
 workers) 
 
 Cutting, hauling, and pack- 
 ing 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Irrigating (50 por cent 
 by seasonal workers) 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept< 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Doc. 
 
 (17 per cent of acreago) 
 (13 por cont of acreage) 
 (14 per cent of acreage) 
 (20 per cent of acreage) 
 (22 por cent of acreage) 
 (22 per cent of acreage) 
 
 (10 pe 
 (12 pe 
 (2 per 
 (3 per 
 (7 per 
 (13 pe 
 (10 po 
 (7 per 
 (6 per 
 (8 per 
 (12 pe 
 (10 pe 
 
 r cont 
 r cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cont 
 r cont 
 r cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 r cont 
 r cent 
 
 of crop) 
 . of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop ) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 
 July, August, September 
 (one-third of acreage each 
 month) 
 
 Sept., Oct., Nov., Doc. 
 
 (one-half of acreage each 
 month) 
 
 Nov. (*4 por cent of crop) 
 Doc. (7.2 per cent of crop) 
 Jan. (27.1 per cent of crop) 
 Feb. (36.6 por cent of crop) 
 Mar. (22.9 per cont of crop) 
 Apr. (4.2 per cent of crop) 
 May (1,2 per cont of crop) 
 
 July (1,200 acres) 
 Aug, (2,400 acres) 
 Sept, (2,400 acres) 
 Oct. (2,400 acros) 
 Nov. (2,400 acros) 
 
 Feb. (9 per cent 
 Mar. (15 por cent 
 Apr. (8 per cent 
 May (11 per cent 
 June (14 per cont 
 July (12 per cent 
 Aug. (13 per cent 
 Sept. (14 per cent 
 Oct. (2 por cent 
 
 of acreage) 
 of a creage) 
 
 of acreage) 
 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage)' 
 of acreage); 
 of acreage) 
 of acreago) 
 
 of acreage) 
 
 March (9 per cent of acruugj) 
 Apr, (15 per cont of acreage) 
 May (8 per cent of acreage) 
 
 Table continued on next page) 
 
V.-' 6&&Xi£*H£k 
 './f.»a*v.ig »•>•{ :v«\ 
 
 I] 
 
 i 
 
 rax'a 
 ■ 
 
 («T..';!lOV/ f,>:.-.a,-,o? vo 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 9. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Vegetable c rops : 
 Lettuce (continued) 
 
 Peas, market 
 
 Peas, canning 
 Spinach 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 Operation 
 
 Hoeing (continued) 
 
 Irrigating (66 per cent 
 by seasonal workers) 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Turn rows (on Fall crop) 
 Hoeing 
 
 Picking 
 
 Harvesting with vines 
 (75 per cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 Hoeing (twice) 
 
 Picking 
 
 up and crating 
 Transplanting in beds 
 
 Setting plants in field 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Juno (11 per cent of acreage) 
 July (14 per cent of acreage) 
 Aug. (12 per cent of acreage) 
 Sept. (13 per cent of acreage) 
 Oct. (14 per cent of acreage) 
 Nov. (2 per cent of acreage) 
 
 Feb. (9 per 
 Mar. (22 per 
 Apr. (23 per 
 May (19 per 
 June (25 per 
 July (26 per 
 Aug. (25 per 
 Sept. (27 per 
 Oct. (26 per 
 Nov. (2 per 
 
 Mar. (8,000 
 Apr, (9 por 
 May (15 per 
 June (8 per 
 July (11 per 
 Aug. (14 per 
 Sept. (12 per 
 Oct. (13 per 
 Nov. (14 per 
 Dec. (2 per 
 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 
 crate 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 cent 
 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 of acreage) 
 
 *) 
 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of c rop ) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 of crop) 
 
 Sept. (all Fall acreage) 
 
 March, April, May (one-third 
 of Spring acreage each month) 
 Sept. (all Fall acreage) 
 Apr. (l per cent of crop) 
 May (60 per cent of crop) 
 June (17 per cent of crop) 
 Sept. (3 per cent of crop) 
 Oct. (16 per cent of crop) 
 Nov. (3 per cent of crop) 
 
 May (75 per cent of acreage) 
 June (25 per cent of acreage) 
 
 Jan, (all acreage) 
 Feb. (all acreage) 
 
 March (all of crop) 
 
 March (all plants) 
 
 Apr, 15-30 (50 por cent of 
 
 acreage) 
 May 1-31 (50 per cent of 
 
 acreage ) 
 
 (Table continued on next page) 
 
•; 
 
 ;■>: ;.v. rfu-3 -m { .1';) ^ ;;r i; j 
 
 lV;r,;f v^V j...^ 
 
 «2 
 
 T" -'•'••( to > i';t^<7 
 £ : '. ' J ..... 
 
 Vjnca-.c! p J«w -roc? «y) 
 
 i Hfi/T si? 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 10. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 
 Tomatoes (continued) 
 
 Orchard crops: 
 Almonds 
 
 Apples 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Operation 
 
 Replanting misses 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 Picking for canning 
 
 Knocking 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Spraying 
 
 (50 per cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 
 Thinning (75 per cent of 
 acreage) 
 
 Picking 
 
 Pruning (50 per cent 
 by seasonal workers 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Time of need 
 
 May (75 per cent of job) 
 June (25 per cent of job) 
 
 May, June, July (one-third 
 of acreage each month) 
 
 Sept. (3 per cent of crop) 
 Oct. (88 per cent of crop) 
 Nov. (9 per cent of crop) 
 
 Aug. 20-31 (10 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Sept. 1-30 (40 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Oct. 1-31 (50 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Aug. 15-31 (20 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Sept. 1-30 (40 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Oct. 1-31 (30 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 Nov. (10 per cent of crop) 
 
 December, January (one-third 
 of acreage each month) 
 Fobruary, March (one- sixth 
 of acreage each month) 
 
 February, March (one-half of 
 acreage each month) 
 April (all acreage) 
 May, June, July (two-thirds 
 of acreage each month) 
 
 May (25 per cent of acreage) 
 June (50 per cent of acreage) 
 
 tMg, (15 per cent of crop) 
 Sept. (40 per cent of crop) 
 Oct. (40 per cent of crop) 
 Nov. (5 per cent of crop) 
 
 Oct. 15-31 (20 per cent of 
 
 acreage) . 
 Nov. (40 per cent of acreage) 
 Dec. (40 per cent of acreage) 
 
 Apr. 15-30 (50 per cent of 
 job) 
 
 May 1-15 (50 per cent of job) 
 
 (Table continued on next p^-ge) 
 
\>*h ♦•'•^••' !3 I 
 
 - ...... 
 
 ,,11, .'rat*." iw^rOji,.* ?§B 
 
 i_CjO^' "to 
 
 * ^) ^ 
 
 { ■ . ■■■■ 
 
 -> f ica icq lit) snfcwip 
 
 ! • ; - . ... I 
 
11. 
 
 Table 2 continued. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Orchrrd crops: 
 
 Apricots (continued) 
 
 Pears 
 
 Strawberries \ 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 Picking 
 
 Cutting for drying' 
 (90 per cent of crop) 
 
 All other dry yard work 
 
 Pruning (50 per cent 
 by season -.1 workers) 
 
 Spraying (50 per cent 
 by seasonal workers) 
 
 Picking, other than 
 Bartletts (90 per 
 cent by seasonal 
 workers) 
 
 Picking, (50 per cent 
 by seasonal workers) 
 (25 per cent by 
 seasonal workers) 
 
 Knocking, hulling and 
 sacking 
 
 June 15-30 (10 per cent of crop) 
 July 1-31 (80 per cent of crop) 
 August 1-17 (10 per cent of crop) 
 
 June (10 per cent of job) 
 July (80 per cent of job) 
 August (10 per cent of job) 
 
 June 15-30 (10 per cent of job) 
 
 July 1-31 (80 per cent of job) 
 August 1-7 (10 per cent of job) 
 
 November (20 per cent of acreage) 
 December (30 per cent of aCTer ge) 
 January (30 per cent of acrecge) 
 February (20 per cent of acreage) 
 
 February, March (one-half of 
 
 acreage each month) 
 April (all acreage) 
 Mry, June, July (two-thirds of 
 acreage each month) 
 
 September 1-30 (75 per cent of 
 crop ) 
 
 October 1-15 (25 per cent of 
 crop) 
 
 May (30 per cent of cron) 
 June (20 oer cent of crop) 
 July (20 per cent of cro?) 
 August (10 oer cent of crop) 
 
 Balance scattering, ?nd picked 
 by regular employees or opera- 
 tors . 
 
 October 
 
 * Guayule harvesting requires about 3 man-days per acre, of which about 50 
 per cent is done by seasonal workers. From January to May, 1935, there were from 
 21 to 78 seasonal workers used on this crop, with a peek of 76 in February, From 
 40 to 50 were employed in the Fall of 1934. 
 
 t Very little seasonal labor is used on artichokes. Occasionally a few 
 workers are needed for harvesting during warm weather, usually in October or March, 
 or for setting new plants in April, 
 
 4" On strawberry nicking, seasonal labor is needed only on the two-year old 
 plantings, or about 40 per cent of the total acreage. During May and June, one 
 extra worker per acre is needed; and in July and August, about one extra for each 
 \\ to 2 acres. Usually two persons are regularly employed throughout the year on 
 each Z\ acres of strawberries. 
 
3 01 j* 1 v~l TsusiVA' 
 
 « . 
 
 •J * •:•> ; 1» 
 
 I " : 3 fie ci ■■ .; 
 
 -w.- 0. v !) v,n .•■ ,-• 
 
 ';<?} s.T.f ; Un^St 
 
 ■• X-i 
 
 ■.I'.'-. * 
 
 •Ml 
 
 1 
 
 no 
 
 .. .. .. 
 
12, 
 
 Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs , — Details and summaries of seasonal labor 
 requirements of Monterey County agriculture are presented as table 3, The "size of 
 task" are figures drawn from table 1 in terms of either acreage or output in tons, 
 crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an 
 average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in packed crates, hampers, 
 or boxes (in case of fruits and vegetables). If tho work is of a nature that re- 
 quires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks (such as cutting, 
 trimming, loading, and hauling cauliflower; trimming and crating celery, etc,), then 
 the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, 
 November to February; 10 hours, March to October, unless otherwise stated. Wide 
 variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and 
 season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, 
 and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a 
 given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker, 
 without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help 
 that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of 
 seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set 
 from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of 
 the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available 
 days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of 
 days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" 
 is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day," 
 
 It is probable that the estimated number of workers required as recorded in 
 table 3, will often be lower than the actual requirements, for the reason that 
 "peaks" frequently occur, during which an unusually large proportion of the job is 
 done in a very short period. This would naturally require a much greater number of 
 workers than when the work is spread over a longer period, although the total 
 amount of labor (in man-days) remains the same. Also, no allowance has been made 
 for lost time, from sickness or other causes, part-time workers, or other factors 
 which would tend to increase the number of individuals needed. 
 
•V: ■„•» tf;S;:>/ifsj.i-.- 
 
TABLE 3 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs — Monterey County — by Months and Tasks 
 
 Montb 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Required J 
 man-days 
 
 Wailable 
 days 
 
 Required number 
 
 of workers * 
 
 January 
 
 Garlic: planting 
 
 Seed radish: thinning 
 
 Carrots: hoeing 
 
 pulling and 
 tying m Duncnes 
 
 Cauliflower: cutting 
 
 packing 
 
 Spinach: hoeing 
 Apples: pruning 
 Pears: pruning 
 
 53 acres 
 
 150 acres 
 522 acres 
 
 1 Oft 7?S prates 
 162,600 crates 
 
 162,600 crates 
 
 567 acres 
 713 acres 
 145 acres X 
 
 0.16 acre 
 
 1.5 acres 
 1 acre 
 
 12 packed crates (in 
 8 hours) 
 
 48 crates (in 8 hrfe.) 
 
 40 crates (in 8 hrs.^ 
 
 0.66 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 0.17 acres 
 
 818 
 
 100 
 
 9,060 
 (of 8 hrsj 
 
 3,387 
 (of 6 hrsj 
 
 4,065 
 (of 8 hr s : 
 860 
 
 3,565 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 19 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 36 (from 1st to 
 
 15th) 
 10 (for 10 days) 
 28 
 
 477 
 178 
 
 214 
 
 46 
 188 
 
 
 870 
 
 19 
 
 46 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 22.747 
 
 19 
 
 1,197 man-months 
 
 February 
 
 Garlic: hoeing first 
 time 
 
 Onions: hoeing first 
 time 
 
 Seed peas; hoeing 
 Seed radish: hoeing 
 Seed sweet peas: hoeing 
 and weeding 
 Sugar beets: thinning 
 Carrots: weeding 
 
 pulling and tying 
 in bunches 
 
 Cauliflower: cutting 
 
 packing 
 
 Lettuce: thinning 
 irrigating 
 
 350 acres 
 
 250 acres 
 1,820 acres 
 150 acres 
 
 125 acres 
 1,900 acres 
 130 acres 
 
 130,470 crates 
 
 219,600 crate 
 
 219,600 crates 
 
 4,070 acres 
 2,713 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 0.5 acre 
 1 acre 
 1.75 acre 
 
 1 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 
 12 packed crates (in 
 
 8 hour-) 
 48 crates (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 40 crates (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 700 
 
 500 
 1,820 
 86 
 
 125 
 4,750 
 520 
 
 10,873 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 4,575 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 5,490 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 8,140 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 1 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 22 
 79 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 207 
 23 
 
 473 
 
 199 
 
 239 
 354 
 
 
 3 acres 
 
 905 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page. 
 
Table 3 continued, 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop r.nd task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Required 
 ms.n-days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 Required number 
 of workers* 
 
 February 
 cont ' d) 
 
 March 
 
 Spinach; hoeing 
 Apples; pruning 
 
 spraying 
 Pe5.rs: pruning 
 spraying 
 Totals 
 
 Grain: pulling radish on 
 one-sixth of barley 
 acreage 
 
 Garlic: hoeing first 
 time 
 
 second time 
 Seed peas: hoeing 
 Seed sweet pear.: hoeing 
 
 and weeding 
 Sugar beets; thinning 
 
 hoeing 
 Carrots; weeding 
 hoeing 
 pulling and tying 
 in bunches 
 irrigating 
 
 Cauliflower: cutting 
 
 packing 
 
 Lettuce: thinning 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 cutting 
 
 Peas (gre^r.)i hoeing 
 Spinach: picking and 
 putting in crates 
 
 5fa7 acres 
 356 B crcs 
 535 acres t 
 96 acres I 
 241 acres f 
 
 6,666 acres 
 
 175 acres 
 175 acres 
 1,820 acres 
 
 125 acres 
 5,000 acres 
 1,900 acres 
 304 acres 
 130 acres 
 
 21,745 crates 
 435 acres 
 
 137,400 crates 
 
 137,400 crates 
 
 6,780 acres 
 
 4,070 acres 
 
 6,630 acres t 
 
 8,000 crates 
 
 1,000 acres 
 
 2,268 tons 
 
 0,66 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 1.5 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 1.5 acre 
 
 860 
 1,780 
 357 
 576 
 151 
 
 42.218 
 
 13 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 1.5 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 1 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 1 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 15 packed crates (in 
 9 hours) 
 
 3 acres (in 12 hoursj) 
 
 48 crates (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 40 crates (in 8 
 hours) 
 0.5 acre 
 1 acre 
 3 acres 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 1 acre 
 
 2 tons (in 6 hours) 
 
 513 
 
 350 
 117 
 1,820 
 
 125 
 12,500 
 1,900 
 1,216 
 130 
 1,450 
 (of 9 hrs.) 
 
 145 
 (of 12 hrs.) 
 
 2,863 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 3,435 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 13,560 
 4,070 
 2,210 
 266 
 
 1,000 
 1,134, 
 (of 6 hrs.) 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 38 
 77 
 15 
 21 
 7 
 
 1.836 man-months 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 6 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 544 
 83 
 53 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 6 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 590 
 177 
 96 
 
 45 (from 23rd 
 to 31st) 
 44 
 
 103 (from 15th 
 to 31st) 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page. 
 
 » 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Required Available \ Required number 
 man-days , days of workers 1 
 
 March Tomatoes: transplanting 
 (cont.) in beds 
 
 Apples: pruning 
 
 spraying 
 Pears: spraying 
 Totals 
 
 April Grain: pulling radish on 
 one-sixth of barley 
 acreage 
 Garlic: hoeing second 
 time 
 
 Potatoes (early): picking 
 
 up and boxing 
 Seed peas: hoeing 
 Sugar beets: thinning 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 
 Carrots: weeding 
 hoeing 
 pulling and tying 
 in bunches 
 irrigating 
 
 Cauliflower: cutting 
 
 packing 
 
 Lettuce: thinning 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 cutting 
 Peas: hoeing 
 
 picking 
 Tomatoes: transplanting 
 to field 
 
 1,648,800 plants 
 356 acres 
 
 535 acres 
 241 acres 
 
 6,666 acres 
 
 350 acres 
 6,250 lugs 
 
 91C acres 
 5,000 acres 
 5,000 acres 
 8,000 acres + 
 
 565 acres 
 304 acres 
 
 32,617 crates 
 870 acres 
 
 25,200 crates 
 
 25,200 crates 
 
 3,616 acres 
 6,780 acres 
 6,930 acresf- 
 610,400 crates 
 1,000 acres 
 3,250 hampers 
 
 687 acres 
 
 5,000 plants 
 0.2 acre 
 1.5 acres 
 1.5 acres 
 
 13 acres 
 
 1.5 acres 
 
 60 lugs (1,800 
 
 pounds ) 
 1 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 5 acres (in 12 hrs. 
 
 0.25 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 15 packed crates 
 3 acres (in 12 hrs 
 
 48 crates (in 8 
 
 hours) 
 40 crates (in 8 
 
 hours) 
 0.5 acre 
 1 acre 
 3 acres 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 1 acre 
 
 10 hampers 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 330 
 1,780 
 357 
 161 
 
 51.432 
 
 513 
 
 234 
 105 
 
 910 
 12,500 
 5,000 
 1,600 
 (of 12 hrs.) 
 2,260 
 304 
 
 2,174 
 290 
 (of 12 hrs.) 
 
 525 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 530 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 7,232 
 6,780 
 2,310 
 20,347 
 1,000 
 325 
 
 916 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 12 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 77 
 15 
 7 
 
 2,256 man-months 
 
 22 
 10 
 
 9 (from 15th 
 to 30th) 
 
 38 
 521 
 208 
 
 65 
 
 95 
 13 
 
 90 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 302 
 282 
 
 96 
 848 
 
 42 
 
 65 (for 5 days] 
 
 77 (from 15th 
 to 30th) 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page 
 
Table 
 
 3 c 
 
 ;ontinueri . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 ■ivaixauit 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 
 CroD and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per 
 
 man 
 
 -day 
 
 man -days 
 
 days 
 
 /-\ -t* it. ,-\ v* \r V* C H 
 
 Oi worAtrs 
 
 April 
 (cont 
 
 d) 
 
 Apples: spraying 
 Apricots; thinning 
 
 1,069 acres t 
 208 acres 
 
 1.5 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 
 
 
 713 
 832 
 
 24 
 12 
 
 69 (from 15th 
 to 30th) 
 
 
 
 Pears; spraying 
 
 482 acres +" 
 
 1.5 acre 
 
 
 
 321 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 67.821 
 
 24 
 
 2.826 man-months 
 
 May 
 
 
 Beans (dry farmed): 
 hoeing 
 
 Beans, irrigated: hoeing 
 irrigating 
 
 16,000 acres t 
 28,700 acres 
 9,567 acres t 
 
 * 
 % 
 II 
 
 
 
 693 
 7,390 
 1,164 
 (of 12 hrs) 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 28 
 296 
 47 
 
 
 
 Hay, other than alfalfa: 
 mowing 
 raking 
 shocking 
 
 o , uuu acres i 
 6,000 acres t 
 6,000 acres t 
 
 10 acres 
 20 acres 
 30 acres 
 
 
 
 600 
 300 
 200 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 24 
 12 
 8 
 
 
 
 Onions: hoeing second 
 time 
 
 
 1.5 acre 
 
 
 
 167 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Potatoes (early): pick- 
 ing up and boxing 
 Potatoes (late) rhoeing 
 
 43,750 lugs 
 332 acres 
 
 60 lugs (1,800 lbs.) 
 3 acres 
 
 730 
 111 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 30 
 5 
 
 
 
 Seed peas: piling, turn- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing ends of windrows, 
 etc. 
 
 Seed, nasturtium: hoeing 
 Sugar Veetsi thinning 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 
 2,271 acres + 
 100 acres 
 1,700 acres 
 5,000 acres 
 8,000 acres t 
 
 3 acres 
 0.6 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 5 acres (in 12 hrs.) 
 
 757 
 
 ID / 
 
 4,250 
 5,000 
 1,600 
 (of 12 hrs) 
 
 25 
 
 CO 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 r 
 
 170 
 200 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 Carrots: weeding 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 
 435 acres 
 565 acres 
 1,000 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 3 acres (in 12 hrs.) 
 
 1,740 
 565 
 334 
 lof 12 hrs.; 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 70 
 23 
 14 
 
 
 
 pulling and tying 
 
 •lH bunches 
 Cauliflower : cutting 
 
 76,107 crates 
 7,200 crates 
 
 15 packed 
 48 crates 
 
 crates 
 (in 8 hrsj 
 
 5,074 
 150 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 25 
 Id 
 
 203 
 
 T "Z I r A y, O Mr c i c 1/ C 
 
 
 
 packing 
 
 7,200 crates 
 
 40 «rates 
 
 (in 
 
 8 hrs.) 
 
 180 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 12 
 
 15 (for 2 weeks) 
 
 (Table 3 continued on next page. 
 

 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ { 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5*000 ?ai»s« x : "'"' m \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * * ■■ ' - .. . » 
 
 - - - • Q ' ' •. vts, J 
 
 
 
 . ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 1J Ulu^'v u » 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Hrnn p±.y\ d t, B s V 
 
 Size of t~.sk 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 May 
 
 Lettuce: thinning 
 
 4,972 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 9,944 
 
 25 
 
 398 
 
 (cont'd) 
 
 hoeing 
 
 3,616 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 5,63.6 
 
 25 
 
 145 
 
 irrigating 
 
 5,726 acres t 
 
 3 acres 
 
 1,910 
 
 25 
 
 70 
 
 
 cutting 
 
 1,017,330 crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 33,911 
 
 25 
 
 i , 356 
 
 
 Peas (green): hoeing 
 
 1,000 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 1,000 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 
 picking 
 
 195,000 hampers 
 
 10 hampers 
 
 19,500 
 
 £5 
 
 780 
 
 
 Peas (canning); harvest- 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 (from 15th 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 ing with viner 
 
 366 acres t 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 732 
 
 15 
 
 
 Tomatoes: transplanting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to field 
 
 687 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 916 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 
 replanting 
 
 1,030 acres 
 
 3.3 man-hours per 
 acre 
 
 344 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 458 acres 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 153 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 
 Apples: thinning 
 
 535 acres 
 
 0.17 acre 
 
 3,210 
 
 10 
 
 321 (from 20th 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 spraying 
 
 713 acres t 
 
 1.5 acres 
 
 475 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 
 Apricots: thinning 
 
 208 acres # 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 832 
 
 12 
 
 69 (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 
 
 Pears: spraying 
 
 321 acres f 
 
 1.5 acre 
 
 214 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 ^ + Y*r\ wY\ & r» r* t po • m f*Vi t>ct 
 
 O bl ClWUCi i 1 Co r piUMIIt 
 
 
 20 crates (of 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 (on 2 year old plant- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ings i 
 
 "^Q ^75 rrntp^-f 
 
 U-i out O o j 
 
 1 , 969 
 
 25 
 
 79** 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 109. 8S8 
 
 25 
 
 4,396 man-months 
 
 June 
 
 Hay, other than alfalfa: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mowing 
 
 1,500 acres "T 
 
 10 acres 
 
 150 
 
 6 
 
 25 (from 1st 
 to 7th) 
 
 
 raking 
 
 1,500 acres f 
 
 20 acres 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 13 (from 1st 
 to 7th) 
 
 
 shocking 
 
 1,500 acres * 
 
 30 acres 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 9 (from 1st 
 to 7th) 
 
 
 baling 
 
 3,750 tons 
 
 5 tons per day of 
 13 hours 
 
 750 
 (of 13 hrs] 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 
 Grain: harvesting 
 
 4,4fa7 acres f 
 
 1.2 man-hours per 
 acre 
 
 670 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 18 
 
 38 (from 7th 
 to 30th) 
 
 
 Beans: dry farmed, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 16,000 acres f 
 
 <* 
 
 693 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 
 Beans: irrigated, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hoeins 
 
 28,700 acres 
 
 7,390 
 
 26 
 
 285 
 
: 
 
 i 
 
 V. 
 
T a b 1 e 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 June 
 (cont'd) 
 
 Crop and tr.sk 
 
 Beans, irrigated : irri- 
 gating 
 
 Potatoes (early): picking 
 up and jutting in 
 boxes 
 
 Potatoes (late): hoeing 
 Seed peas: threshing 
 
 Seed, nasturtium: hoeing 
 Sugar beets: thinning 
 irrigating 
 
 hoeing 
 Carrots: weeding 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 
 pulling and tying in 
 bun che s 
 Lettuce : thinning 
 hoeing 
 irrigating 
 cutting 
 Peas (green) : picking 
 Peas (canning) : harvest- 
 ing with viner 
 
 Tomatoes,; replanting 
 
 hoeing 
 Apples: thinning 
 spraying 
 Apricots: picking 
 
 cutting for drying 
 
 Size of tr.sk 
 
 9,567 acres 1 
 
 12,500 lugs 
 332 acres 
 1£14 acres T 
 
 100 acres 
 400 acres 
 8,000 acres t 
 
 1,700 acres 
 305 acres 
 435 acres 
 740 acres 
 
 141,342 crates 
 6,328 acres 
 4,972 acres 
 7 , 535 acres 1" 
 542,580 crates 
 55,250 hampers 
 
 122 acres t 
 
 344 acres 
 458 acres 
 1,069 acres 
 713 acres t 
 417 tons 
 
 375 tons 
 
 Other dry yard work 
 Pears: spraying 
 
 375 tons 
 321 acres t 
 
 Output uer man-c-xy 
 
 60 lugs (1,800 lbtO 
 3 acres 
 
 1.25 man-hours per 
 
 acre 
 0.6 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 5 acres $.f> 12 
 
 hours) 
 1 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 1 acre 
 
 3 acres (in 12 hours 
 
 15 packed crates 
 0.5 acre 
 1 acre 
 3 acres 
 
 30 packed crates 
 10 hampers 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 3.3 man-hrs. per acre 
 3.0 acres 
 C.17 acre 
 1.5 acre 
 1,000 lbs. 
 
 600 lbs. 
 
 11 hrs. per fresh ton 
 1.5 acre 
 
 Re qui red 
 
 Avn.ilr.ble Required number 
 days I of workers* 
 
 1,746 
 of 12 hrs. 
 
 209 
 111 
 237 
 
 8 hrsM 
 
 (of 
 
 167 
 1,000 
 1,600 
 (of 12 hrs 
 1,700 
 1,220 
 435 
 247 
 (of 12 hrs. 
 
 9,423 
 12,656 
 
 4,972 
 
 2,512 
 18,086 
 
 5,525 
 
 244 
 
 115 
 153 
 7,483 
 475 
 834 
 
 1,250 
 
 413 
 214 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 25 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 16 (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 6 
 39 
 62 
 
 65 
 47 
 17 
 10 
 
 362 
 487 
 191 
 97 
 696 
 213 
 
 41 (from 1st 
 to 7th) 
 5 
 6 
 
 280 
 19 
 
 64 (from 15th 
 
 to 30th) 
 96 (from 15th 
 to 30th) 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 TKbl* 7 itontiftusd on next page, 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 H A n 1 1 1 v* a H 
 
 
 rvetjijircu nuir.Dcr 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of t'sk 
 
 Ou t nut n^r* m-, Api v 
 
 ms* n _ H ; ■ • v q 
 iii — 1 1~ u — y o 
 
 r? T7 o 
 
 f~\ T ^ 1 7 y"\ u /-i ♦ 
 
 UI WU I A S 
 
 June 
 
 Strawberries : picking 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ cont a) 
 
 (on 2 year old plant- 
 
 
 20 crates (of 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 mgs) 
 
 26,250 crates t 
 
 baskets ) 
 
 1,313 
 
 26 
 
 51** 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 84.118 
 
 26 
 
 3,235 man-months 
 
 July- 
 
 Beans : dry farmed, 
 
 
 ♦ ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 16,000 acres T 
 
 693 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 
 Beans , irrigated : 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 28,700 acres 
 
 7,390 
 
 26 
 
 285 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 9,567 acres + 
 
 1,746 
 (of 12 
 hours) 
 
 26 
 
 68 
 
 
 Grain '• harvesting 
 
 15,633 acres t 
 
 1.2 man-hrs.per acre 
 
 2,345 
 (of 8 hrs) 
 
 26 
 
 91 
 
 
 Hay, other than alfalfa : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 baling 
 
 3,750 tons 
 
 5 tons (in 13 hrs.) 
 
 750 
 
 £6 
 
 29 
 
 
 Potatoes (late) : hoeing 
 
 
 
 (of 13 hrs) 
 
 
 
 
 332 acres 
 
 3 acres 
 
 111 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 Seed sweet peas:cutting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and piling (by hand) 
 
 250 acres 
 
 7 man- days of 5 
 hours per acre 
 
 1,750 
 (5-hr. day) 
 
 26 
 
 68 
 
 
 threshing 
 
 250 acres 
 
 7.2 man-hours per 
 acre 
 
 360 ^ 
 (of 5 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 
 Sugar beets: topping and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 loading 
 
 10,133 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 1,689 
 
 6 
 
 280 (from 23rd 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 400 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 400 
 
 12 
 
 33 (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 
 
 Carrots.: weeding 
 
 260 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1 , 040 
 
 26 
 
 40 
 
 
 hosing 
 
 305 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 305 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 566 acres 
 
 3 acres (in 12 hrs.) 
 
 189 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 (of 12 hrs. 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 pulling and tying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in bunches 
 
 108,725 crates 
 
 15 packed creates 
 
 7,248 
 
 26 
 
 278 
 
 
 otiujLi i j.ower : pic.nx.ing 
 
 ouu acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1,600 
 
 26 
 
 62 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 600 acres t 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 240 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 Lettuce : thinning 
 
 5,424 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 10,848 
 
 26 
 
 417 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 6,328 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 6,328 
 
 26 
 
 243 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 7,830 acres T 
 
 3 acres 
 
 2,610 
 
 26 
 
 101 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page. 
 
• 
 
 
 
Table 5 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required j 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Mont,Vi 
 
 1* 1 11 ull 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 ... mi XT i ^ ^ , i . 
 
 of workers* 
 
 July 
 
 Lettuce: cutting 
 
 746,050 crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 24,868 
 
 ?.6 
 
 956 
 
 (cont'd) 
 
 Tome- toes: hoeing 
 
 458 acres 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 153 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 
 Apples: spraying 
 
 71o acres T 
 
 1.5 e.cres 
 
 475 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 
 Apricots: picking 
 
 3,332 tons 
 
 1,000 lbs. 
 
 6,664 
 
 26 
 
 256 
 
 
 cutting for drying 
 
 2,999 tons 
 
 600 lbs 
 
 9,997 
 
 26 
 
 385 
 
 
 other dry yard work 
 
 2,999 tons 
 
 11 hrs. per fresh ton 
 
 3,299 
 
 26 
 
 127 
 
 
 Pears: spraying 
 
 321 acres 
 
 1.5 acre 
 
 214 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 Strawberries: picking 
 
 
 <;0 crates (of 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 (on 2 year old plant- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ings) 
 
 13, 125 crates "t 
 
 baskets) 
 
 656 
 
 26 
 
 26 ** 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 93.968 
 
 26 
 
 3.1,14 man-months 
 
 August 
 
 Beans; dry farmed, turn- 
 ing ends of windrows, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 3,333 acres + 
 
 1C acres (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 209 
 (of 8 hrs) 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 threshing 
 
 1,250 acres t 
 
 0.5 hrs per acre 
 
 78 
 
 
 8 (from 20th 
 
 
 
 
 
 (of 8 hrs) 
 
 10 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 Beans, irrigated: hoeing 
 
 28,700 acres 
 
 7,390 
 
 26 
 
 285 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 9,567 acres f 
 
 it 
 
 (of 12 hrs) 
 
 26 
 
 45 
 
 
 raking 
 
 2,153 acres "t" 
 
 10 acres (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 216 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 , 13 
 
 17 (from 15th 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 picking up vines, etc. 
 
 3,590 acres t 
 
 5 acres (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 718 
 
 13 
 
 5o (from 15th 
 
 
 
 2,234 acres f 
 
 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 Grain: harvesting 
 
 1.2 man-hrs per acre 
 
 335 
 
 8 
 
 42 (from 1st 
 
 
 Hay, (other than alfalfa): 
 
 
 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 
 to 10th) 
 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 
 baling 
 
 3,750 tons 
 
 5 tons (in 13 hrs.) 
 
 (of 13 hrs) 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 
 Garlic: pulling and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 throwing in piles 
 
 525 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 525 
 
 2G 
 
 21 
 
 
 clipping roots and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tops, and sacking 
 
 34,125 sacks 
 
 10 sacks 
 
 3,413 
 
 26 
 
 132 
 
 
 Seed, r.adish: hand cut- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xing ana piling 
 
 idu acres 
 
 i./d acres \in o 
 
 C £ 
 OO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours) 
 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 
 Seed, nasturtium: cut- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ting, threshing, 
 
 
 15 man-days per 
 
 495 
 
 
 38 (from 15th 
 
 
 and screening 
 
 33 acres 
 
 acre 
 
 (of 5 hrs.^ 
 
 13 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page. 
 
t 
 
 "1 
 
iaDie o c 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Required 
 
 \v;.ilable 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 CroD end task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output r-er win- day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 August 
 
 Sugar leets: topping and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (cont'd) 
 
 loading 
 
 50,655 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 8,445 
 
 26 
 
 325 
 
 Carrots: weeding 
 
 350 acres 
 
 0.25 s.cre 
 
 1 , 400 
 
 2u 
 
 5-i 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 260 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 260 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 609 acres 
 
 3 acres (in 12 hrs.) 
 
 203 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 (of 12 hrs] 
 
 
 
 
 pulling and tying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in bunches 
 
 76,107 crates 
 
 15 packed crates 
 
 5,074 
 
 26 
 
 195 
 
 
 Cauliflower: planting 
 
 600 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1,500 
 
 26 
 
 ss 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 1,200 acres f 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 480 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 
 Lettuce: thinning 
 
 5,878 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 11,756 
 
 25 
 
 452 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 5,424 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 5,424 
 
 26 
 
 209 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 7,535 acres f 
 
 3 acres 
 
 2,512 
 
 26 
 
 97 
 
 
 cutting 
 
 949,515 crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 31,650 
 
 26 
 
 1,217 
 
 
 Tomatoes; picking for 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 (from 20th 
 
 
 cannery 
 
 270 tons 
 
 2,500 lbs. 
 
 216 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 Almonds: knocking 
 
 63 tons 
 
 150 lbs. 
 
 840 
 
 13 
 
 55 (from 15th 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 Apples; picking 
 
 120,000 boxes 
 
 50 boxes 
 
 2,000 
 
 13 
 
 154 (from 15th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 Apricots; picking 
 
 417 tons 
 
 1,000 lbs. 
 
 834 
 
 6 
 
 139 (from 1st 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 7th) 
 
 
 cutting for drying 
 
 375 tons 
 
 1,000 lbs. 
 
 1,250 
 
 6 
 
 208 (from 1st 
 to 7th) 
 
 
 other dry yard work 
 
 375 tons 
 
 11 hrs. per fresh ton 
 
 413 
 
 12 
 
 3h (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 
 
 Pears; picking a few 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tJarxicLus only ^in- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 consequential) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 crates (of 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 (on 2 year old plant- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ings) 
 
 6,563 crates f 
 
 baskets) 
 
 329 
 
 26 
 
 13** 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 90,065 
 
 26 
 
 3,464 man-months 
 
 Table 3 
 
 continued on next page. 
 

 1 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 men-days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 September 
 
 Beans: dry farmed, turn- 
 
 
 16 acres (in 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing ends of windrows, 
 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 
 etc . 
 
 3,333 acres t 
 
 hours) 
 
 [of 8 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 threshing 
 
 3,750 acres i" 
 
 0.5 man-hours per 
 acre 
 
 235 
 [of 8 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 Beans, irrigated: raking 
 
 6,460 acres f 
 
 10 acres (in 8 
 hours) 
 
 646 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 
 picking up vines, etc. 
 
 10,760 acres t 
 
 5 acres (in 8 
 
 2,152 
 
 26 
 
 83 
 
 
 threshing with pick-up 
 
 
 hou rs ) 
 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 
 
 
 harvester 
 
 5,700 acres + 
 
 1.5 man-hour per 
 acre 
 
 1,069 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 42 
 
 
 Onions ; pulling and throw- 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 (from 1st 
 
 
 ing 3 beds to 1 
 
 250 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 250 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 20th) 
 
 
 clipping tops ) 
 
 25,000 cwt. 
 
 12 cwt. 
 
 2,084 
 
 26 
 
 81 
 
 
 sorting and sacking) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Potatoes (late): picking 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 up and sacking (or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 piling) 
 
 12,500 cwt. 
 
 50 cwt. 
 
 250 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 
 Seed, nasturtium; cutting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 threshing and screen- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 67 acres 
 
 15 man-days per acre 
 
 1,005 
 
 26 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 (of 5 hrs.) 
 
 
 
 
 Seed, radish; threshing 
 
 150 acres 
 
 45 t 
 
 15 
 
 3 (for 15 days' 
 
 
 Sugar "beets; topping 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and loading 
 
 54,302 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 9,050 
 
 26 
 
 348 
 
 
 Carrots: weeding 
 
 522 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 2,088 
 
 26 
 
 80 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 350 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 350 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 870 acres 
 
 3 acres (in 12 
 
 290 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours) 
 
 (of 12 hrs.) 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 
 Pulling and tying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in bunches 
 
 65,235 crates 
 
 15 packed crates 
 
 4,349 
 
 26 
 
 167 
 
 
 Cauliflower: planting 
 
 ouu acres 
 
 r\ K ft f* v* o 
 
 
 26 
 
 fi? 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 600 acres ■+ 
 
 7 man-hours per acre 
 
 420 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 1,200 acres "t 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 480 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 
 Lettuce; thinning 
 
 6,330 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 12,660 
 
 26 
 
 48? 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 5,878 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 5,878 
 
 26 
 
 226 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page. 
 
«' 
 
 I 
 
 1 ' ■ • j 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ - ■ -■ ; 
 
 — z : 1 
 
 Required 
 
 1 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and tn.sk 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man-davs 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 September 
 
 Lettuce: irrigating 
 
 8,139 acres * 
 
 3 acres 
 
 2,713 
 
 26 
 
 105 
 
 
 (cont'd) 
 
 cutting 
 
 813,870 packed crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 27,129 
 
 26 
 
 1,005 
 
 
 
 Peas: turning rows 
 
 2,100 acres 
 
 3 acres 
 
 700 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 2,100 acres 
 
 4 man-hrs. per acre 
 
 840 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 picking 
 
 9,750 hampers 
 
 10 hampers 
 
 975 
 
 15 
 
 65 
 
 (for 15 
 
 
 Tomatoes: (picking for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 days) 
 
 
 shipping 
 
 3,675 packed lugs 
 
 25 packed lugs 
 
 147 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 (for 6 days) 
 
 
 picking for can- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nery- 
 
 1,078 tons 
 
 2,500 Jbs. 
 
 863 
 
 26 
 
 "I A 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 Almonds: knocking 
 
 127 tons 
 
 150 lbs. 
 
 1,693 
 
 26 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 HppXcS; piCiCing 
 
 OC.\J , uuu UOXcS 
 
 ou ooxes 
 
 O , OOO 
 
 CO 
 
 205 
 
 
 
 rears; picking \oi,ner 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xnan oariicity 
 
 j.,gci uons i 
 
 i ton 
 
 1 , o<s / 
 
 CD 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 88.708 
 
 26 
 
 3.412 
 
 man-months 
 
 October 
 
 Beans, irrigated: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 threshing with "pick- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 up" harvester 
 
 1,425 acres t 
 
 1.5 man-hour per acre 
 
 268 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Potatoes (late); picking 
 
 
 
 (of 8 hrsj 
 
 
 
 
 
 up and sacking or piling 
 
 12,500 cwt. 
 
 50 cwt . 
 
 250 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Sugar beets; topping and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 loading 
 
 63,333 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 10,555 
 
 25 
 
 422 
 
 
 
 Carrots; weeding 
 
 435 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,740 
 
 25 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 522 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 522 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 pulling and tying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in bunches 
 
 86,980 crates 
 
 12 packed crates 
 
 7,250 
 
 25 
 
 290 
 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 957 acres 
 
 3 acres (in 12 
 
 319 
 
 25 
 
 1-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours) 
 
 (of 12 hrs) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cauliflower: hoeing 
 
 600 acres t 
 
 7 man-hours per acre 
 
 420 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 1,200 acres"f 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 480 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: thinning 
 
 904 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1,808 
 
 25 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 6,330 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 6,330 
 
 25 
 
 254 
 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 7,838 acres t 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 2,613 
 
 25 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 cutting 
 
 881,692 packed crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 29,390 
 
 25 
 
 1,176 
 
 
 
 Peas: picking 
 
 52,000 hampers 
 
 10 hampers 
 
 5,200 
 
 25 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: picking for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shipping 
 
 107,800 packed lugs 
 
 25 packed lugs 
 
 4,312 
 
 25 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 picking for cannery 
 
 1,348 tons 
 
 2,500 lbs. 
 
 1,079 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 Almonds: knocking 
 
 95 tons 
 
 150 lbs. 
 
 1,267 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page. 
 

 
 
 . 1 
 
 - r 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 '. ■; 
 
 
 J ;'; 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 ; ' 
 
 ! j 
 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ : 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 • i 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 October 
 
 Apples : picking 
 
 320,000 boxes 
 
 60 boxes 
 
 5 , 333 
 
 25 
 
 213 
 
 (cont'd) 
 
 Apricots : pruning 
 
 167 acres f" 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 668 
 
 12 
 
 56 (from 15th 
 
 
 Psars : picking (other 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 than Bartlett) 
 
 542 tons-f 
 
 1 ton 
 
 542 
 
 13 
 
 42 (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 
 
 Walnuts: knocking, hull- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing, and sacking 
 
 165 tons 
 
 200 lbs. 
 
 1,650 
 
 25 
 
 66 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 81,996 
 
 25 
 
 3,280 man-months 
 
 November 
 
 Garlic.: planting 
 Potatoes (late) : picking 
 
 53 acres 
 
 0.16 acre 
 
 318 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 
 up and sacking or piling 
 
 12,500 cwt. 
 
 50 cwt . 
 
 250 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 
 Carrots : weeding 
 
 435 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,740 
 
 24 
 
 72 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 435 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 435 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 
 pulling and tying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in bunches 
 
 130,470 crates 
 
 12 packed crates 
 
 10,872 
 
 24 
 
 453 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 957 acres 
 
 3 acres (in 12 hrs.) 
 
 319 
 [of 12 hrs.) 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 
 Cauliflower : hoeing 
 
 600 acres t 
 
 7 man-hours per acre 
 
 467 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 
 cutting 
 
 2,400 crates 
 
 48 crates (in 8 
 hours) 
 
 50 
 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 5 
 
 10 (for 5 days) 
 
 
 packing 
 
 2,400 crates 
 
 40 crates (in 8 
 
 60 
 
 [Of 8 hrs.) 
 
 5 
 
 12 (for 5 days) 
 
 
 
 1,200 acres t 
 
 hours) 
 
 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 480 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 
 Lettuce : hoeing 
 
 904 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 904 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 
 
 irrigating 
 
 603 acres 
 
 3 acres 
 
 201 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 
 cutting 
 
 949,515 packed crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 31,651 
 
 24 
 
 1,319 
 
 
 Peas : picking 
 
 9,750 hampers 
 
 10 hampers 
 
 975 
 
 15 
 
 65 (for 15 days) 
 
 
 Tomatoes : picking for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shipping 
 
 11,025 packed lugs 
 
 25 packed lugs 
 
 441 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 
 Almonds : knocking 
 
 32 tons 
 
 150 lbs 
 
 427 
 
 8 
 
 53 (from 1st 
 to 10th) 
 
 
 Ann! p*? • ni nVi np 
 
 
 fill V\ r\ 
 
 DU DOXcS 
 
 bo I 
 
 £ 
 O 
 
 Ill I from 1st 
 
 
 Apricots.: pruning 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 7th) 
 
 
 333 acres + 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,332 
 
 24 
 
 56 
 
 
 Pears : pruning 
 
 96 acres -f 
 
 0.17 acre 
 
 576 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 52.165 
 
 24 
 
 2,174 man-months 
 
 Table 3 continued on next page* 
 
. t 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 December 
 
 Garlic : planting 
 
 420 acres 
 
 0.16 acre 
 
 2,520 
 
 20 
 
 126 
 
 
 Carrots: weeding 
 
 523 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 2,088 
 
 20 
 
 105 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 435 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 435 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 
 pulling and tying 
 in bunches 
 
 108,725 crates 
 
 12 packed crates 
 
 9,060 
 
 20 
 
 453 
 
 
 Cauliflower t cutting 
 
 43,200 crates 
 
 48 crates (in 8 hours) 
 
 900 
 (of 8 hrs.) 
 
 20 
 
 45 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 600 acres t 
 
 7 man-hours per acre 
 
 467 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 
 packing 
 
 43,200 crates 
 
 40 crates (in 8 hrs.) 
 
 1,080 
 (of 8 hrs} 
 
 20 
 
 54 
 
 
 Lettuce : cutting 
 
 135,645 packed crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 4,522 
 
 20 
 
 227 
 
 
 Apples : pruning 
 
 713 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 3,565 
 
 20 
 
 178 
 
 
 Apricots : pruning 
 
 333 acres + 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,332 
 
 20 
 
 67 
 
 
 Pears : pruning 
 
 145 acres t 
 
 0.17 acre 
 
 870 
 
 20 
 
 43 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 26.839 
 
 20 
 
 1,344 man-months | 
 
 * Monthly basis unless otherwise noted. 
 
 t Estimated portion of job done by seasonal workers. 
 
 Apricot thinning in 1935 estimated to have been about 25 per cent of normal amount. 
 
 ^ Hoeing on dry farmed beans figured at 2.3 man-hours per acre for the season, equally spread over May, June, and July. 
 
 Hoeing on irrigated beans (including seed bean acreage) figured at 10.3 man-hours per acre for the season, equally 
 spread over May, June, July, and August. 
 
 Il Labor in irrigating beans figured at 7.3 man-hours per acre for the season. 
 
 ** Seasonal workers for strawberry picking are usually needed only on 2 year old plantings. On these, one extra per- 
 son is needed for each acre in May and June, and for each two acres in July and August. 
 
 t"t" Seasonal labor on radish seed threshing amounts to about 3 man-hours per acre. 
 
TABLE 4 
 
 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months 
 Monterey County 
 1935 
 
 Moncn 
 
 Required man-days 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 Available 
 work days 
 
 Required man-months 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 January 
 
 22,747 
 
 19 
 
 1,197 
 
 February 
 
 42,218 
 
 23 
 
 1,836 
 
 Marcn 
 
 51,432 
 
 23 
 
 2,236 
 
 April 
 
 67,821 
 
 24 
 
 2,826 
 
 May 
 
 109,898 
 
 25 
 
 4,396 
 
 June 
 
 
 CO 
 
 3,235 
 
 July 
 
 93,968 
 
 26 
 
 3,614 
 
 August 
 
 90,065 
 
 26 
 
 3,464 
 
 September 
 
 88,708 
 
 26 
 
 3,412 
 
 October 
 
 81,996 
 
 25 
 
 3,280 
 
 November 
 
 52,165 
 
 24 
 
 2,174 
 
 December 
 
 26,839 
 
 20 
 
 1,344 
 
 Total 
 
 811,975 
 
 
 33,014 
 
27. 
 
 Notes 
 
 Notes on Table 2 . — Data concerning "time of need," as shown in this table 
 break down required seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed, 
 in order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3). 
 Some operations are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For 
 instance, only about half the hoeing of cauliflower is done by seasonal workers, 
 as is the case also with the pruning of apricots and pears. Since each of these 
 jobs is done in several different months, the proportionate amount for each month 
 is shown. 
 
 The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping program followed 
 during 1935, The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning 
 local farming practices and required time to "make" a crop, resulting from in- 
 quiry of producers and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful 
 in fixing dates of planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing a given 
 crop. Proportionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from 
 data of local practices with respeot to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of 
 perishable products. Records of truck shipments were also used when available, 
 
 Notes on Table 3, — Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as 
 worked out for Monterey County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935, The 
 data are presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each month 
 indicated by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the 
 data appearing in table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of per- 
 formance, and percentage of work pertinent to a given month). The output per 
 man-day was calculated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 3, The num- 
 ber of required man-days is a result of dividing the size of task by output per 
 man-day. The available days for the different tasks involve two variables. The 
 first is the number of days when field work is possible because of favorable 
 weather conditions. The basis for this column was determined from a study of the 
 monthly weather charts of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 
 1934, and 1935, These data indicated available days per month as follows (based 
 on a 26-day working month without allowance for holidays): 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 Month 
 
 days* 
 
 work day 
 
 Month 
 
 days* 
 
 work day 
 
 January 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 February 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 August 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 March 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 September 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 April 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 October 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 May 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 December 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 * Based on precipitation records of the Salinas station of tho United 
 States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935, 
 
 The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of 
 the job. If the output was only a few cars, then the number of days was limited 
 to the time needed to get out these cars efficiently. If a field operation had to 
 be performed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then 
 the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in paren- 
 theses. For example, the cutting of lettuce in March was limited to the last 
 week in the month} picking of peas to 5 days in April, etc. 
 
 The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed seasonal 
 labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary 
 
'f.v 
 
28. 
 
 number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a 
 monthly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. 
 
 In an area such as Monterey County, involving a substantial acreage of 
 truck crops, the findings as set forth in this report lire bound to fluctuate 
 materially from year to year, because of the market outlook upon what and how 
 much acreage is planted, and when it is planted; because of variable seasonal 
 conditions affecting yields, times of performing operations, and available days; 
 and because of harvesting operations on certain crops being speeded up to supply 
 a good market, or retarded to avoid a poor one, resulting in marked variations 
 in the need for harvest labor. 
 
4 
 
4 
 
 [ 
 I 
 
 1