; "M4 T :iU : --M::! ;1 '; T ^^ai'-'^M-- 1 --^- ^: : *;U: ::;;:- : :t : M ^s^g n ^^^== 5 6 4 H(j 9 1 7 55 ^t n ^^r^ awt m i Mnn.iai . MM , ., , , , ^^ llijHillPlljIj^iS'iJHilv mm Wmmmmmm .'r -vs.:.-: ■■'■ .'; j|g$p "!i?ii!!iii'iii;iH!!n!!!!!!i;hiiMi;!;;iJ!! iiili!J!n!!!ii}?{i!i THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES &/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 http://archive.org/details/elementsofphonetOOeastiala ELEMENTS OF Phonetic Shorthand A COMPLETE COURSE OF LESSONS BASED ON THE Benn Pitman System of Phonography By s. h. east SECOND EDITION REVISED AND RE-ENGRAVED PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR INDIANAPOLIS 1907 Copyright. 1902, by S. H. East Copyright, 1907, by S. H. East Photo-Engraved by The Stafford Engraving Company Indianapolis The Pearl Printing Company Printers Indianapolis, Indiana PREFACE The purpose of this book is not to make shorthand easy ot attain- ment, but to enable the student by hard study and painstaking practice to reach a high degree of proficiency in the stenographic art. w The lessons were originally prepared in typewritten form as sup- jjj plementary to another text. They were revised and extended as "* defects and inaccuracies were discovered until it is now believed they i!T embody a clear and concise statement in logical order of all the JJs principles of Phonography from the alphabet to the briefest report- S3 ing style. The system here presented is substantially that of Benn Pitman. Some changes have been made in minor details, principally in the jr simple word-signs, the modifications in most cases being designed to U increase legibility without impairing speed. The shorthand exercises were photo-engraved from the author's copy and, while not mechanically perfect, they represent a practic- able and legible style of writing which the pupil should strive to m imitate. In preparing this second edition, the author has taken occasion to P thoroughly revise and rewrite the entire work. Great care has been taken to make it as nearly perfect and complete as possible in every particular. 44857? TO THE STUDENT In taking up a new lesson first read carefully the entire lesson, noting how the principles are applied in the accomanying illustra- tions. Copy the engraved outlines several times, endeavoring to write the forms both accurately and rapidly. Make two or three copies of the writing exercise, then one clean copy for the teacher's inspection. See that \ r our exercises are as nearly perfect as you can make them before handing them to your teacher for his examina- tion and criticism. Learn each lesson well before taking up the one following. Review frequently all that has been gone over. Every principle is important; not one can be slighted without impairing the uniformity and com- pleteness of the system. The outlines given in the engraved exercises will remain unchanged by the introduction of advanced principles. The student need not, therefore, hesitate to impress the forms upon his memory. A workman is known by his tools, and the student who expects to become a skilled workman should give attention to the selection of the tools best adapted to his needs. No one can do good work with poor materials. A steel pen is the best instrument to use while learning shorthand. The student should experiment with different kinds and select the one that is best adapted to his hand. Spencerian No. 1, Esterbrook's Lady Falcon and Hunt's Round Pointed, Nos. 17 and 21, are good. Use a good black ink that flows freely and gives a smooth sharp line. For office work and general reporting a well-selected fountain pen is desirable. Great care should be taken, however, to secure a point that exactly suits the hand. Only ink that is prepared especially for fountain pens should be used. It is well occasionally to practice with a pencil so that, in case of necessity, it may be used without embarrassment. It should be carefully selected and kept well sharpened. Note-books which open at the end are the most convenient or shorthand work. Those made of a good quality of paper should be selected. Note-books made for pencil should not be used for pen work, as the paper is too soft and does not permit the pen to move freely. Thoroughness should be the student's aim from the beginning. Every principle should be well mastered and every exercise practiced until it can be executed accurately and with a fair degree of speed. The outlines must be formed slowly and carefully at first, but a sluggish or cramped habit should be avoided. Too much pains can- not be taken to cultivate a smooth, easy and graceful movement. Make small, neat notes at all times; never scribble. A bad habit of writing, once formed, is hard to overcome. In shorthand as in everj-thing else progress comes by overcoming difficulties — do not give up until you are master of the situation. The student who is ambitious to reach a high degree of proficiency in stenography should use every available means to increase his vo- cabulary. The more words he can use intelligently the easier and better will he do his work. In order to enlarge his stock of words he should read extensively in all kinds of goo,d literature, reading carefully and not passing lightly over words the exact meaning of which he does not under- stand. A large dictionary should be within reach and frequently referred to. The spelling, pronunciation and derivation of words, as well as the definitions, require close stud3\ A small pocket dic- tionary, although a necessary part of the stenographer's equipment, is not suitable for the deeper and more thorough study necessary in the acquirement of a vocabulary. NEAT WRITING AN IMPERATIVE NEED It hardly need be said that the student should aim from the start to write neatly and especially to observe the distinction between light strokes and heavy. This distinction, which is so great a help toward legibility, can be kept up even in rapid writing, if the habit of observing it be established by careful practice in the beginning. However hard it may be to restrain the premature eagerness of the pupil for "speed," and however difficult to induce him to insure their correct form, inclination and thickness, this is a requirement which cannot be waived, if, when he becomes a practicing stenogra- pher, he is to read his notes with facility and certainty. Yet, while undue haste is to be discouraged, especially the haste which induces superficial, instead of thorough, study of the rudi- ments, it is important that the student should not acquire during his early practice a sluggish habit of hand and mind. The maxim "make haste slowly," so often pressed upon beginners in shorthand, may be seriously misunderstood and misapplied. There being in the student's early exercises no pressure for speed, he feels that, with abundant leisure, he may take his own time in pon- dering and hesitating. Thus there may grow up a dawdling habit of mind, unless even the beginner is urged, not to a hasty, but a prompt, decision. So, too, being instructed to shape his characters carefully and to "think nothing of speed," the student too often acquires, if I may so express it, a drawling style of execution. Each stroke is traced or drawn with painful slowness. Thus there may be too much of leis- urely deliberation in thinking what is to be written, and too finical or over-scrupulous care in writing. It is therefore in many cases advisable, or even necessary, to put a live coal on the back of the tortoise — to remind even the beginner that shorthand is an instru- ment for writing fast, which implies mental and manual quickness. — David Wolfe Brown, in The Factors of Shorthand Speed. CHAPTER I The Alphabet THE SHORTHAND ALPHABET Straight Consonant Stems \ \ I ' I / / Pe Be Te De Chay Jay Kay Gay Regular Curved Stems Ef Ve 1th The Ba Ze Jsh Zhcc Irregular Stems Eay Ar Em En Ing Way Yay Hay Long Vowels ee a ah aw oo We may bar all old food. Short Vowels I ft e a 6 u oo fell Hat on pup's foot. Diphthongs oi toil ou out u tube INTRODUCTION 1. Phonography, or Phonetic Shorthand, is a system of writing by sound. The signs used represent the sounds of spoken words and not the letters of the ordinary spelling. 2. The forty elementary sounds of the English language are divided into two general classes — consonants and vowels. The con- sonants are represented by straight and curved stems, the vowels by dots and dashes. 3. The consonants are divided into three groups — straight stems, regular curved stems, and irregular stems. 4. The vowels are also divided into three groups — long vowels, short vowels, and diphthongs. In the alphabet the consonant Tis used to show the relative positions of the vowel signs; the sounds so represented are indicated by the words underneath the signs. 5. The six long vowels are represented by a heavy dot and a heavy dash placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stem. They are accordingly called first-place, second-place, and third- place vowels. 6. The six short vowels are represented by a light dot and a light dash placed in the first, second, and third positions. 7. The four diphthongs are represented by complex signs, I and Oi being written in the first position, and On and V in the third. 8. All the consonants of a word are first written without lifting the pen, and the vowel signs are then inserted in their proper places. The experienced writer is able to omit most of the vowels in ordinary writing, the consonant outlines alone being sufficient to determine the proper word. But the vowel signs should be thoroughly learned so that when needed the\- may be properly placed without hesita- tion. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Straight Stem Consonants \ \ I I / / - - Pe Be Te De Chay Jay Kay Gay 9. These signs represent the consonant sounds heard in the words pipe, babe, tight, did, church, judge, kick, gag. 10. They are arranged in pairs, light and shaded, to indicate the corresponding light and heavy sounds. 11. P and B are written downward at a slant of forty-five degrees and rest on the line. T and D are written downward and exactly vertical. These signs represent the usual sounds of these let- ters. Line 1. 12. When one stem follows another in the same outline, both are written without lifting the pen, the second continuing from where the first ends. Line 2. 13. When two stems join without an angle, as PP, BB, both are made with a continuous movement of the pen. When one is light and the other shaded, as PB, BP, let them blend into each other. Line 1. 14. Chay and / are invariably written downward and slant slightly less than P and B. Line 3. 15. Chay represents the sound of ch in chain, patch, but not in chaise or chasm. It is named Chay and should not be pronounced shay or see-aitch. J represents the sound ofjor g soft, as in jay, gem, age, judge. 16. K and Gay are written from left to right and rest on the line. Line 4. 17. Gay represents only the hard sound of g, as in gag, beg. It should never be pronounced jee. 18. A horizontal stem beginning an outline and followed by a downward stem, is written far enough above the line to permit the downward stem to rest on the line; as KP, KB. Line 4. 19. The light stems should be very light and the shaded stems just heavy enough to be easily distinguished. All the stems should be of uniform length and not too large. The size shown in these pages is about right for the average writer. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand READING EXERCISE ,.\ \. I \ \ YY ' ' ..U IZ I~\ V~ Zl L. 17 L Z] UI2 \ L y / L. Z....Z. \_ 17 L...~\ \ Elements of Phonetic Shorthatul Second-Place Vowels 20. The long sound of a is represented by a heavy dot placed near the middle of the consonant stem: as ape, pay, eight, clay. Line 1. 21." The long sound of o is represented by a heavy dash placed near the middle of the consonant stem and at right angles to it; as in ope, Poe, oak, obey, opaque. Lines 2—4. 22. The short sound of e is represented by a light dot in the sec- ond position; as in ebb, Ed, etch, edge. Line 5. 23. The short sound of u is represented by a light dash in the second position; as in up, cup, judge. Line 6. 24. If the vowel is to be read before the consonant, it is placed to the left of vertical and slanting stems and above horizontal steins. If it is to be read after the consonant.it is placed to the right of ver- tical and slanting stems and below horizontal stems. 25. A second-place long vowel occurring between two stems is placed after the first stem. Lines 3—4. 26. A second-place short vowel occurring between two stems is placed before the second stem. Lines 5—6. 27. A proper name is indicated when necessar3* by two ticks under the outline. See Poe, Cato. Line 2. 28. As an aid to the omission of vowels, the consonant outlines are placed in the position indicated by the accented or principal vowel. Thus, words containing a first-place vowel are written above the line; those containing a second-place vowel, on the line; and those containing a third-place vowel, through or under the line. 29. If the vowels were always inserted it would not be necessary to put outlines in different positions, but since in rapid writing most of the vowels are omitted it is well for the learner to form the habit from the start of placing outlines in their proper positions. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand READING EXERCISE ..AX -.1 1- -S X / /• =2= -T-... ,A...X jy X K^. :J -I fc X A Ik \ L.....Z1 N \ i i Z7 *...ZX L. /L....!-...T\ 17.. A, 71 X X X.ZN , ..X j 'I / j. k*. 4, L,... /....=- v^ ~ o X ZXIA-V A. I J Xju Ll.....\...Xjl Ll- Elements oi Phonetic Shorthand Regular Curved Stems v. v ( ( ) ) / J Ef Ve Ith The Es Ze Ish Zhee 30. These steins represent the consonant sounds in the words fife, vow, oath, thy, see, ooze, she, azure. Lines 1-3. 31. They are arranged in pairs, light and shaded, like the straight stems. The curved stems should be shaded only in the middle, taper- ing to a point at the ends. They should curve uniformly and not too much. 32. All the stems of this group, except Ish, are written downward. 33 Ish is written downward when it is the only stem in an out- line. When it is joined to other stems it is sometimes written down- ward and sometimes upward. When written upward it is named shay. Lines 4-5. 34. The rules given for joining the straight stems apply to all the characters. 35. Ith, The, S and Z should be made exactly vertical' /", V. Ish. and Zhee at an angle of about forty-five degrees. 36. The distinction in the sounds represented by Ith and The may readily be noticed by pronouncing the words thin, then, wreath, wreathe, hath, bathe. 37. The sound of Zhee is heard in the words usual, measure regime, rouge. It occurs but rarely in English. 38. The words in line 7, in a different order, are: Fay, oath, foe, they, Otho, ace, essay, say, show, so, owes, shay. Note. — The pupil should refer to a dictionary for the correct pronuncia- tion of such words as regime, rouge, and any others about which he has the least doubt. Elements ot Phonetic Shorthand READING EXERCISE , k... X LA ( I 1 ( I ) 12 /J *-V^ f ( \ ! H ^ \ W -H V> ) >V {< H *t Wr ...j J ^ k.2. v, k_z z. ,..^v.....y .^sjsj\... ,...\ / ....a^...n > ...\^ 12 Z7 LZ...LZ..^ A 1Z hLd. Sii».iii»...-Vs- ct ,...Ss^— \^ N. J. v Sw Sw. ,Js. Sc :i -(- (• ■) )• )- h J: -1 [y 12 y .^...k_ JL-JU 10 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Irregular Stems /-- ^ _ _ ^ ^ r ...'.~ *^d d\ ^.......^.......ZS.....ZS dL 6...L<^1. «u,'n L=,.Zk _a =_.....rr\....n_...^....2... .<— i^n^j^jz V^-f 2 2 i^C ^ LzJZL. 'V> V s ) -W^A^W=^ (- 0.U U U U-^ 13. n ~D L. L. L-JL. ,.Z1 3 (^/V \...\ \^..\^.../C\....^\....Lz.. n. a 5..~ w^ 6\ £3 ^X^X^Zk.. ^ k==* Lb- ^ZF^-C- <^^....^^c^ ij< * ~^ <&$£* q £•>•• /.....: j/\ *JZ.J!^. 6.S^.J' 6. fcZ. yZCl ^L^XsL J......J r C. •\ \ y^ ^ s^=^- ^u . 3. L L" UQ 4--A XfX^i "X JyXs l^ b^t^-rL ^£^x^2$. fTX JJc-A^ca lv^> fe^lfc: i ISiJs.J^lS* 16 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Review of Short Vowels i e a o u 65 It fell flat on pup's foot 69. The six short vowels, as shown above, are represented by a light dot and a light dash placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stem. Lines 1— i. 70. When a vowel occurs between two stems, observe the follow- ing rules: (a) First-place vowels, long or short, are placed after the first stem. Third-place vowels, long or short, are placed before the second stem. Line 5. (b) Second-place long vowels are placed after the first stem. Second-place short vowels are placed before the second stem. Line 6. 71. Some of the vowels are not easily distinguished b3 r the be- ginner. The heavy third-place dot and the light first-place dash are often confused. Note that the former represents one of the sounds of a, and the latter the short sound of o. Line 7. 72. In words like earl, fir, myrrh, lurk, either the light second- place dot or dash may be used. Line 9. 73. Outlines consisting of three or more stems are frequently written on the line regardless of the vowel. Lines 10-12. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 17 READING EXERCISE .L. L, .£, £=CI..s^b _. L. L. b .....L L,. ^ t=, =*, =^ ^ y 2 =7. 2^z x. 4 <■ > y-~v* ^.^^-^ £ «!• " •/ I" L. -fca- _^. ■A- 1 W^ ^ t eV ~x> v^ \^ ^ 2 l# ^vz: /Tl 2z:.,.V^-. I^A^ Idr. 18 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Diphthongs 01 ou u toil out tube 74. The four diphthongs are represented by complex signs, as here shown. / and Oi are written in the first position, Ou and V in the third. 75. While I is considered a first-place vowel it may when occur- ring between stems be placed in the second or third position, since there is no other sign like it. 76. When I begins a word it is frequently joined to the following stem. In such cases the outline may stand in the second position, since the diphthong is not omitted. Oi may also be joined in the word oil and its derivatives. Line 6. 77. If two vowels precede or follow a consonant, write that vowel nearest the stem which is to be read next to it. Line 7. 78. If two vowels occur between two consonant stems, the first vowel is placed after the first stem and the second vowel before the second stem. Line 8. 79. When an obscure vowel sound follows a diphthong it is indi- cated by a short tick attached to the diphthong sign, as in Dewey, Dowie, Louis, Messiah. Line 9. Shading M to add P or B 80. The stem M is shaded to indicate a following p or b. It is named Emp. Lines 11-12. 81. Emp cannot be used when a vowel intervenes, as in mop, mob; nor is it used when b is silent, as in thumb, lamb. Lines 13-14. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 19 READING EXERCISE s~ j^. \j; u £k£S 3: t 4. 2± vjl. ..S /*...$ v- ^ - r t.^'X^. *3 -= w-\ =a» W-a> 9 9 A-A^j z^ j 2 3 5 1 1 :l i^ji ,1. K ^ 4,.v- 2i. rl -^ "r=.::k .-^x^ £* s£ ^ ^^ D^jL^. •fe-k ^7^ ^ 1-^ J ^ : ^^'^ .^^.....L^...:^. r^_^ 12^ & sd. 'd. ± ^..n +....lrr~x Li-*. -^ 20 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Upstroke R 82. To secure facile outlines for main- words, and also as an aid to the omission of vowels, an additional stem is provided for r. It is written upward, and is named Ray to distinguish it from the downward stem Ar. Both characters represent the same sound. 83. When standing alone Ray is distinguished from Chay by being made more slanting. When joined to other stems the direction of writing will readily distiguish Ray from Chay regardless of slant. Line 1. Rules for the Use of Ra v and ar 84. When r is the first or only stem in a word — Use Ar if preceded by a vowel. Line 2. Use Ray if not preceded by a vowel. Line 3. Except — Use Ray when Ar does not join well. Line 4. Use Ar when followed by M or Emp. Line 5. 85. When r is the last consonant in a word containing other stems — Use Ray if followed by a vowel. Line G. Use Ar if not followed by a vowel. Line 7. Except — Use Ray after Ray or Hay. Lines 8—9. Ray is sometimes used instead of Ar at the end of an outline when it makes a better joining. Line 10. Derivative outlines should follow the primitive form as far as possible. Line 15. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 21 READING EXERCISE JUL kUd. \...VJL %J^±sAL A-^...^ LA. \fr--j=z2!L*=& z...'\.../> •^ > 1+ A 4 ^ ^X^\ <.S*... < M-^y^, . >, £2w.:k^...x/3. tcxsuOk 22 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Rules for the Use of El and Lay Note. — There is a lack of uniformity among reporters in the use of EI ami Lav, but the following rules will be found generally satisfactory. 86. When / is the only stem in an outline, use Lay. Line 1. 87. When / begins a word, use Lay in all cases. Line 2. 88. When / is the first stem in an outline and is preceded by a vowel, use El, provided it joins well to the following stem. El may generally be used before A*, G, M, Mp, N, or Kg. In other cases Lay is used whether preceded by a vowel or not. Lines 3— k Note — EI at the beginning of an outline always indicates that the word begins with B vowel ; but Lay does not always indicate the absence of an initial vowel. Compare lines 1— 4-. 89. When / is the last consonant in an outline containing other stems, Lay is generally used if there be a final vowel and El if there be no final vowel. This rule applies only to outlines in which either stem can be joined with equal facility. Lines 5-7. 90. When final / is preceded by two vowels, El is generally used. Line 9. 91. In the midst of an outline, use El or Lay, according to con- venience. Lines 10—11. Rules for the Use of Ish and Shay 92. When sh is the only stem in a word, use Ish. In all other cases use Ish or Shay, according to convenience. Line 12. 93. When / and sh come together, write both upward. Line 14. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 23 READING EXKRCISE = £^ £sJl duCL^L^h >£. :£Z J^U .^-/.4 W ,^....^...^....^ ^ scj^t s jr^c ^£ 4 } ^ ^ £ } ^ * 2L £ l£Lfe2= tJtiJkJL ,lzi LA %j±LS^: \r~ v\-\>7 jgy.M, m i=£Zjajki szx....^.: k/z...^ ^. ^-^ ^ C^ Ati 2 ^^ -^ O ^ 24 Elements of Phonetfc Shorthand PROPER NAMES , x x, \ sj. (.. t fcd :i: 1 1 LA v^SlX. ,.A T....± £_£ £JL -tLji v ^.....^....^....^.. -- ±JfL£ }. ys^ yU. b£ t 6 -^' ^ -JL^-JL—^ • L.^J......^/... rTri..&£ 7 .^..^ l, >. £ £ CLQ l....^....^. A; > - .) h -j^sc :..^Z: rr \^; A /z...u/....\ \zz ^ y cuO feo l^ ^ 22 U?. ^ r^....^ ■^l^jjL. Jci-£=u^ ^...^.ma^ JV^T?. i-r> &^JL LZ.-4^ '^ZL^Xv^dL- j£Tfc =^L L^ CT^^.0^...1Z±^z & fcfc ..Zv* t^ nzx !fc£

,..../q^....^rv ZIJL^A. •^fe^ v* == zt^X&t Z^JZ^..*22Ik*^s — , CHAPTER H-Simple Word-Signs 26 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs 94. By word-sign is meant the use of a part of a shorthand form to express an entire word; or a single stem outline unvocalized, written out of its natural position. The words so represented are those of such frequent occurrence in ordinal' speech that it is neither necessary nor desirable to write them in full. 95. The word-signs are a very important part of the system and should be thoroughly memorized 96. Some of the word-signs represent more than one word; but in such cases the words are so selected as not to conflict in use, the context being relied upon to determine which word is to be read in a sentence. 97. The Iryphen indicates that the primitive word and also the derivatives formed by the letters following the hyphen are repre- sented by the same sign. Words printed in italic have the same sign as the preceding word. 98. The dash word-signs are named according to the stems they resemble, while the positions they occupy are indicated by figures. Thus B-tick 1 represents the word all; D-tick 1 , awe, awed, or already ; J-tick 2 , who, etc. 99. In the following and subsequent lists, simple phrase signs are introduced. The use of these adds both to speed and legibilit}-. These signs should always be emplo3'ed whenever the given combi- nation of words occurs. Punctiatox Marks ? — 100. The comma, semicolon, quotation marks, and other points are written as in longhand. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 27 Long Vowel Word-Signs • The a an ah and and-the •x i / N i / All already ought two owe-d who awe-d aught too oh * i^-fc^ "W ^Zh-^JWp ^vsr*' <• h..i! • $_ t_..: fn«_f_«^ : x^ :.... y* (• ' s^ : 2L* (• av^ £ i » I*- 1 1 : > ^..; ^ ll^.^Oi : nz ^=s ! : rs * / I. ' ^d !! ' k*S (■ ^.: nx. A k_ : ^ £^„ • ^ «. 2* ^ t-^ : } * ^.,± ^ .><'. ..— ...• S. a .£jp .-. NL™.*.. # . /^Js*. x ___^, .. I - • fc— ..." Ir - . ,E=_.v/5i. il*» b-L^ - A. " £tl =!=..* >' " .."S 1 SHORTHAND 3 28 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Short Vowel Word-Signs and Phrases / of to >> on >- should 4 he him -4 how of-the to-the on-the should-the he-should The signs for on and should are always written upward. All other dash word-signs are made downward. I_ IX ^ [•_ • \_ L..DL1 <1. ^~* ) I ' t^ 3---> ' A * hr I ^ A -V-2V1. 1 14 / 1. ==-* /3 - >- > \ l K ^A h » 'JL L^i *> ...x £ :.:/. Xj> > ,< ' -,t ■ • ^ c - ^~ < "i'-^. ...... / N U ....> >rrr>-r->' ...X. ^* t < L -; ./£„J l^jdL*. .-7 ....: jL \ i L JrliX ,-^ ... .* k ll 'jjdLL XJL^uu 121...* ? A ' \> --^ ^r>.. ..x. x / Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 29 Diphthong Word-Signs you now new knew S. -i- • x >£. (• )• \ ^ _ S. i. AJa£. ^i:JZ±*A. ~ ~r ■ $, ;k • )' , .^ , i , ( b ...^ d : \ nr •- •b " > v., 2... ^ - /^/ ■•■ ^-< t^-^ < \>±J*JL ST^I V...^,., % .^ Li^ T v.Z>. ~i:^^.i^.\:. f.\_^. ■^ ---h^ '• - ^LiiJI ^ fL±y 1 ^ C lJ= ")...., ■;. =1 -A £^> 3f >.. • . ^^-.^-xl^: ^ L^j ^ 30 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Straight Stem Word-Signs ,\ \ v\ \ V \ ' I — L I Lm / ■■■' ■■■/■ \, \. . *N / 1. Possible-y, up, hope, part}-, happy, by, buy, be, but, to-be, it, at, out, dollar-s, do, had, each, -which, much, advantage, large. 2. Can, accompany, come, company, could, account, give-n, gave, together. go, ago, do-you, had-you, by-you, but-you, how-much, ought-to-be. J a*JsJ^ ....x. X ^ v ^ i s^... x i. N i Ncr/i- i...^:....>.. N . : r£ t^l > go* k h . t\.: /... I N Um * \~j >y. J i....^..\ , / v^ : ,.*~ 7 Ui ^ / X / ..\....:. M ^ ^1 V br ..^.. V )' < / * (- h : Z. =....^ L^...: QLl r .'.. \^/...X O....X Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 31 ..S A.. \= Curved Stem Word-Signs S ^ ( ( i { ) ' > ' >) ,1 / / 1 2 ^ L L_i. L £-4 1. If, for, few, after, ever-y, have, however, think, thank, thousand, they, them, though, see, saw, say, so, use, ease-y, was, use. 2. She, wish, shall, show, issue, usual-ly, unusual-ly, if-you, for-you, after- you, have-you, think-you, thank-you, it-was. V^ .\...S. A JUL v , I !*JU ( ^ <;..., ^ ,..S£...^ ,....k...^....r7 w»....srs<3.y. L. v...^....v.....^t-»..A...:^ v .— ..r~r ^ i.„v..^:..* ( hl.x ,....j , .^... x _..S..2zt...,..r w, j J.... .(:,..( .(...> c ^ I s o.Zk..a..^..(... v ....l /. V *...i AL...I. .. ) • ^,.,....( L..s^j.... N .c:^i jfcr-ji 51-Sj ^=..... s ^.....j:, % ^*=±JTJZLL ./^....,. /-—... sr\., s^ l^±tl: i*£L <=■— a •.^v>./,.^._..<:< : * £> t :.y...:...\/-..,..._^j...v^y... 32 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand ^ 2 =v ^ * f -C Irregvlar Stem Word-Signs 1. Will, allow, order, our, hour, my, time, may, me, am, whom, in, any, no, know, own, thing, long, along. 2. Why. way, away, await, year, your, important-ance, may-be, or. are, recollect, regard, high, here, hear, half, I-am. : ^y^ « v ¥~U :>...>.-^..,^.._. .(....X....X .. X ......X • ^JL V ...X.. K .^ ... S« \ ....' ...'."".. ~Y ..V ...<^V^J.. ... A <-v/s^" '^-- <~- v "> r i ,i....c _.^..).^^.^...:.'./:.i...(....( L.Z1.N, c i j...i>^...l.V2. >. : /> . _ • • L, 4_. .1..%^. ( ! j£ l/C.^..,,..., s I " £ji v ..^.' X ' XX ' \ ., ^. ^^/ir_^.^ ,4i^...x....a, ' SO:.. > ...^...--/ vy . ii_-x_\. S :ru— Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 33 Notes on Word-Signs (a) The list on the following page comprises all the word-signs previously given. These signs are very important, as they represent the most frequently recurring words in common use. They should be studied and practiced until they can be accurately written as rapidly as the words are pronounced. (b) Word-signs are of two kinds : (1) Unvocalized outlines placed out of the natural position ; as be, it, at, which, much, go, etc. (2) Abbreviated outlines, as party, dollar, advantage, etc. (c) Many word-signs of frequent occurrence are placed in the second position regardless of the vowel sound ; as it, at, do, have, which, etc. Others having second-place vowels are put in the first or third position to avoid clashing with similar forms in the second position ; as ever, much, go, etc. (d) It will be noticed that some words are included in the lists which are simply the unvocalized outlines ; as up, by, out, etc. Strict- ly speaking these are not word-signs, but owing to their frequent occurrence the3" are placed in the lists to be memorized. (e) Me may be written in either first or second position. (f) Time is sometimes written with the full outline in order to secure greater ease in reading. 3£ Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Review of Simple Word-Signs a dollar-s know so accompany each large thank account ever-y long the advantage few may they after for may- be them ago gave me think ah give-n much thing all go my though already had new thousand allow happy no time along half " now to am have ought too an he of two and hear oh together any here on up are him or use (n.) at high order use (v.) aught hour our usual-ly away how out was await however owe way awe hope own will be I party wish but it possible-y which buy — by if recollect why can issue regard who come in see whom company important shall year could importance should you do knew show your CHAPTER III Phrasing 36 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Phrasing 101. A proper use of phrasing adds both to speed and legibility. The phrase forms soon become familiar to the hand and eye, and en- able the writer to give more attention to the less familiar outlines. 102. Phrases are of three kinds — Simple, Complex, and Irregular. Simple phrases consist of word-signs or word-forms joined together in regular order without change of outline. Complex phrases are formed by the application of the various abbreviating principles, as the circles, hooks, etc. Irregular phrases are used for the representa- tion of such frequent and rapidly-spoken expressions as in-order-to, in-regard-to, more-or-less, etc. 103. In some cases it is desirable to write afull outline for a word usually represented by a word-sign in order to secure legible and facile joinings; as time in such phrases as pastime, time-server: much in too-much, so-much, etc. 104. When words are omitted in phrasing they should be such as must necessarily be supplied in reading; as, in-regard-(to)-this, one- (or)-two, more-(or)-Iess, where-(do-vou) -reside. 105. All the phrase forms given in this book require special stud\- and practice. They should be copied until they become as familiar as the word-signs and then written many times from dictation. 106. The student should not attempt to improvise phrases until he has completed the text-book and has had some experience in writing miscellaneous matter. He will then learn by experience what combi- nations are safe to use. The extent to which phrasing may be used depends largely upon the st\de of matter to be written. Simple busi- ness letters, court testimony and other familiar language may be phrased almost indefinitely, while important legal documents, scien- tific lectures and technical matter require to be more fully written. 107. The following rules are of general application : (a) Join only such words as naturally belong together in a phrase or clause. (b) Join only such words as unite easily and form distinct and legible outlines. (c) Do not phrase words between which a pause occurs. (d) As a rule a phrase should not contain more than three or four words. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 37 Simple Phrases 108. In the following phrases the first word takes its own position and the others follow without lifting the pen. , > ^ \ V^. v - \ ...X X....\^.>^...\/...U....L X L V iJL \£ \C\ VX. U L* U^. ....[^....L^..LA S „...1...J....L 3...L I //L,....^ £Jl, ,..Z] IL.ZI Z\,...ZS^....j[ IL-* -Vh > >> > y^ * ^ ^ f $ fc . ( ( \ ( .: k (- (^....(z...^...^...^ w^^- 7 ...LZ...LA LA.../A /\...^. .V...rt T....ZZ ^. 8...ir->^^' ... .}—. J L™ L^ ,r-y. rr^W^...~~f. 1. By which, by them, by your, by our, by me, but which, but they, but your, but our, but will, but are, it can, it can be, it can have. 2. It was, it will, it will be, it will have, it may, it may be, it may have, it shall, it shall be, it shall have, at which, at your, at them. 3. Do so, do they, which was, which they, which can, which can be, which can have, which are, which will, which will be, which will have, which shall, which shall be, which shall have. 4. Can it, can it be, can do, can be, can have, can they, could it, could do, could be, could have, could they, give them, gave them. 5. If they, for them, for which, for your, after which, after they, every time, every day, every year, have they, have had, think they, think so, they say. 6. They will, they will be, they will have, they may, they may be, they are, so long, so far, was she, she was, shall do, shall be, shall have. 7. They shall, they shall be, they shall have, will be, will have, may have, in which, in them, in your, in my, know them. 8. So many, -8s- much, take them, take up, make them, make up, among them, among which. Note. — Can is joined to both preceding and following stems. Could is joined to following but not to preceding stems. 448577 38 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Phrasing Yol 109. You may be joined to both preceding and following stems. It is sometimes inverted in order to make a better joining. !.../*._ it/... r>^...\,....iCy\..V~ Crr7~^, rVTr-V.-.O^-^-v A^tt7tt..../„.....\-/l... 3....\> v...\/.. v v:....\^...vi k j. / U.m:j/s^ 1. You are, you will, you will be, you will have, you may, you may be, you may have, you can, you can do, you can be, you can have. 2. You should, you should be, you should have, you should know, you have, you have no, you have had, and you, and you should, of you, to you, hope you are, hope you will. 3. By you, but you, but you are, but you will, but you may, but you may be, do you, had you, which you, which you are, which you will, which you will have. +. If you, if you are, if you will, if you will be, if you will have, for you, for you are, for you will, for you will be, for you will have, can you. (I. Can you be, can you have, could you, could you be, could you have, are you, will you, will you be, will you have, in you, on you, should you. Elements 01 Phonetic Shorthand 39 Phrasing the Tick Word-Signs 110. The Tick word-signs, with the exception of a, an, and, I, and he, take their own position at the beginning of phrases. ..Li/ ki l N..Z rzi^ ^ i •wi t t v^A^-^ ^x^o^r .A...vZ^....vd,...^..v/k.vA 1. Of my, of me, of many, of which, of which you are, of which you will, of them, of your, of our, of advantage, all my, all are, all will, all they. 2. Too many, too much, who are, who will, who will be, who may, who may be, who was, who should, who should be, who should have, on it, on which, on your, on them. 3. On account, should be, should have, should do, should think, should they, it should be, it should have, which should be, which should have, who can, who can be, who can have, who can do, who can think. 4. To come, to me, to make, to move, to love, to repay, to review, to re- vive, to redeem, to reveal. 5. To it, to do, to think, to them, to say, to see, to pay, to buy, to which, to which you will, to have, to our, to show, to your, to take, to become. 6. How few, how far, how long, how much, how do you, how the, how you, how was, how many, how are you, anyhow, nohow, however. Note. — To is generally omitted when it is followed by a downward full-length stem. Line 5. 40 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Phrasing .4, As, Asd 111. A, an, and are expressed by k-tick joined to any following stem with which it makes a good angle. Before K, G, R, and W, t-tick is used. These words are not joined to preceding stems. The tick takes the position of the outline to which it is joined. Lines 1-3- ■1-1 J 1 L+ /-...,. V^^V ; V ( { { ( . .1 -yV^ ^ ^ ...">. !X. a^s, 1_£ 1. A dollar, and do, and had, and it, and which, and much, an advantage, a large, and if, [and for, and after, and have, and however, and think, a thousand, and they, and though. 2. And will, and my, and may, and in, and know, a thing, a long, a year, and your, and can, and come, and company, an account, and give. 3. And gave, and go, an order, an hour, an early, and why, a way, and await, and by, and be, and to be, and hope, and take, and feel. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 41 Phrasing The, and He 112. The is expressed by a ray-tick or chay-tick joined to a pre- ceding stem, using the tick which makes the better angle. Lines 4-5. 113. He is joined to any following stem with which it makes a good angle. It takes the position of the outline to which it is joined. Line 6. 114. He is joined to any preceding stem, using either chay-tick or ray-tick according to convenience. Line 7. 4-. At the, do the, had the, which the, was the, use the, shall the, will the, allow the, why the, way the, await the, may the, may be the, order the, see the. 5. Pay the, buy the, but the, can the, could the, give the, gave the, if the, for the, after the, have the, think the, thank the, though the, in the, in the way. 6. He can, he could, he gave, he was, he will, he will be, he will have, he may, he may be, he should, he should be, he should have, he should think, he should know. 7. But he, can he, could he, if he, for he, after he, think he, though he, or the, are the, recollect the, regard the, was he, shall he, may he, if he was, for he was, think he was, but he was. Note. — The is never joined at the beginning of a phrase. 42 Elements oi Phonetic Shorthand Phrasing / 115. /is expressed by joining either half of its sign to a following stem, using p-tick or ray-tick according to convenience. When fol- lowed by A', P, or A*, the full form of the diphthong is preferable. I takes the first position execept in a very few cases. Lines 1—4. 116. A word-sign in the first position may be slightly raised or lowered to show the position of the following outline. Line 5. rirxa !ZL_n .\:\z. v — sr ^x v ^n v^i v-y W V-^ ~ t_..l.,\....v v I l/.KJJ\ .* A^r> £ZZ& I^-L t£l\ / L.JL 2L2 ^ 7 ...Z.../ I.L4. 1 \ Lf L^ZJZ< 1. I can, I can be, I can do, I can have, I can think, I could, I could be, I could do, I could have, I could think, I hope, I hope you are. 2. I hope you will, I hope you can, I hope you may, I know, I take, I do. I have, I have your, I have had, I think, I think you are. I think you will, I think you will be. 3. I fear, I fear you are, I fear you will be, I say. I see, I was, I wish, 1 shall, I shall be, I shall have, I have no, I paid, I think so, I feel. 4. I can, he can, I may, he may, I may be, he may be, I will, he will, I will be, he will be, I was, he was, who was, how was. 5. In each, in which, in much, on each, on which, on much, of each, ot which, of much, I do, I had, I think, I thank. I take, I took. I wish, I shall, in everv. CHAPTER IV-Circles and Loops SHORTHANC — 4- 44 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Small Circle 117. The sound of s occurs so frequently that it is found convenient to represent it by a small circle in addition to the alphabetic form pre- viously given. The circle is named 7ss to distinguish it from the stem Es. It is never used alone except as a word-sign. 118. Iss may also represent the sound of z in the midst or at the end of an outline, but not at the beginning. 119. When the circle is joined to a straight stem at either end, or between straight stems in the same direction, it is turned on the right side of downward strokes and on the upper side of horizontal and upward strokes. In other words, it is turned in the direction of the letter o in longhand. Line 1. 120. Between straight stems forming an angle the circle is turned on the outside of the angle. Line 2. 121. When joined to curved stems the circle is turned on the inside of the curve. Line 3. 122. Between a straight and curved stem the circle is turned on the inside of the curve. Line 4. 123. Between two curved stems it is turned on the inside of the first, except in a few outlines in which it is more convenient to turn it on the inside of the second stem. Line 5. 124. The vowels are inserted in outlines containing circles the same as if the stems stood alone. The circle is always read first when it begins, and last when it ends an outline. Lines 6-13. 125. X is expressed in shorthand by ks. Line 14. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 45 READING EXERCISE i.A v* [ L L L te =- Z.Z..;^.^^ *j= rr. ^.....^...^..^...^.^ x...^z..i i^id 3 L_ Ssc L V> tf / 2.....o/... «0....>»P...'iU'....li.... 4....rZ>^r.....-rz s >^'.....^ \t^..^>»o /. .V^_3....iSbii...Zr\ ^\.y^Z^.L^. ^^L^X^^U^^ £L •J* ^ ^ E ^....1^ !^....^> £k....^...V^.... JL ^ ZHS. cV «••■- ^ !=..,.^...il\ -L^..J f ^ ^ o...^....^ fc ^ Ufa =3* ^S k* A,™^ Jso S^ t! 1? t ^ (£j£Lj£^£Ls£L S£i ^ M^ ^ f > **= ^ t ,..^....^^...zr:...k_^.^ b> k?...&, fa *e .^..± £.../„ ^h %j£j£ JOfe c ±..± • / ... I ,.3sp fk .if.. ^A ?pi i 5 :>-~--^_v...r^-~^-s>^ .^ w | Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 47. The Use of S and Z Stems 130. When s or z is the only consonant in a word, or the first con- sonant and preceded by a vowel, the stem is used. Line 1. 131. When z is the first consonant in a word, whether preceded by a vowel or not, Z-stem is used. Line 2. 132. When s or z is the last consonant in a word and is followed try a vowel, the stem is used. Line 3. 133. Nouns ending in Es form the plural and possessive by adding Iss to the S-stem. Line 4. 134. When s or z immediately precedes or follows two distinct vowels, the stem is used. Line 5. 135. When one s follows another in outlines containing no other stem, either the stem or circle may come first, according to conven- ience, or to preserve analogy with a primitive outline. lAnc 6. Say, says, see, sees, seize, seizes, cease, sigh, sighs, size, sizes, sue, sues, Susa, Susa's, saucy. ■>-3 ?•*,) ^ fc v J: ^ W^ . h- ^ t. *= L L- i^ ^ ^ £»£ ^•4 ) zl&^M p^a w - •.^.. — W ^ ^ - ^ 4r-4/- ^ ^4 3> & hi £2 ^ ^U}. ,)■ ± i Li.2 i >: y.i p. ); 3 .^.i i^SJQ. ± k ^-U *= L=L^E *±2i a b $,. t. =*>:. -= ZL^Ll^^^SljL 48 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Loops 136. A small loop is used for st, and a large loop for str. They are named respectively Steh and Ster. 137. Steh should be made quite flat and about one-third the length of the stem to which it is attached. Ster is made wider and about one- half the length of the stem. Iss is added to final Steh and Ster by ex- tending the loop through the stem. Lines 1-4. 138. The small loop is used at the end of stems to express either st or zd. When following Ray, Hay and A T , it is shaded to express zd. Lines 5-6. 139. The large loop is used in certain cases to express the syl- lables tor and ture, in such words as pastor, pasture, visitor, ves- ture, impostor, imposture. Line 7. 140. The loops are joined to the stems in the same manner as the circles, except that they are never formed bj r the crossing of two stems. Line 8. 141. Ster is not used at the beginning of an outline. 142. When t is followed by a final vowel, or when a vowel occurs between s and t, T-stem is used. Lines 9-10. 143. T following s in the midst of an outline is sometimes omitted in order to secure facile joinings. Lines 11-12. 144. In a few forms 7ss is followed by Hay, in which case the circle takes the place of the hook ; as, Soho, Sahib, Sahara, business- house, gas-house, joss-house. Line 13. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 49 READING EXERCISE , x v N> [•.....£ ^ _-*■ A. d. i^is. £..._ ^J:..A....^ ^....u..r^...4.^. ♦„* m k.±......^....^ %. ^ ^ ^....r^..r^..^.. o >L^ K. ...iX....ZX....l^. >ta I t *aL. ; . f. Jb /&.......,& ^ ^....v-rf ,_._ iZiCJL* -7* v~ > X'^. ^ ^ ^-. ^....L^. ^: A*. e^ h 4: ^ -f * ? 3 w- Vr* u • i n....3^y ^.i^4q^ i*J£ £\ ^ v£ ^ A? 50 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand ClBCLH WORD-SlGKS AM) PHRASBS p- £ -f I ,° o 9 p v >.A* ^ k if U„i G ZfL > W -WS ^wX. /1q u .. 1. Is. his. as. /ias, us, and is, and as, is a, as a, and is a, and as a, is the, is he, as the, as he. he is, he has, and is the. and ;s be, and as the, ;»»/ aa he, lie is the, he has the. 2. Is his, is ns, as is. has as, of his, to his. on his. should his. all his, by his, for his, know his, it is, gives his. takes his. which is, this is. 3. Us, of us, to us, on us. give OS, gives us. by us, for us, make us, makes us, loves us, takes us. N'ote. — The circle when attached to the ticks should always turn in the direction of the longhand o. 7 <& k ^ *-J *• \. -r X. tz>/.~x> 1 3_l l£4^/_< \ s^. ^~ L_l x ( L*„./ % .^^.....n/I....^ . Sl \ * :v.... 2r V " V^' - — k * A ^ — -^ \ ^ v-, ^. Tij, c ^ .^ -1 t=k>- Sk -'*/ ^/ ^...Z. ^. / ....\.JZ.v.^........<( »....L* car* - W^CW^p i—/ / > ? H° -ix> _ /* -W *-* 9 ^ fc; W> > J- V L*-^^ J2A (OCt^ cc: f* 1. Is it, first, as it, as it is, is there, as there, has there, as there is, at first, advertised, advised, assist-ed-ant-ance, instant, next, stenography-er, must, happiest, highest. 2. Fewest, largest, longest, newest, advertiser, adviser, advisory, dis- charge, disadvantage, disadvantageous-ly, satisfactory-]?, witness, respeet- ed-ful-ly, sufficient-ly. 3. Insurance, purpose, always, wisdom, something, Messrs., exchange, electricity, San Francisco, stenographic, mistake. i ^..^..1...^^. :^..A„, 2L2LJL1 N> J.^1 A ! 2\,..j A ^ 0~>. ^ Jt ^ w a A... ^Vc. . 1. .. ~y^, ^ >^__ ./. jVy. ^X^ 7 .4...\,^...U..,..,...!..\^.,.^ = o... v > :. viz ° . tx u .i=wj: . Llv^ks*.. ) \ * % v* 1. As well as. as many as, as far as, as long as, as soon as, as quickly as, as much as, as large as, as high as, as early as, as fast as, as regards, as fol- lows. 2. As long as possible, as soon as possible, as quickly as possible, as much as possible, as large as possible, as high as possible, as early as possible, as far as possible, as many as possible, it is possible, it is impossible. 3. Such as, as much as, inasmuch, inasmuch as, it is this, does this, in this, in these, in those, in such, by such, but such, for such, after such, those who, this year. 4. Several years, many years, next year, several years ago, a few days, a few days ago, several days ago, ever since, I have seen, by this time, at this time, in this respect. 5. In this case, in such cases, simply impossible, seems to me, seems to be, it seems to me, it seems to be, in this city, in your city. New York City, be- cause it is. 6. Because it was, so as to, so as to be, this week, last week, next week, in stock, my stock, our stock, must be, must have, you must. 7. You must be, you must have, I must, I must be, I must have, he must, he must be, he must have, just as soon as possible, I am sorry, advise me, so far as, so long as. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 57 READING EXERCISE L^IlJ Vi^...°...^...L^....Uc.>...^ Ll^^^ulIJL K-T-^ ^\^ - -^ l.^:^ V h. wSe C" ^ : *CA£> jrr. ic. ..<.. ^-^ ...^...Sj.^, J.J^...t» t ...\..£ r ^- ^..*...:t Z y..^..: Ed. C ( l-^/ % ■*4* c. L. JL %+jtJl .1. ., £l.^ _ .. d ./...^. *H 7 ..^i , V id 62 Elements oi Phonetic Shorthand Halving M, X, R, and L 157. Line 1. Emp, Med, Met, Ing, End, Net, War, Ard, Art, Ret, Yay, Eld, Let. 158. M, X, R, and L are halved to add t only ; as mate, neat, art, light. Line 2. When d follows one of these stems it is indicated by shading; as made, need, aired, old. Line 2. This does not conflict with Emp, Ing, Way, and Yay, since these stems are not halved. 159. Eld, being shaded, is always written downward. Line 3. 160. When joined to other stems, the sounds art and elt are ex- pressed by the downward stems, while ret and let take upward stems. Line 4. A few exceptions are made to this rule in order to secure facile joinings. Lines 5-6. 161. Ray and Lay are not halved to add d when a vowel inter- venes. Line 9. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 63 RRADING EXERCISE ~>t.v^ / £.. r tr... ..«3» T> •> f 9^ ...W >> r^ y v ,.^f. c^ S 22: ^r ^ i ; "^ .-^.. > v > v 2 ^ S ~ \ V & b £ ./\^...:^/ J C . ^-<. -t. !k ^^ w. \^->^— *~_.,^^., • ^-p^-. \ ^ £1 d !n «_ ~ ^^ ^ <3 ^1 ^ ^..vl \x[ i 1 <1 4 n <£L 64 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Forming the Past Tense of Verbs 162. Verbs ending in a full-length stem form the past tense by halving the last stem, provided it makes a distinct joining with the preceding stem. Lines 1-4. 163. Verbs ending in a half-length stem form the past tense by adding the Ed-tick. This is usually made in the direction of T or K, but it may be struck in the direction most convenient. Lines 5-8. 164. In certain cases it is advisable to use D-Stem to indicate the past tense. Line 9. 165. The Ed-tick is used in outlines which do not permit of halving. Lines 10-11. 166. The Ed-tick is also used after a loop. Line 14. 167. Words like pumped, romped, take unshaded Mt, while palmed, roamed, take shaded Md. The sound of p in the former is so indistinct that it may be entirely omitted, the words being written as if pronounced pumt, romt. Line 15. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 65 READING EXERCISE c. r 4 S s\ /y ■z\ / L /L d a,^ ^ ^ ^ y v-li * ^ •uiLY? ^ Z£....A. ^..^v...'.^ :.z^ •r • /• /• 2 M? -* ^f u*J^fcf- ^ y.s% i £L* 5s fc H ^./..-r... f - ±JL ***t v> J •...u,..)...^..^.-.^..^ ^^v A/A * >..j 1.../.J1 68 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Irregular Abbreviations 168. The prefix syllables, com-, con-, cog-, are expressed by placing a dot before the following stem, or by placing the following stem close to a preceding stem. Lines 1-2. 169. The termination -ing is indicated by placing a dot near the end of the preceding stem. Line 3. 170. In some outlines Ing-stem is more convenient than the dot, especiall}' following EI. The stem should always be used when ing is a part of a proper name. Line 4. 171. -Ings, -ing-iis, -ing-his, are indicated by a circle in place of the dot. Line 5. 172. -Ing-the is indicated by a chay-tick in place of the dot. Line 6, 173. The termination -self is expressed by Iss, and -selves by Ses, joined to the preceding portion of the outline. Self- as a prefix is ex- pressed by Iss, sometimes joined, but more frequently disjoined. Line 7. Myself, yourself, thyself, itself, himself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves, selfish, unselfish, selfishness, self-respect, self-possessed, self- denial, self-conscious, self-conceit. 174. Ly is frequently disjoined, especially following the word-signs. In many cases it is omitted after adverbs. Line 8. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 69 IRREGULAR ABBREVIATIONS i V- X. :^:.. J- ■-*** 4r V. i \o'i ..lx *st-.s*z....» --^ .' ~ Va. .tt^?. t i^^ ^tttt' S*.„ 1 } L.V >.„.^1^..* 1 JU...1 r 1 s J :..., _IL/.. j ^zl»j\ ki_* fcrfuou, 1 ^ /qA.!.. * /^ ' irra-fcOs C > . ^~\ * lA?:. ^..i\..2:.v-./ : >| k!» k-. > r ^ 1 *= f --.=*_^,.^-v^-^ • u^i ^ - u . ■ .*v^~*^--* , ) i ZX^ a ^ V 3 •) A _ta \ lzt. >£?...^.- J± s. ...Sl..^, !z j. h.^..^.^ ir n^ j 1: -1 JJfc LtilA ^:k\kZ..£ A , ^ 5 i 5 a 1 i i-i sdi ■v x -s vv. vvs \ -r j <. t_ ^.^i:rb^O .| S^ f„>4" L -dt^^X^it !3 ^L=*^ : ^ V 5T^ *-* t^- * 74 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Small Way-Hook 184. Brief Way is joined as a hook to a following Lay, Ray, M, or N. It is turned on the upper side of Ray, and on the inside of the curved stems. It is read before the stem and any vowel preceding the stem. Lines 1-3. 185. Iss is turned within the small Way-hook in words like swell, swear, swim. Line 4. 186. The Way-hook is shaded to indicate wh in such words as wheel, whine, where. Line 5. The Large Way-Hook 187. A large initial hook is turned on the right or upper side of T, D, K, G, to form the combination Tw, Dw, Kw, Gw. These stems are named Tway, Dway, Kway, Gway. Lines 6-7. 188. Iss is turned within the hook in such words as squaw, squib. Line 8. 189. Stems to which the small Way-hook is attached are halved to add either t or d. In no case are they shaded when d is added. Line 9. 190. Tway, Dway, and Kway are halved to add t only. When d follows, the stem is used. Line 10. Elements ot Phonetic Shorthand 75 READING EXERCISE "- r- r A ^ ^ ^ 'or ^ ^ ..±rrL,i^?.J3E ^-....l^A^s^d - € : . l^^ t >. .>>... .nf x Xy.-.y....^.,^.....*. - .^° 78 Elements oi Phonetic Shorthand Irregular Contractions 191. K, g, kw, and gw are frequently omitted after Xg. 1. English, anguish, languish, language, anxious, extinct, instinct, dis- tinct, extinguish, distinguish. 192. When u forms a distinct syllable at the beginning or in the midst of a word, the diphthong is frequently joined as a part of the outline. Lines 2-3. 193. Coalescent y may be expressed when necessary by Brief Yav in the position of the following vowel, using ye for the dot vowels and yo for the dash vowels. Lines 4-5. 194. Brief Way is sometimes disjoined in the midst of an outline when the hook can not be conveniently joined ; as bewail, farewell. Line 6. 195. la, Io, at the end of words are sometimes expressed by ye, joined ; as, mania, Eugenia. Line 7. 196. Way, away, are sometimes expressed by we joined to the preceding stem, or written in the place of the Ing-dot ; as highway, going away. Line 8. 197. Will as a noun may conflict with law in certain construc- tions, in which case will should be written in full. Line 9. 198. The termination -ity is frequently expressed b}- halving the preceding stem; as dexterity, hospitality. Line 10. 199. The termination -ward is generally written with wert, but in some outlines Ard is used because it makes a better joining. See line 11, page 75. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 79 Irregular Contractions ,.. *& rvf -7 x_. ... L^ m: ^.....n; 3 hrN^y< /irk "~^1 — ^j. ...L^ .,.. ; r-rs^. 4 a. ^ " 8 ^ ..A. ™ «rr^ .4. 9 -r-rrf- 10 4- X ^ ^ ^ t S^*. ^ 80 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand READING EXERCISE - l..**.Z....| &...Z^J„.. V .^ H^\ y X.± Cu 1 1. ;z^....^...^.X..^...^..^. \^. .L.../1 ... Ss_.m_...rrf>..... /% T.. < L,...^ 7 ...^ . ftl..^...*..ly.ZZ& w :> 1 ' l: „.., .. = . : ,.-2..x.< i_ L v c » j Ll^rixzt: ^•^...2:.kL.r, ^^^.*..„cr..v-7--.il-^ J TV- > * . v^.\^ ...st....™...*...* i Ctt^fz —^Jt : rr ^.... l£^/~* v^.^>>.-^../^^.^..* 5hu1 r>i *-~*^A wr.-^r..^..^ i ^..., c .^i., rx^: \v/....— ., v ..—. ..^....D . . if :..,^...>S tz£x~ .L.^Z.l^ £... .%,! A... -,._^^:.. la ^... r *.-..^...^..l^.^..Kl.* Xks L ^. ..^^^.. ..w. .. .^r:...r?:...^ .*.... t . ,^w. lj±. c_-w .jCjS ...4^...v .......^.rr^^rr>.^..>^^..^...\ .% I ■ ..fel».. . Elements ot Phonetic Shorthand 81 Review of Word-Signs about hold understood accept-ed-ance hundred want admit-ted-tance immerliate-ly we agent instinct went anguish intellect-ual well anticipate-d language were anxious-ly languish ed with anybody lord withheld astonish-ed-ment manuscript withhold anywhere nature without better natural-ly what beyond nobody when commit-ted-tee not whenever distinct-ly nowhere whensoever distinguish-ed one where English ordinary wherever equal ly owned wheresoever equality postscript whereas establish-ed-nent purport whereat except-ed put whereabouts extinct quality whereby extinguish-ed quarter wherefore fact question wherein forthwith quite whereto future remit-ted-tancc wherewith get September while God somewhat word goot' sometime work got somewhere would land stood write handle suit-ed yard handsome suitable-y ye held superintend-ed-ent yesterday henceforth territory yet hereabouts that you heretofore thought herewith under 82 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Choice of Books I, /^.\i *Az..r..^^.~:z„ \ d t*.. 6 JJL^ w,.\,rd^.- &...*..A^ + „l-d r. ..>.. ^..^...b...v...^..iz....x.:... v :„. <. ^:....L,..r i .* rj...^..^.x / .....^..... < ..z\.A ) ..„x..xk^ ^^H^.^a.\^ d^.. s ^*\,^\ n us, „d ...k..A.vk ..( =\ \ ..,.£ 4 ■1 V ^* ^..Ct, X-XT^k. C*...I- } c^ .../ / 3-^» -v=H; ■*■■> d-*d&_~. r^.C ...* CHAPTER VII Initial Hooks for L and'R 84 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand L and R Hooks on Straight Stems y v r r /•/,._ PI Bl Tl Dl Chi Jl Kl Gl ■V \ 1 1 / / ,- c- Pr Br Tr Dr Chr Jr Kr Gr 200. The sounds of / and r, when following the straight stem con- sonants, are indicated by small initial hooks, the /-hook being turned on the right or upper side and the r-hook on the left or under side. 201. These compound signs are named pel, per, bcl, her, etc., and are vocalized as single stems. Lines 1—5. 202. The hooks in the middle of an outline cannot always be perfectly formed, but must be indicated by an onset or retracing of the preceding stem. Lines 6-10. Special Vocalization 203. Theoretically the r- and /-hooks are used only when these sounds immediately follow a consonant without an intervening vowel. It is sometimes convenient, however, to indicate a vowel between a stem and its hook. This is done by using a very small circle beside the stem in the position of the dot vowels, and by striking the dash vowels through the stem. When a first or third- place dash would intersect a hook or circle, it may be placed close to the beginning or end of the stem. Lines 1 1-14. Elements ot Phonetic Shorthand 85 READING EXERCISE ■^ * -\, H 3 f 3 l l • » a w -I iO: S -2 ^ 3Li»JS *2 k 1 1 <^ 4 M :> ^..5U.*_. ^-x^i 'n !z * -♦ a- v 7 - *A <■ f-4 £ E^S< k_!74 £\ ^./£V 51^ ^.^!vjd £~ £=> £12 ^ "iC 7^...£^^..^.J?-$ m ,*fc ^-....i. .). i;^ ^ 86 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs and Phrases \ V O S. f f f L f x \ \ \ „_<\ 1 a 1 1 ; - t N c-:> s c v k ^ ; - ^.a 1. Complj-, peoi^, apply, bill, able, tell, till, until, deal, children, angel, call, difficult-}-. 2. Appear, per, practice, member, remember-ed, number-ed, brother, truth, true, dear, during, larger, care, occur, cure. car. 3. Agree, degree, correct, collect, character, characteristic, proper-ly-ty, probable-ly, propose, perhaps, practiced, practical-ly. 4-. Practicable, capable, telegram-ph, angelic, direct, durable, endear, en- dure, perforin, performance, charge-d, challenge-d, trustworthy, prepared- ator y . 5. At all, at all times, at least, at last, price-list, list-price, on the contrary, I trust you are, I trust you will, tell me. we will try. Note. — Doctor, Dr* , should have been included in the above list. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 87 READING EXERCISE • y - Ll1 ^ V -^ U *q^. < : ! L- '.... ^£Lr^y ••••A...LIL.L *Tid. I , =" U =^:..:.y Xf^S^SL ^f J S /....^ ^ x°..-'i &-Li£*=^ tl ^ ^.,.Zr:\. ^ L* ,.-\ \_ ...^ ....^= ....?» ...V .... ...r:,.,.,^.: l^W /'> ^v-<^7 c 88 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Circltcs on L and R Hooks 204. Iss and Ses may precede the r-hook on straight stems or be- tween two straight stems in the same direction, by turning the circle on the r-hook side. Lines 1-3. 205. Skr, sgr, following T or D, and spr following /, are formed by retracing the circle to indicate the r-hook. Line 4. 206. In a few cases where the r-hook cannot be conveniently shown in the midst of an outline, it is omitted ; as in prescribe, sub- scribe. Line 5. 207. When s precedes the /-book it must be distinctly formed within the hook. Line 7. 208. The circle is sometimes lengthend in the midst of an outline in order to show a following hook plainly. Line 10. 209. Ray is sometimes used instead of Ar in order to keep outlines from extending too far below the line, or to give easier joinings. Line 14. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 89 READING EXERCISE ■J* • "NC % JX ~VA^ U Wt tJL -y A 3 ,1 - 1 •? 1 -j 9 a! * Ok,.. , LJL £ ^ : / ±=^*j-J!< ^XA^ -^ £ £ l. it-A v4--^ £*- ^ s^v^v^ V^i ^ -^ ,o.^....^..A^ ^.... >; ^.r^...r^..3...±^.£ ,,..L...^ iL..r^.^..^..^ * z^dtJL fei >3. C ^:JU X, Lj^SJLs^P^^ 14.^Z ^..:^*/A .1. X.^.^J^yl-7, 90 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand W'ORD-SlGXS AND PHRASES .-^ ^ * *v\ 1 h ] s LT-^ -- -**— —^ V\ ' a\1- •\ | i ^ v^^^A £- 1. Surprise, surprised, express, expressed, suppress, suppressed, extreme- ly, extremity, extra, extraordinary, consider, describe, secure, security. 2. Seclude, exclude, exclusive, exclaim, exclamatory, explode, explore, ex- plosive, explicit, expressage, expressive, extract. 3. By express, it is true, et cetera, please advise, please advise us, please advise me, please let us, we are surprised, we are pleased, we will be pleased, we will consider. Note. — K is sometimes omitted from outlines beginning with ex when its omission does not materially change the outline and when its use is incon- venient. Line 2. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 91 READING EXERCISE CM ' U- ..^l...-.-l vJS=1j< L tx.AA. A 1 w£..„ l.l./i^* 4 .^ > \JZ\ » !s -•^ kr..4t» x ..." i=s= ......_...!v.. .-, __j La^ls_»J5kii a Jr-.S^...^..,j nJikC^ L~=~jL' L\..sZ...^J. L» * r^..ri..k\ A. ^.- - ^ ^Ifi^L • 1 ^ i_ .W-^v H^=a i * t jz \k \. ^.i..v.z i lc^ ,....* j :.-. c..z\^\.i ^ o V, x„.. \ - ^-\/ - / r Y* JL , -.^UlX. Vt ..* £V> . C^ i/ . \vM wN wL Mr Nr Lr Ml Nl wR wMt-cl wNt-d wRt-d wLt-d Mrt-d Nrt-d Lrt-d Rl Mlt-d Nlt-d Rlt-d 210. Initial hooks are used for / and r on all the curved stems except Ar, Way, S, Z and Yay. As shown above, F, V, Ith and Thee are reversed when the r-hook is attached. See line 1. 211. Shr and Zhr are always written downward. Line 2. 212. Shi is written either upward or downward according to convenience, the hook being made large on the downward stem and small on the upward stem. Line 3. 213. Mr and Nr are shaded to distinguish them from Win and Wn, as given on page 74. Lines 4—5. 214. A large hook is used for Ml, Nl, Rl, and Lr. Lines 6-9. 215. Note the outlines for decipher, dissever, in line 12. 216. Note the distinction in the outlines for swine, signer, swing, sinner, singer, swim, swimmer, simmer, swoon, sooner, want, honored, in line 13, Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 93 READING EXERCISE uSC 2S S L>. O^ j^h ^ ..ra^ :C V .12...!).. ^ i { ^ ^ 3 J ^ k -y ±, 6.. r ^.. Nd^ L^™. L CTJS^^rrT i-j^ ...C^«... 7 &^. cj^ i^ Srk. c ^c^... c+ ^...\^.....r^... < f y .... s cZ. cT. £ ^T cAl <£± . u ^..u£L^Z.±z / . ^z fl c£ t£^t—^^ £L£i£^ ,..^.jn..^ tx±x±03 tL^=*c ^•V^ ^ a ^ hsk a s^ h <^> ^J^ ^. s^ v^..-^ ^ :^..ku. v ^ t . si*. . ife *jj» .ejj cdCX c^ ^ - -^ -^ i — --^- - ^ --> x K i£L_% "L,..r. ^.x...v.^/:.^ i_ ir^: tv 2 «£ s, "v"* • ^ !> \> i '~^ V fc .^v .... - . r „ rfi i ..! x..„r^ Ls=> • ^ d_D =V~ ^Xr*^^ ^ ^ K. . 96 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Halved Stems With L and R Hooks 217. The halving principle applies to the hooked stems the same as to the simple strokes, except that more freedom is taken in expresseng either t or d after both light and shaded stems. In line 1 light stems are halved to add t. In line 2 light stems are halved to add d. In line 3 shaded stems are halved to add d. In line 4 shaded stems are halved to add t. 218. All, XI, Rl and Lr are seldom halved to express the past tense of verbs, the D-stem being preferable. Line 5. 219. Lines 6-7 contain words distinguished by variation in out- line. Derivative outlines should follow the primitive form as far as possible ; as plot, plotter, plead, pleader. Line 7. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 97 READING EXERCISE V r '■ A- V V ..v -v < 2 %.....% 21 \ ... ...r^r. h\. **. ^ h^ ^ ^ cXl ^ cx!..JO ^.. < ^ .<* !H -.13 Z \ 1-4=-* ]-....^...^... =^..2} S S| «: ^ L, L, £3 odE-L 6 & : < trr. i y< S* TV IX i 3-" fcat^&JZs, i r ^ ... *C j~. ^ £? r^ v i- „ 1^^ „.^t -v. .^.....W _/* w di^ L,^ 98 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs and Phrases 1. Particular, appeared, part, apart, complied, applied, spirit, build-t, ability, bold, ahle-to, toward, told, child, agility, creature, accord-ing, guilt-y, filled, felt, virtue. 2. Authority, third, throughout, short, assured, shorthand, participate-d. accordance, in accordance, according to the, according to your, multitude. multitudinous, Philadelphia. 3. In order, in order that, in order to be, in order to have, in writing, hand writing, able to write, able to read, able to make, be able to. to be able to. we may be able to. 4. We are glad, we regret, high-grade, high-class, at any rate, a day or two, a day or so, a great deal, a great while, a good deal, a good while, as great as, contract, attract. Note. — To is omitted after according, in-order and in regard. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 99 READING EXERCISE c ur...l V:- . r 3j r.. «■<:-.-* .%*JQ.. *L* X. > %r ./ %. ss>.. 5 f-i V K -V- T ^^..^. v k.^ ZjL± S....^../ z L ■<-f- •^••3 ^ % % : ,.V!r: :\..S f i .*....: ^ • >*. .^r - ^.. *... ' -^.. .."r^: n....!V....^jC "L ** * ^.^.. , \ ). *>- ,.U^_ -ry... L . \^„^J\..* ^ s^r....x....!k...O. *jL>±Z 1. L I ' «fL» \ ..... ..^.1 ^ v LA ^^p^ri^ is ^ d^j&=* L<±^^x^?.. **L5± L*/JL x r ..^....^..:.^....-.^ il *••••> <1 -r- 100 Elements of Phonetic Shorthmul Review of Word-Signs ability dear more remember able degree Mr. roll accord describe Mrs. rule accordance difficult-y multitude secure according direct multitudinous security agility doctor near short agree durable nor shorthand angel during number spirit angelic either occur suppress apart endear offer suppressed appear endure other sure appeared express otherwise surprise apply expressed over surprised applied extra owner telegraph-m assure extraordinary part tell assured extreme participate their authority extremity particular there bill favor people thereby bold favorable per therefore brother fell perform-ance therefrom built-d felt perhaps thereof call fill Philadelphia thereto capable filled pleasure therewith car forgave practice third care forget practiced throughout challenge forgive-n practical till character forgot-ten practicable told characteristic forego prepared-atorv toward charge formal probable true child former proper truth children from propose trustworthy collect full-y rail unfavorable commercial guilt real until comply influential release value complied larger real estate valuable consider mark realize very correct marked relinquish virtue creature market rely cure member remark deal million remarkable Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 101 Irregular Phrases .J^S .*! .^.....^k....^ ^ " '••^^> -^^ ^H^ 3 H "rv.... ^ ... .^ !3£ ^....^.. 4....i^ .....s^^s ^^^ ^-r^c. i^....S^=J^....ly^.. ^ f'iv:.. -ssr * *f V ^ Z _> "^ ^ V „ \ 1L l= v 2^*lj^: ^S..^.. *^ 104 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Testimony of Charles F. Miner f- ^.Z^.^...^.^..\^...^...^..^.. jAa. ,.«/..*jfei?..._!^C.Z\.J! 6 ■v J«/.. ^ ^ ■ c - - /*- V £ .0/... f ..ay. 1 ^ J a ^ «, . ..J..J v„ S~ x » T / ,JU C i c : Y _ ; ^^) / !. u /^^)..;.l <£/ ^ Li h y/V^' '--5 ^<> * ^ y> *v 1 - *f V ^\ X > V"C f - f •* * t ^ J= "<• ^-t* ^ V -*> r J»k ■'^ ^ ' ' ' ^ 4> !^i V^ -<— Ei Si 9 2 < ^ t v l£^^: ^y- «£ <; b= V V. L v_ ^ 1 L JL, Shortha.ni> — 8 08 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs and Phrases ,. ...>.. \ A .^ \A.\X.. V \ v Li J j j I! JUL D. m —JZZLzL ^L p"^ 7... *^ H vVvH-^W^aa 1. Opinion, upon, happen, spoken, explain, experience, combine, been, bank, balance, blank, circumstance, denominate-d, done, down, doctrine, continuous. 2. Constitute-d, consequence, significance, connect, begin, begun, began, organ, organize, general, generalize, imagine-ary, often, phonography, even, within, then, than. 3. Southern, learn, furniture, union, continue, continuance, continually, continously, phonographer, phonographic, examine, mistaken. -t. Men, man, workmen, workman, workingmen, workingnian, young men, young man, determine, appearance, compliance, appliance, remem- brance, deliverance. 5. At once, for instance, under the circumstances, in response, in conse- quence, insignificance, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, I remain, we remain, again and again. 0. Our own, your own, my own, her own, their own, where on, hereon thereon, better than, greater than, more than, sooner than, other than, less than, worse than. 7. Ever been, never been, have been, had been, has been, has not been, it has been, it has not been, he has been, he has not been, there has been, there has not been, such has been, such has not been, as there has been, as there has not been. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 109 READING EXERCISE \ o ( lo V \s l. x n ^z..^....^L \~ .?L„wi* iz <->-> .. ...r. . >. .; 12-ZL* t.^.. r^ -o v ^ % - J m^ Z l^^A....^.^^ Li iJ- s> ^ ,..* <1±. n..^^-^^ ^L : LatlL*. a^±L .^...^ ^ . 2 ^ . }^?j±JUJt2^^ ■!■•* - 110 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The F-Hook 239. A small final hook is turned on the right or upper side of the straight stems for for v. 240. Line 1 contains words ending with f, while line 2 contains words ending with f. 241. In lines 3-6 the context must be depended upon to determine whether for v is to be read. 242. The £hook is not used on curved stems. 243. When Iss follows an £hook, the circle is turned distinctly within the hook. Line 6. 244. When a final vowel follows for v the stem is used. Line 7. 245. The termination -tive is expressed by F-stem when the preceding stem can be halved, otherwise by T-stem and r-hook. Lines 9-10. 246. The terminations -tary, -tery, -tory, are expressed bv T-Rn\\ or by Ray following a halved stem. Lines 11-12. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 111 READING EXERCISE fcisJSus. t t l L t £!^_ =T JKL^- r k < a: k rvT .jx, IaJLL^jJULjU!-? L*«»\ t ..Ik^e. u, ~.ta- b..„^..„^....^L^..J u„ 1_ ^-^...^1 UjLa ^. v ...^:^..z.. T.^.^.rr i^ **> ^....z..zl....^....^...^ «£(. A u^LAo^A "^f ..... ^t kj GL VO, J:... .^,.Njj £ 112 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs and Phrases , n. ^vv s. £ lx ...^....zz .*/?...£. i-..zr. L^L^L 3v^^^^...ZZ..x.. t ..i L^J^u^^Vj^-^±_c=s: ^L *.*£?. . e^.^X __, *....£..../ ./ / . ..\o...JSjl. ..I....r....|p.../-rj^..L^\. 1. Prove, ajjprove, before, above, belief-ve. twelve, differ-ed-ence, deliver, govern, refer-ed, referenee, with reference, deliverance, discover, recover, develop, believer, governor. 2. Hopeful, truthful, cheerful, watchful, careful, awful, powerful, whatever, whichever, whoever, objective, subjective, descriptive, suggestive, constructive, destructive, productive, prospective. 3. Representative, respective, restrictive, legislative, out of, day of, side of, speak of, member of, subject of, part of, instead of, care of, degree of. 4. Whereof, hereof, rate of, account of, on account of, who have, which have, which have been, such have, hope to have, I hope to have, said to have, is said to have, it is said to have, must have been, it must have been, I must have been. Note. — In word formation the V-hook is read before the t or d added by halving; but in phrasing this rule does not apply, as shown in the phrases part-of, instead-oi. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 113 READING EXERCISK ^> .^....i...s..... N i.......r l**j^_»j£j_jE jk** *J]S^,.e...A«^ a ^.™S£L. * %....sy.....!,C ^^.N^.a .v A>...3*rJ?...*. a ^ * V .^ii^x^y^.^^ \r.\..^ /, ^..^...V t ..>....^JA\/.^\ ! .^..A. i?.„: 3^..-..-^..;ri....^...*,...; ^...^...)....t:.\.n* J^C. ^.^i^^ <*- *..-rrr..,.<^p» »>»?. >U™...> ri .■>/. „. N^. o^-cIj^-SL^ OlTJU^l N^.^ U...«^ r...\.JL_™.^~^_Zl^71 Ssa...^...^...^.."...^ P.. .^^...(...^...-l..V.*...£ ^d^^Jk^^^ LY^^l^r^jLl^d-! *A£J^J^ IJ^..^1^ 114 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Half Length Stems With Final Hooks 247. Stems with final hooks are halved to add either t or d. The added t or d is read after the hook, but before an added circle. Lines 1-8. 248. Mp is halved when an n-hook is attached ; as in impend, impugned. Line 9. NOTE. — A circle at the end of a stem always indicates that 5 is the last sound in a word, except in a few word signs. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 115 READING EXERCISE J? v _ * a, v t *p..../2 : q Vf " P 7 u /* ^w » / /* ■^ u..., u ...^..A^ u .^..:^.'V^..^...^^....L...^. ■A yg, ^ ix-^-ZZ&^^SC^ *j±s> ^L±SkuHl u . -*\ "jaf- 32- ~V ~\ x.-X-i- sc~.^^w^ :^...r^.]^^...^^..^ ^5 . t> ^ 4. ; .....\.....3l __„_j* tZ ~Z ...:Z! .../^ ,k is -f &«. 116 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs and Phrases «^> ' ^ 5 5 5 U if ^ Jjl£As^ I < ^ 1. Complaint, plaintiff, profit, prophet, proved, approved, behind, con- stant, gentlemen, gentleman, kind, county, count, client, consequent, significant, defendant, amount, mount, quantity, acquaint-ed-ance. 2. Subsequent, frequent, intelligent, intelligence, intelligible, indulge, in- dulgent, indulgence, negligent-ence, indispensable, improvement, achieve- ment, movement, advertisement advisement, experiment, expenditure. 3. Be not, but not, did not, do not, had not, cannot, could not, or not, are not, have not, was not, will not, may not, am not, were not, why not, you cannot, you cannot be, you are not, you will not. 4. You may not, I did not, I do not, I had not, I did not know, I do not know, I did not understand, I do not understand, I cannot, I cannot be, I could not, I could not have, I have not, I was not, I am not, I am not positive. 5. I may not, I may not be, we cannot, we could not, we did not, we do not, we had not, we do not know, we did not understand, we do not think, we do not say, we are not, we will not, we will not be, he cannot, he cannot be, he cannot have. 6. He could not, he could not be, he was not, he will not, he will not be, he may not, he may not be, he was not, I was not, I may not, he may not, it was not, which was not, there was not. it cannot be, if it were not, you will find, I think you will find. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 117 Testimony of Henry Browning , <^%^ \ y 4?..:.. v:. :.. % !<. sr.=-.. r 1.z..:...^..jl...i,...^:..x.. .y£(/. «T^..k.s^...l....rk w «.'..<^...!P... */£ rj>.....^..^Az.^ a1^..... t ...^£„:. A^.l^.^.L^.S. >v>.r..l;x.!...L^..* il^X^jz^J.:^ \ <=-> ■ ' t f ' i ^k.. r ^.r..^X'r.:i: ^....£/ Lj L....<1. /V ./.3.:.. ..)..,>/ ,s*. rU.^.A.±.^... (^.•^-52 ^^^...: 2? l^cj ...^..^...:...^.. ^•••-^^ -V"*" 118 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The En-Cvrv 249. The prefixes in-, en-, vn-, are expressed by an initial n-hook, called the En curl, when followed by a circle in outlines where A r -stem cannot be conveniently joined. Lines 1-2. • 250. The £/i-curl is also used at the end of stems when the TV-stem does not form a good joining. Lines 3—4. But if AT-stem can be conveniently joined it should be used. Line 5. Omission of X 251. X is often omitted in the midst of an outline when its use would produce a bad joining and when its ommission does not alter the general form of the outline. Lines 6-7. 252. Following X, Xs, Xt, and Ray, went is expressed by Ent. Line 8. 253. X is generally omitted from the terminations -ments, -mental, -mentary. Lines 9-10. 254. D is omitted before/in words beginning with ad-. Line 11. 255. X is omitted from the prefix trans-. Line 12. 256. Words ending with -am, -orn, -urn, are generally written with Ray because it forms an easier outline. Lines 13—14. 257. Words ending with -ranee, -rence, generally take Ray. Line 15. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 119 READING EXERCISK A a — v . - V 3 ? ^ ^ -*/• i^t^i^JLi^. 8 fS^-*-' ,, «^r^ . /^^\Z^..%^..t ^tjC ._ZS»_«*»e >, 2* ^ 5 4 J3 _a ...j^V x/> v^ v^ feiigJEl 120 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Contractions v. ^ ^-\ -^r ^ii /r r** 1. Unexpessed, unsuppressed, inexpressible, unsuppressible, inexperienced, insecure, unconsidered, inconsiderate, inconsiderable, demonstrate, demon- strable, monstrous, Protestant, countrj-men, countryman, business man. 2. Human nature, human being, human life, greenhouse, roundhouse, Kansas City, transform, transformer, transfer, prophetic, painful, manful, cheerfulness, carefulness. 3. Efficient, inefficient, sufficient, insufficient, proficient, deficient, benefi- cial, superficial, artificial, friendship, statesmanship, downward, western, bankrupcy. 4. Profitable, attainable, explainable, bankable, amenable, abominable, terminable, surmountable, accountable, imaginable, pardonable, affableness, salableness, profitableness, traceableness. 5. Reasonableness, serviceableness, variableness, movableness charitable- ness, changeableness. 6. Circumstantial, substantial, potential, penitential, credential, residen- tial, presidential prudential, providential, consequential, preferential, defer- ential, inferential, reverential, pestilential, confidential. 7. Boyhood, manhood, womanhood, brotherhood, girlhood, ladyhood, widowhood, hardihood, likelihood, statehood, falsehood, livlihood, child- hood, sisterhood. 8. Infinite-ty-ly, independent-ence-ly, one of the most, one of the best, one of the largest, one of the greatest, over and over, day to day, time to time- year to year, house to house, by and by, hand in hand. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 121 Review of Word-Signs above acquaint -ance achievement advisement advertisement appearance appliance approve approved amount awful bank balance been began begin begun before behind believe believer blank careful circumstance cheerful client combine complaint compliance connect continue continually continuance continuous continuously constant consequence constitute consequent count county constructive denominate determine deliver deliverance develop defendant descriptive destructive differ discover doctrine done down explain examine experience experiment expenditure even frequent furniture general generalize gentleman gentlemen govern governor happen hopeful imagine imaginar\- improvement intelligent intelligence intelligible indispensable kind learn legislative man men mistaken mount movement negligent negligence objective often opinion organ organize phonography phonographer phonographic prove proved productive prospective profit plaintiff powerful quantity refer reference recover representative remembrance respective restrictive significance significant spoken southern subjective suggestive subsequent than then truthful twelve union upon watchful whatever whichever whoever within workman workingman workmen workingmen young man young men 122 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Testimony of Hans C. Hanson .^,..^,^,..:...x juL&SL % Q. ^ T *tf .\ < V * r «_ "V ..as. ...„.„. Y^ ..).. fh^JOzm.-.a^jd. D i^ .'^~'....(L/...') '^ - ~..1 L n -— . „C..fta. a< t M=r £ - I X ^1-tx s. "Nx 1 > I „*=» ( I J-r.vU^^ ^1-7. U CHAPTER IX-The SHUN-Hook Shorthand — 9 124 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Shun-Hook 258. A large final hook, called the SAun-hook, is used for the syl- lables -tion, -sion, -tian, -cian, etc. 259. The SAun-hook is turned on the inside of all curved steins ; as fashion, confession, vision, session, lotion. Line 1. 260. Following K and G the SAun-hook is turned on the side opposite the accented vowel, or on the side opposite an initial hook if there be one. Lines 6-10. 261. Following J?ay the SAw/7-hook is generally turned on the side opposite the accented vowel. Lines 11-12. 262. Following P, B, T, D, the SAun-hook is turned on the right side. Line 13. 263. Following P, B, T, D, the SAun-hook is turned on the left side to include the sound of n, as pension, tension. Line 14. 264. When -ention follows a curved stem, A'-stem is used. Line 15. 265. "Words ending in the SAu/i-hook form the past tense by add- ing the Ed-t\ck. Line 17. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 125 READING EXERCISE Uy..^V> ;j ....' ' ^ nJ?. ^^C™j^LI3L ..^....^...^ La \^ffpL. i% ^**p th. C*? "Hka fe? ^ I /if iJirP, .yifcg: A^ .(^...S\^.....^ .* ty?..... .:.*p. (^...H...-^^jz^...rif.^ «s ...,x. _^. I ^ T >....a= r >...Lf>...u ) L.Z ^! ^ ..^.^ ;i^...^^..j^..^?..^..^ ^ c^ 7 7 B- ^> "^ -p i^.. b; ^....^AA.^^^ 126 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Essiox-Rook. 266. The sjdlables -ation, -ession, -ission, following a consonant stem are expressed by continuing the circle through the stem and forming a small hook. 1. Sensation, dispensation, relaxation, accession, succession, procession, precision, physician, musician, causation, transition, position, supposition, disposition, exposition, imposition. 267. The Shun-hook is not used when there is no consonant stem in the outline ; as shun, ocean. Line 3. 268. When two distinct vowels precede the syllable -shun, it is generally better to use Ish-stem and n-hook ; as expiation, allevia- tion. Lines 3-5. 269. Ish-stem is also used in certain outlines to preserve the primitive form of the outline. Lines 6-7. 4^,.iq^3 3 ^■^■^x^^ll%. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 127 Word-Signs and Phrases ^ \> x, V V> . I i L....L ^ L I -y^...^...^...^. 1. Expectation, expression, suppression, objection, subjection, tempta- tion, satisfaction, condition, direction, duration, generation, suggestion, connection, constitution, description, incription, seclusion. 2. Exclusion, recollection, information, reformation, comprehension, apprehension, explanation, combination, denomination, imagination, sig- nification, exploration, cancellation, legislation, representation, publication, transformation. 3. Demonstration, administration, continuation, observation, preserva- tion, reservation, prescription, proscription, subscription, transcription, transaction, construction, instruction, destruction, production. -t. Prediction, reduction, jurisdiction, resurrection, restriction, opposition, position, possession, organization, generalization, investigation, participa- tion, obstruction, abstraction, subtraction, multiplication. 5. Qualification, certification, ratification, justification, modification, mortification, notification, sanctification, specification, nullification, purifi- cation, mystification, classification, simplification. 6. Sanction, distinction, extinction, junction, consumption, resumption, presumption, assumption, gumption, exemption. 7. Our attention, your attention, call your attention, I will call your attention, in relation, best attention, best of my recollection, my best recollection, in connection, in communication, your communication, in this action. 128 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand READING EXERCISE . c \_ v *r . *\J2 —^ 3 ?A\.V^-, i^r^.^^^ NZii/1^ liT^LLciJ^^ ^.,...^...^./^V I ..O..*.. IXjiJ-wsi ^.krf...^...W....^ ^.y... !....^ ...^....^.^ wJSa..» ~\l.'....:'X < ^ .....L CT ,.. / ..../T^-*-- £.....«....*_* .T!?...>....U^.^5s^...(T^....L...i.....v~«?...l) \» V4i £>...*.....b....i >.. s_p.>vTL ; A. ~^i > / *2±?*J3*a^^^ r^..: ^._w..,C..^.^ , ..^..*..2:.v > ..r^.c.. c Ll^ziiL^» CHAPTER X-The Double-Length Principle 130 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Double-Length Principle 270. The curved stems, except Xg and Alp, are made double-length to add the syllable ter, der or ther. Ing is lengthened to add ker or ger. Emp is lengthened to add er. The added sjdlable is read after the stem and anj r vowel following the stem, but before a final hook or circle. 271. A lengthened upright or slanting stem rests on the line for the first position, extends halfway through the line for second posi- tion, and two-thirds through the line for the third position. Lines 1—2. Words ending with ter. Line 3. Words ending with der. Line 4. Words ending with ther. Line 5. Words ending with ker. Line 6. Words ending with ger. Line 7. Words ending with per. Line 8. Words ending with her. 272. Ray is sometimes lengthened to add ter or ther. K follow- ing another stem is lengthened to add tor or ture. Lines 9—10. 273. Verbs ending in a double-length stem form the past tense by adding the .Ed-tick. Line 11. 274. The lengthening principle cannot be used when a vowel follows. Line 12 275. It is sometimes desirable to indicate a distinct vowel sound in a syllable added by lengthening, and this is done by striking the vowel sign through the lengthened stem. Line 13. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 131 READING EXERCISE 1.7. j A w r'......y^. !SwJNv~~JU~-~ ^ttn....^. .......v^'. Jk. , <— ^ ^ _> *- i^ .^^.... ■fee; b-sr ■ter re wk y.rx.x^. ..^i: it. .:f±- il ^♦7^ > * 4 *'"t V^r ^-t^^V 132 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Word-Signs and Phrases kX- 1. Entire, neither, another, longer, interest, matter, material, writer, rather, return, whether, shorter, disorder. 2. Rather than, longer than, shorter than, further than, please return, we return herewith, by return mail, whether or not, thereafter, eccentric, internal, anthracite. 3. If there, for there, after their, of their, have their, think their, I think there is, so there, so there is, was there, I was there, he was there, through there, may there, in their, from there, will there be. 4-. When there, when there is anything, if there were, if there were not, in all their, the other, on the other, on the other hand, on the other side, with the other, some other, some other one, from some other. 5. My dear, my dear sir, my dear friend, fraternal-ly, father-in-law, moth- er-in-law, sooner or later, in all their, your letter, in reply to your letter. 6. Interrupt, interruption, interstate, interposition, entertainment, intro- duction, interfere, interference, interview. 7. Interpolation international, intervention, interpret, interpretation, in- terurban, intermit, intermission, intermediate. Note.— The prefixes inter-, enter-, intro-, are expressed by Enter. I,incs 0-7. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 133 READING EXERCISE r:...^.^...^^....i..r...r..\..^...A..^. :/ /•(•• 'v * — i IlZJZ=z5±u^£s~jlJ^^ L-/~ v. ^ >_<....l^v. 134 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Review of Word-Signs abstraction administration another apprehension assumption certification classification combination comprehension condition connection cancellation constitution continuation construction consumption demonstration denomination description destruction direction disorder distinction duration entire exclusion exemption expectation explanation exploration expression extinction generation generalization gumption imagination information inscription instruction interest investigation junction jurisdiction justification legislation longer matter material modification mortification multiplication mystification neither notification nullification objection observation obstruction opposition organization participation position possession prediction preservation prescription presumption production proscription publication purification qualification rather ratification recollection reduction reformation representation reservation resurrection restriction resumption return sanction sanctification satisfaction seclusion simplification signification shorter specification subtraction subjection subscription suggestion suppression transaction transcription transformation temptation whether writer Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 135 Prefixes s .73. ZTlZ: Z±Zi "X^.lo 3/ ..X > .X....Zl... >% 3L*. ^^~v X. Nj. Ac 1. Contraband, counteraction, countermine, countermand, counterirri- tant, counterirritation, counterfeiter, contradistinction, contradictory, contradiction, countervene, accommodation. 2. Circumspect, circumspection, circumcision, circumvent, circumvention, circumambient, circumambulate, circumference, circumjacent, circumscribe, circumstance, circumstantiation. 3. Self-interest, self-restraint, self-defense, self-righteous, self-destruction, self-important, self-possession, self-improvement, self-command, self-con- tained, self-cofidence, self-conceit, self-conscious, self-contradictory. 4. Commitment, commission, commissioner, commotion, commerce, com- mercial, commiserate, commiseration, comrade, comradeship. 5. Antecedent, antiseptic, antislavery, antedate, antidote, antediluvian, antebellum, antithesis, antitoxin, antichrist, antifriction, antenuptial. 6. Nonacceptance, nonarrival, noncommittal, noncommissioned, nonexis- tence, nonresident, nonobservant, nonessential, nonpayment. 7. Nonappearance, nonattendance, nondescript, nonelection, nonperfor- mance, nonsense, nondelive^-, nonfulfilment, nonplus. 8. Noncompliance, nonconductor, nonconformist, nonconformity, non- communicant, noncombatant, nonconcurrence, noncontagious, noncontent, noncontribute. 136 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand The Power of Prompt Decision V Y £Xx£V~ ^=^udi^ >^\....* .: ...JL...*.\ x .......4.^ z^k ■4-v ,v\- ^ {. . . . V w ./ -rfflL .4. v\ — L ^ 1 Sfc. A. ^ V V LTY. ,rL~A JZ *, v..%. ai ':.^/\y L \ \ O '"^ U. w ' \ » T7Jka \r-j * 6 1 • ..."— « /\ ./.. \. /\ v/ s^r^v/ ^v* jLeaJL* .... Jr.) ^p\ ( I~.l ! -c.^4 V.c T -...^.r..WV W-i^. <<-«& /..< ..^ ~ ^ } Ar^^^k L^-v ^tA ^...\.„. .^..^. v .., *v-+ \/. Elements of Phonetic Shorthand 137 Terminations J J i ^* v^ ^ p^ - -^ 5...^ a ^....^.. s ' r ~r r .....^j.. <^....^..\S ^ .v £.. 7 j_.4....^..^^....rv.....^..^z LriX.k!^^d id.. 1. Denominate-d, denomination, nominate-d-tion, abominate-d-tion, pre- dominate-d-tion, terminate-d-tion, determine-d, determinate-d-tion, contam- inate-d-tion, exterminate-d-tion, eliminate-d-tion, illumine, illumined, illum- inate, illumination. 2. Disseminate-d-tion, discriminate-d-tion, indiscriminate-d-tion, culmin- ate-d-tion, calumniate, calumniation, examine-ation, examined. 3. Institute, institution, substitute, substitution, destitute, destitution, prostitute, prostitution, constitute-d, constitution, unconstitutional, restitution. 4. Geology, genealogy, phrenology, physiology, theology, biology, ter- minology, demonology, mineralogy, bacteriology, psychology, sociology, analogy. 5. Lightest, latest, neatest, greatest, moralist, sensualist, sensationalist, socialist, wisest, finest, vainest, truest, grandest, chiefest. 6. Factionist, contortionist, extortionist, revolutionist, secessionist, nicest, risest, gravest, roughest, fusionist, elocutionist, coarsest, grossest. 7. Attestation, detestation, protestation, molestation, investigation, realization, materialization, authorization, organization, generalization, civilization, spiritualization, capitalization, utilization. 138 Elements of Phonetic Shorthand Importance of Accurate Outlines ^V V :j*l r^ tA....//..A...J...(;J... ri \ Lx.....*^ -^ ...L y .\~\ C . y _... I i ...» ... v ^v .^...) £ k^. -.1. fa. ..... U...V. £ X..*..<=w ..#. ..^ .1. c _fr? 1 ^ V *°r ..>. v k^V \ a ..... :a .3.. - /! !2 j . L..^f...V- a ..^.X< >^1 N I \l i I • — 3 \ ■ — j. e V ^^T "> *1 C^ ^.L^^l. J:.. 1 1 ZL4±S \y_: )^ vzx: v —j V „..fT ) ....V \ t. isiuiyri UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY MIIHHi A 000 564 917