Provost Monroe H. Deutsch - /m- >) PUBLII VIRCJII.II OPERA; OR, THE WORKS OF VIRGIL. WITH COPIOUS NOTES, MYTHOLOGICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, ASTRONOMICAL, CRITICAL, AND EXPLANATORY, IN ENGLISH ; Compiled from the best Commentators, with many that are new. TOGETHER WITH AN ORDO OF THE MOST INTRICATE PARTS OF THE TEXT, UPON THE SAME PAGE WITH THE TEXT- DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS IHT THE COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES, IN THE UNITED STATES. Specially calculated to lighten the Labour of the Teacher, and to lead the Student into a Knowledge of the Poet. TO WHICH IS ADDED, A TABLE OF REFERENCE. BY THE REV. J. G. COOPER, A. M, PUBLISHED BY WHITE, GALLAHER fc WHl'l T.. Clayton 6- Van Worden, Prinlr ~ -< A3 D, That on the 28th day of May, in the fifty- rim year of the Indepei. dence of the United States of America, J. G. COOPER, of the said District, hath deposited in this office thr title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit : " Publii Virgilii Maronis Opera : or, the works of Virgil. With copious notes, Mythological, Biographical, Historical, Geographical, Philosophical, Astronomical, Critical, and Explanatory, in English ; compiled tram th best Commentators, with many that ure new. Together with an Ordo of the most intricate parts of the text, upon the same page with the text. Designed for tfe use of Students in the Colleges, Academies, and other Seminaries, in the United States. Specially calculated to lighten the labour of the Teacher, and to lead the Scut into a knowledge of the Poet To which is added, a Table of Reference. By the Rev. J. G. Cooper, A '^conformity to the Act of Congress of the Unitod States, entitled, " An Act forthe encouragement of learn- ins bv securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned." And alsd to an Act, entitled, " An Act supplementary to , an Act em Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the auth< and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the a: designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." JAMES DILL Clerk of the Southern District of New-York- NEW-YORK, July 6, 1815. An edition of the works of Virgil, upon the plan adopted by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, I think preferable to those usually put into the hands of boys. His notes and explanations, so far as I have examined them, are both copious and judicious. Believing that classical literature will be promoted thereby, I do cheerfully recommend the work. WILLIAM HARRIS, D. D. President of Columbia College. In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, -we do fully and cordially unite. JOHN BOWDEN, D. D. Professor of Rhetoric, &c. &c. Columbia College. Rev. EDMUND D. BARRY, Principal of the Ep. Academy, New- York. JOHN BORLAND, A. M. Teacher of a Select Classical School, New- York. TILLOTSON BRUNSON, D. D. Principal of the Ep. Academy, Cheshire, Connecticut* BALTIMORE, Oct. 20, 1825. In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, we do fully and cordially unite. W. E. WYATT, D. D. Associate Min. of St. Paul's Parish. Rev. JOHN ALLEN, A. M. Professor of Math, in the University of Maryland, and author of an edition of the Elements of Euclid, &c. &c. NEW- YORK, April, 1827. In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, I do fully and cordially agree. JAMES RENWICK, Professor of Nat. Philosophy and Chmistryin Col- College. PHILADELPHIA, June, 1827. In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, I do fully and cordially agree. JAMES ROSS, LL. D. Author of a Latin Grammar, &c. &c. LEXINGTON, Ky. April 1, 1825. Having recently examined the Rev. J. G. Cooper's proposed edition of the Works of Virgil, I have no hesitation in giving my opinion, that the plan which he has pursued is excellent, and the execution highly creditable to his talents and scholarship. Such a work will greatly facilitate the study of the poet, on the part of the youthful learner. It will give him a correct idea of the meaning of the author in the more difficult passages ; and by its copious notes upon ancient history, and mythology, will enable him to relish beauties that are now rarely perceived in the early course of classical instruction. I have no doubt but that its appearance will be welcomed by the intelligent and discerning, as a publication admirably adapted to enlist the feelings, and stimulate the application of youth, in the elementary schools of our country. GEORGE T. CHAPMAN, D. D. Professor of Historv. &c. &c. in Transylvania University. Kv. :3 RECOMMENDATIONS. , BALTIMORE, Oct. 20, 1825. The edition W the works of Virgil proposed to be published by the Rev. .G. Cooper, appears to me, as far as a very partial examination of it has enabled me to judge, to be a work of merit, both as to the plan and execu- tion. And I am persuaded, that its adoption into our Colleges and Semina- ries of learning will greatly facilitate the acquisition of a correct knowledge of that elegant and distinguished poet. JAMES KEMP, D. D. Bishop of the Prot. Epis Church in the state of Maryland. So far as I have had opportunity to examine the manuscript of the Rev. J. G. Cooper for a new edition of the Works- of Virgil, I highly approve of the plan, and think it well calculated to facilitate the study of the poet. It appears to be a leading object with Mr. Cooper, to lighten the burden of the student, by elucidating the difficult passages of the author, and by leading the youthful mind into a relish of his beauties and excellencies. The substitution of an Urdo of the most intricate passages in the room of a general interpretation of the text, I consider a material advantage. While it removes the difficulties in the collocation of the words, it leads the student more directly to the text, and tends to fix his attention more closely upon the language of the poet. On the whole, I consider the work deserving of public patronage : and I wish him every encouragement in his endeavours to promote the interests of classical literature. FRANCIS E. GODDARD, A. M. President of the Southern College, Bowling-Green, ICr- November 6, 1823. LOUISVILLE, Ky. December 20, 1823. Having been favoured with the perusal of notes upon the Works of Vir- gil, compiled by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, together with an Ordo of the more intricate parts of the text, I am fully persuaded they are well calculated to assist the younger classical students to read and understand the poet, espe- cially in the more difficult passages ; to enlarge the mind in the Geography of the country, and to explain the mythology of the age in which he wrote. The criticisms on the text are generally correct, and display an intimate acquaintance with the syntax of the Latin language : and I do not hesitate to say, that in my opinion, the work would be very useful in the Academies and Seminaries of the United States. GIDEON BLACKBURN, D. D. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. May 10, 1815. AN edition of the works of Virgil, upon the plan adopted by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, will, I am persuaded, be found useful in instruction. It provides for a portion of that assistance in the interpretation of the poet, for which re- sort is frequently and injudiciously had to translations ; while it is, at ihe same time, exempt from any of the disadvantages attending such a mode of studying this author. JOHN T. KIRKLAND, D. D. President of Harvard University. HINGHAM, MASS. May 8, 1815. From a partial examination of the manuscript copy of the works of Virgil, with English notes, &c. by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, it appears to have been prepared with much labour and care. 1 have no doubt that a work of this kind would be of essential advantage to classical students, especially to RECOMMENDATIONS. v those who have not made considerable progress in the Latin language, pre- vious to their commencing the study of the poet. DANIEL KIMBALL, A. M. Principal of Derby Academy. I fully assent to the opinion expressed above by Mr. Kimball, as to the value and usefulness of an edition of Virgil, upon the plan proposed by the Rev. Mr. Cooper. HENRY WARE, D. D. Prafessoi of Divinity in Harv. University. THE edition of the works of Virgil, prepared by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, appears to be well calculated to facilitate a knowledge of the poet. To those who may wish to study the poet, without the aid of an instructor ; and to instructors themselves, who have not enjoyed a correctly classical education, it will be eminently useful. JOJIN S. J. GARDINER, D. D. BOSTON, May, 1815. At the request of the Rev. J. G. Cooper, I have cursorily examined a printed specimen of his proposed edition of the works of Virgil ; and am of opinion, that, if the whole should be executed in the manner of this sam- ple, it will be deserving of patronage. J. L. KINGSLEY, jt-i Professor of the Latin Language. YALE COLLEGE, April 14, 1827. ELLWOOD SEMINARY, (near Philadelphia,) Dec. 9, 1826. I have perused the specimen of your proposed edition of the works of Virgil, which, I think, will deserve a reception into every classical Academy. JAMES TATHAM. Rev. J. G. COOPER. From a specimen of the proposed edition of the works of Virgil, by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, I am induced to believe the publication will be an aid to the cause of our literature, by going into use among the younger students. HECTOR HUMPHREYS, Professor of ancient Languages, Washington College. HARTFORD, April 14, 1827. I highly approve of the plan adopted by the editor, having for many years believed such an edition of Virgil a great desideratum in our schools. THOMAS DUGDALE,jr. Teacher of Latin and Greek, in Friends' Academ>, Philadelphia- WASHINGTON CITY, Dec. 1825. Sir, I am highly pleased with your edition of Virgil. I think the English notes will be of infinite advantage to the scholar, and very interesting to the teacher. I am anxious to have a sufficient number of copies to supply my school, as I am determined to use no other for the future. Yours respectfully, A. R. PLUMLEY, Rev. J. G. COOPER. BOSTON, May 9th, 1815. Sir, So far as I can judge of the plan on whi<-h you propose to publish an edition of Virgil, from the few pages of manuscript submitted to my inspec- tion, I think it calculated to facilitate the progress of the learner ; and pe- culiarly adapted to the younger class of pupils, who are with difficulty made vi RECOMMENDATIONS. to understand the notes in the original, when hurried, as they frequently are. into this author. BENJAMIN A. GOULD, Principal of the public Grammar School. I cheerfully concur in approving the plan of Mr. Cooper's proposed edi- tion of the works of Virgil. FRANCIS FELLOWS, Associate Principal of the Mount Pleasant Classical Institution, (near Amherst,) Mass. APRIL, 1827. We, the subscribers, do approve of the plan adopted by the Rev. J. G. Cooper for a new edition of the works of Virgil : and, when published, we do hereby recommend his work to those classical students, who may attend our respective Seminaries. Rev..WM. RAFFERTY, D. D. Principal of Si. John s College, Maryland. EDWARD SPARKS, M. D. Professor of Languages in St. John's College, Md. Rev. SAM'L. K. JENNINGS, M. D. Principal of the Asbury College, Baltimore. MICHAEL POWER, A. M. Professor of Languages, Abbury College, Baltimore- Rev. TIMOTHY CLOWS, L. L. D. Principal of Washiugton College, Maryland. Rev. HENRY L. DAVIS, D. D. Principal of Wilmington College, Delaware. Rev. FREDERIC BEASELY, D. D. Principal of the University of Pennsylvania. J. G. THOMSON, A. M. Professor of Languages of the University of Pennsylvania. B. CONSTANT, Principal of the Literary, Scientific and Military Lyceum, Germantown, Penn. JOHN BORLAND, Professor of Classical Literatuie in the Collegiate School, Nw-York. Rev. E. D. BARRY, D. D. Principal of a Classical Academy, New -York. A. PARTRIDGE, Superintendant of the American Literary, Scientific mid Military Academy, Middletown, Conn. E. B. WILLISTON, Professor of the Greek and Latin languages in the A L S. and Military Academy, Middletown Conn. Rev. JOSEPH SPENCER, Professor of Languages in Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. Rev. JAMES WILTBANK, Principal of the Grammar School of the University of Pennsylvania. Rev. SAMUEL B. WYLIE, D. D. Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia- GEORGE HALENBAKE, Principal of a Classical and Mathematical Academy, Philadelphia- JOHN ANDERSON, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. C. FELLT, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. W. J. BERKLEY, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. HENRY HOOD, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. B. J. SCHIPPER, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia, RECOMMENDATIONS. vii We, the subscribers, do approve of the plan adopted by the'Rev. J. G. Cooper for a new edition of the works of Virgil ; and, when published, we do hereby recommend his work to those classical students, who may attend our respective Seminaries. Rev. WM. BALLANTINE, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. WM. MANN, A. M. Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. J. P. ESPY, Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia. DAVID PATTERSON, Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York. WM. SHERWOOD, Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York. W. H. BOGART, A. B. Principal of a Classical Academy, New- York- JOSEPH PERRY, A. M. Principal of a Classical Academy, New- York GOULD BROWN, Principal of a Classical Academy, New- York. JACOB T. BERGEN, Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York. LOCKWOOD & GROAT, Principals of a Classical Academy, New- York. JAMES ANDERSON, Classical Teacher in the La Fayette Seminary, New- York. J. SLOCOMB, Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York. SAMUEL U. BERRIAN, Classical Teacher, New- York. W. LORD, Associate Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore. A. ROGERS, Principal of a Select Classical Academy, Baltimore. JAMES STEEN, Principal of the Wentworth Academy, Baltimore. JOHN PRENTISS, Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore- RICHARD F. CLEAVELAND, Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore. Rev. J. G. ROBERTSON, Principal of a select Classical Academy, Baltimore- JAMES GOULD, Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore- A. B. CLEAVELAND, M. D. Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore, ELIJAH GARFIELD, Teacher of Languages, Middletown, Conn- ELIJAH P. BARROWS, Jr. Preceptor of the Hartford Grammar School, Conn. JOHN M. KEAGY, M. D. Principal of the Harrisburg Academy, Penn- J. D. SLACK, Principalof a Classical Academy, New- York WM. SHADGETT, Principal of a Classical School, New- York. BARNABAS BATES, Principal of a Classical Academy, New- York. THOMAS P. HAGGERTY. Pancipal of a Classical A^aderry, Georgot&wn, D- f '. To Professors and Teachers of Classical Literature in the, Colleges, Academies, and other Seminaries in the United States : GENTLEMEN, The very favorable opinion that many of you have expressed, of the plan and execution of this Edition of the works of Virgil, claims my respect- ful acknowledgments. Every attempt to facilitate the acquisition of classical literature will, I am persuaded, meet your approbation; I shall, therefore, offer no apology for adding this new edition to the many others, already before the public. Soon after I commenced the instruction of youth, I became sensible of the impropriety of the use of the editions of Virgil, then in our schools. Those of Rua3us and Davidson were generally, if not exclusively, read ; both equally objectionable, the former by affording too little aid to the student in the illus- trauon of the text, the latter by affording him too much. It was at this ear- ly period that I formed the plan of the present edition. Except the two last books of the /Eneid, it was finished in the year 1815, as you will perceive by the date of several of the recommendations. Since which time, they have been completed, and the whole carefully revised and greatly improved. This delay in the publication gave me a further opportunity to become ac- quainted with the wants of students, especially in the early course of study, and to collect the opinions of teachers upon this subject. That opi- nion has uniformly been in favor of my plan ; which takes a middle course between the opposite extremes of atfording too little, and too much assist- ance to the sruderit. The pai'iial ordo is designed to assist him in the more intricate parts of the text ; and where recourse otherwise must be had to the teacher. The nores and explanations are copious. They embrace whatever was deemed necessary to elucidate the poet, and to lead the youthful mind to relish his beauties. Some of the more difficult passages I have translated ; and, in general, where a word is used out of its common acceptation, I have given its sense and meaning in that particular place : and where commentators are not agreed upon the meaning of a word or phrase, I have given their respect- ive opinions. In the text, I have adopted the reading of Heyne, except in a few instances, where the common reading appeared preferable. To the Bucolics, Georgics and JEneid, I have given, in the first instance^ a general introduction ; and to each Eclogue, and book of the Georgics and vEneid, a summary or particular introduction ; so that the student, knowing beforehand the subject, and anticipating the beauties and excellences of the poet, will proceed with ease and pleasure, and in a manner catch his B (*) To each I have added a number of questions, to be asked by the teacher- and answered by the pupil They may be increased or modified at discre- tion. This method of instruction, by question and answer, will be found useful. It serves to excite inquiry and attention on the part of the student, and affords the teacher a ready method of discovering the degree of know- ledge which he has obtained of the subject. In this particular, I ac- knowledge my obligation to several eminent teachers, who suggested the im- provement. The commentators, to whom I am principally indebted, are Heyne, Ruaeus, Dr. Trapp, Davidson and Valpy. But it will be seen, in the course of the work, that I have not been confined to these alone. Wherever I found any thing useful, tending either to elucidate the poet, or to interest the student, I have taken it. Throughout the whole, it has been a principal object with me, to render the poet intelligible, and to elucidate those passages which are obscure and intricate. To the whole is added, a table of reference to the notes, where any particular article is considered or passage explained. For those typographical imperfections inseparable from the press, I solicit your indulgence. The future editions, it is expected, will be from plates, when the work will be rendered as perfect as its nature will admit. To you, gentlemen, I present it, with the humble trust that it will be found to answer the purposes for which it was designed, namely, to lighten the la- bour of the teacher, and to facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of the poet. J. G. COOPER, Nwnr-YoBK, Oct. 1827. THE MFE OF VIRttlL. PtTBLius VIRGILIUS MARC was born at a village called Andes, about tliree miles from the city of Mantua, on the 15th day of October, in the year oF&ome 684, and 70 years before the Christian era. Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus were consuls. His parents were in humble circumstances. His father cultivated a small farm for the maintenance of his family. His mother, whose name was Maia, was related to Quiritilius Varus, who rose to be proconsul of Syria, and afterwards was appointed to the command of the Roman army in Germany. The first seven years of his life were passed under his paternal roof: after which he^ was removed to Cremona, a town situated upon the banks of the Po, and not far* fronTTSf antu a" While here, he distinguished him- self in those studies suited to his age. and gave presage of his future eminence. In this pleasant retreat he passed ten years, till he assumed the Toga virilis, which, among the Romans, was at the age of 17. At an early period he showed himself to be a favorite of the Muses, and mani- fested a genius that one day was to rival the author of the Iliad. At this time Pompey and Crassus were in their second consulship. From Cremona he_ removed to Mediolanum, a town not far distant, and soon_jiter_tp Naples. "~T^fe^ie^evo^^liis time to the study of the Greek __ language, oT which he soon became master. By this means he was d to '' enabled to r^a^t'Iie'^reeir poets in the original, to enter fully into their , spirit, and to discover their beauties and excellencies. This proved of essential service to him in his future labors. With a mind thus stored^ with literature, and a taste formed by the best models, he entered upon the study of medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. These last, more especially] were his pleasure and delight, as he has intimated in several ; parts of his works. He studied the Epicurean philosophy, then in much repute, under one Syro, an eminent teacher. He afterwards composed his Sixth Eclogue, with a view to compliment his preceptor, and to express a grateful remem- brance of his instructions. Varus was a pupil with him at the same time. Here they contracted a friendship for each other, which continued during the remainder of their lives. Having finished his studies at Naples, which occupied several years, it is said, heLjvisited Rome ; but it is more proba- ble that he returned to Mantua, and retired to his paternal inheritance. < IRGIL. Here he acquired that practical information which so eminently qualified him for writing the Georgics. A pers6n of Virgil's extensive attainments, and above all, of his poetic genius, could not long remain in obscurity. His fame reached the ears of Pollio, who was no less distinguished for his love of literature, and of the muse, than for his military achievements. He was a particular friend of Antony, and under him commanded the troops in Cis-Alpine Gaul ; in which Mantua was situated. Here he became acquainted with Virgil, who was introduced to him either by Varus or Gallus ; both of whom our poet has mentioned in his Eclogues, in the most affectionate terms. y After the battle of Philippi, which proved fatal to the republican party, Augustus divided the lands in the neighbourhood of Mantua among his veteran troops, to whom he was indebted for that victory. Virgil was involved ,in the common calamity. This circumstance, in all human ap- pearance to be lamented, and which to others proved a heavy calamity, to our poet was the commencement of an illustrious career, and the harbinger of an immortal day. Pollio, who entertained a sincere friendship for Virgil, and was well qualified to form a correct estimate of his talents and acquirements, becom- ing acquainted with his case, recommended him to Maecenas, who was then at Rome, and held the highest place of honor and confidence with his prince. The friend of Pollio found also a friend in Maecenas. He laid ' his case before Augustus, and by his influence with his prince, obtained the restoration of his estate. Virgil, at this time, probably was about 29 ; years of age. He immediately returned wkh the edict of the emperor for the restoration of his farm, which had fallen into the hands of one Areus, ' a centurion ; but he was resisted and ill-treated by the new possessor, and ; forced to swim over the Mincius to save his life. This cruel treatment is the subject of the ninth Eclogue. He went a second time to Rome upon the subject. But it is probable he never after resided upon his estate. A wider field now opened before him ; and he made the seat of the empire the place of his residence. Here his acquaintance and friendship were sought by the most distinguished men; and the favorite of the Muses became also the favorite of Augustus. With a view to compliment his prince, and to express the happy state of the empire under his administration, it is said, he composed the following distich, which, in a private manner, he affixed to the gate of the palace : Nqcte pinit tol.i, rcdeunt spectacula mane : Divisum imperium cum Jove Caesar hubet, Augustus was highly pleased with the compliment paid to him, and the delicate manner in which it was expressed ; and he desired to find out the author. Virgil's modesty and diffidence prevented him from making an avowal. At length, one Bathyllus. a poet of inferior merit, had the hardi- hood to claim to be the author. The emperor richly rewarded him. This greatly mortified our poet, who wrote the' same lines upon the gate of the palace, with the following one under them : Y.. Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores : together with the beginning of another line in these words, Sic vos non vobis, repeated throe times. Augustus wished to find the author ; and as the surest way of doing it, demanded that the lines should be finished. Several attempts were made without effect. Bathyllus was not able to do it ; which l^d to a .suspicion of his imposture* At last Virgil finished them, and LIFE OF VIRGIL. xiii thus avowed himself the author of the previous distich. The lines are as follow : Sic vos non vobis nidificatis avcs ; Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves ; Sic vos rion vobis mellificatis apes : Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves. r This detected the impostor, and covered him with ridicule and contempt. S About this time, at the suggestion of Pollio, Virgil commenced writing his Eclogues; which occupied him three years. The first was written to express his gratitude to his prince for the restoration of his lands. This he did in so delicate and modesi a manner, that it raised him greatly in the estimation of his friends and countrymen : and the poet conferred a greater favor upon Augustus, by immortalizing this act of his beneficence, than he did by restoring to him his lands. The others were written upon various occasions, and for various purposes. The Eclogues were extremely popular. So well were they received, that they were several times repeated upon the stage. Cjcero, upon hear- ing them, was so much pleased, that he did not hesitate to say of the^ author : Alagna spe.s aliera Rom&> which words the poet afterwards intro- . duced into the twelfth book of the ^Eneid, applied to lulus. Virgil may be considered the first who introduced pastorals among the Romans. It is a fact worthy of notice, that he was the introducer, and at the same time the porfector, of this kind of writing. All succeeding poets have taken him as their model, and found the surest way to success to be, to copy his beauties. It is true, he was much indebted to Theocritus, who was the first pastoral writer of eminence among the Greeks : but he followed him with judgment, and improved upon him so much in correctness of taste, in purity of thought, and delicacy of expression, that we lose sight of the original. So much was he esteemed, that all classes of persons crowded to see him, whenever he appeared in public ; and on entering the theatre, the people rose up to do him reverence, no less than to Augustus himself. During the civil wars, agriculture had been much neglected : and so general had the distress become on that account, that serious apprehen- sions were entertained for the peace of Italy. All classes of people began, to murmur, and to cast the blame upon Augustus, and his administration. In this state of things, it occurred to Maecenas, that the most effectual method of averting the impending evils, and of restoring peace to the peo- ple, and confidence in the administration, was to revive the agricultural interests of the country. For this purpose, he desired Virgil to write a treatise upon agriculture. He well knew no person was better qualified for a work of this kind. He possessed an extensive knowledge of the sub- ject, a correct taste, and could enliven it with the charms of poetic num- bers ; and he already possessed the confidence and affections of his coun- trymen. After a short respite, he entered upon the work. That he might be less interrupted in its prosecution, he retired from Rome to Naples, a city more tranquil, and, at the same time, more healthy. In this pleasant retreat, removed from the bustle of the capital, the intrigue of courts, and the jarring interests of politics, he_composed the Geprgic.s a poem, the most perfect and finished of any composition in the Latin language. He spent seven years in the work. The public expectation was raised high ; but it was far surpassed : and Virgil conferred a greater blessing upon his coun- try, than if, in the field, he had obtained the most splendid victory over xivr LIFE OF VIRGIL. The Georgics were every where well received, and Italy soon assumed a flourishing appearance. The people found themselves in the enjoyment of peace, plenty, and domestic happiness. The poet dedicated the work to his friend Mrecenas, a statesman distinguished equally for his love of literature and science, the correctness of his politics, and the wisdom of his councils. Virgil was now forty years of age. At this time, he found himself hi the possession of a large estate, chiefly from the liberality of his prince. His fame was coextensive with the empire, and the lovers of the muse $ courted his society. Among the particular friends of Virgil, may be reck- ^ oned Horace, a distinguished poet of that age, and a friend equally of Pollio ^ and Maecenas. Between these two favorites of the Muses there subsisted, during their lives, the most cordial friendship. How sincerely they - esteemed each other, we may learn from an ode which Horace afterwards ^ composed upon the occasion of Virgil's setting sail for Greece, on account of his health. Having completed the Georgics, our poet soon commenced the ^Eneid, an epic or heroic poem. This is the noblest species of poetic composition, requiring a correct judgment, a lively imagination, and an universal know- ledge. Virgil possessed them all in a high degree. It is supposed that he had the subject in contemplation for several years previous, and that he alludes to it in the sixth Eclogue in these words : Cum canerem reges et prselia, Cynthius aurem Velht et admonuit : Pastorem, Tityre, pingues Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. He probably had something of the kind in view ; but whether it was, what the yEneid afterwards proved to be, is uncertain. The subject of the poem is the removal of a colony of Trojans from Asia Minor, under the conduct of ./Eneas, and their settlement in Italy. The Iliad and Odyssey undoubtedly suggested to Virgil the idea of the ^Eneid ; and without the former we should not have had the latter. It has been supposed by some, that the ^Eneid was designed merely as an encomium upon Augustus, who was now raised to the highest temporal power. But if this had been his only object, the poet might have saved much time and labor, by composing short pieces, or brief panegyrics upon his prince, asJHorace did on several occasions. It is true, Virgil was very fond of complimenting the Ca?sars, and in several parts of his works, he has done it in the most extravagant manner. The jEneid was undoubtedly designed for the benefit and instruction of the Roman people generally, who were now happily enjoying the blessings of peace, after having suffered, for a series of years, all the calamities of civil war. The poet wished these blessings to be perpetuated. He, therefore, endeavors to dissuade his countrymen from further attempts to restore the republic, and advises them to submit to the authority of a man who derived his origin from the gods, arid under his auspices, to cultivate harmony, and the arts of civilized life. This is the moral of the poem, and an object worthy of the patriotism and benevolence of the poet. Virgil wrote with a wonderful degree of exactness. Every thing which he mentions is founded upon historical truth ; and the voyage and adven- tures of his hero are given with geographical precision. He has also given us a full and perfect account of the religious rites and ceremonies of the age. The whole so artfully blended with the subject, and so skilfully interwoven into it, as to become an essential part of the poem. And while he is delighting the fancy with the harmony of his numbers, he informs the understanding, and enlarges the bounds of our knowledge- LIFE OF VIRGIL. As soon as it was known that Virgil had commenced the ^Eneid, the public expectation was raised very high ; and so great was the general enthusiasm on the occasion, that Sextius Propertius did not hesitate to say : Cedite, Roman! scriptores, cedite Grail ; Nescio quid majus nascitur Iliade. His delicate health caused considerable interruption in his labors ; and he found himself under the necessity of travelling, to sustain his feeble con- stitution. He visited Sicily, and several parts of Italy; but Naples was his favorite place of residence. He spent seven years in composing the first six books of the ^Eneid. X Augustus wished to hear what he had written, and desired him to recite them to him. The poet complied with the request of his prince ; and for this purpose, selected the second, fourth and sixth books. Into this last, he had incorporated, with an ingenious hand, the funeral rites of Marcel- lus, who died a short time before, and whom Augustus designed for his successor in the empire. He was a very promising youth, the darling of his mother, Octavia, and the favorite of the people. When the poet came to this part, Octavia, who was present, was so much affected, that she fainted away : and Augustus was so highly pleased with the compliment paid to his nephew, that he ordered ten sestertia to be given for every line of the eulogium. This amounted to a very large sum. The verse 165, had been left in an unfinished state, and in the heat of fancy, occasioned by the recital, it is said, the poet added the words, Martemque accenctere cantUj which complete the measure. In four years afterwards, he finished the remaining six books, so that the poet spent eleven years in writing the ^Eneid. At this time, he was in the fifty-first year of his age, and his health considerably impaired. He had revised the Eclogues and the Georgics, and continued to improve them till the year before his death, as appears from some passages, particularly the closing verses of the last Georgic. Augustus was on the banks of the Euphrates, in the year of Rome 734. At this time Virgil was fifty years of age, and the Georgics had been published ten years. It was the intention of Virgil to revise the ^Eneid also, before it was pub- lished. And for this end he visited the classic soil of Greece, where he purposed to devote three years to the poem : and, this being^ done, to turn his attention to philosophy. This, from his earliesF~years, had been his darling study, as he informs us in the latter part of the second Georgic ; and he wished to spend the remaining years of his life in contemplating the works of nature, and in elevating his mind to its divine Author. But soon after his arrival, his health became so delicate, and his strength so much exhausted, that he was obliged to relinquish it ; and Augustus being on his return from Asia, Virgil thought proper to accompany him. At Megara, a town not far from Athens, he became seriously indisposed, and apprehensions were entertained of his recovery. He hastened his return to Italy, but continued to decline, and a few days after his arrival at Brun- dusium, a town in the eastern part of Italy, he expired, on the 22d day of September, being nearly 51 years of .age. He died with that composure and resignation, which became so good and virtuous a man. He wished to be interred at Naples, the favorite place of his residence ; and Augustus- ordered his body to be removed thither, according to his desire ; where it was buried with every testimony of respect and esteem. Just before his. death, he wrote the following lines, as his epitaph : Mantua me genuit : Calabri rapuere : tenet mine: Parthenope : Cecini pascua. rura, duce*. &yW&* er/ , ^ .xvi LIFE OF VIRGIL, This was inscribed upon his tomb ; and it is characteristic ot" the modesty of that great poet and distinguished philosopher. It is said his tomb is to be seen at the present day on the road from Naples to Puteoli, about two miles from the former place. Virgil left a will. By it, he directed the ^Eneid to be burned, as being im- perfect and unfinisSied. But this was countermanded by Augustus, at whose desire, it is said, it was undertaken ; and we are indebted to him for the preservation of one of the greatest efforts of human genius. The manu- script was put into the hands of Varus, Tucca and Plotius, all friends of Virgil, and poets of some distinction, with direction to expunge whatever they deemed improper ; but to make no additions themselves. To this circumstance it is probably owing that we find so many imperfect lines in the JEneid. Virgil died in the possession of a large estate, the half of which he be- queathed to Valerius Proculus, his half-brother, on his mother's side. Of the rest, he gave half to Augustus, and the remainder to Maecenas, Tucca. Varus and Plotius. Virgil was tall and of a brown complexion, extremely temperate and regular in his habits. His constitution was feeble, and his health often delicate. He was much afflicted with a pain in his head and stomach ; and often with the spitting of blood. He was extremely modest, and even bashful to a fault, attended with a hesitation in his speech. Like other great men he had his enemies and detractors : but their aspersions only served to increase his fame, and add new lustre to it. Virgil has been emphatically styled the prince of Latin poets ; and it has not been decided whether the palm should be awarded to the Roman or Grecian poet. It is true, Virgil was much indebted to Homer, who may be considered the master; but the pupil had the happy talent of making every thing that passed through his hands, his own. The condition of these two great favorites of the Muses was very diffe- rent in their lives. Homer, as his name implies, was blind ; and so hum- ble was his birth and parentage, that the place of his nativity has not been ascertained. He wrote the Iliad and Odyssey in detached pieces, and recited them in the various cities of Greece, to obtain a subsistence. Virgil wrote under the auspices of one of the greatest of princes, and nothing was wanting that could contribute to his ease and comfort. His friends were the best and the greatest men of the age. He was honored in his life, and lamented in his death. Homer left no friend to point the travel- ler to his monument ; and nearly four centuries rolled away, before his countrymen sufficiently appreciated his merits, to collect his scattered productions, and rescue them from oblivion. The world is indebted to Pisistratus, an Athenian, for the preservation of these inimitable poems; which are, and will ever be, the delight, and, at the same time, the wonder and admiration of civilized man. INTRODUCTION TO THE BUCOLICS, OF the several kinds of poetry, none is more generally admired than the pastoral. Its subjects, the variegated scenes of the country, the innocent employments of shepherds and shepherdesses, possess charms which never fail to please and interest our minds. But this species of poetry is difficult in execution ; which may be the reason that there have been so few, who excelled in it. If the poet were to make his shepherd talk like a courtier, a philosopher, or a statesman, we should immediately perceive the impropriety ; or were he to make him utter low and vulgar sentiments, we should turn from him with disgust. The medium is the true course. To maintain this, how- ever, at all times, is no easy matter. Theocritus was the only pastoral writer of eminence among the Greeks, and Virgil among the Romans. The former denominated his pastorals Idyllia, the latter Eclogce. Virgil, however, cannot so properly be called an original pastoral writer, as an imitator of Theocritus. Many of his finest touches are taken from the Grecian. He imitated him, however, with judgment, and in some respects improved upon him, particularly in preserving the true character of pastoral simplicity ; in which the other on many occasions failed. The word Bucolica is of Greek derivation, and signifies pastoral songs, or the songs of shepherds. Virgil denominated his Bucolica, Eclogce; which is also from a Grqek word signifying to choose or select out of. The Eclogues are, then, a selection of choice pieces, such as he thought worthy of publication. He began this part of his works in the twenty -ninth year of his age, and in the year of Rome 713 ; and finished it in the space of three years. The Eclogues were so well received by his countrymen, that they were pro- nounced publicly on the stage. After hearing one of them, Cicero, it is said, did not hesitate to say of him : Mag-rue spes altera Roma. It appears to have been the design of Virgil in writing his pastorals, to celebrate the praises of Augustus, and of some other of his friends at Rome, particularly Maecenas and Pollio. QUESTIONS. What are the subjects of pastoral poetry? At what age did he begin this part of his Does this kind of poetry possess any pe- works ? culiar charms ? In what year of Rome ? Is it difficult in execution ? How many years did he spend in writing Who among the Greeks was the first the Eclogues? pastoral poet of eminence? Were they well received by his country- What did he call his pastorals? men? What did Virgil denominate his ? What was probably the reason of m> In what light are we to consider Virgil, writing the Eclogues ? as a pastoral poet ? P. VIRGILII MARONIS BUCOLICA. ECLOGA PRIMA. MELIBCEUS, TITYRUS. AT the termination of the civil war, which placed Augustus securely on the Imperial throne, to reward his soldiers for their services, he gave them the lands lying about Mantua and Cremona, dispossessing the former owners. Among the unfortunate suf- ferers was Virgil himself; who, however, by the interest of Maecenas with the Emperor, received his lands again. In the character of Tityrus, the poet sets forth his own good fortune ; and in that of Meli- boeus, the calamity of his Mantuan neighbors. This is the subject of the pastoral. The scene is laid in a beautiful landscape. A shepherd, with his flock feeding around him, is lying at ease under a wide-spreading beech-tree : the sun is approaching the horizon : shadows are falling from the mountains : the air is tranquil and serene : the smoke is ascending from the neighboring villages. This scenery a painter could copy. MEL. TITYRE, tu patulaa recubans sub tegmine fagi, Sylvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena : Nos patriae fines, et dulcia linquimus arva ; Nos patriam fugimus : tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida sylvas. 5 TIT. O Melibcee, Deus nobis haec otia fecit. 8. Stepe tener agnus Namque erit ille mihi semper Deus : illius aram ab nostris. Saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus. 9< Ille P ermisit Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum ^ SE? Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti. 10 qu ae. MEL. Non equidem invideo : miror magis : undique 14. Namque modo Usque adeo turbatur agris. En ipse capellas [totis connixa gemellos, spem Protenus apr ago : hanc etiam vix, Tityre, duco : E&tL Jiic inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos, i n nuda silice. NOTES. 1. Fagi : gen. of Fagus, the beech-tree. 9. Errare. To feed at laro-e. It is glandiferous. 2. Sylvestrem musam. A pastoral sono-. __ 10 ; Calamo agresti : upon a rural reed. Avena: properly oats. By Met. the straw; Musical instruments were at first made of and hence an oaten, or oat-straw pipe Me- oat ' or wheat stra w ; then of reeds and box- ditaris : you practise or exercise. ' wood J a fterwards of the leg bones of the 3. Aroa. neu. plu. properly cultivated crane ; of the homs of a nimals, &c. Hence fields : from the verb aro. tliev are called dvena, stipula ; calamus^ 4. Tu lentus: thou at 'ease in the shade, ">^ cicuta, fistula; buxus, tibia, cornua, dost teach the woods, c. rfmaryllida, a &c> Greek ace. of Amaryllis. See 31.' infra. 12. Turbatur usque adeo totis, &c. Lit. 6. Deus. A god, namely Augustus, who It is disturbed so much in the whole coun- had reinstated him in his possessions ; and try all around. There is so much commo- whom the Romans had deified. Hcec otia : tion in the whole country, I wonder that us rest or ease. Otium is opposed to labor you should enjoy such peace and quiet. l " sia-nincatiou. * 14. Coryfo/: Hazles Gemello*: twins. Vl&GlLli MAROMS Spem gregis, ah ! silice in nuda connixa reliquit. 15 Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva iuisset, 17. Memini quercus De coelo tactas memini praedicere quercus : tactasdecffilossepeprre-gggpe s i n i s tra cava praedixit ab ilice comix. Sed tamen, ille Deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. 20. Ego stultus pu- TIT. Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Melibcee, putavi tavi urbem, quam di- Stultus ego huic nostrae similem, quo saepe solemus cunt Romam esse simi- p astores ov i um teneros depellere foetus. ' lemhuicnostrtcJiian/wa. 22 . ., , , . ., A ., , , Sic cambus catulos similes, sic matnbus hoedos Noram : sic parvis componere magna solebam. 25. Heec Roma extu- Verum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, 25 Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. MEL. Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi ? TIT. Libertas : qua3 sera, tamen respexit inertem ; Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat : Respexit tamen, et longo post tempore venit, 30 Postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit. Namque (fatebor enim) dum me Galatea tenebat, NOTES. 1 6. Hoc malum nobis. There seems to be required here, to make the sense complete, the words : and I might have understood it ; si mens, &c. If my mind had not been foolish. 18. Sinistra cornix : the ill-boding crow. The Romans were very superstitious. They considered every thing as ominous. The flight of some kinds of birds, the croaking of others, the darting of a meteor, a peal of thunder, were signs of good or bad luck. Those that appeared on their left hand, for the most part, they considered unlucky. Hence sinister and ICPVUS came to signify unlucky, ill-boding, c. And those that appeared on their right hand, they consi- dered to be lucky. Hence, dexter came to signify fortunate, lucky, &c. The best rea- son that can be given, why they used sinis- ter and I(RVUS, sometimes in a good, at other times in a bad sense, is, that they occasion- ally interpreted the omens after the manner of the Greeks, who considered those that appeared in the eastern part of the heavens to be lucky ; and turning their faces to the north, as their custom was, they would be seen on the right hand. Ths Romans, on the contrary, turned their faces to the south in observing the omens ; and conse- quently, their left hand would be toward the east, corresponding to the right hand of the Greeks. Ilice : the holm-oak. 19. Qwi sit Deus: who may be that God of yours, of whom you speak ? Da nobis : tell me. JVb&i's : in the sense of mihi. 20. Romam. Rome, a city of Italy, situ- ated on the river Tiber, founded by Romu- lus 753 years before Christ. Mantua was a city of the Cis-Alpine Gaul, now Lom- bardy, situated on the eastern bank of the river Mincius, which falls into the Po. 22. Fcztus. This word signifies the young of any thing or kind, whether animate or inanimate. We have introduced it into our language without any variation. Teneros fudus ovium, simply, our lambs. 23. Sic canibus, c. This passage Ser- vius thus explains : I thought before that Rome resembled Mantua and other cities, as I knew whelps and kids resemble their dams or mothers, differing only in size. In this I was mistaken : I find it to be of a different species from other cities, as the cypress differs from the shrub. 24. Componere : in the sense ofcompararc. 25. Extulit caput : hath raised its head. A figurative expression,but extremely beautiful. 26. Vibuma, plu. of viburnum, a species of shrub. Some take it for a withy, others for the wild-vine. 28. Libertas. Virgil here speaks of him- self as being an old man, having a hoary beard, and as having been a slave. Nei- ther of which was the case. But it was not necessary for him to describe himself in all his circumstances. That would have been too plain, and would have taken from the beauty of the pastoral. Inertem : indolent inactive. Sera : late in life. 29. Candidior barba : my gray, or hoary beard. The comp. is here plainly to be taken in the sense of the pos. tondenti : to me shaving it. 31. Amaryllis Galatea. Some think these are to be taken allegorically ; the former for Rome, the latter for Mantua. But this is not necessary ; nor will it be easy to support the allegory throughout. It is better to take them literally, for the names of the poet's mistresses. Servius thinks nothing in the Bucolics is to be taken allegorically. Dr. Trapp thinks Virgil insinuates that his old mistress Galatea was in favour of Brutus, and his new one Amaryllis in favor of Au- gustus ; and by changing mistresses, he de- BUCOLIC A. ECL. I. resDeoseicui patereris. Nec spes libertatis erat, nee cura peculi : Quamvis multa meis exiret victima septis, Pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus urbi, 35 Non unquam gravis sere domum mihi dextra redibat. MEL. Mirabar, quid moesta Deos, Amarylli, vocares, 37. Mirabar, quid in Cui pendere su& patereris in arbore poma. mce ? ta ' Amarylli, voca- Tityrus hinc aberat. IpsaB te, Tityre, pinus, Ipsi te fontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. TIT. Quid facerem 1 neque servitio me exire licebat, Nec tarn pra^sentes alibi co^noscere divos. Hie ilium vidi juvenem, Meliboee, quotannis Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. Hie mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti : Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri : submittite tauros. MEL. Fortunate senex ! ergo tua rura manebunt : Et tibi magna satis : quamvis lapis omnia nudus, Limosoque palus obducat pascua junco : Non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fcetas, Nec mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent. Fortunate senex ! hie inter flumina nota, Et fontes sacros, frigus captabis opacum. i 45 54. Hinc sepes, quae 5" dividit tuum agrum ab vicino limite, semper depasta quoad florem salicti Hyblffiis apibus, TT . .,. . . i i- seepe suadebit tibi inire Hmc tibi, qua? semper vicino ab limite sepes somnum levi susurro Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti, 55 apum. NOTES. licately hints at his changing political sides, and in consequence thereof leaving Mantua, and going to Rome. From the circumstance of Augustus de- priving the Mantuans of their lands, we may infer that they were generally in favor of the Republic, and Virgil might have been of that party, till all hope of liberty was lost, and prudence dictated a change of politics. Galatea reliquit, is for reliqui Ga- lateam, by Euphemismus. After he had left Galatea, "and transferred his affections to Amaryllis, he obtained liberty and pro- perty : that is, after he had changed poli- tical sides. 33. Peculi. By apocope for Peculii. This word properly denotes the property of a slave that which his master suffers him to possess, and call his own. In this sense, it is peculiarly proper, as Virgil here speaks of himself as having been in that humiliating condition. .35. Urbi. The city Mantua. 36. Non unquam, &c. Never did my right hand return home heavy with money. Mihi : in the sense of mea. 40. Arbusta : the groves themselves, &c. There is a great beauty in the personification of inanimate things; or attributing to them the actions of real life. The Arbusta were large pieces of ground set with elms or other trees, commonly at the distance of about 40 feet, to leave room for corn to grow between them. They were sometimes pruned, and served for stages to the vine. The verb vo- cab.ant is to be repeated with each of the nominatives preceding, and to govern the pronoun te. 42. Prcesentes : propitious or favorable. Alibi : in any other place any where else. Cognoscere : to experience, or find. 43. Hie. Here, at Rome. Juvinem : Oc- tavius, who was then about twenty-two years of age ; afterward by a decree of the senate called Augustus. Cui nostra: for whom our altars smoke, &c. in honor of,&c, 46. Pueri. Swains. The word puer pro- perly signifies a boy, in opposition to a girl also a male slave or waiter. 49. Obducat omnia pascua, &c. Ruseus understands this not of Virgil's own lands, but of the lands of his neighbors. Dr. Trapp very justly rejects this interpretation. The poet is felicitating himself on his good fortune under the character of an old man. And, though his farm was covered over partly with rocks and stones, and partly with a marsh ; yet no unusual or improper pasture should injure his (graves fcetas) preg- nant ewes; nor any noxious contagion of a neighboring flock should infect or hurt them. Fctfa: the female of any kind big with young a breeder. 52. Inter flumina nota. The Mincius and Po. 55. Sapes depasta Jlorem, &c. This con- struction frequently occurs among the poets, and is in imitation of the Greeks ; who sometimes placed the noun or pronoun in the ace. case, omitting the governing prep. Fed upon as to, or with respect to, its flo-wfr of urillo-u; &c. Hybfais, an adj. from Hy- P. V1RG1L1I MAKOMS Saepe levi somnum suadebit iniresusurro. Hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras. Nee tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes, Nee gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo. TIT. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi, Et freta destituent nudos in litore pisces : Ante, pererratis amborum finibus, exul 65. At DOS expuhi Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut GermaniaTigrin), liinc, alii nostrum ibi- Quam nostro illius labatur pectore vultus. mus ad sitientes Afros, ]y[ EL< ^ t nos n j nc a jij sitientes ibimus Afros, S r Sc n ?n VeiUemUS Pars Scythiam, et rapidum Crete veniemus Oaxem, 68. En uriquam mi- Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. rabor videns patrios En unquam patrios longo post tempore fines, NOTES. bla, a town and mountain in Sicily, famous for honey. Vicino limite : from the neigh- boring field. Hinc: on the one hand. It is opposed to the Hinc in line 57. infra ; which is to be rendered : on the other hand. 57. Ad auras : to the air aloud, so as to pierce the air. 60. Ante. The ante in this line is mere- ly expletive ; the sense is complete without it. 61. Destituent : in the sense of relinquent. 62. Ante, pererratis, &c. Parthus, by Synec. for the Parthians collectively. They were a people descended from the Scythians, and possessed that part of Asia, which is bounded on the west by Media, on the north by the Caspian sea, on the east by Bactri- ana, and on the south by the deserts of Car- mania, hi process of time, they became very powerful, and were the most formida- ble enemies of the Persians : and from their frequent conquests over that people, are sometimes confounded with them. Germa- ii ia. An extensive country in Europe, put,. by meton. for the inhabitants of that coun- try. Ararim. A river of France arising from mount Vogesus (hodie Vauge) and run- ning in a southern direction, falls into the Rhodanus at Lyons, and along with it, into the Mediterranean. It is famous for the bridge built over it by Julius Csesar. Its present name is the Soane. Tigrim. This is a very rapid river of Asia, rising in Arme- nia, and taking a southerly direction, pass- ing by Mesopotamia and Assyria, unites with the Euphrates, and with it falls into the Sinus Persicus. The Araris is not in Germany properly so called. But it is well known that the Germans extended their conquests beyond that river, and effected settlements among the Sequani, and other nations of Gaul. Nor is the Tigris in Par- thia proper. But the Partliians extended their conquests, as far west as the Euphra- tes. Not far from this river they vanquish- ed Crassus, the Roman general. The mean- ing of this passage, which hath so much divided the opinions of commentators, ap- pears to be this: that these two nations. the Germans and the Parthians, shall ex- change countries with each other (Jiriil,v.i amborum pererratis) sooner than (ante quani) the image of that youth should be effaced from his breast. But the former could 1 1 be; therefore, the latter would remain. Ptr- t'rrniis. in the sense of Permutatis. 65. Sitientes: thirsting or parched. This epithet is peculiarly proper for the inhabi- tants of Africa, the greater part of which lies between the tropics. 66. Srythutm. The Scythians were a brave and warlike people, leading a wan- dering life. They extended their conquests over a very considerable part of Europe and Asia. Hence the term Sr-ytliia came to be used indefinitely, to denote any part or the whole of the northern parts of Europe and Asia. Oaxis: a river <>('( ><' ; a island in the Mediterranean. It is celebra- ted for having been the birth-place of Jupi- ter, and for its having oace had a hundred cities, f^eniemus.'m the sense of ibimus. 68. I'liiuii'jtHini. Alas! shall I ever won- der, beholding, &c. Germanus, Ruajus and Davidson connect aliquot aristas with mea regna. But Dr. Trapp takes post aliquot aristas to mean after some years; and con- strues mea regna with culmcn tugnri. It is true, arista; may be taken for years. But aliquot aristas does not very well answer to the Longo tempore post, mentioned just be- fore. And if it did, it would be only a use- less repetition. But connect aliquot with mea regna, as in the ordo; any impro- priety of this kind is removed ; and we have a beautiful representation of Melibceus's possessions ; which consisted in a few acres of land, lying adjacent to his cottage, the roof of which just rose above the corn that was planted around it, and might not im- properly be said to be concealed among it, or behind it. Tuguri, by apocope, for 7V- gurii. Congestum respiti : covered over with turf. BUCOLICA. ECL. II. Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen, fines longo tempore post, Post aliquot, mea regna, videos mirabor aristas 'I 70 et c . ulme " pauperis tu- Impius haac tarn culta novalia miles habebit ? S2rt55tfc Barbarus has segetes ? En quo discordia cives tas, tota raea regna. Perduxit miseros ! en queis consevimus agros ! Insere nunc, Melibcee, pyros, pone ordine vites : Ite mea?, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. 75 Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro, 76. Ego posthacpro- Dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo. J ectus in viridi antro Carmina nulla canam : non, me pascente, capelte ! H J^f V S Pr Wl i"i T **f\ peiiuere.* rJorentem cytisum et sauces carpetis amaras. ^ --.._ 79 TIT. Hie tamen hanc mecum poteris requiescere rioc- Fronde super viridi. Sunt nobis mitia poma, [tern Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis. Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. NOTES. 71. Novalia: fallow-ground. had labored, and had improved his lands, to 72. Quo : whither to what state of mi- be now P oss essed by a cruel soldier. sery. Perduxit : hath reduced, or brought. 82 ' C P ia P ressi lactis ' a plenty of curds and cheese. Molles, may here mean ripe, 74. Insere nunc, &e. Mehboaus says this or soft and smooth, in opposition to the hir- iromcally to himself, being vexed that he suta, or rough. . QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this pastoral ? Where is the scene of the pastoral laid ? To reward his troops, what did Augustus What is the time of the day ? What is the state of the atmosphere ? Who 3 represented under the character To what isotium opposed? Were the Romans a superstitious people ? Who undor that of Melibceus ? ECLOGA SECUNDA. ALEXIS. THE subject of this charmmg pastoral is the passion of the shepherd Corydon for the Beautiful youth Alexis. The shepherd complains of the cruelty of the boy in slight- ing his overtures ; and withal advises him not to trust too much to his complexion and ity. He endeavors to prevail on him to visit the country, where he promises to tertam him with music, nuts, apples, and flowers. But when he finds nothing will avail he resolves to seek, another lover. By Corydon some understand Virgil himself, and by Alexis a beautiful slave, belonging to his friend and patron, Mafcenas. I u several parts of this pastoral, the poet is indebted to Theocritus The sc.no is laid i , Sicily. FORMOSUM pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim, Delicias,domini : nee, quid speraret, habebat. NOTES. for TV hegwatly loyedr-he burned 2. Delicias : the darling-the delight of ieffree of'hiTn VWy follbly ** * his master ' li is P laced in apposition with f his passion, j kxim . It is used on , in t 3 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 3. Inter densas fagos Tantum inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos Jabentes umbrosa cacu- Assidue veniebat : ibi base incondita solus Montibus et sylvis studio jactabat inani. O crudelis Alexi, nihil mea carmina curas : Nil nostri miserere : mori me denique coges. Nunc etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant ; Nunc virides etiam occultant spineta lacertos : 10. Thestylis contun- Thestylis et rapido fessis niessoribus 33stu it allia serpyllumque, Allia ser pyllumque herbas contundit olentes. olentes herbas, messo- . A r J ? . . , ribus fessis rapido sestu. At mecum raucis, tua dum vestigia lustro, At, dum lustro tua ves- Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. tjgia, arbusta. Nonne fuit satius tristes Amaryllidis iras, Atque superba pati fastidia ? nonne Menalcan ? Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses. O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori : Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. Despectus tibi sum, riec qui sim quaeris, Alexi : Quam dives pecoris nivei, quam lactis abundans. Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae : x3. Canto carmina, T ., . /!/> quse Dircteus Amphion ^ ac mini non testate novum, non trigore dent. solitus est cantare. Canto, qua solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, NOTES. - 10 15 4. Ibi solus jactabat, &c. There alone fie poured forth these indigested complaints. Jac- tabat: he threw them away they were of no avail to him, because they were unheed- ed by Alexis. 5. Inani studio : with unavailing pleasure, or fondness. He speaks the language of a Jover. The beauty and accomplishments of the boy had taken possession of his affec- tions. He dwells upon them with rapture and delight. But all this is vain and una- vailing. The boy regards him not. He then breaks forth : O crudelis Alexi, nihil mea carmina curas, c. 7. Ml. This word is often used in the sense of non, as a simple negative. So also is nihil. 9. Lacertos: lizards. Spinetum: a place where thorns and prickly shrubs grow : here put for the thorns themselves, by meton. 10. Thestylis. The name of a servant; taken from Theocritus. 11. Allia: plu. of allium, an herb called garlic. Serpyllum: wild-thyme, or running- betony ; an odoriferous herb. 13. Cicadis. The cicada is an insect of the species of the grasshopper, making a very hoarse and disagreeable noise, parti- cularly in the heat of the day. Satius : in the sense of melius. 15. Menalcan. A Greek ace. of Menal- cas. See Eel. 3. Fastidia : plu. offastidium : disdain haughtiness. Pati: to bear en- dure. 18. Ligustra : plu. of Ligustrum : a, privet or with-bind, a species of shrub or plant bearing very white flowers; taken for the flowers themselves, by meton. Vaccinia: the blackberries or bilberries. Some take them for the Hyacinth of Theocritus, whom Virgil here imitates. The meaning of the poet is this : as the privets, though white and fair, (cadunt^) lie neglected because they are useless ; and the blackberry is gathered and saved for its usefulness: so, Alexis, shall you, though fair and beautiful to the sight, be neglected for your pride ; while Menalcas, though black and swarthy, shall be loved for his good disposition, and his conciliating temper. 21. Sicuhs. The mountains of Sicily are mentioned, either because they are famed for excellent pastures, or because the scene of the pastoral is laid in that country. 22. JEstate: in summer. Frigore : in winter. 23. Siquando: the same as quando. When he called his herds. It was usual with shep- herds to walk before their sheep, and call them. 24. Amphion. A celebrated musician, said to have been the son of Jupiter and An- tiope, and born on mount Cythera. He was king of Thebes, and is said to have built the walls of that city by the music of his lyre. We are to understand by this, perhaps, his persuading, by his eloquence, a barbarous people to unite, and build a city for their common safety. His mother was wife to Lycus, king of Thebes, and put away by him for the sake of Dirce, whom he married. Dirc&us : an adj. either from Dirce his step- mother, or from a fountain of that name in Beotia. Aracyntho: a town and mountain COLIC A. ECL. 11. Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho. Nee sum adeo informis : nuper me in litore vidi, &5 Cum placidum ventis staret mare : non ego Daphnim, Judice te, metuam, si nunquam fallat imago. O tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura, Atque humileshabitare casas, et figere cervos, Hcedorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco ! 30 , Mecum una in sylvis imitabere Pana canendo. Pan primus calamos cera conjungere plures Instituit : Pan curat oves, oviumque magistros. Nee te poeniteat calamo trivisse labellum. Haec eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas ? Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis Fistula, Damoetas dono mihi quam dedit olim : Et dixit moriens : Te nunc habet ista secundum. Dixit Damoetas : invidit stultus Amyntas. Praterea duo, nee tuta mihi valle reperti, Capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo, Bina die siccant ovjs ubera : quos tibi servo. Jampridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat : Et faciet : quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra. Hue ades, 6 formose puer. Tibi lilia plenis 35 38. Nunc ista, fistula habet te secundum do- minum. 40 40. Duo capreoli re- perti mihi,nec tuta valle, siccant bina ubera ovis in die, pellibus etiam nunc sparsis albo. 45 NOTES. in Beotia. But why it should be called Ac- t verum ^ gonis . nuper mihi tradidit ^ liboei : non : verum est T** T c r i -.T pecus JE,gonis ME * lr " ellx > semper, oves, pecus! ipse Neaeram Dum fovet, ac, ne me sibi praeferat ilia, veretur, Hie alienus oves custos bis mulget in bora : 5 Et succus pecori, et lac subducitur agnis. DA. Parcius ista viris tamen objicrenda / memento. c - 8. Novimus et qui Novimus et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis, wruperint te et in quo Et quo ged faciles Nymphae risere, sacello. sacello, hircis tuentibus w / transversa, sed ME * * um credo > cum me arbustum videre Mycoms, 10 10. Turn, credo, i/te Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas. riserunt, cum vidgre me DA. Aut bic ad veteres fagos, cum Daphnidis arcum incidere arbustum Fregisti et calamos : quae tu, perverse Menalca, Et cum vidisti puero donata, dolebas ; Iff. Audent/om-c ta- Et, si non aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses. 15 lia ME. Quid domini facient, audent cum talia fures 1 NOTES. 1. Cujum: an adj. agreeing \viihpecus: minished or taken away proportionably in the sense of cujus. from their young. This was a heavy charge 2. J&on. ught against Damffitas. He highly re- ted it. . Traversa: crosswise-asquint. An . er young. s was a eavy carge 2. J&gon. The name of a shepherd, the brought against Damffitas. He highly re- rival of Menalcas in the love of JVetera. sented it. 3. T , infeUx pecus . The sheep are the called unhappy, because their master ^Egon, while in love with JVeora, had given up all 9 - SaeeUo : any place consecrated to the care of them ; and because they had fallen worship of God a cave or grotto ; as in into the hands of a hireling, who treated the present case. them so inhumanly. 10. Arbustum : properly, a place planted 5. Alienus. An alien, or hireling shep- with trees for vines to grow up by. By a d ~~ c t ustos ' meton. the trees themselves. See Eel. I. 40. 6. Succus : may. mean the same with lac Novellas : new, or young. mentioned just after. By milking the dams, 13. QIME tu, &c. Which (bow and arrows) the natural food (lac) of the young would ichen you saw given to the boy, yoii both grieved, be taken from them, and they suffered to and would have died, if you had not, in some starve. Or succus may mean nourishment way, injured him. in general. It being taken away or dimi- 16. Fures : slaves. They were sometimes mshed to the dams, the milk would be di- so called, because notorious for stealing. UUCOL1CA. ECL. III. 13 20 JSon ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprurn E:dp>ere insidiis, multum latrante lycisca ? Kt cum clamarem ; " Quo nunc se proripit ille ? Tityre, coge pecus :" tu post carecta latebas. DA. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille, Quern mea carminibus meruisset fistula, caprum '! Si nescis, meus ille caper fuit ; et mihi Damon Ipse fatebatur, sed reddere posse negabat. ME. Cantando tu ilium ? aut unquam tibi fistula cera 25 Juncta fuit ? rion tu in triviis, indocte, solebas Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen ? DA. Vis ergo inter nos, quid possit uterque, vicissim Experiamur ? ego hanc vitulam (ne forte recuses, Bis venit ad mulctram, binos alit ubere foetus) 30 Depono : tu die, mecum quo pignore certes. ME. De grege non ausim quicquam deponere tecum. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca : Bisque die numerant ambo pecus ; alter et hcedos. Verum, id quod multo tute ipse fatebere majus, Insanire libet quoniam tibi, pocula ponam Fagina, ccelatum divini opus Alcimedontis : Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis Diffuses hedera vestit pallente corymbos. In rnedio duo signa, Conon : et quis fuit alter, 25. Tu vicisli ilium cantando ? 35 40 35. Verum, quoniam libet tibiinsanire,ponarri id quod tute ipse fate- bere esse multo majus pignus, nempe, duo fagi- na poeula,ccelatum opus NOTES. 18. Lycisca. A mongrel dog an animal half dog and half wolf. 20. Post carecta: behind the sedges. See Eel. 1. 68. 21. An non victus cantando: vanquished in singing, should he not return to me the goat which, &c. 26. Triviis. Trivium, a place in which three ways met. So Bivium and Quadrivium, places in which two and four ways met. Disperdere miserum carmen: to murder a sorry, or wretched tune, on a squeaking straw- pipe. 30. Ubere : the udder. By meton. for the milk contained in it. Fcetus : calves. 31. Quo pignore: with what pledge or bet. Tell me what pledge you will put against my heifer. 34. Ambo numerant: they both count the flock twice in a day ; and one counts the kids. Pecus is properly a flock or herd of neat- cattle, as here. Alter, properly is one of two unus, one of many. 36. Insanire: to be beside yourself to play the fool ; by contending with me, who am so much more skilful than you. Pocula fa- gina : beechen bowls made of the beech- wood. 37. Alcimedontis. The name of a very skilful and ingenious carver. Mr. Martin thinks he was some intimate friend of Vir- gil, who wished to transmit his name to posterity. History is silent respecting him. 38. Lenta vitis quibus: around which a limber vine, superadded by the easy carving in- strument, covers over (mantles) the diffused (loosely hanging) clusters with palejxy. These lines are somewhat intricate, and have divided the opinions of commentators. RUSBUS takes quibus in the abl. and inter- prets facili torno by ope facilis torni. Dr. Trapp and some others take facili torno in the dat. and understand by it the wood after it is smoothed and polished in the turner's lathe, by meton. Davidson, on the other hand, takes quibus for the dat. and facilis torno for the abl. but then he takes these last for the ingenious carver, or easy skilful work- man, which he might do by meton. The sense I have given is the most natural and easy. The meaning of the poet is this : That each of these bowls was engraved or carved with vine and ivy boughs, so curiously interwoven, that the ivy-berries were shaded or mantled with the limber or pliant vine. 40. Conon. The name of a famous ma- thematician and astronomer of Santos, a co- temporary and friend of Archimedes. Signa: figures. Et quis fuit alter ? Thisisavery pleasant turn. There is something agreeable in this picture of pastoral simplicity. He had mentioned the name of one, but had forgotten the name of the other. He turns to himself and asks: quis fuit alter? but the name not recurring to him, he goes on to describe him bv- his works : It was he. 14 P. V1RGILII MARON1S Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbein .' Tempora quae messor, quae curvus arator haheret '^) Necdum iliis labra admovi, sed condita servo. DA. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit, Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho : 45 Orpheaque in medio posuit, sylvasque sequentes. Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo. Si ad vitulam spectes, nihil est quod pocula laudes. * ME. Nunquam hodie effugies : veniam quocunque vo- Audiat haDC tantum vel qui venit : ecce, Palaemon : [cfiris. Efficiam posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas. ' 51 DA. Quin age, si quid babes ; in me mora non erit ulla : Nee quemquam fugio : tantum, vicine PalaBmon, NOTES. who, &c. It is supposed that Aratus or Archimedes is meant. The former wrote in Greek a treatise concerning the situation and motions of the heavenly bodies: which was translated into Latin. The latter was a famous mathematician and astrono- mer of Syracuse, in Sicily. By the help of his burning-glasses and engines, he nobly defended that city when besieged by the Romans under Marcellus. After a siege of three years, however, it was taken by stra- tagem. Archimedes was slain by a soldier, while in the act of demonstrating a propo- sition. 45. Amplexus est ansas : he encircled the handles around with soft acanthus. The parts of the verb are here separated for the sake of the verse, by Tmesis. Acantho : a plant called Beards-foot. 46. Orphea: ace. of Greek ending. Orpheus was a most ancient and excellent poet, the son of CEagrus, king of Thrace. But according to fable, he was the son of Apollo and Caliope, one of the Muses. He received a lyre from Apollo, some say from Mercury, upon which he performed in such a masterly manner, that the rivers ceased to flow the savage beasts forgot their ferocity and the lofty oaks bowed their heads and listened to his song. He was beloved by all the nymphs. Eurydice alone could make an impression on his mind. He married her; but their happiness was short. For Aristceus fell in love with her ; and fleeing from him, a serpent lying in the way wounded her in the foot, of which she died. Orpheus was so much afflicted at the loss, that he resolved to recover her, or perish in the attempt. For this purpose, he descend- ed to Hell, and gained admittance to Pluto, who was so charmed with his music, that he consented to restore to him his wife, upon the condition that he would forbear to look behind him till he passed the bounds of his empire. The condition was accepted ; but as they were very near the region of light, the unhappy lover turned his eyes fo behold his long-lost Eurydice. He saw hrr but she immediately vanished away. H<* attempted to follow her, but was refused. The only consolation he could find, was in the sound of his lyre in groves and moun- tains apart from society. The Thracian women, whom by his neglect and coldness he had offended, set upon him, while they were celebrating the orgies of Bacchus, and having torn his body in pieces, they threw his head into the river Hebrus, which con- tinued to articulate Eurydice! Eurydice! as it was carried down the stream into the TEgean sea. After his death, some say, he received divine honors. His lyre was trans- ferred to the heavens, and made a constel- lation. Sequentes : obedient to liis lyre. 47. Condita : laid up safe : a part, from conrfo, agreeing with pocula. 49. Nunquam effugies hodie : you shall by no means avoid the trial this day. Damos- tas had proposed to stake an heifer which Menalcas said he could not do through fear of his father and step-mother ; but proposed to pledge his bowls. Damoetas insisted upon the heifer, and so seemed to avoid the con- test, because the conditions could not be accepted by Menalcas. At length, however, confident of victory, and laying aside his fear, he says: Veniam quocunque vocdris: I will come to any conditions you shall pro- pose. Accordingly the bowls are laid aside* and a heifer is the prize. 50. Tantum vel quivenit, &c. Only (1 have nothing more to say) even let nim who comes yonder, hear these things. Menalcas was so sure of victory, that he was willing to submit to the decision of any third per- son; and accordingly seeing some person at a distance, says : even let him, who is coming there, be the judge of our contro- versy, whoever he may be. Upon his near approach, discovering who ho was, he says : behold, it is Palaemon our neighbor, f / in the sense ofcantu. 51. Efficiam: I will cause. 53. Fugio: in the sense ofrecusn. BITCOLICA. ECL. Ill, 15 Sensibus hsec imis, res est non parva, reponas. j^L. Dicite : quandoquideminmolli consedimusherba : Et mine omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos ; 56 Nunc frondent sylvse, nunc formosissimus annus. Incipe, Damoeta : tu deinde sequere, Menalca. Alternis dicetis : amant alterna Camenae. DA. Ab Jove principium, Musae ; Jovis omnia plena : 60. O musse, princi- Ille colit terras, illi mea carmina curae. 61 P ium omnium est ab ME. Et me Phoebus amat : Phoebo sua semper apud : a , . 62. Sunt Phoebo sem- Munera sunt, laun, et suave rubens hyacmthus. [me per apud me sua mu _ DA. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella : nera, nempe, lauri Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. 65 ME. At mihi sese offert ultro, meus ignis, Amyntas : Notior ut jam sit canibus non Delia nostris. DA. Parta meae Veneri sunt munera : namque notavi Ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere palumbes. * ME. Quod potui, puero sylvestri ex arbore lecta 70 Aurea mala decem misi : eras altera mittam. DA. O quoties, et quae nobis Galatea locuta est ! Partem aliquam, venti, divum referatis ad aures. ME. Quid prodest, quod me ipse animo non spernis, Si, durn tu sectaris apros, ego retia servo ? [Amynta, DA. Phyllida mitte mihi, meus est natalis, lola. 76 Cum faciam vitul&, pro frugibus, ipse venito. ME. Phyllida amo ante alias : nam me discedere flevit : 71. Quod solum potui ere 72 - Et qua dttfews vr- NOTES. 54. Imis sensibus : your deepest attention, or thoughts. Res : the controversy. 59. Alternis : in alternate verses. This is called carmen amceb&um. It consists not solely in the dialogue ; but requires that what the first says shall be replied to by the other upon the same or similar subject. Carolina, or verses, is understood. Camcenee: the Muses. It was formerly written Car- mencK, and Casmcnm. Theme, carmen. 60. Musa. They were nine in number, the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. They were supposed to preside over the arts and sciences. They were born in Pieria in Macedonia, and were said to re- side on mount Helicon and mount Parnassus, the former in Beotia, the latter in Phocis. Their names are: Calliope, Clio, Erato, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Poh/hymnia, and Urania. 61. Hie colit: he regards the earth he regards my verses. 62. Phccbus. The same as Apollo and Sol; the son of Jupiter and Latona. The laurel and hyacinth were sacred to him. Hence they are called sua munera, his own gifts. See Eel. IV. 10. 66. Ignis : properly a fire or flame. By meton. love also the object of love ; as in the present case. 67. Ut jam Delia non: so that Delia now is not better known. &c. Diana is some- times called Delia from Delos, the place of her birth. She was the goddess of hunting, and protectress of dogs. Rueeus and Dr. Trapp understand by Delia, not Diana, but a servant of Menalcas by that name. 68 Me(B Veneri; for i ove _the dear object of affections . 69 ' Congessere: in the sense of nidifica- verunt. 7L Awrea: yellow ripe. 72 - Venti, referatis: bear some part of them > winds, &c. Either because her words were so sweet ,. that the y would de - h g ht even the ears of the ods : or that the ods mi ht be witnesses to her promises. 74 - Quid prodest, &c. Damoetas had been j ust before expressing his joy at the con ver- sation wluch he had with his mistress. Me- nalcas now endeavors to go beyond him in sentiments of tenderness and affection ; and intimates that he cannot have any enjoy- ment while Amyntas is absent ; nay, unless he share with him his dangers. 75. Retia : plu. of rete : toils, or snares set to take any prey. 76. Phillida : A Greek ace. of Phillis. She was the slave of lolas, and mistress both to Damostas and Menalcas. 77. Faciam vitula: that is, faciam, sacra ex vitula: I will make the sacrifice of an heifer for the fruits. IB p. VIRGIL!! MAROMS Et, " longum, formose, vale, vale," inquit, lola. DA. Triste lupus stabulis ; maturis frugibus imbrem 80 Arboribus venti ; nobis Amaryllidis irae. ME. Dulce satis humor ; depulsis arbutus hoedis, Lenta salix foeto pecori : mihi solus Amyntas. DA. Pollio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Musam. 85. Pascite taurum Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro. 85 illi, qui jam ME. Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina : pascite taurum, Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam. 88. Veniat quoque DA. Qui te, Pollio, amat ; veniat quo te quoque gaudet : quo gaudet eum te per- Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum. venisst. jf E> Q u j Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Maevi : Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 91 92. O pueri, qui le- DA. Qui legitis flores, et humi nascentia fraga, gitis floras et fraga nas- F r igi<} USj 6 pueri ! fugite hinc, latet anguis in herba. ME. Parcite, oves, nimium procedere : non bene ripos Creditur : ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat. 95' DA. Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas : Ipse, ubi tempus erit, omnes in fonte lavabo. ME. Cogite oves, pueri : si lac praeceperit aestus, Ut nuper, frustra pressabimus ubera palmis. DA. Eheu, quam pingui macer est mihi taurus in arvo ! 102 Ne ue est amor em amor extum pecor est, pecorsque magistro. certe causa his meis ovi- ME. His certe neque amor causa est : vix ossibus hoe- bus, cur sint tam macra. Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos. [rent. NOTES. 79. Longum,formose, &c. These are not learned men of his time. See Eel. IV. 12. the words of Phillis, addressed to lolas, but 89. Atnomum. An aromatic fruit of great of Menalcas ; and first addressed to Me- value. The Assyrian was considered the nalcas by Phillis. They made a deep im- best. Rubus : the blackberry bush. pression on his mind they stole his affec- 90. Qwi Bavium non odit. Bavius and tions. O beautiful youth, said she, farewell Moevius were two contemptible poets, and farewell, a long time. Stabulis : sheep- very inimical to Virgil and Horace. These folds. By meton. the sheep. Triste is to two lines are wonderfully satirical. Let be supplied with each member of the sen- the same persons yoke oxen and milk he- tence following, as also the verb est. goats. But this would be a useless, as well 82. drbulus : the strawberry tree, so call- as a ridiculous employment. ed from the resemblance of its fruit to a 93. Frigidus : deadly, by meton. or cold ; strawberry. Depulsis : the words a lacte descriptive of the nature of the snake. are understood. 95. Creditur. It is not easy to translate 82. Satis. The dat. plu. a substantive impersonal verbs always literally. They from the part. pass, of the verb sero, I sow. frequently occur in sentences, when such a It signifies any thing sown or planted stand- version would be very awkward English. ing corn. Depulsis hadis: to the weaned This is the case here. Menalcas is caution- kids. Dulcis is to be supplied in each mem- ing his sheep not to proceed too far ; and ber of the sentence ; as also the verb est. adds as a reason for so doing, that it is 85. Pierides. The Muses are so called not well to trust to the bank. To give force to from Pieria, the place of their birth. See this caution, he mentions the case of the 60. supra. ram that had just recovered of a fall from 86. Pollio. A noble Roman, the friend it into the river, and was then drying his and patron of Virgil. See next Eel. Nova : fleece. good excellent. 96. Reice. Imp. of the verb rcicio, by 88. Veniat quo gaudct, &c. May he also syncope for rejicio, drive back. arrive at those honors to which it delighteth 98. Prcrceperit : if the heat should dry up him that thou hast arrived. Pollio was in- the rnilk should take it before us, then in vested with the consulate in the year of vain, &c. Rome 714, and in the following year he re- 103. Qww oculus : what evil eye bewitch- ceived a triumph. He was also a poet and es my tender lambs. Mihi : in the sense of historian: and considered among the most ?/*m*. BUCOL1CA. ECL. 111. 17 DA. Die quibus in terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo, Tres pateat cceli spatium non amplius ulnas. 105 ME. Die quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum Nascantur flores : et Phyllida solus habeto. 109. Et tu es dignus PA. Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites. vitula, et hie Et vitula tu dignus, et hie : et quisquis amores Aut metuet dulces, aut expenetur amaros. Claudite jam rivos, pueri : sat prata biberunt. 110 ex perietur araaros amo- res. NOTES. 105. Spatium cceli pateat. Damoetas here proposes a very intricate riddle. Various have been the conjectures to solve it. It is most generally thought that the place in- tended is the bottom of a well, from whence the space of the heavens appears no broad- er than its mouth, which in the general may be taken for three ells. 107. Flores nascantur inscripti. Without solving the riddle of Damoetas, Menalcas proposes this one, and it is an equal match for his. The solution of it is all conjec- ture. It is generally supposed that the hy- acinth is the flower alluded to. JVbmma inscripti: inscribed as to the names of kings or with the names of kings. See Eel. I. 55. 108. JVbn nostrum : it is not in my power to settle, &c. Est is to be supplied. Palffi- mon declares his inability to determine the controversy between them ; but pronounces them both worthy of the prize. 110. Metuet dulces: shall fear successful love shall fear that it would not be lasting. Experietur amaros : shall experience disap- pointed love love not returned or recipro- cated. 111. Claudite. This is a beautiful line : shut up your streams, O swains, the meads have drunk enough. It is a metaphor taken from rivers refreshing the meadows through which they pass ; to music and poetry, de- lighting the ear, the fancy, and the judg- ment. It implies that it was time to cease their song ; they had given sufficient proofs of their skill in music. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this pastoral? Does Virgil here imitate Theocritus ? Who is to be understood under the cha- racter of Damoetas? Who under that of Menalcas ? Who under that of Palaemon ? Who was Conon ? Who was Archimedes ? What did he do against the Romans ? What became of him afterwards? Who was Orpheus ? Whom did he marry ? What did he do to recover his lost Eury- dice ? What became of him at last ? In what consists the carmen amcBbceum ? Who were the Muses ? How many were they in number? What were their names? Who was Diana ? Where was she born ? Over what did she preside ? ECLOGA QUARTA* POLLIO. VIRGIL'S design in this pastoral, is to celebrate the birth of a son of Pollio, as appear^ from verse 17 ; on which account he dedicated it to that noble Roman. But it is evident that he ascribes to the son of his friend, what cannot be attributed, with any propriety, to a being merely human. On examination, it will be found that there are several expressions and passages, which remarkably correspond with the prophecies and pre- dictions of the Messiah, contained in the scriptures of the Old Testament; and parti- cularly with those of the prophet Isaiah. That the poet was inspired is not pretended. We are assured, on the most credible testimony, that about this time there was a general expectation of the Messiah's appearance. This was partly from the dispersion of the Jews over the Roman empire, who carried with them their scriptures ; and partly from the Sibylline oracles then much in repute. What, therefore, was generally said, and was the common opinion concerning the Messiah, the poet applies to the son of Pollio. It was not fulfilled in him. For he died on the ninth day after his birth. It was, how- ever, actually fulfilled in about forty years afterwards, when the Saviour appeared. Some suppose that the poet hath in view Marcellus, the son of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, whose birth corresponds with the consulship of Pollio. Augustus adopted him and designed him for his successor in the empire. This is the same Marcellus whom Virgil highly compliments in the sixth book of the JEneid. He died soon after he arrived at manhood. SICELIDES Musae, paulo majora canamus. ; Non omnes arbusta juvant, humilesque myricse. Si (-animus sylvas, sylvan sint consule dignae. ritirna Currum venit jam carminis setas: /i^~ AjudnJ XOTCS. tA tt t / 1. Sicdides: an adj. from Sir ilia, the residence of a sibyl. There were several island of Sicily, the country of Theocritus, others of the same name ; but the most dis the father of pastoral poetry. Hence Hi- tinguished were, a city of JEolis, in Asia celides Musa, pastoral muses. Minor, and a city of Eubcea, an island in 2. Arbusta myriccr. Trees and shrubs the ^Egean sea : Hodie,Negrop i ,-b~a veneni : the deceiving herb of poison shall die every herb whose poisonous quality is not known. For if it were known, no person would meddle with it, and con- sequently none would be deceived. Atno- nc.un. See Eel. iii. 89. 28. Motti: ripe. For the fields do not grow yellow till the approach of harvest. Arista : corn an ear of corn. 29. Sentibus: thorn-bushes. 31. Tamrn paucct, c. We may here ^ observe the several gradations of the Gold- en Age. With the birth of the child it commenced: Cunafrdti f undent Jlores. Du- ring the years of his youth, the earth is to bring forth abundantly. There is to be no want of any thing : Campus fartwt, &';. All vosti sres of former crimes, howe- ver, we>-3 not done away. Some traces of the Iron Age were to be visible in the con- duct, and actions; of men : QJ/YT iubeant, &.-. But when he lias arrived to years of full maturity, then the earth is to produce all things spontaneously: Onmia ttlus fercf :r t ; and the Golden Age is to appear in all its felicity and glory. Fraudis: in the sense of scelerls. * 32. Tlietim. Thetis, a goddess of the sea, the daughter of Nereus and Doris. Jupiter fell in love with her, and determined to marry her ; but being informed by Pro- metheus of a decree of the fates, that she should bear a son who should be greater than his father, he desisted from his pur- pose. Whereupon Peleus, king of Thessaly, took her to wife, and of her begat Achilles. Th etisby meton. is put for the sea in this place. 34. Tiphys. The name of the pilot of the ship Argo. It was so called, either from Argus, the architect ; or from Argivi, Greeks, whom it carried. It was built at Pegasee, a promontory and town of Thessaly. Hence sometimes called naris Pegas&a. 35. Deiectos heroas: chosen heroes. These were noble Greeks, chiefly of Thes- saly. They were about fifty in number, and went to Colchis in the ship Argo^ to bring away the golden fleece, which was guarded by a dragon, and bulls breathing fire. Jason commanded the expedition. Castor, PoUuTC, Hercules, Theseus, Orpheus, Zctes, and Calais, accompanied him. The crew collectively was called Argonautce. See nom. prop, under Jason. 30. Achilles Trojnm Argo Tiphys. These are here put for any hero, any city, any ship, anv pilot. 38. Nficnantica pinus, &c. Nor shall the naval pine exchange commodities carry on traff.c. Pinus is here put for a ship made of that tree, by meton. Vector: the mari- ner. Ccdf.t : shall leave, or abandon. P. VIRGILII MAfcONIS Mutabit merces : omnis feret omnia tellus. Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem ; Robustus quoque jam tauris juga solvet arator. Nee varies discet mentiri lana colores : 43. Sed aries ipse in Ip SS sec l i n p ra tis aries jam suave rubenti pratis mutabit yellera ^ Iurice j am croceo mutabi t veil era 1 utoT mm suave rubenti mu- c, rice, jam Sponte sua sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos. 40 45 46. Parcse concordes Talia saecla suis dixerunt, currite, fusis stabili numine fatorum Concordes stabili fatorum nuniine Parcae. dixerunt suis fusis, O Aggredere, 6, magnos, aderit jam tempus, honores, clara ^oboleT r i>euin, Clara Deum soboles, magnum Jovis incrementum ! magnum incrementum Aspice convexo nutantem pondere mundum, Jovis, aggredere mag- Terrasque, tractusque maris, ccelumque profundum nos honores Aspice, venturo laetentur ut omnia sa3clo. 53. O ultima pars O mihi tarn longse maneat pars ultima vitae, tarn longse vitse maneat Spiritus et, quantum sat erit tua dicere facta ! mihi, et tant urn spiritus, Non me carminibus vincet, nee Thracius Orpheus, Nee Linus : huic mater quamvis, atque huic pater adsit, Orphei Calliojpea, Lino formosus Apollo. Pan etiam ^Arcadia mecum si judice certet, Pan etiam Arcadia dicat se judice victurn. Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrcm 50 55 42. Lana discct, &c. Nor shall the learn to counterfeit various colours. 44. Murice. Murex, a sea-fish of the tfhell kind. It is said to have been of great use among the ancients for dying purple. Hence, by meton. put for the purple colour itself. Croceo : an adj. from crocum, or crocus, saffron. Luto: the Lntum was an herb used in dying yellow. Hence the colour itself, by meton. Modern botanists describe it under the name of luteola, wild-woad, and dyer's weed. It is used in colouring both wool and silk. Mutabit : shall tinge, or dye. 45. Sandyx: the scarlet colour vermilion. 46. Fusis : to their spindles. 47. Parccp. They were the daughters of Erebus arid Nox, and said to be three in number : Clotho, Laches-is, and Atropos. They were supposed to preside over the birth, life and death of mankind. The first was represented as presiding over the mo- ment of birth, and holding a distaff in her hand ; the second, as spinning out the events and actions of human life ; the last as cut- ting the thread of it with a pair of scissors. They were considered powerful goddesses, and were worshipped with great solemnity. titabili numine : in the fixed purpose or de- cree. Clara. Some copies have cara. Magnum incrementum : greal son of Jove. 48. Ag^rtdcre. Ruceus says accede7~^ 50. A sj lice mundum : sec the world with its globoun mass or load, nodding (reeling to and fro) both the land, that he killed him without the trees causing them. Incertas: waving injuring the child Jurgia Codri : the strife moving to and fro. or contentions of Codrus, He was the son of Menander, and the last king of Athens. 7. Sykestns labrusca. Simply the W1 ld- fe a war ^ the Lacedemomans , it was vine. Raris racemis : with thin bunches of iyen out b an orade thaf vfct ' should grapes-its bunches scattered here and | e Qn that ^ whose king wag g f am> Jn * nere * the mean time the enemy had given strict 10. Si habes aut quos ignes : if you have charge not to hurt the Athenian king, either any loves of Phyllis, or, &c. She Being informed of this, as well as of what was the daughter of Lycurgus, king of the oracle had given out, Codrus put on the Thrace, and fell in love with Demophoon, habit of a peasant, went among the enemy, the son of Theseus, king of Athens, on his raised a quarrel, and suffered himself to be return from the Trojan war. He went slain. As soon as this was known, the La- home to settle some business, and tarrying cedemonians were panic-struck, and the longer than the time appointed for their Athenians obtained a complete victory, nuptials, Phyllis, imagining herself neglect- This noble sacrifice of himself for the good ed, hung herself, and was changed into a of his country, so endeared his name to leafless almond-tree. Demophoon after- them, that they considered no person worthv wards returned, and on his embracing the to succeed him. BUCOLICA. ECL. V. Incipe : pascentes servabit Tityrus hcedos. Mo. Immd haec, in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi Carmina descripsi, et modulans alterna notavi, Experiar : tu deinde jubeto certet Amyntas. ME. Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivse, Puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis : Judicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. Mo. Sed tu desine plura, puer : successimus antro. Extinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim Flebant : vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis : Cum, complexa sui corpus miserabile nati, Atque Deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater. Non ulli pastos illis egere diebus Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina : nulla neque amnem Libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam. Daphni, tuum Pcenos etiam ingemuisse leones Interitum, montesque feri sylvaeque loquuntur. Daphnis et Armenias curru subjungere tigres Instituit : Daphnis thiasos inducere Baccho, Et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas. Vitis ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus u\as, 13 Immo experiar hoec carmina, quse nu- 1 * per descripsi 15. Jubeto ut Amyn- tas certet me cum 19. Desine loqui plura 20 verba 21. Vos, O coryli et flumina faistis testes nymphis. 25. O Daphni, non 26 ulli pastores egere pap- tos boves 28. Ferique monies, sylvaeque loquuntur, 30 etiam Paenos leones 30. Daphnis inst.ituit inducere NOTES. 14. Modulans alterna notavi: tuning, or singing them alternate, I wrote them down. Experiar: I will try attempt. Carmina: 17. Saliunca : the herb lavender. Puni- ceis rosetis : to red rose-beds : or by meton. the red rose. Puniceus, sometimes written Phaniceus, an adj. from Phoenicia, a coun- try lying along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including Tyre and Sidon, famous for its purple or red colour. The same word is used for an inhabitant of Carthage, because that city was founded by a colony from Tyre, or Phrenicia. 20. Daphnim extinctum : Daphnis slain, or cut off by a cruel death. This circum- stance applies very well to the case of Julius Cffisar, who was slain unexpectedly, receiv- ing no less than twenty-three wounds with the dagger. 22. Cum mater complexa : when the mother embracing, &c. Cerdanus understands by mater the wife of Crosar, who a little before his death 'dreamed her husband was stabbed in his breast. Ruseus understands Rome, and Dr. Martyn Venus. Vocat, &c. She calls the gods and stars cruel she blames the gods and cruel stars. Vocat, Dr. Trapp takes for vocabat, where the sense evidently determines it. 25. Amnem : in the sense of aquam. 26. Nutta quadrupes. Ruaeus thinks the poet hath in his view a passage in Sueto- nius. Speaking of the prodigies which preceded the death of Caesar, he says: Pnximis diebus equorum greges. quos in tra- 4 jiciendo Rubiconejtumine consecrarat,acvt!gos et sine custode dimiserat, comperit pertinacis- sime pabulo abstinere, ubertimque Jlere. In this case, by quadrupes, we are to understand equus, an horse. Libavit: drank tasted. 27. Pcenos leones : African lions. P&nos : in the sense of Punicos, vel Africanos. Car- thage was the principal city of Africa. Hence by syriec. it may be put for Africa in general. Being founded by a colony from Phoenicia, its inhabitants were called Pcem', as well as Carthaginienses. These lions are mentioned, either because they were the most savage, or because Africa abounded in lions, and other savage beasts. 28. Interitum: in the sense of mortem, Feri : wild uncultivated. 29. Armenias: an adj. from Armenia, an extensive country of Asia, abounding in tigers. Curru, for currui, the dat. case. Nouns of the fourth declension sometimes formed the gen. in uis, and when the gen. was contracted into us, the dat. was some- times contracted into u. Many instances of this contraction we find in Virgil and other writers. 30. Tfiiasos. Thiasus, a kind of dance. The word is of Greek origin. 31. Intexere lentas hastas, &c. To wreath, or entwine limber spears, &c. Ruaeus in- terprets intexere, by induere. 32. Ut vitis est decori arboribus : as the vine is for an ornament to the trees, as the grapes, &c. The words sunt decori are to be supplied. 20 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis | 34. Sic tu & omne Tu decus omne tuis : postquam te fata tulerunt, Ipsa Pales agros, atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 35 36. In sulcis, quibus Grandia ssepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis, mandavimus grandia Infelix lolium, et steriles nascuntur avenae. Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. Spargite humum foliis ; inducite fontibus umbras, 40 Pastores : mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis. Et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen : 43. Ego Daphnis ja- Daphnif ego in sylvis, hinc usque ad sidera notus ; MO hie in sylvis, notus Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse. ME. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta, 45 Quale sopor fessis in gramine ; quale per aestum Dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo. Nee calamis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum. Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo : 49 50. Tamen nos dice- Nos tamen haec quocunque modo tibi nostra vicissim mus haec nostra carmina Dicemus ; Daphninque tuum tollemus ad astra ; Daphniri ad astra feremus : amavit nos quoque Daphnis. Mo. An quicquam nobis tali sit munere majus ? Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus, et ista Jampridem Stimicon laudavit carmina nobis. 55 ME. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi, Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis. 58. Ergo alacris vo- Ergo alacris sylvas et caetera rura voluptas, luptas tenet sylvas Panaque, pastoresque tenet, Dryadasque puellas. NOTES. 34. Tu omne decus tnis: so thou wast all 49. Alter ab illo: the next from him the the ornament to thy friends. Tuis : to thy next in fame after him. fellow swains. Virgil represents Daphnis, 50. Quocunque modo : in some manner or whoever he be, as a swain and shepherd. other as well as I can. 35. Pales. See Geor. iii. 1. Apollo. He 52. Daphnis, &c. As we are to under- is considered here under the character of stand Virgil under the character of Menal- the god of shepherds. See Eel. iv. 10. cas, it is urged that Daphnis cannot be Ju- 36. Hordea: barley, here put for any kind lius Caesar, because Virgil was little known of grain ; the species for the genus. in his time. But Ruaeus explains it of the 37. Infelix lolium : the hurtful cockle. Mantuans in general, who, with the other 38. Narcisso : the flower Narcissus, of inhabitants of Cis-alpine Gaul, were che- which there are two kinds, the white and rished and protected by Cffisar. the purple. See Eel. ii. 46. 53. An quicquam sit : can there be any 39. Carduus : the thistle. Paliurus: a thing more acceptable (majus) tome than species of thorn. It abounds in Italy. such an employment ? 42. Carmen : an epitaph, or inscription. 54. Puer ipse. Servius infers from this 45. Tale tuum carmen. The elegance that Daphnis cannot be Julius Caesar, since and sweetness of this and the two following he was 56 years old when he was killed, lines are not to be equalled, unless by the Ruseus understands it of his being lately answer, which Mopsus returns in verse 82, enrolled among the gods. But this is an et sequens. Est is to be supplied. unnecessary refinement, and the objection 47. Restinguere, &c. To allay thirst in of Servius will be of no weight, when it is a purling rivulet of sweet water in the sum- considered that Virgil speaks of Daphnis mer heat. This is a most beautiful com- under the character of a shepherd, or swain, parison. Nothing could give a livelier idea See 43 and 44, supra ; and puer is the word of the charms of his music, and the melody generally used to denote either. of his song. 56. Candidus : wliite clothed in white. 48. Magistrum : the master. It appears This is an emblem of divinity ; white being from this, that Mopsus had been a pupil of the colour assigned to the celestial gods, as Menalcas, and much esteemed by him. black is to the infernal gods. Insuetum : a BUCOLICA. ECL. V. Nee lupus insidias pecori, nee retia cervis 60 60. Ulla dolum meditantur : amat bonus otia Daphnis. Ipsi Isetitia voces ad sidera jactant Intonsi montes : ipsae jam carmina rupes ; Ipsa sonant arbusta : Deus, Deus ille, Menalca. Sis bonus, 6 felixque tuis ! en quatuor aras : 65 Ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duoque altaria Phoebo. Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis, Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi. Et multo imprimis hilarans convivia Baccho, Ante focum, si frigus erit'; si messis, in umbra, 70 63. Jam rupes ips sonant carmina ; jam arbusta ipsa sonant hoc : O Menalca, ille est Deus, ille est Deus. 65. En aspice quatuor aras : ecce aspice duas aras tibi 67. Statuam bina po- cula spumantia novo lacte, duosque NOTES. part, of insuesco, unaccustomed, referring to his being but lately deified. Limen Olympi : the threshold of heaven. There were se- veral mountains by the name of Olympus. The most distinguished, however, was one in Thessaly, near the confines of Macedo- nia ; the top of which arose above the clouds. Hence the poets feigned it to be heaven, the seat of the gods. 60. Insidias: plots. This word hath no singular. Retia: neu. plu. toils snares. Meditantur : devise, or prepare. 61. Amatotia,8zc. This expression seems to allude to the clemency of Caesar toward his enemies, for which he is much celebrated by Cicero and others. 62. Jactant : in the sense of emittunt. 63. Intonsi: uncultivated wild. 64. Deus ille. Divine honors were de- creed to Julius Caesar by the Triumviri, in the year of Rome 7l2,Lepidus and Plancus being consuls. From this time, Octavius began to be called the son of a god. 65. Aras. Ara was an altar dedicated both to the gods above, and to those below. Altare was a high altar, and dedicated to the gods above exclusively. Felix : propi- tious kind. 68. Crateras: ace. plu. of crater, a large cup, or bowl. This word is purely Greek. Statuam : in the sense of offeram. 69. Hilarans convivia, &c. Cheering or making merry the feasts with much wine. Bacchus, the god of wine, was the son of Jupiter and Semele. He was educated, ac- cording to some, in the island of Naxus, one of the Cyclades, under the care of the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda; and while asleep was carried off by some mari- ners, all of whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who showed him some ten- derness and regard. Bacchus is celebrated as a warrior. He marched into India at the head of a large army composed of men and women, all inspired with a divine fury, and armed with the thyrsus, cymbal, &c. His conquests were easy the people sub- mitting wherever he came, without resist- ance. Pentheus, king of Thebes, refused to acknowledge his divinity, and forbade his subjects to pay adoration to him ; and even ordered Bacchus himself to be seized and cast into prison. But the doors opened of their own accord, as if refusing to con- tain him a prisoner. Whereupon the king became enraged, arid ordered the whole band of Bacchanals to be destroyed. But this was not carried into effect. Pentheus became desirous to see the celebration of the Orgies, or feasts of Bacchus. For this purpose, he concealed himself on mount Citheron, whence he could see all their ce- remonies. But being discovered, the Bac- chanals fell upon him. His mother was the first who attacked him, and was follow- ed by her two sisters, Ino and Autone, who immediately tore him in pieces. See Ovid. Met. Lib. 3. Midas, king of Phrygia, had entertained Silenus, the preceptor of Bacchus ; who desired him to ask any thing he might please, and it should be granted him. Whereupon he asked that whatever he might touch should be converted into gold. This was granted. But he was soon con- vinced of his imprudent choice ; for his food became gold in his mouth, and he was on the point of perishing with hunger, when he besought Bacchus to take back his gift ; he readily did so, and directed him to wash in the river Pactolus, whose sands were con- verted into gold. The festivals of Bacchus, 'called Orgia, Bacchanalia, or Dyonisia, were introduced into Greece by Danaus and his daughters, from Egypt. The panther was sacred to him, because in his expedition to India, ho was covered with the skin of that animal. The fir-tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the ivy, and the vine, were all sacred to him. Bac- chus had several names : Liber, Bromius, Ly- (EUS, Evan, Thryonceus, lacchus, &c. He is re- presented as drawn in a chariot by a tiger and a lion, accompanied by Pan, Silenus, and the other satyrs. Bacchus, by meton-. is frequently put for trine, as in the present P. VIRGILII MARON1S 71. Arvisia vina qua Vina novum fundam calathis Arvisia nectar. * ltnt Cantabunt mihi Damcetas, et Lyctius /Egon : . . ,. Saltantes Satyros imitatutur Alphesiboeus. 79. Lit Agricolte la- TT ..,. * J , . eient vota quotannis HaBC tlbl semper erunt ; et cum solenma vota Baccho Cererique, sic Reddemus Nymphis, et cum lustrabimus agros. 75 facie.nl ea tibi Dum juga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, 81. Quae, qu?B donaD um que thy mo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae, rC 82 ai Nam neque sibi- ^ em P er honos, nomenque tuum, laudesque manebunt. lus venientis Austri ju- Ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis t;ametant\im;neclitora Agricolae facient: damnabis tu quoque votis. 80 percussa fluctu tam ju- Mo. Quae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona? int me; nee numma^ am ne q ue me tantum venientis sibilus Austri, saxosas e \\es"tamju-N ec percussa juvant fluctu tam litora, nee quae vant me. Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. NOTES. 71. Arvisia vina: Chian wine. Jlrvisia: an adj. from Jlrvisus, a promontory of the island Chios, in the Archipelago, famous for its good wirie. Novum nectar : nectar was properly any kind of pleasant wine, or other liquor. Hence the poets feigned it to be the drink of the gods. Novum : good excellent. The wine here offered was to be as good as nectar good or excellent neetar. See Eel. iii. 66. 72. Lyctius: an adj. from Lyctus, a city of Crete. 7:3. Saltantes Safyros : leaping or wanton satyrs. The Satyri were demi-gods of the country, the origin of whom is not well known. They were of a hideous form, and generally distinguished themselves by their riotous and wanton demeanour in the orgies of Bacchus, which they generally at- tended. The Romans called them indis- criminately Favni, Panes, and Sylvani. Alphesibmu. See Eel. 8. 75. Lustra birnus. Lustro may here be taken in the sense of circumeo,to go around or encompass; or of purgo, to cleanse or purify by sacrifice ; or it may comprehend both. For it is agreed by all, that the poet hath a reference to what is called the sacri- Jicium amberrale, spoken of Geor. i. 345, which see. Circumimus campos cum hoslia, says Rueeus. * Reddemus : in the sense of solremus. 79. Cereri. Ceres was the goddess of husbandry, the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and mother of Proserpine by Jupiter, whom Pluto carried off while she was gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, in Sicily. The loss was grievous to Ceres, who sought her both day and night; when at length she found her veil near the fountain of Cyane. She could obtain no information of her daughter, till the nymph Arethusa told her that she was carried off by Pluto. Upon this, she immediately ascended to h<$av0n,and demanded of Jupiter the resto- ration of her darling child. He endeavored to reconcile her to Pluto as a son-in-law ; but to no purpose. At length he consented that she should be restored, provided she had eaten nothing in the dominions of the ravisher. Ceres repaired immediately to the infernal regions, and found she had eaten the seeds of a pomegranate, found in the Elysian fields. Her return, therefore, was impossible : but Jupiter consented that she might pass six months of the year with her mother on earth, and the remainder with Pluto. During all this time, the cultivation of the earth had been neglected. To repair the loss which mankind sustained by her ab- sence, Ceres went to Attica and instructed Triptolemus, the son of Celeus, in all that pertained to agriculture. Ceres is supposed to be the same as the Egyptian his, and her worship to have been brought into Greece by Erechtheus about 1426 years before Christ. She is supposed to be the same as Tellus, Cybele, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great veneration, and her festivals were generally celebrated for eight days in the month of April. Ceres, by meton, is often put for bread, grain, &c. 80. Damnabis tu, &c. Thou shalt also bind them to their vows thou shalt grant the requests of those, who ask. The pro- priety of this mode of expression will ap- pear, when it is considered that the person who asked any thing of a God, virtually, if not directly, promised or vowed some- thing in return ; and if his requests were granted, then he became condemned, and judicially bound to the performance of his promise or vow. And the god, when he granted any petition or request, was said to condemn, or bind the promiser to pay his vows. 82. Sibilus: the whistling of the rising south wind. BUCOLICA. ECL. V. ME. Hac te nos fragili donabimus ante cicuta. 85 86. Hsec eadem cicuta Hsec nos, Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexim : docuit nos - Hsec eadem docuit, Cujum pecus ? an Meliboei ? 88. Sume pedum for- Mo. At tu sume pedum, quod, me cum rape rogaret, J^ g** * Non tulit Antigenes (et erat turn digrius amari) gines non ' tuliti cum Formosum paribus nodis atque aere, Menalca. 90 stepe rogaret me, et NOTES. 85. Nos donabimus: I will present thee with this, &c. Cicuta: properly a pipe made of the stalk of the hemlock. See Eel. i. 10. 86. HCEC eadem docuit: this same pipe taught me : formosum Corydon, &c. i. e. with this same pipe I sang the second Eclogue. Hocc docuit : this same taught me : Cujum pecus ? i. e. with this same pipe I sang the third Eclogue. 88. Sume pedum : take this crook, as a testimony of my regard. 90. Formosum: beautified with equal knobs and brass with knobs at equal distances : or uniform, in regard to size. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this pastoral ? Who probably is meant by Daphnis ? Who is to be understood under the cha- racter of Menalcas? Who under that of Mopsus ? When does Ruseus suppose it to have been written? Where is the scene laid ? Into how many parts is the pastoral di- vided? Who was Alcon? and what is said of him? Who was Codrus ? and what is said of him? Who was Bacchus? What is said of him ? What were his festivals called ? By whom were they introduced into Greece ? and from what country ? What were his votaries called ? What were some of the names of Bacchus? How is he represented as drawn ? What is the word Bacchus frequently used for? Who were the Satyri? How did they distinguish themselves? Who was Ceres? What is said of her? Is she supposed to be the same with the Egyptian Isis? By whom washer worship introduced into Greece ? and at what time ? When were her festivals celebrated ? ECLOGA SEXTA. SILENUS. THE subject of this fine pastoral is Silenus. He had promised the swains Chromis and Mnasilus a song ; but had put it off from time to time. Wearied with the delay, they surprised him asleep in his grotto, just recovering from his intoxication. His garlands lay at some distance from him : with these they bind him fast ; and in this condition they demand of him the fulfilment of his promise. At this moment, ^Egle, one of the nymphs, joins them. Upon which he begins, and explains to them the origin of the world upon the principles of the Epicurean philosophy ; and concludes with several interesting fables by way of episode. It is generally supposed this pastoral was designed as a compliment to Syro the Epicu- rean, who taught Virgil the principles of that philosophy. By Silenus we are to under- stand Syro, and by the swains Chromis and Mnasilus, his two pupils, Virgil and Varus. PRIMA Syracosio dignata est ludere versu 2. Nostra Thalia pri- Nostra, nee erubuit sylvas habitare, Thalia, ma dignata est um canerem reges et praslia, Cynthius aurem Vellit, et admonuit : Pastorem, Tityre, pingues Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. 5 6. Namque, O Vare, Nunc ego (namque super tibi erunt, qui dicere laudes, super erunt tibiofo^oeteVare, tuas cupiant, et tristia condere bella) Agrestem tenui meditabor arundine Musam. Non injussa cano : si quis tarnen haec quoque, si quis NOTES. 1. Syracosio versu : in pastoral verse. 7. Vare. It is generally thought that the Syracosio: an adj. from Syracuse, the birth poet here means Quin&nu Varus, who place of Theocritus, the first pastoral p6et arose to the highest honors under Augustus, of eminence ; the chief city of Sicily, and He was consul in the year of Rome 741 ; famous for its defence against the Romans after which he was prefect of Syria eight under Marcellus. years. Having returned home, he was 2. Thalia. One of the Muses. See Eel. sent into Germany with three legions, which iii. 60. JVec erubuit, &c. Nor did she blush he lost, being drawn into an ambush. This to inhabit the woods. This verb here is mortified him so much, that he killed him- both expressive and beautiful ; the perf. of self. This happened in the year 762. Con- erubesco. Thalia was supposed to preside dere: to write record. over comedy and pastoral poetry. Virgil was the first pastoral writer among the Ro- 9. Noninjussa cano : I do not sing things mans; which explains the words, nostra forbidden by Apollo. He permits me to Thalia prima: my muse first deigned, &c. sing of pastoral subjects, but not of kings 3. Cum canerem, &c. Virgil is said to and battles. Si quis tamen, c. The tamen have begun a work upon the affairs of Alba does not refer to , the ^ ords ' non injussa cano, Longa, but afterwards relinquished it, and but to the third and fourth lmes ' where commenced the Bucolics. Cynthius: a Apollo forbids him to write in the lofty name of Apollo. See Eel. iv. 10. Vellit: style of heroic poetry. The meaning seems pinched my ear; a proverbial expression, to be this: though he forbid me to describe implying admonition. y ur actions in heroic verse, he permits me - 5. Deductum: a part, of deduco, humble, to do it in the humble style of pastoral, or slender. A metaphor taken from wool And if an y should be taken ' ca P tus amwe -> spun out till it is made fine or slender. with the love of this kind of writing, and 6. Supererunt: in the sense of erunt alii should read these pastorals, he shall here poeta. The parts of the verb are separated nd them. Hac: these thingsthese my by Tmesis Bucolics. Quoqne : in the sense of ehmib BUCOLICA. ECL. VI. 31 Captus amore leget ; te nostrae, Vare, myricae, Tenemusomnec a net:necPhcBbogratiorullaest, Quam sibi quae Van praescripsit pagma nomen. Pergite, Pierides. Chromis et Mnasilus in antro Silenum pueri somno videre jacentem, Inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, laccho. Serta procul tantum capiti delapsa jacebant Et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa Aggressi (nam saepe senex spe carminis ambo Luserat) injiciunt ipsis ex vincula sertis. Addit se sociam, timidisque supervenit jEgle : jEgle Naiadum pulcherrima : jamque videnti Sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit. Ille dolum ridens : Quo vincula nectitis ? inquit. Solvite me, pueri : satis est potuisse videri. Carmina, quae vultis, cognoscite : carmina vobis ; Huic aliud mercedis erit : simul incipit ipse. Turn vero in numerum Faunosque ferasque videres Ludere, turn rigidas motare cacumina quercus. Nee tantum Phoebo gaudet Parnassia rupes, Nee tantum Rhodope mirantur et Ismarus Orphea. Namque canebat uti magnum per inane eoacta 10 10. Nostroe myricae ulla pagina gratior Phoe- be, quam ilia quae 14. Pueri Chromis et 15 Mnasilus videre 15. Ut semper est mos 20 24. Satis est me po tuisse videri sic vobis. 25 25. Sunt carmina vo- bis : huic^EgZe erit aliud mercedis. 30 NOTES. 10. Nostra myricce : in the sense of nostra Bucolica. The omne nemus in the following line probably means every elevated com- position, such as epic or heroic. We are led to this interpretation from the declara- tion of the poet in the sixth line, that there would be other poets, who would celebrate the praises of Varus in heroic verse, though he himself would prefer to do it in the hum- bler style of pastoral. 14. Silenum. Silenus was one of the rural deities, the god of mysteries and knowledge, and the foster-father of Bacchus. He is said, by some, to have been the son of Pan ; others say, the. son of Mercury. Malea, in the island of Lesbos, is the supposed place of his nativity. He is represented as a fat and merry old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, always intoxicated. 15. Inflatum, &c. Swollen as to his veins, with his yesterday's wine. See Eel. i. 55. laccho : a name of Bacchus ; here put, by meton. for wine. It is derived from a Greek word signifying a shout or confused noise. It was given to him on account of the riot and vociferation of his inebriated followers. See Eel. v. 69. 15. Serta : plu. of serium, a garland, or wreath of flowers. To be crowned with a farland, was an indication of drunkenness, ilenus had all the signs of being in such a state. He was lying down he was sleep- ing; but his garlands were not on his head; tantum delapsa : they had only fallen off they were neither broken nor bruised. 18, .flggressi,&e. The swains, seizing, put on him cords of these very garlands they bind him with cords made of them. 20. JEgle. The name of a nymph, de- rived from a Greek word signifying splendor, or brightness. Naiadum. See Eel. ii. 46. Videnti: to him just opening his eyes. Timidis: to the trembling swains. 22. Moris. Morus was the fruit of the mulberry -tree. It is here called sanguineus, red, or bloody. It is said to have been ori- ginally white ; but assumed the red or purple colour, in memory of the two lovers, Pyramus and Thisbe, who slew themselves under a mulberry-tree. See Ovid. Met, Lib. 4. 23. Qwo : why for what purpose. 25. Cognoscite : in the sense of audite. 26. Aliud mercedis. The same as alia, merces : another reward. 27. Ludere in numerum: to dance, or leap about in regular time, or measure. Their motions exactly corresponded to the notes or measure of the verse. Faunos. The Fauni were demi-gods of the country, to whom the first fruits of all things were generally offered. See Eel. v. 73. 29. Parnassia rupes. The mountain Par- nassus in Phocis ; a country in Grecia Pro- pria, much celebrated by the poets, and sacred to the Muses. Here Apollo had a famous temple. 30. Rhodope Ismarus. Two mountains, or rather ranges of mountains, in Thrace, the country of Orpheus. 31. Namque canebat, &c. For he sung how the seeds, both of the earth, and of the air. P. VIRGILII MARONte Semina terrarumque, animseque, marisque fuissent, 33. Ut ex his primis Et liquidi simul ignis : ut his exordia primis .susceperunt Qmnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis. 35. Turn canebat quo- Turn durare solum, et discludere Nerea ponto modo solum cceperit Coeperit, et rerum paulatim sumere formas. 37. Jamque canebat Jamque novum ut terra3 stupeant lucescere solem, Altius utque cadant submotis nubibus imbres : oo. utque imores ca- T . . , N dant e nubibus submo- Incipiant sylvae cum primum surgere, cumque tis altius a terra. Kara per ignotos errent animalia montes. Hinc lapides Pyrrhae jactos, Saturnia regna, Caucaseasque refert volucres, futrumque Promethei. itdfo '' 35 40 NOTES. and of the sea, &c. Silenus here relates the origin of the world, according to the system of Epicurus, who taught that incor- poreal space, and corporeal atoms, were the first principles, or elements, of all things. The former he denominated Inane, the lat- ter Plenum. The Inane, or Vacuum, he considered space, every way indefinitely extended. By the Plenum, he understood the atoms or minute particles of matter moving in every direction through the Inane, which Virgil here calls the semina, because it was thought by their fortuitous concur- rence arose what we call the four elements, earth, air, water, and fire. Epicurus held many other erroneous notions, particularly concerning the nature of God. He was an Athenian, and born about 340 years before the Christian era. He had many followers. 32. Anwvz : in the sense of aeris. With- out air, there could be no animal existence. 33. Liquidi ignis : of pure fire. His pri- mis: of these first principles or elements (earth, air, water, and^ire) all things sprang or had a beginning. The Epicureans maintained that, though their atoms and incorporeal space were the first principles or elements of earth, air, water, and fire, yet these last were the principles or elements of all other things, or out of which all other tilings sprang. Omnia exordia : all things received or took a beginning. The verb susceperunt, or some other of the like im- port, is plainly understood, and to be sup- plied. Ut: how. 35. Nerea : ace. sing, of Nereus, a god of the sea, the son of Oceanus and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he had fifty daugh- ters who were called Nereides. He possess- ed the gift of prophecy, and is said to have informed Paris of the fatal consequences of his carrying off Helen, the wife of Menelaus. It was by the direction and assistance of JVerews, that Horcules obtained the golden apples of the Hesperides. The word Nereus is often put, by meton. for the sea, as in this place. Solum, &c. Then he sang how the land began to grow hard and to separate the waters from itself, and confine them to their channel. Ruaeus says, Dispellere aquas cf se in mare. 38. Utque. Some copies have atque, but utque is the easier. 40. Rara: few in number, or thinly dis- persed. 41. Hinc refert lapides, &c. After that he relates the thrown stones of Pyrrha, c. Pyrrha was the daughter of Epimetheus, and wife of Deucalion, the son of Prome- theus, and king of Thessaly. The poets say, that some time during his reign the in- habitants of the earth were destroyed by a universal deluge, except himself and his wife Pyrrha. They were preserved in a small ship, and carried by the waters to mount Parnassus, wliich was the only place not overwhelmed. Here they consulted the oracle of Themis concerning the restoration of the human race ; when they were in- formed, to cast behind them the bones of their great mother ; by which they under- stood stones. They immediately obeyed the command of the oracle, and those thrown by Deucalion became men, and those by Pyrrha, women. See Ovid. Met. Lib. 1. Saturnia regna : the reign df Saturn, or the Golden age. See Eel. iv. 6. 42. Furtum Promethei : the theft of Pro- metheus. The poets say that he stole fire from heaven, with which he animated a man of clay, made by himself. At this, Jupiter was so much enraged, that he or- dered Mercury to chain him to a rock on mount Caucasus. He did so, and placed a vulture to prey upon his liver ; which, however, grew as fast as it was consumed. Hence Caucaseas volucres : the vultures of Caucasus. This is a very celebrated moun- tain, or rather range of mountains, lying between the Euxine and Caspian seas. Promethei: the word Prometheus is of Greek origin, and properly signifies fore- sight, or an anxious care or solicitude. This is a key to the story. It conveys a strong idea of the troubles men create to themselves, by taking too much care and thought for the morrow. BUCOLICA. ECL. VI. His adjungit, Hylan nautae quo fonte relictum Clamassent : ut litus, Hyla, Hyla, omne sonaret. Et fortunatam, si nunquam armenta fuissent, Pasiphaen nivei solatur amore juvenci. Ah, virgo infelix, quae te dementia cepit ? Proetides implerunt falsis mugitibus agros : At non tarn turpes pecudum tamen ulla secuta est Concubitus ; quamvis collo timuisset aratrum, Et saepe in levi quaesisset cornua fronte. Ah, virgo infelix, tu nunc in montibus erras ! Ille, latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho, Ilice sub nigra pallentes ruminat herbas, Autaliquaminmagnosequiturgrege. Claudite,Nymphse, 55. Aut aliquam vac- Dictaeae Nymphse, nemorum jam claudite saltus : 56 ca Si qua forte ferant oculis sese obvia nostrisl / Errabunda bovis vestigia. Forsitan ilium, Aut herba captum viridi, aut armenta secutum, Perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia vaccse. Turn canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam : Turn Phaethontiadas musco circumdat amarse 45 46. Et solatur Pasi- phaen amore nivei ju- venci, fortunatam, si 49. At tamen non ulla earum secuta est tarn 50 turpes 53. Ille laurus fultus quoad niveum latus molli hyacintho, rumi- nat 58. Forsitan aliquse vaccae perducant ilium, aut captum viridi herba, 60 aut secutum armenta ad NOTES. 43. Hylan. Hylas was the companion of Hercules in the Argonautic expedition, and much beloved by him. Having gone on shore to obtain water, by some means or other, he was lost. The poets say he was carried off by the nymphs. Hercules and his companions were much grieved at the loss of the boy, and went along the shores, when they found he was missing, calling him by name, Hyla, Hyla. Clamassent : in the sense of vocavissent. See Eel. iv. 35. 46. Pasiphaen : a Greek ace. the daugh- ter of the sun, and wife of Minos, king of Crete. See ^n. vi. 24. 47. Virgo. The poet here calls Pasiphae a virgin, though she was the mother of Phcedra, Ariadne, and Androgeus. The ancients sometimes called any woman in early life a virgin. 48. Praztidts : the daughters of Prcetus, king of the Argives, who vied with Juno in beauty. The goddess, by way of punish- ment, caused them to imagine they were changed into heifers. Their lowings, mu- gitus, are here called false, because they were not in reality heifers. Secuta est : in the sense of qucesivit. 50. Quamvis timuisset : although each one had feared the plough upon her neck the yoke from which the plough was hung or suspended. 53. Fultus: supported resting or recli- ning. 56. Dictate : an adj. from Dicte, a moun- tain of Crete. Silenus turns again to the story of Pasiphae, whom he here introduces as speaking, and calling upon the nymphs to shut up the openings of the groves. Per- haps some where or other the wandering steps of my bull may present themselves to my eyes. Obvia : an adj. from obvius, agreeing with vestigia. The sense is complete without it. Saltus, is properly a lawn, or opening in a grove or park, where cattle have room to sport and play ; from the verb salio. 59. Captum : delighted with, desirous of, the green pastures. Ruseus says, cupidum. 60. Gortynia : an adj. from Gorlyna, a city of Crete, famed for its excellent pas- tures. 61. Turn canit puellam, &c. Then he sings the damsel admiring the apples of the Hesperides. This was Atalanta, the daugh- ter of Sch(Rneus, king of the island of Scy- rus, in the ^gean sea. She consented to marry the man who should outrun her, but if he were beaten, he should lose his life. Several had lost their lives. At length she was beaten by Hippomenes, the grandson of Neptune or Mars. At the suggestion of Venus, Hippomenes cast three apples, taken from the garden of the Hesperides, on the ground, one at a time, when she was gain- ing upon him ; which so captivated the " virgin, that she stopped to pick them up ; and by this means he obtained the beauteous prize. Hesperidum. The Hesperides were three in number, JEgle, Arethusa, andHespe- rethusa, the daughters of Hesperus, the bro- ther of Atlas. They resided in Mauritania , in Africa, where it is said they had gardens, in which were trees that bore golden apples. These gardens were watched by a dragon that never slept. Hercules slew him, and stole the apples. See ^En. iv. 484. 62. Tarn circumdat, c. Then he encloses the sisters of Phaethon in the moss of bitter bark he sings them transformed into pop- ,34 P. VIRG1LII MARONIS 64. Turn canit ut una Corticis, atque solo proceras erigit alnos. sororumduxerit Gallum T um canit errantem Permessi ad flumina Gallum errantem ad flumina Aonas in monte s ut duxerit una sororum : P< ffTut Linus pastor Utque viro Phoebi chorus assurrexerit omnis ; ornatus quoad crines Ut Linus hsBC illi divino carmine pastor, floribus, atque amaro Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro, apio dixerit hsc illi di- j) ixer i t . Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, MUSJE, ^ geni . ibus ale solebat Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos. ilia dederant His tibi Grynsei nemoris dicatur ongo : 74. Aut ut narraverit-^ e qu j g s ^ t l UCUSj quo se plus jactet Apollo. Scyllam fiUam Nisi, aut Q /J . ftut Scyllam Nisi, aut quam fama secuta est, ST TcTnctr "Scandida%uccmctam latrantibus inguina monstris, 75 NOTES. lar or alder trees. PJiaethontiadas. These were the sisters of Phaethon, or Phaiton, and daughters of the sun. They were sometimes called Heliades. Their names were Pkaethusa, Lampetie, and Lampethusa. Pftaeton imprudently desired of his father the management of his chariot for one day. PhoDbus refused for a long time. But, at last, overcome by his importunity, he con- sented. He was, however, soon convinced of his rashness ; for the horses, perceiving an unusual driver, became impatient of the reins ; and when they had passed the meri- dian in their course, and began to descend, he was no longer able to restrain them, and the youth was thrown headlong from the car into the Eridanus, or Po. His sisters grieved immoderately at this misfortune of their brother; and were changed, some say, into poplar trees, others say, into alder trees. See Ovid. Met. Lib. 2. 63. Circumdat. Ruaeus says, cingit. Pro- ceras: stately. 64. Permessi. Permessus, a river of Beo- tia, rising at the foot of mount Helicon. Gallum. See Eel. 10. 65. In donas monies: to the Beotian mountains, Helicon and Citheron, famous for being the seat of the Muses. Beotia was originally called Aonia, from Aon, the son of Neptune, who reigned in that country. 66. Omnis chorus. Here Virgil pays Gallus a very high compliment as a poet; and he does it in the most delicate manner. They rose up in his presence, to do him honour : assurrexerit viro. 67. Linus. See Eel. iv. 56. Carmine : in, the sense of versibus. 70. Ascmo seni : to the Ascrean sage Hesiod ; who was a native of Ascra, a town of Beotia not far from Helicon. He was a celebrated poet. 71. Quibusille, &c. It is said of Orpheus, that the lofty oaks bowed their heads, and listened to the charms of his music. The same effects are ascribed here fro the music of Hesiod. It is the highest compliment that possibly could be paid him. 72. Grytwi: an adj. from Grynium, a city of ^Eolis, where Apollo had a temple, built of white marble, and a grove, was a famous oracle. 74. Scyllam. There were two by the name of Scylla : one the daughter of Nisus, king of the Megarenses, who, falling in love with Minos, king of Crete, as he lay siege to Megara, betrayed her father to his enemy. For which deed, it is said, she was changed into a lark ; while he was changed into a hawk. See nom. prop, under Nisus. The other was the daughter of Phorcus Some there are, who think Virgil here con- founds the two, attributing to the formei what properly belongs to the latter, there will be no need of this, if we only sup- ply the word earn, or illam. The story of Scylla, the daughter o Phorcus, is briefly this : Glaucus, the sec god, fell in love with her, but she refusec his addresses. In order to render her mor< favourable to him, he applied to the sor ceress Circe; who, as soon as she saw him became enamoured with him herself; am instead of affording him any assistance endeavoured to divert his affections fron Scylla, and fix them on herself, but withou any effect. For the sake of revenge, Circ poured the juice of some noxious herbs int a fountain, where Scylla used to bathe hei self. And as soon as she entered it, to he great surprise, she found the parts below he waist changed into frightful monsters, lik dogs, that were continually barking or rm king a growling noise. The rest of her bod assumed an equally hideous form. Th sudden and unexpected metamorphosis, fil] her with such horror, that she threw herse into that part of the sea, which div Sicily from Italy, where she became a roc or rather a ledge of rocks. See ./En. i. 420. Secuta est : reported. Loquar in u sense of dicam* BUCOLIC A. KCL. VI. Pulichias vexasse rates, et gurgite in alto Ah ! timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis ? Aut ut mutatos Terei narraverit artus ? Quas illi Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit ? Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus ante Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis ? Omnia quae, Phoabo quondam meditante, beatus Audiit Eurotas, jussitque ediscere lauros, Ille canit : pulsse referunt ad sidera valles ; Cogere donee oves stabulis, numerumque referre Jussit, et invito processit Vesper Olympo. NOTES. 36 Candida inguina latran- tibus monstris, vexasse 78. Mutatos in upu- pam. 80. Et quibus alis in- gQfelix Tereus supervoli- taverit tecta sua ante. 82. Ille Silenus canit omnia, quae beatus Eu- rotas audiit, Phoebo quondam meditante c t- 84. Valles pulsae cantu referunt eum ad sidera : donee Vesper jussit^as- tores cogere oves 76. Dulichias : an adj. from Dulichium, an island in the Ionian sea, forming a part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Dulichias rates : the ships of Ulysses. 78. Terei: gen. of Tereus, a king of Thrace, who married Procne, or Progne, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. She had a sister by the name of Philomela, whom she tenderly loved. Finding herself unhappy in being separated from her, she desired her husband to go and bring her to Thrace. Accordingly he went to Athens ; but as soon as he saw her, he was enamour- ed with her, and resolved to gratify his passion. This he did, and afterwards cut out her tongue, to pi event her from dis- closing the barbarous deed. He left her in confinement ; and having taken every pre- caution to prevent its coming to light, he returned to his wife, and informed her that Philomela had died on the way. Not long after, however, she found otherwise. Phi- lomela, during her captivity, described on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and suf- ferings, and privately conveyed it to her sister, who hastened to her release. Here they concerted measures how to be revenged on Tereus. It was agreed that Progne should kill her son Itys, and serve him up for his father. In the midst of his meal, he called for his son, when his wife told him that he was then feasting on his flesh. At this moment, Philomela appeared, and threw the head of Itys on the table before him. At this moment he drew his sword, and was going to punish them both, when he was changed into a upupa, a bird called by some the hoopoe, by others, the lapwing ; Philomela, into the nightingale; Progne, into the swallow ; and Itys, into the pheasant. See Ovid. Met. Lib. 6. 80. Cursu: in the sense of edentate- Deserta : the deserts : Zoca, is to be under- stood : desert places. 81. Tecta sua ante : his palace his own before his transformation but his own no longer. Tectum, is any covered place that is inhabited ; from the verb tego. 82. Phcebo quondam meditante: Apollo, formerly singing. The poet here alludes to the fable of Apollo's being in love with the beautiful youth Hyacinthus, the son of La- con ; and in that state wandering along the banks of the Eurotas, singing upon his harp. 83. Eurotas. A very celebrated river of the Peloponnesus : its banks abounded in the laurel. In its course, it forms nearly a se- micircle, passing by the ancient city Lace- dsemon, and falls into the Sinus Laconicus. 84. Valles pulsce, &c. The vallies struck with the song, waft it back to the stars bear it to the stars. 85. Referre : to count over their number, to see that none be missing. 86. Vesper. The same as the planet Ve- nus. When it precedes or goes before the sun, it is called Lucifer, and sometimes Phos- phorus, from the Greek ; but when it goes behind him, Vesper, or Hesperus, the even- ing star. It is also taken for the evening, particularly that part denominated the twi- light. Processit invito Olympo: marches along the unwilling heaven. The word in- vitus, beautifully represents the struggle between the light and darkness in the time of twilight. The day is loth, or unwilling to yield ; or, it may refer to its regret at being deprived of so charming a song as that of Silenus. QUESTIONS. What probably was the design of this pastoral ? Who is intended under the character of Silenus? WhowasSyro? Whom are we to understand by the swains Chromis and Mnasilus ? Where is the scene laid? What is said of Silenus ? Does Virgil give the principles of the Epicurean philosophy ? What were those principles : Who was Epicurus ? P. VIRGILII MARONIS Who was Nereus ? Of whom was he the father? What is the word Nereus sometimes taken for? By what figure is it so taken ? Who was Deucalion? What is said to have taken place in his reign ? Who was his wife? What were they directed to do in order to re-people the earth ? What do you understand by the words Saturnia regna ? Who was Prometheus? What is said of him? What is the proper meaning of saltus? r Who was Atalanta? What is said of her? Who were the Hesperides? What were their names? WTio was Phaeton ? What rash act did he attempt? What became of him ? What were the names of his sisters? What became of them ? Who was Hesiod ? Where was he born ? How many were there of the name of Scylla? Describe, or give an account of each ? Who was Tereus ? What is said of him? Into what was he transformed ? What was the name of his wife ? Into what was she transformed ? &c. ECLOGA SEPTIMA. MELIBCEUS, CORYDON, THYRSIS. THIS pastoral contains a trial of skill in song between the shepherds Cory don and Thyrsis. It is much of the nature of the fourth, and is an imitation of the eighth of the Idylls of Theocritus. It is conjectured that by Corydon and Thyrsis we are to understand Gallus and Pollio ; of whom our poet speaks on several occasions in the most honorable terms. The scene is laid on the pleasant banks of the river Mincius. Melibceus is thought to be Virgil himself, and Daphnis some mutual friend of theirs. They both listen atten- tively to their song; which being ended, they give the palm to Corydon. MEL. FORTE sub arguta consederat ilice Daphnis, Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum : 3. Thyrsis compulerat Thyrsis oves, Corydon distentas lacte capellas. oves, Corydon compute- Ambo fl orente s aetatibus, Arcades ambo : Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. 5 6. Hie caper ipse vir Hie mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, gregis deerraverat mihi, Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat : atque ego Daphnim Aspicio : ille ubi me contra videt ; Ocyus, inquit, duin NOTES. 1. Arguta: whispering. The word very aptly expresses the rustling noise made by the wind among the leaves : to which refe- rence is here had. %. Corydon : this is derived from a Greek word signifying a lark. Thyrsis : from a Greek word signifying a spear bound with vine, in honor of Bacchus. In unum : into one place, locum being understood. 3. Capellas distentas lacte : his goats dis- tended with milk having their udders dis- tended. 4. Ambo Arcades. Not indeed that they were both natives of Arcadia ; but they are so called, because that country was famous for its pastures and flocks; and in a man- ner sacred to shepherds. They were both in' the prime of life : florentes cetatibus. 5. Pares cantare: equal at singing. Par is properly equal in match to contend for victory. 7. Daphnim : from a Greek word signi- fying a laurel. Vir: in the sense of dux. 8. Contra. This is here used adverbially, in turn; or over against him. The word may be taken in either sense. The former seems preferable in this place. 9. Ades : in the sense of veni. Melibcee : from a Greek word signifying a shepherd ; or one who has the care of flocks. BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. Volebant me me- Huc ades, 6 Melibose ; caper tibi salvus et hcedi ; 9. Caper est salvus Et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. 10 S Bt h et naec te i iba> p r f a p e? q uo tannis "sa O Priape, sat est Expectare sat est : custos es pauperis horti. te expectare quotannis Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus : at tu, 35 me Si fetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto. COR. Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae, Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba : Cum primum pasti repetent praesepia tauri, Si qua tui Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 40 TH. Iinmo ego Sardois videar tibi amarior herbis, 42. Alga projecta ad Horridior rusco, projecta vilior alga ; Utus Si mihi non base lux toto jam longior anno est. 44. Si sit vobis quisjte domum pasti, si quis pudor, ite juvenci. pudor COR. Muscosi fontes, et somno mollior herba, 45 Et quae vos rar viridis tegit arbutus umbra, Solstitium pecori defendite : jam venit aestas NOTES. 32. Puniceo : in the sense of purpureo. See Eel. 5. 17. Cothurno. The cothurnus was a kind of high-heeled shoe or boot worn when hunting and on the stage, by both sexes. See Geor. 2. 9. 33. Priape : Priapus was the tutelar God of gardens, lakes, &c. He was the son of Venus, by Mercury or Bacchus. The place of his birth was Lampsacus, near the Helles- pont, where he was chiefly worshipped. He was usually represented with a human face and the ears of a goat. He held a stick in his hand to drive away birds, a club to drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the trees. Sinum : in the sense of vas ; a kind of vessel swelling out in the middle like a pitcher. 35. Pro tempore : according to the time ; in proportion to my present ability. Thyr- sis promises him now a marble statue, and if his flocks increase so that he can afford it, he will make him a golden one. 36. Suppleverit : shall enlarge multiply. 37. Nerine : an adj. from Afereu*, a God of the sea. The poet does not here mean that this Galatea was actually the daughter of Nereus ; but he merely intends it as a compliment, intimating that she possessed equal charms with her namesake. Hyblce. Hyblawas a mountain in Sicily, abounding in Thyme, and celebrated for its bees, and excellent honey sweeter than the thyme of Hybla, fairer than the sivans, more beautiful than the white ivy. These comparisons are extremely chaste and delicate. 39. Cum primum : in the sense of ut pri- mum. Cura : regard. 41. Sardois herbis. The herb here ppoken of is supposed to be the Holly-bush, of sharp and prickly leaves, and of a very bitter taste. It is called Sardinian, from the island Sardinia, where it grew in great abundance. It is said to have caused a convulsive laugh- ter with grinning. Hence Sardinicus risus, a forced laughter ; some take it for the Crow- foot. 42. Horridior rusco: rougher than the butchers broom. Tliis is a prickly shrub or plant. Vilior: more vile, or worthless. Alga. This was a kind of weed or grass, which grew in great abundance about the island of Crete. When torn from the rocks where it grew, by the violence of the waves, tost about the sea, and then cast upon the shore, it became quite useless : it lost its colour, and presented to the eye an unseem- ly appearance. 43. Lux : in the sense of dies. 44. Pasti : hi the sense of saturati. 45. Muscosi fontes : ye cool (mossy) foun- tains. The epithet muscosi is expressive of coolness, because moss will seldom grow where there is any considerable degree of heat. It grows the best on the banks of rivers that face the north. Also on the north side of trees. Herba mollior, &c. This charming expression is taken from Theocritus. Ruaeus says, dulcis ad somnum, which is not the meaning of the poet. The expression, softer than sleep, is extremely delicate. 46. Viridis arbutus, &c. This is a singu- lar construction. The nom. here seems to be used in the place of the voc. By using the nom. it placed the relative qua in the third person, and consequently the verb ; whereas they should be in the second per- son sing. O viridis arbute, quoz tegis vos rara umbra. The vos refers to the fountains and grass mentioned above. 47. Solstitium. This word properly sig- nifies that point in the ecliptic, which coin- cides with the tropics, or is 23 28' from the equator, measured on an arc of the meri- dian : and the sun being in' this point on a particular day in June and December, the word is taken by Synec. for either summer or winter. Again by meton. for heat or cold, according as the sun is either in the BUCOLICA. EOL. VII. Torrida : jam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae. TH. Hie focus, et taedae pingues : hie plurimus ignis 49. Hie tst focus, et Semper, et assidua postes fuligine nigri Hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas. COR. Stant et juniperi, et castaneae hirsutae : Strata jacent passim sua quaque sub arbore poma Omnia nunc rident : at si formosus Alexis Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca. TH. Aret ager ; vitio moriens sitit ae'ris herba : Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras. Phyllidis adventu nostrae nemus omne virebit : Jupiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. COR. Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis laccho : Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo. Phyllis amat corylos : illas dum Phyllis amabit, Nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee laurea Phoebi. TH. Fraxinus in sylvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, 50 tiic sunt 52. Quantum auflu- pus curat numerura ovium, aut torrentia flu- mina curant ripas 55 53. Hie stant et juni- peri 59. Sed omne nemus 60 virebit. NOTES. sign of Cancer or Capricorn. It is the sol- stice of Cancer, or the summer solstice, which is here meant. Defendite: in the sense ofavertite. 48. Palmite : the shoot or branch of the vine. Gemma: the buds, or first appear- ances of the young shoots of trees or shrubs. Lceto : fruitful fertile. 49. Pingues tadai : fat pines ; or, we may take tcedcp, in a wider sense, implying any fuel, or combustible matter. 50. Fuligine : in the sense offumo. The cottages of the poor seldom had a chimney. The fire was made directly under an aper- ture in the roof to discharge the smoke. We may well suppose the interior of the house to be blackened by that vapor. 51. Hie tantum curamus. The meaning is : we care nothing for the cold of Boreas. Boreas is the Greek word for the north wind. The poets say he was the son of Jjstrcsus and Aurora; or, according to others, of the river Strymon, in Macedonia. He was king of Thrace,and carried away by force Orythia, the daughter of Erictheus, king of Athens, by whom he had two sons, Zetes and Calais. He was worshipped as a god. 53. Juniperi. The juniperus was a tree, having sharp and narrow leaves, and bearing a small, round, and odoriferous fruit. Ser- vius understands juniperi and castanets, to be the trees which are loaded with their res- pective fruit. Mr. Davidson takes them for the fruit itself, and considers stant in oppo- sition to strata jacent : the former stand or hang ripening on the boughs, the latter in rich profusion cover the ground under their respective trees. Hirsute : rough prickly, in opposition to those that were smooth, mentioned Eel. i. 82 : or it may only mean that they were yet in the shell. See Eel, x. 76. 54. Poma jacent, &c. Much hath been said upon the reading of this line. Some read it thus: Poma jacent strata passim, qua- que sub sua arbore : apples lie scattered all around, every one under its own tree. Others read it thus : sua poma jacent strata passim, sub quaque arbore : their own apples lie scattered all around under every or each tree. This last, Dr. Trapp is fully persuaded is the correct reading. Heyne reads, quaque. 56. Videas et, &c. You would even see the rivers dry. The word et here is em- phatical. 57. Vitio aeris : by the infection of the air ; or, the excessive heat of the air. Sitit : is parched. 58. Liber. A name of Bacchus. See Eel. v. 69. Invidit : hath refused the sha- dows of the vine to our hills. The meaning is : the vine does not flourish upon our hills, 60. Jupiter: the air condensed vapour. Lceto imbri : in fertilizing showers. 61. Alcidtt: Hercules, called also A Icides, from Alc&us, his grand-father. Thepopulus was sacred to him. It is said he wore a crown of white poplar leaves when he de- scended to the infernal regions. 62. Myrtus. The myrtle tree was sacred to Venus, on account of the delicacy of its odour, or because it flourishes best on the margin of the sea, out of the foam of which she is said to have sprung. 61. laccho: a name of Bacchus. The vine was sacred to him, because, it is said, he was the inventor of wine ; or at least taught men the cultivation of the vine. 62. Laurea. The laurel tree was sacred to Apollo, on account of his beloved Daphne, who was changed into a laurel ; therefore it is called sua, his own. 6.5. Fraxinus : the ash-tree. 40 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis : f>f> Ssepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas ; Fraxinus in sylvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis. ME. Hasc memini, et victumfrustra contendereThyrsin. Ex illo Corydon, Corydon est tempore nobis. 70 NOTES. 70. Ex illo tempore : from that time, Co- rydon, Corydon is the one for me. Heyne observes, this line is unworthy of Virgil. It is in imitation of Theocritus, Idyl. viii. 92, but far inferior to the original. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this pastoral ? Whom are we to understand by Corydon and Thyrsis? Whom by Meliboeus and Daphnis ? Where is the scene laid? Who comes off conqueror? Is this pastoral imitated from Theocritus ? Who was Priapus? and what is said of him ? Who was Boreas? For what did the Greeks take the word ? For what is the word Jupiter sometimes taken ? What do you understand by the word solstitium ? For what is it used figuratively? ECLOGA OCTAVA. PHARMACEUTRIA. DAMON, ALPHESIBCEUS. THIS pastoral consists of two parts : the first is taken chiefly from the Third Idyl of Theocritus : the latter from the second Idyl. The shepherd Damon bewails the loss of his mistress, Nisa, and is much grieved at the success of Mopsus, who had succeeded in obtaining her for a wife. Alphesiboeus relates the charms, or incantations of some enchantress, who endeavored, by magic arts, to make Daphnis in love with her. Pharmaceutria, the title of this Eclogue, is the same with the Latin Venejica, and sig- nifies a sorceress. This Eclogue was written in the year of Rome 715, when L. Mar- cus Censorinus, and C. Calvisius Sabinus, were consuls. It is not certain to whom it was inscribed, whether to Augustus or Pollio ; most commentators are in favour of the latter. 1. Dicemus musam PASTORUM Musam, Damonis et Alphesibcei, Immemor herbarum quos est mirata juvenca, - Certantes, quorum stupefactae carmine lynces, mor herbarum mirata Et mutata suos requierunt flumina cursus : NOTES. 1. Musam : in the sense of carmen. 4. Mutata flumina, &c. This line may 1>e read in two ways. The first and easiest is given in the ordo ; the other is, mutata flu- mina requierunt suos cursus. In this case, requiesco must be taken actively, and mu- tata in the sense of turbata, as Ruseus in- terprets it. But Virgil never \ises that verb in an active sense in any part of his works ; and as he is fond of imitating the Greeks, it is better to suppose that he follows them in the present instance, than that he deviates here from his uniform practice in the use of the verb. Beside, if we take requiesco ac- tively, we must take mutata out of its usual acceptation. BUCOLICA. ECL. Vlil; est ; quorum carmine lynces stupefactae sunt; et flumina mutata quoad suos cursus requierunt : dicemus, inquam, musam 6. Tu, O Pollio, fave 1Q mihi, seu 8. En ille dies erit, cum liceat mihi Damonis Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei. Tu mihi, seu magni superas jam saxa Timavi ; Sive oram Illyrici legis aequoris : en erit unquam Ille dies, mihi cum liceat tua dicere facta ! En erit, ut liceat totum mihi ferre per orbem Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno ! A te principium : tibi desinet : accipe jussis Carmina ccepta tuis, atque hanc sine tempora circum n prfncipium meo- Inter victrices hederam tibi serpere lauros. rum laborum erat a te : Frigida vix coelo noctis decesserat umbra, meus labor desinet tibi Cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba est : 15 12> Sine hanc k e idi ilium Fer cineres, Amarylli, foras : rivoque fluenti, 101 ssepe excire Transque caput jace : ne respexeris. His ego Daphnim , Aggrediar : nihil ille Deos, nil carmina curat. .Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Aspice corripuit tremulis altaria flammis 105 NOTES. son magically, it was thought that they burnt the person himself; or that some how or other, he was affected in a similar manner. 85. Juvencum: the bull. Talis. Here is an ellipsis of the words, occupatjuvencam, or some other of the like import, to make the sense complete. 87. Ulva : a kind of sedge, or meadow- grass. Some copies have herba. 88. Perdita : wretched desperate ; with- out hope of finding the object of her search. JVec serif, nocti, &c. She is so intent upon the object of her love, that she thinks of no- thing else she thinks not of returning home, even though it be late at night. Decedere sera nocti : to yield or give place to the late night. 89. Mederi : to cure him. 91. Ille perfidus, &c. That perfidious (shepherd) formerly left these clothes with me, as the dear pledges of himself. It ap- pears hence that Daphnis had pledged his love to her, but afterward violated his word. This justifies the use of the word conjux, as applied to him, verse 66. 92. In ipso limine : in the very threshold, or entrance. Servius thinks we are to un- derstand the entrance of the temple of Vesta ; others, of Daphnis 1 own house. But it is better to understand it of her own house, for it appears that here she performed her rnagic rites. .93. Mando: in the sense of committo. Scee pignora: these pledges owe Daphnis to me. The clothes that a person once wore, or any thing that belonged to him, were thought to be very efficacious in enchant- ments. Accordingly she lays much stress upon them ; she is sure they will bring him home to her. One part of these magic rites was to bury the clothes of the lover under the threshold, to constrain him to return. 95. Ponto. Pontus, an extensive coun- try in Asia Minor, bordering upon the Eux- ine sea. It abounded in poisonous herbs. Mithridates, king of Pontus; rendered his country notorious by the long and bloody wars which he maintained against the Ro- mans. He was, however, at last overcome by Pompey the Great. Venena: magic plants. Those of a poisonous quality were considered the most efficacious, and were particularly sought for, and required in all enchantments. 101. Fer cineres. The most powerful, and usually the last efforts of the enchanter, were to throw the ashes of the magical sa- crifice over the head backward into running water. Servius says, this was done that the gods might catch the ashes without being seen, as they were unwilling to show them- selves, unless on extraordinary occasions. 102. JV*e respexeris : in the sense of ne respice. 103. Aggrediar his, &c. With these ashes I will assail Daphnis. A*i/tz7 and nil are often used as simple negatives, in the sense of non : he does not regard the gods, &c. In other words, lie does not regard his so- lemn promises made in the presence of the gods ; he regards not my charms. 105. Aspice. This and the following lino 16 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 106. Bonum amen Sponte sua, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse : bonum sit ! Nescio quid certe est : et Hylax in limine latrat. Credimus ? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt ? 109. O mea carmina Parcite, ab urbe venit, jam parcite, carmina, Daphnis. NOTES. to cinis ipse, were spoken by Amaryllis, as 107. Nescio quid, &c. As if she had said : appears from dum ferre moror : while I de- some body is coming ; I know not certainly lay to carry them. If we attribute the who it is. Hylax. The name of a dog ; from words to the enchantress, we must suppose a Greek word signifying to bark. her to do what she commands to be done. 108. Credimus ? an qui, &c. Do I believe But beholding the ashes kindle the altar it? or, do those who love form dreams to into a trembling flame of its own accord, in themselves ? Yes, it is he. Cease, now a transport, she exclaims : may it be a good cease, my charms, Daphnis comes from the omen ! The ancients considered the sudden city, blazing of fire to be a good omen. QUESTIONS. How is this pastoral to be divided ? When is the planet Venus called Lucifer ? What is the subject of it ? When Hesperus ? What is the meaning of the word Phar- Can you mention any line that has been maceutria, the title of the Eclogue ? noticed by commentators as extremely ten- When was this Eclogue written ? der ? 9 Who were consuls ? Who was Medea ? To whom was it probably dedicated ? What is said of her ? Why do you suppose it to be dedicated to Why are the Muses sometimes called Pollio rather than to Augustus ? Pierides . ? ECLOGA NONA. LYCIDAS, MCERIS. WHEN Augustus divided the lands about Mantua among his soldiers, the estate of Virgil fell to Arius, a centurion. When he went to re-enter upon his estate, after it had been restored to him, he met with much severe treatment from the new possessor, and on one occasion, was near being killed. He saved his life by swimming over the river Mincius. In consequence of which, he returned to Rome to acquaint the Emperor of the matter. He left his steward, who is here called Moeris, behind, and directed him to treat his new landlord with civility and respect. Mcris is going to him with a pre- sent of some kids, and meets Lycidas, who is supposed to be some Mantuan shepherd. Upon their meeting the pastoral opens. The scene is the road to the town. The evening is coming on : the air is tranquil and serene. The pastoral contains a com- plaint of Virgil's hard treatment under the character of Menalcas ; a compliment, to his friend Varus, and another to Julius Caesar, and consequently to Augustus ; toge- ther with several scraps of poetry artfully interwoven with the subject. The whole pastoral is elegant and beautiful. 1. O Moeri, quo tui LYC. Quo te, Moeri, pedes ? an, quo via ducit, in ur- pedes ducunt te ? an du- M(E Q Lycida, vivi pervenimus ; advena nostri [bem ? cunt te in urbem, quo /r% , . . r x ,.. via ducit? (Quod nunquam venti sumus) ut possessor agelli NOTES. 2. Vivi pervenimus : we'living have come fy intruding usurping, as well as foreign : to that condition or have lived to see the in the present case, it includes the idea of day, that, &c. Advena : a noun of common all of them. gender, here used as an adj. It may signi- BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. Diceret : Haec mea sunt ; veteres migrate coloni. 2. JVbs vivi perveni- Nimc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versat, 5 mus e ***" ut a< i- Hos illi (quod nee bene vertat) mittimus hoedos. Tlfo^sunt mea ; lit. Certe equidem audieram, qua se subducere colles vos , p veteres coloni, Incipiunt, mollique jugum demittere clivo, 7. Certe equidem au- Usque ad aquam et veteris jam fracta cacumina fagi, dieram vestrum Domi- 10 num Menalcan servasse sibi omnia arva suis car- minibus ab 60 loco, qua colles incipiunt subdu- cere se 11. Audieras illud, et 1 f talis fuit fama 10 13 . Columbas valere 14. Quod nisi sinistra Omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan. MCE. Audieras, et fama fuit : sed carmina tantum Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantum Chaonias dicunt, aquila veniente, columbas, Quod nisi me quacumque, novas incidere lites Ante sinistra cava monuisset ab ilice cornix ; Nee tuus hie Mceris, nee viveret ipse Menalcas. LY. Heu ! cadit in quemquam tantum scelus ? lieu tua cornix monuisset me Pene simul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca ! [nobis J n ^ ab ilice cava inci ~ Quis caneret Nymphas ? quis humum florentibus herbis e jg jj eu tua so j at j a Spargeret ? aut viridi fontes induceret umbra ? 20 rap ta mn t pene nobis Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper, simul tecum Cum te ad delicias ferres Amaryllida nostras ? 21. Vel quis caneret " Tityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas : ca in *' qutB tacitus ,., -r-i rrv,. . T ** TyT/07*WWt VBTSWU/ffl Et poturn pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum hoc es tfragmentum: O u Occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto." 25 Tityre,' pasce MCE. Immo haec, quae Varo, necdum perfecta, canebat. 26. Immo potius quis " Vare, tiium nomen (superet modo Mantua nobis, canerethceccarmina^ws ^ r ^lle Menalcas NOTES. 3. Agtlli : a noun diminutive from ager : a little farm. 5. Fors : in the sense offortuna, 6. Qworf nee bene vertat : which (present of the kids,) I wish may not turn out well to him. The usual mode of congratulation upon receiving a favour was : Bene vertat, I wish you joy may it turn out well to you. nee bene vertat, therefore, was a kind of im- precation : may it prove a mischief to you. 7. Subducere se : to decline to fall. 8. Demittere jugum : to lower their ridge, or top, by an easy descent. Here we have a description of the farm of Virgil. It was bounded on one side by a sloping hill ; in other parts of its limits, were the broken top of an old beech-tree, a marsh, and the river Mincius. 9. Ad, aquam : perhaps the river Mincius. 13. Aquilaveniente : the eagle coming upon them pursuing them. Here we have a beautiful circumlocution, expressing the in- utility of his verses, and the charms of po- etry, amidst martial arms. Chaonias: an adj. from Chaonia, a part of Epirus, where was the city Dodona, and a grove of the same name, famous for its oracular oaks. Columbas : two doves endued with a pro- phetic spirit are said to have resided among these oaks. Afterward one of them is said to have flown to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the other to the temple of Ju- piter Ammon in Africa. They are here put for doves in general. 14. Incidere novas lites, &c. To break off my new disputes in any way whatever. Lis, is properly an action or case at law. 15. Sinistra: ill-boding. See Eel. 1. 18. 16. Hie tuus Mwris. It appears from this that the life of Virgil, who is here called IVlenalcas, and that of Mffiris, had been in danger from the new landlord. 17. Heu, tantum scelus, Sic. Alas ! that so great wickedness should fall upon any one. Or the words may be rendered thus ; Alas ! that so great wickedness should come into any one's mind : that any one should con- ceive the idea of perpetrating the horrid deed of murder. This is the usual sense given to the words. 18. Heu, tua solatia, SLC. Alas, Menalcas, your delight (the delight of your song,) was almost snatched from us with yourself: and if you had been quite slain, in that case, who would have sang the nymphs, &c. Heyne observes that by solatia we are to under- stand the song, carmina, or verses of Menal- cas. 21. Sublegi : I purloined from you. Ru- EBUS says, surripui. 22. Jfatrag delicias : for nostrum amicdm. Delicics is used only in the plural ; delight darling: here a mistress. 24. Age pastas: drive them full fed to drink. Potum : sup. in um, to drink take water. Inter agendum: in driving them while driving them, beware, &c, 26. r/rr;* Vwus. See Eel. 6. 7, ?. VIRG1L11 MAROMS 27. Quorum hoc est frag- mentum : O Vare, can- tantes cycni ferent tuum nomen 34. Ego sum non cre- dulus illis. 35. Nam adhuc vi- deor mild dicere carmi- ?ia digna neque 38. Nunc recordor frag- ment um ejus: ades hue, O Galatea : 43. Sine ut insani 44. Quse carmina au- dieram te solum canen- tem sub pura nocte Mantua, va? miserae nimium vicina Cremonse !) Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni." LY. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos. X\ Sic cytiso pastse distentent ubera vaccse : Incipe, si quid habes : et me fecere poetam Pierides : sunt et mihi carmina : me quoque dicunt Vatem pastores, sed non ego credulus illis. Nam neque adhuc Varo videor, nee dicere Cinn 3X Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores. M(E. Id quidem ago, et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse vo- Si valeam meminisse : neque est ignobile carmen, [luto, Hue ades, 6 Galatea : quis est nam ludus in undis ? " Hie ver purpureum ; varies hie flumina circum 40 " Fundit humus flores : hie Candida populus antro " Imminet, et lentae texunt umbracula vites. V " Hue ades ; insani feriant sine litora fiuctus." LY. Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem Audieram ? numeros memini, si verba tenerem. 45 MCE. " Daphni, quid antiques signorum suspicis ortus 4 " Ecce, Dionaei processit Csesaris astrum : NOTES. 28. Cremona. Cremona was a city on the western bank of the river Po, not far from Mantua. Its inhabitants were in- volved in the same misfortune with those of Mantua, in having their property and lands taken from them by Augustus. Hence the epithet miseroe. 29. Cycni: properly swans. By meton. poets. The meaning of this fragment is, that if Mantua should be preserved from the calamity which had befallen Cremona, through the influence of Varus, the Man- tuan poets would celebrate his praises and raise his name to the stars. By Cantantes cycni, says Heyne, we are to understand the Mantuan poets. 30. Cyrnecu; an adj. from Cyrnus, an island in the Mediterranean sea. Hodie Corsica. This island abounded in the yew- tree : hence the epithet Cyrnean. The ho- ney made of this tree was of a bitter quali- ty, and universally considered bad. For this reason Lycidas .wished the swarms of his friend to shun those trees. Examina : swarms of bees. 32. Poetam : a poet. Vatem : a poet, or prophet. These words are frequently used as synonymous, but they are not strictly so. 35. Cinna. Cornelius China, the grand- son of Pompey the Great. He became a favorite of Augustus. 36. Digna : things worthy of: or it may agree with carmina^ understood ; verses worthy of the attention of Varus and Cin- na; or worthy to celebrate their actions. sfrepere anser : to gabble as a goose among tuneful swans to make inharmonious sounds, &c. 37. *4go: in the sense of facio. Tacitus ipse voiuto : I am thinking silently with my- self, if I can recollect it. Volute : I am re- volving it in my mind. 39. Qrmnam ludus: what sport is then* in the waves ? The parts of the word am separated by Tmesis. Nothing can be more beautiful than the whole of this fragment. Jt is in imitation of the eleventh Idyl of Theocritus. 40. Purpureum : blooming gay. Est is to be supplied. 4J. Fundit: in the sense ofprodurif. 42. Texunt: in the sense of cflkiunt. Umbracula : a dim. noun from umbra, a lit- tle, or pleasant shade. 43. Insani; raging stonny. 44. Qwrf; in the sense of cur. 45. Mimini numeros : I recollect the tune ; if I knew the words, I would sing them. These last, or some other of the like import, are evidently implied. Or else we must take si in the sense of Utimam ; I wish O that. 46. Suspicis; in the sense of miraris. 47. Astrum. This word properly signifies a constellation of stars. The poet uses it. here for a single star, thereby giving the greater dignity to the star of Caesar. Vir- gil makes lulus the son of JEneas, the founder of the Julian family. lulus was the grand- son of Venus, who according to some was the daughter of Dione, a nymph of the sea, by Jupiter. Hence the epithet Dionccan. AbouUhe time of Julius Caesar's death, it is said a remarkable comet appeared, which the Romans considered to be the soul of Caesar received up to heaven. The poet calls it the star of Caesar, agreeable to the vulgar notion. This comet, according to Dr. Halley, appeared the third in time in BUCOLICA. ECL. IX, ** Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo " Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem. * Jnsere, Daphni, piros, carpent tua poma nepotes." 50 Omni a fert aetas, animum quoque. Saepe ego longos Cantando puerum memini me condere soles. Nunc oblita mini tot carmina : vox quoque Moerim Jam fugit ipsa : lupi Moerim videre priores. Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas. 55 LY. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores : Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes (Aspice) ventosi ceciderunt murmuris auras. Hinc aded media est nobis via : namque sepulchrum Incipit apparere Bianoris : hie, ubi densas 60 Agricolae stringunt frondes ; hie, Moeri, canamus : Hie hoedos depone, tameh veniemus in urbem : Aut si, nox pluviam ne colligat ante, veremur : Cantantes licet usque (minus via Isedet) eamus. Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. 65 MCE. Desine plura, puer : et quod nunc instat, agamus. Carmina turn melius, cum venerit ipse, canemus. 51. Ego memini me puerum saepe condere 55. Ista carmina tibi- seepe satis 56. Longum tempu* 62. Tamen veniemus opportune 63. Ante* quam perve- nerimus ad earn, licet nobis ut eamus usque cantantes. 66. Desine loqui plura verba 67. Cum Menalcas ipse NOTES. 1680. In its nearest approach to the sun, its tail was' about 60 degrees long. Pro- cessit; moves along hath begun its course. 48. Quo segetes, &c. Under which (by the influence of which) the fields shall rejoice with corn. Or, the crops shall abound in grain ; taking segetes for the stalks or spring- ing corn. Gauderent, by enallage for gaude- bunt. Sata abundabunt frumento, says Ru- seus. 49. Uva duceret colorem: shall take co- lour grow ripe. Duceret : for duett, by enallage. 50. Insere piros : plant or graft your pear- trees. The star of Caesar shall extend its influence to them. They will grow and flourish ; and if y*m should not live to reap the fruit of your labour yourself, be assured your offspring will. Piros may be put for 'fruit trees in general : the species for the genus. 51. JEtas : in the sense of tempus. Ani- mum : in the sense of memoriam. 52. Condere longos Soles : to pass or spend long days in singing. Sol is often taken for the day, as Luna is for the night. See ^En. 2. 255. 54. Lupi priores: the wolves first have seen Moaris. He hath lost his voice he can- not sing. Alluding to a superstitious notion that if a wolf saw a man the first, he would lose his voice. 55. Referret: in the sense ofrecitabit. 56. Causando : by framing excuses. From the verb causor. Ducis : you put off defer. Amores : pleasmre entertainment. 57. Omne stratum (equor, &c. The whole level surface of the water, is still for you. Stratum: smooth level. To consider stra- tum as expressing the tranquillity of the wa- ter is mere tautology : that is sufficiently expressed by silet. JEquor any plain or level surface, whether land or water ; here s probably, the river Mincius. Omnes auras, &c. Every breeze of whispering wind hath ceased. Ventosi murmuris : in the sense of murmurantis venti. 59. Adeb: only surely. 60. Sepulchrum Bianoris: the tomb of Bianor. He was said to be the son of the river Tiber and the nymph Manto. He founded, or rather enlarged Mantua, and called it after the name of his mother. See JEn. 10. 198. His tomb was placed by the side of the way. 61. Stringunt: prune, or lop off the thick boughs. 62. Urbem. The city Mantua. Depone hozdos : lay down your kids. He was pro- bably carrying them upon his shoulders. Let us stay here awhile and amuse our- selves in singing: we shall, nevertheless,, arrive in town in good time. 64. Usque: all the way all the time. Lcedet : in the sense offatigabit. 65. Levabo te, c. I will ease you of this burden load : to wit, the kids, which he was carrying to town for his new landlord. See verse 6, supra. 66. Puer : swain. It is applied to shep- herds in general. 67. Cum ipse, &c. It is probable that Virgil composed this Eclogue when he was at Rome. 50 P. VIRGILII MARONIS QUESTIONS. To whom did the estate of Virgil fall in the distribution of the Mantuan lands ? Did he receive any hard treatment from Arius? How did he save his life? What was the name of his steward ? Who is Ly- cidas supposed to be ? When does the pas- toral open ? Where is the scene laid ? What is the time of the day? What is the subject of this pastoral? What is the character of it ? What is the distinction between poeta, and rates? What remarkable appearance was ob- served in the heavens about the time of Ju- lius Csesar's death ? What does the poet call it ? When did it appear the third time ? Who was Bianor? What did he do? ECLOGA DECIMA. GALLUS. THE subject of this fine pastoral is the love of Gallus for Lycoris, who refused liis ad- dresses, and gave her affections to an officer. This. Gallus was a particular friend of Virgil, and was an excellent poet. He raised himself from a humble station to great favor with Augustus, who appointed him governor of Egypt after the death of Anthony and Cleopatria. The scene of the pastoral is laid in Arcadia, whither the poet supposes his friend to have retired in the height of his passion. Here all the rural deities assemble around him, inquire the cause of his grief, and endeavor to moderate it. This Eclogue is not Btir- passed by any of the preceding, except the fourth, in beauty and grandeur. Here, too, Virgil imitates Theocritus, particularly in his first Idyl. By Lycoris is meant Cytheris, a most beautiful woman, and celebrated actress. dicenda EXTREMUM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede laborem. 2. Pauca carmina sunt Pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris, Carmina sunt dicenda : neget quis carmina Gallo ? Sic tibi, cum fluctus subter labere Sicanos, Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam. 5 Incipe, sollicitos Galli dicamus amores, NOTES. 1. drethusa. A nymph of great beauty, the daughter of Nereus and Doris. Also, a fountain on the island Ortygia, in the bay of Syracuse, upon which stood a part of the city. Syracuse was famous for its being the birth place of Theocritus and Archime- des ; and for its valiant defence against the Roman fleet and army under Marcellus. It was taken after a siege of three years. Concede, &c. Grant me this last work favor me in the execution of this my last pastoral essay. The reason that the poet invoked this nymph is, that she was the goddess of a fountain of that name, in the place where Theocritus was born, and where pastoral poetry was much cultivated. 4. Tibi : with thee with thy water. 5. Amara Doris. Doris, a nymph of the sea, the'daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and married to her brother Nereus, of whom he begat the nymphs called Nereides ; hers put by meton. for the sea, whose water is salt and of an unpleasant taste ; which the poet prays may not be mingled with the sweet and pleasant waters of the fountain Arethusa, in its passage under the Sicilian sea. See JEn. iii. 694 and 6. Alpheus, a river of the Peloponnesus, is said to have been in love with the nymph Arethusa, who, flying from him, was turned by Diana into a fountain. She made her escape under the sea, to the island Ortygia, where she rose up. But Al- pheus pursuing her by the same way, arose up in the same fountain, mingling his waters with hers. Undam : in the sense of aquam. 6. Galli. There were several persons by the name of Gallus. The one here meant is Publius Cornelius Gallu* He raised himself by his extraordinary merit to great favour with Augustus, who appointed him BUCOLICA. ECL. X. 'Dum tenera attondent simae virgulta capellae. Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia sylvae. Quae nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellae Naiades, indigno cum Gallus amore periret ? Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonia Aganippe. Ilium etiam lauri, ilium etiam flevere myricae. Pinifer ilium etiam sola, sub rupe jacentem Maenalus, et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycaei. . Stant et oves circum, nostri nee poenitet illas : Nee te pceniteat pecoris, divine poeta. Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis. Venit et upilio, tardi venere bubulci : Uvidus hyberna venit de glande Menalcas. \ Omnes, unde amor iste, rogant, tibi ? Venit Apollo. Galle, quid insanis ? inquit : tua cura Lycoris, Perque nives alium, perque horrida castra secuta est. Venit et agresti capitis Sylvanus lionore, ia 11. Nam neque ulla juga Parnassi, nam ne- que ulla juga Pindi, ne- que fons, Aonia Aga- nippe, fecere ullam mo- 1 5 ram vobis. Etiam lauri flecerunt ilium 21. Unde est iste amor tibi, O Galle NOTES. governor of Egypt after the death of An- tony and Cleopatria. His prince, however, for some cause or other, conceiving a violent enmity against him, sent him into banish- ment ; which sentence was ratified by the senate. This cruel and undeserved treat- ment had such an effect upon his mind, that he killed himself. After his death, Augustus lamented his own severity and that of the senate towards so worthy a man. Gallus was a great friend of Virgil, and highly esteemed by Pollio and Cicero. He was a poet as well as statesman and soldier. It is said he wrote four book of elegies to Cytheris, whom Virgil calls Lycoris. He also translated some part of the works of Euphorion, a poet of Chalets. 7. Simce: flat-nosed. 8. Respondent; will answer will echo back our song. 9. Habuere vos ; in the sense of detinuerunt vos. Nemora: properly signifies a grove or wood thinly set with trees, where flocks may feed arid graze; derived from the Greek. Saltus : properly a thick wood, where bushes and fallen trees do not- permit animals to pass without leaping ; from salio. Habuere vos : detained you from coming to console Gallus in Ms grief. Puellce: in the sense of nymphcE. 11. Juga: in the sense of cacumina. Parnassi. Parnassus was a mountain, or rather range of mountains in Phocis, sacred to the Muses. Pindi. Pindus was a range of mountains in the confines of Epirus and Macedonia, also sacred to the Muses. Aga- nippe was the name of a fountain issuing from mount HeHcon in Beotia, and flowing into the river Permessus. It is called Aonian, from Aon, the son of Neptune, who reigned in Beotia. 15. McEnalus. A mountain in Arcadia, celebrated for its pines. Lycai. Lycaeus, a mountain of the same country, noted for its rocks and snows ; hence the epithet ge- lidi. The whole of this passage is very fine. It contains a reproof to the nymphs for not assisting in alleviating the grief of Gallus. 16. Stant et oves,&Lc. His flocks too stand around him nor are they ashamed of him nor do they disregard his grief. Gallus is represented under the character of a swain, feeding his sheep on the mountains of Ar- cadia. Nostri : our friend Gallus. 18. Adonis. He was the son of Cinyras, king of the island of Cyprus, by his daugh- ter Myrrha. He was so beautiful, that Venus ranked him among her favorites, and honored him with her bed. When hunting, he received a wound from a boar, of which he died, and was greatly lamented by her. 19. Venit et upilio : the shepherd too came, and the slow moving herdsmen came. Upilio, for opilio, by metaphasmus. Opilio, proba- bly from oves, by changing the r into p. The word et is often used to express empha- sis, and has the force of etiam or quoque, as in the present case. When it has its cor- respondent et in the following member of the sentence, it is usually translated by the word both, and the following et by and. The conj. que, when it has its correspondent que, is rendered in the same way. '20. Uvidus de : wet from gathering the winter mast. 21. Apollo. He came, the first of the gods; because he was the god of poetry. 22. Tua cura : "for tua arnica. 24. Sylvanus. He was the god of the woods, and said to be the son of Mars. He always bore on his head a branch of cypress. Like Pan. HP was represented ap half man. P. VIKGILH MARONIS Florentes ferulas et grandia lilia quassans. Si5 26. Quern nos ipsi vi- p an Deus Arcadiae venit, quern vidimus ipsi Sanguineis ebuli baccis minioque^rubentem. Ecquis erit modus ? inquit : amor non talia curat. 29. Crudelis amor nee Nee lacrymis crudelis amor, nee gramina rivis, saturatur lacrymis N ec cytiso saturantur apes, nee fronde capelte. 30 31. At ille tristis in- Tristis at ille : Tamen cantabitis, Arcades, inquit, quit :tamen,0 Arcades, Montibug hjec vestris . 8oli cantare per i t i Arcades. O.mibi turn quam molliter ossa quiescant, Vestra meos olim si fistula dicat amores ! 35. Utinam fuissem Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem 35 mius ex vobis Aut custos gregis, aut maturae vinitor uvse ! 37. Certe sive Phillis, Certe sive mihi Phyllis, sive esset Amyntas, sive Amyntas, seu qui-g eu quicumque furor (quid turn, si fuscus Amyntas ? ro7l U c e ereT et Et ni g rse violae sunt ' et vaccinia nigra.) Mecum inter salices lentS. sub vite jaceret. 40 42. Hie, O Lycori, g erta m ihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas. 44. Insanus amor de- T tinet me in* armis duri " 1C nemus : hie ipso tecum consumerer OBVO. Martis inter Nunc insanus amor duri me Martis in armis NOTES. and half goat. He fell in love with Cypa- r ins-its, the favorite of Apollo, who was changed into a tree of that name. Agres- ti konore capitis : with the rustic honor of his head with a garland of leaves upon his head. Honore : in the sense of corona. 25. Florentes ferulas: blooming fennel. There are two kinds of ferula, or fennel, the small, or common, and the large, or giant fennel. This last grows to the height of six or seven feet. The stalks are thick, and filled with a fungous pith, which is used in Sicily for the same purpose as tinder is with us, to kindle fire. From this circum- stance, the poets feigned that Prometheus stole the heavenly fire and brought it to earth in a stalk of ferula. Some derive the name from ferendo, because its stalk was used as a walking-stick ; others derive it fromymewrfo, because it was used by school-masters to strike their pupils with on the hand. Hence the modern instrument, or ferula, which is used for the same puipose, though very dif- ferent from the ancient one, and capable of giving much greater pain. 27. Rubenlem : stained with the red ber- fies of alder, and with vermilion. Ebuli. Ebalum is the plant called dwarf elder. It grows about three feet high, and bears red berries. In England it has obtained the name of dane-wort ; because it was fabled to have sprung from the blood of the Danes, at the time of their massacre. It is chiefly found in church-yards. Minio. Minium is the native cinnabar. It was the vermilion of the ancients ; it is our present red-lead. 28. Modus : in the sense of finis. 29. Rivis : with streams, or rills of water. 3fK 'Saturan-lm- : are satisfied. 31. Arcades. This address of Gallus to the Arcadians is tender and pathetic, espe- cially that part of it where he wishes he had been only a humble shepherd like them. 32. Hoc : these my misfortunes. 33. O tjuam molliter : O how softly then my bones, &c.; alluding to a superstitious notion of the ancients that the bodies of the dead might be oppressed by the weight of the earth cast upon them. Accordingly they crumbled it fine, and cast it lightly into the grave, using the words, sil tibi terra levis : may the earth be light upon thee. 34. Olim: hereafter. This word refers to future as well as to past time. Mihi : in the sense of mea, agreeing with ossa. 36. Vinitor : a vine-dresser. It seems to be used here in the sense of rindemiator, a ' gatherer of grapes a vintager. 38. Furor. This word properly signifies any inordinate passion, such as love, angor. rage, fury, and the like; by meton. the ob- ject of such passion the person loved. Fuscus : black. The verb s-it is to be sup- plied. 39. Vaccinia ; whortle-berries, or bil-ber- ries. Mr. Martyn takes the word for the flower of the hyacinth. 41. Serta: garlands of flowers. 43. Consumerer, &c. I could spend my very life here with you in this pleasant re- treat, gazing upon the beauty of your per- son, llueeus says : tradncerem omucm (rtatein tecum. But consumerer may be used in the sense of the Greek middle voice. Virgil was fond of the Greek idiom. 44. JVuwc insanus amor, &c. The mean- ing of this passage appears to hr> : in thfc BUCOLICA. ECL. X. Tela inter media atque adversos detinet hostes. Tu procul a patr& (nee sit mini credere) tanturn Alpinas, ah dura, nives, et frigora Rheni Me sine sola vides. Ah te ne frigora Isedant ! Ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas ! Ibo, et Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu Carmina pastoris Siculi modulabor avena. Certum est in sylvis, inter spelaea ferarum, Malle pati, tenerisque meos incidere amores Arboribus : crescent illae, crescetis amores. Interea mixtis lustrabo Maenala Nymphis, Aut acres venabor apros : non me ulla vetabunt Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus. 45 46. Tu, ah dura /emi- na ! procul a patria (uti- nam sit mihi nee credere id) vides tantum Alpi- nas nives, et frigora 50 Rheni, sola sine me. 50. Et modulabor avena Siculi pastoris Theocriti, carmina, quee 54. Illae arbores cres- - r cent : MM, O mi araores NOTES. pleasant place, if you had consented, we might have both lived happy and secure. But now, on account of your cruelty, we are both unhappy and miserable. Through despair, I expose myself to the dangers and hazards of war ; and in the mean time your love of a soldier hurries you to distant countries, over the snows of the Alps, &c. Gallus here supposes Cytheris to accompany her lover, and to undergo the fatigues and hardships incident to a military life. Me. This passage would be much easier, if we could read te in the room of me. The sense naturally leads to such reading ; but we have no authority for making the substitu- tion. Martis. Mars was esteemed the god of war. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, as some say; others say, of Juno alone. His education was intrusted to Pri- apus, who taught him all the manly exerci- ses. In the Trojan war, he took a very active part, and was always at hand to as- sist the favorites of Venus. His amours with that goddess have been much celebra- ted by the poets. Vulcan, her husband, being informed of their intrigue, made a net of such exquisite workmanship, that it could not be perceived. In this net he caught the two lovers, and exposed them to the ridicule of the gods. He kept them in this situation for a considerable time, till Neptune pre- vailed upon him to set them at liberty. The worship of Mars was not very general among the Greeks, but among the Romans he received the most unbounded honors. His most famous temple was built by Au- gustus, after the battle of Phillippi, and de- dicated to Mars UUor. His priests were called Salii, and were first instituted by Numa. Their chief office was to keep the sacred ancyle, or shield, which was supposed . to have fallen from heaven. Mars was sometimes called Gradivus, Mavors, and Quirmus ; by meton. put for war in general a battle a fight, &c. 45. Adversos : in the sense of infestos. 46, Tantum : only nothing beside. 57. Alpinas : an adj. from Alpes, a very high range of mountains separating Italy from France, Switzerland, and Germany, and covered with almost perpetual snow. Rheni: the river Rhine. It rises in the mountains of Switzerland, and runs a north- erly course, forming the boundary between France and Germany, and falls into the German sea near the Hague. Its length is near six hundred miles. Dura : in the s^nse of crudelis. Sola : Lycoris was alone, as respected Gallus. 49. Plantas : in the sense of pedes. As- pera : sharp. The whole of this address to his mistress is extremely tender and pathe- tic. 50. Quce condita sunt, &c. Which were composed by me in elegiac verse. Ckalci- dico : an adj. from Ckalcis, a city of Eubcea, (hodie, Negraponfy the birth-place of Eu- phorion, an elegiac poet ; some of whose verses, it is said, Gallus turned into Latin verse. To this, Ruaeus thinks, the poet re- fers. However this may be, it cannot be made from the words without strfin- ing them. They simply imply that Gallus wrote some verses or poems in the same kind of verse, or measure, in which Eupho- rion wrote. 51. Modulabor : in the sense of canam. 52. Certum est, c. It is certain I am resolved, that I had rather suffer in tho woods any dangers and hardships than fol- low after Lycoris. These, or words of the like import, seem to be necessary to make the sense complete. Spel&a: dens, or haunts of wild beasts ; from the Greek. 53. Incidere : to cut, or inscribe. 55. Mcenala: neu. plu. a mountain in Arcadia. In the sing. Mcenalus. Lustrabo : in the .sense of circumibo. Mixtis nymphis. The meaning is, that he was in company with the nymphs ;, or that they, in confused and irregular order, pursued their course. 56. Acres: fierce dangerous. Vetabunt: in the sense of prohibebunt. 57. Parthemn*. Parthenius was a moun*- P. V1RGILII MARONIS Jam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantes Ire : libet Partho torquere Cydonia cornu 60. Tanquam heec Spicula : tanquam haec sint nostri medicina furoris, 60 nn \ a Ant in -if* -^ Ut D'eus i^ e mans hominum mitescere discat. I. Aut tanquam me r TT , , ... scupido Jam nec l ue Hamadryades rursum, nee carmina nobis 64. Ilium Deum ewpi-Ipsa placent : ipsae rursum concedite sylvae. dinem ; nee equidem, si Non illuni nostri possunt mutare labores ; Nee si frigoribus mediis Hebrumque bibamus, fif> Sithoniasque uives hyemis subeamus aquosae : ver7emut e over^thio BiNeC si> C " m moriens alt ^ liber aret in ulmo u^sub 8 sidere cancn", ^ tm <>P u m versemus oves sub sidere Caneri. cum ' Omnia vincit amor ; et nos cedamus amori. 70. O Dive Pierides, Haec sat erit, Divae, vestrum cecinisse poetam, 70 sat erit vestrum poetam D um se det, et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco, ~ ierides : vos haec facietis maxima Gallo : Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas, Quantum vere novo viridis se subjicit alnus. Surgamus : solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra : 75 NOTES. tain in Arcadia, where virgins used to hunt ; from a Greek word signifying a virgin. It is here used as an adj. Circumdare : in the sens% of cingere. '58. Sonantes: echoing resounding. 59. Cydonia: an adj. from Cyrfon, a city of Crete, the arrows of which were held in great estimation. Partho cornu : a Parthian bow. The Parthians were a people famed for their skill in handling the bow, which they made of honi. Hence cornu : a bow. Libet: in the sense of jurat. 60. Medicina furoris: a remedy for our love. Tanquam : as if. . 61. Malis : in the sense of miser Us. 62. Hamadryades : nymphs of the woods and trees. Their fate was supposed to be connected with that of particular trees, with which they lived and died. It is de- rived from the Greek. See Eel. ii. 46. 63. Rursum concedite : again, ye woods, farewell. Concedite^ is here elegantly put for valete. I wish you may grow and flourish, though / languish and die. 65. Hebrum. The Hebrus is the largest river of Thrace, rising out of mount Rho- dope, near its junction with mount Hcemus, and taking a southerly course, falls into the jEgean sea: Hodie, Marisa. The ancient Thrace forms a province of the Turkish empire, by the name of Romania. Frigori- bus : in the sense of hyeme. 66. Sithonias: an adj. from Sithonia, a part of Thrace, bordering upon the Euxine sea. Subeamus: endure undergo. 67. Morien? lib.tr : the withering bark, or rind. 68. Versemus : feed, or tend upon ; in the sense of pasceremus. JEthiopum : gen. plu. of JEthwps, an inhabitant of ./Ethiopia, an extensive country in Africa, lying principal- ly within the torrid zone. Here it is put for the inhabitants of any country lying in a hot climate. Caneri. Cancer is one of the twelve signs of the Zodaic. The sun en- ters it about the twenty-first day of June, causing our longest day. 69. jJmor vincit, &c. The poet here hath finely represented the various resolutions and passions of a lover. Gallus having tried various expedients to divert his affec- tions,and finding nothing sufficiently enticing to him, to accomplish that end, finally aban- dons the vain pursuit with this reflection : Love conquers all things let us yield to love. 71. Texit: formed made. Hibisco: in the sense of vimine. 72. Maxima: most acceptable most precious. 73. In horas: hourly every hour. 74. Subjicit se : shoots itself up springs up. 75. Umbra sokl, &c. The shade of the evening is wont to be injurious to singers. Umbra here must mean the shade or dusk of the evening, which, on account of the falling dew, is reckoned an unhealthy part of the day. That the word is to be taken in this sense, appears from the circumstance men- tioned in'the following line. Hesperus venit : the evening star is approaching. Cantanti' bus ; some read cunctantibus : to those de- laying, or loiterinjr. BUCOLICA. ECL. X, 55 Juniperi gravis umbra : nocent et frugibus umbrae. lie domum saturae, venit Hesperus, ite capellae. 77. T(w, O mm satu- roe capellae, ite, ite do - mum. NOTES. 76. Umbra juniperi: the shade of the juniper tree is injurious : not so in fact ; it is both pleasant and healthy. It is odoriferous in itself, and is often burned, to absorb the noxious part of the atmos- phere, and to prevent infection. Poets often take liberties that are not allowable in prose writers. They may follow the common re- ceived opinions of things, however incor- rect, without justly incurring censure. This we may be sure Virgil did in the present instance. It might have been the current opinion that the juniper tree changed its qualities as the evening came on ; or, we may understand it thus : so noxious is the evening air, that even the jumper tree will not secure from its effects. 77. Saturn: full-fedsufficiently fed; implying that time enough had been spent in pastoral writing. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this pastoral? Who was Gallus? Where is the scene of the pastoral laid ? What took place after his arrival in Ar- cadia ? What is the character of this pastoral? . Whom does Virgil imitate ? Who was Lycoris ? Who was Arethusa ? Was there any fountain of that name? Where was it situated ? For what was Syracuse famous ? Why did the poet invoke the nymph Are- thusa ? What is said of the river Alpheus? Where was the mountain Parnassus? Where was Pindus? Where were the mountains Meenalus and Lycaeus ? What is said of them? Who was Mars? What is said of him? By whom was the most celebrated temple of Mars built? What were his priests called ? What was their chief office ? What were the names of Mars ? For what is the word Mars put for by meton. ? ' Where is the river Hebrus ? Where does it rise and empty its waters ? Where is .Ethiopia situated? INTRODUCTION TO THE OEORGICS. THE civil wars, that had distracted the Roman empire, had nearly deso* lated Italy. The land lay neglected, and the inhabitants were reduced t6 great distress for want of the necessaries of life. In this state of things, they cast the blame upon Augustus, and murmured against his administra- tion. To remedy the existing evils, and to avert heavier calamities, it became necessary to revive agriculture ; which for many years had been almost wholly neglected, the people being taken from their lands to supply the armies. It occurred to Mfficenas that a treatise upon that subject would be highljr useful to the inhabitants of Italy ; he therefore engaged Virgil, who had just finished his Eclogues, to undertake the work. It had the desired effect. For, after the publication of the Georgics, Italy began to assume a new and flourishing appearance, and the people found themselves in plenty, and in the enjoyment of peace and content. Virgil spent about seven years in this part of his works. His correct taste, his chaste style, and above all, his extensive knowledge, duly quali- fied him for a work of this kind. The Georgics, like the Eclogues, were every where well received. The rules for the improvement of husbandry, and the advice given to the farmer upon the several subjects connected with it, were not only suited to the climate of Italy, but have been esteemed valuable in every country where " due honor has been paid to the plough," down to the present time. The word Georgica is from the Greek. Its original word properly sig- nifies the cultivation or tillage of the earth. In the Georgics, Virgil imitated Hesiod, who wrote a treatise upon this subject, entitled, Opera et Dies, but he far excelled him in every respect. He began this part of his works in the year of Rome 717, being then about thirty-two years of age, and dedi- cated it to Maecenas, his friend and patron, at whose request he wrote it. The Georgics are divided into four books. The first treats of the various soils, and the proper method of managing each. The second treats of the various ways of propagating fruit trees, and particularly the vine. The third treats of the several kinds of grass, and the proper method of raising horses, cattle, sheep and goats. The fourth treats of the proper management of bees. With the main subject, the poet hath interwoven several very interesting fables and episodes, which contribute to our pleasure, and relieve the mind under the dryness of precept. QUESTIONS. What was the state of Italy, when Virgil Were they well received by his countrymen* began his Georgics ? Was Virgil well qualified to write upon At whose request did he write them ? the subject of agriculture ? To whom did he dedicate them ? Whom did he imitate ? What is the meaning of the word Geor- What is the comparative merit of each gica, or Georgics ? work ? From what language is the word derived ? Do the Georgics contain valuable rules What effect had the Georgics upon the and directions to the agriculturalist in all state of Italy ? countries ? How long was Virgil in writing them ? Into how many books are they divided? In what year of Rome did he begin them? What is the subject, of each book ? &e. 8 P. VIRGILII MAROMS GEORGICA. L.IBER PRIMUS. Tins BOOK opens with the plan of the whole work : and in the four first lines informs us of the subject of each book. The poet then proceeds to invok% the Gods, that were thought to have any concern in the affairs of tillage or husbandry and particularly, he compliments Augustus with divinity. After which, he goes on to show the different kinds of tillage proper for the different soils. He traces out the origin of agriculture. He describes the various implements proper for that use. He notices the prognostics of the weather. And concludes, by relating the prodigies which happened about the time of Julius Caesar's death ; and by invoking the Gods for the safety of Augustus, his prince. The whole is embellished with a variety of other matter, so judiciously blended with the subject, that, besides preventing languor and fatigue under the dryness of precept, it con- tributes to our pleasure and delight. QUID faciat laetas segetes ; quo sidere terram Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adjungere vites, Conveniat : quae cura bourn ; qui cultus habendo Sit pecori ; atque apibus quanta experientia parcis ; Hinc canere incipiam. Vos, 6 clarissima mundi Lumina, labentem^oBlo quae ducitis annum : Liber et alma CeTe%, vestro si munere tellus Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arista, Poculaque inventis Acheloia miscuit uvis : 2. O Maecenas, inei- piam canere hinc, quid faciat Isetas segetes, qua sidere conveniat vertere terram 3. Quae sit cura bourn ; qui 7. O Liber, et alma Ceres, si NOTES. 1. Ltttas : in the sense ofcopiosasvelfer* tiles. 3. Qui cultus, &c. What management is necessary for raising cattle. It is plain that necessarius, aptus, or some word of the like import, is to be supplied, agreeing with cul- tus. Habendo may be a fiiture past pass, or a gerund in do, of the dat. case. 4. Quanta experientia, &c. How great care, or attention, is necessary to rear the frugal bees. Or it may mean ; how great experience, foresight, and regular manage- ment, in their affairs, there may be to the frugal bees. When sentences are very el- liptical, it is sometimes difficult to fall upon the meaning of the author. 6 Lumina. We are here to understand, I apprehend, the sun and moon, as they go- vern the seasons; rather than Ceres and Bacchus, as some imagine. 7. Liber et alma Ceres. Ruseus considers these as the Clarissima Lumina mundi in the preceding line. But the reason which he gives for so doing appears insufficient. Alma: an adj. cherishing nourishing. In this sense it is a very appropriate epithet of Ceres, as being the goddess of husbandry, It also signifies, pure holy, &c. 8 Chaoniam glandem : Chaonian acorns, or mast : here put for mast in general ; the species for the genus. Chaoniam: an adj. from Chaonia, a part of Epirus, in which was the famous grove Dodona, that abound-* ed in mast-trees. 9. Achelo'ia pocula : draughts of pure wa- ter. Pocula, properly the cups, here put by CO 10, Et vos, O Fauni, prsesentia numina agres- tum ; O Faunique Dry- adesque puellse, ferte pedem simul : 14. Et, tu O Aristae, cultor nemorum, cui ter centum nivei juvenci IG.Twipse^Tegenee Pan, custos ovium, lin- quens patrium nemus, P. VIRGILII MARONIS Et vos, agrestum praesentia numina, Fauni, 10 Ferte simul Faunique pedem Dryadesque puellse ; Munera vestra caiio. Tuque 6, cui prima frementera Fudit equum magno tellus percussa tridenti, Neptune : et cultor nemorum, cui pinguia CSBSG Ter centum nivei tondent duineta juvenci : li> Ipse nemus linquens patrium, saltusque Lycaei, Pan ovium custos, tua si tibi Maenala curae, Adsis, 6 Tegeaee, favens : oleaeque Minerva NOTES. meton. for the water itself. Acheloia : an adj. from Achelous, a river of ^tolia, sup- posed by the ancients to have been the first that arose out of the earth : hence put, fre- quently, for water in general. Ceres, it is said, taught men husbandry, and Bacchus, the cultivation of the vine : to which the words Vestro munere allude. At the first, men lived upon the spontaneous productions of the earth. 10. Prasentia : in the sense ofpropitia. 11. Dryades. Nymphs or goddesses of the woods, from a Greek word signifying an oak. Sec Eel. ii. 46. 14. Neptune. Neptune, god of the sea, and father of fountains and rivers. He was the son of Saturn and Aps, and brother of Jupiter and Pluto. In the division of the world with his brothers, he obtained the em- pire of the sea. He is said to have married Amphitrite, the daughter of Nereus or Oce- anus. He is said to have been the first who tamed the horse. Hence the poets feign, that when a dispute arose between him and Minerva, respecting the name to be given to the city Athens, it was referred" to the gods for their decision ; who declared it should be- called by the name of the party that should confer on mankind the greatest benefit ; wherupon Neptune struck the earth with his trident and produced the horse, a warlike animal; and Minerva with her spear produced the olive, the emblem of peace: upon which the case was given in her favour. Neptunus, by meton. is often put for the sea. Cultor nemorum. The per- son here meant is Aristceus, the reputed son of Apollo and the nymph (Gyrene, the daugh- ter of Peneus, the god of the river Peneus in Thessaly. After his son Actceon was torn to pieces by dogs for looking upon Diana, as she was bathing, Arist&us left Thebes, and took up his residence in the island Ccea, one of the Cyclades. He is said to have been the first, who taught mankind the cul- tivation of bees. See Geor. iv. 317. 17. Si tua Mcenala, &c. The meaning is : if you have a regard for Mamalus, Lycaeus, ynd the rest of your mountains in Arcadia, come and be propitious to my undertaking. These mountains were sacred to Pan. 18. Tegeaee : an adj. from Tegea, a city of Arcadia, sacred to Pan. Minerva. Goddess of wisdom and the liberal arts. She is said to have been produced from the brain of Ju- piter full grown, and immediately admitted into the assembly of the Gods ; where she distinguished herself by her wise counsel. Her power was very great. She could hurl the thunderbolts of Jupiter, prolong the lives of men, and bestow the gift of prophecy, Arachne, the daughter of Idmon, a Lydian T challenged the goddess to a trial of skill in embroidery. She represented on her piece the amours of Jupiter in a masterly man- ner. She was, however, outdone, and ha- ving hung herself through chagrin, was changed into a spider by the victorious god- dess. Minerva took a very active part in support of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, and protected her favorite Ulysses in all his dangers. Her worship was universally es- tablished. She had magnificent temples dedicated to her in most countries. Sais, RJiodes, and Athens, were her favorite pla- ces. She was variously represented ac- cording to the characters in which she ap- peared ; but most generally with a helmet on her head, and a large plume waving in the air ; with one hand holding a spear ; with the other a shield, having the head of Medusa upon it. This shield was called the JEgis. When she is represented as the goddess of the liberal arts, she is covered with a veil called the Peplum. She had a ' very celebrated statue called the Palladium. said to have been about three cubits in height, and represented her sitting, and hold- ing in her right hand a pipe, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It is said to have fallen from heaven near the tent of lulus. as he was building the citadel of Troy, on the preservation of which, the safety of thai city depended. It was carried off by Ulys-l ses and Diomede, who privately found a wa> into the temple. It is said, however, thau the true palladium was not taken away but only a statue of similar shape; ant that ./Eneas carried the true one with him t( Italy. The olive tree, the cock, the owl and the dragon, were sacred to her. Sin had various names, and as various office: and functions attributed to her. She wa called Athena, from the city of Athens, o which she was the tutelar goddess: Palla.- , from a giant of that name whom she sieve j GEORGICA. LIB. I. 61 Jnventrix, uncique puer monstrator aratri : Et teneram ab radice ferens, Sylvane, cupressum : Dique, Deseque omnes, studium quibus arva tueri, Quique novas alitis non ullo semine fruges, Quique satis largum ccelo demittitis imbrem. Tuque adeo, quern mox quse sint habitura Deorum Concilia, incertum est, urbesne invisere, Caesar, Terrarumque velis curam : et te maximus orbis Auctorem frugum, tempestatumque potentem Accipiat, cingens materna tempora myrto : An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua nautee Numina sola colant : tibi serviat ultima Thule, Teque sibi generum Tethys emat omnibus undis. Anne novum tardis sidus te mensibus addas, Qua locus Erigoneri inter Chelasque sequentes Panditur : ipse tibi jam brachia contrahit ardens saltusque Lycaei, si tua 20 Maenala sint tibi curse, adsis favens : Tu que O Minerva, inventrix 21. O omnes Dique Deseque, quibus est stu- dium 25 24. Tuque adeo O Caesar, quern, incertum est, quBB concilia Deo- rum habitura sint mox : ne velis invisere urbes, **" et suscipere curam ter- rarum : NOTES. or rather, from a Greek word signifying to vibrate, because as goddess of war, she brandished a spear in her right hand : Par- thenos, because she preserved her chastity : Tritona, because she was worshipped near a lake of that name in Africa : Glaucopia, be- cause she had blue eyes : Agorea, because she presided over markets : Hippia, because she taught mankind to manage the horse : Stratia, and Area, because of her martial character. 19. Puer. Triptolemus the son of Celeus, king of Elusina, a city of Attica. He is said to have taught the Greeks agriculture, having himself been previously instructed by Ceres. See Eel. v. 79. 20. Sylvane. One of those demi-gods that go under the general name of satyrs. He is said to have been passionately fond of the boy Cyparissus, who having, through mistake, killed a deer, of which he was very fond, pined away and died. He was changed into the Cypress tree. See. Eel. 5. 73. 21. Studium : in the sense of cura. 22. JVbw ullo semine. Some read nonnullo semine. But the former appears to be the better ; and it is supported by several an- cient manuscripts, as Pierus informs us. Nonullo semine : from no seed, that is, such as spring up spontaneously. Heyne, after Heinsius, reads non ullo semine. 24. Adeo : in the sense of pracipue. 25. Urbes. The commoii reading is urbis ; but as all interpreters agree that it is for urbes, the ace. plu. I have ventured so to write it. The nom. and ace. plu. of the third declensions sometimes ended in eis, which was contracted into is ; as, omneis, contracted omnis urbeis, contracted urbis. But there is no reason thai it should be re- tained in preference to the regular termina- tion. Valpy reads urbes. 26. Maximus: the sup. in the sense of Ihcpos. : the great world. 27. Potentem: the ruler one who has power over : rectorem, says Ruseus. It has here the force and efficacy of a substantive. Tempestatum : in the sense of temporum. 28. Materna myrto. The myrtle tree was sacred to Venus, the mother of ./Eneas, from whom, according to Virgil, Caesar descended. 30. Thule. One of the Shetland islands on the north of Scotland, the farthest land westward known to the ancients. The poet, therefore, calls it ultima. Colant : in the sense of adorent, vel precentur. 31. Tethys. The daughter of Calus and Terra, and wife of Oceanus. She was mo- ther of the nymphs Oceanides; elegantly put, by meton. for the sea itself. 32. Anne addas, &c. Or whether you would add yourself a new constellation to the slow summer months. The monflis are called slow, because the days in the summer are the longest, and so their motion appears the slower ; or rather, to speak philosophically, because the earth moves slower in her orbit, during the summer months. 33. Erigonen. Erigone, the daughter of Icarus, who, on account of the murder of her father, hung herself for grief; but was translated to heaven, and made the constel- lation Virgo. Sequentes Chelas : the follow- ing claws the claws following the sign Virgo. The Chelae were the claws or arms of Scorpio, extending over, and occupying the sign of Libra. The ancients at first divided the Ecliptic into eleven parts, leaving out the sign Libra, and giving to Scorpio a space of the Zodiac equal to 60. By re- ducing it to an equality with the rest of the signs, a space of 30 remained for Ccssar-, if he chose to occupy it. 34. Ardens: impatient greatly desirous of thy coming ; rather than ardent, burn- ing. &c. as it is sometimes rendered. P. VIRGILII MARONIfe Scorpius, et coeli justa plus parte reliquit. 85 36. Quicquid Numen Quicquid eris (nam te nee sperent Tartara regem, eris ' da Nee tibi regnandi veniat tarn dira cupido : Quamvis Elysios miretur Grsecia campos, Nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem) Da facilem cursum, atque audacibus annue cceptis : 40 41. Tuque miseratus Ignarosque vise mecum miseratus agrestes agrestes ignaros vise, Tngredere, et votis jam nunc assuesce vocari. mecum ingredere Vere novo, gelidus canis cum montibus humor Liquitur, et Zephyro putris se gfeba resolvit ; Depresso incipiat jam turn mihi taurus aratro 45 Ingemere, et sulco attritus splendescere vomer. Ilia seges demum votis respondet avari Agricolae, bis quse solem, bis frigora sensit : Illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes. At prius ignotum ferro quam scindimus aequor, 50 Ventos et varium coeli prsediscere morem 52.Curasitwo6wpr8B-Cura sit, ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum: discere Et quid quaeque ferat regio, et quid quaeque recuset. Hie segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae : Arborei foetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt 55 Gramina. Nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, 58 At nudi Chalybes India mittit ebur, molles sua thura Sabaei ? mittunt ad nos femira At Chalybes nudi ferrum, virosaque Pontus NOTES. 39. Proserpina. See Eel. v. 79. 42. Ingredere : enter upon your office of a god, and even now accustom yourself to be invoked by vows. 43. Gelidus humor: here, ice or snow. Humor is properly any kind of moisture or liquor. Novo vere. The poet advises the husbandman to begin his ploughing in the early part of the spring, as soon as the snow melts from the mountains, and the earth be sufficiently softened, that he may be in due season with the work of the year. 45. Depresso aratro: in the plough put, or laid, deep in the earth. Or the words may be put absolutely : the plough being put deep in the earth. 48. Qua bis sensit, &c. Which feels twice the summer, and twice the winter ; that is, lies fallow for two years together, or with- out tillage. Seges : in the sense of terra, vel ager-, says Heyne. 49. Ruperunt. The sense seems to re- quire the present; accordingly Ruseushath interpreted it by rumpunt: his immense harvests burst his barns his barns are not capable of containing his crops. 50. JEiquor : properly any plain or level surface, whether land or water. Here used in the sense of ager or campus. Ignotum : cujus natura ignota est nobis. 51. Prced"scereventos,8zc. To learn before hand the winds and the various qualities of the weather ; to observe, to what winds the fields are most exposed, and whether the climate be moist or dry, cold or hot. Morem cadi: naturam vel temperiem a em, says Heyne. 52. Patrios cullus : the culture of our fathers. This is the sense of Davidson and Heyne. Colendi rationem probatam iwu majorum, says the latter. Ruieus says : Proprtam culturam. Habitus locorum : the habits of the places the habit or peculiar nature of the various soils. Land, by being tilled in a certain way, acquires an aptitude to produce some kinds of grain better than others. This is what is meant here. 54. Felicius: more luxuriantly. 55. JJrborei foetus: nurseries, or young trees. Fcetus signifies the young of any kind, animate or inanimate. Injussa : not sown spontaneously. 56. Tmolus. A mountain in Phrygia, in the confines of Lydia, famous for its saffron : hence the epithet croceos. 57. Molles SabiBi: the effeminate Sabe- ans. These were a people inhabiting Ara- bia Felix, which abounded in frankincense. 58. Chalybes nudi: the naked Chalybes send us iron, and Pontus, &c. The Chaly- bes were a people of Spain, according to Justin ; but of Pontus, according to Strabo, said to have wrought naked, on account oi' the heat of their furnaces, or forges. Hence Clialybs came to signify the best kind of iron and steel. Pontvs. See Eel. viii. O."i. GEORGICA. LIB. 1. Castorea, Eliadum palmas Epirus equarum ? Continue has leges seternaque foedera certis Imposuit natura locis, quo tempore primum Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem : Unde homines nati, durum genus. Ergo age, terrae Pingue solum primis extemplo a mensibus anni Fortes invertant tauri : glebasque jacentes Pulverulenta coquat maturis solibus aestas. At si non fuerit tellus foecunda sub ipsum Arcturum tenui sat erit suspendere sulco : 11] ic officiant loetis ne frugibus herbae ; Hie, sterilem exiguus ne deserat humor arenam. Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales, Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum. Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra ; Unde prius laetum siliqua quassante legumen, Aut tenues foetus viciae; tristisque lupini Sustuleris fragiles calamos, sylvamque so'nantem Urit enim lini campum seges, urit avense : TTrunt Lethceo perfusa papavera somno. 60 64. Extemplo a primis 65 mensibus anni fortes tauri 70 71. fu idem patiere tonsas novales cessare alternis annis, et 74. Unde prius sustu- leris leetum legumen 75 quassante siliqua, aut tenues foetus vicice, fra- gilesque 77. Seges avenee urit cum. NOTES. 59. Virosa castorea : strong-scented castor. According to Pliny, the castor was contain- ed in the testicles of the beaver. But the moderns have found that the castor is con- tained in certain odoriferous glands about the groin, and in both sexes. Epirus pal- mas, &c. Epirus (produces) the victors of the Olympic mares produces those mares that obtain the palm of victory in the Olympic races. Palmas equarum; Ruasus says equas victrices in Olympico cursu. Epi- rus, once a powerful kingdom, is bounded by the Ionian sea on the south and west, and by Thessalia, Macedonia and Achaia on the north and east, famous for its excel- lent horses. Elidum: an adj. gen. plu. from Elis, or Elea, a maritime country of the Peloponnesus, the chief cities of which were Elis, on the river Peneus, and Olympia, on the river Jllpheus, famous for the games there celebrated in honor of Jupiter. They were instituted 1458 years before Christ, and celebrated every fifth year. 60. Fczdera : in the sense of conditiones. 62. Deucalion. See Eel. vi. 41. 63. Nati: in the sense of orti sunt. 66. Solibus: Sol, properly the sun, by me- ton. heat. Maturis : in the sense of vehe- mentibus, vel ardentibus. Coquat: emoliat et rarefaciat, says Heyne. 68. Sub ipsum Arcturum : about the rising of Arcturus. This is a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes, near the tail of the groat Bear. The poet recom- mends, if the soil be rich, to turn it up with a deep furrow early, that it may lie and bake through the heat of the pummer ; but if the land be of a thin soil, and light, ft will be sufficient to turn it UT> with a thin furrow, and some time in the fall, about the rising of Arcturus. In the former case, (illic) that the grass and weeds may not injure the springing crop ; in the latter case (/tie) that the scanty moisture may not leave the barren land. 71. Tonsas novales, c. You should suffer your reaped fallow grounds to rest every other year. Novalis terra, is properly new ground, or ground newly broken up. Hence it came to signify fallow ground, because by resting it is recruited, and as it were, renewed. 72. Situ : with a sword. Situs here means the grass, weeds, c. which over- spread the ground, and bind it down into what is commonly called a sword. Campum segnem : your field lying idle. . 73. Sidere mutato : the year being changed. Some copies read semine mutato. Sidus, in the sense of annus, is frequently used by Virgil. 74. Lczlum : hi the sense of fertile vel copiosum. Siliqua : in the rattling pod, or shell. 75. Tristis : bitter. Tenues foetus, Ruseus interprets by parva grana. 76. Sylvam. This word is frequently used for a thick luxurious crop or growth of any thing. 78. Papavera perfusa : poppies impreg- nated with obli vious sleep, or possessing the quality of causing sleep. Lethceo : an adj. from Lethe, a word of Greek origin, im- plying forgetfulness or oblivion. The poets feigned it to be one of the rivers of hell, the water of which the dead were said to drink after they had been in the regions below some time. It was represented as P. VIRGILH MARONIS Sed tamen alternis facilis labor : arida tantum Ne saturare fimo pingui pudeat sola ; neve \ ^SEffoetos cinerem immundum jactare per agros. 'Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt foetibus arva : Nee riulia interea est inaratae gratia terrse. Saepe etiam steriles incendere profuit agros, Atque levem stipulam crepitantibus urere flammis. Sive inde occultas vires et pabula terrae Pinguia concipiunt ; sive illis omne per ignem Excoquitur vitium, atque exudat inutilis humor : Seu plures calor ille vias, et caeca relaxat Spiramenta, novas veniat qua succus in herbas : Seu durat magis, et venas astringit h'iantes : Ne tenues pluviae, rapidive potentia solis Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat. Multiim adeo, rastris glebas qui frangit inertes, Vimineasque trahit crates, juvat arva ; neque ilium Flava Ceres alto nequicquam spectat Olympo : Et qui, procisso quae suscitat aequore, terga Rursus in obliquum verso perrumpit aratro : Exercetque frequens tellurem, atque imperat arvis. Humida solstitia atque hyemes orate serenas, 79. Labor erit facilie alternis annis : 80. Tantum ne pu- deat it saturare sola. 85 91. Seu ille calor ma- gis durat terrain, et 92. Ne tenues pluviae penetrent altius ; acriorve potentia 95. Adeo Hie juvat "* arva multum, qui frangit 97. Et ille multum ju- vat arm, qui perrumpit terga, quae suscitat in primo procisso eequore, aratro verso rursus in 100 obliquum: <7 having the power of causing them to for- get whatever they had done, seen, or heard before. A river in Africa of that name, which flowed under ground for some dis- tance, and then rose to its surface, is sup- posed to have given rise to this extravagant fable. 79. Labor facilis. The meaning appears to be this : that the above mentioned crops may be sown every other year, notwith- standing their injurious qualities, provided the land be well manured^ 80. Arida sola : dry or thirsty soils. 81. Eff&tos: worn out exhausted. 82. Fwtibus : in the sense of segetibus. 83. Nee nulla gratia est inaratoz terra: nor, in the mean time is there no gratitude in the land untilled left fallow every other year. The whole of this section contains a num- ber of excellent precepts and instructions for the husbandman. In the first place, he ad- vises the farmer to let his land rest every other year ; or, if he cannot do that with convenience, then to change the crops, and to sow wheat after the several kinds which he mentions, but not to sow flax, oats, or pop- pies: for these burn and impoverish the land. He says, notwithstanding this, they may be sown in turn, provided care be taken to recruit and enrich the land by manure. The poet concludes by observing, that if the ground be left fallow, as he at first advised, instead of being sown with any of those grains, it would not be ungrateful it would NOTES. abundantly repay the farmer for this indul- gence. 86. Sive inde. c. The poet here gives four reasons for the farmer's firing his lands. 1. That they might hence receive an in- crease of nutriment. 2. That the noxious moisture might be dried up to them. 3. That the close and dense soil might be loosen- ed. And 4. That the loose soil might be rendered closer. This he founds upon the principle of those philosophers who taught that fire was the universal element. 88. Viiium : the bad quality. 90. Spiramenta c&ca : secret avenues, or passages, by which moisture is drawn into the new plants. 93. Penetrabile : in the sense ofpenetrans. penetrating searching. Rapidi: in the sense of ardentis. 97. Et qui, &c. The poet recommends to the farmer tcv*harrow his ground well, before he commit the seed to it ; but if it be hard and obstinate, and lie up in ridges. (terga) so that it will not yield to the har- row, then it will be profitable to plough it again crosswise. Proscisso cequorc : in break- ing up his field. Suscitat: raises up makes. 99. Exercet, &c. He exercises his land frequently, and commands his fields. This is a metaphor taken from a general training or exercising his troops, giving them com- mands, and dispensing discipline amon I laud facilem esse viam voluit, prinmsque per arteia Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda : Nee torpere gravi passus sua regna veterru*. Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni : 125 Nee signare quidem, aut partiri limite campurn Fas erat : in medium quserebant : ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat. Ille malum virus serpentibus addidit atris, Pracdarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri, 1W Mellaque decussit foliis, ignemque removit, Et passim rivis currentia vina repressit : Ut varias usus meditando extunderet, artes Paulatim, et sulcis frumenti quasreret herbam, Et silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem. 135 Tune alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas : Navita turn stellis numeros et nomina fecit, 138. Appellant eosPleiadas, Hyadas, claramque Lycaonis Arcton. ' Ple'iadas Turn laqueis captare feras, et fallere visco. Inventum ; et magnos canibus circumdare saltus. 140 Atque alius latum funda jam verberat arnnem NOTES. for safety to Italy, where Janus was king. After this, Jupiter divided the empire of the world with his two brothers, reserving to him- self the empire of heaven and earth. The Giants, the offspring of the earth, to avenge the death of the Titans, whom Jupiter slew, rebelled against him. Piling mountains, one upon another, they hoped to scale heaven itself, and attack Jupiter in person. He, however, completely vanquished them, and inflicted on them the severest punishment for thsir crimes. He married his sister Juno, who was very jealous of him, and sometimes very troublesome. His power was the most extensive of any of the gods. His worship was general, and surpassed that of any of the gods in dignity and solemnity. He had several celebrated oracles, but that at Do- dona, in Epirus, and at Ammon,*\n Lybia, per- haps took the lead. He had several names, chiefly derived from the places where he was worshipped, and from his offices and func- tions. He was called Itospitalis, because he was the protector of strangers ; Optimus, because he was the best ; Maximus, because he was the greatest ; Olympius, because he was worshipped at Olympia, &e. Jupiter, is sometimes put for the air, or weather. 123. Mwit : in the sense of coluit. 124. Gravi veterno. Veternus,QTveternum, is a disease causing a stupor both of mind and body, something like the lethargy. Torpere gravi veterno, is highly metaphorical. J'eterno : in the sense of otto, vel desidia, says Ruteus. 131. Removit ignem : he removed fire from the sight of men, and concealed it in the veins of the flint. Prometheus is said to have stolen it from heaven, because it was found necessary to man. Decussit: life shook off' the honey from the leaves, i. e. he caused the honey to cease. 133. Ut usus extunderet : that experience, by observation, might find out the various arts by degrees. 134. Sulcis : by agriculture by the plough . 136. Cavatas alnos : simply, boats ; be- cause, at first, they were made of the alder tree. 138. Ple'iadas : ace. plu. of Greek termi- nation. They are seven stars in the neck of Taurus, and are called Pleiades, from a Greek word signifying, to sail ; because by their rising, they indicated the proper time to put to sea. They were sometimes called Atlantides, from Atlas, a king of Maurita- nia, whose daughters they were fabled to be, by the nymph Pleione. The Romans sometimes called them Vergiliae,. Their names were, Electra, Akynoe, Celce.no, Ste- rope, Taygeta, Maia, and Merope. Hyadas. These are seven stars in the front of Taurus, so called from a Greek word signifying, to rain. They were fabled to have been the daughters of Atlas and JE,lhra. Refusing consolation for the death of their brother Jfyas, who was slain by a lion, Jupiter, tak- ing pity on them, changed them into as many stars. Their names are Ambrosia, Eudoxa, Pasithoe, drone, Plexauris, Pylho, and Syche. Arcton. A constellation near the north pole, called the Ursa Major. Ly- caon was a king of Arcadia, whose daugh- ter Calisto, out of jealousy, was transform- ed by Juno into a bear ; a-nd Jupiter, for hi.s regard to her, translated her in that form to heaven, and made her the constellation Arcton. GEORGICA. LIB. 1. In Alta pelens, pelagoque alius trahit humida Una. Turn ferri rigor, atque argutse lamina seme ; (Nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum) 144. Primi homines Turn variae venere artes. Labor omnia vincit 145 Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egestas. Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram Instituit : cum jam glandes atque arbuta sacrse Deficerent sylvae, et victum Dodona negaret. Mox et frumentis labor additus ; ut mala culmos 150 Esset rubigo, segnisque horreret in arvis ^*$" ''l+gLsf^JL Carduus : intereunt segetes, subit aspera sylva,' appaeque, tribulique : interque nitentia culta Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae. Quod nisi et assiduis terram insectabere rastris, Et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci Falce premes umbras, votisque vocaveris imbrem Heu, magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervum, Concussaque famem in sylvis solabere quercu. Dicendum, et qua3 sint duris agrestibus arma : Queis sine, nee potuere seri, nee surgere messes. Vomis, et inflexi primum grave robur aratri, Tardaque Eleusinae matris volventia plaustra, Tribulaque, traheaeque, et iniquo pondere rastri : Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, Arbuteae crates, et mystica vannus lacchi. 155 160 160. Dicendum et quss est 162. Primum vomis, et grave 165 142. Petens alia : seeking the deep parts of the sea, or river. Altum, when it is used for the sea, properly signifies the channel, or the deepest part of it; while pelagus pro- perly signifies that part of the sea near the land. 143. Turn rigor ferri : then the hardening of iron, and the blade of the grating saw, were invented. 145. Improbus labor: constant, perseve- ring labour overcomes all difficulties. Du- ris rebus : in poverty. Egestas : in the sense of necessiias. Venere : in the sense of m- ventcB sunl. 148. Arbuta : the fruit of the arbute tree. Dodona: a famous grove in Epirus, abound- ing in mast trees. See Eel. ix. 13. 150. Labor: in the sense of morbus, dis- ease. Mala rubigo esset : that the noxious mildew should consume the stalks. Esset, for ederet. 152. Segnis carduus: the useless thistle wave, or look rough. Sylva. See 76, supra. 153. LappcB : burrs, a species of herb. Tribuli : the brambles land-caltrops. In- felix : noxious injurious. 154. Dominantur: bear rule have the ascendency. 157. Premes umbras : you should trim off the limbs (of the trees) of a shaded field, &c. Umbras: in the sense of ramos, by meton. 159. Solabere famem, &c. The poet as- sures the farmer that, unless he follow the directions just given, he will behold the abundant crops of his neighbor, while his will fail him, and he be under the necessity of allaying the craving of nature upon no- thing better than acorns. 160. Arma: implements, tools, &c. neces- sary to the farmer. Et: in the sense of quoque. 163. Tarda volventia : the slow-moving wagons of mother Ceres. ElusincB : an adj. from Eleusis, a city of Attica, where she was worshipped. Inflexi: in the sense of curvi. 164. Tribula. This was a kind of sledge or carriage,used among the ancients to thresh their corn with. It was pointed with iron, and drawn over the grain by oxen. Trahea. This was an instrument something like the tribulum, and made use of for the same purpose ; a sledge. 164. Iniquo: Ruseus says, magno. 165. Vilis virgeaque supellex : the cheap or common wicker-baskets. Celei : Celeus was the father of Triptolemus, whom Ceres, it is said, instructed in the art of tillage and husbandry. See Eel. v. 79. 166. Arbutece crates : hurdles of the ar- bute tree. Vannus : a sieve, or winnowing machine. It is called mystica, mystic, be- cause used in the mysteries of Bacchus. lacchi : lacchus, a name of Bacchus. P. VIRGILII MARONIS Omnia quae multo ante memor provisa repoiK Si te digna manet divini gloria ruris. 169. Continue in syl- Continuo in sylvis magna vi flexa domatur vis flexaulmus domatur j n bur i m et curv i formam accipif ulmus aratri. magna vi in burim, et TI . x '. acc jpi t Huic a stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo, 171. Huic buri temo Binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso. protentus a stirpe in octo aeditur et tilia ante jugo levis, altaque fagus, pedes aptatur ; binue Stivaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat imos ; dS^^tant^?* sus P ensa fccis explorat robora fumus. f Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre, Ni refugis, tenuesque piget cognoscere curas. 178. Cum primis rebus Area cum primis ingenti aequanda cylindro, area est sequanda in- g t yertenda manu, et creta solidanda tenaci : Ne subeant herbae, neu pulvere victa fatiscat : Turn variae illudunt pestos. Saepe exiguus mus Sub terris posuitque domos, atque horrea fecit : 184. : Bufo inventus Aut oculis capti fodere cubilia talpae. est cavis, et plurima Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae Monstra ferunt : populatque ingentem farris acervum Curculio, atque inopi metuens formica senectae. 186 Contemplator item, cum se nux plurima sylvis t 170 175 180 NOTES. 167. Omnia qua; memor: all which things, being provided long before hand, you should be mindful to lay up. 168. Divini ruris. The country is here called divine, either on account of its inno- cence and happiness, or because it was ori- ginally the habitation of the gods. Gloria : reward. Ruoeus says, laus; for divini, he says, beati. 171. Stirpe: from the back part, or bot- tom. 172. Bines, aures: two mould or earth boards, one on each side of the temo, or beam. The poet here mentions the several parts of the plough. The buris, or bura, was the part which the ploughman held in his left hand the plough tail. The dentale, the chip, or part of the plough to which the romer, or share, is fastened. Duplici dorso : with a double back. Borne understand du- plex in the sense of latus ; but there is no need of this. The plough, which the poet is describing, is altogether of a singular kind to us. It had two mould-boards ; two chips or share-beams we might suppose it to have had, one on each side of the temo, or main beam, which, being joined together, might not improperly be said to form a double back. Sliva : the handle, which the ploughman holds in his right hand. 173. Et levis tilia. Tilia, the linden, or lime tree. It is a light wood, and therefore more suitable for the plough. 174. Quce torqueat : which may turn the lowest wheels from behind may turn the extreme or hinder part of the plough. The plough here described we may suppose run upon wheels, which is the reason of the poet's calling it currus, a carriage. Ruscus says : quibusdam in regionibus aratrum in- struitur rotis ; but commentators are by no moans agreed as to the form and construc- tion of this plough of the poet. 175. Fumus explorat. Wood seasoned in the way here mentioned will be less liable to crack or split, than if seasoned in the usual way, in the sun and open air. 180. Victa pulvere : overcome with dry- ness, should crack. Pulvere. Rueeus says : sicr/fatc, quce creat pulverem. 181. Turn: in the sense of prcEterea. 183. J'alpce capti oculis. Talpa, the mole, a small animal, supposed to have no eyes, and living chiefly under the ground. 184. Bufo : the toad. Monstrum, pro- perly signifies any thing contrary to the ordinary course of nature ; also, any mis- chievous animal, whether man or brute; which is the meaning here. 186. Curculio: theweavel; a mischievous animal among grain. 187. Contemplator item, &c. Observe in like manner when the nut tree hi the woods clothes itself abundantly with blooms. Of the nut-tree, there are several kinds. The one here meant is supposed to be the Ar- mygdala, or almond tree, because its flow- ers or blossoms were supposed to be an in- dication of the fertility of the year. Plu- rima : art adj. sup. agreeing with nux. This construction frequently occurs, and is more elegantly translated by its correspond- ing adverb. GEORGICA. Induct in florem, et ramos/curvabit olerites : Si superant foetus, pariter frumenta sequentur, Magnaque cum magno veniet trituracalore. At si luxuriii foliorum exuberat umbra, Nequicquam pingues palea teret area culmos. Semina vidi equidem multos medicare serentes, Et nitro prius et nigra perfundere amurca, ,.., Grandior ut fetus siliquis fallacibus esset. Et quamvis igni exiguo properata maderent, Vidi lecta diu, et multo spectata labore, Degenerare tamen ; ni vis humana quotannis Maxima quseque manu legeret : sic omnia fatis In pejus ruere, ac retro sublapsa referri. Non aliter quam qui adverse vix flumine lembum Remigiis subigit : si brachia forte remisit, Atque ilium in praeceps prono rapit alveus amni. Praeterea tarn sunt Arcturi sidera nobis, Hcedorumque dies servandi, et lucidus anguis ; Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per aequora vectis Pontus et ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi. Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas, 194. Equidem vidi multos serentes medi- 190 care semina, et prius quam serent, perfundere ea nitro et nigra amur- ca, ut 196. Quamvis semina properata exiguo igni 195 maderent ; tamen vidi ea lecta diu, et spectata multo labore, degene- rare ; ni 199. Sic vidi omnia fatis ruere in pejus, ac 200 sublapsa referri retro. 202. Si forte remisit brachia, ruit et sublapsus refertur retro, atque al- veus rapit ilium in prae- ceps prono amni. 205 206 - Quam Us vectis per ventosa aequora in suam patriam, quibus Pontus et ostriferi fau- ces Abydi NOTES. 189. F&tus : in the sense offlores. 190. Magno calore. Calor here seems to mean the sweat and heat of the labourer or thresher, rather than the heat of the summer. 191. At si umbra: but if the boughs abound in a luxuriancy of leaves, in vain, &c. The meaning seems to be this : that if the blossoms upon the tree shall exceed the leaves, then you may expect a plentiful crop. But if, on the contrary, the leaves be the most numerous, you may expect a scan- ty crop a crop rich only in husks and chaff. Umbra: in the sense of rami. 193. Serentes : part, of the verb, sero, taken as a substantive : Sowers. The poet here gives the husbandman to understand that the greatest care is to be taken in se- lecting his seeds ; that it is sometimes use- ful to impregnate them with other qualities to prevent them from degenerating ; and sometimes to soak and steep them over a slow fire, in order to hasten their sprouting and coming forward. And although care be taken in the selection, they will be found nevertheless to degenerate : and all that remains for him to do, is, to select every year with his own hand the fairest arid best seeds ; and in this way only he may keep his crops from degenerating to any great extent. This advice is worthy the atten- tion of every farmer. 194. Perfundere: this may either mean to sprinkle them (semina) over with, or put them into. Ruseus says, spargere. 195. Fallacibus. The pods or ears are called fallacious, because they are some- times large, when there is very little in them. F(ftus : the grain or produce. 198. Humana vis : human care. In the sense of homines. Unless men should se- lect with the hand, &c. RUEBUS says, hominum industria. 201. Adverse Jlumine : against the cur- rent. 203. Atque. Ruaeus, on the authority of Gellius, takes atque in the sense of statim. Davidson and Heyne take it in its usual signification as a conjunction, supposing an ellipsis of the words: ille ruit ac sublapsus refertur retro, A,nd carries him headlong down the stream. Alveus: properly the channel or bed of a river ; here, the river in general : the current, or impetus of the wa- ter ; by meton. 205. Hffidi. Two stars in the shoulder of Auriga, a constellation in the heavens. Lucidus Anguis : a constellation called Dra- co. The poet here intimates that it is the duty of the farmer to observe the stars, and the various signs of the weather ; and that he will find it as useful to him hi the course of his business, as it is to the mariner. 207. Fauces Abydi. The Hellespont or straits, which separate Europe from Asia : called ostriferi, because abounding in Oys- ters. Abydus : a city on the Asiatic shore, over against Sestus. Tentantur: in the sense of navigantur. 208. Die : for Did. The gen. of the fifth declension was sometimes thus written. Somni, is elegantly put for noctis. Ubi Li- bra fecerit. Libra is one of the signs of the^ zodiac, which the sun enters the 23d of September ;i at which tune he is on the equa- tor, and makes the days and nights equal. 70 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Et medium luci atque umbris jam dividit orbem : Exercete, viri, tauros, serite hordea campis, 210 Usque sub extremum brumaB intractabilis imbrem. Necnon et lini segetem et Cereale papaver 213. Tempuses/tegereTempus humo tegere, et jamdudum incumbere rastris, et segetem lini et Ce- Dum sicca tellure licet, dum nubila pendent. reale papaver humo y f abig sat j o . turn te quoque, Medica, putres 214. Dum licet tibi ... , . facere id, tellure sicca, Accipiunt sulci ; et miho vemt annua cura : et dum ' ' Candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus annum 215. Satio fabis est in Taurus, et averso cedens canis occidit astro, vere : turn j^ g j triticeam in messem robustaque farra Exercebis humum, solisque instabis aristis : Ante tibi Eoae Atlantides abscondantur, Gnossiaque ardentis decedat stella coronae ; Debita quam sulcis committas semina, quamque Invitae properes anni spem credere terrae. 225. Multi coDpere se- Multi ante occasum Maiae coepere : sed illos rerc ante Expectata seges vanis elusit aristis. Si vero viciamque seres, vilemque faselum, C 215 220 225 NOTES. 211. Bruma: properly the shortest day of winter, or the winter solstice : this is its meaning here. By synec. it is sometimes put for the whole winter. The meaning is, that the farmer may extend his sowing as late as the winter solstice, which is about the 21st of December. Intractabilis: in the sense of durra>lia ventorum : all the pow- 297. Medio cestu : in the middle of the ers of the winds in fierce contest engage. day. Ceres : for seges, the grain, or harvest. Ruceus says : pugnas omnium ventorum Rubicunda: in the sense offlava. misceri. This comparison of the wind with 209. Nudus ava, &c. The poet's meaning the wind, and of growing corn with chaff, here is, that the farmer should be industrious, has been censured by some critics ; but the and turn the summer to the best account; passage is probably to be understood as re- for the winter is a season of rest and festi- presenting the growing corn uprooted by vity, when he may enjoy the fruit of his the tempest, and whirled aloft (sublime) as labours. easily as light straw is by an ordinary 300. Parto : what he had gotten during whirlwind. Martyn, Heyne, and Vossius, the summer. Rebus per axlatem comparatis, concur, says Valpy, in this interpretation. says Ruceus. 320. Expulsam : in the sense of ditripa- 301. Curant: in the sense of parant. tarn. Nigro turbine: in a black whirlwind; 304. Ceu presses carince : may either mean a whirlwind bringing with it clouds and laden ships, or weather-beaten ships. Ca- darkness, and imbruing a storm. Hyems : rina is properly the keel ; by synec. the in the sense of tempestas. whole ship. 322. Immensum agmen, &c. Nothing can 305. Stringere : in the sense of colligere. surpass, in grandeur and sublimity, the de- 309. Balearis fundae : the Balerian sling, scription which, we here have of a sudden The islands Majorca, Minorca, and Uvica, storm, of its rise, and effect. An immense on the coast of Spain, were called by the band or army of vapours march along the ancients Balearides ; the inhabitants of heavens ; the clouds, impregnated deeply which were famous for the use of the sling, with vapour, collect together from the sea ; Stupea verbera: the hempen strings. and, forming themselves into globous 312. JEstas: in the sense of color, vel wreaths, brew a deep and threatening storm. (Estus. The verb est is to be supplied. Vi- They then burst, and discharge such a de- gilanda : curanda, vel providenda, says luge of water, that the whole heaven seems Heyne. Viris : for agricolis. dissolved, and pouring upon the fields. The 313. Ruit: hastens to a close. Rueeus floods sweep away the fertile (Iceta) crops, says, desinit, and Servius, pracipitaiur. the labours of man and beest ; the ditches GEORGICA. LIB. I. 75 Et tceclam glomerant tempestatem imbribus atris Collectae ex alto nubes : ruit arduus aether, Et pluvia ingenti sata laeta, boumque labores 325 Diluit : implentur fossae, et cava flumina crescunt Cum sonitu, fervetque fretis spirantibus aequor. Ipse pater, media nimborum in nocte, corusca Fulmina molitur dcxtra : quo maxima motu Terra tremit : fugere ferae, et mortalia corda 330 Per gentes humilis stravit pavor : ille flagrant! Aut Atho, aut Rhodopen, aut alta Ceraunia telo Dejicit : ingeminant Austri, et densissimus hnber : Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc litora plangunt. Hoc metuens, cceli menses et sidera serva : 335 Frigida Saturni sese quo stella receptet : Quos ignis coeli Cyllenius erret in orbes. Imprimis venerare Deos, atque annua magnse Sacra refer Cereri, laetis operatus in herbis, Extremae sub casum hyemis, jam vere sereno. 340 Tune agni pingues, et tune mollissima vina : 341. Tune agni funt Tune somni dulces, densaeque in montibus umbrae. Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret : Cui tu lacte favos, et miti dilue Baccho, NOTES. are filled ; the winding rivers swell, and the sea roars in its foaming friths. 327. Fretis. Fretum is properly a strait, or arm of the sea. Spirans, as here used, is beautiful and expressive. The figure is taken from water boiling, which seems to breathe (spirare) by emitting a steam or vapour, and is ail in commotion. 329. Molitur : in the sense of vibrat, vel jacit. Qwo motu. By this we are to under- stand probably the act of vibrating or hurl- ing the thunder-bolt the thunder itself. What the ancients supposed to be the bolt, was nothing more than the lightning the electric matter, passing from one cloud, or part of the atmosphere, to another, that was diiferently electrified, and thus became vi- sible. 330. FercB fugere: the wild beasts have fled. There is a peculiar force in the use of the perfect tense here. The beasts of the forest fear, and they are gone, and are out of sight in a moment, seeking their wonted retreats. 332. Alho: a Greek ace. A mountain in Macedonia, which overlooked the ^Egean sea. Rfwdopen. A mountain, or rather range of mountains in Thrace, Ceraunia : ace. plu. neu. mountains in Epirus. They were so called from a Greek word signify- ing thunder, because, from their height, they were much exposed to it. 333. Imber densissimus. RUSBUS says: pluvia est copiocissima. 336. Quo frigida stella : to what part of heaven the cold star of Saturn betakes it- self. Saturn is called cold most probably from the circumstance of its great distance from the sun, and the small degree of heat it receives from him. On the other hand, the planet Mercury is called ignis, on ac- count of its nearness to the sun, and the de- gree of heat it probably receives from him. Cyllenius. A name of the god Mercury. He was the son of Jupiter and Maia, the god of eloquence, and messenger of the gods. He had a winged cap called Petasus, and winged feet called Talaria. The in- vention of the lyre, and its seven strings, is attributed to him ; which he gave to Apollo, and received in return the celebrated Ca- duceus, which was a rod or wand encircled with serpents, and said to possess extraor- dinary virtues and qualities. It was his business to conduct the manes of the dead to the infernal regions. He presided over orators, merchants, and thieves. The wor- ship of Mercury was established in Greece, Egypt and Italy. He was called Cyllenius, from a mountain in Arcadia of that name, where he is said to have been born ; Caducea- /or, Triplex, Delius, &c. According to Cicero, there were four others to whom the name of Mercury was given. Of these, was a famous philosopher of Egypt, whom they called Hermes Trismigistus. Cyllenius ignis : the planet Mercury. 337. Erret : in the sense of moveat. Or- bes : planets. 344. Cui tu dilue favos: for whom do thou mingle honey with milk and sweet wine. Favos: the comb; by meton. the honey contained in it. T6 P. V1RGILII MARON1S Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges, 345 346. Quarn hostiam Omnis quam chorus et socii comitentur ovantes ; omnis chorus, et/m socii E t Cererem clamore vocent in tecta : neque ante Falcem maturis quisquam supponat aristis, Quam Cereri, tortt redimitus tempora quercu, Det motus incompositos, et carmina dicat. 350 Atque haec ut certis possimus discere signis, /Etusque, pluviasque, et agentes frigora ventos ; Ipse pater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret, Quo signo caderent Austri, quid saepe videntes Agricolae propius stabulis armenta tenerent. 355 Continue, ventis surgentibus, aut freta ponti Incipiunt agitata tumescere, et aridus altis Montibus audiri fragor ; aut resonantia longe Litora misceri, et nemorum increbrescere murmur. Jam sibi turn curvis male temperat unda carinis : 360 Cum medio celeres revolant ex a3quore mergi, 363. Sicco htore Clamoremque ferunt ad litora, cumque marina; In sicco ludunt fulicoe ; notasque paludes 364. Ardeaquc descrit Deserit, atque altam supra volat ardea nubem. notas paludes, atquevo- gaepe etiam Stellas, vento impendente, videbis 365 Tat aupra altam nubem. p raec ipi t e s CC elo labi ; noctisque per umbrani Flammarum longos a tergo albescere tractus ; Ssepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas ; Aut summa nantcs in aqua colludere plumas. At Boreae de parte trucis cum fulminat, et cum 370 \jfJL"''- Enrique Zephyrique tonat domus ; omnia plenis Kura natant fossis ; atque omnis navita ponto NOTES. 345. Felix hoslia. The poet here alludes 360. Jam turn unda male temperat: then to the sacrificium ambervale, so called, be- the waves scarcely restrain themselves from cause the victim was led three times around (swallowing up) the bending ships. Mali : the field ; ab ambire arva. in the sense of difficile. 346. Omnis chorus ct socii: the same as 361. Mergi: *a species of sea-fowl, ge- omnis chorus sociorum. nerally taken to be the cormorant : from the 349. Redimitus tempora : bound as to his verb mergo. temples with a wreath of oak. The poet 363. Fuliccc: a species of sea-fowl much enjoins upon the farmer to make two oftcr- like the common duck ; a coot, or moor-hen. ings tv Ceres: the first of honey and wine, 364. Ardea: a bird, swift on the wing, nt the beginning of spring: dibit faros, &c. and soaring high. From which circum- The other of a victim at the beginning of stance called ardca, quasi pro ardua : a heron, harvest: ter feli. r hoslia, &c. 365. Stupe ridebis sldlas: you will also 350. Incompositos motus : the irregular or often see stars, &c. The poet speaks in immethodical dance ; such as is performed conformity to the vulgar notion. No star by rustics. Cereri : nempo, in honorem Ce- moves from its station. Those appearances reri.s. to which the poet alludes are of an electric 351. J/fcc: nempe, cesf usque, pluviasque. nature meteors. They are sometimes seen 353. Moneret: in the sense of indicaret. to dart across the heavens, and through the 354. Signo : in the sense of indicio. darkness of the night, appear to draw after Qwod indicium esset venti mox cessuri, says them a train (tractus') of light or flame. Heyne. dustri : here put for any boister- Impendente: threatening being near at. ous wind : the species for the genus. hand. 356. Freta ponli : simply, for pontus, vel 371. Domus Enrique, &c. That part of mare. Fret um, properly a strait, or narrow the heavens from which these winds blow, part of the sea. the poet calls their house or habitation. 358. Jlridus fragor: a dry cracking The expression is highly poetical. Here sound, such as is made among dry trees the poet mentions twelve signs or prognostics they break,, of rain. OEORGICA. LIB. 1. Humida vela legit. Nunquarn imprudentibus imber Obfuit. Aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis Aeriae fugere grues ; aut bucula coslum Suspiciens, patulis captavit naribus auras : Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo : Et veterem in limo ranae cecinere querelam. Saepius et tectis penetralibus extulit ova Angustum formica terens iter ; et bibit ingens Arcus ; et e pastu decedens agmine magno Corvorum increpuit densis exercitus alis. Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quas Asia circum Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri, Certatim largos humeris infundere rores ; Nunc caput objectare fretis, nunc currere in undas, Et studio incassum videas gestire lavandi. Turn cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena. Nee nocturna quidem carpentes pensa puelke Nescivere hyemem : testa cum ardente viderent Scintillare oleum, et putres concrescere fungos. Nee minus ex imbri soles, et aperta serena Prospicere, et certis poteris cognoscere signis. Nam neque turn stellis acies obtusa videtur, Nee fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna : 375 376. Suspiciens ad coe- lum 380 383. Jam videas va- rias volucres pelagi, et Asia prata in dulcibus stagnis Caystri,certatim infundere largos rores humeris 390 393. Nee minus ex imbri poteris prospicere, et, certis signis, cognos- cere sudos soles, et aperta et serena coda. NOTES. 373. Imprudentibus, &c. Never hath a shower hurt any person unforwarned : that is, a shower always gives such certain signs of its approach, that any who will attend to them, may avoid receiving injury from it. Heyne informs us, that the Medicean, and some other copies, read prudentibus ; he, however, prefers the usual reading, impru- dentibus. Prudentibus is the easier. 374. Ilium surgentem, &zc. This sentence is capable of two constructions: 1. The cranes may flee the shower, rising out of the valleys ; which is the sense Ruseus gives. 2. Davidson takes it to mean that the cranes tlce into the valleys, to avoid the rising storm. This is also the opinion of Valpy. 378. Et ranee cecinere, &c. This alludes to the fable of the transformation of the Lycians into frogs for reproaching Latona, of which hard treatment, when they croak, they are said to complain. See Ovid. Met. Lib. 6. 380. Ingens arcus : the spacious bow hath drunk ; alluding to a vulgar notion that the rainbow drank the water that supplied the clouds. 383. Asia: an adj. from dsius, a lake and town between the river Caystrus and the mountain Tmolus, in the confines of Lydia and Phrygia Major. Caystrus falls into the uEgean sea, not far from the once famous city of Ephesus. On its banks the swan abounded. Rinwnlur : in the sense offre- quentant. 385. Infundere largos: to throw eagerly much water upon their backs. Rores: in the sense of aquam. 387. Studio lavandi : through a desire of washing themselves in vain. Incassum may be understood in three senses. 1. Because nothing can add to the whiteness of the swan, the fowl here spoken of. 2. Because they need take no pains to wash themselves, for the impending rain will do it without their labor. 3. Because, according to Ser- vius, water will not wet their feathers. 390. Carpentes: carding their nightly tasks of wool. 392. Fungos : the clots or spungy sub- stance that gathers round the wick of the lamp or candle. Scintillare: to sputter or snap in the burning shell. 393. Nee minus. Having mentioned the signs of a storm, the poet now enumerates those of fair weather. He makes them in number nine. Ex imbri : after a shower. Soles: days. 395. Acies stellis : Rureus says, lux stella- rum. Videtur : in the sense of apparet. 396. Luna surgere obnoxia : nor will the moon seem to rise beholden (or indebted) to the beams of her brother. The moon will rise so clear and bright, that she will seem to shine by her own inherent light, and not by reflecting the rays of the sun. Sol and Luna in heaven, the same as Apollo and Diana on earth, were said to have been the children of Latona. See Eel. iv. 10. 78 P.^VIRGILII MARON1S fi /5 r ft^ff jfr^J Tenuia nee lanae per coelum vellera f'erri. Non tepidum ad solem pennas in litore pandunt Dilectae Thetidi liulcyones : non ore solutos Immundi rneminere sues jactare mariiplos. 401. Ima loca At nebulae magis ima petunt, campoque recurnbunt ; Solis et occasum servans de culmine summo Nequicquam seros exercet noctua cantu.s. Apparet liquido sublimis in aere Nisus, Et pro purpureo pcenas dat Scylla capillo. Quacunque ilia levem fugiens secat rethera pennis, Ecce inimicus, atrox, magno stridore per auras, Insequitur Nisus : qua se fert Nisus ad auras, Ilia levem fugiens raptim secat aethera pennis. 410. Turn corvi terTum liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces 410 aut quater ingeminant ^ ut q Ua t e r ingeminant : et saepe cubilibus altis, liquidas Nescio qu& praeter solitum dulcedine laeti, 41*. L*8Dti, nescio qua * . * . . , ., dulcedme, prater soli- Inter se folns strepitant : juvat imbribus actis turn morem strepitant Progeniem parvam, dulcesque revisere nidos. 415. Haud equidem Haud equidem credo, quia sit divinitus illis credo hoc fieri ita, quia i n g en i uni) au t rerum fato prudentia major : Verum, ubi tempestas et coali mobilis humor 419. Densat ea, quue Mutavere vias : et Jupiter humidus Austris modo erant rara, et re- D ensat erant qu33 rara mo( J6 ; e t, quae densa, relaxat : laxat ea, qu prius erant _ , ,. on d ensa Vertuntur species ammorum, et pectora motus 421. Concipiunt nunc Nunc alios, alios, dum nubila ventus agebat, NOTES. 397. Tenuia vettera : thin white clouds, for the purple lock. Dare redderependere like fleeces of wool. solrere p&nas, vel supplicium, to be punish- 399. Halcyones. Ceyx, king of Trachi- ed. These are phrases. In like manner: nia, going to consult the oracle of Apollo at affitcre p&nd vel supplicio caper e swin.tr c, C/anw,was shipwrecked in the vEgean sea. peterepcenas,ve\ s-ttpplicinm, to punish. His wife Halcyone, seeing his dead body 410. Presso gutture : with their throats floating near the shore, flung herself upon compressed. This would render the sounds it in a transport of her passion. Thetis, more clear and shrill. out of compassion to the lovers, transform- 416. Ingenium: discernment, or mental ed them into the birds called king-fishers: capacity. Major prudentia fato, &c. j} hence dilecta Thetidi. It is said the sea is greater knowledge or foresight in the course calm a certain number of days about the and order of things, than men have. This winter solstice, that they may more conve- passage, as it is commonly rendered, is iiiently bring forth their young. Hence unintelligible. To take fato in the ablative, those days were sometimes called Halcyon governed by major, Dr. Trapp observes, is days. complete nonsense ; and yet this is the opi- 400. Maniplos: bundles of straw straw nion of Heyne, and Valpy who follows him : in general. and it is very little better to take it for the 403. Noctua servans: the owl observing agent or means by which this greater the setting of the sun, &c. The meaning knowledge was obtained. It is perfectly of the expression seems to be this : that easy as rendered above. Rua?us says : rr- as the hooting of the owl in general is a rum prudentia, qucp potent ior est fato; which sign of foul weather, yet when these signs is with difficulty understood, of fair weather occur, she hoots in vain; 417. Mobilis humor : the moving vapour she will be disregarded ; or, if any regard of heaven. Vias is here used in the sense her prognostics, they will find themselves of modus, or qualitates. Tempwtas: the disappointed. The owl is the only bird weather temperature of the weather, that sings exclusively in the night; hence, 418. Jupiter humidus: the air moistened seros cantus exercet. by the south winds. Jupiter is here put 404. Nisus: the falcon, or hawk. Scylla: poetically for the air; which passing over the lark. See Eel. vi. 74; also nom. prop, the sea that lay to the south of Italy, bc- under Nisus. came moist, or impregnated with vapour. 405. ticylla dat pcenas. Scylla is punished 420. Motus : motions affections. GEORGICA. LIB. 1. 79 Concipiunt : hinc ille avium concentus in agris, Et laetse pecudes, et ovantes gutture corvi. Si vero Solem ad rapidum Lunasque sequentes Ordine respicies ; nunquam te crastina fallet Hora, neque insidiis noctis capiere serenae. Luna, revertentes cum primiim colligit ignes, Si nigrurn obscuro compreriderit aera cornu ; Maximus agricolis pelagoque parabitur imber. At, si virgineum suffuderit ore ruborem, Ventus erit : vento semper rubet aurea Phoebe. Sin ortu in quarto (namque is certissimus auctor) Pura, neque obtusis per coelum cornibus ibit ; Totus et ille dies, et qui nascentur ab illo Exactum ad mensem, pluvia ventisque carebunt : Votaque servati solvent in litore nautae Glauco, et Panopeae, et Inoo Melicertae. Sol quoque, et exoriens, et cum se condtt in uhdas, Signa dabit : Solem certissima signa sequuntur, Et quae mane refert, et quse surgentibus astris. Ille ubi nascentem maculis variaverit ortum Conditus in nubem medioque refugerit Orbe ; Suspecti tibi sint imbres : namque urget ab alto alios'motus,6/ nunc alios, *?*$* t 425 a gris, et hinc pecudes sunt 430 432. Sin illafuerit pu- ra in quarto ortu, neque ibit per coelum 435 436. Servati a tempes- tate 440 440. Et quce refert, mane, et quse refert V d&r*^ NOTES. 425. Crastina hora : simply, to-morrow. 427. Colligit revertentes ignes: when first the moon collects the reflected, or returning rays, (ignes) ; if she embrace, &c. The poet here mentions three prognostics of the weather from the rnoon. 1. If the new moon be obscured by dusky air, (nigrum aera,} look for rain. 2. If she be red, look for wind. 3. If, on the fourth day, she be bright, expect the remainder of the month to be fair weather; whence the common saying : pallida Luna pluit ; rubicundajiat ; alba serenat. 432. Auctor: sign prognostic. 437. Glauco. Glaucus was a fisherman of Anthedon, in Beotia, by some said to have been the son of Neptune and the nymph Na'is. As he was fishing, he observed the fish that he caught, as he laid them on the grass, to receive fresh vigor, and immedi- ately to escape from him by leaping into the sea. From this circumstance, he ima- gined there must be some extraordinary virtue in the grass ; whereupon he tasted it, and found himself suddenly moved with a desire to live in the watry element; and leaping into the sea, he was made a sea-god by Oceanus and Tetkys. Panopew : a nymph of the sea, the daughter of Nereus and Do- ris. Melicerta;. Melicerta, or Melicertes, was the son of //to, the daughter of Cad- mus, and wife of Athamas, king of Thebes; who fleeing from her husband, who had slain her son Learckus, leaped into the sea with Melicerta in her arms, both of whom were changed into sea-gods, and worship- ped. Inoo : an adj, from Ino, agreeing with Melicertce. Melicertes Was sometimes called PalcKmon. See jEn. v. 823. 440. Astris surgentibus. When the stars appear in the evening at the approach of darkness, in the language of poetry, they are said to rise : so when they disappear at the approach of day, they are said to set. 442. Medio refugerit orbe. Most commen- tators take orbis here for the face or disc of the sun ; and understand by the words me- dia refugerit orbe, when he shall disappear with half his orb or disc, the other half re- maining visible. Ruams says : latuerit me- dia sui parte. Valpy says, " When the ri- sing sun appears bordered by clouds, the centre alone remaining visible." Davidson translates the whole passage thus : u When he (the sun) shall chequer his new-born face with spots, hidden in a cloud, and coyly shun the siglit with half his orb." Servius seems to understand the words to imply that the centre of the sun retired, as it were, from view, by appearing hollow like the ca- vity of the hand, while the edge was con- cealed in a cloud. I know not that philo- sophers have noticed any such appearances of the sun; I am sure they must be very rare. Besides, this half concealment of the sun does not come up to the obvious mean- ing of eonditus in nubem, which certainly means that he was wholly concealed from sight. By taking media orbe, for, in the mid- dle of his course, or diurnal revolution, which may very well be done, the passage will be rendered intelligible and easy. Thus : when the sun, in his ascent above the horizon, shall have passed behind fleecy clouds, and Q P. V1RG1LII MARONIS ^ Arboribusque satisque Notus, pecorique sinister.. ^"* ulji sub l ucem densa inter nubila sese 445 Diversi erumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile ; Heu, male turn mites defendet pampinus uvas, Tarn multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando. 450. Magis profucrit Hoc, etiam emenso cum jam decedet Olympo, 450 so h rdeSr rofuerit m ? minissc magis : nam sa3pe viaemus Olympo emenso : Ipsius in vultu vanos errare colores. 453. Cceruleus sol Cceruleus pluviam denunciat, igneus Euros. Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni ; Omnia tune pariter vento nimbisque videbis 455 ^Fervere. Non ilia quisquam me nocte per altum Ire, neque a terra moneat convellere funem. At si, cum referetque diem, condetque relatum, S '"Lcidus orbis erit, frustri terrebere nimbis ; Et claro sylvas cernes Aquilone moveri. 460 Denique, quid Vesper serus vehat, unde serenas 461. Denique Sol da- Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster, quid serus go , tibi si?na d?Wt . golcm quig dicere falgum Audeat ? ille etiam caecos instare tumultus Sa?pe monet, fraudemque, et operta tumescere bella. Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Romam ; 46H y Cum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine texit, Impiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem. Tempore quanquam illo tellus quoque, etaequora ponti, Obsccenique canes, importunseque volucres, 470 Signa dabant. Quoties Cyclopum effervere in agros Vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus ^Etnam, Flammarumque globos, liquefactaque volvere saxa? Armorum sonitum toto Germania coelo Audiit ; insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes. 475 NOTES. be sometimes concealed by them from sight; 470. Obscoeni canes: foul dogs dogs of and when he shall have approached the me- -bad omen howling frightfully. The an- ridian, and finished half his course, he shall cients considered any thing of this kind in- be wholly concealed from sight by the in- auspicious. Importunes: inauspicious. Cujus creased and condensed vapour in the atmos- cantus erat mali ominis. phere, then rain is be expected. Imbres: 471. Quoties vidimus: how often have we in the sense of pluvia. seen ./Etna rising in waves, its furnaces being 444. Sinister: injurious hurtful. burst, &c. Undantem, expresses very forcibly 452. In vultu: in the sense of per vultnm. the violence and agitation of the. flames 454. Immiscerier: by Paragoge, for im- pent up in the mountain, rising by turns misceri, to be mingled with sparkling light, against its sides, which, no longer able to Igni : lumine, says Ruaeus. resist the shock, open a passage ; when, in 456. Fervere. This verb forcibly expres- an instant, it covers the adjacent country ses the violence of the storm. All things with lava. The Cyclops were the servants are confusion and wild disorder. Turbari, of Vulcan, and said to be the sons of Ccelus says RUSBUS. and Terra. They were so called from their 462. Cogitet : in the sense of pmparet. having but one eye, which was in the mid- Serenas: in the sense of siccas. die of their forehead. Their business was 467. Obscura ferrugine : with a dark red to assist Vulcan in forming the thunder-bolt? colour a colour resembling blood. of Jupiter, and the arms of the gods, and 468. Sopcula. Sseculum is properly an celebrated heroes. Their forges were under age ; by meton. the inhabitants or men of jEtna. The most noted of them were that age. Impia saicula : the same as im~ Brontes, Steropes, and Pyracmon. When pii homines. Ulysses visited Sicily, Polyphemus, say the GEORGICA. LIB. L 81 Vox quoque per lucos vulgo exaudita silentes Ingens ; et simulacra modis pallentia miris Visa sub obscurum noctis : pecudesque locutae, Infandum ! sistunt amnes, terrseque dehiscunt : Et mcestum illacryrnat templis ebur, aeraque sudant. Proluit insano contorquens vortice sylvas 481 Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes Cum stabulis armenta tulit : nee tempore eodem Tristibus aut extis fibrae apparere minaces, Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit ; et alte Per noctem resonare, lupis ululantibus, urbes. Non alias ccelo ceciderunt plura sereno Fulgura, nee diri toties arsere cometae. Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi ; Nee fuit indignum Superis, bis sanguine nostro Emathiam et latos HaBmi pinguescere campos. 485 490 481. Eridanus proluit sylvas, contorquens ecu insano. 484. Fibrse nee ce-ssa- verunt aut apparere mi- naces in tristibus extis ; aut cruor cessavit ma- nare e puteis ; et urbes non cessaverunt resonare alte per noctem, lupis ululantibus. 491. Nee visum fait NOTES. poets, was their king. Diodorus informs us that the Cyclops were the first inhabitants of Sicily, of a gigantic stature, and of a fierce and savage nature. They dwelt chiefly about mount jtna. 477. Simulacra : spectres, or ghosts, pale in a wonderful manner, were seen, &c. 478. Obscurum: an adj. of the neu. taken as a sub. in the sense of obscuritatem. Ru- aeus interprets it by crepusculum. 480. MtKslum ebur: the mournful ivory (ivory statues) wept. JEra : brass statues made of brass. 481 . Insano vortice : with its rapid current eddies. 482. Eridanus : the river Po. It is here called the king of rivers, because the largest in Italy. It rises in Piedmont, and running an easterly course, after receiving a number of tributary streams, falls into the Gulf of Venice by several mouths. 483. Tristibus extis. One mode of con- sulting the omens, was an examination of the entrails of the victim. If any defect or singularity appeared, it was thought to be portentous. Tristibus : ominous baleful. 485. Alte. Heyne reads altce, agreeing with urbes. 488. CometcR. Plutarch informs us that a very bright comet appeared at Rome for several days about the time of Caesar's death. To this the poet refers in Eel. ix. 47. Suetonius says : Ludis, quos primo consecra- tos ei htEres Augustus edebat, stella crinita per septem dies continuos fulsit, exoriens circa un- decimam horam : creditumque est animum esse Ccesaris in ccelum recepti. 489. Ergo : therefore on account of the death of Caesar, which was the cause of the civil war. 490. Philippi iterum : Philippi hath seen the Roman armies again, &c. It is agreed that Virgil here alludes to the two famous battles, one fought between Casar and Pom- pey ; the other, between Brutus and Cas- sius on one side, and Augustus and Antho- ny on the other. But history informs us that the former was fought on the plains of Pharsalia, in Thessaly, the latter at Philip- pi, in the confines of Thrace, more than two hundred miles distant. To explain this ap- parent inconsistency, there have been many attempts. The most probable solution is, that the poet does not mean that both these battles were fought on the same spot. This would contradict history. He would not commit such a blunder. We are told that the city Thebce Thessaliae, or Phthoticce, which was in sight of Pharsalia, was called also Philippi. And though historians, for sake of distinction, called the one Philippi, and the other Pharsalia, the poet might, without any impropriety, call them both by the common name of Philippi. Ruaeus has one conjecture which may be deserving of notice : that the adverb iterum may re- fer, not to Philippi, but to the Roman ar- mies: Philippi saw the Roman armies again engage for the empire of the world, though not for the first time. They had engaged for a similar purpose before on the plains of Pharsalia. This appears to solve the difficulty. 492. Emathiam Latos campos H&mi. Here is an apparent difficulty. Hsemus is a mountain in Thrace ; and neither of the battles was fought in Emathia or Macedo- nia, properly so called. But the language of poetry does not always conform to his- torical or geographical exactness. We are told that the ancient Emathia was consi- dered by the poets to extend as far east as the river Nessus, including a considerable part of Thrace beyond Philippi; and to the south comprehending all Thessaly, and consequently Phf unius. Arboris is under- stood. 33. Vertere : for verti, the active for the passive, by enallage : or, vertere se in ramos alterius arboris. 34. Corna lapidosa: the corneil trees, which naturally produce a stony hard fruit, by being grafted, will produce the plum will redden with plums. 37. JVew segnes terra jaceant. Dr. Trapp renders these words : let not your lands lie idle. Ne terra sint inutiles, says Ruseus, But the connexion is better preserved by rendering it : let not your barren lands lie neglected or unimproved. Ismara: neu-. plu. a mountain in Thrace. Tuburnus: a mountain in Campania, fertile in otiref? W P. VIRGILII Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborers ; 39. Tuqne, Maecenas, Q decus, 6 famae merito pars maxima nostrae, 4ff ades, decurreque incep- Maecenas, pelagoque volans da vela patenti. turn laborera nna me- AT ,. ./ cum - tu, O decus, o^ on e o cuncta meis ampiecti versibus opto : merito maxima pars N on, mihi si linguae centum sint, oraque centum, nostrse famae Ferrea vox : ades, et primi lege litoris oram. 43. JVbn possem am- \ n nmnibus terras : non hie te carmine ficto, 45 plecti ea, si Atque pef ambages et longa exorsa tene bo. , ~' Sponte su quae se tollunt in luminis auras, ^,\&P / 2fc 47. Mores quse tol- Infoecunda quidem, sed laeta et fortia surgunt. l lunt se su sponte Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque si quis Inserat, aut scrobibus mandet mutata subactis, 50 Exuerint sylvestrem animum : cultuque frequenti, In quascunque voces artes ; baud tarda sequentur. Necnon et sterilis qua? stirpibus exit ab imis, 53. Et itta arbor qu Hoc faciet, vacuos si sit digesta per agros : ftxit sterilis Nunc altae fronaes et rami matris opacant, 55 Crescentique adimunt foetus, uruntque ferentem. -Jam, qua? seminibus jactis se sustulit, arbos vxt**^ Tarda venit, seris factura nepotibus umbram : Pomaque degenerant, succos oblita priores : Et turpes avibus prasdam fert uva racemos. 60 Scilicet omnibus est labor impendendus, et omnes Cogendaa in sulcum, ac multi mercede domandig. 63. Sed oleae respon- ged truncis ole?B me li US) propagine vites dent melms de truncis ; ~ . / i , vites de propagine, et Despondent, sohdo Paphiae de robore myrtus, myrtus Plantis et durae coryli nascuntur, et ingens 65 NOTES. The object of the poet is to persuade the 56. Adimunt fatus : and take away the farmer not to neglect his rugged and barren fruit from it growing up, and starve it while lands, and suffer them to lie useless ; for, by bearing. The poet's meaning appears to be culture, he may render them profitable to this : that the sucker, which springs up from him. He adduces the case of Ismarus and the root of the parent tree, will be fruitful Taburnus, which, though naturally rugged and productive, if transplanted into open and barren, had become, by cultivation and ground, and arranged in proper rows. For proper attention, very productive. Baccho while it remains, the leaves and boughs of is here put for the vine. the parent tree will overshadow it, and pre- 39. Decurre. Here we have a beautiful vent it from bearing fruit as it grows up ; allegory, drawn from the sailing of a ship, or, if it should bear fruit, it will be pinched The verb decurro signifies to sail before the and small, by being deprived of the rays of wind to sail with a prosperous gale. La- the sun and proper nourishment. borem : the work or task, viz. the Georgics, 57. Jam : here is used in the sense of which he begun at the request of Maecenas, porrb, or praterea. 41. Da volans, &c. And flying, spread the 60. Uva: the grape; by meton. for the sails to the opening sea accompany me vine. Prcedam : as a prey for birds only through this great work, which spreads be- fit for birds. fore me like an open sea, expanding on 62. Multa mercede : with much labor, or every side. Some copies have volens. expense. 45. Ficto carmine : in the sense offabu- 63. Olece respondent, &c. The olive is IQSO potmate. raised or propagated better from the stump ; 46. Ambages et longa exorsa : preambles, the vine from the layer ; the myrtle from and tedious introductions. the solid wood ; the hazle, the ash, the pop- 50. Scrobibus subactis : in trenches pre- lar, and the oak, from the scion, or young pared for the purpose. Mutata: transplant- shoot, ed removed from their native soil. 64. Paphia : Venus, so called from Pa- 52. In quascunque artes, Szc.: in the sense phos, a city of Cyprus, where she was of in quocunque modo, vel via tractes. In particularly worshipped. The myrtle was whatever mode you may require, says sacred to her. Respondent : in the sense of Valpy. proveniunti ve.1 oriuntur. GEORGICA. LIB. II. 87 70 Fraxinus, Herculeseque arbos umbrosa coronae, Chaoniique patris glandes ; etiam ardua palma Nascitur, et casus abies visura marinos. Inseritur vero ex fcetu nucis arbutus horrida, Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes : Castaneae fagus, ornusque incanuit albo Flore pyri ; glaridemque sues fregere sub ulmis. Nee modus inserere atque oculos imporiere simplex. ****** albc re Py ri Nam qua se medio trudunt de cortice gemmae, Et tenues rumpunt tunicas, angustus in ipso Fit nodo sinus : hue aliena ex arbore germen Includunt, u^pque docent inolescere libro.-" Aut rursurn enodes trurici resecantur, et alte Finditur in solidum cuneis via : deinde feraces Plantae immittuntur. Nee longum tempus, et ingens Exiit ad crelum ramis felicibus arbos, 81 Miraturque novas frondes, et non sua poma. Praeterea genus haud unum, nee fortibus ulmis, Nee salici, lotoque, nee Idaeis cyparissis : Nee pingues.unam in faciem nascuntur olivae, i r 85 ,t< Orchades,% radii, et amara paiisia bacca : J Pomaque, et Alcinoi sylvas : nee surculus idem Crustumiis, Syriisque pyris, gravibusque volemis. f*r 71. Fagus incanuit Jlore castaneffi, ornusque 75 -T Iff. 79. In solidum lignum NOTES. 66. Umbrosa arbos: the poplar tree. It was sacred to Hercules. He wore a crown made of the leaves of this tree, to the infer- nal regions. 67. Glandes : properly acorns ; by meton. the oaks that bore them. Chaonii patris : Jupiter ; so called because he had a temple, and was splendidly worshipped at Dodona, a town of Chaonia in Epirus. The oak was sacred to him. 68. Visura. This is said of the fir-tree, because ships were built of its timber. Ma- rinos casus : in the sense of pericula maris. 69. Arbutus inseritur : the arbute or straw- berry tree is grafted with the shoot or scion of the nut tree. 70. Platani. The plane tree affords a large and pleasant shade, but bears no fruit. It is therefore called sterilis. However, says the poet, even this has been made to bear apples by being grafted. 73. bnponere oculos : to inoculate. Ocu- lus is the bud which is enclosed or put in the bark of the tree to be inoculated. In- serere : to ingraft. JVec modus, &c. Neither is the method of ingrafting and inoculating one and the same they are different pro- cesses. 76. Sinus anguslus : a small slit or gash, made in the bark of the tree, (where the bud was putting forth,) for the purpose of receiving the graft. 77. Docent : they teach it to grow up, or incorporate itself with the moist bark. Liber is the inward part of the bark of the tree ; , the whole bark, or rind. 78. Aut rursum. Having described the process of inoculation, the poet gives us that of ingrafting. Truncus: the body of the tree, properly after the top and branches are cut off. This is split, and the graft put into the fissure. He seems to prefer this mode of cultivating trees, inasmuch as they soon come to maturity. JVee longum tem- pus (says he,) et ingens arbos: it is not a long time, and the mighty tree, exiit, hath shot up to the skies. There is a peculiar ele- gancy in the use of the perfect tense here. 80. Plantce: grafts, or scions of fruit- bearing trees. 82. Poma non sua : that is, poma non sui generis. 84. IdcRis Cyparissis: to the Ideean cy- presses. There were two mountains by the name of Ida, the one in Phrygia, the other in Crete ; the latter is here meant. 86. Orchades. The poet here mentions three species of olives : the orchades, a round olive, a word derived from the Greek ; the radii, an oblong olive ; the pausia, an olive of a bitter taste, so called from pavio, says Columella, because its chief use was for oil ; to obtain which, it was brayed or beaten. 87. SylvcE Akino'i : the orchards of Alci- noiis, king of the Phaeaceans. They were celebrated by the poets. 88. Crustumiis : to the Crustumean pears, so called from Crustumium, a town in Tus- cany, whose pears were much esteemed; they were of a reddish cast. Syriis pyris. These were so called, because they were brought from Syria, They were also calted P. VIRGILII MARONIS Non eadem arboribus peridet vindemia nostris, Quam Methymnaeo capit de palmite Lesbos. HO Sunt Thasise vites, sunt et Mareotides albae : Pinguibus hae terris habiles, levioribus ilia;. >^jjM ~l3t passo Psythia utilior, tenuis^ifue lageos Tentatura nodes olim, vineluruque linguam. 95. Sunt purpurese, Purpureae, precicoque : et(juo te carmine dicam 95 preciaeque uva Rhaetica ? nee cellis ideo contende Falernis. ffc 99. Est Argitis minor Sunt et Ammiueae vites, firmissima vina : wa, cui Tmolus et assurgit quibus, et rex ipse Phanaeus ; Argitisque minor, cui non certaverit ujlaj.^^y*' " Aut tantum fiuere, aut totidem durare per annos. meru8,~quam multee spe- Non ego te, Dis et mensis accepta secundis, cies sunt, nee qu Transierim, Rhodia; et tumidis, bumaste, racemis. 105. Quern numerum g e( i neque, quam multae species, nee nomina quae sint, Ht^Iscwe^^uim^ultue ^ st numerus : neque enim numero comprendere refert. a'renffiTibyci 5 * sequori^ Quern qui scire velit, Libyci velit aequoris idem 105 turbentur Discere, quam multae Zephyro turbentur arenae ; 100 NOTES. Tarentina, and were of a blackish cast. Some think them to be the Bergamot pear. Volemis: to the Volemian pears. These were so called from the circumstance of their fill- ing the palm of the hand ; from wo/a. The surculus, or shoot, of all these was diiferent. 89. Arboribus : in the sense of vitibus. 90. MethymruRO : an adj. from Methymna, a city of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean sea, famous for its vines. 91. Thasia: an adj. from TVumw, an island in the ^Egean sea. Mareotides : an adj. probably from Mareotis, a lake near Alexandria, in Egypt. Some take it from a place of the same name in Lybia, in the confines of Egypt. These latter (Ace) re- quired a rich soil; the former (illce) a light soil. 93. Psythia : an adj. agreeing with vitis, underatood. Its derivation is uncertain. It is probably from the name of some town in Greece, where that species of vine flourish- ed. Utilior passo: better for passum, or sweet wine. This was made of raisins or dried grapes ; from the word patior : quod solem aut ignem patitur. Lageos. This was a species of grape, deriving its name from a Greek word signifying a hare, because it resembled the colour of that animal. Te- nuis: subtle or penetrating. Quod facile ebrietatem inducit, says Servius. 95. Purpurea, precmque. These are both adjectives, and agree with vites, or more probably with tmc, understood. Preciw: early ripened ripened before other grapes. 96. Rhadica: a grape, so called from Rhetia, a country bordering upon Italy on the west. Cellis Falernis: with the Faler- ian wine. Cellis : the cellars ; by melon, for the wine in them. Falernis: an adj. from Falernus, a mountain in Campania, celebrated for its good wines* 97. Amminea vites. There are various conjectures concerning this vine, but nothing certainly known. It produced excellent wine firmissima vina, strong, and of good body. 98. Quibus et Tmolus: to which both Tmolus, and Phanseus himself, the king of vine-bearing mountains, rise up in sign of respect they yield the pre-eminence to the Amminean vine. Assurgit, as here used, is highly metaphorical. It conveys to our minds the idea of one mountain riding up to another in token of respect, and yielding to it precedency. T^nolus: a mountain in Lydia, famous for its wines. Pkanozus: another mountain in the island Chios, in the ./Egean sea, celebrated for its wines. 99. Argitis: a species of the grape, pro- bably derived from a Greek word signify- ing white, or from Argos, a city of the Pe- loponnesus. 100. Tantum Jluere : to yield so much juice. 101. Mensis et Diis secundis. The first ta- ble or course was composed of meats. The second of fruits, and what we generally call desserts. At this second 'table or course there were libations made to certain gods. Secundis is generally connected with Dis. It is, however, better to connect it with men- sis : it will then be : the Khodian wine is acceptable to the second table or course, and to the gods that were then invoked acceptable, or fit for libations. 102. Rhodia : an adj. from Rhodus,& fa- mous island in the Mediterranean sea. Bumaste: the bumastus was a species of grape, whose clusters were swollen out, like the udder of a cow. It is derived from tlio Greek. 103. Quam: in the sense of tarn. GEORGICA. LIB. II. Aut, ubi navigiis violentior incidit Eurus, N6sse, quot lonii veniant ad litora fluctus. Nee vero terrae ferre omnes oinnia possunt. Fluminibus salices, crassisque paludibus alni Nascuntur, steriles saxosis montibus orni, Litora myrtetis laBtissima : denique apertos Bacchus amat colles, Aquilonem et frigora taxi. Aspice et extremis domitum cultoribus orbem, Eoasque domos Arabum, pictosque Gelonos. Divisae arboribus patriae. Sola India nigrum Fert ebenum, solis est thurea virga Sabasis. Quid tibi odorato referam sudantia ligno Balsamaque, et baccas semper frondentis acantlii ? Quid nemora J2thiopum molli caneiitia lana ? Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres ? Aut quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos, Extremi sinus orbis ? ubi aera yincere summum Arboris baud ullae jactu potuere sagittae : 110 115 120. Quid referam tibi nemora NOTES. 110. Salices nascuntur: the willows by the side of rivers the alders by stagnant pools the barren wild ashes on the stony mountains, spring up, and flourish. 112. Myrtetis: in groves of myrtle. Lce- tissima : in the sense offeracissima. 113. Bacchus: here put for Vites, by me- ton. Taxi : the yew trees. The verb amant is to be supplied. 114. Aspice orbem. The meaning is, that the remotest parts of the world were redu- ced to a state of cultivation by their re- spective inhabitants, both the east (Eoas do- mos Arabum) and the north, the country of the Geloni. The inhabitants, by meton. put for the country. Theypainted themselves that they might be more terrible to their enemies. This explains the word pictos. 115. Gelonos : the Geloni were a people inhabiting the northern parts of Europe. 116. Patrice divisaz : countries are distin- guished by their trees. Patria, one's native country Regio, any country. 117. Thurea virga : the frankincense tree. 118. Referam : in the sense of dicam, vel describam. 119. Bahama: plu. of balsamum, a plant of a very delicious fragrance. Its juice is obtained by cutting the branches in the sum- mer months, from which incisions the juice flows. Acanthi. There were two kinds of Acanthus ; one the herb commonly called brank-ursin, or bear's-foot; the other an Egyptian tree, always green, and abounding in berries. 120. Molli land : with'soft cotton. JEthir opum; gen. plu. ofJEthiops: an inhabitant of ^Ethiopia, an extensive country in Africa, abounding in the cotton tree. Ut : in the s\nse of quomodo. 121. Seres: a people of India, who fur- nished the rest of the world with silk. It was a common received opinion that they collected it from the leaves of trees. To this the poet refers in the words, depectant, &c. they comb off the fine fleeces from the leaves. 123. Extremi sinus orbis. It is somewhat difficult to fix the meaning of smus in this place. If it could be read sinui, in the dat. to agree with *oceano, it would be easy. But it is usually read in the nom. It must therefore mean the same as India, in the preceding line. But how it can be applied with any propriety, to express a tract of country, doth not appear. If we take sinus for the gen. connected with extremi, the dif- ficulty will be removed, in a good degree, and orbis for the nom. Now orbis some- times means no more than a single country, or any division or part of the earth. If we take it. thus, the passage may be rendered : Or, why need I mention the groves which India, nearer the ocean, the country of (bordering upon) the farthest bay, produ- ces f Valpy says : the extreme convexity of the globe. Heyne : interior remotiorque terra extremes orbis partis. Rueeus : reces- sus ultinii mundi. The sinus I take for the bay of Bengal, called by the ancients the Sinus Gangeticus. The parts of India be- 3'ond the Ganges were very little known to them ; exiremi, therefore, may be very well applied to them. Summum aera : the high- est air the air surrounding the topmost branches. This is evidently an extravagant hyperbole, notwithstanding the declaration of Pliny, as to the height of the trees. Fin- cere: in the sense of superare. 126. Media. A country of Asia, bounded on the north by the Caspian sea, on the 12 I*. V IRaiLll MARUM& Et gens ilia quidem sumptis non tarda pharetris. 125 Media fert tristes succos, tardumque saporem Felicis^mali : quo non prsesentius ullum (Pocula si quando ssevao infecere noverca*, Miscueruntque herbas, et non innoxia verba) Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena. 130 Ipsa ingens arbos, faciemque simillima lauro ; Et, si non alium late jactaret odorem, Laurus erat : folia baud ullis labentia ventis : Flos apprima tenax : animas et olentia Medi Ora fovent illo, et senibus medicantur arihelis. 135 Sed neque Medorum sylvae, ditissima terra, Nee pulcher Ganges, atque auro turbidus Hermus, Laudibus Italiae certent : non Bactra, neque Indi, Totaque thuriferis Panchaia pinguis arenis. Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem 14O Invertere, satis immanis dentibus hydri : Nee galeis densisque virum seges horruit hast is : Sed gravidae fruges, et Bacchi Massicus humor Implevere : tenent oleaeque, armentaque laeta. Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert : 145 Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges, et maxima taurus 131. Tpsa arbor est'm- gens, simillimaque lauro quoad faciem NOTES. west by Armenia, on the east by Hyrcania and Parthja, and on the south by Persia proper. Under Cyrus tho great, it became a constituent part of the Persian monar- chy. 127. Mali : the citron, rfts rind is bitter, and its seeds are covered with a bitter skin : hence tristes succos, bitter juices; and tar- dum saporem, a taste remaining long on the palate. It is called Felix, happy, on account of its many virtues, and qualities ; some of which are mentioned. JVe. 195. Tueri: in the sense of atere, vel nutrire. 196. UrenlKs: nipping destroying. Culta: an adj. from cuLlus. This denotes any thing that is dressed, taken care of, or ma- naged in any way by culture. Here it means young trees nurseries. 197. Tarenti: Tarentum, a town in Ca- labria, in the eastern part of Italy ; which justifies the epithet lonqinquu: remote iields. .tf rat is understood. 198. Mantua infelix amis.tit : such as un- happy" Mantua hath lost. The poet alludes" to the circumstance of Augustus' depriving the Mantuaiis of their lands, and bestowing them upon his soldiers, as a reward for then- services. Infelix, here, is peculiarly appro- priate. Mantua was situated upon the ri- ver Mincius, which abounded in grass and reeds. Flumine : perhaps, in the sense of ripa, vel litore. 200. Liquidi : in the sense of puri. De- sunt. : Heyne reads deerunt, in the future. 204. Imitamur hoc, &c. The design of ploughing land being to loosen its texture, and to render it soft and mellow ; by doing this, we imitate, says the poet, a soil which is naturally so. He observes, that a dark mould, and one that looks fat and greasy, as it is broken up with the share, and is, at the same time, rotten or mellow, is the best for grain : non ex ullo (Kquore cernes, &c. The same loo may be said, he observes, of land newlv cleared : i/n Ubi hoc aeciditt Possunt, atque ima similes revirescere terra : turn vites non valent rt- Infelix superat foliis oleaster amaris. verti a stirpe Nee tibi tarn prudens quisquam persuadeat auctor Tellurem Borea rigidam spirante movere. 316 Rura gelu turn claudit hyems, nee semine jacto NOTES. 292. Tartara tendit : Tartarus, mas. in the or otherwise, you should not take the top- sing. neu. in the plu. one of the regions of hell, most shoots of the tree, but those that are Here, as the poets say, the wicked and im- nearer the root ; for they will grow and pious are punished. Ixion, Tityus, Tanta- flourish better, having more strength in lus, Sysyphus, and the Dana'ides, were sen- them, and having already contracted a fond- tenced to this place. The poet advises to ness for the earth tantus amor terrce. Se- cornmit the vine to a light furrow, just be- mina : in the sense of sureulos, vel plantas. low the surface of the earth ; but to put the 300> Dt f ringt . H eyne reads destringe. tree, and especially the c&sculus, deep in the _,__ -. ,., , .., earth, that key may take root better and *- ^f * &C ' N r ^^ ^ 'T^ more firmly. The vine properly belongs of the wild ohve among your vines. Inter neither to the species of the tree, nor to that wto ' 1S understood - of the shrub ; but is between both : ter- 306. Secutus : increasing more and more, tium quiddam, quod nee arborem, necfruticem it reigns victorious. proprie dixerim, says Columella. See ^n. 308. Ruit : in the sense of emittit^ vel iv. 445. erigit. Nemus : in the sense of vinetum. 294. Mullos per annos. Heyne reads, 310. Avertice: from on high ; or, accord- multos nepotes. He observes that Heinsius, ing to Servius, from the north. Desuper, and some others, read the same. Per an- vel de ccelo, says Heyne ; d septentrione, says /io.9, is the general reading, and appears to Rusei^s. be the easiest. If nepotes be read, it must 312. Ubi hoc : when this happens when be taken in the sense of (states, vel CBVO ; but your vineyards are burnt, your vines cannot that is expressed in the following line, by shoot forth again from the root ; nor, if they the words, multa scecula virum. be cut, can they do it, and spring up such 295. Vincit : in the sense of superat. as they were before. They will be entirely 299. Neve pete summa: neither seek the destroyed, and nothing but the barren wild topmost shoots, nor break off the topmost olive will survive and remain. Reverti : in scions from the tree. the sense of renasci. The advice which the poet gives, is : that 317. Rura: in the sense ofarva. Semim in propagating trees, whether by grafting, jacto : in the sense of surculo defosso. 13 i*. VIRG1LI1 MAUON1S Mutatam ignorent subito ne semina inutrem. Quin etiam cceli regionem in cortice signant ; 270. Ut restituant Ut, quo qureque modo steterit, qua parte calores 270 unamr/uamque eb modo, Austrinos tuierit, qua; terga obverterit axi, quo >quseque steterit, qua Restituant. Adeo in teneris consuescere multum est. Collibus, an piano melius sit ponere vites, Quaere prius. Si pinguis agros metabere campi, 276. Sin eligas solum Densa sere. In denso non segnior ubere Bacchus, acclive tumulis g in tumu ii s acc live solum, collesque supinos, 27tf Indulge ordinibus : nee secius omnis injmguem Arboribus positis secto via limite quad ret. ~" Ut saepe ingenti bello, cum longa cohortes Explicuit legio, et campo stetit agmen aperto, 280 Directaeque acies, ac late tluctuat omnis JEre renidenti tellus, necdum horrida miscent Praelia, sed dubius mediis Mars errat in armis. 284. Omnia interralla Omnia sint paribus numeris dimensa viarum : Non animum modo uti pascat prospectus inanem, 285 Sed quia non aliter vires dabit omnibus aequas Terra, neque in vacuum poterunt se extendere rami. Forsitan et scrobibus qua? sint fastigia qua3ras. Ausim vel tenui vitem committere sulco. Altius ac penitus teme defigitur arbos : 290 viarum suit dimensa NOTES. Carefully observe what particular side stood towards the several parts of heaven, that they might be placed, every one in the same manner on what side they sustained the summer heat, and on what side the winter cold. Sfges : in the sense of seminarium, says Heyne. Digesla: arranged in rows. Feratur: in the sense of transferal ur. 268. Se.mina: young plants, or trees. Ma- trem : the ground into which they are trans- planted. 271. Axi: in the sense of septentrioni. 272. Consueticere in ttneris : to be accus- tomed in their tender age avails so much has so much influence over them. Some copies have a teneris. Annis is understood. 274. Metabere : if you shall lay out for planting. Ruseus interprets it by eligas. 275. Densa : for dense, an adv. Bacchus non segnior : the vine will not be less fruit- ful in a thick and rich soil. Some take in denso simply for dense, and render it thus : the vine will not be less fruitful in a rich soil, if planted thickly. In this case, ubere is taken for richness or fertility of soil. This appears to be the opinion of Heyne. Ruaeus connects denso with vbere. In this case, denso must be taken in the sense of pingui, vel spisso ; and ubere in the sense of solo. 276. Svpinos: sloping descending gra- dually. 277. Indulge ordinibus : indulge in your rows plant your vines farther apart. Nee series : also likewise ; pond, say.s Heyne. 278. Omnis via, &c. Every space, or ave- nue, should square exactly, the trees being placed in a path or Ikie cut across every space should exactly form a square, the rows of trees being planted at equal dis- tances, arid at right angles to each other. In unguem : exactly to a tittle. 281. Acies director : the lines are formed the battalions are marshalled. Acies: an army in order of battle ; agmen : in or- der of march ; exercitus : in order of exer- cise. FLucluat : in the sense of conucat. 282. Renidenti cp.re: with gleaming brass. JLre : in the sense of cereis armis. 283. Dubius : doubtful uncertain ;* not knowing on which side of the embattled armies the victory will fall. 284. Omnia sint, &c. All the spaces should be measured out in equal proportions. Davidson supposes interralla, or a word of tho like import, to agree with omnia, and to govern viarum. Ruseus connects viarum, with numeris, and supposes it to be govern- ed by that word. But to take omnia viarum in the sense of omnes vice, is more simple ; and of this construction we have many ex- amples in Virgil. Opaca locorum: dark places. iEn. ii. 725. Ojmca viarum : dark ways, or passages. Mi\. vi. 633. 288. Fastigia: in the sense of profundi- tas. Scrobibus : to the trenches holes. 290. Altius. The common reading is altius; but Heyne, Heinsius, and some others, have altior. , ; GEORGICA. LIB. II. ir, /tSsculus imprimis, quoe quantum vertice ad auras ./Ethcrcas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit. Ergo non hyemes illam, non flabra, neque imbres Convellunt : immota manet, multosque per annos, Multa viruin volvens durando sascula vincit. 295 Turn fortes late ramos et brachia tendens Hue illuc, media ipSa ingentem sustinet umbram. 297. Ipsa media inter Neve tibi ad Solem vergant vineta cadentem : suos ramos sustinet Neve inter vites corylum sere : neve flagella Summa pete, aut summas defringe ex arbore plantas, (Tantus amor terrae) : neu ferro laede retuso^/ 301 Semina : neve oleae sylvestres insere truncos. Nam ssBpe incautis pastoribus excidit ignis, Qui furtim pingui primum sub cortice tectus Robora comprendit, frondesque elapsus in altas 305 Ingentem coelo sonitum dedit : inde secutus Per ramos victor, perque alta cacumina regnat, Et totum .involvit flammis nemus, et ruit atram Ad coelum picea crassus caligine nubem : Praesertim si tempestas a vertice sylvis 310 Incubuit, glomeratque ferens incendia ventus. Hoc ubi ; non a stirpe valent, caesaeque reverti 312 ubi hoc aecidit, Possunt, atque ima similes revirescere terra : turn vites non valent rt- Infelix superat foliis oleaster amaris. verti a stirpe Nee tibi tarn prudens quisquam persuadeat auctor Tellurem Borea rigidam spirante movere. 316 Rura gelu turn claudit hyems, nee semine jacto NOTES. "292. Tartara tendit: Tartarus, mas. in the or otherwise, you should not take the top- sing, neu. in the plu. one of the regions of hell, most shoots of the tree, but those that are Here, as the poets say, the wicked and im- nearer the root ; for they will grow and pious are punished. Ixion, Tityus, Tanta- flourish better, having more strength in lus, Sysyphus, and the Danaides, were sen- them, and having already contracted a fond- tenced to this place. The poet advises to ness for the earth lantus amor terrce. Re- commit the vine to a light furrow, just be- mina: in the sense of sureulos, vel plantas. low the surface of the earth ; but to put the 300i Defringe . Heyne reads destringe. tree, and especially the (Esculus. deep in the ___ , . . c XT , . ,, , , earth, that they may take root better and - ** ^re,&c. Nor plant the trunks more firmly. The vine properly belongs of the wild ohve among your vines. Inter neither to the species of the tree, nor to that **' 1S understood. of the shrub ; but is between both : ter- 306. Secutus : increasing more and more, tium quiddain, quod nee arborem, necfruticem it reigns victorious. proprie dixerim, says Columella. See JEn. 308. Ruit : in the sense of emittit, vel iv. 445. erigit. Nemus : in the sense of vinetum. 294. Mullos per annos. Heyne reads, 310. Jl vertice: from on lugh; or, accord- multos nepotes. He observes that Heinsius, ing to Servius, from the north. Desuper, and some others, read the same. Per an- vel de cee/o, says Heyne ; a septentrione, says io.?, is the general reading, and appears to Ruseijs. be the easiest. If nepotes be read, it must 312. Ubi hoc : when this happens when be taken in the sense of cetates, vel CBVO ; but your vineyards are burnt, your vines cannot that is expressed in the following line, by shoot forth again from the root ; nor, if they the words, multa sircula virum. be cut, can they do it, and spring up such 295. Vincit: in the sense of superat. as they were before. They will be entirely 299. Neve pete summa : neither seek the destroyed, and nothing but the barren wild topmost shoots, nor break off the topmost olive will survive and remain. Reverti : in scions from the tree. the sense of renasci. The advice which the poet gives, is : that 317. Rura: in the sense of arva. in propagating trees, whether by grafting, jacto : in the sense of surculo defosso. 13 331. Omnibus arvis 9B K VIRGILH MARONIS Concretam patitur radicem affigere terrse. Optima vinetis satio est, cum vere rubenti Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris : 320 Prima vel autumni sub frigora, cum rapidus Sol Nondum hyemem contingit equis, jam praeterit aestas. 323. Adeover wfw/z/e Ver adeo frondi nemorum, ver utile sylvis ; frondi nemorum, ver est Vere tument terroe, et genitalia semina poscunt. Turn pater omnipotens foecundis imbribus aether 325 Conjugis in gremium laetoe descendit, et omnes Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, fcetus. Avia turn resonant avibus virgulta canoris, Et Venerem certis repetunt armenta diebus. Parturit almus ager : Zephyrique tepentibus auris 330 Laxant arva sinus : superat tener omnibus humor : Inque novos soles audent se germina tuto Credere : nee metuit surgentes pampinus Austros, Aut actum coelo magnis Aquilonibus imbrem : Sed trudit gemmas, et frondes explicat omnes* , 335 336. Non crediderim Non alios primal crescentis origine mundi \ alios dies illuxisse in Illuxisse dies, aliumve habuisse tenorem prima origine crescentis Crediderim : ver illud erat, ver magnus agebat z^rzn^orbis, et h 7 be r u P^T , flatibus Eur j ; erat vr Cum pnmum lucem pecudes hausere, virumque 340 Ferrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis, Immissaeque ferae sylvis, et sidera crelo. Nee res hunc teneras possent perferre laborem, zephyrs. This is extremely beautiful and highly poetical. 332. Germina. The usual reading is gramina. Heyne reads germina. Burma- nus, Martyn, Vossius, and some others, do the same. It is evidently the better. 340. Cum primum, &c. This is an allu- sion to the deluge, which, the poets say, happened in the reign of Deucalion, king of Thessaly, of which he and his wife Pyrrha were the only survivors. Being grieved at the general destruction of men, they were directed by an oracle to cast behind them the bones of their great mother, which they understood to be stones, and they should instantly spring up into men. See Eel. vi. 41. 341. Duris arvis: stony fields. Ferrea: because they sprang up all armed and equipped for war. 343. Res tenercz. It is not certain whe- ther the poet here speaks of spring at the creation of the world, or returns to his de- scription of spring in general. In the for- mer case, res tenera will be the tender and infant creation; in the latter, the tender productions of nature. Dr. Trapp takes it in this latter case, and understands by te- neroz, frail, an epithet, says he, which was, and ever will be, proper for all sublunary things. Ruwus seems to take it in the for- 319. Rubenti: blooming blushing; in the sense of purpureo. 320. Candida avis : the Ciconia, or stork. So esteemed was this bird on account of its destroying serpents and noxious reptiles, that in Thessaly, Pliny informs us, it was a capital crime for any person to kill one ; hence, invisa longis colubris. 325. Turn omnipotens pater : then almighty father ^ther descends into the bosom of his joyous spouse in fructifying showers, and great himself, mingling with her great body, nourishes all her offspring. These lines are extremely beautiful, as well as this whole description of spring. The ./Ether, or air, by the poets, is frequently called Jupiter, on account, perhaps, of its great utility, and its necessity to life and ve- getation ; and because of the intimate con- nexion between the surrounding air and the earth, the poet represents the latter as Juno, calling it the spouse of Jove. 328. Avia virgulta: the sequestered woods, or thickets. Avius is evidently com- pounded of the Greek alpha, negativum, and via, a way. We meet with several in- stances of the like composition in the Latin language: as demens, of de and mens, amens, &c. 331. Arva laxant, &c. The fields open Cheir bosom to the warm breezes of the GEORGICA. LIB. I. 99 Si non tanta quies iret, frigusque caloremque Inter ; et exciperet coeli indulgentia terras. 345 Quod superest ; quaecumque premes virgulta per agros, Sparge fimo pingui, et multa memor occule terra : Aut lapidem bibulum, aut squalentes infode conchas. 348. Infode circumea. Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit Halitus, atque animos tollent sata ; jamque reperti Qui saxo super atque ingentis pondere testae Urgerent : hoc effusos munimen ad imbres ; Hoc, ubi hiulca siti findit canis aestifer arva. Seminibus positis, superest deducere terrain^ Saepius ad capita, et duros jactare bidentes \sft Aut presso exercere solum sdb vomere, et ipsa Flectere luctantes inter vineta juvencos : 'f^' Turn leves calamos, et rasse hastilia virgae, 41* Fraxineasque aptare sudes, furcasque bicornes : Viribus eniti quarum, et contemnere ventos Assuescant, summasque sequi tabulata per ulmos. Ac, dum prima no vis adolescit froiidibus cetas, Parcendum teneris : et dum se Icetus ad auras Palmes agit, laxis per piirum immissus habenis, Ipsa acie nondum falcis tentanda ; sed uncis Carpendae manibus frondes, interque legendae. Inde ubi jam validis amplexae stirpibus ulmos ,d^ bibulum lapidem aut 350 S( l ua l entes conchas : enim inter eas 350. Reperti sunt ho- mines, qui urgerent ilia super saxo, atque 352. Hoc est munimen 355 ad effusos imbres : hoc mm ; cam - s fi n( jj t ^ 358< Su P e rest turaap- tare vittinu 363. Pareendura eft tibi teneris vitibus, dum 365 P r ^ ma 365. Ipsa vitis nondurn tentanda acie falcis NOTES. mer sense. Mundus adhuc tener, says he. Heyne follows the opinion of Dr. Trapp, and by tenercB res understands the young and tender vegetation in general. David- son is of the same opinion. Hunc laborem : this suffering, viz. the extremes of heat and cold. 345. Exciperet : in the sense of excepisset. So iret in the preceding line, for ivisset. Exciperet : had favored visited. 346. Premes : in the sense of plantabis. Virgulla : in the sense of surculos. 348. Infode bibulum lapidem : bury around them the spongy stone, and rough shells. 349. Tennis halilus, &c. This is said probably from an opinion, that a circulation of air about the root was necessary to the growth of the plant or scion. Sata : in the sense of surculi. Animos : in the sense of vires. 352. Effusos imbres : excessive, or immo- derate rains. 353. JF.stifer canis : the sultry dog. This is a star in the mouth of the great dog, a constellation in the heavens. It is said to have a considerable influence, while in con- junction with the sun, upon the heat of the weather. This space of time is usually denominated the dog-days. The name of the star is Sirius. 355. Capita: here plainly means the roots; which are so called, either because by them they draw nourishment from the earth as by a mouth ; or because, by propa- gating the vine by the layer, the top was placed into the ground, which consequently became the root. Ruaeus says, radices. Bi- dentes : Bidens was a kind of rake or hoe, .having two teeth or forks a grubbing hoe ; compounded of bis and dens. Seminibus positis : in the sense of surculis defossis, vel plantatis. 358. Hastilia : poles pointed like spears. Rasce, virgce : of peeled wood the bark taken off to render them more smooth. Virgis decorticatis, says Ruaeus. 359. Bicornes f ureas : two-pronged forks. Bicornis, of bis and cornu. 360. Quarum viribus : by whose support they may accustom themselves to rise, or mount up. 361. Tabulata. These were branches of elms extended at proper distances, to sus- tain the vine and enable it to spread. We have no word in English answering to it. 364. Immissus laxis habenis: rushing forth with loosened reins. This is a meta- phor taken from the horses in the race. Agit : in the sense of erigit. 365. Acie falcis. This is the reading of Heyne, Valpy, and some others. Acies, in the nom. is the common reading. The vine is not to be attempted with the pruning- knife, but the leaves are to be plucked and carefully culled by the bending hand, intcr- legendce. 367. Validis stirpibus: with strong wreaths stems. String* : thin trim off. 100 P. VIRGIL11 MAROMtS ty f*>^ . Exierint ; tumSstringe comas, turn brachia tonde : yb\b -Ante reformidant ferrum : turn denique dura Exerce imperia, et ramos compesce fluentes. jf 371. Sepcs texendae Texendae sepes etiam, et pecus omne tenendum, ufaircum vites,et omne Praecipue dum frons tenera, imprudensque laborum : pecus tenendum est ab Cuij guper i n dignas hyemes, Solemque potentem, Sylvestres uri assidue capreceque sequaces ;..* Illudunt : pascuntur oves, avidseque juvencce. 375 376. Nee frigora con- Frigora nee tantum cana concreta pruina, creta cana pruina, aut ^ ut g rav is incumbens scopulis arentibus aestas ; arentibus^sc^uflT no- Q uantum *Wi nocuere greges, durique venenum cuere 1 vitibus tantum, Dentis, et admorso signata in stirpe cicatrix. quantum illi greges Non aliam ob culpam Baccho caper omnibus aris 380 Caeditur, et veteres ineunt proscenia ludi ; ' Praemiaque ingeniis pagos et compita circum, Theseidae posuere : atque inter pocula laeti Mollibus in pratis unctos saliere per litres. Necnon Ausonii, Troja gens missa, coloni 385 Versibus incomptis ludunt, risuque soluto : Oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis. Et te, Bacche, vocant per carmina laeta, tibique Oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu NOTES. 370. Extrct dura imperia : exercise rigid sway rule them imperiously. Flutntes : superfluous wide-spreading. 372. Imprudens laborum: unused unac- customed to hardships. 373. Indignas : in the sense of dur'as, vel S(Koas. Super : in the sense of prater. 375. Illudunt : in the sense of nocent. 377. Gravis cestas : excessive heat. 381. Proscenia. The Roman theatre was of a semi-circular form, and divided into four parts. The porticus, or gallery. Here were the seats for the common people, in the form of a wedge, and were called Cunei. The Orchestra was the inner part, or centre of the theatre. Here the senators and equites sat, and the dancers and musicians performed. The Proscenium was the space between the Orchestra and Scena, more ele- vated than the former, but lower than the latter. Here the actors performed. The Scena was that part over against the spectators. The Postscenium was the place behind the Scena, or curtain, where the actors retired. The amphitheatre was built in a circular form, with nothing to obstruct the view from any part. Seats were all around it, and in the middle was a large open space or area, where the gladiators and wild beasts used to fight. 382. Ingeniis : to genius, or wit. The common reading is ingentes, an epithet en- tirely useless. Davidson, on the authority of Pierius, reads ingeniis. He says he found it so in the most ancient manuscripts. It is also the reading of Heyne and Bur- ma-nmis-. 383. Tlieseidoz : the Athenians, so called from Theseus, one of their kings, the son of YEgeus and JEthra. He taught them to live in cities, and contributed much to their ci- vilization. Tragedy is said to have origi- nated among the Athenians. Thespis, one of their poets, hath the honor of inventing it. It is said he performed in a kind of cart. 384. Unclo.t litres. The utres were bags of goat skins filled with wind, and besmeared with oil. At the feasts of Bacchus, it was? the custom to leap upon them with one foot, and being slippery, often caused the leapcr or dancer to fall, which always excited mirth and laughter in the by-standers. 385. Coloni. Colonus signifies both a tiller of the earth, and any inhabitant of a country. In this last sense it seems to be used here, denoting the Romans generally. They were originally a colony of Trojans, led into Italy by ./Eneas. Hence the pro- priety of their being called gens missa Troja. Ausonii : an adj. from Ausonia, the origi- nal name of Italy : in the sense of Romani, vel Itali. 386. Soluto : in the sense of immodico. 387. Or a : in the sense of larvas, masks. 389. Oscilla. These most probably were small earthen images of Bacchus, hung upon the branches of trees, where they swung, and were turned about by the wind. They were supposed to confer fertility to the vine, in whatever direction they chanced to turn their faces. Mollia : moveable, because they turned easily, and obeyed every breeze ; or, perhaps* effeminate, because Bacchus was GEORGJCA. l&fl. if lijX ' Hinc omnis largo pubescit vinea foetu : 39b Complentur vallesque cavse saltusque profundi, Et quocumque Deus circum caput egit honestum. > 392. EUoem, quoeum- Ergo rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem 1 ue Deus circumagit Carminibus patriis, lancesque et liba feremus ; Et ductus cornu stabit sacer hircus ad aram : 395 Pinguiaque in verubus torrebimus exta colurnis. Est etiam ille labor curandis vitibus alter, Cui nunquam exhausti satis est ; namque omne quotannis Terque quaterque solum scindendum, glebaque versis jEternum frangenda bidentibus, omne levandum 400 Fronde nemus. Redit agricolis labor actus in orbem, Atque in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus. Et jam olim seras posuit cum vinea frondes, - Frigidus et sylvis Aquilo decussit honorem ; \ -* Jam turn acer curas venientem extendit in annum 405 Rusticus, et curvo Saturni dente relictam Persequitur vitem attondens, fingitque putando. Primus humum fodito, primus devecta cremato^ Sarmenta, et vallos primus sub tecta referto : /fx j Postremus metito. Bis vitibus ingruit umbra : 410 Bis segetem densis obducunt sentibus herbse : Durus uterque labor. Laudato ingentia rura, I <*/ XT / Lt^ TUSCI cceduntur per syl- Exiguum cohto. Necnon etiam aspera rusci vam, et fluvialis arundo Vimina per sylvam, et ripis fluvialis arundo caeditur ripis NOTES. always represented as youthful and de- of Saturn. The scythe, or pruning-hook, bauched. Mobilia, says Heyne. was the badge of Saturn. Relictam : de- 390. Fcetu : in the sense ofproventu, says prived of its fruit and foliage, like a forlorn Heyne. mother bereaved of her children. Nothing 393. Honorem: in the sense of laudes. can surpass this in force and beauty. Dente: 396. Colurnus verubus : hazle-spits. The in the sense of fake. hazle seems here to be mentioned, as the 408. Primus. The poet here advises the instrument on which the sacrifice was to be vintager to be the first to perform every roasted, because it was injurious to the vine, piece of business belonging to his vineyard ; The goat was sacred to Bacchus, and usu- such as digging and mellowing the ground, ally offered to him. See 380, supra. carrying home and burning the useless 397. Est etiam ille alter : there is also branches (sarmenta) of the vine, and carry- another labour. Curandis : in the sense of ing home and securing from the weather colendis. The dat. is here plainly used in the stakes and poles (vallos) that supported the sense of the gen. But this construction the vine ; but to be the last to gather his is common with the poets. grapes, as they would grow better by re- 398. Satis exhausti : enough of pains maining on the vine, and having a longer taken. Exhaustum, though properly a part, time to ripen. of the verb exhaurio, is here used aa sub- 410. Bis umbra, c. The vine requires stantive, governed by the adv. satis. to be cleared of its superfluous leaves twice 400. JEternum : in the sense of assidue. in the season, and twice to be cleared of Bidentibus : the same with ligonibus. JVe- weeds and grass. This circumstance will mus: in the sense of vinea, vel vine turn. explain the words of the poet. 401. Actus in orbem : that is, perpetuus, 411. Sentibus: with weeds briars. vel continuum : because there is no end or 412. Laudato. The poet here means : termination in a circle. you may admire a large farm, but be sure 402. Annas: in the sense of annuus la- to till a small one: or, you may praise a bor, vel annua opera. The same labour or large one in the possession of another, but work is to be done every year, and it re- you should prefer a small one yourself, be- turns in the same order and course. cause you will find it in the end more pro- 404. Decussit honorem : hath shaken from Stable. the trees their beauty and foliage. 413. Rusci : the shrub called the butcher V 406. Curvo dente ; with the crooked knife broom-, 1's : juvat arva videre, ulli curae hominum. Non rastris, homirium non ulli obnoxia curse. NOTES. 415. Salicti : willow-ground. The pro. mistook, considering it as an hyperbole, de- /e, is to be supplied after exercet. noting that the fruit would be almost coeval 416. Reponunt. In the language of po- with the ploughing. Statim cum ipso vomere, etry, the vines are said to lay aside the says Ruseus. pruning knife, when they no longer stand 425. Hoc : with this the plough. Or ob in need of its being applied to them. This hoc, according to Servius, on account of this takes place when they have sufficiently em- facility in propagating. Placitampaci : de- braced or entwined around the elms, and lighting hi peace. other trees planted in the vineyard for the 426. Poma : the fruits : by meton. put purpose of supporting them. Vincl- 423. Unco dente. Dens is any instrument das : torches materials for making torches, of one tine or fork for opening the earth 433. Serere : to plant them, about the roots of trees or plants, or for 434. Salices : the willows. Genistce : the loosening the ground in any way. The brooms. Sequar majora : in the sense of meaning of the poet is : that the earth of commemorem majores arbores. itself, if opened and kept loose with this in- 436. Pabula melli : materials for honey strument, will afford sufficient moisture to flowers for the bees. the olives (satis) lately planted ; but if 437. Cytorum : Cytorus, a mountain in opened and kept loose with the plough, it Paphlagonia, in the neighborhood of the will render the olive more thrifty, and cause Euxine sea, abounding in the box-tree, it to bear a fruit full, large, and good. 438. Naryciw: an adj. from Naryx, or Ploughing the land, says Mr. Martin, Narycia, a city in that part of Italy called is always considered to increase the pro- Magna Grozcia. It abounded in trees of the duce of the olive. This circumstance pitch and resinous kind, fully explains the poet's meaning; which 439. JVbn obnoxia: not requiring not Ruaeus, and Dr. Trapp after him, evidently exposed to. Ruaeus says, non egentia. (JGORGICA. LIB. II. Jpsae Caucaseo steriles in vertice sylvae, Q,uas animosi Euri assidue franguntque feruntque, Dant alios alias foetus ; dant utile lignum M Navi^iisjgmos, domibus cedrosque cupressosque. Hinc radios trivere rotis, hinc tympana plaustris Agricolae, et pandas ratibus posuere carinas. Viminibus salices foecundae, frondibus ulmi : At myrtus validis hastilibus, et boiia bello Cornus ; Ityrseos taxi torquentur in arcus. Nee tiliae leves, aut torno rasile buxum,/'? fV^ Non formam accipiunt, ferroque cavantur acuto. Necnon et torrentem undam levis innatat alnus Missa Pado ; necnon et apes examina condunt Corticibusque cavis, vitiosseque ilicis alveo. Quid memorandum seque Bacche'ia dona tulerunt ? Bacchus et ad culpam causas dedit : ille furentes Centauros leto domuit, Rhcetumque, Pholumque, Et magno Hylaeum Lapithis cratere minantem. O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, Agricolas ! quibus ipsa, procul discordibus armis, Fundit humo facilem victum justissima tellus. Si non ingentem foribus domus alta superbis Mane salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam ; Nee varios inhiant pulchra testudine postes, Illusasque auro vestes, Ephyreiaque sera ; Alba neque Assyrio fucatur lana veneno, Nee casia liquidi corrumpitur usus olivi : 103 440 442. Dant alios foetus: aliae dant pinos, lignum utile navigiis, alice dant cedrosque cupressos- q U6i Ug num u ti\ e donri- bus : 447. Myrtus est bona validis hastilibus, 449. Necnon leves 450 454. Quid Bacche'ia 455 dona tulerunt seque me- morandum ? 460 461. Si apud illos alta domus cum superbis fo- ribus non vomit ingen- tem undam kominum sa- lutantum mane e totis 4g cedibus ; nee itti in hiant NOTES. 440. Caucaseo: an adj. from Caucasus, a mountain, or rather range of mountains, extending from the Euxine to the Caspian sea. 444. Tympana: the naves or felloes of the wheel, in which the (radii) spokes are fast- ened. Some take the tympanum to be a solid wheel, or one without spokes. Trirtre : in the sense of fecerunt, vel tornaverunt. 447. Bello : for war the implements or weapons of war. Ad alia arma, says Ruams. 448. ItyrcROs : an adj. from Ityrcei, a peo- ple of Parthia, according to Servius; but others say of Syria, famous for shooting the bow. Cornus : the corneil-tree, or wild cher- ry tree. Taxi : the yew-trees. Buxum : the box-tree, or box-wood. Pierius found, in some ancient manuscripts, ciirvanturt'oi tor- quentur. Ruaeus sa.ys,flectuntur. 451. Alnus: the alder-tree, of which boats were at first made. They were dug out of the solid wood. Pado : the Po, the largest river in Italy, put for any river. 453. Jllvco: cavity. 454. Memorandum: hi the sense of dig- num laude, or simply, laudandinn. 456. Centauros Lapithis. Th(e were people of Thessaly, the former inhabiting mount Pelion, the latter mount Pindus. The poet here mentions the principal or chief of the Centaurs only. 459. Discordibus armis: not wars, for that would not be strictly true. They rage in the country, as well as city ; but rather factions, quarrels, and evil commotions, which are more frequent in cities and popu- lous towns, than in the country. 460. Facilem : easy procured. Justissi- ma : the earth may be considered most just, because it returns what is committed to it, with a liberal reward. Fundit : in the sense of producit. 461. Si non, &c. It was a custom among the Romans, for clients and dependants to come early in the morning to salute their patrons. Undam : in the sense of muUtiu- dinem. 463. Varios : in the sense ofvariatos. 464. lllusas auro: embroidered with gold. Ephyre'ia: an adj. from Ephyra, the origi- nal name of Corinth. RUSBUS says, Co- rintkia. 465. dssyrio veneno : with the Syrian, or purple colour. The invention of the pur- ple, and the method of dying that colour, are attributed lo the Syrians, or Phomi- cians. Phoenicia was a part of that region of Asia, called Syria ; sometimes Assyria, Ccelosyria, and Leucosyria. Syria and As- syria were frequently confounded. 466. Casia : the bark of a tree, or shrub, in India, used as a. spice bastard cinna- 104 P. Y1RGILII MARONIS 467. At apud illos se- At secura quies, et nescia fallere vita, }d tuira quies Dives opum variarum ; at latis otia fundis. Speluncae, vivique lacus ; at frigida Tempe, Mugitusque bourn, mollesque sub arbore somni 470 471. Illic sunt saltusNon absunt. Illic saltus, ac lustra ferarum, Et patiens operum parvoque assueta juventus, Sacra Deum, santique patres. Extrema per illos Justitia excedens terris vestigia fecit. Me vero primum dulces ante omnia Musae, 475 476. Perculsus ingenti Quarum sacra fero, ingenti perculsus amore, amore earum Accipiant ; ccelique vias et sidera monstrent, Defectus Solis varios, Lunaeque labores : Unde tremor terris : qua vi maria alta tumescant - Objicibus ruptis, rursusque in sejipsa residant : 480 Quid tantum Oceano properent se tingere Soles -~rHyberni : vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. y^ Sin, has ne possim naturae accedere partes, Frigidus obstiterit circum praecordia sanguis ; Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes, 485 NOTES. mon. The ancients used it to flavour their oil. Liquidi : in the sense ofpuri. 467. Vita nescia fallere : a life knowing not to deceive a life of substantial happi- ness, in opposition to that of cities and courts, which is showy, false and deceit- ful. 463. Latis j some copies have tetis. Heyne takes it in the sense of aperlis vel patentibus. 469. Tempe : neu. plu. A most pleasant vale in Thessaly, surrounded by the moun- tains Ossa, Pelion, and Olympus. The river Peneus flows through it. The poet here means any pleasant vale, putting the species for the genus. Vim lacus : in the sense of perennis aqua. Frigida Tempe-, for umbrosa, valles. 474. Justitia : the goddess Astrcta. See Eel. iv. 6. 475. Verb primum ante : but, in the first place, above all things, may the sweet mu- ses accept of me, whose sacred ensigns, &c. Though the poet praises the country life so much, he prefers the charms of poetry, and the noble entertainments of science, particu- larly philosophy and astronomy. The mu- ses presided not only over poetry, but also over the sciences and liberal arts. The po- ets called themselves the priests of the mu- ses. Hence the propriety of: quarum sacra fero. 477. Vias et sidera cadi : in the sense of cursus siderum in ccdo. 479. Unde tremor terris : whence earth- quakes arise : by what power the deep seas swell. Objicibus ruptis: its barriers being broken down. The poet is speaking of the ebbing and flowing of the tide. He hath in his view the swelling of a mighty stream. It rises with the mountain torrent. It rushes against the opposing mounds. Here it is stopped in its course for a time ; but gathering strength from its accumulated waters, it bursts the barriers, sweeping every thing in its course. Vis : here, not simply violence or force, but the moving or efficient cause of the rising of the waters. The true cause of the ebbing and flowing of the tide was not known, till the immortal sir Isaac Newton placed it beyond doubt. He de- monstrated it to be the attraction of the heavenly bodies, particularly of the moon. 481. Quid tantum, c. The poet here speaks of winter and summer: What may be the reason, why the winter days are so quick in ending ; arid what delay may put off, or retard the approach of the summer nights. What may be the reason that the days in summer are so long. Tingere : iu the sense of occidere. 484. Sin frigidus sanguis : but if cold blood around my heart should hinder, that I could not, &c. Secundum Physicos, qui di- cunt stultos homines esse frigidioris sangui- nis,prudcnles calidi. Unde et senes,in qui- bus jam friget ; et pueri, in quibus nccdmn calet, minus sapiunt ; says Servius. Prcc- cordia: properly a membrane surrounding the heart, and separating it from the lungs. It is taken often for the heart itself, as in the present instance. 485. Rigui : in the sense offluenles. The meaning of the poet appears to be : that if he had not capacity for the higher subjects of philosophy and astronomy, he would re- tire into the country, and there pass his time, unheeded and unknown, amidst rural de- lights. GEORGICA. LIB. II. 105 Flumina amem sylvasque inglorius. O ubi campi, 100. O si essem, ubi Sperchiusqtie, et virginibus bacchata Lacaenis s nt campi, Taygeta ! 6 qui me gelidis in vallibus Hsemi Sp ?^ h ' et Sistat, et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra ! sis f t 7 m Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, 490 490. lilt est felix, qui Atque rnetus omnes et inexorabile fatum potuit Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari ! Fortunatus et ille, Deos qui novit agrestes, Panaque, Sylvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores ! Ilium- non populi fasces, non purpura regum Flexit, et infidos agitans discordia fratres ; Aut conjurato descendens Dacus ab Istro : Non res Romanae, perituraque regna : neque ille, Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti. Quos^ami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura Spontetulere sua, carpsit ; nee ferrea jura, Insanumque forum, aut populi tabularia vidit. Sollicitant alii remis freta ca3ca, ruuntque In ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regum. 495 500 NOTES. 486. O, ubiO qui, &c. These, as Mr. Davidson justly observes, are not questions, as RUEBUS and Dr. Trapp both take them ; but exclamations, which in all languages are usually elliptical. Campi : Tempe, those pleasant fields of Thessaly are undoubtedly intended. Sperchius : a river of Thessaly, rising at the foot of mount P Indus, and falls into the Sinus Maliacus. 488. Taygeta : neu. plu. a mountain of Laconia, famous for hunting, and the cele- bration of the orgies of Bacchus : hence, Viginibus baccliata Lacaenis ; frequented by the Laconian or Spartan virgins. Hcemi. See Geor. i. 49. 492. .Acherontis : Acheron, a fabulous river of hell. It seems here to be put for death. In that sense the epithet avari is very proper. Strepilum, &c. will then mean the noise or tumultuous dread generally oc- casioned through the fear of death. Or, it may mean, the noise, tumult, and bustle of the infernal regions generally. In this last case, Acherontis will mean hell, or the in- fernal regions, by synec. 494. Pana. See Eel. ii. 31. Nympheuso- rores. See Eel. ii. 46. Sylvanum. See Eel. x. 24. 495. Non fasces populi : not the honors of the people, nor the purple, c. The Ro- man magistrates were chosen by the peo- ple, in the Comitia. The fasces, properly, was a bundle of birchen rods. The dicta- tor had 24 of these rods the consuls 12 the provincial prxtors 6 the city praetors 2 ; which were carried before them by per- sons, who were called lictors. Fasces is fre- quently put for the power and authority of the magistrate, by meton. Flexit : in the sense ofmorrf. 497. Dacus. The Daeii were a people in- habiting the north of the Danube, or Ister, very troublesome to the Romans. Istro conjurato : the conspiring, or leagued Dan- ube. The name of the river put for the peo- ple living near it, by meton. The Danube is one of the largest rivers in Europe. It rises in Germany, and taking an easterly course, it falls into the Euxine sea by six mouths, at a distance of about 1600 miles from its source. 498. Res Romance. : the Roman republic. It is opposed to regna peritura. The for- mer they vainly imagined would always en- dure ; while kingdoms would fall, and their names be forgotten. Flexerunt ilium, is un- derstood. 499. Doluit miserans, &c. The poet could not mean that his countryman possessed a stoical apathy, which rendered him insensible to the wants, and deaf to the calls of the poor; but that in the country, there were not those objects of poverty and wretched- ness to excite his grief and compassion ; or at least, few of them in comparison to the number in cities. In this very circum- stance, we see a high commendation of a country life. 501. Ferrea jura : the same as duras Jo ges. 502. Insanum : noisy tumultuous, or, perhaps, litigious. Tabularia. The tabula- riiim was a place at Rome, in which the public records were kept, and the accounts of the public money received, arid paid out. It answers to our treasury office. Coca : in the sense of ignota. 504. Penetrant, &c. Insinuant se prinri- pibus,utintimijiant, says Servius. 14 100 P. VERGILI'I MARON1S 510. fusi 514 anni : 516 523. Hie petit excidiis urbem miserosque Penates, Ut gemma bibat, et Sarrano indormiat ostro- : Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro : Hie stupet attonitus rostris : hunc plausus hiantem Per cuneos (geminatur enim) plebisque patrumque Alii gaudent per- Corripuit ; gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum, Exilioque domos et duleia limina mutant, Atque alio patriam quaerunt sub Sole jacentem. Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro : Hinc est labor Hinc anni labor : bine patriam, parvosque nepotes hinc agricola sus- Sustinet : hinc armerita bourn, meritosque juvencos. Nee requies est ^ ec rec l u ^ es > aut pornis exuberet annus, Aut fcetu pecorum, aut Cerealis mergite culmi : Proventuque oneret suleos, atque horrea vincat. Venit h^ems ; teritur Sicyonia bacca trapetis : Glande sues Ireti redeunt : dant arbuta sylva? : Et varies ponit foatus autumnus ; et alte Mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis. ;J?" IceS nat / pen " I ntere & dulces pendent circum oscula riati : a pa- as t a pudicitiam servat domus : ubera vaccce Lactea demittunt : pinguesque in gramine Iseto Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus ho3di. 505 510 515 t qun 525 NOTES. M5. Penates. These were the household gods; and were thought to preside over houses arid domestic affairs. Their statues or images were usually made of wax, ivory, silver, or earth, and generally placed in the innermost part of the house : hence that place was called Penetrale : and they were calted sometimes, from that circumstance, Pemtrales. They were worshipped with wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes with the sacrifice of a lamb. Penates, by melon. is used for one's country, habitation, house, or dwelling : and sometimes for the family, or inhabitants, as in the present instance. See &n. ii. 717. 506. Sarrano ostro : upon Tyrian purple. Sarrano, an adj. from Sarra, the ancient name of Tyre. Gemma : a cup made, or set with gems. 508. Rostris. The Rostrum was the place of common pleas, at Rome, so called, as Li vy informs us, from this circumstance : The Antiates, a maritime people of Lai turn, be- ing overcome by the Romans ; to perpetu- ate the memory of the victory, they placed the beaks of their ships (rostra) around the suggest um, or place of pleading, by way of ornament. Hie stupet: this one stands amazed, being astonished at the courts of justice. Plaunu patrumque plebisque, &c. It appears that the orders of patricians and plebeians expressed their approbation by turns. If we suppose the patricians, who occupied tho Orchestra, or the part of the theatre near the stage, to be the first ; this will give -a reason for the words, enim geminatur per cuneos . for it is redoubled, or repeated along the cunei. These were seats in the back part of the theatre, appro- priated to the common people, or plebeians. See 381. supra. Hunc : in the sense of ahum. Geminatur. Heyne reads geminatus, agree- ing with plausus; without a parenthesis. 512. Sub alio sole : under another sun in another clime. This is beautiful, and highly poetical. 516. Nee requies : there is no rest : but the year abounds either, &c. This passage is extremely beautiful and poetical. The poet represents the year as laboring with- out intermission, in bringing forth her pro- ductions. Ruceus refers the whole of this fine passage to the husbandman : Nee cessat agricola donee annus abundtt, &c. says he. But he gives no reason for his taking quin in the sense of donee. . 517. Mergite Cerealis culmi: with bun- dles or sheaves of grain. 519. Sicyonia : an adj. from Sicyon, a city of Achaia, not far from the isthmus of Co- rinth, abounding in olive trees. Bacca : the olive. 520. Arbuta : properly the fruit of the arbute tree. Here, perhaps, taken for wild fruit in general. Lccti : in the sense of sa- turati. 521. Ponit foetus: in the sense of dat, vel redditfructus. 524. Casta domus: the virtuous family preserves, &c. By being trained to industry and good order, they are not in danger of losing their virtue, or character. GEORGICA. LIB. If. fpse dies agitat festos : fususque per herbam, Ignis ubi in medio, et socii cratera coronant, Te libans, Lenaee, vocat : pecorisque magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, Corporaque agresti nudat prredura palaestra. Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini, Hanc Remus et frater : sic fortis Etruria crevit, Scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma, Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces. Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis, et ante Impia quam ca3sis gens est epulata juvencis ; Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat. . Necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum Impositos duris crepitare incudibus enses. Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus a3quor, Et jam tempus equum fumantia solvere colla. 528. Ubi t&t igni? 530 533. Remus et frater ejus Romulus coluerunl bane : 535. tlnaque circum- dedit septem 539. Necdum etiam 540 homines 542. Tempus est sol- vere ajugo NOTES. 527. digital: in the sense of celebrat. Fu- sus: in the sense of stratum. 528. Coronant : they fill up to the brim. 531. Palaestra: this may mean either the exercise itself, or the place of exercise. 532. SabinL An ancient people of Italy, whose young women were seized by the Ro- mans, at certain shows or exhibitions, to which they had been invited. Upon this, the Sabines made war upon them to avenge the atrocious deed. A treaty of amity, however, was concluded between the two parties ; and in the event they became one people. Coluere : they religiously observed, or practised. 533. Etruria : the same as Tuscia, Tus- cany, a country in Italy, separated from Latium by the Tyber. 534. Scilicet et, c. What is here said of Rome was literally true in the time of Vir- gil. It was then in all its glory, and was truly the wonder of the world : Rerum : res hath a variety of significations. Here it evidently means the world, or the whole earth. 535. Una circumdedit. The walls of Rome embraced seven hills, when that city was in the height of its glory. Their names were : Palatinus, Ccelius, Capitolinus, Aventinus, Esquilinus, Quirinalis, and Viminalis. 536. Ante sceptrum : before the reign of the Dictean king. Jupiter is so called from Dicte, a place in the island of Crete, where it is said, he was nourished and brought up by the Corybantes or Curetes. Before the reign of Jove, and before the impious race of men fed upon bullocks slain, golden Saturn led this life upon the earth. This is a beautiful allusion to the golden age. See Eel. iv. 6. Agebat : in the sense of due eb at. 537. Gens : in the sense of genus Iwmi- num, says Heyne. 541. Sed nos. This is an allegory taken from the chariot race. By confecimus aquor immensum spatiis, the poet may mean that he had run over a plain not measured by stages ; or one which did not lie witliin the limits or bounds of his proposed race or course. In this sense, divested of the figure, it will be : I have now finished my digression into the praises of a country life, it is time to lay aside my pen. Ruseus in- terprets spatiis by longitudine, and un- derstands by cequor immensum spaiiis, a plain immeasurable in length. Each course of chariots in the, race was called spatium. This was repeated se- ven times. Hence spatia, the plural, came to signify the race ground. Cum scptima spalio palmcR appropinquant. The starting place was called career, and the turning place meta. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this book? What does the poet do in the first place? How many methods does he mention for the propagation of trees? What is the difference between grafting tants upon its banks ? How many kinds of soil does he make ? Where does the Ganges rise ? \Vhat is its length ? What is it considered to be, by the inhabi- and inoculation ? For what is ihepropago or layer the best ? After the several kinds of trees, and the methods of producing them, what does the poet consider in the next place? Where does it empty ? What did the ancients call the bay ? What city now stands near the mouth of this river ? Of what country was ffemvs a river ? 108 P. VIRGILII MARONiS What river did it receive in its course? What was the Paciolus celebrated for ? Where did these rivers empty ? What was the Argonautic expedition ? Why was it so called ? Who commanded that expedition ? Where was Colchis ? What was the object of that expedition ? How is this fable to be understood ? How many accompanied Jason ? What direction does the poet give for planting trees ? How should the rows be arranged ? Among what people did scenic representa- tions originate ? Why were the Athenians called Theseida ? Who may be considered the inventor of tragedy ? What did he make use of as a stage? What was the form of the Roman theatre ? Into how many parts was it divided ? What was the form of the amphitheatre ? What was the original name of Italy ? Why were the Romans sometimes called Ausones ? What do you understand by the word fasces ? How many of these rods were carried be- fore the Roman magistrates ? By whom were they carried \ For what is the word fasces used by me- ton.? Who were the Dacii ? Where did they inhabit ? Where does the river Ister rise ? What course does it run ? Where does it empty ? What is its length ? Who were the Penates ? How were they represented ? Where were their statues placed ? What were they sometimes called from that circumstance ? For what is the word taken by meton. ? Why was the place of common pleas, at Rome, called Rostrum? What was the word Rostrum properly ? Who were the Sabines? Did the Romans offer any violence to their young women ? What was the event of the affair? How many hills did the walls of Rome encompass ? What were they called ? How many courses were there in the cha- riot race ? How does the book end ? LIBER TERTIUS. THK subject of this book is the raising of cattle. The poet begins with an invocation of some of the rural deities, and a compliment to Augustus. After which, he add; himself to his friend Meecenas. He then proceeds to give rules for the breeding and management of horses, oxen, sheep, and goats. And, by way of episode and embel- lishment, he gives us a description of a chariot race, of a battle of bulls, of the force of love, and of a Scythian winter. He enumerates the diseases incident to cattle, and pre- scribes their remedies : and concludes by giving an account of a fatal murrain, which once raged among the Alps. 1. Et te, O pastor, XE quoque, magna Pales, et te, memorande, canemus, ^ a9t0r ab Am P hr y s : s > s y'' amnesque Lye*!. Caetera, quae vacuas tenuissent carmma raentes, 4. Omnia csetera car- Omnia jam vulgata. Quis aut Eurysthea durum, NOTES. 1. Pales. The goddess, of shepherds, and of feeding cattle. She was worshipped with milk. Her feasts were called Palilia, and were celebrated on the 12th of the ca- lends of May. 2. Amphryso. A river of Thessaly, where Apollo fed the flocks of Admetus, when he was driven from heaven for having killed the Cyclops. See Eel. iv. 10. Sylva, et amnes Lyc&i : the groves and streams of Arcadia. Lycceus: a mountain in Arca- dia, evidently taken for the whole country, by synec. 3. Carmina : by meton. the argument, or subjects of song. Heyne reads carmine, connecting it with vaciias. In this case, it is to be taken in its usual sense. Tenuis- sent : in the sense of dtlectavissent. Ruaeus says, omnia argumenta. 4. Eurysthea. Eurystheus, was king of Mycence. Instigated by .Juno, he imposed upon Hercules, who had been given up to GEORGICA. LIB. III. Aut illaudati nescit Busiridis aras ? Cui non dictus Hylas puer, et Latonia Delos, Hippodameque, humeroque Pelops insignis eburno, Acer equis ? Tentarida via est, qua me quoque possim Tollere humo, victorque virum volitare per ora. Primus ego in patriam mecum (modo vita supersit) Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas : Primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas : Et viridi in campo tempi um de marmore ponam Propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat Mincius, et tenera prsetexit arundine ripas. In medio mihi Caesar erit, templumque tenebit. Illi victor ego, et Tyrio conspectus in ostro, Centum quadrijugos agitabo ad flumina currus. Cuncta mihi, Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi, 5 mina, quae tenuissent vacuas mentes, jam vul- gata simt. 10 15 NOTES. him at the command of an oracle, the se- verest labors : they were twelve in number, and go under the name of the twelve la- bors of Hercules. 5. Busiridis. Busiris, a king of Egypt, who sacrificed to his gods the strangers who visited him. He was slain by Hercules. Illaudati: impious infamous. This kind of negatives express, generally, more than the mere want of a good quality. They imply the possession of a contrary one. Detestatii says Heyne. 6. Hylas. See Eel. vi. 43. Latonia : an adj. from Latona, the daughter of Cceus, one of the Titans, and mother of Apollo and Diana, whom she brought forth at a birth on the island Delos : hence called La- tonian Delos. 7. Hippodame. She was the daughter of CEnomaus, king of Elis, and Pisa: : who having learned from an oracle that he was to be slain by his son-in-law ; in order to avoid it, he proposed to the suitors of his daughter, a chariot race, upon this condi- tion, that the one who got the victory should have his daughter ; but if vanquished should be slain. After thirteen had lost their lives, Pelops won the beauteous prize, by bribing Myrtillus, the charioteer of CEnomaus, to place the chariot upon a frail or brittle axle. It broke during the race, and CEnomaus was so much bruised by the fall, that he died of his wounds. Thus the oracle was fulfilled. Pelops was the son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia ; who, as the fable goes, invited the gods to a banquet, and having a mind to try their divinity, dressed his own son, and set before them. All abstained from so horrid a repast except Ceres, who took a piece of the child's shoulder. Jupi- ter afterwards restored him to life, and gave him an ivory one in its room. Hence in- signis eburno humc.ro : famed for his ivory shoulder. For this horrid deed, Tantalus, after death, was doomed to perpetual hun- ger and tliirst ; and compelled to abstain from both meat and drink, which were pla- ced before him, by way of aggravation. 8. Acer equis. This may allude to his victory over CEnomaus ; or it may mean no more than that he was skilled in the ma- nagement of horses ; which is the sense of Ruaeus. 1 1 . Aonio vertice : from the Aonian mount, Helicon. This was a mountain in Beotia, originally called Aonia, sacred to the mu- ses. 12. Primus referam : I, the first, will bring to thee, O Mantua, Idumaean palms noble palms. The palm tree abounded in Idu- maea, a country of Syria ; so called from Edom, a son of Esau, who settled there. Virgil was not the first who introduced the Greek poetry into Italy ; and, therefore, to do away, or prevent any objection, he men- tions Mantua, the place of his birth. He was, however, the first who brought it to any degree of perfection. 13. Ponam Templum. The poet appears to mean, that he will not only imitate the Greeks, but he will surpass them ; and in honor of his victory, he will build a temple, and institute games. Through the whole, under colour of honoring himself, he very artfully compliments Augustus, his prince and patron. Ponam : in the sense of ex- truam. }4. Errat: meanders winds. 8. Centum. I will drive a hundred four- horse chariots along the river. The poet takes the definite number 100 for an indefi- nite number ; or he alludes to the Circen- sian games, when in one day there were twenty-five races of four chariots each, making the exact number here mentioned. These were in imitation of the Olympic games, and were on the margin of a river. Illi : for him in honor of Caesar. 19. Cuncta Grcecia. The meaning is, that all Greece would leave their own gamp>- . VIRGILII MARON1S Cursibus et crudo deccrnet Grsecia caestu. 20 Ipse, caput tonsae foliis ornatus olivae, Dona feram. Jam nunc solenmes ducere pompas Ad delubra juvat, csesosque videre juvencos : 24. Veluwfereut scena Vel scena ut versis discedat frontibus, utque discedat, Purpurea intexti tollant aulrea Britanni. 25 In foribus pugnam ex auro solidoque elephanto , , Gangaridiim faciam, victorisque arma Quirini : NilumundLte C mbe ; ilT Atc l ue hic undantem bello, magnumque fluentem Nilum, ac navali surgentes aere columnas. Addam urbes AsiaB domitas, pulsumque Niphaten, 30 Fidentemque fug& Parthum versisque sagittis ; Et duo rapta manu diverse ex hoste trophaea, NOTES. tuid come to these, as far excelling in gran- deur and magnificence. Alpheum : a river of Elis, in the Peloponnesus, near the city Olympia. Hence the games there celebra- ted were called Olympic. The river here, by meton. is put for the games themselves. They were instituted by Hercules, in honor of Jupiter, as near as their date can be as- certained, in the summer of the year of the world, 3228, and before Christ, 776. They were celebrated every fifth year ; or after an entire revolution of four years ; which was denominated an Olympiad. This form- ed a very important era in the history of Greece. Lucos Molorchi : the groves of Molor- chus : by meton. the Nemaa certamina, or Nemean games. These were instituted in honor of Hercules, on account of his killing the lion in the Sylva Nemcea, near Cleoncs, a city of the Peloponnesus. Molorchus was the name of the shepherd who entertained the hero, and at whose request he slew the Nemsean lion. Besides these, there were other games called Pythia, instituted in ho- nor of Apollo, on account of his killing the serpent Python. Hence he derived the name Pcean^ from a Greek word signifying to pierce or wound. There were also games called Isthmia. These were instituted by Theseus, king of Athens, in honor of Nep- tune. They derived their name from the circumstance of their being celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth. Mihi : for me in honor of me. 20. Crudo : because the ccestw, or gaunt- let, was made of raw hide : or simply, cruel bloody. See ^En. v. 379. 22. Pompas. These were images of the gods carried in "procession before the peo- ple at the Circensian games the proces- sion itself. Feram dona: in the sense of proponam pramia. 24. Ut : in the sense of quomodo. Scena : that part of the stage where the actors were the curtain, or hanging, behind which they retired from the audience. It was raised up when the actors were upon the stage, and let down when they retired from it. It appears to mean the same thing with aulcea in the following line. See Geor. ii, 381. 25. Intexti. The Britons (the victories of Julius Caesar over them) supposed to be painted on, or interwoven in, the curtains ; which, by a figure of speech, they might be said to hold, or lift up. 27. Gangaridum. The Gangaridse were a people of India, near the Ganges. Qwi- rini. This is one of the many reasons we have for believing that Virgil continued to revise the Georgics until his death. It was debated in the senate, whether Octavius should be complimented with the name of Augustus, or Romulus, who was also called Quirinus. But this debate did not take place till three years after the publication of the Georgics ; and was seven years be- fore his victory over the Gangaridce. The poet must, therefore, have added this line at least ten years after the first publication, or in the year of Rome, 734. 27. Faciam : in the sense of sculpam. 28. Magnum: Ruams takes it in the sense of longe. Cop lose, says Heyne. Un- dantem : swelling and waving with war. as it did with its waters. This is a metaphor, beautiful and grand. The poet here al- ludes to the victory obtained by Augustus over Anthony and Cleopatra, and the cap- ture of Alexandria, the principal city of Egypt, near the mouth of the Nile. It was built by Alexander the Great. All Egypt soon followed the fate of Alexandria, its capital. 29. Navali cere : with naval brass. Au- gustus is said to have made four columns out of the brazen beaks of the ships, taken from Cleopatra and Anthony; to which the poet, here seems to allude. 30. Niphaten: Niphates, a mountain of Armenia, taken for the inhabitants of thai country : by meton. Armenios fugatos, sa}-f. Ruseus. 32. Duo trophaa. Probably those two victories obtained by Augustus over Antho- GEORGICA. LIB. III. ill Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes. Stabunt et Parii lapides, spirantia signa, Assaraci proles> demissaeque ab Jove gentis 35 Nornina ; Trosque parens, et Trojae Cynthius auctor. Invidia infelix furias amnemque severum Cocyti metuet, tortosque Ixionis angues, Immanemque rotam, et non exsuperabile saxum. Interea Dryadum sylvas saltusque sequamur Intactos, tua, Maecenas, haud mollia jussa. *Te sine nil altum mens irichoat : en age, segnes Rumpe moras : vocat ingenti clamore Cithseron, Taygetique canes, domitrixque Epidaurus equorum : 36. Trosque parens Assaraci 40 40. Sylvasque, saltus- que intactos ab aliis scriptoribus. NOTES. ny, the one at Actium, in Epirus, on the northern shore of the Mediterranean, the other at Alexandria, in Egypt, on the south- ern. Hence the propriety of utroque litore. Rapta manu : obtained by valor, or by his own hand-r-where he commanded in person. Diverso hoste, and triumphatas gentes, mean the same ; and probably we are to under- stand the Asiatic and African troops that composed the army of Anthony in these two battles. This is the opinion of Ruaeus. Some understand the passage as referring to the Gandaridce, a people of Asia, and to the Britanni, situated in Europe, in differ- ent quarters of the world. But Augustus did not conquer the Britons. 34. Parii lapides : Parian marble. Parii : an adj. from Paros, one of the Cycladcs, fa- mous for its shining marble. Spirantia signa : figures, or statues to the life. They shall be of such exquisite sculpture, that one could scarcely distinguish them from real life they should almost breathe. 35. Proles Assaraci : the offspring of As- saracus, arid the names of the family, &c. The poet here, as in other places, compli- ments the Caesars with divine descent. Ac- cording to him, it may be thus traced : Dardanus was the son of Jupiter and Elec- tra ; Erichthonius, the son of Dardanus ; Tros, the son of Erichthonius ; Ilus and Assaracus, sons of Tros; Ilus begat Lao- medon, the father of Priann and Assaracus begat Capys, the father of Anchises; of Anchises and Venus sprang TEneas, the fa- ther of Ascanius, or lulus, the father of the Julian family. 36. Cynihius : Apollo. He was born on the island Delos, where was a mountain by the name of Cynthus; hence lie was called Cyntluits. He and Neptune, it is said, built the walls of Troy hi the reign of Laomedon. See Eel. iv. 10, and (ieor.'i. .,OJ. 37. I-nf.-li.i-. This epithet is added to envy, because it is the principal source of imhappiness to men. 38. Cocyti: Coeytus, a fabulous river of Hell, flowing out of Styx. Ixionis: Ixion, the father of the Cent aurs. For ma king an attempt upon Juno, he was cast down to hell, and bound with twenty snakes to a wheel, which kept constantly turning, as a punishment for his crime. The poets say, that Jupiter substituted a cloud in the form of Juno, and of it he begat the Centaurs. Upon his return to the earth, he boasted of his amour with the queen of the gods, and was punished for it by Jupiter in this ex- emplary manner. The truth is, the Cen- taurs were a people of Thessaly. They dwelt in a city by the name of Nephele. That being the Greek word for a cloud, gave rise to the story of their being the off- spring of a cloud. They were the first who broke and tamed the horse. Ixion was their king. The poet here intimates in a very delicate manner the unhappy end of those who envied Augustus the glory due to his illustrious deeds ; who dared refuse to submit to his authority ; and who medi- tated a renewal of the civil wars. 39. Saxum. Sisyphus, a notorious rob- ber, was slain by Theseus, king of Athens, and for his punishment, he was sentenced to hell ; there to roll a stone to the top of a hill, which always rolled back before he could reach it. This made his labour per- petual. JVbw exsuperabile : not to be gotten to the top of the hill. 41 . Tua haud mollia jussa : thy difficult commands. Virgil, at the request of Maecenas, wrote the Georgics; to which circumstance he here alludes a subject new, and which had not been handled or treated of by any pre- ceding writer. Sequamur : we will enter upon. 43. Cithceron : a mountain in Beotia. abounding in pasture, and herds of cattle. Taygcti : Ta vile; us. a mountain in Laconia, famous for hunting. Kpidaurus. There several places by that name. The one here intended, is probably in Argolis,on the eastern shore of the Peloponnesus, near the Sinus Saronicus,tha.t part be- ing celebrated for its horses. The meaning >*< that lie shall now treat of those animals that abounded in the above mentioned pla .<. 112 .P. VIRGILI1 MAROiNLS Et vox assensu nemorum ingeminata rcmugit. 45 Mox tamen ardentes accingar dicere pugnas Caesaris, et nomen fama tot ferre per annos, Tithoni prima quot abest ab origine Caesar. Seu quis, Olympiacae miratus praemia palm33, Pascit equos,*seu quis fortes ad aratra juvencos ; 50 52. Forma torvse bo- Corpora praecipue matrum legat. Optima torvae vis est optima, cui est Forma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plurima cervix, turpe caput, coiest plu- Et crurum tenus ^ mento pa learia pendent, nma cervix, et cut pa- m i n i learia pendent a mento lum lon g nullus laten modus : omma magna ; tenus crurum. Pes etiam, et camuris hirtae sub cornibus aures. 55 54. Omnia membra Nee mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo : auntm&gna.: ^ut juga detrectans, interdumque aspera cornu, nis macmUeTTlbo'cS-S 1 fdCiem taUr P r P ior : q uae q ue ard "a tota, pliceat mihi : Et gradiens ima verrit vestigia cauda. 58. Et est propior tau- /Etas Lucinam justosque pati Hymenaeos 60 ro quoad faciem : quce- Desinit ante decem, post quatuor incipit annos : queerf tota^ ^^ ^ Caetera nee fceturae habilis ; nee fortis aratris. rume 5 /ne^habilis < fo e tul lnterea ' superat gregibus dum Iseta juventus, rse, nee est fortis aratris. Solve mares : mitte in Venerem pecuaria primus, 69. Erunt semper ali- Atque aliam ex alia generando suffice prolem. 65 gun pecudes, quarum Optima quaeque dies miseris mortalibus evi corpora,/w malis mutari. T> c - A u i Enim semper refice ar- J 1 * fu % lt : subeunt morbi, tnstisque senectus : 7nen.ta;ac,nep6strequi-^t labor, et dura? rapit mclementia mortis, ras ea amissa, anteveni Semper erunt, quarum mutari corpora malis : NOTES. 45. Vox assensu, &c. The meaning is, that the groves unite in inviting him, and echo back the call. 46. Ardentes : in the sense of illustres. Jlccingar : in the sense of the Greek middle voice: I will prepare myself. The poet the JEneid ; which was chiefly designed to flatter Augustus and the Roman people. 48. Tithoni. Tithonus was either the son or brother of Laomedon, and greatly belov- ed by Aurora. From his time down to Au- gustus, were one thousand years, according to the best accounts. But to extend his fame only for that length of time, would not come up to the design of the poet, whose wish was to perpetuate his fame to the la- test posterity. According to Servius and Eustathius, Tithonus may here be taken for the sun, in the same sense that Titan is ; they both being derived from the same Greek verb. This would fully come up to the views of the poet in immortalizing his prince. The sun having existed from the beginning of time, may be considered a quce- dam eternitas ; or the poet may assume the definite number, 1000 years, for an indefinite period. See JEn. iv. 5u5. 51. Legal : in the sense of eligat. 52. Turpe : large disproportionate. Bo- vis : in the sense of vaccce. 56. Maculis et albo: the same as albis maculis, by Hendiadis. Aspera: pushing, or butting. 60. Lucinam : the goddess of child-bear- ing, so called a luce, quam infantibus dabat : by meton. child-bearing itself the bringing forth ofyoung in general.'/fj/menoEOA': Hymen or Hymenfflus, was the son of Bacchus and Venus; the god of marriage: by meton. marriage itself also the intercourse of the sexes, as in the present instance. The meaning of the poet is, that the proper time for cattle to breed, ends before the tenth, and begins after the fourth year of their age. 63. Intered : in the mean time between the years of four and ten, let loose the males among your herds. Superat : abounds is vigorous. 64. Pecuaria*: properly pasture grounds : by meton. the cattle fed upon them. Here, the females ; the boves, vel vacc&. 65. Suffice : raise up one stock after ano- ther. JEvi : in the sense of vitce. 68. Inclementia: rigour severity. 69. Semper erunt. This, and the two following lines, Dr. Trapp thinks to be an interpolation. He says, the sense of the whole three lines is extremely jejune and flat. What occasion of admonishing the farmer to continue the succession of his cattle ? The thing- had just been expressed before. Let it be further considered, what a different face it puts upon the whole, if these lines are left out. Having concluded the article of the propagation of kine, with that fine reflection upon the imperfect state GEORGICA. LIB. HT, 118 80 Semper enim rcfice : ac, ne post amissa requiras, 70 Anteveni : et sobolem armento sortire quotannis. Necnon et pecori est idem delectus equino. Tu modo, quos in spem statues submittere gentis, Prsficipuum jam ma 1 ^ a teneris impeiide laborem. Coritinuo pecoris generosi pullus in arvis Altius ingreditur, et mollia crura reponit : Primus et ire viam, et fluvios tentare minaces Audet, et ignoto oese committere ponti f"9f~ ; Nee vanos horret strepitus. Illi ardua cervix, Argutumque caput, brevis alvus, obesaque terga ; Luxuriatque toris ariimosum pectus : honesti Spadices, glaucique ; color deterrimus albis, Et gilvo : turn, si qua sonum procul arma dedere, Stare loco nescit, micat auribus, et trerilit artiis ; ft Collectumque fremens volvit sub naribtis ignem. Densa juba, et dextro jactata recumbit in armo. At duplex agitur per lumbos spina : cavatque Tellurem, et solido graviter sonat ungula cornu. Talis Amyclaei domitus Politics habenis Cyllarus, et, quorum Graii meminere poStae, Martis equi bijuges, et magni currus Achillis. Talis et ipse jubam cervice effudit equina Conjugis adventu pernix Saturnus, et altum Pelion hinnitu fugiens implevit acuto. Hunc quoque, ubi aut morbo gravis, aut jam segnior Deficit, abde domo, nee turpi ignosce senectse. [annis 74. Tmpende praeci- 75 puum laborem iUis jam inde a teneris annis, quos, 79. Est illi ardua. 82. Spadices, glauci- que sunt honesti colorex 84. Tremit per artus 85 90 90. Et tales erant bi- juges equi Martis, et currus magni AchilleF. quorum 94 of mortality, he immediately passes on to the propagation of horses. And what fur- ther confirms him in this opinion, is, the use of the verbs antevenio and sortior. The for- mer, says he, is no where else used by Vir- gil ; and the latter never, in the sense it is used here : for substituo. 71, Sobolem: a succession issue. 73. Submittere, : in the sense of seponere, 75. Pullus generosi : a colt of generous breed of noble blood. Continub : from the first as soon as foaled. 76. Reponit mollia crura : he moves his pliant, or nimble legs. Reponit implies both the alternate movements of his feet, and the quickness and frequency of them. 81. Luxuriat toris : his courageous breast abounds (swells out) in muscles. 82. Spadices, glauci : the bright bay, and dappled-gray, are good colours; the 'worst colour is the white and dun. It is very diffi- cult, as Dr. Trapp observes, to ascertain the names of colours in a foreign and dead lan- guage. Besides, one nation may prefer this colour, and another may prefer that. He takes albus for a dull, dirty white, and to be distinguished from candidus ; because, an- teire nives candorc, Virgil makes the mark of a fine horse. See Mn. xii. J! I. 85. Fremens. The common reading is pre- ; but several ancient copies have //r- mens, as Heyne informs us. That learned editor reads,/rcmms. Ignem : in the sense of catorem, vel ardentes anhelitus. Of the horses of Diomede, Lucretius says : ignent naribus spiraverunt. 87. Duplex: round large. In a lean horse, as the spine or back-bone rises up sharp ; so in a fat horse, there is a kind of hollow or gutter running through the middle of the back, and seeming to divide it into two parts. In this sense, duplex spina may be a double spine, dgitur : passes alon^, or extends. 87. Lumbos : in the sense of dorsum, vel tergum. 89. Talis Cyttarus : such was Cyllarus. broke by the reins, &c. Amydcei: an adj. from Amyclquus: each labor, or 104. Effusi : starting springing. In art, is equal ; the management of horses in races, career was the mark, or starting the chariot, and the management of them place. Exultantia : beating palpitating. with the bridle. 107. Vi: with the rapid motion of the wheel. 121. Epirum Mycenas. Epirus and My- 114. Rapidis rotis. This is the common cenae were both famous for their excellent reading. But Heinsius and Heyne read ra- horses. Referat : have, claim, or boast. pidus in the nom. agreeing with victor. Ro- 124. Pingui: in the sense of pinguedine. tis : properly the wheels ; by meton. the 125. Maritum : in the sense of admissa- chariot borne upon them. riwm. OEORGTCA. LIB. HI. ur, Pubentesque secant herbas, fluviosque ministrant, Farraque : ne blando nequeat superesse labori , Invalidique patrum referant jejunia nali. Ipsa autem macie tenuant armenta volentes. Atque ubi concubitus primes jam nota voluptas 130 Sollicitat ; frondesque negant, et fontibus arcent : Sa3pe etiam cursu quatiunt, et Sole fatigant ; Cum graviter tunsis gemit area frugibus, et cum Surgentem ad Zephyrum paleae jactantur inaries. Hoc faciunt, nimio ne luxu obtusior usus 135 Sit genitali arvo, et sulcos oblimet inertes : ' Sed rapiat sitiens Venerem, interiusque recondat. 137. Sed ut il,to pars Rursus, cura patrum cadere, et succedere matrum sitiens Incipit, exactis gravidae cum mensibus errant. Jgj Non illas gravibus quisquam juga ducere plaustris, 140 140. jy on quisquam Non saltu superare viam sit passus, et acri passus sit illas Carpere prata fuga, fluviosque innare rapaces. Saltibus in vacuis pascant, et plena secundum 1 -v Flumina : muscus ubi, et viridissima gramine ripa, 144. Ubi sit muscus, Speluncaeque tegant, et saxea procubet umbra. 145 et ripa Est lucos Silari circa, ilicibusque virentem Plurimus Alburnum volitans, cui nomen asilo Romanum est, cestron Graii vertere vocantes : Asper, acerba sonans : quo tota exterrita sylvis Diffugiunt armenta, furit mugitibus aether 150 Concussus, sylvaeque, et sicci ripa Tanagri. Hoc quondam monstro horribiles exercuit iras Inachiae Juno pestem meditata juvencae. NOTES. 127. Superesse : to accomplish be suffi- 146. Circa lucos Silari, Alburnumque. Si- cient for. Fluvios : in the sense of aquam larus, a river of Italy, in Lucania : hodie Selo. copiosam. Alburnum : Albumus, a mountain in Italy, 128. Nati : the colts. Referant: in the abounding in the holm -oak: hodie Alborno; sense offerant. out of which issues the river Tanagrus, 129. Volentes : willing on purpose, or small, and nearly dry in summer. Pluri- with design. Armenta here is evidently mus volitans : around the groves, &c. there taken for equas, the mares. are many flies, to which asylus is the Roman 131.. Frondes : in the sense of pabulum, name, but the Greeks called it cestron. vel victum. Quatiunt : in the sense of agi- This construction is very peculiar ; the idiom tant. we cannot introduce into our language. 135. JVe usus genitali arvo sit obtusior ne- Plurimus volitans we must take in the sense mio luxu. These words Ruseus interprets of plurimi volitantes. Cui nomen asylo. This thus : JVe trajectus (via) genitalis partis sit is evidently the same as cui asylus est Roma- strictior ob nimiam pinguitudinem. no nomini; perhaps by antiptosis. Asylus 136. Oblimet : in the sense of claudat. is what we commonly call the gad-fly, or 137. Venerem : the object of their desire breeze. It is the same as the tabanus, or the semen masculinum. tabanum. The sting of this insect causes 142. Acri fuga: in the sense of celeri great pain to the animal that is wounded by it. cursu. Rapaces : in the sense fjf rapidos. 148. Vocan tes vertere ; simply, vocaverund 143. Saltibus. Saltus is properly an vel reddiderunt. opening, or vacant space, in a grove, or 149. Acerba : an adj. neu, plu. taken as park. It is however sometimes used in the an adverb in imitation of the Greeks ; the sense of nemus and lucus; from the verb same as acerbe. Asper. This may have salio. RUSBUS says spatiis apertis. reference to the sharpness of its bite or sting. 145. Saxea umbra : a rocky shade may Sonans : making a sharp or shrill noise, fall on them a rocky clift may project over 150. Furit: in the sense of resonat. them, under which they may be sheltered 153. Inachia juvenca. lo, the daughter from the sun and rains. of Inachus, king of the Arrives, (or of a 116 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 154. Hunc asilum Hunc quoque (nam mediis fervoribus acrior instat) Arcebis gravido pecori ; armentaque pasces, 155 Sole recens orto, aut noctera ducentibus astris. Post partum, cura in vitulos traducitur omnis : Continuoque notas et nomina gentis inurunt : 159. Et notant cos, Et quos, aut pecori malint submittere habendo, .quos malint aut submit- Aut aris servare sacros, aut scindere terram, 160 Et campum horrentem fractis invertere glebis. Csetera pascuntur vindes armenta per herbas. Tu, quos ad studium atque usum formabis agrestem, j 164. Jam tu hortare Jam vitulos hortare, viamque insiste domandi . vitulos, quos formabis j) um f ac ii e s animi juvenum, dum mobilis eetas, ' 165 ftd stuuiuni A * i j i v ~-~ Ac prunum laxos tenui de vimme circles Cervici subnecte : dehinc, ubi libcra colla Servitio assuerint ; ipsis e torquibus aptos Junge pares, et coge gradum conferre, juvencos. Atque illis jam soepe rotae ducantur inanes 170 Per terram, et summo vestigia pulvere signent, / / aj^^/t^Post valido nitens sub pondere faginus ax; Instrepat, et junctos temo trahat aereus orbo 174. Interea carpes Interea pubi mdomita: jion gramina tantum, manu non tantum gra- N ec vescas salicum frondes, ulvamque palustrem ; 175 Sed frumenta manu carpes sata : nee tibi fcefce, 179 Sin tuum studi More P atrum > nivea implebunt mulctralia vaccse ; vimsi/magisad bellum", Sed tota in dulces consument ubera natos. fbrocesque Sin ad bella magis studium, turmasque feroces, NOTES. river god of that name,) whom Jupiter 169. Junge pares, &c. The poet directs transformed into a heifer, when he was like- the farmer to begin with his steers at an ly to be surprised by Juno in his amour with early age ; and first to hang collars lightly her. But discovering the trick, the goddess about their necks. Afterwards, join two of sent Asilus to torment her. Upon which equal size by a cord connecting these col- she fled to Egypt ; where Jupiter, taking lars ; and in this state make them walk and pity on her, restored her to her proper keep pace together ; and after they havelbe- shape. After which, she was married to come accustomed to this discipline, then king Osiris ; and, after her death, was wor- make them draw empty wheels along- the shipped as a goddess under the name of Isis. ground wheels without any carriage upon 154. Mediis fervoribus : for media die. them. 158. Inurunt : in the sense of imprimunt. 172. Valido : in the sense of magno. Or- 159. Submittere : to set apart for breeders bes : for rotas, wheels. for propagating your stock or herd. 174. Pubi indomita. : for your steers un- 161. Horrentem: in the sense of asperum. broken not entirely subdued to the yoke 162. Ccetera armenta. The poefs mean- 175. Ulvam. The ulva was a kind of ing is plainly this : that those calves that grass, which grew in marshy grounds. We are designed for breeding, for sacrifice, or have.no particular name for it in our lan- for the plough, are to be particularly desig- guage. JVec : in the sense of et. nated, and taken care of; while it is suffi- 176. Frumenta sata : planted, or sown cient for the rest of the herd to feed at large, corn. without any such care or attention ; and The poet would have the farmer to under - with regard to those designed for the stand, that the care of his steers is so im- plough, they should be trained up from the portant, that he should not only gather for first, and be accustomed to the yoke, while them grass, and the tender leaves of the they are docile and tractable. willow, and the marshy ulva ; but even the 164. Hortare: imp. of hortor : teach, or growing corn. He should consider nothing train up. Ad studium : for labor. Mobi- too costly for them. lis : in the sense of docilis. 177. Foztai -caeca : your suckling cows. 166. Circlos : by syn. for circutos : bind Fozta : having young. The word also sig- Joose collars? about their necks. nifies, being with young. GEORGICA. LIB. HI, Aut Alphea rotis prselabi flumina Pisae, 180 Et Jovis in luco currus agitare volantes ; Primus equi labor est, animos atque arma videre Bellautum, Jituosque pati, tractuque gementem Ferre rotam, et stabulo fraenos audire soriantes : Turn magis atque magis blandis gaudere magistri 185 Laudibus, et plausae sonitum cervicis amare. Atque haec jam primo depulsus ab ubere matris 187. Audiat hasc jam Audiat, inque vicem det mollibus ora capistris primodepuli Invalidus, etiamque tremens, etiam inscius aevi. At, tribus exactis, ubi quarta accesserit aestas, 190 Carpere mox gyrum incipiat, gradibusque sonare Compositis : sinuetque alterna volumina crurum, Sitque laboranti similis : turn cursibus auras Provocet : ac per aperta volans, ceu liber habenis. . ./Equora, vix summa vestigia ponat arena. 195 Qua) is hyperboreis Aquilo cum densus ab oris Incubuit,' Scythiaeque hyemes atque arida differt **-<> Nubila : turn segetes alta3 campique natantes Lenibus horrescunt flabns, summseque sonorem Dant sylvse, longique urgent ad litora fluctus : 200 Hie vokt, simul arva fuga, simul aequora verrens. 201. Hie ventita volat Hie, vel ad Elei metas et maxima campi Sudabit spatia, et spumas aget ore cruentas ; Belgica vel molli melius feret esseda collo. Turn demum crassa magnum farragine corpus 205 *4* -' NOTES. 180. Prcelabi rotis. The poet here alludes the poet appears to be this: After the horse to the chariot races at the Olympic games, hath commenced his fourth year, let him be- celeb rated upon the banks of the river Al- gin to amble, and prance, and exercise, pheus. however laborious and fatiguing it may be 183, Lituos : the clarion, or curved horn ; to him. Or rather : let not his exercise in put, by meton. for the sound of that instru- reality be laborious and fatiguing, on ac- ment. count of his age ; but let him resemble, or Gementem tractu : in the sense of striden- be like to one laboring only, lest he be dispi- tem dumtrahitur, says Hey ne. rited from experience of his weakness. But 186. Sonitum plausw cervicis : the sound when he is properly trained by exercise, his of the patted neck. courage increased, and his confidence in This refers to the custom of stroking, or himself confirmed, then let him labor let gently patting the horse on the neck, to him challenge the winds in his course, inspire him with courage. 194. Provocet. This is the common read- 188. Inque vicem: by Tmesis, for invicem ing. Heyne reads turn rocet. que: and now and then occasionally. JEquora: in the sense of campos. Audiat. This is the common reading. 197. Incubuit: rushes forth. Ruaeus says. But Heyne, after Heinsius, reads audeat, of imminet. the verb audeo. 198. Natantes . in the sense of -andantes. 189. Inscius avi: ignorant, or inexperi- 182. rfnimos: courage. Contentioneg, cnced, on account of his age not conscious says Ruaeus. of strength knowing his weakness. Ser- 202. Hie, vel ad metas : this horse, either vius says : nondum habens ab annisjiduciam. at the goals of Elis, &c. Davidson says : propter imbecilitatem art. 204. Esseda. The essedum was a kind of It is a Greek construction. vehicle, or carriage, adapted both for travel- 191. Sonarc compositis gradibus : to prance ling or war. It was used by the ancient in regular steps. Gauls and Britons. Molh : tractable, ia Sinuetque : and let him bend the alternate opposition to reluctant. joints of his legs or alternately the joints 205. Crassa farragine : with rich or fat- of his legs. tening marsh. The^ farrago was a mixture Carpere : in the sense of describcre. of wheat bran and barley meal, according 193- Similis laboranfi. The meaning of to Servius, 118 P. VIRGILII MARONI8 206.//&domitis;t^'o:Crescere jam domitis sinito : namque ante domandum / ^ Jngentes tollent animos ; prehsique negabunt Verbera lenta pati, et duris parere lupatis. * Sed non ulla magis vires industria firmat, Quam Venerem et caeci stimulos avertere amoris ; 210 Sive bourn, sive est cui gratior usus equorum. Atque ideo tauros procul atque in sola relegant &" Pascua, post montem oppositum, et trans flumina lata : Aut intus clauses satura ad prresepia servant. Carpit enim vires paiilatim, uritque videndo 215 FoRrnina : nee nemorum patitur meminisse, nee herbae : 21T. Ula quidem/ori/ Dulcibus ilia quidem illecebris, et saepe superbos Ao C dulcibu 8 illecebri 8 ,et Coraibus inter se subigit decernere amantes. Pascitur in magna sylva formosa juvenca : Illi alternantes multa vi praelia miscent 220 Vulneribus crebris : lavit ater corpora sanguis, 222. Obnixos adversa- Versaque in obnixos urgentur coniua vasto fios Cum gemitu : reboant sylvaeque et magnus Olympus. 224. Nee at mos duos Nee mos bellantes una stabulare : sed alter bellantes Victus abit, longeque ignotis exulat oris ; 225 j 226. Plagas/ocfcw cor- Multa gemens ignominiam, plagasque superbi nibus superbi victoris, Victoris, turn quos amisit inultus amores : res, quo! Et stabula asp ectans regnis excessit avitis. I 229. Et inter dura Ergo omni cura vires exercet, et inter saxa jacet Dura jacet pernox instrato saxa cubili ; 238 Frondibus hirsutis et carice pastus acuta : Et tentat sese, atque irasci in cornua discit, Arboris obnixus trunco : ventosque lacessit/r Ictibus, et spars ad pugnam proludit aren&. Post, ubi collectum robur, viresque refectae, 235 Signa movet, praecepsque oblitum fertur in hostem : NOTES. 206. Namque. The poet advises the far- casional groans of each, produced by the iner not to pamper or fatten his horses be- repeated strokes given and received. fore they are broken, and rendered tracta- 224. Bellantes : a part, of the verb btllfy ble. If he do, they will be mettlesome and used in the sense of adversarios. high minded, (tollunt ingentes animos,) they Stabulare : in the sense of kabitart. will show a stout and surly temper, and 226. Multa : in the sense of multwm. when caught, will refiise to bear the limber 228. Avitis regnis : from his hereditary whip, and to obey the hard bits. Ante do- realms from those fields in which he was mandum : before breaking. The gerund in born, and in which he bore rule. dum is of the nature of a substantive noun. Aspicens : in the sense of respiciens. Ruffius says, anteqiwm domentur. 230. Instrato cubili. Dr. Trapp, and Da- 209. Industria : in the sense of cura. vidson understand this to be a naked or un- T , . ,, g. strowed bed. Ruseus takes instrato in the 211. Usus : m the sense of cultus. ^ Q{ ^^ gtrowed Qr made The prep> 214. Satura : ir f he sense of plena. ^ n sometimes in composition adds to the 216. Fcemina : the female the heifer. signification of the primitive word; at 220. Alternantes : in the sense of vicissim. oth ^ r times ' ch , an S? s [i to ^ n PP site sense * Carice acuta : sharp sedge. 222. Cornua versa in obnixos : and their 235> R e f ectcKt This is the reading of Heync, horns turned against the contending foes, after Heinsius. But receptce is the common are struck, &c. reading. Cum vasto gemitu. This seems not to re- ^g ^ mci signa . ne mov es his stand- fer to the rage and violence of the antago- ards A met aphor taken from the move, nistb, so much as to the groans and bellow- jnenj O f an army, ings of the conquered party ; or to the oc- GEORGICA. LIB. Ill, 119 Fluctus, ut in medio coepit cum albescere ponto, Longius ex altoque sinum trahit : utque volutus Ad terras, immane sonat per saxa, nee ipso Monte minor procumbit : at ima exaestuat unda 240 Vorticibus, nigramque alte subjectat arenam. Omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque, Et genus aequoreum, pecudes, pictaeque volucres, In mrias ignemque ruunt : amor omnibus idem. Tempore non alio catuiorum oblita leaena 246 Saevior erravit campis : nee t'unera vulgo Tarn multa informes ursi stragemque dedere Per sylvas : turn saevus aper, turn pessima tigris : Heu ! male turn Libyae solis erratur in agris. Nonne vides, ut tota tremor pertentet equorum 250 Corpora, si tantum notas odor attulit auras ! Ac neque eos jam fraena virum, neque verbera saeva, Non scopuli, rupesque cavae, atque objecta retardant Flumina, correptos unda torquentia monies. Ipse ruit, dentesque Sabellicus exacuit sus, 255 Et pede prosubigit terram, fricat arbore costas, Atque hinc atque illinc humeros ad vulnera durat. Quid juvenis, magnum cui versat in ossibus ignem 253. Quid juvenis/- Durus amor ? nempe abruptis turbata procellis eif, cui dunis Nocte natat caeca serus freta : quern super ingens 260 Porta tonat cojli, et scopulis illisa reclamant ^Equora : nee miseri possunt revocare parentes, Nee moritura super crudeli funere virgo. NOTES. 238. Trahit sinum : and draws a billowy 251. Odor attulit notas auras. This is, by train, far from the deep. Commutatio, for, aura attulit notum odorem. Utque. Davidson reads atque, and thinks Equtz vel/ammce is understood. it to be the correct reading, as being easier. 254. Aqua : in the sense of m aquarum. Some other copies have atque. Objecta : Ruseus says, interjecta. The whole of this description of the bat- 255. Sabellicus sus ipse : The Sabelline tie of the bulls, as well as what precedes it, boar rushes forth, &c. Sabellicus : an adj. of the power of love, is among Virgil's mas- from Sabelli, or Sabini, a people of Italy, ' ter-pieces, and is admired by all critics, whose country abounded in forests, and Nor less admired is what follows. The va- haunts of wild beasts. riety of objects, the force of the illustrations, 258. Quid juvenis. The poet here alludes the propriety of the arrangement, and the to the story of Leander and Hero, beauty and grandeur oi the descriptions, are Leander was an inhabitant of Abydus, on obvious to every reader. the Asian shose of the Hellespont, and pas- 241. Subjectat: in the sense of erigit. sionately in love with Hero, a beautiful maid, 244. Ruunt in furias ignemque : rush into and priestess of Venus, who resided at Ses- a passion, and flame of this kind. tue, on the European shore, and opposite to Furia, the same as/wror, denotes any in- Abydus. He used to swim the strait to ordinate passion or affection of the mind, visit his fair mistress. On a certain occa- such as love, anger, &c. from the verb/uro. sion, passing over in a storm, he was* drown- Ignem is much more expressive than amo- ed. His dead body wa- Iriven to the Eu- rtni. Besides the simple idea of love, it im- ropean shore, and espied by Hero; who, plies the consuming and destructive ef- in a transport of passion, threw herself fects of that passion upon the subjects of it. upon the corpse of her lover, and perished 248. Pessima : most fell or savage. also. 249. Libyce. Libya, a part of Africa, taken 259. Abruptis : violent sudden. for the whole of it, by synec. This is men- 261. Reclamant: in the sense of resonant. tioned, because it abounded in the most 263. Nee virgo moritura. This alludes to savage beasts. Male erratur: it is danger- the case of Hero, above mentioned. Super : ous to wander. in, or by. 120 P. VIRGILII MARONIS cervi Quid Lynces Bacchi variae, et genus acre luporum, foci- Atque canum ? quid, quae irnbelles dant prselia cervi ' 266 270 Sl ^ Sci ' c et ante omnes furor est insigiiis equanim : Et mentem Venus ipsa dedit, quo tempore Glauci Potniades malis membra absumpsere quadrigae. Illas duclt amor trans Gargara, transque sonantem Ascanium : superant monies, et flumina tranant : Continuoque avidis ubi subdita flamma medullis, Vere magis (quia vere calor redit ossibus) ilhe Ore omnes versae in Zephyrum, stant rupibus aids, Exceptantque leves auras : et saepe sine ullis Conjugiis, vento gravidae (mirabile dictu) 275 Saxa per et scopulos et depressas convalles 271 Non ad tuos or- Diffugiunt : non, Eare, tuos, neque Solis ad ortus, ^sfc^J^J? B ' C "que, aut inde nigerrimus Auster ream, Caurumque, au t Nascitur > et P luvi contnstat frigore coelum. 279 ad earn partcm, unde Hinc demum, Hippomanes, vero quod nomine dicunt Pastores, lentum distillat ab inguine virus : Hippomanes, quod saepe malae legere novercae, 283. Miscuerunt her- Miscueruntque herbas, et non innoxia verba. Sed fugit interea, fugit irreparabile tempus, **** Sin S ula dum ca P li ^cumvectamur amore. 286. Hoc est satis **oc satis armentis : superat pars altera curae, Lanigeros agitare greges, hirtasque capellas. Hie labor : hinc laudem fortes sperate coloni. Nee sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum 285 NOTES. 264. Lyrues. The Lynx is an animal, some say, of the species of the wolf and deer ; others say, only spotted like a deer, nor to the north, nor to the part whence the black south wind arises. And he gives, as his reason : Quod maxima pars scriptorum or panther, very quick sighted, and swift of videtur tribuerefianc vim (impregnandiequas) foot. The Lynces, as well as tigers, were uni Zephyro. Heyne understands it in the bound to the car of Bacchus. Hence Lyn- first sense : sea inBoream, &c ces Bacchi. Dant: in the sense of ge- Caurum : the north-west wind. * cu* : who, it is said, withheld the horse from his mares; which so enraged them that b? way of jwengc, at the instigation of Venus 7 they tore him" in pieces. g ' Potniades yuadrig*. The Potnian mares. See Geor. i. 437. 269. Gargara: neu. plu. a part of mount Ida, in Troas : here put for any mountain, Ascanium. Asoanius, a river in Bithynia, in Asia : here put for any river. ! 275. Gravida v ento. This account of the' mares becoming .pregnant by the wind, is) wholly fabulous; although mentioned by* Salinus, Columella, and Varro, as Ruaeus observes, 277. JVbn Eure, &c. Some understand the passage thus : not to thy rising, O east, nor the rising of the sun ; but to the north, &c. RUJEUS, thus : they fled not to the east, t , jl * l ^ T d ^"^y bnn f Wli ]' . ll rara % * fc 8 eems ^ ,*P be USed " sense of mbus ' a cloud ""Pregnated Vap r and ram ' 280. Hippomanes. The Hippomanes was of two kinds - The one a tou g h clammy substance, lentum virus, which fell from the mare " when she wanted the horse* This is the kind here meant. The other was a bunch, said to be on the forehead of the newly foaled colt. See vn. iv. 516. Hinc demum: from hence at length. After the conception, above mentioned, at length, lentum virus distillat. Heyne reads : He demum. 233. JVon innoxia : in the sense of male- jfoa. says Ruaeus. 287. Agitare : to treat of fleecy flock*. GEORGICA. LIB. III. 121 Quam sit, ct angustis hunc addere rebus honorem. Sed me Parnassi deserta per ardua dulcis 291 Raptat amor : juvat ire jugis, qua nulla priorum Castaliam molli divertitur orbita clivo. Nunc, veneranda Pales, magno nunc ore sonandum. Incipiens, stabulis edico in mollibus herbam 295 Carpere oves, dum mox frondosa reducitur aestas : Et multa duram stipule. filicumque maniplis Sternere subter humum, glacies ne frigida laedat ^ $ Molle pecus, scabiemque ferat, turpesque podagras. Post, hinc digressus, jubeo frondentia capris Arbuta sufficere, et fluvios prsebere recentes ; Et stabula a ventis hyberno opponere Soli Ad medium conversa diem : cum frigidus olim Jam cadit, extremoque irrorat Aquarius anno. Hae quoque non cura nobis leviore tuendae, Nee minor usus erit : quamvis Milesia magno Vellera mutentur, Tyrios incocta rubores. Densior hinc soboles, hinc largi copia lactis. Quam magis exhausto spumaverit ubere mulctra ; Lseta magis pressis manabunt flumina mammis. Nee minus interea barbas iricanaque menta Cinyphii tondent hirci, setasque comantes ; NOTES. 292^ua nulla orbita priorum poetarum 29 4. Nunc sonandurn 298. Subter ipsis ovi- 300. Jubeo agricolam sufficere 305. Hae capra tuendee sunt nobis non leviore 005 cura quam oves 306. Milesia vellera incocta quoad Tyrios ru- boies mutentur magno pretio. 310. Tanlb magis laeta 310 flumina lactis 312. Interea pas tores tondent barbas incana- que 290. Quam magnum : how great, or diffi- cult. According to Heyne, vincere ea verbis, may mean, to reduce, or bring those things into poetic numbers : Exprimere JUKC commode poe- tica oratione, says he. Ruseus says, superare ista argumenta sermonis dignitate. Angustis : in the sense of parvis vel hu- milibus. 291. Parnassi. Parnassus was a moun- tain in Phocis, at the foot of which was the fountain Castalia, sacred to the muses. See Eel. vi. 29. 292. Qua nulla orbita priorum. This is a. most happy circumlocution, to denote a subject entirely new, and which had never been treated of by any one before him. 294. Magno ore : in a high and loft}' strain, in order to add dignity to the sub- ject ; which, in importance, was inferior to what he had just before been treating of. Pales : see note 1, supra. 297. Maniplis filicum : with bundles of the fern. 299. Ferat scabiem : should bring on the scab, and foul gout. The podagra was a disease of the feet, as its name implies. Columella mentions two diseases, that af- fect the feet of sheep. One, when there is a galling, and tilth in the parting of the hoof: the other, when there is a tubercle, or swelling, in the same place, with a hair in the middle, and a worm under it. 300. Frondentia arbuta : in the sense of frondes arbuti. 301. Fluvios: in the sense of aquam. Sufficere : in the sense of dare. 304. Cum frigidus Aquarius: when cold Aquarius at length sets, and sheds his dew in the end of the year. Aquarius is a sign of the Ecliptic, into which the sun enters about the 22d of Ja- nuary. Also the same as Ganymedes, the son of Tros, king of Troy, whom Jupiter, in the form of an eagle, carried up to hea- ven, and made his cup-bearer. Hence he is usually represented with a pitcher pouring out water. The poet here seems to consider the year as beginning with the month of March, or Aries. 306. Milesia : Milesian wool. Milesia an adj. from Milesus, a city in the confines of Ionia and Caria, famous for its wool. 308. Hinc densior : from hence (from the goats) is a more numerous breed than from the sheep from them too a greater quan- tity of milk. Copia largi lactis : for larga copia lactis. This is not, properly speaking, by any figure of speech, but by what is commonly called poetica licentia. 309. Ubere exhausto : their udders being drained. Quam magis: in the sense of ffuantu magis. 312. Cinyphii: an adj. from Cinypt, a river of Africa, near the Garamantes, where the goat was the most sh;u 122 P. VIRGILII MARONIS ' Usum in castrorum et miseris velamina nautis. tpm pas- Pascuntur vero sylvas, et summa Lycaei, ur Horrentesque ruhos, et, amantes ardua dumos. 315 Atque ipsye memores redeunt in tecta, suosque 317. Ducuntque suos Ducunt, et gravido superant vix ubere limen. fetus secum Ergo omni studio glaciem ventosque nivales, Quo minus est illis curae mortalis egestas, Avertes : victumque feres et virgea laetus 320 Pabula: nee tota claudes foenilia bruma. 322. Cum Irota cpstas At vero, Zephyris cum Ia3ta yocantibus ssstas, itutat, Zephyris vocau- j n sa i tus utrumque gregem atque in pascua mittes : tibus, mittes utrumque^ T - f . r gregem ovium et c^V uclfen pnmo cum sidere, frigid* rura rUm Carpamus : dum mane novum, dum gramina canent, Et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba est. 326 Inde, ubi quarta sitim cceli collegerit hora, Et cantu querulse rumpent arbusta cicadas ; Ad puteos, aut alta greges ad stagna jubeto Currentem ilignis potare canalibus undam : 330 uEstibus at mediis umbrosam exquirere vallem, Sicubi magna Jo vis antiquo robore quercus 333. Sicubi nem us ni-Ingentes tendat ramos ; aut sicubi nigrum gram crebris i ibus ac- n icibus cre b r is sacra nemus accubet umbra. 335. Turn jubepo8tores'^ wcn tenues dare rursus aquas, et pascere rursus 335 dare Ufa tenues Solis ad occasum : ciim frigidus aera Vesper Temperat, et saitus reficit jam roscida Luna, Litoraque halcyonen resonant, et acanthida dumi. NOTES. 314. Sylvas: in the sense of arbores, vel equator, but on every other day in the year, per sylvas, &c. it would vary from it. Summa : in the sense ofcacumina. The Jews, and some other nations, began Lycai: Lycaeus was a mountain in Ar- their day at the rising of the sun. They cadia, sacred to Pan. divided the time of his being above the ho- 315. Ardua: high grounds. Loca is un- rizon into 12 equal parts, and the time of derstood. his being below it into 12 other equal parts, 316. Suos : their young the kids. making 24 portions of each diurnal revolu- 320. Virgea pabula: osier food tender tion. But this would make the hours of twigs, or browse. very different lengths in the different parts 324. Cum primo, c. The meaning is, of the year. Some nations, on the other when the planet Venus first rises, going be- hand, began the day at the setting of the fore the sun, for then it is called Lucifer, sun, and divided it in the same manner, the farmer should drive his flocks to pas- Modern nations generally begin the day at ture ; and early in the morning, when the midnight. The nautical day begins at grass is moist and tender, let them feed, noon, or when the sun is upon the meridian. Sidert: in the sense of ort u. 328. Rumpent: weary, or rend the groves. Carpamus frigida rura. Servius inter- Cantu : in the sense of stridore. prets these words thus : Cogamus capras car- 330. Ilignis canalibus : in oaken troughs. pere frigida rura : hoc est, educamus greges Ilignis: an adj. from Ilex : the holm-oak. ad carpenda, &c. 331. JEstibus : in the sense of die. 327. Cce/i. Davidson connects cwli with 334. Accubet sacra umbra : hangs down, S Him. HUBBUB and some others take it in or bends, with its sacred boughs. Umbra : the sense of dies, and connect it with quarta in the sense of ramis, by melon. Ruaeus hora. Either preserves the sense and spirit says : Explicat sacram umbram. of the poet. 333. Litora resonant : the shores resound He begins the day at the rising of the the king-fisher, and the bushes, the gold- sun, otherwise by the fourth hour, the sun finch with the music of the king-fisher, could not have caused thirst to man or beast, and that of the goldfinch. This would correspond with our ten o'clock, Acanthida: a Greek ace. of Acanlhut. on those days vhtfn the sun is upon the See Geor. i. 390. GEORGICA. LIB. Ilf. Quid tibi pastores Libyae, quid pascua versu Prosequar, et raris habitata mapalia tectis ? 340 340. Quid prosequar Saepe diem noctemque, et totum ex ordirie mensem tibi versu pastores Li- Pascitur, itque pecus longa in deserta sine ullis byae, quid Hospitiis : tantum campi jacet. Omnia secum cit ^ 2 * Sajpe pecus P as ' Armentarius Afer agit, tectumque, laremque, Armaque,Amyclaeumque canem,Cressamque pharetram. Non secus ac patriis acer Romanus in armis 346 Injusto sub fasce viam cum carpit, et hostem Ante expectatum positis stat in agmine castris. At non, qua Scythiae gentes, Maeoticaque unda, 349. At non e&l sic, Turbidus et torquens flaventes' Ister arenas : 350 qua sunt Scythiae gentles' Quaque redit medium Rhodope porrecta sub axem. NOTES. 340. Prosequar : in the sense ofdicam. Sal- lust describes these Mapalia, (or Magalia,) thus : Ediftcia Numidarum, quce mapilia illi vacant, oblonga incurvis lateribus tecta sunt ; quasi navium carinaz. Heyne says of them : Sparsa passim per agros, non in vicos collecta. Ruseus takes habitata in the sense of con- stants. Paucis casis constantes, says he. 341. Ex ordine: in succession one after another without intermission. 343. Hospitiis: retreat shelter. 344. Larem. The Lares were domestic gods like the Penates. There is some un- certainty with regard to their origin. At the first, their office was confined to houses and domestic affairs. Afterwards, however, their power and influence were very much extended. We find the Lares Urbani, that presided over cities ; Lares Rustici, that pre- sided over the country; Lares Compitales, that presided over cross-ways ; Lares Ma- rini, that presided over the sea ; Lares Vi- ales, that presided over roads, &c. Some say there were only two that were properly called Lares, and these the sons of Mercury and the nymph Lara, or Larunda. It is more probable, however, that they we*e the Manes of parents, who being buried within the walls, or at the entrance of the house they inhabited, were thought to have a care of the things pertaining to it, and through the superstition of the age, received divine honors. They were worshipped un- der the form of a dog: or, as some say, only covered with the skin of that animal, because he is a trusty guard to the house. Lares, by meton. is often put for one's house, habitation, or family. Agit : in the sense offert. 345. Amyclaum: an adj. from Amyclce, a city of Laconia, famous for its dogs and hunting, and for its being the reputed place of the nativity of Castor and Pollux. Cressam : an adj. from Crela, a well known island in the Mediterranean, whose inhabitants were famous in the art of shooting. Arma: utensils. 346. Non secus: no otherwise than the brave Roman in the arms of his country, when he marches 'out under his unequal load, and stands in battle array against the expected enemy. This passage hath somewhat divided com- mentators. Vegetius, quoting it in his art of war, hath hostem instead of hosti : ante hostem expectatum. This certainly is the best and easiest reading. But hosti is the usual reading. Ante expectatum is usually taken in the sense of antequam expectetur, on the authority of verse 206, where ante da- mandum is plainly for ante dometur. But the two cases are not exactly similar ; the latter being a gerund, and the former a par- ticiple adjective. On the whole, I prefer hostem, as being the easiest. But there is another reason, which hath some weight. Let it be asked, why the Roman should march forth, pitch his camp, and stand in battle array, while an enemy is not looked for, or expected ? But taking expectatum, with Vegetius, to agree with hostem, the difficulty will be removed. Ante expectatum hostem : before, or against the expected foe in the way to meet him. Ante signifies before, with respect to place, to time, and to dignity. Heyne informs us that the Medicean, and some other copies, have hostem, but he retains the usual reading. 347. Sub injusto fasce. The Roman sol- dier carried his shield, sword, helmet, fcc. and also provisions sufficient for half a month : in weight about 60 pounds. Fusee : in the sense of onere. 349. McBOtica unda. This is the Palus M&otis, or the sea of Azof, lying to the north of the Euxino, but connected with it by the straits of Caffa. The ancients called aH those nations lying toward the north of Europe and Asia, Scythian*. 350. Ister: the Danube. 351. Rhodope. A range of mountains rising in Thrace, and extending to the r.i^ 124 P. V1RG1LII MARONlti lllic clausa tenent stabulis armcnta : neque Aut herbae campo apparent, aut arbore frondes : Sed jacet aggeribus niveis informis, et alto 354. Terra jacet in- Terra gelu late, septemque assurgit in ulnas. 355 et r Sto n e V Ju 8 la l t| geribUS ' Semper h y ems ' semper spirantes frigora Cauri. 3*56 /#c semper est ^ um ^ ol P allentes nauc ^ unquam discutit umbras : hyems Nee cum invectus equis altum petit aetbera ; nee cum Praecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore currum. Concrescunt subitje current! in flumine crustae : 360 Undaque jam tergo ferratos sustinet orbes, Puppibus ilia prius patulis, nunc hospita plaustris : ./Eraque dissiliunt vulgo, vestesque rigescunt 364.C8eduntvinajmo*Indut8e, caeduntque securibus humida vina, Et totas solidam in glaciem vertere lacunae, 365 Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis. V, Interea toto non secius acre ningit : Intereunt pecudes : stant circumfusa pruinis Corpora magna bourn : confertoque agmine cervi Torpent mole nova, et summis vix cornibus extant. 371. Jncolfe non agi- Hos non immissis canibus, non cassibus ullis, 371 ta 373 Se7Iomi'nus ob- Puniceaeve ag itant pavidos formidine pennae : truncant eos ferro frus- Sed &**&& oppositum trudentes pectore montem ira trudentes pectore Cominus obtruncant ferro, graviterque rudentes oppositum montem ni- Caedunt, et magno laeti clamore reportant. 375 t! " _ . . Ipsi in defossis specubus secura sub alta secura otia * ^ Otia a g unt terr ^ : congestaque robora, totasque Advolvere focis ulmos, ignique dedere. Hie noctem ludo ducunt, et pocula laeti Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis. 380, Tails Hyperboreo septem subjecta trioni NOTES. a ml south till it, meets mount liemus; after 371. JVon agilant fuos : they do not pur- which it turns, and stretches towards the sue them, &c. Theformido was a line or cord, to which 354. Informis : deformed disfigured by plumes of varioU8 co lours were fastened, for the mounds of snow. the purpose of terrifying wild beasts. It 355. Septem v*nat; this is about ten and was so exte nded or stretched in their usual a lialf teet oi our measure. haunts, or paths, as to lead or direct them 357. Dtsculit: in the sense of dissipat. i nsen sibly into the net. Puniceu : red 359. Lav it : washes his descending car in nr ; m onn i i , / f .1 criiiiboii. the red surface of the ocean. The ocean is here called red, on account , 37 ?' L * ll v*** : J?y ou ?' the y imitat . e of the reflection of the sun's rays from its the d u g hts of wine with their beer and surface, when near the horizon. ac lr Clt * er - 361. Ferratos orbes: wheels bound with Fermento : any fermented liquor. | ron Acidis sorbis: the acid sorb-apples, or 362. Rio. prius hospita: that (the water service-berries ; by melon, for the liquor in the rivers) before friendly to the broad made of them ' usuall y rendered Clder - ships now to wagons. 380. Vitea pocula : wine. This is highly Hospita : hospitable kind ; receiving poetical. them as a guest, and treating them with 381. Septem trioni. The parts of the kindness. word are separated by Tmesis. 364. Humida : in the sense of liquida. The Septemtrio is a constellation near the Prius liquida, says Rureus. north pole, called the greater bear ; in So intense is the cold in high northern which are seven stars, sometimes called the latitudes, that the spirit of wine has been plough, because they are supposed to lie in frozen in the thermometer. that shape ; also the parts of the world GEORGICA. LIB. III. 385 390 387. Autem, quamvis aries ipse sit candidus, rejice ilium, cui tantuni nigra Gens etframa viriim Riph&o tunditur Euro : Et pecudum fulvis velantur corpora setis. Si tibi lanicium curae : primum aspera sylva, Lappaeque tribulique absint : fuge pabula laeta : Continuoque greges villis lege mollibus albos. Ilium autem, quamvis aries sit candidus ipse, Nigra subest udo tantum cui lingua palato, Rejice, ne maculis infuscet vellera pullis Nascentum ; plenoque alium circumspice campo Munere sic niveo lanae, si credere dignum est, Pan Deus Arcadiae captam te, Luna, fefellit, In nemora alta vocans : nee tu aspernata vocantem. 393. Nee tu aspernata At cui lactis amor, cytisum, lotosque frequentes es turn Ipse manu, salsasque ferat praesepibus herbas. 395 Hinc et amant fluvios magis, et magis ubera tendunt, Et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem. Multi jam excretos prohibent a matribus hoedos, Primaque ferratis praefigunt ora capistris. Quod surgente die mulsere, horisque diurnis, 400 400. Quod toctomul Nocte premunt : quod jam tenebris, et sole cadente, Sub lucem exportans calathis adit oppida pastor, Aut parco sale contingunt, hyemique reponunt. Nee tibi cura canum fuerit postrema : sed una Veloces Spartae catulos, acremque Molossum Pasce sero pingui : nunquam, custodibus illis, Nocturnum stabulis furem, incursusque luporum, Aut impacatos a tergo horrebis Iberos. Saepe etiam cursu timidos agitabis onagros : Et canibus leporem, canibus venabere damas. s ~~ Saspe volutabris pulsos sylvestribus apros Latratu turbabis agens : montesque per altos Ingentem clamore premes ad retia cervum. sere die 401. Quod lactis mul- sere tenebris '405 410 NOTES. lying under that constellation ; also simply, the north. Subjecta : lying placed. 384. Lanicium: the woollen trade, or manufacture. Lapp&que, tribulique: both burrs, and thistles. 386. Greges : in the sense of oves. 390. Nascentum : a part of nascor, used as a sub. : of the lambs. 391. Niveo munere. The poet hath refer- ence here to the fable of Pan's being in love with Luna. By changing himself into a snow-white ram, he deceived her; and decoy- ing her into the woods, deflowered her. Probus, however, relates the story different- ly. He says, Pan being in love with Luna, offered her the choice of any of his flock ; and choosing the whitest, she was deceived, because they were the worst. 396. Tendunt: in the sense of distendunt. 398. Excretos : grown large or suffici- ently grown to take care of themselves ; of f.x and cresco. 399. Prima ora prafigunt ferratis capis- tris : by Hypallage for, prafigunt ferrata ca- p-istra primis oribus : they prefix to the end of their mouths iron muzzles. These were in such a form as to prick the dam, if she offered to let them suck ; but not to prevent them from eating grass. 402. Exportans calathis : carrying it in baskets, he goes, c. carrying it made into butter, curds, and cheese. 405. Sparta: the most famous city of the Peloponnessus, and celebrated for its excel- lent dogs. Molossum : a dog, so called from Molossia, a country of Epirus, so called from Jtfolossii*. the son of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and Andromache, the widow of Hector. See &n. ii. 292. 408. Iberos: the Spaniards, so called, from the Iberus, (Hodie, Ebro,) a river of Spain. They were so notorious for their robberies, that they became a proverb. The poet here uses their name for robbers in general. 12*> P, VTRGILII MARONIS Disce et odoratam stabulis accendere cedrum, Galbaneoque agitare graves nidore chelvdros. 415 Srepe sub immotis praesepibus, aut mala tactu Vipera delituit, ccelumque exterrita fugit ; Aut tecto assuetus coluber succedere et umbra?, Pestis acerba bourn, pecorique aspergere virus, Fovit humum. Cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor, Tollentemque minas, et sibila colla tumentem, 421 Pejice : jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte, Cum medii nexus, extremaeque agmina caudae, Solvuntur, tardosque trahit sinus ultimus orbes. Est etiam ille malus Calabris in saltibus anguis, 425 Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga, 427. Maculosus quoad Atque notis longam maculosus grandibus alvum : Qui^^colit^ ui ' d amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus etdum stagna * ere mac ^ ent "do terras, ac pluviahbus Austns, Stagna colit ; ripisque habitans, hie piscibus atram 430 Improbus ingluviem, ranisque loquacibus explet. Postquam exhausta palus, terraeque ardore dehiscunt ; 433. In diccum earn- Exilit in siccum ; et flammantia lumina torquens, pum Saevit agris, asperque siti, atque exterritus aestu. Ne mihi turn molles sub dio carpere somnos, 435 Neu dorso nemoris libeat jacuisse per herbas, Cum positis novus exuviis, nitidusque juventa, Volvitur, aut catulos tectis aut ova relinquens, Arduus ad Solem, et linguis micat ore trisulcis. Morborum quoque te causas et signa docebo. 440 NOTES. 415. Galbaneo : an adj. from galbanum, 425. Calabris : an adj. from Calabria, the a gum, or liquor, at the smell of which ser- south-eastern part of Italy, pents flee. It is agreed that the snake here spoken of Chdydros : Chclydrus is properly a water is the chersydrus. These serpents abounded tortoise a land or water snake : qui modb in that part of Italy. They were amphi- in paludibus, modo in arboribus latet. bious. Their name is of Greek origin. 417. Vipera : a species of serpent, very The poet here gives a very lively descrip- poisonous ; so called from the circumstance tion of that destructive reptile. of its bringing forth its young alive. 428. Rumpuntur : in the sense of erum- Ccf,lum : for lucem. Mala : noxious punt , vel rumpunt se. poisonous. 430. Improbus implet : greedy, he fills his 418. Coluber : a species of snake, which filthy maw with fish, c. Mr. Martin takes for the same that Pliny 432. Exhausta : exhausted dried up, calls boas, from the circumstance of its feed- Valpy reads exusta, but mentions no autho- ing on cow's milk, which it draws from the rity. Exhausta is the common reading, teat. If this be the case, we see the proprie- 435. Turn ne libeat mihi : then may it not ty of the poet's calling the serpent, acerba please me to take, &c. pestis bourn : the direful pest of cattle. 436. Dorso. Some render dorso, on the back, 420. Fovit terram : hugs the ground. referring it to the posture of lying. But 423. Medii nexus: the middle joints. there is no necessity of this, if we suppose dgminaque extremes, caudca : the move- the grove to be on an eminence, or hill on meuts, or windings of the end of his tail. the side or edge of a grove. Agmen is properly an army of men on the 437. Positis exuviis : his skin being put march ; it is also said of a serpent : Qw'a off. The snake, it is well known, changes corporis pars post partem succedit, atque agitur his skin every year. Exuit a capileprimum . instar exercitus agminatim procedentis, says says Pliny. Ruasns. 438. Tectis : his habitation den. 424. Ultimus sinus : the extreme joints or 439. Micat ore : he vibrates with his thrw. folds of his tail draw the slow wreaths or forked tongue in his mouth ; that is, his spires along. Ruaeus says> extrema cunatura. three forked tongue vibrates MI his mouth. GEORGICA. LIB. Ift. 443. Bruma horrida cano gelu Turpis oves tentat scabies, ubi frigidus imber Altius ad vivum persedit, et horrida cano Bruma gelu : vel cum tonsis illotus adhassit Sudor, et hirsuti secuerunt corpora vepres. Dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri 445 Perfuridunt, udisque aries in gurgite villis , Mersatur, missusque secundo defluit amni : Aut tonsum tristi contingunt corpus amurca, Et spumas miscent argenti, vivaque sulphura, Idoeasque pices, et pingues unguine ceras, 450 Scillamque, helleborosque graves, nigrumque bitumen. Non tamen ulla magis praesens fortuna laborum est, Quam si quis ferro potuit rescindere summum Ulceris os : alitur vitium, vivitque tegendo : Dum medicas adhibere manus ad vulnera pastor 455 Abnegat, et meliora Deos sedet omina poscens. Quin etiam irna dolor balantum lapsus ad ossa Cum furit, atque artus depascitur arida febris ; Profuit incensos a3stus avertere, et inter Ima ferire pedis salientem sanguine venain, 460 Bisaltae quo more solent, acerque Gelonus, Cum fugit in Rhodopen, atque in deserta Getarum, Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. Quam procul, aut molli succedere ssepius umbrae Videris, aut summas carpentem ignavius herbas, 465 j, rsB Extremamque sequi, aut medio procumbere campo 466. Extremaraque Pascentem, et serce solam decedere nocti ; sequi eateras Continue culpam ferro compesce, priusquam m . Eodem more, quo Bisalte solent ferire venam 464 - Q uam vi NOTES. . 443. Tonsis : to the shorn sheep. Ovibus is understood. 445. Magiftri : in the sense of pastores. 446. Gurgite : in the sense offluvio. 448. Tristi; bitter. Contingunt : in the sense of ungunt. 449. Spumas argenti: litharge. Some understand quicksilver ; but it is not certain whether the ancients called that, spuma ar- genti. 450. Idceas pices : the pitch is here called Idsean, from mount Ida, in Troas, whose pitch was the best. 451. Scillam; the squill, or sea onion ; it is a bulbous root, like an onion, but much larger. Hellebwos. There are two kinds of hel- lebore, the white and the black. The for- mer, says Mr. Martin, is serviceable in dis- eases of the skin, if it be externally applied ; but it will not do to be taken internally, as the black kind will. Hence he thinks, Vir- gil here means the white, by his using the epithet gravis, strong-scented. 452. Fortuna laborum : remedy of their disease, or sufferings. Prasens : speedy efficacious. 454. Summum os ulceris : the highest part, -or head of the sore. Vitium: the malady, or disease. Tegendo : by being concealed. 456. Meliora omina: better success or luck. Verbs of asking, teaching, &c. govern two accusatives, one of the person, the other of the thing. 457. Lapsus: penetrating. 460. Inter ima pedis : in the sense of in- ter imas ungulas pedis : between the divi- sions or parts of the hoof. Ferire : to open a vein. 461. Bisalta: a people of Macedonia. Geloni : a people of Scythia, who paint- ed their bodies, to be more terrible to their enemies. 462. Getarum : the Getae were a people of Thrace, inhabiting Mcesia interior, not far from the mouth of the Ister. 463. Concretum: thickened. 467. Decedere serce nocti : to yield or give place to the late night. She was the last to leave the pasture grounds, and then com- pelled only by the darkness of the night. She yielded to the darkness, and went home. 468. Culpam. By this we are to understand the diseased sheep, and not simply the ;il- fccted part, as Ruaeus and some others un- derstand it. The poet advises, as soon as you discover, by the signs above mentioned. 128 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Dira per incautum serpant contagia vulgus. Non tarn creber, agens hyemem, ruit sequore turbo ; 470 Quam multa? pecudum pestes : nee singula morbi 471. Quam pestes pe- Corpora corri})iunt ; sed tota aestiva repente, cudum sunt multee Spemque, gregemque simul, ctmctamque ab origine 474. Turn ille sciat^um sciat, aerias A Ipes et Norica si quis [gentem. e^Tun^ueTt Castella in tumulis, 0, lapidis arva Tavi, 475 to post videat aerias Nunc quoque post tanto videat, desertaque regna Alpes, et Norica castella Pastorum, et longe saltus lateque vacantes. in tumulis, et arva lapi- Hie quondam morbo coeli miseranda coorta est dis Timavi, desertaque Tempestas, totoque autumni incanduit sestu, * Et genus omne neci pecudum dedit, omne ferarum, 480 Corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula tabo. Nee via mortis erat simplex : sed ubi ignea venis Omnibus acta sitis miseros adduxerat artus ; Rursus abundabat fluidus liquor ; omniaque in se Ossa minutatim morbo collapsa trahebat. 485 Saepe in honore Deum medio stans hostia ad aram, Lanea dum nive& circumdatur infula vitta, Inter cunctantes cecidit moribunda ministros. 489. Aut si sacerdos Aut si quam ferro mactaverat ante sacerdos ; mactaverat quam has- Inde neque impositis ardent altaria fibris, 490 ttam ferro, ante- 9 wam Nec reS p Onsa po test consultus reddere vates: W% a Suppo S M v iceri- Ac vix su^positi tinguntur sanguine cultri, bus vix tinguntur Summaque jejuna sanie infuscatur arena. Hinc laetis vituli vulgo moriuntur in herbis, Et dulces animus plena ad praesepia reddunt. 495 498. Victor equus in- Hinc canibus blandis rabies venit ; et quatjt ffigros fehx, et immemor studi- . r -i orum, atque herb, la- Tussis anhela sues, ac faucibus angit obesis. bitur Labitur infelix studiorum, atque immemor herba; NOTES. that any one of your sheep is diseased, to 485. Trahebat omnia : and drew all the take away the faulty animal: kill it forth- bones, wasted, or consumed, little by little, with, that the contagion may not spread by the disease, into itself. Convertebat in AT, among the unwary flock. This is the sense says Ruseus. of Davidson and Valpy. 437. J n f u la. This was a broad wreath, or 474. JVbrim : an adj. from JVbn'ewm, a band, made of wool, and bound about the country of Germany, in the neighborhood temples of the victim ; but not covering of the Alps, but beyond them with regard t jje whole head : from it hung the villa, or to Italy. fillet. Timavi : Timavus, a small river in the 49Q Fjfois : the flesh. Venetian territory, called Japidu (lapidiari) from lapidcs, an ancient people, who inha- 492. Supponti : applied to the carcase, or ^^r ' 1 ^"^"^^^ flG 493. J^asanie: with the meagre gore. 476 \ Resna: possesses. In these diseases, the blood was vvasted or 479. Miseranda tempestas: a direful pes- converted into a thin meagre flmd, w f :,.__ the poet calls/mdws liquor. This pervaded ^^1. IncaMt: raged during the body so thoroughly that it even con- the whole heat of autumn. verted the marrow, and life of the bones, m- 481. Tabo : with a poisonous quality. to itself. Lacus : in the sense of aquam. 496. Rabies : madness. 482. JVcc via mortis : nor was the man- 497. Anhela turns : a wheezing cough her of their death simple and common. It shakes the diseased swine. was complicated, and attended with affect- Oberis: a disease something like the ing circumstances. quinsy. 483. Sitis : properly thirst. By meton. 498. Studiorum : of his exercises- the fever causing it. Jgnea sitis : the raging races in which he bore off the paJm of vic- fovpr. tor. GEORGICA. LIB. III. 129 Victor equus ; fontesque avertitur, et pede terram Crebra ferit : demissae aures : incertus ibidem 500 Sudor ; et ille quidem morituris frigidus : aret Pellis, et ad tactum tractanti dura resistit. Haec ante exitium primis darit signa diebus : Sin in processu coepit crudescere morbus. Turn vero ardentes oculi, atque attractus ab alto Spiritus interdum gemitu gravis : imaque longo Ilia singultu tendunt : it naribus ater Sanguis, et obsessas fauces premit aspera lingua. Profuit inserto latices irifundere cornu Lenaeos : ea visa salus morientibus una. 510 Mox erat hoc ipsum exitio : furiisque rcfecti Ardebant : ipsique suos, jam rriorle sub aegra, (Di meliora piis, erroremque hostibus ilium) Discissos nudis laniabant dentibus artus. Ecce autem duro fumans sub vomere taurus 515 Concidit, et mixtum spumis vomit ore cruorem, Extremosque ciet gemitus : it tristis arator, Mcerentem abjungens fraterna morte juvencum, Atque opere in rnedio defixa relinquit aratra. Non umbrae altorum nemorum, non mollia possunt 520 Prata movere animum, non, qui per saxa volutus Purior electro campum petit, amnis : at ima Solvuntur latera, atque oculos stupor urget inertes, Ad terramque fluit devexo pondere cervix. Quid labor, aut benefacta juvant ? quid vomere terras Invertisse graves ? atqui non Massica Bacchi Munera, non illis epulae nocuere repostae : Frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae : Pocula sunt fontes liquidi, atque exercita cursu Flumina : nee somnos abrumpit cura salubres. 530 Tempore non alio, dicunt, regionibus illis, Quaesitas ad sacra boves Junonis, et uris 501. Et ille sudor qui- dem erat frigidus Us morituris 504. In processu ttm* 5Q5poris 509. Primb profuit. ' 511. Illi refecti til* vino 512. Ipsique jam sub segra morte, laniabant suos artus discissos 525. Quid eom/tf labor, enefacta homini juvant eos ? Quid juvat eos invertisse graves ter- ras vomere ? NOTES. Infelix : Unhappy miserable, after all his noble deeds. This is the sense of Ruaeus. 500. Incertus : uncertain the cause of which was unknown : or, various fluctua- ting coming on, and going off, by turns. Crebra : here used adverbially ; a Grecism. 506. Spiritus attractus: their breath, drawn from the bottom of the breast, is sometimes heavy (interrupted) with a groan. Singultu : a sob, or sobbing. 508. Obsessas : swollen obstructed. 510. Lenazos latices : simply, wine. Cornu inserto: a horn put down their throat, through which the wine was poured. 513. Dii meliora, &c. May the Gods grant better things to the pious, and that madness, or destruction to our enemies. The verb reddant, or another of the like import, is understood. 523. Ima latera : their flanks are lank, or flabby. Flaccescunt : saysHeyne. Stupor: a stupor, or death-like appear* ance, rests upon their heavy eyes. 525. Juvant : RUJCUS says, prosunl. 526. Massica : The Massic gifts of Bac- chus wine. Massica : an adj. from Massicus, a moun- tain in Campania, famous for its rich wines. 530. Nee cura, &c. Nor does care inter- rupt their healthful slumbers. The whole account of this fatal murrain is one of Virgil's finest pieces. But from the 515th line, Ecce autem, &c. it is extremely tender, and inimitable in beauty ; and par- ticularly the last six lines. They were so much admired by Scaliger, that he declares, he had rather have been the author of them, than to have had the favor of Croesus. or Cyrus. 532. Quwiias: sought after wanted. 17 180 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 533. Currus ejus due- Imparibus ductos alta ad donaria cnrrus. tosfuisse ad Ergo aegre rastris terram rimantur, et ipsis *grS rimantur ^ Unguibus infodiunt fruges, montesque per altos Contents, cervice trahunt stridentia plaustra. Non lupus insidias explorat ovilia circum, Nee gregibus nocturnus obambulat : acrior ilium Cura domat. Timidi dameB, cervique fugaces Nunc interque canes, et circum tecta vagantur. 540 Jam maris immensi prolem, et genus omne natantum, Litore in extremo, ceu naufraga corpora, fluctus Proluit : insolitae fugiunt in flumina phocae. Interit et curvis frustra defensa latebris Vipera, et attoniti, squamis astantibus, hydri. 545 Ipsis est aer avibus no"n aequus, et illae PraBcipites alta vitam sub nube relinquunt. ' Praeterea, nee jam mutari pabula refert, 549.Magistriroed'i'cm totius . 16. Ipsasqne ape a 20 25 30 25. Conjice salices transversas, et grandia saxa in medium humo- rem, seu 27. Consistere in Us tanquam pontibus 30. Circum haec loco, virides 33. Autem alvearia ipsa, seu suta sint tibi fi. cavatis corticibus, seu 37. Neque ills nequic- quam linunt tenuia spi- ramenta in tectis cera 15. Procne. By Procne, or Prague, is here meant the shallow, which has some red feathers on its breast. For the story of Procne, see Eel. vi. 78. 17. Dulcem escam : as a sweet morsel for their merciless ' young. Nidis : the nests ; by meton. for the young ones in them. 18. Liquidi : in the sense ofpuri. Viren- tia musco : either the banks of these ponds, or pools skirted with green moss, or the sur- face of them covered with it. 19. Fugiens : in the sense ofjluens. 21. Nova examina : the new swarms. 22. Emissa : in the sense of egressa. The spring abounds in flowers more than any season of the year ; honey is collected in greater abundance, and the bees are then most diligent. In this sense, the spring may emphatically be called theirs : suo vere, their own spring. 24. Ob via : in the sense of adversa : op- posite, or in front of them. Teneat : in the sense of accipiut. 25. Humor : in the sense of aqua. 26. Conjice, &c. These willows and rocks were to be cast into the water, whether run- ning or stagnant, that the bees might rest upon them : if, by any means, they fell into it, that they might creep upon them, ex- pand their wings to the warm sun, and dry themselves. 29. Neptuno ' in the sense of aqua. See Geor.'i. 14. 30. Casice. Some take the casia to be the same with the rosemary ; but Columella, speaking of the plants that should grow about an apiary, mentions casia and rose- mary as two different plants. 31. Serpylla. There were two kinds of this plant; one of the gardens, and the other wild. It is a strong-scented herb, and re- sembles thyme. It is proper to be planted nea.r bees, and is usually called wild-thyme. Thymbr atque ahis post commemoranda relinquo Nunc age, naturas, apibus quas Jupiter ipse 145 NOTES. mountain, and city of Cilicia in Asia Minor. Pompey made war upon the Cilicians ; some of whom he brought and planted in Cala- bria near Tarentum. The old man here mentioned, might have been one of them. Relicti : barren neglected, not worth tilling. Dr. Trapp renders it hereditary ; left him by his ancestors. 128. Nee ilia seges fertilis: nor was that land fit for ploughing, nor suitable for pas- ture, nor proper for the vine. Fertilis : in the sense of apta, or commoda. 129. Seges. This word most commonly signifies the crop after it is sown and com- ing forward to maturity. Here it means the soil or land itself. 130. Albaque lilia circum : the white lilies were most celebrated, and the best known among the ancients. 131. Verbenas : the herb vervain. It was highly esteemed by the Romans. Premens : in the sense of plantans. Vtscum papaver : the white poppy, called vescum, esculent, or eatable ; because its seeds were roasted by the ancients, and eaten with honey. 137. Comam : in the sense offrondes. Hyacinthi. This is the reading of Heyne and Vossius, and of several ancient manu- scripts. It appears to be approved of by Valpy, although he adopts the common reading, acanthi. Heyne leaves out turn, which is also retained by some editors. 139. Ergo idem primus. Having men- tioned the advantage, which a diligent cul- tivation of his fields broujrht to the old Co- rycian, particularly in the culture of bees, he returned to his main subject. He was the first to abound, &c. Foztis : in the sense of foecundis. 141. Favis: the comb those cells which contain the honey. Tilice: the linden, or lime-tree. 142. Quotque pomis, &c. The meaning is, that as many blossoms as his fertile trees put forth in the spring, so much fruit they had in autumn. There were no false blooms, neither did they fail to bring all to maturi- ty. Poma is to be supplied with matura. The word properly means apples, but it is used for all kind of fruit : as in the present case. 144. Distulit ulmos: he planted (trans- planted) his elms in rows. Seras. Ruseus says, tarde crescentes, slow growing. But the poet may mean, far grown, or sufficient- ly grown to be fit for transplanting ; as he observes with respect to the other trees here mentioned. This is the opinion of David- son and Valpy. 145. Spinos. Spinus, is the sloe tree. These were sufficiently grown to produce fruit; and the plane tree, to afford a consider- able shade, before he transplanted them. 147. Iniquis spatiis : narrow bounds in- sufficient room. 149. Nunc age. The poet now proceeds to treat of the polity of the bees the me- thod of depositing their honey the regu- lar management of their affairs their obe- dience to their sovereign, &c. GEORGICA. LIB. IV. 139 Addidit, expediam : pro qua mercede, canoros Curetum sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutae, Dictaeo coeli regem pavere sub antro. Solas communes natos, consortia tecta Urbis habent, magnisque agitant sub legibus aevum Et patriam solae, et certos novere penates. Venturaeque hyemis memores, aestate laborem Experiuntur, et in medium qusesita reponunt. Namque aliae victu in vigilant, et foedere pacto Exercentur agris : pars intra septa domorum Narcissi lachrymam, et lentum de cortice gluten, Prima favis ponunt fundamina : deinde tenaces Suspendunt ceras : aliae, spem gentis, adultos Educunt foetus : alise purissima mella Stipant, et liquido distendunt nectare cellas. Sunt, quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti ; Inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila coeli, Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut, agmine faoto, Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent. Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. Ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis Cum properant : alii taurinis follibus auras 1 50 1 50. Pro qua tanquam mercede, illcB secutae canoros sonitus 153. Hce solse omnium animalium habent 155 160 161. Tanquam prima, fundamina favis 165 165. Sunt alice, qui- bus custodia 166. Qwceque in vicem 170 NOTES. 150. Expediam : in the sense of descri- bam. Pro qua mercede. According to fable, Saturn intending to devour his infant son Jupiter, he was concealed by his mother among the Curetes, or Corybantes, her priests, the sound of whose brazen armour and cym- bals, as they revelled, prevented his cries from betraying him to his father. It is said that Melissus was then king of Crete, whose daughters, Melissa nourished Jupiter with the milk of a goat and honey. Hence arose the story of his being nourished by a goat called Amalthea and bees, Melissoz being the Greek name for bees. For which reason, the goat was translated to the heavens, and his horns given to the nymphs, with this quality added to them, that whatever they should ask for, should flow from them plen- teously : and for the service, which the bees rendered on this occasion, they were endow- ed by Jupiter with an extraordinary degree of sagacity and wisdom, as a reward. 152. DictcKO : an adj. from Dicte, a city and mountain in Crete. On tliis mountain, it is said, Jupiter was brought up. 153. Consortia : in the sense of communia. 154. Agitant : in the sense of ducunt. The poet here speaks of the bees as living in a regular, and well organized society. 155. Certos penates : in the sense ofjixas domos. 157. Experiuntur: they practise or use. 158. Victu : for Viclui. See Eel. 5, 29. Invigilanf : watch over have the care of providing. Pacto fadere : in the sense of ctrta Ue. 159. Exercenlur: in the sense of labomnl. Septa : the enclosures of their hives. 160. Narcissi. The flower of Narcissus, or daffodil, forms a kind of cup in the mid- dle, which is supposed to contain the tear of the youth Narcissus, who pined away with the love of himself. See Eel. ii. 48. 163. Educunt adultos foetus : they nourish or tend upon their young, till they are full grown : or, they lead forth their full grown young. Servius prefers the former sense : as also RUODUS. 164. Liquido : in the sense ofpuro. Nec- tare : nectar here, evidently, is to be taken for honey the purest, and most refined part of it. 166. 4quas : in the sense of pluviam. 168. Fucos: the drones, a lazy herd. These are bees that make no honey. They have no stings, and they do not assist the others in their labors. Pmscpibus. See note, verse 104. supra. 169. Opusfen-et : the work glows it goes on briskly. 170. Cum properant Cyclopes. The Cy- clops are said to have forged the thunder- bolts of Jove. To this the poet alludes. This comparison of the bees hi their labors, with those workmen of Jupiter in their shops, has. been censured by some. Properant : in the sense offubricantur. 172. AUi'accipiunt : simplv : some blow the bull-hide bellows. Lacu : in the trough of water. 140 P. V1RGILII MARONIS Accipiunt, redduntque : alii stridentia tingmit /Era lacu : gemit impositis incudibus ^Etna : Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt In numerum, versantque tenaci forcipe ferrum* 175 Non aliter, si parva licet componere magnis, 177. Habcndi mella Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi, 178. Oppida sun! curae Munere quamque suo. Grandasvis oppida cune. grandsevis Et munire favos, et Daedala fingere tecta. At fessse multa referunt se nocte minores, 180 181. Plena quoad cru- Crura thymo plenae : pascuntur et arbuta passim, ra thymo Et glaucas salices, casiamque, crocumque rubentem. Et pinguem tiliam, et ferrugineos hyacmthos. 184. Est omnibus una Omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus unus. I 1 " 88 Mane ruunt portis, nnsquam mora : rursus easdem 185 185. Rursus, ubi ves- y er ubi ^ tu tanc | em decedcre campis per admonuit easdem A , r apes esse tempus tandem Admonuit, turn tecta petunt, turn corpora curant. decedere Fit sonitus, mussantque oras et lirnina circum. Post, ubi jam thalamis se composuere, siletur In noctem, fessosque sopor suus occupat artus. 190 Nee vero a stabulis, pluvia impendente, recedunt Longius, aut credunt coelo, adventantibus Euris : 193. Tut ab pluvia Sed circum tutae sub moenibus urbis aquantur, f -t vcnto Excursusque breves tentant : et sospe lapillos, 194. Et saepe tollunt |j t cymbge instabiles, fluctu jactante, saburram, /-' 1J5 c7' flrS^Tollunt: his sese per inanianubilu librant. ram, fluctu jactante eas: Hlum adeo placuisse apibus mirabere morem, his (apillis Quod nee concubitu indulgent, nee corpora segnes NOTES. 175. In numerum: they raise their arms 109. T/ialamis : in the sense of cellis. iu regular order, making a sort of harmony 190. Suus: in the sense of proprius. Ru~ with the strokes of their hammers. seus says, conveniens. Jamblicus informs us that the sound of 191. Stabulis. See note, verse 104. supra, the smith's hammer led Pythagoras to in- 192. Euris. Eurus, the east wind, here vent the monochord,an instrument for mea- put for wind in general : the species for the suring the quantities, and proportions of genus. sounds geometrically. 193. Aquantur. This verb appears to be 177. Cecropias : Attic, or Athenian bees, used in the sense of the middle voice of the so called from Cecrops, the first king of Greeks : they water themselves. This man- Athens. The Attic honey was much cele- ner of expression is common with the poet, brated. Ruseus says, fiauriunt aquas. 178. Quamque suo munere: each one in 195. Saburram: ballast. This is some his own office department. ponderous substance, as sand, gravel, iron, 179. DcBdala: an adj. from Daedalus, a &c.that light vessels usually take on board to very ingenious artificer of Athens. The render them steady. word, as here used, signifies any thing arti- 198. JVec indulgent, &c. This account of ficial, or curiously and ingeniously wrought, the production of bees here given by the 180. Minores: in the sense of junior -es. poet, is justly exploded. It is found that no 181. P/eficB crura. The hairiness of the animal is produced without the concurrence legs of the bee is favorable to the retention of the sexes. However as this method was of the juices, which they collect from the the general received one among the ancients, flowers. the poet might very well adopt it, whatever 182. Rubentem : yellow, or of a golden his own opinion might have been upon the line. Ruseus says, rufum. subject. Pliny says of the bees: Foetus 183. Ferrugineos: purple dark red. quonam modo progenerarent^ magna inter 134. Operum: in the sense of ab opere. eruditos, et subtilis qucestio fuit : Apum enim Una : one and the same rest. coitus visus est nusquam. This, however, 188. Oras : this Ruaeus interprets by ves- modern philosophers have solved in a satis- tibulum. Mussant : they buzz they make factory manner. They have found that the a buzzing noise. laboring bees are of neither sex ; that the GEORGICA. LIB. IV. HI In Venerem soivunt, aut foetus nixibus edunt. Verum ipsae e foliis natos et suavibus herbis Ore legunt : ipsae regem, parvosque Quirites Sufficiunt : aulasque et cerea regna refingunt. Saspe etiam duris errando in cotibus alas Attrivere, ultroque animam sub fasce dedere : Tantus amor florum, et generandi gloria mellis. Ergo ipsas quamvis angusti terminus aevi Excipiat,(neque enim plus septima ducitur sestas) At genus immortale manet, multosque per annos Stat fortuna domus, et avi numerantur avorum. Prseterea regem non sic ^Egyptus, et ihgens Lydia, nee populi Parthorum, aut Medus Hydaspes, Observant. Rege incolumi, mens omnibus una est ; Amisso, rupere fidem : constructaque mella Diripuere ips, et crates solvere favorum. Ille operum custos ; ilium admirantur ; et omnes 215 215. Ille est custos Circumstant fremitu denso, stipantque frequentes ; Q 17 ;;^ corpora beUo Et sacpe attollunt humeris, et corpora bello P iVQuidain homines Objectant, pulchramque petunt per vulnera mortem. inducti his signis, atque His quidam signis, atque hrec exempla secuti, secuti IKEC exemplaprK- Esse apibus partein divinse mentis, et haustus 22Q denti(B a P um dixere .Ethereos dixere : Deum namque ire per omnes p^JJj Namque dixere Terrasquc, tractusque maris, co3lumque profundum. 2 23. Hinc dixere pe- Hinc pecudes, armenta, viros, genus omne ferarum, cudes 200 205 205. Est Mis tantuH amor florum, et tanta, 207. Enim neque plus quam septima scstas du- citur ab illis 210 213. Rege amisso -.. drones alone have the male organ of gene- ration, and that the monarch is of the fe- male sex. She is wholly employed in the increase of her family, laying several thou- sand eggs every summer, in each of which is hatched a small white worm, which in due time, changes itself into a drone or bee. Concubitu : for Concubitui. See Eel. v. 29. 199. JVec soivunt : nor do they debilitate their bodies in lust. Segues : in the sense of inertes vel inutiles. Edunt: in the sense of parturiunt. Nixibus : by labor, or tra- vail. 200. Foliis : from the leaves of flowers. 201. Parvos Quirites : they raise up a king, and little subjects. The bees are here called Quirites. by meton. taken from the Romans, who were sometimes called Quirites from Romulus, who was also called Quirinus. See jEn. 1. 274. 204. Dedtre : in the sense of amisserunt. 207. Septima JEstas. , Aristotle inform us that bees live six, and sometimes seven years ; but if the swarm subsists nine or ten years, it is considered fortunate. 208. At, in the sense of tamen. 210. JEgyptus. The name of the coun- try put, by meton. for the inhabitants. The ./Egyptians were very great admirers of their moriarchs, many of whom they deified. 211. Lydia: a country of Asia Minor, proverbial for its wealth, and the grandeur S. , of its kings. Populi Parthorum : simply, the Parthians. They are said to have been so submissive to their kings, as to kiss his feet, and to touch the ground with their lips, when they approached him. Hydaspes : the name of a river put, by meton. for the in- habitants of the country, through which it flowed. There have been various opinions and conjectures with a view to reconcile the poet with matters of fact. Hydaspes is a river of India, and falling into the Indus, forms one of its branches. How it could be call- ed Median, with any propriety, does not appear. There might have been a small river by that name, rising in Media, to which the poet alludes. Mr. Davidson thinks the river Choaspes, which rises in Media, and passes through the province of Susiaria, near Susa, one of the capitals of the Persian empire, is intended. However this be, poets do not always confine them- selves to historical or geographical preci- sion. 212. Observant : in the sense of vcneran- tur. 213. Fidem: in the sense of socictatem. 214. Crates : the structure or fabric. 215. Custos: in the sense of presses. 216. Denso fremitu : with loud buzzing or humming. 220. Hanstus: in the sense of spirit"*. - 142 : P. VIRG1L1I MAKONIS Quemque sibi teriues nascentem arcessere vitas. 225. Deinde dixvre Scilicet hue reddi deinde, ac resoluta referri 225 omnia resoluta scilicet Omnia . n ec morti esse locum ; sed viva volare i f 'uui, ac reierri nuc cy j > ' > i 226. Sed omnia viva Slderis m numeruni, atque alto succedere coelo. volare, quceque in nu- Si quando sedem augustam, servataque mella merum Thesauris relines ; prius haustu sparsus aquarum, 231. Sunt duo tempo- Q ra fove, 1 umosque manu pratende sequaces. 230 ra messis: unum siinulr - - j / i Pleias Taygete gravidos cogunt foetus, duo tempora messis. Taygete simul os terris ostendit honestum 234. Aut ubi eadem Pleias, et Oceani spretos pede reppulit amnes : Ple'ias Aut eadem sidus fugiens ubi piscis aquosi, NOTES. 224. Quemque nascentem : that every one, at his birth, derives tender life to himself, from him. Hinc : from hence from God. 225. Scilicet: in the sense of certe. Hue: hither to God. Resoluta : in the sense of dissoluta. 226. JVcc locum, c. Virgil here gives the opinions of those philosophers, who re- jected the doctrine of a vacuum, and atoms. They maintained that the universe was ani- mated : that *4 was omnipresent : that all animals received existence from him : that after death they are all returned, and car- ried back to him : that there is no room for extinction (morti) or loss of existence : that all, volare viva, fly alive into the order of his star, and take their station in high heaven. In other words, all transmigrate into other beings in a perpetual round. This notion was held by many distinguished philoso- phers of the heathen world. But it was far from the truth. All irrational animals per- ish at their death. Man along'' is immortal. When unassisted reason is employed upon ' the subject of a future state;' of existence, it discovers its own weakness., /The research- es of philosophy serve only to bewilder the mind. All correct information ir^on that subject must come through the medium of divine revelation. Pythagoras and his fol- lowers strenuously maintained this doctrine. The Epicurians maintained the doctrine of a vacuum, and the atomic theory. 228. Si quando, &c. The poet now pro- ceeds to mention the proper seasons for open- ing the hives. He gives directions how to proceed in the business, and notices the pas- sionate temper of the bees upon such occa- sions. Augustam. This is the reading of the best editions, and is supported by ancient manu- scripts. Ruseus, Davidson, Valpy, and some others, have angustam. But if the poet in- tended to inform us that the hive was small, he might have saved himself the pains. Besides, augustam is, by no means, an im- proper epithet. It is exactly in the spirit of poetry. It is well known that the bee hive is a most exquisite piece of architecture, whether we regard the form of the comb, ma- your the materials of which it is composed, or the manner of the workmanship. Virgil em- phatically calls their hives, Dwdala fp.cta. Verse 179. supra. Heyne reads augustam. 229. Thesauris : in the sense of f avis. Prius haustu, &c. Commentators do not agree upon this passage ; and it must be con- fessed a difficult one. Davidson follows Servius, who takes sparsus forspargens : king the meaning to be : First hold in __ mouth draughts of water, spouting it upon them. Dr. Trapp rejects sparsus for spar- gens, and thinks sparsus should be retained ; thus : Fove ore haustus aquarum, take water in your mouth; then by an ellipsis of the words; projice in modum pluvice, spout it, upon them in the manner of rain, which you cannot do without being wet yourself, sparsus. Heinsius, Ruaeus, Heyne, and some others read : Prius haustu aquarum ora fove. This, however, is not without objections. If we could read haustum or haustus for haus- tu, the passage would be easier ; then ore would be preferable to ora. But whatever difficulties may attend the construction, the meaning is obvious. Heyne takes Fove ora haustu aquarum, in the sense of, tene vel con- tine aquam haustam ore. Davidson reads haustus, and ore. 230. Fumos : it is customary, at the pre- sent day, to drive or force the bees from the hive with smoke. 231. Gravidos fatus : in the sense of ple- nos favos. The comb is properly the fatus or production of the bees. Messis : gather- ing or taking the honey : here called the harvest. 232. Taygete : one of the Pleiades, here put for the whole, by synec. This, and the three following lines, is a beautiful circum- locution to express the rising and setting of these stars ; the former is in the latter part oi" April, the latter about the end of October, or the beginning of November. See Geor. 1. 138. 233. Amnes : in the sense of aquas. 234. Sidus aquosi piscis : the constellation of the rainy fish. The Pisces here cannot be meant : for the sun does not enter that sign till some time in February. Probably tire GEORGICA. LIB. IV. Tristior hybernas coelo desccndil in undas. Illis ira modum supra est, liesrequc vencnum Morsibus inspirant, et spicula cseca relinquunt Affixae venis, animasque in vulnere ponunt. Sin duram metues hyemem, parcesque future, Contusosque animos et res miserabere fractas ; At suffire thymo, cerasque recidere inanes Quis dubitet ? nam soepe favos ignotus adedit Stellio, lucifugis congesta cubilia blattis . Immunisque sedens aliena ad pabula fucus, Aut asper crabro imparibus se immiscuit armis : Aut dirum tineae genus, aut invisa Minerva 1 In foribus laxos suspendit aranea cusses. Quo magis exhaustee fuerint ; hoc acrius oinnes Incumbent generis lapsi sarcire ruinas, Complebuntque foros, et floribus horrea texent. Si vero (quoniam casus apibus qtioque nostros Vita tulit) tristi languebunt corpora morbo ; Quod jarn non dubiis poteris cognoscere signis : Continuo est segris alius color : horrida vultum 239. Future pabulo, 240 nempe, melli 243. Cubilia sunt con- 245 245. Se rum apibnt 250 NOTES. Dolphin may be intended, as that constella- tion rises soon after the setting of the Plei- ades. 236. LCBSCR: in the sense of offense. 237. CcBca : in the sense of occulta : mor- sibus : stings. Inspirant : they infuse. 238. Ajfixa: having affixed themselves. 240. Farces futuro : you should spare their future nourishment, and pity their drooping spirits, and afflicted state. Commentators have embarrassed the sense of this passage. The meaning is plainly this : If you are afraid of a hard winter, and that the bees will not be able to sustain the cold, unless they be well fed, you should spare their honey, their future nou- rishment, and take none of it from them. 241. At quis dubitet, &c. However you may be disposed to follow my direction in leaving the honey untouched, there is one thing that should not be neglected in any case ; and that is, to fumigate the hives, and to cut away the superfluous wax. 243. Stellio. This is a small spotted li- zard, called also an eft or swift. It creeps in- to holes and corners ; hence the poet calls it ignotus. Congesta : in the sense of plena. Blattis. The blatta is an insect something like a beetle. Some take it to be the cock- roach. They are called luciftigis, because they do not appear in the day time. 244. Fucus immunis. The Drones are the male bees. Tl\ey have neither stings, nor those elastic teeth which the laboring bees have for the purpose of collecting ho- ney. Their only business seems to be, to have intercourse with the queen : they may be said to be her husbands : they are seve- ral hundred in number in each hive. Aftrr they have performed their office, they soon die. Their way of living is very different from the rest : they are exempt from labor, and enjoy a most luxurious fare, being fed with the best of the honey : Immunis sedens ad aliena pabula,ma.y very properly be said of them. 245. Crabro : the hornet, a well known insect. It is larger and stronger than the bee. Hence it is said to engage them with, imparibus armis. 246. Tinece: the moth; an insect very injurious to clothes. The common reading is durum : Heyne, Valpy, and some others, read dirum. 247. Aranea invisa. Arachne, daughter of Idmon, a Lydian, is said to have vied with Minerva in the arts of spinning and weaving. She performed her work to ad- miration ; but being outdone, she hung her- self through grief; whereupon the goddess, out of pity, changed her into the spider. Some say she represented on her work se- veral of the crimes of the gods, which so displeased the goddess, that she, in a rage, destroyed it. Hence invisa Minerva. See Ovid Met. Lib. 5. 248. Quo magis. The poet here observes, the more you drain the honey from the bees, the more industrious they will be to repair the loss. By being too full fed, they be- come idle, and consequently less profitable. He then proceeds to consider the diseases incident to them, and the remedies proper for earch. 250. Horrea: in the sense of faros. Tc.r- ent : they will form, or make. _'. ; 'if n. : the stafp. or condition of life. 144 P. V1RGILII MARONLS 255. Corpora ear-urn Deformat macies : turn corpora luce carentum 255 carentura luce Exportant tectis, et tristia funera ducunt : Aut illae pedibus connexae ad limina pendent, Aut intus clausis cunctantur in redibus omnes : Ignavoeque fame, et contracto frigore pigrae. Turn sonus auditur gravior, tractimque susurrant : 260 Frigidus ut quondam sylvis immurmurat Auster, Ut mare sollicitum stridet refluentibus undis, JSstuat ut clausis rapidus fornacibus ignis. 264. Suadebo/eincen-Hic jam galbaneos suadebo incendere odores, , dere 290 290. Quaque amnis devexus usque ab colo- ratis Indis urget of copiam caulium. Fecere : in the sense of dederunt. 275. Nigrtz : deep coloured. Funduntur : sprout, or shoot up. 276. Nexis: made, or formed of this amellus. 279. Incoque : boil, or simmer. 281. Sed si quern, &c. The poet now pro- ceeds to give an account of the method practised by Aristaeus for the recovery of his bees, after all his swarms were lost. Omnis proles : the whole stock, or race. 285. Insincerus : in the sense ofputridus. Altim : in the sense of longe. It is to ,be connected with repetens. 286. Expediam : in the sense of narrabo. 287. Gens fortunata: the Egyptians. They are here called happy, or fortunate, on account of the fertility of their country, which is occasioned by the annual inunda- tion of the river Nile. Canopi. Canopus was a city of Egypt, near Alexandria, found- ed by Alexander the Great, who was born at Pella, in Macedonia. Hence the city Canopus is called Pellwus. The city, by meton. for the inhabitants; who may be put, by synec. for all the Egyptians. 288. Stagnantem : in the sense of inun- dantem. Agros is understood. 289. Vehitur circum. During the conti- nuance of the inundation, the inhabitants pass from one part of the country to ano- ther in boats, or small barges ; here called phaseli. Vehitur agrees with gens. 290. Urget vicinia. The Nile did not touch, or border upon the neighborhood of Persia, properly so called. But. we are in- formed by Xenophon, that the Persian em- pire under Cyrus extended as far west as Egypt. The Nile may therefore be said to press upon the borders of Persia, since the Persians extended their dominions as far as Egypt; which justifies the expression of the poet. Vicinia : plu. of vicinium. The Persians were famous for their skill in ar- chery ; hence pharetratce Persidis. 293. Amnis : the river Nile. It rises in Abyssinia, in the mountains of the Moon, in about the lat. 11 N. and runs in a north- erly direction ; and, after receiving a num- ber of tributary streams, it falls into the Mediterranean sea in seven different chan- nels, or mouths, in lat. 32 N. forming the Delta of Lower Egypt. The inundation of the Nile occasions the fertility of Egypt. Its waters bring with them the riclmess, or wash of the upper country, and here deposit it. This the poet calls, nigra arena. The rise of the Nile is occasioned by the rain that falls at a certain season of the year in the mountains of Abyssinia. The proper height to which the water should rise in Egypt is 16 cubits, or 24 feet. If it fall short of that, a famine is expected ; if it exceed it, an injury is sustained. By means of canals, the water is carried to every part of the country. For an excellent descrip- tion of the Nile, see Rollin's An. His. Vol. 1. Indis. Any country that lay in a hot climate, the ancients denominated India, and its inhabitants Indi. Coloratis : tawny sun-burnt. Devexus: flowing down from ; 294. Arte : in the sense of invent in 146 P. VIRG1L1I MARONTS 300 Exiguus primum, atque ipsos contractus ad usus Eligitur locus : hunc angustique imbrice tecti Parietibusque premunt arctis ; et quatuor addunt Quatuor a ventis obliqua luce fenestras. Turn vitulus, bima curvans jam cornua fronte, 300. Geminse nares Quaeritur : huic geminae nares, et spiritus oris obstruuntur Multa reluctanti obstruitur ; plagisque perempto 301. Visceraque tunsa rp unga p er i n t e g ram solvuntur viscera pellem. leni solvuntur huic pe- ^ c P s itum in clauso liriquunt : et ramea costis rempto. Subjiciunt fragmenta, thymum, casiasque recentes. 303. Sic linquunt vitu- Hoc geritur, Zephyris primum impellentibus undas, him positum in clauso ^nte nov i s ru beant quam prata coloribus, ante C 306. Coloribusrforwm Garrula -,i o/>n, fas est illi rlumina, qua juvenis gressus mferret : at ilium Curvata in mentis faciem circumstetit unda, Accepitque sinu vasto, misitque sub amnem. Jamque domum mirans genitricis et humida regna. Speluncisque lacus clausos, lucosque sonantes, Ibat : et, ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum, 365 Omnia sub magna labentia flumina terr& Spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque, Et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus, 371 Et unde Erida- Unde pater Tyberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, mis auratus quoad ge- Saxosumque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Caicus, 370 mina cornua Et gemma auratus taurino cornua vultu NOTES. inanem, vain, because it had no effect to re- lows, was of the opinion, that there was, claim his wife, or because it served only to under the earth, a general receptacle or res- propagate his own disgrace : or rather, be- ervoir of water, from which the rivers were cause he was unable, with all his care and all fed. This they called Paratitrum. By watchfulness, to prevent her from defiling lacus clausos, &c. the poet means this gene- his bed. Venus was a wanton dame. ral reservoir of water. 346. Dulcia furta. This alludes to the 367. Diversa : remote widely separated, amour of Mars with Venus : stolen em- Phasim : Phasis, a noble river of Colchis, ri- braces sweet thefts. sing in the mountains of Armenia, falls in- 347. Chao : from the origin of the world ; to the Euxine sea. It is famous for the ex- or from Chaos, who, according to fable, was pedition of the Argonauts, who entered it the first of the Gods. Densos : in the sense after a long and perilous voyage. Lycum : of frequentes, vel multos. Lycus, the name of several rivers, it is not 348. Mollia pensa : the soft yarn. Car- certain, which one the poet here intends. mine : song, story or subject. 368. Caput : the source, whence, &c. Eni- 351. Ante : before her other sisters. peus is a river of Thessally, watering the 353. Non frustra : not in vain alarmed : plains of Pharsalia, and falling into the river you are alarmed, and not without reason. Peneus. 355. Undam : in the sense of font em. 369. Tyberinus : the river Tyber in Italy. Peneus, the river God, was the father of It is called by way of eminence pater. It Cyrene. falls into the Tuscan sea. Aniena : an adj. 360. Inferret gressus : might introduce his from Anio, the name of a small river in foot-steps might march along: a phrase. Italy. Flumina : in the sense of aquas. 370. Hypanis : a river of the ancient Sar- 361. Curvata : rolled or heaped up in the matia, uniting with the Borysthenes or Nei- form of a mountain. per, and with it, flows into the Euxine sea. 362. Misit : in the sense ofadmisit. Eum Hodie, Bog. Saxosum : an adj. of the neu. is understood. gen. used adverbially among the rocks. 364. Speluncis. There were two opinions Cateus: a river of Mysia major in the Lesser among the ancients respecting the origin of Asia. It falls into the jEgean sea, nearly rivers. Aristotle considered the sea to be opposite to Mitylene on the Island of tho source : but Plato, whom Virgil here fol- bos. Hence the epithet Mysvs. GEORGICA. LIB. IV 149 Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta > -: 372. Quo amne non In mare urureum violentior influit amn^ aliu amnis influit vio- 1 1 O In mare purpureum violentior influit amnis.,, Postquam est in thalami pendentia"piimice tecta Perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanes Cyrene : manibus liquidos dant ordine fontes Germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantilia villis. Pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt Pocula ; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae. Et mater : Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi : Oceano libemus, ait. Simul ipsa precatur Oceanumque patrem rerum, Nymphasque sorores, Centum quae sylvas, centum quae flumina servant. Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam : Ter flamma ad summum tecti subjecta reluxit. 385 Omine quo firmans animum, sic incipit ipsa : Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates, ** --j m per- ventum est in tecta tha- lami 380 380. Et mater ait -. Cape NOTES. 372. Eridanus : the river Po. This is the largest river of Italy. There is a seeming difficulty in reconci- ling what is here said of this river with mat- ter of fact. We are told the Po is not a rapid river. It flows the greater part of its course through a level and highly cultiva- ted country. This taken into considera- tion, no other river perhaps, under the same circumstances, flows with greater rapidity. We are not to understand the poet as speak- ing absolutely, but comparatively. It falls into the Adriatic sea, or gulf of Venice. Taurino vullu. The form of a bull, is of- ten, by the poets, given to rivers, from their roaring and rapid course : the noise which they make, bearing some resemblance to the bellowing of that animal. They are also called cornuti, or horned, from the dou- ble banks or channels, into which they di- vide themselves: or perhaps from the cir- cumstance of their being sometimes form- ed by the union of two streams or smaller rivers. As for example, the river Ohio is formed by the union of the rivers Alleghany and Monongahela. Hercules is said to have broken off one of the horns of Achelous. It is thus ex- plained. That hero reduced the river to one channel or stream. The dried part or bro- ken horn of the river was converted into fruitful fields and gardens. This g'ave rise to the fable of the cornucopias, or horn of plenty. This was given to the nymphs, and by them presented to the Goddess of Plen- ty. The verb erumpit is to he supplied with each of the preceding nominatives. 374. Pendentia : vaulted, or arched with pumice stone. Ruteus says ; structa unpcn- dente pumice. Perventum est: imp. verb, used in the sense of pervenit. 375. Lianes: rain, says Servius, because they were excited by a calamity easy to be removed. 376. Dant : in the sense of ferunt. Liqui- dos fontes : in the sense of puras aquas. This water was brought for the use of Aris- teus; manibus may therefore refer to his hands for washing his hands : or it may refer to the hands of the nymphs who brought it in their hands. 377. Mantilia: towels. It would seem they were made of some shaggy or nappy cloth, which was sometimes shorn for the greater smoothness and delicacy. Our nap- kins were probably of the same sort for- merly, the word seeming to be derived from nap. Tonsis villis : the shag or nap being cut off. 379. Pancfueis : an adj. from Panchcza, a region of Arabia, abounding in frankincense. Ar(E : the altars burn with Arabian frankin- cense. 380. Carchesia. The carchesium was a large oblong bowl or goblet, flatted about the middle, having handles reaching quite to the bottom. Mceonii : an adj. from Mce- onitti the ancient name of Lydia in Asia Minor. It abounded in vines. Bacchi : for vent. 383. Servant: in the sense of provident. 384. Perfundit : she sprinkled wet. Ar- denlem Vestam : the flaming fire : See ./En. 1. 292. Nectare : for vino. Nectar was pro- perly the best and purest wine, such as they assigned to the use of the gods. 385. Subjecta. This RUCDUS takes in the sense of suppo&ita ; with what propriety, however, does not appear. The meaning plainly is : that when the wine was poured upon the fire, a flame arose, or blazed, and shone bright, as high as the roof of the house. Subjicio, from which subjecta is de- rived, signifies to rise, or mount up. See Eel. x. 74, and &n. xii. 288. It is here used in the sense of surgens. 387. Carpathio : an adj. from Carpathus, an island in the Mediterranean sea. between 150 P.VIRGILII MARONIS Coeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus sequor, Et juncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. Hie nunc Emathiae portus, patriamque revisit 390 Pallenen ; hunc et nymphae veneramur, et ipse Grandaevus Nereus : novit namque omnia vates, 393. Qusesintjprewen- Quae s ' m i } q ua e fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur. tia, qua fuerint /wo/-Q u ipp e ita Neptuno visum est : immania cuju.- rita ' et Armenta, et turpes pascit sub gurgite phocasX 395 Hie tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omnem Expediat morbi causam, eventusque secundet. Nam sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque ilium Orando flectes : vim duram et vincula capto 399 400. Circum h&cvin- Tende : doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes. cula Ipsa ego te, medios cum Sol accenderit sestus, 401. Ego ipsaducam c ^ jti t herb t rf {[ fe t te in secreta sems, quo t ^ more : caneoai ic, aie ,_ . _, j j veniente ; canebat te,digTe veniente die, te decedente canebat. decedente. Tsenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis. NOTES. 443. Fugam : escape. Fallacia : wiles passage. It would be a useless labor to tricks stratagems. enumerate the various opinions of commen- 447. Neque est cuique: nor is it in the tators upon it. Dr. Trapp observes, the power of any one to deceive you. parenthesis, ni fata resistant, is the most 449. QucEsitum: to seek divine counsel difficult passage in Virgil's works. To in my ruined state my adverse circum- make any sense of it, we must supply the stances. A supine in wm, put after venimus. words : and would procure greater punish- 451. Ardentes: in the sense of coruscan- ment. Ob: equal proportionate to. tes. It is to be connected with lumine Orpheus was the son of CEagrus, king glauco. of Thrace, and Calliope, one of the Muses. 452. Sic resolvit. The poet now proceeds He was distinguished for his skill in music to the answer of Proteus, in which he tells and poetry. He was one of the Argonauts. Aristseus that the cause of his disaster was It is said there are some hymns of his ex- the injury offered to Eurydice, the wife of tant ; but there is reason to believe they Orpheus. The whole story is told in so are spurious. See Eel. iii. 46. beautiful a manner, that it does not seem 456. Savit : and grieves immoderately unworthy of the mouth of a god. for. 453. Non nullius numinis. Davidson ren- 461. Arces: the Rhodopean mountains, ders this : of no mean deity. But the or- See Geor. iii. 351. dinary sense and meaning of th6 words are 462. Pangtza : neu. plu. sing. Pangcevs : to be preferred : of some deity. The two a mountain in Thrace, in the confines of negatives express affirmatively. Besides Macedonia. Rhesi. See 7n. i. 469. the punishment of Aristeeus was procured 463. Geta. See Geor. iii. 462. Orithyia. by Orpheus and the nymphs, who were in- See Eel. vii. 51. ferior deities. Ruaeus and Heyne say ali- 464. Testudine. The lyre was called cujus Dei. Exercent : in the sense of per- testudo, because anciently it was made of sequuntur. tortoise shell. It is said that Mercury find- 454. Commissa : in the sense of scelera. ing a dead tortoise on the banks of the Miserabitis, &c. Unhappy Orpheus procures river Nile, made a lyre of it ; whence he is this punishment for thee, by no means pro- called, parens curves lyrce. portionate to thy deserts, (and would pro- 467. Ingressus Tcenarias. Tanarus, a cure greater,) if the fates did not oppose, promontory of the Peloponnessus, separa- This appears to be the plain meaning of the ting the Sinus Messenicus from ihe S GEORGICA. LIB. I\". Kt caligantem nigra formidine lucum Ingressus, Manesque adiit, regemque tremendum, Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. 470 At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis Umbrae ibant tenues, simulacraque luce carentum : Quam multa in sylvis avium se millia condunt, Vesper ubi, aut hybernus agit de montibus imber : Matres, atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita 475 Magnanimum heroum, pueri, innuptaeque puella?, Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentum. Quos circum limus niger, et detbrmis arundo Cocyti, tardaque palus inamabilis unda Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet. 480 Quin ipsae stupuere domus, atque intima leti Tartara, caeruleosque implexae crinibus angues Eumenides ; tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora ; Atque Ixionii cantu rota constitit orbis. Jamque pedem referens, casus evaserat omnes ; 485 Redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras, 471. tenues l.V* Cantu Orphri 482. Eumenides im- plexae quoad ceruleos angues criuibus NOTES. Laconicus, fabled to be the entrance of the infernal regions. Here Orpheus made his descent to hell after his Eurydice. Osfia : the doors, or gates of Pluto. 470. Corda nescia: and hearts know- ing not (incapable of) to relent at human prayers. 472. Simulacra : the shades or forms of those wanting life. Luce : in the sense of vita. 475. Corpora : and bodies of gallant heroes deprived of life. Corpora is here used to denote the airy vehicle, or form, which the ancients assigned to departed spirits. This is the meaning here. 479. Cocyti. Cocytus, a river of Italy, of no great magnitude, feigned by the poets to be a river of hell. Its banks abounded in reeds. Inamabilis : in the sense of odio- sa ; and undo, for aqua. 480. Circum aliigat : surrounds con- fines. The parts of the verb are frequently separated by Tmesis, for the sake of the verse. Sty.e. A fabulous river of hell, around which, the poets say, it flowed nine times. It may therefore be said to restrain the shades, and prevent them from return- ing to the upper regions. See Geor. iii. 551. Interfusa : flowing between thcm.and the upper regions of light. 482. Tartara : properly the lowest part of hell the place in which the impious are punished, according to the poets. Intima : in the sense of profundissima. Lctum, or Lethum, seems here to be used for the place, or regions of the dead in general. 483. Eumenides. The furies were three in number, and represented with their hair entwined with serpents, to render them more dreadful. See Geor. i. 278. Cerbe- rus : a huge dog with three heads, the door-keeper of Pluto. 484. Cantu. Most copies have vento. But it is extremely difficult to make any sense of that. Davidson reads cantu, and informs us that Pierius found cantu in se- veral ancient MSS. This makes the sense easy, and the passage intelligible. Commentators have shown a good deal of ingenuity in attempting to render this passage intelligible with rento. Ruseus says : Orbis rotes Ixionioz quievit Jlante vento contrario. Valpy : that the wind relaxed, by which the wheel was carried round : or it stood to the wind. Heyne hath a long note upon it. He thinks vento should be taken in the abl. The wind, by which the wheel was carried round, subsiding, the wheel ceased to re- volve : yento) quo alias circum agibatur rota, subsidenle, subsideret motus rotce. Or, by ventitf, may be understood the air or wind, occasioned by the revolution of the wheel : or lastly, says he, rota orbis may be taken simply for the wheel : rota substitit vento : the impulse of the wind ceasing, venti im- pulsu cessantc, the wheel stopped. The fable represents all the infernal re- gions charmed with the music of Orpheus. The Furies, the depths of Tartarus, Cerbe- rus with his triple mouth, the wheel of Ixion, all stopped to listen to it. Ixionii : an adj. from Ixion, agreeing with orbis. Ix- ion was sentenced to be bound to a wheel, that kept perpetually in motion. Rota or- bis : the rotation, or revolution of the wheel ; or simply for rota. See Geor. iii. 38. 486. Veniebat: was just coming to (be upper regions of light. 154 P. 'VIRGILli MARONIS Pone sequens ; namque hanc dederat Proserpina legeni, Cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem, 489. Dementia quidem Ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes. ignoscenda, si Manes Restitit, Eurydicenque suam jam luce sub ipsa, Immemor, heu ! victusque animi, respexit : ibi omnis 492. Rupta sunl Effusus labor ; atque immitis rupta tyranni Foedera : terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis. 494. Ilia Eurydice in- Ilia, quis et me, inquit, miseram, et te perdidit, Orpheu ? quit: quis perdidit et Q u i s tantus furor? en iterum crudelia retro 495 me miseram, et te, O p ata vocant condilque natantia lumina somnus. Orpheu ! quis tantus T n . furor est hie? Jamque vale : leror ingenti circumdata nocte, 498. Non amplius tua Invalidasque tibi tendens, heu ! non tua, palmas. conjux. Dixit : et fugit Dixit : et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras diversa ex oculis Orphei Commixtus tenues, fugit diversa : neque ilium 500 Prensantem nequicquam umbras, et multa volentem Dicere, prseterea vidit : nee portitor Orci 503. Passus est Or- Amplius objectam passus transire paludem. P heum Quid faceret ? quo se, raptft bis conjuge, ferret ? Quo fletu Manes, qua numina voce moveret ? Ilia quidem Stygia nabat jam frigida cymba. Sep 'T '""TY 03 r-'^ent ex ordine menses ex ordine flevisse sub upe sub aena, deserti ad Strymoms undam aeria rupe, ad Flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, 50 NOTES. 487. Le.ge.rn: condition. 488. Subita amentia: a sudden frenzy, which put the lover off his guard ; or caused him to forget the condition upon which his Eurydice was suffered to return. 489. Ignoscenda quidem: pardonable in- deed, if, &c. Orpheus looked back to be- hold his loved Eurydice. This was the fa- tal error, and not to be blamed in a lover. Even Eurydice herself did not blame him, for it proceeded from love to her. Ovid says: Jamque iterum moriensnon est de con- juge quicquam questa suo : quid enim sese queretur amatam ? Manes, here, is put for the infernal gods. 490. Sub ipsa luce : in the very region of light. 491. Victus animi : not master of his af- fections. Effusus : in the sense ofperditus est. 493. Fczdera : the terms, or conditions. Avernis: sing. Avernus; plu. Averna: a lake of Campania, in Italy, by the poets placed in the infernal regions ; also, by me- lon, put for the regions themselves. Fra- gor. Servius takes fragor to mean the joy and exultation of the shades at the return of Eurydice among them : a shout a cer- tain dismal and hollow sound. 495. Furor: force, or violence. It is plain that furor is not to be taken here in its usual sense. It is probable that it refers to the force or power which prevented her from following her husband, which she must have felt previous to her second death, or return to the shades. This is the opi- nion of Vossius, 496. Condit : in the sense of claudil. 497. Feror circumdata: I am carried away, encompassed by thick darkness, and stretching, &c. 500. Diversa : in the sense of, in diver- sampartem. It agrees with ilia. 502. PrcEterea : in the sense of postea. Portitor Orci : Charon. He was fabled to be the son of Erebus and Nox. It was his business to ferry the souls of the deceased over the rivers Styx and Acheron, to the place of the dead. Hence he is called por- titor orci. The fable of Charon and his boat seems to have originated from the Egyptians, who had a custom of carrying their dead across a lake to a place, where sentence was to be passed upon them ; and according to their good or bad actions in life, they were honored with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. Orci: Orcus here" signifies the regions of the dead in general hell. 503. Objectam paludem : the intervening river Styx. Orpheus had already re-cross- ed the Styx, and was approaching the re- gions of light, when Eurydice was taken from him, and hurried back to the shades. The infernal river, therefore, lay between him and the regions of the dead, to which Eurydice was carried a second time in the Stygian boat. 506. Ilia: she Eurydice, lifeless, was crossing, &c. 508. Strymonis : gen. of Strymon, a river of Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace. 509. Hcec : these misfortunes of his. GEORGICA. LIB. TV. Mulcenteiu tigres, et agentem carmine quercus. Qualis populea mcerens Philomela sub umbra Amissos queritur foetus, quos durus arator Observans nido implumes, detraxit : at ilia Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen Integrat, et moestis late loca questibus implet. Nulla Venus, nullique animum fiexere hymensei. Solus Hyperboreas glacies, Tanaimque nivalem^ | Arvaque Riphaeis nunquam viduata pruiiiis.,- l?l Lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen, atque irrita Ditis Dona querens : spreto Ciconum quo munere matres, Inter sacra Deum, nocturnique orgia Bacchi, Discerptum latos juvenem sparsere per agros. Turn quoque marmorea caput a cervice revulsum, Gurgite cum medio portans CEagrius Hebrus Volveret, Eurydicen, vox ipsa et frigida lingua, Ah miseram Eurydicen ! anima fugiente, vocabat : Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripa3,j Haec Proteus : et se jactu dedit sequor in altum ; Quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. 510 515 514. Flet per noctem 516. Animum Orphei 519. Raptam a se 520. Quo nuptiali mu- 521 nere spreto, matres Ci- conum 323. Turn quoque cum CEagrius Hebrus volve- ret ejics caput revulsum 525 a marmorea cervice, portans id medio gur- gite, ejus vox ipsa, et frigida lingua, vocabat NOTES. 510. Agentem : in the sense of ducentem. 511. Philomela: the nightingale. See Eel. vi. 78. This is a most exquisite simile, not more generally admired than beautifully conceived. To heighten the picture, the birds are not only implumes, without fea- thers, but they are taken from the nest ; not only so, they are drawn from it by the hands of a cruel, hard-hearted ploughman. In reading it, an emphasis should be placed upon durus and detraxit. It may be ob- served that the poplar shade is very judi- ciously selected by the poet to heighten the image ; because the leaves of the poplar tree, trembling with the least breath of air, make a kind of melancholy rustling. See Eel. vi. 78. 512. Queritur : laments her lost young. 514. Miserabile carmen: mournful song. Integral : in the sense of renovat. 516. Venus: love person loved. 517. Tanutm : Tanais, a Targe river of Europe. It flows through the ancient Scy- thia, and falls into the Palus McEolis, or sea of Azoff, forming a part of the boundary line between Europe and Asia. Hodie, the Don. 518. Viduata : free from destitute of. Riphwis. See Geor. i. 240. 520. Dona irrita. This alludes to the condition, on which Pluto consented to the return of Eurydice to life. The event proved the favor to be a useless, and una- vailing one to him. Qtceren* : lamenting bemoaning. Ciconum. The Cicones were a people of Thrace near mount Ismarus, where the feasts of Bacchus were celebrated. Q^o munere spreto. The Thracian women, as the fable goes, were much in love with Orpheus. None, however, was able to make any impression upon his mind except Eurydice. After her death, they renewed their suit, which was rejected. To this cir- cumstance the words, quo munere spreto, may refer : which (whose) offer being de- spised. They may, however, refer to his total indifference to all female charms, and his disregard of marriage. In tin's sense, Mr.- Davidson takes them. It is said, verse 5 16, supra : Nulla Venus, et nulli Hymencei fiexere animum. See Eel. iii. 46. Heyne reads spretce, but the sense determines in favor of spreto. This disregard and indif- ference of Orpheus to the charms of the Thracian women, so enraged them, that during their revellings at a feast of Bacchus, they set upon him, tore him in pieces, and strowed his limbs over the Thracian fields. 521. J\"octurni. The orgies of Bacchus were usually celebrated in the night ; hence the epithet nocturnus, applied to Bacchus. 523. Marmorea : in the sense of Candida. 524. CEagrius: an adj. from CEagrus, a king of Thrace, and father of Orpheus. Gurgite : in the sense of fiuvio, vel alveo. Hebrus. It is the principal river of Thrace. With its tributary streams, it waters a con- siderable extent v of country. It falls into the head of the Archipelago. Into this river the furious Bacchanals cast the head of Orpheus, which, as it floated down the current, continued to repeat the name of Eurydice. 527. Referebant: repeated echoed. 528. Dedit : in the sense of immisif. 529. Torsit snnmunttm: he threw the foaming water 'over his head. Dr. Trapp observes, that although this episode be ad- mirable in itself, it is obvious to observe that 156 P. V1HG1LII MAHONKS 530. At CyreiiQ non At non Cyrene : namque ultro affata timentem : 530 dedit se inaltummare:^^^ n cet tristes animo deponere curas. tSffSffSZZ*** omnis rb> causa : hinc miserable Nympha, 532. HSBC est omnis Cum quibus ilia chores lucis agitabat m altis, causa morbi apibus tuis Exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex Tende, petens pacem, et faciles venerare Napaeas. 535 Namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent. Sed, modus orandi qui sit, prius ordine dicam. 538. Primum delige Quatuor exirnios prsestanti corpore tauros, quatuor Qui tibi nunc viridis dopascunt summa Lycrei, 540. Earum cervice Delige, et intacta totidem cervice juvencas. 540 intacta /wgo Quatuor his aras alta ad delubra Dearum stitue' "" Constitue > et sacrum jugulis demitte cruorem, Corporaque ipsa bourn frondoso desere luco. Post, ubi nona suos aurora ostenderit ortus, 545. Tanquam infc- Inferias Orphei, lethnea papavera mittes, 545 rias Orphei Placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere csesn, Et nigram mactabis ovem, lucumque revises. 77/ f 48 ' E Haud mora : continuo matris prseccpta facessit : Ad delubra venit, moristratas excitat aras, Quatuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros 550 Ducit, et intactS. totidem cervice juvencas. 554. Hie vcro aspi- Post, ubi nona suos aurora induxerat ortus, ciunt monstrum subi- Inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit, tum, ac mirabile dictu, Hie vero subitum, ac dictu inirabile monstrum ?o\7uteT S erC m Aspiciunt ; liquefacta bourn per viscera toto 555 557. Immensasque Stridere apes utero, et ruptis effervere costis, nubes carmn Immensasque train nubes ; jamque arbore summa NOTES. it is introduced a little inartificially. P"or Lyc&us. This was a mountain in Arcadia. it is not to be supposed that Proteus, having where it is said, Aristseus sometimes re- been made a prisoner, and speaking by con- sided. Eximios : in the sense of insignes. straint, would tell this long story to enter- ^ Dearum . lhe Nvmphs. See Eel. ii. 46. tarn Ansteus, who had thus offered violence 5^ Demi[le: let ^^ sacred blood to him. It would have been enough for him, from tl : 4}, roafs to inform Arist^us that his misfortunes were occasioned by the death of Enrydice, with- 543< & esere : m tnc sense of * out relating all the circumstances conse- 545. Mittes : you shall offer Lctnrean pop- quent upon it. But it may be said, this re- pies, as a sacrifice to Orpheus : i. e. to ap- lation is more to the point than is usually pease the Manes of Orpheus. Inferw : imagined. These circumstances greatly ag- properly were offerings, or sacrifices to the gravate the guilt of Aristccus, and so it was Gods below for the dead to the Manes, proper enough, if not necessary, to relate The poppy was usually offered in sacrifice them. However the case may be, I would on such occasions, because its property is to not, says he, lose this episode to be the au- cause sleep, or forgetfulness : sleep being a thor of all the best criticisms that were ever lively emblem of death. Ldhtza: an adj. written upon it. Sub rertice : in the sense from Letkum : of Greek origin. of super verticem. 549. Excitat : in the sense of erigit. 532. Hinc: hence, for the cause or reasons Monstratas : in the sense of prcr-scriptas. which Proteus had just mentioned. 55 - Prastanti : in the sense of pulchro. a > i , The prep, e is understood. - ****"" "' l " e f|. BSa, in the sense of offer, ro- m i. ^54. Monstrum: in the sense ofprodigwm. 5J. lende: in the sense of offer. JVapw- 555. Liquefacta: in the sense of put 'n- as : Nymphs of the groves, from a Greek facia : word, signifying a grove. Faciles : easy to 556. Stridere : to hum or bvateffcmrr . appeased. in the gense of erum pere. o39. Summa viridis : the tops of verdant 557. Trahi : to be borne along. GEORGICA. LIB. IV. Confluere, et lentis uvam demittere ramis. Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumque canebam, Et super arboribus : Caesar dum magnus ad altum 560 Fulrninat Euphratem bello, victorque volentes Per populos dat jura, viamque afFectat Olympo. Illo Virgilium me tempore dulcis alebat Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti : Carmina qui lusi pastorum : audaxque juventa, Tityre, te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi. y/* 563. Illo tempore dul- Parthenope alebat NOTES; 558. Confluere: to collect together to swarm. Demittere : to hang from the flex- ile boughs, like a bunch of grapes. Depen- dere in modum uvce, says Ruaeus. 562. Ajfectat viam : he prepares his way to heaven. By the splendor of his actions, he lays the foundation for divine honors. These he afterwards received by a decree of the Senate. From this passage, it is in- ferred, that Virgil continued the care of the Georgics as long as he lived ; for the time here mentioned was only the year before his death. At that time, in the year of Rome 734, Augustus was at the head of the Roman army on the banks of the Euphrates, and forced Pkraates, king of the Parthians, to restore the Eagles, which they had taken from Crassus, the Roman consul, in a for- mer war. The neighboring nations, and even the 1 Indians, awed by the splendor of his actions, made a voluntary submission to him. 564. Parthenope: the city Naples. It was founded by the Chalsidenses, and by them called Parthenope, from the circum- stance of their finding the tomb of one of the Sirenes, of that name ; who, because she was unable to allure Ulysses on shore with her music, killed herself. The} 7 how- CV9 * ever demolished it afterward, because it proved an injury to Cwmee, which they built in the neighborhood. They re-built it at the command of an oracle, and called it Neapo- lis, or the New City. Studiis : flourishing in the studies of inglorious ease. Otium, very properly denotes the peaceful, and re- tired life of a philosopher : which the poet modestly calls inglorious, (ignouilis) in com- parison of a public life. Every other occu- pation besides war and public affairs, re- ceived from the Romans, the name of Oti- um. Or, ignobilis may here mean private, retired, without noise and show. This is the sense in which Dr. Trapp understands it. Ruaeus says, privati otii. Otium is pro- perly opposed to labor, in signification. Oil : by apocope for otii. 565. Lusi : in the sense of cecini. Au- dax : in the sense of confident. Virgil was about twenty-six years of age when he began his Eclogues, and finished them when he was about thirty -three. Mr. Wharton imagines these four last lines are spurious. He thinks the book naturally concludes with the words: Viamqutaffcctai Olympo. For, says he, noth- ing can be a more complete and sublime conclusion, than this compliment to Augus- tus. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this book? Why does the poet call honey aerial ? What places are proper for placing the hives ? What direction is given for recalling the swarms, when flying away ? Is this practised by bee-masters at the present day? What is the character of the poet's de- scription of a battle between two discordant swarms ? The poet represents the leaders under the appellation of kings : Is that strictly cor- rect? To which of the sexes do they belong ? How many different words dues the poet use for the hive ? What arc they ? Was Virgil remarkable for this diversity of style ? Is the bee a very sagacious animal ? Whence did they receive, according to the poets, this extraordinary sagacity ? What was this in consideration of? How is this fable interpreted ? Why was the goat transferred to heaven, and made a constellation ? To whom were his horns given ? What property was added to these ? Was the opinion of the ancients concern- ing the production of the bee, incorrect '. Is that opinion now exploded ? How many kinds of bees are there in the hive ? Of what sex are the Drones? There is only one female bee in the hive : and what is she called ? What is her employment ? Of what sex are the laboring 1" Is the bee-hive a piece of exquisite work- manship ? 158 P. VIRGILIi MARONIS What does the poet emphatically call the hives ? Where was the city Canopus situated r By whom was it built ? Why is it called Pellaan ? Why does the poet call the Egyptians, Gens fortunata ? Where does the Nile take its rise ? What is the cause of its overflowing ? What course does it run ? By how many mouths does it empty ? What does it form towards its mouth ? How is the water of the Nile conducted to the different parts of Egypt? How high must it rise for that purpose ? If it fall short of that, what is expected ? What did the Romans call any people living in a hot climate ? In what sense may the Nile be said to have pressed upon the borders of Persia ? Who was Aristaeus ? What is the character of this episode re- specting him ? Is the production of the bee, as here re- lated, fabulous ? Who was Proteus ? What property did he possess in an emi- nent degree ? Where is he said to have had his place of residence ? Whom does Herodotus make him ? Whom does Sir Isaac Newton consider him? With whom was he cotemporary ~i How is Proteus represented as drawn ; How many opinions were there among the ancients of the origin of rivers ? What were they ? By what distinguished philosophers were these different opinions maintained ? Which opinion does Virgil follow ? What was this grand reservior or recep- tacle called ? Why were the epithets Taurinus and Cornutus sometimes given to rivers ? What is said of the river Acheloiis ? Whence arose the fable of the cornu- copia ? Who was Orpheus ? What is said of the music of his lyre ? What effect had it upon the shades be- low? What effect had it upon Pluto himself? Why did he descend to the realms of Pluto? What was the issue of it ? What was the probable origin of the fa- ble of Charon and his boat ? What does Dr. Trapp observe concerning this episode of Aristseus ? Is there reason to believe that Virgil con- tinued to revise his Georgics as long as he lived? What is that reason ? INTRODUCTION TO THE ENEID. THE ./Eneid is a heroic, or epic poem. It takes its name from the son of Anchises and Venus. By his father he was allied to the royal family of Troy. He was also the son-in-law of Priam ; whose daughter, Creusa, he had married. ^Eneas is the hero of the poem. * Its subject is, his removal into Italy with a colony of Trojans, and their settlement in that country. Virgil was forty years of age when he commenced the ^Eneid. He had just finished the Georgics : and Augustus, now thirty-three years old, had undisturbed possession of the Roman empire. And nothing appeared to interrupt the universal repose, so desirable after the long civil wars that had desolated the fairest portions of it. It was at this moment, when the minds of the Roman people were turned from the desolating scenes of war to the milder arts of peace, that the poet conceived the plan of writing the ^Eneid, a poem second only to the Iliad, for the entertainment and instruction of his countrymen. There are some, who think the principal object of the poet was to flatter the pride and vanity of the Roman people, and especially Augustus, who was now raised to the highest temporal power. This part of his works is by far the noblest, though not the most perfect and finished. It was his intention to have revised it before he published it to the world ; but he died leaving it incomplete, as appears by several imperfect lines found in different parts of it. He bequeathed the whole to Augustus, who put the manuscript into the hands of Tucca and Varus for publication, with an injunction not to alter, in any way, the manuscript, nor to fill up the imperfect lines. In the first six books, Virgil imitates the Odyssey of Homer ; in the last six. he follows the Iliad ; and it is probable that we should not have had the /Kneid, if we had not, at the same time, the Odyssey and the Iliad also. Homer may be considered the master, Virgil the pupil ; but it must, at the same time, be acknowledged, that the Roman excelled the Grecian in many instances, particularly in propriety and judgment. Paris, the son of Priam, an accomplished prince, visited the court of Menelaus, by whom he was received with the greatest cordiality. Here he became enraptured with the beautiful Helen, the wife of his host, and conceived the base purpose of taking her with him to Troy. Taking advantage of the absence of her husband, he put his plan into execution. This atrocious deed excited a general indignation through the states of Greece ; and, after sending an embassy to Troy upon the subject, to no purpose, it was determined, as the last resort, to declare war against Priam, and with the united forces of the Grecian princes, to avenge the perfidious act. After a siege of ten years, the city was taken by stratagem, and rased to the ground. ^Eneas, in the fatal night, after performing prodigies of valor, retired some distance from the city, bearing his aged father upon his shoulders, and leading his little son bv the hand. He was followed by 160 INTRODUCTION TO THE ,ENEID. great numbers of his countrymen, who had escaped the flames and the sword. At Antandros, a small town in the neighbourhood of Troy, he built him a fleet of twenty ships, and having furnished himself with all things necessary for his enterprise, set sail in search of a new settlement. He visited Thrace. Here he founded a city which he called JEnos. He abandoned his undertaking at the direction of the ghost of his friend. Thence he sailed to Crete, the land of Teucer, one of the founders of the Trojan race. Here he attempted a settlement, but through the unhealthi- ness of the climate, was compelled to relinquish it, after losing a great number of his companions. In the midst of his distress, he is informed in a vision, that Italy, the birth place of Dardanus, was the land destined to him by the Gods. Upon this information he left Crete ; and, after various i'ortunes by sea and land, he arrived in Italy in about seven years after his departure from* his native land. He was kindly received by Latinus, king of Latium, who proposed to bestow upon him his daughter Lavinia, the heiress of his kingdom. Turnus, king of the Rutuli, a brave and valiant prince, had long sought her in marriage. He opposed her connexion with ^Eneas. This occasioned a bloody war, in which most of the Italian princes were engaged, on one side or the other. It ended in the death of Turnus, which closes the ./Eneid. ^Eneas afterwards married Lavinia, and succeeded Latinus in his king- dom. He built a city, which he called Lavinium, in honor of his wife. This he made the seat of his government. He was succeeded by Ascanius, or lulus, who reigned thirty years, when he built Alba Longa, to which he removed with his court. Here the. government was administered by a line of Trojan princes for three hundred years, till Romulus arose, who founded the city of Rome. After Romulus, the royal line was broken, and the government transferred to Numa Pompilius, a Sabine. The three first books are not arranged in the order of time. The second book, which relates the downfall of Troy, and is the basis of the poem, is the first in time. The third, which relates the voyage of ^Eneas, till after his departure from Sicily for Italy, follows. The first, which relates the disper- sion of his fleet, and his arrival in Africa, with his kind reception by Dido, succeeds the third. The rest are all in the order of time. But this change, so far from being a defect in the poem, is an advantage, and shows the judgment of the poet. He was enabled thereby to make his hero relate the downfall of his country, and the various fortunes of his long and event- ful voyage. The poet hath contrived to introduce into his poem the outlines of the Roman history, and a number of interesting episodes, which add to thv whole beauty and entertainment. For further particulars, see the introduction to the several books. QUESTIONS. What kind of poem is the ^Eneid ? Do some suppose a different object ? Who is the hero of it ? In what light may the JEneid be consi- What is its subject ? dered, in regard to the Iliad ? What was the age of Virgil, when he be- Did Virgil live to perfect the JSneid ? gan the ^Eneid ? To whom did he bequeath it ? How long was he engaged in it ? Under whose inspection was it published ; Who was then at the head of the Roman What gave rise to the Trojan war ? empire ? How long was the city besieged ? What was the state of that empire ? What was the issue of the siege ? What probably was the principal object What did ^Eneas do in the fatal nighl of the poet in writing the JCneid ? From what place did he set sail? INTRODUCTION TO THE How many ships had he ? What place did he first visit ? What city did he found there ? To what place did he next sail ? Why did he go to Crete ? What befel him there ? From Crete, to what place did he direct his course ? How many years elapsed before he ar- rived in Italy ? Why was he directed to go to Italy ? How was he received by Latinus ? What prince opposed his connexion with Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus ? What was the consequence : What was the issue of the war ? What did he do afterwards ? Did he build a city ? What did he call it? Who succeeded him in the government : What city did Ascanius afterwards build '. How long did it continue to be the seat of the government? Do the books of the jEneid follow each other in the order of time ? What books are not placed in this order : Did this afford the poet any advantage ? P. VIRGILII MAROMs LIBER PRIMUS. THIS Book is considered one of the finest and the- most perfect of the ^Eneid. Its subject, and the cause of Juno's resentment being premised, it opens seven years after the embarkation of /Eneas. He had now arrived in the Tuscan sea, and was in sight of Italy ; when Juno, to avenge herself upon the Trojans, repaired to .flColus, and by fair promises, prevailed upon him to let loose his winds. They rush forth in every direction, and cause a violent tempest ;. which dispersed the Trojan fleet. It sunk one ship, and drove several others on the shore. Neptune assuages the tumult of the waves, and causes a calm. Having severely rebuked the winds for invading his dominions without his permission, he assists in getting off the ships. After this, jEneas directs his course southward, and arrives on the coast of Africa. Venus complains to Jupiter of the hardship of her son, and prays that an end may be put to his sufferings. Whereupon, he sends Mercury to procure him a kind reception among the Carthaginians. In the mean time, jEneas walks abroad to make some discoveries of the country, accompanied by Achates. Venus, in the form and attire of a virgin huntress, presents herself to him. Upon his inquiry, she .nforms him to what country he had arrived, what were the inhabitants, their manners, and customs. She also gives him a brief account of Dido, and of the settlement of the country ; and, veiled in a cloud, she conducts him to the city. Passing through the crowd unseen, he goes to the temple. Here he finds his companions, whom he expected to be lost. Here he sees Dido, and is struck with her majesty and grace. By a device of Venus, she conceives a passion for him ; which, in the end, proves her rum. The poet hath introduced several interesting episodes ; particularly the description of Carthage, the representation of the Trojan battles, the song of lopas, &c. The book concludes, leaving Dido inquiring concerning Priam, and the Trojan heroes ; concern- ing Achilles and Diomede ; concerning the Trojan disasters, the stratagems of the Greeks, and the voyage of ./Eneas. These form the subject of the two following books. ARMA, virumque cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris 1- Qui profugus fato, Italiam, fato profugus, Lavinaque venit P rimus . ver f ab oris Litora : multum ille et terris jactatus et alto, NOTES. 1. Virum: jEneas, the hero of the poem, to Phrygia, and founded this city in con- Vir^ properly signifies a man, as distin- junction with Teucer, whose daughter he guished from a woman ; also, the male of married. It was also called Teucria, from any species or kind, as distinguished from Teucer. the female. TVo/ce : Troy, once a famous 2. Profugus fato : driven impelled by city of Phrygia Minor, in the Lesser Asia ; fate. JEneas left his country at the direc- so called from TVos, one of its kings. It tion of the gods ; and under thei^ conduct, was sometimes called Ilium, llios, or //ion, he came to Italy, and settled in Latium. from Ilus, the son of Tros ; Dardania, from This circumstance the poet turns to the Dardanus, the grand-father of Tros. Having honor of >Eneas and the Romans, whom he killed his brother Janus, he fled from Italy makes to descend from him. Lovina ?T> P. VIRGILII MARONIS Vi Superiim, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram. 5. Et passus esl mul- Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, la quoque Inferretque Deos Latio : genus unde Latinum, Albanique patres, atque aittE moenia Romas. 8. O Musa, memora Musa, mini causas memora : quo numine laeso, carwmre-Q u j ( j ve|( j | ens regina Deum tot!volvere casus Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores, 1 ?^- .T^aean, m isccBlestibus,ra3? I nomine, contra Italiam, Urbs antiqua fuit, lym tenuere coloni, Tiberinaque ostia longe Carthago, Italiam contra, Tiberinaque longe mihi causas rum 10 NOTES. adj. from Lavinium, a city built by ./Eneas ; so called from Lavinia, the daughter of La- tinus, whom he married. It was situated about eight miles from the shore, in lat. 41 4(y north, and long. 13 Iff east from London. 4. Ob memorem iram : on account of the lasting resentment of cruel Juno. Juno was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister and wife of Jupiter. She was born, some say at Argos, but others say at Samos. She was jealous of her husband, and implacable in all her resentments. She was enraged against Paris, the son of Priam, because he adjudged the prize of beauty, which was a golden apple, to Venus, rather than to herself. From that moment, she became a bitter enemy to the whole Trojan race, and even to Venus herself. Not content with the subversion of the kingdom of Priam, she used her endeavor to destroy the few, who escaped the sword and the flames. Juno had sumptuous temples dedicated to her in various places. Among the chief may be reckoned her temples at Argos, Sa- inos, and Carthage. The hawk, the goose, and the peacock were sacred to her. Va- rious names were given her, chiefly on ac- count of her offices, and the places where she was worshipped; some of which are the following : Saturnia, Olympia, Samia, Argiva, Lacedsemonia, Lucina, Pronuba, Sospita, and Ophegena. 6. Unde Latinum genus : hence (arose) the Latin race. Here is some difficulty. The Latins could not spring from ./Eneas ; for he found them in Italy on his arrival. Some refer the word unde to Latium, taking the mean- ing to be : from which country sprung the Latin race. Servius would explain it thus : JEneas, having overcome all opposition, and being seated on the throne of Latinus, in- stead of changing the Latin name, as he might have done, in right of his conquest, incorporated his Trojans along with his subjects under the general name of Latins, so that he might not improperly be called the founder of the Latin race. 7. Albanique patres. Ascanius, who suc- ceeded his father, left Lavinium^, and having built Alba Longa, made it the seat of his government. This city gave birth to Ro- mulus, who founded the city Rome. The Albans may therefore be called the fathers of the Romans. Jllbani may be either an adj. or a sub. 8. Quo numine laso : what god being in- jured what god had he injured. Quirf; in the sense of cur. Dolcns ; in the sense of qff'ensa. Ruseus interprets Iceso by riolato. 9. Vohcre casus : to struggle with mis- fortunes as with a load. RUERUS takes this in the sense of volvi casibus; but it is much more poetical to take the verb in the active voice. Volvere imports labor and difficulty, like a person rolling a great weight, or a river bearing down before it all opposition. Folvere casus then represents ^neas resolutely going forward, and rising superior to all difficulties and dangers ; but volvi casibus would show him overcome and vanquished by misfortunes. But this is not the design of the poet. 10. Adire. This verb properly signifies, to brave dangers to look an enemy in the face to undertake any tiling resolutely. Labores, probably refers to the wars and hardships which ./Eneas underwent after his arrival in Italy ; while casus may refer to the toils, dangers, and misfortunes which he passed through on his way thither. lm- pulerit : forced, or doomed. 12. Tyrii : an adj. from Tyrus, a city in Phoenicia, on the shore of the Mediterranean. Hodie, Sur. From this city, a colony removed to Afri- ca under Xorus and Carchedon, and settled at Utica : afterwards Dido followed with her wealth, and a great number of her countrymen, and founded, or, as some say, fortified Carthage. See jEn. iv. 1. Tyrii coloni: a Tyrian colony. Tenuere: inha- bited held. 13. Tiberina: an adj. from Tiber, the name of a river of Italy. Jt rises in the Appenines, and running in a south easterly direction, falls into the Mediterranean sea. A few miles above its mouth, Rome was afterwards built. It is the second river in size in Italy. JSNEIS. LIB. 'L 165 Ostia, dives opum, studiisque asperrima belli : Quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus imam Posthabita coluisse Samo. Hie illius arma, Hie currus fuit : hoc regnum Dea gentibus esse, Si qua fata sinant, jam turn tenditque fovetque. Progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces. Hinc populum late regem, belloque superbum, Venturum excidio Libyae : sic volvere Parcas., Id metuens, veterisque memor Saturnia belli, Prima quod ad Trojam pro charis gesserat Argis. Necdum etiam causse irarum, saevique dolores Exciderant animo. Manet alt mente repdstum Judicium Paridis, spretaeque injuria formae, Et genus invisurn, et rapti Ganymedis honores. His accensa super, jactatos aequore toto 15 21. Audierat populuin 20 regem late, et superhum bello,venturura esse hinc excidio Libyee : audit- rat Parcas volvere sic. Saturnia metuens id, memorque 25 29. Arcebat longe a Latio Troas, relliquiae Danaum, atque imniitis Achillei, jactatos toto aequore : actique fatis errabant NOTES. 14. Dives opum: abounding in wealth. Opes properly signifies power acquired by wealth. Asperima, &c. Dedita studiis belli, says Heyne. Carthage was situated in Africa, near where Tunis now stands. The Carthaginians were a very commercial people. They planted colonies in various parts of Europe, and widely extended their conquests. For a long time, they disputed with the Romans the empire of the world. They were brave, and much devoted to the study of the arts of war. See JEn. iv. 1. 15. Qwwi unam Juno : which one city, Juno is reported to have loved more than all larids. Samo posthabita : Samos being less esteemed, or set by. Samos is an island in the icarian sea, over against Ephesus. Here Juno was brought up and married to Ju- piter. Here she had a most splendid temple. 17. Dea jam turn regnum : the goddess even then both intended and cherished (the hope that) it would become the ruler over the nations would be the capital of the world. Ruseus interprets Hoc regnum gen- tibus, by ilia, imperat populis. Heyne takes the words in the sense of caput imperil ter- rarum. Currus. Juno had two kinds of chariots, one in which she was wafted 'through the air by peacocks, the other for war, drawn by horses of celestial breed. These last are here meant. 20. Olim: hereafter. 21. Populum, &c. (She had heard) that a people of extensive sway, and renowned in war, should coine hence to the destruc- tion of Lybia. fiegem is plainly in the sense of regentem, vel dominantem. Ruaeus interprets excidio Lybice, by, per cladem Ly- bicK, implying by the destruction of Car- thage, the chief city of Africa, Rome would become powerful and renowned in war. The sense 1 have given is evidently in the spirit of the poet, and the best. Hinc : hence from Trojan blood. 22. Parcas : the fates. See Eel. iv. 47. 23. Metuens id. In the long and bloody war which the Greeks carried on against Troy, Juno took a very active part, and ex- erted all her power in favour of the Greeks ; and she feared she should be again involved in a similar contest with the Trojan race, in favor of her beloved Carthage. The id re- fers to the whole preceding sentence. Ar- gis. Argos was one of the chief cities of Greece. Here Juno had a particular resi- dence : put, by synec. for Greece in general. 24. Prima: an adj. agreeing with Satur- nia. It appears to be used here in the sense of princeps, the chief or principal hi the business. 23. Dolores: grief resentment. Ruaeus says, indignatio. Sazvi : cruel unrelenting. 27. Judicium Paridis : the judgment, or decision of Paris. See verse 4, supr a,and nom . prop, under Paris. Repdstum : by syn. for re- positum. FormcB : beauty. Injuria : affront. 28. Genus invisum. In addition to the decision of Paris, Juno hated the Trojans on account of Dardanus, one of the found- ers of their race. He was the son of Ju- piter and Electra, the daughter of Atlas. All her husband's illegitimate children wero the objects of her bitter resentment. Ho- nores rapti Ganymedis : the honors of (con- ferred upon) stolen Ganymede. The office of cup-bearer to the gods was taken from Hebe, the daughter of Juno, and conferred upon Ganymede, a beautiful youth, the son of Tros, king of Troy. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter in the form of an eagle, when he was upon mount Ida. This was another cause of her resentment. 29. Accensa super his : inflamed at these tilings; namely, the amour of her husband with Electra, the honors conferred upon Ganymede, and the decision of Paris- in fa- vor of Venus. The fear of the future de- struction of her favorite Carthage, and tli* 166 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Troas, relliquias Danaum atque immitis Achillei, Arcebat longe Latio : multosque per annos Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum. 33. Condere Roma- Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem. nam gentem, erat opus y ix ^ conspectu giculge tellurig ^ t tantee molis Tr , , , 35. Vix Trojani Iseti v ela dabant iaetl > et spumas sails afire ruebant ; clabant vela Cum Juno, aeternum servant sub pectore vulnus, 37. Volvebat heec se- Haec secum : Mene incepto desistere victam, cum : Me-ne victam Nec posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem ? Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem Argivum, atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto, Unius ob noxam, et furias Ajacis Oilei ? 35 40 NOTES. recollection of her past war, in which she had encountered so many difficulties, do not appear the only cause of her procedure. They contributed, no doubt, with the other particulars just mentioned, to increase the flame in her breast. 30. Achillei : gen. of Achilles. He was the son of Peleus, king of Thessaly, and Thetis, a Goddess of the sea. While he was an infant, his mother dipped him all over in the river Styx, to ren- der him invulnerable, except the heel by which she held him. He was concealed among the daughters of Lycomedes, king of the island of Scyros, in female apparel, that he might not go to the siege of Troy. While there, he deflowered Deidamia, one of the princesses, who bore him Pyrrhus. He was, however, discovered by Ulysses ; and afterward went to Troy. He slew Hector in single combat, and drew his dead body, behind his chariot, seven times around the walls of Troy, in revenge for his friend Patroclus, whom Hector had slain in battle. And he was himself slain by Paris, with an arrow, which pierced his heel, while he was in the temple of Thymbrian Apollo. He is sometimes called Pelides, from Peleus his father : also JEacides, from his grand-fa- ther JEacus. He is represented t have been of a cruel and vindictive temper, but at the same time, very brave. 33. Molis: magnitude labor difficulty. 34. Sicula . an adj. from Sicilia. Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, lying to the south of Italy, and separated from it by the straits of Messina. 35. J,re, : with the brazen prow. The beaks of their ships were of brass, or over- laid with brass. Dabant : spread. 36. Vulnus (Bternum : a lasting resent- ment. The same as memorem iram, verse iv. supra. Servans ; feeding, cherishing. 37. Me-ne victam : shall I overcome, de- sist from my purpose, nor be able, &c. Me victam : the ace. after the verb volvebat, or some other of the like import, understood. .TVc, when joined to a verb, is generally inter- rogative, as in the present case. When it does not ask a question, it either is a nega- tive particle, or expresses some circumstance or condition of an action. 38. Teucrorum. The Trojans were some- times called Tettcri) fr m Teucer,one of their founders. See note 1. supra. By Regem Teucrorum we are to understand ./Eneas. It seems now to be the purpose of Juno to prevent the settlement of the Trojans in Italy ; and by that means, counteract the purposes of the Gods concerning their fu- ture grandeur and power ; to destroy them utterly, if it be possible, and disperse them over the deep. To this end, she applies to ^Eolus to raise a tempest on the sea, as the most likely way to effect her object. 40. Argivum : for Argivorum^ by syn. properly the citizens of Argos : but by sy- ntc. put for the Greeks in general, or any part of them. Here it means the Locrians, who, with Ajax, their king, returning home from Troy, were shipwrecked. Ajax was struck by Pallas with a thunderbolt for ha- ving ravished Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, in the temple of Pallas. But Homer gives us a different account. He says, that Ajax was drowned by Neptune, for having impiously boasted that he would escape the dangers of the sea, even against the will of the Gods. The Greeks are sometimes called Danai, from Da,naus,one of their kings. He led a colony from Egy;>t into Greece; and, for his services am; talents, was held in high esti- mation through all the Grecian states. 41. AjacisOllei. There were two persons at the siege of Troy, by the name of Ajax. The one here meant was the son of O'ileus, king of the Lociians. He went with forty ships against Troy. The other was the son of Talemon king of Salamis, an island in the Sinus Saronicus* between Attica, and the Morea, or Peloponnessus. it is said he fell upon his own sword, because the armour of Achilles was adjudged to Ulysses rather than to himself. jVoxam et furias. These both refer to the crime committed by him upon Cassandra. He offered violence to her during the sack of Troy. JENEIS. LIB. I. lt$? Ipsa, Jovis rapidum jaculata e nubibus igriem, Disjecitque rates, evertitque aequora ventis : Ilium expirantem transfixo pectore flammas Turbine corripuit, scopuloque infixit acuto. 45 45. Turbine corripuit ; Ast ego, quae Divurn incedo regina, Jovisquej ulum expirantem tiam- Et soror et conjux, uria cum gente tot annos Bella gero : et quisquam numen Junonis adoret Praeterea, aut supplex aris imponat honorem ? Talia flammato secum Dea corde volutans, 50 Nimborum in patriam, loca fceta furentibus Austris, jEoliam venit, Hie vasto rex JEolus antro 52. H ; c rex ^Eolus in Luctantes ventos, tempestatesque sonoras vasto antro premit im- Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere fraenat. Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis 55 Circum claustra fremunt. Celsa sedet ^Eolus arce, Sceptra tenens ; mollitque animos, et temperat iras^ Ni facial, maria ac terras eodumque profundura Quippe lerant rapidi secum, verrantque per auras. cum mar ia Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, 60 Hoc metuens : molemque et monies insuper altos Imposuit ; regemque dedit, qui fcedere certo 62. Qui jussus sciret Et premere, et laxas sciret dare jussus habenas. et P r emere ecucerto foe- Ad quern turn Juno supplex his vocibus usa est : habenas **** **'* l ** ^Eole, (namque tibi Divum pater atque hominum rex 65 Et mulcere dedit fluctus, et tollere vento.) NOTES. 42. Ipsa jaculata. Beside Jove, several of for wind in general : the species for th the Gods and Goddesses could hurl the genus. thunder of heaven. Here Pallas is said to 52. In JEoliam venit : she came into JEo- do it, to burn the ships of Ajax, to drown lia, the country of storms. their crews, and to pierce his breast with a The ^lolian islands are seven in number. stream of lightning. situated between Italy and Sicily on the 46. Qwce incedo : I who walk the Queen west - Tnev were sometinu s called Vulcani(t % of the Gods, and both the sister and wife and Hephwstiades. The chief of which are of Jove, carry on war, &c. Lipara, Hiera, and Sirongyle. Here jEolus Servius observes that the verb Incedo sig- the son of Hippotas reigned. He is said to nines to walk with dignity, and in state : nave invented sails, and to have been a great Cum dignitate aliqua ambulare : and is pro- astronomer, and observer of the winds. perly applied to persons of rank, and dis- Hence the poets make him the god of the tinguished characters. winds. Homer tells us that he gave to Ulvs- 49. Prefer** : beside-in addition to the "' ' . - K f reasons already given. If I shall show my- Jt haca, confined m a bag ; but self un-Vole to effect my purpose, and satiate my revenge-if I shall let them alone : who The whole of this speech of Juno is ani- na f f S ^ S f eed / ^P erio : P7 er ' mated, full of pride and haughtiness If 81< Molemet altos ^ontes: for molem allo- Pallas', a goddess of inferior Lnor d%nity m0ntl ? ** h ^, diadis : th w ~ ht . of and power, could destroy the fleet of Aiax / mountains - This mode of expression drown his followers, an/ kUl their leader 1S fre ^ ent ^ VirgiL-/ V er : in the surely I, who am both the sister and wife se ^ oi P^erea. of Jove, am able to destroy these few fugi- T Premere : m die sense of cohibere.- tire Trojans, and their king. Jllssus ; comrnandedl>y Jove. Here again is a metaphor taken from the rider : Dare 51. Auslris furentibus : places pregnant laxas habenas : to give loose rem*-to let with furious winds, duster properly signi* the horse go at full speed. Fadere fies the south wind ; but it frequently is put rule. 168 P. VIRGILII MAROiMS Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat sequor. Ilium in Italian! portans, victosque Penates. Incute vim ventis, submersasque obrue puppes : 70. Aut age eas mAut age diversas, et disjice corpora ponto.^. 70 d T 8 Qu P aTum jungam ^ unt mihi bis f P tem P r8esta " corpore Nymphs : tibi stabili connubio Quarum, quae forma pulcherrima, Deiopeiam Deiopeiara, quee est pul- Connubio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo : cherrima earum omnium Omnes ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos forma, dicaboque earn Exigat, et pulchrk faciat te prole parentern. 75 SesTnios* "^ ^ lus h * c c ^tra : Tuus, 6 regina, quid optes, 76. Contra Molus Explorare labor : mihi jussa capessere fas est. respondit haec : O regi- Tu mihi, quodcunque, hoc regni, tu sceptra, Jovemque na, tuus labor est Concilias : tu das epulis accumbere Divum, hJ^iTuodc^ue Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem. 80 est: t\i concilias Haec um dicta, cavum converse cuspide montem 81. Ubi heec dicta Impulit in latus ; ac venti, velut agmine facto, irapulit cavum Qua data porta, ruunt, et terras turbine perflant. c^bulTe mari Incubuere mari > totumque a sedibtis imis Em-usque ^notusque ^ n ^ Eurusque Notusque ruunt, creberque procellis 85 r Africusque creber pro- Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.* cellis, unaque ruunt to- Insequitur clamorque virum, stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes ccelumque, diemque, Teucrorum ex oculis : ponto nox incubat atra. Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether : J-Mi Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Extemplo JEneze solvuntur frigore membra. Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas. Talia voce refert : O terque quaterque beati. NOTES. t>7. Tyrrhenian mare. That part of the be. Servius thinks no more is meant by 2o- Mediterranean between the islands of Cor- las' receiving his kingdom and sceptre from sica, Sardinia and Sicily, was called the Tus- Juno, than that " the winds are, air put into can Sea. motion ; which is sometimes called Juno." 68. Ilium: Troy; by meton. for the 80. Potentem: the present part, used as a Trojans those that survived the catastro- substantive : ruler of storms and tempests, phe of the city. See note 1. supra. Pena- 82. Jlgmine facto: in a formed battalion tes ; see Geor. 2. 505. or a battalion being formed. Impulit : 69. Incute vim : add force to your winds, he struck. and overwhelm their ships sunk in the sea. 84. Incubuere: the perf. in the sense of" 71. Pr&stanti : in the sense ofpulchro. the pres. they rest upon. 73. Dicabo propriam : I will consecrate 87. Rudentum : in the sense offuniinn. her (to be) your own your peculiar pro- 90. Poli. Polus is properly that part oi' perty. This passage is in imitation of Ho- the heavens, called the pole. By synec. pul v mer. Iliad 14. 301. for the whole heavens. Poll: the heavens 77, Labor: concern business. Fas cst, thundered. Ignibus: lightning. JFdhzr : in the sense of cequum est. in the sense of A'ir. 78. Tu concilias, &c. The meaning of the 92. Solvuntur : shudder are unnerved. passage appears to be: I owe to thy favor Duplices: in the sense of ambas. and kind offices the empire of the winds, and 93. Ingemuit : he groaned. Not indeed at the power and axithority of a king, which the fear of death absolutely considered, but thou didst obtain of Jove for me. Through at the prospect of dying an inglorious death thy favor also, I sit at the table of the Gods, among the waves. Both duty and gratitude, therefore, impel 94. Refert : he says, or pronounces such me to comply with your request, to do thy like words. O terque, quaterquo beati : commands. Regni : gen. sing, governed by Simply : O thrice happy they, to whom it hoc. It is best translated as if it were of the happened to die before the faces, &c. This same case with hoc. Concilias hoc regm,&c. mode of expression denotes the highest state You procure for me this power, whatever it of felicity. Or, if we suppose it an apo- JENEIS. LIB. I. J HJ . 96> Tydide, fortis- Uueis ante ora patrum, Trojae sub moenibus altis, 95 Contigit oppetere ! 6 Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide, mene lliacis occumbere campis o IN on potuisse tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra ? y jcumbere lliacis Sa3vus ubi ^Eacida? telo jacet liector, ubi ingens Sarpedon : ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis Scuta virum, galeasque, et fortia corpora volvit. Talia jactanti stridens Aquilone procella Velum adversa ferit, fiuctusque ad sidera tollit. Franguntur remi : turn prora avertit, et undis Dat latus : insequitur cumulo pramptus aquse mons. Not Hi summo in fluctu pendent: his unda dehiscens 106 tr es naves abreptas in Terram inter fluctus aperit : furit sestus arenis. Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet ; Saxa, vocant Itali, mediis qua? in fluctibus Aras, Dorsum immane mari summo. Tres Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtes urget, miserabile visu ; 100. Ubi Simois vol. JQQ vit sub undis tot scuta, galeasque, et fortia cor- pora virum 102. Procella stridens ab aquilone, adversa illi jactanti talia, ferit ve- lum latentia saxa, ilia saxa. quffi in mediis fluctibus, Itali vocant aras ; quo- urget tres naves ab alto NOTES. strophe to those, who fell on the plains of Troy, fighting for their country, we may render it". O thrice happy ye, to whom, &c. This last is the more animated and poeti- cal. The former is the sense of Ruaeus. 97. Tydide. Diomede, the son of Tydeus, king of jEtolia. He was wounded by JCne- as in a combat. Me-ne potuisse : the ace. after the verb refert, or some other of the same import, understood : why could I not have fallen on the Trojan plains ? c. 98. Effundere : in the sense of amittere. Jeicet: lies slain, 99. S&vus Hector : valiant Hector. He was the son of Priam and Hecuba, and the bravest of all the Trojans. He was at last slain by Achilles, and his dead body drawn behind his chariot around the walls of Troy, and the tomb of Patrodus, whom Hector had slain some time before. It was after- wards ransomed by Priam at a great price, and honorably buried. JEacidai : Achilles. See note 30. supra. 100. Sarpedon. He was the king of Ly- cia, and came to the assistance of Priam. He was slain by Patroclus. It is said that he was the son of Jupiter by Laodamia. Simois : a river in Troas, rising out of Mount Ida, and flowing into the Scamrnan- der, and with it into the Hellespont, near the promontory of Sigeum. Correpta : car- ried hurried down its current. Virum, by syn. for virorum : of heroes. The poet here alludes to the bloody battle fought on the banks of this river, between the Greeks and Trojans, related by Homer ; in which the latter suffered a signal defeat. 102. froeella : properly, a storm at sea . Hyems, a cold storm in the winter. Nim- bus, a storm of rain with black angry clouds and wind ; a squall. Imber, a gentle show- er of rain. They are, however, not always used with this discrimination. Jactanti: in the sense ofdicenti. 103. Adversa : an adj. agreeing withpro- cella. As ./Eneas was steering toward Italy, a north wind would be in his face, or against him. 105. Insequitur. Nothing can exceed this picture of a rolling billow. It follows (sequi- tur) rolling along, constantly on the increase, (cumulo) till it becomes a broken and rug- ged mountain of water : prtBruptus mons aqua. 107. Ape.rH terrain. So high did the waves roll, that between them the sand or bottom of the sea appeared visible. This may not appear incredible, when it is con- sidered that they were near shore, and on shallows. Dehiscens : opening. Ruaeus in- terprets unda, by mare. JEstus : the tide, er current. 108. Saxa. These rocks are generally supposed to be the JEgates, three Islands not far from the western promontory of Si- cily, where the Romans and Carthaginians made a treaty, which ended the first Punic war. They received the name of altars, from the oaths that were then made by the contracting parties. There is a difficulty in this interpretation. For it is said their huge back was in the surface of the water, and in the preceding line they are called la- tentia saxa. Abreptas : driven forced. 111. Brevia et Syrtes : shoals and quick- sands. Syrtis is properly a large bank of sand made by the action of the water.- There were two of these banks, or Syrtes on the coast of Africa, called the Syrtis Major, and the Syrtis Minor : the former lay to the east of Carthage, at a considerable distance ; the latter nearly opposite. Urge t : in the sense of impellit. Miserabile: shocking- distressing. Vim. is pither th I7U P. VTRGILII MARONIS llliditque vadis, atque aggere cingit arenae. 114. Ingens pontus, Unam ' quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Orontem, ante oculos JEnea, ip- Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus sius,feritavesticeunam In puppim ferit excutitur pronusque magister 115 navem in puppim, qu Volvitur in caput : ast illam ter fluctus ibidem Ve il6 a Astcircumaffens Tor( l uet a g ens c ' ir > et rapidus vorat aequore vortex. fluctus torquet illam na- Apparent ran nantes in gurgite vasto : vem ter ibidem Arma virum, tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas. 118. Homines appa- Jam validam Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae ; ^129 rent rari nantes in vasto t qu vectug Abas et qugL vivoque sedilia saxo ; aquee, sediliaque e vivo Nympharum domus : hie fessas non vincula naves saxo: videtur domus Ulla terient ; unco non alligat anchora morsu. Hue septem ^Eneas collectis navibus omni 170 Ex numero subit : ac magno telluris amore Egressi, optata potiuntur Troes arena, Et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt. Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates. 175. Circumdedit an- g USC epitque ignem foliis, atque arida circum 175 Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam. Tum Cererem corruptam undis, Cerealiaque arma Expediunt fessi rerum : frugesque receptas Et torrere parant flammis, et frangere saxo. . ./Eneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem 180 Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si qua Jactatum vento videat, Phrygiasque biremes, Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caicu NOTES. 159. Longo secessu : in a long or dark re- drenched with salt water dripping witu CBSS. This description of the port and saltwater. harbor is beautiful in itself, and seasonably 176. Arida nutrimenta: dry fuel. Ignem: introduced to relieve the reader, and com- the spark struck from the flint. Rapuit ' pose his mind, after having dwelt upon the he quickly kindled a flame among the fuel, former images of horror and distress. 177. Cererem corruptam : their grain da- 160. Objectu : in the sense of opposite. ma S ed b y & G water wet. For Ceres, sec , n -i Eel. v. 79. Arma: properly, the mstru- 162. Rupes: properly a precipice, or ments O r tools of any art or profession. Ce- broken rock. Scopulus, a high, sharp rock. ^^ therefore, will be the instruments Saxwn, any rock, or stone. Minanlur: or uten6Us used in breaking corn, and pre- reach, or extend to heaven. paring . it for eating 164. Scena sylvis: an arbor formed of 178. Fessi rerum: weary of their misfor- waving trees, and a grove dark with its awful tunes their toils their dangers. Fruges shade, hangs over it from above. Ruaeus receptas : the grain saved. The same with interprets scena by umbraculum. Cererem, just mentioned. 166. Sub adversa fronte. This cave was 179. Parant torrere. Ruaeus takes torrere right in front, or opposite to them, as they in the sense of coquere ; and in that case it. entered the harbor, arid approached the follows frangere, which must be connected shore. Pendentibus : its r^of was arched withfruges receptas : they prepare to break with rocks. Ruseus says sn>pensis, for pen- the corn, and to bake it into bread. But dentibus. torrere may be taken for the act of drying 169. Non ulla vincula Icnent. The mean- the corn that had been wet, and partially ing is : the harbor was so safe and secure, dam aged by the water ; which must pre- that ships needed neither cables nor anchors, cede its being broken, or prepared for mak- Mornt : the fluke. ing bread. Expediunt : they unlade, or 170. Hue JEne.as : here ^neas entered fetch it out of their ships. with seven ships, collected, &c. He left 181. Anthea: a Greek ace. of Antheus. Troaa with twenty ships. One he had just 182. Biremes : biremis is properly a gal- lost, and the rest were scatterred in the ley of two banks of oars. See jEn. v. 119. storm, but ,. not lost. 183. Arma Caici: the arms of Caicus: 173. Artus tabentes sale: their limbs that is, Ca'icus himself. . LIB. I. 173 Navem in conspectu nullam ; tres litore cervos Prospicit errantes : hos tota armenta sequuntur A tergo, et longum per valles pascitur agmen. Constitit hie, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas Corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates. Ductoresque ipsos primiim, capita alta ferentes Cornibus arboreis, sternit : turn vulgus, et omnem Miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam.^ Nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor Corpora fundat humi, et numerum cum navibus sequet. Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes. Vina, bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes Litore Trinacrio, dederatque abeuntibus heros, Dividit, et dictis mcerentia pectora mulcet : O socii, (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum) O passi graviora : dabit Deus his quoque finem. Vos et ScyllEeam rabiem, penitusque sonantes Accestis scopulos ; vos et Cyclopea saxa Experti : revocate animos, mcBStumque timorem Mittite : forsan et hsec olim meminisse juvabit. Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum, Tendimus in Latium ; sedes ubi fata quietas Ostendunt : illic fas regna resurgere Trojae. Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. Talia voce refert : curisque ingentibus O3ger, Spem vultu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem Illi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris. 185 185. Hos tres ductores a tergo 190 195 195. Deinde dividit vina, quae bonus Aces- tes onerarat in cadis Trinacrio litore, heros- que dederat illis abeun- tibus 200 1^9. O vos passi gra- viora 202. Vos expert! estia 205 210 NOTES. 186. A tergo. This might seem 'mere tautology, but it is consistent with the purest Latin. Cicero says : Adolescens cursu a tergo insequens. Longum agmen: the long, or extended herd. 189. Ferentes altct^ bearing their lofty heads with branching horns. The poet finely describes the leaders. They move with a degree of majesty, having their heads erect, and their horns branching out like trees. Gerebat : in the sense offerebat. 191. Agens telis vulgus: pursuing with his weapons the herd and the rest of the throng, among the leafy groves, he disperses them he puts them into confusion by breaking their ranks. The word misceo, as here used, is beautiful and expressive. Om- nem turbam : in the sense of reliquam mul- titudinem. 194. Partitur: he divides them among all his companions. He had killed seven huge deer, so that there was one for the crew of each ship. 195. Acestes'. See^En.v.35. Onerdral: had put in casks, and given them. 196. Trinacrio : an adj. from Trinaeria, a name of Sicily, derived from its triangu- lar form. Its three promontories are : Pa- rhynum, on the south; Lilybceus, on the west ; and Pelorus, on the north. 198. Ante malorum : of past evils, or dis- tresses. RUSRUS takes ante here in the sense of prcRteritorum. Or perhaps, malorum qua fuerunt ante. 200. P^os accestis : ye have approached both the rage of Scylla, and the rocks roar- ing within. See Eel. vi. 74, and Aln. iii. 420. Opposite the rock of Scylla is Cha- rybdis, a dangerous whirlpool ; which, taken together, render the passage of the straits between Sicily and Italy very hazardous. Hence arose the proverb : Incidit in Scyitym, qui vuU vitare Charybdem. This Chary bdis, as fable says, was a voracious old woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules. For which, being struck by the thunder of Jove, she was turned into this whirlpool. Acctstis : by syn. for accessistis. 203. Olim: hereafter. Discrimina: in the sense of pericula. 207. Secundis rebus : preserve yourselves for prosperity. Durate : persevere. 208. wEger ingentibus: oppressed will i heavy cares, (full of anxious solicitude for his friends,) he dissembles hope on hirf countenance, but represses, &c. Refert : in the sense of dicit. 210. Accingunt se: they prepare them- selves for. Tergora : the skins or hides o6b hinc olim, annis volven- tibus, fore ductores hinc a revocato sanguine Teucri, qui tenerent 238. Equidem hoc promisso solabar occa- NOTES. or according to Hesiod, near the island of Cythera. She was taken up to Heaven, when all the Gods were struck with her beauty, and became jealous of her superior attractions. Jupiter attempted, in vain, to gain her affection ; arid as a punishment to her, for the refusal, bestowed her upon his deformed sonTulcan. She, however, had many intrigues with Mars, Mercury and Bacchus. Her partiality for Adonis, indu- ced her to leave Olympus. She also had an affection, it is said, for Anchises, and for his sake, often visited the Groves of Mount Ida. By him she had ./Eneas. Venus possessed a mysterious girdle or cestus, which gave to any, however ugly and deformed, beauty, elegance and grace. Her worship was universally established. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple, were sacred to her. The dove, the swan, and the spar- row, were her favorite birds. She had various names, derived chiefly from the places where she was worshipped ; or from some property or quality she was thought to possess. Some of which, are the the following : Cypria, from the island Cy- prus : Paphia, from Paplios : Cytherea, from the island Cythera ; in each of which places she had splendid temples. She was also called Telepegema, because she presided over marriage : Verlicordia, because she turned the Ixearts of women to chastity : Etaira, because she was the patroness of courtezans : Acidalia, from Acidalus, a fountain in Beo- tia : Basilea, because she was the queen of love : Myrtea, because the myrtle was sa- cred to her : Libertina, on account of her inclinations to licentious amours: Pontea, Marina, Lemnesia, and Pelagea, because she sprung from the sea. The word Venus is often taken for beauty and love ; also for the object of love the person loved. It is used sometimes for any sensual passion, or lust -the intercourse of the sexes. Imperils : in the sense ofpotentia. 233. Quibus passis : against whom, suf- fering so many deaths, the whole world, &c. 234. Hinc : hence from the Trojans. Duc- tores : probably, as Heyne observes, we are to understand Julius Caesar, and Octavius. 235. Revocato, &c. Commentators are divided in opinion, on these words. Corra- dus takes sanguine Teucri, for the Trojans, the offspring of Teucer ; and revocato, in the sense of restitute. Ruaeus rejects this in part. By sanguine Teucri, he understands the Trojans ; and by revocato, their return into Italy, whence Dardanus, the founder of their race, originated. The blood of Teu- cer, and that of Dardanus, were united hi the Trojans, their descendants. Revocato : recalled called back to take possession of the land of their ancestor. 236. Ditione: sway authority. Ttne.- rent : in the sense of regerent. Sententia : in the sense of consilium. 238. Hoc quidem: with this promise, I was mitigating the fall, and sad catastro- phe of Troy : I was consoling myself, at, c. 239. Fatis rependens contraria : to these fates balancing, (or placing) fates con- trary, or of an opposite nature. Fatum, as here used, may mean, either the purposes of the Gods concerning the Trojans, or simply, their fortune or destiny. Their city had been rased, and a numerous train of ills had befallen them. These, we are to under- stand by fatis. By fata contraria, it is plain, we are to understand prosperity, or a state of things different from their former one. Or, if fata be taken for the purposes of the Gods toward them, the interpreta- tion will be the same. The downfall of Troy was a very afflict- ing circumstance to Venus. She strove hard to prevent it. And after the event, she consoled herself with the consideration, that Troy was destined to rise again that their race was to be restored to the land of Dar- danus, and there become the rulers of the world. This lightened her sorrow, and as- suaged her grief. Here, perhaps, it may be asked, if she knew that the future glory of the Trojan race had been decreed and fixed by fate ; why does she appear to express so much anxiety and solicitude upon that sub- ject? It may be said,that the opposition wliich Juno made to it, might make her doubt, and her mind waver. For, Jupiter alone had a perfect insight into futurity, and the rest of 176 P. VIRGILII MARONIS sum, tristesqiie ruinas Nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos 240 ^242. Antenor elapsus Inse( l uitur : rex magne, laborum, ? mediis Achivis potuit Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis, tutus penetrare Illyricos penetrare sinus, atque intima tutus Regna Liburnorum et fontem superare Timavi : Unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis 245 It mare proruptum, et pelago premit arva sonanti. Hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit Troia : nunc placid& comp6stus pace quiescit. 250. Nos, quibus tu N OSj tua progenies, cceli quibus annuis arcem, 250 tinnuis arcem coeli, na- XT *L / / j \ vibus, O infandum ! Navibus (mfandum) amissis, umus ob iram amissis prodimur peri- Prodimur, atque Italis longe disjungimur oris. culia ob iram Junoni Hie pietatis honos ? Sic nos in sceptra reponis ! 11111118 Olli subridens hominum sator atque Deorum, , ?' C S * n S Vultu > 9 UO c lum tempestatesque serenat, 255 Oscula libavit natse : dehinc talia fatur : nostrcz pietatis ? sic NOTES. the Gods, knew no more than he was plea- sed to reveal to them. See ^En. iii. 251 . It is said, by some, that Virgil makes even Jupiter subject to fate or destiny. But from several passages, it will appear, that his no- tion of fate was truly philosophical. He makes fate to be nothing more than the de- crees, purposes, or counsels of Heaven, pro- nounced by the mouth of Jove ; as the ety- mology of the word implies. He often calls destiny Fata deorum, which can mean no- thing else than the Divine decrees, or coun- sels. And, if he give to fate the epithets, m- cxpugnabile and inexorabile, he must mean that the laws and order of nature are fixed and unchangeable, as being the result of In- finite wisdom and foresight, and having their foundation in the Divine mind, which is subject to none of those changes that af- fect feeble and erring mortals. 242. Antenor. He was a noble Trojan. After the sack of Troy, he led a colony of Trojans, and Henetes, a people who came to assist Priam, and lost their king, in quest of a settlement. After various toils and dis- asters, he arrived at the head of the Adri- atic, and having expelled the Eugancs, a people inhabiting between the Alps and the sea, he took possession of their country. He built a city called Antenorea, after his own name. Some say he built Patavium, now Padua. The whole nation was called Veneti. 243. Illyricos : an adj. from Illyricum,an extensive country on the borders of the Adriatic, over against Italy, including the ancient Liburnia and Dalmalia. Penetrare. : in the sense of intrare. 244. Superare fontem Timavi : to pass be- yond the fountain of Timavus. We are told by Servius, on the authority of Varro, that the Timavus was a large river, and the neighboring people gave to it the name of sea. It was formed, says he, by the con- fluence of nine streams, issuing from a moun- tain. It is, however, at the present, a small and inconsiderable stream, falling into the Adriatic, near Istria. 245. Unde: whence from the fountain. The nonem ora, I take to mean the nine streams which formed the river, and not so many channels, through which it fell into the sea. Os signifies the fountain, or head of a river, as well as its mouth. 246. //: it pours along. Proruptum: rough swollen. Premit : overflows de- luges. Thompson has finely imitated, in his " Winter," this description of the Ti- mavus. 249. Compostus : by syn. for compositus : settled. Fixit : in the sense of suspendit. Nos. Here Venus speaks in the person of ./Eneas to show how nearly she had his in- terest at heart. Annuis : in the sense of promittis. Thou hast promised that after death he should be received among the gods should be deified. Arcem cadi: the court or palace of heaven. 251. Infandum. This word is tlirown in like an interposing sigh, when she comes to the most moving part of her complaint ; and the artful pauses in this and the two following lines, together with the abrupt manner in which the speech breaks off, show her quite overpowered by the tide of her grief. Unius : of one, to wit, Juno. Prodimur : we are given up to destruction we are doomed to toils, misfortunes, and dangers, through the resentment and influence of Juno. 253. Honos : reward recompense. 254. Olli : for illi, by antithesis. Sator : in the sense of pater. 256, Libavit : he kissed the lips of hi? LIB. Parce metu, Cytherea : mancnt immota tuorum Fata tibi : cernes urbem et promissa Lavini Mcenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera coeli Magnanimum JSneam ; neque me sententia vertit. Hie (tibi fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet Longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo) Bellum ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces Contundet, rnoresque viris et mcenia ponet : Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, Ternaque transierint Rutulis hyberna subactis.% At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen liilo Additur (IIus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno) Triginta magnos, volvendis mensibus, orbes Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini Transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam. Hie jam tercentum totos regnabitur annos Gente sub Hectorea ; donee regina sacerdos 3farte gravis, geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. 177 261. Hie geret ingens bellum in Italia 265 267. A& puer Asca- nius, cui nunc cogno- men liilo additur, exple- bit imperio triginta _ magnos orbes, mensibus 273. Donee Ilia, re- gina sacerdos, gravis Marte dabit NOTES. daughter. The name Venus was given to several. The one here meant, is the daugh- ter of Jupiter and Dione, but is often con- founded with her, who sprung from the froth of the sea. See 229. supra. 257. Metu : for metui. See Eel. v. 29. Cytherea: Venus. 261. Fabor: in the sense of dicam. 262. Movebo arcana : I will unfold the secrets of the fates, tracing (volvens) them down to a great distance of time. Remor- det : troubles you. 264. Contundet : in the sense of domabit. Mores : in the sense of leges. 265. Dum tertia oztas : until the third year shall see him, &c. The meaning is, that three years were to be .spent in the wars with Turnus and the Rutuli ; at the expira- tion of which, having subdued his enemies, JEneas should commence his government in Latium. Dum : in the sense of donee. 266. Terna hyberna : three winters shall have passed, the Rutuli being conquered. 267. Cui nunc cognomen : to whom now the sir-name of lulus is added. This cir- cumstance is thrown in to show the origin of the Julian family, and the occasion of changing the name of II us, to lulus or Julius. The poet designs this as a compliment to the Caesars. lulus succeeded his father in the government, and reigned thirty years at Lavinium. He built Alba Longa, and made it the seat of his government. The throne was filled for three hundred years by a suc- cession of Trojan princes, down to the time of Romulus. He founded Rome, and chang- ed the seat of government from Alba Longa to the new city. At his death, the line of succession was changed, and Numa Pompi- lius, a wise and virtuous prince of the Sa- buies, filled the throne. 268. Ilia -res : theTrojan state. Ilia : an adj. from Ilium, a name of Troy. See 1. supra. 269. Orbes : in the sense of annos. 270. Imperio : government reign. La- vini : by apocope for Lavinii. See 2. su- pra. Vi: labor strength. 273. Hectorea gente : under a Trojan line. After the building of Rome, Alba continued for a considerable time an independent go- vernment, and was a rival of the new city. It was finally destroyed by the Romans, and its inhabitants transferred to Rome. 274. Ilia : a daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa. She is called regina, on account of her royal descent. She was one of the vestal virgins, and for that reason called sacerdos, or priestess. Being preg- nant (gravis) by Mars, as it is said, she brought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, having expelled his brother Nu- mitor, commanded one Faustus, a shepherd, to expose the children to wild beasts, that they might perish. Instead of which, he took them home, where they were nourished by liis wife, whose name was Lupa. This gave rise to the story of their being brought up by a wolf, lupa being the name of that animal. The children grew up, and when they became acquainted with the conduct of their uncle, they collected a band of men, at- tacked him in his palace, slew him, and re- stored Numitor to the tlirone. Afterwards, it is said, each of the brothers began to build a city. Remus leaped over the walls of the city founded by Romulus ; where- upon, being angry, he slew him. He called the city Rome, after his own name. Ro- mulus was sometimes called Qtiirinuf, from Quirt, a Sabme word, which signifies a spear. Geminam prolem : simply, twin*. 178 . VIRGILIi MARON1S 275. Inde Remulus Inde lupae fulvo rmtricis tegmine laetus ljetusfulvotegminenu- Romulus exc i p i et gentem, et Mavortia condet 277. Dicet incolas Ro- His ego nee metas rerum, nee tempora pono : manos Imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno, Quae mare nunc terrasque metu coelumque fatigat, Consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit 281 Romanes rerum dominos, gentemque togatam. Sic placitum. /Veniet, lustris labentibus, aetas, Cum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas Servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis. 28I Naseetur pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar, Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris, 288. Itle erit Julius, Julius, a magno demissum nomen liilo.^ women Hunc tu olim ccelo, spoliis (Mentis onustum, Accipies secura : vocabitur hie quoque votis. 290 Aspera turn positis mitescent saecula bellis. Cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus, NOTES. 270. Mavodiu: an adj. from Mavors, a name of Mars : warlike martial. Mainia : in the sense of urbem. 278. JYec pono metas : I place (prescribe) to them, neither bounds nor duration of dominion. The Romans had a belief that their empire would always continue, while other governments would be unstable and fluctuating. 280. Metu : through fear that the Trojans would rise to power, and become dangerous to her dear Carthage and Argos. Fatigat : in the sense of commovet. 281. In melius. This is taken adverbial- ly : for the better. Referret : shall change. 282. Gentem togatam : the nation of the gown. The toga, or gown, was the distin- guishing badge of the Romans', as the pal- iium was that of the Greeks. Rerum. Res signifies power rule dominion. In the present case it signifies, the world. 283. Sic placitum : thus it pleases me this is my pleasure it is my decree. The verb est is to be supplied. JEttas venil : the time shall come, years having passed away, when, &c. Lustrum : properly the period of four years. It is often put for time in general. JEtas: in the sense of tempus, and lustris : for annis. 284. Domus Assaraci. By this we are to understand the Romans. Assaracus was the son of Tros, and brother of Ilus. He was the father of Capys, and Capys the father of Anchises, the father of ^Eneas, from whom the Romans descended. Pkthi- am. This was a city of Thessaly, the royal scat of Achilles. Mycenas Argis. These were cities of the Peloponnesus, over which Agamemnon reigned, put, by synec. for Greece in general. This prophecy was ful- under the Roman generals Muramius, who conquered Achaia ; and Paulus /Kmi- lius, who subdued Macedonia and Thessaly. Argis : in the sing. Argos, neu. ; in the plu. Argi, mas. It was situated about two mites from the sea, on the Sinus Argolicus. It was founded by Inachus, 1856 years before Christ. Its inhabitants were called Argo- lici and Argivi : by synec. put for the Greeks in general. Premet : shall subject to servi- tude shall subdue. 286. Pulchra : in the sense of illustriu : Caesar, a Trojan of illustrious origin. 288. Nomtn demissum : a name derived from, &c. 289. Tu secura : you, sure, shall receive him hereafter. Caesar was honored with four triumphs on four successive days. To this, refer the words : Onustum spoliis ori- entis. Csesar received divine honors by a decree of the senate. 291. Aspera seecula. Here is an allusion to the golden age ; or, at least, to the uni- versal peace which took place in the reign of Augustus, when the temple of Janus was shut. Mitescent: shall grow mild soften. Aspera : in the sense of dura. 292. Cana Jides. The meaning is : that the fidelity of former times should return that men should devote more of their time to the service of the gods that there should be no more civil wars, in which brother should be armed against brother. The epi- thet cana alludes to the figure of faith, which was represented with hoary locks, to denote that it was the peculiar virtue of former times the golden age. By the word Festa, Servius says, we are to understand religion. Vesta was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, the goddess of fire, and patroness of the vestal' virgins. ^Eneas was the first who introduced her mysteries into Italy dabunt : diree ferro et compagibus arctis Claudentur belli portas : Furor impius intus 294 Sseva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus ahenis Post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento. HiEC ait : et Maia genitum demittit ab alto ; Ut terrse, utque no vee pate ant Carthaginis arces Hospitio Teucris : ne fati nescia Dido Finibus arceret. ' Volat ille per aera magnum 300 Remigio alarum, ac Libya? citus adstitit oris : Et jam jussa facit : ponuntque ferocia Po3ni Corda, volente Deo : imprimis Regina quietum Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam.. At pius ^Eneas, per noctem plurima volvens, 305 Ut primum lux alma data est, exire, locosque Explorare novos ; quas vento accesserit oras, Qui teneant (nam inculta videt) hominesne, ferine, Quaere re constituit, sociisque exacta referre. -Classem in convexo nemorum, sub rupe cavata, 310 Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris, Occulit i ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate, Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro. Cui mater media sese tulit obvia sylva, Virginis os habitumque gerens, et virginis arma 315 Spartanae : vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat 295. Et vinctus post tergum, cum centum ahenis nodis, fremet 305. Volvens anvmo 306. Constituit explorareque novos lo- cos, et quserere ad quas oras accesserit vento ; qui teneant e&s, homi- nes-ne, ferse-ne (aam videt loca inculta) refer- reque exacta sociis. Oc- culit classem 314. Cui mater obvia tulit se media sylva, gerens os, habitumque 316. Vel erat talis qua- lis Threissa. NOTES. The Palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved in her temple ; where a lire was continually kept burning by certain virgins, who dedicated themselves to her service. * There was another goddess of the same name, but generally confounded with Cere*, Cybelle, Tellus, &c. The word Vesta is fre- quently used for fire, by meton. 293. Arctis compagibus : with close joints bound fast with bars of iron. 294. Porte. The gates, or doors of the temple of Janus were open in time of war, and shut in time of peace. This happened only three times during a period of seven hundred years, so constantly engaged were the Romans in the work of death ! Impius furor. This, Turnebus thinks, alludes to the image of warlike rage drawn by Apelles, and dedicated by Augustus in the Forum. But Germanus thinks it alludes to the statue of Mars, which the Spartans had in their city, bound in this manner, in chains of brass. Nodis: in the sense of catenis. 297. Genitum Maid: the son of Maia. Mercury was the son of Jupiter, and Maia, the daughter of Atlas. See Geor. i. 336. 298. Arces. This appears to be used in the sense of urbs : that the country and city of New Carthage might open in hospitality to the Trojans might receive them kindly, and treat them with hospitality. 301. Remisio fid-rum : bv the motion of his wings. Utens alis quasi remw, says Ru- seus. The motion of his wings is beauti- fully expressed : it was like the motion of oars in propelling a boat forward. 302. Peera. The Carthaginians were sometimes called Poem, or P/icem, from Phcenicia, the country from which they came. Corda : hi the sense of animos. 304. Quietum animum : a friendly mind, and a benevolent disposition, or temper. 306. Data est : in the sense of orta esf. 309. Exacta: neu. plu. the particulars of his discovery. 310. In convexo. The place where JEncas moored his fleet, lay in a circular form, nearly surrounded by a grove. Here could be in safety, without fear'of discovery. , The words convexus and concavus are some- times used for each other, which seems to be the case here ; the former properly signify- ing the exterior of a round surface ; the latter the interior. Horrentibus: deep tliick shades. Uno : in the sense of sofa. Sec jEn.iv. 451. 313. Crispans : in the sense of qua^ Lato ferro : of a broad barb, or point. 316. Spartanos. The Spartan virgins were trained to all kinds of manly cises, such as running, wrestlrrfg, throwing the quoit and javelin, riding and hun ; which is the reason that the poet at: Venus in their habit, or dress. & ' jv sense of 180 P. V1RG1LU MARONLS Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevertitur Eurum. Namque humeris de more habilem suspenderat arcuns Venatrix, dederatque comam diffundere ventis ; Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. 320 321. Ac ilia prior in- Ac prior, Heus, inquit, juvenes, monstrate, mearum quit : Heus, juvenes, Vidistis si quam hie errantem forte sororum 325 sis felix rorum errantem hic^ud Au * s P" raanti P ri ciireum clamore prementem. cinctam pharetra Sic Venus : at Veneris contra sic filius orsus : Nulla tuarum audita mihi, neque visa sororum, 327. Mortalis vultus O, quam te memorem, Virgo ? narnque haud tibi vultus , haud est tibi, nee tua Mortalis, nee vox hominem sonat. O J)ea certe : J An Phoebi soror, an Nympharum sanguinis una ? 330.^ Queecunque es,Sis felix, nostrumque leves quuecunque laborem : 330 Et quo sub ccelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris Jactemur, doceas : ignari hominumque locorumquo Erramus, vento hue et vastis fluctibus acti. Multa tibi ante aras nostru cadet hostia dextra. Turn Venus : haud equidem tali me dignor honore. Virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram, 33(> Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno. Punica regna vides, Tyrios, et Agenoris urbom : 8ed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. NOTES. 317. Harpatyce: a celebrated Amazon, said to have rescued her father, who had been taken in battle by the Getce. The comparison here is simply between the ha- bits of Venus, and those of Harpalyce. Eurum. Many copies read Hebrum; but there appears a manifest incongruity in it. It can hardly be supposed, that the poet, describing the swiftness of her speed, should say that she could outride the course of a river, however rapid it might be. In that there could be no difficulty. Besides, the epithet volucrem, is not very applicable to a river. Eurum is certainly the best reading ; it is the language of poetry, while Hebrum is not. Fuga : in the sense of cursu. 320. Nuda genu, &c. This is a Grecism : naked as to her knee, and collected as to her flowing robe in a knot. See Eel. i. 55. The meaning is, that she had her knee naked, and her flowing robe collected in a knot. Sinus : the folds of a garment ; also the garment itself, by synec. JVbdo : nodus is properly any thing that binds or ties. Hence, a girdle, or belt a knot, &c. 321. Quam: in the sense of aliquam. 323. Tegmine. It was a custom among the ancients for hunters to wear the skin of some one of the animals, they had killed. Prementem : pursuing. 326. Orsus : part, of the verb ordior : he began. The verb est is understood. 327. Qatun te memorem? whom shall I call you ? 328. Nee vox sonat : nor does your voice sound (like) a human being it does not indicate you to be mortal. Homo, is proper- ly either a man or woman a human being. 329. An soror Ph&hi: art thou the sister of Phoebus, or one of the blood of the nymphs? See Eel. iv. 10. The verb is to be supplied. 330. Felix : kind propitious. Oris : in the sense of regione. Orbis : of the world, or earth. 334. Multa hostia : many a victim shall fall for you before the altars. 335. Haud me dignor : I do not consider myself worthy, &c. 338. Urbem Agenoris : Carthage, founded by Dido, a descendant of Agenor. Punica regna : the kingdom, or realm of Carthage. It is distinguished from the city, which is called Urbs dgenoris. Punica : an adj. from Pceni, or Phceni. 339. Fines Libyci : the country is Africa. Libyci : an adj. from Libya, agreeing with fines. Libya was properly that part of Africa bordering upon Egypt on the west ; but is frequently used for any part of Africa, or Africa in general. Genus intractabile: a race fierce in war. The Carthaginians extended their conquests with unexampled rapidity, and were the only people that ap- peared to dispute the empire of the world with the Romans. Their misfortunes, and final ruin, were owing more, perhaps, to party spirit and civil cabals, than to the arms of the Roman?. See Rol, An. Hi*. Art. Cartilage. 32NEIS. LIB. I. IW1 fmperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, Germanum fugiens : longa est injuria, longae Ambages : sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. Huic conjux Sicha3us erat, ditissimus agri Phoenicum, et magno miserse dilectus amore : Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugarat Ominibus : sed regna Tyri germanus habebat Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes. Quos inter medius venit furor : ille Sichaeum, Impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore, Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum Germana? : factumque dm celavit ; et aegram, Multa malus simulans, vanti spe lusit amantem. Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago Conjugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris : Crudeles aras, trajectaque pectora ferro Nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit. Turn celerare fugam, patriaque excedere suadet : Auxiliumque vise veteres tellure recludit Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri. His commota, fugam Dido sociosque parabat. Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni, Aut metus acer erat : naves, quae forte paratae, Corripiunt, onerantque auro * portantur avari Pygmalionis opes pelago : dux fioemina facti. 340 344. Dilectus magno 045 amore miser Didonis 345. Dederat earn in- tactam 349. Ille impius atque o50 caecus amore auri, clam superat Sichseum ferro ante aras incautum 352. Ilk malus simu- lans multa lusit aegram amantem 355 358. Recluditque ve- teres thesauros, depositos 360 in tellure tanquam aux- ilium vise, ignotum pon- dus 361. Omnes conveni- unt, quibus erat, aut, crudele NOTES. 340. Dido : the name of a Tyrian prin- cess, implying beautiful, or well-beloved. See ./En. iv. 1. Regit imperium : manages the government. 342. Ambages longai : the circumstances are long and tedious. Sequar summa fasti- gia rerum: 1 will mention only the chief heads of the business I will trace only the outlines of the affair. RUIBUS takes sequar in the sense of perstringam. 345. Primis ominibus: with the first omens. This alludes to a custom among the Romans of consulting the omens in all the important concerns of life, before they entered upon them, to see if they would prove successful or not. Jugarat : by syn. for jugaverat. Cui : to whom, to wit, Si- chsBus. Intactam : adhuc virginem, says Ruseus. 347. Immanior scelere ante: great in wickedness above ail others. The comp. is here used in the sense of the pos. 348. tiicnccurn. He was the priest of Hercules, an office in dignity next to royal- ty. It appears that Pygmalion came upon Sichceus unexpectedly, while he was officia- ting at the a:tar, and slew him. Tins cir- cumstance greatly adds to the atrocity of the deed. Furor : in the sense of odium. Inter quos : between Sichaeus and Pyg- malion. 350. Securus : regardless of the love of his sister. Superat : in the sense of inter fid f. 352. JEgram amantem: the afflicted, or disconsolate lover. Lusit: deceived de- luded. 353. Inhumati. According to their sys- tem of religion, the shades of those, who were unburied, must wander a hundred years, before they could be at rest. The circumstance of Pygmalion's leaving the body of Sichaeus unburied, in this view, greatly heightens the enormity of the crime first committed. Imago : in the sense of umbra. 354. Conjugis. Conjux is either a hus- band or a wife ; here the former. Pallida pale in a wonderful manner. Os: in th sense of vultum. 356. Nudarit : laid bare the cruel altars, at which he was slain. Rdexit: disclosed brought to light. 358. Recludit: shows, or opens to her, &c. Justin tells us that Sichaeus, for fear of the king, buried liis money in the earth, fearing to keep it in his house ; but no ono knew the place of its deposit duruu life. 362. Para/a. Tyre, being a great com- mercial city, .n the ordinary course of busi- ness, many ships might be prepared and ready for sea. The verb sunt is to be sup- plied*. 364. Opes Avari, &c. Either the wealth of Sichffius, which Pygmalion now imagined his own ; or along with her husband R mo- P. VIRGILII MARONIfc 365. Illi devenere ad Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernes 10 367 U Mercati sunt so Moenia ' siirgentemque novae Carthaginis arcem : lum, dictum Byrsam de" Mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, . nomine facti, tantum Taurino quantum possent. circumdare tergo. spatii, quantum possent Sed vos qui tandem ? quibus aut venistis ab oris ? 369. Sed tandem, qui Q u 6 ve tenetis iter ? Queerenti talibus ille ^370 S nie suspirans,^ u !I )irans ' imo( } ue trahens a pectore vocem : trahensquevocemapec-U Vea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam, tore imo respondet eiEt vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum ; quaerenti in talibus ver- Ante diem clause componet vesper Olympo.v ^375. Tempestas sua* OS ' Tr J* ant .!^. si V6StraS fortd P er aures forte appulitLibycis oris L ro )& nomen lit, diversa per aequora vectos, nos vectos per diversa Forte sua Libycis tempestas appulit oris. tequora ab antiqua Tro- Sum pius ./Eneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates J^> si Classe veho mecum, farna super aethera notus. 380. Meum genus est Italiam quaBro patriam ; et genus ab Jove summo. at) Bis denis Phiygium conscendi navibus aequor, Matre Dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus : Vix septem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt. Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro, 385. Nee Venus passa Europa atque Asia pulsus. Nee plura querentem fs/eMmquerentumpluraPassa Venus : rnedio sic interfata dolore est : 370 375 380 385 NOTES. ney, Dido took the treasure of her brother, and fled with it to Africa. 367. Mercati solum, &c. This passage hath been differently interpreted. Donatus explains it, of the money being made of bull's leather, with which she purchased the ground (soluni) for the city. Others say, that she cut the hide into very small strings, and by connecting them together, surround- ed twenty-two stadia, or furlongs. Neither of these appears to be the true solution. The language of the Phoenicians was a di- alect of the Hebrew, in which language the word Bosra means a fortification, or forti- fied place. The Greeks, mistaking this meaning of the word, or overlooking it, supposed, frorn the similarity of the words, that it was the same with their Byrsa, which means a bull's hide. Virgil followed the common received opinion. Mercati: they bought the ground, which they called Byrsa, from the name of the deed, &c. This story of the bull's hide, Mr. Rollin observes, is now generally exploded. It appears, how- ever, that Dido was to pay the Africans an annual tribute, as a quit jent, for the land which she purchased. This the Carthagi- nians afterwards refused to do. which was the cause of the first war in which they were engaged. See ,/En. iv. 1. 373. Et vacet : and there should be lei- sure to you to hear, &c. 374. Annales : in the sense of historiam. Componet : the evening star shall shut up the day, before I shall have done my story. This is an allusion to the opinion that night shut or sealed up the gate of heaven, and the day opened it. Clauso Olympo: heaven being- closed. Olympus is a mountain in Thessa- ly. The ancients supposed its top touched the heavens : from which circumstance, the poets placed upon it the court of heaven. It is about a mile and a half high. Olym- pus is often put for heaven. 376. lit : hath reached, or come to. 377. Sua forte. Ruams says, solito rasit. Sua vi, says Minelius. 378. Penates: properly, household gods. See Geor. ii. 505. In the sack of Troy, jEneas saved his Penates from the hands of the Greeks, and took them as companions of his adventures. See /En. ii. 717. JEthe- ra : a Greek ace. in the sense of Ccclum. 380. Quiero Italian. : I seek Italy, my country : my descent (genus) is from Jove supreme. Dardanus was an Italian, and one of the founders of the Trojan race. HP was the son of Jove. 381. Bis denis navibus: with twenty ships. JEquor : in the sense of mare : pro- perly, any level surface, whether land or water. 382. Secutus fata data : following the de- crees of the gods made in my favour obey- ing the decrees, &c. 383. Convulsa : in the sense of concusses agreeing with naves, understood. .Euro the east wind, put for wind in general : the species for the genus. 384. Ignotus : a stranger. 386. Interfata est : she thus interrupted him in the "midst of his grief: she could boiir the nitrous storv no longer LIB. I. 183 Quisquis es, hand credo, invisus coelestibus auras 387. Quisquises,haud Vitales carpis, Tyriarn qui adveneris urbem. credo, ut tu carpis vita- Perge modo, atque hinc te Reginae ad limina perfer.^ j^^ JNamque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 390 390. Nuntio tibi socios Nuntio, et in tutum, versis Aquilonibus, actam : Ni frustra augurium vani docuere parentes. Aspice bis senos laetantes agmine cycnos, ^Etherea quos lapsa plaga Jovis ales aperto Turbabat ccelo : nunc terras ordine longo Aut capere, aut captas jam despectare videntur. , Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis, Et coetu cinxere polurn, cantusque dedere : Haud aliter puppesque tua?, pubesque tuorum Aut portum tenet, aut pleno subit ostia velo. Perge modo, et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum. Dixit : et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem Spiravere ; pedes vestis defluxit ad imos, Et vera incessu patuit Dea.+ Ille, ubi matrem Agnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus : Quid natum toties crudelis tu quoque falsis Ludis imaginibus ? cur dextrse jungere dextram Non datur, ac veras audire et reddere voces ? Talibus incusat, gressumque ad mcenia tendit. . At Venus obscuro gradientes aere sepsit, Et multo nebulae circum Dea fudit amictu : esse reduces, classemque relatam esse, et actam in tutum locum 394. Quos ales Jovis 395 lapsa ex aetherea turbabat 400 405 , 407. t^uid tu quoque, O crudelis mater, toties ludis natum falsis 410. Ille incusat earn 41()talibus verbis NOTES. 387. Ccelestibus : in the sense of superis. 388. Carpis : you breathe the vital air, &c. 390. Reduces: returned safe brought back. 392. Ni parentes vani : unless my parents vainly taught me divination in vain to no purpose. Unless through a love of vanity and ostentation, they taught, &c. Heyne observes, that a person may be called vanus, who promises what he cannot perform, or professes a false or useless doctrine. Actam : in the sense of provectam. 394. Ales Jovis : the bird of Jove the eagle. JE,therta plaga : from the etherial region, Agminc: in a flock. Turbati: pursued chased. 396. JVime videntur : now they seem to choose the ground where to alight, in a long train : or to look down upon it chosen and selected. By alighting, they would be out of danger from their pursuer. 397. Reduces : in the sense of tuti. Stri- dentibus : flapping making a whizzing noise. 398. Dedere : in the sense of emiserunt. Pubes tuorum: the same in sense with tui socii. Cinxere polum : and have made a circle in the heavens in company. Polus, is properly the pole ; but by synec. is often put for the whole heaven, or any part there- of. Fowls in a flock usually fly around, ma- king one or more circles in the air before they alight. By doing this, they descend with more ease and safety. 403. Ambrosial : an adj. from ambrosia, the food of the gods, according to the poets : perfumed with ambrosia. Pert ice : in the sense of capite. Spiravere : in the sense of emiserunt. 405. Patuit vera Dea. The poet here mentions four characteristics of divinity ; her rosy-coloured neck her ambrosial locks her long flowing robe, (which she had gathered up in a knot to prevent discovery,) and her gait, or motion. It was the opi- nion of the ancients that their divinities did not move upon the ground, but glided along- the surface with a regular motion. By these signs, ^Eneas knew her to be Venus, whom he had hitherto taken for a Lybian virgin. Voct : in the sense of verbis. 408. Ludis: in the sense of decipis. Imaginibus: forms figures. Veras: true real not dissembled. 411. Gradienles: eos is understood. The poet here hath in his view that passage of the Odyssey, where Pallas spreads a veil of air around Ulysses, and renders him invi- sible. 412. Circumfadit. The parts ot verb are separated by Tmesis, for the sake of the verse : she surrounded them with the thick garment of a cloud, that no one 184 P. VIRGILII MAHONIS Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset, Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas. Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit 416. Ubi erf lemplum Laeta suas ; ubi templum illi, centumque Sabseo Thure calent arae, sertisque recentibus halant. Corripuere viam interest, qua semita monstrat. Jamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi Imminet, adversasque aspectat desuper arces Miratur molem ^Eneas, magalia quondam : Miratur portas, strepitumque et strata viarum. 423. Pars instat du- Instant ardentes Tyrii : pars ducere muros, Molirique arcem, et manibus subvolvere saxa : Pars optare locum tecto, et concludere sulco. Jura magistratusque legunt, sanctumque senatum. ^ Hie portus alii eflbdiunt : hie alta theatris Fundamenta locant alii, immanesque columnas :2 up i bus excidunt ' scei f dec r alta futuris - bus, qua tint alta Qualis apes asstate nova per florea rura 430. Eorum labor est Exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adult talis, qualis exercet apes Educunt fetus, aut cum liquentia mella Stipant, et dulci distendunt nectare cellas ; Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut, agmine facto, Ignavum, fucos, pecus a praesepibus arcent. Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. 420 430 435 NOTES. 414. Moliri : to cause make. 415. Paphum : a city of Cyprus, an isl- and in the north-eastern part of the Medi- terranean sea, dedicated to Venus. Verbs of motion to a place have the ace. after them. 416. SabcBO thure: with Arabian frank- incense. Sab&o : an adj. from Saba, a country of Arabia Felix, abounding in frankincense. Illi: for her in honor of her. 417. Halant : emit odour from fresh gar- lands wreaths of flowers. Calent : burn are hot. 419. Collem. This hill was probably near the city, from the top of which the whole city appeared in full view. It seems that it rose above the walls, so that you looked down upon it from above. Imminet: im- pends overlooks. Plurimus : in the sense of valde,' or maxime. Arces : in the sense of turres. 421. Miratur molem: he wonders at the magnitude of the city, where there were once only cottages. 422. Strata viarum: the paved work of the streets causeways. 423. Ardentes. An adj. or part, closely connected with a verb is more elegantly translated by its corresponding adverb. Tyrii ardentes instant : the Tyrians eagerly push on the work. The ardentes strongly marks their zeal and activity. Ducere : in the sense of extender r. 424. Moliri : to erect build. 425. Para aptare : a part (instat, public? on) to select the ground for building houses, and to mark it out by a furrow to arrange and lay off the streets and squares of the city. 426. Legunt: in the sense of eligunt. Jura : by meton. the courts of justice the place where justice is administered. They choose the place for the courts of justice, &c. 427. Tkeatris : for the theatres buildings for public exhibitions. 429. Excidunt : they cut, or hew. 430. Nova (Estate: in the beginning of summer. 431. Sub sole: for per diem, says Heyne. Educunt: lead out. Liquentia: in the sense of pura. This fine comparison of the industry of the Carthaginians in erect- ing the buildings of their city, and other works of improvement, to the zeal and as- siduity of the bees in collecting honey, and arranging the business* of the hive, is taken from Homer, who compares the movements of the Grecian troops from their ships and tents, to the issuing of bees from their hives. 433. Stipant : they lay up the pure honey. Cellas : the comb. 435. Arcent : they drive from the hives the drones, an idle herd. These are the male bees. See Geor.iv. 200. Agmine facto: a battalion being formed. 436. Opus fervet : the work goes briskly on. It is a metaphor taken from the boiling of water JENEIIS. Llli. I. O ibrtunati, quorum jam mcenia surgunt ! /Eneas ait : et fastigia suspicit urbis. Infert se septus nebula, mirabile dictu, Per medios, miscetque viris : neque cernitur ulli. 440 Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra ; Quo primum jactati undis et turbine Poeni Effodere loco signum, quod regia Juno Monstrarat, caput acris equi : sic nam fore bello Egregiam, et facilem victu per saecula gentem. 445 Hie templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido Condebat, donis opulentum et numine Diva) : ./Erea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexseque ./Ere trabes : foribus cardo stridebat alicnis. ^ Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem* 450 Leniit : hie primum jEneas sperare saiuf em Ausus, et afflictis melius contidere rebus. Namque, sub ingenti lustrat dum singula ternplo, Reginam opperiens ; dum, quae fortuna sit urbi, Artificumque rnanus inter se operumque laborem , 455 Miratur ; videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas, Bellaque jam famst totum vulgata per orbem ; Atridas, Priamumque et saBvum ambobus Achillem. Constitit, et lachrymans : Quis jam locus, inquit ; Achate, 442 Quo loco Poem jactati undis, et turbine primum effod^re sig- num, nempe caput acrir equi 444. Nam sic monstra- vit gentem fore egregi- arn bello, et facilem vic- tu per secula NOTES. 445. Nam sic fore : for thus (by this sign) she showed that the nation should be illus- trious in war, and victorious through ages easy to conquer through ages. Ruaous inter prets/adZem victu, by aptam vivere (Bter- nafama, deriving victu from vivo, I live. Others, with more propriety, derive it from vinco, I conquer ; making the meaning to be : easy to conquer through ages victo- rious. The supine in u hath both an ac- tive and passive signification ; but most frequently the latter. The former is the meaning in this place. 446. Sidonia : an adj. from Sidon, a fa- mous city of Phoenicia, not far to the north of Tyre, subject to the same government. Hodie, Sayd. 447. Numine Diva : with the presence of the goddess. By this we are probably to understand some rich statue of the goddess, that was set up in the temple. 448. Cui area limina : to which the bra- zen threshold rose in steps, &c. whose brazen threshold, &c. Cui : in the sense of cujus ; this is common with Virgil. 449. Trabes : these most probably were the door posts, which were framed or fas- tened together with brass. 452. Confidere : in the sense of sperare, says Ruoeus. Ctepitnunc habere magisjidu- ciam suce fortunes, bene de ea sperare, says Heyne. 453. Singula. Singuli properly means c ft, taken one by one, Omnis signifies all, collectively or individually. Cunctus, all by parts, and universus, the whole. 454. Opperiens : waiting for the queen. Dum miratur : while he wonders at the fortune of the city ; and at the skill of the artists, and the difficulty of the work, (inter se,') by turns. Ruseus refers the inter se to the hands of the workmen, agreeing with one another, mantis artificum. In this case the sense will be : he contemplates the skill displayed in the workmanship and the magnitude of the work by turns he compares them together. But La Cerda observes, that by manus arliftcum, the skill of the artists, we are probably to understand the paintings of the Trojan battles, and the other events of that war, which /Enoas saw OH liis entering the temple, and which or- namented its walls : while operum laborem, may refer to the temple itself the magni- tude, and difficulty of rearing such a mag- nificent edifice. Fortunes : tins Ruseus in- terprets by felicitas. Manus: properly the hand : by meton. art, skill. 456. Videt Iliacas pugnas. Dr. Trapp, observes, there never was a finer picture of a picture than this. Virgil in a few verses, selects the most striking, and beautiful scenes in the Iliad, proper for the painter. 458. Atridas : ace. plu. ofdtrid Parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras. Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penates Venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas. Non ea vis animo, nee tanta superbia victis. NOTES. 503. Tails eral Dido: such was Dido. 512. Avexerat: had carried to other shores The comparison here between Diana and far remote. Dido is taken from the Odyssey. Probus 516. Speculantur: they conjecture what considered the passage to be copied unhappi- i s the fortune of their friends; on what ly by Virgil. The comparison, according to coast they had left their fleet ; for what pur- Scaliger, lies in these particulars : Quemad- pose they came thither. For men chosen, &c. modum Diana in montibus ita Dido in urbe : y peace-favor. Clamore : ^Ua^nter nymphas, hoc inter matronas : ilia ^ C ry,' lamenting the hardness of their instans venatonbus, ruzc urtn. f . 505. Foribus Diva. In the interior part of the temples, there was a place separated 521. Maximus: the chief, or principal from the rest by a wall, or vail, called the speaker. Placido pectore : from his composed Adytum or Ptnetrale. Here the poet sup- breast. A composed breast, or mind, regu- poses Juno to have had an image or statue, lates the voice and speech. Copia : leave or some symbol of her presence. The door liberty. or gate that led to it he therefore calls the * 523. Fra.nare : to restrain proud nations door of the goddess. Media testudine : under with justice with laws. By superbas gentes^ the middle of the arch, or canopy. Subnixa we may understand the Numidians, and alte : raised high on a throne, she sat down, other warlike nations of Africa, her neigh- Foribus : fores, properly folding doors bors. For superbas, Rueeus says,/erocw. opening on both sides. It has no singular. 525 Prohlbe . aV ert-turn away. In- 506. Septa arrms: surrounded by her faMos: direful _ crueh guards, warmw, by meton. tor the men bear- * ing them. 627 - Libycos Penates : the African terr; 507. Dabat jura: dispensed justice. Jus, toi 7' or settlements: or, simply, the African properly a natural law, or right : Lex, a gds. written or statute law : fas, a divine law. 528. Vertere. : in the sense of abducere. 509. Concursu: a crowd. Multitudinc, Raptas pra:das : the plundered, or seized says Ruffius. booty. 511. Mdi: eager. See 423. supra. Ar- 529. Vis : in the sense of violent , The tkbctnf : in the sense of cupiebartf. verb esf is understood. LIB. I. Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt : 530 Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glebae : (Enotrii coluere viri ; nunc fama, minores Italiam dixisse, duels de nomine, gentem. Hue cursus fuit. Cum subito assurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535 In vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus Austris Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa Dispulit : hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris. Quod genus hoc hominum ? quaeve hunc tarn barbara Pemittit patria ? hospitio prohibemur arenae : [morem 532. Nunc fama est minores Bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra. ^ 541 Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma ; At sperate Deos memores fandi atque nefandi. Rex erat JEneas nobis, quo justior alter Nee pietate fuit, nee bello major et armis : 545 Quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura 536. Procacibusque Austris dispulit nos pe- nitus perque undas, perque invia 539. Quod genus ho- minum est hoc? quaeve patria tarn barbara per- mittit 543. Sperate Deos essc memores 544. Quo nee fuit al- ter justior in pietate, ncc major bello NOTES. 530. Hesperiam. Italy hath been called by various names : Hesperia, (which was the name also sometimes given to Spain,) from Hesperus the brother of Atlas, king of Mauritania, in Africa; or from Hesperus, ( the name of the star Venus, when it goes behind the sun, and signifies, a setting, or the west. From which circumstance, the Greeks to the eastward of those countries called Italy Magna Hesperia, and Spain, Hesperia Minor : (Enotria, from (Enotrus, a king of the Sabines, or from a son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, of that name : Ausonia, from the Ausones, an ancient peo- ple of that country ; and lastly, Italia, from Italus, a king of Sicily ; or, as some say, from a Greek word signifying cattle, because they abounded there. Dicunt: in the sense of vacant. 531. Ubere: richness fertility. Cogno- mine : in the sense of nomine. 532. (Enotrii viri : simply the GEnotrians inhabited it. Minores : their descendants. 535. Orion: a constellation in the hea- vens. It rises with the sun in the month of July, and was supposed to have an influence upon the weather ; hence the epithet nim- bosus. It will appear hence, that the time of Eneas' arrival at Carthage, was some time in that month. He remained there till the latter part of the following winter, when he set sail for Italy, where he arrived, as Sagrais supposes, some time in the spring. Fluctu : in the sense of mari. '536. Austris procacibus : by violent wind?, duster is here put for wind in general, and not for the south wind, which would have driven him from Africa. Tulit: carried, or drove. Caca : in the sense of latcnfiv. 537. Salo : in the sense of mari. For procacibus, Heyne says vehement ibus. 540. Prohibitnur: we ate prohibited from the enjoyment, of the shwe. 543. At sperate : but expect that the gods are mindful of right and wrong. Fandi at- que nefandi: gerunds in di, of the verb for ; in the sense of fas and nefas : for what is right and just may be spoken ; but what is unjust, we may not speak. The meaning of the passage is : if ye despise the human race, and fear not the just punishment from men, which this sa- vage and barbarous conduct deserves, know that the gods are mindful of right and wrong, and will not fail to reward or pu- nish accordingly. Mortalia arma : Ruseus says, vindictam hominum, the vengeance of men. 544. QMO justior alter, &c. Here we have a summary of ^Eneas' character, piety and valor. The first comprehends devotion to the gods, and all the moral virtues. It shows him a tender son, an affectionate fa- ther, and husband. He bore his father upon his shoulders, and led his little son through the flames of Troy to a place of safety. And having lost his wife in the gene- ral confusion of that fatal night, he ven- tured into the midst of enemies in search of her ; nor did he cease, till her ghost ap- peared to him, and bade him to desist : and on all occasions, Ascanius appears the darling of his soul. .(Eneas was also a patriot, and firmly attached to the interests of lu's coun- try. In valor and prowess in war, he ap- pears on all occasions the real hero. Homer represents him second only to Hector. He was the first to resist Achilles on his return after the deatli of Patroclus. He did not engage him, but he manifested a calm and determined courage. We see then how just- ly lie is characterized by, nee bello major ct armis. But his piety and moral virtues havo ennobled his character more than all his deeds of valor. 546. Vffritirr: in the sen!e of 190 P. VIRGILII MARONIS ^Etherea, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris ; 548. Non sit metus Non metus, officio nee te certasse priorem nobis, nee poeniteat te p^niteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes, pnorem ( ,lo Armaque) Trojanoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. 550 551. Liceatnofrwsub-Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem,. ducere ad terram clas- Et sylvis aptare trabes, et^stringere.remos. sem quassatam gj datur Italiam, sociis et, rege recepto, 554. Ut laeti petamus Tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque pctamus : d^TJi | in absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrftm, 555 sum ad Italiam, sociis, et Pontus habet Libya?, nee spes jam restat lull, 555. Sin salus absump- Ut freta Sicanise saltern sedesque paratas, ta est, et pontus Libyae Unde hue advecti, regemque petamus Acesten. habet te, O optime Talibus Ilioneus : cuncti simul ore fremebant 557. Ut saltern peta- n i - Am rnA nrns freta SicamaT pa- Dardanidae. . 560 ratasque sedes, unde Turn breviter Dido, vultum demissa, profatur : advecti sumus hue Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas. 560. Ilioneus orabat R e s dura, et regni novitas me talia cogunt ta 561* D r emissa uoad M liri ' Ct lat6 fmeS CUSt de tueri ' vultum Quis genus ^Eneadum, quis Trojse nesciat urbem ? 565 Virtutesque, virosque, et tanti incendia belli ? Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni : Nee tarn aversus cquos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe. 569. Seu vos optatis Seu vos Hesperiam magnam, Saturniaque arva, magnam Sive Erycis fines, regemque optatis Acesten ; 570 Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo. Vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis ? Urbem quam statuo, vestra est ; subducite naves : Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. NOTES. Occubat : lies dead yields up his life to 567. Pan? gestamus : we Carthaginians the cruel shades. do not carry with us hearts so insensible, 549. Et : in the sense of etiam, or quoque. as to disregard the sufferings of our fellow 550. Acestes. See ^En. v. 30. men. 552. Et aptare : and to fit (procure) spars 568. JVec tarn aversus : nor does the sun in the wood, to supply the place of those so far from the Tyrian city join his steeds that had been broken, or lost in the violence to his chariot. of the storm and waves. Stringere remos : This is an allu.sion to an opinion of the to cut our oars to cut timber, of which to ancients, that the inhabitants of cold cli- make oars. mates are less susceptible of the tender and 557. Freta. Fretum is properly a nar- humane feelings, than those of warm cli- row sea, or strait ; here used for the sea in mates. ijeiieral. Ut. Most copies have a/, but 569. Saturnia arva : the lands of Saturn ilie former is preferable, ddvecti: in the Italy. See Eel. iv. 6. Magnam: pow- isease of pulsi. erful, or great ; to distinguish it from 560. Fremebant ore : they applauded with Spain, which was sometimes called Hespc- their mouth they expressed their approba- ria Minor. tion of his speech. DardanidcB : the Tro- 570. Fines Erycis : the coast of Eryx jans ; so called from Dardanus. They were Sicily, where Eryx reigned. See jEn. v. 24. also called Teucri, from Tcucer, both foun- 571. Opibus. This refers to the assist- ders of Troy. See 1, supra. ance which Dido would afford them by her 563. Dura res : the difficult state of my wealth. Pariter : on equal terms, or con- affairs. Moliri : in the sense of facere. ditrens. Et : in the sense of etiam. 565. Genus JEneadum : the ancestry of 573. Urbem quam : urbem, for urbs, by the Trojans the stock from wluch they antiptosis. Some take the words thus : sprung. JEneadto: the Trojans; from quam urbem statuo: which city I,build; if, JEneas, their leader. is yours. 566. Virtute.9 : illustrious actions. Virna : 574. Agetur : shall be treated. Jherops. mine: difference distinction. 585 JENEIS. LIB. I. Atque utiiiaiu rex ipse Noto cornpulsus eodem Afforet vEneas ! Equidern per litora certos Dirnittum, ct Libyae lustrare extrema jubebo ; Si quibus ejectus sylvis aut urbibus errat. His animum arrecti dictis, et fortis Achates, Et pater ^Eneas, jamdudum erumpere nubem Ardebant : prior JEneam compellat Achates : Nate Dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit ? Omnia tuta vides, classem, sociosque receptos. Unus abest, medio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi Submersum : dictis respondent caetera matris. ^. Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repento Scindit se nubes, et in aethera purgat apertum. Restitit ^Eneas, claraque in luce refulsit, Os, humerosque Deo similis : namque ipsa decoram Caesariem nato genitrix, lumenque juventa? 590 Purpureum, et lastos oculis afflarat honores. Quaie maims addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo Argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. Turn sic reginam alloquitur, cunctisque repente \ Improvisus ait : Corani, quern quasritis, adsum Troius jEneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. O sola infaiidos Trojae miserata labores ! Qua) nos, relliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos,, Urbe, domo socias. '. Grates persolvere dignas Non opis est nostrce, Dido : nee quicquid ubique est Gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem : Di tibi(si qua pios respectant.numina,.si quid. Usquamjustitiu'est, et.mens sibi conscia recti,) m 575 575. Utinara ipse, vester rex, afforet, compulsus eodem noto I 578. Si forte ille ejec- tus errat in quibus syl- 580 vi 589. Similis Deo, quoad os, humerosque N 595. 595 adsum coram vobis, quern quaeritis 597. O tu sola misera- ta es 598. QueB socias nos in vestra urbe, et domo, 600 relliquias Danaum, ex- haustos jam omnibus 60 1. Nee est opis Dar- daniae gentis, ubique quicquid ejus est, quae sparsa est per magnum NOTES. 570. Certos : in the sense ofjidos. The word fwminesis understood. 577. Extrema: the farthest, or extreme parts of Africa. 579. Arrecti animum : animated encou- raged in mind. A Grecism. 584. Unus abest : one is wanting. This was Orontes, mentioned verse 113, supra. His ship and crew were lost. 585. Cotter a respondent : the rest answer to, &c. See 390, supra, et seq. 587. Purgat in apertum: it clears up (dissolves) into pure air. Circumfusa nubes : the surrounding cloud the cloud that hith- erto had encompassed them. Here Virgil imitates Homer, Odys. vii. 143. 589. Namque genitrix : for his mother had breathed upon her son graceful locks, and the bright bloom of youth, and a spark- ling lustre to his eyes. Honores : grace beauty. 592. Quale decus: such beauty art gives, &c. Manus : by melon, the skill of the workman. 593. Parius lapis: the Parian marble. Parus, an island in the .flSgean sea, famous for its white marble. Circumdatur: en- compassed ench ase d . 597. Labores: disasters calamities. 599. Exltaustos: worn out having un- dergone. Socias : in the sense of recipis. 601. JV fortemque Gyan, fortemque Clqanthura. Obstupuit primo aspec.tu Sidonia^Dido, Casu.deinde vjri tanto ; et sic.ore loputa est : Quis te* riate Dea, per. tanta pericula.casus , Irisequitur ? quae v vis immanibus. applications I 617. Tu-ne es ille Tu-ne. ille^neas, quern .Dardanio Anchisae . quern Alma Alma Venus Phrygji gemiit Simqentis ad.undamj Darda- ^tque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire, Finibus expulsum patriis, nova'regna petentem Auxilio Beli. Genitor turn Belus opimam 623. Casus Trojame Vastabat Cyprum, et victor ditione tenebat. .p'^t Temporc jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis via hostis ferebat Teu- IrojanaB, nomenque tuum, regesque Pelasgi. cros Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat, Venus nio 615 620 625 NOTES. This word signifies virtuous men in gener- al; especially the kind, beneficent, and ge- nerous. 605. Lceta : in the sense of felicia. See- cula : in the sense of tempora. 607. Dum umbrae, : while the clouds shall move around, or encompass the mountains. Ruaeus says, umbrce arborum : the shades of trees. But with what propriety the shades of trees can be said to move round, or en- compass the mountains, doth not appear. It certainly is not the meaning of the poet. It is well known that the tops of high mountains rise above the clouds ; and the region, or elevation of the clouds will be a greater or less distance below the summit, according to the height of the mountain, and the density of the atmosphere. Con- vexa : properly the exterior of any round, or circular body. It may then very proper- ly denote the top, or curved surface of a mountain ; also its sides. Montibus : in the sense of montium. Convexa montibus : the tops of the mountains. The dat. among the poets, is often used in the sense of the gen. 608. Dumpolus: while the heav.en feeds (sustains) the stars while there are any stars in the heavens. Polus, properly the pole ; by synec. the whole heavens. 611. Ilionea : a Greek ace. of Ilioneus. He was a Trojan, the son of Phorbas. The penult syllable is naturally short, but it is made long for the sake of the verse. No- thing is known of Serestes, Gyas, and C7o- cinthus, further than Virgil informs us. 614. Casu : calamity misfortune, De- inde : in the next place. It has reference tu pritnb, in the preceding line. 615. Quis casus: what fortune. Qua vis: what power drives you, &c. 618. Genuit : in "the sense of peperit. 619. Memini quidem. Thi* Teucer was the son of Telamon, king of the island of Salamis, and Hesione, daughter of Laome- don, king of Troy. On his return from the Trojan war, he was banished by his father, for not preventing the death of his brother Ajax, who slew himself, because the arms of Achilles were adjudged to Ulysses rather than to him. This unnatural treatment of his father, led him to disclaim all relation- ship to him, and to reckon his lineage from his mother. The poet, by concealing this circumstance, hath made it reflect much honor upon the Trojans. 621. Belus. See yn. iv. 1. 622. Cyprum : an island in the Mediter- ranean sea, sacred to Venus. Here, it is said, she was born, and had a splendid tem- ple. Hence she was sometimes called the Cyprian Goddess. Opimam: rich fertile. Belus had been at war with the inhabitants of the island, and ut that time it was sub- ject to him. 624. Pelasgi. These were a people of Thessaly so called from Pelasgus, a son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, from whom they were descended. They were frequently taken for the Greeks in general. Here, and in some other places, used as an adj. 625. Ferebat Teucros: he extolled the Trojans with distinguished praise LIB. I (99 Seque oitum antiqua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat. Quare agite, 6 tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris ! Me quoque per multos similis forturia labores Jactatam, hac demum voluit consistere terra. Non ignara inali, miseris succurrere disco. Sic memorat, simul ^Enean in regia ducit Tecta, simul Divum templis indicit, honorem. Nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit Viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum Terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos : Munera, loetitiamque Dei. At domus interior regali splendida luxu Instruitur, mediisque pararit convivia tectis. Arte laboratae vestes, ostroque superbo : Ingens argentum mensis, coelataque in auro Fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum Per tot ducta viros antiquse ab origine gentis. jEneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem Passus amor) rapidum ad naves praemittit Achaten, Ascanio ferat ha3c, ipsumque ad moania ducat. Omnis in Ascanio chari stat cura parentis. Munera pra3terea, Iliacis erepta ruinis, Ferre jubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem, u'28. Similis forturia voluit me quoque jacta- tarn per multos laboreg consistere 633. Mittit munera sociis ad litora, ntmpc viginti tauros. centum 636 639. Hie sunt vestes 640 laboratce arte 645. Ul ferat haec As- 645 cam i duscatque 647. Jubet Ascanium ferre secum munera erepta ex Iliacis minis, nempe pallam NOTES. 626. Volebatque se : and he wished (it to be considered) that he sprang from the an- cient stock of the Trojans. He sprang from that stock by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, who was the fifth from Teu- cer and Dardanus, the founders of Troy. See Geor. iii. 35. For volebat, Ruaeus says aiebaf. 628. Labores : in the sense of casus. 630. Mali. This is a fine verse. The sentiment is worthy of the most distinguish- ed character. Memorat: in the sense of loquitur. 632. Indicit honorem : she orders an of- fering (to be made) in the temples. Jt was an ancient custom to offer libations to Jove, as being the god of hospitality, upon the arrival of si rangers. Scrvius thinks the words, indicit honorem, mean, that she orders contributions to be made in honor of the gods ; but this is questionable. He ob- serves that the aucienls, from their poverty, were obliged to make collections from^^s people, for their sacrifices: they iilsojf- plied to that use the property of convict - malefactors. Hencu stipplwiu, punishments, came to signify prayers, supplications, and thanksgivings. So ako KUCKT came to sig- nify both holy, and accursod. 633. Nee minus : in the sense of quoque, or nee non. 634. Centum horrentia terga : a hundred bristly backs of huge swine ; simply, a hun- dred large swine. Ter^a : the backs, by synec. put for the whole bodies, or carcasses. 636. LcBtitiam Dei : the joy of the god (Bacchus wine.) This is a beautiful cir- cumlocution. The opinions of commeta- tors upon this passage are various. The sense, however, is easy. The queen sent them presents (munera) of twenty bulls, a hundred swine, and wine to cheer their hearts. 637. Interior domus : the inner part of the palace, itself splendid, was furnished with royal magnificence. - 639. Superbo : rich costly. Laboratce : finely wrought. 640. Ingens argentum : much silver (was) upon the tables, and the mighty deeds of her ancestors carved in gold, a very long series of history, traced down through so many heroes from the origin of their an- cient family. Ingens argentum : by this we are to understand a great quantity of plate., and Is of various descriptions, on which were carved the noble actions oj* her ancestors. 044. Pmmittit : in the sense of miltit. the compound for the simple word. Or re- ice may be had to the entertainment which Dido had ordered upon the occasion. He sends Achates before supper, to bear the news to Ascanius, and to bring him to the' city. He suffers no time to be lost, before he communicates to his son the tidings of their kind reception. Servius takes Pra- mitiil rapidum, for miltit prccrapidum. Ra- p id-am : in the sense of celc.- 648. Riiff.nffm fipm's am-ow : stift with 194 . VIRGIL1I MARONI3 Et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho : 650. Quos ilia extu- Ornatus Argivae Helena, quos ilia Mycenis, 650 Mycems ' Cum Pergama cum peteret, inconcessosque Hymenaeos, S53 Prseterea jubet Extulerat : matris Ledae mirabile donum. eum firre sceptrum, Preeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim quod Ilione maxima Maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile Baccatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. 655 656, Achates celerans Hasc celerans, iter ad naves tcndebat Achates. ferre hsec At Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat 658. Ut Cupido mu- Consilia : ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido tatus quoad faciem, et Ora vemat pro Pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque furentem Incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem. 660 Quippe domum timet ambiguam, Tyriosque bilingues. Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura recursat. Ergo his aligerum dictis affatur Amorem : 664. O nate, mess vi-Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia ; solu.s, res, mea magna poten- Nate, patris sunnni qui tela Typhoea ternnis : ((."> tia; nate, qui solus ^d te confugio, et supplex tua numina posco. . tem } 8 T/ , Frater ut ^Eneas pelago tuns ornnia circuin oo/. H(Rc not a sunt T . . T- i ... tibi, Ut tuus frater^ltora jactetur, odus Juiioius miqiuc, yErteas jactetur pelago Nota tibi : et nostro doluisti saape dolore. NOTES. figures, and with gold with golden figures, by Hendiadis. Vdamen circumlextum : a vail Woven round. 650. Ornatus Argivoz : the ornaments of Grecian Helen. According to the poets, Helen was the daughter of Jupiter, and Leda, the wife of Tyndarus, king of La- conia. She produced two eggs : from one of them sprung Pollux and Hellen ; from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. Ho- race says that Castor and Pollux were from the same egg. Helen married Menelaus, the brother of Agamemnon, king of My- cenae and Argos. Having become son-in- law to Tyndarus, he succeeded to the throne of Laconia, after the death of Cas- tor and Pollux. Helen is called Argiva, either on account of her relationship to the royal family of Argos, or because the Greeks in general were sometimes called Argiri. Jflycenis* Mycenae and Argos, the two prin- cipal cities of Greece, are sometimes put for Greece hi general, by synec. Sec also nom. prop, under Helen. 651. Pergama: Troy. See 466, supra. Inconcessos Hymenceos : unlawful match marriage. 653. Ilione : the eldest (maxima natanmi) of the daughters of Priam. She was mar- ried to Polymnestor, king of Thrace, and was invested with royal dignity. 654. Baccatumque monile : a pearled col*- lar for the neck a necklace set with pearl. Coronam duplicem: a crown double with gems and gold set with a double row of golden gems ; by Hend. 657. Cyth-rro-a : Venus ; so called from Cythera, an island in the Peloponncsu .- . cred to that goddess. 659. Furentem rtgmam : the loving queen. The queen already in love with jSCncas. Cupid was a celebrated deity, the god of love, from the verb cupio. The one here spoken of was the son of Jupiter and Venus, and consequently was half brother to tineas. There were two others of the same name among the ancients. Furentem : in the sense of amantem. Furens signifies, being transported with an inordinate passion, Whether of love, or anger. 660. Implicet : should apply the fire (of love) to her bones should entwine it around them. 661. Ambiguam domum : the equivocating race, and double-tongued Tyrians. Bilin- gues, either alludes to their speak ng both the Phoenician and Libyan languages, or to their notorious perfidyi Punica Jides, was proverbial for deceit and perfidy. Domum : in the sense of gcntem. 662. Urit : troubles her. 663. Amorem : Cupid. He is represented lEriflk winged infant, naked, and armed with a TOW and quiver full of arrows. 665. Typhoea: an adj. from Typhoeus, one of the giants that made war against the gods. Jupiter struck him with a thunder- bolt, and laid him under mount jEtna. Ty- pftoca arma : the thunder-bolts of Jove. These words very forcibly express the irre- sistible power of love. 666. Numina : in the sense of o/?cm, vel aux ilium. 6GB. IniqucB : in the sense of iratce.. vet in fen see, See /- and 27. supra. . LIB. I. Hunc Phoemssa tenet Dido, blandisque moratur 070 Vocibus : et vereor, quo so Junonia vertant Hospitia : baud tanto cessabit cardine rerum. Quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma Reginara meditor : ne quo se numine mutet ; Sed magno JEHneee mecum teneatur amore. 675 Qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe montem., Regius, accitu chari genitoris, ad urbem Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, Dona ferens pelago et flammis restantia Troja3. Hunc ego sopitum somno, super aita Cythera, 680 Aut super Idalium, sacrata sede recondam : Ne qua scire dolos, mediusve occurrere possit.T Tu faciem illius, noctem non amplius unam, Falle dolo : et.notos pueri puer indue vultus, Ut, cum te gremio accipiet leetissima Dido, 685 Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, Ciim dabit am plexus, atque oscula dulcia figet ; Occultum inspires ignem, fallasque veneno. Paret Amor dictis charoe genitricis, et alas Exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit liili. 690 At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem Irrigat : et fotum grernio Dea tollit in altos lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium 677. Regius puer, meu maxima cura, parat ire ad 684. Tu puer indue notos vultus pueri, utj cum Dido 688. Fallasque veneno amoris 692. Et Dea tollit emit, fotum in altos NOTES. 070. PJuen-issa : Dido. She is here call- ed a Phoenician, or woman of Phoenicia. This was a country extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, inclu- ding Tyre and Sidon. The Phoenicians were among the earliest navigators, and are said to have been the inventors of let- ters. Blandis : kind smooth words. Tenet : in the sense of detinet. 671. Quo Junonia. The hospitality and friendship which ^Eneas received at Car- thage, are here called Junonian ; either be- cause Juno may be considered the goddess, as well as Jupiter the god, of hospitality ; or because she was the special guardian and protectress of Carthage. Venus fears lest this hospitality of Juno may turn to the de- struction of ./Eneas and his friends. 674. Tanto cardine rerum : in so great a crisis, or juncture of affairs. 674. Meditor antecapere : I contemplate to take possession of the queen befgre- hand by stratagem, and to besiege her with the flame of love. This is a metaphor ta- ken from the manner of blocking up a town, by planting fires around the walls to pre- vent any from making their escape. JVe mutet : lost Dido should change herself through the influence of any god should change her mind through the influence of Juno. 676. Jlccipe : hear my opinion. 678. Sidoniam: an adj. from Sidon, a city of Phoenicia, belonging to Tyre, Dido and the Carthaginians were a colony from Tyre. Hence Sidonia vel Tyria urbs, for Carthage. 679. Restantia : in the sense of servata. 680. Recondam hunc : I will conceal him in a sacred place, laid in sleep, &c. Cythera ; neu. plu. an island lying southward of the Peloponnesus, sacred to Venus. Idalium, or Idalia : a town and grove in the island of Cyprus, sacred to Venus. Hence she is sometimes called Idaloza. 682. Nequa possit : lest by some means, he could know the deceit, or intervene, to prevent the success of the plan. 684. Falle dolo : counterfeit, through arti- fice, his appearance for one night, and no more. 686. Lyceum laticem: simply, wine, Lyseus, a name of Bacchus, derived from the Greek. Mensas : in the sense ofepulas, vel dapes, by meton. 687. Figet : and she shall give you sweet kisses shall press your sweet lips. Inspi- res : in the sense ofinsinues, Fallas veneno. Heyne takes these words in the sense of; per fraudem instilles venenum. 692. Irrigat placidam : diffuses a placid rest through, &c. Fotum gremio : pressed to her bosom. 693. Amaracus : the herb marjoram. It was said to be baneful to serpents, and therefore a very proper bed for Ascanius. It- abounded in Cyprus. Mottis: in " of dulcif- 196 P. VIRGILII MAROiMS Floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur umbra. Jamque ibat dicto parens, et dona Cunido Regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate. Cum venit, aulaeis jam se Regina supcrbis Aurea composuit sponda, mediamque iocavit. . Jam Pater ^Erieas, et jam Trojana juventus * Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque canistris Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantilia villis. 703. Intus erant quin- Quinquaginta intus famula:, quibus ordine longo quaginta famulro, qui- Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates : bus erat cura ^^ Centum aliaR, totidemque pares aetate ministri, Pe 7oT Erant T centum Q ui dapibus mensas onerent, et pocula ponant. alire/amwte, totidemque Necnon et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes minietri Convenere, toris jussi discumbere pictis. Mirantur dona ^Eneae, mirantur lulum, Flagrantesque Dei vultus, simulataque verba : 712 Pracipue infelix P a ^ am( l ue et pictum croceo velamen acantho. Phienissa devota future Prsecipue infelix, pesti devota future} 1 , pesti nequit Expleri mentem nequtt, ardescitque tuendo 695 700 705 710 NOTES. 694. Aspirans : sending forth a sweet smell odoriferous. 695. Cupido parens dicto : Cupid obeying the command, &c. As Cupid personates Ascanius, he may be said to obey the com- mands of ./Eneas, delivered by Achates. This is the sense given to the words by Ru- ceus. Davidson refers them to Venus. 697. Regina jam composuit. The couch- es were calculated for three persons each. The middle couch was considered the most honorable, and of the seats, the middle one of the middle couch. Here Dido sat down. Locavitque medium : and placed herself in the middle, between YEneas and Cupid, sup- posed to be Ascanius. It was usual to have three of these couch- es at table. Hence triclinium came to sig- nify a dining room. Aulceis may mean the rich tapestry and curtains that were sus- pended over 1 the couch on which Dido sat ; or the rich coverings of the couch itself. This appears to be the opinion of Rueeus : In aurea sponda, et magnificis tapetibus, says he. 700. Discumbitur: a verb imp. they sit down upon a couch richly ornamented with purple. Ruauis says, in purpureis lectis. Ostrum : the purple colour itself, taken as an adj. 702. Mantilia tonsis : towels of soft nap smooth and soft towels ; the prep, em ex being understood. Or, tonsis villis may be put absolutely: the shag, or nap being cut off, would render them smooth. It was a custom to wash before meals ; hence, dant lymphas manibus. Lymphas : in the sense of aqaam. 703. Famutaz. These were female ser- vants. They are 'distinguished from the male servants, who are called ministri. 704. Penum : properly all kinds of pro- visions and stores. Here the word is taken in a more limited sense, Adolere Penates flammis: to worship the Penates by fire to burn incense to the Penates. See Geor. ii. 505. The business of the female servants seems to have been to cook ami dress the provi- sions, and to arrange the several dishes be- fore they were brought upon the table. The other servants spread die table, brought forward the several dishos when prepared. and waited upon the guests at supper, Struere penum : instruere et adurnare edulia ac cibos, says Heyne. 705. Pares (Ktate : equal in age of equal age. Pocula : by meton. for wine. 707. JVcc non: also in like manner. Frequentes : in crowds in great numbers. 708. Pictis toris : upon ornamented couches. 709. lulwn : Cupid, who came in the form of lulus, or Ascanius. 710. Flagrantcs : fresli glowing. Simu- lator in the sense ofjicla. 711. Pictum : Rutsus says, intextum. It is to be taken after velamen. When any cir- cumstance depends upon the adj. it is to be taken after the noun. 712. Devota futwa, : devoted to future love. It was the plan of Venus all along, that Dido should fall in love with .SSneas ; she may therefore be said to have been de- voted to it. Pestis very strongly marks the nature and destructive effects of love, when indulged beyond due bounds. 713. Expleri : the pass, in the sense of ENEIS. LIB. L Phcenissa : et pariter puero donisque movetur. ^ Ille, ubi complexu ^Eneae colloque pependit, Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, Reginam petit : haec oculis, haec pectore toto Haeret ; et interdum gremio f'ovet, inscia Dido, Insideat quantus miserae Deus : at memor ille Matris Acidalise, paulatim abolere Sichaeum Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere amore Jampridem resides animos desuetaque corda. Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotao Crate ras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant Atria : dependent lychni laquearibus aureis Incensi : et noctem flarnmis funalia vincunt. Hie Regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit, Implevitque mero, pateram ; quam Belus, et omnes A Belo soliti. ..Turn facta silentia tectis : Jupiter, (hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur) Hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Trojaque profectis Essc velis, nostrosque hujus meminisse minores. Adsit loetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Juno : 720 717. Hffic haeret in eum cum oculis, hsec h(R~ ret in eum cum toto pec- tore 718. Tnterdum Dido fovet eum gremio, inscia 719. Memor mandato- rum matris 721. Prcevertere vivo amore JE,nt doc T ult 1 U8e maximus Atlas. _.. ,/, I/, et Jf ic camt errantem Lunam, Solisque labores : 744. Canit Arcturum Unde nominum genus, et pecudes : unde imber, et ignes : Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, geminosque Triones : Quid tantum Oceano properent se tingere solos 7-15 Hyberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. -r 748. Vario sermone Ingeminant plausum Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur. cum Mnea Necnon et vario noctem sermone trahebat 751. Quibus armis fi. Infelix Did i ongumque bibebat amorem ; hus Auroras venisset ad , V . . Trojam : nunc quales Multa su P er Pnarno rogitans, super Hectore multu : essent equi Diomedis Nunc, quibus Aurora3 venisset films armis : 751 753. Age, O hospes, Nunc, quales Diomedis equi : nunc, quantus Achilles. etdicnobisa P rimaori-l mni 5 ag6) et a prima> diC) hospes, originc nobis *755. Nam jam septi- J? 8idi as, inquit, Danaftm, casusque tuorum, ma sestas portat te er- Erroresque tuos : nam te jam septima portat 755 rantem omnibus terris. Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus acstas. NOTES. 737. Attigit : she just touched it with her lips. Tenus: in the sene of tantummodb. The Roman ladies were not permitted to drink wine except at religious ceremonies. Dido, therefore, takes it, but she does not drink deep. She touches it with her lips : she just tastes it, and no more. Summo ore : the extremity of her mouth her lips. Hau- sit : in the sense of potavit. Betias drank oft' the bowl with so much haste and eager- ness, that he wet himself {proluit se,) by spilling some of the wine, which ran down his chin and clothes. Auro : properly gold. Hence by meton. any thing made of gold. Here the golden bowl out of which he drank. 741. Atlas. See ^n. 4. 247. 742. Labores solis: eclipses of the sun. Personal : he sings plays upon his lyre. Ignes: lightning. 744. Arcturum: a star in the constellation Bootes, near the tail of the Great Bear. Hyadas : these were seven stars in the front of the Bull. See Geor. 1. 138. Geminos Triones. These were two Northern signs ; formerly called, sometimes, the greater and less Plough, because the stars were thought to be in the form of a team of oxen, before a plough. Flavian : in the sense of imbriferas. 745. Quid hyberni soles : why the winter suns hasten so much to touch themselves in the ocean, or what delay retards the blow nights. Simply : why the winter days arc so short, and those of summer so long. The summer nights may be said to be slow in their coming on, because of the length of the day. They seem to be tardy and reluc tant, as if unwilling to arrive. This song of lopay is imitated from the Odyssey of Homer. Virgil, however, has surpassed his master. The subject of Ho- mer's song is the actions of Ulysses. But this of Virgil is of the sublimest kind, com- prehending the most profound subjects of philosophy. 749. Infclix Dido: unhappy Dido dffew out the night in various conversation, and drank large draughts of love. Virgil, says Davidson, is always very happy in setting objects in contrast to one another. Here the anxious situation of Dido's lovesick mind is seen in a fine light in opposition to the general mirth. While Tyrians and Trojans give loose to joy, and are making the roofs resound with their repeated acclamations, ^Eneas alone engages Dido's thoughts and attention. She relishes neither the pleasures of the feast, nor of the song ; and can listen to no music, but the charms of his voice. Bibebat quasi longo haustii, says Heyne. 750. Filius Aurora. Memnon. See -18!?. supra. Su.j/er : about or concerning. 753. Die: by Apocope for dice, in th sense of narra. 755. Septima ozsLas : the seventh summer. The meaning seems to be : the seventh sum- mer now brings you hither, after you have- wandered on every land, and on every sc-a. Flitctibus : in the sense of maribus. KNEIS. LIB. J. 199 QUESTIONS. What is the character of this book? When does it open ? Where was ./Eneas at that time ? What prevented him from proceeding to Italy? Who caused the storm ? At whose instigation was it raised ? What damage did the fleet of ^Eneas sus- tain ? Who assuaged the storm ? Did he render the Trojans any other as- sistance ? Where did JEneas then direct his course ? After his arrival, how was he received ? Who conducted him to Carthage, and gave him an account of the country ? Having entered the city, to what place does he go first ? Whom does he see there ? What effect had the appearance of Dido upon him ? Are there any episodes in this book ? How many can you mention ? Who were the founders of Troy ? x Wiiat are its several names ? And from whom derived ? Who was Dardanus? Of what country was he a native ? Of what country was Teucer a native ? After ^Eneas arrived in Italy, whom did he marry ? What city did he build? What did he call it? Where was it situated ? Who was Juno ? What is said of her ? What are some of her names ? What were the causes of her resentment against the Trojans? Where was Carthage situated ? Who was the Guardian Goddess of that city ? What was the prize of beauty ? To whom was it adjudged? By whom was it adjudged ? Where did ^Eolus reside ? How do you understand the fable of his being the god of the winds ? In the division of the world between the sons of Saturn, to whom did the empire of the sea fall ? What is Neptune represented as bearing in his hand ? What is the difference between jwocdla, hi/cms, nimbus i and -imber / Are they sometimes used indiscriminately for each other? Why was Sicily called TYinacria ? What are the names of its promontories? Is the passage between Sicily and Italy dangerous ? What is the cause of it ? Can you explain the fables of Mo and Charybdis? Who was Venus? What is said of her? What are some of her names? For what is the word taken, by melon. ? What part did she take in the affairs of the Trojans ? Does the poet represent her as making any speech in their favor, after their arrival in Africa ? What is the character of that speech ? W-iat does Dr. Trapp say of it? Who was Antenor ? What did he do? What city did he build ? Who succeeded tineas in the govern- ment ? What city did Ascanius build ? How long was this city the seat of go- vernment ? Who was the mother of Romulus ? W T hose daughter was she ? How were itomulus and his brother Re- mus brought up ? What is the fabulous account ? What is the more probable account ? What was their mode of life? What did Romulus do as soon as he came to years of maturity ? Where did Romulus found his city ? What was the end of Remus ? What gave rise to the quarrel between the brothers ? What other name had Romulus? From what is it derived ? Who were the Amazons ? From what is the name derived ? Are they supposed to have been altoge- ther a fabulous people? Who was their queen in the time of the Trojan war? What were the several names of Italy : From what were they derived ? Who were the Pelasgi properly ? For whom is the word sometimes used i What was Pergama properly ? For what was the word used by synec. : What is the last episode in this book ? What are the subjects of that song? From whom is it imitated ? What are the subjects of Homer's song :' How does this book conclude ? L.IBER HECUNDUS. DIDO having desired /Eneas to relate to her the sufferings of his countrymen, he proceeds to the mournful subject. He informs her that the city was taken after a siege often years, through the treachery of Smon, and the stratagem of a wooden horse : that it was his determination not to survive the ruins of his country, till otherwise advised by Hector's ghost, and the appearance of his mother Venus : that he then conceived the plan of leaving his country, and seeking a settlement in another land. He then informs her of his carrying his aged father upon his shoulders, while his little son fol- lowed by his side, and his wife Creiisa at, some distance behind : that when he came to the place of general rendezvous, he found a great concourse of people ready to engage in any enterprise : that here he misses his wife, and, frantic with despair, he resolved to rescue her, at the peril of his life. For this purpose he returned to the city ; but, in the adventure, her ghost appeared to him, quieted his mind, and informed him of the land destined to him by fate. He also relates the particulars of his own adventures in that fatal night, when the powerful kingdom of Priam fell to the ground. This book may justly be considered the most interesting one of the whole iEneid ; and was one of the jsix which the poet himself read in the presence of Augustus and Octavia. CONTICUERE omnes, intentique ora tenebant. Inde toro pater Ericas sic orsus ab alto : Infanclum, Regina, jubes renovare dolorem : 4. JVarromtoutDanaiTrojanas ut opes, et lamentabile regnum Eruerint Danai ; quaeque ipse mi/serrima vidi, 5 7. AutfuwmilesMyr- EL quorum pars magna fui. , Quis talia fando, midonum Myrmidonum, Dolopumve, aut duri miles Ulyssei, NOTES. 2. Toro : the couch on which he sat at he sowed with salt. But he was detected supper. Orsus : began. From the verb by Pelamidcs, a wise and eminent statesman, nrdior. Est is to be supplied. in this manner. He took his son Telema- 3. Ut : in the sense of quoniodo. Opes : in chus, then a child, and laid him before the the sense ofpotentiam. Lamentabile: in the plough of his father, who turned it aside to sense of plorandum. save his son. He was obliged to go to Troy, f>. Danai: the Greeks, so called from where he distinguished himself both by his JDanaws, one of their kings. Qu&que miter- valor, his prudence, and his sagacity. By rima ipse : both what things (scenes) the his means, Achilles was discovered among most pitiable I myself saw, and those of the daughters oi Lycomedes, king of the which I was a principal part. island of Scyros, under whose guardianship 7. Myrmidonum. The Myrmidons were his mother had placed him ; and Philoctetes the troops of Achilles. Dolopum. The Do- was obliged to leave Lemnos, and take with lopians were the troops of Phenix ; or, as him the arrows of Hercules; without which some say, of Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, it wus said Troy could not be taken. Ulyssei. Ulysses was the son of Laertes, and He performed many daring achievements, Anticlea, king of the islands of llhica and and executed many hazardous enterprises. Dulachiuun, He married Penelope, the After the death of Achilles, he was reward- daughter of Icarus, a virtuous and amiable ed with the arms of that hero. On his re- woaian, with whom he lived fora time in turn home, he was exposed to manj dangers, great happiness and domestic enjoyment. hardships, and misfortunes, during the space After the rape of Helen by Paris, he was of ten years. After an absence of twenty summoned by the other princes of Greece, years, he arrived in his kingdom, to the great to the war that had been resolved upon joy of his constant wife. He is said to have against Troy. Unwilling to leave his king- been slain by Telegonus, a son of his by the dom and beloved wife, he pretended to be sorceress Circe. insane : and yoking an ox and an horse to- During his absence, his wife had many gether. he went ploughing the shore, which suitors, whom she put off by telling them . LIB. II. -it) I Temperet d lachrymis ? et jam riox humida coelo Praecipitat, siiadentque cadentia sidera somnos. Sed, si tanius amor casus cognoscere nostros, Et breviter Trojae supremum auchre laborem ; Quanquam animus meminisse horret, luctuque refugit, Incipiam. Fracti bello, fatisque repulsi Ductores Danaum, tot jam labentibus annis, Instar mentis equuni, divina Pallidis arte, ./Edificant : sectaque intexunt abiete costas. Votum pro reditu simulant : ea fama vagatur. Hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim Includunt cseco lateri : penitusque cavernas Ingentes, uterumque armafo milite complent. f Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama Insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant 10 10. til irf Si 15 17. Simulamt case votum pro redit do mum 18. Illi. sortit.i NOTES. that she could not comply with their wishes, until she had finished a piece of work which was then in her loom ; but which she was careful not to do : for she undid in the night what she did in the day. By this device she continued faithful to her husband. The re turn of Ulysses to his native land, and the adventures of Telemachus in search of his father, form the basis of the Odyssey. 9. Cadentia sidera. In the language of poetry, the^stars may be said to set, when they disappear at the approach of day; and they are said to rise, when they become visible, at the approach of night. From this, we are to understand that it was near morning, when ./Eneas entered upon the mournful subject. Suadent : invite to sleep. 11. Laborem: struggle. Heyne says, cladem, ipsum excidium urbis. 12. Horret : shudders at, or dreads, the recollection. Refugit Imtu. The verb here is in the perfect tense. As soon as his mind was turned to the mournful subject, it shrunk back, and revolted from it. This change of ten^e is an elegance : it marks the quickness of the impression upon his mind. The verb refugio forms the third person of the present and perfect of the in- dicative, refugit. The penult of the for- mer is short, of the latter long, as in the present case. Some read Luctumquc refu- git : declines the mournful task ; which is the same sentiment. 13. Repulsi. The Greeks are hero said to be repulsed by the fates, because it was decreed that Troy could not be taken till the expiration of ten years, from the com- mencement of the siego. Fracti: disheart- ened. 15. lusiar mantis. It hath been objected that this story of the horse has not proba- bility enough to support it; that, besides the hardiness of the enterprise, it is not to *n supposed th;t thr Trojans would receive within their walls so enormous and si cious an engine with so implicit credulity. But the poet, as Mons. Segrais observes. has finely contrived the matter, so render it not only plausible, but in a man- ner necessary and unavoidable. The Trojans, having heard the story of Sinon, and seeing so strong a confirmation of the truth of it in the terrible disasters- that befel Laocoon and his sons, had even- reason to believe the machine was an offer- ing sacred to Minerva, and. that all who of- fered violence to it should feel the ven- geance of heaven, as Laocoon and his sons had done ; and therefore they could not act otherwise than the poet supposes them to have done, consistently with their religion. and, system of belief. As to the hardiness of the undertaking on the part of the Greeks, M. Segrais observes, that modern history furnishes examples of equally hardy enter- prises, undertaken and executed with cess. He instances the Hollanders, foi whom ventured to conceal themselves vessel, seemingly laden with turf, and un- derwent those examinations which are usu- ally made for contraband goods, and hav- ing landed, retook the town of Breda fron* the Spaniards. 16. Intexunt: they line or cover tlicribf-'. Costas. These wore the timbers thai form and figure to the horse the h Secta abide: with sawn fir with plank? o 1 boards of iir. 17. Fama: in the sense of rumor. 18. So titi deleeta corpora : havi. a select body of men, they privnioiy :>!iu! them up, &c. Sorfili: properly, h chosen by lot. 19. Peniti's: in its inmost refcos 21. Tcnedoa: an island lyi'ig opp Troy, not far from the promontory o. gaum, and about forty stadia fr^mtta 1 \ land. P. VIRGILII MARONIS Nunc tantum sinus, et static malefida carinis : 24. Duciores Danaum Hue se provecti deserto in litore condunt.f pr ^ eC ii? Nos abiisse rati, et vento petiisse Mvcenas. 25 25. Nos rati sumus eos ^ i * m i abiisse Ergo omms longo solvit se leucna luctu : Panduntur portae : juvat ire, et Dorica castra, Desertosque videre locos, litusque relictumi 30 Hie era/ locus ^ c Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles : 31. Pars nostrum stu- Classibus hie locus : hie acies certare solebant. 30 pet Pars stupet innuptse donum exitiale Minervae, Et molem mirantur equi : primusque Th} mretes Duci intra muros hortatur, et arce locari ; 34. Sive faciebat id Sive dolo, seu jam Trojge sic fata ferebant. dolo, seu At Capys, et quorum melior sentcntia menti, 35 35. Capys, eU7ft quo- Aut pe l ago Danaum insidias suspectaque dona. rum menti trat melior T, r . . & sententia, jubent aut Prsecipitare jubent, subjectisve urcre flammis : prsecipitare Aut terebrare cavas uteri et tent are latebras. Scinditur incertum studia in coruraria vuliis. 40. Ibi Laocoon pri- Primus ibi ante omnes, magna comitante caterva, 40 mus ante omncs decur- Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce : 11 AO Ft . Et procul : O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives ? Tt-6 X!jL UiOCUl CXCltl- -^. - . . \ .. - - j-^. -| . . i .. mat: quje tauta insania ^reditis avectos hostes ? aut ulla putatis est rnhh Dona carere dolis Danaum ? sic notus Ulysses ? 44. duett Ulyssessic Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi : 45 otus vobis Aut ngec m nostros fabricata est machina muros, NOTES. 23. Mahjida : unsafe for ships. Carinis : 35. At Capys : but Capys, and others, to the keels : by synec. the whole ships. whose mind there was a better judgment, 26. Omnis T ucria : all Troy : the name advised, &c. of the place put, by meton. for the inhabi- Ca accompanied ^Encas on his voy- o 7 S - n ' En ' *' L age, and was one of his chief men. He ~7. Uonca : an adj. from Doris, a coun- afterwards founded Capua, in Italy, which Greece, situated between ^toha, was a long time a rival of Rome, in wealth Phocis, and Thessaly ; by synec. for Greece and Bp i en dor in general. 29. Tendebat : pitched his camp. Rusus 37 , . Subjective. The common reaC says, habebat tenioria. Manus Dolopum : ^sutyectisque. The former is to be prefei simply, the Dolopians. ed - Val Py reads subjeclis-ve. 30. Acits : is properly an army drawn up 38. Terebrare : to lay open and examine in order of battle : ashmen, an army in the hollow recesses of the womb. order of march, from ago : exercitus, an 39. Incertum : fickle inconstant. Con- army m order of exercise, from ezerc o. ( rar ia studta : into different sentiments, or But they are often used indiscriminately. opinions. Some were in favor of the mea- 32. ThymKtcs. It is said he married the sure proposed, others were against it. u ^' 40. Ante. Rus interprets this by coram, ie Sa the presence of all. Davidson thinks it i a d so _i,- _i, n ,,, , , ' ."L , . ' opal (tmrma) person among tnose w nt rn ? TT < ^ stractlon , posed L admission of the horn into the mter P reted "/P" 1 !* t f so " of city. Heyne thinks we are to understand u. " Lan r . other of Aneh.es; othersaay he wa s ., C f , _, me son of Priam, and priest of Apollo. the inf. pass, of dvcor. Equum is understood before it. 41. Ardens : eager. Ruceus says celcr. 34. Fata: destiny fate. Fercbmnt : in 43. Avectos: in the sense of prqfecto* t the sense of vslcbent. The vrb ^e is understoed. is. LIB. ii. Inspectura domos, venturaque desuper urbi ; Aut aliquis latet error : equo ne credite, Teucri. Quicquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferente- Sic tatus, validis TrigerTtem viribus hastam 50 In latus, inque feri curvam compagibus alvum Contorsit : stetit ilia tremens, uieroque recusso Irisonuere cavse gemitumque dedere cavernse. Et, si fata Deum, si-mens non lasva fuisset, Impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras : Trqjaque, nunc stares, Priamique arx alta, maner< Ecce manus juvenem interea post terga revmctum Pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant Dardanidae : qui se ignoturn venientibus ultro, Hoc ipsum ut strueret, Trojamque aperiret Achivis, 60 Obtulerat : fidens animi, atque in utrumque paratus, Seu versare -lotos, sou C"i1a3 occumbere morti. Undique vin^ii'li studio Trojana juventus Circumfusa ruit, certantquc iliuiere capto.. Accipe nunc Danaum insidias ; et crimine ab uno 65 Disce omnes.' Na*mqu"e7 uFconspectu in medio turbatus, inermis Constitit, atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit : Heu, quas nunc tellus, inquii, q-iae me aequora possunt Accipere ! aut quid jam raise ro mihi denique restat ! 70 Cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus ; insuper ipsi 50. Sic iatus, validis viribus contorsit ingen- tem 54. Si fata Deum non adversa le impulerat nod 57. Ecce, interea Dar- dartidse pastores magno clamore trahebant ad regem juvenem revinc- tum quoad manus post terga ; qui ultro obtule- rat se ignotum illis 63. Visendi illiiis MJt Si non constitit NOTES. 47. Inspectura : about to overlook our houses, and to come down upon the city. It was higher than the walls and houses, and might, with propriety, be said to over- look them, and to come down upon the city to make an attack upon it. 48. Error : guile, deceit, or trick. It properly signifies whatever is opposed to truth. 49. Et : in the sense of etiam : I fear the Greeks even offering presents. There is a peculiar emphasis to be placed upon the et in this instance. 51. Feri: the horse. Ferus does not al- ways signify a wild beast, or beast of prey : it signifies a tame or domesticated animal also. He struck that part of the horse, where the timbers or ribs arose from their horizontal to a perpendicular position. Cur- vam compagibus : bending out in seams or joints. Juncturis, says Ruaeus. Recusso : in the sense of repercusso. 53. Gemitum. This groan probably was made by the Greeks within, who now began to be alarmed at their situation. 54. Fata: decrees, or purposes of the gods. 55. Argolicas : an adj. from Argos, a city of Greece, situated in the Peloponnesus ; by synec. sometimes put for Greece in ge- neral. Latebras: hiding places recesses. Trojaque, &c. This is a happy apostrophe : Iiad we taken his advice had our minds ,'.n* been stupid and infatuated: now. O Troy, thou wouldst be standing 1 , and thou, lofty citadel of Priam, wouldst be remain- ing ! Fc&dare : in the sense of excindere. 59. DardanidoB : the Trojans ; so called from Dardanus, one of their founders. It is here used as an adj. 60. Strueret : in the sense of effi.ce.rtt. 61. Fidetis animi : bold daring of soul, and prepared for either event ; to carry into execution his purpose, (versare dolos ;) or, in case of discovery, to yield to certain death. He threw himself a stranger, and unknown, in the way of these shepherds, on purpose that they might take him, and bring him before Priarn and the Trojan chiefs, the better to effect his purpose, to persuade them to admit the horse within their city. 64. Circumfusa: surrounding him en- compassing him on every side : a part, from circumfundor. Capto : in the sense of cap' tiro. 65. Accipe: in the sense of audi. Ab uno crimine: from one criminal person, (namely, Sinon,) learn the character of all the Greeks. This appears to be the sense in which Heyne takes the words. Valpy says : " From this instance of deceit and treachery," &c. Davidson : " From one crime, take a specimen of the whole nation." Crimen: properly a crime; by melon, a criminal, or villainous person. 66. In medio conspcctu in tlm mid the gazing ero*vrsi, lm ^ U3 . hortamur f ari ; quo sangu i n cret us ; 74. JEum fari, f.r quo Quidve forat, memoret, quae.sit fiducia capto. sanguine cretus sit; me- Ille ha3C, deposita tandem formidine, Ikt'i 1 : moret,quid feratquae-ve Cuncta equidem tibi, Rsx, fuerint qua'cunque, fateboi\ \rloli^I C creium ' esse de Vera, inquit : ueque. me Argolica de gente negabo ; ' ' 79. Hoc est primum : o nee, si miserum fortuna Sinonem nee, si improba fortuna Finxit, vanuin etiam finendaoernque improba finget.- 80 (inxit Sinoneiu Fando aliquid. si forte teas pervenit ad aures U3. Quem insontem Belidse nomen Palamcdis, et inclyta tama SXISLTS: Gloria: quern falsa su^ro.litione Pelasgi . fando Insontem, mtando indicio, quia bolla vetabat. 85. Jit nuuc lugont Demisere neci ; mine jc'assnm lumine Jngent : '''" llli me comitem, et consanguinit.ate propinquum, .Mn, pater pauper p auper in arma pater primis huc misit ab anniSo imsit me comitem ilh, et ~ 88. Dum Palamides Dum stabat regno mcolumis, regmmiquc vigebat Consiliis, et nod aliquod nomenque decusque 85 NOTES. 7*1. Lu.ue.ius : fury violence. Compres- rostrained. The verb. est is understood. 7.j. Jr'L i:\oret: in tlie sense of dicat. Qtii'rf . what message or news ho brought, or what confidence there might be placed in him, a captive. This is the sense usually given to the words ; but Valpy gives them another turn : " What he might have to re- late in his own defence, and what ground he had for hoping for mercy, now he was a prisoner/' 77. Cuncta vera : the whole truth all things true. Heyne and Valpy read, quod- cttnque fuerit, for quozcunque, fcc. 8. Vanum : in the sense of fallacem. 'Finxit: hath made, or rendered. Improba: in the sense of adversa. i>l. Siforie,fando aliquid: if by chance, by common report, the name of, &c. Fando aliquid : the same as dum aliquid dicitur. JYarratione aliorum, says Heyne. 8.2. Belidce Palamedis. Palamedes was Ihe son of Nauplius king of Euboea, an isl- and in the ^Egean sea, and descended from Bdus, a king of Africa, by Jlmymone, the daughter of Danaus. Ulysses, to avoid going to the Trojan war, pretended to be insane ; but the deception was discovered by Palamedes. See note 7, supra. This, Ulysses never forgave, and finally he wrought his ruin, by accusing him of hold- ing a correspondence with Priam. To sup- port this charge, he forged letters from Priam to Palamedes, which he pretended to have intercepted. He also conveyed gold to his tent, pretending it was sent from Priam as a bribe. Upon which Palamedes was accused of treason, and stoned to death. The whole of Sinon's speech is artful, and calculated to impose upon his audience, of falsehood. What he says of himself is downright falsehood ; what he says of Pa- lamedes is in substance true. His death might have been known to the Trojans by common report, (fando aliquid^) though the circumstances of it might not have been. By relating them, therefore, he could not fail of becoming interesting, of gaining a favorable reception, and of preparing the way for the accomplishment of his purpose. 83. Sub falsa proditione: under a false accusation of treachery treason. Thin alludes to the letters, which Ulysses forged, mentioned above. Pelasgi. See ait > vos arae > ensesque nefandi, " at, infandique ^ uos fu & vittseque Deum, quas hostia gessi : Fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere jura ; Fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras, 158. Fas est mihi Si qua tegunt : teneor patriae nee legibus ullis. * Tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves Tr J a fidera = f > * "P "pend-m. raissis /MM, Omnis spes Danaum, ct crept! fiducia belli, 164. Sed enim ex quo Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quo tempore impius Tydides sed enim, scelerumque inventor Ulysses, earth ert USlqUe 5im/ Fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo 169. Ex illo tempore Palladium, caesis summae custodibus arcis, spes Danaum sublapsa Corripuere sacram effigiem ; manibusque cruentis ccepit fluere Virgineas ausi Divas contingere vittas : O.omm vires frac- Ex illo fluere, ac retro sublapsa referri to !72?Vix simulacrum S P es Danaum ; fract se vires, aversa Deae mens. fuit positum in castris, ^ ec dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris. Vix positum castris simulacrum : arsere coruscae 155 160 165 170 cum corusc NOTES. 154. Tutor vos: ye eternal fires, I call you, and your inviolable divinity, to wit- ness. Some think this is an allusion to the fire of the altar. But Servius, with more pro- priety, thinks the sun, moon, and other hea- venly luminaries are meant : which the an- cients thought to be globes of fire, to shine with their own proper lustre ; and to be in- habited by divinities. The fire of the altar could hardly be called eternal, unless there be an allusion to the tire of Vesta. 155. Nefandi ensei: ye horrid instruments of death, which I escaped. I take enses here for the implements used in offering the sacrifice, such as the axe, knife, &c. 156 Vitt&que Deum : and ye fillets of the gods, which as a victim I wore. In order to excite their* compassion the more, and to show the horrid apprehensions he had of the act, he speaks as if he had actually been brought to the altar, and as if that had been actually put in execution, which had only been intended against him. 157. Sacratajura : sacred obligations. Jus properly signifies a natural right, law, duty, or obligation. It differs from /a*, which properly signifies a divine right, law, &c. Any thing that the laws of God permit may be called fas. 158. Sub auras : into light. 159. Siqua tegunt : if any lie hid. JWc ullis legibus i &c. He is no longer bound by any ties of his country. He is at liberty to broak or dissolve his allegiance, and place himself under the protection of th? Trojans. Their barbarous treatment had cancelled all his obligations to them : the urte on which he was to have been slain the enses nefan- di. bv which he was to have been slain the viltcp,, with which he was to have been bound, were so many witnesses that he was now under no obligations to regard the interests of the Greeks, who had withdrawn all pro- tection from him. 161. Siferam vera: if I relate the truth, if I repay thee largely great things. 164. Enim : in the sense of equadem. 166. Fatale Palladium. The Palladium was a statue of Pallas with a small shield and spear, it was said to have fallen from hea- ven near the tent of //iw, when he was build- ing the citadel of Troy. Some say it was made of the bones of P clops. All, however, agree that it was a pledge of the safety of Troy. ' Ulysses and Diomede entered the temple where it stood, and carried it away to the Grecian camp, having slain the guards. It is called fatalc, because, on the safe keeping of it, the preservation of Troy depended. 169. Ex illo : from that time, the hope of the Greeks, tottering, began to slip, and to be carried backward. This is a metaphor taken from a person standing on a slippery place, and with diffi- culty maintaining his position. The least movement of his body destroys his equilibri- um. At first he totters, and reels to and fro in order to recover himself. Unable to do it, he is borne away, and hurried along with accelerated motion. 171. Tritonia. This was a name of Pal- las or Minerva, taken from a lake in Africa. called r fr>'ona, where she is said to have been born : or, at least, wh?re who first made her appearance on eartli. Mo.istris : pro- digies indications of her anger. 172. Comsat Jiamma : sparkling flames flashed from her steady eyes, Thn. sins 3ENEIS. LIB. Luminibus flummas arrectis, salsusque per artus Sudor iit, terque ipsa solo, mirabile dictu ! Emicuit, parmamque ferens hastamque trementem. ^ Extemplo tentanda fuga canit aequora Calchas: 1?6 176. ^Equora tentandt Nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant, Quod pelago e? curvis secum advexere carinis. Et mine quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas ; 180 Anna Deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso, Improvisi aderunt : ita digerit omina Calchas. Hanc pro Palladio moniti, pro numine laeso, Effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret ; Hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere molem 185 Roboribus textis, creloque educere jussit : Ne recipi portis, aut duci in mcenia possit ; Neu populum antiqua sub relligione tueri. Nam si vestra manus violasset dona Minervae ; Turn magnum exitium (quod Di prius omen in ipsum Convertant) Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum : Sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem, Ultro Asiam magno Pelopeia ad mosnia bello Venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.v\. Talibus insidiis, perjurique arte Sinonis, 1 Credita res : captique dolis, lachrymisque coactis 183. Illi moniti sta- tuere hanc effigiem equi* quee 185. Tamen Calchas jussit eos attollere 189. Nam dicebat, si 189 vestra 193. Dicebat Asiam ultro venturam esse 196. JVbs-que, quos neque Tydides, nee La- rissams Achilles domuit ; nos, quos decem anni non domuere ; quos mille carinse non domucrc, capti sunt dolis NOTES. here mentioned are truly ominous ; and suf- ficient to have excited in the minds of the Greeks fear and alarm. 174. Ipsa: the goddess the image of the goddess. Emicuit: in the sense of salivit. 175. Parmam hastam : the shield and brandished spear. These were the arms by which the Palladium was distinguished. 176. Canit ; in the sense of declarat. Ca- no is properly applied to oracles and pre- dictions. It implies that Calchas spoke by inspiration, and declared it to be the will of the gods, that the sea, &c. Exscindi : be rased destroyed. 178. JVi repetant : unless they should re- peat the omens at Argos, and bring back the goddess, which, c. This, Servius observes, alludes to a cus- tom of the Romans, when they were unsuc- cessful in war, to return home, and again consult the omens : or, if they were too far for that purpose, they used to appropriate a part of the enemy's territory, and call it Rome, where they renewed the omens. Nu- men: the Palladium the image or symbol of Pallas' divinity ; which feinon would make the Trojans believe had been carried to Argos : and in the mean time, until they should return, as an atonement or offering to the offended goddess (numine laso,) the Greeks had built, and consecrated to her, this horse. 101. Armn : troops forces, by melon. Omina. Some copies have omnia. Di- gerit : interprets explains. 184. QMCB piaret: which might expiate the horrid crime of carrying off the Palladi- um from her temple. 186. Roboribus textis : with compacted or joined timber. Robur properly signifies the heart of the oak. Hence it may signify timber in general, and all wooden materials, as planks, boards, just punishment inflicted upon him for doing violence to the sacred offering of Minerva. By this their doubt was removed, and they resolved to admit the fatal machine within the city. 231. Tergo: in the sense of lateri. 232. Simulacrum. Virgil had an admi- rable talent at varying his style. He hath found out no less than twelve names for this horse, all equally significant : Lignum* Machina, Monstrum, Dolum, Pinea Clans tra. Donum, Moles, Effigies Equi, Equus, Sa- crum Robur, Simulacrum, and Cavum Robur. Ad sedes : to the proper place the lull, or eminence, on which the temple of Minerva stood. Numina: in the sense of divinitatem. 234. Mcenia: properly, the fortifications or bulwarks of a city, from munio. Murus : the wall that surrounds it. They are, how- ever, used indiscriminately for a city, fre- quently. Accingunt : apply themselves to the work. 236. Lapsus rotarum : they place wheels (or rollers) under its feet, and fasten hempen cords to its neck. Lapsus rotarum: simply, for rotas, 212 P. VIRGILII MARONIH Intendunt : scandit fatalis machina muros, Foeta armis : pueri circum innuptseque puellae 239. Circum canunt Sacra canunt, funernque manu contmijere gaudent. mZ"r toasu b-J' la -bit mediaeque rnrnans .llab.tur urbi. 240 D patna, o JJivum domus, ilium, et inch ta bello, Moenia Dardanidum ! quater ipso in limme portae Substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere. 244. Immemores pro- Instamus tamen immemores, caecique furore, gH f Et monstrum infelix sacratst sistimus arcc. 245 246. Tune etiam Cas- Xunc etiam fatis aperit Cassandra tuturis n2l1. , D f i jussu non unquam credi.a Teucr,,. dita Teucris, ^ os delubra Deum misen, quibus ultimus esset 248. Nos miseri TVo-Ille dies, festal velamus tronde per urbem. jani, quibus Vertitur interea ccelura, et ruit Oceano nox, 250 Involvens umbra magna terramque polumque, Myrmidon umque dolos. Fusi per mceniaTeucri Conticuere : sopor fessos complectitur artus. NOTES. 237. Scandit muros : it ascends, or mounts over the ruins of our walls. They had been demolished to admit it, and afford it entrance. 239. Funem: the ropes that had been fastened to the neck and other parts of the horse, by which they moved it forward. 241. Ilium, domus Divum : Hium, the ha- bitation of the gods ; either because its Avails had been built by Apollo and Nep- tune ; or, on account of the numerous tem- ples and consecrated places with which it abounded. 242. Dardanidum : the same as Trojano- rwm, vel Trofce. 243. Substitit quater, e. Some are of opinion that this stumbling, or stopping of the horse in the very threshold, alludes to a notion that prevailed of its being a bad omen for one 'to stumble on the threshold, especially when going out to war ; as it is said to have happened to Protesilaus, the first of the Greeks, who was killed on the plains of Troy. The malignity of this omen was thought to proceed from the Fu- ries, who had their seats on the threshold. 244. Immemores. Servius thinks that Virgil here alludes to the custom of the Romans in devoting their enemies and the places to which they laid siege. In the form of words which they used upon the occa- sion, they poured forth these imprecations against them : Eique populo ciritatique me- turn, forinidinem, obtivionem injiciatis, Dii. According to him, immemores will imply that the Trojans were abandoned by the gods, and given up to stupidity and infatua- tion. Furore : with zeal infatuation. Fu- ror signifies any inordinate passion what- ever, as love, hatred, anger, zeal, &c. /m- men<.ores : heedless unmindful. 245. Infelix: in the sense ofpernictosum, velfatale. 246. Cassandra. She was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and endued with the spirit of prophecy by Apollo, upon her pro- mising to grant him her love ; which, how- ever, she afterwards refused to do. Not being able to withdraw from her the gift he had bestowed, he rendered a of no avail, by destroying her credibility, and making all her predictions to be considered as false. Jussu Dei : by the command of the god Apollo. Ora : for os ; the plu. for the sing. Fatis futuris : to our approaching destruc- tion. 249. Velamus delubra. It was their cus- tom, not only on festival days, but at all times of public rejoicing, to adorn, or dress the temples of the gods with the branches of laurel, olive, ivy, &c. 250. Vertitur cozlum : the heavens are turned around. By the diurnal rotation of the earth, the heavens appear to revolve about it once in twenty-four hours. The heavens as well as the earth are divided in- to two hemispheres, the upper and the low- er, by the horizon. The diurnal hemisphere rises with the sun, and sets with him in the west, below the horizon. At the same time the nocturnal hemisphere rises in the east. This tends to explain nox ruit Oceano : night rushes from the ocean, or rises from the ocean. , 251. Terramque. There is a great beauty in thus singling out the stratagems of the Greeks, as the object of chief attention, among all the things in heaven and earth, which that night concealed. 252. Fusi: stretched upon their beds, expecting no danger, and taking needful repose. Mania : in the sense of urbem. jENELS. LIB. II. Et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat A Tenedo, tacitae per arnica silentia Lunae, ^255 Litora nota petens : fiammas cum regia puppis Extulerat ; fatisque Deiim defensus iniquis, . Inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim Laxat claustra Sinon : illos patefactus ad auras Reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt 260 Tisandrus Sthenelusque duces, et dims Ulysses, Demissum lapsi per funem ; Athamasque, Thoasque, Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon, Et M enelaus, et ,ipse doli fabricator Epeiis. Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam : 265 Caeduntur vigiles : portisque patentibus omnes Accipiunt socios, atque agmina conscia jungunt. Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris Incipit, et dono Divum gratissima,serpit. In somnis ecce ante oculos mo3Stissimus Hector 270 Visus adesse mihi, largosque eftimdere fletus : Raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento 258. Furtim laxat pinea claustra, et Da- naos inclusos utero equi. 268. Erattempusttcc- /w, quo 270. Ecce Hector moes-^ tissimus visus est adesse mihi ante oculos in som- NOTES, 254. Phalanx : properly a body of men, consisting of eight thousand, placed in a square ; here used for troops in general. Instructis navibus : in. their furnished ships. 255. TacilcE Luna. Commentators have variously interpreted these words. Some have understood by them that the moon was then new and shone with feeble light, and the darkness in consequence was fa- vorable to the Greeks, by preventing disco- very. Valpy understands by them the ab- sence of the moon during the first part of the night. The Grecian army, says he, may have chosen the decrease of the moon, when she does not rise till near midnight. This darkness was favorable or friendly to them. But we are told by Scaliger and others, that Troy was taken about the full moon, when she shines the brightest. This led Ruaeus to understand by the silence of the moon, the middle of the night, when all things are silent and still. But Luna may, by meton. be taken lor nox, as Sol is often put for dies. This will render it more intelligible : the friendly silence of the still (or calm) night. This is the opinion of Heyne. 256. Cum regia puppis : when the royal ship erected a light, then Sinon protected by, &c. We are to understand that Helen or Sinon first gave the signal to Agamem- non that they were ready, by showing a lighted torch from the citadel, and he re- turned it to them, by setting up a light upon the stern of his ship. 257. Fatis : will, or purposes of the gods. Iniquis : in the sense of adversis, vel infes- tis. Nobis is understood. 259. Furtim laxat Danaos: he opens privately the piny doors, and (lets out) the Greeks shut up in the womb. Here we may observe that Virgil uses the verb laxat with both the nouns claustra and Danaos, when in strict propriety, it can be applied to one only. This is a freedom which our language will not always admit ; but it fre- quently occurs in the Latin and Greek writers. See ^En. vii. 431. 260. Reddit : in the sense of e/undit. 262. Lapsi per funem. After they were let out, they slid down by a rope, secured at the top of the horse, and reaching to the ground. 263. Pelides : Pyrrhus, the son of Achil- les, and grandson of PC/CMS, king of Thes- saly. He was also called Neoplolemus. See 469. seq. Primus. By this we are to understand that he was the first who de- scended the rope ; and not the first, or chief among these leaders. 263. Doli : for equi. 265. Scpuitam somno, vinoque. This is a very expressive metaphor, representing the inhabitants of the city so deeply in sleep, and so silent and still, that it would almost seem as if their beds had been their graves. This greatly moves our pity to- wards the Trojans, and our indignation against Sinon and the treacherous Greeks. Accipiitnt : in the sense of admitlunt. Por- tis patentibus may be put absolutely. 267. Conscia : friendly ; or conscious, be- cause they were acquainted with the plan of attack. 268. JEgris : in the sense offessis. 269. Dono : by the favor, or indulgence. Serpit : creeps, or spreads over them. This is extremely significant, lilts, vel iis, is to be supplied. 272. Bigi*: Bigaz, properly a chariot 214 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 273. Trajectus quoad Pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes. Hei.mihi, qualis erat! quantum mutatus ab illo 275. Indutus quoad Hectore, qui redit. exuvias indutus Achillis, 275 Danaum Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes ! arbam, et concretos sanguine crines, V *277. Nunc gerens Vulneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros squalentem barbam, et Accepit patrios : ultro flens ipse videbar crines Compellare virum, et mcestas expromere voces : 280 tatf ab Sbusoris P ve" 1UX Dardani[E ! s P. es 6 fi dissima Teucrum ! ntsT Ut ^nos defessi as- Q uae tantas tenuere morae ? quibus Hector ab oris picimus te,post Expectate, venis ? ut te post multa tuorum Funera, post varies hominumque urbisque labores, Defessi aspicimus ? qua? causa indigna serenos 285 Foedavit vultus ? aut cur hsec vulnera cerno ? 287. Hie respondit ni- e " : nee me quaerentem vana moratur ; hil ad IUK : Sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens : 288. Graviter ducens Heu ! iuge, nate Dea, teque his, ait, eripe flammis. Hostis habet muros ; ruit alto a culmine Troja : *"^I.*5teAMrtrft,fais- at patriae Priamoque datum: si Pergama dextra sent defensa etiam hac ->efendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. mea dextra. Sacra, suosque tibi commendat Troja Senates : 294. Quaere moema jj os ca p e f a t O rum comites : his moenia quaere, ic niico cfntnoc mnnrn^ _ _ } " inagna pererrato statues quae denique ponto. Sic ait, et manibus vittas, Vestamque potentem, jEternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem. 290 295 NOTES. drawn by two horses. Here it means the chariot of Achilles, behind which Hector's dead body was drawn around the walls of Troy several times. See Jin. i. 99. 273. Trajectus-que per tumentes : pierced through his swelling feet with thongs. It agrees with Hector, mentioned above. 274. Qualis erat ! how he looked ! how much changed from that Hector, &c. 275. Indutus exuvias : clad in the spoils of Achilles. When Achilles left the Greeks in disgust, his friend Patroclus requested of him the favor of wearing his armour, with a view of striking the greater terror to the Trojans. He was slain by Hector, and stripped of his armour. See Eel. i. 55. 280. Expromere : to utter these sorrowful words. This word is very appropriate here ; it shows him laboring to bring out his words and give them utterance, like a person drawing a heavy load. 281. Lux : in the sense of solus. 282. Tantoz : in the sense of longcc. The pron. te is understood. 283. Expectate : earnestly desired, or longed for. Ut defessi : how gladly do we, worn out, (with toil and fatigne.) see thee, after the many deaths of thy friends, &c. By labores hominum, perhaps we are to un- derstand the disasters of their allies, and by labores urbis, the disasters of his country- men. Urbis : the city; by melon, put for the inhabitants. 286. Fcednvit : hath disfigured thy serene countenance. 287. Mo atur : nor did he, by answering these questions, detain me, c. 291. Sat datum: enough has been done for our country, and for Priam. Sat here performs the office of a noun. Pergama : properly the fort arid fortifications of Troy, but frequently used and taken for the whole city, as in the present case, by synec. 293. Penates. Macrobius. inhis Saturna- lia, explains the Penates to be tho&t irods by whom we breathe, and to whom we owe the faculties of our minds and bodies, i. e. Ju- piler, Juno, and Minerva. To these he adds fiesta : on which account the consuls, and other magistrates, when they entered upon their offices, used to pay divine honors to the Penates, and Vesta. This seems to be confirmed by the passage before us, where Vesta is delivered to the care of ./Eneas, as well as the Penates. These gods, he ob- serves, were styled the great gods. They were also styled powerful : on which account Virgil here styles Pesta, the powerful god- dess : Vestam potentem. Dionysius Halycarnassus informs us, that, the symbols of these Penates at Home were two wooden statues of young men, in a sit- ting posture, with javelins in their hands. 294. Mania: inthesenseofurbem. Fa- torum : of thy fortunes. 297. jEternum ignem. The sacred fire was JENEIS. LIB. 11. Diverse interea miscentur moenia luctu : Et magis atque magis (quanquam secreta parentis Anchisae domus, arboribusque obtecta recessit) Clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror. . Excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti Ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto. In segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris Incidit ; aut rapidus montano flumine torrens Sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores, Praecipitesque trahit sylvas : stupet inscius alto Accipiens sonilum saxi de vertice pastor. Turn vero maniiesta fides, Danaurnque patescunt Insidiae ; jam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam, Vulcano superante, dornus : jam proximus ardet Ucalegon : Sigea igni freta lata relucent. Exoritur clamorque virum, clangorque tubarum. Anna amens capio, nee sat rationis in armis : }.t sonitus clares- cunt magis atque magis 300 305 309. Fides verborum 3 10 Hectoris fuit manifesta 314. Nee erat sat ra- tionis mihi in armis. Sed animi ardent glomerare NOTES. kept burning all the year. It was brought by jEneas into Italy, where Numa Pompilius re-established the order of the Vestal Vir- gins ; whose office was to preserve this fire in the temple of Vesta. It was suffered to die away on the last day of the year, and was rekindled again on the first day of March from the beams of the sun. The origin of this religious custom seems to have been de- rived from the Persians, who were famous for worshipping the sun, and the fire, as an emblem of that luminary. This everlasting fire was not only preserved in the temple of Vesta, but aiso in private houses, and in the palaces of the great ; where was an altar to Jupiter Hercceus, on which fire was kept perpetually burning. Some suppose that this was the fire which Priam had consecra- ted on the altar, at which he was slain. Adytis. Adytum properly was the most sacred part of the temple the place where the images and statues of the gods were the shrine. This was commonly the mteiior or middle of the temple. Hence the propriety of adytis penetraiibus. It is often taken for the temple itself, by synec. 298. Diverso : in the sense of vario. 299. Secreta : private, separated from others by itself: it agrees with domus. Fu- it is understood. 300. Obtecta: surrounded (covered) by trees, was retired from noise and bustle. 301. Sonitus clarescunt: the sounds are heard more and more clearly : and the din or clashing of arms increases. 303. Ascensu : by climbing up, I ascend to the summit of the palace. By this we are to understand the watch lower, which was usually built on the ridge, or highest part of the house, that it might afford them a more extensive prospect. Arrectis auribus : with listening ears. It is a metaphor taken from those animals that prick up their ears at every sound which gives them alarm. 304. Velut cum flamma, &c. This fine simile is taken from Homer, Iliad ii. 455. Austris : for vent is. 305. Torrens rapidus : a torrent rapid with a mountain flood prostrates the fields, prostrates, &c. Auctus colluvie aquarum t montibus, says Heyne. 306. Sata: properly crops of corn, from sero. L(zta : in the sense of copiosa, orferti- lia. 308. Accipiens : in the sense of audiens. Inscius : ignorant of the cause of the Found. 309. Fides : the truth of Hector's words was now manifest. 310. De'iphobi. Deiphobus was the son of Priam and Hecuba. After Paris was slain by Pyrrhus, he married Helen, by whose treachery he fell a sacrifice to the resentment of the Greeks, among the first of his coimtrymen. See JEn. vi. 494, et seq. 311. Vulcano: in the *ense of igne. The god of fire, by meton. put for fire itself. 312. Ucalegon. He was one of Priam's counsellors: here put, by meton. for the house of Ucalegon. His house burns the next. Lata Sigea freta : the broad Sigean straits shine with the light of the flames. Sigea : an adj. from Sigeum, a promontory of Troas. Fretum is properly a narrov. or strait: it here means that part of the ./Egean sea lying between Tenedos and Troas. 313. Exoritur clamorque, &c. This is one of the finest lines that ever imaged the sense in the sound. The words and syila- bles are rough, hoarse, and sonorous ; and so artfully put together as to strike the ear like the thrilling notes of the trumpet which they describe. Clangor : in the sense of sonus. 314. Amtns : compounded of the Greek P. VIRGILII MARONIS Sed glomerare manum bello, et concurrere in arcern Cum sociis ardent animi : furor iraque mentem 316 317. Succurrit mihi tn Preecipitant ; pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis. mentem pulchrum esse Ecce autem> te]is p antheus e lapsus Achivum, Pantheus Otriades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos, 320. Ipse trahit sacra, Sacra manu, victosque Deos, parvumque nepotem 320 victosque jp se trahit : cursuque ameiis ad limiria tendit : 322. In quo loco est Q uo res summa loco, Pantheu? quarn prendimus arcem? Vix ea fatus eram, gemitu cum talia reddit r Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus Dardaniae : tuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, et ingens 325 Gloria Teucrorum : ferus omnia Jupiter Argos Transtulit : incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans 331 Tat millia, quot Fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet nunquam venire I mag- Insultans : portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 330 nis Millia quot magnis nunquam venere Mycenis. NOTES. alpha,prurilivum, and mens. It properly sig- nifies, deprived of reason destitute of pre- sence of mind, from any cause whatever. 315. Glomerare: in the sense of colligere. 316. Animi ardent : my mind burns to collect, &c. The plural here has plainly the sense of Liie singular animus. 319. Pantheus : .he was the son of Otreus. Servius informs us, that on the overthrow of Troy -by Hercules, and the death of Lao- medon, Priam sent the son of Antenor to consult the oracle of Delphi, whether he should build up Troy again upon the same foundations. Pantheus was then priest of the Delphic Apollo, a youth of exquisite beauty ; and Antenor was so well pleased with him, that he carried him off by force to Troy. To make some amends for this injury, Priam made him priest of Apollo. However this may be, he was a person of great note and authority among the Tro- jans. Sacerdos arcis Phcebique /Xpaest of the tower and of Apollo : (thaf isj of the citadel or tower, where Apollo was worship- ped, together with Pallas or Minerva, to whom it was sacred. 320. Sacra : sacred utensils. Here again Virgil applies one verb to two or more nouns, when in strictness it can be applied to one only. Trahit is applicable enough to a child who can hardly walk, and must be half dragged along; but it cannot so well be applied to things that are carried in the hand. 321. Limina. Some copies have Litora. But Servius, Donatus, Heyne, and others, read limina, which is manifestly to be pre- ferred. Litora appears inconsistent with the case. Beside, it reflects much honor upon jEneas, that both Hector and Panthe- us should bring the sacred things of Troy to him for safe-keeping. It is a chief object with the poet to aggrandize his hero. 322. Summa res: the commonwealth the common interests of his county ; which was the summa res of ^Gneas, his chief, his highest concern ; and will always be nearest the heart of every good patriot. Virgil, to show the haste and impatience of tineas, makes him throw out these short questions abruptly, without any previous introduc- tion. Loco : state, or condition. Reddit : in the sense of responded 324. Ineluctabile tempus. Ruaeus takes these words in the sense of inevitabilis ruina TrojcE. Summa: in the sense of suprema vel ultima. 325. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium : we Tro- jans are no more ; Ilium, and the great glo- ry of the Trojans, hath fallen. It was a custom among the Romans, when they would intimate a person to be dead, to say /at/, or vixit, to shun sounds that were shocking, and accounted of bad omen. Be- side, there is a greater degree of elegance in expressing the death of a person, or the overthrow of a city, thus, indirectly, by/wi/, stetit, vixit, &c. than in plain words. The one is the language of poetry, the other of prose. This seems to be an imitation of Euripides in his Troades, where Andromache and Hecuba thus alternately complain: once we were happy, Hecuba : now our happiness is gone Troy is no more. 329. Miscet : in the sense of spargit. 330. Bipatentibus: in the sense of apertis. Doors or gates that open both ways, or on both sides, may be called bipatentes. Ad- sunt : in the sense of intrant. 331. Mycenis. Mycenae and Argos were the chief cities of Greece ; and frequently put for Greece in general. They were situ- ated in the Peloponnesus, ttodie, Morea. JENEIS. LIB. U. 335 Obsedere alii telis angusta viarum Oppositi : stat ferri acies mucrone corusco Stricta, parata neci : vix primi praelia tentant Portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt. Talibus Otriadse dictis, et numine Divuni In flammas et in arma feror : quo tristis Erinnys, Quo fremitus vocat, et sublatus ad aethera clamor. Addunt se socios Ripheus, et maximus annis Iphitus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque, Dymasque ; 340 tus maximus annis, Et lateri agglomerant nostro : juvenisque Chorcebus Hypanisque, Dymas- Mygdonides : illis ad Trojam forte diebus Venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore ; Et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat : Infelix, qui non sponsae prsecepta furentis Audierat. Quos ubi confertos audere in praelia vidi, Incipio super his : Juvenes, fortissima frustra. Pectora, si vobis audentem extreraa cupido est Certa sequi ; quae sit rebus fortuna, videtis. Excessere omnes adytis arisque relictis Di, quibus imperium hoc steterat : succurritis urbi Incens33 : moriamur, et in media arma ruamus. 339. Ripheus, et Iphi- que oblati per Lunam addunt se socios miki 345 qui non 349. Si certa cupido 350 est vobis sequi me au- dentem extrema ; vos vi- detis, quae fortuna sit nostris NOTES. 332. Angusta viarum : the narrow places, or passages of the streets. Loca seems to be understood. It is used in the sense of angustas vias. CCECO Marte : in the blind (doubtful) en- counter. It is so called on account of the darkness of the night ; or because it was sudden and unexpected, and resistance could not, therefore, be made with any pros- pect of success. Marte: in the sense of pugna vel certamine. 336. Numine: impulse, or will of the gods. 337. Erinnys : this is a common name of the three furies. See Geor. i. 278. In ctrnwt : in the sense of in pugnas. 339. Maximus annis. Some read annis : but the former appears to be the true read- ing from verse 435, seq. Heyne has armis. 340. Oblati : meeting me by the light of the moon. 341. Agglomerant: in the sense of adhe- rent. 343. Insano : in the sense of mag-no, or rehementi. Virgil has here applied to C/torce- bus, what Homer says of Othryoneus. He was passionately in love with Cas- sandra, the daughter of Priam, and hoped to become his son-in-law : with that view he came to his assistance. He was the son of Mygdon. 345. Furentis: furens here means inspi- red prophetic. Sponsa : properly a woman promised, or betrothed in marriage ; from the verb spondto : also a young married wo- 347. Audere in prcdia : to have courage for fight to be ready to engage. Qwo* : in the sense of illos. 348. Super his: upon these things. Hav- ing observed them collected together, and prepared for fight, he then begins. Or, super his may be in the sense of ad here, to these things to their readiness and courage for fight, he begins. Servius takes them differently. / begin in these words, the more to animate them. In this case, super must be for insuper; in the former, a prep. Da- vidson follows Servius. Heyne has post hate inde. 248. Juvenes, pectora: there is a great confusion, and neglect of order and method, in this speech, to mark the hurry and dis- order of ^Eneas' mind. O youths, souls most valiant ! Frustra : in vain ; because they could not save their country. 349. Certa cupido: a fixed, determined resolution. Audentem: in the sense of ttn- tantetn. Cupido : in the sense of animus. 351. Omnes Di, quibus: all the gods, by whom this empire stood, have departed from, &c. It was a prevailing opinion that a city, or place, could not be taken, while its tutelary .divinities remained in it. It was the practice, therefore, of the besiegers to invite, or call them away. For this reason the Romans took care to conceal the Latin name of the god under whose protection Rome was ; and the priests were not allow- ed to call the Roman gods by their name?, lest, if they were known, an enemy might solicit and entico them nway. T" th<- P. VIRGILII MARONIS Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem.;> Sic animis juvenum furor additus. Inde lupi ceu 355 Raptores, atra in nebula, quos improba ventris 357. Quos improba Exegit csecos rabies, catulique relicti l^antr /coecos rvT^ Faucibus ex P ectant siccis = per tela, per hostes gwos^nie ^tidf^reUcS Vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus in antris Urbis iter : nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 360 359. Sic nos vadimus Quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando P er te l a Explicet ? aut possit lachrymis aequare labores ? > Urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos : Plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim 365. Domos hominum, Corpora, perque domos, et relligiosa Deorum 365 Gi P er Limina. Nee soli pcenas dant sanguine Teucri : Quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus, 368. Ubique est crude- Victoresque cadunt Danai : crudelis ubique Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago. 370. Androgeos pri- Primus se Danaum, magna comitante caterva, 370 mus Danaum offert se Androgeos offert nobis, socia agmina credens, nobis, magna caterva I nsc i us . atque u i tro ver bi s compellat amicis : comitante eum. credens -ri . nostra agmina ee socia Festmate, vin : nam quae tarn sera moratur Segnities ? alii rapiunt incensa feruntque lis NOTES. torn the poet may here allude : or rather to the poetical fiction, that when Troy was like to be taken, the gods were seen carrying away their statues from the temples. 354. Una salus: the only safety to the X'anquished, is, to hope for no safety. This is the same argument which the brave Leonidas used to animate his men to sell their lives as dear as possible. Una : in the sense of sola. 355. Inde ceu lupi : after that, as rave- nous wolves in a dark night, which exces- sive hunger hath driven out blind to danger, &c. Improba rabies ventris : excessive greed- iness of the belly pressing hunger. Rap- tores : in the sense of rapaces, ravenous, ra- pacious. Dr. Trapp objects to the justness of this simile; but the comparison does not lie in the action, but in the manner of per- forming it. As hungry rapacious wolves are forced from their retreats precipitately into danger, without fear or dread, so we rush desperately on our foes, looking death and danger in the face. The poet mentions another circumstance. Catuli relicti : their whelps, left behind, wait with parched jaws. By which he intended to represent those animals in their fiercest and most ravenous state ; and, therefore, the more proper to de- note the fierceness and rage of men driven to despair. In atra nebula : in the dark night ; because in the night, or dark weather, they are the fiercest and least mindful of danger. 359. Vadimus : we march to certain death, and take the way through the middle of the city. This circumstance is mention- ed to show their courage and intrepidity. Afterward he is afraid of the enemy, when he has in charge his aged father, his wife, and infant son ; and endeavors to shun them by tracing out the by-paths and unfre- quented lanes. 361. Fando: in the sense of verbis. 362. Labores : disasters toils. 365. Inertia corpora. By these bodies, it is most probable we are to understand the feeble and helpless part of the inhabitants old men, women, and children ; and all who did not take up arms in defence of their country : they were slain (sternuntur) every where, in their own houses, in the streets, and in the temples whither they had fled for protection. They are called inertia in op- position to those who dared to make resist- ance, and nobly die. This is much better than to take corpora in the sense of cadavera, as is usually done ; for then the epithet iner- tia would be quite useless and superfluous. 366. Relligiosa limina : the sacred tem- ples of the gods. Limen, the threshold, by synec. put for the temple. Dant ptenas sanguine : simply, suffer punishment with their blood by shedding their blood. 367. PrcBCordia : in the sense of corda, vel pectora. 369. Plurima imago : very many forms of death. This mode of expression is common with Virgil, and is conformable to the Latin idiom. So multa virtus multusque honos. jEn. iv.3. Such expressions, however, con- vey an idea of plurality rather than of unity ; and, in our language, require to be rendered in the plural number. 271. Socia: friendly. Androgeos took them to be of the party of the Greeks. 374. JMzro qua segnities : what sloth so . LIB. 11. Pergama : vos celsis nunc primum a navibus ids ? Dixit : et extemplo (neque enim responsa dabantur Fida satis) sensit medios delapsus in hostes. Obstupuit, retroque pedem cum voce repressit. Improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit Attollentem iras, et ccerula colla tumentem. Haud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat. Irruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis : Ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos Sternimus : aspirat primo fortuna labori. Atque hie exultans successu animisque Chorcebus, O socii, qua prima, inquit, fortuna salutis Monstrat iter, quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur Mutemus clypeos, Danaumque insignia nobis Aptemus : dolus, an virtus, quis in hoste requirat ? Arma dabunt ipsi. Sic fatus, deinde comantem Androgei galeam, clypeique insigne decorum Induitur : laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. Hoc Ripheus, hoc ipse Dymas, omnisque juventus Laeta facit : spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. Vadimus immixti Danais, haud numine nostro : Multaque per caecam congressi praelia noctem 379. Veluti homo qui nitens humi pressit an- OQA quern improvisum ex 5U aspris sentibus 381. Refugit euro at- tollentera 385 337. Q socii, qua for- tuna prima monstrat <>W* iter salutis, qua- 390 ^ hoste virtus. an Ipsi occisi 394. Ripheus facit 395 hoc, Dymas ipse facit NOTES. late detains you. Rapiunt : in the sense of vastant. Ferunt : in the sense of evtrtunt. 376. Extemplo sensit : he instantly per- ceived that he had fallen into the midst of enemies. Delapsus : in the sense of delap- sum esse. A Grecism. 377. Fida : in the sense of arnica. Neque : in the sene of non. 378. Repressit pedem : he retreated back with his words. As soon as he perceived his mistake, he retreated back. 379. jfcpris : by syncope for asperis. This simile is taken from Homer, Iliad iii. verse 33. But Virgil is very happy in the applica- tion, and has improved upon the original, by the addition of several circumstances that heighten the comparison, and give it more force and likeness. 380. Nitens humi : walking on the ground, steps upon a snake unseen, &c. 382. Haud secus : no otherwise just so. 383. Circumfundimur : this verb here has an active signification : we encompass them with our weapons close joined. Or, it may have the sense of miscemur, as Rueeus inter- prets it. 384. Captos formidine. Mr. Davidson observes : by this we are to understand that they were so under the power of fear, as not to be able to exert themselves enchain- ed, arrested, or nonplussed by fear ; and so enslaved to it, that they could obey nothing but its impulse. Ruseus interprets it by percitos metu. 385. Aspirat : in the sense of/aye/. La- fyori : in the sense of conatui. 386. Animis: courage boldness. 388. Dextra : in the sense ofpropitia. 389. Insignia Danaum : the armour of the Greeks. This seems to allude to the figures, or images, engraven ; upon their buck- lers those of the Greeks having the figure of Neptune, and those of the Trojans the figure of Minerva. Putting on the Grecian figures, was the same thing as putting on their armour. Zenobius tells us, that Corozbus was noted for stupidity : as an instance, he mentions that he used to amuse himself on the sea shore by counting the waves as they dashed against it. He came to the assistance of Priam just before the city was taken ; and now he shows his stupidity and want of foresight in suggesting a plan, rash in its nature, and wluch in the event proved fatal to him and his associates. 390. Requirat : ask demand. 393. Induitur comantem : he puts on the waving helmet of Androgeos. Induitur is plainly to be taken actively, in the sense of induit. Comantem: waving with a hairy crest. The crests of their helmets were made of the hair of beasts. Decorum in- signe clypei : the beautiful, or comely figure of his shield ; i. e. his beautiful shield his shield richly ornamented. 396. Haud nostro numine: not with our God. This is am. allusion to their having put off their own armour, on which was en- graven the figure of 'Minerva, their guar- dian goddess and protectress, and put on tht 220 P. V1RGILII MARONIS Conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Oreo. Diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu 400. Pars pros turpiFida petunt : pars ingentem formidine turpi fbrmidine Scandunt rursus equum, et nota conduntur in alvo. Heu, nihil invitis fas quenquam fidere Divis ! 403. Eccc Cassandra Ecce trahebatur passis Priameiia virgo Friameia Virgo passis Crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae, crinibus Ad cesium tendens ardentia lumina frustra, 406. Lumina, wigwam .-kumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. uani, Non tulit hanc speciem furiata mente Chorcebus, Et sese medium injecit moriturus in agmen. Consequimur cuncti, et densis incurrimus armis. Hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes, 4i2. E,x facie nostro- Armorum facie, et Graiarum errore jubarum. rum armorum Turn Danai gemitu, atque ereptae virginis ira, A at^e'irtv^Undique collect! invadunt : acerrimus Ajax, nis crept ex suis mani- Et gemim Atndae, Dolopuinque exercitus omms. bus Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti 416.Ceuadversiven-Confligunt, Zephyrusque, Notusque, et Iretus Eois 405 410 415 equis, quondam confli- pumeus atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo. gunt, turbine rupto Illi etiam, si quos obscura nocte per umbram 420 NOTES. Grecian armour, with the figure of Nep- tuno, the inveterate enemy of the Trojans. Jinmixti Danais. It is one characteristic of the valiant, that they mingle with the ranks of the enemy. Homer says of Diomede, that lie so mingled with the Trojans, that a spectator would have, sometimes, been at a loss to know whether he belonged to the Trojans, or to the Greeks. 398. Conserimus multa praclia, : we wage many a fight. Oreo : in the sense of ad infr.ros. 402. Nihil fas : it is not right that any one should have confidence (trust in any thing) the gods being against him. Nihil and nil are often used simply in the sense of non. The verb est is understood. 404. Crinibus passis : with loose or dishe- velled hair. Passis, from the verb pandor, io be loose or spread open. 405. Tendens : raising her glaring eyes to heaven in vain. Frusta : in vain, either be- cause the gods were inexorable, or because she could not move the compassion of the Greeks. This is a most moving represen- tation of the beautiful prophetess and prin- cess in distress. No wonder that it roused t he indignation of this valiant band, and brought them to her rescue. They avenged the horrid deed upon their enemies. 407. Speciem : sight spectacle. This sight Choroebus could not bear. 409. Incurrimus : we rush upon them to the rescue of Cassandra. Densis armis: with close weapons in closr array. Heyne understands it of their rushing upon the close or compacted body of the Greeks. Irruimus in densum agmen hostium, says he. 412. Facie armorum : from the appear- ance of their armour, the Trojans took them to be Greeks. Jubarum : crests or plumes. 413. Gemitu : in the sense nfdolore. The Greeks (moved) with grief and resentment, on account of the virgin rescued from their hands, being collected together from all quarters, attack us. Gemitus here is plainly used in a wider sense than usual. Both Ru8eus and Heyne take it in the sense of dolor. 414. Ajax. He was the son of O'ileus. He ravished Cassandra in the temple of Minerva, for which he was afterward se- verely punished by that goddess. See ./En. i. 41. Ajax, the^on of Telamon, had som time before killed himself, for his failure in the contest for the armour of Achilles. 415. Gemini Jltridce,: the two sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus. 416. Ceu adversi venti : as when opposite winds, &c. This simile is in imitation of Homer, Iliad 9. In comparing the two, Scaliger found the preference so much due to Virgil, that he reckons him the master, and Homer the scholar. Confligunt : in the sense of certant. 419. Nereus: a marine god. The trident was assigned to him by the poets, as well as to Neptune. See Eel. vi. 35. 420. Si quosfudimus : if we have routed any by stratagem through the shades in the . LIB. II. Fudimus insidiis, totaque agitavimus urbe, Apparent : primi clypeos mentitaque tela Agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant. Ilicet obruimur numero, primusque Chorcebus Penelei dextra Divae armipotentis ad aram 425 Procumbit : cadit et Ripheus, justissimus unus Qui fuit in Teucris, et servantissimus aequi ; Dis aliter visum. Pereunt Hypanisque, Dymasque, Confixi a sociis : nee te tua plurima, Pantheu, Labentem pietas, nee Apollinis infula texit. 430 Iliaci cineres, et flamma extrema meorum, Tester, in occasu vestro, nee tela, nee ullas Vitavisse vices Danaum : et, si fata fuissent Ut caderem, meruisse manu. Divellimur inde, Iphitus et Pelias mecum : quorum Iphitus aevo 435 Jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulyssei. Protiniis ad sedes Priami clamore vocati. Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu caetera nusquam Bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe : Sic Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad tecta ruentes 440 422. Illi etiam appa- rent ; primijwc 427. Qui fuit unus justissimus, et 432. Tester vos, me vitavisse nee tela, nee ullas vices Danaum 438. Hie vero cer/rt- inus ingentem pugnam. NOTES. dusky night, &c. they also appear. Menti- ta tela : false or fictitious armour N It pur- ported that those who wore it were Greeks ; but in truth were Trojans. 423. Signant ora : they observe our words differing in sound from theirs. We speak not their language, and, therefore, they know there must be some deception in the busi- ness. Some understand by sono, the Grecian watch-word. Ora : in the sense of verba,by melon. 424. Ilicet obruimur : instantly we are overpowered by numbers. The word ilicet was anciently used in the sense of actum est : all is over. It was an expression used by the judge, who, when he thought fit to put an end to business, ordered the crier to pro- nounce ilicet, i. e. ire licet : all may go the business is over. 425. Armipotentis Divce : the warlike god- dess Pallas. See Geor. i. 18. Penele'i: Peneleus was one of the five generals of the Beotians who came to the Trojan war. 428. Visum aliter Dis. Having mention- ed that his friend was the most just, and jnost observant of justice among the Tro- jans, .10. Curumdal: in the sense of induil. Cingitur : in the sense of cingit. 512. Sub nudo axe: under the naked (open) canopy of heaven. Jlxis, properly the pole, by synec. the whole heaven or sky. This altar was situated in the middle, or centre of the palace mefcis crdibus. On this altar, Priam had consecrated the per- petual fire. Here he was slain. If we suppose the palace of such form and di- mensions as to admit a large space or area in the centre, exposed to the open air above, there will be no difficulty in understanding this passage. 514. Complexa Penates: embracing the Penates with its shade. La Cerda would understand by Penates, the palace, or house, as the word sometimes signifies; because this was not the place of the Penates, or household gods. But others think the sta- tues of the Penates were placed here, on the same altar with that of Jupiter Hercceus. 515. JVafee: in the sense of jilia, vel nurus. 516. Praxipiles : quick in haste. 517. Condenses, circum. : crowded around the altars. Simulacra: in the sense of 19, Miserrime: in the sense of infelicis- e, the voc, Conjux is either a husband or wife ; from the verb conjungo. Mens : though t purpose . 522. Ipse meus Hector : if my Hector him- self were now here, he could be of no avail. 523. Concede: betake yourself hither now, in this last extremity. This altar will protect us all. Altars and other con- secrated places were looked upon as sanc- tuaries and places of refuge : to which it was usual to flee for safety. 525. Longcevum : in the sense of senem. 526. De cade. Pyrrhi : not from the death of Pyrrhus ; but from death by the hand of Pyrrhus. 528. Longis porticibus : in the long pas- sages. Mr. Davidson renders the words, the long galleries. Lustrat: in the sense of pererrat. 529. Infesto vulnere: with the hostile weapon. Vulnus is here used by meton. for the wounding instrument the weapon that inflicts the wound. 530. Jamjamque: almost seizes him with his hand, and presses upon him with his spear. 531. Evasit: in the sense of pervenit. 534. Abstinuit: in the sense ofconticuit. 535. Pro scelere, pro: for such wicked- ness, for such audacious deeds, may the gods make you suitable returns, &c. Pro . LIB. 11. Persolvant grates dignas, et pramia reddant Debita : qui nati coram me cernere letum Fecisti, et patrios fcedasti funere vultus. At non ille, saturn quo t.e mentiris, Achilles Tails in hoste fuit Priamo ; sed jura fidemque Supplicis erubuit ; corpusque exsangue sepulchro Reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea regna remisit Sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu Conjecit : rauco quod protinus sere repulsum, Et summo clypei nequicquam umbone pependit. Cui Pyrrhus : Referes ergo haec, et nuntius ibis Pelidae genitori : illi mea tristia facta, Degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento. Nunc morere. Haec dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem NeoptoTemum Traxit, et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati : Implicuitque comam laeva ; dextraque coruscum g 53 ^ c a^idit ew/H Extulit, ac later! capulo tenus abdidit, ensem. ^ later! Priami tenus ca- Haec finis Priami fatorum : hie exitus ilium pulo 539. Funere tjus Jilii 540 540. A quo mentiris te satum tssp 545 545. Quod repulsurn est protinus 547. Cui Pyrrhus rt- spondit 549 549. Memento narra- re illi mea tristia facta. NOTES. sometimes signifies, in proportion toCor- responding to. In the present case it is also emphatic. Ausis. Ausum is properly a part, of the verb audeo ; used as a sub. 538. QMI fecisti me eora/n, &c. Priam does not complain of his killing his son ; but for the barbarity in making him to be the witness of so shocking a sight for slaying him before his eyes. 539. Fcedasti patrios: hast denied a fa- ther's face with the dead body of his son. Funus, says Servius, is a carcass or dead body, warm and newly slain. When "car- ried out to receive funeral rites, it is called Exsequicz ; the ashes of it, when burned, are called Reliquice ; and the interment of it is called tepulchrum. 540. At Achilles ille, quo: but Achilles himself, by whom, you falsely say, you was begotten, was not such toward Priam, his enemy. This is a severe sarcasm ; as if lie had said : you claim descent from Achilles, but your actions give you the lie ; no man of humanity could beget such a son. Satum : in the sense of genitum. 542. Erubuit jura : he blushed at the laws of nations, and the faith due to a sup- pliant he had regard to the laws, &c. The word erubuit is extremely beautiful and ex- pressive. After the death of Hector, Achilles bound his dnad body to his chariot, and drew it round the tomb of Patroclus, whom ! lector had slain, and around the walls of Troy, for several days in succession. At this piteous sight, Priam was induced to go to Achilles, and beg the body, that it might receive the rites of sepulture ; who, after much en- treaty, and many rich presents given him, restored the body on the twelfth ditv after it was slain. Virgil, however, forbears to mention these circumstances, and attributes the restoration of Hector's corpse to the generosity, justice, and sense of honor, of Achilles, in order to set the character of Pyrrhus in a more forcible light. Achilles had it in his power to have de- tained the aged monarch, or to have put him to death ; but he blushed (erubuif) at the thought of violating the laws of nations, which forbid all violence to the person of a king ; which require the forms of burial to be allowed to the dead, and the laws of humanity to be*observed even to an enemy, when disarmed : those laws he observed, and that faith (Jiderri) which is due to a suppliant, whose person has always been held sacred fey the laws of hospitality. 544. Ictu : in the sense of impel u. 545. Repulsum : it was so repelled, that it fell short of wounding him. It, however, pierced the boss of his buckler, and hung there harmless, having produced no effect. 546. Umbone. Umbo was the middle part of the shield. This rose or projected for- ward from the plane of the shield, in a curved or circular form. By summo umbone, \vr are to understand the farthest point of pro- jection ; which was also the centre of tho shield. Here the spear of Priam stuck. 1: is sometimes taken for the whole shield, by synec. 547. Ibis nunlim : you shall go a'mes- sengor to my father Achilles, whom you so much praiso, and tell him thai hi. has deo-enerafcd from the virtues of his la- ther. 5-18. Trixtia: foul horrid. Rui-u> indig/Ht. 554. Falontm : in the sense of ri/tz. This was the end of the lifr of Priam. //.' P. VIRGILII MAROiMS Sorte tulit, Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555 Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum Regnatorem Asiae : jacet ingens litore truncus, Avulsumque humeris caput, et sine nomine corpus. At me turn prinmm saevus circumstetit horror : 660. Subiit. mffii in Obstupui : subiit chari genitoris imago, 560 inentcm Ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi Vitam exhalaritem : subiit deserta Creiisa, Et direpta domus, et parvi casus liili. Respicio, et, qua; sit me circum copia, lustro. Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565 566. Dcderc ea segra Ad terram misere, aut ignibus aegra dedere. is riibus Jamque adeo super unus erarn, cum limina Vestue NOTES. tus tulit : this death carried him off (sorte) by divine appointment. This is a singular idiom. The several circumstances here mentioned in the death of Priam, aggravate the cruelty of the action, and set forth the ferocious temper of Pyrrhus. He drew him (traxit^) trembling with age and decay of nature, to the very altar where he had fled for safety ; and slipping (lapsantein) in the blood of his son ; the sight of which was worse than death: then he twisted his hair with his left hand, and, with his right hand, drew his glittering sword from its scabbard, and plunged it into his body up to the hilt. Here we have a lively picture of a man lost to all sense of humanity, and capable of perpetrating the most atrocious deeds. It shows, also, the pen of a master. A painter could copy it. 556. Pergama: neu. plu. properly the fort of Troy. It is frequently taken for the ci- ty itself, by synec. Here it is used in its appropriate sense and meaning, as distin- guished from the city. 555. Videntem : it agrees with ilium. 557. Superbum regnatortm: the proud ruler over so many nations and countries of Asia. Priam is said to have once reigned over 1'hrygia Major and Minor: which included the greater part of Asia Minor, or Natolia. Ruceus interprets the words thus : Rtgem .'lsicr.,claruin p ropier tot gvntes, et tot regioncs. .facet ingens truncus : he lies a large trunk xipon the shore. Some think the poet had Jiere in his view, the circumstances of the death of Pompey, whose head hia assassins ut off, and threw his body on the shore. Others say that Priam was not slain at the ;iltar; but drawn by Pyrrhus to the tomb of his father, \vhu-h was on the promontory of Kigojurn, and there slain to appease his Jlanes. He may have been slain at the al- tar, and his dead body afterward cast u^ >i\ the shore. This supposition will make the poet consistent and intelligible. Regnatorem ^uit in apposition with ilium. vv:. ' ,V)/y>//s- sin nom n< " : a body without a name. The head being the index of the person, that being cut off, there is no means left to come at the name, or to distinguish the person. Or, sine nomine may mean, without honor despicable. 561. Ut : in the sense of cum. 562. Creiisa. The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and wife of ^Eneas. She perished in the sack of Troy. Direpta : plundered. 563. Casus : in the sense of periculutn. 565. Saltu : by a leap or spring. 566. JEgra : faint worn out with fa- tigue, so that they could fight no longer. 567. Jamque adeo : and so J was now re- maining alone, when 1 behold Helen, c. The parts of the verb supersum are here se- parated, for the sake of the verse, by Tmesis. Some critics have doubted the genuine- ness of this passage concerning Helen down to the 5K8th line inclusive. The reasons as- signed are three. First : What is here said of her fearing the resentment of Menelaus, contradicts what he says of her, (lib. vi. 525.) having sought to make peace with him by betraying Deiphobus. Secondly : That Virgil here outrages the character of his hero, by making him entertain a thought of killing a woman, and perpetrating the deed in the temple of Vesta. Thirdly : That Virgil cannot be supposed so unacquainted with the history of Helen, as not to know that she left Troy long before it was la In answer to the first objection, it may be said that, though she endeavored to ingra- tiate herself with Menelaus, by betraying Deiphobus to him, it does not follow that he was entirely reconciled to her. And we are told by Euripides that he carried off Helen as a captive along with the Trojan women, with a view to have her put to deatii by the Greeks whose sons had fallen in tiic war. To the second objection, it may be replied, that -/Eneas did not put her to death ; and even if lie had, the deed might have been paliated, in a good degree, by ;i consideration of the circumstances of the, rase. Ju the hurrv and confusion of min- 1S. LIB. 11. 570 570. Mihi erranti, fe- rentique oculos 571. Ilia, communis Erinnys Trojae et ejus patrise, permetuensTeu- cros infensos sibi ob 575 eversa Pergama, et Servantem, et tacitam secret;! in sede latentem Tyndarida aspicio : dant clara incendia lucern Erranti, passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. Ilia, sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros, Et poanas Danaum, et deserti conjugis iras Permetuens, Trojse et patriae communis Erinnys, Abdiderat sese, atque aris invisa sedcbat. .... Exarsere ignes animo : subit ira cadentem Ulcisci patriam, et sceleratas sumere pcenas. Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas 577. Hsec-we scilicet, Aspiciet ? partoque ibit regina triumpho 1 . inquiebam, incolumis Conjugiumque, domumque, patres } natosque videbit, aspiciet Spartam Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris ? 580 Occident ferro Priamus ? Troja arserit igni ? Dardanium toties sudarit sanguine litus ? Non ita : nainque etsi nullum memorabile nomen 583> ^on ita erit " Foeminea in pcena est, nee habet victoria laudem : Exlinxisse nefas tamen, ct sumpsisse merentis 585 NOTES. gled passions with which his mind must then have been racked, who could have blamed him if he had avenged his own and his coun- try's sufferings upon her, who was justly chargeable with the guilt of so many thou- sand deaths, and the utter desolation of a whole innocent people a once flourishing and powerful kingdom ? But when, instead of giving way to the first emotions of a just resentment, he checks himself, deliberates upon the merits of the action, and is at length prevented from doing it by the inter- position of his goddess mother ; or, in other words, by the force of superior judgment, there is no reason even for the severest cri- tics to censure his conduct. Lastly : Hero- dotus informs us that he learned from some Egyptian priests, who had received the same from Menelaus himself, that the Trojans had sent Helen to Egypt before the Greeks redemanded her. Of this fact, the liistorian appears to have been fully convinced. But whether Virgil was acquainted with this piece of his history or not, it is suiiicient that he had poetical tradition on his side ; and that he is supported by the authority of Homer and Euripides. A moment's atten- tion to the style and manner of expression iu these lines, will convince any one that they are no interpolation. Unas : in the sense of solus. ,:>r>;>. Sct-rantcm limina Vcstw ; the verb ,srm her crimes. .37C. Parto triumpho: having obtained ;; triumph a triumph being obtained. 580. Comitata turbo : accompanied by a tram of Truja.n matrons, and I'hrygiun ser- vants, shall .she t-ce her former marriage bed, ico. Iliadum : gen. plu. of llias, a Trojan woman. Conjugium : pristitnim conj> says Heyne. Pal res : for pure.ites. 5u-2. Dardanidum: an adj. tin '. .\\nncn: glory renown. P. VJRGILII MARONiS Laudabor pcenas; animumque explesse juvabit 587. Meorum tivium. Ultricis ilammae, et cineres satiasse meorum. Talia jactabam, et turiata mente t'erebar, 589. Cuui alma pa- c um m \fa S6) non an te oculis tarn clara, videndam Obtulit, et purl per noctem in luce reful.it 590 se videndam mihi, et Alma parens, conressa Deam ; qualisque viden refulsit per noctem Coelicolis et quanta solet ; dextraque prehensum 592. Continuit me Continuit, roseoque hsec insuper addidit ore : 4 prehensum dextra Nat6j qujg j n a orn i tas tantus dolor excitat iras ? furis ? aut q uonam * nostri tibi cura recessit ?, 595 , Non P rius aspicies, ubi fessum (etate parentem 598. Circum quos, Liqueris Anchisen ? superet conjuxne Creiisa, omnes Graiffi acies er- Ascaniusque puer ? quos omnes undique Graiae rant undique Circum errant acies : et, ni mea cura resistat, *?* fi ~ t'erint, inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600 eorum sangunem. ^ on tlQ i lyndandis iacies invisa Lacaenae, 602. Sed inclementia Culpatusve Paris : Divum inclementia, Divum, Divum, Divum, inyuam, Has evertit opes, sternitque a culmine Trojam. "^Namque eripiam ffi. : o two clashes : the Dii majorum , ai i . /; i c ntium. hi the first were ranked Jupiter, Neptune, .aid Juno. Thf three lust, in an . ii niiiiiner, are represented ;r hostile to Troy; and Jove, on th: s op- Deiim may simply morn :l.r g .. rather, the great >?tile K. i ih all -!, not. pov.rr o the O'n '.>f thr god . persuaded of Ui ry Turtlit r r< aii'je, SHI'.- '(.pears that the great powers of the gods are against UP. P. VIRGILII MARONI3 JS'i A velu - li Clim Ilium > et ex imo verti Neptunia Troja. 6'2f> Tuer? antT uani Ac ve " ut * summis antiquarn in montibus ornum ornum m summis mo ^ um ^ erro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant tibus, accisam ferro Eruere agricolre certatim ; ilia usque minatur, 628. Ilia usque mina- Et trernefacta comam concusso vertice nutat : ttir ruinam, et treme- Vulneribus donee paulatim evicta. supremum 630 iacta quoad comam /^ '. Congemuit, traxirque jugis avulsa ruinam. Descerido, ac, ducente Deo, flammam inter et hostcs . , Expedior : dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt. - ' 636. Quemqne prim um ,- . , . petebam, abnegat se Ast ubl -) am P atriaB perventum ad limma sedis, paste producere vitam, Antiquasque domos : genitor, quern tollere in altos 635 Troja excisa Optabam primum montes, primumque petebam, 638. Ait: O vos, qui- Abnegat excisa vitam producere Troja, ffivi ^ uSSque nt wes Exiliumque pati. Vos 6, quibus integer sevi stant solidse suo robore Sanguis, ait, solidaeque suo stant robore vires ; 642. Est satis super- Vos agitate fugam. 640 que vidimus una exci- ]y[ e s i coelicola) voluissent ducere vitam, (IAA o w t' Has mihi servassent sedes : satis una superque corpus, sic, sic positum, V^rn 118 cxcidia, et captae superavimus urbi. discedite. Sic, 6, sic posilum afFati discedite corpus. NOTES. 626. Ac veluti, &c. This simile is taken from Homer, Iliad xvi. 481, who applies it to the death of Sarpedon : but the copy ex- ceeds the original. 627. Bipennibus. The axe is here used for the stroke, or blow of the axe, by me- lon. Accisam : in the sense of circumcisam. 628. Usque : in the sense of diu. 629. Nutat comam. It is usual with Vir- gil to consider a tree in analogy to a human body, and to call the extended limbs, or branches, brachia, arms; and the leaves, comam, hair, or locks. This diversifies his style, and renders it pleasant. 630. Vulneribus in the sense of ictibus. This is beautifully figurative. The allu- sion to the human body is still kept up. 631. Avulsa jugis : torn from the sides of the mountains. 632. Deo ducente. Deus is either a god or goddess. Here it means Venus. Under her conduct, .(Eneas made his way through the dangers that beset him, to the house of his father. 633. Expedior. Habeo liberum Her, says Heyne. 634. Ast ubi perventum. The imp. verb perventum est is used for the personal verb pervcni. This mode of expression is very common among the poets. Our language will not admit of it, and we are under the necessity of rendering such impersonals by the personals- of the correspondent verb, as in the present case : perventum est : I came, or had come. 637. Abnegat : refuses to prolong his life. We learn from Varro that the Greeks hav- ing given permission to ./Eneas to carry off what was dearest to him, he took his father upon hie shoulders. The Greeks, struck with this eminent example of filial tender- ness and affection, gave him a second op- tion, when he carried off his gods. Upon this, they were induced to grant him full liberty to take along with him his whole family and all his effects. 638. Integer cevi: unimpaired, or entire, on account of age. Causa, or some word of the like import, is probably to be under- stood, to govern the ffen. O ye, whose blood is not chilled and wasted by age, and who are yet in the full vigour of youth, do ye attempt your flight. The repetition of the vos is emphatical. For roborc, Ruaeus says jirmitate. 642. Satis superque : it is enough, and more, that I have seen one destruction of my country, and survived the captured city. This is an allusion to the siege and capture of Troy by Hercules, in the reign of Lao- medon, a fact mentioned by historians as well as by poets. And Virgil says of An- chises, that he had been twice saved from the ruins of Troy. ^En. iii. 476. 644. Sic, O, sic affati : O ye, having ad- dressed my body, thus, thus laid out, de- part. There is a peculiar emphasis in the repetition of the word sic. Anchises con- siders himself as already dead, and his body laid out in burial : corpus positum, placed on the funeral pile : at which time it was usual for the friends of the deceased to take a solemn farewell, by repeating the word vale three times. The repetition of the sic shows his determined purpose of dying, ' and his earnest desire of being left to pur- sue his resolution. It is used in the same way in the fourth book, where Dido, bent >teNE18. LIB. If. Ipse maim mortem iriveniam : miserebitur hostis, 645 Exuviasque petet : facilis jactura sepulchri est. Jampridem invisus Divis et inutilis annos .Demoror, ex quo me Divum pater atque hominum rex Fulminis afflavit ventis, et contigit igni. Talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. Nos contra effusi lachrymis, conjuxque Creiisa, Ascaniusque, omnisque domus, ne vertere secum Cuncta pater, fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet. , Abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem. Rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto. Nam quod consilium, aut quae jam fortuna dabatur ? Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto Sperasti ? tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore ? Si nihil ex tanta Superis placet urbe relinqui ; Et sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Trojse Teque tuosque juvat : patet isti janua leto. 650 654 647. Inutilis homini- bus 648. Ex tempore, quo pater 652. Precamur, ne pater vellet veitere cuncta secum 656. Nam quod aliud consilium, aut quse alia fortuna jam 657. O genitor, spe- rasti-ne me posse efferre , te relicto NOTES. on death, is just going to plunge the dagger into her bosom. She breaks forth into this abrupt exclamation : Sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras. 645. Manu. Servius understands by ma- nu, the hand of the enemy ; but it is easier to understand it of his own hand. Ruams says, propria manu. Hostis: the enemy will take pity on me. This strongly marks the anguish of his soul. He was so weary of life, that he would consider it a favor in the enemy to put an end to it. 646. Jactura : the loss of burial is easy the deprivation of burial rites is a matter of 110 concern to me. 648. Demoror annos : I linger out my years. Traho vitam, says Ruaeus. 649. Afflavit me: blasted me with the winds of his thunder, and struck me with his lightning. The ancients supposed the winds were the efficient cause of thunder. It is said that this calamity was inflicted upon Anchises for divulging his amour with Venus. Some say he was struck blind : others, with more propriety, say that he was blasted in his limbs. Memorans: in the sense of dicens. 651. JVos effusi: on the other hand, we, bathed in tears, (beseech) my father that he would not destroy all with himself, and press upon the calamity (/a/o) already weighing us down that he would not, by the afflicting circumstance of his own death, increase the calamity already pressing us down with its own weight. JVe vellet acce- lerare perniciem instant em, says Heyne. Dr. Trapp would read occumbere, or ra- ther succumbere, if there were authority for it. As it is, he thinks it a metaphor taken from the falling on a sword. Mr. Davidson takes it to be a metaphor drawn from one's leaning or lying with all his weight upon a load, which presses another down, so as to add to the pressure, and to render it more insupportable. ^Eneas and his family were already grievously oppressed and weighed down by the public calamity, (fato urgenti, the fate that lay so heavy upon them,) and therefore pray Anchises not to increase the burden, by the additional weight of his per- sonal sufferings and death. Ruaeus inter- prets incumbere urgenti fato, by : addere vim fatoprementi nos. 654. Sedibus : in the sense of loco. 655. Miserrimus: most mkerable dis- tracted in despair. 656. Nam quod, &c. The meaning of this line appears to be : for what other course could I take, what elae could I do, than arm myself, and seek to renew the conflict ? Anchises had positively refused to survive the fall of his country : tineas could not leave him behind : nothing remained for him to do, but to sell his life as dear as pos- sible. For dabatur, Ruaeus says offerebatur. 657. Efferre pedem : to depart. Sperdsti- ne : didst thou expect that I could depart, O father, without thee ? 658. Nefas: impiety. 659. Superis. Superi we properly the gods above, as distingiu'shed from those below. 660. Et hoc sedet: and this be fixed in thy mind, and it pleases thee to add thyself, &c. Ruffius understands this of the gods just mentioned ; but Davidson and others refer it to Anchises. This appears the more correct and natural ; for Anchises is left per- fectly free to act, either to stay behind, or to depart, and to form his plans deliberateJy. Si hoc Jixum est in eorum mente, et delectat eos, &c. says Ruseus. 661. Janua isti leto : the door to that, death is open, The isti refer? to \rhi P. VIRGILII MARONIS Jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, Natum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras, 664. Erat-ne ob hoc Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me, per tela, per ignes, 665. Ut cernam hos- Eripis ? ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 665 tern in mediis penetra- Ascaniumque, patremque meum, juxtaque Creusam, linfum 1 ue 6 CCrna7 " Alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam? Arma, viri, ferte arma : vocat lux ultima victos. 669. Sinite ut revisam Reddite me Danais, sinite instaurata revisam ^ Praelia : nunquam omries hodie moriemur inulti. 670 Hie ferro accingor rursus : clypeoque sinistram Insertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam. 673. Conjux Creusa Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjux neoa pe es m Haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat lulum. --!~ iimme domus a . . . />.,,- 675.Inomnia/>m<;w/a !:M penturus abis, et nos rape in omma tecum : Sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis, 677. Cui parvus liilus Hanc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus, relinquitur ; cui tuus pa- Cui pater, et conjux quondam tua dicta, relinquor ? r ; eum^o relinquor, Talia voc if er ans, gemitu tectum omne replebat : quondam dicta tua con- ^ ^ ^jx? Cum subitum dictuque ontur mirabile monstrum. 68O Namque manus inter moestorumque ora parentum, NOTES. chises had said, verse 645, supra, of his finding death by his own hand, or that the enemy would take pity on him, and kill him. jflSneas here tells liim the door to that death is open, and easy to come at ; for he imme- diately adds: Jamque Pyrrhus : Pyrrhus will soon be here from the slaughter of Priam. Servius takes isti for istic, but with- out sufficient reason. Iste, properly, is (fiat of yours, hie, this of mine. 663. Qui obtruncat: who butchers the son, &c. This alludes to his killing Polites in the presence of his father, and after that atrocious deed, killing the aged monarch, dragged to the altars. 664. Hoc erat : was it for this, dear pa- rent, that, &c. Ruaeus says : Hoe-cine erat causa, cur. 665. Eripis . in the sense of servavisli. Penetralibus: in the sense of domo, vel tecto. See 484, supra. 667. Mactatos : butchered the one in the Mood of the other. This part, refers to the three preceding nouns. 668. Lux : in the sense of dies. 670. Pradia instaurata : the fight renew- ed. Nunquam : in the sense of non. 672. Insertabam : I put my left hand to my shield, fitting it I fixed my shield upon my left arm. The clypeus was a shield of an oval form, not so large as the scutum. It was usually made of the skins of beasts, and interwoven in such a manner, as to be impenetrable to the missive weapons of the enemy. They carried it upon the left arm. 674. Tendtbatque parvum, &c. The poet here appears to have had in his view that affecting scene between Hector and Andro- mache, in the sixth book of the Iliad , where the circumstances are nearly the same. Andromache expostulates with Hector, as Creusa does with ^Eneas, and in like man- ner pleads her future forlorn condition, and that of her child, in case he should abandon them : and to add force to her en- treaties, she puts Astyanax into his arms, as Creusa here does lulus into the arms of JEneas. 675. Et : in the sense of quoque. Rape in the sense of cape, vel trahe. 676. Expertus : having experience in the art of war being skilled in war. Ponis : you place any, &c. 677. Tutare : in the sense of defende. 678. Quondam : once called your wife. This is a very tender expostulation. 680. Subitum monstrum. This unexpect- ed prodigy, or miracle, is extremely well timed. Had An chises finally persisted in his resolution, it must have put an end to the poem, by involving JEneas and all his family in one common ruin. He had been urged by all human arguments in the strongest manner, without any avail ; what then remained for the poet, but to have re- course to the interposition of the gods, to save his hero in this extremity. This was completely successful. Anchises is con- vinced of his duty to yield to the present necessity, and to save his life by flight. Oritur : in the sense of apparet. 681. Inter manus oraque : between the hands and face of his mournful parents while they were holding him in their arms, behold, fee. J9NEIS. LIB. li. Ecce levis summo de vertice visus liili Fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molli Lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci. Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque ilagrantem 685 Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus Extulit, et coelo pal mas cum voce tetendit : Jupiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis, Aspice nos : hoc tantum : et, si pietate meremur, 690 Da deinde auxilium, pater, atque ha?c omina firma. Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore Intonuit Ia3vum, et de ccelo lapsa per umbras Stella facem duceris multa cum luce cucurrit. _t_ Illam, summa super labentem culmina tecti, 695 Cernimus Idsea claram se condere sylva, Signantemque vias : turn longo limite sulcus Dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant. 682. Levis apex visus est fundere lumen de summo vertice liili, flammaque innoxia visa est lambere ejus comas molli tactu 685. Nos pavidi metu c&pimus trepidare 690. Petimus tantum hoc : et, si meremur aliquid pietate, O Pater, da 695. Cernimus illam. labentem super summa culmina tecti, condere se NOTES. 682. Levis apex: the waving tuft, or plume. Apex properly signifies the top, or eminence of any thing. Hence it may mean the top of one's hat, cap, or bonnet, as in jEn. viii. 664. Vertice : in the sense of capite. 683. Fundere : in the sense of emittere. Innoxia : inoffensive not hurting him. Tactu. This is the reading of Heyne and Davidson. But Ruaeus and Valpy read tractu. Molli: gentle easy. Heyne has mollis, agreeing with flamma. Most copies have molli. 684. Lambere : to glide along his hair gently touch it. 685. Nos pavidi : we, trembling for fear, (begin) to bustle about, to shake his flam- ing hair, and to extinguish the sacred fire with water. Fontibus : in the sense of aqua. 689. Si flecteris : if thou art moved. 691. Firma fuse omina: confirm this omen. The Romans deemed one omen not sufficient, unless it were followed or con- firmed by a second. Hence secundus and secundo came to signify prosperous, and to prosper. 693. Lcevum intonuit : the left thundered with a sudden peal. Both the Greeks and Romans considered those omens, that were presented in the eastern part of heaven, to be prosperous or lucky. But the former, in observing the omens, turned their faces to the north, which brought the east on their right hand. The Romans, on the contrary, turned their faces to the south, which brought the east on their left hand. This was therefore a lucky omen. It seconded, or confirmed the for- mer, that is, the lambent flame on the head of lulus. See Eel. i. 18. Lavwn : an adj. of the neu. gender, used as a sub. the same with l(Bva pars c&li. 694. Stella lapsa, &c. Servius applies the several parts of this prodigy as figura- tive of the events that were to happen to ^Eneas and his followers. The star is said, condere se Idoza sylva, to fall or hide itself upon mount Ida, to indicate that the Tro- jans were to resort to that mountain : cum multa luce, with much light, to figure their future glory and dignity : signantem vias, the sparkles of fire left behind, intimate the dispersion of his followers, and that they should fix their residence in various parts : longo limite sulcus, marks ./Eneas' many wanderings, and the length of his voyage : lastly, by the smoke and sulphur, he under- stands the death of Anchises. The stars do not move from their stations ; they arc fixed, and remain in the same part of the heavens. Meteors are of common occur- rence, and are supposed to consist of elec- tric matter, which in passing from one part of the atmosphere to another, becomes visi- ble. In the language of the vulgar and ignorant, such an appearance is called the shooting of a star. Virgil conforms to this mode of expression. He calls the meteor a star. Facem : a train. 695. Labentem. Ruaeus takes this in the sense of cadentem : falling behind the roof of the house. But it may be taken in its usual acceptation, gliding, or passing over the roof: for it appears that the meteor was near, since it filled the air about them with its sulphurous smell. 697. Sulcus: a trail indented track. The meteor drew after it a trail of light, as it passed through the heavens. It appeared to mark its way or path, which it left lumi- nous behind it. P. \TRGIL1I MARONIS 709. Quocunque res Cadent, periclum eril unum, et commune no- few ambobus, salus erit una et eadem nobis 712. Tumulus est Us egressis urbe 716. JVVw omnes venie- uius ex diverse Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras. Affaturque Deos, et sanctum sidus adorat : TOU Jam jam nulla mora est : sequor, et, qua ducitis, adsum. Di patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem. Vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troja est. Cedo equidem, nee, nate, tibi comes ire recuso. Dixerat ille : et jam per moenia clarior ignis 705 Auditur. propiusque aestus incendia volvunt. Ergo age, chare pater, cervici imponere nostrse : Ipse subibo humeris : nee me labor iste gravabit. Quo res cunque cadent, unum et commune periclum, Una salus ambobus erit : mihi parvus lulus Sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjux. Vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris. Est urbe egressis tumulus, templumque vetustum Desertae Cereris ; juxtaque antiqua cupressus, Relligione patrum multos servata per annos. i Hanc ex diverse sedem veniemus in unam. 710 715 NOTES. 699. Ad aurai: upright or towards heaven. 702. Patrii Dii. By these we are to un- derstand the guardian gods of Anchises' family; those that his ancestors worshipped ; who presided over parental and filial affec- tion, Domum : in the sense of familiam. 703. Hoc augurium est: this omen is yours : Troy is under your protection. This is plainly the meaning of numine in this place. Rueeus says, potestatc. 706. Incendia : in the sense ofJlammcR. JEstus: heat. 707. Imponere : 2d person of the imp. be thou placed, i. e. place yourself upon my neck : I will bear you upon my shoulders. Subibo humeris : porlabo te humeris, says Ru- IBUS. Labor : in the sense of pondus. 710. Mihi parvus lulus. Donatus reads, mihi solus lulus : let lulus only be a com- panion to me. This avoids the too frequent repetition of parvus lulus, and at the same time shows the prudent caution of ^Eneas, to secure their flight ; since the fewer went together, they would be the less liable to be discovered. Pierius approves this reading. 711. Conjux servet : let my wife observe my steps at a distance let her stay behind, yet so as to have me in view, that she may not lose her way. The reason for his giv- ing this direction was perhaps to prevent discovery, and to diminish the danger of es- cape by being divided into parties. This reason justifies ^Eneas. It was proper for the poet to mention this circumstance, to give probability to the account of her being lost. Servius takes longe in the sense of vatiS. The meaning then will be : let my wife carefully observe my steps. The usual Acceptation pf longe is the better, The loss of Creiisa is a fine device of the poet. It gave him an opportunity of finishing the catastrophe of Troy from the mouth of ./Eneas. As soon as he found his wife was missing, he resolves to return in search of her. He carefully retraces his footsteps, visits his own house, which was now in flames, and searches for her in the most fre- quented parts of the city. In the course of his search, he sees the spoils collected toge- ther in the temple of Juno, and the Grecian guards standing around. Unable to find her in any of these places, he calls her by name, and makes the streets resound with Creusa. Her ghost met him, solaced bis mind, unfolded to him the purposes of the gods, and encouraged him to look for more prosperous times. She tells him that in the land destined him by fate, a royal bride awaited him. 712. Advertite: turn with your minds to those things which I shall say. This is equivalent to, advertite vestros animos ad ea, quce dicam. 714. Desertce Cereris. This epithet of deserted, is added to Ceres, on account of her being deprived of her daughter Proserpine by Pluto ; or on account of the state of her worship, which was then neglected, her priest having been slam. Ruseus under- stands it as referring to her temple : an an- cient temple of Ceres deserted. He inter- prets desertce by, desertum, agreeing with templum. See Eel. v. 79. 715. Relligione : by the religious venera- tion oif our ancestors. Servata agrees with antiqua cupressus. Juxta : near near by. 716. Ex diuerso : the same as ex viig. Sfdem : in the sense of locum.. /ENEIS. LIB. 11. Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu, patriosque Penates. Me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti, Attrectare nefas ; donee me flumine vivo Abluero. 720 Haec fatus, latos humeros subjectaque coll a Veste super, fulvique insternor pelle leonis, Succedoque oneri : dextrae se parvus lulus Implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus sequis. Pone subit conjux. Ferimur per opaca locorum : 726 Et me, quern dudum non ulla injecta movebant Tela, neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Graii, Nuric omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis Suspensum, et pariter comitique onerique timentem. Jamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar 730 Evasisse viam ; subito cum creber ad aures 718. Nefaa esset me digressum 722. Fatus hsec, iii- sternor super latos hu- meros, subjectaque colla 726. Et nunc omnes auree terrent, omnis so- nus excitat me, et reddit me suspensum, et pari- ter timentem comitique, onerique; me, inquam, quern dudum non ulla. injecta tela, neque Graii NOTES. 717. Sacra : the holy, or sacred utensils ; such as were used in offering- sacrifices, and in other ceremonies of religious worship : neu. plu. of sacer, used as a sub. Heyne thinks sacra here, and in verse 293, supra, means the images of the gods ; thus mak- ing it the same with Penates. The reader must judge for himself. His words are: Sacra et Penates possunt pro eadem re haberi: ft sic de Deorum simulacris, etiam de Pena- tibus ipsis. Penates. This word is derived probably from penus, which signifies all kinds of food or provisions for the use of man. The Pe- nates were usually worshipped in the inte- rior part of the house. Their number is not known, nor is it certain what gods were so denominated. Some reckon Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, amoag the Penates; others, Neptune and Apollo ; others again, C&lus and Terra : and Arnobius reckons the Dii Consentes, or Complices, among their number. There were three orders of the Dii Penates. Those that presided over kingdoms and provinces, were called solely Penates: those that presided over cities only, were called Dii Patrii, domestic gods, or gods of the country : those that presided over particular houses and families, were called Parti Penates. It is not certain under what shape or figure they were worshipped. Some sup- pose it was under the figure of a young man sitting and holding a spear. It is said that Dardanus introduced them from Sa- mothracia into Troy, and that ^Eneas took them with him into Italy. See Geor. ii. 505. 719. Nefas me : it is unlawful for me, hav- ing come, &c. In like manner, Homer makes Hector say he was afraid of perform- ing religious worship to Jupiter, while his hands were polluted with blood, Iliad vi. 334. It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans, and most other nations, to wash their hands, and sometimes their whole bo- dies^n water, before they performed acts of religion, especially if they had been pollu- ted with bloodshed. Out such occasions, they were obliged to use pure water, like that of fountains, or running water. Hence JEneas says : Donee abluero me vivoflumine : until I shall have washed myself in pure or living water. Flumine : in the sense of aqua. Bello : in the sense of pugnd. 722. Insternor super : I am covered upon my broad shoulders and bended neck with a garment, &c. I cover myself, &c. This use of the verb answers to the middle voice of the Greeks. So imponere: be thou placed place thyself; verse 707, supra. Subjecta : in the sense of submissa. 723. Succedo oneri. The meaning is : I take my father upon my shoulders I place myself under the load. 725. Opaca locorum: the same as opaca loca. Or the word spatia may be under- stood, connected with opaca, and governing locorum. 727. Glomerati ex adverso : collected to- gether in hostile array. Here we have a very beautiful image of our hero's pious and filial affection. With unshaken forti- tude he faced the greatest dangers, when his own person only was exposed : now every appearance of danger strikes him with terror, on account of his dear charge. rfdverso : in the sense of hostili. 729. Suspensum: inthesenseof50//cz7uw. 730. Videbar, &c. Ruseus interprets the following words by, excessisse ex omnibus viis ; which appears entirely inadmissible. The meaning is : that he seemed to have escaped all the danger of the way ; when, to his surprise, a frequent sound of feet sudden- ly struck his ears. 731. Viam. This is the common reading. Heyne, at the suggestion of Markland, reads vicem, in the sense of periculum ; which is preferable, if we had sufficient authority fo the substitution. 238 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Visus adesse pedum sonitus : genitorque per umbram 733. Hostes propin- Prospiciens, Nate, exclamat, fuge, nate : propinquant : 3 uant Ardentes clypeos atque aera micantia cerno. =f-i 735. H^c male ami- Hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum cum numen, necio quod Confusam eripuit mentem. Namque a via cursu 736 mmen,eripuitmihitre- Dum sequorj e t not& excedo regione viarum : P1 738. Conjux Creiisa ^ eu m i sero conjux fatone erepta Creiisa substitit ; incertum est, Substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit, erepta-ne misero fato, Incertum : nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 740 1 8 am ^ ssam res pexi, animumve reflexi, tumulum antiqus Cereris, sedemque sacratam amissam, priusquam Vemmus : hie demum, collectis omnibus, una venimus ad Defuit ; et comites, natumque, virumque fefellit. 743. Uxor una defuit Quem non incusavi amens hominumque Deorumque ? Aut quid in evers vidi crudelius urbe ? 74:6 Ascanium, Anchisenque patrem, Teucrosque Penates 748. Recondo * in f ommendo sociis > * cu ' va valle recondo. Ipse urbem repeto, et cmgor fulgentibus armis. jiovareomnes *" Stat casus renovare omnes, omnemque reverti 750 755. Ubique est hor- Per Trojam, et rursus caput objectare periclis. ror ; simul ipsa silentia Principio, muros, obscuraque limina portae, noctis terrent animos. Q U g re ssum extuleram, repeto : et vestigia retro S" &* "I"-. per noct T- et 'T ine lustro - forte Creiisa tulisset pe- Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent. ^ 755 dem hue. Inde domurn, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, NOTES. 732. Umbram : in the sense of tenebras. mind reflected. Heyne reads ve. The 734. Cerno : I see their glittering shields common reading is que. and gleaming brass. JE>ra : brazen armour. 742. Tumulum. The hill, or eminence, on 735. Male: in the sense of won. Male which the temple of Ceres was situated. amicum : in the sense of inimicum vel in- See 714. supra. festum. 745. Qwem hominumque : whom both of 736. Confusam mentem. His mind was men and gods did I not blame ? Amens : confused, and in a state of perturbation, for distracted in mind deprived of my reason : fear that something might befall him in his of a, privativum, and mens. retreat. He had retained his presence of 747. Teucros : in the sense of Trojanos. mind so far as to make good his escape in 750. Stat. Sententia, or some word of the best possible manner. Now, on a sud- the like import, is understood : my purpose den, he loses all recollection ; he forgets is fixed : 7 am resolved. While the mind is in himself; he knows not what he does : he is doubt and uncertainty, it reels to and fro deprived of that presence of mind which he from one thing to another, fluctuat, vacillat : had hitherto retained, by some unfriendly but when it is determined and resolved, then deity. In consequence of this he left the it stands still ; it is at rest. Casus : in the plain road, taking the by-paths : nor did he sense of pericula. Reverti : in the sense of recollect to look back to see if his wife was redire. following him. 752. Limina : threshold entrance. Avia : an adj. agreeing with loca un- 753. Extuleram gressum : where I had derstood ; out of the way : from the ordina- come out. A phrase. ry or common way. Ofa,privativum,andt>ia. 754. Lumine. Lumen properly signifies 737. JVb/a regione viarum : simply, from light : it also signifies an eye. In this last the known or beaten way. sense, Ruaeus takes it, and interprets it by 738. Misero-fato. Some render wmero,with oculis. It is perhaps better to understand it mihi understood. But miser signifies that of the light occasioned by the conflagration which makes miserable, as well as simply, ofTroyr In this case, sequor, &c. may be miserable. In this sense it may be connect- rendered : I follow back my footsteps ob- ed with /a/o : distressing fate. When thus served in the darkness, and search them out construed, it hath a peculiar force. Both by the light of the flames. Davidson agrees Ruseus and Heyne say, misero mihi. with Ruseus. 741. Reftexi animum: turned back my 756. Si forte* si forte : if by chance, if by .ENEIS. LIB. II. 765 765. ex auro Me reiero. irruerant Danai, et tectum omne tenebant. Ilicet ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento Volvitur ; exsuperant flammae ; furit aestus ad auras. Procedo ad Priami sedes, arcemque revise. 760 Et jam porticibus vacuis, Junonis asylo, Custodes lecti Phoenix et dims Ulysses Prcedam asservabant : hue undique Troia gaza Incensis erepta adytis, mensaeque Deorum, Crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis Congeritur. Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres Stant circum. Ausus quinetiam voces jactare per umbram Implevi clamore vias : moestusque Creiisam Nequicquam ingeminans, iterumque iterumque vocavi. Quserenti, et tectis urbis sine fine furenti, 771 m * InfeKx simula - Infelix simulacrum, atque ipsius umbra Creiisae s8e i?u^ et imafo Visa mihi ante oculos, et nota major imago. ma j or nota visa eat mi- Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. hi ante oculos, quaerenti Turn sic affari, et curas his demere dictis : 775 m i et furenti Quid tantum insano juvat indulgere dolori, sic affari ^ **" /** O dulcis conjux ? non haec sine numine Divum 773 p^ f ag ^ aut Eveniunt : nee te comitem asportare Creiisaoi ille regnator superi NOTES. chance, she had returned thither. Tulisset pedem : had returned, or gone thither. The repetition of the si forte, is emphatical. 760. Procedo. Creiisa was the daughter of Priam, by Hecuba ; which, perhaps, is the reason of his going to his palace in search of her. 761. Asylo: in the sense of templo. For ticibus : in the passages or aisles. 763. Gaza. This word signifies all kinds of rich furniture wealth property. It is of Persian origin. Erepta, is connected with it. 764. Mensa Deorum. These were the tripods of the gods, which served for deli- vering the oracles, or for bearing the sacred vessels, Adytis : in the sense of templis. 763. Undique. This word may imply, that the things here mentioned were collected from all parts of the town, and thrown in this place (hue,) or that they were piled up here all around hi every part of the building. 770. Ingeminans : repeating her name in vain in vain, because she did not answer him. Mwstus, agrees with ego, understood. Furenti : for currenti. 772. Infelix simulacrum : the unhappy ap- parition unhappy, not on her own account, for she was blessed and at rest ; but because she was the source of sorrow and unhappi- ness to her husband. Umbra. The intro- duction of Creiisa's ghost is extremely well timed. No other expedient could be found to stop the further search of /Eneas for his wife, and permit him to return to his friends in their expedition. It shows the judgment of the poet. 773. Imago major nota : her image larger than life than when alive. Spectres and apparitions are usually represented of a large size ; fear having a tendency to en- large objects that are presented to the ima- gination. The darkness of the night has a tendency to enlarge the appearance of ob- jects seen obscurely and imperfectly. This episode of Creiisa's death is intro- duced, not merely for the importance of the event, but because it answered several im- portant purposes of the poet. It gave him an opportunity of more fully illustrating the piety of ./Eneas, by showing him once more exposed to all the dangers of the war in search of his wife ; and, in consequence of that, leads us back with his hero to visit Troy smoking in its ruins, and makes us acquainted with several affecting circum- stances, without which the narration would not have been complete. And then it makes way for the appearance of her ghost, that affords comfort to ^Eneas in his distress, by predicting his future felicity ; and relieves the mind of the reader from the horrors of war and desolation, by turning him to the prospect of that peace and tranquillity which .(Eneas was to enjoy in Italy ; and of that undisturbed rest, and happy liberty, of which herself was now possessed in the other world. 776. Insano dolori: immoderate grief. JVtmune .* in the srpnse ofwluntafa J*. VIRGILII MAROMS Olympi sinit te aspor- Fas, aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi. mitem^6? re *"*' co "Longa tibi exilia, et vastunTmaris sequor arandunu 78U m 7&0. Longa exilia /- Ad te rram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Tybris. Illic res laetae, regnumque, et regia conjux Parta tibi : lachrymas dilectae pelJe Creiisae. Non ego Myrmidonum sed< s Dolopumve superbas 785 Aspiciam, aut Graiis servit :m matribus ibo, 787..Egogw>sttMDar-Dardanis, et Divae Veneris nurus. dams, et g ed me ma g na Deum genitrix his detinet oris. Jamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem. 790. Deseruit me Haec ubi dicta dedit, lachrymantem et multa volentem tura sunt 784. Parta sunt tibi lachrymantem, lentem dicere et vo- Dicere desefuit, tenuesque reces^it in auras. 791 Ter conatus ibi coilo dare brachia circum : frust comprensa manus effugit imago, Par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno. Sic demum socios, consumptl. nocte, revise. 795 Atque hie ingentem comitum affluxisse novorum Invenio admirans numerum ; matresque, virosque, Collectam exilic pubem, miserabile vulgus. NOTES. 779. Superi Olympi : of high heaven. 780. Exilia : in the sense of itinera. It Implies that ./Eneas should be for a long time destitute of any country, or fixed habi- tation. JEquor : properly any level surface, whether land or water. It is often used in the sense of mare. Arandum : in the sense of navigandum. 781. Ad: Heyne reads et. Some copies have ut : that you may arrive or come, &c. In this case there must not be a full point after arandum. The usual reading is ad. 782. Lydius Tybris: the Tuscan Tyber flows, with its gentle stream, between lands rich in heroes. The Tyber is here called Lydian, or Tus- can. It separated Tuscany from La- tium. The former having been settled by a colony of Lydians under Tyrrhenus, the son ofAtys, king of Lydia, in Asia Minor. He called the inhabitants Tyrrlwni, after his own name. Agmine: in the sense ofcursu veljlumine. Virum. Vir, properly signi- fies a man, as opposed to a woman a hero. Also, the male of any kind or species of animals. Arva : properly cultivated lands, from the verb aro. 783. Res Ma, : prosperity. The same as res secunduz. ^Cneas, after his arrival in Italy, and the death of Turnus, married La- vinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of Latium, and succeeded him in his kingdom. /Eneas, in relating this prophecy to Dido, plainly informs her that he was destined by fate for Lavinia ; and, by so doing, pleads the necessity of his leaving Carthage. Dido, therefore, betrays herself by an indiscreet passion, and is not betrayed by any perfidy of ./Eneas. Soelib. iv. passim. 784. Dilectce Creiisa, : for, or on account oi your beloved Creiisa. 786. Servitum : to serve in the capacity of a servant. The sup. in wm, of the verb ser- viO) put after ibo. 787. Dardanis. Creiisa was the daugh- ter of Priam, and consequently descended in a direct line from Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan race : at least one of the found- ers of it. See fan. i. 1 . Nurus : the daugh- ter-in-law. ./Eneas was the son of Venus and Anchises, which made Creiisa the daugh- ter-in-law to Venus. 788. Genitrix: Cybele. She is said to have been the mother of all the gods. 789. Serva : retain, or keep. JVa/i : As- canius, who was the son of Creiisa and ./Eneas. 792. Circumdare. The parts of the verb are separated, for the sake of the verse, by Tmesis. 793. Comprensa : a part, agreeing with imago. Manus : ace. plu. Her image, sei/- ed in vain three times, escaped his hands. 794. Par: in the sense of similis. Somno: a dream. 796. Hie admirans invenio, &c. The poet, by this circumstance, signifies how greatly ./Eneas was beloved by the Trojans, and the weight and importance of his character. It appears that this multitude, by resorting to ^Eneas, and putting themselves under his protection, chose him their king ; which ap- pellation is given him throughout the ./Ene- id. AJftuxisse : in the sense of advenisse. 797. Miserabile vulgus : a pitiable multi- tude. They assembled, from all quartern, prepared in mind and fortune to follow me. to whatsoever countries I might wi?h to lead . LIB. 14. Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, In qud.scunque velim peiago deducere terras. Jamque jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idas, Ducebatque diem : Danaique obsessa tenebant Limina portarum : nee spes opis ulla dabatur. Cessi, et sublato montem genitore petivi. Mi convenere QQQ undique, parati animis opibusque Fcyi'i me NOTES. them over the sea. Pubem : in the sense of juventutem 801. Jug-is summer Idas. Mount Ida lay to the east of Troy, and, consequently, Lucifer, Venus, or the Morning Star, as it is called when going before the sun, appeared to those at Troy to rise from the top (Jugis) of that mountain. Sunurue : in the sense of altai. 803. Op-is. Ruaeus interprets this by aux- ilii; but it may mean wealth property: -and by the expression we may understand, that there was now no hope of obtaining &ny more of their wealth or property, the city being completely in the possession of the Greeks. 804. Cessi: I yielded to my fate. Dr. Trapp renders it, / retired ; but it is much better to understand it as an expression of the piety and resignation of ./Eneas, espe- cially if we consider what immediately pre- cedes: nee spes opis ulla dabatur. Genitore sublato. This instance of filial piety is highly pleasing. A modern commander would never have submitted to the task of bearing such a load ; but would have assigned it to a servant, or imposed it upon a soldier, RUSBUS says, ferens patrern. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this book ? What is its character, when compared with the rest ? How long did the siege of Troy continue ? How was it taken at the last ? To whom was this horse designed as a present ? In return for what ? What was the Palladium ? By whom was it taken from the temple of Minerva ? After building the horse, what did the Greeks do ? How far was Ten^dos from Troas? Did they pretend that they were about to return home, and relinquish the siege ? Did this obtain belief among the Trojans? What was the real object of the Greeks in building this horse? Who acted a very distinguished part in this business ? What ie the character of Sinon ? Who opposed the admission of this horse within the walls ? What prodigy happened just at this time, which overcame all doubts in the minds of the Trojans? Who was Laocoon ? To what office had he been appointed by lot? What was the design of offering sacrifice to Neptune at this time ? What did this horse contain ? How did it enter into the city ? Where was it placed ' How many names has the poet invented for this engine of destruction What time was the assault niade upon *he city ? What office did Sinon perform upon tlu's occasion ? Did the Grecian troops return from Te- nedos, and join their friends ? How were they received into the city ? In what state were the Trojans at tills time ? Were they aware of ftny such treachery ? Finding the city hi the hands of the ene- my, what course did jEneas pursue ? What were some of his actions ? Where were his last efforts made to avenge his* country ? What became of Priam? What were the last actions of the aged monarch ? What particularly roused his indignation against Pyrrhus ? By whom was Priam slain? What was the manner of it ? What were the circumstances of it ? Where was , et litore curvo P rima loco > fatis 'ngressus iniquis : nostris, dum fortuna fuit ^Eneadasque meo nornen de nomine fingo. nobis Sacra Dionaese matri, Divisque ferebam Auspicious coeptorum operum : superoque nitentem 20 *^. vjfiio summo crtt/it ,-* ,. A i*. want 15 cornea virgulta,etmyr- ,-* ,. A Coe licolum i*. niactabam in iitore taurum. UTS horrida densis Forte fuit juxta tumulus, quo cornea summo NOTES. '10. Lachrymatis. The shedding of tears is an indication of compassion and humani- ty. It is not inconsistent with true fortitude and greatness of mind, and no way unbe- coming a hero. But there is no necessity of understanding it here, and in various ether passages where it occurs, as if ,/Eneas actually shed tears. Ruceus takes it in the sense of lugens, grieving at the idea of leav- ing his native country, and at the prospect of the dangers which were before him. 12. Magnis Dis. The great gods were Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Pallas, Mercury and Apollo ; sometimes called the Dii majorum gentium. The Penates were domestic gods, without any particular name. The images of all these gods ./Eneas took with him into Italy, and introduced their worship, as we are told, into Latium, after he was settled in that kingdom. Some take the Magnis Dis to be the same with the ^Penatibus. See Geor. ii. 505. and ./En. ii.717. 13. Mavortia terra : a martial land. Thrace is so called, because said to be the birthplace of Mars. This was a very ex- tensive country, bounded on the east by the Euxine sea, south by the Propontis, Hellespont, and ^Egean sea, and on the West by Macedonia. Colitur : in the sense of habitatur. Procul. This word some- times signifies near, in view, as if prooculis, as hi Eel. vi. 16. In this sense it may be taken here ; for Thrace \vas only a short distance from the port where Eneas set sail. But it may have reference to 'arthage, the place where he then was ; and then it may be taken in its usual acceptation. 14. Acri Lycurgo : warlike. Lycurgus. He was the son of Dryas. Being offended at Bacchus, it is said, he banished him and his votaries from his kingdom ; and ordered all Ihe vines to be destroyed in his dominions. For which impiety the god deprived him of his sight. Regnata, refers to terra : govern- ed, or ruled. 15. Hospitium: an ancient retreat of Troy, and its gods were our friends, while fortune was v.'ith us. There had been a long and friendly alli- ance between the two countries, by virtue of which the Thracians gave a hospitable re- ception to all strangers from Troy ; and the Trojans, in turn, repaid the kindness by civilities to the Thracians. This hospitali- ty was sometimes between whole nations, between one city and another, and some- times between particular families. Polym- nestor, king of Thrace, married //tone, the daughter of Priam. By these means the two nations became related in their respec- tive heads ; and their gods might be said to be allied, confederate, and friends, in conse- quence of it. 17. Prima mania : I place my first walls. The city which ^Cneas first founded, we are told, he called JEnos. It was not far from the mouth of the Ilcbrus, on the shore of the yEgean sea. The tomb of Polydo- rus was near this place. Ingrestus : having 1 entered upon the business with fates unkind against the will and purposes of the gods, who directed him to the land of Dardanus. 18. Fingo JEneadas: 1 call the inhabi- tants /3neado!, a name derived from my name. Fingo : in the sense of voco. 19. Dionoxe : an adj. from Dione, the mo- ther of Venus. Matri : to his mother, Venus. Sacra: in the sense of sacrificia. And/ere- bam : in the sense of offerebam. 20. Auspicibus : the favorers or patsons of our work begun. It is put in apposition with Divis. 21. Mactabam : I was sacrificing a shining 1 bull to the high king of the gods. Servius tells us that a bull was one of those animals forbidden to be offered in sa- crifice to Jove ; and thinks Virgil, design- edly, makes ^Eneas ofter here an unlawful sacrifice, in order to introduce the inauspi- cious omen that followed. But La Cerda, assures us, upon the best authority, that it was usual to sacrifice bulls to Jupiter, as well as to the other gods. Nitentem. RUEUS says, p^nguem ; and Heyne, candidum. 22. Tumulus : a rising ground, or hillock. Quo summo : on whose top. Cornea: a^i . LIB. HI. Virgulta, et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus. Access!, viridemque ab humo convellere sylvam Conatus, ramis tegerem ut trondentibus aras : Horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum. Nam, quae prima solo, ruptis radicibus, arbos Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine gutta?, Et terram tabo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror Membra quatit. gelidusque coit forniidiue sanguis. Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimen Insequor, et causas penitus tentare laientes : Ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. Multa movens ammo, Nymphas venerabar agrestes, Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, Rite secundarent visus, omenque levarent. Tertia sed postquam majore hastilia nixu Aggredior, genibusque adverse obluctor arenae : Eloquar, an sileam ? gemitus lachrymabilis imo Auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad aures : Quid miserum, ^Enea, laceras ? jam parce sepulto, Parce pias scelerare manus : non me tibi Troja Externum tulit : baud cruor hie de stipite manat. 24. Access] ad locum, 95 conatusque sum convel- lere 27. Quse arbos prima vellitur solo, huic guttae ex atro 30 30. Coit circum cor. 31. Alterius arboris, et penitus tentare laten- tes causas earum rerum ; et ater 35 36. Ut rit6 secunda^ rent visus, levarentque malum omen 40 41. Quid, O .ffinea, laceras me miserum? jam parce mihi 43. De stipite arboris, sed de meo corpore. NOTES. adj. of the corneil tree. Densis hastilibus. The long and tapering branches of a tree may not improperly be called hastilia, spears. There is a peculiar propriety in the use of the word here, as being the spears with which the body of Polydorus had been trans- fixed ; and had sprung up into a thick body of trees or shrubs. Horrida ; awful. RUEBUS says, aspera. 24. Sylvam : in the sense, here, of ramos vel ramum. 26. Monstrum: in the sense of prodigium. 27. Arbos : a shrub, bush, or small tree. Solo : from the earth. 28. Huic : in the sense of ex hde. Liqu- untur : in the sense of dejluunt. Atro san- guine : in the sense of atri sanguinis. The prep, e or ex is understood. 29. Horror : in the sense of tremor. Mi- hi : in the sense of mea. 30. Sanguis gelidus: my blood, chilled through fear, collects together ceases to flow in its regular course. 32. Insequor : I proceed to tear up. Vi- men lentum : a limber, or pliant shoot or shrub. 34. Venerabar Nymplias. These rustic nymphs, to whom JEneas here prays, were probably the Hcunadryades, whose destiny was connected with that of some particular trees, witli which they lived and died. JEneas might consider this horrid omen, as an indication of their displeasure, for his offering to violate those pledges of their existence. Movens : in the sense of volvens. 3o. Gradirt/m patrem: Mars. We are told that Gradivus was an epithet, or name, of Mars in time of war? as Qt cmgique urbem obsidione videret. auri * lle > ut P es fractae Teucrum, et fortuna recessit, 53. Ille, nempe Polym- Res Agamemnonias vitriciaque arma secutus, nestr, ut opes Teucrum Fas omne abrumpit, Polydorum obtruncat, et auro 55 Vi potitur. I Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, Auri sacra fames ! Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, Delectos populi ad proceres, primumque parentem, sentential M* " Monstra Deum refero ; et > <\"& sit sententia, posco. 60. Est idem animus Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra, 60 omnibus excedere Linquere pollutum hospitium, et dare classibus Austros. Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens Aggeritur tumulo tellus : stant manibus arae, Coeruleis mcestae vittis atraque cupresso : NOTES. son of Ilione, the daughter of Priam, and wife of Polymnestor, king of Thrace. Tulit : produced, or bore. Stipite : tlie body, or trunk. 45. Ferrea seges. To understand this pas- sage, we may suppose that these darts were thrown in upon the body of Polydorus as he lay in the grave ; which they pierced : and, taking root in that place, sprang up, and grew in the form of sharp pointed javelins, forming a shade over the tomb. Heyne says : excreverunt in arbores unde jacula pe- tuntur. 46. Increvit acutis: grew up into sharp javelins : into trees like sharp javelins. 47. Pressus : in the sense of percussus. Ancipiti : dubia, says Ruaeus. 50. Manddrat : in the sense of miserat. 51. Diffideret: in the sense of desperaret. DardanioR : in the sense of Trojat. See JEn. i. 1. 53. Opes Teucrum : the power of the Trojans was broken. Ut : in the sense of quando. 54. Res Agamemnonias: embracing (se- cutus) the Grecian cause, and their victo- rious arms, he breaks every sacred obliga- tion. Agamemnon was captain general of the Grecian forces in the expedition against Troy. His interest, therefore, is the general interest of the Greeks. Fas : properly a divine, or sacred law. By the murder of Polydorus, he broke through the ties of consanguinity, hospitality, and friendship ; which are considered of a sacred nature. 57. Sacra fames ctvri : O cursed desire of gold, what dost thou not force the hearts of men to perpetrate ! The word sacer signi- fies, usually, sacred, holy : here, accursed, execrable. The word facere or perpetrare, is to be supplied. Heyne says, ad quid : to what, &c. 59. Monstra Deum : the prodigies of the gods. Primum: in the sense of pra>cipue. Heyne sa.ys,primoloco. 61. Hospitium: in the sense of locum. Dare austros classibus : to give the winds to the fleet. In the sense of dare vela venlii. Auster, is here taken for the wind in gene- ral : the species for the genus. The south wind would have been against him, going from Thrace to Delos. 62. Instauramus funus : we perform the funeral rites to Polydorus. He had not been buried with the usual solemnities, a matter which the ancients considered of great moment. These rites were called justa. Without them, they thought the soul wandered 100 years without any rest. Vir- gil here gives a full account of the funeral rites performed by the Romans, at the interment of the dead. 63. Ingens tellus : a huge pile of earth is thrown up for the tomb. Ar: a place of safe retreat. Apollo, after his birth, fixed and rendered it immoveable, for the residence of his mother. Its original name was Ortygia. This was changed into the name Delos, which, in the Greek, signi- fies apparent, or brought to view, it having P. VIRGILII MARONIS Immotamque coli dedit, et contemnere ventos. 78. Race placidissima Hue feror : haec fessos tuto placidissima portu insula %^. av . bus Accipit. Egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem. veneramur * ^ ex Anius, rex idem horninum Phcebique sacerdos, 80 Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro 82. Occurrit nobis Occurrit, veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum. Jungimus hospitio dextras, .et tecta subimus. 85. Et sic dixi : O Templa Dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto ; Thymbraee Apollo, da Da propriarn, Thymbrsee, domum, da moenia fessis, 85 nobis fessis propriam Et genus, et mansuram urbem : serva altera Trojae Pergama, relliquias Dartaum atque immitis Achillei. Q uem sequimur 1 quove ire jubes? ubi ponere sedes ? nostras sedes? Da, pater, augurium, atque animis illabere nostris. 90. Repente* omnia Vix ea fatus eram : tremere omnia visa repente, 90 visa sunt tremere Liminaque, laurusque Dei : tot usque moveri m ns Mons circum, et mugire adytis cortina reclusis. 94. Eaderatellus,quffiSubmissi petimus terram, et vox fertur ad aures : tulit vos a prima stirpe Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum vims * NOTES. been hidden before under the waves. This part of the fable some explain, by saying that Apollo here gave out his oracles plain and intelligible, but in every other place, in terms dark and obscure. See Eel. iv. 10. 77. Dediique : and rendered it fixed to be inhabited, and to condemn the winds. This alludes to the story of its having been a wandering island, and driven about by the winds, till fixed by Apollo for the residence of his mother. Hence it became sacred to her. 80. Idem, rex hominum. It was a custom among many nations to unite in the same person the oifices of king and priest. Anius was both king, and priest of Apollo. 81. Redimilus : bound as to his temples with fillets, and the sacred laurel. The laurel was sacred to Apollo. Hence the propriety of his priest being bound with it : and the propriety of the epithet sacra. 83. Subimus tecta : we come under his roof we enter his palace. But tecta here may mean the temple mentioned below, the word tectum properly signifying any covered building. Or tecta may be taken for the buildings of the city in general. The meaning then will be ; we enter the city. 84. Structa vetusto saxo : built of ancient stone, or rock. Macrobius informs us that, when the temple at Delphi, and the temples built to Apollo in other places, were destroy- ed in any way whatever, his temple at De- los continued to atand unimpaired ; and con- sequently retained its ancient or original stone. Whatever ravages the island had suffered, the sanctity of the temple preserv- ed it from violation. Ventrabar : I wor- shipped I offered prayers. It is said that the altar of Apoiio at JDelos was never stained with the blood of victims ; but only honored with prayers, and other simple rites of ancient worship. 85. Thymbrae. Thymbrseus was an epi- thet of Apollo, derived, as we are told by Strabo, from Thytntora, a place near Troy, where he had a famous temple. Propri- am : fixed, lasting. 86. Genus : offspring posterity. Ru- ceus sa,ys,familias. Mansuram : permanent, to remain. 87. Pergama: neu. plu. properly the fort or citadel of Troy ; often used for the whole city. Altera Pergama. Simply the other Troy the city which vEneas prayed Apollo to grant to him, and his followers, the remains of the Greeks, and of cruel Achilles. 89. Augurium : a sign, or omen. 91. Laurus. Either the laurel, with which the image of the god was crowned ; or rather the laurel tree, which was placed at the entrance of the temple. It was an opinion among the ancients that the gods gave signs of their approach, by causing the earth to move and shake. To this the poet here alludes. The laurel was sacred to Apollo. 92. Cortina. The covering of the tripod, whence the priest delivered responses. Hence by meton. the oracle itself. Adytis. The sanctuary, or inner part of the temple, where the Oracle was. Reclusis : in the sense of apertis. Mons. This was mount Cynthus, on which the temple was built : whence Apollo was sometimes called Cyn- thius, and Diana, Cynthia. Mugire: in the sense of sonare. 94. Dardanidce : the same as Trojani. Scrvius observes that, the Trojans might /ENELS. LIB. 111. Prima tulit, tellus eadein vos ubere laBto 95 Accipiet reduces : antiquam exquirite matrcm. Hie domus JEneae cunctis dominabitur oris, Et nati riatorum, et qui nascentur ab illis. Ha3c Phcebus : mixtoque ingens exorta tumultu Laetitia; et cuncti, quae sint ea mcema, quserunt, 100 Quo Phoebus vocet errantes, jubeatque reverti. / Turn genitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum, Audite, 6 ^proceres, ait, et spes discite vestras. Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto, Mons Idasus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae. 105 Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna. Maximus unde pater, si rite audita recorder, Teucrus Rhoeteas primum est advectus in oras, 99. Ingensque IcRtitia exorta est cum mixto 101. JYos errantes 105. Ubi est Idseus mons 106. Incola habitant centum 107. Unde Teucrus noster maximus pater primum NOTES. have understood from this declaration of the Oracle, that Italy was designed them, whence Dardanus came , and not Crete, which was the birthplace of Teucer. Stirpe : in the sense oforigine. 95. Lcelo ubere : in its joyous bosom : or perhaps, in its fertile soil. Uber : signifies the richness or fertility of the soil. Ruseus says, fertili sinu. 96. Reduces : brought back, or returning in safety. Matrem. It is supposed that the poet had in view the circumstance of Brutus, and the Tarquins, who went to Delphi to consult the Oracle of Apollo, concerning the succession to the kingdom. They re- ceived for answer, that the empire should be his, who first kissed his great mother. Brutus, on leaving the ship, feigned a fall, and kissed the ground, winch he considered as the great* parent of all. He received the government, after the expulsion of the Tar- quins, being chosen Consul. He was slain by Aruns, one of the Tarquins, soon after he entered upon his office. 97. Domus JEnea. : here the family of /Eneas shall bear rule over all lands, &c. These two lines are taken from the Iliad. Lib. 20. 306. It is there said, however, that jEneas should reign over the Tro- jans. Hence some have inferred that he remained in Troas, and that the whole ac- count of the origin of the Romans is a mere fiction, a compliment only to Augustus. But Dionysius of Halicarnassus under- stands it of his reigning over the Trojans in Italy. And in this he is followed by Eustathius in his cormnenlary upon thfs pas- sage of the Iliad. It may be observed that Virgil does not say, Trofanis dominubitttr, which answers to the Greek of Homer ; but cunctis dominabilur on>. This circum- stance hath led some to altrr the Greek text so as to conform to the Roman. 101. Rtrerfi : in the sense of procedure. Quo : in the sense of ad qvK loca. 102. Monumenta : records, or memorials, were of various kinds; not only wri- tings, but paintings, columns, tombs and statues. Ruffius says, histories, f^olvens : in the sense of recogitans, vel revolvens in mente. 104. Creta. A large island in the Mediter- ranean, lying between the Archipelago on the north, and the Lybian sea on the south : Hodie, Candia. It was called Creta, from Ores, who is said to have reigned there after Jupiter. It is also sometimes called Crete. Teucer, from whom the Trojans were sometimes called Teucri, and Troy, Teucria, was a native of this island. He was the son of Scamander ; and, in the time of a famine, led a colony to Troas, and settled at Rhatteum, a promontory on the shore of the Hellespont. He was most probably the founder of the Tro- jans : whence Anchises calls him Maximus pater. They were, however, very fond of deriving their descent from Dardanus, who fled from Italy to Troas, and became the son-in-law to Teucer. By marrying his daughter, he obtained a share in the king* dom, and at his death succeeded him in the government. Crete is here called the island of great Jove ; because it was the place of his birth and education. See Georg. 1. 1-21. 105. Cunabula: neu. plur. the cradle or nursing place of your race. Ruoeus s^s, origo. Idazus: an adj. from Ida, a mountai in Crete. 106. Habitant : in the sense of occupa Uberrima regna : most fertile realms. Th answers to lotto ubere, mentioned, 95, pra, and tended to mislead Anchises. 107. Audita : reports traditions. 108. Rhctfeas oras: the coast of Rhoeteum. Rhateum was a promontory of Troas. where Teucer landed with his colony from Crete. He introduced the worship of Cy- bele, the mother of the Gods, ami the mountains of Phrygia the name of Ida, from mount Ida in Crete. He also i-ha ngeil the name of Xanthiu into that of Scam- ander, after the name of his father. Hence Homer says that the river was called A* P. VIRGILII MAROiNi; 110 Optavitque locum regno : nondum Ilium et arces Pergameae steterant ; habitabant vallibus imis. 111. Hinc vetiit mater Hinc mater cultrix Cybele, Corybantiaque aera. Cybele Idffiumque nemus : hinc fida silentia sacris, Et juncti currum dominED subiere leones. Ergo agite, et, Divum ducunt qua jussa, sequamur. Placemus ventos, et Gnossia regna petamus. 116. ///a distant Ion Nec lon g distaat cnrsu : modo Jupiter adsit, = Tertia lux classem Cretans sistet in ori.s. 112. Hinc fida silentia vencrunt :U1'SU NOTES. thus by the Gods, but Scamander by men the former being its original, and more hon- orable name. 109. Optavit: inthesenseofe/egi*. Stra- bo agrees with Virgil in making Teucer the first who reigned in Troy. Dardanus arrived not long after, married his daugh- ter Batea, and succeeded him in the gov- ernment. 110. Pergamea : in the sense of Trojance. 11 1. Cybele. The same with Rhea or Ops, and wife of Saturn. She is so called pro- bably from Cybelus, a mountain hi Plirygia, where she was worshipped. She is taken sometimes for the earth ; and in that sense is the common parent of all its inhabitants. Her priests were called Corybantes, Cureles, and Met Dactyli. Among other things in her Avorship, they used to beat brazen r-ymbals together. The origin of this prac- tice was to prevent the cries of the child Jupiter from being heard by his father. ( Ybele is here called Cullrix, most probably because she was worshipped in a mountain of Phrygia : whence it might be said that she inhabited it, and, as it were, became the protectress of that country. This is the sense 'Ruaeus gives. He says, prolectrix loci. JEra : brazen cymbals. Any thing |nade of brass may be called ^tojlow, because her benefits flow wit Hi Basing : Dindymene, from the mount a. n Ihndymus in Phrygia : Bere- c.yntkia, ire B tcynthus, a castle in the same country. See ^En. vi. 784. She was also called Bona Dea, and Mater Deorum. Heo Eel. iv. 6. and Geor. i. 121. Corybantia, : an adj, from Corybantcs,i\\z priests of Cybele, derived from the Greek* During her worship, they made a confused noise with timbrels, pipes, and cymbals-. They danced, tossed their heads, and struck their foreheads against each other, appear- ing like mad men. They were sometimes called Curetes, from a Greek word which signifies a virgin, because they wore a long robe like young virgins. They were also called Dactyli, from a Greek word signifying a finger, be- cause they were ten in number, there being so many fingers on both hands. The epi- thet Idcei is here added, because they chiefly resided on mount Ida. Cybele is represented sitting on a car with a robe of divers colors, and holding a key in her hand, to denote that she unlocks and distributes in summer those treasures, that, the winter had hid and concealed. She wears a turreted crown on her head, and is drawn by a pair of harnessed lions. The box and the pine tree were sacred to her the former, because pipes were made of that wood, and used in her worship ; the latter for the sake of the boy Jllys, whom she loved, and made president of her rites, or ceremonies : but afterwards changed him into the pine tree. Her sacrifices were per- formed in private, and men were excluded from participation. Silence was especially enjoined in her mysteries. This will ex- plain Jida silentia sacris, in the following line. 112. Hinc Jida : hence the faithful secrecy in her sacred rites. The mysteries of Cy- bele, as well as those of Ceres, were care- fully concealed from the common people. Her chariot was drawn by harnessed lions, juncti leones, to denote that maternal aifec- tion, figured by Cybele, or the earth, the comrqon parent of all, triumphs over the most ferocious and,savage natures. Sub- iere : in the sense of traxerunt. Domi- n(K. This is an epithet of Cybele, as being the mother of the Gods. 115. Gnossia : an adj. from Gnossus, the principal city of Crete, put by synec. for the whole island. 116. JVec distant : nor are the realms of Crete a long loay distant. Modo : provided that in case that. 117. Zrf/.r : in the sense of tfi?f . LIB. 111. Sic f'atus, meritos aris mactavit honores : Taurum Neptuno ; taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo ; 119 Nigram Hyemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam. Fama volat, pulsum regnis cessisse paternis Idomenea ducern, desertaque litora Cretae, Hoste vacare domos, sedesque adstare relictas. Linquimus Ortygiae portus, pelagoque volamus : Bacchatamque jugis Naxon, viridemque Donysam, 125 Olearon, niveamque Paron, sparsasque per aequor Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita terris. Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor. Hortantur socii, Cretam proavosque petamus. Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes : 130 Et tandem aritiquis Curetum allabimur oris. Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis, Pergameamque voco : et Isetam cognomine gentem Hortor amare focos, arcemque attollere tectis. Jaraque fere sicco subductse litore puppes : 135 119. Mactavit taurum Neptuno; taurum tibi, O pulcher 121. Fama volat du- cem Idomenea, p; cessisse paternis rejrnip. litoraque Cretse e&se de- serta, et domos vacare nostro hoste 125. Legimusque Nax- on bacchatam jugis, vi- ridemque Donysarn 130. JVbs euntes 133. Vocoque urbem Pergameam 135. Puppes subductse sunt e mari in sicco li- tore NOTES. 118. Mactavit: he offered sacrificed. Honores : in the sense of victimas. And tneritos : in the sense of dignos. 120. Hyemi. By hyemi we are here to understand the stormy winds. They were considered as a kind of divinities, and were accordingly worshipped in order to avert their fury. Pecudem : in the sense of ovem. Felicibus : in the sense ofpropiliis. 122. Idomenea : an ace. of Greek ending. Idomeneus was the son of . Deucalion, and grand-son of Minos, king of Crete. He was one of the leaders in the war against Troy. On his return, being overtaken in a storm, he made a vow to the Gods to sacrifice to them whatsoever he should first meet, if they would save him. This hap- pened to be his own son. The father, how- ever, performed his vow. A plague soon arising in his country, and his subjects con- sider ug him to have been the cause of it by this inhuman deed, rose against him, and expelled him from his kingdom. Litora de- serta : the shores to be deserted left with- out a guard, or defence. 123. Sedes relictas adstare : that the coun- try being abandoned, lies open to us. Sedes : in the sense of regiones. 124. Qrtygia. The ancient name of De- los was Ortygia, from a Greek word signi- fying a quail : those fowls having abounded in that island. 125. Bacckatam : frequented in its moun- tains by the priests of Bacciius whose mountains resounded with the tumultuous rantings of the Bacchanals. I'iridnn Do- nysam. This island was famous for its green marble, as Paros was for its pure white marble. See 75. supra. 127. Cycladas sparsas. These were a number of Islands, so called from a Greek word signifying ff drdf. because they lay v in that form around Delos. Freta consiic : the straits set with many islands the straits and narrow passes formed by the nume- rous islands, which diversified the sea. 127. Legimus : we coast along the shore we sail near. 128. Certamine : in the sense of arnvla- tione. Naulicus clamor : a shout of the sailors. 130. Surgens a. puppi. This wind blew from the north: their course lay to the southward, and consequently it would be at their stern. 131. Allabimur : we arrive at the ancient shores of the Curetes. These were the mi- nisters of Cybele, and thought by some to be the same with the Corybantes arid Id&i Dactyli. Of ad and labor. See 111, supra. The Curetes are said to have been the ori- ginal inhabitants of Crete ; from whom the island probably took its name. 132. Molior : in the sense of extruo. * 133. Pergameam. Pliny mentions Per- gamus, among the cities of Crete. Homer calls it, the hundred-city island. It is said to have had a hundred cities. Gentem te- tam : my people delighted with the name. Genttm, in the sense of populum, vel socios. 134. Aware focos : to love their homos- to keep close at home, and not v, abroad, until they should disco- position of the inhabitants towards Tins agrees witii the following injunction : atlollert aivem Itctis. to raise a tow their houses in case of an attack, the better to defend themselves. Servius thinks ^Eneas here intends to recommend to his people to cultivate the study of religion. It is an unnecessary re- finement. Focos: properly the fire-places, or hearth, by synec. put for the whole house, in this place : also sometime?? frr th> fire m the hearth, by roeton. 1*. V1R6ILII MAROMS . 130. Juventus opcr&ta Connubiis arvisque novis operata juventus : ^IS^Tabida miser n ^ ura ^omosque dabam : subitd cum tabida membris. daque lu* a* t^aTtTcSi Corrupto coeli tractu, miserandaque venit corrupto, venit eorum Arboribusque satisque lues, et letifer annus. membris, arboribusque Linquebant dulces anirnas, aut segra trahebant 140 satisque, et annus est Corpora : turn steriles exurere Sinus agros. 'uT Siriui capit exu- Arebant herbae ' et victum se g es gra riegabat. rere Rursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso 143. Pater hortatur Hortatur pater ire mari, veniamque precari : me ire rursus ad ora,cu-Q U em fessis finein rebus ferat ; unde laborum 145 Tentare auxilium jubeat ; quo vertere cursus. 145. Et quarere quern - T A J . . ' M ,. fi nem JNox erat, et terns animaha somnus habebat. . Effigies sacrae Divum, Phrygiique Penates, i50.Vi s isunt^t^ UOS } meCUm .^ ri: ^ medi ' s V1S1 a " te oculos adstare jacentis insomnis Insomnis, multo manifest! lumine : qua so 153. Turn sic visisunt Plena per insertas fundcbat Luna iencstras./ afFari me, et Turn sic afFari, et curas his demere dictis : ' ^f*tat9H tibi delato Ort ^ iam flcturu* Apollo cst, tibi delato ad Hie canit : et tua nos en ultro ad lirnina mitt it. 155 156. Nos seouti sumus Nos te, Dardani incensa, tuaque arma secuti ; te, tuaque ]>j os tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor ; m lldemtolle 'Iidern ventures tollemus in astra nepotes, 159. Imperium vrbis Imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tu moenia magnis lues urbi Magna para, longurnque fugo3 ne linque laborcm. 160 NOTES. 136. Juventui operata: the youth had when the heat of the sun is most intense, sacrificed for their nuptials, and new lands. It is sometimes called canicula. They were prepared for contracting mar- 142. JEgra seges : the diseased, or sickly riages, and for commencing the business of crop corn. agriculture. 144. Precari veniam : to supplicate his It was a custom among the Romans to favor, or assistance. offer sacrifices before they entered upon 145. Fessis rebus: to our afflicted state, marriage, or any important business of life, or condition. Ferat : in the sense ofponat. To this, the poet alludes. Sacrificabantpro Laborum: distress sufferings. Tentare: ftlici successu conjugiorum^ et agrorum. in the sense of queer ere. 137. Dabam : in the sense ofdistribuebam'. 146. Au&ilium laborum : relief in our Jura : justice among my people. Domos : sufferings. either the houses that had been abandoned * 148. Effigies : forms, or figures. Ruseus by the inhabitants ; or the places where says statuce. Penates. See jEn. ii. 717. they should build houses for themselves. 151. Insomnis : awake ; an adj. agreeing 139. Tabida miserandaque : a wasting and with mei jacentis. Most editors separate pitiable disease came upon their limbs, &c. the word into in and somnis, in my sleep. This disease, or plague, was occasioned by This is evidently incorrect : for if he had the infection of the air. Cce/i : in the sense been asleep, the light of the moon would of aeris. Tractu : a space, tract, or region, have been unnecessary. Besides, verse 173 Satis. Sftta, properly, crops any thing infra, he declares :' t was no delusion of the planted and growing ; from the verb sero. fancy in sleep. Manifesti : in the sense of Here, in the sense of segetes. conspicui. 140. Anirnas : lives. Anima, properly 152. Insertas fenestras : windows inserted, signifies the animal life ; animus, the soul, or made in the side of the house. Fenestras, Dr. Trapp thinks the expression an odd one, quce mnt in pariete, says Heyne. Fundebat and proposes to change linquebant to red- sc : in the sense of mittebat se; simply, debant. Ruaeus says, amittebant. The shone. difficulty is removed by rendering dulces 154. Delato : carried back, or returned animas, sweet, or dear lives. to Delos. Canit : declares, or reveals. 141. Sirius: the dog-star ; a pestilential 160. Para magna : prepare a great city, constellation, rising about the end of July, Populis, or some word of the like import, is .ENEIS. LIB. III. Mutandse sedes : non haec tibi litora suasit Delius, aut Cretae jussit considere, Apollo. Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt ; Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glebae. CEncUii coluere viri : mine fama, minores Italiam dixisse, ducis de nomine, gentem. Ha3 nobis propriae sedes : hinc Dardanus ortus, lasiusque, pater ; genus a quo principe nostrum. Surge, age, et haee Jatus longtevo dicta parent! Haud dubitanda refer. .Corytum, terrasque require Ausonias : Dictoea negat tibi Jupiter arva. Talibus attonitus visis ac voce Deorum, (Nee sopor illud erat ; sed coram agnoscere vultus, Velatasque comas, pnesentiaque ora videbar : 165 165. Nunc fama ctt minores dixisse geatom 167. Hinc lasius or- tus es/, paterque Darda- nus, a quo principe nos- trum genus deductum 170 est. 173. Sed videbar mihi agnoscere vultus co- ram me, velatasque NOTES. lo be understood, with which magnis is to agree : for your powerful people. Magnis fiepotibus, says Heyne. Ruaeus hath nobis magnis: for us the great gods. Longum laborem fugcz : the same as laborem longce fugce,: the labor, or fatigue of the long voyage. 161. Sedes: in the sense of regio. The verb sunt is to be supplied. JVbn suasit hoc : Delian Apollo does not advise, or recom- mend these shores to thee. 162. Crete : at Crete. The place where is put in the gen. The same with, in Creta. Delius : a name, and epithet of Apollo ; from Delos, the place of his birth. 163. Est locus. This passage had been recited to Dido by llioneus, jEn. i. 530. As they were the words of the oracle, it would have been disrespectful and improper to alter them in the least: besides, Dido would be more confirmed in the truth of /Eneas' relation, when she found two wit- nesses delivering their testimony in the same words. Locus : in the sense of regio. 165. (Enotrii: an adj. from CEnotria, a name given to that part of Italy, afterwards called Lucania. It took its name from CEnotrus, the son of Lycaon, who settled here with a colony of Arcadians. The CEnotrians spread so widely, that all Italy was sometimes called (Enotria. (Enoirii viri : simply, the CEnotrians. 167. Proprioz nobis : destined, or allotted to us by the gods. The verb sunt is to be supplied. Mr. Davidson takes propriae, in the sense of perpetuce. Ruseus says, ad- dict IB. 167. Hinc: hence lasius sprang, and father Dardanus ; from which prince our race is derived. Principe hgre is a sub. a prince a chief a founder. The construc- tion is easier and more natural by connot- ing pa/er with Dardanus. in this instance I have ventured to depart from the common ordo. lasius and Dardanus were sons of Eleetra. the daughter of Atlas, king of 1 Corit Mauritania in Africa ; who married Coritus, king of Tuscany. It is said, however, that Jove had an amour with her, and begat Dardanus. Upon the death of their father Coritus, a quarrel arose between the two brothers, which ended in the death of lasius. Upon which Dardanus fled first to Samb- thracia, and afterwards to Phrygia, where he married the daughter of Teucer, and, hi connexion with him, founded the Trojan race. 170. Corytum : a city and mountain in Tuscany, so called from Corytus, the sup- posed father of Dardanus, and king of that country. The name is derived from a Greek word which signifies a helmet. Both the city and mountain are now called Cortona. Require. . Heinsius, and after him Heyne, reads requirat. But require is the common reading, and is the easier. 171. Ausonias: an adj. from Ausonia,* name of Italy ; from A uson, or Ausonius, as Servius informs us. Dictcea arva : the Cretan territory, or lands. Crete is called Dictaan, from Dicte, a mountain on that island, where Jupiter was educated ; put, by synec. for the whole island. 172. Talibus visis : at such a vision, or sight. 1 73. Nee sopor erat, &c. Dr. Trapp, and some other commentators, imagine a diffi- culty occurs here. To solve it, they make a difference between sopor and somnus. But this difficulty arises entirely from their taking insomnis to mean, in sleep, and not taking it as an adj. See verse 151, supra. 174. Veiaias comas: the heads of the images, or statues, were generally adorned with fillets and flowers. Ora prascniia: their forms present before me. \Vt- .-ee how muoli pains the poet takes to make us be- lieve that it was no dream no mere fancy. He mentions a variety of circumstances, all of which go to show that jftneRs awake, and not in sleep. 254 P. VIRGILII MAHONIS rebus Turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor) 175 Corripio e stratis corpus, tendoque supinas Ad coelum cum voce manus, et munera libo Intemerata focis. Perfecto Isetus honore 179. Certum de his Anchisen facio certum, remque ordine pando. iM * Agnovit prolem ambiguam, geminosque parentes, 180 m Seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum. Turn memorat : Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis, Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat. 184. Nunc repeto earn Nunc repeto hiec generi portendere debita nostro, b p r: f i r pe H r s eriam ' sa?pe itai v^y i85 et earn ssepe vocare ^ed ( 1 U1S ac * Hespenoe ventures htora Teucros Crederet 1 aut quem turn vates Cassandra moveret 1 188. Moniti nos sequa- Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur. nrnr meliora consilia. Sic ait : et cuncti dictis paremus ovantes. A Hanc quoque deserimus sedem, paucisque relictis 190 Vela damus, vastumque cav trabe currimus oequor. Postquam altum tenuere rates, nee jam amplius ullae Apparent terras, coelum undique, et undique pontus ; Turn mihi cceruleus supra caput adstitit imber, Noctem hyememque ferens ; et inhorruit unda tenebris. 193. Sed undique COB him apparct. et NOTES. ** 176. Corripio : 1 snatch my body from my bed. Supinas : palm upward ; agree- ing with manus. 177. Libo intemcrata : I pour pure offer- ings on the fire. This private offering con- sisted of pure wine and incense, and was usually poured upon the fire in honor of the Lares. 178. Honore perfecto : the offering being made, or completed. 179. Rem : in the sense of prodigium. 180. Geminos parentes : the double foun- ders. The Trojans reckoned both Teucer and Dardanus the founders of their race ; the former from Crete, the latter from Italy. This ambiguam prolem, ambiguous, or dou- ble descent, led Anchises to mistake the oracle of Apollo, dgnovit: he owned acknowledged. 181. JVtwo errore. It is not easy, perhaps, to fix the meaning of this line. Pierius in- forms us that some copies have parentum instead of locorum, which mends it much : through the recent mistake of our ancient founders. If locorum be read, it will be : through the recent mistake of the places of their birth. Apollo had directed them to seek the land of their ancestors, promising that it should receive them in its fertile bosom. This Anchises had interpreted of the land of Crete, the birthplace of Teucer. It ap- pears, then, that this mistake lay in reckon- ing their descent from him, and not from Dardanus, whose country had been Italy. This mistake in computing he calls norms, a recent, or new one. because they usually deduced their descent from Dardanus. See verse 94, et seq. 182. Exercite : exercised, or tried, in the disasters of Troy. 183. Canebat: in the sense of prcedicalat. Cassandra. The daughter of Priam, en- dued by Apollo with the gift of prophecy ; but no body believed her predictions. Sec &n. ii. 246. 184. Repeto : I remember I call to mind. Portendere : in the sense of pradicerc. Vo- care : mentioned spake of by name. 188. Moniti meliora: being advised, let us follow better counsels. This is the sense of Ruaeus and Dr. Trapp. Mr. Davidson renders them : being better advised, let us follow (the gods) ; taking meliora as a Grecism. Cedamus : in the sense of obe- diamus. 1 !W. Ovantes : in the sense of Iceti. 190. Sedem : in the sense of terram. De- serimus : in the sense of reiinquimus. 191. Cava trabe : in the sense ofcavisna- vibus. Currimus: we sail upon the vast sea. Trabe, by synec. put for the whole ship. 192. Attum: properly, the deep, or open sea. Rates : in the sense of naves. 194. Imber : properly, a shower of rain : by rneton. the cloud containing, or bearing along the rain, as in the present instance. Cctruleus, is avhat we may properly call, leaden-colored. Clouds, that threaten thun- der and rain, are often tinged with a deep blue, intermingled with black. This is the kind of cloud here meant. 195. Hyemem: in the sense of tempest a- NBI8. LIB. 111. Continud venti volvunt mare, magnaque surgunt 19t> jEquora : dispersi jactamur gurgite vasto. Involvere diem nimbi, et nox humida coelum Abstulit : ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. Excutimur cursu, et caecis erramus in undis. 200 Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere ccelo, Nee meminisse vise media Palinurus in unda. Tres adeo incertos caeca caligine soles Erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes. / Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem 205 Visa, aperire proqul montes, ac volvere fumum. Vela cadunt ; remis insurgimus : baud mora, riautse Adnixi torquent spumas, et ccerula verrunt. Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum Accipiunt. Strophades Graio staiit nomine dictae 210 Insulae lonio in magno : quas dira Celaeno, Harpyiseque colunt alias : Phine'ia postquam c 198. Abstulit ccelum a nobis 20 1 . Negat se posse dis- cernere 205. Terra visa esl tandem attollere se, et 207. Haud mora est 208. Verrunt coerula maria 210. Insulee, dictse Strophades Graio no- mine, stant in NOTES. fern, vel procellam. Unda: in the sense of mare, Inkorruit: looked terrific with the darkness. 197. JE>quora : in the sense of fluctus. 198. Involvere : wrapped up the day ob- scured. Nimbi : in the sense of nubes. So also imber, in verse 194, supra. So imper- vious was this cloud to the rays of the sun, that it became dark as night it converted the day into night. Darkness, or night, being the absence or want of the light of the sun. Humida : in the sense of imbrife- ra. Cozluin : for lucc-.n. 199. Ignes: lightnings, in quick succes- sion, flash from the broken clouds. Some copies have abrupti, agreeing with ignes; which would be preferable, if it could be supported by sufficient atithority. 200. Excutimur: in the sense of dejici- mur. Cozcis : dark unknown sea. 201. Pahnurus ipse: Palinurus himself denies that he can distinguish the day and night, (the day from the night, on account of the darkness,) in the heavens. Memi- nisse: in the sense of coqnoscere. He was the pilot of .Eneas ship, and represented as the most skilful mariner in the fleet. 203. Adeo erramus : thus we wander over the sea for three doubtful days in thick darkness. Or, incertos may mean, uncer- tain undistinguished ; because they could be scarcely distinguished from night, on account of the thick darkness. This is the sense put upon the words by Ruseus and others. Ambiguas p ropier tencbras obscuras^ says that commentator. Soles : in the sense of dies. 206. Volvcrc : in the sense of emitter?, or crigere. 207. Insurgimus rcjnis : \ve rise upon our oars we ply them uriskly. 203. Adnixi: part, of the verb adnilor : exerting themselves laboring with all their strength, they toss the foam, and sweep the azure deep. 209. Litora Strophadum : the shores of the Strophades. These were two small islands, lying on the west of the Peloponnesus, near the Sinus Cyparissceus. Here .flCneas with his fleet landed. 211. Magno lonio. That part of the Mediterranean, lying between Greece on the east, and Sicily and Italy on the west, was called the Ionian sea. Mari is to b e supplied. 212. Harpyioz alice. The Harpies were commonly reckoned three in number : Iris, Acllo, and Ocypeta. Virgil here calls one of them Celceno. They are said to have been the daughters of Neptune and Terra, (according to Hesiod, of Thaumas and Electra,) and are therefore supposed to in- habit the islands principally. They had the faces of women, but the bodies of vultures. Their feet and fingers were armed with claws. They emitted an infectious smell, and poisoned whatever they touched. They were called Harpyiv, from the circumstance of their rapacity and voracious nature. Ser- vius thinks they were called Harpyicr on earth, Furice in hell, and Direr m h( Phineia: an adj. from Phintus^ a king of Arcadia or Thrace, who put out the eyeis of nis two sons, at the instigation of his wife. their step-mother. For this jmnatural con- duct, Jove deprived him of sight, and sent the Harpyise to torment them ; which they did, till Calais and Zetes, the sons of *Bo- reas and Orithyia, expelled them from hi* kingdom, in return for the favors which they had received of him on their way to Coichis, after the goiden fleece. They pur- sued these monsters as far as these islands ; n. being admonished by Jove to pursue P. VIRGILII MARONiiS 213. Phineia damns Clausa domus, mensasque metu liquere priores. usa est illis Tristius baud illis moristfum, nee ssevior ulla Pestis et ira Deum Stygiis sese extuiit undis. 21 f> 216. Vultus earum vo- Virginei volucrum vultus, foedissima veniris 220 225 Ora tame. Hue ubi delati portus intravimus ; ecce Laeta bourn passim campis armenta videmus, 221. Caprigcnumque Caprigenumque pecus, nullo custode, per herbas. pecus errans per herbas Irruimus t'erro, et Divos ipsumque vocamus :um nullo custode. Ir- j n p artem praedamque Jovem : tune litore curvo Extruimusque toros, dapibusque epulamur opimis. At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt Hurpyiae, et niagnis quatiunt clangoribus alas : Diripiuntque dapes, contactuque omnia foedant 228. Turn dira V oxl mmun do : turn vox tetrum dira inter odorem. crat illis inter Rursum in secessu longo, sub rupe cavata, 230. Ns circum clausi Arboribus clausi circum atque horrentibus umbris, arboribus Instruimus mensas, arisque reponimus ignem. Rursum ex diverse coeli, caecisque latebris, Turba sonans praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis, Polluit ore dapes. Sociis tune, arma capessant, 236. Faciunt baud Edico, et dir& bellum cum gente gerendum. seciis ac jussi sunt Haud secus ac jussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam NOTES. them no farther, they returned. Hence they were called Strophades, from a Greek word implying a return. Their former nanre was Plotce. Here the Harpyice took up their residence. This serves to explain the words, postquam Phineia domus : after they were expelled from the palace of Phineus. 214. Haud tristius : there is not a mon- ster more fell than they ; nor any more-cruel pest and scourge (ira) of the gods, &c. jEs/, is understood. 215. Stygiis undis : from the waters of Styx. This was a fabulous river of Hell, around which, the poets say, it flowed nine times. The gods held its waters in great veneration. If they swore by it, the oath was inviolable. It is said to have derived its name from the nymph Styx, who assisted Jupiter in the war against the giants. See Geor. iii. 551. 217. Proluvies ventris : a most offensive efflux of the belly. Ora semper pallida : and their faces always pale through hunger. 220. Lcpta ^ in the sense of pinguid, agreeing with armenta. 223. In partem pccdamquc .- for inp-.-rlcin prcedw, by hendiadis. It was a custom among the Romans when they went out to war, or to the chase, to vow to consecrate a part oi* the spoils, or booty, to the gods. Vocamus : wo invoke the gods, and Jove bimself, to a share of the booty. '224, Tnrnz : tables couches. Ophnix dapibus : upon the rich, or delicious meat. See 231, infra. 225. Lapsu: motion. Adsunt: in the sense of adveniunt, vel advolant. 226. Magnis clangoribus : with a mighty noise. Some copies have plangoribus, as Pierius informs us. 227. Diripiunt : in the sense of rapiunf. 230. Horrentibus: in the sense ofdensis. Secessu longo : in a long retreat in a re- mote place. 231. Instruimus mensas : we spread our tables. 232. Ex direrso cadi : from a different quarter of the sky, and from their secret retreats. The word tracln is to be supplied with diverso : in the sense of divcrsa parlc ccdi. The Mythologists make the harpies only three in number. Virgil however speaks of them as being numerous, calling them turba and gens, so that they no sc left one part of the Island than they were troubled with them in another. But th^ poets do not always conform to historical or fabulous tradition, farther than suits thejr design. . 233. Prcedam. This I take for their meat, or flesh in general ; while dapes means that portion of it dressed, and pre- pared for eating. Polluit : spoils OT de- nies with Ihe mouth. Sonans, flapping their wings whizzing. 235. Edico : in the sense ofjubeo. 236. Farii'nt h'- P. V1RG1LII MAROMS 260. Eorum animi ce- cidere : nee jam am- plius jubent exposcere pacem armis, sed votis 265. Inquit : O Di, prohibete has minas a nobis 274. Nimbosa cacu- mina mentis Leucate aperiuntur conspectui Dixit : et in sylvam pennis ablata refugit. At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis Diriguit : cecidere animi : nee jam amplius armis, Sed votis precibusque jubent exposcere pacem, Sive Dea3, seu sint dirae obscoenaeque volucres. At pater Anchises, passim de litore palmis, Numina magna vocat, meritosque iridicit honores : Di, prohibete minas ; Di, talem avertite casum, Et placidi servate pios. Turn litore funem Diripere, excussosque jubet laxare rudentes. Tenduut vela Noti : ierimur spurnantibus undis, Qua cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabant. Jam medio apparet fluciu ncmorosa Zacynthos, Dulichiumque, Sameque, etNeritos ardua Effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laertia regna, Et terrain altricem saevi exsecramur Ulyssei Mox et Leucatse nimbosa cacumina montis, 26f> 270 NOTES. rus. Virgil puts it in the mouth of the HarpyifE, as being both suitable to their nature, and more apt to raise surprise, when coming from them. This prophecy receiv- ed its fulfilment in the following manner. Having arrived in Italy, and being destitute of dishes, they were forced to eat their meat or flesh upon large oval cakes, made of flour, which they used for bread. And after they t had eaten their flesh, they consumed their cake's also ; which they had used in the room of plates. 258. Pennis : in the sense of alis. Ablata : in the sense ofsublat^. 259. Sanguis gelidus : the blood chilled through sudden fear, grew thick, &c. Their blood ceased to flow in its ordinary course ; the heart being unable to propel it to the extremities with its usual force. 263. Palmis passis de litore : in the sense of palmis extensis de litore. 264. Magna numina : the great Gods. See Geor. i. 498. Indicit : and appoints proper sacrifices or offerings. 265. Prohibete : in the sense of avertite. Casum : calamity misfortune. 266. Placidi : in the sense of placati, vel benigni. Funem : the cable. 267. Diripere : in the sense of avellere. Some copies have deripere : which is the reading of Heyne. Rudentes : in the sense of funes. By these we are probably to understand those ropes, by the help of which the sails were hoisted and spread the main sheets. They had already weighed anchor : they now let off the sheets they extended the sails, and the wind fills them. Excussos. Heyne takes this in the sense ofevolutos. 270. Zacynthos. An island in the Ionian sea, on the west of the Peloponnesus : Ho- die, Znnte. The south wind was necessary in sailing from the Sirophades to this place. Fluctu : in the sense of mari. 271. Dulichium. This island lies in the mouth of the Sinus Gbnn/Aifltw*, and is one of the Echi nodes. Hodie, Dolicha. Same vel Samos : Hodie, Cephalonia. These islands formed a part of the kingdom of Ulysses. 'J7 [ 2. Ithacie. Ithaca was a very barren and ro'-ky island, between Cephalonia and Du- lichium, the birthplace of Ulysses. Hence he is called Ithacus. On this island was a barren and rocky mountain, called Neritos. The word is sometimes applied to the whole island. Scopulos Ithaca. This is said by way of irony and contempt, in allusion to its rocks and barrenness. He adds, Laertia regna, the realms of Laertes. He was king of that island, and the father of Ulysses. 273. Exccramur terram : we execrate the land, the nurse (birthplace) of cruel Ulyssebv These words express very forcibly his detes- tation of so great an enemy to the Trojans. 274. Leucatce montis : the cloudy summit of the mountain Lucates. Leucas,Leucates vel Leucate, an' island lying very near the coast of AcarnaniM, in Epirus. Hodie, St. Maura. It is said to have once been con- nected with the main land. It took its name from a famous white mountain, or rock, called Leucate, (from a Greek word, signifying white,) lying at the southern ex- tremity of the island. It was supposed to have J.he virtue of curing despairing lovers, who were wont to cast themselves from it into the sea. Among those who made the experiment of its virtues, was the celebra- ted poetess Sappho, who fell in love with Phuon, a beautiful y outli of Lesbos. According to Strabo, Apollo had a tem- ple on this rock, or mountain, from which a human victim was cast yearly into the sea, as a sacrifice to that god. On account LIB. 111. Et tbrmidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. Hunc petimus fessi, et parvse succedimus urbi. Anchora de prora jacitur ; slant litore puppes. Ergo insperata tandem tellure potiti, Lustramurque Jovi, votisque incendimus aras : Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora ludis. Exercent patrias oleo labente palsestras Nudati socii : juvat evasisse tot urbes Argolicas, mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostes. Interea magnum Sol circumvolvitur annum, Et glacialis hyems Aquilonibus asperat undas. jEre cavo clypeum, magni gestamen Abantis, Postibus adversis figo, et rem carmine signo : JEneas hcec de Danais victoribus arma. 280 286. Figo adversis postibus templi clypeum cavo rare, gestamen magni Abantis, et sig- no rem hoc carmine : ./Eneas suspendit hsec arma capta NOTES. of this ; or on account of the roughness of the coast, he is called Apollo formidatus nautis : Apollo dreaded by sailors. The name of the god, put by meton. for the temple. Nimbosa : some copies have urn- brosa. 276. Hunc. This may refer to mount Leucatce, mentioned before. Or we may suppose, with more probability, that .(Eneas continued his course hence to the Sinus Ambracius, where there was the small city Ambracia, (afterwards enlarged by Augus- tus, and called Nicopolis, in allusion to his victory,) and another temple of Apollo. If we make this supposition, the hunc may refer to this latter temple, or to the god to whom it was dedicated. Near this place Augustus afterwards obtained a complete victory over the combined forces of An- thony and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. To this victory the poet alludes, witJi a view to compliment his prince. Here he landed, and performed those games, which Augustus afterwards instituted, in com- memoration of his victory ; and celebrated every fifth year. 277. Puppes : in the sense of naves. Or it may imply that the sterns of his ships lay aground, while the prows were afloat. This is the opinion of Dr. Trapp. 278. Insperata : greatly desired, or longed for. The prep, m, in composition, often in- creases the signification of the simple word, us well as changes it to a contrary sense. The former 1 take to be the case here ; the same as valde sperata. For after the many dangers And perils of his voyage, w'.iat could be morn desirable, than to find a place where he could land in safety, and enjoy the hospitality of the shore ? 279. Lustramur Jovi: in the sense of sacrificamus Jovi. Incendimus arm rotis. Ruaeus says, cumulamus ara* viclimis. f o- dim, by met. the thing vowed the victim. 280. Actia litora. The poet here plainly alludes to the famous games which Augus- tus instituted on the promontory of Epirus, in commemoration of his victory over An- thony and Cleopatra, in the year of Rome 723. These were celebrated every fifth year. Hence, some have conjectured, that four years had now elapsed since neaa left Troy. Virgil would make his prince believe that tineas landed on this shore, and instituted these very games. 281. Exercent patrias : they practise their country's exercises with the slippery oil. The palaestra was an exercise, in which the persons were naked ; and, that they might free themselves the easier from the hands of their antagonists, they used to besmear their bodies and arms with oil. It is also applied to all kinds of games or exercises, such as wrestling, leaping, &c. Also the place where these exercises are performed. 283. Fugam : in the sense of cursum, vel tier. 284. Magnum annum : the sun completes (rolls round) a great year : a solar year of 12 months, as distinguished from a lunar year, which consists of 12 lunations, or 354 days. Circumvolvitur^ is pfaraly in the sense of circumrolvit. 285. Hyems asperat : the icy winter ro ens. Undas : in the sense of mare . 286. Gestamen. This word signifies any covering any thing worn or carried by a person; from the verb gesto. Abantis. It is probable that Abas was one of those Greeks, whom ./Eneas and his party slew in the night of the sack of Troy, stript of their armour, and exchanged for their own. Gcstamen, is put in apposition with clypeum. 287. Adversis postibus : the fronting door posts of the temple. Figo : in the sense of snspcndo. Signo rem carmine: I declare the transaction by this verse inscrir Rem : in the sense offaetum. P. V1RGIL1I MAKOISIS 289. Turn jubeo socios linquere .298. Fectus incensum fill miro 301. Turn forte An- dromache libabat cineri 1'Iectoris solemnes da- pes, et tristia dona, ante urbem in luco ad undam falsi Simoentis, voca- batque Manes ad Hec- toreum tumulum, quem inanem sacraverat e vi- ridi cespite, et geminas aras, causam lachrymis. Linquere turn portus jubeo, ct considere transtris. Certatim socii feriunt mare, et aequora verrunt. 290 Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces, Litoraque Epiri legimus, portuque subimus Chaonio, et celsam Buthroti ascendimus urbem. Hie incredibilis reruin farna occupat aures, Priamiden HelcnumGraias regnare per urbes, 295 Conjugio ^EacidaB Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum, Et patrio Andromachen iierum cessis^e marito. Obstupui : miroque incensum pectus amore Compellare virum, et casus cognoscere tantos. Progedior portu, classes et litora linquens. 300 Solemnes turn forte dapes et tristia dona, Ante urbem, in luco, falsi Simoentis ad undam, Libabat cineri Andromache, Manesque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem cespite inanem. NOTES. 289. Transtris : upon the benches or thwarts. They extended across the vessels from side to side : the rowers sat upon them. 290* Certatim : eagerly striving to out- do one another. JEquora : the surface of the sea, which they sweep with their oars. JEiCfdor : properly any plain or level surface, whether land or water. It is here used in its appropriate sense. 291. Pfueacum of the Phsacians so called from Pfusacia^ an island lying to the west of the promontory of Actium. Hodic, Corfu. It was famous for its orchards. Here Homer placed the gardens of Alcinoiis, who was king of the island. Abscondimus : we hide the aerial towers, c. we lose sight of them. 292. Legimus Epiri : we coast along the shores of Epirus. This was once a flourish- ing kingdom, bounded on the east by Achaia and Thessaly ; on the north by Macedonia ; and on the south and west by the Ionian sea. It was divided into four principal parts; JEtolia,' Acarnania, Thes- protia, and Chaonia. In the last of which was the city Bulhrotus or Buthrotum. It was built upon a hill. Hence the epithet cdsam. For ascendimus, Heinsius, and Heyne after him read accedimus. 294. Incredibilis fama rerum : an incredi- ble report of things. It Avas an incredible revolution of fortune indeed, that a son of Priam should reign in Epirus, and should be married to Andromache, the widow of his brother, after she had been the wife of Pyrrhus, that very son of Achilles, who slew the venerable Priam in the most cruel manner. Yet these things are not the mere invention of the poet. Justin informs uS, that after the taking of Troy, Pyrrhus was reconciled to Helenus, shared with him his kingdom, and gave him Andromache in marriage. 295. Priamiden: the son of Priam a patronymic noun. 296. JEacidcr Pyrrhi : of Pyrrhus, a de- scendant of JEucus. He was king of Thes- saly, and father of Pdcus. JEacides was u name both of Achilles and Pyrrhus. Con- jugio : in the sense of uxore. Sceptris : in the sense of regno. 297. Andromachen cessisse : that Andro- mache again had fallen to a husband of her own country. She was a Theban princess by birth ; but by marrying Hector, Troy becaine her country. Patrio murih : in tlur sense of Trojano marito. 298. Miro : in the sense of magno, vel vekementi. Amore: desire. 299. Tantos casus: so great events such a wonderful change of fortune. 301. Tarn forte libabat: then by chance Andromache was offering the yearly feast, and mournful gifts to the ashes of Hector- fee. Among other funeral ceremonies, was the custom of pouring into, or upon the grave, blood and milk; because it was thought that the (animce) souls delighted and led upon these, and particularly upon the blood. These constituted the feast and mournful gifts, which Andromache repeated yearly to the ashes or shade of Hector. See verse 66, supra. 302. Falsi Simoentis: fictitious SimoTs, This was a small river of Epirus, to which Heieuus and Andromache gave the' name of Simo'is, after a river of that name in Troas. It was not the real Simo'is. Undam: in the sense of aquam. 304. Inanem: empty not the real tomb of Hector ; but one in memory of him. Such a one was called tumulus vacuus, vel inanis. These tombs, or cenotaphs wero ENEte. LIB. HI. Jtii Ei gemmae, cuusam lachrymis, sacraverat aras. 305 Ut me corispexit venientem> et Troia circum Anna amens vidit ; magnis exterrita monstris, Diriguit visu in medio . calor ossa reliquit : Labitur ; et lorigo vix tandem tempore fatur : Verane te facies, verus mihi nuntius affers, Nate De ? vivisne ? aut, si lux alma recessit, Hector ubi est ? Dixit : lachrymasque effudit, et omnem Implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti Subjicio, et raris turbatus vocibus hisco : Vivo equidem, vitamque extrema per omnia duco. Ne dubita, nam vera vides. Heu ! quis te casus dejectam conjuge tanto Excipit ? aut quoe digna satis fortuna revisit ? Hectoris Andromache, Pyrrhin' connubia servas ? 309. Et tandem vix fatur longo tempore 311. Recessit a te 31 319. O Andromache, quondam uxor Hectoris. servas-ne connubia Pyr- rhi? NOTES. honorary merely, and erected to persons buried in another place ; or to those who received no burial, and whose relics could not be found. The same religious regard was paid to these tumuli inanes et honorarii, as to real tombs. Viridi cespite : she 'made (consecrated) this tomb of green turf. 305. Geminas aras. Some will have it, that one altar was for Hector, and the other for Astyanax, her son, whom the Greeks threw headlong from the tower of Troy. Others, however, think she erected (conse- crated) both to Hector, it being customary to erect two altars to the Manes, especially of Heroes, who were considered inferior deities. See verse 63, supra. Causam : the cause, or incentive to her tears. They brought more forcibly to her mind the re- collection of her husband, and renewed her former grief. 307. Amcns: amazed. It agrees with ilia understood. Exterrita monstris : asto- nished at the mighty prodigy, she fainted in the midst of the sight. Any thing that happens, or is contrary to the ordinary course of things, may be called inonstrum. The sight of her countrymen was so unexpected, so improbable, and so far from the ordinary course of events, that it might well enough be called magnum monstrum. 308. Diriguit : in the sense of defecit. 309. Labitur : she falls. 310. Vera-ne facies : do you, a real form, a true messenger, present yourself to me ? are you really ^Eneas, or arc you his image only ? are the things which I be- hold true and real, or are they mere phan- toms ? Lux : in the sense of vita. 313. Furenti : to her grieving, or sorrow- ing. Furtns properly signifies, being trans- ported with any inordinate passion or af- fection, as love, sorrow, anger, &c. griev- ing immoderately. Riweus says, mccrenti. 314. Subjicio: in the sense of respotideu. Hisco: I open my mouth in broken, dis- connected words. They were few in num- ber, and interrupted by sighs and tears. 315. Per omnia extrema ; through all pe- rils and distress. Extrema, here-, is a sub. Ruaeus says, per omnes miseries. 316. Pera : true things realities. 317. Qww casus; what event hath befal- len thee, deprived of so great a husband ? Conjuge, here, plainly means Hector, her former husband. Ruaeus interprets excipit te, by, successit tibi ; and dejectam, by pri- vatam. 319. Servas connubia, &c. These words of JSneas would carry with them a severe reproach, if Andromache had been the mis- tress of her own fortune. Catrou observes,, that this slavery rendered her connexion with Pyrrhus excusable ; yet she is confused upon the occasion, casts her eyes upon the ground, and replies with a low voice, not answering his question directly, but. breaking out into a passionate exclama- tion : Ofellx, &c. The sense which Rueeus gives to the passage is plainly incorrect. Ho interprets the words thus : O Andromache, tenes-ne cojijugem Hectoris, an Pyrrhi* which will be : Andromache, are you wed- ded to Hector, or to Pyrrhus ? which is ma- nifestly absurd, especially after what ./Eneas had said just before ; dejectam tanto conjuge. meaning that she was brought low by being deprived of so great a husband. The con- struction is as in the ordo : is Hector's An- dromache wedded to Pyrrhus ? which is not so much a question, as an exclamation of surprise. That Hectoris Andromache is to be construed in this way, appears from Jus- tin, who gives them the same honorable de- signation, Lib. xvii. cap. 3. He there says, that Pyrrhus gave the kingdom of Epirus to Helenus, the son of Priam ; and also gave him (Andromachen Hectoris} Hector's An. P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS 321. O Pnameia vir- Dejecit vultum, et demised voce locuta est : virgo, hostilem Hostilem ad tumulum Trojse sub moenibus altis 325. Nos vectse per Jussa mori quae sortitus non pertulit ullos, diversa sequora, patria Nee victoris heri tetigit captivu cubile ! a g e (namque omnem cursum mini prospera dixit Relligio ; et cuncti suaserunt numine Divi Italiam petere, et terras tentare rep6stas : 365. Harpyia Celano Sola novum dictu q ue nefas Harpyia Celseno 365 sola canit novum prodi- Prodigium canit, et tristes denuntiat iras, Obscoenarnque famem) qua3 prima pericula vito ? NOTES. turning, to embrace the pillars and threshold of their houses. 354. Aulai : for auto. The gen. of the first declension was sometimes formed in ai. See Grammar. Bacchi: Bacchus, the jrod of wine, by meton. put for wine itself. Libabant pocula. It was customary at enter- tainments, after the first table or course, to introduce wine, with a libation to the gods ; which consisted in pouring a few drops upon the altar, or upon the table. Libabant : in the sense of bibebant. 355. Impositis auro : served up in gold in golden dishes. 357. Tamido Austro : by the rising wind. duster here is put for wind in general. Car- basus : the canvass, of which the sails were tonade. 358. Aggredior : I address the prophet Helenus. 360. Q? sentis numina : who knowest the will of Phoebus. The verb sentis is to be supplied with each accusative following. The poet here enumerates five ways of di- vination. First, by the immediate inspira- tion of the gods senlts numina Ph&bi. Second, by sitting upon the Tripod. Third, by burning laurel. Fourth, by contempla- ting the stars. Fifth, by the observation of birds. 360. Tripodas. The tripod was a kind of three footed stool, upon which the priestess of Apollo sat, when she delivered the ora- cles. Clarii. Clarius was an epithet of Apollo, from Claros, a city of Greece, where he had a celebrated temple. One way of divination was, to burn a branch of the laurel tree. If it made a crackling noise, it was a good omen ; but if not, it was con- sidered a bad one. 361. Lingitas volucrum. The omens were taken from birds in two ways ; from *.})p sounds thev uttered, and the manner of their flight. The former was called Au- nn ; the observation of which constitu- ted the art ofAugurcs : the latter was call- ed Auspicium; the observation of which constituted the art of the Auspices. Omina prozpetis pennce : the omens of the swift wing widely extended wings. The augurs were certain persons, who pretend- ed to foretell future events, principally from the noise- of certain birds. Romulus crea- ted three ; Servius Tullius added another, and Sylla appointed six additional ones. So that the number in his time was ten. They generally sat upon some tower, or high place, the better to make their observations. 362. Prospera relligio : favorable or pro- pitious auspices and predictions have direct- ed (dixit) my whole course. Numine : in the sense of auctoritate. Some take this for omnis relligio dixit mihi prosperum cur- sum : by hypailagc. Here relligio is to be taken for the responses and predictions of the Oracles ; and the various intimations which he had received : all which declared that he'should arrive safe in Italy. Ruoeus says, ceremonies propitiw. 364. Repostas : by syn. for repositas. It may mean remote, or at a distance : also reserved, laid up in store. In this sense Ruaeus takes it here. In either case it will be true, as it respects the land of Italy, whither he was going. Tentare : to search out to find: in the sense of petere. 365. Nffas dictu : horrible to be told. JVe/as here is taken as an adj. indeclinable : the same as nefandum. 366. Canit : in the sense of pr&dicit. 367. Obscwnam : in the sense of rabidam vel vehementem. QM vocemque volens atque ora resolvat. vocem Ula tibi Italiae populos, venturaque bella, 458. Ilia expediet tibi Et quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem, populos Italia; Expediet ; cursusque dabit venerata secundos. 460 bit venerata - da - Haec sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri. Vade, age, et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Trojarn. Q,uae postquam vates sic ore effatus amico est, Dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto Imperat ad naves ferri, stipatque carinis 465 Ingens argentum, Dodonaeosque lebetas, Loricam consertam hamis, auroque trilicem, Et conum insignis galeae, cristasque comantes, Arma Neoptolemi : sunt et sua dona parent!. Addit equos, additque duces ; 470 Remigium supplet : socios simul instruit armis. Interea classem velis aptare jubebat Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti. 478. Necesse est ut Quern Phcebi interpres multo compellat honore : preterlabarehancprar-Conjugio Anchisa Vencris dignate superbo, 475 7Mampar/w/ta/i denote that it was not yet midnight. 516. Arcturum. Arcturus, a star near the tail of the Great Bear : it rises about the beginning of October. See Geor. i. 68. Hy- adas : they arc said to have been the daugh- trv- ; 1 J . V1RGIL1I MARONitS Ipse ; sed horrificis juxta tonat Mtn& minis : Interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem. Turbine fumantein piceo et caiidcnte favilla : Attollitque globos flammarum, et sidera lambit. Interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera mentis 575 Erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras Cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exiestuat imo. Fama est, Encejacli semiustum fulminc corpus ^ Urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper ^Etnani 560. Impositaminsu-Inipositam, ruptis flamrnam cxpirarc caminis : 580 Et, fessum quoties mutat latus, intremere omnem Murmure Trinacriam, ot cesium subtexere fumo. 583. JVo* tecti in syl- Noctem illam tecti sylvis immauia monstra vis perferimus Perferimus : nee, qua? sonitum det causa, videmus. Nam neque erant astrorum ignes, ncc lucidus eethra. Siderek polus ; obscuro sed nubila ccelo, 580 Et Lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat. Postera jainque dies primo surgebat Eoo, . . Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbrain j inot SS, Tnfcc't" Ci " subi ' 6 * "yl'to, acie Confecta suprcirt, ' 590 supreme macie, mise- Ignoti nova forma viri, miserandaque cultu, randaque cultu, proce- Procedit, supplexque nianus ad litora tendit. dit e sylvis, Respicimus. Dira illuvies, immissaqiic barim, 594. At quoad ctetera Et quondam patriis ad Trojam missus in ariuis. rrat Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit NOTES. >'r2. Prorumpit: in the sense of emiltit. to them the appearances were new and .073. Candente favilla : with hot, or burn- unexpected. Hence they may be called iug embers. with propriety, immania monstra. 574. Lambit : in the sense of langil. 585. Ignes : lights of the stars. Polus 576. Eructans : in the sense of women*. luc/idus : nor the heaven bright in the starry A-vulsa: torn loose. firmament. Polus, by synec. put for the 577. Glomerat : and whirls about melted whole heaven. rocks into the air. 587. Intempesta nox : profound darkness. 578. Fama est : there is a report, that the It properly signifies the darkest time of body of Enceladus, half consumed by light- night midnight. Here it denotes the qua- iling, is pressed under this mass of matter ; lity of that night in particular, when one and that ponderous ^Etna being placed upon face of thick darkness prevailed through him, casts up flames from its burst furnaces ; the whole night, like that which prevailed and as often as he, &c. at the midnight hour. Nimbo : in the sense Virgil here gives us the fabulous account of nebuloso aere. of the origin of this burning mountain, and 588. Primo Eoo : with the first dawn. the cause of its eruptions. Enceladus was otw, the star Venus. When it rises before \ the chief of the Giants, and the son of Ti- the sun, it is called Lucifer ; when setting .> Ian and Terra. In the war of the Giants after him, Hesperus: here put for the dawn r against the gods, he was struck with the of day. Aurora. See Geor. i. 249. \ thunderbolt of Jupiter, and placed under 590. Confecta supremo. : wasted away mount ^Etna, by way of punishment : and, with extreme leanness. Confecta agrees as often as he turns his weary side, an with/or/?2. ^ eruption follows. Ovid places Typhoeus, 591. Nova forma viri ignoti: simply, -A another of the Giants, under the same man unknown to us. S mountain. Insuper : in the sense of super. 594. Tegmen consertum : his covering 580. Expirare : in the sense of cmittere. sewed, or fastened together with thorns, it 583. Immania monstra : in the sense of probably consisted of the leaves of trees. infanda prodigia. Illam noctem : in the Ruoeus says, veslis contexta spinis. At cce.- sense of per illam noctem. tera ' but as to other things his stature, 584. Perferimus : we endure or suffer, gait, language, &c. he was a Greek. The canfe tf this eruption wa-s rmknown 596. ffahih* : m the sense of witf'*. jENEIS. LIB. ill. 600 600. O Teucri, inguit, tester vos per sidera, per Superos 602. Scio unura me 605 Anna procul, paulum aspectu conterritus haesit, Continuitque gradum : mox sese ad litora praeceps Cum fletu precibusque tulit : Per sidera tester, Per Superos, atque hoc cceli spirabile lumen, Tollite me, Teucri ; quascunque abducite terras : Hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum, Et bello Iliacos fateor petiise Penates. Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est injuria nostri, Spargite me in tiuctus, vastoque immergite ponto. Si pereo, manibus hominum periise juvabit. Dixerat : et gcnua amplexus, genibusque volutans HcBrebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, Hortamur ; quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri. Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus, 610 sanguine cretus est I)at juveni, atque animum present! pignore firmat. Ille hsec. deposita tandem formidine, fatur : 614. Acheuwnides / Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes infelicis Ulyssei, nomenmihi: profectus Nomen Achemenides : Trojam, genitore Adamasto sum Troiam Paupere, mansissetque utinam fortuna ! profectus. 615 Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt, Jmmemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro 608. Hortamur euvt fari, qui sit, et ex quo 616. Hie socii imme- mores mei deseruere mo in vasto antro Cyclopis, dum NOTES. i)97. HcjRsit : hesitated paused. 599. Testor : in the sense of precor. 600. Hoc spirabile lumen : by this vital light of heaven by this light (air) of hea- ven, which we breathe, and by which we live. Lumen : in the sense of atr, vel aura. 03. Iliacos Penates. The Penates pro- perly were the household gods the gods of one's country. Hence the word came to signify, one's house and country, and what- ever a person held most dear, by meton. See fan ii. 717. 604. Pro quo : for which for his being a Greek, and having taken part in the war against Troy. Sceleris injuria. Ruaeus says, iniquitas criminis. Si scelus meum tantum cst, says Heyne. 605. Spargite : in the sense of projicile : tear me in pieces, and cast me into the sea. 606. Si perco, &c. Dr. Wharton makes the following reflections upon this passage. Nothing, says he, can more forcibly strike the imagination, than these circumstances of the wandering Trojans, sheltered in a wood, upon an unknown coast, and hearing strange and terrible noises during a dark and moon- less night; and not knowing whence the dreadful sounds proceeded, or by what they might be occasioned. At daybreak, how sudden and great the surprise, to see the ghastly figure of a man, who first runs to- wards thorn with great precipitation, as if to beg some assistance ; but suddenly starts back at the sight of Trojan habits and arms. At last, recovering himself a little, he re- golves to li ing himself into their hands, what- ^ypr miffht be the cpns.equenci". into a vessel, he gives them the dreadful narration of Polyphemus, informs them that this was the island of the Cyclops, begs them to leave it instantly, and concludes most pathetically, that if he must die, it would be some comfort to him to perish by the hatods of men, and not by monsters. 607. Amplexus : embracing our knees, and falling upon his own knees, he clung to us. Servius observes, that the several members of the body were consecrated to particular deities : the ear, to memory ; the knees, to mercy ; the right hand, to faith. Suppliants were accustomed to throw, or cast themselves upon their knees, and em- brace those of the person of whom they asked or begged any thing. 608. Cretus : in the sense of ortus. 610. Haud multa moratus: delayed not a moment. 611. Prasenti pignore. The right hand among all nations is considered a pledge of friendship. Prttsens here signifies, ready propitious. So adsum, I am present, signi- fies also, to favour to be propitious. 613. Ithaca : an island in the Ionian tea. It formed a part of the dominion of 1 ses. Hodie, Jsola del Compt 614. Adamasto: Adamastus my father being a poor man. He mentions his poverty as an excuse for his going to the war ; it was not his choice. Sinon pleads the same excuse. See JEn. ii. 87. Ltinam : I wish the same state of poverty had remained to me ! 617. Cyciopis. Polyphemus is here meant. It is said he was the son of Neptune and Thoosa, the daughter of Phorcys. it is said that T'ivss=, on his return frojrc Trov. 278 P. VIRGIL1I MARON1S 618. Ejus domus in- Deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis, tus est opaca, ingens, ef j ntus opacaj i nge ns : ipse arduus, altaque pulsat Sidera ; Di, talem terris avertite pestem ! Nee visu facilis, nee dictu affabilis ulli. Visceribus miserorum, et sanguine vescitur atro. 623. Egomet vidi, Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro, cum tile resupinus in Prensa manu magna, medio resupinus in antro, medio antro frangeret Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque aspersa natarent manu, ad saxum Manderet, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus. 628. Fecit id quidem Haud impune quidem : nee taha passus Ulysses, haud impune : nee Ulys- Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tinto. Nam simul expletus dapibus, vinoque sepultus Cervicem inflexam posuit, jacuitque per antrum Immensus, saniem eructans ac frusta cruento Per somnum commixta mero ; nos, magna precati Numina, sortitique vices, una undique circum Fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto Ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat, 620 625 630 635 NOTES. visited Sicily, and the straits of Messina. He lost a part of his fleet in the whirlpool of Charybdis. This was a dangerous place to all who attempted to pass the straits. It gave rise to this proverb : Incidit in Scytlum, qui vult vitare Charybdim^ implying that in avoiding one evil, we frequently fall into a greater. But no whirlpool is now to be found, sufficiently large to answer* to the description given by the poets and other an- cient writers. It is probable some change has been effected in this part of the sea in the course of time. 621. JVec facilis visu: nor is he easy to be looked upon, nor easy to be spoken to by any one. His terrific aspect fills you with dread, and deprives you of the power of speech. Servius says : Cujus possit etiam aspectus ferre formidinem ; and Stephens : Cujus ne aspectum quidem facile quis susti- neat. 625. Limina aspera. Limen properly signifies the threshold of the door ; also the door itself, by meton. If it be taken in this sense here, then limina aspersa sanie natarent may mean : the door being bespattered with the blood, trickled or ran down. Ruseus Says, pnrta. It may be taken either way. (27. Manderet : in the sense of devoraret. 029. Itfiacus : a name of Ulysses, from Ithaca, his native island. Tanto discrimine : in so important a crisis in so great dan- ger. 631. Inftexam: bent, or reclined. Per- sons in a complete state of intoxication are unable to hold their heads erect. They re- cline them either upon their shoulders or brejvst. This was the case with Polyphe- His head was reclined before he lay 632. Immensus. Some read immmsum, to agree with antrum. But immensus is pre- ferable, referring to the dimensions of Po- lyphemus. Frusta commixta: pieces (of human bodies) mingled with bloody wine. Per somnum is to be connected with eruc- tans. 634. Sortiti vices : having drawn by lot our parts to act, all at once, we surround him from all quarters, and dig out, &e. Donatus thinks it should be tenebramus, in- stead of terebramus : we darken, or extin- guish the light of his eye : which would express, as he thinks, the quickness and celerity of their action. But Homer, whom Virgil here follows, expressly men- tions the circumstance of the boring out of the monster's eye ; and compares the ac- tion of Ulysses and his companions to a carpenter boring a piece of timber. Cir- cumfundimur, is probably here B used in the sense of the middle voice of the Greeks. 636. Latebat : lay concealed; because his eye was shut in sleep. Quod solum, &c. The Cyclops are represented as hav- ing only one eye, and that one in their forehead. This is doubtless a fiction. No such people ever existed. Eustathius ex- plains the fable thus : that in violent pas- sion, men see only one single object, as that passion directs ; in other words, see with one eye only : and further, that passion transports men into savages, and renders them brutal and sanguinary, like Polyphe- mus ; and he, who by reason extinguishes that passion, may be said to put out that eye. Others explain it by alleging that Polyphemus was a man of uncommon wis- dom and penetration, who is therefore rep- resented as having only one eye, and that . LIB. Ill, Argolici clypei aut Phcebeae lampadis instar : Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. Sed fugite, 6 miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem Rumpite. 640 Nam, qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro Lanigeras claudit pecudes, atque ubera pressat ; Centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgo Infandi Cyclopes, et altis montibus errant. Tertia jam Lunae se cornua lumine complent, 645 . Cum vitam in sylvis, inter deserta ferarum Lustra domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremisco. Victum infelicem, baccas, lapidosaque corna Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae. 650 Omnia collustrans, hanc primum ad litora classem Conspexi venientem : huic me, quaecunque fuisset, Addixi : satis est gentem effugisse nefandam. g 53( gatis egt Vos animam hanc potius quocunque absumite leto. efFugisse Vix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte videmus 655 655. Cum videmus Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem summo monte, paste- Pastorem Polyphemum, et litora nota petentem : Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Trunca manum pinus regit, et vestigia firmat. Lanigerae comitantur oves : ea sola voluptas, 660 660. Comitantur /w Solamenque mali : de collo fistula pendet. ea. est sola veluptas ipsi NOTES. near his brain, to denote his superior wis- dom and sagacity; but that Ulysses out- witted him, and was said, for that reason, to put out his eye. 637. Phcebece. lampadis : the lamp of Phoe- bus the orb of the Sun. The Grecian shield was large enough to cover the whole man : and as that was of an oval form, the comparison denotes both the figure and magnitude of this eye. 639. Miseri. He calls them miserable, or unfortunate, in having come to this coast, and being exposed to such danger. Sed fugite. This interruption in his speech is extremely beautiful. The fear of the Cy- clops, and the recollection of the dangers, which he had escaped, rush upon his mind, and stop him for a moment, to give the Trojans advice to flee immediately. He then resumes the subject. He informs them that there were on the island a hundred other infandi Cyclopes, horrid Cyclops, such, and as huge as Poly- phemus. 645. Tertia cornua Lunce, &c. By this we are to understand that it had been about three lunar months since he had been in that unhappy situation : cum traho vitam, &c. 647. Deserta lustra: the deserted dens, or haunt?. 649. Infelicem : poor scanty. Corna .- the fruit of the corneil tree. It is round, and protected by a hard shell. 650. Pascunt : in the sense of nutriunt. Dant : in the sense ofprcebent. 651. Collustrans : in the sense ofcircum- spiciens. 652. Addixi me huic : I have surrendered myself to it, whatever it may be I have given myself up into your hands ; do with me as you please. 654. Vos potius absumite : take away this life of mine by any death, rather than leave me behind to die by the hands of these monsters of rapacity. Absumite : in the sense of perdite. 658 Cui lumen : whose eye had been taken out. Cui : in the sense of citjua. The dat. is frequently used by the poets in the sense of the gen. Est is to be supplied with ademptum. 659. Truncapinus: a cut pine guides hip hand. From this we may form some idea of his stature. His staff is the trunk of a pine. Heyne reads manu : in his hand. 661. Mali : in the sense of miseries vel doloris. Fistula pendet de collo. These words are probably spurious. They arc left out in some editions. Heinsius, Do- natus, and Heyne reject them. Nor does Homer mention any such circumstance 280 P. V1RGILII MARONLS Postquam altos tetigit fluctus, et ad sequora venit : Luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem, Dentibus infrendens gemitu : graditurque per aequor Jam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. 665 666. Nos trepidi ctepi- Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto gnus celerare fugam pro- Supplice sic merito, tacitique iricidere funem : cul inde, supplice, sic Verrimus et proni certantibus tequora remis. merito, recepto a noois j *. 669. Polyphemus sen- Sensit > et ad somtum vocis vestigia torsit. sit hoc, et torsit * Verum ubi nulla datur dextra affectare potestas, 670 670. Nulla potestas Nee potis lonios fluctus aequare sequendo ; datur itti affectari nos Clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et onmes dextra ; nee potis est Intremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus 673. Exterrita fuit i^}^ curvisque immugiit ^Etria cavernis. At genus e sylvis Cyclopum et montibus altis 675 Excitum ruit ad portus, et litora complent. Cernimus adstantes nequicquam lumine torvo N ./Etnaeos fratres, ccelo capita alta ferentes, aerice quercXauTcon^ Concilium horrendum : quales cum vertice celso f eKD Aeriae quercus aut coniferae cyparissi 680 682. Acer metus agit Constiterunt, sylva alta Jpvis, lucusve Diana?. socios prrocipites excu- PraBcipites metus a'cer agit quocunque rudentcs tere Excutere, et ventis interidere vela secundis. NOTES. whom Virgil here imitates. Ea sola voluptas, &c. probably refers to his sheep. 663. Inde : in the sense of deinde. Or, perhaps it may be considered merely ex- pletive. 665. Fluctus : in the sense of aqua. 668. Certantibus : in the sense of laboran- fibus. 669. Sonitum vocis. This may refer to the sound of their voices. For though it is said they went off silently ; this can only mean, they did it with as little noise as possible. There must have been some, to give the necessary orders. But more pro- bably to the sound of their oars ; for vox sometimes signifies any sound whatever. 670. jQffectare dextra : to grasp or seize with his right hand. The common reading is dextram, but this is more difficult. Heyue reads dextra ; which is approved by Valpy, although he retains dextram. Davidson observes some ancient copies have dextra attrectare. 671. Fluctus : in the sense of mare. He could not equal the depth of the sea. 673. Undas intremuere. Dr. Trapp says, this is a most noble hyperbole. Some there are, who think it too bold. But they not, only forget the prerogative of poetry, but the real nature of fear ; which always swells and heightens its object. Penitns : in the sense ofintimc. 674. Immugiit : in the sense of remugiit. 675. Genus: in the sense of gens. Some r;npies read gens. 677. Lumine : in the sense of > Nequicquam : in vain ; because we were out of their reach. 679. Concilium : in the sense of turbarn. 680. Conifers, cyparissi : such as when, the aerial oaks, or cone bearing cypresses stand together with their lofty tops, &c. The cypress tree bears a fruit resembling the figure of the cone ; hence called conife.ra. The quercus was sacred to Jove ; hence alta sylva Jovis : and the cypress was sacred to Proserpina or Diana ; hence lucus Di- ana. 682. PrcRcipites : in the sense of celcrrx. Quocunque : for quocunque modo, in any direction or way whatever. 683. Excutere rudenles. Rudentcs may be taken for those ropes, which seamen CM the sheets. By the help of these, they drsrer in the sail when they wish to go near the wind ; or let it out when they sail before it, or with a fair wind. It is usually fasten- ed to the extremity of the sail, or to the boom or yard which extends the sail. Thai it does not here mean the cables, will ap- pear, when we consider that they had al- ready cut their cables, incidercfnnem, verso 667 supra, and were out at sea. Excuterr rudentes, therefore, will be, to let out, to loos*- or extend the sheets, so as to sail before thf wind. This is more fully expressed by in-tender e vela secundis viniis, to spread the sails to the favorable winds. It was not so much the object of vEneas, in this juncture. to proceed on his direct course, as to f=ai! in JSNEIS. LIB. ill. Contra, jussa monent Heleni Scyllam atque Charybdim : Inter utramque viam, leti discriraine parvo, 685 Ni teneant cursus ; certum est dare lintea retro. Ecce autem Boreas angusta a sede Pelori Missus adest : vivo prretervehor ostia saxo Pantagiae, Megarosque sinus, Tapsurnque jacentem. Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsum 690 Litora Achemenides, comes infelicig Ulyssei. Sicanio prastenta sirm jacet insuia contra Plemmyrium undosum : nomen dixere priores Ortygiam. Alpheum fama est hue, Elidis amnem, 690. Relegens retror- sum litora errata jam ante a se 694. Fama est Alphe- um amnem Elidis egis- se sibi occultas vias hue subter mare ; qui amni* exiens e tuo ore, O Are- thusa, nunc NOTES. any direction, so as to escape the hands of the Cyclops. Heyne says, explicate, inten- dere, evolvere rudentes. See 267. supra. 684 Contra jussa Heleni-: on the other hand, the commands of Helenus warn (my companions) of Scylla and Chary bdis. That they may not hold their course in cither way, in so great danger (small a dis- tance) of death, it is determined to sail backward. That we may not pass near Scylla and Chary bdis, nor near the monster Polyphemus, and his associates ; in either way, we should be in imminent danger of death, we determine to spread our sails backward. The usual explication of this passage refers utramque viam, to Scylla and Charybdis : implying that the passage be- tween the rock Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis was dangerous, and paritm a morte dislare. The explanation, referring utramque viam both to the straits of Mes- sina, and the Cyclops, appears the easiest. Jn order to shun the dangers of each, they determined to sail back into the open sea, or from whence they came. The wind probably at that moment blew from the south, and prevented them from pursuing their direct course. But shifting to the north, they changed their purpose, and sail- ed down the eastern shore of Sicily. This, and the two following lines, Heyne conjec- tures are an interpolation. 685. Discrimine : in the sense of spatio, vel distantia : also, ofpericulu. 686. JVi : in the sense of ne. Lintea : in the sense of vela. 687. Pelori. Pelorus is the northern promontory of Sicily, forming, with Italy, the straits of Messina, so called from a city of that name on the Sicilian shore. These straits are about one mile and a half wide. The wind blowing from them, was fair for him to sail down the eastern shore of Sicily, according to the direction of Helenus. It is here called Boreas, because it came from the north. ./Eneas speaks of this wind as a person sent, or commissioned by Hea- ven to aid and assist him : Missus adest. Angusta sede. RUJTUS says : angusto freto. 689. Panldgif off in. Paritagia \v;is n small river, whose mouth (ostia) was en- closed on each side with a steep rock. The prep, e, vel ex, is understood before vivo saxo. Megaros Sinus : the hay of Megara. This bay lies between the river Terias and Syracuse. In this bay was Tapsus, a pe- ninsula, which lay low, and almost level with the sea. 690. Monstrabat : Achemenides pointed out to us these things, as he was sailing back along the shores, along which he had wandered before. Virgil here follows the opinions of those who make Ulysses to have sailed from the country of the Lotophagi in Africa, to the southern part of Sicily ; and turning the promontory of Pachynum, sailed along the eastern shore, and visited /Etna, and the country of the Cyclops. The course of .95 Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis. 697. Ut eramus jussi Jussi numina magna loci veneramur : et inde He/eno, veneramur Exsupero prcepingue solum stagnantis Helori. Hinc altas cautes projectaque saxa Pachyni Radimus ; et fatis nunquam concessa moved 700 Apparet Camarina procul, campique Geloi. Immanisque Gela, fluvii cognommc dicta. Arduus inde Agragas ostentat maxima longe Moenia, magnanimum quondam generator equorum. Teque datis linquo vends, palmosa Selinus : 705 Et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia ca3cis. Hinc Drepani me portus et illsetabilis ora Accipit. Hie, pelagi tot tempestatibus actus, Heu ! genitorem, ornnis curse casusque levamen, 710. Hie, O optime Amitto Anchisen : hie me, pater optime, fessum 710 pater, deseris me fessum D eser i Sj heu ! tantis nequicquam erepte periclis. NOTES. 696- Arethusa. This was a fountain on the west side of the island of Ortygia. The poets feigned that Alpheus, the river-god, being in love with the nymph Arethusa, rolled his stream from Elis under ground, passing through the sea, without intermin- gling with it, and arose up in this fountain, mingling his waters with those of the nymph. What makes this fable the more absurd, is, that the distance between the Peloponnesus and Sicily is not less than 450 miles. Egisse : in the sense offtcisse. Ore : in the sense of fonte. Undis : in the sense of aquis. 698. Exsupero : in the sense of prattereo. It is some times written, exupero. Helo- rL HelorUs, or Elorue, was a river falling into the sea, a little to the north of the pro- montory Pachynum. It overflowed its banks like the Nile of Egypt, and rendered the country fertile, through which it passed. Hence the epithet stagnans, overflowing stagnating. 699. Pachyni. The southern promonto- ry of Sicily was called Pachynum. Hodie, Capo Passaro. 701. Camarina. The name of a lake at the southern part of Sicily, near a city of the same name, built by the people of Syra- cuse. In the time of a plague, which the in- habitants imagined originated from its stag- nant waters, they consulted the oracle of Apollo concerning the expediency of drain- ing it. The oracle advised them to let it remain, alleging it would be better to en- dure its noxious vapors, than to remove it. This explains the words : nunquam eoncessa moveri fatis ; never permitted by the fates to be removed. However, the people made the experiment, and they found the words of the oracle true. For the enemy entered on the ground where the lake stood, and took the city. Hodie, Lago di Camarina. Campi fir.fai : the plains of Gdrts, Geloi ; an adj. of Gelas, or Ge/a, a river not far from Ca- marina, near the mouth of which stood Ge- la, once a large (iwmanis) and respectable city, founded by the Rhodians and Cretans. It was destroyed by the Agrigentini. 702. Dicta cognomine: called after the name of the river. 703. Agragas: a city situated at the mouth of a river of the same name. It was built on the summit of a hill, or moun- tain: hence called arduus, high. It was one of the largest cities of Sicily. Its horses were celebrated for their performance at the Olympic games. Hence, quondam, &c. once the breeder of generous horses. 705. Selinus : a city whose plains abound- ed in palrn-trees. Hence the epithet palmo- sa. Datis : in the sense of faventibus. 706. Lilybeia: an adj. from Lilybeum, the western promontory of Sicily. The water here is said to be shoal to the distance of three miles from the land, and the bottom rocky. Hence lego : I coast along the Li- lybe'ian shallows, dangerous (dura) with latent rocks. Ruasus interprets dura by as-> pera. In this sense it will allude to the roughness of the sea, occasioned by the rocks lying on the bottom. 707. Portus Drepani. Drepanum (hodie, Trtpani) a city and harbor a few miles to the north of the promontory just mentioned. Here TEneas lost his father. He therefore calls it illcetabilis ora : an unjoyous coast. It is said the inhabitants still show his tomb. 708. Aclus: in the sense ofjactatus. 709. Levamen: in the sense of solatium. 710. Fessum : weary worn out with toils and misfortunes. 711. Erepte: voc. agreeing with optime pater. In placing the death of Anchises here, Virgil differs from Strabo, who represents ^Eneas as arriving in Italy with his father and his son Ascanius- NEIS. LIB. 1H. Nee vates Helenus, cum multa horrenda moneret, Hos mihi praedixit luctus ; non dira Celaeno. Hie labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum. Hinc me digressum vestris Deus appulit oris. 716 Sic pater JEneas, intentis omnibus, unus Fata renarrabat Divum, cursusque docebat : Conticuit tandem, factoque hie fine quievit. 713. DiraCeheno non 714 - Hic mus labor 718. Jfaffi narration** NOTES. 712. Moneret : in the sense of prtzdiceret. 714. Hie extremus : this line may be taken in two senses : either to mean the end of Anchises' labor, and the termination of his long voyage, or that the death of his father was to j^Eneas the greatest of all his afflic- tions, and the end of his voyage toward the Italian coast. Ruseus takes it in the former sense ; Mr. Davidson in the latter. 715. Deus appulit : a god directed me, departing hence (from the coast and port of Drepanum) to your shores. 717. Unus rtnarrabat : he alone related the purposes (decrees) of the gods (toward him,) and declared his wanderings. Unus : in the sense of solus. 718. Quievit : he rested he went to rest. Segrais observes that the second and third books may be recited in two hours. The story did not appear long to Dido and the guests : for he ceased, intentis omnibus, and at midnight too, nor will they appear long to any reader of taste and judgment. QUESTIONS. How did ^Enoas employ his time during liis residence at Antandros ? How many ships had he when he set sail ? At what time of the year did he set sail ? How long probably after the capture of the city ? To what place did he direct his course ? What city did he found in Thrace ? What did he call the name of it? What did he call his followers from this circumstance ? Did he soon abandon the idea of remain- ing in Thrace ? Why did he thus abandon it ? Who was Polydorus ? How came he by his death ? From Thrace, to what place did ^Eneas (direct his course ? Where is Delos situated? Of what cluster of islands is it one ? How was he here received ? Who was at that time king of the island ? For what is this island famous ? What is the fable or story respecting it ? From what Greek word is the name de- rived ? What is the signification of that word ? Did he consult the oracle of Apollo at this place concerning the land destined to him? What answer did he receive ? How did his father Anchises interpret that answer ? From Delos, to what place did he sail? What prevented liim from making a set- tlement in Crete ? What'did lie call the city, which he there founded? Whv diH /Enoas to Trotc '' Who were the founders of the Trojan race ? Of what country were they natives ? From Crete, to what country was he di- rected to sail ? How did he receive this instruction ? What befel him soon after he set sail ? What land did he first make ? In what sea are the Strophades ? By whom were these islands inhabited ? Who was the chief of the Harpies? Did she give to tineas any intimation of suffering and want, before he should find a permanent settlement ? How was this prediction accomph'shed ? From these islands, which way did be di- rect his course ? At what places did he land ? What games did he celebrate ? For what was this coast celebrated ? Between whom was the battle fought.'' From Actium, to what part of Epirus did he proceed ? What surprising news did he hear on en- tering the port ? Was the meeting of his friends very in- teresting as well as unexpected ? What does Dr. Trapp observe of it ? How was Andromache employed at that time ? What effect had the sight of JEneas and the Trojans upon her ? Leaving Epirus, what sea did he first i over ? How many miles is Italy from Epirus in that place ? What was the name of the promoii" where he landed ? What cmiv-p. rJir) hn tl'fm t*ko : 284 P. VIRGILH MARONJS Why did lie not pass through the strait How large was their eye said to be : of Messina ? What was their employment according to Where does this strait lie ? the poets ? What is the navigation of it safe or Who had been upon this coast a short dangerous ? time before the arrival of ^Eneas ? What renders it dangerous ? To what place was Ulysses bound ? Why is Sicily sometimes called Trina- What misfortune befel him in the strait cria ? of Messina ? What are the names of its three promon- What did he do to Polyphemus ? tories ? Why did lie thus punish him ? Where did ./Eneas first land on this island ? From whom did ^Eneas receive this ac- What famous mountain was near ? count of the Cyclops ? How long did he remain ? How many of these giants were there Was there an eruption at that time? then on the isi;. What effect had it upon the Trojans? Who was Achemenides? What is the fabulous account of the cause On what part of Sicily did ^Eneas after- of an eruption ? ward land ? Is this very far from the true cause ? What is the name of the port ? Who were the inhabitants of that part of What loss befel him here ? Sicily ? Does this close the account, which /Eneas Who was at that time their king ? gave to Dido at her request ? From what circumstance were they call- When does the poem open? pd Cyclops ? Where was ./Eneas at, that. ' LIBER QUARTUS. Tins book opens with the love of Dido for ^Eneas, and her conference with her sister Anna upon the subject. Juno perceiving her passion, conceived the plan of forming a connexion between them. To effect this the easier, she endeavors to draw Venus over to her views. In the mean time, ^Eneas and Dido prepare to go on a party of hunting ; and while in the chase, Juno raises a violent tempest. The thunder rends the. skies, and torrents of ram fall. The party seek shelter wherever they can. Through a device of Juno, ^Eneas and Dido repair to the same cave, where the Goddess conse- crates their nuptials. Fame immediately spread the news abroad ; and it reached the ears of larbas, king of the Getuli, the reputed son of Jupiter Ammon. He had for- merly proposed a match with Dido, who rejected his offers. As soon as he heard that she was married to a stranger, he was transported to rage, mingled with grief. In this state of mind he made complaint to his father, who, taking pity on him, sends Mercury to dissolve the match, and to order vEneas to prepare to leave Carthage for Italy. In obedience to his commands, he privately makes the necessary preparations for setting sail. Dido perceiving Ins movements, endeavors to dissuade him from his purpose, in the tenderest and most affectionate strain ; but it had no influence over him. Being warned a second time, he weighs anchor in haste, and the love-sick Queen beholds him leaving her coast. The sight wrung her soul, and drew from her lips the most severe reproofs and bitter imprecations. She enjoins it upon her people to revenge the injury done to her, and to pursue his descendants with irreconcilable hatred. Having oidered a funeral pile to be erected, she ascends it, and with her own hand puts an end to her existence. The nature of the subject renders this book highly interesting ; and it is considered one of the finest of the ./Eneid- AT regina, gravi jamdudum saucia cura> NOTES. i. Regina. Dido, sometimes called Eliza, calls him Met ten. Her grandfather was was a Tyrian princess. Josephus informs fiadczorus, and her great grandfather was us her father's name was Metginus. He Ithobalus, called in Scripture Ethbaal, whose obtained his information from the records of daughter Jezebel was married to Ahab, king ihe Tynans: and Theophilus of Antioch of Israel. Virgil, however, makes the namo . LIB. IV. Vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni. Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat Gentis honos : haererit intixi pectore vultus, Verbaque : nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. 5 p Postera Phcebea lustrabat lampade terras, iustrabaUercas Phcebel Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram : lampade NOTES. of her father to be Belus. JEn. i.625. Marol- lius has given a list of the kings of Tyre, and makes Belus an abbreviation of Ithobalus, the father of Pygmalion uid Dido ; but he follows fabulous and traoHronary accounts, which should always be received with cau- tion. Among other things, what renders his account doubtful, is, that he brings Dido upon the stage of action: more than a hun- dred years before the destruction of Troy. After the death of his father, Pygmalion nscended the throne. He was an avaricious prince, and stopped at nothing by which he ;ould increase his riches. He conceived the plan of murdering Accrbas, or Sicharbas, the beloved husband of his sister. Virgil calls him Sichaus, softening the name to make it flow more easily into his verse. Sichaius was the richest of all the Tyrians. Pyg- malion coveted his treasures ; but there was no way to possess them while he was living. He therefore formed the purpose of taking away his life. He came upon him unex- pectedly, and slew him while he was per- forming his devotions before the altar. This atrocious deed, the base prince had the ad- dress to conceal, for some time, from his sister. At length the whole matter was laid open to D.do by the ghost of her deceased husband, and she was admonished to flee her country. Having collected what trea- sure she could on so sudden an emergency, and seizing some vessels that wer^ then ready for sea, she set sail, accompanied by many of her countrymen : and, after a long and tedious voyage, she arrived in Africa. It appears to have been her purpose to join her countrymen, who, many years before, under Xorus and Carchedon, had formed a settlement, to which they gave the name of Utica, about 15 miles from the place where Tunis now stands. This place was after- ward rendered famous by the death of the second Ca/o, who was hence called Cato Uticensis. Dido met with a welcome recep- tion, and was desired to build a city on the spot where she landed. For this purpose, she purchased a tract of country of the na- tives, many of whom joined her, together with some from Utica. She called her city Catharda or Cart/i . properly sheep of two years old. 58. Legifer traxitque per ossa furorem. tra mcenia habuisse do- Communeni hunc ergo populum, paribusque regamus mos altac Carthaginis Auspiciis : liceat Phrygio servirc marito, saspectas. Dotalesque tuae Tyrios permittere dextra. tcMs n Stm C n ~ Olli ' sensit enim simula ^ mente locutam, 103. Liceat Didoni Q uo regnum Italiae Libycas averteret oras, scrvire Sic contra est ingressa Venus : Quis talia demens 107. Contra Venus Abnuat, aut tecum malit contendere bello ? 110 105 locutam esse simulata Sed fatis "icerta feror, si Jupiter unam mente, quo avcrtoret Esse velit Tyriis urbcm, Trojaque profectis : NOTES. 90. Peste: in the sense of amorc. Ruxus 99. Hymenocos : match. says, veneno. 93. Spolia : in the sense of vicforiam. 94. Atenen. This is the reading of Heyne, after Pierius, Heinsius, and Burman- ims. It is also approved by Valpy, though he retains the common reading, nomen. In n note upon this passage, he has numen, and observes that vestrum is understood. "Your divine power will be nobly employed," says he. Hcyne jnakes this turn to the words : Magnum vero et memorabile erit numen ves- trunii si vos duo Dei circumveneritit unamfoc- minam. He takes numen in the sense of potcstas, vel potentia. Nomen is the com- mon reading. This part of Juno's speech is extremely satirical. Tuus puer : Cupid. He was the son of Jupiter and Venus. 98. Avt qua nunc : or, for what purpose now ares, great contentions? Juno and Venus took opposite sides in the affairs of ./Eneas and ,hc Trojans. The former is always n>] scnted their bitterest enemy, and lh.- ihcir warmest friend. The whole of .hmo's speech is artful, and the plan deep laid. She now proposes to lay down their arms, to conclude a lasting peace -to form a match between ^Eneas and Dido, and by these means unite the Trojans with the Carthaginians into one people. This plan, could she have brought it about, Would havn bcon to her a complete victorv over her antagonist. The common reading is certamine. ianto. Heyne reads certcnnina fanta, which is much easier, and he says, is the tr.no rending. 102. Regamus hunc popul 'urn. The mean- ing plainly is : Let us rule this people (c oro- munem) composed of Trojans and Cartha- ginians, with equal authority and power. Let them be both equally under our protec- tion and auspicious influence. ..luspiciis-' in the sense of potestatc. 103. Phrygio. Servius, and some others, say, that Phrygio, here, is a word of con- tempt, and implies that ./Eneas was in exile and in slavery, as the Phrygians then were. But Virgil uses the words Phrygius arid Trojanus promiscuously. Beside, Juno plays the hypocrite, and would, therefore, industri- ously avoid every expression that might be offensive, or render her suspected. Tlv- expression servire marito is in allusion to one of the three ways of contracting marriage among the Romans, (viz.) Coemptio : when the parties solemnly bound themselves to each other by the ceremony of giving and taking a piece of money. Py this the wo- man gave herself over into the power of the man, and entered into a state of liberal ser- vitude, or subjection to him. 104. Dotales : as a dowry. Dos is proper- ly the patrimony of the wife an} r thing given to the husband with the wife. TJ/n'os, nempe, regnum Carthagmis. 105. Olli : for illi, by anlilhtsis. 110. Feror incerta fatis, si : I am rendered uncertain by the decrees of the gods, whe- ther, &0. ttNBIS. LIB. IV. Miscerive probet populos, ant tbedera jungi. uegnum Italics ad Liby- -Tu conjux : tibi fas animum tentare precando. cas oraK Perge ; sequar. Turn sic excepit regia Juno : 114, 113 - T Mecum erit iste labor : nunc qua ratione, quod instaf, Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo. Venatum JEneas, unaque miserrima Dido, lu nemus ire parant, ubi primes crastinus ortus Extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orhem. His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, Dum trepidant alae, saltusque indagine cingunt, Desuper infiindam, et tonitru crelum omne ciebo. Diffugient cornites, et nocte tegentur opaca. Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem Devenient. Adero, et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, Connubio jungara stabili, propriamque dicabo. Hie Hymenreus erit. Non adversata, petenti Annuit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis. Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit. It portis, jubare exorto, delecta juventus, Retia rara, plagae, lato venabula f'erro, Massylique ruunt equites, et odora canum vis. Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi Poenorum expectant : ostroque insignis et auro Stat sonipes, ac froena ferox spumantia mandit. Tandem progreditur, magna stipante caterva, jux ; fas est tibi tcntaro 115. Nunc, adverte tu, docebo paucis verbis, qua ralioue, id, quod instat, possit confieri. 121. Dum alffl trepi- 120dant, cinguntque saltus indagine, ego desuper infundam his nigrantem nimbum, grandine com- mixta, et ciebo omnc coDlum tonitrd. 125 125. Si tua voluntas sit certa mihi 130 128. Cytherea non adversata annuit ei pe- tenti, atque risit dolly NOTES. 114. Excepit : replied answered. 117. Venatum: a sup. inwm, of the verb , put after the verb ire. Dido is here called miserrima, most unhappy, on account of the issue of her love. 119. Titan: in the sense of Sol. See Eel. iv. 6. and Geor. Hi. 48. Radiisque: and shall have disclosed the world by his beams. The poets pretended that light sunk into the ocean every night, and was every morn- ing brought from hence by the returning sun. Hence the propriety of the verb extu- hrit. 121. Dum alts. By ate, Servius under- stands the horsemen, or riding hunters, who are termed ate, wings, because they covered the foot as the cavalry of an army. Or ate may signify the horsemen in general spread over the ground, like stretched out wings. Trepidant very strongly expresses the hurry and bustle of a company of horsemen, fly- ing and scampering over the ground in quest of their prey. Indagine. By this some un- derstand the arranging of the hounds, and the placing of them in proper places for tak- ing the game : but Rutkus, and most commen- tators, take it for the nets and toils in which the game was taken. For ate, Ruajus has equites. 126. Jungarn : I will join them in firm wedlock, and will consecrate her to be his own. I will give her over to be his peculiar propertv. 127. Hie HymencEUs erit : this shall be a marriage. Some take the meaning to be that Hymen should be present. But this would be unnecessary, since the nuptials were to be performed by Juno, without tho assistance of any other. See Geor. iii, 60. Cytherea, a name of Venus. See ^n. i. 229. 130. Jubare: in the sense of luce vel dilu- eulo. 131. Retia rara : the wide nets, the toils, the spears of broad point, and the Massilian horsemen, &c. rush forth. 1;>2. Odora vis canum. Vis is here used in the sense of cojria, or multitude. And odora, in the sense ofodororuni, by antiptosis : a multitude of strong scented dogs. Mas- syli. They were a people of Africa, placed by Virgil to the westward of Carthage. Lit* tie is known concerning them. 133. Primi : in the sense ofprimora* 135. Stat sonipes insignis : her horse stands ready, richly decked in purple aud ^old. Stai : in the sense of adest. To take it literally would ill agree with the fino image of the courser here given; feroj: mandit spumantia frcena. Insignis : in the sense of ornatus. 137. Circitmdata Sidoniam : covered with a Tyrian cloak. Tho chlamys was both a military and hunting dress. It was a loose upper garment, which covered the breast- plate, and folded about the Jpft arm to (To 292 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo : 138. Cui est pharetra Cui pharetra ex auro ; crines nodantur in aurum ; Aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem. Necnon et Phrygii comites, et laetus lulus, 140 Incedunt : ipse ante alios pucherrimus omnes 142. JEneas ipse pul- Infert se socium ^Eneas, atque agmina jungit : cherrimus ante omnes Qualis, ubi hybernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta a ' M 3 :1Sr^ D- rit > -'" invisit Apollo, Apollo, ubi deserit hy- Instauratque chores, mixtique altana circum bemam Lyciam, fluen- Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt, pictique Agathyrsi : taque Xanthi, ac invisit Ipse jugis Cynthi graditur, mollique tiuentem materaamDelmn ^ Fronde premit crinem fiiigens, atque implicat auro : auro ' m Tela sonant humeris. Haud illo segnior ibat jEneas ; tantum egregio decus enitet ore. 150 151. Postquam ven- Postquam altos ventum in montes, atque invia lustra, turn erf in altos monies, Ecce ferge gaxi de j ectJE vert i cc capras atque invia lustra ; ecce r\ * , . A fens capra dejecta? ver- Decur rere jugis : aha de parte patentes ticesaxidecurrSre jugis Transmittunt cursu campos, atque agmina cervi 153. De alia parte Pulverulenta fuga glomerant, montesque relinquunt. :ervi transmittunt At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri 1 56 Gaudet equo : jamque hos cursu, jam prseterit illos: Spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis 159. Optatque votis Optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. spumantem aprum dari Interea magno misceri murmure coelum 160 iter inertia pecora lnci p it . inse q uitur commixta grand ine nimbus. Et Tyrii comites passim, et Trojana juventus, Dardaniusque nepos Veneris, diversa pe^ agrost Tecta metu petiere : ruunt de montibus amnes. Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus, eandem 165 Deveniunt : prima et Tellus et pronuba Juno NOTES. fend them from the wild beasts. The con- here mentioned seemed to be selected for struction is a Grecism. Apollo's retinue, on account of their skill in 43. Qualis. The poet (^n.i. 498.) com- archery. pared Dido to Diana : here he compares 148. Premit : binds up. Fingens : ad- ^Eneas to Apollo, her brother. It was a justing it. Mollifronde : with a soft wreatk common opinion that, at certain times of the of leaves. Rueeus says, ttne.ro, corona, year, the gods changed the place of their Auro : in the sense of aurea vitta. residence. Servius says, it was believed 149. Haud segnior : he moved not less that Apollo gave out oracles at Patara, a city graceful than he than Apollo himself. of Lycia, a country of Asm Minor, during 150. Ore : in the sense ofvultu. the six months of the winter ; and at Delos, 152. Dejecta : dislodged routed. Jugis : the remaining six months of the year. Hence the sides of the rocks, or mountains. he was called both Patareus and Delius. 154. Transmittunt : in the sense of per- fluenta : in the sense ofjluvium. currunt. 44. Matemam Delum. See ^En. iii. 75. 155. Glomerant fugd : in their flight, they 146. Cretesque : the Cretans, Dryopes, crowd together the dusty herds, &c. Ruseus and painted Agathyrsi, mingled together, ex- says, colligunt se in greges pulverulentos. wnf A r J0y (f'' emun *) around the altars. 159. Optat votis : he wishes with vows When Apollo came, or was thought to come he greatly wishes, that a foaming boar, Sic, to Delos, the several people that came to 163. Dardanius nepos Generis : the Tro- 3 n ?l oracl e, celebrated his arrival jan grandson of Venus Ascanius. Tecta : with hymns and dances. Dryopes. These teotum signifies any covered place. Here were a people who dwelt at the foot of shells, or retreat from the storm, mount Parnassus. Agathyrsi. These were IG&^&llus et pronuba. Pronuba, a title a. people of Scythia, who used to paint their of Juno&ipm her being the goddess of with various colors. The nations marriage : compounded of pro and nubo. JENEI8. LIB. IV. 167. Conscius connu- biis fulsit 169. Hie dies primus 170 fuit causa lethi Didoni, primusque fuit causa malorum 175 178. Parens terra ir- ritata iraDeorum pro- genuit illam, ut homines perhibent, extremara Dant signum : fiilserc ignes, et conscius aether Connubiis ; summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae. Ille dies primus lethi, primusque malorum Causa fuit : neque enim specie famave movetur, Nee jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem : Conjugium vocat : hoc praetexit nomine culpam. Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes : Fama, malum, quo non aliud velocius ullum : Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo : Parva ujetu primo : mox sese attollit in auras, Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. Illam Terra parens, ira irritata Deorum, -pi , .'. ,-, _. - 1 I^IIJIUCI.11,, CAUC1J1O.M.I Jkxtremam, ut perhibent, Cceo Enceladoque sororem sororem Coeo Encelado- Progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis : 180 que, celerem pedibus, lyionstrum horrendwm, ingens : cui quot sunt corpore et pernicibus alis Tot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu ! [pluma?, rn.ii- , . . L " ' rendum, mgens ; cui lot linguae, totidgm ora sonant, tot subngit aures. sunt tot v f gi i es oculi Nocte volat creli medio terraeque per umbram Stridens, nee dulci declinat lumina somno. Luce sedet custos, aut summi culmine tecti, Turribiis aut altis, et magnas territat urbes : Tarn ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veri. Haec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat Gaudens, et pariter facta atque infecta canebat : Venisse ^Eneam, Trojano a sanguine cretum, Cui se pulchra viro dignetur jungere Dido : Nunc hyemem inter se luxu, quam longa, fovere, subter, mirabile dictu ! 185 tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, subrigit tot au- res, quot sunt plumse in corpore. 191. Canebat ^neam venisse, cretum a Tro- 190 J ano sanguine, cui viro pulchra Dido dignetur jungere se: nunc luxu fovere inter se hyemem. quam longa est, NOTES. Its primitive meaning is bride-maid. Some rank Tellus among the~Bivinities that pre- sided over marriage. She gave signs of disapprobation by an earthquake, or some motion of the earth. Servius says, there was no omen more inauspicious to nuptials than this. Juno also gave her sign against the match, by rain and storms of hail. Flashes of lightning supplied the place of the nuptial torch ; and the only song was the howling of the mountain nymphs. These were all sad presages of the future. 169. Ille dies primus fuit causa : that day, thejirsl (in an especial manner,) was the cause of death to Dido ; and the beginning {primus) of her woes. 170. Specie fama-ve. By the species we are to understand the appearance and de- formity of the action, as it passed in review before her own mind ; and by fama, the scandal and infamy of it, in the eyes of the world. 172. PrcEtexit: palliates or covers. Cul- pam : hi the sense ofcrimen. 174. Fama malum quo : Fama, a fiend, than which there is not another more swift, &c. In this account of fame, the Poet imi- tates Homer's description of discord. A ju- dicious critic is of opinion that this descrip- tion of fame is one of the greatest orna- ments of the jflBneid, It has not, however, escaped censure. Malum : in the sense of pest is vel monstrum. 179. Coeo Enceladoque. These were two Giants, who took the lead in the war against the gods. They were the sons of Titan and Tellus. Their object in the war was to restore their father Titan to the throne, from which Jupiter had driven him. They attempted to attack Heaven, by put- ting mount Ossa upon Pelion ; but in the attempt they were chastised by Jupiter, in an exemplary manner. At this vengeance (ira) of the gods, Tellus was irritated ; and by way of revenge, produced fame, their youngest sister, swift on the foot, and on the nimble wing. 184. Medio: in the middle of heaven and earth between heaven and earth. Um- bram : in the sense of tcnebra.s. 186. Luce : in the sense of die. Cuslos : a spy. 188. Tarn tenax: as tenacious of false- hood and wickedness, as a messenger of truth. 189. Sermone : in the sense of rumore- 190. Canebat: she equally proclaimed facts and fictions. 193. JYunc Jbttre luxu : that now in lux- ury they caress one another during the winter, as long as it may be. Hyemem longa : in the sense of ton^am /*w- K V1RG1L11 MAUOMfe 198. Hie satus Am- mone, Nympha Gara- mantide rapta, posuit Jovi centum immania templa in latis regnis, posuit centum aras ; sa- craveratque 203. Isque amens ani- mi, et accensus amaro rumore, dicitur supplex orasse Jovem multa su- piuis manibus, stans an- te aras, inter media nu- mina Divum. 212. Cni dedimus litus Regnorum immemores, turpique cupidine eaptos. Haec passim Dea fceda virum diffundit in ora. 195 Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larbam ; Incenditque anirnum dictis, atque aggerat iras. Hie Ammone satus, rapta Garamantide Nympha, Templa Jovi centum latis immania regnis, Centum aras posuit ; vigilemque sacraverat ignem. 200 Excubias Divum ssternas, pecudumque cruore Pingue solum, et variis florentia limina sertis. Isque amens animi, et rumore accensus amaro, Dicitur ante aras, media inter numina Divum, Multa Jovem manibus supplex orasse supinis : 205 Jupiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis Gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem, Aspicis haec ? an te, genitor, cum fulmina torques, Nequicquam horremus ? caecique in nubibus ignes Terrificant animos, et inania rnurmura miscent ? 210 FcKmina, qua? nostris errans in finibus urbem Exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum, Cuique loci leges dedimus, connubia nostra Reppulit, ac dominum ^Enean in regna recepit. NOTES. mem. Ruceub says, traducere hytmem inter se luxu. 194. Cupidine : by cupido, Servius in- forms us that the ancients understood an ungovernable artd irregular passion of love lust. Captos : enslaved. 198. Hie Ammone satus : this man, sprung from, Ammon, had built to Jove, &e. Jupiter Ammon had a celebrated temple and oracle in Libya, on a spot of ground watered by a fountain, and enclosed by a pleasant grove. This temple is said to have been built by Bacchus, or Hercules. This Ammon some will have to be the same with flam, the son of Noah. Sir Isaac Newton thinks him to have been the father of Sesostris, and co- temporary with Solomon, king of Israel, larbus was the son of this Jupiter Ammon, by the nymph Garamantis. Aggerat : in the .sense of auget. 200. Vigilem ignem : Plutarch informs us that in this temple there was a lamp continually burning. This was also a cus- tom common to many nations. Posuit : in the sense of (zdificavit. 201. Excubias ceternas Divum : a perpe- tual watch of the gods sacred to the ser- vice of the gods. Solum : a tract of ground enriched by the blood of victims. 202. Limina Jiorent ia : an entrance (into the temples) adorned with various garlands. Amens animi : distracted in mind ; of a, privitivum, and mens. 204. Numina : the shrines or statues, which represented the gods. Supinis. Ru- aeus says, elatis: properly, with the palm upwards. 206. Cui nunc: to whom the Moorish nation, feasting on painted couches, &c. The Maurusii, vel Mauri,were inhabitants oi' Mauritania, an extensive country in Africa, bounded on the west by the Atlantic ocean, on the north by the Mediterranean sea, and on the east by Numidia and Carthage. It seems this news reached larbas, while ho and his people were feasting upon the re- mains of the victims which had been offer- ed to Ammon. At such banquets, it was usual to pour forth wine by way of libation to the gods an offering of wine. 207. LencEum fionorem: simply, wine the liquor of Bacchus. Lenoeus, a name of Bacchus, used as an adj. derived from a Greek word, signifying a wine-press. Epu- lata : feasting, or having feasted. 209. C'ceci: undirected fortuitous. Ig- nes : lightnings. Inania murmura : vain, or empty sounds. 212. Posuit : in the sense of condidif. Litus arandum : the shore to be ploughed. The province or territory of Carthage is here called litus, because it lay along the sea coast a tract of country to cultivate. Pretio. This alludes to the price paid, or stipulated to be paid, for her territory, or tract of country. See the following note. 213. Cuique dedimus : and on whom we imposed the laws of the place. We are told that Dido engaged to pay the Africans an annual tribute for the tract of country which she purchased for her colony. This, however, the Carthaginians afterwards re- fused to do, and was the cause of the first war in which they were engaged. Except- ing this tribute, Carthage, from the first, was an independent sovereignty. ,NEIS. LIB. Et mine ille Paris, cum semiviro comitatu, 215 Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem Subnexus, rapto potitur : nos munera templis Quippe tuis ferimus, famamque fovemus inanem. Talibus orantem dictis, arasque tenentem Audiit omnipotens : oculosque ad mosnia torsit Regia, et oblitos famae melioris amantes. Tune sic Mercurium alloquitur, ac talia mandat : Vade, age, nate, voca Zephyros, et labere pennis Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Carthagine qui nunc Expectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, Alloquere, et celeres defer mea dicta per auras. 226 j^ Q Non ilium nobis genitrix pulcherrima talem Dardanium ducem, qui Promisit, Graiumque ideo bis vindicat armis : nunc expectat in Tyria Sed fore qui gravidam imperiis, belloque frementem Carthagine, nonque re- Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri *&%? "*** ^^ Proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem. '227.J^apdfchenim Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum, genitrix non promisit; 217. Subnexus quoad mentum rnadentemque crinem Mceonia mitra, P titur ra P to 220. Omnipotens au- diit turn orantem in ta- libus dictis, tenentem- que aras, torsitque ejus oculos ad regia moenia, et ad amantes oblitos 225 rnelioris famae. NOTES. 215. Et nunc ille Paris. Here larbas calls jEneas, Paris, to denote him effemi- nate, and a ravisher, who had carried off a princess whom he considered his own. In allusion to this, ho says, potitur rapto : he possesses the ravished prize. Semiviro co- mitatu : with his effeminate train. This is said in allusion to the Phrygians, who were great worshippers of the goddess Cybele, whose priests were eunuchs. 216. Mceonia mitra : a Maeonian, or Ly- dian mitre. This was a kind of bonnet worn by the Lydian and Phrygian women. It was a part of dress unbecoming in men, more especially when it had the fillets or strings with which it was tied under the chin. larbas mentions it as a mark of in- famy and badge of reproach. Mozonia : an extensive country in the Lesser Asia. It is here used as an adj. Its more modern name is Lydia, from Lydus, one of its kings, as Strabo tells us. That part bordering upon Ionia and Caria, still retains its ancient name. Athenaeus observes, that Homer at- tributes the use of unguents to none of his characters in the Iliad, besides Paris. These were chiefly for the hair. The use of them was considered a mark of effeminacy. lar- bas therefore says of ^Eneas, Iliat his hair was moistened or besmeared with unguents crinem madentem. 217. Subnexus : in the sense ofsubligatus. 218. Quippe nos ferimus : . we to be sure bring offerings to thy temples, and cherish the vain report of being thy offspring. larbas speaks by way of complaint. The offerings which we present unto thee are of no avail, and the report of thy being our father is vain and without foundation, or else thou wouidst not have suffered this evil *o fall upon me. Heync observes, that the words of larbas, quippe, &c. are extremely ironical. Ironia acerbavocabulo, quippe, in- est, says he. Both Ruaeus and Heyne take quippe in the sense of scilicet. But quippe. may be taken perhaps in the sense of dum : while we are presenting offerings unto thee , &c. /Eneas is enjoying the ravished prize. 219. Tenentem aras: holding the altars. It was a custom in the more solemn acts of religion, to embrace the altars. It was es- pecially so for suppliants. 221. Amanies: lovers ./Eneas and Dido, 223. Pennis : in the sense of alis. Mer- cury was represented as having winged shoes', on which he was borne through the air. They were called talaria. 225. Expectat : in the sense of moratur. 228. Bis vindicat : preserved him twice, fee. jEneas was twice saved by Venus from impending death : once in a contest, with Diomedc, when he was struck to the ground by the stroke of a huge stone, and would have been^slain, had not Venus cast her veil over him, and carried him off from the fight ; and a second time, when under her own conduct, he passed unhurt through the flames of Troy, and the midst of his ene- mies, during the sack of that city. 229. Gravidam imperiis. Ruseus f plenum regnis. Servius says, parituram impcria, vet wide multi imptratores possun' creari. Heyne says, quce proferet multos po- tentes, et late imperantcs populos. It appears to be in the sense of paritura magnvm im~ penum, populumque late dominant em. In which a mighty empire is about to be es- tablished, says Valpy. 231. Proderet genus: should ovine prove his descent, &c. i*. VUtGILlI MAKON1S nobis ilium yb/-e talem, j\ec super ipse sua molitur laude laborem : iltwnab armis Grai ' ** Ascanio-ne pater Romahas invidet arces ? sed promisit ilium fore Q UI ^ strmt 1 aut q u & spe inimica in gente moratur ? 235 union, qui regeret Itali- Nee prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva? am gravidam imperiis, Naviget. Haec summa est : hie nostri nuntius esto. ^^roderet 16 bell ' ^ixerat. ^ e patris magni parere parabat 9M 237 TO Hic e estoilKnun- Im P eri ; et primum pedibus talaria nectit tius nostri Aurea ; quse sublimem alis, sive aequora supra, Seu terram, rapido pariter cum flamirie portarit. Turn virgam capit : hac animas ille evocat Oreo Pallentes ; alias sub tristia Tartara mittit : Dat somnos adimitque, et lumina morte resignat. Ilia fretus agit ventos, et turbida tranat Nubila. Jamque volans apicem et latera ardua cernit Atlantis duri, coelum qui vertice fulcit : . 248. Atlantis, cui pi- Atlantis, cinctum assidue cui nubibus atris rnferum caput assidue Piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri : cinctum atris nubibus XT* u r pulsatur et vento etim- ^ lx humeros tegit : turn flumma mento bri : nix infusa Praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. Hie primum paribus nitens Cyllenius alis Constitit : hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas Misit : avi similis, quoe circuin litora, circum Piscosos scopulos, humilis volat sequora juxta. 256.Haud aliterCyl- Hand aliter, terras inter ccelumque, volabat 240 245 250 256 NOTES. 233. Molitur laborem : undertake the en- terprise for his own glory. 235. In gente inimicd : in a hostile nation. This is said by anticipation, because of the enmity which subsisted between Rome and Carthage in after times. Slruit: in the aense of parat. 236. Lavinia arva. See ^n. i. 2. 239. Talaria. These were a kind of winged shoes, which the poets say. the mes- sengers of the gods wore sandals. 241. Flamine : in the sense of vento. 242. Virgam. This was the celebrated rod, or Caduceus, presented to Mercury by Apollo, in return for his lyre. Mercury, in his way to Arcadia, observing two serpents going to fight, appeased them by casting down his rod between them. Hence a rod wreathed round with two serpents, became a symbol of peace. Oreo : the place of the dead. 243. Tarlara: the lowest part of hell the place of the damned. 244. Lumina morte resignat: he opens eyes in death. This is the sense given to resigno by Turnebus, Davidson, and others. They think the poet alludes to a Roman custom of opening the eyes on the funeral pile, though shut all the time the corpse lay in the house. But Servius takes resigno in the sense of claudo ': he closes, or shuts eyes in death. RUHBUS says, aperil oculos ex mortc, id est, revocat corpora e morte. This teems to be the opinion of Ileyne. ?47. Atlantis ditri. Atlas is a very high mountain, or rather range of mountains, commencing at the Atlantic ocean, to which it gives name, and running in an easterly direction, dividing Mauritania from Libya Interior. It is fabled that Atlas, king of Mauritania, was transformed into this mountain by Perseus, at the sight of his Gorgon's head, because he refused to treat him with hospitality. Virgil describes the mountain as retaining the form and shape of a man. Atlas was a very skilful astro- nomer and astrologer : this probably gave rise to the fable. His supporting heaven on his shoulder is explained, from the cir- cumstance of the top of the mountain being lost in the clouds. Its top, or summit, was covered with perpetual snow. Hence, m.r infusa tegit humeros. 248. Cui : in the sense of cujus. 250. Mento senis : from the chin of tho old man. 252. Cyllenius : Cyllenius moving (nitens) on equal or balanced wings, stopped. This was a name of Mercury, from Cyllene, in Arcadia, the place of his birth. He was the son of Maia, the daughter of Atlas, by Jupiter. 254. Similis avi. The whole of this pas- sage is in imitation of Homer, Od^s. Lib. v. 43. The bird here alluded to, is sup- posed to be the coot, or cormorant. 256. Volabat. This and th two follow- ing lines, Heyne marks as spurious. They were probably left in an unfinished state. JJentlv would alter volabnt in Jegtbat, which . LIB. J V . Litus arenosum Libyse, ventosque secabat, Materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles. Ut primura alatis tetigit magalia plantis, jEneam fundantem arces, ac tecta novantem Conspicit : atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva Ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena Demissa ex humeris : dives quae munera Dido Fecerat, et termi telas discreverat auro. Continue invadit : Tu nunc Carthaginis altae Fundamenta locas, pulchramque uxorius urbem Extruis ! lieu, regni rerumque oblite tuarum ! Ipse Deum tibi me clar'o demittit Olympo Regnator, coelum et terras qui numine torquet : Ipse haec ferre jubet celeres mandata per auras : Quid struis ? aut qua spe Libycis teris otia terris ? Si te nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum, Nee super ipse tua moliris laude laborem ; Ascanium surgentem et spes haeredis liili Respice : cui regnuin Italia3 Romanaque tellus Debentur. Tali Cyllenius ore locutus, Mortales visus medio sermone reliquit, Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram. At vero ^Eneas aspectu obmutuit amens ; Arrectasque horrore com93 ; et vox faucibus hsesit. Ardet abire fuga, dulcesque relinquere terras, Attonitus tanto monitu imperioque Deorum. Heu ! quid agat ? quo nunc reginam ambire furentem Audeat affatu ? quse prima exordia sumat ? Atque animum nunc hue celerern, nunc dividit illuc ; In partesque rapit varias, perque omnia versat. 286 lenia proles veniens ab materno avo volabat arcnosum litus Libyze, 'inter terras coelumque. ~bU secabatque ventos. 265 270 275 280 280. Com swt ar- rectse NOTES. is tlie reading of Davidson ; but without sufficient authority. Between heaven and earth, lie flew along the sandy shore, and cut the winds. 258. Ab materno avo. Mercury was the son of Maia, the daughter of Atlas, which made him his grandfather on his mother's side. Cyllenia proles : simply, Mercury. 259. Magalia : neu. plu. either the huts of the African shepherds, mentioned Geor. iii. 340, or.the towers and buildings of Car- thage erected on the spot where the magalia once stood. 261. Ensis erat illi stellatus : there was to him a sword studded with yellow jasper. The hilt and scabbard were studded with gems, sparkling like stars, particularly with jaspers. Servius informs us it was a receiv- ed opinion that there was a virtue in the jasper -stone, to assist orators in their plead- ings, and that Gracchus wore one of them for that puspose. 262. Lama. This was a thick double garment a cassock. Ardebat: in the sense offulgebat. 264. Disr.rr.wat tr.las : had distinguished the web with a small thread o'f gold. Rueeu? says, distinxerat. 265. Invadit : in the sense of aUoquilUr. 266. Uxorius : a slave to your wife. It refers to the pron. tu, understood. 267. Oblite : the voc. of oblitus, agreeing with JEneas, understood. 271. Teris otia : you waste your time. Struis : in the sense of facis, vel paras. 276. Tali ore: in the sense of talibus verbis. 277. Reliquit: in the sense of mi-- Mercury had assumed a human form, morta- les visus, in his conference with ./Eneas : but as soon as he had ended his speech, in me- dio sermone, and before ./Eneas had time to make any reply, he left, changed, or put it off, and vanished from his eyes. Sermo is properly a conference between two or more persons, and, when one only has spoken, it is not complete or finished. 279. Amens : in the sense of atlonitus vel stupefaclus. 283. Quo affatu : in what words by what address. Ambire : to speak to to address. 285. Diviiit : in the sense of vcrht. tfJb P. VIKGILII Haec alternant! potior sententia visa est. Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat, fortemque Cloanthum : 289. Jubet ut taciti Classem aptent taciti, sociosque ad litora cogant, Arma parent ; et, quse sit rebus causa novandis, 290 Dissimulent : sese interea, quando optima Dido Nesciat, et tantos rumpi non speret amores, 293. Interea statuit Tentaturum aditus, et quae inollissima fandi sese tentaturum aditus, Tempora ; quis rebus dexter modus. Ocyus omnes tl^^U^r Im P e '*" P/'; ? J <*"' 295 dus sit dexter rebus con- At regma dolos (quis tallere possit amantem ?) ficicndis Praesensit, motusque excepit prima futuros, Omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Fama furenti Detuiit armari classem, cursumque parari. Saevit inops anirni, totamque incensa per urbem 300 301.7Wi$qualisThy-Bacchatur : qualis commotis excita sacris as, excita Thyas, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho Orgia, nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithasron. Tandem his ^Eneam compellat vocibus ultro : 305. O perfide homo, Dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum 305 sperasti te posse Posse nefas, tacitusque mea decedere terra ? Nee te noster amor, nee te data dextera quondam, Nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido ? Quin etiam hyberno moliris sidere classem, Et mediis properas Aquilonibus ire per altum, 310 Sll.Ocrudelisfawj^/Crudelis ! Quid? si non arva aliena domosque Quid? ei/non peteres Ignotas peteres, et Troja antiqua maneret ; Troja per undosum peteretur elassibus aequor ? NOTES. 287. Ukc altemanti : this plan seemed and carried about in procession by his irau- t he better to him, wavering in mind, and tic votaries. The mysteries of Bacchus were examining what had best be done in his celebrated every third year : hence they arc present situation. Ruseus says consilium, for called trieterica. Sententia. m Tf) . abacchanal . from a Greek S3. Aditus : the avenues or passages to word sign f fying . to roar about in wild and her heart. Qwce : what might be the fittest frantic disorder or softest moments of addressing her, to obtain her consent. Rebus : for effecting 3 03 - Wocturnu* Cilharon. < his purposes. a mountain in Beotia sacred to Bacchus. 298. Excepit : heard found out. Ti- Here his mjste'ies were celebrated in the mensomnia tuta: fearing all things when most distinguished manner by his infatuated even safe fearing danger when all things fUwers. They were, for the most part, are safe. Furenti : in Ihe sense of ad aures celebrated m the night. Hence nocturnus furentis, sive amantis. Impia : in the sense Citha>.ron. Earn is understood after vocat. of 5CBa, says Heyne. Detuiit: in the sense 307. Dextera quondam data: thy right of nunciavit. hand once given. This alludes to their 300. Inops animi : devoid of reason. marriage. Supra, 172. Tenet is to be sup- 301. Qualis Thyas : as abacchanal roused plied, or repeated, with each of the preced- at the moving of the sacred symbols, &c. Ser- ing nominatives. mus informs us that commovere sacra was a 309. Moliris classem : do you prepare your phrase used by the Romans to signify the fleet in the winter season. The north winds opening of the solemnities of particular di- were directly against ./Eneas in sailing from Vinitics, on their high festival days ; when Africa to Italy. This speech of Dido is their sacred symbols were removed from tender arid persuasive. And since it ap- their temples, in order to be carried about peared his purpose to sail to Italy, she en- Jn pompous procession. This was particu- deavors to dissuade him from it, until the larly the case in celebrating the Orgta, or winter and contrary winds were over, in the mysteries of Bacchus, when the statues of hope that, by repeated instances of her af- fhut god were removed from hjs temples, fection and regard, he might be induced to JENEIS. LIB. IV . Mene tugis ! per ego has lacrymas dextramque tuam, te, aw. Ego oro te per Quaodo aliud mihi jam iniserae nihil ipsa reliqui, Per connubia nostra, per inceptos Hymenaeos ; Si bene quid de te merui, fuit aut tibi quicquam Dulce raeurn ; miserere domus labentis, et istam, Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. Te propter Libycae gentes, Nomadumque tyranni Odere, infensi Tyrii : te propter eundem Extinctus pudor, et, qua sola sidera adibam, has lacrymas, tua.ni- 316 ^ Ue ^ extram (quando ipsa jam reliqui nihil aliud mihi miseree) per nostra 317. Aut si quicquam go0 mcum fuit dulce tibi. * miserere 321. Odere me, el Ty- . , rii infensi sunl mihi ; Fama prior. Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes ? propter te eundem, meus Hoc solum nomen quoniam de conjuge restat. putlor extinctus erf, et Quid moror ? an mea Pygmalion dum mcenia frater 325 mea pri( Destruat ? aut captam ducat Getulus larbas ? Saltern si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset Ante fugam soboles ; si quis mihi parvulus aula Luderet ./Eneas, qu i te tantum ore referret ; Non equidem omnino capta aut deserta viderer. Dixerat. Ille Jovis monitis immota tenebat Lumina, et obnixus curam sub corde premebat. Tandem pauca refert : Ego te, quse plurima fando Enumerare vales nunquam, regina, negabo Promeritam : nee me meminisse pigebit Elisae ; 327. Siqua soboles sal- tern suscepta fuisset mi- hi de te ante fugam ; si 330 WH* parvulus JEneas 334. O Regina, ego nunquam negabo te 335 promeritam ease plurima Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos reget artus. enumerarTfando Pro re pauca loquar. Nee ego hanc abscondere furto ^336, Dum ego ipse erf) Speravi, ne finge, fugam ; nee conjugis unquam memor mei, dum NOTES. give over the idea of it altogether. Sidere : in the sense of tempore. 316. Hymenceos: in the sense of amores. Qui novitaie sunt dulces, says Servius. 319. Mentem : purpose design of leav- ing me. 320. Tyranni Nomadum : the kings of the Numidians. The ancient Romans used the words iyrannus and rex promiscuously. 321. Tyrii infensi. She here alludes to the purpose of her brother to pursue her, as already mentioned. 322. Pudor extinctus : my chastity is gone, and my former fame, by which alone 1 reach- ed the stars. 324. Quoniam hoc nomen : since this name alone remains of the husband. It is to be observed that Dido does not address him by the endearing name of husband, but by that of stranger or guest, hospes : and she can look upon him in no other light, since he is going to leave her. 325. Quid moror ? what do I wait for ? 328. Siquis parvulus : if any little /Eneas could play to me in my hall, who only might resemble you in form, 1 should not, &c. Some ancient copies read tame.n, in- stead of tantum : who nevertheless should resemble thee, &c. Some explain the words, qui le tantum referret ore. ; as if Dido did not wish her son to resemble Ericas in his roind. cruelty and Inrdnogs of heart, but only in person and features. But this sentiment does not very well agree with the present strain of her discourse ; which is full of tenderness, soft address, and moving expostulation. Since she could not enjoy his person, it would have been some alleviation of her distress, if she had a son by him, who might only set the image of the father before her eyes, if he could do nothing more. Heyne reads tamen. Ruaeus says, qui reprEsenta* rit te tantum, modb I'ullu. 330. Capta. Ruaeus interprets this to be decepta, which is very harsh, and cannot bo the meaning of the speaker. Capta refers to what she had said just before, 326 supra, aut captam ducat Getulus larbas. In order to paint her distress to ^Encas in the liveliest colors, she represents him as the only person, on whom she could de- pend for protection ; and now he was going to abandon her, considers herself forlorn, deserted, and left a prey to her enemies, who had already, as it were, made her their captive. This is the dreary imago that haunts her disturbed fancy by day, and IMF dreams by night. See verse 466. infra. 333. Refert : in the sense of responded 337. Loquar pauca pro re: I will speak a few things to the point in question. ego speravi : nor did I hope to conceal my departure. ;<-. This i? a. rrj?lv to pidpV P. VIRGIL1I MARGIN IS Praetendi taedas, aut haec in foedera veni. Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam Auspiciis, et sponte mea componere curas ; Urbem Trojanam primum dulcesque meorum Relliquias colerem ; Priami tecta alta manerent Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergarna victis. 345. Grynsus Apollo ged nunc i taliam magriam Grynseus Apollo ; iiissit me capessere mag- ,. T . . & nam Italiam, Lycile Italiam Lycise jussere capessere sortes. eortes jussere me Hie amor, haec patria est. Si te Carthaginis arces Phoenissam, Libycseque aspectus detinet urbis : 350. Fas sit et noi Quse tandem Ausonia Teucros considere terra Invidia est ? et nos fas extera quterere regna. patris Anchisffi, quoties humentibus umbris et terret me in somnis, Nox operit terras, quoties astra ignea surgunt, quoties Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago : 354. Puer Ascanius, ]\| e p uer Ascanius, capitisque injuria cliari, regno Hesperus fraudo et futalibus arvUr. 340 345 350 355 Hesperise, et fatalibus Nunc etiam interpres Divum, Jove missus ab ipso, arvis, admonet me. (Tester utrumque caput) celeres mandata per auras iNOTES. accusation, dissimulare etiam, &c. Verse 305, supra. 339. Prcetendi. Ruceus takes this in the sense of pr&texui, in allusion to verse 172, where it is said of Dido, pr&texit culpam hoc nomine : nor did I ever cover over our marriage with the name of husband, or come into the bands of Hymen. Some take pra&tendi in the sense of prer- ferre ; et potero perferre eum. 421. Nam ille perfi- dus homo solebat colere te solam, etiam credere arcanos sensus tibi : tu sola noras molles aditus NOTES. 405. Convectant: they carry often. By using this verb, the poet represents those animals marching backward and forward, and returning frequently to their cells, full laden with their booty, like soldiers reaping the spoils of an enemy. Pars obnixce : a part, shoving with their shoulders, push along the large grains. 406. Moras : in the sense of morantes : those that delay. Frequent allusions have been made by poets of all ages to the ants, as examples of industry, wisdom, and fore- sight. " Go to the ant, thou sluggard, con- sider her ways, and be wise," says Solomon. Modern observation has not discovered in them any such instances of industry. On certain days they carry out of their cells, and expose to the warmth of the sun, their eggs ; but we find no store of provisions laid up against approaching want. For during the cold season of the year, they lie in a torpid state, and require no food. 409. Fervere : to be all in a bustle to be busily occupied. 412. Improbe : in the sense of crudelis, vel vehemens. 414. Cogitur ire iterum: she is forced again to go into tears, -again to try him by supplication, c. As the poet had used cogis just before, so here he repeats the same word, and shows the constraining power of love in Dido's conduct she is forced, in spite of her pride, her resentment, her resolutions, and her imprecations. Animos. Animus, in the plu. properly signifies the affections or passions of the mind. The meaning of the passage is : she is forced again to have recourse to tears, again to try him with prayers, and to submit her passions, her resentment, her pride, and her indignation, to love to give up all to the superior power and efficacy of her love. 415. Moritura frustra. Commentators are not agreed upon the meaning of the word frustra in this place. Servius con- nects it with inexpertum. The meaning then will be : that she might not leave any thing unattempted, though in vain ; since she was resolved to die. But it is more like a lover to entertain some glimmering hope as long as the dear object is within reach. The better meaning is : lest by leaving any thing unattempted, or untried, she should die in vain she should seem to throw away , her life. 416. Properari: there is a hastening, stir, or bustle around on the whole shore. This verb is used impersonally. 418. Nautoz imposuere: the joyous ma- riners have placed garlands on the sterns. It was a custom among sailors to deck the sterns of the ship, both at sailing and land- ing. The reason for this was, that on the sterns was a chapel in honor of the gods Peta>ci, who were considered the patroms and protectors of the ship. 419. Si ego 'potui sperare, &c. Ruaeus obscures this, and the following line, by connecting them closely together. It is plain there is an ellipsis of the words potui perferre, which must be supplied. This sudden and abrupt transition is perfectly agreeable to the temper of Dido's mind, and shows the propriety of potero being in the future; which otherwise cannot be jus- tified on any principles of language. 421. Exsequere: do perform. 422. Colere : in the sense of amarc. 424. Hostem. This word sometimes was used by the ancients in the sense 304 P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS bem, misi-ve. 425. Ego non juravi Non ego cum Danais Trojanam exscindere gentem -~ Aulide '^^ classemve ad Pergama misi : 42(5 ^ec P at " s Anchisffl cineres Manesve revelli. Cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in aures ? Quo ruit ? extremum hoc miserae det munus amanti : Expectet facilemque fugam, ventosque ferentes. 430 Non jam conjugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro j Nee pulchro ut Latio careat, regnumque relinquat. Tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori ; Dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere. Extremam hanc oro veniam : miserere sororis ! 435 Quam mihi cum dederit, cumulatum morte remittam. NOTES. a guest or stranger. Cicero says: Apud major es nostros, is dicebatur hostis, quern nunc peregrinus dicemus. 426. Aulide : abl. of Aulis, a town upon the strait, which separates Eubcea from Beotia, nearly opposite Chalcis. Here the Greeks, on their way to the siege of Troy, took an oath never to return to their coun- try, till they had destroyed that city. 427. Revelli : in the sense of violavi. 428. Demittere: to admit receive. 430. Ferentes : in the sense of secundos. Munus: benefit favor. 431 . JVon jam oro : I do not now plead our former marriage, which he hath viola- ted. Antiquus sometimes signifies, honor- able. This is the sense Mr. Davidson gives to the word in this place. 433. Peto inane tempus : I ask a little time as a respite, and a space for (allaying) my love. Ad extinguendum amorem, says Ruffius. 435. Veniam : request favor. 436. Quam mihi cum. This verse has very much perplexed commentators, and di- vided their opinions. The readings, also, are various. Ruseus 1 reading is most gene- rally approved. He makes the following comment upon the passage : Cum contulerit mihi hoc bene/icium paulb longioris /none, hanc extremam gratiam, remittam ilium, sinam abire, et adjiciam meam mortem, quasi cumulum votis ejus. The meaning of this much disputed pas- sage will in a great measure depend upon the reading either of cummatum or cumula- tam. Servius reads : Quam mihi cum de- deris, cumulatam morte relinquam, referring to her sister Anna. Morte relinquam, he takes in the sense of sola morte relinquam te. Here cumulatam is made to agree with the pron. te. But of this it is difficult to make any sense. Nor will it be easier, if we refer the cumulatam to veniam, as some commen- tators have done. Heyne reads : Quam mihi cum dederis, cumulatam morte remittam, referring likewise to Anna. Cumulatam remittam^ he takes in the sense of cumulate. referam, and morte in the sense of antequam moriar, vel grata ero per totam vitam usque ad mortem. This must appear to the most superficial reader a forced and unwarranted exposition ; and nothing but the difficulty at- tending the reading could have led that learned commentator into it. Valpy ob- serves of this exposition of Heyne, that, " though stated by him with considerable confidence, it appears forced and impro- bable." If we consider the passage as referring to ^Eneas, it will be rendered easier. In this case, we must read cumulatum. Ruseus considers it in this view, but appears to have mistaken the sense of cumulatum, and thereby given to the words, cumulatum morte remittam, a turn which they will hardly bear. Adjiciarn meam mortem, quasi. cumulum votis ejus, says he. By adjiciam meam mortem, we are to understand that Dido informed her sister of her resolution to kill herself, and that she makes a direct declaration to that effect. But from the subsequent part of the story, it appears to have been her anxious sqJicitude to conceal from her that desperate resolution. And, by cumulum votis ejus, we are given to un- derstand that her death was an object of desire to ./Eneas that it would afford him pleasure, and be a source of gratification to him. But this is altogether inconsistent, with those feelings winch he manifested to- wards her, verse 393 supra, et sequens ; and also with those tender expressions of his in the sixth book, when he met her in the re- gions below. See verse 450, et sequens. Hortensius reads cumulatum, and takes it in the sense of abunde pensatum : abundant- ly, or fully compensated, or requited. Dido had besought ./Eneas to stay a short time longer with her, till the weather should be more favorable for his departure, since he was resolved to leave her ; and till she should bring her mind the better to bear his loss. This was the extremam veniam, the last, the only favor she asked of him ; and if granted to her, she would dismiss him, or /ENEIS. LIB. 1\ . Talibus orabat, talesque miserrima fletus Fertque refertque soror : sed nullis ille movetur Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit. Fata obstant ; placidasque viri Deus obstruit aures. Ac velut annoso validam cum robore quercum Alpini Boreae, nunc hinc, nunc flatibus illinc Eruere inter se certant ; it stridor, et alte Consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes : Ipsa ha3ret scopulis : et quantum vertice ad auras JEthereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit. Haud secus assiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros Tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas : Mens immota manet ; lachrymae volvuntur inanes. Turn vero infelix fatis exterrita Dido Mortem orat : tsedet cceli convexa tueri. Quo magis inceptum peragat, lucemque relinquat ; Vidit, thuricremis cum dona imponeret aris, Horrendum dictu ! latices nigrescere sacros ; 440 441, Ac velut cum Alpini Bore nunc hinc, nunc illinc certant inter sc flatibus eruere quer- 445 curn validam annoso robore. 445. Tendit tantum radice ad Tartara,quan- tum vertice tendit ad aethereas auras. 450 453. Cum imponeret dona thuricremis aris. vidit sacros latices. NOTES. consent to his departure, fully compensated or requited for the favor and indulgence, by her death. Dido here conforms to the usual language of disappointed lovers, who suppose they confer the greatest possible favor upon those they love, by dying for their sake. See Eel. viii. verses 59 and 60. The most weighty objection to this interpretation is, that it includes a declaration of her death ; but it does not necessarily imply, that it would be by her own hand. Her grief, sorrow, and affliction, in consequence of his loss, might become insupportable, and bring her to the grave. But, after all the ingenuity displayed by commentators, cumulatum, perhaps, is to be taken in its usual acceptation. Cumulatum morte remittam : I will dismiss him loaded, or oppressed, with my death with the re- flection and consciousness of being the cause of my death, by leaving me in this cruel manner. This appears the least objectionable of any solution that has been proposed. Nor does it necessarily include the idea of sui- cide. Dido may be supposed to declare, that though he should comply with her re- quest, and tarry with her till the weather became favorable for his departure, yet that she should eventually be unable to support his loss, and that grief and disappointment would be the cause of her death. For this suggestion, I acknowledge my obligations to a distinguished classical scholar of our own country. 438. Miserrima soror: her sister, most distressed, carries, and again carries, such tears such piteous mesfnnvH. P,-rm n/in f. says Hrynr. 439. Tractabilis : in the sense of exora- bilis. 442. Borece. The north wind is here called Alpine, from the circumstance of the Alps lying north of Mantua, and a great part of Italy. And the poet would give us to understand that the north wind had its seat among those mountains, and from thence descended in storms, and mighty blasts. 446. Tantum radice. This is said accord- ' ing to the opinion of those naturalists, who suppose the roots of the tree equal to the body. Tartara: neu. pleu. properly the lowest part of hell that place which the poets assign for the punishment of offend- ers. In Tartara : toward Tartarus down- ward. It is opposed to ad tzihereas auras : toward heaven upward. 448. Curas : in the sense of dolores. 449. Inants : his tears are useless una- vailing, both with respect to t himself and Di- do ; as they produced not the effect which she desired, and altered not his steadfast re- solution. 451. Ta>det: it irketh her to behold the canopy of heaven. Convexa, neu. plu. of convexus, taken as a substantive. It appears, hence, that convexus in Latin, has a differ- ent meaning from convex in English. The convex face of heaven to us is invisible. It is the vaulted arch, or canopy alone, which we can behold the cava cce/t convexitas, as Dr. Clark explains it. So, also : t'n conre.ro nemorum, in the bosom, or under the shelter of the bending groves. And Justin, speak- ing of the actions of Xerxes, says : monies in planum dnctbat, pf rnnre.ra raUinm rrqvn- bat. 306 T. VIRGILII MARONI3 Fusaque in obscomum se vertere vina cruorem. 455 456. Effata esl hoc vi- Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori. sum nulli, non etiam Praeterea, fuit in tectis de marmore templum Conjugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat, Velleribus niveis et festal fronde revinctum. JFJS&SS 1 " inc exaudiri voces , et veA - voca tis 46 visa sunt exaudiri, cum Visa vm, nox cum terras obscura teneret : obscuranoxteneretter-Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo ras ; solaque bubo stepe Saepe queri, et longas in tlctum ducere voces. visa est queri ferali car- ]\f u i taque prae terea vatum nrsedicta piorum eHucTr CUimmlbUS 'Terribili monitu horrificant. Agit ipse furentem 465 466. jEneas ipse ferus In somnis ferus jEneas : semperque relinqui agit earn furentem in Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur ; semperque yi- j re viarrij e t Tyrios desertdi quaerere terra. Tul^Eiimeiiiduin veluti demen 8 videt agmina Pentheus, longam viam, et qua;- Et solem gemmum, et duplices se ostendere Thebas : rer.e Aut Agamemnonius scenis agitatus Orestes, 471 Armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris Cum fugit ; ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae. Ergo ubi concepit furias, evicta dolore, Decrevitque mori ; tempus secum ipsa modumque 475 NOTES. 4.w. Obsc&num cruorem. Servius explains ubscKnum, by mali ominis, of bad omen. So says Heyne. Vina fusa : the wine poured out upon the altar, to turn, c. 4Sl.,Fuit in tectis: there was in the pa- lace a marble chapel of her former husband. By templum, some understand the sepulchre of Sichceus, which Dido had caused to be built in her palace, and which she had con- secrated to his memory. Others think it to have been a chapel, or shrine, sacred to liis memory. Others again take it to be an image or statue sacred to his memory. Ser- vius thinks Virgil had reference to the cus- tom of the Romans, of the bride, when she came to the door of her husband's house, which was garnished with flowers and leaves, binding about the posts woollen fil- lets, and washing them over with melted tallow to keep out enchantments and sor- cery. According to him, Dido, in building this temple to Sichseus, had devoted herself to him forever, by performing the same nup- tial rites towards him as if he had been living ; and thereby signified her resolution never to marry again. But this appears a refinement. It is much easier to consider it a reference to the general custom of adorn- ing the door-posts of temples with fillets of wool, especially on holy-days. 401. Viri: of her husband calling her. 462. Bubo : the owl. Ferali carmine : in a inournful strain cry. Sola: some copies have sera, in reference to the time of her singing ; which is generally late at night. f^oces : notiv;. ' lilvi, p/rir'v/?, S'om'T copies have jp?-/V>- rum : but piorumis the best. It is a proper epithet of prophets. Heyne reads piorum. 469. Eumenidum : as crazy Pentheus sees bands of furies, and a double sun, and Thebes to show itself double. The poet here com- pares the fury of Dido with that of the frantic Pentheus and Orestes. Pentheus was king of Thebes in Beotia, son of Echion, and grandson of Cadmus. He prevented his subjects from worshipping Bacchus, and commanded that god to be put in prison ; for which he was deprived of his senses by the god. After this, he went to mount Ci- theron, where the bacchanals were celebrat- ing their orgies. As soon as they saw him, they set upon him, and tore him in pieces. See Ovid Met. 3. 700. Virgil here speaks of the furies as being an army (agmina) whereas they were only three in number. See Geor. i. 278. 470. Et solem: This lino is taken from Euripides. 47-1. Orestes. He was the son of Aga- memnon. He is said to have been haunted by the ghost of his mother, Clytemnestra, whom he had slain, and by the furies. He went to the oracle of Apollo, at Delphi, to consult in the business, and was informed that he had been acquitted by the court of Areopagus, at Athens. Whereupon the fu- ries blocked up the door, so that he could not get out. He, however, made his escape. Hence the expression, sedent limine : they sit in the door. See^En. in. 331. Agilalus :. acted, or exhibited on the stage. 474. Concepit : received or arlmittrr awake and slept by turns. She is said !> be the keeper, custos, of the temple, cause she gave food to the dragon, am! supported him. to free minds from love by her magic rites (caniv charms. 493. Accingur inritan : that I was un- willing to betake myself to t n . rts. >^ier: by paragogw, for timn^;. Thr verb h^ro i* n<--< rnp^ P. VIRGILli MARON1B JSrige : et arma viri, thalamo quae fixa reliquit 495 Impius, exuviasque omnes, lectumque jugalem. Quo peril, superimponas. Aboiere nefandi ; " Cuncta viri monumenta jubet raonstratque sacerdos. Hsec effata^gilet : pallor simul occupat ora. Non tamen Anna novis prsetexere funera sacris 500 o01.Necconcipittan-Q ermanam credit: nee tantos mente furores tos furores esse in ejus Conc i p i t . aut r, rav iora timet, quam morte Sichaei. mente ; aut timet gra- ,-, N K viora quam qua vfene- Er g J ussa P arat - rant morte Sichaei. Er- At regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras go parat qua jnssa-JErecta ingcnti, taedis atque ilice secta, 505 erant . .rotenditque locum sertis, et fronde coronat ere 5 cta'm penetrali sede Funerea: super exuvias, ensemque relictum, sub auras, e tsedis atque Effigiemque toro locat, baud ignara futun. secta ilice Stant arse circum : et crines effusa sacerdos, 509. Effusa gwoffd Tercentum tonat ore Deos, Erebumque, Chaosque, 510 Tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Diana?. Sparserat et latices simulates fontis Averni ; Falcibus et messEe ad Lunam quseruntur ahem* Pubentes herbao, nigri cum lacte veneni. NOTES. middle voice. It has a reflux significa- tion. 495. Arma viri. The sword wljich JEne- as left hanging in Dido's bedchamber. 498. Jubet : the priestess orders and di- rects me to burn #11 the ' memorials of the cursed man. Those she had just mention- ed his sword his clothes the bridal bed, &c. 500. Prcetexere : in the sense of celare. 504. Penetrali sede : in the inner court middle of the palace. 505. Tcedis. The tceda or teda was a tree of a resinous nature, of which torches were made. The ilex was a species of oak called the holm. Of these two kinds of wood the funeral pile was constructed. 506. Intendit : in the sense of cingit. 508. Effigiem : she places his image on the bed upon his clothes and sword. One of the rites of magic was to prepare an image of the person against whom the enchantment was designed, either of wax or wool, and use it in the same manner as they would have used the person himself if he had been present. Or, super may be taken in the sense of insuper (moreover ;) or super-local may be considered a compound word in the sense of super imp onit. The meaning will then be, that the image, the clothes, and sword, were placed upon the bed without any reference to their situation. 510. Tonat ore : she thunders out with her voice three hundred gods. Servius in- forms us, that in the sacred rites of Hecate in particular, they used to imitate thunder ; which gives a reason for the use of the word tonat. Hortensius would read sonat. We are not to suppose that the priestess invoked the precise number of three hundred gods that definite number is used for au indefinite number. Erebum. Erebus was the son of Chaos and JYox. For aiding the Titans in their war against the gods, he was changed into a river, and placed in the lowest part of hell. He is one of the infernal gods. Chaos. He was the most ancient of the gods, and the father of them all, according to Hesiod. Geor. iv. 347. 511. Hecaten. Hecate is called tergemi- nam from the circumstance of her having three names\ In heaven she is called Luna ; on the earth Diana ; in hell Proserpina. Hecate was not so properly her name, as an epithet given her to denote her hundred various qualities ; or because she was ap- peased by a hundred victims. From a Greek word signifying a hundred. The goddess was painted with three heads, one of a horse, another of a dog-, and another of a man. Hence tria ora virginis : the triple form of the virgin. 512. Sparserat: she had sprinkled the fic- titious (or substituted) waters of the lake Avernus. In performing magic rites, those materials requisite to the occasion, that could not be conveniently procured, were allowed to be emblematically represented ; as in the present case. Avtrni. Avernus, a lake in Campania, fabled to be the en- trance of hell. Its waters were of a very noxious quality, which occasioned an un- wholesome atmosphere ; insomuch so, that it was shunned by birds of every kind. Its name is of Greek origin. See Geor. iv. 493. 514. Pubentes herba: full blown herbs, cut by moonlight, are sought, for. Tin 1 LIB. iv. 309 Quairitur et uascentis equi de fronte revuisus, Et matri praereptus amor. Ipsa mola manibusque piis, altaria juxta, Unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta, Testatur moritura Deos, et conscia fati Sidera : turn, si quod non aequo fcedere amantes Curae numen habet justumque memorque, precatur. Nox erat, et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora per terras, sylvaeque et saeva quierant JEquora : cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu : Cum tacet omnis ager, pecudes, pictseque volucres, Quaeque lacus late liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis 526 Rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti Lenibant curas, et corda oblita laborum. At non infelix animi Phrenissa : neque unquam Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectbre noctem Accipit. Ingeminant euros, rursusque resurgens Saevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. Sic adeo insistit, secumque ita corde volutat : En ! quid ago ? rursusne procos irrisa priores 515 515. Et amor revuisus de fronte nas- centis equi, et prterup- tus matri 517. Dido ipsa mori- tura, exuta quoad unum 520 pedem vinclis, in re- cincta veste, stans justa altaria, mola piisquG manibus, testatur Deos, et sidera conscia fati. Turn precatur numen, si quod justumque me- morque habet amantes junctos non sequo fcedere curse sibi 526. Quseque late tenent liquidos lacus, 530 ( l UD( l ue t enen t rura as- pera dumis, omnes po- sit sub silenti nocte lenibant curas somno ; et corda oblita sunt la- borum. NOTES. Jews, which were thought to distil from the moon upon herbs, were reckoned favorable for magic. Those herbs, however, were to be cut with brazen sickles, ahenis falcibus. Lacte : in the sense of succo. 516. Et amor revuisus : and the love (of the mare) torn from the forehead of a newly foaled colt. The poet here means what is called the kippomanes ; of which there are two kinds. See Geor. iii. 280. et sequent. The one here meant is very different from the one there described. According to the account given of it by the ancients, it was a lump of flesh growing on the forehead of the foal just brought forth, which the mare presently devours, or else she loses all affection for her young, and denies it suck. Its being so greedily sought after by the mother, is the reason of its being called her love. The circumstance just mentioned gave rise to the vulgar opinion of its efficacy in philtres, love potions, and magic rites. 518. Exuta pedem. It appears from this passage that Dido put herself in the habit of a sorceress. According to Ovid, it was their custom to strip bare one of their feet,and to be clad in a loose flowing robe. Rutmis takes recincta, in the sense ofsuccincta; but in this he differs from most commentators. Heyne takes it in the sense of soluta. 520. JVbn cequo f/xdere : by this we are to understand an inequality in the love and af- fection of the parties in an unequal match: where love is riot reciprocated. 522. Nox erat. The whole of this de- scription is a most beautiful, and, at the same time, perfect image of nature. Dr. Trapp objects to it as imperfect. But it is to l>e observed that the poet did not design it as a description of night in general ; but only of a calm and serene one, in order that he might set off to greater advantage the opposite image of Dido's anxiety and dis- quietude. And indeed nothing could give us a more lively idea of herrestless situation, than thus to set it forth in opposition to the universal quiet and repose which reigned over all nature beside. She is so far from partaking of the blessings of sleep with the rest of the world, that the silence and soli- tude of the night, which dispose others to rest, only feed her care, and swell the tumult of her passion. 524. Lapsu : in the sense ofcursu. 527. Tenent : in the sense of incolunt. 528. Lenibant curas, &c. This beautiful line Heyne marks as spurious, and con- cludes the sentence at silenti. It is not found in some ancient MSS. 529. Phcenissa. Dido is so called, be- cause she was a native of Phoznicia, a coun- try lying on the eastern shore of the Medi- terranean ; within the boundaries of which was the kingdom of Tyre. The words fc- nicbat curas are to be supplied. 530. Nocttm: in the sense of quictem. :. Irarum : passions affections. Amor sou-it. Here love is represented as a mighty sea, which had been for some time calm and still ; but now begins to rise hi furious >v and rack her soul with a variety of tumul- tuous passions. Volulat : in the sense of cogiiat. 534. Rursus-ne irrisa, &:c. Ruacus and Servius take rursus in the sense of v ids sun : shall I in turn have, &c. Dido had rejected the match of larbus and others ; and shall she now pay court to them, as they had 310 P. VIRGIL!! MARON1S Experiar ? Nomadumque petam connubia supplex, 535 Quos ego sum toties jam dedignata maritos ? Iliacas igitur classes, atque ultima Teucrum 53H.Quiane juvat me J ussa sequar? quiarie auxilio juvat ante levatos, veteris facti' stat apud Q 1 " 8 me autem, fac velle, sinet? ratibusque superbis eos bene memores ejus ? Invisam accipiet ? nescis heu, perdita, necdum 541 540. Autem fac me Laomedonteae sends perjuria gentis ? Quid turn ? sola fug. nautas comitabor ovantes ? dum erf egcHt^wSa, -^ n Tyriis, omnique manu stipata meorum, fuga comitabor Insequar ? et quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli, 544. An stipata Tyriis, Rursus agam pelago, et ventis dare vela jubebo ? omnique manu meorum Q um m orere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem Tu lachrymis evicta meis, tu prima furentem His, germana, malis oneras, atque objicis hosti. Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 1 . Degere more ferae, tales nee tangere curas? Sichfo cineri P no 'seT Non servata fides c i neri promissa Sichaeo. vat* w/. Tantos ilia suo rumpebat pectore questus. 556. Forma Dei re- /Eneas cels in puppi, jam certus eundi, deuntis eodem vultu Carpebat somnos, rebus jam rite paratis. nis^sa^e^st^rursu's Huic S6 f rma P ei VultU redeuntis eodem > ita'tiulnore 6 ^: similis Obtulit in somnis, rursusque ita visa monere est Mercurio quoad omnia, Omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque, coloremque ; 545 550 555 NOTES. formerly done to her? Irrisa: mocked despised. RUOJUP says, contemnenda. 336. Dedignata turn: disdained as hus- bands. 537. Ultima : the lowest basest. 538. Qwia-ne juvat : because it delighted me formerly, that they should be relieved by my assistance ; and the grateful remem- brance of my former deed remains with them, duly mindful of it ? Dido here speaks ironically. Some copies have exilio, in allu- sion to the friendly retreat which Dido gave to JGneas and his followers : but auxilio is the most approved reading. 541. Invisam: hated an object of their aversion. Some copies have irrisam. This is the reading of Ruteus. Heyne reads, in- risam, and assures us it is the best. 542. Necdum sentis, c. Here Dido al- ludes to the well known story of Laomedon, who defrauded the gods, Neptune and Apol- lo, of their hire for building the walls of Troy. See Geor. i. 502. Laomedontea : an udj. in the sense of Trojance. 543. Ovantes : in the sense of IcBlantes, vel /riumphantes. It is applicable to mariners in general, who usually set out with accla- mations of joy : but here it is to be consider- ed in that particular in which Dido viewed them as triumphing over her in their depar- ture. Insequar. Some copies have infcrar. This is the reading of Heyne, and Valpy ufter him. ,. r 4-1. St.ipafft : in thp sense of cwifata. 546. Rursus agam : shall I again conduct on the sea, those whom with difficulty I forced from the Sidonian city ? Sidonia : an adj. from Sidon, which formed a part of the kingdom of Tyre : here in the sense of Ty- ria. Revelli : this expresses the difficulty of her former enterprise. 248; Tu, Germana, evicta : thou, O sister, overcome by rny tears, thou first, &c. Fu- rentem : in the sense ofamantem. Dido here alludes to the speech of her sister. See verse 32. supra, and following. Anna could not bear to see her pine away in mournful widowhood, and therefore dissuaded her from it, and encouraged a love for TEneas. 550. JVbn licuit: was it not lawful for me, without blame, to lead a life free from the marriage bed, &c. Some copies have exper- tam vitam: a life having experienced the marriage bed. But the other is evidently the most approved reading. Though Dido here seemingly approves of a single life ; by representing it #s the life of a savage beast, she in fact condemns it ; and insinuates that marriage is the most perfect society, and distinguishes the life of man from that of brute animals. 551. Tangere: to know, or experience. 558. Similis Mercurio omnia: like Mer- cury in all things. All the commentators make this god to be Mercury himself, except Catrou. He thinks it to be some other god, who assumed the likeness of Mercury J2NEI& LIB. IV. an Et crines flavos, et membra decora juventae ; Nate Dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos ? 560 Nee, quse circumstent te deinde pericula, cernis 1 Demens ! nee Zephyros audis spirare secundos ? 5 ? 3> ^ a f*** 1 corta r J c mon versat dolos Ilia dolos dirumque netas m pectore versat, Certa mori, varioque irarum fluciuat sestu. Non fugis hinc prseceps, dum prsecipitare potestas ? 565 566. Dum potestas Jam mare turbari trabibus, srevasque videbis est ^ bi prarcipitare Collucere faces ; jam fervere litora flammis ; Si te his attigerit terris Aurora morantem. Eia age, rumpe moras : varium et mutabile semper Fcemina. Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrse. 570 Turn vero jEneas, subitis exterritus umbris, Corripit e somno corpus, sociosque fatigat : PrEecipites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris : Solvite vela citi. Deus aethere missus ab alto, I . Festinare fugam, tortosque incidere funes, 575 Ecce iterum stimulat. Sequimur te, sancte Deorum, 575. Ecce Deus rni s _ Quisquis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes. sus ab alto sethere ite- Adsis, 6, placidusque juves, et sidera ccelo rum stimulat me ,ti- Dextra feras. Dixit : vaginaque eripit ansem nare fugam, incider iU e ^ , . . r *? ?. if rot\ tortos funes. Fulmmeum, strictoque lent retmacula terro. 580 Idem omnes simul ardor habet : rapiuntque, ruuntque : Litora deseruere : latet sub classibus aequor. Adnixi torquent spumas, et ccerula verrunt. 583< c^uia marzff . Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croccum linquens Aurora cubile : 585 NOTES. 560. Sub hoc casu : in this juncture or Gods, whoever thou art, &c. This mode of crisis of affairs. expression is in imitation of the Greeks. 561. Deinde: this appears to be in this 578. O adsis : O may thou be propitious;, place entirely expletive. Videtur otiosum csse, 579. Dextra sidera : favorable, or propi- says Heyne. tious stars in the heavens. Feras : give 563. Versat: in the sense of meditatur. grant. 566. Turbari trabibus : to be in commo- 580. Ferit : in the sense of secat. Fid- tion with ships. Heyne says, implerinavibus mineum : shining, glittering. Ruaeus says, Carthaginicnsium : and Ruffius, agilari re- coruscantem. mis. 582. Deserv.ere litora. This change of the 567. Fervere : to glitter to shine with tense adds much to the description. They flames. The meaning is, that as soon as hale off, and hurry away ; and no sooner have the morning shall return, Dido will pursue they done this, than they have left the shore, you with her ships, with torches and with and are completely out to sea. flames. You must weigh anchor and be 585. Et jam Aurora: and now Aurora, gone. 'caving the saffron bed of Tithonus, first 570. Fcemina : a woman is something al- spreads the earth over with early light. Ti- ways variable, and subject to change. This thonus was either the son or brother of La- is a singular construction. Mercury here omedon, king of Troy. On account of his insinuates that hatred may succeed to Di- beauty and gracefulness, Aurora fell in lovo do's love for him ; which might induce her with him, and endued him with immortality ; to seek revenge. Umbris : apparition. but not thinking to bestow on him perpetu- 572. Fatigat : arouses his companions. al youth and beauty, he grew so weak and 573. digitate : wake quick in haste, exhausted by old age, that he wished for Transtris : the seats or benches on which the mortality. But the goddess not being able rowers sat. to restore it to him, in pity to hi? 575. Tortos funes : the ropes, or cables, by changed him into a grasshopper, which the ships were moored. Dr. Bentley Geor. iii. 48. This is a most beautifi Hunks the anchors are intended ; but how cumlocution to denote tho early da wn. *rlos can be applied to thorn, I see not. tho earth bccoi-i. ightened l>v tl ~.7 a ^' et nostns illuserit advena rcgnis ? Non arma expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur ? 593. JVbn-ne alii diri- Diripientque rates alii navalibus ? ite, P ient Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. 594 Quid loquor ? aut ubi sum ? quae mentem insania mutat '.' 597. Decuit te turn Infelix Dido ! mine te facta impia tangunt. cum da- Turn decuit, cum sceptra dabas. En dextra, fidesque ! * fo]fa Quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penates ! fidesque illius, quem Q uem subiisse humeris confectum actate parentem ! aiunt Non potui abreptum divellere corpus, et undis 600 601. Non potui absu- Spargere ? non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro bsumlre AscanlumT* Ascanium patriisque epulandum apponere mensis'' sum f^rro, apponeroq^e ^ erum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna : fuisset. eum, Quem metui moritura ? faces in castra tulissem : Implessemque foros flammis : natumque patremque 605 ls "Cum genere extinxem : memet super ipsa dedissem. Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras ; Tuque, harum interpres curarum et conscia, Juno : Nocturnisque, Hecate, triviis ululata per urbes, emmemtsuper e. NOTES. 587. Velis aquatis : the sails were equal- ly distended on each side of the mast. This shows that the wind blew fair, and directly after them : in nautical phrase, wing and wing. 593. Diripient alii : will not others tear my ships from the docks, and go in pursuit of him ? 596. JVwnc impia facta. Mr. Davidson observes that this is the reading of the Cambridge edition, founded on the autho- rity of Probus and the Codex Mediceus ; and it makes the sense obvious. By impia facta, we are to understand the violation of her faith to Sichseus, and her amours with ./Eneas; by which she brought on herself infamy and disgrace. Now she feels the weight of those actions, and the punish- ment due to her deeds. Ruaeus and others, who read fata, take impia in the sense o'* erudelia. Jfunc ultima fata, dura sors, su- prema dies instant tibi, says Ruasus. Heyne and Davidson read facta. 599. Subiisse : to have carried, or borne upon his shoulders. 600. Divellere. There is here an allusion to the manner in which the Bacchanals tore the bodies of Orpheus and Pentheus in pieces. 602. Apponerc : served him up to be feast- ed upon at his father's table. Reference is herehad to the story of Progiie, who, to be ro- upon Tereus, for'his cruel treatment. of her sister Philomela, served up his sou Itys for him at a banquet. See Eel. vi. 78. 603. Fortuna : in the sense of eventus. 604. MoriFura : in the sense of cum de- creverim mori. Castra : in the sense of c la wem. 605. Foros : the decks or hatches of his ships. Extinxtm : by syn. for extinxissem : in the sense of interfecissem. 607. Sol. Dido invokes the sun, either because he is the supporter of life in gene- ral, or because, surveying all things here below, could be a witness of her wrongs ; Juno, because she was the goddess of mar- riage ; and Hecate, because she presided over magic rites ; the Furies, because they were the avengers of wrongs. Flair in the sense of luce. 608. Interpres : interpreter of these my cares (sorrows) and conscious of my wrongs. Servius takes interpres to mean< witness, judge, or arbitress. RUBBUS inter- prets curarum by nuptialium negotiorum. 609. Hecate ululata : Hecate invoked, or called upon, &c. When Pluto ravished Proserpine, or Hecate, her mother Cere? traversed the earth in search of her with lighted torches, stopping at those places- where two or three ways met, to invoke her name, which she did with a doleful outcry. Hence it became a custom in her sacred rites, for the matrons, on certain days, to go nhont fun st roots: and crops-ways- fillii . JfeNBIS. LIB. IV. fit Dirse ultrices, et Di morientis Elisae, 610 Accipite haec, meritumque mails advertite numen, Et nostras audite preces. Si tangere portus Infandum caput, ac terris adnare necesse est ; Et sic fata Jovis poscunt : hie terminus hoeret : At bello audacis populi vexatus et armis, Finibus extorris, complexu avulsus liili, Auxilium imploret, videatque indigna suoruni Funera : nee, cum se sub leges pacis iniqua; Tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur ; Sed cadat ante diem, mediaque inhumatus arena. 620 Hsec precor : hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. Turn vos, 6 Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum Exercete odiis : cinerique haec mittite nostro Munera : nullus amor populis, nee foedera sunto. Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor ; Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos, Nunc, olim, quocunque dabunt se tempore vires. Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas Imprecor, arma armis : pungent ipsique nepotes, 612. Si necesse est infandum caput tangere portus, ac 615 615. At vexatus bello et armis audacis populi, extorris suis finibus. avulsus complexu liili 624. Esto uullus ante 625 '"'* 628. Imprecor liter contraria litoribus, das contrarias fluctib anna conlraria armis NOTES. air with shrieks and howlings. Nocturnis triviis. The epithet nocturnis is used, be- cause the rites of Hecate were celebrated in the night, and in a place where three ways met. See 511, supra. 611. Advertite: turn a due regard to my misfortunes. Ruseus ad others understand by malis, the wicked, to wit, the Trojans. But this seems not to agree with the tenor of the subject. Ruaeus says : applicatt nu- men meritum a sceleratis hue. Heyne, on the other hand, says : advertite restrum numen (vim et potestatem) contra improbos et impioa Trojanos. Davidson renders the words: turn your divine regard to my wrongs. 613. Caput : properly, the head ; by sy- nec. the whole body here, jEneas. 614. Hceret : in the sense ofjixus sit. 615.- At bello vexatus. It was a prevailing opinion among the ancients, that the pray- ers of the dying were generally heard, and their last words prophetic. Thus Virgil makes Dido imprecate upon ^Eneas a series of misfortunes, which actually had their accomplishment in his own person, or in his posterity. After his arrival in Italy, he was engaged in a war with Turnus, a bold and warlike prince. He was torn from the embrace of his son, and as it were an exile, forced to go to Etruria, to implore the as- sistance of Evander. See ^En. viii. 80. He saw his friends slain, and lie dead before his eyes. It is said he submitted to the terms of a disadvantageous peace with king La- tinus, among which it was stipulated that the Trojans should abandon their native language, drop their appellation, and adopt Hiat. of tho J;atiis Tn the tbir/l war aftpr this treaty, in a war with the Tuscans, he was himself slain (ut plerique tradunf) by Mezentius their king, on the banks of the river Numicus, where his body was left un buried, and finally carried off by its waters. and never more seen. The Romans and Carthaginians were bitter enemies to each other : no league, no religious obligations^ could bind them in peace ; and after Han- nibal arose, he proved himself Dido's aven- ger. He entered Italy with fire and sword : the Roman armies fled before him; and Rome itself was providentially saved from his conquering arms. 617. Indigna: cruel undeserved. 620. Cadat ante diem : let him fall berbrv his time let him die an untimely death. 621. Vocem : in the sense of verba. 623. Mittite haec : present these offering to my ashes. This is said in allusion to the sacrifices that were offered to the dead. They were usually poured upon the tomb, a ul consisted of milk, wine, and blood. Exercete: in the sense ofpersequtmini. 625. Etcoriart aliquis ultor: arise some avenger from my bones. This is much more forcible, and shows more fully thr state of her mind, than if she had used the third person. Allusion is here made to Hannibal. Dardanios colonos : simply, the Trojans. Dardanios: an adj. from 1> ma, one of the founders of Troy. 627. Olim. This word signifies the fu- ture, as well as the past time : now, here- after, whenever power shall preset 628. Contraria : in the s<>n ; . 40 314 P. V1RGILU MARONIS Haec ait : et partes animum versabat in omnes, 630 Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. 632. Affata est Barcen Turn breviter Barcen nutricem affata Sichaei, Namque suam patria, aritiqua cinis ater habebat : 634. O chara nutrix, Annam, chara, mihi, nutrix, hue siste sororem : siste sororem Annam Die corpus properet fluviali sparo-ere lympha, 635 licirfprope-E t pecudes secum et monstra t a piacula ducat. Sic veniat : tuque ij>sa pia tege terapora vitta. 639. Animus est mtA^acra Jovi Stygio qua rite incepta paravi, perficere sacra rite in- "erhcere est animus, finemque imponere cuns ; eepta, quro paravi Sty- Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae. 640 ffio Jovi, imponereque Ji c ait. Ilia gradum studio celerabat anili. At trepida, et cceptis immanibus effera Dido, Sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementes 44. Interfusa quoad i nter fusa genas, et pallida rnorte futura, tjementes genas maca- T . . ,.,- li^et pallida Intenora domus irrumpit lirnma, et altos Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit Dardanium, non bos quaesitum inunus in usus. , Hie postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile Conspexit, paulum lachrymis et mente morata, Incubuitque toro, dixitque novissima verba : 65d Dulces exuviae, dum fata Deusque sinebant, Accipite hanc animara, meque his exsolvite curis. Vixi, et, quern dederat cursurn fortuna, peregi : Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago. NOTES. 635. Spargerejfturiali lympJiu : to sprinkle ing, it was called pyra ; and after it was her body with river water. It was a custom consumed, bustum : all of which are deriv- of the Greeks and Romans to wash their ed from the Gieek. * bodies before they performed sacrifice. See . 647. Munus non quatsitum : a present not JEn. ii. 719. But this was only observed in designed, or gotten for such a use for being regard to the superior gods. They sprinkled the instrument of her death. From this, themselves only, when they were to offer sa some infer that ./Eneas had made Dido this orifice to the infernal gods, as in the present present of a Trojan sword Dardanium case. ensem. But it is more probable that it was a 636. Pecudes : in the sense of victimas. present from Dido to tineas ; and that in Monstrata : in the sense ofjussa, vel desig- his hurry to be gone, he had left it with nata. some other things, in her bedchamber. 638. Stygio Jovi : Pluto. He was the Quazsitum. Ruaeus says, comparatum. brother of Jupiter, and in the division of the Heyne, ^ara/twn, acceptum, datum. world, the infernal regions fell to him by lot. 652. Curis : troubles sorrows. The epithet Slygius is added, from Slyx, a 654. Et nunc : and now my ghost (imago) Avell known fabulous river of hell. " shall descend illustrious to the shades be- 640. Permittere : to commit the funerai low. Mei : in the sense of mea, agreeing pile of the Trojan (^Eneas) to the flam ^ with imago. Capitis : by synec. for the body, or whole Turnebus thinks the epithet magna is man here, the Trojan, to wit, JEneas. used, because ghosts make their appearance 641. Studio : zeal officiousness. at night, when to the affrighted imagination 642. Immanibus : awful horrid. Effera : of the spectators, the object appears larger in the sense of ejferata. than life. But this is a very singular opi- 644. Interfusa : spotted streaked. nion. Dido is speaking in the language of 645. Irrumpit : she rushed into the inner majesty, and setting forth her illustrious npartment of the palace. It is plain that deeds. She had built a flourishing city, limen signifies any part of the house, as and laid the foundation of a powerful king- well as the threshold. The funeral pile was dom she had punished her brother for the erected in penetrali side, in the inner apart- death of her husband she had reigned in ment. See 504, supra. glory in a word, she had been happy in 646. Rogos. The funeral pile was called every instance, till the Trojan fleet visited s, before it ws set on fire : while barn- her coaet. In this situation of mind, nothing 65f> 2BNEIS. LIB. IV. Urbem praeclaram statui : mea mosnia vidi : Ulta virum, pcenas inimico a fratre recepi : Felix, heu nimium felix ! si litora tantum Nunquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae. Dixit : et, os impressa toro, moriemur inultae ! Sed moriamur, ait : sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras. Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis. Dixerat : atque illam media inter talia ferro Collapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore Spumantem, sparsasque manus. It clamor ad alta Atria : concussam bacchatur fama per urbem : Lamentis, gemituque, et fcEmineo ululatu Tecta fremunt : resonat magnis plangoribus aether. Non aliter quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis Carthago, aut antiqua Tyros ; flammaeque furentes 670 audiit /HEC, exterritaquc Culmina perque hominum volvantur perque Deorum. ^^Z'et^ Audnt exammis, trepidoque extemta cursu, ra pu gnis, ruit per mc- Unguibus ora soror fbedans et pectora pugnis, dios, et clamat morien- Per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat : tern sororem nomine Hoc illud, germana, fuit? me fraude petebas? 675 6 - M . , . ^n 6a gratior mihi, qudque magis optem demittere fessas naves, quam quse servat mihi Dardanum Acesten, et qua com- plectitur ossa paths An- 30 chisee in ejus gremio ? NOTES. 13. Quianam : in the sense of cur. 14. Qwrftte, pater Neptune, paras? This apostrophe to Neptune gives us a very lively idea of his wonder and astonishment. 15. Arma : properly signifies any kind of instruments whatever here the tackling of the ship the sails, spars and rigging of every description. Davidson confines it to the sails. But this is not necessary. It was proper that all things should be stowed away, as well as the sails reefed, that the ship might the better weather the storm. 16. Obliquat sinus : he turns the sail into the wind he brings the vessel more into the wind he lies, in nautical language, nearer the wind. 17. Auctor : the founder of our race. 18. Ccelo : in this weather. Vespere : in the sense of Occidents. 19. Transversa : an adj. neu. plu. taken as an adverb in imitation of the Greeks. 21. JVec nos sufficimus : nor are we able to proceed against it, nor so much as to hold our own to bear up against the storm to contend against it. 24. Reorjida : I think the faithful frater- nal shores of Eryx, &c. Eryx was the son of Butes and Venus, according to common report. Some say, his mother was Lycaste, a Sicilian courtezan, who, on account of her extraordinary beauty, was called Venus. Virgil, following tradition, calls him the brother of ^Eneas, both being reputed to bo the sons of Venus. His grandfather was Jlmycus, who was slain by Pollux in a con- test with the gauntlet : upon which Butes fled into Sicily, and founded a city. Eryx^ in like manner, was slain by Hercules. He gave his name to a mountain and city not far from the Prmnontorium Lilybcmm. 25. Si mod" ri'?. : if now, remembering- rightly, I measure over again the stars ob- served before. From the relative situation of those stars which he had observed upon the coast of Sicily, and from their corres- pondence with his present observations, he judges himself to be on that coast again. 27. Tendere: strove contended, 28. Viam : in the sense of cursum. Turn your course before the wind. The south- west wind was favorable for them to go to Sicily. 29. Demittere: in the sense of dirigere. 30. Acesten. What is said of the origin of Acestes, is so incorporated with fable, that little dependence can be placed upon it. The account, which Dionysius Halicarnas- sus gives, is probably the most correct. If. appears that Laomedon, king of Troy, be- ing offended at some Trojan nobleman, caused him and his sons to be put to death. Lycophron calls him Phcenodamus : but Set-- vius and Pomponins call him Hippotes. But thinking his daughters, who were three hi number, less deserving his displeasure, the king sold them to some Sicilian merchants, on condition that they should transport them to some foreign country. A person of some distinction being on board, by the name of Crinisus, Crimis-us, orCrimissus. fell in love with one of them, whose name was EL and married her. Soon aller she bore n whom Virgil calls Acestes, but others Egestet, or JEgestes. Upon the death of Laomcdon, he obtained permission of Priam to return to Troy; where he was during the siege and destruction of that city, when be con- tracted a friendship with ^Eneas. He after- ward returned to Sicily. The river Crini- sus being afterward called by his name. fave rise to tho fabulous account of Ui- irth ?. VIRGILII MARON1S Et patris Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa / 32. Ubi hcec dicta Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi Intendunt Zephyri : fertur cita gurgite classis : Et tandem laeti notae advertuntur arenae. 35. At Acestes ex ex- At procul excelso miratus vertice mentis 35 celso vertice mentis pro- Ad ventum, sociasque rates, occurrit 4cestes, fl rit nobis, horridus Iroia Cnmiso conceptum flumme mater 39. Quem Troia ma- Quern genuit. Veterum non immemor ille parentum, tcr genuit conceptum Gratatur reduces, et gaza laetus agresti 40 C 4? i Cum Un o i s n tera clara Exci P il ac fessos P ibus solatur amicis. dies fogftratrtSw pri* Post era cum primo Stellas oriente fugarat mo oriente, JEneas Clara dies ; socios in coetum litore ab omni Advocat /Eneas, tumulique ex aggere fatur : 45. Quorum genus est Dardanidae magni, genus alto a sanguine Divum, 45 Annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis ; Ex quo relliquias divinique ossa parentis 50. O Di, vos, sic vo- Condidimus terra, moestasque sacravimus aras. luiBtis. Jamque dies, ni fallor, adest ; quern semper acerbum, TeiSTSfS 8"P" honoratum, sic Di voluistis, habebo. 50 Gaetulis syrtibus, de- Hunc ego Gaetuhs agerem si syrtibus exul, prensus-ve Argolicove mari deprensus, et urbe Mycenae : 55. Nunc ultro adsu- Annua vota tamen, solemnesque ordine pompas ZS^M^**"^''*?"*". suis al.aria donis. reor haud sine numine Nunc ultro ad cmeres ipsius et ossa parentis, Divum Haud equidem sine mente, reor, sine numine Divum, NOTES. 33. Gurgite: in the sense of mari. 49. Acerbum: afflictive sorrowful. 34. Lceti : socii is understood : my joyous 50. Habebo : I shall consider. Ageretn : companions. I would obfervB, or keep. 35. Miratus: observing wondering at. 53 - Solemnes pompas. This is peculiarly Our arrival was unexpected, and a matter of P^per in this place. Pompa properly signi- wonder to him. " es a funeral or other procession ; and, exsc- a,- Tr quertr : / would perform the exsequice, or fu- 37. Homdw r in inciiffi r : rough with j a ve- ^ obg ies ^ inci } % wh ' ich waB lins and the hide of an African bear The the followm of the ^ Or p 8 /t o the grave, or word korrulus is very applicable to the dress funeral Ue e Hence ex$ v ia , cam | to rig . and equipage of a hunter, bearing his nif tfae whole funeral rites . from , , darts and javelins in his hands, and guard- f o if ow ed against the savages of the mountains. 54 ' Siruerem altaria: j wou]d cover the In which character Acestes is here repre- altars with hig own ifts< Thege sented. Libystidis : an adj. homLifystis, were milk ^ win hon and bloodi ured and that from the noun Libyt. Pliny says the tomb> r these h wag thouffht there were no bears in Africa, on account of the Umbra ^ or sha de of the deceased, fed, its great heat. But there are many good and espec ially upon the blood. Valpy sav, authorities against him. Solinus says the fit offerings . Numidian bears* excel all others in beauty 56 _ Haud ^ men( ^ ^ neas here attri . and form : which is probably the reason that buteg their arrival in gicil to the interp osi- Virgil dresses Acestes in one of their skins. tion of the d ag lf th deglgned it to af -. 39. Genuit : in the sense ot pepent. ford him a ^ opportunity of paying divine 40. Agrettigaza: with his homely fare, honors to his father. Mente: diign. Ru- Gaza is a word of Persian origin, and signi- ^ us comt/ ,; . fies any kind of sumptuous expense, either 58< J L(Ktum honorem : the joyous festival. m provision or furniture. Ms is to be con- Ruaeus interprets ^nojtm by sacrificium. nected with reduces. But it i(J plain that honorem mc i u des every 44. dggere : summitate, says Ruaeus. part of the rites and ceremonies which were 46. Annuus orbis: the annual circle (to performed upon that occasion, a swell HS the- vint. a year) is completed. offerings ov ;NEI;S. LIB. v. Adsumus ; et portus delati intramus amicos. Ergo agite. et laetum cuncti celebremus honorem : Poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quotannis Urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. Bina bounrj vobis Troja generatus Acestes .Dat numero capita in naves : adhibete Penates Et patrios epulis, et quos colit hospes Acestes. Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum Aurora extulerit, radiisque retexerit orbem, Prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis. Quique pedum cursu valet, et qui viribus audax, Aut jaculo incedit nielior, levibusve sagittis ; Seu crudo fidit pugnam committere csestu ; Cuncti adsint, meritaeque expectent praemia palmse. Ore favete, omnes, et cingite tempora ramis. Sic fatus, velat materna tempora myrto : Hoc Elymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes, Hoc puer Ascanius : sequitur quos caetera pubes. Ille e concilio multis cum millions ibat Ad tumulum, magna medius comitante caterva. Hie duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho Fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro ; Purpureosque jacit flores, ac talia fatur : Salve, sancte parens : iterum salvete, recepti 5b'. Et nos delati hut: intramus 59. Poscamus ventos 60 a b eo, atque ut velit me, urbe posita, quotannis ferre hsec sacra in temp- lis dicatis sibi 62. In singulas naves G5 67. Et qui incedit au- dax viribus 70 75 75. Hie ibat medius e concilio cum multis mil- libus ad 80 NOTES. GO. Posita urbe : a city being built that is, after they had founded a city and erected temples in it dedicated to him. 61. Acestes generatus. Acestes sprung from Troy, gives, c. Bina capita bourn : simply, two oxen. 62. tAdhibete Penates, &c. Servius is of opinion that the poet here alludes to the Roman custom called Lectisternia, or sacred banquets, prepared at the solemn games for the gods, whose images were placed on couches, and set down at the most honorable part of the table, as principal guests. 64. Si : in the sense of cum. 66. Ponam: in the sense of instituam. jEneas here institutes four kinds of games or sports a rowing match a foot race a shooting match, and a gauntlet fight ; and proposes suitable rewards for the victors in each. 67. Valet : in the sense ofprcestat. Ince- dit : in the sense of est. 69. Fidit : in the sense of audet. 70. Prozmia merita palmoz : rewards of meritorious victory or rewards worthy of victory. Palmai: in the sense of victoria, by melon. 71. Faicte omnes ore : favete ore, velfavetc linguis, was the phrase made use of by the public criers before the celebration qf solemn games or sacrifices. The import seems to be : Favor us with your religious attention - pronounce n<"> words <">f bad omen that may profane the sacred ceremonies : or, let us have the concurrence of your prayers to render the gods favorable to us : or, lastly, aid us by your applause and joyful acclama- tions. 72. Velat tempora. The poet here alludes to a practice among the Romans, of persons of every age and condition, who appeared at these solemn games, to wear a garland upon their heads. The myrtle was sacred to Venus ; hence the propriety of the expres- sion, materna myrto. 73. Maturus cevi : a Grecism. In the sense ofprovectus atate, vel annis. 77. >Hic duo rite : here in due form offer- ing, he pours on the ground, &c. Carchesia : large bowls without handles : plu. ofcarche- sium. Libans : pouring out offering. Bac- cho : for vino. Mero : pure unmixed. 80. Ilerum salvete : Ye ashes revisited in vain, and soul and shade of my father, again hail. Cineres recepti nequicquam. By these words Servius understands Anchises himself, whom ./Eneas rescued from the flames of Troy in vain ; since he lost him before his arrival in Italy. But the sense given above is easier, ^neas lost his father a year be- fore on his way to Italy ; but, meeting with a storm, he was obliged to go to Africa. Now on his return he visits his tomb, and in a manner receives him again, but in vain ; since it was not permitted that lie should take him with him to Italy. Jmmnw . 11 :&2 P. VIRGIL11 MARONte Nequicquam cineres, animaeque umbrseque paternie. 02. Non iicuit mihi Non licuit fines Italos, fataliaque arva, tecum quferere Italos ]\j ec tecum Ausonium, quicunque est, quaerere Tybrim. Dixerat hsec : adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis 85. Cum ingens lu- Septem ingens gyros, septena volumina traxit, 85 ; *P- Amplexus placide tumulum, lapsusque per aras : e 87 g cS S tergacoBrulea> Coerule8e cui ter S a notae,'maculosus et auro notffiwce7irfcSan/,et cw-Squamam incendebat fulgor : ceu nubibus arcus jus squamam fulgor Mille trahit varies adverse Sole colores. 90. Tandem ille ser- Obstupuit visu ^Eneas : ille agmine tango 90 pens longo agmine inter Tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpens. Libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius imo Successit tumulo, et depasta altaria liquit. H6c magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores : Incertus, Geniumne loci, famulumne parentis 95 Esse putet : credit quinas de more bidentes, Totque sues, totidem nigrantes terga juvencos : Vinaque fundebat pateris, animamque vocabat Anchisae magni, Manesque Acheronte remissos. Necnon et socii, qua? cuique est copia, laeti 100 Dona ferunt : onerant aras, mactantque juvencos. Ordine ahena locant alii : fusique per herbam Subjiciunt verubus prunas, et viscera torrent. Expectata dies aderat, nonamque serena Auroram Phaethontis equi jam luce vehebant. 10i> NOTES. brmque, fclonie consider these as genitives Genii appointed, some the protectors of connected with and governed by cineres. countries and cities, and others the guar- Servius explains it upon the principles of dians of particular persons, who never left. Plato and Aristotle ; who gave to man a them even after death, fourfold soul the intellectual, the sensual, 93. Vocabat. ^neas here not merely the vital, and the vegetative. To each of called upon his ghost to partake of the re- theso they assigned a shade or ghost. It is pas t he had prepared, but invoked him as a most probable the poet here, as elsewhere, god to be propitious to him, thereby deify- uses the plural for the singular, in order to i n g him. aggrandize his subject : that is, aninue for 99. Manes remissos Acheronte : the shade ornma, and umbra for umbra, in the voc. O r ghost sent back from the dead to partake sing. This is the opinion of RUJEUS and O f the banquet. Acheron : a fabulous river Heyne. O f ne n often put for hell itself: or the place 84. Adytis. The tomb of Anchises here O f the dead, as here is spoken of as a temple-a shrine. m ^ . . in ^ 87. Cm : m the sense of cujus Tar- of secu ^ m copiam qU(K J t unicuique , ga: ace. plu. governed by incendcbant, or some other verb of like import, understood. 101 - Onerant : Some copies have onerant- 88. Fulgor maeuhnis: a brightness varie- ? M - Heinsius, Pierius, and Heyne omit the gated with gold with a golden hue. In- < l ue - cmdebat : made or rendered resplendent. 103 - Viscera : by this we are to understand 91. Serpens : a part, of the verb serpo, the meat in general. agreeing with ille in the preceding line. 105. Equi Phatthontis : the horses of the 92. Libavit dapes : tasted the banquet, sun brought the ninth, c. PhcKton was the and again, c. The dapes was the oifer- son of Phcebus and Clymene. He obtained ing to the shade of Anchises, spoken of 54, from his father the management of his cha- supra. r iot for one day ; but unable to govern the 93. Depasta : fed upon just tasted. fiery steeds, he was precipitated into the Po. 94. Inslaural : in the sense of renovat. See Ovid. Met. 2. Here put for the Sun Honores : in the sense ofsacrificia. himself. The poets represented the sun as 95. Incerius-ne : uncertain whether he drawn in a chariot by four horses, whose should consider him (the serpent) to be, &c. names were Pyrms, Eous, JEthon, and Phk- The ancients had a notion that, thre were gow, all of Greek origin. J4NEI8. UB. V. Famaque iiiiitinios et clari nomen Acesta> Excierat : laeto compliant litora coatu, Visuri jEneadas, pars et certare parati. Munera principio ante oculos, circoque locantur In medio : sacri tripodes, viridesque coronae, Et palmae, pretium victoribus ; armaque, et ostro Perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta : Et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos. Prima pares ineimt gravibus certamina remis Quatuor, ex omni delectae classe, carinse. Velocem Mnestheus> agit acri remige Pristm, Mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi Ingentcmque Gyas ingenti mole Chimaeram, Urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu Impellunt : terno consurgunt ordine remi. Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen, Centauro invehitur magna ; Scyllaque Cloanthus Ccerulea, genus unde tibi, Romane Cluenti. Est procul in pelago saxum, spumantia contra Litora ; quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim Fluctibus, hyberrii condunt ubi sidera Cori : Tranquillo silet, immotaque attollitur unda Campus, et apricis static gratissima mergis. Hie viridem ./Eneas frondenti ex ilice metam Constituit, signum nautis, pater : unde reverti Scirent, et longos ubi circumflectere cursus. IUH. Pars visor i vEneadas, et pars pa- rati certare. 111. Pretium deslina- lum victoribus 110 113. Tuba canit e N me- dio aggere ludos com- missos esse. 1 15. Quatuor carinnc delect ex omni classe, pares gravibus remis 115 H7. A quo nomine oritur genus 118. Gyas agit ingen- tem Chimseram ex in- genti mole 121. Sergestusque, a 1 20 f l uo Sergia domus tenet nomen, invehitur mag- na Centauro ; Cloan- thusque invehitur cffira- lea Scylla ; unde genus cst tibi j 25 127. Silet in tranquillo ctelo, attolh'turque ex im- mota unda, tanquam campus 129. Hie pater jEneas constituit viridem me- , o tarn ex frondenti ilice, tanquam signum nautis ; unde. NOTES. 108. JEneadas : in the sense of Trojanos. 110. Sacri tripodes. The tripod was pro- perly a kind of three-footed stool or table, on which were placed the sacred bowls arid other vessels for the libation. It is called sacred on account of its various uses in the ceremonies of religion. We learn from Ho- mer that the Greeks used to make presents of tripods to their heroes and great men. 111. PalnuR. The palm was the ordina- ry prize of every conqueror at the games. Plutarch gives this reason for it ; because the palm is a fit emblem of fortitude, as it is not crushed, nor borne down by any weight ; but still maintains its growth, and rises superior to opposition. Perfu- SK: dyed, or colored. Talenta; one talent of each. 116. Agit: in the sense of regit vel gu- bernat. Acri remige : with a valiant band of rowers. 117. A quo nomine : from whose name is the family of Memmius. In order to recom- mend himself to the noble families at Rome, Virgil derives their origin from Trojans of distinction. Genus : in the sense of fami- lia, 118. Opus urbis : in the sense of instar urbis. 119. Triplici versu: with a triple row of oars. What Virgil says of the nature of these boats, is in anticipation ; but it was not necessary that he should conform ex- actly to chronological fact. The galley, it is well known, was not invented till long after, and was of various sizes. Some had two, some three, and others four banks, or rows of rowers : and, accordingly, they were called Biremis, Triremis, quadriremis. &:< Their banks of rowers were raised, sloping- ly one above another, so that those of the second bench rested their feet where those of the first were seated, &c. Remi consur- gunt terno ordine. By this we are to under- stand that the oars rose together, and, as it- were, kept time throughout the three rows. Rureus makes a distinction between versus and ordo. The first, according to him, sig- nifies the series of oars reckoned horizontal- ly from stem to stern. The ordines he makes to bc\he same oars reckoned vertically, or as they rose obliquely above one another. liJl. Domus: properly the house, by jne- ton. the family race. Genus : race family. 125. Olim: continually usually. 126. Condunt : cover over hide them in clouds. 127. Tranquillo. In calm weather this rock was visible ; but in storms it was cover- ed with waves, and resounded with the dash- ing of the waters. It rose above the qpr- face like a plane. 324 P. VIRGILII MAROMfc* 132. Ipsi ductores Turn loca sorte legunt : ipsiquc in puppibus aur longe effulgent in pup- Ductores longe effulgent ostroque decori : Soque. aUr S ~ C * tera PP U vela < ur fronde juventus, 135. Perfusa quoad Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit. nudatos humeros oleo Considunt transtris, intentaque brachia remis ; nitescit. Intend expectant signum : exultantiaque haurit Corda pavor pulsans, laudumque arrecta cupido. Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes, Haud mora, prosiluere suis : ferit rethera clamor 140 Nauticus ; adductis spumant freta yersa lacertis. Infindunt pariter sulcos : totumque dehiscit Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. Non tarn prascipites bijugo certamine campum 145. Currus non tarn Corripuere, ruuntque efifusi carcere, currus : 14 r> prsecipites corripuere p^ ec s j c immissis aurigSB undantia lora Concussere jugis, pronique in verbera pendent. Turn plausu fremituque virum, studiisque faventum Consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant Litora; pulsati colles clamore resultant. 150 151.Gyaseffugitan- Eff it ante jj pr i musque e labitur undis te ahos : pnmusque ela- , , . , ~, bitur undis inter turbam Turbam mter fremitumque Gyas : quern demde Cloan- fremitumquc. Consequitur, melior remis ; sed pondere pinus [thus NOTES. 134. Popuka fronde. Servius observes, the reason of their wearing garlands of tho poplar tree, was, that they were celebrating funeral games. Hercules, it is said, brought that tree from the infernal regions. 136. Brachia intenla remis: their arms are stretched to the oars. Ruaeus has no stop after remit, but connects it with the following words. This, however, is not so easy : and, beside, it takes from the so- lemnity of the description. The verb sunt ig understood. 138. Pulsans pavor : throbbing fear, and an eager desire of praise, draws their beat- ing hearts. This is very expressive. It raises such palpitations in their breasts, as if it would draw their hearts out of their bodies. Pulsans is a very proper epithet to pavor, beating palpitating. 139. Finibus. Finis, here, means the line, place, or bound, from which they start the mark. Sonitum: the signal. 141. Lacertis adductis. Dr. Trapp ob- serves, by this we are to understand the motions of the rowers, when, in pulling at the oar, they draw the arms close to the body. This they do, especially when they row with all their strength. 142. Infindunt pariter sulcos : they cleave furrows in the sea at the same time they start all at once. 143. JRquor convulsum : the whole sur- face of the sea convulsed, &c. Some edi- tions have stridentibus. But this violates the measure of the verse ;. the first syllable /if sfridentibus being always long. Ancient medals explain the matter ; on some of which there is plainly seen a rostrum, or beak of a ship with three teeth. Tridens, of trey and dens. 144. Prcccipiles: in the sense of celeres. Ce.rtamine : the chariot race. Bijugo signi- fies or implies that two horses were yoked or harnessed in the chariot. Macrobius ob- serves that Virgil here excels Homer. In- deed nothing can be more finely imagined, or represented more to the life. Career : the mark, or starting place ; me/a, the goal or turning place. Curry s, by meton. for equi. 146. JVec aurigCB sic : nor have the cha- rioteers so shook, &c. Jugis: the yoke, by meton. put for the horses harnessed in it. Immissis jugis : the horses flying with loos- ened reins' at full speed. 148. Studiis : in the sense of acclaim- tionibus. 149. Lilora inclusa, &c. Ruaeus observes that this is, by a figure called commutatio, for volulant inclusam vocem. Or perhaps in- clusa may be taken here in the sense of curva. 151. Primus. Davidson has primis, agree- ing with undis. He glides away on the nearest waves. Primus is however the easier, and conveys the same idea. It is the reading of Ruaeus and others. Resul- tant : echo it back. 153. Pinus : the timber of the pine tree, put by meton. for the ship or galley made of it. KNElS. LIB. V. 325 Tarda tenet. Post hos, sequo discrimine, Pristis Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem. 155 Et nunc Pristis habet ; nunc victam prseterit ingens Centaurus ; nunc una ambaB junctisque feruntur Frontibus, et longa sulcant vada salsa carina. Jamque propinquabant scopulo, metamque tenebant ; Cum princeps, medioque Gyas in gurgite victor, 160 Rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten : Quo tantum mihi dexter abis ? hue dirige cursum, Litus ama, et losvas stringat, sine, palmula cautes : Altum alii teneant. Dixit : sed ca3ca Mencetes Saxa timens, proram pelagi detorquet ad undas. Quo diversus abis ? iterum, Pete saxa, Mencete, Cum clamore Gyas revocabat : et ecce Cloanthum Respicit instantem tergo, et propiora tenentem. Hie inter navemque Gya3 scopulosque sonantes Radit iter laevum interior, subitusque priorem Praeterit ; et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis. Turn vero exarsit juveni dolor ossibus ingens, Nee lachrymis caruere gena? : segnemque Menceten, Oblitus decorisque sui sociumque salutis, In mare praecipicem puppi deturbat ab alta. 1' Ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister : Hortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet. At gravis ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est Jam senior, madidaque fluens in veste, Mencetes, Summa petit scopuli, siccaque in rupe resedit. Ilium et labentem Teucri, et risere natantem : Et salsos rlftent revomentem pectore fluctus. Hie keta extremis spes est accensa duobus, Sergesto Mnestheoque, Gyam superare morantem. iSergestus capit ante locum, scopuloque propinquat : 185 163. Et sine ut pri- mula stringat tevas 165 cautes 170 174. Oblitusquc SBJ Yftj decoris, salutisque so- cium, deturbat segnem Menceten, prsecipitem 178. At ut Mencetes senior et gravis undift 1 of) J am tandem vix reddi- tus est imo fundo ; fluensque in madida veste, petit summa sco- puli, reseditque NOTES. 154. Discrimine: in the sense of intervallo. Superare : in the sense of occupare, vel 06- linere. 156. Habet. This is the reading of Hein- sius, Heyne, Davidson, and other?. Ruaeus has abit. 157. Junctis frontibus. They moved on together head and head. Neither one gain- ing of the other. It is of the same import with (Kquatis roslris. 158. Salsa vada : the briny sea. 160. 'Princeps : in the sense of primus. Gurgite : in the sense of man. 16 1 . Rectorem: ihe helmsman steersman. 16r2. Mihi. Ruffius conjectures that mihi here is merely expletive, as in many other places. Ama litus : keep close to or hug the rock. 166. Dirersus : contrary a different way. 170. lilt radit interior, &c. In the races it was customary to keep the me/a, or goal, on Uie left hand! This will serve to explain the present case. Cloanthus on the inside (interior) and nearer the meta than Gyas. cut along the left way (iter Icevum) and sud- denly passed Gyas, who just before had been ahead of him ; pmterit Gyam modb priorem. Both in- the naval and chariot race the great art lay in turning as near the goal as possi- ble. For the nearer they kept to it, the shorter circumference they had to make, and the less distance to run. Thia was a great, advantage to be gained, but it was attended with danger. Subitus. Some copies hare sub-ito. The sense is the same with either. Hey no has wbitb, on the authority of Bw- mannus ; but observes that the other is ttye more poetical. 17-2. Jwen i the dat. in the sense of the gen. 174. Decoris: in the sense of dignilntit. 176. Rector ipse. Gyas hitherto had only acted as pilot. He now discharges the of- fice both of pilot and helmsman. 177. Litora: to the rock or goal. 178. Redditus eft : issued or rose from, with danger. 183. Accensa est: was kindled arose. 184. tivperare : in the sense of praiterirr. P. VIRGILH MARONIS 186. Nee tamen ille Nee tota tamen ille prior praeeunte carinii : .. u^paTt^/ ^ arte p' P artem r stro p remit * m la Prist * prior ; JEmula Pristis At media SOC1OS ncedens nave per ipsos premit aliam partem Hortatur Mnestheiis : Nunc, nunc insurgite remis, rostro. Hectorei socii, Trojae quos sorte suprem& 190 Delegi comites : nunc illas promite vires, Nunc animos ; quibus in Gaetulis syrtibus usi, lonioque mari, Maleaeque sequacibus undis. 194. Ego Mnestheus Non jam prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo : non peto prima /oca Quanquam 6 ! sed superent, quibus hoc, Neptune, dedisti. 196. Outinampossem Extremes pudeat rediisse : hoc vincite, cives, 100 Et prohibete nefas. Olli certamine summo Procumbunt : vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, Subtrahiturque solum : turn creber anhelitus artus Aridaque ora quatit : sudor fluit undique rivis. 200 Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem. 202. Namque dum Namque furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburget Sergestus furens animi interior, spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo : suburget proram Concuss33 cautes, et acuto in murice remi Obnixi crepuere ; illisaque prora pependit. NOTES. 187. Prior parte. The meaning is, that Sergestus was ahead, but not by the whole length of his galley ; only by a part of it. 190. Hectorei socii : my brave companions, whom I chose, &c. In order to animate them the more, he calls them Hectorei, as brave and valiant as Hector. Nothing can be more expressive. Sorte : in the sense of ruind, vel exitio. 192. Gcetulis: African. The Gatuli were a people of Africa, not far from Carthage. The word is here used as an adj. Syr lib us : see JEn. i. 111. Usi : sunt is to be supplied. 193. Ionia mari. That part of the Medi- terranean lying between Epirus, Italy, and Sicily, was called the Ionian sea. Through or over this sea ./Eneas passed with his fleet. Malea. Maleae, a promontory of the Pelo- ponnesus between the Sinus Argolicus and the Sinus Laeonicus, extending about five miles into the sea. It was dangerous sailing near it. It gave rise to the proverb, Maleam Icgens, obhviscere, qua sunt domi. The epi- thet sequacibus, given to the waves of that coast, represents them as so many fierce and devouring monsters, that pursued ships in order to overwhelm them. 195. Quanquanii 6 ! This is an instance where Virgil is eloquent even in silence. This abrupt exclamation is more expressive of the mind of Mnestheus than any words could have been, especially to those who saw the looks and gestures that would ac- company his voice. Having observed that lie did not strive with an expectation of conquering, he turns upon himself: O that I could ! but let them conquer, to whom, O Neptiuie. thou hast given that honor. 197. Nefas: disgraced-ignominy, of be- ing the last to come out. Olli: by anti- thesis for i//t, they. Procumbunt : they ply their oars with the greatest earnestness they spring upon them with all their strength. 199. Solum sublrahitur : the surface is drawn from under them. Whatever is spread under any thing as its support and founda- tion is called in Latin solum, as the sea is to a ship ; the air to a fowl on the wing. So rapidly did the galley move that the surface of the sea seemed to withdraw from under her. 201. Casus ipse : chance itself mere chance. 202. Suburget proram : while he presses the prow to the rock on the inside, &c. In- terior* between Mnestheus and the goal, taking a nearer course to it. But he had not left to himself sufficient room, and was therefore forced to run his galley upon that part of the rock which projected farther than the other points of the same rock. Ruteus reads prora in the abl. Heyne, Davidson, and Valpy, read proram. . 203. Iniquo : in the sense of angusto. 205. C'aules concusscp. : the rocks were struck. In other words, the galley received a violent shock ; for action and reaction are equal. Murice. Murex properly signifies the shell-fish, of the liquor of which, it was thought, purple color was made. Hence it is taken for the prominence of a rock, which tapers into a sharp point like the shell of that fish. 206. Crepuere : in the sense ofjracti sunt. The prow ran or slid up upon the rock, and in that elevated situation stuck fnst. LIB. V, Consurgunt nautse, et magno clamore morantur : Ferratasque sudes, et acuta cuspide contos Expediunt, fractosque legunt in gurgite remos. At laetus Mnestheus successuque acrior ipso, 216 Agmine remorum celeri, ventisque vocatis, Prona petit maria, et pelago decurrit aperto. Qualis spelunca subito commota columba, 213. Talis qualis co- Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi, lumba ; cui domus et Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis 215 l ~. . broso pumice, subito Dat tecto mgentem : mox acre lapsa quieto, coramota e spelunca, Radit iter liquidum, celeres neque commovet alas : volans fertur in arva. ; Sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis exterritaque dat ingen- ^Equora ; sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem. ? m P lausu m *ecto pea- Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 220 Sergestum, brevibusque vadis ; frustraque vocantem Auxilia, et fractis discentem currere remis. Inde Cyan, ipsamque ingenti mole Chimaeram Consequitur ; cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro est. Solus jamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus : 225 Quern petit, et summis adnixus viribus urget. Turn vero ingeminat clamor ; cunctique sequentem Instigant studiis : resonatque fragoribus aether. Hi proprium decus, et partum indignantur honorem, . ^ 9> H * indi gnantur, TVT- ooft ni teneant proprium de- Ni teneant ; vitamque volunt pro laude pacisci. 230 cus et hon orem /am par . Hos successus alit : possunt, quia posse videritur. turn; voluntque pacisci Et fors asquatis cepisseTiTprliemTa rostris ; Ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus Fudissetque preces, Divosque in vota vocasset : Di, quibus imperium est pelagi, quorum aequora curro ; Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum 236 NOTES. 207. Clamore: noise bustle confusion. 222. Discentem: w the sense of tentanieiu Morantur : are delayed stopped. 224. Cedit : she yields falls behind. 208. Sudes. This was a pole used by boat- 225. Cloanthus superest, &c. Mnestheus men, and usually prefixed with iron. Hence had gotten ahead of Sergestus and Gyas. the epithet ferratas. Heyne reads trades. and Cloanthus remained alone to contest 211. Celeri agmine: by or with the quick the prize with him. Him he pursues, and motion of the oars, Acrior: ardentaor, says presses closely, straining every nerve. The RUJEUS. prize was not to be given to him who first 212. Petit prona : he seeks the easy wa- arrived at the goal, but to him who return- tors, &c. Pronus here is easy unobstruct- ed first to the port, or place from whence ed, as appears from the words which follow, they set out. pelago decurrit aperto : he runs on the open 228. Fragoribus. Some ancient manu- sea. scripts have clamoribus, but this makes false 214. Dulces nidi: the nests are here put quantity. The other is doubtless the true for the young ones in them, by meton. Cui : reading. Studiis : huzzas acclamations. in J Se n SG , f CUJU !' ***- Hi indignaniur : these consider it a ,. Dat mgentem: the pigeon gives di ^^ ^ Hi . these mea ning the stroke to her nest (tecto) with her wings the " crew of Cloanthus. Hos, in verse 231 when she first leaves it, and commences her infra< ^ cfew of ^^heus. 217. Liquidum; in the sense of aereum. 231- ^ lit: in the sense of aniutf. 218. Ultima aquora : by this we are to 232. Et fors cepissent : they would have understand the last part of the race that gotten to the shore together ; so that it part of it which lay beyond the meta, or goal, could not have been determined who was 220. Deserit: inthesenseofprcettnt. Bre- the' victor, and both received equal prizes, ribus vadis : simply, shallows. Here the rock had not Cloanthus, &c. Fors : in th sensr on which his galley stuck- of forta sse. K VIRG1L1I MARONlJ Constituam ante aras voti reus, extaque salsos Porriciam in fluctus, et vina liquentia fundam. f Dixit : eumque imis sub fluctibus audiit omnis Nereidum Phorcique chorus, Panopeaque virgo ; 240 Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euritem Impulit. Ilia Noto citius voluchquc sagitta Ad terrain fugit, et portu se condidit alto. Turn satus Anchisa, cunctis ex more vocatis, Victorem magna praeconis voce Cloauthum 245 Declarat, viridique advelat tempora lauro : Muneraque in naves, ternos optare juvencos, 248. Dat ti optare Vinaque, et argenti magnum dat ferre talentum. rnos juvencos vina- Ip S i s praecipuos ductoribus addit honores : qiie, et ferre magnum V i c tori chlamydem auratam, quam plurima circurn talentum argenti ; qua, _, , ,- , want munera in naves. Purpura Mseandro duphci Mehboea cucurnt : 250. Victori Cloantho Intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida dat auratam Veloces jaculo cervos cursuque fatigat, Acer, anhelanti similis : quern praepes ab Ida Sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis. 255 L u bi confecti cursus, et dona peregit : a eiSre* U i//c P Tdslt S e" Nunc ' si cui virtus animus q ue in pectore prffisens, attollat'brachiaevinctis Adsit, et evinctis attollat brachia palmis. palmis Sic ait, et geminum pugnae proponit honorem ; 365 NOTES. 341. Salius implet prima ora : Salius fills whose lions are said to have been the largest, the whole assembly of the huge pit, and the and the most savage. foremost seats of the fathers, &c. Virgil 355. Laude : in the sense of virtute in here applies a verb to two nouns, though in cursu. Coronam : honor reward. Merui : strict propriety it suits only one of them. i n the sense of meruissem. Implet concessum is very proper, but implet ^ Tuli Thi yerb here has a pnma om can only be used in poetry The ^r signification : to bear down, to over- patres and principal men sat in the first or . ^ better of gome , am foremost seats ; hence the epithet prima. . H y P ailage : for tuliutm inimicamfor- The meaning appears to be this : that So- tu ^ m ^ th f g is hardl allowable . Ru i us hiu standing before, or in front of the patres k R . h * f obstitisseL or principal men, demanded the palm of victory in loud and vociferous language, 359. Artes: the workmanship of Didy- which filled the ears of the whole assembly, niaon. This is a fictitious name, signifying Prima ora patrum : in the sense of priores a skilful or ingenious workman. ordineS) quibus seniores sedebant. 360. Rejixum Danais : torn down by the 344. V"eniens : in the sense of ezislens, vel Greeks from the sacred post of Neptune's apparens. temple. Servius thinks that this was a 346. Venit ad ultima proRmia. The three buckler or shield, which Pyrrhus had taken first, by the condition of the race, were to from Neptune's temple in the sacking of have a prize. And Diores, who was next Troy ; and that after his death it fell into to Elymus, was entitled to the third or last, the hands of Helenus, who presented it to provided Salius was set aside, and Euryalus JEneas at his departure from Epirus. It allowed to have the first prize. was usual to fix up arms won from the ene- 351. Tergum : in the sense ofpellem, my on the door posts of the temples, as con- 352. Onerosum villis : heavy with shag secrated offerings to the gods. and golden claws. The fur of lions and 363. Virtus. Tliis, for the most part, sig- pther wild beasts were worn in ancient nifies military bravery, skill, and prowess, times by persons of distinction, and their These the ancients considered the most va- claws were often gilt for ornament and luable qualities and the first virtues. how. Africa was infested with lions and 364. P.almis : with his hands bound with other wild beasts of prey, especially Gcetulia, the gauntlet. LIB. V. V ictori velaturn auro vittisque juvencum ; Ensem, atque insignem galeam, solatia victo. Nee mora : continue vastis cum viribus effert Ora Dares, magnoque virum se murmure tollit : Solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra : 370 Idemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, 367. Victo enMtn at- que insignem galeam qua sint solatia ejus. Victorem Buten immani corpore, qui se Bebrycia veniens Arnyci de gente ferebat, Perculit, et fulva moribundum extendit arena. Talis prima Dares caput altum in praelia tollit Ostenditque humeros latos, alternaque jactat Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras. Qua3ritur huic alius : nee quisquam ex agmine tanto Audet adire virum, manibusque inducere caestus. Ergo alacris, cunctosque putans excedere palma, jEneae stetit ante pedes : nee plura moratus, Turn laeva taurum cornu tenet, atque ita fatur : Nate Dea, si nemo audet se credere pugnae, Quss finis standi ? quo me decet usque teneri ? Ducere dona jube. Cuncti simul ore fremebant Dardanidag, reddique viro promissa jubebant. Hie gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes, Proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbse : Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frustra, 371. Idemque Darts ad tumulum, quo maxi- mus Hector occubat, perculit victorem Buten immani corpore, qui fe- ** * rebat se, utpote veniens de Bebrycia gente Amy- ci, et extendit cum mori- bundum in flava arena, 380 384. Quousque decet 385 me teneri 386. Promissa prcemia reddi NOTES. 366. Velalum auro vittisque : ornamented with gold and fillets simply, golden fillets, by hendiadis. It was customary to adorn the oxen with fillets, and gild their horns, both when they were designed for sacrifice, and alo when they were to be given away as rewards of merit. 370. Paridem. Paris, the son of Priam, though dissolute and effeminate in his morals, was naturally strong and valiant, as appears from Homer, and always behaved himself well in arms. He is said to have been su- perior to Hector in the gauntlet fight. Mur- mur e : applause shouts of applause. 371. Quo maximus Hector. It is said, upon the death of Hector there was a truce of two months between the Greeks and Trojans, during which games were celebrat- ed by the latter at Hector's tomb on the promontory of Sigeum ; where Dares distin- guished himself. 372. Buten perculit : he smote victorious Butes, of huge body, who boasted that he sprung from the Bebrycian race of Amycus, &c. The Butes here mentioned was not the son of Amycus and father of Eryx, for he must have been dead lonof before; but of another of the same name, who lived in the time of .the Trojan wars, and ooasted to be of tho same race as the olia-r. 373. Bebryria. This was the original name of Bylhinia, a province of Asia Minor. Here Amycus reigned. He is said to have received no person into his dominions, only on the condition that they would try the gauntlet with him. He was at last van- quished and slain by Pollux, one of the Ar- gonauts. 379. Audet adire virum : dares engage the man, and draw the gauntlets on his hands. It is not easy to say what was the exact na- ture of the csestus. Some take it to be a kind of club or bludgeon, with lead at the end. It is more probable, however, it was a sort of leathern guard for the hands and arms, composed of thongs, and filled with lead to add force and weight to the blow. It was bound about the hands and arms, as high as the elbows, both as a guard, and to keep them from slipping off. This explains evinctis palmis, 364, supra. To this, the account which Virgil here gives of the weapon best agrees. The word ca&stus most probably is derived from the word cccdo. The gauntlet fight was so cruel and bloody that the celebrated Lycur- gus made a law forbidding the Spartans to practise it. 380. Excedere palma : to decline or leave the prize to depart from it. 381. Plura moratus. lUiii u^ says, rfiu/tw* tardans. Plura here, property an adj. neu. plu. is taken adverbially in imitation of the Greeks. 384. Standi: in the sense of expectandt. 385. Fremebant ore . they all expressed approbation with their mouth*. 334 P. VIRG1L1I MARONIS 390. Tam-nc patiens Tantane tarn patiens nullo certamine tolli 390 sines i tanta dona tolli j) ona sineg ? ub j nunc nobis j) eus ^ ma gister Eryx, ille Deu^nobls, Nequicquam memoratus, Eryx ? ubi fama per omnem nequicquam memoratus Trinacriam, et spolia ilia tuis pendentia tectis ? tuus magister? Ubi eat Hie sub haec : Non laudis amor, nee gloria cessit tua fama inelyta Pulsa meta : sed enim gclidus tardante senecta 396 Sanguis hebet, frigentque effcetae in corpore vires. 397. Si, si nunc ilia Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat, quaque improbus iste juventa foret mihi qu Exultat fidens, si nunc foret ilia juventa ; Haud equidem pretio inductus pulchroque juvenco Venissem : nee dona moror. Sic deinde locutus, 400 In medium geminos irnmani pondere caestus Projecit : quibus acer Eryx in praelia suetus Ferre manum, duroque intendere brachia tergo. 404. Animi spectato- Obstupuere animi : tantorum ingentia septem rtimobstupuere: septem Te boum p i umbo msuto f er roque rigebant. 405 mgentia terga tantorum . \ * boum rigebant piumbo Ante omnes stupet ipse Dares, longeque recusat : ferroque insuto. Magnanimusque Anchisiades, et pondus, et ipsa Hue illuc vinclorum immensa volumina versat. Turn senior tales referebat pectore voces : Quid si quis ccestus ipsius et Herculis arma 410 Vidisset, tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam ? 413. Cernis ta adhuc Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat. infecta Sanguine cernis adhuc fractoque infecta cerebro. 414. Ego suetus sum His magnum Alciden contra stetit : his ego suetus, fiof "angutdataT v"es Dum meli r vires S %" is dabat > mula necdum 415 mihi, necdum s>mula Temponbus gemims canebat sparsa senectus. senectus sparsa canebat Sed, si nostra Dares haec Troius arma recusat, NOTES. 394. Sub: in the sense of ad. Inquit, or the gauntlet. If the victory fell to Eryx T a. verb of the same import, is understood, he was to have the oxen ; and if he were van- JVbn: in the sense of nee. quished, the island of Sicily was to fall to 395. Enim : in the sense of equidem. He- Hercules. Some say one of the oxen passed bet : is chilled. Tardante : enfeebling old over into Sicily and was taken by Eryx, age. who refused to give it up, which occasioned 396. Frigent : fail. In the sense oftorpent. the combat. 400. Moror: value regard. Prtzmium 412. Tuus germanus Eryx : your brother nan euro, says Heyne. Eryx. See verse 24, supra. 403. Tergo : properly the back ; by melon. 413. Fracto. This is the reading of Heyne, the hide or skin. Ferre manum in prcdia : on the authority of Heinsius, Burmannus, to engage in fight ; a phrase. Intendere : and others, as he informs us. The common in the sense ofcingere. reading is spa.no. The sense is the same 406. Longe : in the sense of valde vel vehe- with either. menter. Recusat : declines the fight. 414. bidden : Hercules, who, though the 407. Anchisiades : the son of Anchises reputed son of Jupiter and Alcmene, was JEneas. A patronymic noun. also called Amphitryoniades, from Amphitryo, 408. Vinclorum : by syn. for vinculorum : the husband of Alcmene ; and Abides, from the cautus or gauntlets with which their Alc(Kus the father of Amphitryo. See ^n. hands and arms were bound. vi. 801. 409. Senior: namely, Entellus. 415. JEmula senectus: envious age, not 411. Tristem pugram. The fight is called yet spread over my temples, &c. The tristem, sad or woful ; because Eryx was meaning is : while old age had not yet co- slain. The occasion of the combat is said vered his head with gray hairs. Some say, to have been this : Hercules having slain old age is here called (cEWw/a) envious, be- Geryon, king of Spain, was returning with cause it is apt to envy the strength and vigor his booty, which was a herd of fine oxen, of youth, and emulate their feats in vain. In his way having visited Sicily, he receiv- But it may be called envious on account of ed a challenge from Eryx to fight him with the many evils and infirmities which it J3NEIS. LIB. \. 335 Idque pio sedet JSnese, probat auctor Acestes ; jEquemtis pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto ; Solve metus : et tu Trojanos exue caestus. 420 Hsec fatus, duplicem ex humeris dejecit amictum : Et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa, lacertosque Exuit ; atque ingens media consistit arena. Turn satus Anchisa caestus pater extulit aequos, 424. Turn pater Juntas Et paribus palmas amborum inriexuit armis. 425 satus Anchisa extulit Constitit in digitos extemplo arrectus uterque, Brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras. Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu : Immiscentque manus nianibus, pugnamque lacessunt. Ille, pedum melior motu, fretusque juventa ; 430 Hie, membris et mole valens : sed tarda trementi Genua labant : vastos quatit aBger anhelitus artus. Multa viri nequicquam inter se vulnera jactant ; Multa cavo lateri ingeminant ; et pectore vastos Dant sonitus : erratque aures et tempora circum Crebra manus : duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem : Corpore tela modd atque oculis vigilantibus exit. Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbem, Aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis ; Nunc hos, nunc illos aditus, omnemque pererrat Arte locum, et variis assultibus irritus urget. Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus, et alte Extulit : ille ictum venientem a vertice velox Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit. Entellus vires in ventum effuditj et ultro Ipse gravis, graviterque ad terram pondere vasto Concidit : ut quondam caya concidit aut Erymantho, concidit aut 435 439. Hie, velut qui 44Q oppugnat molibus cel- sam urbem, aut sedet sub armis circum mon- tana castella, nunc per- errat hos, nunc illos aditus, omnemque lo- 445 cum arte. 448. Ut quondam cava pinus eruta radicibus, NOTES. brings along with it, and the little comfort it yields, as if it envied man the enjoyment of life. JEmula . in the sense of invida. 418. Sedet : in the sense of placet vel pro- batur. Auctor : the author or adviser of the combat. 419. Terga: the gauntlets of Eryx. 423. Exuit : in the sense of nudavit. 423. Innexuit : bound the hands, &c. 426. In digitos : upon their toes. Each stood tiptoe that the blow might fall with the more force. 430. /#, melior motu : the former (Dares) iamore active in the movements of his feet, and relying upon his youth ; the latter (En- tellus) excelling, &c. 431. Membris et mole: simply, the size of his limbs, by hend. 432. Tarda janua labant : his feeble knees totter under him trembling. Hard breath- ing, &c. 433. Nequicquam : in vain, because tlioy were without effect. Vulnera : in the sense of ictus. 434. Ingeminant : they repeat. 435. Errat: moves, or passes around, &c. 437. Gravis : in the sense ofjirmus. 438. Modo exit : he only with his body and watchful eyes avoids the blows. Exit : in the sense of cvitat vel eludit. Tela : for ictus. 439. Molibus : with batteries : engines. 441. Pererrat : in the sense of exquirit. 442. Irritus: being foiled disappointed baffled. 445. Elapsus cessit : simply for elabitur. 447. Etipse gravis, graviterque: and hea- vy he fell heavily to the ground with his vast weight. The graviterque appears to be merely expletive. The sense is complete without it. Entellus had raised himself with the intention of giving a heavier blow to Dares, who, having observed it, slipt from the stroke. By these means his own na- tural weight, and the impetus he gave to himself, brought him to the ground. Or the gravis may refer to his unwieldy size and bulk, while the grotrcfer refers to the violence of the shock he gave himself in missing the blow aimed at Dares. But this is rather a refinement. 448. Enjmantto : Erymanthus was a fa- P. VIRGILII MARONIS h ud a Aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus. 450. Diversis studiis Consurgunt siudiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes : It clamor coelo : primusque accurrit Acestes, ./Equaevumque ab humo miserans attollit amicum. At non tardatus casu, neque territus heros : Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira : Turn pudor incendit vires, et conscia virtus : Praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore toto ; Nunc dextra ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra. Nee mora, nee requies : quam multa grandine nimbi Culminibus crepitant ; sic densis ictibus heros Creber utraque manu pulsat versatque Dareta. Tum pater ^ neas ' procedere longius iras, Et saevire animis Entellum hand passus acerbis Sed finem imposuit pugnae ; fessumque Dareta Eripuit, mulcens dictis, ac talia tatur : . Infelix ! quce tanta animum dementia cepit ! Non vires alias, conversaque numina sentis ? Cede Deo. Dixitque, et prselia voce diremit. 468. Ast fidi aquales Ast ilium fidi aequales, genua aegra trahentem, ducunt ilium ad naves, J ctantemque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem trahenteraque gra ge- Q re e j ectantem m i x tosque in sanguine dentes, 470 Ducunt ad naves : galeamque ensemque vocati Accipiunt : palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt. Hie victor, superans animis, tauroque superbus, Nate Dea, vosque haec, inquit, cognoscite, Teucriy Et mihi quae fuerint juvenili in corpore vires, 475 476. Et a qua morte Et qua servetis revocatum a morte Dareta. servetis Dixit : et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci, 480. Arduusque, dex- Q u j donum adstabat pugnae : durosque reducta tra reducta, hbravit Lftravit dextra media inter cornua casstus duros caestus inter me- . ,_ * dia cornua, illisitque eos Arduus, effractoque ilhsit in ossa cere r<>. mossa,cerebroeifracto,Sternitur 5 exanimisque tremens procumbit humi, bos. 450 455 460 465 NOTES. mous wood and mountain in Arcadia, where Hercules slew the celebrated boar. 453. At heros non tardatus : but the hero not disabled, nor terrified by the fall, &c. By the rules of the combat, if one fell, the other was not to take the advantage of it, but allow him time to rise and return to the fight. 459. Sic: in the sense of tarn, correspond- ing with quam in the preceding line. Mm- bi : storms. 463. Eripuit fessum Dareta: he rescued in the issue of the combat, with judgment, and with an improvement of the moral. He gives his readers the pleasure of seeing an arrogant boaster humbled by an infirm Old man, roused by his courage to engage in an unequal contest. Whereas in Homer, the younger and the stronger vanquishes the more feeble, which contributes nothing to the surprise or pleasure of the reader. 466. JVon sentis alias vires : do you not perceive other strength, and the gods to be charged ? Alias vires : other or foreign strength that which you did not expect to be exerted against you, and therefore it is in vain to contend. Cede Deo. By the god here mentioned we are to understand the one by whom Entellus was aided ; perhaps Eryx. whom the Sicilians had deified. 470. Ejectantem : some copies have re- jectanlem. Pierius prefers this. Heyne reads ejectantem; so also Heinsius and Davidson. 473. Supmn , : in the sense of *.. 476 - Revocatum : rescued freed- vered. 478 - Donum : in the sense of pram 481. Sternitur: the ox falls, and trembling, &c. This verse Servius thinks a very bad one, because it ends with a monosyllable. Mr. Davidson thinks it is to be admired for that very reason. This abrupt ending of the verse, says he, is like a rub in a person's LIB. V. Ille super tales effudit pectore voces : 482. Super bove Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis Persolvo : hie victor caestas artemque repono. Protinus ^Eneas celeri certare sagitta 485 Invitat, qui forte velint, et praemia ponit : Ingentique manu malum de nave Seresti Erigit ; et volucrem trajecto in fune columbam, Quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto. Convenere viri : dejectamque aerea sortem 490 Accepit galea : et primus clamore secundo Hyrtacidae ante omnes exit locus Hippocoontis : Quern modo navali Mnestheus certamine victor Consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva. Tertius Eurytion, tuus, 6 clarissime, frater, Pandare : qui quondam, jussus confundere foedus, In medios telum torsisti primus Achivos. Extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes, Ausus et ipse manu juvenum tentare laborem. Turn validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus, 500 Pro se quisque, viri, et depromunt tela pharetris : Primaque per ccelum nervo stridente sagitta Hyrtacidse juvenis volucres diverberat auras, Et venit, adversique infigitur arbore mali. Intremuit malus, timuitque exterrita pennis 505 Ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnia plausu. Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu 337 488. Et suspendit ab alto malo volucrem co- lumbam 492. Locus Hippocoou- tis Hyrtacidae exit pri- mus ante omnes 495 495. Eurytion erfter- tius, tuus 501. Turn viri, quis- que pro se, incurvant flexos arcus 506. Omnia loca NOTES. way ; it forces him to stop and dwell upon the object with attention. 483. Meliorem: either, because brute vic- tims were more acceptable to the gods than human victims ; or it alludes to the second victims, which, when the first escaped, were substituted in their room, and were called meliores, better, Jlnimam : in the sense of victimam. 484, Repono, &c. This is an allusion to the gladiators in after times, who, when their age exempted them from practising the art, hung up the arms of their profession on the doorposts of the temple of Hercules. Persolvo : in the sense of immolo. 487. Ingentique manu : ./Eneas may not do it with his own hand ; for men are often said to do what they order to be done by others. Heyne says, magna multitudine. 488. In fune trajecto: by a rope put through the mast ; trajecto per malum. Volucrem : fluttering. Ferrum : for sagittam. 491. JErea galea accepit, &c. In war, and among soldiers, a helmet supplied the place of an urn to receive the lots. 492. Hippocoonlis. Hippocoon, the son of Hyrtacus. Homer says he was cousin to Rhesus, who was slain by Ulysses and Dio- mede in the first night after his arrival on the Trojan shore. See $Jn. i. 469. Lorns : in 496. Pandare. Pandarus was the son of Lycaon. Homer makes him to have broken the truce (confundere fozdus) between the Greeks and Trojans, when they had agreed to put the decision of the war upon the is- sue of a single combat between Paris and Menelaus. Paris was rescued by Venus, when he was nearly overcome. Juno, un- willing that the disaster of Troy should so soon be terminated, urged Jupiter to bring about a violation of the truce. He employ- ed Minerva as his agent in the business. 13y her persuasion, Pandarus shot an arrow among the Greeks at Menelaus, which re- kindled the war. The epithet clarissime^ is given to him as being a distinguished arch- er. Homer equals him to Apollo. Ho \vas at last killed by Diomede. 498. Acestes subsedit. Acestos remained the last in the bottom of the helmet : that is, the lot of Acestes. 501. Tela : in the sense of sagitlce. 502. Sagitta juvenis Hyrtacidce : the ar- row of the youth Hippocoon first, &c. Stri- dente nervo : from the whizzing string. 503. f'olucres auras : the light air. 504. Arbore malt : in the wood of the mast. 505. Timuit : fluttered with her wings expressed signs of fear. 506. Ingenti plausu: with loud acclamations of the MS l\ VIRGIL1I MARONte Alta petens, pariterque oculos telumque tetendit ; Ast ipsam miserandus avem coritingere ferro Non valuit : nodos et vincula linea rupit, 510 Queis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto. Ilia Notos atque atra volans in nubila fugit. Turn rapidus jamdudum arcu contenta pa'rato Tela tenens, fratrem Eurytion in vota vocavit : .iU. Jam speculates Jain vacuo Icetam ccelo speculatus, et alis 51 < olumbam Iffitam in va- Plaudentem nigr figit sub nube columbam. ouo coelo, et plauden- Decidit exanimis, vitamque reliquit in astris m alis, figit earn si > Agriig) fixamque refert delapsa sagittam. Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes : Qui tamen oethereas telum contorsit in auras, 520 Ostentans artem pariter arcumque sonantem. Hie oculis subito objicitur magnoque futurum cf23. Ingens exitus Augurio monstrum : docuit post exitus ingens, docuit hoc post Seraque terrifici cecinerunt omina vates. Namque volans liquidis in nubibus arsit arundo. 525 Signavitque viam flammis, tenuesque recessit .1:27. Con saepc sidera Consumpta in ventos : ccelo ceu saepe refixa refixa e ccelo transcur- T ranscurrunt crinemque volantia sidera ducunt. runt, volant laque . . . a Attonitis baesere am mis, Superosque precati Trinacrii Teucrique viri : nee maximus omen 530 Abnuit jEneas : sed Isetum amplexus Acesten Muneribus cumulat magnis, ac talia fatur : NOTES. olU. JYodos f.t linea vincula rupit : lie cut the ordinary course of events. It is front the knots, and the hempen cords, with which, monstro ; because prodigies were thought to being tied by the foot, &c. Mr. Pope, in be sent from heaven to signify some remark- comparing the games of Homer and Virgil, able future event. This one presaged the owns that Virgil has outdone his master by burning of the fleet of ^Eneas. Subito. This the addition of two circumstances that make is the common reading. Heyne, after Hein- a beautiful gradation. In Homir, the first sius, reads subilum, archer cuts the string that held the bird, and 534. Cecinerunt : they interpreted the the other shoots him as he is mounting. In omens late. Virgil, the first only hits the mark, the se- Servius explains sera by grama, others by cond cuts the string, the third shoots him, f u f ura , and Cerdanus by tarda. The com- and the fourth, to show the strength of his mon acceptation of the word is the easiest, arm, directs his arrow up to heaven, where implying that the soothsayers could make ft kindles into a flame, and makes a pro- nothing of tho omen, till the event took digy. place ; and then, when it was too late to 512. Fugit in notos : Nolusia properly the avcr t it, and the ships on fire, they agreed south wind. Sometimes it is put for any that this must have been the thing signified wind. Here it seems to be used for the air D v the prodigy. simply ; wind being only air put in motion. ^ Crincm . a trainof light . In nubes ac codum evolavit, says Heyne. 513. Turn rapidus Eurytion: then intre- 529. Hasere attonilis : they stood i pid Eurytion, a long time holding the arrow astonished minds. Ruffius says : steteruni extended on his ready bow, c. Servius stupefacti ammo. says that Pandarus was worshipped as a 531. JEneas abnuit : nor did great ^Eneas hero among the Lycians. This explains reject the omen; but embracing joyful Aces- the conduct of Eurytion in invoking him, tes, &c. He accepted it, considering it to be in this critical moment, to direct his arrow. propitious or favorable to him. He was 520. Contorsit : the reading of Heyne is probably led to this from its resemblance to contendit. . that which shone from the head of Ascanius* 523. Monstrum : here a prodigy, and his son. See JEn. ii. 680. It appears from about to be of great import, is suddenly this that the soothsayers had not yet inter- presented to our eyes. Monstrum signifies preted the omen ; otherwise ^Eneas nny thini? that is, or happens, contrary to not ham rocou-ori it. with jnv .KiYEIS. LIH. v. Surne, pater ; nam te voluit rex magnus Olympi 533. Sumc Talibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honorem. ter Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc munus habebis : 535 Cratera impressum signis, quern Thracius olim Anchisae genitori, in magno munere, Cisseus Ferre sui dederat monurnentum et pignus amoris. Sic fatus, cingit viridanti tempora lauro, Et primum ante omnes victorem appellat Acesten. Nee bonus Eurytiori praelato invidit honori, Quamvis solus avem coelo dejecit ab alto. Proximus ingreditur donis, qui vincula rupit : Extremus, volucri qui fixit arundine malurn. At pater ^Eneas, nondum certamine misso, Custodem ad sese comitemque impubis liili Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem : Vade, age, et, Ascanio, si jam puerile paratum Agmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum, Ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis, Die, ait. Ipse omriem longo decedere circo Inmsum populum, et campos jubet esse patentes. Ineedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum Fraenatis lucent in equis : quos omnis euntes Trinacriae mirata fremit Trojaeque juventus. 555 Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona : Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro, Pars leves humero pharetras : it pectore summo Flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri. 536. Qucni Thracius Cisseus olim dederat 540 Anchisee genitori ferro in magno munere, quasi, monumentum ct pignus sui amoris. 544. lilt ingreditur extremus, qui fixit ^4^ 545. At pater ^Eneas, certamine nondum mis;- so, vocat Epytiden afl sese 548. Vade, age, ait, et die Ascanio, si jam 550 habet puerile agmen pa- ratum secum, instruxit - que cursus equorum, v? ducat turmas avo, et 556. Coma pressa tst omnibus tonsa corona in morem. 558. Pars fert pharetras humero. NOTES. 534. Exsortem: compounded of ex and sors. An allusion is here had to a custom among the Greeks, who used, before the booty was divided among the soldiers, to give those who had distinguished them- selves, some of the choicest articles, not by lot, but as they judged meet and right. By exsortem honorem, we are, therefore, to un- derstand the first or choicest honor. David- son renders it, an honor out of course. Heyne reads, exsortem honores, referring the exsur- tem to the pron. te. Valpy reads the same. Ruaeus says, extraordinarium honorem. The common reading is, exsorlem honorem. Talibus auspiciis : by such signs, tokens, or omens. 536. Signis : in the sense afjiguris. 537. Cisseus. He was king of Thrace, and the father of Hecuba, the first wife of Priam. 541. Pmlato. Heyne takes this in the sense of prarepto. He does not envy the honor taken from him, and given to Ar But pr(f.lato may retain its usual significa- tion, if we give the passage this gloss : he does not envy the honor to Acestes prefer- red before him. This is the sense of Mark- land. 543. Ingredihir: he enters next for thr prizes, who. &>. Both hisreflitvr* and dit are military terms, and imply stateliness, and an air of dignity and pride. 546. Custodem : either the guardian of his education, or his tutor in the military art. 547. Epytiden : a patronymic noun ; the son of Epytus, the herald of Anchises. Hi* name was Ptriphas,or Periphanies. 549. Agmen : troop battalion. Instrux- it cursus : hath arranged the movements-, march, &c. 551. Circo: ring course. Infusum: in the sense ofdiff'usum, vel sparsum. 553. Pueri incedunt : the boys march for- ward, and shine equally, &c. This game, commonly known by the name of lusus TrujcF. is wholly of the poet's invention. He had no hint of it from Homer. He sub- stituted this in room of three in Homer, (viz.) the wrestling, the single commit, and thr Hisrns .-/and it is worth them all. Virgil addod this ^;un<> to please Augustus, who, at that tinu . the same. 554. Fremit : in the sense of plaudit, vcl lentdat. 556. T\>nsa corona. This crown consist- ed of green boughs, bent into a circular form, resembling a crown. It was probably placed upon their helmets. 559. Flexilis circulus obtorti auri. This is a rirnimlorution to express a snide n rhmn 34W P. VIRGILII MARONIS 560 565 570 Tres equitum numero turmae, ternique vagantur Ductores : pueri bis seni quemque secuti, Agmine partito fulgent, paribusque magistris. 563. Est una acies ju- Una acies juvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem venum quam ovantem tf omen av i re ferens Priamus, tua clara, Polite, Progenies, auctura Italos : quern Thracius albis 566. Vestigia primi Portal equus bicolor maculis : vestigia primi pedis sunt Alba pedis, frontemque ostentans arduus albam. 568. Alter dux est Alter Atys, genus unde Atti duxere Latini ; Parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus liilo. 570. Extremus dux Extremus, formaque ante omnes pulcher, lulus est Iiilus, pulcher ante SJdonio est invectus equo ; quern Candida Dido omnes forma, invectus . , , Sidonio equo ^sse SU1 dederat monumentum et pignus amons. Cactera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestse Fertur equis. Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes 575 Dardanidae ; veterumque agnoscunt ora parenturn. Postquam omnem laeti consessum oculosque suoruin Lustravere in equis : signum clamore paratis Epytides longe dedit, insonuitque flagello. Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni 580 Diductis solvere choris ; rursusque vocati 582. Infesta tela inse Convertere vias, infestaque tela tulere. mvicem. Inde alios ineunt cursus, aliosque recursus. 578. Ittis paratis NOTES. It goes over the neck, down to the upper part of the breast. 560. Vagantur : march along. Oberrant, says RUJEUS. 562. Magistris : in the sensT of ducibus. 564. Polite. Polites was the son of Priam, and slain by Pyrrhus in the presence of his father. See JEn. ii. 526. He is said, how- ever, to have accompanied ./Eneas into Italy, and to have founded the city Politorium, which was afterward destroyed by Ancus, a king of the Romans. Virgil seems' to at- tribute the building of the city to his son here mentioned. Auctura Italos : either to increase the Italians by founding a city, or by confering honor and dignity upon them. 566. Vestigia: the fetlocks of his fore feet. Cerdanus explains this of his right foot alone. But vestigia is herp evidently used out of its ordinary sense. 568. Unde genus: whence > e Latin Al- ii, &c. Virgil mentions this in compliment to his prince, whose mother's name was At- tia. Attius Balbus married Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar, and had by her a daugh- ter, who married Octavius, the father of Augustus. The poet signalizes lulus, ami Atys, the founders of Ms prince's family, both on his father's and mother's side : and by making so close a friendship to subsist between the two, he alludes to the affinity between the Julian and Attian families, now united in the person of Augustus. Some say, however, that he was the son of Julia, ifop sister of Caesar, and his lawful heir. 576. Dardanida excipiunt : the Trojans with applause receive them, anxious and solicitous for praise and victory ; and, be- holding them, they rejoice, and know the features of their aged parents. They trace the resemblance between the children and parents, and know the former by the latter. For pavidos, RUJEUS says, solicitos de gloria. 577, Pottquam lati: after they joyous went round the whole assembly, and the eyes of their parents, &c. The oculos suo- rum, if duly considered, will appear very beautiful and emphatic. They made the circuit of the spectators', and their parents' eyes ; as much as to say, their parents were all eyes, and all attention to their motions, and whole deportment. 580. Pares. This may imply that they moved or marched abreast head and head : in the sense of pariter. Or it may mean that they marched in a double file, that is. two abreast. This is the sense given to pares, by Davidson. Term: some copies have tennis * which makes the sense easier. The meaning of the passage is : after they had marched round the company in order to be reviewed, upon a signal given, they (the three leaders, ferni) divided (solvere) the troops into three separate companies, (di- ductis choris) and marched over the plain, each company performing its exercises on different grounds. 581. Choris: in the sense of turmis. 583. Cursus : a going forward advance. Jlecursus; a retreat a ffoing backward. . Liti. V. Advcrsis spatiis ; alternosque orbibus orbes Impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis. 585 Et nunc terga tug& nudant, nunc spicula vertunt Infensi, facta paruer nunc ( >ace feruntur. Ut quondam Creta lertur Labyrinthus in alta Parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque Mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi 590 Falleret indeprensus et irremeabilis error. Haud aliter Teucrum nati vestigia cursu Impediunt, texuntque fugas et praslia ludo : Delphinum similes, qui per maria bumida nando , . r ., , j 597. Ascanms primus Carpathium Libycumque secant, luduntque per undas. rettu ii t nunc mor em Hunc morem cursus, atque haec certamina primus 596 cursus, atque hsec cer- 586. Nunc quasi in- fensi vertunt spicula in se invicem 588. Ut Labyrinthus in alta Creta fertur quondam habuisse iter textum csecis parietibus, do In tuque ancipitem mille viis, qua Ascanius, longam muris cum cingeret Albam, Rettuiit, et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos ; Quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes : Albani docuere suos : hinc maxima porro Accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem : Trojaque nunc pueri, Trojanum dicitur agrnen. Hac cclebrata tenus sancto certamina patri. Hie primurn fortuna fidem mutata novavit. Dum variis tumulo referunt solemnia ludis, Irirn de cceio misit Saturnia Juno Iliacam ad classem : ventosque aspirat eunti, Multa movens, necdum antiquum saturata dolorem. ilia viam celerans per mille coloribus arcum. tainina, cum 599. Quo modo puer ipse celebravit ea, quo modo Troia pubes se- 600 C um ; eodem modo Alba- ni docuere suos posteros : hinc porro maxima Ro- ma accepit -602. Nuucque pueri et Trojanum agrnen di- 605 citur Troja 603. Hactenus certa- mina cclebrata sunf sancto patri 609. Dla virgo Iri* celerans viam NOTES. *3lios appears to be merely expletive in both places. Intunt : they advance and retreat from opposite grounds, or in front of each other. 584. Alternos orbes : alternate circles, or circles in turn, one after another. Heyne reads alternis, agreeing with orbibus. Impe- diunt : in the sense of implicant vel miscent. Cient : in the sense of exhibent. 587. Feruntur : in the sense of incedunt. 589. Cttcis : obscure dark, dnripitem dolum : a maze, intricate, and perplexed by a thousand passages. The Labyrinth was an edifice full of cells, which communicated with one another ; and was perplexed with winding avenues, disposed in such manner as to lead backward and forward in a maze ; and so bewildered those who entered it, that they could not trace their way out. The original one was in Egypt, carried on at the expense of many kings, and at last finished by Psammetichus. After this model, Deedalus built one in Crete, but much smaller, in which the Minotaur was confined. 590. Qua signa sequendi : where error un- discoverable, and inextricable, deceived the signs of going forward. The nature of the labyrinth was to perplex and bewilder the visitant, while he discovered, or knew noth- ing of it ; and when he supposed he was coming out, to carry him backward. 594. Similes delphinwn: like dolphins. Similes has sometimes the genitive after it ; but most commonly the dative. 595. Carpathium: an adj. That part of the Mediterranean between Crete and the island of Rhodes, was called the Carpathian sea, from the island Carpatlius. Libycutn : an adj. from Libya, a part of Africa lying' over against Crete. Mart is understood. 595. Hunc morem eursiis. Heyne reads. hunc morem, hos cursus. 604. Mutata novavit : simply for mutavit. says Heyne. Fortune is here represented as a friend, on whom jEneas had depended for favor and protection. She now changes sides, I.'. ;(!' < her faith, and becomes treach- erous, li'tferunt : they pay perform. 606. Iri misit. Servius observes, that as Mercniv is mostly sent on messages of peace, so Ins is generally sent on nu->- of mischief and contention. She is ehu'lly employed by Juno, but sometimes carries messages for the other deities. 607. dspirat rehtos : Ru8eussays,ad/iu'fl earn euntem ventis. 608. Morem rnulta : revolving much mis- chief in her mind plotting, &c. Saturata may be taken as a Grecism. Here is an allusion to the decision of Paris. See ^En, i.4. P. VIRGILII MARONIS Nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo. 610 611. Concursum ad Conspicit ingeritem concursum ; et litora lustrat, ludos vd certamina. Desertosque videt portus, classemque relictam. At procul in sola secret* Troades acta Amissum Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque proiundum 615. Heu ! tot vada p ontum aspectabant flentes : heu, tot vada lessis, 615 B !T "Si-FEE Et tantum superesse maris ! vox omnibus una. OSS6 TIOOI'S ICSrslS CTuf __ . . . una vox omnibus. Urbem orant : taedet pelagi perferre laborem. 618. Ergo Iris baud Ergo inter medias sese baud ignara nocendi ignara artis nocendi Conjicit, et faciemque Deae vestemque reponit. Fit Beroe, Ismarii conjux longaBva Dorycli, 620 Cui genus, et quondam nomen, natique fuissent. Ac sic Dardanidum mediam se matribus iniert : 623. O miseree vos, in- O miserse, quas non manus, inquit, Achaica bello quit, quas Achaica ma- Traxerit ad letum, patriae sub mcenibus ! 6 gens n0a l " *" lnfelix ! cui te exitio fortuna reservat ? 625 Septima post Trojae excidium jam vertitur sestas ; Cum freta, cum terras omnes, tot inhospita saxa, Sideraque emensae ferimur ; dum per mare magnum Italiam sequimur fugientem, et volvimur undis. H * c Er y fi<* fi*i. ' a? ^ ec v * res heroum, inftisaque flumina prosunt. ^ Turn pius .Eneas humeris abscindere vestem, 685 Auxihoque vocare Deos, et tendere palmas : 687. Si nondum tu j u pj ter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum unum"; st tua^miiqu* Trojanos, si quid pietas antiqua labores pietas respicit humanos Respicit humanos ; da flammam evadere classi labores quid, nunc, O Nunc, pater, et tenues Teucrum res eripe leto : 690 pater, da classi y el tu> quod SU p eres t, infesto fulmine morti, 692. Vel tu demitte ^' mereor, demitte ; tuaque hie obrue dextra. me morti cum infesto Vix haec ediderat, cum effusis imbribus atra Tempestas sine more furit : tonitruque tremiscunt oyo. Arfluaque locct _ ... * ,>/ - ferrarum, et campi tre- Ardua terrarum, et campi : ruit aethere toto miscunt tonitru. Turbidus imber aqua ; densisque nigerrimus Austris : NOTES. 664. Cuneos. These were seats in the whom they pretended to be possessed, was Roman theatre for the common people, so driven out of them. called because they were in the form of a 682. Stuppa : this was a kind of coarse wedge, the narrowest part toward the stage, flax or hemp driven into the seams and Reference is here made to the theatre men- chinks, and then overlaid with pitch to keep tioned or spoken of 288, supra. out the water and render the vessel tight 668. Sic acer equo: the meaning is that oakum. Vivit : lives continues to burn, Ascanius rode up to the confused camp Lentus vapor : a slow fire. Est : in the sense quick on his horse, just in the same habit as of edit. Pestis : in the sense ofjlamma. he led the cavalcade, equestres cursus. 684. Flumina : in the sense of aqua. 669. Magistri : either Priamus and Atys, 685. Pius JEneas abscindere^ &c. Tear- commanders of the cavalcade, or Epytides ing their hair and garment was reckoned a and the other guardians and instructors of sign of extreme distress both by Jews, Egyp- the youth. tians, and Greeks. 670. Qwo nunc tenditis: what now do 688. Pietas: pity compassion clcmen- you aim at ? what do you intend by thus cy. turning your ships ? The repetition of the 693. Effusis imbribus : with falling rains yub is emphatical. with floods of rain. Imbribus : in the 679. Juno excussa est pectore : Juno is sense ofpluviis. driven from their breast the fury with 696. Imber turbidus : the cloud, thick with which she had inspired them. This is an water, and black with the heavy south winds, allusion to the frantic Bacchanals, who re- pours down from the whole heaven. The to themselves after thn god, with south winds were more impregnated with LIB. \ . Implenturque super puppes : semusta madescunt Robora, restinctus donee vapor omnis ; et omnes, Quatuor arnissis, servatae a peste carinse. At pater ^Eneas casu concussus acerbo, "700 Nunc hue ingentes, nunc illuc, pectore euras Mutabat ; versans, Siculisne resideret arvis Oblitus fatorum, Itaiasne capesseret oras; Turn senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas Quern docuit, multaque insignem reddidi^ arto, 705 Haec responsa dabat ; vel qua3 portenderet ira Magna Deum, vel quse fatorum posceret ordo. f sque his ^Eneam solatus vocibus infit : Nate Dea, quo fata trahunt retrahuntque, sequamur; Quicquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. Est tibi Dardanius divinaB stirpis Acestes : 711 Hunc cane consiliis socium, et coniuriffe volentem. 712> p a P e nunc so- . J 5 cium ttbi in tuts consi- Huic trade, amissis superant qui navibus ; et quos \a s Perta^sum magni incepti rerumque tuarum est ; 713. Trade huic cos, Longeevosque senes, ac fessas requore matres; 715 darkness of night, and wore chased away by the dawn of day. 743. Suscitat cinerem : he opens the a. and kindles up the dormant fire. This is one of those passages where Virgil uses thw same verb with two nouns, when it can be properly applied only to one of them. Sopi- tos : buried up covered over. 744. Veneratur : he worships the Trojaii Lares, and the shrine of hoary Vesta, &c The bares were the images consecrated to the souls of their departed ancestors, which the ancients worshipped at their own houses by oblations of incense and cakes of fi.ie flour, called far ; see Geor. iii. 344. The Lares, like the Penates, were household gods. Penetralia Veslce : this shrine, or sanctuary of Vesta, was commonly the hearth or fire- place in the apartment where they lodged. Here was kept a fire always burning, in honor of that goddess. See ./En. i. 292. ^Eneas is said to have introduced into Italy the worship of the Penates, the Lares, and of Vesta or the uncxtinguished fire. Heyne takes penetralia Vesta' for Vesta herself, be- cause, says he, the goddess had her residence in the inmost part of the house, remote from the view of men. She is called cana, either on account of the antiquity of her worship, or because the vestal virgins were clad in white robes. 748. Constel: in the sense ofsedel. 750. Transcribunt. This word was ap- plied to those whose names were enrolled in order to be transported to some new co- lonv; nnd thoKP tbns pnro1]r>d worp < IS. .UK. V. vivida bello. 757. Jubet hoc spa- Hum esse Ilium, et. riser- loca. CPSP Trojam. Deponunt, auimos nil magnae laudis egentes. Ipsi transtra novant, flammisque ambesa reponunt Robora navigiis : aptant remosque rudentesque : Exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus. . Interea JSneas urbem desigriat aratro, 755 754. Exigui mnumo- Sortiturque domos : hoc, Ilium, et ha3C loca, Trojam ro, sed eorwm virtu? er^' Esse jubet ; gaudet regno Trojanus Acestes, Indicitque forum, et patribus dat jura vocatis* Turn vicina astris Erycino in vertice sedes Fundatur Veneri Idaliae : tumuloque sacerdos 7( Et lucus late sacer additur Anchisaeo. Jarnque dies epulata novem gens omnis, et aris Factus honos ; placidi straverunt ssquora venti : Creber et aspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum. Exoritur procurva ingens per litora fletus : 765 Complexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur. Ipsae jam matres ; ipsi, quibus aspera quondam Visa maris facies, et non tolerabile numen, Ire volunt, omnemque fugae perferre laborem. Quos bonus ^Eneas dictis solatur amicis, 770 Et consanguineo lachrymans commendat Acestse. 767. Jam matres ip- sae; et ipsi homines, qui- bus quondam facies NOTES. iranscripti ; hence the word came to signi- fy to transfer, designate, or appoint. 751. Deponunt : they leave set apart. Egentes : in the sense of cupidos. 755. Desig-nat urbem. This refers to a custom of the Romans, who, when they were about to build a city, first marked out the boundary of it by drawing a furrow with a plough, which they lifted over those spaces where they intended to have the gates. Hence porta (from porto, to carry) came to signify a gate. 756. JEfoe, Ilium : history mentions no city in Sicily by the name of ilium. ^Eneas may have called it so at first, but agreed that Acestes should change its name after- ward. Or Ilium may be the tower of the city Acesta or Segesla, and here taken for the whole city by synec. as Pergamus, the tower or citad'el of Troy, is often put for the city itself. This is the opinion of Ruteus. Strabo mentions two rivers near the city Segeita, by the names of Xanthus and Simo'is, and that they were so called by ;Eneas. 758. Indicit forum : he appoints courts of justice, and gives laws to his assembled senators. The Roman senators were called Pafres, either on account of thoir age, or to remind them that they were the fathers of the people. 759. Erycino : an adj. from Eryx, a moun- tain in Sicily, in height next to jEtna ; from Eryx, king of that island, who wa.s 'slain by Hercules. See 411, supra. ./Eneas built a temple to his mdther V^enus on the top of this mountain. Some say it was founded by Eryxi and only decorated by iEneas. Venus is called Idalian. from Idalium or Ida- town and grove on the island ot Cy- prus. This whole island was sacred to Venus. Sedes : in the sense of templum. 761. Lucus addilur. A priest and grove, sacred far around, is added to the tomb of Anchises. It appears hence that he was buried on "Mount Eryx. Some say that he arrived in Italy along with his son : others that he died before he arrived in Sicily. 762., Gens: in the sense of populus. The ve|b fuerat is to be connected with epulata. Honos factus : in the sense of sacrificiumfac- tum erat. All his people had kept the anni- versary festival, of his father for nine days, and performed the usual offerings, when the weather became favorable ; and having re- paired the damages occasioned by the fire, they make ready for their departure. Here a most interesting scene ensued. A day and a night they pass in embracing each other before their final separation. Thosr who before were weary of the voyage, now summon up courage, and art; willing . to encounter the danger of the sea. The interesting scene brought tears from tlv. hero's eyes. 768. Numcn. This is the usual reading. The sense is, that the dirinily^ or d'.vim er, of the aa, seemed to them insupporf,. more than they could endure after all their fatigues. But Heyne, upon the authority ot' Heinsius, reads nomen. The s< case will be : and the name of i- insupportable to them. They could not to hear its name mentioned. .\b;/mr Ho, audit u, et dictu iniolcrabile r He observes of / :>iieafionem cam- madam mm lutbel. The reader will judge for 771. CnnsansviiM- Arrtns ^'a* w tmth P. VIRG1LI1 MARONIS Tres Eryci vitulos, et tempestatibus agnam Credere deinde jubet, solvique ex ordine funes. 774. Ipse evinctus Ip S e caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae, gwoadcaputfoliis tonsae g ta ^ s p rocu i i n prora, pateram tenet, extaque salsos 775 Porricit in fluctus, ac vina liquentia fimdit. Prosequitur surge os a puppi ventus euntes : 783.Quam,neme.7w- Certatim socii feriunt mare > et quora verrunt. nonem. At Venus interea Neptunum exercita curis 784. Nee quiescit in- Alloquitur, talesque effundit pectore questus : 780 fracta imperio Jovis fa- Junonis gravis ira et inexsaturabile pectus fcdfet&^ogunt me Neptune, prece., descendere in comes : urbem de media gente U"am nee longa dies, pietas nee mitigat ulla ; Phrygum, et traxisse Nee Jovis imperio fatisve infracta quiescit. ejua relliquias per om- jvj on me dii de gente Phrygum excdisse nefandis 785 ne ?89 "TiT ipse fuisti Urbem odiis 8atis est P nam traxisse per omnern testis 'mihi, quam mo- Relliquias : Trojae cineres atque ossa peremptu: lem subito excierit nu- Insequitur. Causas tanti sciat ilia furoris. per in Libycis undis. Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tu testis in undis h C "* ^ Uam molem subito excierit - Maria omnia c < ]o 79 amis- Miscuit ^ oliis nequicquam freta procellis : sa, subegit socios lin- In regnis hoc ausa tuis. guere easmuliercs igno- Proh scelus ! ecce etiam Trojanis matribus actis, tffi Exussit foede 'puppes ; et classe subegit ^L^elib, 1 "!' A-i-* soc.es ignot* Hnquere terra,. tuta per undas; ut li- Quod superest : oro, liceat dare tuta per undas ceatm Vela tibi : liceat Laurentem attingere Tybrim : NOTES. no way related to yEneas. See 30, supra. 784. Infracta : overcome made to desist Consanguineus is properly a relation by from her purpose. Dies : in the sense of blood ; agnatus, one by the father^ side ; tempus. Juno persisted in her opposition to cognatus, by the mother's side ; and afjfais, ^Eneas ,in spite of the authority of Jove, and by marriage. the decrees of the gods, which directed him 772. Tempestatibus. Storms and tempests to Italy. were deified by the Romans, and goats and 787. Cineres et ossa : the ashes and bones Jambs were offered to them in sacrifice. of ruined Troy. By these we are to under- 773. Ccedere : in the sense of immolare. stand n.e&s and his company, who were Funes : the cables. Some copies have fu- on their way to Italy the only remains or nem. This is the reading of Heyne, after survivors of that once flourishing city. Pierius and Heinsius. The sense is the 788. Ilia sciat : she may know, &c. Venus same either way. here insinuates that there was no cause for 775. Stans procui : standing at a distance her resentment. She may perhaps know : on the prow, he holds the bowl and scatters as for me, I do not. the entrails upon the briny waves. Procui 790. Quam molem : what a tempest she implies that he stood as far as he could from raised, &c. Molem : for tempestalem. the shore on the extremity of the head of 791. Nequicquam freta : relying in vain, the vessel toward the sea. Porricit, from &c. Because she had not accomplished her porro and jacio : to thrmv at a distance. It purposes ; she and ./Eolus being controlled was a custom among the Romans to present by Neptune. See JEn. i. 86, el sequens. offerings to the marine gods before sailing, 793. Proh scelus. Heyne and some others which consisted principally in casting the read per scelus : taking per in the sense of entrails of the victims upon the sea. Some- ?'n, vel ad. Trojanis malribus actis in vel times, however, they offered libations also, ad scelus. The common reading appears as in the present instance. the easiest, which takes Proh scelus as an 781. Gravis ira Junonis : the heavy an- exclamation or interjection. Oh horrid ger of Juno, &c. An allusion is here made crime 1 Oh wickedness ! Juno burned the to the decision of Paris in the case of the Trojan ships, by impelling their matrons to prize of beauty, which ever after made her a do it. bitter enemy to the Trojan race. Pfchi* : 797. Tibi : by thee under thy care and in the sense of nnimva- ' protection. Si : in thfi snnse of ./ENEI8. LIB. Si concessa peto ; si dant ea moenia Parcae. Turn Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit alti : Fas crime est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, Unde genus ducis ; merui quoque. Ssepe furores Compressi, et rabiem tantarn coelique rnarisque ; Nee minor in terris, Xanthum'Simoentaque testor, Mne& mihi cura tui. Cum Troia Achilles Exanimata sequens impingeret agmina muris, Millia multa daret leto, gemerentque repleti Amnes, nee reperire viam atque evolvere posset In mare se Xanthus ; Pelidae tune ego forti Congressum ^Eneam, nee Dis, nee viribus oequis, Nube cava eripui ; cuperem cum vertere ab imo Structa meis manibus perjurae rncenia Trojse. Nunc quoque mens eadern perstat mihi : pelle timorem. Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni. Unus erit tantum, amissum quern gurgite quasret ; Unum pro multis dabitur caput. His ubi laeta Deae permulsit pectora dictis, Jungit equos auro Genitor, spumantiaque addit Fraena feris, manibusque omnes effundit habenas. Coeruleo per summa levis volat oequora curru : Subsidunt undse, tumidumque sub axe tonanti Sternitur sequor aquis : fugiunt vasto sethere nimbi. 800 800. Fas est te fidere omne meis regnis. unde ducis genus; merui quo- que utjidat 803. Nee minor cura, fuit mihi tui jne in 805 terris 808. Tune ego eripui cava nube ^neara con- 810 ressurn f rt i 815 816. Ubi Genitor per- mulsit Iffita pectora Dese 820 NOTES. 7*99. Turn, $aturnius domitor. Mr. Da- vidson observes there is a grandeurUnd bold- ness in this line, suitable to the majesty of him whose speech it introduces, which make it worthy the attention of the reader. Nep- tune was the son of Saturn, and in the di- vision of the world the sea fell to him by lot. Hence the adj. Saturnitu^ and also the pro- priety of Domitor alii marts. Edidit : in the sense ofdixit. 801. Uttde genus. .This alludes to the fabulous account of her springing from the ' foam of the sea. 805. Exanimata : may mean that the Trojans were weary and out of breath, or were affrighted and struck with dismay. Impingertt : drove forced. 810. Eripui cava nube : I snatched away in a hollow cloud ^Eneas engaging, Sic. This encounter Homer gives us in the twen- tieth book of the Iliad. But the great slaughter which Achilles made among the Trojan troops, so as to choak the rivers Xnn- thus and Simois with their dead bodies, is given us in the following book. Cum cn/it- rem : though I wished to overturn from the foundation the walls, &c. See Geor. i. 502, and lEn. ii. 610. 81'2. Eadem mens : the same disposition. 813. Averni: Avernus, a lake in Campa- nia, the fabulous descent to hell. See vEn. iv. 512. <11 .7. Auro : his golden car. The common reading is curru, but Pierius observes that all the ancient manuscripts have auro in- stead of curru. It has more dignity, and saves the disagreeable repetition of wrrw, which occurs in the next line but one. Be- side, nothing is more common than to put, by meton. the metal for the instrument made or composed of it, as ferrum, for a sword, axe, or knife ; auro, for a golden bowl, &c, Davidson has auro. Heyne reads auro also : in the sense of aureo curru. 818. Effundit : in the sense of /cura/. Fe- ns: in the sense ofequix. 823. Glauci. Giaucus, according to Ser- vius, was a famous fisherman of Anthedon in Beotia, who, having laid some fishes on the grass that he had just caught, prnnveil thfiii to nvover their life and motion, and to leap into the sea. He supposed there was sonic virtue in those herbs that produced ;t: whereupon he tasted them, and was immediately transformed into a sea-god. Inmis: an adj. from /no, the daughter of Cadmus. See Geor. i. 437. 5 fil,tnri: by comma tut io, for chorus sminris Those were the nymphs and the ti-itnna. l J a'Hnnun. I Ic is supposed i lo he the god whom the Latins woi under the name of Portunus He was so called from porlus. he<-;mse he v. to preside over ports and haibors. thought that mariners were under i cial care and protection. Sc- P. VIRG1LI1 MARON1S 822. Turn varies facies Turn variae comitum facies ; immania cete, comitum apparent; im- Et senior Glauci c horu S/ Inoiisque Palamon, mama cete rr, . i . Intonesque citi, rhorcique exercitus ornnis. 825. LTa.jpa/iaroa- Laeva tenent Thetis et Meiite, Panopeaque virgo, 825 Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque. Hie patris vEiieae suspensam blanda vicissim Gaudia pertentant mentem : jubet ocyus omnes Attolli malos, intendi brachia velis. Una omnes fecere pedem : pariterque sinistros, 880 Nunc dextros solvere sinus : una ardua torquent Cornua detorqueritque : ferunt sua tiamiria classem. Princeps ante omnes densum Palinurus agebat Agmen : ad hunc alii cursum contendere jussi. Jamque fere mediam coeli nox humida rnetam 835 Contigerat : placida laxarant membra quiete 837. Noute tusi i>er Sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae : "" Cum levis aethereis delapsus Somnus ab astris Aera dimovit tenebrosum, et dispulit umbras, Te, Palinure, petens, tibi tristia sornma portans 840 Insonti : puppique Deus consedit in alta, qu ibus altus Apollo 10. Immaneque an- Praesidet, horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllas, 10 imm, secreta Sibyll Antrum immane, petit : magnum cui mentem animum subeunt Inviae lucos, atque aurea tecta. Da3dalus, ut fama est, fugiens Mirioia regna, Praepetibus pennis ausus se credere ccelo, Insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos, NOTES. i . Sic fatur* This refers to what he said in the two last lines of the preceding book. O nemium confise, &c. Immittit : he gives full reins to his fleet. It implies that the wind was fair, and that the ships were un- der full sail. This is a common metaphor, taken from the horse and his rider. 2. Euboicis: an adj. of Eubcea, an island in the jEgean sea, lying to the east of Achaia ; hodie, Negropont. From hence Megasthenes, of the city of Chalcis, trans- planted a colony into Italy, and built CM- MICE, a town in Campania. Hence, Euboicis wis Cumarum. 4. Anchora fundabat : the anchor moored the ships. Fundabat : in the sense of tene- bat. 5. Puppes : here used in its appropriate sense the sterns of the ships. 6. Semina : the seeds the sparks of fire. 3. Rapit : plunders the wood ; for the purpose of collecting fuel. Ruseus says, col- ligit ligna arborum. Densa tecta, &c. is put in apposition with sylvas. 9. Arees : in the sense of templum. We are informed that a temple was built to Apollo in this place, in the form of a cave, that seemed to be hollowed out of a rock. Jn the inmost part of this temple, was the grotto, or cell, of the Sibyl. 40. Horrendp procul. The avenues and approaches to her cell were awful and gloomy, for a considerable distance. It is the pecu- ri.^ir. of ihis Sibrl. that she keeps her consultors at an awful distance, and fences the approaches to her cave with : Procul, O procul tste, profani ! 11. Cui magnum: whose great mind and soul Apollo inspires. Cni has the sense of cujus. Mens properly signifies the under- standing animus, the soul., Delius rates . Apollo, He is called Delian from Delos. the place of his birth. 13. Tririce. Trivia, a name of Diana. durea tecla. This was the temple built to Apollo by Daedalus. 14. Dffdalus. An Athenian artist, who, having put to death Perdix, his sister's son. for rivalling him in his art, fled to Crete; where he soon incurred the displeasure of Minns, then king of that island, for assisting his wife Pasipkae, in carrying on her amours with Taurm : and, on that account, was confined with his son Icarus in a tower, He escaped, however, by the help of wings. He flew into Sicily, according to Pausanias and Diodorus ; but, according to Virgil and others, to Cumce, where he built this temple to Apollo, for conducting him safe in his flight through the airy element. 16. Enavit. There is such a similitude between sailing or swimming, and flying, that the terms which properly belong to the one, are indiscriminately applied to the other. A ship is said to fly through the li- quid element, and Mercury is said to swim through the air. jEn. iv. 245. And Da-da- lus, on wings, swam to the cold north, and consecrated rwnisivw ftfurirm. *liose wings LIB. \i. Ohalcidicitque levis tandem superadstitit arce. Redditus his primum terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit Remigium alarum ; posuitque immania templa. fn foribus, letum Androgei : turn pendere poenas Cecropidae jussi, miserurn ! septena quotannis Corpora natorum : stat ductis sortibus urna. Contra elata mari respondet Gnossia tellus. Hie crudelis amor tauri, supp6staque furto Pasiphae, mixtumque genus, prolesque biformis Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae. Hie labor iile domus, et inextricabilis error. Magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem Dsedalus, ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit, Caeca regens filo vestigia. Tu quoque magnam Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes aft 20. In foribus lethum (V Androgei sculptum erat : turn Cecropidse juss: quotannis pendere poe- nas, O miserum ! nem- pe, bis septena corpora o suorum natorum ^ 24. Hie inest crudeli* amor tauri, Pasiphac quo supposta furto, Mi- notaurusque mixtum genus, biformisque pro- les, monumenta nefan- 30 dee Veneris. 31. Si dolor patris NOTES, on which he had cut his way through the air, as oars divide the water. But what gives a greater propriety to these phrases, is, that Daedalus was the inventor of navigation by the use of sails ; and that his wings were nothing else than the sails of the ship, in which he escaped from Crete. Enavit : in the sense of advolavit. 17. Chalcidica: an adj. from Chalets, a, city of Euboea. See 2. supra. Chalcidica arce : the city of Cumw. Here Daedalus first landed in Italy ; and built the temple to Apollo, which ./Eneas is about to enter. It is said that he first went to Sardinia, and from thence to Italy. Redditus : having ar- rived. 20. dndrogei : gen. of Androgeus. He was the son of Minos ; and frequenting the public games at Athens, contracted a friend- ship with the sons of Pallas, brother to . jSSgeus, king of Athens. Not having as yet acknowledged Theseus to be his son ; and suspecting dndrogeus to have entered into a conspiracy with his nephew to dethrone him, JEgeus employed assassins to take away his life. To revenge this atrocious deed, Minos made war upon him, and forced him to sue for peace. This was granted on the condition that he should every year, or, as others say, every third, or ninth year, pay a tax of seven of their young men, and as many virgins, who were chosen by lot as victims, for the preservation of their coun- try. Some say that Androgeus having been repeatedly victorious at the public games of Greece, excited the envy and joalou some persons, who procured his dent h. I low- ever the case may be, his death brought upon the Athenians a v.'ur \viiii .Min > father, then king of ( ><(<>. The death of Androgeaa way represented on the gates or doors of the temple, the. Athenian youth soul. ;t^ ;i.n < ^nation for the barbarous deed, and the urn from which the fpta I ]ot<* were drawn. On the opposite side arose the island of Crete Pasaphae., the wife of Minos the Minotaur the La- byrinth, and the ingenious workman (Dae- dalus) explaining its mysteries to Theseus ; all these were in carved work. Posuit : in the sense of Kdificavit. Pendere pcenas : to make retribution or satisfaction for the crime. 21. Cecropida: the Athenians so called from Cecrops, their first king. He built thn city of Athens, and called it Cecropia. 23. Gnossia tellus : Crete. Gnossia : an adj. from Gnossus, a city of that island. 24. Amor tauri. Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, and daughter of the Sun, was fabled to have fallen in love with a beautiful bull, and to have gratified her passion by a con- trivance of Daedalus, who shut her up in wooden cow. From this unnatural con- nexion sprang the Minotaur, a monster h.iU' man and half bull, that fed on human flesh : and devoured the Athenian youth, whom Minos shut up in the Labyrinth. The trutk of the story is this : Pasiphae fell in love with a nobleman of the court, whose naim: was Taurus ; and made Daedalus her confi- dant, who kept it concealed, and even lent his house to the lovers. St/pposita furto. This refers to Pasipha ';ut up in the wooden cow that she might receive thr embrace of the bull substituted thr. artifice or contrivance in the room of a i Is in the sense of scvlptu* Veneris nefandv : of -execrable 27. Labor domus, &c. J' v to understand the Labyrinth. See /En. v. Miseratus magnvm : Daedalus, pi!-. real love of the quet'i. < as) the deception and in* the structure, &c. Theseus, the so- is, king of Athens, proposed to go to MIS, to fight the Minotaur in the Labyrinth. Ariadne, the of .*//^".- nnH Ptttpfa* :J5G J*. VIRGIL1I MARONIS Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro : Bis patriae cecidere manus. Quin protinus omnia 34. Ni Achates pne- Perlegerent oculis ; ni jam praemissus Achates missus ad Sibyllam ab Afforet ; atque una Phcebi Triviaeque sacerdos, JE,nea, jam afforet, at- Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi : Olauc^sacerdos * "* ^ on noc lsta Sl ^ 1 tem P us spectacula poscit : Nunc grege de intacto septem mactare juvencos Praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentes. 40. Sacerdos affata Talibus affata jEneam, nee sacra morantur 40 yEneam talibus verbis Jussa viri, Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos. Teucros Excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum ; 41. Ingens latus Eu- ~ ,. bbicaj rupis excisum est Q uo latl cunt aditus centum, ostia centum ; in Unde ruunt totidem voces, responsa Sibylla?. Ventum erat ad limen, cum virgo, Poscere fata 45 46. Cuifanti talia an- Tempus, ait : Deus, ecce, Deus ! Cui talia fanti te fores, subito non est Ante f ores su bit6 non vultus, non color unus, unus vultus, non unus T^T j u i _!__ IN on comptae mansere comae : sea pectus annelum, coior ; comsB non man- . j, . ... s^recomptse; sed pectus Et rabie fera corda tument ; majorque viden, anhelum est,etejus fera Nee mortale sonans : afflata est numine quando 50 corda tument rabie: j arn propiore Dei. Cessas in vota precesque, eriim ante dehiscent nans mortale. Attomtae magna ora domus. bt talia tata, 52. Ante quam emi-Conticuit. Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit seris vota precesque. Ossa tremor ; fuditque preces rex pectore ab imo : .05 Phcebe, graves Trojas semper miserate labores, NOTES. Virgil here calls regina, fell in love with The- rious sculpture of the temple, had not Acha - seus, and taught him how to vanquish the tes, &c. Protinus : in the sense of in ordine. Minotaur, and also gave him a clew, which Perlegerent : in the sense of perkgissent. she had received from Dcedalus, whereby he 35. Afforet: in the sense ofredivisset. could extricate himself from the Labyrinth. 38. Intacto : untouched by Ihe yoke. It was agreed as a condition of the combat, 39. Bidentes : in the sense of oves. that if Theseus killed the Minotaur, the 40. JVr viri morantur: nor do the men Athenian youths should be released, and his (the Trojans) delay to perform her sacred country freed from that humiliating condi- commands concerning offering sacrifice. Sa- tion. Theseus was victorious. By the clew cerdos. The daughter of Glaucus. She was we are to understand the plan and con- the priestess, attendant upon the Sibyl, who trivance of the Labyrinth. Enim : in the was at this time in her cell or cave. Antrum. sense of equidem. This is the same with alta templa in the pre- 29. Resolvit : mthesenseofezplicuil. ceding line. By this we are not to understand 30. Caeca : in the sense of ineerta. the temple of Apollo already mentioned, 31. hare.. Icarus, as the fable goes, was but the residence of the Sibyl her cave, the son and associate of Daedalus. He at- here called templum. tempted to make his escape from Crete by 45. Ventum erat : they had come to the the help of wings, but being unable to ma- entrance of the cave, when, &c. Fata: in nage them \v ith dexterity, he wandered from the sense of oracula. Est is understood with his way, and fell into the ^Egean sea, and tempus. was drowned. He gave name to Icarus, an 46. Ecce, Deus : behold, the god, the god island between Samos and Mycene. is here Apollo. 33. Patrice manus cecidf re. Daedalus at- 47. Subito non vultus: suddenly her countc- templed to represent the calamity (casus) of nance changes, and her color comes and goes. Icarus, but his grief and sorrow prevented 50. Quando jam afflata est : when now she him. He attempted it twice, and twice his is inspired with a nearer influence of the god hands failed ; otherwise Icarus would have Apollo. Cessas : dost thou delay to go into made a distinguished figure in the curved vows and prayers ? JYeque : in the sense work. of non. 34. Perlegerent omnia : the Trojans would 50. Qwi dirtxti Dardana tela : who didst have examined all the carved work and rn- direct the Trojan darts, and the hands ^f jENEIS. LtB. VJ. Dardana qui Paridis dirdxti tela manusquc Corpus in ./Eacidaa : magnas obeuntia terras Tot maria intravi, duce te, penitusque repdstas Massylum genres, prtetentaque Syrtibus arva : Jam tandem Italia? fugientis prendimus oras. Hac Trojana tenus merit fortuna secuta. Vos quoque Pergameae jam fas est parcere genti, Dique Deseque omnes, quibus obstitit Ilium, et ingens Gloria Dardaniae. Tuque, 6 sanctissima vates, 65 Praescia venturi, da, non indebita posco Regna meis fatis, Latio considere Teucros, Errantesque Deos, agitataque numina Trojae. Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templa Instituam, festosque dies de nomine Phoebi. Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris. Hie ego narnque tuas sortes, arcanaque fata Dicta meae genti ponam ; lectosque sacrabo, Alma, viros : foliis tantum ne carmina manda, Ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis : 75 75 ' ^ turbata volenf, r,. r j ,. ,. tanquam ludibria rapi- Ipsa canas, oro. Fmem dedit ore loquendi. dis * Tentia . oro ut lu f p . At, Phosbi nondum patiens immanis in antro tvi canas ea ex ore. 59. Te duce, intravi gO tot maria obeuntia mag- nas terras, gentesque Massylum penitus re- postas 66. Da Teucros, er- rantesque Deos, agita- taque numina Trojae considere in Latio, non posco. 70 NOTES. Paris, against the body of Achilles. It is said that Achilles was killed by Paris in the temple of Apollo, at Troy. 57. Dirtxti : for direxisti, by syncope. 59. Penitus repostas : far remote. 60. Massylum. The Massyli, a people of Africa, put for the Africans in general, or for the Carthaginians in particular. See Mu. iv. 483. PrcKtenta : lying before. Arva : the lands country. 61. lialtie fugientis : the nearer they ap- proached to Italy, new obstructions arose, which seemed to prevent access to it, as if it Jled from them. 62. Hac tenus : hitherto thus far. It is separated by tmesis, for the sake of the verse. Trojano fortuna : id est, advtrsa fortuna. 64. Dique DecBque omnes, quibus : ye gods and goddesses all, to whom Ilium and the great glary of Troy was offensive, it is just that you too, c. The deities here meant were Juno, Minerva, and Neptune. Obslitil: invisa sunl, says Heyne. 68. Agitata numina : persecuted deities of Troy. 70. Instituam Pkccbo : I will build to Phoebus and Diana temples of solid marble, and institute festival days, &c. Here is an allusion to the Ludi AwtUinare^ which were instituted in the first Punic war, and to the building of a temple to Apollo by Augustus, .after his victory over Anthony and Cleopa- tra, at Actium. Heyne reads templum, after Heinsius. The common reading is timpltt. Virgil here uses the verb institiiam with two nouns, when in strict propriety it can apply to one of them only. We can say, institute , but it is quito another thing to say, institute a house or temple. Our language will not admit of this liberty and freedom of expression. See JEn. vii. 431, and JEn. viii. 410. Some copies have constituam. 71. Te quoque magna : a spacious sanc- tuary too awaits thee in our realms. This alludes to the shrine or sanctuary in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the Sibylline books were kept hi a stone chest under ground. Fifteen persons, called Qtmi- decemviri, were appointed to take care of them, and to consult them in the affairs of state. They were chosen from the Patri- cians, and had great influence in public af- fairs. It was a very easy matter to make these Sibylline books speak what language they pleased. 7 C 2. Tories : in the sense oforacula. Dicta : in the sense of dedarata. 74. JVe manda: do not commit, &c. It was the custom of this Sibyl to write her prophetic responses upon the leaves of the palm tree. Before the invention of parch- ment and paper, there was no better mate- rial for writing than the leaves and bark of trees, dlma : O holy propln 77. J\"undum putiC7is, kc. The meaning is this : the Sibyl was not docile and sub- missive (patiens) to Phoebus, and would not utter oracles according to his will, but re- sisted him until be had subdued her ferocious temper and formed her to his purposes by force and restraint. Kj-cussifst : the pert*, in the sense of the pres. The terms here used are taken from the horse and the rider. The Sibyl is compared to the former ; and Apollo, breaking her and rendering }ior submissive and obedient to him. r P. VIRGILII MARONLS 78. Tentans, si possit Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit excussisse Excussisse Deum : tanto magis ille fatigat Os rabidum, tera corda domans, fingitque premendo. 80 Ostia jamque domus patuere ingentia centum Sponte sua, vatisque feruiit responsa per auras : 83. O tu tandem de- Q tandem magnis pelagi deiimcte periclis ! 85 99 95 86. Sed et volent se non venisse eb. 89. Alius Achilles par- tus est tibi 91. Cum in egenis re- bus, quas gentes Italum, "Con- iux hospita iterum erit causa tanti mali Teu- cris;externique thalami iterum erunt causa. Dardamdae venient, mitte hanc de pectore curam : Sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella, t Tybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno. Non Simois tibi, nee Xanthus, nee Dorica castra Defuerint : alius Latio jam partus Achilles, Natus et ipse De : nee Teucris addita Juno Usquam aberit. Ctimjtu supplex in rebus egenis, Q uas gentes Italum, aut quas non oraveris urbes? gua mail tanti conjux iterum hospita Teucris ; Externique iterum thalami. Tu ne cede malis ; sed contra audentior ito, Qua tua te fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis, Q UO( J mm im e rer i S) Graia pandetur ab urbe. Tali bus ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla NOTES. latter. The verb exeutio is applied to the horse when he throws his rider. Immanis : in the sense of imnianiter vel vehementcr. An adjective closely connected in construction with a verb, is better rendered by its corres- ponding adverb. Bacchatur : fur it in m&re Baccharum, says Ruceus. 80. Fatigat rabidum os : he curbs holds in, &c. This alludes to the manner of break- ing and taming horses when they are unru- ly and impatient of the bit. The rider curbs or holds them in by pulling up the reins, Fingitque : and forms and prepares her for the delivery of his oracles. 82. Ferunt : in the sense of emittuni. 83. Defuncte : voc. O thou, having passed through escaped. Ruasus says, Quievasisti. Periclis : by syn. for periculis. 84. Lavini : by apocope for Lavinii, gen. of Lavinium, a country to the east of the Tyber, so called from the city Lavinium, which /Eneas built. See JEn. i. 2. Some read, regna Latini, which perhaps is the best read- ing : the kingdom of Latinus. He received jneas,on his arrival, with hospitality, gave him his daughter in marriage, and was suc- ceeded by him in his kingdom. Heyne pre- fers Lavini, and observes that it is more in the language of prophecy than Latini. 88. Non Simois tibi : neither Simois, nor Xanthus, nor the Grecian camp, shall be wanting to you, &c. Here the prophetess, to prepare the mind of ^Eneas to meet the worst, or rather the poet to do honor to his hero in overcoming such powerful opposi- tion, gives a terrible representation of the war in which he was to be engaged in Ita- ly, comparing it with the Trojan war, both as to its similitude of characters, places, and causes. Xanthus and Simois are the Tyber and Numicus ; Turnus is Achilles ; Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, is a second Helen. 90. Natus f)ea : Turnus, a brave and warlike prince, the son of the nymph Venilia. Addita : in the sense of inimica. Rua3us says infesfa ; et quasi latcri setHjier uffixa. 91. Cum : in the sense of ut Heyne and others have voce. The sense is the same either way. 187. Si : in the sense of utinam. 189. Vales : the prophetess. 193. Malernas aves. Pigeons were sa- cred to Venus, it is said, on account of their fecundity. 196. Dubiis rebus: perplexity difficulty. Dr-fice : in the sense of desere. 197. Pressit vestigia : he stopt his pace he stood still. 198. Ferant: in the sense of dent vel prcebant. Pergant: proceed to go. Ten- ders : in the sense of ire vel prodire. 198. Ilia pascentes, c : they flew, and then alighted to feed. And this they did by turns, so that they just kept within sight of the followers, sequentum. 200. Ac ie : with the sight. Ruseus says, atutissimo visu. 201. Fauces: in the sense of os. The junction of the lakes Avernus and Lucrinus. ' Graveolentis : noxious pestiferous. 203. Optatis sedibus : they both alight on the tree near the place whence the golden bough shone through the branches of the tree. 204. Discolor aura : the variegated gleam of gold shone through the boughs. It va- ried its color according to the different shades of light in which it was seen. The leaves mingling their green shade with the lustre of the gold, produced that variega- ted color. Aura : in the sense of splendor, 205. Viscum. This is a kind of shrub of a glutinous nature, called misleloe. It grows on trees principally of the oak kind. The winter is the proper season for its production y and it is of a color resembling gold. It was* thought to grow out of the excrements of birds, that alighted on those trees : to which- poet alludes in these words : quod non seminat orbos : which its own tree does not produce : but this opinion is incorrect. The ancient Druids made great use of this in their religious ceremonies. 206. Seminal : in the sense of producit. Fcttu: see 141. supra. 208. Frondentis auri : of the golden bough the verdant gold. Ruaeus says, pullulantis auri. 209. Bractea: the golden leaves rustled: in the gentle wind. Bractea, properly, thin lamina, or leaves of gold; taken here in the sense of aura: frondes. 211. Cunctantem: in the sense of tar d 2 sequentem. 213. Ferebant suprema: they were per- forming the last offices. Ingrato : being in- sensible of the honors conferred upon it, and therefore ungrateful for them. Or it may . LIB. VI. I Principle pinguem tsedis et robore secto Ingentem struxere pyram : cui frondibus atris Intexunt latera, et ferales ante cupressos Constituunt, decorantque super fulgentibus armis. Pars calidos latices et ahena undantia flammis Expediunt ; corpusque lavant frigentis et unguunt. Fit gemitus : turn membra toro defleta reponunt, Purpureasque super vestes, velamina nota, Conjiciunt. Pars ingenti subiere feretro, Triste ministerium ! et subjectam more parentum Aversi tenuere facem. Congesta cremantur Thurea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo. " Postquam collapsi cineres, et flamma quievit, RelHquias vino et bibulam lavere favillam : Ossaque lecta cado texit Chorinaeus aheno. Idem ter socios pura circumtulit unda, Spargens rore levi et ramo felicis olivae ; Lustravitque viros, dixitque novissima verba. At pius ^Eneas ingenti mole sepulchrum 215 215. Struxere ingen- tem pyram, pinguem c taedis et robore secto 220 225 230 226. Collapsi mitt* NOTES. be understood as causing sorrow to all being an object or spectacle no way plea- sant or agreeable. In this sense, ingrato may be rendered mournful unjoyous. Ci- neri : in the sense of cadaveri. Ingrato : nee sentienti, nee referenti gratiam, says Heyne. Virgil here gives us most of the ceremo- nies used among the Romans in burying the dead. 214. Tadis. The terfa, or pine, is a fat and unctuous wood. Hence the epithet pin- guem. Secto robore : in the sense of Jisso robore. 215. Pyram. The funeral pile was call- ed pyra when it was set on fire, rogus be- fore it was set on fire, and bustum after it was consumed. The higher it was raised, the more honorable it was considered ; and therefore they endeavored to raise it to heaven : certant educere ctzlo, 178. supra. Cui frondibus atris : whose sides they inter- weave with black boughs. The boughs of the yew, pine, and such like trees, are of a sable color, and were therefore used in fune- ral obsequies. Cui : in the sense of cujus. 216. Cupressos: the cypress is here called mournful ; and used on the occasion, either because its strong smell prevented anything disagreeable from the corpse ; or rather as it was a fit emblem of death ; for when it is once cut, it never grows up again. ./7?i- te : before in front : an adv. 217. Super : above on the top. 218. Latices : in the sense of a-'/nam. 221. Nota velamina : the garments of Mi- senus. Or it is said in allusion to a Roman custom of placing a purple covering over the corps of distinguished persons on the funeral pile. 222. Pars subiere: a part supported (went under) the huge bier, a mournful of- fice ! and turned (aver si) away with their faces, held a torch under it, &c. They turn- ed away their faces to show how unwilling they were to part with him, and that their grief would not allow them to look upon his pale and lifeless body ; which was now about to be reduced to ashes. 225. Dapes. By this we are to under- stand the fat and other parts of the victims that were consecrated to the gods. Cra- teres : goblets of oil poured out upon th pile. Whole goblets were offered to the infernal gods ; but to the celestial gods on- ly libations. Thurea dona : gifts of frank- incense. There is an allusion here to the custom of placing frankincense, oil, and other unctuous substances upon the funeral pile, to accelerate its burning. 227. RelHquias, &c. After the body was consumed, they extinguished (lavire) the coals and embers with wine, that the ashes might the more easily be collected. Bibu- lam : in the sense of siccam. 228. Cado: in the sense of unia. Texit: in the sense of inclusit. 229. Idem ter circumtulit: the same thrice went around his companions with holy wa- ter, sprinkling them, &c. The ordo of con- struction is, tutit se ter circum sorios, c. which means, to go round them three times : but because the priest used to sprinkle them, at the same time, with the aqua lustraHs, or holy water, it came to signify, to purify. '230. Levi rorc : with a dew or spray. He sprinkled the water with a bough of olive. 231. Luslravil ."he purified the men. JVo- rissima verba. These were ralf. re I?? ""If* they all departed. P. VIRGILII M ARON1S inponit, suaque arma viro, remumque, tubamque. Mon e sub aerio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo Dicitur, seternumque tenet per ssecula nomen. His actis, propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllas. Spelurica alta fuit, vastoque immanis hiatu, Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro nemorumque tenebris ; 239. Super quam baud Quam super baud ullae poterant impune volantes nil volantes. Tendere iter.pennis : talis sese halitus atris 240 Faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat ; Unde locum Graii dixerunt nomine Avernum, 243. H'c sacerdos Quatuor hie primum nigrantes terga juvencos constituit quatuor ju- Constituit, frontiqiie invergit vina sacerdos ; quori g t Summa8 car pens media inter cornua setas, 245 246. Imponit eas, Ignibus imponit sacris libamina prima, quasi prima libamina Voce vocans Hecaten, cceloque Ereboque potentem. JSupponunt alii cultros, tepidumque cruorem Suscipiunt pateris. Ipse atri velleris agnam - 250. jEneas ipse ferit ^Ericas matri Eumenidurn magnaeque sorori ense agnam atri velle- Ense ferit ; sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam. ris matri Turn Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras, 254. Superfundens Et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis, que pingue Pingue superque oleum fundens ardentibus extis. 256. Solum cpt/E cce autem, primi sub lumina Solis et ortus, 255 S' r sv1va,um ^' P t e a Sub P edibuS mU ire SO ' Um ' et ^ CCB P ta m Veri sunt moveri, canesque Sylvarum ; visaeque canes ululare per umbram, sunt Adventante Dea. Procul, 6, procul este, profani, \f NOTES. 233. Imponit, &c. The poet here used the verb imponit with two nouns, when, in strict propriety it can agree with one of them only. He builds a tomb, and places upon it (imponif) his arms, &c. He orders to be carved upon it his arms, to denote that he was a warrior an oar, to show that he perished in a naval expedition and a trum- pet, to denote his office. 234. Monte sub aerio, qui : the mountain here meant is the promontory Misenus, which forms the western shore of the Sinus Puteolanus, or Neapotilanus. Hodie, Capo Miseno. Not far from it was the Portus Mi- senus, where Augustus kept a part of his fleet. 238. Tuta : in the sense of defensa. Vo- lantes : in the sense of aves. 240. Halitus : vapor stench. Supera con- vexa: the high canopy of heaven. Effun- dens : in the sense of erumpens. 242. Avernum. See Geor. iv. 493. 243. Hie primum, &c. The lake Avernus appears to have been chosen as the place of this sacrifice, because, by it, it was thought an easier access was had to the infernal de- ities, particularly Hecate. Having prepar- ed her victims, the Sibyl poured wine be- tween their horns ; afterward cut a lock of the topmost hair, and cast it upon the fire as the first offering, to show that the sacri- fice was then begun, and that the victim* were then devoted to the gods. 247. Vocans Hecaten. Servius informs us, that Hecate was usually invoked not by words, but by certain mystic and inarticu- late sounds. 248. Alii supponunt: others apply the knives (i. e. slay the victims) and catch, &c. Suscipiunt : in the sense of excipiunt. 250. Matri Eumenidum : to the mother of the furies, that is, JVbar. See Geor. i. 278. Night is said to have brought forth the furies to Acheron ; which, in the lan- guage of poetry, signifies that night or dark- ness is the mother of horrid shapes, vision- ary forms, and apparitions. Magnw sorori : to her great sister, that is, to the earth, Tel- lus : for night is only the shadow of the earth, or the absence of light. 252. Aras: by meton. for the sacrifices offered upon them. They were offered in the night : hence the epithet nocturna. For aras, Ruseus says sacrijicia. 253. Solida viscera. By these we are to understand the whole or entire carcases of the victims ; so that this sacrifice was pro- perly what was called a holocaust, or whole burnt-offering. Totam victimam, says Heyne. 256. Solum : in the sense of terra. 258. Procul! O procul ! be at a distance at a distance, O ye profane ! This was . LIB. \i. Conclamat vates, totoque absistite luco. Tuque invade viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum : 260 Nunc animis opus, ^Enea, nunc pectore firmo. Tantum effata, furens antro se immisit aperto : Ille ducem haud timidis vadentem passibus aequat. Di, quibus imperium est animarum, umbraeque silen- Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte silentia late, [tes, Sit mihi fas audita loqui : sit numine vestro 266 Pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas. Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per urabram, Perque domos Ditis vacuas, et inania regna. Quale per incertam Lunam sub luce maligna 270 Est iter in sylvis ; ubi coelum condidit umbra Jupiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orel, Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae : Pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, 275 Et metus, et malesuada Fames, et turpis Egestas, Terribiles visu formae ! Letumque, Laborque : Turn consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis Guadia, mortiferumque adverse in limine Bellum, Ferreique Eumenidum thai ami, et Discordia demens 261. Nunc opus ett animis, O jEnea, 263. Ille eequat du- cem vadentem, haud ti- midis 264. Fosque silente* umbra, et 266. Fa* sit mihi ves- tro numine, pandere ret mersas 270. Tale quale est iter in sylvis per incer- tam Lunam 275. Hie qttoque pal- lentesque morbi 278. Turn in adverse \\minesunt Sopor NOTES. the usual preamble with which the sacred mysteries were ushered in. Those who were not initiated, were called scelesli, inexpiati, and profani ; and were prevented from ac- cess to such holy rites. Dea adventante. By Dea, we are to understand Hecate, accom- panied by her dogs. Heyne observes that the furies are sometimes called canes. But they are not so to be taken in this place. Sunt canes Hceaten comitantes, et passim me- morati in sacris magicis. 259. Absistite : in the sense of recedite. 260. Eripe ferrum : draw the sword from the sheath. This indicated danger, and the hazard of the enterprise. 262. Tantum : so much this only. 263. Vadentem : in the sense of euntem, vol ingredientem. 265. Chaos : properly, a confused and indigested mass of matter, out of which it is supposed all things were made. One of the most ancient gods of the Heathens; or ra- ther the parent of them all. Phlegethon : the name of one of the infernal rivers, of Greek derivation. According to the poets, there were five rivers of hell, Acheron, Cocytu*, Styx, Phlegethon, and Lethe, all of Greek derivation. Silentia: this is the common reading; but Heyne, on the authority of Heinsius, has tacentia. 267. Mersas : in the sense of tectas vel oc- cultas. 268. Obscuri sold nocte : by hypaliage, for soli obscura nocte. 270. Per incerlam lunam. By this, some understand the new moon soon after its Change, when it shines with a feeble or glim- mering light. Others, the moon occasion- ally hid and obscured by clouds. Maligna luce : envious light that which shines so faintly, as if it grudged one the happiness of enjoying it. Condidit : hath hid, or co- vered. 273. Vestibulum. This was the space or area contained between the house and high- way. In this vestibulum of hell, the poet describes the various calamities of human life, as having their residence : all of which he clothes with a kind of airy body. 274. Curce : in the sense of conscienlia, says Heyne. 276. Fames malesuada : hunger persuad- ing to evil. QUCE suadet rapinas sceleraque, says Heyne. JVb?i tantum inopia rictus ; sed etiam avaritia, et auri sacra fames, says Ru- 8DUS. That avarice and thirst for gold, which persuades and hurries men to the perpetra- tion of crimes, and is the fruitful source of evils. 278. Sopor: sleep, the brother of death. The poets tell us that Somnus and Mors were children of JVo:r. Or, in the language of poetry, sleep and death may be called brothers, on account of their resemblance. Mala gaudia mentis : the criminal joys of the mind. Turn : then in the next place. 280. Ferrei thalami, &c. By the iron beds of the furies, we are to understand the rack- ing torments of a guilty conscience, the consequence of a course of vice and sensu- ality : and, by frantic discord, bound as to its viperous locks with bloody fillets, we are to understand all those base and turbulent passions, which unhinge the mind, and over- see K VIRGILII MARONIS Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. 281 In medio ramos annosaque brachia pandit Ulrrms opaca, ingens : quam sedem Somnia vulgo Vana tenere ferunt ; foliisque sub omnibus hserent. 285. Multa monstra Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, 285 yariarum ferarum sta- Centauri in foribus stabulant. Scylla3que biformes, nT nSr m ' Et centum g eminus Briareus, ac bellua Lern* Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera ; Gorgones, Harpyiaeque ; et forma tricorporis umbras. Corripit hie subit& trepidus formidine ferrum 200 JSneas, strictamque aciem venientibus offert. 992. Etirruat,etfrus- Et, ni docta comes tenues sine corpore vitas tra diverberat umbras Admoneat volitare cav sub imagine formre, bL. t^TTe! *"%*, frustra ferro diverberet umbras. nuee vi, as' volitare sine nine via, 1 artarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas. 295 corpore Turbidus hie cceno vastaque voragine gurges 295. Hince$via,quoe JSstuat, atque omnem Cocyto eruetat arenam. bi honore sepultures, says Rurous. ;&$ P. V1RGIL1I MARONIS Leucaspim, et Lycias ductorern classis Orontem : Quos siraul a Troja ventosa per sequora vectos Obruit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque. Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat : Qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sidera servat, Exciderat puppi, mediis effusus in undis. Hunc ubi vix multa mcestum cognovit in umbra, Sic prior alloquitur : Quis te, Palinure, Deorum Eripuit nobis, medioque sub aequore mersit ? 343. Namqne Apollo, Die, age. Namque mihi fallax baud ante repertus, baud ant repertus mih i jf oc uno response animum delusit Apollo ; fallax, delusit animur.iQ^ fore te to i nco i umem , finesque canebat h neb n t resp0ns ; qU Venturum Ausonios : en ! ha3c promissa fides est ? Ille autem : Neque te Phcebi cortina fefellit, Dux Anchisiade ; nee me Deus sequore mersit. 349. Namque prceci- Namque gubernaclum multa vi forte revulsum, pitans traxi mecum gu- Cui datus haerebam custos, cursusque regebam, 350 bernaclum forte revul- p raec ipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera juro, 8U ^51 Juro ver aspera Non ullum P ro me tantum cepisse timorem ; maria' me non cepisse Quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro, ullum Deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis. Tres Notus hybernas immensa per aequora noctes 855 Vexit me violentus aqua : vix lumine quarto Prospexi Italiam, summS, sublimis ab unda. 358. Tula loca, niPaulatim adnabam terra, et jam tuta tenebam ; crudelis gens ferro inva-Ni gens crudelis madidS, cum veste gravatum, sisset roe Prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera mentis, 3( Ferro invasisset, praedamque ignara putasset. Nunc me fluctus habet, versantque in litore venti. NOTES. 336 Obruit: drowned-sunk. was not false and deceptive. Mersit: w 337 Aeebat sese: in th- sense offerebat the sense of submtmt. Me. 350. Cui harebam : to which I clung, be- 338. Libyco cursu. Palinurus was not j^ t he appointed helmsman. drowned in the Libyan, but in the Tuscan part o f th e ship which he carried with him, sea, after he set sail from Sicily. Thevoy- p a i mur us kept himself above 1 age was commenced from Africa, or Libya, an ^ was enabled to swim to the land. which is the reason of its being called a ^ ^ Aperi t : in the sense ofotlcndil. strength. Hercules was the son of Jupiter ; Theseus, of Neptune ; and Pirithms, accord- , 40 + 9 ' fj****** B / thls , wc a , rc * na " ing to Homer, was the son of Dia, the wife derstand the bough or branch, which was of Ixion, by Jove the P led g e or evidence that the person who 395. Tartareum custodem : the Tartarean bo1 ? H . Authorized and li keeper the dog Cerberus. His proper to be ^milted in u to *J mfernal re g^ ons place was at the entrance of the infernal re- This appears to have been presented to gions. Ille : Hercules. He drew Cerberus Charon f f a sl 1 P ur P ose ' . at . a former li'om the throne of his master, whither he time : P erIm P s b 7 Theseus or Pinthous. had fled for shelter. Or, by the throne of 412. Deturbat alias animas : he drives out Pluto we may understand his dominions in other souls, that sat on the long benches general. Petivit : seized bound him in (jitga) and clears the deck. Or, Laxat foros chains. may be rendered, opens the hatches. Valpy 397. Hi adorti : Theseus and Pirithoiis. says, " empties the hold." These attempted to carry off Proserpine 414. Sutilis rimosa : patched- leaky. from the bed of Pluto : both daring attempts. Paludem : for aquam, 398. Amphrysict 'vates : the prophetess of 416. Exponit : lands. Apollo. Amphrysia : an adj. from Amphry- 417. Cerberus. He was represented as sns, a river of Thessaly, where Apollo kept having three separate heads. Hence the the flocks of Admetus, when banished by epithet trifauci. Jove from heaven for killing; the Cyclops, 418. Personat hac regna : the same as who forged his thunderbolts. Here taken sonat per hcec regna. as a name of Apollo. Contra qua: in an- 420. Objicil offam: she throws- a cake, to which -in reply to which. soaked in honey and medicinal fruits. By 2. Pafrni : gen, of pafruu*. Plato fntgftus we arc to understand the seeds of l*. LIB. VI',. 422. Corripit earn ob- jectain, atquc fastis hu- mi 425 Objieit. lile fame rabida tr^a guttura pandens, Corripit objectam, atque immania terga resolvit Fasus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro. Occupat ./Eneas aditum, custode sepulto, Evaditque celer ripam irremeabilis undas. Continuo audits voces, vagitus et ingens, Infentumque animaB flentes in limine primo : Quos dulcis vita3 exsortes, et ab ubere raptos Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo. Hos juxta, falso damnati crimine mortis. Nee vero hae sine sorte data?, sine judice, sedes. Qua3sitor Minos urnam movet : ille silentum Conciliumque vocat, vitasque et crimina discit. Proxima deinde tenent moesti loca, qui sibi letum 434. Deinde mcesti, Insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi 435 sius, Servius, and Donatus, do the same. Inamabilis : hateful odious. 439. Stvr .- it \vnspniH to P. VIRGILII MARON1S Nee procul hinc, partqm fusi monstrantur in ormiem Lugentes campi : sic illos nomine dicunt. 442. Hie secreti cal- Hie, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit, lescelant,etmyrteasyl-g ecret i ce l an t calles, et myrtea circum vacircum-tegite manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis quo populata Auribus, et truncas inhonesto vulnere nares. Vix adeo agnovit pavitantem, et dira tegentem Supplicia : et notis compellat vocibus ultro : Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teticri. 501. Quis optavit su- Q uis tam crui jeles optavit sumere pcenas 1 501 ui tantum de te licuit ? Mihi fama suprema mere tantum supplicii Nocte tulit, fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum de te? Procubuisse super confusac stragis acervqm. . Tune egomet tumulum Rhceteo in litore inanem 505 508. Et decedens ph- Constitui, et magna Manes ter voce vocavi. SSl* ^ Nomen et arma locum servant. Te, amice, nequivi 509. Priamides ait : Conspicere, et patria decedens ponere terra. Nihil, 6 amice, relictum Ad quae Priamides : Nihil 6 tibi, amice, relictum est : cst Omnia DeiphoLo solvisti, et funeris umbris : 510 %* me fata me ?. et s r, el r exitiale Lacieme ,- His mersere malis : ilia haec monumenta rehquit. 513. Namque nosti, Namque, ut supremam falsa inter guadia noctem ut egerimus Egerimus, n6sti ; et nimium meminisse necesse est ; NOTES. 480. Conferre. gradum : to meet him to vel spoliata. Raptis : in the sense oi come in close conference with him : a phrase. When the concluding word of a preceding Usque : in the sense of diu. line is repeated in the beginning of the fol- 489. Phalanges : in the sense of turrtUE. lowing line, the figure is called anadiplosis. 492. Ceu quondam^ &c. The account of It is usually emphatical, as in the present the fight to which the poet here alludes, is instance. Truncas : cut gashed, given, Iliad 15. The Trojans under Hector 499. Snpplicia : in the sense of vulnera drove the Greeks, forced their entrench- vel plagas. Notis : familiar. Or it may ments, pursued them to their ships, and set have reference to their speaking the same them on fire. language. This is the sense in which Ru- 493. Clamor inceptus : the cry begun, seus takes it : cognita voce, says he. frustrates them, gaping and opening their 500. Genus : offspring. It is placed in throats. They were so terrified at the sight apposition with Dei.phobe. of .ftlneas, as to be unable fo finish the 504. Confusa stragis : of mingled car- scream which they had begun. It perished cases. in their throats. Ruaeus takes frustratur in 507. Nomen et arma : by commutatio, for the sense offaUit. locus servat nomen et anna : the place pre- 495. Deiphobum. Deiphobus was the son serves your name and arms. o Priam, and married Helen after the death 509. Ad. qua. Ruseus, and some others, of Paris. What is % here said of his being read atque hie. Heyne and Valpy read, ad cruelly mangled, is agreeable to the account qua. Heinsius and Burmannus read, ad given by Dictys Crctensis. He was slain by qua hcec. Menelaus. This representation of Deipho- 510. Funeris : the corpse, or dead body bus" 1 mangled shade or ghost, is according to itself. the philosophy of Plato, who taught that 511. Lacancc: of Helen of the Laceda- the dead retain the same marks and blemish- woman. es in their bodies, which they had when 512. Ilia reliquit : she hath left those scars a li ve ; and wounds, which you see, as monuments 496. Populata : in the sense of privata of her lo^ve. .-KNEIS. LIB. VI. 515 Cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit Pergama, et armatum peditera gravis attulit alvo Ilia chorum simulans, evantes orgia circurn Ducebat Phrygias : flammam media ipsa tenebat Ingeritem, et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. Turn me confectum curis, somnoque gravatum Infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque jacentem Dulcis et alta quies, placidaeque simillima morti. Egregia interea conjux arma omnia tectis Emovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem. Intra tecta vocat Menelaum, et limina pandit. Scilicet id magnum sperans fore munus amanti, Et famam exstingui veterum sic posse malorum. Quid moror ? irrumpunt thalamo ; comes additur una Hortator scelerum bolides. Di, talia Graiis Instaurate ; pio si poenas ore reposco. Sed te qui vivura casus, age, fare vicissim, Attulerint : pelagine venis erroribus actus ? An monitu Divum ? an quae te fortuna fatigat, Ut tristes sine sole domos, loca turbida, adires ? Hac vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis 518. Ducebat Thry- gias /cemmcts, evantes KOA circum orgia 525 526. Sperans id fore magnum munus aman- ti, et famam 530 532. Venis-ne hue ac- tus erroribus 535 NOTES. 515. Cum fatalis, c. See &n. ii. 234. ct sequens. 517. Evantes : shouting in praise of Bac- chus. The word is of Greek derivation ; and is applied to the bacchanals^ or devotees of the god Bacchus. Evantes orgia : ex more orgiorum, says Heyne. 519. Vocabat, Helen made signals from the walls to the Greeks, that all things were ready for the assault. Her leading the Phrygian women around the city, as if in honor of Bacchus, the giver of joy, on ac- count of the departure of their enemies, was mere pretence mere deception to co- ver her plans. 521. Infelix : unhappy ; because he was slain in it, and thereby prevented from join- ing his comrades in arms, and avenging their falling country. Pressit. His sleep was so sound, that it seemed to press him down like a great weight, lying upon him. 523. Egregia conjux : precious wife. This is spoken ironically. The meaning is, odi- ous abominable. 524. Subduxerat: and had withdrawn my faithful sword from my head. It was a custom among the warriors to lay their swords under their heads when they slept. 525. Vocat Menelaum : she called Mene- laus into the house, &c. After the death of Paris, Helen married Deiphobus, his brother. It is said she endeavored to be reconciled to her first husband, by aiding the Grecian arms. Here she calls to him, and opens the door. That De'iphobus might fall an easy prey, she had previously removed all the arms from the house, and his sword from under his head. What befell Helen after the capture of Troy is not certain. Some say she returned to Sparta, and passed her days with Menelaus ; and was buried with him in the same tomb. Others say, after his death, being banished from Sparta, she fled to Rhodes, where she died. Homer informs us, Odys. iv. 277, that Helen went three times round the wooden horse, calling each of the Greeks by name. To this the poet alludes, 517. supra. 526. Jlmanti : to her husband viz. Me nelaus. Munus : favor gift. 527. Et famam : and that the infamy of her former crimes might in this way be blot- ted out. Famam : in the sense of infami.- am. 529. JEolides. This is a reproachful name given to Ulysses. It insinuates that he was not the son of Laertes, but of Sisyphus, the son of ^Eolus, with whom his mother Anti- clea is said to have been familiar. 530. Instaurate : In the sense of reddite. 532. Erroribus : dangers. Davidson ren- ders it casualties. 533. Quceforiuna: what (adverse) fortune forces or impels you, that, c. 534. Turbida : in the sense of obscura,vol tenebrosa. 535. Hac vice sermonum: during the course (or change) of conversation, the sun in his rosy chariot had now passed, &c. By Au- rora, here, we are undoubtedly to under- stand the sun. Quadrigis : properly, a cha- riot drawn by four horses. Ruseus thinks the middle of the day is here meant by medium axcm; and not the middle of the P. VIRGILII M AROMS Jam medium aethereo cursu trajecerat axem, 537. Per taha collo- g t f ors omne datum traherent per talia tempus j Sed comes admonuit, breviterque aflata Sibylla est : Nox ruit, jEnea : nos flendo ducimus horas. Hie locus est, partes ubi se via findii in ambas. 540 541. Dextera est via, Dextera, quae Ditis magni sub mcenia tendit : qU &42H?c via est iter H * C iter E1 y sium nobis : at laeva malorum nobis' ad Elysium : at Exercet pcenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit. laeva pars cxercet Deiphobus contra : Ne saevi, magna sacerdos : Discedam ; explebo numerum, reddarque tenebris. 545 I decus, i, nostrum : melioribus utere fatis. Tantum effatus, et in verbo vestigia torsit. Respicit JEneas subito ; et sub rupe simstra Moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro : Quae rapidus flam mis ambit torrentibus amnis 550 Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonantia saxa. 6 j'2. Est porta adver- Porta adversa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnx : 8(1 . Vis ut nulla virum, non ipsi exscindere ferro i urn mZ^no U n VIS "" Ccelicote valean: . Stat ferrea turris ad auras : 557 Gemitus cape- Tisi P h ne que sedens, palla succincta cruenta, 555 runt exaudiri hinc " Vestibulum insomnis servat noctesque diesque. 558. Turn stridor fer- Hinc exaudiri gemitus, et saeva sonare ri, tractsequo catenae Verbera : turn stridor ferri, tractaeque catenae. (Kperunt exaudiri Constitit JSneas, strepitumque exterritus hausit : 560. O Virgo, inquit. ~ * * ' cffare, qu facies ecele- <* u3e scelerum facies, o virgo, effare, quibusve rum sunt illic Urgentur prenis 1 quis tantus plangor ad auras ? NOTES. night, as Servius, and most interpreters sup- te alloquerer : I will depart, and fill up the pose, The time appointed for performing number of the multitude which I left, that the preliminary rites, and visiting the infer- I might converse with you. This is the iial regions, here called tempus datum, was opinion of Heyne and Davidson. Accord- a day and two nights, as we learn from Plu- ing to Plato's notion of transmigration, the larch's treatise concerning the genius of So- souls of the deceased passed a certain num- erates. Now ^Eneas had passed the whole her of years in purification, before they as- of the first night in offering the prescribed sumed other bodies ; therefore, 2d. Discr.- sacrifices, verse 255. He commenced his dam, impleturus numerum annorum pwga- descent the next morning about sunrise, tionis, qua Jit in his tenebris : I will depart Medium axem must therefore mean the me- to fill up the number of the years of puri- ridian, which the sun had passed, and was fication, which is done in this darkness. 3. hastening to the western horizon. The in- Discedam ; modo, sine ut cxplcam numerum, tervening time /Eneas may be supposed to et periodum orationis me&, quam incepi : I have passed in going through so many will depart ; only let me fill up the number apartments. The remaining part of the and period of the discourse which I have day and following night, he visits his father, begun. Only let me finish what I have be- and the Elysian fields ; and returns the fol- gun to say. This last Ruseus prefers, lowing morning to his companions. 546. / decus, i,nostrum : pass on, pass on, 537. Fors : in the sense offortasse. thou glory of our nation : experience fate?- 542. LcBva exercet, &c. The meaning of more propitious. The repetition of the / is this passage is, that they had now arrived emphatical. at the place where the way separated into 549. M&nia: in the sense of urbem. two: the right led to the city of Pluto, and 551. Phlegethon : the name of one of the the left led to the place where the impious five rivers of hell : from a Greek word sig- are punished. Tendit : in the sense of du- nifying, to bum, or to be on fire. cil. Mittit, also, in the sense of ducit. 558. Verbera : scourges lashes. Stridor 545. Discedam ; explebo numerum, &c. ferri : a grating, or din of iron. The meaning of this line has not been set- 559. Hausit strepitum ; he heard the tu- tied by commentators. There are three opi- mult confused noise, nions which seem to prevail. 1. Discedam 560. Facies : forms kinds. r* implebo numcnan tirrbw, ex qua disccsti ut. 561. Urgentur: in the sense of crucian- JBNE1S. LIB. VI. 563. Fase^nu^'icasto insistere 567. Subigitque eos fateri qua piacula com- missa apud superos, qms 571. Tisiphone ultrix, accincta flagello, quatit sontes msultans ; Turn vates sic orsa loqui : Dux inclyte Teucrum, Nulli fas casto sceleratum insistere limen : S&d, me cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis, Ipsa Deum poenas docuit, pefque omnia duxit. 565 Gnossius ha?c Rhadamanthus habet durissima regna, Castigatque, auditque dolos : subigitque fateri, " 'QuaB quis apud superos, furto laetatus inani, Distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem^ Continue sontes ultrix accincta flagello 670 Tisiphone quatit insultans ; torvosque sinistra, Intentans augues, vocat agmina saeva sororum. Turn demum horrisono stridentes cardine sacra Panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis sU.bylla inauit : Vestibule sedeat 1 facies quae limina servet 1 575 cernis-we qualis Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydra 577. Ssevior Hydra, Saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse immanis quinquaginta Bis patet in praeceps tantum, tenditque sub umbras, Quantus ad aethereum cceli suspectus Olympum. 579, Quantus est Hie genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes, 580 Fulmine dejecti, fundo volvuntur in imo. Hie et Aloidas geminos, immania vidi Corpora ; qui manibus magnum rescindere cesium Aggressi, superisque Jovem detrudere regnis. Vidi et crudeles dantem Salmonea poenas, 585 Dum flammas Jovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi. Quatuor hie invectus equis, et lampada quassans, NOTES. iur. Plangor: shrieking outcry. The verb surgit, is understood. 568. Apud superos : with the living in the upper world. Furto : privacy conceal- ment. Inani . vain or unprofitable, because however great the privacy might have been, in which crimes were committed ; they were, nevertheless, all known to the gods, Ruaeus says, v ana simulatione. 569. Piacula : in the sense of mrnina, vel scekra. 571. Quatit: strikes. Ferberat, says Ru- aeus. 572. Sceva agmina sororum. The furies were reckoned three in number. Their names are Tisiphone, AUclo, and Megara. They may be called agmina, bands or troops, on account of their complicated rage ; or these may be only the principal ones, and might have others under their command, Intentans : shaking or brandishing. 573. Sacra : in the sense of sceleratce. 576. Hiatibus : mouths. 579. Suspectus : height distance. JEthe- reum Olympum : the ethereal vault of hea- ven the highest pinnacle the seat of the gods. 580. Titania pubes : the giants, the sons of Titan and Terra. They attempted to scale heaven, and dethrone Jupiter ; but he crushed them with his thunder. Their ob- ject, in the attempt, was to restore their fa- ther to his throne, from which he had been driven by Jupiter. Volvunlur : in the sense of premuntur. 582. AloUas. These were the giants Otus and Ephialtes, the sons of Neptune by Iphi- media, the wife of Alotus. Homer makes them nine cubits broad, and nine ells high, in the ninth year of their age. Odyss. xi, 304. 585. Salmonea: a Greek ace. of Salmo- neus. He was the son of JEolus^ a king of Elis. He made a bridge of brass, over which he drove his chariot, boasting that by the rattling of his wheels, and the prancing of his horses, he imitated the thunder of Jove ; who was highly honored at Elis. At the same time, to counterfeit his lightning, he hurled flaming torches at his subjects, and ordered every one to be put to death< at whom he threw his torch." He was struck by the thunderbolt of Jove, for his impi- ety and cruelty. Pccnas. Pcena proper- ly signifies a recompense or satisfaction. Hence the phrase dare p&nam vel pcenas, to be punished that is, to make retribution or satisfaction. 586. Flammas : lightning. Sonitus: < nun- der. 37* P. V1RG1LII MARONIS 590 Per Graium populos, mediaeque per Elidis urbein Ibat ovans, Divumque sibi poscebat honorem : Demens ! qui nimbos, et non imitabile fulmen JE,re et cornipedum cursu simularet equorum. 59^. illo Jupiter non At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum contorsil faces, nee lumi- Contorsit (non ille faces, nee fumea tsedis na fumea c tredis, id Lumina) praRcipitemque immani turbine adegit. Nee non et Tityon, Terras omniparentis alumnum, 595 596. Licitum erat cer- Cernere erat : per tota novem cui jugera corpus nere Tityon Porrigitur ; rostroque immanis vultur obunco Immortale jecur tundens, foecundaque pcenis Viscera, riraaturque epulis, habitat que sub alto Pectore : nee fibris requies datur ulla renatis. Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona, Pirithoiimque ? Quos super atra silex janvjam lapsura, cadentique Imminet assimilis. Lucent genialibus altis 604. Epulse parat Aurea fulcra toris, epulaeque ante ora paratSD 4unf ante eon/mora, cum Regifico luxu : Furiarum maxima juxta Accubat, et manibus prohibet contingere mensas ; Exsurgitque facem attollens, atque intonat ore. 608. Hie sunt illi, qui- Hie, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, bus fratres erant invisi Pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti ; Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis, Nee partem posuere suis ; quae maxima turba est : Quique ob adulterium cassi ; quique arma secuti 600 605 NOTES. 688. Urban media Elidis. For mediam urbem Elidis : through the middle of the city of Elis. Heyne observes that some co- pies read mediam, which is the easier. 590. Nimbos: storms tempests. 591. Simularet. This is the reading of Heyne. Most copies have simuldrat,ihe plu. perf. of the ind. 592. Telum: thunderbolt. 595. Tityon. Tityus was the son of Ju- piter and Elara, the daughter of Orchome- nus. When Jupiter found her with child, he shut her up in the earth for fear of Juno ; where Tityus issuing forth in a gigantic form, was thought to be the son of the earth. Virgil, therefore, calls him alumnus, &c. : the foster-child of all-bearing earth. He was slain by Apollo for offering violence to Latona. He was punished by a huge vul- ture, that continually preyed upon his liver and vitals ; which, as they were devoured, always grew afresh. Hence immor tale jecur : his immortal liver; because it never was consumed. Rimatur epulis : rummages them for his meal. Renatis : springing up anew. 596. Cui : in the sense of cujus. 598. Tundens : beating tearing. This is the common reading. But Heyne reads tondens. Fczcunda pcenis : fertile in punish- ment. This is said, because as soon as any part was torn away, and consumed by the rulture, its place was immediately supplied. His punishment would therefore be perpe- tual. 601. Lapithas : the Lapitkce were a peo- ple of Thessaly of dissolute manners. Izi- ona. Ixion, the son of Phlegyas, was their king. He was admitted to an intimacy with Jupiter, which he forfeited by designing an intimacy with Juno. Jupiter knowing his purpose, substituted a cloud for the god- dess ; and was content at first only to re- move him from heaven ; but finding that he boasted of having been honored with Juno's bed, he hurled him down to Tarta- rus, arid ordered Mercury to bind iiim to a wheel, hung round with serpents, which he was doomed to turn without any inter- mission. Pirithoum. He was the son of Ixion. See 122, supra. 609. Pulsus-ve parens : the crime of par- ricide is so horrid and unnatural, that he passes it by, not supposing any of the hu- man race could be guilty of it. He puts the case only of one who had beaten a pa- rent. Fraus innexa clienti : fraud practised upon a client. The claim of the client to the faith and protection of his patron was considered sacred among the Romans ; like that of a child to the protection of the pa- rent. Among the laws of the twelve tables it is said : " if any patron shall defraud his client, let him be accursed." 611. Nee partem: nor have distributed a part to their own. drma : in the sense ofbella. JENJEIS. LIB. VI. Impia ; nee veriti dominorum fallere dextras ; Inclusi poenam expectant. Ne quaere doceri 614 Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum District! pendent. Sedet, aeternumque sedebit Infelix Theseus : Phlegyasque miserrimus omnes Admonet, et magna testatur voce per umbras : Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere Divos. 620 Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque potentem Imposuit : fixit leges pretio atque refixit. Hie thalarnum invasit natse, vetitosque hymenceos. Ausi omnes immane nefas, ausoque potiti. Non, mihi si linguae centum sint, oraque centum, 625 Ferrea vox, omnes scelerum comprendere formas. Omnia pcenarum percurrere nomina possim. Hsec ubi dicta dedit Phcsbi longaeva sacerdos : Sed jam age, carpe viam, et susceptum perfice munus : Acceleremus, ait. Cyclopum educta caminis 630 Moenia conspicio, atque adverse fornice portas, Haec ubi nos pnecepta jubent deponere dona. 6 14. Hi omnes inelusi kic expectant 615. Quam poenam pendent, out qiue forma 024. Hi omneB ausi sunt immane nefas, et potiti sunt auso 626. Non possim com- prendere omnes formas 632. Ubi Dl jubent nos NOTES. 613. Fallere dextras dominorum : to vio- late the faith of their masters pledged to their masters. Dextra : in the sense of jfUet. 615. Forma -fortuna. By forma, Servius understands the form or rule of justice : and by fortuna, Dr. Trapp understands the sen- tence of the judge. What punishment they undergo, or in what form or state of mise- ry they are overwhelmed or involved. This is plainly the meaning of the passage. Heyne says, Quce forma pcence, quod-ve mise- riat genus mersit, vel manet viros. 616. Ingens saxum. This refers* to the case of Sisyphus, the son of ^Eolus, a noto- rious robber. He was sentenced to hell, and compelled to roll a great stone lo the top of a hill; which, before he reached the top, returned to the bottom again. Thus his labor became perpetual. Districti radiis: bound *.o the spokes of wheels, they hang. This alludes to the case of Ixion. See 601, supra. 617. JEtern-ttm sedebit. This may be ex- plained by referring it to the shade or ghost of Theseus after death : for he was set at liberty by Hercules, after he had been bound by Pluto, and returned to the intercourse of men. See 122, supra. 618. Phlegyas. He was the father of Ix- ion, and king of the Lapitka. His daugh- ter Coronis, being ravished by Apollo, in revenge for the injury, he bumt his tem- ple ; for which he was thrust down to Tar- tarus. He is represented as calling alouil to the shades, and admonishing all to take warning by him, not to despise the gods, nor commit acts of impiety. 620. Monifi di.sr.ite jv.ttitiam : ye being admonished by my example, learn justice. This is the great moral of all those infer- nal punishments, that the example of them might deter from vice, and stimulate to vir- tue. Moniti meo exemplo, says Heyne. 622. Fixit leges : he made and unmade laws for a price. This is a metaphor taken from the Roman custom of engraving their laws upon tables of brass, and fixing them up in public places, to the view of the peo- ple ; and when those laws were abrogated or repealed, they were said to be rejigi, to be unfixed, or taken down. Hymenazos : in the sense of nuptias. 624. Potiti auso : accomplished their bold undertaking. Dr. Trapp thinks auso may be used for prcp.mio usi, they now have their reward, by way of sarcasm. But the sense commonly given is easier, and contains this moral, that however successful men are in wickedness, they are not the less odious to God, and will hereafter receive their due reward. 629. Perfice suscepluw im:iu:s : finis!: undertaken offering. This refers to the golden bough, which ^Eneas promised to de- posit in the palace of Proserpine. 630. Cyclopum. The C \viops were the first inhabitants of Sicily. To them is at- tributed the invention of forging iron, and of fortifying cities. The expression here denotes that these walls were made of iron, and strongly fortified. Educta : drawn out, or wrought" in the forges of the Cyclops. See Ceor. i. 471. 631. Portas fornice adverse: the gates, with their arch directly opposite to us, or in front of us. fi;fc>. Hrec prtrcepta dona : these command- 380 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 41, Incofa norunt Dixerat : et pariter gressi per opaca viarum, Corripiunt spatium medium, foribusque propinquant. Occupat jEneas aditum, corpusque recenti 635 Spargit aqua, ramumque adverse in limine figit. His demum exactis, perfecto munere Divae, Devenere locos laetos, et amcena vireta Fortunatorum nemorum, sedesque beatas. Largior hie campos aether, et lumine vestit Purpurco : solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris, Contendunt ludo, et fulva luctantur arena : Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas, et carmina dicunt. Necnon Threicius longi cum veste sacerdos Obloquitur numeris septcm discrimina vocum : Jamque eadem digitis, jam pectine pujsat eburno. 648. Hie est antiquum Hie genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrirna proles, Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis : Ilusque, Assaracusque, et Trojse Dardanus auctor. 650 Arma procul, currusque virum miratur inanes. Stant terrS, defixae hastoe, passimque soluti Per campos pascuntur equi. Quae gratia currum Armorumque fuit vivis ; quae cura nitentes 655. Eadem cura se- Pascere equos ; eadem sequitur tellure repostos. 655 quitur eos repdstos tel- Conspicit ecce alios dextrzi laevaque per herbam Vescentes, Inetumque choro paeana canentes. 640 645 lure. NOTES. cd gifts. This refers to the golden bough, which was sacred to Proserpine, and which yEneas was directed to deliver to her. Ru- seus says, munera decerpta ex arbor e. 633. Opaca viarum : the dark places of the way, or simply, the dark way. Spatia vel loca may be understood. 634. Spatium : ground way. 636. Spargit corpus : he sprinkles his bo- dy with fresh water ; either because he was polluted by the sight of Tartarus, or because he presented an offering to Proserpine. Spar- git aqua, c. In the entrance of the heathen temples, aqua lustralis, or holy water, was placed, to sprinkle the devout on their en- trance. This custom of sprinkling with holy water in the Roman church, La Cerda ad* mits was borrowed from this practice of the heathen. 637. Divas : Proserpine. Perfecto : finish- ed presented to her. 638. Devenere : they came to. 639. Fortunatorum: in the sense offeli- cium. Amotna viriditate herbarum arborum- quc, says Ruseus. 640. Vestit : in the sense of circumdat. 641. Purpureo: clear resplendent. 642. Palcestris : in the sense of locis. Pa- Icestra, both the place of exercise, and the exercise itself. 644. Dicunt : in the sense of canunt. 645. Threicius sacerdos : the Thracian poet w&rbles the seven distinctions of sound (the seven different notes) in music. Or* pheus is here represented clothed in a long robe, that being anciently the garb both of a priest and musician ; in which character he is here represented. 646. Septem, occ. Allusion is here had to the harp or lyre, which at first had only seven f hords or strings. Two were after- wards added to make the number nine, in honor of the muses. Pectine. Thepecten,or plectrum, was a kind of instrument which the musician struck the strings of the harp or lyre with, called a quill. 647. Eadem. Markland conjectures this should be changed to Jidem, the strings or chords of the lyre. The present reading re- fers to discrimina. The same (discrimina) he at one time strikes with his fingers, at another, &c. - 650. Ilusque. For the genealogy of these, see Geor. iii. 35. 653. Gratia: in the sense of amor. Vwis: iis is understood : in the sense of dum illi vixerunt. 657. Pceana. Pcean was a sacred hymn, or song of praise. It was sometimes sung in honor of Mars, especially before battle. It was sung in honor of Apollo, after a vic- tory ; and it was sometimes sung in honor of all the gods. It is derived from a Greek word, signifying to wound or pierce. It was first sung in honor of Apollo after he killed the Python. Infer: simply, fnr i J2NEIS. LIB. VI. Hie qui est raanus sunt Inter odoratum lauri nemus : unde superne Plurimus Eridani per sylvam volvitur amnis. Hie manus, ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi : 660 660. Quique sacerdotes caisti, dum vita manebat : Quique pii vates, et Phoebo digna locuti : Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes : cas ti Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo : 662. Fuerant pii vates, Omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempera vitta. 665 et locuti Quos circumfusos sic est affata Sibylla, Musaeum ante omnes : medium nam plurima turba Hunc habet, atque humeris exstantem suspicit altis :} Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime vates ; Quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus ? illius ergo 670 Venimus, et magr^ps Erebi tranavimus amnes. Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros : ^ Nulli certa domus : lucis habitamus opacis, Riparumque toros, et prata recentia rivis Incolimus : sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, 675 an te eta Hoc superate jugum, et facili jam tramite sistam. 679. Pater Anchises Dixit : et ante tulit gressum, camposque nitentes lustrabat animas peni- Desuper ostentat : dehinc summa cacumina linquunt. At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti Inclusas animas, superumque ad lumen ituras, 680 lens eas studio 672. Faucis verbis 63 - Est certa domus gressum convalle, iturasque ad superum lumen, reco- NOTES. 658. Unde superne. Interpreters are not agreed as to the meaning of this passage. Some make it to be this : unde magna pars Eridani e superis prcecipitat ad inferos. This interpretation is founded on what we are told by Pliny, that the Po, soon after its rise, passes under ground and flows out again in a part of Piedmont. Others : unde magnus Eridanus fluit ad superiores incolas terra. This seems to be the opinion of Ruaeus. This appears to be founded upon the general re- ceived opinion that the great source of rivers is in the body of the earth. Mr. Davidson differs from both of these interpretations. He takes superne in its common accepta- tion, denoting from an eminence or rising ground. Unde : whence (that is, from the Elysian fields,) from an eminence, or rising ground, the great river Eridanus rolls or flows. This is the easiest and most natural meaning. 662. Quique pii vates. Vates signifies ei- ther a poet or a prophet. Poets were origi- nally the only persons who taught a know- ledge of the divine nature, and declared the sublime doctrines of religion. Locuti digna Phwbo : and spoke things worthy of Phoebus ; such doctrines of religion and morality as were worthy of the inspiration of that God. 663. Excoluire : improved human life. 664. Quique fec&re alios : and those who had made others mindful of them by their merit. These included all patriots and pub- lic spirited men all who had distinguished themselves in the arts anc sciences, and all t.h* benefactors of mankind. 665. His omnibus : the dat. in the of the gen. horum omnium. 666. Circumfusos: in the sense of circum- stantes. 667. MuscEum. Musaeus was the disciple of Orpheus. He was an Athenian by birth, and flourished under Cecrops the second, a considerable time before the destruction of Troy. He was an heroic poet. There are said to be some fragments of verses which go under his name, but probably they are the production of a later poet. Some have censured Virgil for preferring Musssus to Homer as a poet. But it is to be remem- bered that Homer did not live till some time after this descent of ./Eneas, and therefore to have mentioned him, would have been wholly out of place. 668. Exstantem: rising above the rest by his head and lofty shoulders. Suspicit : in the sense of admiratur. ^Eneas is under- stood. 670. Ergo illius : on account of him we have come. Ergo is here used in the sense of causa. 674. Toros riparum : Ruaeus say s, herbosas ripas. Recentia rins : verdant or gieen on account of its streams or rivers. Virentia propter vicinas aquas, says Heyne. Pert : in- clines you. 676." Jugum: in the sense ofcollem. 678. Ante tulit gressum ; he (Musams) went before them ; a phrase. 680. Superum lumen : the upper world the regions of light. Here i* nn allusion to ;J82 P. VIRGILII MARONLS Lustrabat studio recolens : omnemque suorum Forte recensebat numerum, charosque nepotes, Fataque, fortunasque virum, moresque, manusque. 684.Vidit ^Enean ten- Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit dentein cursum adver ^; nean . alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 685 Ts? La r 4 r m"effu St e Effusaeque gems lachrymae, et vox excidit ore : , sunt gems Venisti tandem, tuaque spectata parent! 688. Tuaque pietas Vicit iter durum pietas : datur ora tuieri, spectata mihi parent! Nate, tua ; et notas audire et reddere voces ! ^Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum, 690 Tempora dinumerans : nee me inea cura fefellit. 692. Per quas terras, Quas ego te terras, et quanta per aequora vectum, et per quanta aequora Accipio ! quanfis jactatum, nate, periclis ! e e. ? c vectum !Q uim metuij ne qujd Llby0e Ubj regna nocerent , Ille autem : Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago 695 Saepius occurrens, hsec liniina tendere adegit. Stant sale Tyrrhene classes. Da jungere dextram. Da genitor : teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro. Sic memorans, largo fletu simul ora rigabat. 700, Collo patri* Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum ; 700 Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, Par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno. Interea videt /Eneas in valle reducta Seclusum nemus, et virgulta sonantia sylvis, 704 Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui praenatat, amnem. Hunc circum innumerae gentes populique volabant. Ac veluti in pratis, ubi apes aestate serena Floribus insidunt variis, et Candida circum Lilia funduntur : strepit omnis murmure campus. Horrescit visu subito, causasque requirit 710 Tnscius jEneas : qure sint ea flumina porro, Quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. Turn pater Anchises : Animas, quibus altera fato NOTES. the doctrine of transmigration, maintained Tuscan sea. Sale : in the sense of wicrri, by by Pythagoras and his followers. meton. 683. Manus : achievements noble deeds. 699. Largo fletu : in the sense of mullis Tendentem : in the sense of venientem ad se. lachrymis. 687. Spectata. This is the reading of 700. Circumdare: they are separated by Heyne, and is easier than expectata, which tmesis for the sake of the verse. Conatus is the common reading. Ruseus seems to sum, &c. approve of it, although he has expectata. 704. Seclusum : in the sense of separatum. Doctissimi legunt spectata, id e.?/, cognita, Virgulta sonantia sylvis. Heyne takes these perspccta, probata. says he. words in the sense of virgulta sylvarum so- 688. Datur : in the sense of permittitur. nantia ; and this again for sylva sonantes. Mihi is understood. Sonantia: sounding rustling with the wind. 690. Sic equidem ducebam : indeed I was 705. Prcenatat : in the sense of prater- concluding in my mind, and thinking it Jiuit. would be so ; computing and reckoning the 709. Funduntur : in the sense of volant. time for you to arrive. The ghost of An- 713. Animat quibus : the souls, for which chises had directed .Eneas to repair to the other bodies are destined by fate, drink, regions below. See lib. v. 731. &c. There were some who were exempt 693. Accipio : in the sense of audio. from transmigration. Such were those, 697. Tyrrheno sale. That part of the who, for their exalted virtue, had been ad- Mediterranean lying to the south of Italy, mitted into the society of the gods. Among and having Sicily on the east and Sardinia this number was Anchises. What . vel cognoscere. 763. Sylvius. Dionysius Halicarnassus informs us that Lavinia, at the death of .flSneas, was pregnant, and for fear of AB- canius fled into the woods to a Tuscan shepherd, where she was delivered of a son, whom, from that circumstance, she called Sylvius. But Ascanius, moved with com- passion toward her, named him his succes- sor in the kingdom of Alba Longa. From him, the kings of Alba took the common name of Sylvii. Livy, however, makes him the son of Ascanius. In order to make the historian and the poet agree, some would understand by longcevo, in the following line, advanced Iff the gods, immortal, relying upon jEsdhy'lus, who calls the gods longcevi. Postuma proles. The meaning of postuma here will, in a good degree, depend upon the sense given to longcevo. If it be taken as abovementioned, to denote one advanced to tfte life of the gods, then postuma proles will mean posthumous child, one born after the death of the father. But if we take longCRVo in its ordinary acceptation, to de- note an old man, or one advanced in afire, then postuma must be taken in the sense" of postrema : last your last child, whom late your wife Lavinia brought to you advanced in age. 765. Educet : in the sense of pariet. 767. Proximus. Not the one who should succeed Sylvius in the throne of Alba, for Procas was the thirteenth king ; but the one who stood next to him in the Elysian fields. 772. At, qui gerunt : but who bear their temples shaded with the civic crown. This was made of oak, because the fruit of that tree supported man at the first. It was conferred upon the man who had saved the life of a Roman citizen in battle. Querru : the oak ; by meton. the crown made of it. 773. Hi Nomentum : these shall found Nomentum, &c. This was a town of the Sabines, situated upon the river Allia. about 40 P. V1RG1L1I MARONLS Hi Collatinas imponcnt montibus arces, Pometios, Castrumque Inui, Bolamque, Coramque. Haec turn nomina crunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae. Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet Romulus, Assaraci quern sanguinis Ilia mater Educet. Viden' ut gemmae stant vcrtice cristo. 1 . Et pater ipse suo Superum jam signat honore ? En hujus, nate, auspiciis ilia inclyta Roma fmperium terris, animos icquabit Olympo, Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces, Felix prole virum : qualis Berecynthia mater Invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, Laeta Deum partu, centum cornplexa nepotes, 787. Umnea teneutes Omnes cojlicolas, omnes supera alta teuentes. supera et alta loca Hue, geminas hue flecte acies : hanc aspice gentem, 789. Hie 6j* Caesar, et Romanesque tuos. Hie Caesar, et omnis liili oninis Progenies, magnum cceli ventura sub axem. 790 791. Quem ssepius Hie vir, hie est, tibi quern promitti saepius audis, audis promitti tibi, Augustus Caesar, Divi genus ; aurea condet ne f tt P e Saecula qui rursus Latio, regnata per arva . Saturno quondam : super et Garamantas et Indos 780 785 NOTES. twelve miles tram Rome, 011 the east. Gabii : a town about ten miles from Rome, also to- ward the east. Fidena : a town situated 011 the Tyber, about five miles north of Rome. Collatia : a town not far from Fidena^ to the east. Pome/ia, or Fometii : a town of the Volsci, situate to the north of the PompLina. paludes. Castrum Inui : a maritime town of the Rutuli. It was dedicated to that god whom the Greeks called Pan, but the Latins called Inuus or Incubus. Bolce vel Bola : a town of the JEqui near Prceneste, to the east. Cora : a town of the Volsci not far from Pome/ia, to the north. These towns were not all in Latium, properly so called, as the poet would insinuate. They were built af- ter their respective people were incorporated among the Romans, and their lands made a part of the Roman state. 774. Imponent : in the sense of condent. Collatinas arces : the town or city Collation. 111. Comitem avo. Comes here is an as- sistant or helper Numitor, the son of Pro- cas, was driven from his throne by his bro- ther Amulius. Romulus being informed of this, collected a company of men, joined the party of Numitor, and restored him to his throne. Romulus was the reputed son of Mars and J/z'a, the daughter of Numitor, who was therefore his grandfather. Mavor- tius: an adj. from Manors, a. name of Mars, agreeing with Romulus, who is said to have been the son of that god. 779. Educet: in the sense of parict. 780. Pater Superum : Jupiter, who is styled the father of the gods, and king ef men. Some understand Mars, the father of Romulus. 781. dus])iciis: conduct government. 782. Jlnimos : courage valor. 783. Unaque circumdabit: and it alone shall surround for itself seven hills. 784. Berecynthia mater : as the Berecyn- thian mother, crowned with turrets, is waft- ed in her car, &c. Cybele is here meant, who was said to be the mother of most of the gods. Hence lada Deum partu : rejoicing in a race or progeny of gods. The epithet Berecynthia is added to her from Berecyn- thium, a castle of Phrygia, on the river Sa- garis, or from a mountain of that name, where she was worshipped in a distinguish- ed manner. Cybele is often put, by meton, for the earth ; for which reason she is repre- sented as wearing a turreted crown. Prole virum: in a race of heroes. 788. Genlem : race progeny. 792. Genus Divi: the offspring of a god. This the poet says to flatter the vanity of Augustus, who, from the time that he deified Julius Ccesar, his father by adoption, assumed the title of the son of a god, Jilius Divi. as appears from ancient inscriptions. Or his divine descent might be traced from Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan race, the reputed son of Jove. Some copies have Divum. Heyne reads Divi. Aurea sazcula condet : who again shall establish the golden age in Latium, through the country, &c. See Eel. iv. 6. 793. Augustus. This is the first time thai- Virgil called his prince Augustus. This title was decreed to him by the senate, in the year of Rome " . LIB. VI. Proferet imperium : jacet extra sidera tellus, Extra anni solisque vias, ubi coelifer Atlas Axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum. Hujus in adventu jam nunc et Caspia regna Responsis horrent Divum ; et Maeotica tellus, Et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nili. Nee vevo Alcides tantum telluris obivit ; Fixerit seripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi Pacarit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit arcu. Nee, qui parnpineis victor juga flectit habenis Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigres. Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis ? Aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra ? Quis procul ille autem, ramis insignis olivae, Sacra ferens ? nosco crines incanaque menta 800 804. Nee Liber 805 tantum telluris, qui vic- tor flectit juga pampi- neis habenis, agens 808. Autem quis est ille procul, insignis ra- mis NOTES. 795. Proferet imperium super: he shall extend his empire over, &e. The Gara- mantes were a people inhabiting the interior of Africa. Indos. Suetonius informs us that the kings of India, properly so called, being moved at the fame of Augustus, sought his friendship. But it is well known that he did not extend his empire over them. Most probably the people here mentioned under the name of Indos were the Ethiopians, or some nation of Africa. Besides, any coun- try lying in a hot climate, or within the tropics, was anciently called India, and its inhabitants Indi, as might be shown by abundant testimony. 795. Ttllus jacet : their land lies, &c. Si- {fera, here, does not mean the stars and con- stellations in general ; but the particular signs of the zodiac, as appears from the fol- lowing words : extra vias annul solis. This description agrees very well to Africa, which extends beyond the tropic of Cancer to the north, and, also, beyond the tropic of Capri- corn to the south. 797. Axem : by synec. for ccdum. 798. Caspia regna. By this we are to un- derstand the kingdoms bordering upon the Caspian sea. To the north were the Sar- matians and Scythians ; to the south, the Parthians ; to the west, the Arminians. This sea has no visible outlet or communi- cation with any other waters. It is said to be about 630 miles long, and 260 broad. The Wolga, the largest river in Europe, empties into it. Mccotica tellus. By this we are to understand the northern nations of Europe, bordering on the Pains Ma>otis, or sea of Azoff, on the north of the Euxine, or Black sea. Horrent: tremble at the re- sponses of the gods. 8^00. Trepida ostia : the astonished mouths of the seven-fold Nile are troubled. Tur- bant has, in this place, the signification of fi'rbantur. vel tremtlant. moventur. The Nile is the largest river of Africa, and falls into the Mediterranean sea by seven mouths. It annually overflows its banks, and occasions the fertility of Egypt. The Egyptians worshipped it as a divinity. 801. Alcides: a name of Hercules, from AlcKits, his grandfather. He is sometimes called Amphitryoniades, from Amphitryon* the husband ofAlcmena, of whom Jupiter be- gat him. He travelled over many parts of the world, performing feats of valor. He was in the Argonautic expedition. In Egypt he slew Busiris ; in Spain, Geryon ; in Si- cily, Eryx ; in Thrace, Diomede ; in Afri- ca he destroyed the gardens of the Hespe- rides. The poet here mentions three in- stances of his valor : 1. His piercing the brazen-footed hind. Fixerit (Bripedem, &c. This hind inhabited the mountain M&nalus* in Arcadia. Servius, in order to reconcile Virgil with mythology, takes fixerit, in tho sease of statuerit, stopped, out-run, took, &c. because, being sacred to Diana,it would have been impious to put her to death. Hey ne takes Jixcrit in the sense of ceperif. 2. His subduing the groves of Erymanthus : pacdrit memora ; that is, subdued the wild boar that infested them. He took him alivo, and carried him to Eurystheus, king of Mycentt. 3. His making Lerna tremble with his bow : Lernam tremefecerit ; that is, th^ fens of Lerna, between Argos and Mi/coir, where lie slew the Hydra with fifty heads. 804. Juga : the yoke, by melon, for tin: carriage. The car of Bacchus was dra^yn by tigers. " 805. Nysa. There were several moun- tains by this name, all sacred to Bacchur. . .'_i'7?s "tigres : driving the tigers from, &^. Tigers are said to be transported with fury at the sound of tabrets and drums ; which . perhaps, is the reason of their being given to Bacchus, the god of fury and enthusiastic 388 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Regis Romani ; primus qui legibus urbem 810 Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra 812. Cui deinde Tul- Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit, lus subibit, quirumpet Oti rumpet patriae, residesque movebit otia patnes, rnovebitque , M . ' - . u Tullus in arma viros, et jam desueta tnumpnis Agmina. Quern juxta sequitur jactantior Ancus, 815 Nunc quoque jam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. 817. Vis-ne videre et Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam Tarquinios Ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos ? Consuls imperium hie primus, saevasque secures NOTES. 810. Romani regis. The person here spoken of is Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. He was a Sabine by birth. After the death of Romulus, a dispute arose between the Romans and Sabines upon the choice of his successor. They finally agreed that the Romans should choose, but the choice must fall upon a Sabine. It accord- ingly fell upon Numa. He proved to be a peaceful monarch. He is, therefore, here represented as bearing an olive branch, the badge of peace. He reigned forty-three years, and died at the age of eighty. This justifies the incana menta; his white chin beard. The prep, in, in composition, sometimes changes the signification of the primitive, at others, increases it. This last is the case here. Hitherto the Romans had been little better than a band of rob- bers, associated together for the purpose of extending their rapine more widely. It was Numa's first care to establish the influence of religion over the minds of his subjects, and to enact a code of laws for their civil government. He is therefore represented bearing sacred utensils. See nom. prop, under Numa. Hence it is said,/imrfa6i/ ur- bem legibus : he shall found the city by laws. 811. Curibus: Cures was a small city of the Sabines. Paupere terra : from a poor or humble estate. 814. Tullus. Tullus Hostilius, the third king of the Romans. He was a descend- ant neither of Numa, nor Romulus. The go- vernment of Rome was then an elective mo- narchy, though great deference was paid to the will of the last king, and sometimes it ve- ry much influenced the choice. Tullus broke the peace with the Albans, and a bloody war ensued . ftros resides movebit et agmina : he shall rouse his inactive men to arms, and his troops long unaccustomed to triumphs. Otia : in the sense ofpacem. 815. Ancus. This was Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome. He courted the favor of the people : hence it is said of him, gaudens popularibus auris. Nor was he in- ferior to his predecessor in the arts of peace and war. He was the grandson of Numa by his daughter. Being indignant that Tul- lus should possess the throne in preference to himself, he sought means to procure his death, and that of his family. No mention is here made of Sorvins Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. 816. Auris : aura, applause favor. 818. Ultoris Bruti. Tarquin, surnamed the proud, the seventh and last king of Rome, had rendered himself odious to the people. His son Sextus, enamored with the beautiful Lucrtlia, the wife of Collatinus, offered violence to her. Unable to survive the disgrace, she killed herself with her own hand. This caused a general sensation. Brutus, a leading member of the Senate, roused that body to assert their rights against the tyrant, and procured a decree to banish Tarquin and his family for ever. For this reason, he is called ultor, the aven- ger. The government was changed from regal, to consular ; and Brutus and Collati- nus were chosen the first consuls. These officers were chosen annually. Fasces recep- tos : these words may mean, the authority and power recovered, and restored to the people, from whom they had been taken by usurpation and tyranny. Heyne says, re- giam dignitatem, et imperium translatum a regibus in consules. This is also the opinion of Dr. Trapp. But this is going too far. It is better to understand it of the power recovered and restored to the people, from whom it had been taken. In confirmation of this, history informs us, that the consuls were obliged to bow their fasces to the as- sembly of the people, as an acknowledg- ment that the sovereign power was theirs. Fascis: properly, a bundle of rods bound together with an axe in the middle, carried before the consuls and chief magistrates, to denote that they had the power to scourge and to put to death the rods to scourge, and the axe (securis) to put to death. Hence by meton. it came to signify the power itself, the ensigns of authority and royalty also power and authority in general. Se- curis is properly an axe. But being used as an instrument of executing the sentence of the law against offenders, it came to signify the sentence itself. And as the sentence of the law is to be considered just, it is taken also for justice in a general sonse. Srevax /ENEIS. LIB. VI. 369 Accipiet ; natosque pater, nova bella moventes, Ad pcenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit Infelix. Utcunque terent ea facta minores, Vincet amor patriie, laudumque immensa cupido. Quin Decios, Drusosque procui, saevutnque securi Aspice Torquatum, et referentem signa Camillum. Illae autern, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, Concordes animae nunc^ et dam nocte premuntur, Heu ! quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae Attigerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt ! Aggeribus socer Alpinis, atque arce Monoeci Descendens ; gener adversis instructus Eois. Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella : Neu patrise validas in viscera vertite vires. Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo : Projice tela manu, sanguis meus ! Ille triumphal Capitolia ad alta Corintho 820 820. Infelix pater vo- f abit natos. moventes 825 830 826. Autem illae ani- mse, quas cernis fulgere in paribus armis con- cordes nunc, et dura pre- muntur nocte, heu ! 835 835. Tu qui es meus sanguis. NOTES. secures : rigid, stem, or impartial justice the sword of justice. Perhaps the poet here alludes to the sentence passed upon the sons of Brutus, for being among the number of conspirators to restore the Tarquins, which was rigidly enforced by their father. They were beheaded with the axe, 820. Natos. The two sons of Brutus, Ti- tus and Tiberius, conspired with other noble youths of Rome, to recall Tarquin. But being discovered, their father commanded them to be put to death ; and stood by, and saw the sentence put in execution. The epithet infelix, connected with pater, is very just, as well as expressive. Some copies connect infdix with utcunque minores. How- ever posterity shall regard that action, love of country will prevail and justify the father. 824. Decios aspice : but see the Decii, &c. They were a noble family at Rome. Three of them devoted their lives for their country. Drusos: Drusus was the surname of the Livian family, from Drums, a general of the Gauls, slain by one of that family. Of this family was Livia Drusilla, the wife of Au- gustus. 825. Torquatum. Titus Manlius, sur- named Torquatus, from a golden chain or collar (torques) which he took from a gene- ral of the Gauls, whom he slew, anno urbis, 393. It became afterward the common name of the family. He was three times consul, and as often dictator. He ordered his son to be slain for fighting the enemy against his order, although he gained the victory. In allusion to this, he is called scRvum securi. Camillum : a Roman of no- ble birth. He was banished from Rome for envy of his talents and military renown. While he was in exile, the Gauls made an incursion into Italy, and took Rome. This roused Camillus. He forgot the injury done to him : and, collecting . body of men, fell upon them unawares, and cut them in pieces-. He was five times dictator, and four times he triumphed. 828. Heu ! quantum : alas ! how great a war, &c. Here is an allusion to the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. Pompey married Julia, the daughter of Csesar. The troops that composed the army of Csesar (socer, the father-in-law) were chiefly Gauls and Germans from the west. Hence he is said to come from the Alpine hills, and the tower of Moncecus. ' This was a town and port on the coast of Liguria, where the Alps begin to rise. The place was well fortified. The troops of Pompey (gener, the son-in- law,) were from the eastern part of the empire ; adversis Eois : from the opposite east. Populis vel militibus is understood. 832. Ne assuescite tanta bella animis : by commutatio, for ne assuescite animos tantis bellis. 833. Neu patrice. This verse, in a very remarkable manner, conveys to the ear the sound of tearing and rending, which it is designed to express. 835. Meus sanguis. Julius Caesar is here meant, who, according to V irgil, descended from Venus, through lulus, the son of /Ene- as. The poet here very artfully expresses his abhorrrence of the civil war which placed the Cffisars on the imperial throne ; but he does it so artfully as leaves to Augustus no room for taking offence. 836. Corintho (riumphatd : Corinth being triumphed over This was a famous city of Greece, situated on the isthmus which con- nects the Peloponnesus with the main land. This city privately formed an alliance with the principal Grecian states ; which gave offence to the Romans. Upon this, they sent ambassadors to dissolve this alliance or council of the states, as it was called ; who were treated with violence and 390 ?. VIRGILII MARONIS Victor aget currum, cassis insigrris Achivis. Eruet ille Argos, Agamemnoniasque Mycenas, Ipsumque ^Eaciden, genus armipotentis Achillei ; Ultus avos Trojse, templa et temerata Minerva?. 840 Quis te, magne Cato, taciturn ; aut te, Cosse, relinquat ? 842. Quis relinquat Quis Gracchi genus? aut geminos, duo fulmina belli. genus Gracchi taciturn f Scipiadas, cladem Libyae ? parvoque potentem Fabricium? vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem? aut NOTES. Rome instantly declared war, which ended in the destruction of Corinth, and the sub- jugation of its allies. Tliis was completed by the consul Mummius, in the year of Rome 609. Ille victor. This refers to Mum- mius. He was honored by a triumph. Ca- pitolia : neu. plu. a famous temple of Jupi- ter at Rome, commenced by Tarquinius Prisons upon the hill called Tarpdus, but afterward Capitolinus, from the circum- stance of a human head (capuf) being found when they were laying the founda- tion of that edifice. Hitherto the victors used to be drawn in a car to place their lau- rels in tlie lap of Jove. 838. Ille eruet Argos : he shall overthrow Argos, &c. Virgil is here supposed by Hy- ginus to confound two events which took place at different periods-^the war of Acka- ia, which ended in the destruction of Co- rinth, and the war with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. The former was conducted by the consul MummiuS) to whom the ille, in the preceding line, refers ; but it is not certain to whom the ille here reiers ; whether to Quinctius Flaminius, Paulus JEmilius, Cce- cilius Metellus, or M. Curius, each of whom acted a distinguished part in the war with Greece and Epirus. By Argos Myctnoz, the best interpreters understand the power of Greece in general. And by JEaciden, not Pyrrhus, but the power the government of Epiras. This was not destroyed during the reign of that monarch. It was, however completed in the reign of Penes or Perseus, king of Macedonia, the last 'of the descend- ants of Achilles, whom Paulus ^Emilius led in triumph. He may be called JEacides, as being descended from Achilles, the grandson of i/Eaeus, by Olympias, the daughter of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. He united the in- terests of northern Greece. 840. Ultus avos Trojce : having avenged his ancestors of Troy. Temerata templa: the violated temple of Minerva. This al- ludes to the violence offered to it by Diomede and Ulysses, in taking away the Palladium. 841. Cato. There were two distinguish- ed persons of this name. The one here spoken of is the Cato Major, sometimes call- ed Cato Censorius, from his great gravity and strictness in the censorship. He lived to a very great age. He sprang from an re fa-mil v : and. on account of his wis- dom and prudence, was called Cato, from catus, wise or prudent. The other Cato was his great grandson, and called Minor. He arrived at the preetorship. He subju- gated Sardinia ; and, in the year of Rome 560, obtained a triumph in Spain, where he acted as proconsul. He took part against Caesar and, when he saw the republic was lost, slew himself. Cosse : Cornelius Cossus. He slew the king of the Vtitnits, and conse- crated his spoils to Jupiter Feretrius. These were the second spolia opima, since the build- ing of Rome. He was afterward nomina- ted dictator, and triumphed over the Volsci. 842. Genus Gracchi. Tiberius Sempro- nius Gracchus was the most distinguished of his family. He was appointed preetor, and triumphed over the Celtiberi in Spain, destroying three hundred of their towns, in the year of Rome 576. He was twice con- sul, and once censor. He married Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus. By her, among other children, he had the two fa- mous brothers Tiberius and Caius. They were both appointed tribunes of the people at different times, and were the sincere advo- cates of their rights. This excited the jealousy of the senate, who raised a tumult, in which they both perished. The former in the year of Rome 621, and the latter in the year 633, 843. Scipiadas. There were two Scipios, Cornelius Scipio major, and Cornelius Sci- pio minor. They were both surnamed Af- ricanus. The latter was grandson of the former, and was adopted by Paulus JEmi- lius, and to distinguish him from the former, he was called also JEmilianus. They were both distinguished men. At the age of twenty-four, Scipio Major was appointed to command in Spain against the Carthagi- nians, whom he expelled from that country. He was afterward, anno urbis 549, made consul. He passed over into Africa, where he defeated them again, and terminated the second Punic war, much to the advantage of the Romans. He obtained a triumph, anno urbis 553. Hence he was called Afri- canus. Scipio Minor was appointed consul in 607. He took the department of Africa in the third Punic war, and entirely erased Carthage. He triumphed in 608. Hence also called Africanus. Duo fulmina belli : two thunderbolts of war. They were s# called bv Lucrftiint and C ^ENEIS. LIB. VI. Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii ? Tu Maximus ille es, Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, Credo equidem : vivos ducent de marmore vultus ; Orabunt causas melius ; co3lique meatus Describent radio, et surgentia sidera dicent : Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento : Hie tibi erunt artes ; pacisque imponere morem, Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos. Sic pater Anchises : atque haec mirantibus addit Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnes. Hie rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, Sistet eques : sternet Prenos, Gallumque rebellem Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. Atque hie ^Eneas ; una namque ire videbat 845 845. Fabii, quo rapi- tis me fossum ? 850 854. Pater Anchises dixit : atque 857. Hie eques sistet * Romanam rem, magno "55 tumultu turbante earn 860. Hie ^neas ait : O pater quis est ille, qui sic comitatur virum euiitem? namque vide- 860 bat NOTES. 844. Fabricium. Fabricius was raised from a low estate to the command of the Roman army. The Samnitea and Pyrrhus both attempted to corrupt him with money ; but he gave them to understand that Rome was not ambitious of gold, but gloried in commanding those who possessed it. He was twice consul, and twice he triumphed. Serrane: Quinctius Cincinnatus. He was twice dictator. At the age of eighty he was taken from his farm of four acres only, which he ploughed and sowed with his own hand. Whence he is called Serranus, from the verb sero. Florus calls him dictator ab aratro. 845. Fabii. These were a noble family at Rome, of whom Quintius Fabius was the most distinguished. In the second Pu- nic war Annibal reduced the Roman state to the brink of ruin by two signal victories obtained over them, one at Trebia, the other at Trasimtnus. In this state of things, Fa- bius was appointed dictator, and took the command of the army against the con- queror. By delaying to give him battle, by degrees he broke his power and com- pelled him to leave Italy. Cunctando resti- tuis rem : by delaying you restore the state. He was honored with the surname of Maxi- mus. He was five times consul, twice dic- tator, once censor, and twice he triumphed. 846. Rem : the state the republic. Most copies have restituis, in the present ; some restitues, in the future. 847. Alii excudent : others shall form with more delicacy the animated brass, &c. The Corinthians were famed for statuary ; the Athenians for eloquence, and the Chal- deans and Egyptians for astronomy. These are the arts or sciences here alluded to. The Romans are advised to neglect them, or consider them of inferior importance to the art of war, to ruling the nations, and dicta- ' in? the conditions of peace. It is well known that for a long time the Romans paid little attention to the arts of civilized life ; not un- til they had made themselves masters of Greece. Vivos : to the life. JE^ra, : statuas ex sere. 849. Meatus codi : nempe, cursus siderum. Radio : the radius was a stick or wand, used by the geometricians to mark or de- scribe their figures in the sand. Dicent: shall explain treat of. 852. Morem : in the sense of legem, vel condiliones. 855. Marcellus ingreditur : Marcellus moves along, distinguished by triumphal spoils, &c. The spolia opima were those spoils which a Roman general took from the general of the enemy, whom he had slaiu with his own hand on the field of battle. Such spoils Marcellus won from Viridoma- rus, the general of the Gauls. Tumultu. By tumultus here wo are to understand a Gallic war, which broke out and threatened the peace of Italy. A civil war, or intestine commotion, was properly called tumultus. Majores nostri tumultum Ilalicum, quod erai domes t icus ; tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italioz Jinitimus ; prceterea nullum tumultum nominabant, says Cicero. Marcellus was appointed to the command of the army, and wishing to attack the Gauls by surprise, or before they were prepared to receive him. he left his infantry behind, and proceeded with his cavalry, or horse, alone, because they could march with speed. Hence he if called here eques. Sislet : in the sense of Jirmabit. 859. Suspendetquc tertia arma. The first spolia opima were offered to Jupiter Fere- trius by Romulus, taken from Acron, kin of the Caninenses. The second were offer- ed by Cornelius Cossus, mentioned 841, si> pra. The third were taken by Marcellus from Viridoraarus. It is not certain whx. P. VIRGILII MAROiMS Egregium forma juvenem, et fulgentibus armis ; Sed frons laeta parum, et dejecto lumina vultu : Quis, pater, ille virum qui sic comitatur euntem ? Filius ? anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum ? 865. Quis strepitus Quis strepitus circa comitum ! quantum in star in ipso est coraitum est circa turn ! g ed atra ut tristi c i rcumvo l at umbra. 766 quantum mstar Mar- ^ . r , , . . , .. relli est in ipso ! Turn pater Anchises lachrymis mgressus obortis : 869. Neque sinent eum O nate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum : esse ultra. Roraana Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra propago visa esset vobis, g sse s i nen t. Nimium vobis Romana propago 370 otaSTri " SC nimi " m Visa potens, Superi, propria haec si dona fuissent. 872. Quantos gemitus Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem virum ille campus ad Campus aget gemitus ! vel quae, Tyberine, videbis magnam urbem Funera, cum tumulum prseterlabere recentem ! Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe toilet avos : nee Romula quondam Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. Heu pietas ! heu prisca fides ! invictaque bello Dextera ! non illi quisquam se impune tulisset 879. Non quisquam ~.. j A tulisset se illi Obvius armato : seu cum pedes iret in hostem, obvius armato impune, seu 875 880 Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. NOTES. we are to understand by Patri Qwirmo, to whom these spoils were to be suspended and offered. Nascimbaenus explains Qwirmo by Marte, vel bello. He suspends to father Jove the spoils taken (capta) in battle. Ser- vius, by Qwirmo understands Romulus. He suspends to father Romulus, &c. and pro- duces a law of Nnma which ordered the first spolia opima to be offered to Jupiter, the second to Mars, and the third to Romu- lus. But this law regarded those who might repeat the spolia opima. Ruaeus understands by Patri Quirino, Jupiter Feretrius, in the same manner as Janus is called Quirinus by Suetonius ; because he presided over war, and because his temple was built by Romulus Quirinus. He thinks Jupiter Fe- retrius may be called Quirinus. Suspendet, &c. : he shall suspend to father Jove the thiid triumphal spoils taken from the ene- my. Marcellus was of a plebeian family, and was advanced to the consulship five times. In his third, he was sent to Sicily, where he distinguished himself in /the de- feat of Hannibal. He laid siege to Syracuse, and took it after he had been before it three years. It was nobly defended by the cele- brated mathematician Archimedes, who re- peatedly destroyed the fleet of the assailants by his machines and burning glasses. It was at last taken by stratagem, and Archi- medes slain. 862. Parum l&ta : in the sense of tristis. 863. Virum : M. Marcellus, the consul. 867. Ingressus : in the sense of cce/iit. Obortis : gushing from his eyes. 869. Fata oslendent : the fates will only show him to the earth, &c. This is Marcus Marcellus, the son of Caius Marcellus anci Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He de- signed him for his daughter Julia. When a boy, he adopted him as a son, and intend- ed him for his successor in the empire. He died about the age of twenty years, at Bazas. His body was carried to Rome, and consum- ed to ashes in the campus Martins. The Romans were much affected at his loss, and made great lamentation over him. He was interred near the banks of the Tiber with great pomp. Propago : race stock off- spring. 871. Propria: lasting permanent; that is, if Marcellus had been permitted to live. 872. Quantos gemitus ille : how great, groans of men shall that Campus Martius send forth ! Mavortis, gen. of Manors, a name of Mars. Rome was sacred to Mars, as being the father both of Romulus and Remus. Aget : in the sense of emittet. Ad: in the sense ofprope. 876. Tantum spe. Some read, in tantain spem : others, in tanta spe. Heyne reads in tantum spe ; so also Ruaeus. But spe may be for spei,-tliQ gen. (as die is put for diei, Geor. i. 208.) governed by tantum. This last I prefer. 878. Heu pietas ! lieu prisca Jides ! The poet here deplores the loss which virtue, in- tegrity, and valor, sustained in him. Both Vdltius and Seneca give young Marcellus a most excellent character. 880. Seu cum pedes. The meaning is : whether, as a footman, he should rush against the foe, or whether he should spur on his foaming steed to the attack. 881. Armas: in the sense aflaiera. . LIB. VI. Heu, miserande puer ! si qua fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis : Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis His saltern accumulem donis, et fungar inani 885 Munere. Sic tota passim regione vagantur Aeris in campis latis, atque omnia lustrant. Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit, Incenditque anirnum famse venientis amore : Exin bella viro memorat.quse deinde gerenda ; 890 Laurentesque docet populos, urbemque Latini ; Et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem. Sunt geniiria? Somrii portse . quarum altera fertur Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris : Altera, candenti perfecta nitens elephanto : 895 Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes. His ubi turn natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam Prosequitur dictis, portaque emittit eburna. Ille viam secat ad naves, sociosque revisit. Turn se ad Caietse recto fert litore portum. 900 Anchora de prora jacitur : stant litore puppes. 888. Per quse siugula. postquam Anchises dux- it natum 895. Altera nitens per- fecta est e candenti ele- phanto; sed per home Manes mittunt NOTES. 882. Aspera : in the sense of dura, vel crudelia. Plenis manibus : in full hands. 883. Marcellus eris. On hearing this line, it is said, Octavia fainted. The encomium which the poet passes upon this noble youth is esteemed one of the finest passages of the ^Eneid. Augustus was so much pleased with it when he heard Virgil read it, that he ordered a present to be given him of ten ses- tertia for every line, which is about seventy- eight pounds sterling. 886. Munere : Ruus says officio. 887. Latis campis atris. By this we are to understand the Elysian fields, so called ; quia vacuum, et inanibus umbris habitatum ; vel quia situm in aereis pratis, says Rueeus. Heyne takes the words simply in the sense of locis caliginosis. 888. Per quce : through all which things. Singula : properly, all taken separately and singly all one by one. Venientis : in the sense of futures. 890. Viro : jEneas. Exin : (for exinde :) in the sense of tune. 891. Laurentes. See ^En. vii. 63. 893. Geminaz portce. This fiction is bor- rowed from the Odyss. lib. 19. The most probable conjecture why true dreams are said to pass through the horn gate, and false ones through the ivory gate, is, that horn is a fit emblem of truth, as being transparent and pervious to the sight, whereas ivory is impervious and impenetrable to it. 894. Umbris. Heyne takes this in the sense of somniis. RUEBUS says t /%im. 895. Perfecta : in the sense of facia est. 896. Manes : here the infernal gods. Ad c&lum: in the sense of ad homines, vel ad superas auras. 897. Ubi. This is the common readini; Some copies have ibi. The sense is the same with either. 898. Prosequitur Anchises : Anchises ac- companies jEneas and the Sibyl through the various parts of the infernal regions, and discourses with them as they pass along, till they arrive at the ivory gate, through which he dismisses them. Servius thinks that Vir- gil, by telling us that /Eneas passed through the ivory gate, would have us believe all he had been here saying was fiction. But it is hardly to be imagined that so judicious a poet, by one dash of his pen would destroy the many fine compliments he had paid his prince and the whole Roman people, by in- forming them the whole was false. Mr- Davidson conjectures that Virgil had in view the Platonic philosophy. By emitting his hero through the ivory gate, through which lying dreams ascend to the earth, In*, might mean that thus far lie had been ad- mitted to see tiie naked truth had the true system of nature laid open to his view, and the secrets of futurity unveiled ; but hence- forth he was returning to his former state of darkness, ignorance, and error; and there- fore he is sent forth from those regions of light and truth by the ivory gate, in compa- ny with lying dreams and mere shadows, which are to attend him through life. But, on the whole, as the poet hath concealed from us the reason of his hero's passing through the ivory gate, after all our conjec- tures on the subject, we may be as far as ever from the truth. Prosequitur: in the sense of alloquitur. 900. Fert se ad portum : he takes himself along the shore direct, to the port. talia monstra: any such mon- strous changes shapes forms. LIB. VII. .\eptunus ventis implevit vela secundis, Atque fugam dedit, et prseter vada fervida vexit. Jamque rubescebat radiis mare, et aethere ab alto 25 Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis : Cum venti posuere, omnisque repente resedit Flatus, et in lento luctantur marmore tonsse. Atque hie ./Eneas ingentem ex aequore lucum Prospicit : hunc inter fluvio Tiberirius amoeno, 30 Vorticibus rapidis et multa flavus arena, In mare prorumpit. Variae circumque supraque Assuetse ripis volucres et nurninis alveo. jEthera mulcebant cantu, lucoque volabant. Flectere iter sociis, terrseque advertere proras 35 Imperat : et laetus fluvio succedit opaco. Nunc age, qui reges, Erato, quae tempora, rerum 37. Nunc age, O Erato, Quis Latio antique fuerit status, ad vena classem expediamqui reges, qua* ^\ .. y. tempora, quis status re- Cum primum Ausonns exercitus appulit oris, rum fuerit Expediam : et primae revocabo exordia pugnae. 40 Tu vatem, tu, Diva, mone. Dicam horrida bella, Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera reges, Tyrrhenamque manum, totamque sub arma coactam Hesperiam. Major rerum mini nascitur ordo : Majus opus moveo Rex arva Latinus et urbes 45 Jam senior longa placidas in pace regebat. Marica Laurent e Nym- Hunc Fauno et Nympha genitum Laurente Marica pha. Picus erat pater NOTES. 26. Bigis. Aurora is represented by the poets as drawn in a chariot of two horses, Lutea : an adj. from lutum, an herb with which yellow or saffron color is dyed. The poet, here, has given a charming description of the morning. , 27. Posuere : in the sense of quievcrunt. 28. Tonsce : the oars labor in the smooth surface of the sea. Tonsa, properly, the blade of the oar. Dr. Trapp takes /m/o,to denote here yielding or giving way to the oar. Marmore : the sea unruffled by the wind. 30. Tiberirius inter hunc : through this grove, with its pleasant streams and rapid course, (whirls,) yellow with much sand, &c. Some take Tiberinus, not for the river itself, but for the god of the river. In this case it may be rendered Tiberinus, god of the plea- sant river, in rapid whirls, &c. The prep. e, or ex, being understood. The Tiber is, next to the Po, the largest river in Italy. It rises in the Appenines, and running in a southern direction, dividing Latium from Etruria or Tuscany, falls into the sea by two mouths. Its original name, we are told, was fibula. It took its present name from a Tuscan king, who was killed near it. But Livy says it took its name from Tiber inus^ a king of the Albans, who was drowned in it. 34. Mulcebant celkera : they charmed the air with their song. Tais is highly poetical. The air, calm and still, is represented as listening to the music of the birds that wer flying in all directions about the river, and being charmed with their melody. Indeed the whole is extremely beautiful, and cannot be too much admired. It would appear from this, that ./Eneas arrived in the Tiber about the middle of the spring, when the birds are most lively and musical. 37. Erato . t h e muse that presides over } ove affairs. She is invoked because the following wars were in consequence of the love of Turnus and ^Eneas for Lavinia. It j s derived from the Greek. Rerum. Most commentators connect rerum with tempora : but it is evident its place is after status : what state O f things there was in Latium, when fi rst a foreign army arrived on the Italian sho res. Heyne connects it with tempora ; Davidson with status 42 ^ . . r h f . 43 - Manum : troops forces. 45. Latinus. Virgil places Latinus onlv three generations from Saturn. Faunus, Picus, then Saturn. Others place him at the distance of nine. His origin is much ob- scured. Dionysms of Halicarnassus, agrees with Viigil, that, when ^Eneas arrived in Italy, Latinus reigned in Latium that he had no male issue ; but an only daughter, whom .Eneas married. Arva : the country, Placidas : in the sense of qmctfts. 398 K VIRGILII MARONIS miro amore admngi ge nerura sibi Accipimus. Fauno Picus pater : ipse parentem Te, Saturne, refert : tu sanguinis ultimus auctor. 50. Fuit nullus filius Filius huic, fato Divum, prolesque virilis 50 hmc Latmo fato Deo- Null fuit pr i m a que oriens erepta juventa est. rum, null a vmhs proles : ^ , , , . . J auaque oriens ^ola domum et tantas servabat hlia sedes ; Jam matura viro, jam plenis nubilis annis. Multi illam magno e Latio totaque petebant Ausonia. Petit ante alios pulcherrimus omnes 55 56. Quern regia con- Turnus, avis atavisque potens : quern regia conjux jux Amata properabat Ad j u n j getierum miro properabat amore : - < & .- s . A r varns portenta Deum terronbus obstant. Laurus erat tecti medio, in penetralibus altis, Sacra comam, multosque metu servata per annos : 60 61. Quam inventam, Quam pater inventam, primas cum conderet arces, pater Latinus ipse fere- Ipse ferebatur Phoebo sacrasse Latinus ; itur sacrasse Phoebo, Laurentisque ab ea nomen posuisse colonis. CU 64. Dense apes, vec- Hujus apes summum densas, mirabile dictu ! tae ingenti stridore'trans Stridore ingenti liquidum trans sethera vectae, 65 liquidum o?thera obse- Obsedere apicem : et, pedibus per mutua nexis, dere summum apicem Examen subitum ramo frondente pependit. Continud vates, Externum cernimus, inquit, Adventare virum, et partes petere agmen easdem Partibus ex isdem, et summit dominarier arce. 7f> NOTES. 60. Strvata metu : preserved with religi- ous awe and veneration. Sacra comam : a Grecism. 63. Laurentis colonis. The name Laurens was originally given to a grove of laurel, near the shore of the Tuscan sea, extending to the east of the Tiber. Hence the neigh- boring county was called Laurens. Also, the nymph Marica, the wife of Faunas, and mother of Latinus, was called Laurens. Turnus, too, is called Laurens, from the cir- cumstance of this grove bordering upon his dominions. It appears that Latinus only raised fortifications, and embellished the ci- ty, which must have been built before ; for we are told that his father Picus had erected here a noble palace; see 171. The city, after the time of Latinus, was called Lau- rentum, from a very large laurel growing on the spot where he founded the tower. This, however, was the common name of the whole neighboring country, from the grove above mentioned. The inhabitants were called Laurentes Laurentini Laurentii et Laurenti. 64. Densce apes : a thick swarm of bees. 66. Per mutua : taken adverbially. Their feet being mutually joined or linked toge- ther. 68. Cernimus: we see a foreigner ap- proach, arid an army seek those parts. which the bees sought, from the same parts from which they came. 70. Dominaritr : by paragoge, for rtomi- nari : to rule bear swav. 48. Accipimus : in the sense of audimus. 49. Ultimus auctor : the first or remotest founder of our race. Ultimus, ascending, is the same with primus, descending. Refert ; in the sense of habet. 50. Filius huic. It is evident that Lati- nus had, in the course of his life, male issue ; but at that time he had none. It is not said whether he had one, two, or more sons ; and we have a right to suppose either. I have supposed that he had, in the course of his life, several, and accordingly have inserted the word quceque, before oriens : quceque oriens : every one growing up was snatched away in early life. 52. Filia sola servabat. By this we are to understand, that his daughter alone pre- served his family from extinction, and his kingdom from passing into the hands of others : or that she alone was the heiress of his crown and kingdom tantas sedes. To- fam regionem, says Ruseus. 56. Potens avis atavisquf : powerful (in grandfathers and great grandfathers) in his ancestors. The queen was taken with such an illustrious match for her daughter ; and accordingly urged, with great importunity, that Turnus should be received into the fa- mily as their son-in-law. Amore: Ruams says, studio. 59. Penetralibus. The interior of a house or palace, though not roofed, may be called penetrate. Such must have been the palace of Latinus; otherwise a stately laurel could not have grown in that place. LIB. VII, 399 Praeterea castis adolet dum altaria taedis ; Ut juxta genitorem adstat Lavinia virgo, Visa, nefas ! longis comprendere crinibus ignem, Atque omnem ornatum llamm& crepitante cremari : Regalesque accensa comas, accensa coronam Insignem gemmis : turn fumida lumine fulvo Involvi, ac totis Vulcanum spargere tectis. Id vero horrendum ac visu mirabile ferri. Namque fore illustrem fama fatisque canebant Ipsara, sed populo magnum portendere bellum. At FCX sollicitus monstris, oracula Fauni Fatidici genitoris, adit ; lucosque sub alta Consulit Albunea ; nemorum quae maxima sacro Fonte sonat, ssevamque exhalat opaca mephitim. Hinc Italae gentes, omnisque CEnotria tellus In dubiis responsa petunt : hue dona sacerdos Cum tulit, et caesarum ovium sub nocte silenti Pellibus incubuit stratis, somnosque petivit : Multa modis simulacra videt volitantia miris, Et varias audit voces, fruiturque Deorum Colloquio, atque imis Acheronta affatur Avernis. Hie et turn pater ipse petens responsa Latinus ; Centum lariigeras mactabat rite bidentes ; Atque harum effultus tergo stratisque jacebat Velleribus. Subita ex alto vox reddita luco est : Ne pete connubiis natam sociare Latinis, O mea progenies : thalamis neu crede paratis. Externi veniunt generi, qui sanguine nostrum Nomen in astra ferent ; quorumque a stirpe nepotes. 73. Visa, est, O nefas I comprendere ignem lon- 7ft gi g crm ibus 75. Visa est accensa quoad regales comas,, accensa quoad 76. Turn fumida visa est involvi fl 79. Namque vates ca- " nebant Laviniam ipsam fore 85 90 95 NOTES. 71. Dum adolet altaria: while he kindles the altar with holy torches, &c. Some con- nect adolet with Lavinia, and understand her to have set fire to the altars. But it is evidently better to understand this of the father, his daughter standing near him. Castis : in the sense of puris vel sacris. 72. Ut : et is the common reading. Heyne reads ut, which makes the sense easier. 76. Fulvo. Ruseus takes this in the sense of rutilanti. 77. Vulcanum: in the sense of flanwnam vel ignem. 78. Id vero, &c. This line is capable of a double meaning, according to the sense giv- en to ferri. If it be taken in its usual sense, it will be : this terrible thing, and wonder- fill to the sight, (began) to be spread abroad. If it be taken in the sense of haberi, it will be : this thing (began) to be considered ter- rible and wonderful to the sight. This is the sense given both by Ruseus and David- son. Dr. Trapp favors the former. 79. Fatis. Fatum* here, is in the sense of fortuna, Cvmbant : in the sense of prcedi- 81. Monstris : at the prodigies, or wonder ful signs. Monstrum : any thing that is con- trary to the ordinary course of nature. Fa* tidici : prophetic. 82. Consulit : he consults the grove under lofty Albuna. This was a fountain from which flowed the river Albula. Its waters were very deeply impregnated with sulphur. It was surrounded with a very gross and putrid atmosphere, which the poet calls see- vam mephitim. Here was a grove sacred to Fa'unus. 85. (Enotria tellus: Italv. See ./En. i. 530. 91. Affatur Acheronta : converses with the infernal powers in deep Avernus. Ache- ronta : ace. sing, of Greek formation. Ache- ron, by the poets, is made one of the rivers of hell. Here it is evidently used for the infernal gods. 94. Atque jacebat : and lay, supported by their skins and outspread fleeces he lay down upon them. 97. Paratis. This alludes to the contem- plated match with Turnus. Thalamii : in the sense ofnuptiis. 99. Quorwnque stirpe : descending from too P. VIRGILII MARON1S f onsa Omnia sub pedibus, qua Sol utrumque recurrens 100 Aspicit Oceanum, vertique regique videbunt. Haec responsa patris Fauni, monitusque silenti 103. Latinus ipse non N O cte datos, non ipse suo premit ore Latinus ; e - Sed circum late volitans jam fama per urbes Ausonias tulerat ; cum Laomedontia pubes 105 Gramineo ripae religavit ab aggere classem. ' jEneas, primique duces, et pulcher liilus, Corpora sub ramis deponunt arboris altae Instituuntque dapes, et adorea liba per herbam Subjiciunt epulis (sic Jupiter ille moriebat) Et Cereale solum pomis agrestibus augent. 112. Hie forte aliis Consumptis hie forte aliis, ut vertere morsus cibis consumptis, ut pe- Exiguam in Cererem penuria adegit edendi ; nuria edendi g t violare manu, malisque audacious orbem Fatalis crusti, patulis nee parcere quadris : 115 Heus ! etiam mensas consumimus, inquit liilus. 117. Nee dixit plura Nec P lura alludens. Ea vox audita laborum v er ba Prima tulit finem : primamque loquentis ab ore 119. Paterque eripuit Eripuit pater, ac stupefactus numine pressit. cam primarn ab orejilii Continue, Salve, fatis mihi debita tellus ; 120 loquentis Vosque, ait, 6 fidi Trojae, salvete, Penates. Hie domus, haec patria est. Genitor mihi talia, namque Nunc repeto, Anchises fatorum arcana reliquit : Cum te, nate, fames ignoia ad litora vectum turn Accisis coget dapibus consumere mensas ; 125 124 NOTES. whose stock, our posterity shall see all things reduced, &c. This alludes to the extent of the Roman empire, which, in the height of its greatness, embraced the greater part of the then known world. It ruled the subject nations with a rod of iron. 105. Laomedontia pubes : the Trojan youth ; so called from Laomedon, one of the kings of Troy. Tulerat: spread them abroad. 106. Religavit : moored. 110. Subjiciunt : they place along the grass wheaten cakes under their meat. They use them in the room of plates or trenchers. 111. Solum : any thing placed under ano- ther to support it, may be called solum. e- reale solum, therefore, must be those wheaten cakes which they used on this occasion as plates. Augent : they load them with, &c. 112. Morsus : in the sense of denies. 113. Ut penuria edendi: when want of other provisions forced them to turn their teeth upon the small cake, &c. Edendi : in the sense of cibi. 114. Violare. The eating tables among the ancients were considered sacred. They were a kind of altar, on wnich libations were made to the gods, both before and af- ter meals. To destroy them was consider- ed a kind of sacrilege or violence. Orbem atalis crusti. By this we are to understand the cake or trencher the orb of the ominous cake. Fatalis is not to be understood in the sense of fatal in English, but rather as im- porting some great event, or something des- tined and ordered by fate. Patulis quadris : the broad or large quadrants. These cakes were divided by two lines, crossing each other in the centre, and dividing each cake into four equal parts, called quadrants. Au- dacibus malis : with greedy or hungry jaws. 117. Alludens: joking smiling. 119. Stupefactus numine pressit. The prophetic Celseno (JEn. iii. 257.) had fore- told that the Trojans should be reduced to such extremity as to consume their tables before they could expect an end to their wan- derings. By numine we are to understand the solution or fulfilment of this prophecy, or divine purpose. Pressit does not refer to the words of Ascanius, as Servius supposes, but to /Eneas. The prophecy had been wrapped up in mystery till the present mo- ment. The solution of it was a matter of surprise and joy. It excited a degree of wonder and admiration, and caused him to pause a while upon the subject. Pressit : he kept silence. Voctm is understood. 123. Repeto : I recollect I call to memo- ry. Memoriam is understood. 125. Dapibus accisis : your provisions having failed being consumed. LIB. Vil. 401 tis ; et petarnus diversa loca a portu. Turn sperare domos defessus, ibique memento Prima locare manu, molirique aggere tecta. Haec erat ilia fames : haec nos supremu manebant, Exitiis positura modum. Quare agite, et primo loeti cum lumine solis, 130 130. JVo* Iseti vestige- Quae loca, quive habeant homines, ubi mcenia gentis, mus ' *1 UIB sint h(KC loca Vestigemus ; et a portu diversa petamus. Nunc pateras libate Jovi, precibusque vocate Anchisen genitorem, et vina reponite mensis. Sic deinde effatus, frondenti tempora ramo 135 Implicat, et, Geniumque loci, primamque Deorum Tellurem, Nymphasque, et adhuc ignota precatur Flumina : turn Noctem, noctisque orientia signa, Idaeumque Jovem, Phrygiamque ex ordine matrem Invocat ; et duplicevS cceloque Ereboque parentes. 140 Hie pater omnipotens ter coelo clarus ab alto Intoriuit, radiisque ardentem lucis et auro Ipse manu quatiens ostendit ab aethere nubem. Diditur hie subito Trojana per agmina rumor, Advenisse dieifl, quo debita moenia condant. (Jertatim instaurant epulas, atque omine magno Crateras laeti statuunt, et vina coronant. Postera cum prima lustrabat lampade terras Orta dies ; urbem, et fines, et litora gentis Diversi explorant : haec fontis stagna Numici, Hunc Tybrim fluvium, hie fortes habitare Latinos. Turn satus Anchisa delectos ordine ab omni Centum oratores augusta ad mcenia regis Ire jubet, ramis velatos Palladis omnes : Donaque ferre viro, pacemque exposcere Teucris. 155 Haud mora : festinant jussi, rapidisque feruntur Passibus. Ipse humili designat mcenia fossa, 142. Ipseque ostendit ab sethere nubem arden- tem radiis lucis et auro. 1 45 quatiens earn manu. 1 50 150. Discuni hsec esse stagna fontis Numici, hunc esse 152. Jubet centum oratores delectos ab omni ordine ire NOTES. 129. Modum : bounds end. Exittis : to our woes calamities. 133. Pateras : the bowls, by meton. put for the wine in them. 136. Primam Deorum. According to He- siod, Tellus, or Terra, was reckoned the first of the gods except Chaos. Implicat : in the sense of cingil. 138. Noctem. This goddess sprang from Chaos, according to Hesiod. ./Eneas invokes her, fearing, perhaps, during the darkness, some mischief from the natives. 139. Idceum : an adj. from Ida, a moun- tain in Crete, where Jupiter was brought up. Phrygian matrem : Cybele. 140. Duplices parenies : both his parents, Venus and Anchises; the former in heaven, the latter in Elysium ; at least his idolum, or simulacrum. 141. Clarus: may mean loud shrill; or perhaps it may imply that the sky was clear, which was considered a good omen. 1 42. Radii's lucis ft auro. This is for aureis radiis lucis, by hend. the golden beams of light. 144. Diditur: is spread abroad. 145. Debita: in the sense ofdestinata. 148. Lampade: in the sense of luce. 150. Stagna fontis : the streams of the fountain Numicus. This was a small ri- ver, or stream, flowing between Lauren- turn and Ardea. Diversi : they in different directions. 154. Ramis Palladis : with the boughs of Pallas with the olive. The olive was sa- cred to Minerva, and the badge of peace. Velatos : coronates, says Rueeus. 157. Ipse designat : he himself, in the mean time, marks out his city with a low furrow, and prepares the place for building. This city of Jineas was situated on the east bank of the Tiber, a little above the sea. He called the name of it Troy. In after times, Ancus Martius, a king of the Romans, found- ed here a city, which he called Ostia, from its vicinity to the mouth of the Tiber. See JEn. v. 755. P. VIRGILII MAROMto 160 165 158.CingitqueprimasMoliturque locum; primasque in litore series', sdes in litore pennis Castrorum in morem, pinnis atque aggere cingit. E 160. Jamque Juvines Jamque iter emensi, turres ac tecta Latinorum emensi iter cernebant Ardua cernebant juvenes, muroque subibant. Ante urbem pueri, et primsevo flore juventus Exercentur equis, domitantque in pulvere currus : Aut acres tendunt arcus, aut lenta lacertis Spicula contorquent, cursuque ictuque lacessunt. Cum prsevectus equo longaevi regis ad aures Nuntius ingentes ignota in veste reportat Advenisse viros. Ille intra tecta vocari Imperat, et solio medius consedit avito. 169. Medius suorum Tectum augustum, ingens, centum sublime columnis, C "l' Hoc templum U fbe *& s > Laurentis regia Pici, 171 erat illis curia ; hse sedes Horrendum sylvis et rehgione parentum. destinatcB erant sacris Hinc sceptra accipere, et primos attollere fasces epulis. Regibus omen erat : hoc illis curia templum, 177. Effigies veterum Ra} gacris gedes Ug . hic ariet(J CJESQ avorum e cedro antiqua n . ... ., adstabant vestibule,]- Perpetuis soliti patres considere mensis. sitce, ex ordine Quin etiam veterum effigies ex ordine avorum NOTES. 159. Cingitque primus: and he incloses his first settlement on the shore with a ram- part, and a mound, &c. The pinna origi- nally were the tufts or crests on the soldier's helmet. Hence they came to be applied to the turrets and battlements in fortifications. 160. Emensi iter : having completed their journey to the city of Latinus. 163. Domitant: they break the harnessed steeds in the dusty plain. Currus is pro- perly a chariot : by melon, the horses har- nessed in it. 164. Acres arcus: elastic bows. Lenta: tough rigid not easily bent. 165. Lacessunt : they challenge one ano- ther at the race, and missive weapon. La Cerda understands by cursu the throwing of the javelin as they ran forward : and by iclu, the shooting of the arrow. But it is better to take cursu for the races and other exercises on horseback and in the chariot, and icta for the shooting of the arrow and throwing of the javelin. 167. Nuntius pravectus: a messenger on horseback relates, &c. 169. Avilo solio: on the throne of his an- cestors. 170. Tectum augustum : a building, &c. put in apposition with regia. 171. Regia Laurent is Pici. This mag- nificent palace was erected by Picus, the fa- ther of Latinus. It was situated on the highest ground or part of the city, and sup- ported by a hundred columns. Horrendum : awful by its sacred groves, and the religion of their ancestors. By religione, Mr. David- son understands the religious monuments, images, groves, &c. that had been consecra- ted by the founders of the family ; some of which are mentioned. Sublime : highrais- ed high upon, &c. 173. Primos fasces : the first badges of au- thority the first ensigns of power : by me- ton. the first power. 174. Omen erat regibus. Ruaeus and Dr. Trapp take omen in tire sense of inilium. Davidson takes omen in the sense of mos, a custom or practice ; but one on which they laid a religious stress, and on which they imagined the prosperity of their kings, in a degree, to depend ; and had they been con- secrated in any other place, they would have considered it deficient and imperfect. Valpy is of the same opinion with Davidson, floe templum. In this noble structure, it appears there was one part for religious purposes, another for the seriate, and a third for sacred banquets. 175. Ariete cacso : in the sense of victima c(Esa : sacrifice being offered. 176. Considere perp etuis. The most an- cient posture at table was sitting ; after- ward luxury introduced that of reclining on couches. Perpetuce mensce, were tables that extended from one end of the hall to the other. 177. Qwin etiam effigies : moreover the statues of their ancestors of ancient cedar stood in the vestibule arranged in order, &c. Ruaeus and Heyne connect Vitisator with pater Sabinus, which appears incorrect ; for the planting of the vine in Italy is ascribed to Saturn by most authors ; and the scythe was the well known symbol of that god. La Cerda makes a full stop after Sabinus, which is unnecessary and improper. jENEIS. LIB. VII. 403 Antiqua e cedro, Italusque, paterque Sabirius. Vitisator, curvam servans sub imagine falcem, Satarnusque senex, Janique bifrontis imago, 180 Vestibulo adstabant : aliique ab origine reges, Martia qui ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi. Multaque prseterea sacris in postibus arma, Captivi pendent currus, curvaeque secures, Et cristae capitum, et portarum ingentia claustra, 185 Spiculaque, clypeique, ereptaque rostra carinis. Ipse Quirinali lituo parvaque sedebat Succinctus trabea, Isevaque ancile gerebat Picus, equitm domitor ; quern capta cupidine conjux Aurea percussum virga, versumque venenis, 190 Fecit avem Circe, sparsitque coloribus alasJ Tali iiitus templo Divum, patriaque Latinus Sede sedens, Teucros ad sese in tecta vocavit : Atque haec ingressis placido prior edidit ore : Dicite, Dardanidae ; neque enim nescimus et urbem, 195 Et genus, auditique advertitis aequore cursum ; Quid petitis ? quse causa rates, aut cujus egentes, Litus ad Ausonium tot per vada coerula vexit ? Sive errore via3, seu tempestatibus acti, (Qualia multa mari nautae patiuntur in alto) 200 Fluminis intrastis ripas, portuque sedetis : Ne fugite hospitiuni ; neve ignorate Latinos Saturni gentem, haud vinclo nee legibus aequam, Sponte, sua, veterisque Dei se more tenentem. Atque equidem memini (fama est obscurior annis) 205 181. Aliique reges ab origine gen/w, qui passi sunt 187. Picus ipse, do- mitor equum sedebat cum Quirinali lituo, succinctusque 189. Quern percussum aurea virga, versumque venenis conjux Circe, capta cupidine c/tw, fecit avem 194. lllis ingressis. 196. Fbsque auditi advertitis cursum hue aequore. 197. Quoe causa vexit rates veslras ad Auso- nium litus per tot cseru- la vada, aut egentes cu- jus rei advenistis hue? sive acti errore vise 204. Sed sua sponte. NOTES. 178. Antiqua: may here mean durable lasting. It is the quality of cedar not to decay. Italus : a king of Sicily, who ex- tended his conquests into Italy, then called (Enotricti to which he gave the name of Ita- lia. Sabinv "Ie was the second king of Italy, and thu founder of the Sabines, to whom he gave name. 179. Sub imagine. Servius explains this by sub oculis. The meaning is, that the scythe hung down in his hand, and the sta- tue was in a stooping posture over it, and looking upon it. 180. Janique bifrontis : double-faced Ja- nus. See 6 10, infra. 187. Quirinali liiuo : the augural wand. The lituus was a wand or rod used by the augurs. It was crooked toward the extre- mity. It is here called Quirinalis, from Quirinus, a name of Romulus, who, we are informed, was very expert at augury. 188. Trabea. This was a robe worn by augurs, and sometimes by kings and other officers of state. Broad trimmings of pur- ple ran across it like beams, from which it took its name. Ancile. This was a small ova 1 - shield worn chiefly by the priests of Mars. 191. Cmrc: a famous sorceress, Conjux. here, is plainly used in the sense of amatrix : a lover. She desired to become his wife. Sparsit alas : she spread or covered his wings with colors. These were purple and yellow. The bird into which Picus was changed, is the pie or woodpecker. See Ovid. Met. lib. xiv. 320. 194. Edidit : in the sense ofdizit. 196. Auditi : head of being known. 198. Vada. Vadum, properly, signifies shallou's^ places in the sea, or rivers, where one may walk, from vadere. Here it is put for the sea in general. 200. Multa qualia : many such things, 202. Aa-e ignorate : in the sense of nos- cite. 203. +*Equam : just, not by restraint, nor by laws. Vinculum is any thing that binds or fastens. Reference may here be made to the golden age, when Saturn reigned. La- tinus calls his people the nation of Satnni, either because he reigned in Latium over the same people ; or because they governed themselves by the principles of justice and equity, and walked in the steps of that god. 205. Fama est obscurior annis : the tra- dition is rather obscure through years. Sca- liger would understand it, as being more obscure than might be expected, consider- KM 1*. VJRGfUl MAKOM3 212. Et Ilioneus secu tus est dicta regis Aunmcos ita f'erre senes : his ortus tit agrie* Dardanus Idaeas Phrygian penetravit ad urbes, Threiciamque Samum, quas nunc Samothracia fertur* Hinc ilium Corythi Tyrrhena ab sedc profectum Aurea nunc solio stellantis regia coeli 210 Accipit, et numerum Divorum altaribus auget. Dixerat. Et dicta Ilioneus sic voce secutus : Rex, genus egregium Fauni, nee fiuctibus actos Atra subegit hyems vestris succedere terris ; Nee sidus regione vise, litusve fefellit. 215 216. JVos omnes affe- Consilio hanc omnes animisque volentibus urbem consilio Afferimur ; pulsi regnis, quaB maxima quondam Extremo veniens Sol aspiciebat Olympo. !20 Miter rex ij se Ab j principium generis : Jove Dardana pubes ortus de suprema gente ~ . A . => . Jovis,Troius^Eneasno- Gaudet avo - Rex ipse, -' OV1S de g ente supremD, mine, misit Troi'us yEneas tua nos ad limina misit. 222. Quisque audiit Quanta per Idaeos saevis effusa Myceriis quanta tempestas belli Tempestas ierit campos ; quibus actus uterque 225. Et si extrema Europae atque Asia3 fatis concurrent orbis, tellus Bubmovct quern Audiit ; et si quern tellus extrema refuso 225 refuse Oceano ; et si Submovet Oceano. et si quern extenta plagarum plaga iniqui Solis ex- Q ua tuor in medio dirimit plasa solis iniqui. jft^SarSSM^ cx < ** vasta per quo vocti, abcceierishominibu!!,illeV ls sedem exiguam patnis, litusque rogamus audivit. Innocuum, et cunctis undamque auramque patentenu rimur NOTES. ing how few years had elapsed since. But this is a gloss which the passage will hardly bear. Virgil mentions the fact as having taken place long before ; and handed down from the ancient Aurunci. These were the first inhabitants of Italy. And as several kings had reigned in Troy after Dardanus, it. is plain his departure from Italy was an- cient, the tradition or report of it obscure, and the memory of it almost lost. 206. Ferrc: in the sense of narrare, vel dicere. 208. Samum. Samus was an island in the uEgean sea, not far to the south of tho mouth of the Hebrus. There were two others of the same name : one in the Ioni- an sea, to the west of the Sinus Corinthi- acus ; the other in the Icarian sea, not far from the ancient city of Ephesus, in Asia Minor. 209. Corythi. Cory thus was a mountain and city of Tuscany, where Da rd anus re- sided ; hodic, Corlona. After his death, Dar- danus was deified ; which the poet beautiful- ly expresses : nunc aure.ct relict stellantis, kc. 215. JVec sidus: neither star nor shore hath misled (fefellit) us from the direct course of our voyage. 217. Pulsi regnis. The greatest part of Asia Minor was subject to Priam. This justifies Ilioneus in saying they were expel- led from the greatest kingdom the sun sur- veyed in his diurnal course. Afftrimur : we are all brought to your city by design, &c. 222. Quanta tempestas : how great a tem- pest of war issuing from cruel Mycena? over- run the Trojan plains, &c. This is beau- tiful and highly poetical. Quibus fatis : by what fates each world of Europe and Asia impelled, engaged in arms. 225. Extrema tellus. The ancients sup- posed the frigid zones were not habitable on account of the extreme cold ; as, also, the torrid or burning zone, on account of its extreme heat. Experience, however, lias proved their opinion incorrect. By ex- trema tellus, we are to understand the frigid zone ; and by plaga iniqui solis, the torrid zone. Dr. Trapp takes refuso in the sense of reftuens, refluent, ebbing and flowing. Davidson takes it in the sense of wide, ex- panded, which certainly is sometimes the meaning of the word. This last I prefer, In this sense Valpy takes it. 228. Diluvio. The poet had represented the war under the figure of a tempest, rising out of Greece; arid he continues the idea. The effect of this tempest was a deluge, which swept away the Trojan state, and the wealth of Asia. 230. Innocuum : safe secure that will be offensive to none. Undam : in the sense of aquam. Patentem : in the sense of commu- nem. . LIB. VI I. it);". 231 234. Perque ejus po- 235 tentem dextram, sive quis expertus est earn fide 236. Multi populi, multe gentes, et petiere, et voluere adjungere nos sibi Praeterea nostcr tibi parva mu- Non erimus regno mdecores : nee vestra feretur Fama levis, tantive abolescet gratia facti : Nee Trojam Ausonios gremio excepisse pigebit. Fata per JSneae juro, dextramque potentem, Sive fide, seu quis bello est expertus et armis : Multi nos populi, multae (ne temne. quod ultro PraBferimus manibus vittas ac verba precantia) Et petiere sibi et voluere adjungere gentes. Sed nos fata Deurn vesiras exquirere terras Imperiis egere suis. Hinc Dardanus ortus, 240 Hue repetit : jussisque ingentibus urget Apollo Tyrrhenum ad Tybnm, et fontis vada sacra Numici. . Dat tibi praeterea fortunae parva prioris rex ( Munera, reiliquias Troja ex ardente receptas. nera Hoc pater Anchises auro libabat ad aras : 245 Hoc Priami gestamen erat, cum jura vocatis More daret populis ; sceptrumque, sacerque tiaras, Iliadumque labor, vestes. Talibus Ilionei dictis, defixa Latinus Obtutu tenet ora, soloque immobilis haeret, 250 Intentos voivens oculos. Nee purpura regem Picta movet, nee sceptra movent Priameia tantum, Quantum in connubio natae thalamoque moratur ; Et veteris Fauni volvit sub pectore sortem : Hunc ilium fatis externa a sede profectum 255 255. Hunc ilium pro Portendi generum, paribusque in regna vocari Auspiciis : hinc progeniem virtute futuram Egregiam, et totum quae viribus occupet orbem. Tandem Isatus ait : Di nostra incepta secundent, Auguriumque suum. Dabitur, Trojane, quod optas fectum a scde externa portendi generum 257. Hinc progeniem futuram esse NOTES. 231. Ferelur: in the sense of kabebitur. Levis : small light. 232. Abolescel : be effaced from our minds. 237. Prof erimus. It was a custom among the ancients for suppliants to carry in their hands a bough of olive, bound about with woollen fillets. The fillets here are only mentioned. Precantia : Ruaeus reads, pre- cantum. 239. Fata : decrees declarations. Ruceus says, voluntas. 240. Dardanut. Durdanus, sprung from hence, calls us hither. This is the sense given by Davidson. This seems to be the opinion of Valpy, who connects repetit with Dardanus ortus. Ruaeus interprets repetit by revertitur. This represents Dardanus as coming in person to claim, and take posses- sion of Italy, his native country. This is the more poetical. Heyne seems to consi- der Apollo the nominative to repttit. He says, Dardanus ortus hinc ; hue repetit jus- sisque ingentibus urget dpollo. If we take Apollo for the nom. to repetit, there should be a colon after ortus, or at least a semi- colon. It was principally under the direc- tions of this god, that &neas came to Italy. 242. Vada : properly, the shallow, or shoal part of the river. Here the water of the river. Fontis : in the sense of rici Vel flu- minis. 244. Receptas: saved from, &c. 245. Hoc auro: in this golden bowl, fa- ther Anchises, &c. 246. Gestamen : the garment robe. 250. Obtutu : in a steady, attentive pos- ture. 252. Piciapurpura: the embroidered pur- ple robe. Embroidery was invented among the Vhry^, 253. Moratur: rctiects upon dwells or meditates upon. 254. Sorlem : in the sense of oraculum, vel rcsponsum or 255. Ilunc ilium that this very person come, &c. Portendi : in the sense of desig- nari. 257. duspiciis : in the sense of potestate. Progeniem : an issue race offspring. Hinc : from the union of the Trojans and Latins in the persons of ./Eneas and Lavinia. 260. Augurium : this refers to the re- sponse of the oracle of Faunus, concerning the marriage of Lavinia. See 96, supra. P. VIRG1LII MARONIS Munera nee sperno. Non vobis, rege Latino, .201 Divitis uber agri, Trojseve opulentia deerit. Ipse raodo JEneas, nostri si tanta cupido est, Si jungi hospitio properat, sociusque vocari, Adveniat ; vultus neve exhorrescat amicos. 265 Pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse tyranni. Voi contra regi mea nunc mandata referte : "^ . nata > Z i[s ^^m jungere nostr*, adyto non sinunt, plu- Non P atri ex ad y to sortes, non plunma coelo rima monstra de coelo Monstra sinunt : generos externis affore ab oris, 270 non sinunt, jungereviro Hoc Latio restare canunt, qui sanguine nostrum 271. Canunt hoc res- Nomen in astra ferant. Hunc ilium poscere fata afore ' ^ ^ Et reor > et > e/currum,ge-Tecti adro fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum. miriosque jugales equos Absenti ^Enese currum geminosque jugales, 280 ab ffithereo semine, spi- Semine ab aethereo, spirantes naribus ignem : 32" &3 ^: 1 ' lorum ^/ ente ' PatriquosDrcdala Circe equos de gente illorum, Suppositft de matre nothos furata creavit. quos Deedala Circe, fu- Talibus JEneadae donis dictisque Latini rata patri Soli, creavit Sublimes in equis redeunt, pacemque reportant. 285 othos de supposita E cce autem I nac hiis sese referebat ab Argis 288. Et ex sethere ^ 8eva J v i s conjux, aurasque invecta tenebat : longe usque ab Siculo Et laetum ^Eneam, classemque ex aethere longe Pachyno Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pachyno. NOTES. 262. Uber divitis agri : the fruitfulness of goes, stole, by some means, one of the fiery a rich soil, &c. Deerit. In scanning, the steeds of her father Phoebus. By subttitut- two first vowels make one syllable. ing a mare of common breed, she was ena- 266. Pars erit pacis : it will be part of a bled to procure what is called, in common treaty of amity and friendship, to have language, a half blood. This production, touched the right hand of your king. It or mixed breed, the poet calls nothos. Of will be a considerable step toward it. Pars : this race, or stock, descending from the ce- in the sense of pignus, says Heyne. lestial breed, were the horses that Latinus 269. Sortes. The responses of some ora- presented to ^Eneas. Dadala: an adj. of cles were given by drawing or casting lots. Dcedahis, an ingenious artificer of Athens. Hence sors came to signify an oracle, or the He built a labyrinth at Crete, in imitation response of the oracle. Ex patrio adyto : of the one in Egypt. It is said he escaped from his father's oracle. See 97, supra, from Crete on artificial wings. Dcedala : Adytum : the most sacred place of the tern- cunning artful. pie, particularly the place where the oracle 285. Sublimes. This may mean simply : stood. Hence the oracle itself, by meton. high, elevated upon their horses. Or it may Plurima monstra : very many prodigies from be taken in the sense of Iceti. heaven, &c. some of which were mentioned 286. Argi& : a city of the Peloponnesus, 59, supra, et seq. dear to Juno. It is called Inachian, from 277. Alipedes. Alipes, properly, an adj. : Inachus, one of its kings ; or from the river swift of foot. Here it is used as a sub. : swift Inachus, which flowed near it. horses. Pictis tapetis: with embroidered 288. Longe ex (fihere usque: and from trappings. the heavens afar off, even from Sicilian Pa- 279 Mandunt: they champ the golden chynus, she beheld joyous ./Eneas, &c. Pa- bit under their teeth. Aurum, properly, gold chynus: the southern promontory of Sicily. . any thing made of gold : also, a golden or Hodie, CapoPassaro. For longe, Heyne reads yellow color. longo, agreeing with cethere : but longe is 282. De gente illorum, Circe, as the fable the common reading, and is the easier. . LIB. Vll. 407 Moliri jam tecta videt, jam fidere terrae, 290 Deseruisse rates. Stetit acri fixa dolore : Turn, quassans caput, hxc effudit pectore dicta : Heu stirpem invisam, et fatis contraria nostris Fata Phrygum ! num Sige'is occumbere campis ? Num capti potuere capi ? num incensa cremavit Troja viros 1 medias acies, mediosque per ignes Invenere viam. At, credo, mea numina tandem Fessa jacent : odiis aut exsaturata quievi. Quin etiam patria excussos infesta per undas f Ausa sequi, et profugis toto me opponere ponto. / Absumpta3 in Teucros vires coelique marisque. Quid Syrtes, aut Scylla mihi, quid vasta Charybdis Profuit ? optato conduntur Tybridis alveo, Securi pelagi atque mei. Mars perdere gentem Immanem Lapithum valuit : concessit in iras 305 Ipse Deum antiquam genitor Calydona Dianje : ^07. ^ od t antura A j J scelus aut Lapithas me- Quod scelus, aut Lapithas tantum, aut Calydona meren- rentes ^ aut Calydona merentem ? 294. Nu.m potutre oc- 2QC cumbere Sigeis campis? num capti potuere capi? 299. Infesta ausa sum 300 sequi eos excussos pa- tria per undas tern? NOTES. 290. Moliri : to build to lay the foun- dations of their houses. The word Trojanos is to be supplied, governed by videt. Fidere : to trust to the land. Davidson reads sidere : to settle on the land. He informs us that Pierius found sidere in the most of the an- cient MSS. The sense is the same with either. 291. Sletit : she stops pierced with, &c. 294. Num Sigeis : could they fall upon the Sigean plains ? could the captives be taken ? &c. Juno here speaks as if nothing less than the protection of the gods, that were opposed to her, could have saved them amidst such havoc and desolation of fire and sword. She had done her best to de- stroy them. Fata Phrygum. This may mean the success or fortune of the Trojans, in escap- ing all the dangers, and surmounting all the difficulties in their way to Italy. And fatis nostris, may mean the power, will, or in- clination of Juno. It was her earnest de- sire to destroy them all, and she exerted her utmost power to effect it ; but she was baffled in all her attempts. Their success, or fortune, prevailed against her. Or, by fata Pfrrygum, we may understand the de- crees and purposes of the gods in their fa- vor, opposed to the will and inclinations of Juno, and baffling all her power. 298. Aut odiis. This is capable of a two- fold version : I, satiated with resentment, have ceased : or, satiated, I have ceased from my resentment. The sense is the same either way. 299. Excussos : expelled or cast from their country. It is a metaphor taken from a per- son's being tost or thrown out of a chariot. 304. Mars valuit. Pirithous, king of tho Lapithw, invited all the gods to his nuptials with Hippodame, except Mars. This in- dignity the god revenged upon his subjects. The Lapithce were a people of Thessaly, inhabiting mount Pindus. Immanem: savage barbarous : or great, large, in reference to their size and stature. This last seems to suit the design of the speech the best ; which was to magnify the power of Mars, in destroying such an enemy. Securi: re- gardless of safe from. 305. In iras : in the sense of ad poznam et vindiclam, says Heyne. 306. Calydona: ace. sing, of Greek for- mation, from Calydon, the chief city ofJEto- lia, near the river Evenus. ./Eneus, its king, paid homage to all the gods, except Diana. The goddess being provoked at this neglect, sent a wild boar that laid waste his whole country, till he was slain by his son Mele- ager. 307. Q u d tantum scelus. Ruasus and Da- vidson have Lapithis, Calydone merente : the meaning will then be : what so great punish- ment did the Lapithse or Calydoa deserve ? Scelus is here in the sense of pozna ve! :up- plicium : the punishment for crimes or wick- ed actions. Heyne, and others, read Lnpi- thas, and Calydona merentem, governed .by the verb concessit understood. In this case, the words may be rendered : deserving what so great punishment did he give up either the LapithaB to Mars, or Calydon to Diana. If the Lapithfe deserved such signal punish- ment for neglect shown to Mars; and if Calydon deserved it for contempt of Diana ; what do not these Trojans deserve for con- tempt of me, tho wife of Jove, and queen of the gods ? Thus she reasoned. For the cause of Juno's resentment against the Tro- jans, see >En. 1. 4, and 28. 408 P. V1RGILII MARONiS Ast ego, magna Jovis conjux, nil linquere inausum QuaB potui infelix, quae memet in omnia verti ; Vincor ab jEnea. Quod si mea numina non sunt 310 311. Quod nwnen est Magna satis, dubitem hand (3quidem irnplorare quod USf l uam ' usquam est. Flectere si nequeo Superos, Acheronta movebo. 313. Esto, non dabi- Non dabitur regnis, esto, prohibere Latinis, tur miJii prohibere Tro- Atque immota manet fatis Lavinia conjux : At trahere, atque moras tantislicet addere rebus ; 315 At licet amborum populos exscindere regum. Hac gener atque socer coeant niercede suorum. Sanguine Trojano ct Rutulo dotabere, virgo : Et Bellona manet te pronuba. Nee face tantum Cisseis praegnans ignes enixa jugales : Quin idem Veneri partus suus, et Paris alter, Funestaeque iterum recidiva in Pergama taedae. Haec ubi dicta dedit, terras horrenda petivit. Luctificam Alecto dirarum ab sede sororum, Infernisque ciet tenebris : cui tristia bella, Iraeque, insidiaeque, et crimina noxia cordi. Odit et ipse pater Pluton, odere sorores rtareae monstrum : tot sese vertit in ora, sunt itti; ilia atra pul- Tam saevae fades, tot pullulat atra colubris. lulat tot colubris. Quam Juno his acuit verbis, ac talia f'atur : 329 NOTES. 308. Q potui : who could leave nothing untried who had power to try every thing. 309. Infelix : unsuccessful not having accomplished my purpose. Verti memet in omnia : I have had recourse to all expedi- ents I have tried all the means in my power. 312. Acheronta : ace. sing, of Acheron : properly, a river of hell. Here put for the infernal gods. 314. Immota : certain fixed determined. 315. Trahere : in the sense of differre. 317. Hoc mercede : at this cost, or price of their people, let them unite. Merces sometimes signifies a condition. In this sense it will be : let them unite upon this condition, viz. the destruction of both their people, the Trojans and Latins, mentioned in the line above. Heyne takes mercede in the sense ofmalo etpernicie. 518. Virgo i dotabere : O virgin, thou shalt be dowered with Trojan and Rutulian blood thou shalt receive thy dowry in Trojan, &c. 319. Bellona manet : and Bellona awaits thee as a bride-maid. Bellona, the goddess presiding over war. She was the Bister of Mars, and prepared his chariot for him, when he went out to war. Pronubcc were the women who managed those things that per- tained to nuptials, and placed the bride in her bed. It is used in the singular for the goddess of marriage. What gives empha- sis to the expression here. is. that Juno her- self was the Pronuba, as being the goddct-- who presided over marriage. 320. Cisseis. Hecuba, the wife of Priam, is so called, from Cisseiis, her father. Be- fore she was delivered of Paris, she dreamed she had a torch in her womb. Enixa ju- gales ignes : sho brought forth a nuptial fire-brand, to wit, Paris ; who was the causo of the Trojan war, and the destruction of his country. Any thing belonging to or connected with marriage, or the marriage state, may be called jugalis. 321. Quin suus partus : but her own son shall be the same to Venus, even another Paris. The meaning is, that ^Eneas should prove the same to Venus his mother, that Paris did to his. He should kindle the flames of another war, which should end in the destruction of Troy, rising again from ruins. It is evident that this must be the meaning of recidiva. ^neas had just found- ed a city which he called Troy. It was ris- ing from the ruins of old Troy. Ruaeus takes recidiva^ in the sense of iterum caden- lia. 322. T&daquefunestce : and a torch or fire- brand, again fatal, &c. 324. Luctificam : doleful causing sor- row. See Geor. i. 278. 326. Cordi : dat. of cor, for a pleasure or delight. The verb sunt is to be supplied. 327. Pluton. The n is added on account of the following word, beginning with the vowel o. J2NEIS. LIB. VU. 409 335 336. Tu poles inferre verb era Hunc mini da proprium, virgo sata nocte, laborem, 331. O vergo Hanc operam ; ne noster honos, infractave cedat nocte ' da mim Fama loco ; neu connubiis ambire Latinum jEneadae possint, Italosve obsidere fines. Tu potes unanimes armare in praelia fratres, Atque odiis versare domos : tu verbera tectis Funereasque inferre faces : tibi nomina mille, Mille nocendi artes : foecundum concute pectus, Disjice compositam pacem, sere crimina belli : Arma velit, poscatque simul, rapiatque juventus Exin Gorgoneis Alecto infecta venenis Principio Latium et Laurentis tecta tyranni Celsa petit, tacitumque obsedit limen Amatae : Quam super adventu Teucrum, Turnique hymenaeis, 344. Quam Amatam Fceminese ardentem curaeque irseque coquebant. 345 ardentem super adventu Huic Dea cceruleis unum de crinibus anguem Cpnjicit, inque sinum praecordia ad intima subdit : Quo furibunda domum monstro permisceat omnem Ille inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus Volvitur attactu nullo, fallitque furentem, Vipeream inspirans animam : fit tortile collo Aurum ingens coluber, fit longae tsenia vittae, Inriectitque comas, et membris lubricus errat. Ac dum prima lues udo sublapsa veneno Pertentat sensus, atque ossibus implicat ignem, Necdum animus toto percepit pectore flammam ; 340 340. Fac ut Juventus velit, simulque poscat Teucrum hymenaeisque Tumi, foemineaeque 349. Ille angwislap- BUS inter vestes 352. Ingens coluber fit tortile 355 NOTES. 331. Hunc proprium laborem : this pecu- liar task this task or business which pro- perly belongs to you. 332. Infracta : declining broken. Of in and/racta. Ruseus says, victa. 333. Ambire : in the sense of circunwe- nire. 336. Domos : in the sense of familias. 337. Mille nomina : there are to you a thousand pretences, a thousand ways of do- ing hurt, or mischief. Verbera: blows scourges. Inferre : in the sense of immit- tere. 339. Disjice. This is the common read- ing. Heyne reads dissice. Pierius says he found dissice in all the ancient MSS. Cri- mina belli : the causes of war. Compositam pacem: the treaty to which Latinus had agreed, or the match of Lavinia with JEneas. 341. Gorgoneis venenis infecta: infected with Gorgonian poisons with such poi- sons as the serpents had, with which the head of the gorgon, Medusa, was encir- cled. According to fable, Perseus cut off her head, and took it with him in his tra- vels into Africa. The drops falling from it, sprung up immediately into venomous reptiles. The Gorgons were the daugh- ters of Phorcys and Ceto. They were three in number, &Aen0, JlfoAfMt, and Eury- ale. See Ovid. Met. lib. iv. Exin : forth- with. She stays not to make reply. She - is so bent on mischief, that she obeys as soon as desired. See nom. prop, under Gorgon. 345. Faminece curce : female cares and an- gry passions tortured her, inflamed at, &c. The curs, may refer to the match with Tur- nus, which she was very anxious to bring about ; and the tree, to the arrival of the Trojans. 346. Cceruleis crinibus : from her serpen- tine locks. Cozruleis. This is said of ser- pents, because they are streaked with bluish spots. Instead of hair, the heads of the Gorgons were attired with serpents. Huic : to Amata. 348. Quo monstro: by which serpent, ren- dered furious, (or driven to fury,) she might embroil the whole family. 350. Nullo attactu: without any percep- tible touch. 352. Tortile aurum collo : wreathed gold for the neck a chain of wreathed gold a necklace. 354. Prima lues sublapsa : and while the first infection, gliding gently downward, with its humid poison, penetrates the senses, &c. Most interpreters connect tublapsa udo veneno together, and consider the infection as gliding under the humid poison. David- son thinks, udo veneno should be connected 52 410 P. VIRG1LII MARONIS 357. Regina locuta Mollius, et solito matrum de more, locula est, est molhus, et de sohto ]y| u j ta supe r nata lachrymans, Phrygiisque hymenaeis ; more matrum, lachy- Exulibus ^ e datur ducenda Lavinia Teucris, iiiitns in u.1 to/ _ ^ . . ft *%r>/\ O genitor ! nee te miseret nataeque tuique ? 361. Nee miseret te Nee matris miseret ; quam primo Aquilone relinquet matris ; quam iste per- p ern dus, alta petens, abducta virgine, praedo ? Prime rXe" 111 " 1 " 6 ' ^ non sic Phrygius penetrat Lacedcemona pastor, LedaBamque Helenam 1 rojanas vexit ad urbes f 365. Quid erit tua Quid tua sancta fides, quid cura antiqua tuorum, 365 sancta fides Et consanguine toties data dextera Turno ? Si gener extern^ petitur de gente Latinis, Idque sedet, Faunique premunt te jussa parentis : 369. Equidem reor Omnem equidem sceptris terram quae libera nostris omnem terram esse ex- Dissidet, externam reor ; et sic dicere Divos. 370 ternam, quae libera a g t Turno, si prima domus repetatur origo, r^T?tTjD Inachus Acrismsque patres, mediaeque Mycense. dicere sic. Et, siprim^ "His ubi nequicquam dictis experta, Latinum origo ejus domus repe-i Contra stare videt ; penitusque in viscera lapsum tatur,machus,Acrisius-Serpentis furiale malum, totamque pererrat : 375 K3Z?** vcr6 infel . ix ' in s e " ub f cxcita monstr ! 8 ' diseGrmo:, ejus patria. Immensam sine more funt lymphata per urbem : Ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo. NOTES. with perlenlal sensus. He observes that ser- pents leave a humidity, a kind of infectious poison or slime, whore they pass along; and as the motion of this serpent was down- ward, sublapsa is very properly used. 360. Genitor. The whole of this speech of the queen is very artful, and very well calculated to produce the intended effect. She applies to him not the title of king, nor the name of husband ; but the tender ap- pellation of father. Thus making her ad- dress to his parental affections, that if he had any compassion, it might be moved in behalf of his only daughter, the support of his family, and the heiress of his kingdom. She puts him in mind of the conduct of Paris at the court of Menelaus ; and inti- mates that ./Eneas, like a perfidious robber, would carry off his daughter the first op- portunity. 363. At nan. This is the common read- ing. Mr. Davidson reads an non. Phry- gius pastor : Paris. Penetrat : in the sense of intravit. 366. Turno. His mother's name was Ve- nilia, the sister of Amata, the wife of Lati- nus. He was therefore connected with the royal family of Latium. Consanguineo : properly, a relation by blood. 368. Sedet: is resolved upon. Statutum c/, says Ruseus. 370. Dissidet : in the sense of separatur. 372. Inachus. He was oue of the first kings of Argos, aad gave his name to the river near that city. Acrisius was one of his descendants, and the last kiag of Argos He, or his grandson Perseus, removed the seat of government to Mycence. He order- ed his daughter Danae to be shut up in a wooden chest, and cast into the sea. Here it is said she was impregnated by Jupiter, and had Perseus. She was wafted to the coast of Italy, wuare she was taken up by Polydectes. Afterward, she married Pilum- nus, who was one of the ancestors of Tur- nus. She founded the city Ardea, in the country of the Rutuli. Mycf.n& was situ- ated on the river Inachus, which flows into the Sinus Argolicus, on the eastern side of the Peloponnesus. It is here said to be the middle of Greece. But this is more from its being the chief city, or capital of Greece, than from its local situation. 373. Experta: having tried addressed him. 374. Stare contra : in the sense ofresistere. 375. Furiale malum : the infuriate poison. Pererrai : in the sense of penetrat. 376. Excita ingentibus : roused by the mighty monsters. The effect of the poison upon her imagination made her see a thou- sand monsters, which affrighted and dis- tracted her. 377. Lymphata: frantic, furious. This is thought, by most interpreters, to ex- press that kinc 1 of fury with which per- sons are seized who have been bitten by a mad dog ; and whose madness, when it comes to die height, is accompanied with a dread of water, from lympha, water. >S'inc more : beyond bounds immoderately. 378. Csv quondam : . Tvhcn a top whirl- .\EIS. UB. ViJ. 411 Quern puen maguo in gyro vacua atria circum Intenti ludo exercent. lile actus habena Curvatis fertur spatiis : stupet inscia turba, ^v/, Irnpubesque manus, mirata volubile buxum : Dant animos plugue. Non cursu segnior illo Per medias urbes agitur, populosque leroces. Quin etiam in sylvas, simuiato nurnine Bacchi, Majus adorsa nefas, majoremque orsa furorem, Evolat ; et natam frondosis montibus abdit, Quo thalamum eripiat Teucris, taedasque moretur Evoe Bacche, fremens ; solum te virgine dignum Vociferans, etenim molles tibi sumere thyrsos, Te lustrare choro, sacrum tibi pascere crinem. Fama volat : furiisque accensas pectore matres Idem omnes simul ardor agit, nova quaerere tecta. Deseruere domos : ventis dant colla comasque. Ast alise tremulis ululatibus sethera complent, Pampineasque gerunt incinctae pellibus hastas. Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum / Sustinet^ ac natae Turnique canit hymenaeos, , Sanguineam torquens aciem : torvumtjue repente Clamat : lo matres, audite, ubi quseque, Latinse : Si qua piis animis rnanet infelicis Amatse Gratia, si juris materni cura remordet ; Qj . NOTES. 380 384. Regina agitur 3 85 non segnior illo cursu per 389. Vociferans te, qqn Bacche, soium esse dig- num virgine ; earn su- mere molies thyrsos tibi, lustrare te 395 . 397. Regina ipsa fer- vida sustmet 400 ^^' ^ I jatmEB matres, au dite, ubi quseque estis : Si qua gratia infelicis Amatse nianet ing under the twisted lajsli, which boys, in- tent on their sport, &c. Dr. Trapp observes, this simile is the perfection of elegance. Nothing can be more finely described. 380. Exercent : in the sense of agitanf. Habena : with the string. 382. Buxum : the box wood, of which tops were made the top itself, by meton. 383. Dant animos plaga. This is capable of two meanings, according as plagce is ta- ken for the noiu. plu. or the dat. sing. Dr. i'mpp insists on the former, and renders it : the lashes give (it) life ; taking animos in the sense of vitam ; and this again for rapidum motum. Davidson objects to this, and prefers the latter : they give their souls to the stroke. This is trie more elegant, and poetical. Dryden renders it thus : u and lend their little souls to every stroke." Val- py takes animos in the same sense with Dr. Trapp. lieyue says, co:icitatiorem motum. Non segnior : not less impetuous is the queen driven in her course through, &e. 386. Orsa : part, from ordior, 1 begin or enter upon. Numine Baccki: the influ- ence of Bacchus being pretended, tihe pre- tended to be under the influence or impulse of that god. Rueeus takes numtn in the sense of religio, making the queen to feign a zeal for tilt service or worship of Bacchus. Valpy says, under a pretence of celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. Jldorsa : attempt- ing. Nefas : in the sonse of crimen vel see- Ins. 388. Thalamum : in the sense of conju- gium. Tcedas : in the sense of nuptias. 390. Etenim. In some editions, there is a full stop after vociferans. This perplexes the whole passage : whereas, if we make voci- ferans to govern Ihe following infinitives, all will be plain and easy. Ruteus, and Dr. Trapp, think they are governed byfama vo- lat. The'Vemm, here, appears to be exple- tive. Thyrsos. The thyrsus was a kind of spear wrapped about with vine and ivy leaves, which Bacchus and his retinue used to wear. 391. Choro. Some copies have c/iora, others choros. The sense is, however, the same with either. The bacchanals used to dance round the image of Bacchus. Sa- crum tibi. It was a custom among the Romans and Greeks, for maidens to conse- crate their hair to some god or goddess ; and never to cut it off till just before they were married, when they suspended it in the temple of that deity, in honor of whom they had preserved it. Lustrare: in the sense of circumire. Pascere : in the sense of sen-arc. 393. Tecla : abodes, to wit, the woods. 399. Torviim : an adj. neu. taken as au adverb ; in mutation of the Greeks. In the sense of tone. 400. Latince. matres: ye Latin matrons hear, wherever any of you be. The verb estis is understood. Ubi : in the sense of p. VIRGILIi MAKOMS Solvite crinales vittas, capite orgia mecum. 404. Alecto agit Re- Talem inter sylvas, inter deserta ferarum, Chi undTue 8timUli8 Re S inam Alecto stimuli s agit undique Bacchi. 405 ^WS^Pos/quam^/ec/o Postquam visa satis primos acuisse furores,} visa est sibi acuisse pri- Consiliumque omnemque domum vertisse Latini : inos furores Amata, Protinus hinc fuscis tristis Dea tollitur alis Audacis Rutuli ad muros : quam dicitur urbem Acrisioneis Danae fundasse colonis, 410 Praecipiti delata Noto : locus Ardua quondam Dictus avis, et nunc magnum manet Ardea nomen. Sed fortuna fuit. Tectis hie Turnus in altis Jam mediam nigra carpebat nocte quietem. Alecto torvam faciem et furialia membra 415 Exuit : in vultus sese transformat aniles, $ Et tua Dardaniis transcribi sceptra colonis ? Rex tibi conjugium, et quaesitas sanguine dotes Abnegat ; externusque in regnura quaeritur haeres. I nunc, ingratis offer te, irrise, periclis : 425 Tyrrhenas, i, sterne acies : tege pace Latinos* 427. Adeo omnipotens Haec adeo tibi me, placida cum nocte jaceres, Saturnia ipsa jussit me i psa p a l am f ar j omnipotens Saturnia jussit. La3tus in arma para : et Phrygios, qui flumine pulchro Consedere, duces pictasque exure carinas. 431 NOTES. 407. Verlisse. : in the sense of turbavisse. 421. Fusos : part, offwidor : to be lost 410. Funddsse, &c. Danae founded a to be thrown away, in vain. Esse is under- city, which she called Ardea or Ardua., most stood. probably from its high and elevated situa- 422. Transcribi : to be transferred to a tion. Acrisioneis colonis: for her Grecian Trojan colony. This word was generally colony. Acrisioneis: an adj. from Acrisius, applied to those persons, whose names were the name of her father. See 372, supra. enrolled in order to be transplanted into 411. Prcecipiti noto :' by a violent wind some new colony. Such persons were call- wafted to Italy. JVb/o : the south wind, ed transcripti. Hence the verb came to put for wind in general. signify to transfer. 412. Avis: in the sense of majoribus. 423. Conjugium: in the sense of Lavini- Magnum : great illustrious. am, vel nuptias Lavinioz. 413. Sed fortuna fuit. Most interpreters 426. Tege: defend protect. The Latins, take this to mean no more than/or/e, or ita in their wars with the Tuscans, received aid evenit : so it was, or so it happened ; and from Turnus, and by his means obtained connect it with what follows. It happened peace. To this circumstance, here is an al- so that Turnus, &c. Ruseus says, casus ita lusion. tulit. But this is very flat, and makes the 430. Para: in the sense of jube. Arma: conjunction sed a mere expletive. It is bet- in the sense of bellum. ter to refer it to Ardea just mentioned; 431. Exure Phrygios, &c. The poets .which, though illustrious and flourishing, sometimes connect two words together in was now doomed to be destroyed by ^Eneas ; the same sentence to be governed by a verb ; taking fortuna fuit in the sense of jEn. ii. when strictly it can agree with one of them 325. where fuim us Troes,fuit Ilium, imports: only. Thus, in the present case, ezure we Trojans once were, Ilium once was ; but agrees with the pictas carinas ; but it does is now no more. Dav. not suit Phrygios duces. The meaning is : 417. ObsctRnam : filthy deformed. Arat: destroy the Trojan leaders, and burn their jn the sense of sulcat. painted ships. MXEIS. LIB. Vll. 435 435. Hie juvenis 7W- mis irridens vatem, sic vicissim refert hac orsa ex ore : nuntius non ef- fugit meas aures, ut tu rere 440 440. Sed, O mater, senectus victa situ, effce- taque veri 443. Sit tibi cura tucri Coslestum vis magna jubet. Rex ipse Latinus, Ni dare conjugium, et dicto parere fatetur, Sentiat, et tandem Turnum experiatur in armis. Hie juvenis vatem irridens, sic orsa vicissim Ore refert : Classes invectas Tybridis alveo, Non, ut rere, meas effugit nuntius aures : Ne tantos mihi finge metus : nee regia Juno Immemor est nostri. Sed te victa situ, verique effceta senectus, O mater, curis nequicquam exercet ; et arma Regum inter, falsa vatem formidine ludit. Cura tibi, Divum effigies et templa tueri : Bella viri pacemque gerant, queis bella gerenda. Talibus Alecto dictis exarsit in iras. At juveni oranti subitus tremor occupat artus : Diriguere oculi : tot Erinnys sibilat hydris, Tantaque se facies aperit. Turn flammea torquens Lumina, cunctantem et quaerentem dicere plura Reppulit, et geminos erexit crinibus angues, Verberaque insonuit, rabidoque haec addidit ore : En ! ego victa situ, quam veri effoeta senectus Arma inter regum falsa formidine ludit. Respice ad base : adsum dirarum a sede sororum ; Bella manu, letumque gero. Sic effata facem juveni conjecit, et atro Lumine fumantes fixit sub pectore taadas. Olli somnum ingens rupit pavor : ossaque et artus Perfudit toto proruptus corpore sudor. Arma amens fremit ; arma toro tectisque requirit. 460 Saevit amor ferri, et scelerata insania belli, 461. Amor ferri, et Ira super. Magno veluti cum flamma sonore scelerata msama belli, Virgea suggeritur costis undantis abeni, Exsultantque aestu latices : furit intus aquse vis, 445 449. Reppulit 450 cunctantem eum 452. En ! ego sum ilia victa situ 455 super ira ssevit. Veluti cum virgea flamma NOTES. 432. Vis : in the sense of potentia. 433. Ni fatetur ; unless he consent to ra- tify the match, and abide by his word, &c. 435. Orsa : in the sense of verba ; from the verb ordior. 440. Situ. Situs properly signifies the squalor or mustiness that grows upon old walls and dark places. Here put for the hoariness, (gray hairs,) deformity, or rust of old age. Ruseus interprets it by annis, and it may be used very well for years, or old age, by meton. Effoeta is said of a wo- man who is past child -bearing. Effata veri, will then mean, barren of truth one who has ceased to speak the truth. Dr. Trapp renders it, impotent of truth. Victa : en- feebled overcome. 442. Ludit . in the sense of decipit. Va- tem : a priestess. Te is understood. Inter arma regum. RUJEUS says, super bellis re- gum. 446. Oranti: in the sense of loqventi,ve\ fiiccnfi. 448. Tanta facies : so horrid an appear- ance of her disclor.ed itself to his view. She displayed so terrific an appearance to the astonished youth, that a sudden trembling seized his limbs, &c. 450. Reppulit: prevented repelled. Erex- it : in the sense of extulit. 451. Verbera : her lash whip. 457. Fumantes atro lumine : smoking with gloomy light. Servius interprets atro by furiali i nfc rno. 459. Proruptus: gushing bursting from his whole body, drenched wet, &rr. 460. Fremit : he raves for his arms. Ru- ams says,/emf. 462. Super. This is used here in the sense of insuper : furthermore beside. It may seem a strange climax, says Dr. Trapp, to mention anger after madness. The ibrmer relates to the hurry of his thoughts about war in general, and tho latter to Ins own resentment and jealousy. Veluti cum : as when a fire of twigs, with a great roaring. 414 P. VIRGIL1I MAROiNIS JAmridus atque alte spumis exuberat aranis : 46J> Nee jam se capit. unda ; volat vapor ater ad auras. 467. Ergo Tarnus in- Ergo iter ad regem, polluta pace, Latinum dicit primis juvenum i n( ji c it primis juvenum : et jubet arma parari, Tutari Italiam, detrudere finibus hostem : 470. Ait se venire sa- Se satis ambobus Teucrisque venire Latinisque. 470 tis ambobus Haec ubi dicta dedit, Divosque in vota vocavit, 473. Egregium decus Certatim sese Rutuli exhortantur in arma. form atque juventae H un c decus egregium formae movet atque juventse ; ,ui regis movet hunc: Hunc atav f reges hunc claris dextera factis . reffes erus atavi movent _. .,, r i 1-1 i AWF hunc : dextera indyta IJum lurnus Kutulos animis audacibus implet, claris factis movet hunc Alecto in Teucros Stygiis se concitat alis : Arte nova speculata locum, quo litore pulcher Insidiis cursuque feras agitabat lulus. Hie subitam canibus rabiem Cocytia virgo Objicit, et noto nares contingit odore, 480 Ut cervum ardentes agerent : quie prima laborum Causa fuit, belloque animos accendit agrestes. Cervus erat forma praestanti, et cornibus ingens : 484. Quern raptum Tyrrheida? pueri quern matris ab ubere raptum ab ubere matris pueri Nutribant, Tyrrheusque pater, cui regia parent 485 T C cC^odxa Armenta, et late eustodia eredita eampi. campi late erat eredita. Assuetum imperiis soror onmi Sylvia cura Sylviasororeorumorna- Mollibus intexens ornabat cornua sertis : bat eum assuetum Pectebatque ferum, puroque in fonte lavabat. Ille manum p'atiens, mensseque assuetus herili, 41)0 Errabat sylvis : rursusque ad limina nota NOTES. is placed under the sides of a boiling dial- arms from the grace and dignity of his king ; dron, &c. a second, from a consideration of his long 464. Latices : in the sense of aqua. Ex- line of royal ancestors ; and a third, from idtant : boil up. Aquas, vis : the force or his noble achievements and feats in arms, power of the water. Heyne reads Aqudi : Atavi reges. These words are here used the old gen. of aqua, and connects it with in the sense of regales majores : his royal fumidus amnis. The common reading is ancestors. aqucB vis. 477_ Speculata : having observed the place, 465. Fumidus amnis : the steam or va- on w h at s h ore beautiful liilus, &c Nova por. Exuberat : abounds overflows. No- ar / e; w ith a new purpose, design, or object thing can give us a greater and more terri- in v iew with a design different from her ble idea of human rage and fierceness, than visit to Latinus or Turnus, that she might the boiling of water ma chaldron. Dr. ac tually kindle the war. Trapp thinks with Pienus, that the force of 473. f ns idiis : snares traps, eloquence is here wonderfully displayed in 479. Cocytia : hellish or infernal ; an adj. the variety of words to express the same from Cocyius, a fabulous river of hell. thm j; 7 480. Noto odore : the known scent of the 467. Pace polluta. A league or treaty of stao . t peace was considered sacred, and ratified 43*^- ^denies: eager fierce, by solemn rites of religion ; and the viola- ,. , , tion of it was considered an act of pollu- 484 ' ^/tetcte: the sons of Tyrrheus- tion and profaneness. J patronymic noun. Tyrrheus kept 1 470. Satis venire : that he is a match for herds of Latinus. both, &c. Venire : in the sense of esse. 487 - Imperils : authoritycommands. 472. Certatim : eagerly with emulation. Ruaeus takes assuetum, in the sense of doci- In armu : in the sense of ad helium. ^ em ' 473. Hunc : one this one. 489. Ferum. Ferus properly signifies a 474. Atari : in the sense of majores. The wild or savage animal. Here, and in some poet here enumerates the different incite- other places of Virgil, it signifies a tame merits to the war. One is induced to take up one. ^ENEIS. LIB. VII. 415 Ipse domum sera quamvis se nocte ferebat. Hunc procul errantem rabidse venantis lull Commovere canes : fluvio cum forte secundo Deflueret, ripaque aestus viridante levaret. Ipse etiam eximiae laudis succensus amore Ascanius curvo direxit spicula cornu : Nee dextrae erranti Deus abfuit, actaque multo Perque uterum sonitu, perque ilia venit arundo. Saucius at quadrupes nota intra tecta refugit, Successitque gemens stabulis ; questuque cruentus Atque imploranti similis, tectum omne replevit. Sylvia prima soror, palmis percussa lacertos, Auxilium vocat, et duros conclamat agrestes. Olli, pestis enim tacitis latet aspera sylvis, Improvisi adsunt : hie torre armatus obusto, Stipitis hie gravidi nodis : quod cuique repertum Rimanti, telum ira tacit. Vocat agmina Tyrrheus, Quadrifidam quercum cuneis ut forte coactis Scindebat, rapta spirans immane securi. At sseva e speculis tempus Dea nacta nocendi, Ardua tecta petit stabuli, et de culmine summo Pastorale canit signum, cornuque recurvo Tartarean! intendit vocem : qua protinus omne Contremuit nemus, et sylvse intonuere profundse. Audiit et Triviae longe lacus, audiit amnis Sulfurea Nar albus aqua, fontesque Velini : 495 500 501. Cruentusque, at- que similis imploranti epem, cervus replevit 505 505. Aspera Alecto latet pestis 507. Hie armatus no- dis gravidi stipitis adett : ira fac't id telum, quod 510 **' re P er tum cuique ri- manti. Tyrrheus spirans immane, securi rapta, vocat agmina, ut forte 515 NOTES. 493. RabidcB : in the sense offurioscc. 494. Deftueret secundo : when by chance he was swimming down the stream along with the current. Commovere : roused up as he was roving at large. 495. Levaret: allaying assuaging the heat. 497. Curvo cornu : from his bent, or elas- tic bow. 498. Deus. Alecto is here meant. Deus is of both genders. Erranti : Dr. Trapp observes, there is an elegancy in this. He erred even by hitting trie animal, consider- ing the consequences. But he thinks by Deus, we are to understand any god, or for- tune. Most commentators, however, take erranti in its common acceptation. His hand was erring in itself, and would have erred, had it not been guided by the god- dess. Ada : in the sense of immissa, vel vnpulsa. 499. Sonitu : in the sense of stridore. It made a whizzing noise as it cut the air. 50.3. Aspera pestis : the odious fiend lurks, &c. But La Cerda understands it of the fury which seized the rustics. This is not so natural and easy, though the sense be the same. 509. Cuneis coactis : with wedges driven into it. 510. Spirans immane. Davidson under- stands this of the passion into which Tyr- rheus was thrown, on hearing of the death of the stag : breathing fury panting for vengeance. Dr. Trapp understands it of his puffing and blowing in felling and split- ting timber. Valpy is of the same opinion with Davidson. 514. Intendit: she swells her infernal voice through the crooked horn. By means of the horn, the sound was greatly in- creased. 515. Profundto sylvce, : either the woods in deep valleys, or the inmost and thickest part of the woods. 516. Lacus Trivia : the lake of Diana. This was near the city Aricia, about three leagues from Laurentum to the north. Ho- die, Lago di JVg/no. 517. JVor. This river rises in the Appe- nines, and running in a south-western di- rection, separating Umbr : afrom the country of the Sabines, fails into the Tiber. Its surface is whitened for a considerable dis- tance by the foarn, occasioned by the dash- ing of the water against the rocks that lie in its b?d. Its nr.me is of Sabine origin, and signifies sulphur, with which the water is impregnated. Hodie^ JYVra. Forties Vt- lini : the river Velinus. This river rises in the country of the Sabines, and flows into the Nar, P. VIRGILIX MAKONIS 519. Turn vero indo- Et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos. miti agricolae celeres T um V ero ad vocem celeres, qua buccina signum dira Indomiti agricolae : necnon et Troia pubes Ascanio auxilium castris effundit apertis. Direxere acies : non jam certamine agresti, y , Stipitibus duris agitur, sudibusve prseustis ; Sed ferro ancipiti decernunt, atraque late 525 ""orrescitjrictis seges ensibus, aeraque fulgent Sole lacessita, et lucem sub nubila jactant. Fluctus uti primo ccepit cum albescere vento ; Paulatim sese tollit mare, et altius undas 531. Hie juvenis Al- Erigit, inde imo consurgit ad aethera fundo. 530 mon, qui fuit maximus Hie juvenis primam ante aciem stridente sagitta, Natorum Tyrrhei fuerat qui maximus, Almon Sternitur : haesit enirn sub gurture vulnus, et udae 535. Multa corpora Vocis iter, tenuemque inclusit sanguine vitam. virum slernuntur circa Corpora multa viriim circa : seniorque Galaesus, 535 ilium: seniorque Gelse- Dum paci me di um se offert, justissimus unus fjus stermtur quoque ^ c ., . .. ,. V Qui fuit, Ausonnsque ohm ditissimus arvis. Quinque greges illi balantum, quina redibant Armenta, et terram centum vertebat aratris. Atque, ea per campos a3quo dum Marte geruntur ; Promissi Dea facta potens, ubi sanguine bellum 541 Imbuit, et primae commisit funera pugnae ; Deserit Hesperiam, et coali convexa per auras, Junonem victrix affaiur voce superba : 645. En discordia per- En perfecta tibi bello discordia tristi ! 545 fectaes/tibi j)j Cj in amicitiam coeant, et fcedera jungant, 547. Die illis, sit co- Quandoquidem Ausonio respersi sanguine Teucros. cant Hoc etiam his addam, tua si mihi certa voluntas : NOTES. 520. Indomiti : rude, unpolished, country- 533. Redibant : returned home to him men, &c. from pasture. He had five flocks of sheep, 522. Effundit : in the sense of mittit. and five herds of cattle. 523. Direxere acies : they arranged the 540. JEquo Marte. This cannot mean lines. They drew up their respective forces that the loss was equal on both sides, for in order of battle. N'on agitur agresti : they the slain was on the part of the Latins only, do not now engage in rustic fight, with, &c. Donat.us explains it by aper'o Marte; and Agilur : in the sense of pugnatur. Ascensius, by Nempc valles am- sancti. Latus nemoris, atrum densis frondibus urget hunc locum utrin- que, medioque ejus 570 570. In queis Erinnyfi, invisum numen, condita NOTES. 550. Amore insani. Ruseus takes this for insano amore Martis, by hypallage. But in- sanus is an epithet highly applicable, and proper for Mars, or war ; where nothing but havoc and mad fury reign. 551. Arma: in the sense of bella. 554. Novus sanguis: new (or recent) blood hath stained the arms, which, c. The novus, alludes to the blood which had been shed in the recent or late encounter. Fors : chance fortune. Dedit : offered presented. 559. Cede locis: depart from the places of this upper world. 'Die earth is called the celestial or ethereal regions, in opposition to the infernal regions, or regions of darkness. Superest. The parts of the verb are sepa- rated by tmesis. Fortuna laborum : Ruseus says, discrirnen in hoc negotio. 560. Vor.es : in the sense of verba. 561. Attollit : in the sense of explicat. She (Alecto) spreads her wings hissing, &c. 562. Supera ardua: the lofty places of this upper world. Lora being understood. 565. Valles Amsancti. Commentators are not agreed about the situation of this place. Mr. Addison is of opinion that the Velinus, mentioned 517, is the place which the poet had in his view. The river, says he, is ex- tremely rapid before its fall, and rushes down a precipice a hundred yards high. It throws itself into the hollow rock, which has pro- bably been worn by such a constant fall of water, Jt is impossible to see the bottom, on which it breaks, for the thickness of the mist that rises from it ; which looks at a, distance like clouds of smoke, ascending from some vast furnace ; and distils in per- petual rains on all the places near it. He ob- serves, that this was the most proper place in the world for a fury to make her exit, after she had rilled a nation with distractions and alarms ; and, I believe, continues he, that every reader's imagination is pleased, when he sees the angry goddess, thus sinking as it were in a tempest, and plunging herself into hell amidst such a scene of horror and confusion. This cascade is near the middle of Italy. Amsanctus: of the old amphi, and sacer vel sanctus. 567. Torto vortice: with its whirling eddy. Fragosus : roaring among the rocks. 568. Spiracula : in the sense of oslia. 569. Ingens vorago : a vast gulf issuing from overflowing Acheron from Ache- ron, having burst its barriers. Acheron, a river of hell: also hell itself the infer- nal deities. Davidson takes it absolutely with rupto. 570. Condita : being hid sunk. Lcvabal : relieved them from her presence, by disap- pearing from these upper regions. Heyne says, linquebat. 572. Saturnia regina: Juno, the daugh- ter of Saturn, and wife of Jove. Hence sometimes styled the queen of the Gods. 418' l\ VlliGILli MARONIS Almonem puerum, fcedatique ora Galaesi : 575 Implorantque Deos, obtestanturque Latinum. Turnus adest, medioque in crimine cadis et ignis, 578. Qwen'tarTeucros Terrorem ingeminat : Teucrosque in regna vocari ; *579. Adraisceri Lati- Stirpem admisceri Phrygian! ; se limine pelli. n i s Turn, quorum attonitae Baccho nemora avia matres 580. Turn i#i, quorum Insultant thiasis, neque enim leve nomen Amatae, 581 matres attonitse Baccho Undique collecti coeunt, Martemque fatigant. insultant thiasis per IHcdt m f an( j urn C uncti contra omina bellum, Contra fata Deum, perverso numine poscunt. Certatim regis circumstant tecta Latini. 585 Ille, velut pelagi rupes immota, resistit : Ut pelagi rupes, magno veniente fragore, 588. Quee tenet sese Q U ae sese, multis circumlatrantibus undis, sua mole, magno^fra- jyj Q j e tenet . SCO p U ij nequicquam et spumea circuni Saxa fremunt, laterique illisa refundilur alga. 590 Verum ubi nulla datur caecum exsuperare potestas Consilium, et sa3V33 nutu Junonis eunt res : Multa Deos, aurasque pater testatus inanes, Frangimur heu fatis, inquit, ferimurque procella ! 595. O miseri ! vos Ipsi has sacrilego pendetis sanguine pcenas, 595 ipsi pendetis has Q miseri ! Te, Turne, nefas, te triste manebit Supplicium ; votisque Deos venerabere seris. Nam mini parta quies, omnisque in limine portus ; NOTES. 575. Ora : in the sense of caput ; and fcedati, in the sense of occisi : or ora fatdati Gafatif may mean simply the body of Galae- sus, mangled and disfigured with wounds. 577. Media crimine, &c. By crimen here we are undoubtedly' to understand the charge or accusation, which the rustics brought against the Trojans, for the death of Almon and Galaesus. While they are making the accusation, in medio crimine, Turnus comes up, and increases the alarm. Dr. Trapp takes it for the crime of murder simply ; and Ruceus interprets it by in me- dio cadaverum. 580. Attonitce : inspired under the in- fluence of. Ruseus says, percitce. 581. Insultant ihiasis: leap and dance in choirs through the pathless groves. For thiasis, Ruaeus says choreis. Nomen: in- fluence authority. 582. Fatigant : in the sense of poscunt. Martem: war. 583. Omina. These were the flight of bees and fiery appearance about Lavinia. See 64, supra et sequcns. 584. Fata: these were the responses of the Oracle of Faunus. Perverso numine. Rueeus takes this in the sense of contra vo- luntatem Deorum: the will of the Gods being against it. Heyne is of the same opinion. Perverso : in the sense of adverso. 587. Fragore : in the sense of tempestate. 588. Circumlatrantibus: in the sense of cimtmsonan tibii? . 589. Scopuli : properly high sharp rocks. Saxa : any rocks rocks in general. 590. Alga illisa; the sea-weed dashed against its sides is repelled, or washed off. 591. Ccecum : in the sense of insanum. 593. Testatus multa: having often be- sought the Gods and skies having called them to witness. Multa: a Grecism, for multum, vel scepe. Inanes auras : vacuum aerem, says Ruteus. Auras : the skies or heavens, as the word frequently signifies. Dr. Trapp thinks it should be read aras, and, accordingly, he connects inanes with it : the vain or useless altars ; because of the league which had been made in due form, but now was broken. But Davidson reads inanis, agreeing with pater, in the sense ofinaniter, in vain to no purpose ; and he observes it is the reading of some ancient copies. Heyne reads inanes agreeing with auras. Valpy and La Cerda do the same. Pierius connects inanes \viihfrangimur. 595. Sacrilego sanguine. Latinus calls their blood sacrilegious, because they had compelled him to the war against the will of the Gods. 596. Nefas : an impious or wicked person. As ./En. ii. 585. Or it may be taken in the sense ofinfandum; agreeing with supplicium. Ruaeus interprets it by crimen. Davidson renders it: u the impious promoter of this war," in apposition with Turne. 598. Nam quies : for rest is prepared for lto'. LIB. VIL Funere felici spolior. Nee plura locutus, Sepsit se tectis, rerumque reliquit habenas. 600 Mos erat Hesperio in Latio, quern protinus urbes Albanae coluere sacrum, mine maxima rerum Roma colitj cum prima movent in praelia Martem : Sive Getis inferre manu lachrymabile bellum, 604. Sive parant ma- Hyrcanisve, Arabisve parant ; seu tendere ad Indos, nu inferre Auroramque sequi, Parthosque reposcere signa. 606 Sunt gemmae belli portae, sic nomine dicunt, Relligione sacrae, et srevi formidine Martis : Centum aerei claudunt vectes, asternaque ferri Robora ; nee custos absistit limine Janus. Has, ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnse ; Ipse, Quirinali trabea cinctuque Gabino Insignis, reserat stridentia limina consul ; Ipse vocat pugnas : sequitur turn csetera pubes, uEreaque assensu conspirant cornua rauco. Hoc et turn /Eneadis indicere bella Latinus More jubebatur, tristesque recludere portas. 610 611. Ubi certa senten- tia pugnae sedet patri- bus, consul ipse insignis Quirinali trabea Gabi- noque cinctu reserat 615 has portas, (i. e.) striden- tia limina NOTES. me, and my whole haven is at the door. This is a fine metaphor. The weather- beaten mariner enters the haven with joy. It is a place of rest and quiet, from the dangers of the ocean. So the aged monarch views death at the door, as the end of his toils, and as a rest from his cares and labors. All he loses is the satisfaction of leaving his people in peace and prosperity. 600. Habenas rerum ; the reins of govern- ment. A metaphor, taken from the man- agement of horses, with bit and reins. Sep- sit : in the sense of clausit. 601. Mos erat. This custom was institu- ted in the time of Numa, as we are told by Livy ; but, for the sake of embellishment, the poet refers the origin of it to the earliest ages of his country. Protinus : constantly. Ruaeus says, perpetuo. 602. Coluere : in the sense of servaverunt. Rerum : the world. 603. Movent Martem. We are told that the Romans used, upon the declaration of war, to enter the temple of Mars, where the sacred bucklers were suspended, and strike upon them, with the words: Mars vigila, Mars awake. Hence the expression, movent Martem : in the sense of excitant Martem. 604. Getit. The Getse were a people of Dacia, near the mouth of the Danube. The proconsul L. Crassus triumphed over them, just before the time of Virgil. 605. Hyrcanii. Hyrcania was formerly a part of Parthia. Against them, as a dis- tinct people, the Romans did not declare war. In the year of Rome 730, Augustus attempted the subjugation of the Arabians, but he failed in it. Indos. It is well known that the Romans made no conquests in In- dia, properly so called. But Dion informs us that, overawed by the fame of Augustus, they made peace with him, and presented him with rich gifts, while he tarried at Sa- mos, in Asia, about the year 734. Tendere ad : to march against the Indians, and to penetrate the remotest parts of the east, sequi auroram. 606. Parthos reposcere : to demand back the standards from the Parthians. 608. Relligione: religious veneration. 609. Vectes, ceternaque : a hundred brazen bars, and eternal strength of iron, shut them. 610. Janus. This is said because the statue of Janus was in the threshold ; or be- cause he presided over all doors, which, from him, were called januce. Janus was the most ancient king of Italy. Some sup- pose him to have been Japhet, the son of Noah. See Eel. iv. 6. He was represent- ed with two faces. 611. Pugnce: in the sense of belli. Sen- tentia: determination; and sedet: in the sense of hccret. Has. This must refer to portas understood. But it would seem quite unnecessary. The idea is sufficiently con- veyed by limina stridentia, which is to be placed in this case, in apposition with has portas. Ruaeus takes limina in the sense of cardiacs, but this seems a refinement unne- cessary. He says, has (portas) et earum stridentes cardincs. Heyne and Valpy take them as meaning the same thing the doors of the temple of Janus. 612. Quirinali trabea : with his augural robe. So called, because worn by Komulus, who was also called Quirinus. See 187, supra. Gabino cinciu. This dress Servius derives from Gabii, a city of Latium. See Lex. under cinctus. 6 17. Rtchidere : to open the direful doors. 420 P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS Abstinuit tactu pater, aversusque refugit Foeda ministeria, et esecis se condidit timbris. 620. Turn Saturnia Turn regina Defmi, coelo delapsa, morantes r.egina Deum, delapsa^ Tmpulit ipsa manu portas, et, cardine verso, coelo, ipsa Belli f err atos rupit Saturnia postes. Ardet inexcita Ausonia atque imrnobilis ante. Pars pedes ire parat campis ; pars arduus altis Pulverulentus equis furit : omnes arma requirunt. Pars leves clypeos et spicula lucida tergunt Arvina pingui, subiguntque in cote secures : Signaque ferre juvat, sonitusque audire tubarum. 629. Adeo quinque Quinque adeo magnse positis incudibus urbes niagnce urbes Tela novant : Atina potens, Tiburque superbum, Ardea, Crustumerique, et turrigerae Antemnae. Tegmina tuta cavant capitum, flectuntque salignas Umbonum crates : alii thoracas ahenos, Aut leves ocreas lento ducunt argento. Vomeris hue et falcis honos, hue omnis aratri 635 Cessit amor ; recoquunt patrios fornacibus crises. Classica jamque sonant : it bello tessera signurn. Hie galeam tectis trcpidus rapit : ille frementes 625 (33(1 NOTES. The doors of the temple of Janus were open in time of war, but shut in time of peace. Immediately on the declaration of war, the consul, with much parade and solemnity, opened them. What is said here on the subject, is by anticipation. Jubebalur : is urged impor tun e d . 622. Postes. Postis, properly, the door- post, or that part of the frame to which the door is hung. Also, the door itself, by me- lon. 624. Pars arduus : a part raised on lofty s.teeds, involved in clouds of dust, rage for war. The meaning of the passage is : a part prepare to take the field as infantry, (pedites,) a part as cavalry. 627. Arvina : tallow any fat. .,;. 629. Urbes: the cities; by meton. the in- liabitants. Incudibus positis : on their erect- ed anvils, or their anvils being erected. 630. Novant Ida : they repair their wea- pons. Atina : a city of the Polsci. Tibur : this was a city in the northern part of Lati- um, near the cataract of the river Anien. It was situated near the top of a mountain. Hence the epithet svperbum. Ilodie, Tri- VOli. 631. Ardea. This was the capital of tho RutulL See 372, and 410, supra. Crus- tumeri : this was a city situated not far from the place where Rome was afterward built. Little, however, is known of it. AnlemncR : a city near the confluence of the rivers Ani- en and Tiber. 633. Crates umbonum. These were the supporters or frames of the shields, made of osiers, or small pieces of wood, and after- ward covered with the hides of beasts, {7m- bo : the farthest projecting point of the shield ; by synec. put for the whole shield. These frames were made of willow. 634. Ducunt : in the sense of cxcudunl- Leves ocreas: smooth greaves of ductile sil- ver. These were armour for the legs and thighs. 635. Honos romeiis : the honor (regard) of the ploughshare and of the pruning knife, gives place (/me) to the preparations for war; and all the love of the plough yields to them. They are so intent upon war, that they dis- regard the business of agriculture. 636. Recoquunt : they form anew they make over again. 637. Tessera signwn : the tessera, the signal for war, goes forth. This was a square figure like a dice, on which was inscribed the watchword or private signal, by which they could distinguish friends from foes in battle. Or, 'according to others, it contain- ed the order and regulations of the march,. This was distributed among the soldiers. Hence the phrase : it tessera. It was after- ward given vira vnce. Classica : the trum- pets. The tuba was a straight trumpet : the cornua, a crooked trumpet, resembling a horn. They were also called buccina. The iiluus was a trumpet not so straight as the tuba, nor so crooked as the cernu. Classi- cum, properly, the sound of the trumpet : the trumpet itself, by meton. 639. Trilicem auru. The coat of mail was composed of plates of iron linked together by rings. Some of them were fringed or bordered in the lower extremity with gold tissue of two or three textures, and were ac- cordingly called bilix, triliz* &c> Ad Juga : MvlS, LIB. VII. Ad juga cogit equos ; clypeumque, auroque triliccm 639. Induiturque cly- Loricam induitur, fidoque accingitur ense. 640 P eum i loricamque trili- 650 Pandite nunc Helicona, Deae, cantusque movete Qui bello exciti reges : quae quemque secutse Complerint campos acies : quibus Itala jam turn Floruerit terra alma viris, quibus arserit armis. Et meministis enim, Divas, et memorare potestis : Ad nos vix tenuis famae perlabitur aura. Primus init bellum Tyrrhenis asper ab oris Contemptor Divum Mezentius, agminaque armat. Filius huic juxtfi Lausus ; quo pulchrior alter Non fuit, excepto Laurentis corpore Turni : Lausus equum domitor, debellatorque ferarum, Ducit Agyllina nequicquam ex urbe secutos Mille viros* dignus patriis qui Isetior esset Imperiis, et cui pater hand Mezentius esset. Post hos, insignem palma per gramina currum, Victoresque ostentat equos, satus Hercule pulchro Pulcher Aventinus ; clypeoque insigne paternum, Centum angues, cinctamque gerit serpentibus hydram : Collis Aventini sylva quern Rhea sacerdos Furtivum partu sub luminis edidit oras, 660 JVIixta Deo mulier : postquam Laurentia victor, Geryone extincto, Tirynthius attigit arva, cem auro 641. O Deae Musa, pandite 642. Qui reges exciti fuerint ; quas acies 643. Quibus viris jam turn Itala, alma terra 648. Asper Mezentius,', contemptor Divum, pri- mus init sus sequitur juxta, quo 652. Ducit mille viros secutos eum nequicquam 655 6^5. Post hos pulcher Aventinus, satus pul- chro Hercule, ostentat currum insignem palma 657. Clypeoque gerit paternum insigne, nempe 659. Quern Rhea sa- cerdos, mulier mixta Deo, partu edidit furti- vum sub oras luminis NOTES. lo the chariots. Chariots were anciently used in war by all distinguished persons. 640. Induitur : in the sense of tndn.it. 641. Helicona : a Gi'eek ace. : a mountain in Beotia sacred to the muses. The poet here imitates the Iliad, lib. ii. both in this invocation, and in the enumeration of the forces of the Italian princes. But, in seve- ral particulars, he has improved upon his model. 646. Tenuis aura : a small breath of fame, &c. scarcely a slender thread of tradition hath extended down to us. 647. Asper : fierce cruel. 648. Mezenlius. We are told that he commanded his subjects to pay him a tax of the first fruits, and the firstlings of their flocks ; which before were given to the gods. On this account, he was considered an atheist, contemptor divum. The poet here gives us a list of the troops engaged on the part of Turnus. 649. Huic. The dative of the personal pronouns is often used in the sense of the genitive. Huic : in the sense of hujus. 650. Corpore Turni : a Grecism, tor Tur- nus himself. 652. Argyllina : an adj. from Argylla, a city of Tuscany, near the confines of Lati- um. It was founded by a colony of Thes- salians. Nequtcquam . m vain, because he was to be slain in the war with his troops: or, because he could not prevent, thereby the purposes of the gods concerning the Troians. 653. Dignus, &c. This line is somewhat perplexed. The usual ordo is, dignus qui esset Icelior, &c. It would be easier by trans- position thus : qui cssel dignus (fuisse) latior, &c. : who was worthy to have been happier in his father's authority. It was in obedi- ence to his father that he came to the war. If he had not been constrained, he would have tarried at home, shunned the toils and dangers of the war, and by that means have saved his life. He was worthy to have lived. Ruoeus interprets imperils by regno, implying that he deserved to be happier in liis father's kingdom to have remained at home, and, by that means, saved his life. Cui: to whom Mezentius ought not to have been a father ; who could have imposed such commands upon a son. 657. Pulcher. Dr. Trapp thinks this can- not here mean beautiful ; but rather stout, illustrious, renowned ; as the same word is applied to Hercules, his father. Palermim insigne : his father's ensign, or impress. This was the figure of the conquered hydra, shooliiig up into a hundred heads. 660. Edidit partu : brought forth at a. bmh into hfe,&c. 661. Mixia: uniting mingling with having intercourse with. Hercules, after he had slain Geryon, the king of Spain, and taken hib herds, returned with them through Italy. H was at this time, that the pries: ronccived Aventinus. and afterward i>oio him to that hero. 662. Tirunthius: a name of Hercules P. V1RGILII MARON1S runt Tyrrhenoque boves in flumine lavit Iberas. 664. Ejus milites ge- Pil a manu, saevosque gerunt in bella dolories ; Et tereti pugnant mucrone, veruque Sabello. 665 Ipse pedes, tegmen torquens immane leonis, Terribili impexum seta, cum dentibus albis, Indutus capiti : sic regia tecta subibat Horridus, Herculeoque humeros innexus amictu. 570. Turn gemini fra- Turn gemini fratres Tiburtia mcenia linquunt, 670 tres, Catillusque, acer- Fratris Tiburti dictam cognomine gentem, que Coras, Argiva ju- Catillusque, acerque Coras, Argiva juventus : Et primam ante aciem densa inter tela feruntur. Ceu duo nubigenae cum vertice montis ab alto Descendunt Centauri, Omolen Othrynque nivalem 675 Linquentes cursu rapido : dat euntibus ingens Sylva locum, et magno cedunt virgulta fra^ore. 678.NecCaeculusfun- Nee Praenestinae fundator defuit urbis ; dator Prsenestinse urbis Vulcano genitum pecora inter agrestia regem, o!s Lta q s U c e rcdidTt g r. Inventumque focis, orani 8 quern credidit aetas, 680 nitum es.te Caeculus. Hunc legio late comitatur agrestis : 682. Quique viri co- Quique altum Praeneste viri, quique arva Gabinae hint altum Prceneste, Junonis, gelidumque Anienem, et roscida rivis qU 685 e QuoT/w aids O ^ ernica saxa c l unt : quos, dives Anagnia, pascis ; pater Amasenef ^rma Q UOS J Amasene pater. Non illis omnibus arma, 685 non sunt omnibus Nee clypei currusve sonant : pars maxima glandes NOTES. from Tyrins, a city near Argos, where he was brought up. 663. Tyrrheno fiumine : the river Tiber, which divided Tuscany or Etruria from La- tiurn. Iberas boves : his Spanish herds. Jbe- ras : an adj. from Iberus, a river of Spain. Hodie, Ebro. 664. Dolones. These were long poles or battoons, with bayonets enclosed at the end, which were hardly to be observed. Hence they were called dolones, from dolus, being a kind of deceitful weapon. 665. Vc.ru. This was a kind of dart used by the Sabines and Samnitcs. Hence the epithet Sabello, that is, Sabino vel Samnitico. 668. Indutus capiti : he put it (the shaggy lion skin) upon his head. Cinctus circa caput, says Ruams. 669. Innexus : covered, as to his shoul- ders, with the garment of Hercules, his fa- ther. This was the hide of the Nemaean lion. 673. Feruntur : in the sense of incedunt. Ante primam . before the first line in the front of the Iviltle. 674. Nubigenx: cloud-born sons. These were the Corners, whom Ixion begat, i b said, upon a cioud T'liey were a people of Thessaly, and celebrated for horsemanship. Ixion was their king, Qlo. O/7U-&K OfJiryn. These were moun- tains of Thcssalv, where the Centaurs re- sided. 678. Fundator, &c. Cieculus,wearetold, had very small eyes, as his name implies, He was very ambitious, and was the found- er of a colony. He pretended that he was the son of Vulcan, and that the brightness of his father's fire had injured his eight. He built the city Prceneste, situated on a mountain. Hence called altum Prceneste, about 24 miles from Rome. 680. Inventum focis: found upon the hearth. He was therefore reputed the son of Vulcan. The verb esse vel fuisse is un- derstood. 682. Gabince Junonis. Galina: an adj. from Gabiii a town of the Volsci, between Rome and Praeneste. Here Juno had a splendid temple. Hence she is called Ga- binian Juno. 683. Gelidum dnienem : the river Anien, which empties into the Tiber from the north- east. Its water was very cold. Hence the epithet gelidum. 684. Hernica saxa : the towns of the Hernici. They were a people between the jEqui, the Marsi, and the Volsci. Their country warf very mountainous. Hence their tovvns were called saxa, being built amongst rocks. Their chief town was dnagnia. Roscidi rivis : watered with rills or streams. 685 dmasene. The river Amasenus, which watered the country about Anagnia. The epithet pater is common to all the river gods. Hodie, Toppia. 686. Glandes plumbi: balls of lead. Spar- git: throws. jNE!S. LIB. VII. 423 Liventis plumbi spargit ; pars spicula gestat Bina manu, fulvosque lupi de pelle galeros Tegmen habet capiti : vestigia nuda sinistri Instituere pedis ; crudus tegit eiltera pero. 690 At Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles, Quern neque fas igni ciuquam nee sternere ferro, Jampridem resides populos, desuetaque bello Agmina, in arma vocat subito, ferrumque retractat. Hi Fescenninas acies, aequosque Faliscos ; 695 Hi Soractis habent arces, Flaviniaque arva, Et Cimini cum monte lacurn, lucosque Capenos. Ibant aequati numero, regemque canebant : Ceu quondam nivei liquida inter nubila cycni Cum sese e pastu referunt, et longa canoros 700 Dant per colla modos : sonat amnis, et Asia longe Pulsa palus. Nee quisquam aeratas acies ex agmine tanto Misceri putet, aeriam sed gurgite ab alto 692. Quern neque erat fas cuique sternere 695. Hi ducuntYes* cenninas NOTES. r 688. Fulvos galeros : tawny caps of the wolf's skin, &c. 689. Vestigia nuda : they formed the prints or tracks of the left foot naked theilleft foot was naked. Crudus pero : unwrought leather covers the other. Vestigia is under- stood. The pero was a kind of high shoe, made of raw hide, and worn by rustics prin- cipally. Instituere : in the sense of posu- tre. 691. Messapus. By birth he was a Greek. After his arrival in Italy, he occupied the eastern part, which was from him called Messapia, afterward Calabria. He was a skilful navigator ; and hence called Nep- tunia proles : the offspring of Neptune. Vir- gil places his dominions in the eastern part of Etruria, not far from the place where Rome was afterward built. 693. Populos jampridem : his people, a long time inactive, and disengaged from the pur- suits of war. 695. Fescenninas acies : the Fescennine troops. These were from the city Fescen- nia, or Fescennium, a town of Etruria, a little below the confluence of the Nar and Tiber. Acies, properly, an army drawn up in order of battle. Here, troops in general. JEquosqut Faliscos. These were a people situated a little below Fescennium. Their city was Faliscum. Ssrvius says, they were called JEquos, because tiie .iG.nans borrow- ed from them their jura fecialia, or laws of arms : also, a supplement to the laws of the twelve tables. Others make JEqui the name of a people, called, also, ^Equicolce, and read, JEquosquc Faliscosque. The hi in this and the following line, appears to refer to Mes- sapus, within whose territories all these cities and people were, here mentioned ; and, con- sequently, he was their commander in chief. The plu. may be used for the sing, by way of aggrandizement, as is common to all Ian* guages. Or the hi must refer to the subor- dinate officers and commanders of Messapus. This seems to be the opinion of Ruaeus, who has : hi ducts Messapi. 696. Soractis. Soracte was the name of a mountain in the country of the Falisci. Ar- ces : the towers or strong places built upon it. Flavinia arva. Little is known of this place, nor is its situation exactly ascertain- ed. 697. Cimini. Ciminus was a mountain in the western part of Etruria. It had* a lake and a grove. Capenos : an adj. of Ca- pena, a city on the hanks of the Tiber. Here was a grove and temple. All these follow- ed Messapus to the war. 698. Ibant cequati : they marched with equal steps, and uniform motion. By nume- ro, we are to understand a kind of harmo- ny and keeping time with their music. Or, rather, the order of their march rank and file. 699. Ceu quondam, &c. This simile is taken from the Iliad, lib. ii. and is very fine- ly expressed. 701. 'Amnis et Asia . the river and the Asian lake, struck from afar, resqund. The Amnis is the Caystnu. See Geor. i. 383. Modos : in the sense of voces. 702. JVec quisquam putet : nor would any one (who heard their music only) have thought them armed troops of so great num- bers, united and joined together; but an ae- rial cloud of -sonorous fowls, &c. The words, who heard the.ir music only, are neces- sary to make the sense complete. For the poet could not intend that those who saw them, would have taken them for a flock of birds. 424 P. VIRGILI1 MAROJS1S Urgeri volucrum raucarum ad litora nubem. 705 Ecce, Sabinorum prisco de sanguine, magnum Agmen agens Clausus, magnique ipse agminis instar, Claudia nunc a quo diffunditur et tribus et gens 510. Vnzcumeoibant* L^tium postquam in partem data Roma Sabinis ingens Amiterna co- Una m g ens Amiterna cohors, pnscique Qumtcs, 71f hors, priscique Ereti manus omnis, oliviferaeque MutuscaR : 712. Uli guoque ibant Qui Nomentum urbem, qui rosea rura Velini : colunt urbem No- Q u i Tetricae horrentes rupes, montemque Severum, f! ":C-periam qU e colunt, Forulosque et flumen H.mell*. ' lunt Qui Tybnm Fabanmque bibunt : quos frigida misit . 715. Illi ibant quoque,Nursia. i et Hortinae classes, populique Latini : 716 quos frigida Nursia mi- Quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen. TIT ru- AI Q u & m multi Libyco volvuntur marmore fluctus, 717. //toque, quos Al- c? u- -^ i_ L T lia, infaustum nomen Svus ubi Orion hyberms conditur undis : secans interluit, ibant ^ e * quam Sole novo densae torrentur aristae, una cum eo. Aut Hermi campo, aut Lyciae flaventibus arvis. NOTES. 707. Clausus. After the expulsion of the kings, Atta Clausus removed with liis fami- ly, and about five thousand clients and friends, from Regillum, a city of the Sabines, to Rome. After which he took the name of Appius. He was admitted into the patri- cian order. The poet makes the Clausus here named, to have been one of his ances- tors. Instar agminis : himself like a mighty army a match for. 708. Diffunditur : in the sense of propa- gatur, vel spargitur. 709. In partem Sabinis. The poet here alludes to the union of the Sabines and Ro- mans, which put an end to the wars be- tween the two nations. These were the conditions of the compact. The Sabines were to remove to Rome, which was to re- tain its name. The citizens were to take tiie name of Quirites, from Cure*, a city of the Sabines ; and the government was to be jointly administered by Tatius and Romu- lus. 710. Amilerna cohors. The poet here enumerates various places, all belonging to the Sabines. Amittrna: an adj. from Ami- ternum, a town situated among the Appe- nines. Quirites were the inhabitants of Cures, whence the Romans were afterward sometimes called Quintes. E return was a village ueSr the confluence of the rivers Allia and Tiber. Hodie, Monte Hot undo. MulusccE : a village beyond the Palus Rea- tina, to the north. Hodie, Monte Leone. Momentum, was a town near Erelum on the east. Hodie, J\f : omcntnno. 712. Rosea rura. Part of.the country of Reatina, according to Pliny, was called ro- sea, from ros, dew ; which, falling copiously, fertilized that part of the country. Mr.^ Addison- observes, that the rive^ Veunus is shaded by a green forest made up of seve- ral kinds of trees, which preserve their ver- dure all the year. The neighboring moun- tains are covered with them ; and, by rea- son of their height, are more exposed to dews and drizzling rains than the adjacent par*. Some copies have roscida. Dr. Trapp prefers rosea, and takes it for a pa- tronymic adjective ; and observes it should be written with a capital R. Heyne writes it with a capital. Tetricce Severum. The names of two mountains, so called from their wild aspect and barrenness. Their situ- ation is uncertain. 714. Cusp*, -i am. Casperia was a town not far from Cures. Hodie, Aspera. Foru- los. Foruli was a town in the neighborhood of Amiternum. Himellce,. This was a small river falling into the Tiber, a little below Cures. Hodie, Ala. 716. Nursia. This city was situated among the Apennines, and much exposed to frost. Hence the epithet, frigida. Hodie, Norica. Hortince. : an adj. from Hortanurn or Horta, a' city at the confluence of the JVar and Tiber. Classes. It is plain that classes here means land forces, or troops in general. Heyne says, copite. 717. Allia. A river that runs into the Tiber a little below Erelum. Here the Ro- mans were completely defeated by the Galli Senones, under Brennus, their king : on which account, Virgil calls it infaustum no- men : an inauspicious name. Secans : in the sense of dividens. 719. Orion : a constellation much dreaded by mariners ; hence called SCEVUS : stormy. 720. JVb?;o sole. By this interpreters un- derstand the sun in the beginning of the summer. But perhaps the sun is called new, not in respect of the year ; but of the aristae, the ears of corn. Hermi. Hermus was a river of Lydia, a most fertile country. Lycice. This was a country on the south of ./ENEIS. LIB. VII. Scuta sonant, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus. Hinc Agamemnonius, Trojani nominis hostis, Curru jungit Halesus equos, Turnoque feroces Mille rapit populos. Vertunt felicia Baccho 725 725. Rapit mille fero- Massica qui rastris : et quos de collibus altis ces populos inauxilium \urunci misere patres, Sidicinaque juxta Turno. Illi veniunt qui JSquora : quique Cales linquunt ; amnisque vadosi J^ttt^? el Accola Vulturni ; panterque Saticulus asper, m veniunt quos Aur ' un . Oscorumque manus. Teretes sunt aclides illis 730 ci patres, Sidicinaque Tela ; sed haec lento mos est aptare flagello : juxta aequora misere LEevas cetra teffit : falcati cominus enses. 732 ' Cetra tegit laevas TVT , j- ^ i !_ manus; falcati enses Nec tu carmmibus^nostns mdictus abibis, sunt illis adpugnandum CEbale ; quern generasse Telon Sebethide Nympha cominus. Nec tu, O Fertur, Teleboum Capreas cum regna teneret 735 pater (Ebale, abibis in- Jam senior : patriis sed non et filius arvis dictus Contentus, late jam turn ditione premebat Sarrastes populos, et quae rigat aequora Sarnus : t J^ P*"*"*"* an medicinal herbs. 773. Phatbigenam : ^Esculapius, the son of Phoebus and Coronis, the daughter of a king of the Lapithae. He is esteemed the father of physic. It is said he raised several from the dead. 775. Relegat : she consigns him to the nymph, Sec. Trivia : a name of Diana, from tres et via. 776. Ignobilis: unknown retired from the world. 778. Unde : hence from that circum- stance to wit, their being affrighted at the monsters. 780. Pavidi : affrighted at the sea-mou- sters, they overturned ran away with the chariot, &c. 781. Filius haud : the son, not less intre- pidly than the father, managed the fierv steeds, c. 784. Vertitur inter primes : ho marches in the foremost ranks. Vertitur: in tl.- sense of incedit. 785. Galea crinita : his lofty helmet wav- ing with a triple crest, &c. The figure of the Chimtera was represented on his helmet. See jEn. vi. 288. 787. Effera : fierce dreadful. TV :>' 428 P. VIRGILII MARON1S Quam magis effuso crudescunt sanguine puguw. 789. At Io ex auroAt levem clypeum sublatis cornibus lo " insi nibat ' J a ">, S6tis bsita '. J". b ?> 79 Argumentum ingens ! et custos virgmis Argus, Ccelataque amnem fundens pater Inachus urna. Insequitur nimbus peditum, clypeataque totis Agmina densantur campis, Argivaque pubes, Auruneaeque manus, Rutuli, veteresque Sicani, 795 796. Labici picti quoad Et Sacranae acies, et picti scuta Labici : scuta: qui arant tuosQui saltus, Tiberine, tuos, sacrumque Numici Litus arant : Rutulosque exercent vomere colles, Circ33umque jugum : queis Jupiter Anxurus arvis Praesidet, et viridi gaudens Feronia luco : 800 80 l.Gelidusque Ufens Qua Saturae jacet atra palus ; gelidusque per imas quaerit iter per Quaerit iter valles, atque in mare eonditur Ufens. Hos super advenit Volsca de gente Camilla, 805. Ilia non assueta Agmen agens equitum et florentes aere catervas, c^foemineas manus coloBellatrix: non ilia colo calathisve Minerv33 805 NOTES. 788. Crudescunt : rage grow more and more fierce and bloody. 789. Io. The poets say she was the daughter of the river-god Inachus. Jove had an amour with her ; and likely to be discovered by Juno, he changed her into a heifer. Juno suspecting the trick, desired the heifer to be given to her. Having ob- tained her request, she gave her into the custody of the shepherd Argus, fabled to have had a hundred eyes. He was slain by Mercury ; and Juno placed his eyes in the tail of her peacock. After this she drove the heifer into Egypt, where she was restored to her former shape by Jove. Here she married Osiris, king of Egypt; and after her death, was worshipped as a god- dess, under the name of Isis. This fable was represented on the shield of Turnus. He was descended from Inachus, king of Argos. See 372, supra. sublatis : high- wide spreading. 790. Obsita: covered with hairs. Bos: in the sense of vacca. 791. Argumentum: subject device. In- gens : noble illustrious. 792. Pater, here refers to the father of Io. Ccelata urna : from his embossed urn. 794. Argivaque pubes. The poet now enumerates the nations that followed Tur- nus. The Argive troops, most probably came from Ardea. See 372, supra. 795. Auruncce manus. These were the descendants of the old Aurunci, or Ausones, the first people of Italy. Sicani. These were the inhabitants of some part of Lati- am; or the remains of the Siculi, whom Cluverius thinks to have been among the first inhabitants of Italy ; but, being expel- led their country, fled to Sicily, to which island they gave their name. 796. Sacrance: an adject, from Sacra/if. These were a people made up of the abori- gines and the Pelasgi : who, after their ex- pulsion of the Siculi, were themselves driven by the Sabines beyond the river Anien, arid settled near the place where Rome was af- terward built. Labici. Their city Labi' cum, was in the northern part of Latium. 798. Exercent : in the sense of cxcindunt vel vertunt. 799. Circaum jugum. This was the hill and promontory which bounded old Latium on the east. Here was the residence of the celebrated Circe. Hodie, mount Circdlo. Anxurus : an epithet of Jupiter, from Anxur 1 or Anxurus, a town of the Volsci, where he was particularly worshipped. 800. Feronia: Feronia rejoicing in a ver- dant grove. This was situated between Mons Circceus, and Terracina or Anxur. It is not certain what goddess is meant by Feronia. Most interpreters take her to be the same with Juno. But La Cerda thinks her to be the same with Flora, relying on tho authority of Dionysius. 801. Atra palus Satura : the dismal lake of Satura. By this we are to understand the palus pontina, orpontine lake, whidi ex- tended along the maritime coast of the Volsci. It gave rise to many foul and un- wholesome streams. Here fitly called atra palus. Ufens. This river flows in deep winding vales, to which the sun can hardly have access. Hence the epithet, gelidus. 803. Super hos : beside these in addi- tion to the troops already mentioned, Ca- milla brings her squadrons of horse and foot. 8p4. Florentes cere : glittering, or gleam- ing in brazen armor. The Volsci, her peo- ple, were brave and warlike ; and had the . LIB. V1J. Fcemineas assueta maims ; sed praelia virgo Dura pati, cursuque pedum praevertere ventos. Ilia vel intactae segetis per summa volaret Gramina, nee teneras cursu laesisset aristas : Vel mare per medium, fluctu suspensa tumenti. Ferret iter, celeres nee tingeret aBquore plantas. lllarn omnis tectis agrisque efFusa juventus, Turbaque miratur matrum, et prospectat euntem, Attonitis inhians animis ; ut regius ostro Velet honos leves liumeros ; ut fibula crinem Auro internectat ; Lyciam ut gerat ipsa pharetram, Et pastoralem prafixa cuspide myrtum. 806. Sed virgo assueta, est pati dura praelia 810 810. Suspensa tu- menti fluctu, vel ferret iter per medium mare 815 814. Videns ut regius NOTES. Latins on the west, the Aurunci and Cam- pani on the east, and the Hernici and ^Equi on the north. 806. Assueta : she had not accustomed her female hands to the distaff, &c. Cala- this Minerva.. Calathus is a basket for wo- men to put their sewing and other work into. Hence, by meton. the work itself. Then will calathis Minervce mean, light and easy female employments in general. She had not accustomed her hands to these ; but to en- dure the fatigue and hardships of war, &c. 808. Ilia vel volaret : she could even fly along the topmost stalks of the corn un- touched, &c. Gramina : the stalks or blades of corn. We may observe that the poet here does not say she actually flew over the fields of corn ; but, by an hyperbole, to de- note her swiftness, she could even do it, nor touch them in her course. 812. Omnis juventus effusa : all the youth issuing from city and country, and the crowd of matrons, wonder at her, &c. Tectis and ag-ris are plainly opposed to each other ; the one put for the city, and the other for the country. 814. Inhians : gazing upon her. 815. Regius honos :' how the regal orna- ments, &c. 816. Ut ipsa gerat : how she bears the Lycian quiver, &c. The poet gives her this quiver, because the Lycians were famed for skill in archery. 817. Myrtum. The myrtle was a suitable wood for spears. Hence, by meton. the spear itself. It is called pastoral, because she had lived among shepherds with her fa- ther Metabus. Cuspide : this is put for the point of the spear, which was tipped with steel. Ruaeus says, armatam cuspide ; mean- ing myrtum, the spear or javelin. QUESTIONS. From Cajeta to what place did ./Eneas direct his course ? What time of the day did he set sail ? What does Dr. Trapp observe of the open- ing of this book ? After his arrival in the Tiber, what were the first measures which he adopted ? How were his ambassadors received by Latinus ? Who was Latinus ? How many generations was he from Sa- t urn ? Why was his kingdom called Latium ? Had he any children ? What was the name of his daughW ? In the course of his life, had he any sons? What was the age of his daughter at that time ? Had any of the Italian princes sought her in marriage ? W r ho was the most distinguished of her suitors? Had she been promised in marriage to Who was Turnus ? Of what country were his ancestors -* What was the character of Turnus ? Was Latinus in favor of this connexion . What was the reason of his opposing it? What particularly influenced his mind up- on this subject 13 What was the response of the oracle of Faunus ? Did he consider ^Eneas to be the person alluded to by the oracle as his son-in-law? Did he propose to the Trojan ambassa- dors a connexion between him and his daughter ? Was this connexion opposed by Turnus ? What was the consequence of this ? How was the mother of Lavinia affected toward Turnus? What was her name? Did she endeavor to persuade her husband to consent to the match ? Did she make any speech to him upon the subject ? What, is the character of tlmt addrnss f 430 P. V1RGILII MARONKS How was she affected with the determi- nation of Latinus ? tineas had been told that his followers should be reduced to the necessity of con- suming their trenchers, before they should find a permanent settlement : how was that prediction fulfilled? Who made this prophetic declaration to /Eneas ? How was the accomplishment received by him and his associates ? How was Juno affected with this kind re- ception of the Trojans ? What does the poet represent her as do- ing to kindle the war ? What course does Alecto pursue ? While these things are going on, what do the Trojans? While in the chase, what does Ascanius 'i To whom did this beautiful stag belong ? Whither did the wounded animal flee ? What effect had this upon the minds of the rustics? Who was killed in this skirmish ? Who was Almon ? Who was Tyrrheus ? What was his employment ? Was there any other person slain : Did the Trojans suffer any loss ? What was the next measure adopted ? What course did Latinus pursue ? Did Turnus also urge the aged monarch to declare war against the intruders ? How was the war finally declared ? What was the manner or form of declar- In time of peace, what was the state of the temple of Janus ? What in time of war ? After the war had been thus declared, what effect had it upon the neighboring nations ? Which side did they join? Who may be considered the comniander- in-chief? How does the book conclude ? Who was the first who joined the confe- deracy ? Who was Mezentius ? Over what people was he king ? What was his character ? Why. did the people expel him from his throne ? Had he any son ? What was his name ? What does the poet say of him ? Who is mentioned as a distinguished, horseman ? What troops had he under his command ? Among the commanders, was there any distinguished female? What was her name? Of what people was she queen ? For what was she especially distinguish- ed? What does the poet say of her speed, and the rapidity of her course ? Do these last books excite in us an inte- rest equal to the first books of the .flSneid ' Has the poet been censured on this ac- count ? Is this censure justly founded? Why is it not justly founded ? LIBER OCTAVUS. WAR being determined upon, Turnus sends to Diomede to engage him in his interest ; and ^Eneas, at the direction of the god of the Tiber, ascends that river to Evandor to obtain supplies. He finds the aged monarch engaged in the sacred rites of Hercules. He receives him very kindty, informs him of their relationslyp, and of his former ac- quaintance with Priam and Anchises, who visited Arcadia, his native country. He then proceeds to give him an account of the victory of Hercules over the monster Cacus, a noted robber : in memory of which, the rites, in which he was then engaged, were ;stituted. He also recounts to him the antiquities of that part of Italy, and mentions, particularly, the rock or hill on which the Capitol at Rome was afterward built. While these things are going on, Venus repairs to Vulcan, and engages him to make armor for ./Eneas. He immediately repairs to the /Eolian Islands, where he had his forges, and sets about the business with all haste. Evander furnishes two hundred horse, and sends Pallas, his son, with as many more. At this time the Tuscans are in arms to avenge the barbarities of Mezentius, their king-, who had fled to Turnus for safety. These gladly join ./Eneas in the war. The book concludes with a description of the armor of ;Eneas, brought to him by Venus through the air. The scene is here changed from the country of Latinus to that of Evander. This book is chiefly episodical, and abounds in matter of the most interesting kind. Dr. Trapp thinks, on the whole, it is one of the noblest, most elegant, and most, enter- taining of the wholfi /F.neirl. JENEIS. LIB. VIII. toi UT belli signum Laurenti Turnus ab arce Extulit, et rauco strepuerunt cornua cantu : Utque acres concussit equos, utque impulit arma : Extemplo turbati animi : simul omne tumultu Conjurat trepido Latium, ssevitque juventus Effera. Ductores primi, Messapus, et Ufens, Contemptorque Deum Mezentius, undique cogunt Auxilia, et latos vastant cultoribus agros. Mittitur et magni Venulus Diomedis ad urbem, Qui petat auxilium, et Latio consistere Teucros, Advectum ^Eneam classi, victosque Penates Inferre, et fatis regem se dicere posci, Edoceat ; multasque viro se adjungere gentes Dardanio, et late Latio increbrescere nomen. Quid struat his cceptis, quern, si fortuna sequatur, Eventum pugnae cupiat, manifestius ipsi, . Quam Turno regi, aut regi apparere Latino. Talia per Latium : qua) Laomedontius heros Cuncta videns, magno curarum fluctuat sestu; Atque animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit illuc, In partesque rapit varias, perque omnia versat. Sicut aquae tremulum labris ubi lumen ahenis Sobe repercussum 5 aut radiantis imagine Lunae, Omnia pervolitat late loca ; jamque sub auras Erigitur, summique ferit laquearia tecti. Nox erat, et terras animalia fessa per omnes Alituum pecudumque genus sopor altus habebat : Cum pater in ripa gelidique sub setheris axe JSneas, tristi turbatus pectora bello, Procubuit, seramque dedit per membra quietem. Huic deus ipse loci, fluvio Tiberinus amoeno, Populeas inter senior se attollere frondes A r isus. Eum tenuis glauco velabat amictu 4. Extemplo animi 5 turbati sunt 10 10. Et edoceat euwTeu- cros consistere Latio ; JEneam advectum esse classi, 15 15. Et addat, quid JEneas struat his ccep- tis ; quern eventuin pug- nae J cupiat, si fortuna sequatur ewm, apparere manifestius ipsi Diome- di quam 21 18. Talia fiunt per Latium ; quas cuncta 28. Cum pater tineas, turbatus quoad pectora, procubuit NOTES. 1. Signum. The poet here alludes to the custom among the Romans, of hanging out the sign or signal of war from the Capitol. 2. Cornua : trumpets. See JEn. vii. 637. Concussit equos : roused the active horses. This he did by the sound of the trumpets, the clashing of their arms, &c. Impulit ar- ma. Some understand by this the throwing of the spear into the enemy's country, which was a practice among the Romans. This was a declaration of war. Servius under- stands it of the rattling of the arms in the temple of Mars. But it is easier to under- stand it of his striking on his shield as a sign and prelude to the war. 8. Vastant: in the sense of spoliunt. Cul- toribus : the farmers inhabitants. 9. Urbem Diomedis : the city of Diomede, Arpog or Argyripa, a city built by him in Apulia, after the destruction of Troy. See J&n. xi. 243, et seq. 12, Pasfi fff-tis : that he* was demanded by the fates or destinies as a king over the Latins. 14. JVbrnen: the name of JEneas his fame renown, had spread widely. 18. Talia : the verb^tm/, or another of the like import, is understood. 22. Sicut aqu(B: as when the tremulous light in brazen vats of water, reflected from the sun, or the image of the radiant moon, flies through, &c. This simile Dr. Trapp observes is of the low kind ; but extremely elegant and beautiful. By *oZe, we are to understand the image of the sun. 24. Sub auras: simply, on high. 27. Alituum: in the sense ofvolucnaa. 28. Sub axe : under the canopy of the cold sky. 31. Senior Tiberinus, Deus loci : old Ti- berinus, the god of the place, seemed to him to raise himself from the pleasant stream among, c. This is a most beautiful des- cription. I*. VtRGILII MARONIS 35. Turn cizpit affari eum sic o9. Hie erit certa do- mus tibi ; h'c erunt certi Penatea tibi : ne absiste ab incepto 44. Jacebit recubans solo, ipsa alba, et ejus nati albi circum ubera 49. Nunc adverte, dn cebo te paucis verbis, qua ratione tu victor 51. Arcades, genus profectum a Pallante, qui comites secuti sunt regern Evandrum, qui secuti sunt ejus signa, deleggre Carbasus, et criiies umbrosa tegebat arundo. Turn sic affari, et curas his demere dictis : 85 O sate gente Deum, Trojanam ex hostibus urbem Qui revehis nobis, aeternaque Pergama servas, Expectate solo Laurenti, arvisque Latinis : Hie tibi certa domus ; certi, ne absiste, Penates : Neu belli terrere minis. Tumor omnis et irae 40 Concessere Deum. Jamque tibi, ne vana putes hsec fingere somnurn^ Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus, Triginta capitum foetus enixa, jacebit, Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati. 45 Hie locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum : Ex quo ter denis urbem redeuntibus annis Ascanius clari condet cognominis Albam. Haud incerta cano. Nunc, qua ratione, quod instat, Expedias victor, paucis, adverte, docebo. 50 Arcades his oris, genus a Pallante profectum, Qui regem Evandrum comites, qui signa secuti, Delegere locum, et posuere in montibus urbern NOTES. 34. Tennis carbttsus : fine lawn a robe of lawn. In this habit, river-gods were commonly represented on medals and an- cient monuments. - 36. Gente: of the family race stock. yEneas sprang from Jove both by Dardanus and Venus. 37. Revehis : who bringest back to us the Trojan city, &c. JEterna Pergama: and Pergamus to continue forever to be eternal. Here is an allusion to the opinion of the Romans, of the eternal duration of their empire. Dardanus, the founder of the Tro- jan race, was a native of Italy. 38. Expectate: welcome looked for: a part. adj. agreeing with sate in the voc. Solo : in the sense of terra. 39. Penates : properly household gods ; by meton. a house or dwelling. Certi Pena- tis : a certain or fixed abode. 41. Concessere. It is ev?dent that Juno was still the enemy of the Trojans. To save Virgil from a seeming inconsistency, Servius makes the sense, as well as the line, abrupt ; and observes that some have filled it up thus : Concessere Deum profugis nova Mania Teucris. La Cerda observes, that Virgil does not say all the gods, and thinks that it is sufficient for the poef s purpose, that Jupiter and Neptune, who took part with the Greeks, were now reconciled to the Trojans. Ires : the anger of the gods has ceased subsided. 44. F&tus enixa : having brought forth a litter of thirty head, &c. Helenus iaformed yEneas, (lib. iii. 389.) that when he should iind a white sow under the holms on the side of the river, with a litter of thirty white pigs around her- hr might bo nssnr^r! that was the place destined to him by the go( berinus here repeats t. e same, lifts rods. Ti- the cur- tain of futurity, and gives him some direc- tions in his critical affairs. 45. Jucebit recubans: shall lie prostrate, or stretched on the ground, &c. I think recubans should be taken in the sense of strata, or prostrata, and connected with ja- cebit. To take recubans in its usual sense and meaning, would be mere tautology. But in the sense of strata, it gives this addi- tional idea, that the animal was lying flat, or at full length, in the attitude of giving suck to her pigs. 47. Ex quo : from which time, thirty years having rolled away, Ascanius shall, &c. The thirty years here spoken of, arc not to be reckoned from the discovery of the sow, or that would not agree with history ; but from the death of ./Eneas, who sat on the throne of Lavinium three years. Asca- nius succeeded him, who, in the thirtieth year of his reign, built Alba Longa, and made it the seat of his government. 49. Cano : in the sense of dico, vel pr(E- dico. 50. Expedias : you may accomplish, or effect. 51. Arcades: plu. of Areas, a native of Arcadia, 'a country of the Peloponnesus. This was the birthplace of Evander. He migrated into Italy, and settled on the banks of the Tiber^pori a mount, which he call- ed Palantium,Pallanteurh, or Palatium, from his nattve city Pallantium : or from Pallas, king of Arcadia, his great grandfather. On the same spot Rome was afterward built. 53. Posne're,: in the sense cf JSNEJS. LIB. VIIL 433 55 60 62. Ego sum ille, quem cernis Pallantis proavi de noniiiie, Pallanteum. Hi bellum assidue ducunt cum gente Latina : Hos castris adhibe socios, et foedera junge. Ipse ego te ripis et recto flumine ducam, Adversum remis superes subvectus ut amnem. Surge, age, nate Dea ; primisque cadentibus astris Junoni fer rite preces, iramque minasque Supplicibus supera votis. Mihi victor honorem Persolves. Ego sum, pleno quem flumine cernis Stringentem ripas, et pinguia culta secantem, Creruleus Tybris, ccelo gratissimus amnis. Hie mihi magna domus ; celsis caput urbibus exit. Dixit : deinde lacu fluvius se condidit alto Ima petens : nox ^Eneam somnusque reliquit. Surgit, et oetherii spectans orientia Sol is Lumina, rite cavis undam de flumine palmis Sustulit, ac tales efludit ad aethera voces ; Nympha3, Laurentes Nympha?, genus amnibus unde est ; Tuque, 6 Tybri tuo genitor cum flumine sancto, Accipite ^Enean, et tandem arcete periclis. Quo te cunque lacus miserantem incommoda nostra Fonte tenet, quocunque solo pulcherrimus exis ; Semper honore meo, semper celebrabere donis, Uormger nespendum fluvius regnator aquarum : corniger fluvius. 65 70 2. Tuque, O genitor im tuo 75. Quocunque solo tu exis pulcherriraus tu celebrabere meo me is NOTES. 54. Pallanteum : the name of the city. 56. Junge fcsdera : make ratify a treaty with them. 57. Recto flumine. This does not mean that the river was straight, or in a direct line ; but that it would lead him to the place of his destination to the residence of Evan- der, in a direct or unerring course. Absque f.rrore, says Ruaeus. 58. Adversum amnem. By this we are to understand the current of the river, which was against him as he ascended it. Ut sub- vectus: that borne along, you may over- come, &c. 59. Primis astris cadenlibus : the first stars setting. By this we are to understand the early dawn. The stars are said to set, when they disappear at the approach of the sun. 63. Stringentem ripas: touching lightly, or rolling gently along the banks with my full stream. Secantem : in the sense of di- videnlem. 65. Caput exit, &c. There are some com- mentators who take these words in a pro- phetic or oracular sense, that here should be the head to lofty cities Rome, the empress of the world. The chief diificulty in tliis is the word exit, the present for the future. Dr. Trapp thinks this not very material, especially in a prophetic or oracular sen- tence. Others take them in a literal sense. Here is rny palace ; my source or head rises near, or flows from lofty cities. The for- mer is the best idea. But it is probable, 55 Virgil intended to include both : and, there- fore, expressed himself ambiguously. Da- vidson renders the passage thus : " here is my spacious mansion; near lofty cities my fountain springs." 66. Alto lacu : the deepest part of the stream^the bed of the river. 68. Spectans orientia, &c. It was a cus- tom of the ancients, in prayer, to turn their faces toward the east. It was also a cus- tom to wash their hands before they perform- ed any acts of religion. .flSneas for that purpose takes water (undam) from the ri- ver, and turns his face toward the rising sun. 74. Quocunque fonlc : in whatever place thy lake holds, or contains thee pitying, &c. It was the opinion of some philosophers, that rivers took their rise from great lakes, or reservoirs of water under ground. ^Sneas here promises to worship the god Tiber, in whatever place he found his residence to be ; whether in his primary reservoir, in his fountain, or in the course of the river. Fon- te appears to be used here in the sense of loco. 76. Celebrabere. Some manuscripts have venerabere : thou shalt be worshipped. Ho- nore : worship veneration. 77. Cornigerjluwus. Horns ajp an em- blem of power, and are, therefore, applica- ble to the Tiber, here called the ruler of the Italian rivers. But it is common with the poets to ascribe to rivers the form of the 434 , VlRGILlf MARON1S Adsis 6 tantum, et propius tua numina firmes ! Sic memorat : geminasqiie legit de classe biremes? Remigioque aptat : socios sinuil instruit armis. SO 81. Autem ecce mon- Ecce autera subitum atque oculis mirabile monstrum ! strum subitum atque Candida per sylvam cum fcetu concolor albo mirabile o/ert sese ocu- p ro cubuit, viridique in litore conspicitur sus : to! rJalbo^tuToIQ^-" Pi-to tibi enim, tibi, maxima Juno, cubuit per sylvam Mactat, sacra terens, et cum grege sistit ad aram. 85 84. Quam pius tineas Tybris e& fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem mactat tibi, (enim tibi Leniit ; et tacita refluens ita substitit unda, Mitis ut in morem sta g ni placidrcque paludis Sterneret aequor aquis, remo ut luctamen abesset. 88. Ut stern eretaequor Ergo iter inceptum celerant rumore secundo. 90 aquis in morem mitis Labitur uncta vadis abies : mirantur et undse, st ^ ni *T Miratur nemus insuetum, fulgentia longe 92. Nemus insuetum * a , his spectaculis miratur Scuta * iru > "uvio pictasque mnare carmas. scuta virurn, fulgentia Olli remigio noctemque diemque fatigant, longe Et longos superant flexus, variisque teguntur 95 95. Longos flexus/u- A rboribus, viridesque secant placido aequore sylvas, Sol medium coeli conscenderat igneus orbem, Cum muros, arcemque procul, et rara domorum Tecta vident, quae nunc Romana potentia coelo NOTES. bull. The reason of this is, that the roar- ing noise of rivers resembles the bellowing of that animal. See Geor. IV. 372. The .Tiber could not be called the king of Italian rivers from its magnitude ; that belongs to the Eridanus or Po, called the king of ri- vers. Geor. I. 482. There must be some other reason for it ; the future magnitude and glory of Rome, built on its banks ; or JEneas may be supposed to speak from his own knowledge, supposing the Tiber to be the largest river. Fluvius, here, is plainly in the vocative case. 78. Numina : oracles prophetic declara- tions. 84. Enim tibi. Mr. Dryden says the word enim was of such necessity among the Romans, that a sacrifice could not be per- formed without it. But this appears a no- tion entirely his own. Servius says, it is merely expletive and ornamental. It is plain there is an ellipsis, which, to make sense, must be filled. .Sneas had just been ordered by Tiberinus to offer prayers and supplications to Juno, and to overcome her resentment by vows and offerings. He sa- crifices (mactat') to thee, O supreme Juno ; for to thee he was commanded, &c. As Ju- piter is called Maximus, so Juno, his consort and queen, is called Maxima. For the same reason, she is sometimes called omni- potens. 85. Grege : her pigs litter of pigs. 86. Ed node : in that night. Tumentem leniit: it smoothed (lowered) its swelling current. 89. Ut sterneret : that it might level the surface of its waters in the manner, &c. Aquis : the dat. in the sense of the gen. 90. Secundo rumore. By this we are, most probably, to understand the shouts and acclamations with which they animated each other, under the assurance of a prosper- ous issue. This assurance they had from the omen of the white sow. They under- stood by this that they should succeed to their wishes. 91. Uncta abies labitur : the ship glides easily along on the water t as if it were moving down the current. Abies : properly the fir-tree ; by meton. a ship, because ships were made of that wood. This is the sense given by Ruseus and Davidson. Heyne connects secundo rumore with uncta abies, understanding by it the noise made in the water by the oars and the keel as they moved along. Valpy is of the same opi- nion. It appears to be an unnecessary re- finement. 92. Insuetum: unaccustomed to such sights. His spectaculis, says RUEBUS. 94. Fatigant : in the sense of traducunt. Remigio : in rowing. 95. Flexus : the windings and flexures of the river. 96. Secant virides : they cut the verdant trees in the smooth surface the shades of the trees, which appeared in the water of the river, by meton. 97. Medium orbem. This is a fine cir- cumlocution for the middle of the day. The sun had ascended the middle of his course .ENEIS. LIB. VIII. JEquavit : turn res inopes Evandrus habebat. 100 Ocyus advertunt proras, urbique propinquant. Forte die solemnem illo rex Areas honorem Amphitryoniadae magno Divisque ferebat, Ante urbem, in luco. Pallas huic filius una, Una omnes juvenum primi, pauperque senatus, 105 Thura dabant : tepidusque cruor fumabat ad aras. Ut celsas videre rates, atque inter opacum Allabi neraus, et tacitis incumbere remis ; Terrentur visu subito, cunctique relictis Consurgunt mensis : audax quos rumpere Pallas 110 Sacra vetat, raptoque volat telo obvius ipse Et procul e tumulo, Juvenes, quae causa subegit Ignotas tentare vias ? quo tenditis ? inquit. Qui genus ? unde domo ? pacemne hue fertis, an arma ? 106. Dabant thura **"%!*! bi inter to procul turmllo inquit . 114 Q u i 120 Turn pater ./Eneas puppi sic fatur ab alta, 115 genus? Unde venistis Paciferaeque manu ramum preetendit olivae : domo ? Trojugenas ac tela vides inimica Latinis, Quos illi bello profugos egiere superbo. Evandrum petimus : ferte haec, et dicite lectos Dardaniae venisse duces, socia arma rogantes. Obstupuit, tanto perculsus nomine, Pallas : Egredere, 6 quicunque es, ait, coramque parentem Alloquere, ac nostris succede penatibus hospes. Accepitque manu, dextramque amplexus inhaesit. Progressi subeunt luco, fluviumque relinquunt. Tum regem ^Eneas dictis affatur amicis : Optima Grajugenum, cui me fortuna precari, Et vitta t .comptos yoluit praetendere ramos : Non equidem extimui, Danaum quod ductor et Areas, et Areas, quodque . l 127. Cui fortuna vo- 125luit me precari, et prae- tendere Jg; . Jg-* non fofes du 7 ctor Danaum, NOTES. or circuit. The next day after their depar- ture, they arrived at the city of Evander ; it was small, and its inhabitants poor. 102. Areas rex. Evander is called Areas, an Arcadian, because he was a native of that country. Honorem : in the sense of sacrificium. 103. Amphitryoniada magno : to great Hercules. A patronymic noun, from Am- phitryon, the husband of Alcmena, the mo- ther of Hercules, by Jove. See jn. VI. 801. 106. Dabant : in the sense of offerebant. 108. Tacitis: silent not moving. The impetus, which the galleys had already re- ceived, was carrying them forward, without the assistance of the oars, which conse- quently were still. The oarsmen were rest- ing upon their oars at the same time, incum- bere, &c. 113. Quo tenditis : whither are you go- i n g? 114. Arma: in the sense of bellum. 118. Profugos. Most probably we are to understand by this, the Trojans driven from their native country, and wandering from place to place without any habitation. The same term he used, JEn. 1. 2. in reference to his leaving his own country, &c. As Pallas had proposed his questions in a brief man- ner, so jEneas is as brief in his answers. Trojugenas profugos answers to the ques- tion : Qui genus, et unde domo? The olive- branch is a sufficient reply to Pacem-ne hue fertis, an arma ? To remove any suspicion arising from their arms, he informs him they were Inimica Latinis. Having been made satisfied of their friendly intention, Pallas immediately invites them on shore. 122 . Egredere : come on shore land, who- ever thou art whatever be thy name. ^ neas had m f orme d him they were Tro- j anSi but had not ag t told his name> n 128. Ramos comptos vilta : to hold out boughs adorned with the fillet. Olive boughs wrapped around with wreaths 01 while wool, hanging down over the hands of the suppliant, were emblems of peace, and de- noted that the persons camo with a friendly intention. 436 >. VIRGILII MARONiS Quodque a stirpe fores geminis conjunctus Atridis Sed mea me virtus, et sancta oracula Divum, Cognatique patres, tua terris didita fama, Conjunxere tibi. et fatis egere volentem. Dardanus, Iliacse primus pater urbis et auctor, Electra, ut Graii perhibent, Atlantide cretus, Advehitur Teucros : Electram maximus Atlas Edidit, aBthereos humero qui sustinet orbes. 138. Quern conceptum Vobis Mercurius pater est, quern Candida Maia Candida Maia fudit Cyllenes gelido conceptum vertice fudit. At Maiam, auditis si quicquam credimus, Atlas, Idem Atlas generat, coeli qui sidera tollit. 142. Sic genus ambo- gic amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno. rum nostrum scindit se 143.gofretushisre-His fretus ; non legates, neque pnma per artem 6ws non pepigi Tentamenta tui pepigi ; memet ipse, meumque Objeci caput, et supplex ad limina veni. 146. Eadem Daunia Gens eadem, quiE te, crudeli Daunia bello gens, quae insequitur te Insequitur : nos si pellant, nihil abfore credunt, crudeli bello, insequilur Q um omne m Hesperiam penitus sua sub juga mittant ; "ulTEUeneant mare, ^ t mare q u d supra, teneant, qundque alluit infra. quod alluit earn supra', Accipe, daque fidem. Sunt nobis fortia bello 150 qnodqne alluit earn infra Pectora, sunt animi, et rebus spectata juventus. 152. Ille.Et?a?uferjam- Dixcrat ^Eneas : ille os oculosque loquentis dudnmlustrabatosocu- Jamdudum, et totum lustrabat lumine corpus. locque JEntK loquentis Tunc gic auca refert . Ut ^ fortissimc Teucrum, 131 135 140 145 NOTES. 130. A stirpe fores conjunctus, &c. It ap- pears that Evander was related to the sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus, the bitter enemies of the Trojans. Atlas was their common ancestor. He had seven daughters; of one of them Jove begat Tantalus, the grandfather of Atreus. Of another (Maia) he begat Mercury, the repu- ted father of Evander. Stirpe : in the sense of origine. 131. Oracula : these were the answers or responses of the Sibyl. See JEn. VI. 96. Didita : diffused spread. 132. Cognati patres. Electra, the daugh- ter of Atlas, was the mother of Dardanus, by Jove ; so that ^Eneas and Evander had the same common origin Atlas and Jove. Their ancestors were relations. 133. Fatis : by their power authority ; they forced or impelled me hither by their authority. Yet he came willingly their commands and directions concurred with his own inclinations. 135. Cretus : sprung from Electra, the daughter of Atlas. Here the poet traces the line of relationship between ^Eneas and Evander . 137. Edidit: in the sense of genuit. 139. Fudit : in the sense of peperit, vel edidit. 140. -Si credimus quicquam : if we give any credit to things heard to tradition. Atlas. See ^En. IV. 247. and Geor. I. 138. Cyllenes: gen. of Cyllene: a mountain in Arcadia, where Mercury was born ; whence he is sometimes called Cyllenus. 143. Genus: in the sense of gens, vel/a- milia. 144. JVbn pepigi prima : I did not make the first trial of your inclinations in this matter by ambassadors, nor by art ; but I have come in person I have exposed my- self and my life to the consequences. Pe- pigi : the perf. of pango. Heyne says, non prius te sentavi per legates, et callida consilia, which is evidently the sense of the passage. 146. Daunia : an adj. from Daunus, the father of Turnus. Rutulian or Italian. 149. Et mare, quod : should they be able to expel us, they hope to be able to subject all Italy, from the Adriatic sea on the north, to the Tuscan or lower sea on the south. 151. Spectata rebus : tried or exercised in action. Animi : courage. 153. Lustrabat lumine : surveyed with an attentive eye. Lumine: in the sense of ocuU. 157. Hesiones : Hesione was the daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy. She married Telamon, king of the island of Salamis, in the Sinus Saronicus. Hesiones : gen. of Hesione ; put in apposition with sororis. 159. Protiniis. Dr. Trapp renders this, in his way. But Arcadia lies to the west of Salamis. It must mean, at the same time continuing his journey forward. Priam, be- JRNEIS. LIB. VIII. 437 160 165 Accipio, agnoscoque libens ! ut verba parentis 155 Et vocem Anchisce magni vultumque recordor ! Nam memini Hesiones visentem regna sororis Laomedontiadem Priamum, Salamina petentem, Protinus Arcadia? gelidos invisere fines. Turn mihi prirna genas vestibat flore juventa : Mirabarque duces Teucros, mirabar et ipsum Laomedontiaden : sed cunctis altior ibat Anchises. Mihi mens juvenili ardebat amore Compellare virum, et dextrae conjungere dextram. Accessi, et cupidus Phenei sub moenia duxi. lile mihi insignem pharetram, Lyciasque sagittas Discedens, chlamydemque auro dedit intertextam, Fraenaque bina, meus quae nunc habet aurea Pallas. Ergo et, quam petitis, juncta est mihi fcedere dextra : Et, lux, cum primum terris se crastina reddet, 170 Auxilio laetos dimittam, opibusque juvabo. Interea sacra haec, quando hue venistis amici, Annua, quoe differre nefas, celebrate faventes Nobiscum, et jam nunc sociorum assuescite mensis. Haec ubi dicta, dapes jubet et sublata reponi 175 Pocula, gramineoque viros locat ipse sedili :, Praecipuumque toro et villosi pelle leonis ^A^ H/ ^O' Accipit jEneam, solioque invitat acerno. 7^. Turn lecti juvenes certatim araeque sacerdos Viscera tosta ferunt taurorum, onerantque canistris 180 Dona laboratas Cereris, Bacchumque ministrant. Vescitur ^Eneas, simul et Trojana juventus, Perpetui tergo bovis, et lustralibus extis. -4* Noras. dit mihi 172. Interea, quando vos venistis hue tanguam amici, faventes cele- differre 175. Ubi haec dicta *wnf, jubet ing on a visit to his sister at Salamis, pro- ceeded with his company and attendants to visit the cool borders of Arcadia. Anchises accompanied him, with whom Evander, then a youth, contracted an acquaintance and friendship. 160. Flore. Flos here may mean the down on his cheeks, before he had properly a beard. Ruaeus says, lanugine. Ve.stibo.1 : by syn. for vestiebat. 165. Phenei. Pheneum or Pheneus, was a city in Arcadia, near mount Cyllene. Duxi : I led Anchises, &c. 166. Lycias : an adj. from Lycia, a coun- try of Asia Minor, whose inhabitants were famed for their skill in archery. Here Apol- lo, the god of the bow, had a famous temple, 169. Mihi : in the sense of mea, agreeing with dextra. 171. Auxilio. This may refer to the men, whom Evander sent with him to the war, and ojribus, to the provisions, and other ne- cessaries, with which he furnished him. 172. Interea hcec sacra. This is an episode of the finest kind, and adds much to the excellence of this book. The story in brief is this : Cacus, a monster, the son of Vulcan, half man and half beast, had his residence in an inaccessible mountain, whence he used to make excursions into the plain, and plunder and lay waste the country. Her- cules, on his return from Spain, happened to pass this way; and having discovered the monster, by the lowing of one of his heifers, which he had stolen, came upon him and slew him. For this act, the inha- bitants considered him their benefactor, and paid him divine honors. 175. Reponi : to be replaced brought back. They had finished their repast, and the dishes had been removed. 178. Actrno: maple made of the wood of the maple-tree. 179. Sacerdos arce. The feast at the end of the ceremony was always considered a* a part of the sacrifice. The priest, therc- fore, does nothing out of character in serv- ing at this entertainment. 180. Tosla viscera : the roasted flesh, &c. 181. Dona laboratcc Cereris : a circumlocu- tion for bread. Bacchum : for vinum. 183. Tergo perpe.tui boris : they feast upon the chine of an entire ox, and the hallowed entrails. At some of their entertainments, it is evident from Homer, that the ancients used to roast, and serve up whole oxen. Homer assigns the chine to his heroes, and that whole and unbroken. 43S P. VIRGILII MARONIS Postquam exempta fames, et amor compresses edendi, Rex Evandrus ait : Non hsec solemnia nobis, 185 Has ex more dapes, hanc tanti numinis aram, Vana superstitio veterumve ignara Deorum , Imposuit : saevis, hospes Trojane, periclis Servati facimus, meritosque novamus honores. Jam primum saxis suspensam hanc aspice rupem : 190 191. Ut moles disject Disjectae procul ut moles, desertaque montis twit procul g tat d omus> et scopuli ingentem traxere ruinam. 193.HicfuitspeluncaHic spelunca fuit vasto submota recessu, submota vasto recessu, Semihominis Caci facies quam dira tenebat, quam inaccessam radiis g olis i naccessam ra diig semperque recenti 195 Caede tepebat humus ; foribusque affixa superbis Ora viriim tristi pendebant pallida tabo. Huic monstro Vulcanus erat pater : illius atros '199. Tile vomens atros Ore vomens ignes, magna se mole ferebat. ignes illius patris ex ore Attulit et nobis aliquando optantibus setas 200 fe ,^ a i T se . , Auxilium adventumque Dei : nam maximus ultor, 201. JNarji Alcides aae- . . . i-- i_ rat, maximus ultor m- Tergemim nece Geryoms spohisque superbus, minum, superbus nece, Alcides adcrat : taurosque hac victor agebat spoliisque Ingentes : vallemque boves amnemque tenebant. At furiis Caci mens eff era, ne quid inausum 205 Aut intractatum scelerisve dolive fuisset, 209. Atque occultabat Quatuor a stabulis praestanti corpore tauros hos opaco saxo, tractos Avertit, totidem forma superante juvencas. ra tos e ue n verTisind?dts At( * ue 1 ? OS ' ne v era Jovis proles, decus addite Divis ; nos et tua sacra Et nos, et tua dexter adi pede sacra secundo. NOTES. in honor of Mars. Virgil supposes that Evander was the founder of it in ho- nor of Hercules, so called from salio. Evan- der divided his band into two choirs ; the one consisting of youths, the other of old men. 286. Adsunt : in the sense of accedunt vel saltant. Cantus: music song. Ruoeus says, inter cantus. 288. Ferunt carmine : they celebrate in song the praises of Hercules, and his heroic deeds. The chief of these are ten, which are denominated labors. 1. When in his cradle, he killed the two serpents that Juno s.ent to devour him ; 2. He took Troy in the reign of Laomedon, because he refused to pay the promised reward for delivering his daughter Hesione from a whale ; 3. He destroyed the city of (Echalia, in Thessaly, because Eurytus, its king, refused to give him his daughter after he had promised her to him ; 4. The servitude imposed upon him by Eurystheus, king of My cense ; 5. His victory over the centaurs, a people of Thes- saly ; 6. His victory over the bull that ra- vaged Crete. This bull vomited or breath- ed flames. Some say he killed him, others that he carried him to Eurystheus ; 7. His victory over the lion in the Nemsean grove ; 8. His descent into hell ; 9. He assisted the gods in the war against the giants ; 10. He lulled the hydra of a hundred heads in the lake of Lerna. It is said he built a funeral i>ile on mount (Eta, in Thessaly, von which he threw himself; and having become pu- rified from all mortal pollution, he ascended lo heaven, and took a seat among the gods. See Lex. under Hercules. Ferunt: in the sense of mernorant vel celebrant. 289. Premens : grasping in his hand, he killed the first monsters, &c. Ut : how. 292. Euryrtheo. Eurystheus was king of Mycenae, to whom Hercules was made sub- ject by the fates for a term of years. He imposed on him the severest labors, at the instance of Juno, with an intention to des- troy him. Juno was the bitter enemy of her stepson. Hence she is called iniquK Junonis. Falls : by the order destination. Per potestatem Junonis, says Ruseus. 293. Nubigenas: the cloud-born sons. They were fabled to have been the sons of Jxion and Nubes. Their upper part was human, their lower part a horse. Hence they are called bimembres: double membered. The truth of the fable is this : Mount Pe- lion was infested by a species of wild cattle or bulls, that proved very troublesome to tho inhabitants of the adjacent country. Ixioii, king of Thessaly, offered a great reward to any who should destroy them. Whereupon, the young men of a village called Nephele undertook it. For this purpose they mount- ed on horseback, and attacked them with such success, that, in a short time, they were utterly destroyed. Hence the fable of their being begotten by Ixion on a cloud, Nepkeh being the Greek word for a cloud. They were called Centauri, from the circumstance of their killing these bulls. Tu, invicte. This is a beautiful transition from the third person to the second. This figure, properly used, renders composition animated and lively. 294. Cressia prodigia: the bull that breathed fire, and the hind with brazen feet . Prodigia : monsters. 296. Tremuere : in the sense of timuerunt. 299. Egentem rationis : wanting presence of mind reason. Circumstetit: surround- ed assaulted on every side. 301. Addite : added to the gods as an honor to their assembly. Addite : a part, agreeing with vera proles, in the voc. 302. Dexter : favorable propitious. Adi : approach visit. Ruseus says, veni. 6'e- mndopede: with favorable omens signs. JBNEIS. LIB. Vfll. Talia carminibus celebrant ; super omnia Caci Speluncam adjiciunt, spirantemque ignibus ipsum. Consonat omne nemus strepitu, collesque resultant. Exin se cuncti divinis rebus ad urbem 30f> Perfectis rcferunt. Ibat rex obsitusfsevo~7 tfl*JLf\JkSyb Et comitem JEneam juxta natumque tenebat/ / Ingrediens, varioque viam sermone levabat. Miratur, facilesque oculos fet omnia circum 310 ./Eneas, capiturque locis ; et singula Ia3tus Exquiritque auditque virum monumenta priorum. Turn rex Evandrus, Romanae conditor arcis : 313 Conditor Roma . Haec nemora indigenes Fauni Nymphaeque tenebant, n8 e arcis inqu.it : Fauni, Gensque virum truncis et duro robore nata : 315 Nymphaeque indigeme, Queis neque mos, neque cultus erat ; nee jungere tauros, gensque virfun nata Aut componere opes norant, aut parcere parto ; Sed rami, atque asper victu venatus alebat. Primus ab oethereo venit Saturnus Olympo, Arma Jovis fugiens, et regnis exul ademptis. 320 Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis Composuit, legesque dedit : Latiumque vocari Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris. Aurea, quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuerunt Saecula ; sic placid^ populos in pace regebat. 325 Deterior donee paulatim ac decolor astas, Et belli rabies, et amor successit habendi. Turn maims Ausoniae, et gentes venere Sicame : Saepius et nomen posuit Saturnia tellus. Turn reges, asperque immani corpore Tybris ; 330 A quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Tybrim Diximus : amisit verum vetus Albula nomen. 322. Maluitque regi- onem vocari Latmm. quoniam runt ; asperque Tybris ex immani corpore te.~ nit, a quo m>s Jtali post NOTES. 303. Super omnia : above all in addition to all other things. 307. Obsitus cevo : sown thick with age with gray hairs, and other marks of age. This is a metaphor taken from a field of corn. 310. Faciles oculos : his rolling eyes his es eager to observe the various scenes t presented to his view. 11. Capitur: is captivated charmed. 12. Singula : all every one. This d signifies all taken singly one by one. 313. Conditor Romance, arcis. Evander's city Pallanteum was built upon the hill, afterward called mons Palatinns; where Romulus laid the foundation of Rome. 314. Indigence: properly, a sub. here used as an adj. : born in the place native of the country not foreign. 315. Gens viritM nala: a race of men sprung from the trunks of trees and hard oak. At first men inhabited the d-jserts and forests. Hence they were thought to luive sprung from trees. Mos : in the sense of leg&s. Cultus : civil institutions. 317. Aul parcere parto : or to use frugal- 1v what tlinv l):irl rtrrmirpfl TMiT'* r]or : . 11- tion of the state of the spot where Rome was afterward built, and its comparison with its state when the poet wrote, must, have been highly gratifying to his country- men. 318. Asper : in the sense of durus. 320. Regnis ademptis: his possessions (kingdom} being taken from him banished from his throne and kingdom. 3'22. Composuit : he united together he formed into society a race, &c. 326. Donee deterior : till, by little and lit- tle, a depraved and corrupt age, and a rage for war, &c. Here is an allusion to the sil- ver, brass, and iron ages. See Eel. iv. 6. 327. Habendi : of possessing getting wealth. 329. Posuit nomen : changed its name.- laid it down. 330. Tybris. He was a king of the Tus- cans, and, being slain near the river, gave his name to it. Its original name was Al- bula. Some derive its name from Tiberinus, king of the Albans, who was drowned in it. Aspcr : fierce. 332. Dm>m<*: called. .says 444 P. V1RG1L1I MARONk* Me pulsum patria, pelagique extrema sequentem, Fortuna omnipotens et ineluctabile fatum His posuere locis : matrisque egere tremenda 335 336.Tremendaquemo- Carmentis Nymphae monita, et Deus auctor Apollo. nita Carmentis Nym- Vix ea dicta, dehinc progressus, monstrat'et aram, phffimeo:matris,etDeus]2 t Carmentalem Romano nomine portam, Apollo aucl regere7ne Quam memorant Nymphae priscum Carmentis honorem 337. Vix ea dicta fue- Vatis fatidicae ; cecinit quse prima futures -runt, dehinc Evander jEneadas magnos, et nobile Pallanteum. progressus monstrat Hinc lucum ingentem, quern Romulus acer asylum 339. Quam homines R w j it t ]ida monstrat sub rupc Lupercal, meraorant fuisse pns- '. JL* cum honorem Nymph Parrhasio dictum Panos de more Lyca3i. Carmentis Necnon et sacri monstrat nemus Argileti : 345 342. Hinc monstrat in- Testaturque locum, et letum docet hospitis Argi. gentem Hinc ad Tarpeiam sedem et Capitolia ducit, 347. Hinc JEnean ad "* Aurea nunc > olim sylvestribus horrida dumis. Jam turn relligio pavidos terrebat agrestes 351 Evander inquit : 350 Deus (sed quis Deus, est """ """ ' J am tum s y lva ^xumque tremebant. incertum,) habitat hoc " oc nemus, hunc, inquit, frondoso vertice collem, nemus, et hunc Quis Deus, incertum est, habitat Deus. Arcades ipsum NOTES. 333. Sequentem: experiencing the dan- gers of the sea. Ruaeus says, quarentem ultima spatia maris. Heyne takes extrema pelagi, in the sense of ultimum mare. 336. Auctor. By this Servius understands the author of oracles. Rueeus takes it in the sense of suasor : persuader, or adviser. This is the sense given to the word by Da- vidson. 337. Dehinc : in the sense of cum. 340. FatidicK vatis : a prophetic prophet- ess. Cecinit : in the sense of pradixit. 342. Quern asylum : which Romulus ren- dered an asylum reduced or turned into an asylum. This was a place of safety to all criminals who should take refuge in it. Multitudes fled thither from the neighbor- ing nations. By this means, Romulus in- creased the number of his subjects ; which was the object he had in view. But then they were desperate and abandoned charac- ters generally. Hinc : in the sense of deinde. 343. Lupercal. This was a place at the foot of Mount Palatine, where the Arcadians under Evander built a temple to Pan, the god of Arcadia ; where he was worshipped as the protector of their flocks from wolves. Lupercal, from lupus, a wolf. Here the young men performed their annual plays naked, and were called Luperci. Some suppose Romulus to have instituted these sports, because, in that place, he was nou- rished by Lupa. 344. Dictum de ; so called from the Ar- cadian manner of Lycsean Pan. Parrhasio : an adj. from Parrhasia, a district and city of Arcadia. Lycoei : an adj. from Lyceum, a mountain in Arcadia, where Pan was par- ticularly worshipped. 345. Argileli. Argiletum was a place between mount Aventinus and Capitolinus, so called because it belonged to Argus; or because he there hospitably entertained Evander on his arrival in Italy ; or, lastly, because he was buried there. For some cause or other, Argus was killed by the new comers, without the knowledge of Evander, who gave him a sumptuous burial. 346. Testatur locum : he calls the place to witness, &c. On seeing the place, the re- membrance of his friend and host sensibly affected him. He began immediately to make protestations of his innocence, and call the place to witness that he was clean from the foul deed. Docet : he relates he informs ^Eneas of the death of his host. 347. Tarpeiam sedem : the Tarpeian rock. This is so called by anticipation. It was not given to the place till the time of Ro- mulus. It was first called Salurnium, from a city built by Janus, in memory of his friendship and union with Saturn. After- wards called by Romulus Tarpeiwfi, and lastly Capitolimim, because the head of a man (capuf) was found there, when the foundations of the capitol were laid. 349. Dira relligio : even then the awful sanctity of the place terrified the fearful rus- tics. Dr. Trapp observes, there is some- thing wonderfully grand and awful in this image, both as it is in itself, and as it is connected with what follows ; the capitol is to be built upon it. A god had already chosen it for his residence. Rueeus says, horrida saiictitas. 350. Tremebant : they feared even then the ffrove. fee. jENEiS. LIB. Vill. 446 Credurit se vidisse Jovem ; cum saepe nigrantem .^Egida concuteret dextra, nimbosque cieret. Haec duo praeterea disjectis oppida muris, Relliquias veterumque vides monumenta virorum. Hanc Janus pater, hanc Saturnus condidit urbem Janiculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen. Talibus inter se dictis ad tecta subibant Pauperis Evandri ; passimque armenta videbant Romanoque foro et lautis mugire Carinis. Ut ventum ad sedes : Haec, inquit, limina victor Alcides subiit ; haec ilium regia cepit. Aude, hospes, contemnere opes, et te quoque dignum Finaje Deo, rebusque veni non asper egenis. 365 Dixit : et angusti subter fastigia tecti Ingentem JEneam duxit ; stratisque locavit. Effultum foliis et pelle Libystidis ursse. Nox ruit, et fuscis tellurem amplectitur alis. At Venus baud animo nequicquam exterrita mater, Laurentumque minis et duro mota tumultu, 371 Vulcanum alloquitur ; thalamoque haec conjugis aureo Incipit, et dictis divinum aspirat amorern : Durn bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges Debita, casurasque inimicis ignibus arces ; Non ullum auxilium miseris, non arma rogavi Artis opisque tuae : nee te, charissime conjux, Incassumve tuos volui exercere labores ; Quamvis et Priami deberem plurima natis, Et durum ^Eneae flevissem saepe laborem ; Nunc Jovis imperils Rutulorum constitit oris : Ergo eadem supplex venio, et sanctum mihi numen 355 355. Praeterea vides hffic duo oppida 358. Janiculum fuerat nomen huic, Saturnia. nomen illi. 361. Mugire in loco, delude dtc/oque Romano foro, et lautis Carinis. 367. Locavitque turn stratis, effultum foliis 370. At Venus mater haud nequic- exterrita animo, motaque 372. Incipitque hsc verba in aureo 375 376. Non rogavi ullum auxilium miseris Troja- m's, non rogaviulla arma tus3 artis opisque 380 NOTES. 354. JEgida : ace. sing, of ogi's, a shield made of goat skin, from a Greek word signifying a goat. Nimbos : nimbus pro- perly signifies those deep and black clouds, which brew storms, thunder, and lightning the tempest itself. 355. Muris disjecti* : their walls being demolished thrown down. 361. Carinis. Carince was the name of a magnificent street in Rome, where Pom- pey had his house. 362. Ad sedes : to the palace of Evander. Ventum : est is understood : in the sense of venerunt. 364. Aude : be not afraid to despise. Davidson says, " have greatness of mind to undervalue magnificence,'" &c. 365. Finge te queque : manifest yourself worthy of a god. By Deo, some under- stand Hercules, whom Evander would have ^Eneas to imitate. But the quoque seems to determine it to be taken in a general sense : as Hercules acted worthy of a god, so do you. f'eni non asjpcr : come not dis- pleased with our poverty. Finge : Ruaeus says, ostende, Asper : for qff"ensuf>. 370. At Venus. This is a fine episode, It consists, properly, of three parts : the con- versation between Venus and her husband the casting and forging of the arms by the Cyclops, with a description of the place the sculpture upon the shield of ^Eneas, &c. The whole is in imitation of the Diad, lib. 18. where Thetis entreats Vulcan to make arms for her son. But Virgil is su- perior to Homer in dignity of sentiment. 373. Aspirat. Some copies have inspi- rat. The sense is the same in either case. She inspires into her husband a divine love, by her endearing words. 375. Debita : destined doomed to de- struction, in consequence of the perjury of Laomedon. After which, Neptune and Apollo became the enemies of Troy. See Geor. i. 502. 379. Deberem : I owed very much to the sons of Priam. 382. Eadem venio : I, the same affection- ate wife, who have always been so tender of your honois and so loth to give you trouble, come to you a suppliant, and ask of your divinity, sacred to me, arms, a mr>- 446 P. V1RG1L1I MARONIS 383. Thetis filia Nerei Arma rogo, genitrix nato. Te filia Nerei, potuit fleeter* te, et Ti- f e potu j t l ac hrymis Tithonia flectere conjux. & HE kehry'- Aspice, qui coeant populi, quaB moenia clausis m j s Ferrum acuant portis, in me excidiumque meorum. Dixerat : et niveis hinc atque hinc Diva lacertis 388 Fovet Deum Cunctantem amplexu molli fovet : ille repente cunctaiitem molli am- Accepit solitam flammam ; notusque medullas plexa. Intravit calor, et labefacta per ossa cucurrit : Non secus atque olim tonitru cum rupta corusco Ignea rima micans percurrit lumine nimbos. 393. Conjux ejus Iseta Sensit laeta dolis, et formae conscia conjux. dolis, et conscia farmae Tum pater KieTDO fatur devinctus amore : Quid causas petis ex alto 1 fiducia cessit Quo tibi, Diva, mei 1 similis si cura fuisset, Tum quoque fas nobis Teucros armare fuisset. Nee pater omnipotens Trojam, riec fata vetabant Stare, decemque alios Priamum superesse per annos. Et nunc, si bellare paras, atque haec tibi mens est : 400 401. Quicquid curce Quicquid in arte mea possum promittere curae, est in mea arte possum Q UO( J fieri ferro, liquidove potest electro, pr ^Q U ^ e /l6 /' Quantum ignes animaeque valent : absiste precando 403. Quantum iffnes ,~ i i -n i; m ..iio v a it . Viribus mdubitare tuis. Ea verba locutus, 385 390 39.5 animaeque valent, pro- mitto id : Optatos dedit amplexus : placidumque petivit Conjugis infusus gremio per membra soporem. Inde, ubi prima quies medio jam noctis abactae 405 NOTES. ther for a son. Verbs of asking, &c. go- vern two accusatives. 383. Filia Nerei: the daughter of Ne- reus Thetis, the reputed mother of Achil- les. See Eel. iv. 37. 384. Tithonia conjux : Aurora. 385. Mcenia : cities fortified towns. Here put for the inhabitants, by meton. .Acuant : .sharpen prepare. 386. In me: against me. Venus here identifies herself with ./Eneas and theTrojans. 388. Cunctantem : hesitating loth to un- dertake the business. 391. Atque : in the sense of quam. Olim : sometimes. This word signifies time past, future, and indefinite. This last is the meaning here. 392. Ignea rima. Ruaeus says, flammeus hiatus, apertus fulgenti fulmine. Nimbos : in the sense of nubes. Servius, whom Dr. Trapp follows, takes corusco, for darted or brandished. Ruseas interprets it by ful- genti, shining. The former is the best, in- asmuch as thunder does not shine ; it is the lightning alone that becomes visible. There may be reference here to the darting of the thunderbolt of Jove. It pierces the cloud, and disengages the lightning, which, let loose, runs across the heavens in forked light. Ignea rima, very beautifully ex- presses a stream of fire, bursting through a rived cloud lightning. ^M. Pnter : Vulcan is meant. 395. Qwirf c ausas petis : why do you seek reasons from far? Instead of coming to the point at once, you have recourse to far- fetched arguments. 398. JVec pater. It hath been observed by commentators, upon this and similar pas- sages of Virgil, that though the fates could not be changed, they might be deferred. But Mr. Dryden hath made it appear, that this very deferring is in consequence of a decree. In this sense, these words of Vulcan are to be understood. Troy did fall at such a time ; but it was not necessary it should. The fates would have permitted me to defer its doom for ten years longer ; and I would have done it, if you had desired it : but I could have done it no longer it being then destined to be destroyed. 401. Curce: skill. 402. Liquido electro. A composition of gold and silver is called electrum. Pliny makes the proportion to be four fifths of silver, and one fifth of gold. Here put for metals ingeneral : the species for the genus. 403. AnimoR : the wind or breath of the bellows. Absiste: cease to distrust your power at entreaty. 406. Infusus gremio : and resting on the bosom of his spouse, he sought soft sleep, &c. Ruseus sa.y$,jacens. 407. Medio curricula noctis jam: in the middle course of night, ,now being past. This marks the time to be just after mid- .ENE1S. LIB. V11L 147 Ourriculo expulerat somnum ; cum foemina, primum 408. Cum fcemina,cui Cui tolerare colo vitam tenuique Minerva, est primum offidum to- Impositum cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes, 410 terare vitam colo Noctem addens operi, famulasque ad lumina longo Exercet faso ; castum ut servare cubile Conjugis, et possit parvos educere natos. Haud secus ignipotens, nee tempore segnior illo, Mollibus e stratis opera ad fabrilia surgit. Insula Sicanium juxta latus, ^Eoliamque Erigitur Liparen, fumantibus ardua saxis ; Quam subter specus, et Cyclopum exesa caminis Antra ^Etnaea tenant, validique incudibus ictus Auditi referunt gemitum, striduntque cavernis Stricture Chalybum, et fornacibus ignis anhelat ; Vulcani domus, et Vulcania nomine tellus. Hue tune ignipotens coelo descendit ab alto. Ferrum exercebant vasto Cyclopes in antro, Brontesque, Steropesque, et nudus membra Pyracmon. 426. Erat his in ma- His informatum manibus jam parte polita 425nibus fulmen informa- Fulmen erat ; toto genitor qu a city of Etruria or Tuscany. It was planted by a Lydian colony. It was afterward call- ed Cere. Hodie, Cerveteri. Lydia : an ex- tensive country of Asia Minor : here used as an adjective. Part of it was called Mce- onia. 480. Etruscis jugis : on the Tuscan moun- tains. 482. Mezenliuf tenuit, &c. This story is of importance to the subject, and very pro- perly introduced in this place. For, without, the auxiliary forces of the Tuscans, iEneas could not have carried on the war. The tyranny of Mezentius gives an air of pro- bability to the whole. 485. Qwn etiam jungebat : moreover he joined dead bodies to the living, putting, &c. The invention of this cruel kind of punish- ment, is ascribed, by Cicero and others, to the Tuscans. Virgil takr? occasion hence to form a character of uncommon barbarity in one of his personal 450 1'. VIHGlLli MAKONIS 487. Genus torment! ! Tormenti genus ! et sanie taboque fluentes, teSj^t^Complezu in misero, long* sic morte necabat. in hoc misero At * essi tandem cives intanda furentem Armati circumsistunt, ipsumque, domumque : 490 491. Jactant ignem Obtruncant socios, ignem ad fastigia jactant. ad fastigia ejus regies.. Hie inter ca?des Rutulorum elapsus in agros 493. Ccepit confugere Confugere, et Turni defendier hospitis armis. Ergo omnis furiis surrexit Etruria justis, Regem ad supplicium prsesenti Marte reposcunt. 495 His ego te, ^Enea, ductorem millibus addam. Toto namque fremunt condensse litore puppes, 498. Retinet eos : di- Signaque ferre jubent. Retinet longaevus aruspex, ' . mw,Odelectajuventus,Fata canens : O Maeoniae delecta juventus, 499 Flos veterum virtusque virum ; quos Justus in hostem 501. Et quos Mezen- Fert dolor, et merita accendit Mezentius ira : this accendit merita ira ; Nulli fas Italo tantam subjungere gentem : est fas nulli Italo Externos optate duces. Turn Etrusca resedit Hoc acies campo, monitis exterrita Divum. 505. Tarchon ipse mi- Ipse oratores ad me regniq^e coronam 505 Cum sceptro misit, mantfatque insignia, Tarchon : 507. Rogans ut sue- Succedam castris, Tyrrhenaque regna capessam. . cedam Sed mini tarda gelu, saeclisque etfoeta, senectus 509. Viresquejam ni-Invidet imperium, seraeque ad fortia vires. mis sera ad fortia facia Natum exhortarer, ni, mixtus matre Sabella 510 nJ!^i inc P"? patriaa traheret. Tq. cujus et annis id, ni &t genen fatum mdulget, quern numina poscunt, Ingredere, 6 Teucrum atque Italum fortissime ductor. 515. Adjunfam hunc TT X-L- > i /. meum Jilium Pallanta JJ unc tlbl P r8 eterea, spes et solatia nostn, tibi, spes, et solatia nos- Pallanta adjungam. Sub te tolerare magistro 515 tri; w/sub te magistro Militiam, et grave Martis opus, tua cernere facta NOTES. 487. Genus torment i: O horrid kind of 501. Dolor: in the sense of indignatio. torture ! This is the sense of Ruams and Pert : in the sense of impeUit. Valpy. But Heyne and Davidson take them 502. Subjungere: to subdue. not as an exclamation. Fluentes ; wasting 503. Resedit : sat down. Acits : troops pining away. in gene ral. Optate : choose ye. * ' -' f^ P n an aS 5 4. Moniti* : admonitionsprophetic an adveib, m imitation of the Greeks : m dec l ar ations. Rurcus says, oraculo. The the sense of im mamter. same with /a/a, verse 499. 7 490. Lircumsistunt : in the sense of obsi- .. A . dent. ^"- -Mandatque : and commits the en- 491. Socios: his friends those who ad- si ^ ns ( or bad ges) of royalty to me. These hered to the king. Their houses were co- were the crown and sce P tre J ust mentloned - vered with straw, even the palaces of kings ; 5u8 - Tarda gelu : benumbed by the frost which was the reason of their throwing fire f a o e - This is highly metaphorical. SCE- on the roof of Mezentius's palace. clis. S&culum properly signifies the space 493. Defendier : by paragoge, for defendi. f thirty years ; in which the old actors are 497. Puppes : the ships, by meton. for the already gone off the stage, and new ones troops in them. Fremunt : impatient for the have arisen in their room. Thus Nestor is war. said to have lived three ages, or ninety 498. Ferre signa : to bear forward the years, as Plutarch explains it. Sceclis : by standards to march. A military phrase. s J n - f r sceculis : here used in the sense of 499. Mceonia. Msonia is a country of annis. Effoita : worn out enfeebled. Lydia, in Asia Minor, whence a colony re- 510. Sabella matre: his Sabine mother. moved to Tuscany, and settled. They built By her, he became heir to a part of her na- the city Agylla. Lydia and Mceonia are tive country. It was therefore inconsistent used, however, sometimes indiscriminately with his duty to his people, to accept of the for the same country. Tuscan crown. ,*:NEIS. LIB. vm. 451 Assuescat ; priniis et te miretur ab annis. Arcadas huic equites bis centum, robora pubis Lecta, dabo; totidemque suo tibi nomine Pallas. Vix ea fatus erat, defixique ora tenebant 520 jEneas Anchisiades et fidus Achates, Multaque dura suo tristi cum corde putabant ; Ni signum coslo Cytherea dedisset aperto. Namque improvise vibratus ab aethere fulgor Cum sonitu venit, et ruere omnia visa repente, 525 525. Et omnia visa. Tyrrhenusque tubae mugire per aethera clangor. suni ruere repente Suspiciunt : iterum atque iterum fragor intonat ingens : Arma inter nubem, cosli in regione serena, Per sudum rutilare vident, et pulsa tonare. Obstupuere animis alii : sed Troius heros 530 Agnovit sonitum, et Divas promissa parentis. Turn memorat : Ne vero, hospes, ne quaere profecto Quern casum portenta ferant : ego poscor Olympo. 533. Ego poscor Olym- Hoc signum cecinit missuram Diva creatrix, po ad belhim. Si bellum ingrueret ; Vulcaniaque arma per auras 535 535. Seque laturam Laturam auxilio. Vulcania arma per au- Heu quantae miseris caedes Laurentibus instant ! as ^ ro Quas pcenas mihi, Turne, dabis ! quam multa sub undas Scuta virum, galeasque, et fortia corpora volves, Tybri pater ! Poscant acies, et fcedera rumpant. 540 Haec ubi dicta dedit, solio se tollit ab alto : Et primum Herculeis sopitas ignibus aras Excitat : hesternumque Larem, parvosque Penates NOTES. 517. Primis annis: from his first and 537. Instant: in the sense of imminent. earliest years for bearing arms ; which, 540. Poscant acies : let them demand war among the Romans, was about the age of let them break their treaties. This is seventeen. spoken ironically. Ruaeua says, petant bel- 522. Putabant : they were just entering lum. Latinus had proposed jneas for a son- into a train of perplexing thoughts, as to in-law ; and entered into an alliance or the present crisis of affairs : and would hate treaty of friendship with him. To that cir- pursued them, had not Venus interposed, cumstance this is an allusion. They were revolving in their minds many 542. Sopitas aras, &c. Most commenta- difficulties that might arise, &c. tors take this for, sopitos ignes in Herculeis 524. Fulgor vibratus : a flash of lightning arts, by hypallage : the dormant fires on the darting across the sky, &c. altar of Hercules. But it does not appear 526. Tyrrhenus clangor : a Tuscan sound that ^neas returned to the grove, where of the trumpet began, &c. The sound of the the sacred riles had been performed the day trumpet is called Tuscan, because it is said before to Hercules. The altar here mei*- they were the inventors of that instrument, tioned may have been Evander's domestic It was understood to indicate that JEneas altar, to which the remains of the hallowed was invited to the throne of the Tuscans. fire, from the altar of Hercules, might have 529. Pulsa tonare. This seems to imply been conveyed. If we suppose this, there that the thunder was the effect of the clash- will be no need of an hypallage. Excttat : ing of the arms that appeared, in the air. he kindles up the dormant altars with the Being struck (pulsa) they seemed to thun- Herculean fire the fire taken from the altar dor. Rutilare : to flash shine through the of Hercules as supposed. This seems to be clear air or sky. Visa sunt is understood. the opinion of Ruceus and Davidson. 532. Nevero, hospes, ne: do not indeed, 543. Hesternum Larem. By this some un- do not indeed, inquire what event these pro- derstand the hallowed hearth, on which the digies portend. This repetition is very em- sacrifices had been offered the day before, phatical. Some copies repeat the qucere thus: But it may be Evander's Lar, or guardian ne quaere verb, ne quxre profecto. god, to whom ^Eneas had sacrificed the 534. Cecinit : in the sense of prcedixit. day before ; and with whom he had then Missuram : that she would send. &c. become acquainted. Parro* Penates. The 453 P. VIRGFLII MARONIS Laetus adit : mactant lectas de more biderites Evandrus pariter, pariter Trojana juventus. 645 Post hinc ad naves graditur, sociosque revisit : 547. De numero quo- Quorum de numero, qui sese in bella sequantur, rum legit eos pr*stante S p ra3stantes yirtute legit . parg cgetera prona Fertur aqua, segnisque secundo defluit amni, Nuntia ventura Ascanio rerumque patrisque. 550 Dantur equi Teucris Tyrrhena petentibus arva : 552.Ducuntwnwmex-Ducunt exsortem ^Eneae, quern fulva leonis sortem equum JEne Pellis obit totum, praefulgens unguibus aureis. Fama volat parvam subito vulgata per urbem, Ocyus ire equites Tyrrheni ad limina regis. 555 Vota metu duplicant matres ; propiusque periclo It timor, et major Martis jam apparet imago. 558. Complexus dex-Tum pater Evandrus dextram complexus euntis tram JUii euntis hteret Haeret, inexpletum lachrymans, ac talia fatur : O mihi prseteritos referat si Jupiter annos ! 560 561. Et facial me ta- Qualis eram, cum primam aciem Praeneste sub ipsa iem, quails eram, cum Stravi, scutorumque incendi victor acervos : stravi primam aciem Et re gem hac Herilum dextra sub Tartara misi : Nascenti cui tres animas Feronia mater, Horrendum dictu ! dederat ; terna arma movenda ; 565 567 Et exuit eum to- '^ er ^ eto sternen ^ us erat : cu i tune tamen omnes tidem armis. Nunc ego Abstulit haec animas dextra, et totidem exuit armis. non divellerer usquam Non ego nunc dulci amplexu divellerer usquam, NOTES. Penates were tutelary deities, either for fa- milies, or for cities and provinces. The former were the Parvi Penates, sometimes called Lares: the latter, the Magni Pe- nates. 544. Bidenies : properly sheep of two years old, of bis and dens. 549. Fertur prona aqua : borne down the descending stream. Segnis defluit : without labor, float down the current at their ease, float, &c. Ruseus says, /en/a descendit. 550. Centura nuntia: to be messengers to Ascanius, of his father, and of the state of his affairs to bear tidings to Ascanius, &c. 551. Petentibus Tyrrhena : to the Tro- jans going to the Tuscan territory. 552. Exsortem : in the sense of insi*nem : a distinguished horse. 553. Aureis unguibus. The claws of the skin were overlaid with gold, for the sake of ornament. Obit : in the sense of tegit. 557. Timor it propius, Arc. This passage, has puzzled commentators very much. Da- vidson supposes the word major, is to be supplied with timor : their fear grows greater, *he nearer they are to danger. Ruseus takes propius in the sense of prope . near ap- proaching to. He makes the meaning to be : their fear comes near to danger. They are so much impressed vvitii the idea of danger, that it becoines to them almost a reality. // : in the sense of est vel Jit. Most copies have jam immediate ly alter Martis* But Pierius informs us, that in most of the an- cient MSS. which he consulted, it was want- ing. Hey no reads jam. $59. Inexpletum: an adj. neu. gen. used as an adverb : immoderately beyond measure. 560. O mifii, &c. This is one of the finest parts of the TEneid. We see an aged father, delivering his farewell address to his only son, the hope and solace of his old age, while he holds him close in his embrace, and is full of anxious apprehension of never seeing him again. The relation of those exploits, which he performed when he was in the vigor of manhood, is very natural, and the conclusion is extremely pathetical, 561. Prczneste. The founder of this city was Cseculus, who took part with Turnus. See rEri. vii. 678. How then could Herilus have been its king so long before? He might have laid its foundations, and Csecu- lus added its fortifications, c. Hence he might be called its founder. 562. Scutorumque, &c. It was a custom among the Romans, to gather up the armor that lay scattered on the field of battle, and burn it as an offering to one of their deities. 564. Feronia mater : to whom, at his birth, his mother had given three lives, and three sets of armor to be wielded. 'See ^En. /a. 800. 568. Non ego nunc : I would not now be torn from thy sweet embrace. This is K.NKlti. IJB. VIJI. 570 575 Nate, tuo : neque finitimus Mezentius unquam, Huic capiti insultans, tot ferro sseva dedisset Funera, tarn multis viduasset civibus urbem. At vos, 6 Superi, et Divum tu maxirne rector Jupiter, Arcadii, quaeso, miserescite regis, Et patrias audite preces. Si numina vestra Incolumem Pallanta mihi, si fata reservant ; Si visurus eum vivo, et venturus in unum ; Vitam oro : patiar quemvis durare laborem, Sin aliquem infandum casum, Fortuna, minaris ; Nunc, 6, nunc liceat crudelem abrumpere vitam, Dum curse ambiguae, dum spes incerta futuri ; Dum te, chare puer, mea sera et sola voluptas, Complexu teneo ; gravior ne nuntius aures Vulneret. Hsec genitor digressu dicta supremo Fundebat : famuli collapsum in tecta ferebant. Jamque adeo exierat portis equitatus apertis : ^Eneas inter primos et fidus Achates ; Inde alii Trojae proceres : ipse agmirie Pallas In medio, chlamyde et pictis conspectus in armis. Qualis ubi Oceani perfusus Lucifer unda, Quem Venus ante alios astrorum diligit ignes, Extulit os sacrum ccelo, tenebrasque resolvit. Stant pavidae in muris matres, oculisque sequuntur Pulveream nubem, et fulgentes aere catervas. Olli per dumos, qua proxima meta viarum, 594. Qua meta via Armati tendunt. It clamor ; et, agmine facto, 595 rum eyt Pxinm Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula.campum. - ^ 96 Ungula equoruru Est ingens gelid'um lucus'prope Ceeritis amnem, Relligione patrum late sacer : undique colles , 576. Et ventures in unum locum cum 7/o,oro 580 580. Dum mew curae sunt ambiguse, dum spes futuri est incerta 585 589. Talis qualis Lu- 590 cifer est, quern Venus di- ligit ante alios ignes as- trorum, ubi perfusus un- da Oceani extulit quatit putrem NOTES. most tender line, and paints the paternal affections in the deepest colors. 571. Viduasset: in the sense of privdsset. 574. Numina : power will. 576. fenturus in unum: to meet him ugain. 577. Patiar : I will consent agree to. 578. 5m Fortuna minaris : but if, O For- tune, thou threatenest any dire calamity to him. Infandum : properly is that which may not be spoken, or expressed which I dare not name. 579. Nunc, 3, nunc, Sec. This is much of the nature of Mn. ii. 644. Sic, O sic, &c. There is so much force and emphasis in the repetition of the sic , that if wo remove it, we destroy the chief beauty and energy of the line. So also with the nunc, in the present instance. 580. Dum curce : while my sorrows bo doubtful, &c. While it bo yet uncertain, whether I shall see my dear son again. 583. Supremo digressu : at his final de- parture. 588. Conspectus : conspicuous distin- guished. 589. Qualis ubi. &c. This is a beautiful simile, and said to have been greatly ad- mired by Scaliger. Perfusus : wet, dipped. 590. Ante alios ignes astrorum : above other orbs of the stars above other starry orbs. 591. Resolvit : in the sense of dissipat. 594. Meta viarum : the boundary of the way. Simply, the way. Via, says Heyne. Proxima : the nearest. Olli : for illi, by antithesis. 595. Agmine. Agmen properly signifies a moving body or multitude an army of men on the march. Tendunt: in the sense of incedunt, vel progrediuntur. It : in the sense of sur5 Pilentis matres in mollibus. Hinc procul addit Tartareas etiam sedes, alta ostia Ditis : Et scelerum poenas : et te, Catilina, minari Pendentem scopulo, Furiarumque ora trementem Secretosque pios : his dantem jura Catonem. Haec inter tumidi late maris ibat imago Aurea, sed fluctu spumabant coerula cano ; Et circum argento clari delphines in orbem ./Equora verrebant caudis, aestumque secabant. In medio classes aeratas, Actia bella, Cernere erat : totumque instructo Marte videres Fervere Leucaten, auroque effulgere fluctus. Hinc Augustus agens Italos in prcelia Ca3sar, Cum patribus, populoque, Penatibus, et magnis Dis, Stans celsa in puppi : geminas cui tempora flammas 670 670. Piosque secretes ab impiis: ct Catonem 672. Sed coerula cequo- ra spumabant cano fluc- tu C75 675. In medio mart * erat cernere NOTES. should become most powerful, and be ren- dered invincible, so long as that remained in it. 665. Extuderat : had represented. Ruaeus says, sculpserat, 666. Pilentis, &c. In the war with the Veientes, Camillus vowed an offering of gold to Apollo of Delphi ; and not having it in his power to perform it, the women of dis- tinction brought together their jewels, and presented them to him. Whereupon they received the honor of being carried at the public shows, and other exhibitions, in light coaches (pilentis mollibus) at the public ex- pense. 668. Catilina. L. Scrgius Catiline was of patrician rank, but of a very abandoned character. He twice sought the consulate, and was as often disappointed ; which so en- raged him, that lie entered into a conspiracy with some others to murder the consuls and burn the city. The whole plot was disco- vered by the vigilance of Cicero, and Ca- tiline expelled from Rome. He after- ward perished on the field of battle, about the middle of December, 58 years before the Christian era. His associates also pe- rished, many of them miserably, by the hand of the public executioner. Sallust lias given a full account of this most dar- ing conspiracy, written in purely classic style. 670. Calonem. Some understand Calo the Censor; but others, with more reason, perhaps, Cato Uticensis. La Cerda here censures Virgil very much in making Cato give laws in hell to gratify Augustus. But, it is to be observed, that Cato does not sus- tain that character in the place of the con- demned ; but in the abodes of the blessed. Beside, it could not, be a dishonor to Cato to be ranked with Minos and Rhadamanthus, those distinguished legislators. A question may here arise : what is the use of giving Sft laws to those in Elysium, who are establish- ed in perfection and virtue ? Perhaps by jura, wo are to understand their rights or just rewards. This Cato was distinguished for his integrity and rigid virtue. 671. Inter hue, &c. The poet now pro- ceeds to the ever memorable victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleo- patra on the shores of Epirus, near Actium^ in the year of Rome 723. Upon this, the poet exerts all the energy of his mind, with a view to immortalize the name of his prince. The previous description of the sea, is a painting which nothing can sur- pass. Imago ibat : the surface of the wide- swelling sea was golden. Ibat : in the sense of erat vel apparebat. 672. Cozrula. Maria is understood. This expresses the waters in general, without any particular reference to color in this place. Cano fluctu: with white silvered waves. 673. Clari : shining in silver. 674. JEstum : in the sense ofjluctus vel mare. 675. Actia bella: the Actic fight. Actia: an adj. from Actiutn, a promontory of Epi- rus, where Augustus gained a complete vic- tory over Antony and Cleopatra, in the year of Rome 723. This victory placed Augustus securely on the imperial throne. ?Era/ew ; brazen beaked. 676. Instruclo marte : with the marshalled fight. Leucaten. See ./En. iii. 274. 678. Hinc Augustus, &c. Here the poet arranges the respective armies. On the one side, Augustus, with his Italian forces, the fathers of his country, and its guardian gods. On the other side, Antony, with his foreign forces, and the gods of Egypt. Eve- ry line is beyond expression admirable. 680. Cui tola tempora: whose joyous temples, &c. Cui : in the sense of cvjus. Geminas fammas. Some refer this to his 458 P. VIRGIL1I MARON1S Lseta vomunt, patriumque aperitur vertice sidus. 681 682. In alia parte erat Parte alia, ventis et Dis Agrippa secundis, Agrippa Arduus, agmen agens : cui, belli insigne superbum, gent^ostrata^avaU co- Tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona, ron^ Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis 685 685. Hinc victor An- Victor, ab Aurorae populis et litore rub - tonius, barbarica ope, ^oryptum, viresque Orientis, et ultima secum varusque ms, vehit g ac ^ ra y e hit : sequiturque, nefas ! ^Egyptia conjux. enlsre U t m ultima q Blctra Una omnes ruere, ac tp.tum spumare reductis secum, usque ab populis Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. 690 689. Omnes vi&n/ur Alta petunt : pelago credas innare revulsas ruere una, ac totum Cy C i a( j aS} au t montes concurrere montibus altos : Tantsi mole viri turritis puppibus instant. Stuppea tfamrha manu, telisque volatile ferrum NOTES. helmet,the cone or tuft of which had red fiery plumes. Others, to his diadem, which was set with sparkling gems. 681. Patrium sidus. This alludes to the manner in which he used to be represented in the Roman sculpture, having over his head the star into which his adopted father Julius Caesar was supposed to have been changed. Vomunt flammas. The poet here imitates Homer in his description of the helmet of Diornede. 682. Ag.'Lppa : a noble Roman, and high- ly honored by his prince. To his skill and conduct, the victory at Actium was chiefly owing. He was the son-in-law of Augus- tas, and also his adopted son. He died in the year of the city 742. Secundis : in the sense of propitm. 684. Rostrata: adorned with the naval crown. This crown was bestowed on such as signalized themselves in an engagement at sea. It was set around with figures like the beaks of ships. 685. Antonius. Marcus Antonius was the companion of Julius Caesar in all his expeditions, and was magister equitum dur- ing his dictatorship. After the death of Cfe- sar, he was triumvir with Octavius (after- ward Augustus) arid Lepidus. He over- threw the army of Brutus and Cassius, and with them, the hopes of the republicans, on the plains of Philippi. He performed many noble deeds for his country, and triumphed over the Parthians in the year of Rome 716. He put away his wife for the sake of Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He put her away in turn, and married Cleopatra, queen of Egypt ; whereupon he was declar- ed an enemy by the Senate. War was im- mediately declared against him. The two armies, or rather fleets, engaged at Actium, a promontory of Epirus. Antony was vanquished, and fled to Alexandria in Egypt, which was soon besieged ; and was taken the following year. He killed himself, to prevent falling into the hands of his enemies. The same was the end of Cleopatra, who died by the bite of asps, which she kept for that purpose. The army of Antony was made up chiefly of Asiatics. Hence popu- lis Auroras, : from the nations of the morn- ing of the east. Variis armis : with va- rious arms with arms of various kingdoms and nations. 686. Rubro litore: from the coast of the Red sea. This sea separates Egypt from Arabia. Victor. This is mentioned with reference to his victory and triumph over the Parthians. It is added to do honor to Au- gustus in conquering so formidable an ene- my. 688. Bactra : neu. plu. : a principal city of Bactriana, a country lying to the south- east of the Caspian sea, put, by synec. for the whole country. The Romans, like the Greeks before them, called all other nations barbarians. So here the forces of Antony are called, barbarica opes. Ultima : the farthest, or most remote part of the empire. JEgyptia conjux : Cleopatra. 690. Reductis remis : with laboring oars. Reductis, shows the men laboring at the oar, and with all their might pulling home every stroke. Tridentibus rostris : with trident beaks. See ^n. v. 143. 692. Cydadas. The Cyclades were a clus- ter of islands in the jEgean sea. Delos, one of them, was the birthplace of Apollo and Diana. The poet likens the ships, on ac- count of their magnitude, to these islands floating on the sea, and to mountains en- gaging with one another. The comparison is of the noblest kind. 693. Turritis puppibus. These were ships that had turrets or towers erected on their decks ; from which the soldiers threw all manner of weapons, as if they had been on dry land ; and so engaged with the greatest fury imaginable. Of so great size or bulk : tantd mole. 604. Stuppea flamma. These were bun- dles of tow or hemp set on fire, and cast on jENEIS. LIB. Vill. Spargitur : arva nova Neptunia csedc rubescunt. (UJf> Regina in mediis" patrio vocat agmina sistro : Necdum etiam geminos a tergo respicit angues. Omnigenumque Deum monstra, et latrator Anubis, Contra Neptunum et Venerem, contraque Minervam Tela tenent. Saevit medio in certamine Mayors 700 Ccelatus ferro, tristesque ex aethere Diras ; Et scissa gaudens vadit Discordia palla, Quam cum sangumeo sequitur Bellona flagello. Actius base cernens arcutn intendebat Apollo Desuper : omnis eo terrore ^Egyptus, et Indi, Omnis Arabs, omnes vertebant terga Sabaei. Ipsa videbatur ventis regina voeatis Vela dare, et laxos jam jamque immittere funes. Illam inter csedes, pallentem morte futura, Fecerat Ignipotens undis et lapyge ferri : Contra autem magno rnosrentem corpore Nilum, Pandentemque sinus, et tota veste vocantem 696. In mediis parti- bus clypei regina Cleo- patra vocat 701. Tristesque Dirse sceviunl ex ffi there. 705 710. Ignipotens fece- rat illarn inter caedes, pallentem futura morte ferri 711. Autem contra 710 c&laverat Nilum magno corpore mcerentern, pan- dentemque suos sinus, et tota veste expassa vo- Coeruleum in gremium, latebrosaque fiumina victos. cantem victos NOTES. board the enemy. Stuppea : an adj. from stuppa. Telis volatile ferrum. It is not ea- sy to come at the meaning of these words. If we could take tdis in the sense of machi- nis, the engines with which the weapons were thrown, there would be no difficulty. Heyne thinks this can hardly be done. He suggests the reading of teli in the gen. The volatile steel of the dart is thrown. The dat. is frequently used in the sense of the gen. If it be in the present case, the mean- ing will be : The volatile steel of (to) the darts is thrown ; that is, the darts and mis- sive weapons themselves. Ferrum : the point or barb of the dart, by synee. the whole dart. 695. Neptunia arva : a most beautiful ex- pression for the sea. JVbra ccede : with great unusual slaughter. 696. Sistro. The sistrum was a kind of timbrel peculiar to the Egyptians, and used by them in the worship of [sis. The epithet patrio is therefore very proper. 697. Geminos angues. This is supposed to allude to the manner of her death. As she was to die by the bite of asps, it is sup- posed that Vulcan engraved them behind her, to show what was to be her destiny, though she was not then apprehensive of it. 698. Omnigenum, &c. The Egyptians were notorious for consecrating as gods the several kinds of animals. Cicero says of them : omnt fere genus bestiarum JF.gyptii consecrarunt. The deities, however, most honored, were Osiris, one of their kings, and Isis his wife. Also, Anubis. He was most probably their servant, and, for his fidelity, was consecrated. He was representt-i with a dog's head, in allusion to his fidelity ; the dog being the most faithful of animals. Vir- gil calls him latrator. 702. Gaudens scissa palla : discord rejoic- ing in her rent mantle. By the rent mantle, the poet very forcibly expresses the effect of discord in dividing the minds of men, and destroying the peace of society. 704. Aetna. Apollo is here called Actius, from Actium, a promontory on the coast of Epirus, where he had a famous temple. The whole coast was sacred to him. The word Actium is derived from a Greek word whicli signifies the shore, or litus. 705. Indi : either the Bactrians, or the /Ethiopians. These composed a part of the forces of Antony. The inhabitants of any warm climate were sometimes called Indi, indiscriminately. Sabcei : the inhabi- tants of Arabia Felix. These, also, were with Antony. Eo terrore: with the fear of that, &c. 708. Immittere laxos funes : to give loose ropes to let go the ropes that contracted the sails. This is a metaphor taken from loosening- the reins of a horse, to let him go at full speed. 710. lapyge. This wind blew from Apu- lia, the most eastern part of Italy, and con- sequently toward Egypt. It is called lapyx^ from the ancient name of Apulia. Fe- ccrat : had engraved represented. 711. Nilum. This personification of the river Nile is extremely fine. The Nile is the largest river of Africa. Rising in the moun- tains of Abyssinia, and running a northerly course, fertilizing the country through which it passes, it falls into the Mediterranean sea by seven mouths. Its inundations are oc- casioned by the periodical rains, which fall within the tropics. Moerenicm : in the sense of dolentem. 713. Latebrosa: winding affording a safe and secure retreat. P. VJUCilLH MARONJS 7-20 At Csssar, triplici invectus Romana triumpho Moenia, Dis Italis votum immortale ^acrabat, 716.JV*empetercentumMaxima ter centum totam delubra per urbem. maxima delubra Lsetitia, ludisque viae plausuque fremebant : 718. Erat chorus ma- Omnibus in templis matrum chorus ; omnibus arae : tram in omnibus temp- Ante ^ tcrmm caegi strav re juvenci . us ; erant arse . ,.,.! _.. . . 720. Augustus ipse,Ip se J sedens mveo candentis hmine Phcebi, sedens in niveo limine Dona recognoscit populorum, aptatque superbi 3 candentis templi Postibus. Incedunt victae longo ordine gent.cs, Quam variae linguis, habitu tarn vestis et arinis. 724. Hie Mulciber Hie Nomadum genus, et discinctos Mulciber Afros ; finxerat genus Hic L e i egaS) Carasque, sagittiferosque Gelonos 725 Finxerat. Euphrates ibat jam mollior undis, 729. JEneas miratur Extremique hominum Morini, Rhenusque bicornis, talia dona parentis Ve- Indomitique Dahss, et pontem indignatus Araxes. 73a Gaudetnue ima- Talia ' P er cl yP eum Vulcani, dona parentis gine rerum, quarum est Miratur : rerumque ignarus imagine gaudet, adhuc ignarus Attollcns humero famamque et fata nepotum. 730 NOTES. 714. Triplici triumpko. Augustus obtain- ed three victories: one over the lllyrians, another over Antony and Cleopatra, and a third over Egypt, which was reduced to & Roman province. This was effected by the capture of Alexandria in the year of Rome 724, and in the month Scxtilis ; which afterward was called Augustus. Soon after this, the year was begun on the first day of January. 716. Ter centum, &c. A definite number is here used for an indefinite number. We are informed that Augustus built several sumptuous temples at Rome, among which was one to Julius Caesar, his adopted fatiier. This was built on mount Palatine, of white Parian marble. Hence the epithet canden- tis, verse 720, infra. Vm : the streets of the city. Fremebant : in the sense of rc'so- nabant. 723. Linguis : language. Habitu : man- ner, or form of their apparel. 724. Nomadum. The Nomadce vel JYwma- dce were a people of Africa, situated to the west of Carthage. Their capital city was Cirta. They derived their name from a Greek word which signifies pasture; pas- turage being their chief business. Discinc- tos: the Africans are so called from the looseness of their apparel, or from their ge- neral inactivity and aversion to labor. Mul- ciber : a name of Vulcan. 725. Lelegas. The Lelegtz were a peo- ple of Asia Minor. Homer places them about the bay of Adramyttium. By some they are confounded with the Cares. These were a people to the south of Ionia, and tt> the north of Doris. Gelonos. These were a people of Scythia, or Thrace, skilful in throwing the arrow. 726. Finxerat : in the sense of sculpserat. 727. Morini. These were a people in- habiting the northern parts of Gaul over against Britain ; which the Romans consi- dered the boundary of the world to the westward. Hence they are called extremi hominurn : the most remote of men. Their capital was Tan-anna. Caius Carinus tri- umphed over them, on the same day that Augustus obtained his first triumph. Rhe- nus: the Rhine, a well-known river. It arises in the Alps, and taking a northerly direction, unites with the Main from the east. Hence it is called bicornis, two horned. It falls into the German sea by several mouths. 728. Daha. Where these people were situated is uncertain. Stephanius thinks they were a nation of Scythia. Others place them in Asia, near the river Oxus, which falls into the Caspian sea, from the south- east, separating Bactriana from Sogdiana. If this be correct, they were allies of Anto- ny. Araxes. This is a river, rising in Arme- nia, taking an easterly direction, and fall- ing into the Caspian sea. It carried away the bridge which Alexander built over it. Hence it is said : indignatus pontem : it dis- dained a bridge. 730. Ignarus, c. Although JEneas was delighted with these figures and representa- tions upon his shield, he knew not what they were designed to represent and foreshow. jENEIS. LIB. V1I1. QUESTIONS. What is the subject of this book ? At whose direction did /Eneas go to the court of Evander ? Where was his city situated ? What wan the name of it ? Why was it called Pallanteum? How was he received by the aged mo- narch ? Of what country was he a native ? What was he doing at the time of the arrival of ./Eneas ? Were ./Eneas and Evander in any way re- lated to each other ? How was that relationship deduced ? Who was their common ancestor ? Had Evander any acquaintance with An- chises ? On what occasion had he seen him ? Where is the island of Salamis situated ? How came Priam to visit that island? What other places did he visit at the same lime ? On what account were those sacred rites instituted in honor of Hercules, in which Evander was then engaged ? Who was Hercules ? What other names had he ? On what occasion did he visit Evander ? Who was Cacus? Where had he his residence ? What, had he done to bring the ven- geance of Hercules upon him ? In what way did he take those heifers to his cave ? What was his object in doing this ? How was a discovery finally made ? Where was the cave of Cacus situated ? On the approach of Hercules, what did Cacus do ? How did the hero find admission into his den? What resistance did he make ? How did Hercules kill the monster ? Did Hercules perform any other distin- guished actions ? Wiiat are some of them ? To whom was he made subject by Juno ? How many actions did he perform at the command of that king ? What are they called by way of distinc- tion and eminence ? What was the object of .Eneas in going to the court of Evander ? Did he furnish him with men and supplies for the war ? What was the character of Evander as a soldier ? Had he performed, in his youth, any feats " valor 5 What are some of them ." How many men did he send with JEneas ? Who commanded them ? What was the age of Pallas at that time ? What was the state of the Tuscans ? Whore were they situated in respect to the Tiber ? What was the cause of their being in arms ? Was the throne of Tuscany at that time vacant ? Had they made any offer of the crown to Evander ? Why did he decline it ? Who commanded the Tuscan troops ? What was the object of ^Eneas in visit- ing the Tuscan camp ? Did the Tuscans willingly place them- selves under his command ? Had there been any prophetic declarations upon this subject? What prince does Turnus endeavor to bring over to his interest ? In what part of Italy were his posses- sions ? What was the name of his city ? Who was Diomede ? What did Venus in the mean time ? Where were the forges of Vulcan ? Who were his workmen ? What were the names of the chief of them ? What were they doing at that time ? On the shield of jEneas was there any carved work ? Were there any events of the Roman his- tory there represented? What were some of those events ? How did jEneas receive this impenetra- ble shield ? Where was he at the time ? Was this a very unexpected event to him? In what light may this book be consider- ed? Where is the scene laid ? What does Dr. Trapp observe of this book? What part, in particular, is the finest and most noble? In what description does the poet appear to have exerted all the powers of his mind ? Where was that battle fought ? What was the consequence of that victo- ry to Augustus? What was the end of Antony ? What was the end of Cleopatra ? In what manner did she die? How does the book conclude ? LIBER NONUS. IN this book the war commences. Turnus, taking the advantage of the absence of tineas, assaults the Trojan camp ; and attempts to set fire to their ships, when they are changed into sea-nymphs. Li a state of consternation, they send Nisus and Eury- alus to recall ^Eneas. This introduces the episode of their friendship, generosity, and the conclusion of their adventures ; which extends from the 176th line to the 502d, and is one of the finest pieces of the ^Eneid. The next morning, Turnus renews the assault, and performs prodigies of valor. At length, being informed that the Trojans had opened the gates, he repairs thither; when a most desperate conflict ensues. The Trojans take refuge within their gates. The hero enters along with them, and the gates are closed upon him. Juno assists him, and a great slaughter ensues. The Tro- jans flee in all directions before him. At last, however, they are rallied by Mnestheus and Sergestus, and renew the fight. Turnus retires before them, escapes from their entrenchments, and returns in safety to his camp. This book is distinguished from the rest by the total absence of JEneas. It contains more fighting than any of the other. Dr. Trapp considers the transformation of the ships into nymphs of the sea, as a blemish to the book. ATQUE ea diversa penitus dum parte geruntur, Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno Audacem ad Turnum. Luco turn forte parentis Pilumni Turnus sacrata* valle sedebat : Ad quern sic roseo Thaumantias ore locuta est : f Turne, quod optanti Divum promittere nemo Auderet, volvenda dies en attulit ultro ! jEneas, urbe, et sociis, et classe relicta, Sceptra Palatini sedemque petivit Evandri. 10. Nee est hoc satis ; Nee satis : extremas Corythi penetravit ad urbes : 10 penetravit Lydorumque manum, collectos armat agrestes. 12. Nunc est tempus Quid dubitas ? nunc tempus equos, nunc poscere currus. poscere equos Rumpe moras omncs, et turbata arripe castra. Dixit : et in crelum paribus se sustulit alis ; Ingentemque fuga secuit sub nubibus arcum. 15 NOTES, 1. Geruntur. This refers to what has the form of a city, with turrets, ramparts, been related in the preceding book the and gates, transactions at the court of Evander. 9. Evandri. Evander is here called Pa- 3. Parentis. Pilumnus was not the im- latine, because he dwelt on mount Pala- mediate parent of Turnus, but one of his tine, or Pala tinus, where Romulus after ward ancestors; either his grandfather or great dwelt; and, also, the Roman emperors, down grandfather. Servius says Pilumnus was from Augustus. Sceptra : the realms. Ru- the common name of the family. 'aeus says, regna. Sedem : palace city. 5. Thaumantias. Iris, the daughter of 10. Corythi. Corythus, a city of Tusca- Thaumas and Electra. See ^En. iv. 700. ny founded by Corytus, a Tuscan king, and 6. Optanti : to you wishing so favorable called by his name. an opportunity. 11. Lydorum. The Tuscans are called 7. Dies volvenda : the time (that was) to Lydians, because they were a colony from be revolved the time destined by the fates. Lydia, of Asia Minor. Dies : in the sense of tempus. 1 5. Secuit arcum : she cut the mighty bow, 8. Urbe. This city of jEneas is sometimes &c. The rainbow was reckoned the chariot called a camp. It was a camp, fortified in of Iris ; so that the meaning is : she cut .'ENEIS. LIB. IX. 463 Agnovit juvenis, duplicesque ad sidera palmas Sustulit, ac tali fugientem est voce secutus : Iri, decus cceli, quis te mihi nubibus actam Detulit in terras ? unde haec tarn clara repente Tempestas ? medium video discedere ccelum, Palantesque. polo Stellas. Sequar omina tanta, Quisquis in arma vocas. Et sic effatus, ad undam Processit, summoque hausit de gurgite lymphas, Multa Deos orans : oneravitque aethera votis. Jamque omnis campis exercitus ibat apertis, Dives equum, dives pictai vestis, et auri. Messapus primas acies, postrema coercent Tyrrheidae juvenes : medio dux agmine Turnus Vertitur arma tenens, et toto vertice supra est. Ceu septem surgens sedatis amnibus altus Per taciturn Ganges ; aut pingui flumine Nilus, Cum refluit campis, et jam se condidit alveo. Hie subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem Prospiciunt Teucri, ac tenebras insurgere campis. Primus ab adversa conclamat mole Caicus : 16. Juvenis Turnus agnovit earn 20 22. Quisquis Deorum vocas me in arma. Et sic effatus processit ad undam Tibris 27. Messapus coercel primas acies 29. Et est supra om- 30 nes alias toto vertice 31. Aut ceu Nilus pin- gui flumine^wif, cum 35 NOTES. her way through it, to mount up again into heaven in that vehicle. 16. Palmas properly, the palm of the hand : by synec. the whole hand. 19. Unde hcec tarn : whence this so glaring brightness, all on a sudden? Tempestas evidently means, in this place, serenity, brightness, or brilliancy. Detulit : in the sense of demisit. Tempestas tarn clara. Ru- JEUS B^ys, fades cceli tarn splendida. 20. Video medium : I see heaven open in the midst, and stars shooting across the sky. When the lightning bursts through the clouds, the skies seem at times to be rent asunder. We are to understand by stellas* the meteors, and other electric appearances, that shoot across the skies like stars. Ser- vius understands it of the stars themselves. That they should ever appear in the day- time is very extraordinary, but that they should appear in the additional light brought by Iris, was much more so. This, therefore, confirmed Turnus in the opinion that it was something preternatural and divine. Sequar tanta omma, was therefore his immediate determination. 23. Lymphas : in the sense of equam. Summo gurgite : from the surface of the stream. 24. JEthcra : in the sense of ccelum. 26. Picta'i: the old genitive for piclce: variegated embroidered . 27. Coercent : in the sense of inferant. Ruaeus says, regunt. Poslrema : the rear. Agmina is understood. 28. Tyrrheidce t : the sons of Tyrrheus, a patronymic noun. Tyrrheus was the shep- herd of Latinus, whose eldest son was killed in the first skirmish. See ;En. vij, 29. Vertilur : in the sense ofinccdit. This line is marked^ by Heyne as an interpola- tion. 30. Ceu altus Ganges : as the deep Gan- ges, rising silently from seven still streams, flows on its course silent and still, so moves the army of Turnus. This is a beautiful simile, and is intended to express the majes- tic slowness and silence of their march : also, their order, after having been scattered and dispersed ; as those rivers glide within their channels, after having overflowed the country. An ellipsis here is necessary in order to make the sense clear, which I have filled. The Ganges is the largest river of Asia, and divides India into two parts. After a course of about 2,000 miles, in which it receives the waters of a number of con- siderable streams, it falls into the bay of Bengal by several mouths. Like the Nile, it overflows its banks. By septem sedatis amnibus, we are to understand the several rivers which flow into the Ganges, and aug- ment its waters. Hence the propriety of surgens. The natives worship the river as a god. 31. Per taciturn : taken adverbially, in the sense of tacite. 32. Cum reftuit: when it hath retired, or flowed back from the plains, and confined itself to its channel. Pingui flumine. : with its fertilizing waters. The fertility of Egypt is wholly owing to the overflowing of the Nile. See Geor. iv. 293. and ^n. viii. 711. 33. Glomerari: to be formed to ascend in wreathy columns, like clouds of smoke. 35. Mok : rampart tower. 4t>4 P. V1RGILII MARONIS Quis globus, 6 cives, caligine volvitur atra / Ferte citi ferrum, date tela, scandite muros. Hostis adest, eja. Ingenti ciamore per omnes 39. Omnes Teucri con- Condurit se Teucri portas, et rncenia compleiit. dunt se mgenti ciamore jVJ amque ita discedens praeceperat optiraus armis 40 P llTtereasiquad W m f" eas : si <* U f *e* fcttniia fuisset ; fortuna fuisset Ne struere auderent aciem, neu credere campo : Castra modo, et tutos servarent aggere muros. Ergo, etsi conferre manum pudor iraque moustrat, Objiciunt portas tamea^ et prsecepta lacessunt ; 45 Armatique cavis exspectani tyrribus hostem. Turnus, ut antevolans tardum praecesserat agmen, Viginti lectie equitum comitatus, et urbi Improvisus adest : maculis quern Thracius albis Portat equus, cristaque tegit galea aurea rubra. 50 51. O juvenes, ecquisficquis erit mecum, juvenes, qui primus in hostem ? resirum _erit, qui primus E ait et j acu ] um intorquens emittit in auras, zrruet in hostem me- n . . . . c \ cum ; rrincipmm pugna3 ; et campo sese arduus mlert. Ciamore excipiunt socii, t'remituque sequuntur Horrisono. Teucrum mirantur inertia corda : 55 3. Viros non dare se ^f on &QUQ d are se campo, non obvia ferre a"rma obvT' * " Arma viros 5 sed castra fovere ' Huc turbidus atque bn 57. Turnus turbidus Lustrat equo muros, aditumque per avia quaerit. , lustrat Ac veluti pleno lupus insidiatus ovili, Cum fremit ad caulas, ventos perpessus et imbres, 60 64. Rabies edendi col- Nocte superfc' media : tuti sub matribus agni , r siccaj sanguine fatigant Saevit m absentes : collecta iatigat edendi turn Ex longo rabies, et siccae sanguine fauces. NOTES. 36. Globus : a troop, or multitude of sol- ceremony of throwing a javelin into the diers. Quis : in the sense of quantus. Vol- enemy's territory, as a signal of war. Prin- vitur : is approaching. Ruaeus says, accedit cipium : in the sense of initium. adnos. But volvitur may be taken perhaps 54. Horrisono fremitu: with terrific shouts. in the sense of involvilur : is involved, or Excipiunt : they answer with acclamation concealed from us, in that thick cloud of dust. they second, &c. 37. Ferrum : here, must mean arms in ge- 55. Inertia: cowardly fearful. neral. 56. Obvia: in the sense of adversa. 38. Per : in the sense of intra. 57. Fovere castra : to cherish or hug their 40. Optimus armis : most skilful in the camp keep close to it. This is an oppro- art of war most valiant in arms. brious expression. It is a metaphor taken 41. Siqua fortuna : if there should be any from timorous mothers, who hug their chil- danger or hazard daring his absence, he di- dren, and keep them close to their bosoms, rected that they should not, &c. If war when apprehensive of their being in danger. should break out while, &c. Turbidus : in the sense of iratus. 43. Modo : only they should attempt 58. Per avia : in the sense of per inac- nothing more, dggcre : in the sense of cessa loca. Avia : of a priv. and via. munimentis. 60. Cum fremit : growls around the sheep- 44. Monstrat conferre : urges them to en- cotes. Perpessus : enduring suffering. gage hand to hand in close quarters, and 61. Super: until as far as. Ruaeussays, on equal terms, yet,&c. sub medium noclem. 48. Equitum : gen. plu. for equitibus, to 62. lilt asper : he fierce and outrageous agree with lectis. with anger, &c. Absentes : the lambs shut 49. Albis maculis : of white spots. The up in the fold, and out of his reach. Exer- prep. e vel ex is understood. cent : in the sense of emiltunt. 52. Intorquens jaculum: brandishing his 63. Scetit: in the sense offurit. Eos is javelin, he threw it into the air, as the begin- understood. ning, e. This is an allusion to the Roman 64. Rabies edcndi : a rage for eating .ENEIS. LIB. IX. 465 Maud aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuenti Ignescunt irae : et duris dolor ossibus ardet ; Qua tentet ratione aditus ; et qua via clauses Excutiat Teucros vallo, atque efTundat in aequor. Classem, quae lateri castrorum adjuncta latebat, Aggeribus septam cireum et fluvialibus undis, Invadit ; sociosque incendia poscit ovantes, Atque manum pinu flagrant! fervidus implet. Turn vero incumbunt : urget praesentia Turni, Atque omnis facibus pubes accingitur atris. Diripuere focos : piceum fert fumida lumen Ta?da, et commixtam Vulcanus ad astra favillam. Quis Deus, 6 Musae, tarn sseva incendia Teucris Avertit ? tantos ratibus quis depulit ignes ? Dicite. Prisca fides facto, sed fama perennis. Tempore, quo primum Phrygia formabat in Ida ^Eneas classem, et pelagi petere alta parabat ; Ipsa Deum fertur genitrix Berecynthia magnum 65 70 76. Et Vulcanus fert commixtam favillam ad astra. 79. Est prisca fides facto, sed fama ejus est perennis. 82. Berecynthia ipsa genitrix Deum fertur affata esse magnum Jo- vem NOTES. hunger. Edendi: in the sense of cibi. Fa- ligat: urges him on. Ruseus says, vexat. SicccB : dry thirsting for blood. 65. Rutulo : to the Rutulian to Turnus. 66. Dolor : indignation anguish. 67. Qua ratione: in what way he may obtain access; and in what way he may dislodge the Trojans, shut up in their in- trenchments, &c. It is much better to take via in the abl. than the nominative to the verb excutiat, with Heync and Valpy. This obscures the sense, while the former renders it obvious. Ruaeus and Davidson read qua via. Heyne, quce via. 69. Adjuncta : adjoining near to. Ru- aeus says, admola, 70. Cireum septam : protected around. Ruffius says, defensam. Fluvialibus undis : by the waters of the river simply, by the river Tiber. 71. Poscit incendia : he demands flames of his joyous companions. He orders them to take fire, and assist him in burning the ships. Verbs of commanding, &c. govern two accusatives. 73. Incumbunt : they exert all their strength they spring to it earnestly. 75. Diripuere : they strip plunder the hearths. Fert : in the sense of emittit. 76. Vukanus : the god of fire, by meton. put for fire itself. Tceda : a firebrand torch. Favillam : the sparks. 78. Depulit : in the sense of avertit. 79. Prisca Jides, &c. There have been various conjectures upon the sense of this passage. Servius takes prisca in the sense of obsolete. It was once believed, but now is not ; yet the report continues, and is like- ly to be immortal. This Dr. Trapp ap- proves. Some take prisca Jides facto, sim- ply for priscwn faction, with the addition of its being believed. But to put Jides facto for factum, though with the addition of belief, is harsh and singular. Heyne takes facto, in the sense offacti, which makes the sense easier. The belief of the fact was ancient, but the report or tradition will always con- tinue. Davidson renders the words : " an- cient is the testimony of the fact, but im- mortal is its fame." Valpy says, " the fact was at first credited on good authority, but the tradition has been constant.*' 80. Tempore, quo, &c. By some critics, Virgil has been censured for this metamor- phosis of the ships of ^Eneas into sea-nymphs. Dr. Trapp has considered this matter at some length in a note upon this place. In con- clusion he says : Virgil we know was not the first who wrote of the coming of ./Ene- as into Italy : and, among other tradi- tions of his country, it is probable he found the story coined to his hand, and could not omit it without disobliging those whom it was his business to please. This appears probable, if we consider the judgment of this great poet, (wfio is not likely to be the inventor of a story which exceeds all Ovid's in improbability,) and also the hints which he gives of his own disapprobation of it. However, he does all he can to cover its absurdity, and deludes us as much as possi- ble. He invokes the muses afresh ; intro- duces it as a thing scarcely credible : it is done by the greatest of the gods at the re- quest of his mother. The story is short and elegant. But when all is said, the faulty image is not covered. Upon the whole, I am satisfied that Virgil was forced to insert it contrary to his judgment ; or that he would have erased it, had he lived to perfect the poem. Alta : sjmtia is understood. 82. Berecynthia : a name of Cybele, who 59 P. VIRGIL1I IVJAR0NIS Vocibus his affata Jovem : Da, nate, petenti, Quod tua chara parens domito te poscit Olympo. 85. Fuit in summa Pinea sylva mihi multos dilecta per annos, 85 arce pinea sylva dilecta Lucus in arce fat summit quo sacra ferebant, wmpe?\ueva IOS ' Nigranti pice trabibusque obscurus acernis. 88. Ego Iseta dedi has Has ego Dardanio juveni, cum classis ogeret, arbores Laeta dedi : nunc solicitam timor anxius urget. Solve metus, atque hoc precibus sine posse parentem, 91. Ut Ufa naves ne j^e cursu quassatae ullo, neu turbine venti cu"surnL q Mo Sa turbine Vincantur - Prosit nostris in montibus ortas. venti prsoit iis eas or- Filius huic contra, torquet qui sidera mundi : tas esse in O genitrix, qud fata vocas ? aut quid petis istis ? Mortaline manu factae immortale carinse Fas habeant ! certusque incerta pericula lustret jEneas ? cui tanta Deo permissa potestas ? 98. Ubi defunct j?m'-Im6, ubi defunctce finem, portusque tenebunt culis maris tenebunt Ausonios ; olim qusecunque evaserit undis, Dardaniumque ducem Laurentia vexerit arva; 101. Eripiam huic Mortalem eripiam formam, magnique jubebo xnortalem jEquoris esse Deas : qualis Nereia Doto Et Galatea secant spumantem pectore pontum. 104. Annuitque id ra- Dixerat : idque ratum, Stygii per flumina fratris, turn esse per flumina p er p] ce torrentes atraque voragine ripas, 108.CumirijuriaTur- Annuit v : ut totum nutu tremefecif Olympum. ni admonuit matrem ^ r g aderat promissa dies, et tempora Parca3 Cybelen depellere taedas Debita complerant ; curn Turni injuria matrem 91 95 100 105 NOTES. is said to have bean the mother of the gods. See ^n. vi. 784. 84. Olympo domilo. Jupiter had dethroned his father Saturn, and reduced all the gods to his obedience. The mention of this cir- cumstance is emphatical. For kings are most likely to grant favors on their first ac- cession to their thrones. And besides, it was peculiarly proper to be mentioned by her ; for it was by her means that he was so ad- vanced. He had been preserved by her from Saturn ; and for the undisturbed pos- session of Olympus, he was indebted to his mother. Jove could not therefore refuse her prayer. 86. Lucus : put, in apposition with pinea sylva. Ferebant : in the sense of offerebant. Sacra : sacrifices. 87. Obscurus : darkened shaded ; agree- ing with lucus. Arce. summa : mount Ida, where Cybele was peculiarly worshipped. This mountain was sacred to her. Trabibus acernis ; ash-trees. Trabs : the trunk, put by synec. for the whole tree. 88. Classis : gen. governed by egeret. 89. Urget : this is the common reading. Davidson reads angit. 90. Solve metus : dismiss my fears. Fear may be considered as a yoke in which a person is bound. Ruaeus says, expellt. Posse hoc : to obtain this by intreatiee to have sufficient influence with you to obtain, &c. 91. Ullo cursu: in any voyage course. Thirbine venti : a storm, or gale of wind. 94. Vocas : in the sense of vertis. Fata : the course order of things. Istis : for those ships. Navibus is understood. 96. Immortale fas : an immortal privilege, or right. Lustret : surmount pass through. Certus : safe secure from harm. For lus- trel, Ruseus says adibit. 100. Laurentia arva : Italy the land of Laurentum. The prep, ad is understood. 102. Doto Galatea : the names of two nymphs of the sea, the daughters of Ne- reus and Doris. See Eel. ii. 46. 104. Annuitque id ratum : he assented it should be granted he bowed his head as a sign that it was granted to her. The gods were wont to swear by the infernal rivers, particularly by Styx ; and if they did not perform, they lost their divinity for an hun- dred years. See Geor. iii. 551. 105. Torrentes : in the sense ofjftuentes. Cybele had requested of Jove, that the ships of ^neas should not, under any cir- cumstance, be overcome or destroyed. He intimates this to be a singular request. Could ships built by mortal hands, enjoy the privilege of immortality ? was it certain, that ^Eneas would escape the dangers of his long- and perilous voyage ? what she de- manded was out of his power to grant un- conditionally. But if any of them should -ENEIS. LIB. IX. 4H7 Admonuit sacris ratibus depellere taedas. Hie primuin nova lux oculis effulsit, et ingens 110 Visus ab Aurora coelurn transcurrere nimbus, Idseique chori : turn vox horrenda per auras Excidit, et Troiim Rutulorumque agmina complet : Ne trepidate rneas, Teucri, defendere naves, Neve armate manus : maria ante exurere Turno 115 Quam sacras dabitur pihus. Vos ite solutae, Ite, Deae pelagi : genitrix jubet. Et sua quaeque Continue puppes abrumpunt vincula ripis ; Delphinumque modo demersis aequora rostris Ima petunt. Hinc virgineaB, mirabile menstrum ! 120 Reddunt se totidem facies, pontoque feruntur, Quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prorae. Obstupuere animis Rutuli : conterritus ipse Turbatis Messapus equis : cunctatur et amnis Rauca sonans ; revocatque pedem Tiberinus ab alto. At non audaci cessit fiducia Turno. 126 Ultro animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultro : Trojanos haec monstra petunt : his Jupiter ipse Auxilium solitum eripuit : non tela, nee ignes Expectant Rutulos. Ergo maria invia Teucris, 130 Nee spes ulla fugae : rerum pars altera adempta est : Terra autem in manibus nostris : tot millia gentes Arma ferunt Italae. Nil me fatalia terrent, Si qua Phryges prae se jactant, responsa Deorum. Sat fatis Venerique datum, tetigere quod arva 135 Fertilis Ausoniae Tree's. Sunt et mea contra 1 12. Idaeique chori simul : turn 115. Dabitur Turno exurere maria ante- quam has sacras pinus 116. Genitrix Deorum jubet id. 120. Hinc totidem vir- gineae facies 130. Ergo maria sunt invia 133. Fatalia responsa Deorum, si qua Phryges jactant prse se 136. Et sunt mihi mea fata contra ilia, nempe exscindere NOTES. escape the dangers of the sea, and arrive safe .in Italy, he would grant to such, to become nymphs of the sea. This he pro- mises in the most solemn manner, and rati- fies it by (!ne usual oath. 109. Tozdas : in the sense offlammas. 110. Hie primum, tu. These words are to be taken absolutely. Things being favor- ably begun. This is the sense given by ENE1S. LIB. l\. Procurate, viri ; et pugnam sperate parati. Interea vigilum excubiis obsidere portas, Cura datur Messapo, et moenia cingere flammis. 160 Bis septem Rutuli, muros qui milite servent, Delecti : ast illos centeni quemque sequuntur, Purpurei cristis juvenes, auroque corusci. Discurrunt, variantque vices, fusique per herbam Indulgent vino, et vertunt crateras ahenos. 165 Collucent ignes : noctem custodia ducit Insomnem ludo. Haec super e vallo prospectant Troes, et armis Alta tenent ; nee non trepidi formidine portas Explorant, pontesque et propugnaeula jungunt : 170 Tela gerunt. Instant Mnestheus acerque Serestus : Quos pater jEneas, si quando adversa vocarent, Rectores juvenum, et rerum dedit esse magistros. Omnis per muros legio sortita periclum Excubat, exercetque vices, quod cuique tuendum est. 158. O viri, laeti pro- curate corpora 162. Ast centeni juve- nes purpurei cristis 172. Quos pater /Eneas dedit esse rectores juve- num, et magistros rerum 175. Exercetque vices Nisus erat portas custos, acerrimus armis, Hyrtacides ; comitem JEneae quern miserat Ida Venatrix, jaculo celerem levibusque sagittis : Et juxta comes Euryalus, quo pulchrior alter Non fuit jEneadum, Trojana irec induit arma ; Ora puer prima signans intonsa juventa. His arnor unus erat, pariterque in bella ruebant : Tune quoque communi portam statione tenebant. Nisus ait : Di-ne hunc ardorem mentibus addunt, 176 *l uoa d id, quod est cui- que tuendum. 179. Et juxta ewn 1 80 cornes Euryalus, quo NOTES. Davidson and Ruaeus. Or the meaning may be : prepare yourselves for noble exploits, on the morrow. 158. Procurate : refresh invigorate. Spe- rate : in the sense of expectate. 159. Excubiis vigilum : simply, with sen- tinels or guards. Obsidere : to besiege the gates of the Trojan camp to block up, &c. 160. Cingere m&nia : to encompass their walls with "fires to give them light in the night, lest the enemy should sally out upon them unobserved ; or in despair, leave their city. 162. Sequuntur illos quemque : follow them every one. Quisque is a distributive pronoun. Delecti : fourteen Rutulians were chosen to superintend the watch, and see tfiat due at- tention was paid, and each one performed his duty. Milite : with soldiers ; the same as militibus. The guard amounted then to fourteen hundred men. 164. Variant vices : they shift, or change their tours of duty. They stand guard by turns. 169. Alta : the high places oi* the walls. Loca or spatia is understood. 170. Jungunt, Arc. The same as jungunt propugnaeula cum pontibus. They laid bridges from one bulwark or tower to ano- ther, for the purpose of ready and easy com- munication. They connected their towers or ramparts together by means of bridges. 172. Adversa : in the sense of res adversoe. Vocarent: should require demand. 173. Dedit: appointed. 175. Exercet vices : they perform their watch in turns. Exercet: in the sense of variat. Tuendum : to be attended to per- formed done. 176. Nisus erat, &c. Here the poet be- gins his celebrated episode of the friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. He had in the fourth book considered the force of love. Here he gives us a specimen of his skill in the power of friendship ; and never was any thing more artfully disposed, more noble, more moving, and pathetic, than this piece. It is introduced without any formal intro- duction. He was speaking of the several posts that were to be defended; and amonsj the rest, was one committed to the care of these two friends. 177. Ida : either the mother of Nisus : or mount Ida, which is sometimes called vnuitrix, because it abounded in game, and was frequented by hunters. Hyrtacidts : a noun patronymic, from Hyrtacus,thc father of Nisus. 181. Intonsa ora: his beardless face un- shaven face. 182. Bella : in the sense of pugnam. 470 P.VIRGILII MARONIS 185. An sua dira cu- Euryale ? an sua cuique Deus fit dira cupido ? 185 Aufpugnam, aut aliquid jamdudum invadere magnum Mens agitat mihi ; nee placida contenta quiete est. Cernis, quas Rutulos habeat fiducia rerum : Lumina rara micant : somno vinoque soluti Procubuere : silent late loca. Percipe porrd 190 Quid dubitem, et quae nunc animo sententia surgat. jEneam acciri omnes, populusque, patresque, Exposcunt ; mittique viros, qui certa reportent. Si tibi, quae posco, promittunt ; nam mihi facti Fama sat est ; tumuio videor reperire sub illo 195 196. Videorwu/w posse Posse viam ad muros et mcenia Pallantea. Ub 1U Obstu P uit magno laudum perculsus amore Euryalus, simul his ardentem affatur amicum : 199. Nise, fugisne ad- Me-ne igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, jungere me socium tibi Nise, fugis ? solum te in tanta pericula mittam ? 200 in 2oT m ^feS US? enitor Non ita me g enitor bellis assuetus Opheltes Opheltes assuetuf hems Argolicum terrorem inter Trojaeque labores non sic erudiit me sub- Sublatum erudiit : nee tecum talia gessi, latum Magnanimum ^Enean et fata extrema secutus. 205. Hie est, hie est Est hie, est animus, lucis contemptor ; et istum 205 animus, contemptor lu- Qui vita, bene credat emi, quo tendis, honorem. as, et qui credat istum Nisug ad hjBC Equidenl de te nil tale ver ebar ; honorem, quo tendis, -^ f ., . bene emi vita ipsn. ^ ec * as : non * * ta me re f era t tibi magnus ovantem 209. Quicunque Dem Jupiter, aut quicunque oculis hsec aspicit aequis. aspicit Sed si quis (quae rnulta vides discriminje tali) 210 Si quis in adversuin rapiat casusve Deusve, Te superesse velim : tua vita, dignior aetas. NOTES. 185. Dira : great, vehement, or ardent. 203. Sublatum, This alludes to the Ro- Ruseus says, ardens. man custom of laying down the child naked 187. Agitat: urges impels. Mihi: in upon the ground as soon as born, that the the sense of men. father might take it up, in token of his own- 189. Rara : here and there few. Mi- ing it for his own child. Heyrie says, natum cant : in the sense of splendent. et educatum. Nee gessi : nor have I perform- 190. Percipe quid dubitem: hear what I ed such actions in your company, that you am meditating, and what, &c. This first should now refuse me as your companion speech is noble and disinterested. Nisus com- and partner in your hazardous enterprise ; municates his purposes to his friend; who nor have I acted so cowardly, &c. is struck with the proposal, and takes it ill, 205. Est hie, &c. These two lines are that he should think of excluding him from extremely fine. Nisus replies to them in a a share of the danger and glory of the en- spe ech extremely pathetic. He declines the terpnse. Dubitem : in the sense ofmediter. company of Euryalus, chiefly on account of 193. Certa : the truth true things. the dangers of the undertaking, his youth 195. Fama : the glory of the deed, &c. an d inexperience ; and his being more wor- 196. Mania Pallantea: the city of Evan- thy of a long life. The whole is greatly d er - heightened by the mention of his aged mo- 197. Laudum : in the sense of glories. ther. Hie est, est animus : here is, here is a. 199. Rebus : enterprises undertakings. sou l, a despiser of life ; and which, &c. Lw- 200. Fugit : refusereject. eit . in the sense of vit(K . 202. Inter labores Trojce. This intimates nnf . ^ ^ J ,. ,-., i i. that he was about seventeen years of age. 206 ' ^ uo tendis : whlther ~ to wluch y u For ^Eneas' wanderings had continued aspire, or aim at. seven years, and the Trojan war ten years. 21 - Tali ditcrimine : in such a hazar- This made him just the age when youth dous enterprise, as he had in contempla' among the Romans began to bear arms. It 211. Adversum: a sub. in the sense of also agrees with what is said verse 181, su- periculum. Rapiat me : hurry me carry me, pra, of his just beginning to have a beard, &c. J3NEIS. LIB. IX. 471 Sit, qui me raptum pugna, pretiove redemptum, 213. Sit aliqui*, qui Mandet humo solitfc ; aut, si qua id fortuna vetabit, mandet me solita humo Absenti ferat inferias, decoretque sepulchro. 215 Neu matri miser tanti sim causa doloris : Quae te sola, puer, multis e matribus ausa, Persequitur ; magni nee raoenia curat Acestae. Ille autem : Causas nequicquam nectis inanes ; 219. Autem ille Eury- Nec mea jam mutata loco sententia cedit. 220 alus Acceleremus, ait. Vigiles siirnl excitat : illi Succedunt, servantque vices : statione relicta, Jpse comes Niso graditur, regemque requirunt. Caetera per terras omnes animalia somno Laxabant curas, et corda oblita laborum. 225 Ductores Teucrum primi, et delecta juventus, Consilium summis regni de rebus habebant : Quid facerent, quisve jEneas jam nuntius esset. - Stant longis adnixi hastis, et scuta tenentes, Castrorum et campi medio. Turn Nisus, et una 230 Euryalus, confestim alacres admittier orant : Rem magnam, pretiumque morae fore. Primus lulus c wn/ r< Accepit trepidos, ac Nisum dicere jussit. Tune sic Hyrtacides : Audite, 6, mentibus aequis, -dEneadas ; neve haec nostris spectentur ab annis, 235 Quae ferimus. Rutuli somno vinoque sepulti Conticuere : locum insidiis conspeximus ipsi, Qui patet in bivio portae, quae proxima ponto. Interrupt ignes, aterque ad sidera fumus Erigitur. Si fortuna permittitis uti, 240 NOTES. 213. Sit qui mandet : may there be some 224. Catera animalia, &c. This is very one who will commit me to the solitary expressive, and greatly heightens the image, earth, snatched from the field of battle, or At this time, when all nature was silent, and redeemed with money, &c. enjoying repose, the Trojan chiefs were as- 215. Ferat : or may perform the funeral sembled in council upon the state of their rites to me absent, and honor me with an affairs. At this moment, they are surprised empty tomb. It was usual among the Ro- by Nisus and Euryalus, who demand to be mans, when the corpse could not be obtain- admitted. ed, to perform the same funeral rites, as if 227. Regni : government state, it were present. The tomb was said to be 231. Admittier : by paragoge, for ad- empty, because the corpse was not there, milti. Of such a burial, Nisu* here speaks. 232. Pretium rnor : in the forked ways for the sake of her son. of the gate where the way before the gate 219. Causat : pretexts excuses. divides into two paths. 221. Excitat vigiles : at the same time, he 239. Ignes interrupt i : the fires are dying wakes the watch those who were to keep away ; or, only here and there one is burn- watch in turn. i n ^, the rest having gone out. 223. Regem: Ascanius here is intended, 240. Uti :<> embrace this oppox- as being a prince and heir to the crown. t unity. 472 P. VIRtllLIl MARONIS 241. Si permittitis nos Quaesitum ./Enean ad moenia Pallantea, uti hdc fortuna, vos cer- Mox hic cum spo iii s i n r e nti csedo peracta. netis jEnean quaesitum Axr *.- TVT x- n- A a no& ad moenia Pal- Affore cernetis. INec nos via fallit euntes : lantea, mox affore hic Vidimus obscuris primam sub vallibus urbeni Venatu assiduo, et totum cognovimus amnem. 245 Hic annis gravis, atque animi maturus Alethes : Di patrii, quorum semper sub numine Troja est, Non tamen omnino Teucros delere paratis, Cum tales animos juvenum, et tarn certa tulistis 249 Pectora. Sic memorans, humeros dextrasque tenebat Amborum, et vultum lachrymis atque ora rigabat. 252. Qu*, qujB digna ^ U8e vobis > viri > P ro talibus au sis prsemia rear posse solvi Praemia posse rear solvi ? pulcherrima primum vobis, O viri, pro Di, moresque dabunt vestri : turn caetera reddet Actutum pius ^Eneas, atque integer sevi 255 256. Non unquam Ascanius, merit! tanti non immemor unquam. futurus immeaaor tanti Immo ego vos, cui sola salus genitore reducto. me 257 Ascanius cui Exci P ie Ascanius, per magnos, Nise, Penates, sola saiuses/m genitore Assaracique Larem, et canae penetralia Vestae, reducto, excipit ; immo Obtestor ; quaecunque mihi fortuna fidesque est, 260 ego obtestor vos, O Nise In vestris pono gremiis ; revocate parentem, 262. Nihil erit triste Reddite conspectum : nihil illo triste recepto. nobis illo recepto. g ma rfabo argento perfecta, atque aspera signis Pocula, devicta genitor quae cepit Arisba ; , Et tripodas geminos, auri duo magna talenta ; 265 '" Cratera antiquum, quern dat Sidonia Dido. Si vero capere Italiam, sceptrisque potiri, 268. Si vero contige- Contigerit victori, et prsedae ducere sortem : rit mihi victori Vidisti quo Turnus equo, quibus ibat in armis, Aureus ? ipsum ilium clypeum cristasque rubentes 270 Excipiam sorti : jam nunc tua praemia, Nise. NOTES. 242.- Pemctd : made done. 258. Excipit : in the sense of incipil. 244. Primam urbem : the front of the 259. Larem Assaraci. This was the tute- houses, or the skirts of the city Pallanteum. lar deity or guardian god of Assaracus and Perhaps, simply, the suburbs of the city. his family. Vesta was the goddess that 246. Animi: understanding judgment. presided over the inextinguishable fire. She 247. JVwmme : in the sense of polestate. was called cana, hoary, or aged, because 248. JVbn tamen, &c. The word tamen she was the most ancient of all the goddess- shows that there is an ellipsis here of licet es, and deemed the mother of all the living 1 . ad tempus irascamini, or of some others of 263. Signis : figures carved work. the like import : ye were angry with us for 264. Arisba devicta. Most interpreters a time, yet ye determine not to destroy, &c. understand by this that Arisba was taken 249. Tulistis : ye have produced or by the Trojans. But Catrou thinks it was granted. Pectora : courage resolution. one of those cities taken by the Greeks in 252. Talibus ausis : for such an enter- the first nine years of the war ; and that prise, or bold undertaking. Heyne reads, these cups were saved by jEneas from the istis laudibus and Valpy after him. The hands of the Greeks, when they plundered common reading is talibus ausis. the tovn. Pliny informs us that Arisba was 253. Pulcherrima : in the sense of optima, a city of Troas, and part of the kingdom of 254. Mores vestri: your virtues. Cater a: Priam. pramia is understood. 267. Sceptris : in the sense of imperio vel 255. Integer otvi. Dr. Trapp thinks this regno, by meton. refers to the future manhood of Ascanius. ^268. Ducere. sortem : to draw lots for the This, too, is the opinion of the Variorum booty to divide the booty by lot. edition. Others take it for the present state 271. Excipiam: I will exempt from the of his youth mature in age, lot I will reserve. -&NEIS. LIB. IX. r/a 274. Insuper his, ge- tor dabit -id campi quod 275. Vero accipio te, venerande puer. Praeterea bis sex genitor lectissima matrum Corpora, captivosque dabit, suaque omnibus arma : Insuper his, campi quod rex habet ipse Latinus. Te vero, mea quern spatiis propioribus aetas Insequitur, venerande puer, jam pectore toto Accipio, et comitem casus complector in omnes. Nulla meis sine te quaeretur gloria rebus : Sen pacem, seu bella geram, tibi maxima reruni Verborumque fides. Contra quern talia fatur Euryalus : Me riulla dies tarn ibrtibus ausis Dissimilem arguerit ; tantum fortuna secunda, Haud adversa cadat. Sed te super omnia dona Unum oro : genitrix Priami de gente vetusta Est mihi, quam miseram tenuit non Ilia tellus Mecum excedentem, non moenia regis Acestae. Hanc ego nunc ignaram hujus quodcunque pericli est, Ilia i Inque salutatam linquo : nox, et tua testis 288. Nox, et tua dex- Dextera, quod nequeam lachrymas perferre parentis. tra sunt testis, quod At tu, oro, solare inopem, et succurre relictae. 290 Hanc sine me spem ferre tui : audentior ibo In casus omnes. Percussa mente dederunt Dardanidae lachrymas ; ante omnes pulcher lulus ; Atque animum patriae strinxit pietatis imago. Turn sic effatur : 295 Spondeo digna tuis ingentibus omnia. cceptis. Namque erit ista mihi genitrix, nomenque Creiisa; Solum defuerit : nee partum gratia talem 280 285 285. Quam miseram excedentem mecum non ' NOTES. 272. Bis sex lectissima corpora : twelve most choice matrons, and as many captives of men, &c. Sua : in the sense ofpropria : it should be taken after arma. The arms peculiar to (that belonged to) them all. Cor- pora matrum : simply, matrons women. 274. Insuper his : in addition to these beside these. Some copies have insuper, id campi quod, &c. The sense will be the same either way. We are not to understand the kingdom of Latinus ; but his own private lands and possessions. 275. Propioribus spatiis. By this we are to understand that Ascanius and Euryalus were nearly of the same age. Davidson renders the words : " in the nearer stao-es of life." 280. Co-nlra : in the sense of ad. 282. drguerit : shall show me unequal to. Ruaeus says, ostendet degenerem. Tantum fortuna secunda : only let fortune fall pros- perous, and not adverse. This is the read- ing of Heinsius, Ruseus, and Davidson. Ileyne reads, tantum : fortuna, secunda aut adversa, cadat, which scarcely makes sense. The pointing, too, tends to obscure it. Val- py, who follows Heyne, sensible of the diffi- 'culty attending this reading, conjectures the passage was left !>y the poet, in an unfinish- ed state. 283. Super : above more itian. 284. Genitrix- &c. The meaning is, that neither the land of Troy, nor the city of Acestes, could prevent or induce his mother from following the fortunes of her son through all dangers. This reply of Eury- alus is very pathetic. It speaks a dutiful and affectionate son. 286. Excedentem : from going with me from accompanying me in all our dangers. 288. Inque salutatam : this is for insalu tatamque, by tmesis : not bidden farewell. Nox et tua dextera, &c. This picture of filial piety is admirably drawn. 290. Relictcz: bereaved disconsolate. 292. Dederunt : in the sense of effudc- runt. Percussa. This is the reading of Heyne. Some copies have perculsa, from the verb percello. The sense is the same with either. 294. Imago patrice pitctalis, c. The Tro- jans were moved at this image, or pattern of piety toward a parent ; but in an especial manner it touched the heart of young Asca- nius ; who consoles the anxious youth, as- suring him that his mother should not want a friend while he had life that he would immediately take her for his mother, and load her with honors. 299. Manet: await? i* duo, Pn>- f',0 471 p. V1RG1L1I MARONiS 1'arva manet. Casus factum quicunque sequetur, Per caput hoc juro, per quod pater ante solebat : 300 Qua; tibi polliceor reduci, rebusque secundis, Hajc eadem matrique tuce generique manebunt. Sic ait illachrymans : humero simul exuit ensem Auratum, mira quern fecerat arte Lycaon Gnossius, atque habilem vagina aptiirat eburna. 305 Dat Niso Mnestheus pellcm horrentisque leonis Exuvias : galeam fidus permutat Alethes. ->OB.Qu(>seuntcsom-p rot j nus armati incedunt ; quos omnis euntes juvenurmlue se^umqu^ Primorum manus ad P ortas juvenumque seoumquc prosequitur Prosequitur votis : necnon et pulcher lulus, Ante aiinos animumque gerens curamque virilem. Multa patri portanda dabat mandata : sed auras Omnia discerpunt, et nubibus irrita donant. Egressi superant fossas, noctisquc per umbram Castra inimica petunt ; rnultis tainen ante futuri 315 Exitio. Passim vino somnoque per herbam Corpora fusa vident ; arrectos litore curnis ; Inter lora rotasque viros, simul arma, jaccre, Vina simul. Prior Hyrtacides sic ore locutus : Euryale, audendum dextra ; nunc ipsa vocat res. 320. Aliquid widen- Hftc iter est . tu ne manus se atto n ere no bi s 320 dum est dextra . , T A tergo possit, custodi, et consule longe. [ Hacc ego vasta dabo, -et lato te limite ducam. 323. Ego dabo hftc Sic memorat, vocemque premit : simul cnse superbum Rhamnetem aggreditur ; qui, forte tapetibus altis Extructus, toto proflabat pectore somnum ; Rex idem, et regi Turno gratissimus augur : Sed non augurio potuit depellere pestem. 32U Jnxta urn pre- T res j uxt ^ famulos temere inter tela jacentes, mit tres famulos jaceri- Armigerumque Remi premit,- aurigamque sub ipsis IPS Nactus equis ; ferroque secat pendentia colla. 331 NOTES. the bringing forth such a son bearing such 311. Ante annos: above his years moro a son. Ruaeus says: nee levis favor debetur than could be expected considering his ago. ipsi,qiibdpeperittale.mjilium. 313. Sed aura: but the winds disperse 300. Juro per hoc caput, &c. The head them all, and give them unavailing to the was considered by the ancients as some- clouds. This is a beautiful metaphor. By tiling sacred, and they were wont to swear this the poet intimates they were to die be- by it. Ascanius, therefore, swears by his fore they reached .Eneas, and be lost entire' head : which ^Encas had done on several ly. Discerpunt : in the sense of dissipant. occasions before. 315. Ante : not before they reached the 301. Rebusque secundis: and the enter- camp of the enemy, but before they were prise being successful ; namely, his journey slain themselves. Futuri : to bo for a des~ to ^neas. truction to many, before they were slain. 302. Generi.: Rureus says,/am*Ziw. 317. Currus arreclos : their chariots turn- 303. Illachrymans : weeping abundantly, ed up, as when laid aside from use. Theiv Of m, intensivum, and lachrymans. poles or tongues were standing erect. 304. Lycaon. He was a famous artificer 318. Vina: wine; by mcton. for the ves- of Gnossus, a city of Crete, where arms were sels containing it. curiously made. Arte: art skill. 322. Tu custodi, et : watch thou, and ob- &&.' Aptarat habilem : had fitted it exact serve at a distance, that no hand, &c. Here with, &c. vasta : ana. vcl loca is understood : those, 300. Horrcnlis : rough shaggy. fields laid waste. 309. Primorum : gen. of prinmres no- 328. Peslem : in the sense of mortem. i>Js rhief rae.n. TX> Prnnif : ho ki!' Turn eapLl ip,si aui'ert domino, truncumquc relinquu Sanguine sirigultantem : atro tepefacta cruore Terra torique madent. Nee non Lamyrumque Lamum- 334. Nee noii occidti que Lamyrumque Et juvenem Scrranum ; ilia qui plurima nocte 335 Luserat, insignis facie, multoque jacebat 336 - Jacebatque vic- Membra Deo victus : felix, si protmus ilium tus V* memhra JEquasset nocti ludum, in lucemque tulisset. Impastus ceii plena leo per ovilia turbans, Suadet enim vesana fames, manditque trahitque 340 Molle pecus, mutumque meta,: frcmit ore cruento. Nee minor Euryali credes : incensus et ipse Perfurit ; ae muitam in medio sine nomine plebem, 340. Ac subit muitam Fadumque Hebesumque subit, Rhcstumque Abarimque plebem sine nomine in Jgnaros; Rhretuni vigilantem, et cuncta videntem ; 345 ^ feed magnum metuens se post cratera tegebat : Pectore in adverse totum cui cominus enseiii 347. Cui assurgenti. Condidit assurgenti ; et multa morte recepit condidit totum ensom Purpureum : vomit ille animam, et cum sanguine mixta comimi9 Vina refert moriens. Hie furto fervidus instat. 350 Jamque ad Messapi socios tendebat, ubi ignem Deficere extremum, et religatos rite videbat Carpere gramen equos : breviter cum talia Nisus, 353. Enim sensit se ct (Sensit enim nimia caede atque cupidine ferri) socium ferri nimia ceede, Absistamus, ait : nam lux'inimica propinquat. 355 at PoBnarum exhaustum satis est : via facta per hostes. Multa virum solido argento perfecta relinquunt NOTES. Temere : carelessly at random. Promis- the sword red, or bathed in blood, having ewe, says Ruasus. effected a mortal wound. Heyne says, re- 332. Domino : their master Remus. traxit cnsem purpureum cum multo sanguine. 333. Singultantem, &c. Dr. Trapp ren- This also is the sense of RUJEUS : he says, <3ers this, iveltering in blood ; but this is not retraxit eum (ensem) post certam mortem' the meaning of singulto, which denotes the Dr. Trapp renders recipit : he receives him sound that a liquid makes when poured out (Rhcotus) with certain death. Rhoatus was of a bottle, or some vessel of a narrow neck, rising up toward Euryalus, and as it were 335. Plurima : neu.plu. taken as an adv. meeting him half-way. He buried the sword in imitation of the Greeks : very much. in his breast, and received him with certain 337. Deo multo : by much wine. See ^En. death, meaning the full and fair stroke which i. 636. By Deo, we are to understand Bac- he had at his breast. This he insists upon as chus, the god of wine, put by meton. for the true interpretation. Davidson renders wine itself. Felix si prolinus : happy if he the words : " he receives him with copious had, without intermission, equalled that death." Hcyne reads purpureum connected sport with the night if ho had continued with cnsem. The common reading is purpu- it all the night. ream, agreeing with animam : but of that it J3B. Ttdisset : in the sense of produxissel. is not easy to make sense. Valpy, RUSJUS. 339. Per ovilia turbans: Dr. Trapp thinks and Davidson, read purpuream. with Servius, that this is for perturbans, by 350. Furto : in the sence of ccedi vel sfragr : tmesis. Ceu : as a hungry lion raging any thing done in a private or secret man- among a full fold of sheep, &c. lluseus ner, may be called furtum. says, tumultuans inphnis ovilibus. 352. Religatos: in the sense of solutos. 340. Vesana : in the sense of immoderata 354. Nimia cce,de atquc cupidine: the same vel vehcmens. Trahit : in the sense of lace- as nimia cupidine cadis : with too groat n rat. Suadet : in the sense of impellit. desire of slaughter. 344. Subit: he comes to he assaults 356. Sat^s poznarum : enough, of ven- attacks. Ruaeus says, aggrcditur. Muitam geance or punishment has been taken. Ex- plebem : a promiscuous throng a great haustum : in the sense of sumptum. number. o57 Perfrfn : in the eenp of ornnfa vpl 348. Recepit purpweifw : 1e dww bark fttrln. 476 P. VIRG1L1I MARON1S Armaque, craterasque simul, pulchrosque 359. Euryalus , rapit Euryalus phaleras Rhamnetis, et aurea bullis phaleras Cingula : Tiburti Remulo ditissimus olim 360 361. Qui dona ditis^Quae mittit dona, hospitio cum jungeret absens, simus Caedicus mittit Caedicus : ille suo moriens dat habere nepoti : olim Tiburti Remulo, p t mortem bello Rutuli pugnaque potiti : cum absens mnsreret se T , ,, .. Mi Hasc rapit, atque humeris nequicquam fortibus aptat. Turn galeam Messapi habilem cristisque decoram 365 Induit. Excedunt castris, et tuta capessunt. 367. Interea tercen- Interea praemissi equites ex urbe Latinu, turn equites oranes scu- Caetera dum legio campis instructa moratur, tati, Volscente maffistro, ii m c u ibant et ferebant re- ^" ant et * urno re l re sponsa ferebant, sponsa regi Turno, prce- Tercentum, scutati omnes, Volscente magistro. missi ex Latina urbe,Jamque propinquabant castris, muroque subibant : dum Cum procul hos laevo flectentes limite ccrnunt : 872. Hos duos juvenes Ei ga]ea Euryalum su blustri noctis in umbra 374. Adversa radiis Prodidit immemorem, radiisque ad versa refulsit. CE refulsit Haud temere est visum : conclamat ab agmine Volscens, State, viri : quae causa viae ? quive estis in armis ? 376 377.im W / Me mnnen-Q uove tenetis iter? Nihil mi tendere contra : dere mhil contra ; sed j i / x- cfpperunt e " ce l erare lugam in sylvas, et ndere nocti. Objiciunt equites sese ad divortia nota Hinc atque hinc, omnemque aditum custode coronant. Sylva fuit, late dumis atque ilice nigra 381 383. Rara semita du- Horrida, quam densi complerant undique sentes : cebat ad earn sylvam Rura per occultos ducebat semita calles. NOTES. 359. Plmleras. These were certain orna- ments worn by persons of distinction among the Romans. Dr. Trapp and some others, explain this of the ornaments of Rhamnes' horse. But they, doubtless, belonged to his own person: for Euryalus put them on. Bullis : the bullce, were studs or bosses upon girdles, something like the head of a nail, and usually of gold. Cingula aurea bullis : a girdle or belt with golden bosses. 363. Post mortem : after the death of Re- mulus, &c. This is one of the thirteen passages of Virgil, which Servius considers inexplicable. The common editions have pugnaque ; but the Roman manuscript has prwdaque. The meaning appears to be this : that in a war between the Tiburtines and the Rutulians, in which the grandson of Remulus, who commanded the former, was slain, the Rutulians took from him those spoils, with the rest of the booty. David- son reads prceda. Heyne and Ruoeus read pugna. Potiti : gained the battle the vic- tory ; and consequently the booty fell into their hands. The verb sunt is understood. 364. Aptat nequicquam : he fits them to his shoulders in vain in vain, because he was so soon to be slain, and lose them. 366. Capessunt : in the sense of petunt. JLoca is understood with tuta. 368. Ccetera legio. These were the foot. A Roman legion consisted of four thousand foot, and three hundred horse. These troops were furnished by Latinus, or rather Amata, his queen. The horse, as being light troops and more expeditious in their movements, advanced, and arrived in the camp, while the infantry were on the plain advancing more slowly. 372. LKVO limite : the left-hand way, or path. See 238. supra. 373. Galea : this was the helmet of Mes- sapus, which he had put on. Immemorem : heedless unmindful of the danger he in- curred by so doing. 374. ddversa : opposite to. That part of the helmet struck by the rays of light, re- flected them to a distant object it shone. 375. Haud temere visum eat. Ruseus takes these words in the sense of nonfalso visum est nobis, referring them to Volscens. Heyne says, res animadversa est haud in vanum res non neglecta est. He makes a full stop after visum. Davidson renders the words : " Scarcely was the object seen, when Vol- scens," &c. " This passed not unobserved," says Valpy. 377. Tendere : in the sense of respondere. 379. Divortia : passes passages. 380. Coronant : in the sense of circum- dant, vel 'obsident. Heyne reads abitum. The common readirfg is aditum. 383. Kara : few dispersed here and there, secret or private ways. . LIB. L\. , 477 Euryalum tenebrss ramorum onerosaque praeda Impediunt, fallitque timor regione viarum. 385 385. Fallit eum a recta Nisus abit : jamque imprudens evaserat hostes, regione Atque lacus, qui post Albae de nomine dicti Albani : turn rex stabula alta Latinus habebat. Ut stetit, et frustra absentem repexit amicum : Euryale infelix, qua te regione reliqui ? 390 Quave sequar? Rursus perplexum iter omne revolvens Fallacis sylvae, simul et vestigia retro Observata legit, dumisque silentibus errat : Audit equos, audit strepitus, et sign a sequentum. 394 Nee longum in medio tempus, cum clamor ad aures 395. Nee longum tern - Pervenit, ac videt Euryalum ; quern jam manus omnis, P us intervenit in medio Fraude loci et noctis, subito turbante tumultu, Oppressum rapit, et coriantem plurima frustra. Quid faciat ? qu vi juvenem, quibus audeat armis Eripere 1 an sese medios moriturus*in hostes 400 Inferat, et pulchram properet per vulnera mortem ? Ocyus adducto torquens hastile lacerto, Suspiciens altam Lunam, sic voce precatur : Tu, Dea, tu praesens nostro succurre labori, 404. Tu, O Latonia Astrorum decus, et nemorum Latonia custos : 405 Dea ' tu pnusens succur- Si qua tuis unquam pro me pater Hyrtacus aris ^ g no1 labori ' tu de ' Dona tulit ; si qua ipse meis venatibus auxi, Suspendi-ve tholo, aut sacra ad fastigia fixi : 408. Suspendi-ve ali- Hunc sine me turbare globum, et rege tela per auras. 1 ua dona tn l Dixerat : et toto connixus corpore ferrum 410 Conjicit. Hasta volans noctis diverberat umbras, Et venit adversi in tergum Sulmonis ; ibique NOTES. 384. Onerosa : in the sense of gravis. 398. Oppressum : in the sense of inter- 386. Imprudens : regardless of his friend ceplum, vel tradilum. not aware of his being behind. 400. Eripere : rescue free. 387. Lacus. This is the reading of Heyne 403. Altam Lunam. Diana on the earth, and Davidson. But Ruaeus reads locos, and is Luna in heaven, and Hecate in hell. She thinks it to be the true reading. For, says is called Latonia from Laiona, the name of he, the lake Albanus was at least four her mother. leagues distant. Beside, it was about the 404. Succurre : in the sense offave. middle of the night, when Nisus and his 407. Si qua : dona is to be supplied, friend left the Trojan camp. He could not Auxi : have increased added any offering have had time to do so much, to go that dis- to those made by my father, tance, and return in search of his friend : 408. T/tolo : tholus was the middle, and and all this in the space of half a summer's highest part of the arched roof of the temple, night. For this reason, he prefers locos, and from which the spoils of war used to be sus- explains it of the Alban territory, which pcnded. might extend as far as the place where he 409. Hunc globum : this company of men. then was. 412. Adversi. Adversus signifies right 191. Revolvens : in the sense of remeliens. against, or opposite, without regarding 393. Legit vestigia : he follows, or traces whether the face or back be turned to his steps^ &c. the object. This passage, Servius reckons 397. Fraude loci / noctis: through the among his thirteen inexplicables. The mean- treachery of the place, and of the night, ing is plainly this : the spear entered his The poet represents the place and night as back and reached to his breast, which it two traitors, to whom Euryalus had com- might very well do, though it were broken mitted his safety, and they betrayed him. (frangitur) from the wood. Adversi. This Subito tumultu turbetntt : in a sudden tumul- is the common reading. Heyne reads avtrti, tuous bustle there being a sudden, &c. Rueens says, oppositi. 478 1VVIRGILII MARONiS Frangitur, ac fisso transit prsecordia iigiio. Volvitur ille, vomens calidum de pectore flumen, Frigidus. et longis singultibus ilia pulsat. 415 416. Ecce idem acrior Diversi circumspiciunt. Hoc acrior idem Ecce aliud summa telum librabat ab aure ; Dum trepidant. lit hasta Tago per tempus utrumquo Stridens, trajectoque haesit tepeiacta cerebro. Srevit atrox Volscens, nee teli conspicit usquam 420 Auctorem ; nee quo se ardens immittere possit. Tu tamen interea calido rnihi sanguine prerias Persolves arnborum, inquit. Simul ense recluso Ibat in Euryalum. Tune vero cxterritus, amens Conclamat Nisus ; nee se celare tenebris 42.") Amplius, aut tantum potuit perferre dolorcm : adsum quiTcUd/ O Me me 5 adum, qui feci ; in me convertite ferrurn, Rutuli, convertite fer- O Rutuli ! mea fraus omnis. Nihil iste, nee ausus ; rum in me: omnis fraus Nee potuit ; coelum*hoc, et conscia sidera testor : Iste fecit mini, Tantum intblicem nimium dilexit amicum. 430 trit fa%* CSt; necp "Talia dicta dabat : sed viribus ensis adaetus Transabiit costas, et Candida pectora rumpit. Volvitur Euryalus leto, pulclirosque per artus It cruor, inque humeros cervix collapsa recumbit. Purpureus veluti cum flos, succisus aratro, 435 Languescit moriens ; lassove papavera collo Demisere caput, pluvia cum forte gravantur. At Nisus ruit in medios, solumque per omnes Volscentem petit : in solo Volscente moratur ; Quern circum glomerati hostes hinc cominus atque hinc Proturbant. Instat non segnius, ac rotat ensein 441 Fulrnineum, donee Rutuli clamantis in ore Condidit adverso, et moriens animarn abstulit hosti. Turn super cxanimem sese projecit amicum Confossus, placidaque ibi demum morte quicvit. 445 NOTES. 413. Fisso iigno. Fissus here must be Hans, although they were Latins. The taken in the sense of fractus ; unless we former were the principals in the war. suppose the wood might be broken, and 431 Dabat . in the scnse of dixiti Ensis . split and shattered withal; and this split the sword of Volscens. and shattered part to pass through his prce- cordia. This appears to be the opinion of 432 Rum P^ : pierces lays open. Dr. Trapp. 435. It : in the sense ofjlyit. 414. Volvitur: in the sense of cadit. Flu- 437. Languescit: withers. This is a most men : for sanguinem. beautiful comparison. 416. Diversi: they look about them i* 439. Moratur. Ruoeus says, defigit oculos different directions. Idem : namely, Nisus. in, &c. " Persists in his attack upon Vol- 418. Tago : to Tagus. The dat. is fre- scens," says Valpy. quently used in the sense of the gen., espe- 440. Circum quern, kc. The enemy ga- oially among the poets. The spear pierced thered around Nisus to keep him off, and both his temples. prevent him from doing any mischief to 419. Tepefacta : warmed by its rapid mo- them, wishing to take him a prisoner, rather tion through the air. than kill him. 421. Jluctorcm: the owner of the weapon 441. Segnius. Heyne reads secius. The the one who threw it. common reading is segnius. 424. Ibat : in the sense of irruebat. 442. Fulmineum. This is very expressive. 427. JHe, me, &c. This abrupt exclama- It denotes the rapid motion of the sword, tion admirably marks the perturbation and and the force with which it was driven, as disorder of his mind. He calls them Hutu* well as its glittering. Rotat : brandishes. ^ENEIS. LIB. IX, Fortuuaii ambo ! si quid mea carmitia possunt. Nulla dies unquam mernori vos eximet JEVO ; Dum domus JEriea3 Capitoli immobile saxuni Accolet, imperiumque pater Romanus habebit. Victores praeda Rutuli spoliisque potiti, Volscentem exanimem flentes in castra ferebant. Nee minor in castris luctus, Rhamnete reperto Exsanguf, et primis una tot caede peremptis, Serranoque, Numaque. Ingens concursus ad ipsa Corpora, seminecesque viros, tepidaque recentem Caede locum, et plenos spumanti sanguine rivos. Agnoscunt spolia inter se, galeamque nitentem Messapi, et multo phaleras sudore receptas. Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile : Jam Sole infuso, jam rebus luce retectis, Turnus in arma viros, armis circumdatus ipse, Suscitat ; asratasque acies in praslia cogit Quisque suas, variisque acuunt rumoribus iras. Quin ipsa arrectis, visu miserabile ! in hastis Praefigunt capita, et multo clamore sequuntur, Euryali et Nisi. 450 452. Nee fuit minor luctus in castris Rtsiu- lorum 455 459. Et jam prima 4g0 Aurora, linquens ero* ceum cubile 464. Quisque dux co- 465 ** suas 465. Quin praefigunt, ipsa capita Euryali et Nisi in arrectis hastis NOTES. 447. Nulla dies : no length of time shall ever erase you from mindful posterity. This is the meaning of memori ozvo. 448. Immobile saxum. This implies that the foundation of the Roman empire was to be as fixed and lasting as the Capitoline mount, on which the city was built. After the time of Tarquinius Priscus, the Romans were of opinion that their empire would be- come universal, and have no end. Some explain domus JEnece, of the family of Au- gustus ; which Virgil deduces from ^Eneas. But it may with propriety be taken for the Romans in general. Heyne says, Julia gens : the Julian family. 449. Pater Romanus. Ruoeus thinks Ro- mulus is meant, he being the founder of Rome. Davidson thinks Pater here means prince, as kings are often called the fathers of their people. Paler Romanus, then will mean a Roman prince, or sovereign. Heyne understands, by Pater Romanus, Jupiter Capitolinus ; 10 whom a famous temple was built upon the Capitoline mount. This story of Nisus and Euryaius makes a very con- siderable part of this book, and a very in- teresting part too. It is nevertheless liable to objection on the ground of probability. It is difficult to conceive that a whole army should be asleep, and their sentinels among the rest, when it was their business to see that the Trojans were kept close. It is said one was awake indeed ; but he gave no alarm. Besides, we might suppose that they would have considered themselves sufficient- . to be aMo to my? the can of the enemy in safety, without attempting any thing. But poetry delights hi the won- derful and marvellous. 453. Primis : chief men nobles. 455. Tepida cade. Davidson reads tept- dum, agreeing with locum. Heyne reads tepida. So also Ruseus, and others. The Roman manuscript has tepidum. The sense is the same with either. RUBBUS interprets the words : ad locum tepefaclum recenti strage, 456. Rivos plenos, &c. Dr. Trapp thinks, that no more is meant than streams of blood upon the ground : rivos spumantis san- guinis. It is difficult to imagine that two men, in so short a space, could spill so much blood as to justify the hyperbole, that the rivers were filled and foamed with blood. Beside, there was only one river, and that one not very near. Heyne is of the same opinion with Dr. Trapp. 458. Sudore : in the sense of labore. Pha- leras. These were taken from Rhamnes. See 359, supra. 461. Sole jam infuso : the sun now being ushered into the world the sun having al- ready arisen. Rebus: objects things. Re- tectis: brought to view uncovered. The world and all things therein had been wrapt up in the mantle of night. They are now disclosed and brought to view, by the rays of light. 463. Acies : troops in general. JEratas : armed with brass clad in brazen armor. 464. Rumoribus : Heyne takes Uu's in the sense of hortationibus vel vocibw. Jrns : in the sense 480 P. VIRGILI1 MARONlfe duri murorum in parte sinistra Opposuere aciem ; nam dextera cingitur amni ; Ingentesque tenent fossas, et turribus altis 470 471. Prsefixa hastis, Stant moesti ; simul ora viriirn praeiixa videbant, mmisnotaimseris*ocwN ota mm i s miseris, atroque fluentia tabo. ~3T*- TV-^" Interest pavidam volitans pennata per urbem Nuntia Fama ruit, matrisque allabitur aures Euryali : at subitus miserae calor ossa reliquit. 47i? Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa. Evolat infelix ; et, fcemineo ululatu, 478. Scissa quoad co- g c i ssa C omam, muros amens atque agmina cursu mam, amcns ^ . ., .,, . K -n * T Prima petit : non ilia virum, non ilia pencil, 480. Ilia non erat me- Telorumque memor : coelum dehinc questibus implet : mor virfim, ilia non em/ Hunc ego te, Euryale, aspicio ? tu-ne ilia senectae 481 we 7 P? ncli . Sera meaB requies ? potuisti linquere solam, 481. Tu-ne es ille/a-^, j ,. , turns sera Crudehs .' nee te, sub tanta pencula missum, 483. Nee copia data Affari extremum miserae data copia matri ? est miser matri afFari Heu ! terra ignota, canibus data prada Latinis 485 te Alitibusque, jaces ! nee te tua funera mater P roduiite e arftuaf^er e a Produxi ' P ressiv e oculos, aut vulnera lavi, Veste tegens ; tibi quam noctes festina diesque 488. Tegens tuum ca- Urgebam, et tela curas solabar aniles. daver veste, quam eg0Q uo sequar ? aut qua? nunc artus avulsaque membra, Et funus lacerum tellus habet ? hoc mihi de te, 491 festina NOTES. 469. Aciem : the army of Turnus. Cin- gitur : protected defended. 474. Nuntia: as a messenger herald. 475. Subitus : in the sense of subitb. At : this is the reading of Heyne. 476. Radii excussi : the shuttle fell from her hands, as she was weaving. Or, by the radii, we may understand a machine with spokes something like a wheel, which the women held in their hands, and on which they wound or reeled the yarn from the spin- dles, on which it was put, as it was spun. What is properly called the episode of Nisus and Euryalus, ended with the 449th verse. The lamentation of the mother of Euryalus most agreeably brings us back to the subject again, when we imagined we had done with it. Whether it be considered a part of, or a sequel to, that episode, is not material. It certainly equals, if not exceeds, any part of it ; and we are much indebted to the poet for the picture, which he has given us of maternal grief and sorrow. Scaliger was enraptured with it. Pensa: her work labor. 481. Aspicio hunc te : do I see that you ? Is that one I see you, O, Euryalus ? These broken half sentences she uttered, while she beheld his head suspended upon the spears of the Rutulians, as she stood upon the ramparts. 482. Sera requies : hi the sense of serum solatium. 484. Copia: leave opportunity. Ertre- mum. This alludes to the custom of the Romans, when they retired from the tomb, of repeating the word vale three times. 487. Produxi te tua, &c. Servius takes tua funera, for the nom. agreeing with mater. and tells us that the near relations of the dead assisted at burial, and were called Funerce. But it is better to adhere to the usual acceptation of the word. And this we may do, if we supply the prep, ad before it. Produxi may signify the laying out of the corpse for burial, or walking before it to the place of interment. This is consi- dered an intricate passage : and various have been the conjectures upon the proper construction. Heyne proposes funere, for funera: and RUEBUS informs us tno.t prohtsri has been proposed for produxi. He seems to take/7/nera, with Servius and Scaliger, in the nom. He says, nee ego mater proluli in ante cedes, ut curatrix tuifuneris. The con- struction proposed above appears the easiest. Davidson renders the words, " Nor I, thy mother, laid thee out for thy funeral obse- quies." Valpy observes, that though no va- riation from this reading has been disco- vered in any of the ancient MSS., there is probably some error. 489. Solabar : I was consoling my aged cares with the loom with weaving and preparing garments for you. 490. Sequar : in the sense of ibo. 491. Funus: in the sense off ado.vcr. ty.uc ie.lbis nvnr. -r .ENEIS. LIB. IX. 492. O nate, refers hoc caput solum mihi de te Kate, refers ? hoc sum terraque marique secuta 1 Figite me, si qua est pietas ; in me omnia tela Conjicite, 6 Rutuli ; me primam absumite ferro : Aut tu, magne pater Divum, miserere, tuoque Invisum hoc detrude caput sub Tartara telo ; Quando aliter nequeo crudelem abrumpere vitam. Hoc fletu concussi animi, moestusque per omhes It gemitus : torpent infractae ad prcelia vires. Illam incendentem luctus Idseus et Actor, Ilionei monitu et multum lachrymantis Itili, Corripiunt, interque manus sub tecta reponunt. At tuba terribilem sonitum procul aere canoro Increpuit : sequitur clamor, crelumque remugit. Accelerant acta pariter testudine Volsci, Et fossas implere parant, ac vellere vallum. Quaerunt pars aditum, et scalis ascendere muros ; Qua rara est acies, mterlucetque corona Non tarn spissa viris. Telorum effundere contra/. ' 509 - Omne genus Teucri, ac duris detrudere contis, siQcceperun Assueti longo muros defendere bello. ' Saxa quoque infesto volvebant pondere, si qua Possent tectam aciem perrumpere : cum tamen omnes Ferre juvat subter densa testudine casus. 514 514.Cumtaraenjuvat Nee jam sufficiunt : nam, qua globus imminet ingens, #^w fe oinnes Immanem Teucri molem volvuntque ruuntque, 515 j^ am qu ^ j no . ens Quas stravit Rutulos late, armorumque resolvit globus hostium 495 495. Miserere mei, de- trudeque hoc meum ca- put invisum libi 498. Animi Trojano- rum concussi sunt 500 500. Ideeus et Actor, monitu Ilionei et lull 505 Contra Teucri NOTES. 492. Secuta sum : have I followed this (capu/) over sea and land ? Have I follow- ed thee over sea and land for this to come to this ? 493. Pietas. Here pietas, doubtless, means pity, or compassion. If there be any pity in you, O Rutulians, &c. 494. Me primam. We are to suppose her speaking from the rampart, where none, as yet, had been slain. 497. j^lliier. Dr. Trapp observes, that what is here said cannot be true, unless aliter be taken in a limited sense. Being full of grief, and referring every thing to that, he thinks she refers this, also ; as if she had said : since my grief will not end my wretched life as I would have it, I de- sire either the enemy or the gods to do it. Mr. Davidson thinks she only talks some- what inconsistently, as might be expected in her state of mind ; and observes that it is not improbable she had attempted to lay violent hands upon herself, and was hindered by those about her. The crime of self-murder is of so horrid a nature, that the poet might well suppose no one could be guilty of it. She wished for death, since her son, the support and so- lace of her declining years, was taken from her. But where can she find it? Not from her friends. She had called upon the ene- my ; and now she appeals to Jove, and en- treats him to end her miserable existence ; for otherwise she could not break the cords of life. 499. Infractce: in the sense of fractcE. Torpent : fail. 505. Testudine acta: the testudo being formed. See JEn. ii. 441. 508. Qua acies est rara. The meaning is : they seek to attack the walls and fortifica- tions, where the troops are thin; and tho ranks or lines not so thick with men, but they may be seen through. Acies : proper- ly, an army drawn up in order of battle here troops in general. Corona : a body of men standing round in the form of a circle. Here, the ranks or lines of the men upon the walls, without any distinction. 510. Detrudere: to push down the enemy with, &c. 511. Longo bello. This alludes to the Trojan war, which lasted ten years. 512. Infesto : in the sense of ingenti vel magno. By their great weight, they became fatal to the enemy. 513. Tectam aciem : the protected troops those who were covered by the testudo, or target defence. 516. Molem : any large mass of matter may be called moles. Ruieus says, s quidem hoc cupiens, potis est per tela virosque. CU " Haud aliter retrd dubius Vesti 8 ia Turnus Improperata refert ; et mens exaestuat ira. Quin etiam, bis turn medios invaserat hostes ; Bis confusa fuga per muros agmina vertit. 800 Sed manus e castris propere coit omnis in unum : Nee contra vires audet Saturnia Juno e 803. Sufficere vires et Sufficere : aeriam ccelo nam Jupiter Irim contra Teucros. Demisit, germanae haud mollia jussa ferentem ; * Ni Turnus cedat Teucrorum moenibus altis. 805 806. Ergo juvenis Ergo nec clypeo juvenis subsistere tantum, valet subsistere tantum Nec dextra valet : injectis sic undique telis impetum, nec clypeo, Obruitur. Strepit assiduo cava tempora circum Tinnitu galea, et saxis solida aBra fatiscunt : 810. Jubaj sunt dis- DiscU88ffi q ue J u . bse capiti ; nec sufficit umbo 810 cuss Ictibus : ingeminant hastis et Troes, et ipse Fulmineus Mnestheus. Turn toto corpore sudor NOTES. is a bitter sarcasm. It implies that they had 794. Acerba: an adj. neu. plu. taken as already fled into their camp, and shut them- an adverb. This is common among the selves up through fear, within their in- poets. Tucns, a part, of tutor: looking trenchments. Tenditis: in the sense of fiercely. ibitis. 795. Tendere contra : to go forward. 784. Aggeribus : in the sense of muris. 798. Improperata : slow deliberate. Of 785. Ediderit : in the sense of ejfr'ecerit. in, negativum, and properatus. 787. Segnes : cowards. Iluaeus says, O, 800. Confusa : confused disordered. Ru- inertes. It is better to consider segnes, as CBUS and some others read conversa. the voc. than the ace. agreeing with vos un- 801. In unum : against him alone. CoiJ: derstood, and governed by the verbs miseret unites. Of con, and eo. and pudet. It is more animated, and more 805. JVi Turnus.' A threat is intimated in the spirit of address. or implied in the words, haud jnollia man- 788. Firmanlur : in the sense of animan- data ; which would be put in execution, lur. By these words of Mnestheus the Tro- unless Turnus retired from the Trojan walls, jans were encouraged, and rallied ; and 809. Tinnitu : ringing. Strepit : in thn again returned to the attack. sense of sonat. 790. Partem : the part of the walls which 810. Jubce : the plumes or feathers in v/as bounded t>y the liver. his helmet. These were struck from his 791. Hoc acrius, &c. This retreat of head. Umbo. The boss or extreme part Turnus gave courage to the Trojans, who of the shield, by synec. the whole shield, began to press upon him more closely, and This is not able to withstand the blows of to form a band about him with a view to the missive weapons. surround him, and take him prisoner. 812. Fulmintus: in the sense of ar dens. 792. Turba : a company of hunters. The Trojans, with Mnestheus at their head, . LIB. IX, 498 Liquitur, et piceum, nee respirare potestas, Flumen agit : fessos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. Turn demum prseceps saltu sese omnibus armis In fluvium dedit. Ille suo cum gurgite flavo Accepit venientem, ac mollibus extulit undis ; Et laetum sociis -abluta casde remisit. 813. Nee est potestaa itti respirare 816. lllefluvius acce- pit turn venientem cum suo flavo gurgite, ac ex- tulit turn moiUbus undis ; et remisit turn Isetum so- ciis, csede abluta. NOTES. attack Turnus with such fury that he is unable to maintain his ground. His solid armor of brass is bruised and shattered by the heavy stones hurled at him ; his plumes fall from his head ; his trusty shield begins to give way ; and the enemy to repeat their strokes with redoubled fury, with darts and spears. In this situation, worn out with fatigue, and panting for breath, he flings himself into the Tiber, and returns in safety to his camp. 814. Agit piceum flumen : pours a black pitchy stream. Turnus sweat so copiously that it fell from him in a stream. Mingled with dust, which would adhere to his body, it became tough and clammy lik pitch, and nearly of a similar color. JEger anhelitus. This is such a difficulty of breath- ing as they have, who are sickly, and asth- matic. 816. Ille suo gurgite. This is extreme- ly beautiful. The poet represents the river god, expanding his gulfy bosom to receive Turnus, and bearing him off in safety upon his waves. 818. Cade abluta : the blood being washed off. Not the blood from any wounds he had received ; but from those wounds which ho had inflicted. QUESTIONS. How is this book distinguished from all the rest ? What does Turnus in the mean time ? Does he attempt to burn the Trojan ships? What becomes of them ? At whose particular request was this granted to them ? What does Dr. Trapp observe of this pas- Does he consider it a blemish to the book ? By whom is Turnus roused to arras ? To what does the poet compare the marching of his troops? Where does the Ganges empty ? What is its length ? What course does it run ? In what light is it considered by those who live near it ? Where does the Nile rise? Where does it empty ? And by how many mouths? What effect has it upon the fertility of Egypt? What occasions its inundations ? Is this a fine comparison ? Having failed to burn the fleet, what course docs Turnus determine to pursue? Was there any prodigy in the heavens at this time ? What was that prodigy? What effect had it upon the Trojans ? What effect had it upon the Rutulians ? Did Turnus make an address to his men upon the occasion ? What effect had it upon them ? What is the character of that speech ? At the conclusion, what does he recom- mend to his men ? When does he resolve to attack the camp of the Trojans ? What orders does he give to be observed during the night? What is the condition of the Trojans ? What do they in the mean time ? Is there any proposition made to recall JEneas ? By whom was it made ? Who were Nisus and Euryalus ? Had any mention been made of their friendship before ? In what book ? And upon what occasion ? What is the character of this episode ? How many lines does it occupy ? In what state does the poet represent the Rutulian camp during the night ? Which of the two friends is the elder ? Do they pass peaceably through the ene- my's camp ? What then did they do ? How long did they continue the slaugh- ter? Did they both make their escape from the camp? What prevented Euryalue from accompa- nying Nisus ? By whom was he taken prisoner? Who commanded this troop of horse ? Where was Nisus during these transac- tions ? When he perceived his friend to be miss- ing, what course did he pursue ? JM P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS Having found him in the hands of the enemy, what did he do ? Whom did he kill? What effect had this upon the mind of Volscens? By whom was Euryalus slain ? When he found he was about to be killed, did Nisus discover himself? Did he make any appeal to the enemy upon this occasion ? What was his object in doing this ? Unable to save his life, what resolution did he take ? Whom did he kill? Was he slain himself also ? What is the character of this episode ? Is it objectionable in any respect ? What are the principal grounds of objec- tion? At the return of day, what does Turnus do ? In what way did the Trojans learn of the death of Nisus and Euryalus? What effect had the news upon the mo- ther of Euryalus? How was she employed at that time ? What effect had the sight of his head upon her? In what light may her lamentation be considered? What is the character of this sequel ? Who among the ancients is said to have greatly admired it? By what troops was the assault com- menced ? What do you mean by the testudo, or tar- get defence ? On what occasion was that used ? What was the character of this assault ; Were the enemy repulsed in this attack ? What feats of valor did Turnus perform? What effect had the burning of the tower upon the Trojans ? By whom was it set on fire ? After this, was the assault renewed ? Was any part of the Trojans, at this time, without the ramparts ? Were they able to defend themselves ? What did the sentinels at the gates do in this crisis ? Why did they open the gates? Who were stationed as guard at the gates? What was their stature and strength? Did Turnus enter along with the fugi- tives ? Was he perceived at the time ? Was the gate closed immediately on his entrance? What feats of valor does he here perform ': Whom does he fir^t kill? Are the Trojans able to stand before him? What remark does the poet make after the admission of Turnus, and the closing of the gate ? How does the poet account for this want of thought in the hero ? By whom are the Trojans finally rallied, and brought again to the attack ? What becomes of Turnus ? How does he escape from them ? Did he receive any injury from the host of weapons sent at him? By whom was Turnus assisted hi his mighty achievements ? Did he return in safety to his troops ? LIBER DECIMUS. JUPITER calls a council of the gods, and forbids them to assist either side. On this occa- sion, Venus makes a very pathetic speech in favor of the Trojans, and entreats Jupiter to interfere in their favor, and not-to suffer them to be entirely destroyed. Juno replies in a strain haughty and imperious, and attributes their misfortunes to their own folly and misconduct, and particularly to the conduct of Paris in the case of Helen ; and insinuates that JEneas was playing the same game at the court of Latinus. Jupiter concludes their deliberations by a speech, in which he declares he will assist neither party, that success or disaster should attend their own actions. As soon as^Eneas had concluded a treaty with the Tusc:ans,he hastens his return, accom- panied by his allies. On his way he is met by a choir of nymphs : one of whom informs him of the transformation of his ships, of the attack of Turnus upon his camp, of the great slaughter he had made, and the distress to which his friends were reduced. When he arrives in sight of his camp, the Trojans shout for joy ; and Turnus resolves to prevent their landing. Leaving a sutficienl number to besiege the camp, he inarches with the rest of his forces to the shore. ^Eneas divided his troops into three divisions, and, in that order, effected a landing. Here a general engagement commences, and ^Eneas performs prodigies of valor. The Arcadians were routed by the Latins. Vv hen Pallas perceives them give way, he hastens along the ranks, animates his men, and brings them again to the charge. Here he performs feats of valor. Lausus, who commanded one wing of the Latins, opposed him with equal skill and valor. Arca- dian. Tuscan, and Trojan, fell before him. ^ENEIS. LIB. X. la the mean time, Turnus, informed of the havoc made by Pallas, determines to attack him in person. Ho proceeds against the youthful warrior, who, undaunted, meets him with strength and arms unequal. After the dc ath of Pallas, a great slaughter of the Trojans ensues. jEneas, in an other part of the line, informed of the death of Pallas and the slaughter of his troops, imme- diately sets out in search of Turnus. In his way he kills a great number, and puts to flight whole ranks. Venus assists the Trojans, and Juno intercedes with her husband to favor the Latins ; but to no purpose. However, he permits her to bear away Turnus from the fight, and save him from the vengeance of ^Eneas. The goddess instantly repairing to the field of battle, assumed the shape and attire of ^neas ; and, by a device of hers, conducted Tuinus from the fight. As soon as he was out of danger, the phantom vanished. Discovering the deception, the hero becomes frantic with rage and disappointment. Mezentius succeeds Turnus in command, and makes head against the Trojans. Thfc fight is renewed with great fury, and he performs feats of valor. Victory, for a time, seems equally poised. ./Eneas beholds him thundering along the ranks, prostrating all who stand before him ; and resolves to meet him. Mezentius throws a spear, which, glancing from the shield of /Eneas, kills Antores, who had been the companion of Her- cules. The spear of ./Eneas wounds him in turn, but not mortally. In this situation, Lausus succors his father, and, flinging himself between the combatants, affords him an opportunity to retire, and, in the pious duty, loses his own life. He retires to the river, and washes his wound. All his anxiety is for his son, his affectionate, his dutiful Lausus. Messenger after messenger he sends to recall him from the fight. But when he learns his death, he resolves to return to fall by the hand of JEneas, or to bear off his spoils. For this purpose, he mounts his faithful courser, arms himself, and rushes into the field, seeking the victor. The book concludes with the death of Mezentius. PANDITUR interea domus omnipotentis Olympi : Conciliumque vocat Divum pater atque hominum rex Sideream in sedem ; terras unde arduus omnes, Castraque Dardanidiim aspectat, populosque Latinos. Considunt tectis bipatentibus. Incipit ipse : 5 5. Superi considunt Ccelicolse magni, quianam sententia vobis tectis_ bipatentibus. Ju- Versa retro ? tantumque animis certatis iniquis ? ^* ' Abnueram bello Italiam concurrere Teucris : 9. Qu est hcec dis- Quue contra vetitum discordia? quis metus, aut hos, cordia contra wewnveti- c ' , ^tum? Quismetus suasit Aut hos arma sequi, ferrumque lacessere suasit ? 10 aut hos Italos ^ aut hos Adveniet justum pugnae, ne accersite, tempus, Teucros sequi NOTES. 1. Olympi. Olympus is a very high moun- mentioned by the poet before. On the con- tain in the confines of Thessaly and Mace- trary , Jove had declared that jEneas should donia, whose summit is above the clouds, carry on a great war in Italy, bellum in- Hence the poets made it the residence of gens geret Italia. ./En. i. 263. It is proba- Jove. Here they assigned him a sumptu- ble that the poet would have corrected this ous palace. The epithet omnipolens is added passage, if he had lived to revise this part of by way of eminence ; that being the pro- his works. per epithet of Jove, who had th re his re- 10 Lacessere : in the sense of commovere^ sidence. The poet here imitates Homer, says Ruaeus. Suasit : in the sense of im- Iliad, lib. vdi. pulit. Arma : by melon, for helium. 4. Aspectat: in the sense of despicit. Ar- 11. Adveniet justum : the proper time for duus : in the sense of sublimis. war will arrive, c. Jove declares in coun- 5. Bipatentibus : opening both ways, to cil that the Italians had engaged in the the right and left. war against the Trojans, contrary to bis 6. Cce/tcote : in the sense of Superi. Qiu- wish and inclination ; that it was his desire anam : in the sense of cur. The meaning Italy should open its bosom, and receive is : why have yc changed your purpose of them in friendship and amity. But do not, assisting neither party ? Why do ye con- ye gods, infer hence that 1 wish they should tend with so much animosity ? and disre- always escape the calamities of war. The gard my prohibition that the Italians should time will come in its proper season, nor do not oppose the Trojans ? ye hasten it, when warlike Carthage shall 8. Abnueram : 1 had forbidden the Italian bring a great destruction upon the Roman nations, &c. This prohibition had not been towers. Then you may indulge your ani- 196 P. VIRGILII MAROSIS Cum fera Carthago Romanis arcibus olim Exitium magnum, atque Alpes imrnittet apertas. Turn certare odiis, turn res rapuisse licebit. Nunc sinite, et placitum laeti componite foedus. 15 16 Jupiter dixit haec Jupiter haec paucis : at non Venus aurea contra paucis verbit. p auca refeft . O pater, 6 hominum Divumque aeterna potestas ! 19. Quid aliud numen (Namque aliud quid sit, quod jam implorare queamus?) sit > 6. In Kryri.nn lUnr*. : on tho Sicilian shore. See ^En. v. 660. Where the Tro- jan matrons, at the instigation of Iris, set fire to their ships. Repetam : in the sense of commemorem. 37. Regem : ^Eolus king of the winds. See jEn. i. 39. Manes movet. Here Manes plainly means the infernal powers, whom Juno roused up against the Trojans, when she called up Alecto from her dire abode. This was the first time Juno had recourse to the powers below, to assist her in the destruc- tion of the Trojans. This will help us to understand the words : hcec sors rerum mane- bat intentata. Sors : in the sense of pars. 41. Bacchata: est is understood. 42. Moveor fill : I am not solicitous about empire I am not moved, &c, 46. Liceat : may it be permitted me to re- in ove (or take) Ascanius, &c. , 50. Valeam : I would wish to be able I could desire to be permitted. Tegere : to protect rescue. 51. Amathus: gen. amathuntis; a city of the island of Cyprus. Hodie* Limisso. Pa- phos^or Paphus; another city of the same island. Hodie, Paffo. Cythera : neu. phi. an island between the Peloponnesus and Crete. Idalium or Idalia : a city of Cyprus, All these places were sacred to Venus. 52. Domus : in the PPTIPR of 498 P. VTHGILII MARONIS 54. Nihil orlum inde Carthago premat Ausoniam : nihil urbibus mde obstabit Obstabit Tvriis. Quid pestem evadere belli ov 5 a 5 de7e J "*" Juvit, et Argolicos medium fugisse per ignes ? 57. Totque pericula Totque maris, vastaeque exhausta pericula terra ; mans, vasteeque terrse Dum Latium Teucri, recidivaque Pergama quserunt ? fuisse exhausta, dura Non sa tius cinercs patriae insedisse supremos, Atque solum, quo Troja fuit ? Xanthum et Simoenta 60 61. MiserisTeucris Redde, oro, miseris ; iterumque revolvere casus Da, pater, Iliacos Teucris. Turn regia Juno Acta furore gravi : Quid me alta silentia cogis Rumpere, et obductum verbis vulgare dolorem ? ^Enean hominum quisquam Divumque subegit 65 Bella sequi, aut hostem regi se inferre Latino ? Italian petiit fatis auctoribus, esto, Cassandrae impulgus furiis. Num linquere castra Hortati sumus, aut vitarn committere ventis ? 10. Nuin|>wuamMNum puero summam belli, num credere muros ? 70 num^S^ puero ? JVuro persuasi- Q U1S Deus m fraudem, quae dura potentia nostra rmu ei agitare Egit ? ubi hie Juno, demissave nubibus Iris ? NOTES. 54. Inde : hence from Ascanius. He will not be in the way, or oppose the Tyrian city. 55. Pestem : destruction ruin. 57. Exhausta : undergone finished ex- hausted to the very dregs. The verb essc, volfuisse, is understood. 58. Reeidiva. Davidson thinks rccidiva, here, means tottering again, or threatening a fall. But it also signifies set up again after it is fallen, or rebuilt. Dr. Trapp takes it here in this sense. Commentators are not agreed upon the true import of the word. The whole speech of 'Venus is extremely artful, and well calculated to produce the desired effect. It is distinguished for its sweetness, tenderness, and pathos. 59. JVbn salius: would it not have been better for them to have settled upon, &c. The verb esset, velfuisset, is understood. 62. Da, pater : grant, O, father, that they struggle again with the Trojan disasters; yather than continue in this state of sus- pense. These words, or words of the like import, appear to be requisite to complete the sense, and preserve the connexion. 63. ,Acta : in the sense of impulsa vel agitata. 64. Obductum : in the sense of occultum. 67. Italiam petiit, &c. This speech of Juno is very different from that of Venus : the one is tender, persuasive and pathetic ; the other haughty, imperious and sarcastic. In the beginning, she acknowledges that ./Eneas undertook his voyage at the direc- tion of the gods ; but she will have it, that it was particularly at the instance of Cassan- dra, the daughter of Priam, a prophetess whom nobody believed. Auctoribus : ad- visers persuaders, or the first movers. 68. Furiis : tliis Ruseus interprets by a- ticiniis. 70. Summam : the management chief command. 71. Fidem, aui gentes, agitare, &c. This is a difficult passage, arising partly from the conciseness of the expression, and partly from the falsehood of the assertion. Com- mentators are generally agreed \h&\.Jidem is to be taken for alliance or friendship, in the sense offadus. To connect agitare with it in that sense, we must take the verb in the sense of implorare, which it will hardly bear. But if we take Jidem to mean the loyalty and allegiance, which the Tuscans bore to Mezentius their king ; and there is no reason, why it may not ; then agitare, in its common acceptation, to disturb, shake or unsettle, may be connected with it, as well as with quietas gentes. It was not true, however, that the nations to which jiEneas applied for assistance were at peace. For both the Tuscans and Arcadians were at war with the Latins. Heyne takes agitare Jidem, in the sense of soiicilare societatem el fcedus. Quietas : at peace. 72. QWCE dura nostra : what rigid power of ours. This refers to the epithet dura y which Venus uses in relation to her, verse 44. Commentators generally take fraudem to mean detriment damage. Ruaeus in- terprets it by damnum, and it may so mean here ; for Juno, all along, reflects upon the false steps and bad management of JEneas. But it may also mean fraud, alluding to the attempt to draw the Tuscans from their allegiance to their king. Heync takes frau- dem in the sense of malutn. Servius, in the sense of periculum. Davidson renders it .ffiNEIS. LIB. X. Indigrmm esi, Italos Trojam circundare flammis Nascentem, et patria Turnum consistere terra ; Cui Pilumnus avus, cui diva Venilia mater. Quid, f&ce Trojanos atra vim ferre Latinis ? Arva aliena jugo premere, atque avertere prsedas ? Quid, soceros legere, et gremiis abducere pactas ? Pacem orare manu, prsefigere puppibus arma ? Tu potes vEneam manibus subducere Graium, Proque viro nebulam et ventos obtendere inanes ; Et potes in totidem classem convertere Nymphas : Nos aliquid Rutulos contra juvisse, nefandum est. .-Eneas ignarus abest : ignarus et absit. Est Paphos, Idaliumque tibi ; sunt alta Cythera : Quid gravidam bellis urbem, et corda aspera tentas Nos-ne tibi fluxas Phrygiae res vertere fundo Conamur ? nos ? an miseros qui Troas Achivis Objecit ? quae causa fuit consurgere in arma Europamque Asiarnque, et fcedera solvere furto ? 75 anos 79. Quid est illud, le- gOgere soceros, et abdu- cere pactas sponsas gremiis sponsorum? 84. Nos juvisse Rutu- 85 Jos aliquid contra Tro- janos. 7 85. /Eneas ignarus periculi urbis 89. JVw/n, nos, inquam, Qfl an ille Paris qui NOTES. by the words t; guileful measures," alluding to what is said in the preceding line. 74. Indignum est : it is a heinous crime, to be sure^that the Italians, &c. 76. Pilumnus : a king of the Rutuli, and reputed son of Jove. He was one of the ancestors of Turnus, and was deified. Veni- lia : ahe was the sister of Amata, and mo- ther of Turnus. She also was made a goddess. 77. Q?mJ, Trojanos: what is it for the Trojans to offer violence, &c. Servius ex- plains atra face, by saevo bello. Dr. Trapp thinks this is an allusion to the story of Paris, whose mother dreamed she should bring forth a torch or fire-brand ; he being the cause of the war, which proved the ruin of Troy. Fax, signifies the first motives or incentives to any thing. Fax belli, is there- fore the commencement of war. Incendia belli, is a war when it hath come to its height, and lays every thing waste before it, like a devouring flame. Atra face: with black or hostile torches. Ruaeus says, nt- gris t&dis, 78. Premere jugo : to subjugate. Area : in the sense of terras vel regiones. 79. Legere. Servius renders it, byfurari. Hence they are called Sacrilegi, qui sacra legunt; i. e. furantur. Pactas: betrothed spouses ; sponsas being understood, or per- haps it is implied in pactas. Ltgere soceros : to steal fathers-in-law ; that is, to marry their daughters without their consent, and against their wills. Heyne says, cligcre sumere. 80. Orare pacem : to implore peace with the hand, and to fix arms on the sterns of their ships. This refers to the olive boughs, which they held in their hands as a sign of peace when they visited the court of Latinus. This is an invidious reflection of Juno, and entirely groundless. If it refer to the Latins, there was no crime in suing for peace, and being at the same time pre- pared for war. It was the most likely way to obtain it. If it relate to the Arcadians': they had no design of war upon them. Their arms were designed only to guard them against the insults of enemies on their passage to the court of Evander. 84. Nefandum est : it is a horrid crime for us, &c. The following line contains a most severe sarcasm. As if Juno had said : if jEneas, the general of an army, choose to be absent in so critical a juncture, .and is not careful to inform himself of their state, let him, for aught I care, remain ignorant, and never return. 87. Urbem. The city Lawentum^ to the government of which JEneas would arrive, by marrying Lavinia. Gravidam : potentem^ says Ruseus. Aspera : in the sense of belli- cosa. 88. Tibi. This is either redundant, or used in the sense of tux, agreeing with Phrygian. Juno here speaks in the present time, though reference is had to the Trojan war. This change of tense is often very elegant. It gives life and animation to the subject. FLuxas res. Rueeus says, fragile, regnum, the frail power of thy Troy. 89. Qwi. This refers to Paris, who was the cause of the Trojan war. JYos : was it I, or was it not rather that Paris, who ex- posed the unhappy, &c. 91. Furto: here adultery, treachery. Fur- turn also signifies any private, or secret act of wickedness. An allusion is here made to the rape of Helen, which was an a( the basest kind; a most perfidious crime. After this the Greeks, we may suppose, would / 50t) P. VIRGILII MARON1S 95 Me duce, Dardanius Spartam expugnavit adulter '.' Aut ego tela dedi, fovi-ve cupidine bella ? 94. Tuis Trojanis Tune decuit metuisse tuis ; nunc sera querelis Haud justis assurgis, et irrita jurgia jactas. Talibus orabat Juno : cunctique fremebant Coslicolse assensu vario : ceu tiamina prima Cum deprensa fremunt sylvis, et caeca volutarit Murmura, ventures nautis prodentia ventos. Turn pater omnipotens, rerum cui summa potestas, Infit. Eo dicente, Deum domus aha silescit, 101 Et tremefacta solo tellus, silet arduus aether : 103. PosuGre fialum ; Turn Zephyri posuere ; premit placida aequora pontus. P ontus Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta. Quandoquidem Ausonios c.onjungi foRdere Teucris 105 Haud licitum est, nee vestra capit discordia finem : 107. Secat sibi /ac/w,Quae cuique est fortuna hodie, quam quisque secat spem. sive fuat Tros, Rutulus- Tros Rutulusve Ijgl, nullo discrimine habebo : iatis Italum castra obsidione tenentur, errore malo Trojae, monitisque sinistris. Nee Rutulos solvo. Sua cuique exorsa laborem Fortunamque ferent. Rex Jupiter omnibus idem. 113. Hie annuit per Fata viam invenient. Stygii per flumina fratris. Per pice torrentes atraque voragine ripas Tr * " janorum tenentur flumina 110 NOTES. have no further intercourse, or treaties, with the Trojans: which is the idea conveyed in solverefozdera. Heyne takos/wrfo, in the sense of raptu. 92. Expugnavit Spartam. History informs us that Paris did not carry off Helen in an amicable manner, but by violence and force. In her heart, however, she might not have been averse to it. This the Trojan prince effected in the absence of the Grecian king, who had entertained him in a very hospi- table manner. Juno here calls him an adul- terer, and represents him as an insidious enemy. Expugnavit : he assaulted, &c. 93. Fovi bella: fomented caused wars through lust. Cupidine : unlawful desire, or love. 94. Nunc : this refers to the time of the rape of Helen. Here Juno is extremely severe. 95. Haud justis : in the sense of injustis. Jurgia : reproaches complaints. 97. Vario assensu : with various assent ; some approved of the speech of Venus, others of the speech of Juno. 98. Deprensa : caught pent up in the woods. Cceca murmura : murmurs scarcely to be heard. Prodentia : intimating to, &c. 101. Injit : in the sense of incipit. 102. Solo. Whatever supports any thing may be called solum. Solum terra would be the foundation of the earth. Ruaeus says, afundamentis. 103. Premit : levels renders smooth. Ru- ams says, sternit. 107. Quam spqhi, Sec. Servius and some others take secat : in the sense of tenet vel fiabet. But Turnebus, in the sense of sumit ; and Ruaeus, in the sense of assumit : takes, or assumes to himself; as when one di- vides a thing into parts or portions. Heyne differs from most commentators in the sense of the verb secat. He takes it in the sense of incidere, vel perdere : to cut off, or destroy by their actions. 109. Fatis Italum, &c. This is generally understood of the fates unkind or hostile to the Italians. Ruseus interprets fatis, by damno : loss or damage. Davidson thinks malis is to be supplied. 110. Malo errore: whether by a fatal error of Troy, and inauspicious presages whether the Trojans shall be successful in repelling the assaults of the Italians : this is expressed in the preceding line, seufatis: or whether the Italians should prove victorious over the Trojans; these having been de- ceived by false predictions, and led into a fatal error, in coming hither to find a per- manent settlement. 111. Sua exorsa: their own enterprises or actions shall bring to each party disaster or success. The issue of the war shall de- pend upon the parties engaged 1 will assist neither. Laborem : Ruseus says, damnum. 1 12. Idem : in the sense of cequus. The verb erit is understood. 113. Stygii fratrit. Plato. See Geor. iii. 551. JRNE1S. LIB. X. Armuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. Hie finis fandi. Solio turn Jupiter aureo Surgit ; ccfilicolae medium quern ad limina ducunt. Interea Rutuli portis circum omnibus instant Sternere caede viros, et moenia cingere flammis. At legio jEneadum vallis obsessa tenetur ; Nee spes ulla fugae. Miseri stant turribus altis Nequicquam, et rara muros cinxere corona. Asius Imbrasides, Hicetaoniusque Thymcetes, Assaracique duo, et senior cum Castore Tymbris, Prima acies : hos germani Sarpedonis ambo, Et Clarus, et Haemon, Lyci& comitantur ab alta. Fert ingens toto connixus corpore saxum, Haud partem exiguam mentis, Lymessius Acmon, Nee Clytio genitore minor, nee fratre Mnestheo. Hi jaculis, illi certant defendere saxis ; Molirique ignem, nervoque aptare sagittas. Ipse inter medios, Veneris justissima cura, Dardanius caput ecce puer delectus honestum, Qualis gemma, micat, fulvum quae dividit aurum, Aut collo decus, aut capiti : vel quale per artem Inclusum buxo, aut Oricia terebintho Lucet ebur. Fusos cervix cui lactea crines Accipit, et molli subnectit circulus auro. Te quoque magnanima3 viderunt, Ismare, gentes Vulnera dirigere, et calamos armare veneno, Maeonid generose domo : ubi pinguia culta Exercentque viri, Pactolusque irrigat auro. Affuit et Mnestheus, quern pulsi pristina Turni Aggere murorum sublimem gloria tollit ; Et Capys : hinc nomen Campanae ducitur urbi. 115 120 125 sunt 130 g M 6 , 128. Lyrnessius Ac- mon, nee minor Clytio ;enitore, nee fratre inestheo, fert 130. Hi certant de- fendere urbem jaculis ; illi certant defendere earn saxis 135 ! 32. Ecce Dardanius puer ipse, justissima cura Veneris, delectus quoad honestum caput, inter medios, micat,qua - lis gemma < l uale ebur 14ft tu lucet per artem 141. Pinguia culta. 143. Quern pristina gloria Tumi pulsi ag- 145 gere NOTES. 115. Jlnnuit : he ratified or confirmed it. 117. Codicolae. medium, &c. This alludes to the Roman custom of conducting the consul from the senate house to his own dwelling, or apartment. 120. Legio flEneadum: simply the Tro- jans. The Trojans were called JEnzadtz, from jEneas their leader. 122. CinxSre muros : they defend the walls with thin ranks. Rueeus says, exiguo nu- me.ro. 128. Lyrnessius : an adj. from Lyrnessum a city of Phrygia, near the Sinus Adramyt- tenus. 130. Hi illi. Davidson renders these: some others. Valpy refers the hi to the Rutulians who were assaulting the ram- parts ; and the illi to the Trojans who were defending them. But when these pronouns refer to separate members of the sentence, Hie refers to the one first mentioned or more remote ; and hie to, the latter, or last men- tioned. 131. Jfoliriqite ignem : to throw flame?. 136. Terebintho : the terebinthus, or tur- pentine tree. Its wood bears a resemblance to ebony. Oricia : an adj. from Oricum, a town of Macedonia in the confines of Epi- rus, where those trees abounded. 140. Armart: in the sense of ungere. Calamos : darts, or missive weapons in ge- neral. Generose: voc. agreeing with Ismare : nobly descended from a Lydian family. 142. Pactolus irrigat: Pactolus waters them with its gold golden stream. This was a small river, on whose banks stood the famous city Sardes, the capital of Lydia. Here Croesus held his court. It empties into the Hermus, one of the largest rivers of Asia Minor, and with it flows into the sea near the city of Ephesus. They were both celebrated for their golden sands. The poet here supposes the water of the Pactolus to be of a golden hue. 145. CampancE urbi. Capua, the capital of Campania. Here Hannibal took up his winter quarters. But the luxury and dissi- pation of the place, proved the ruin of his affairs in Italv. P. VIRGIL1I MAROiW llli inter sese duri certamina belli Contulerant : media .(Eneas freta nocte secabat. 148. Naraque ut pri- Namque ut ab Evandro castris ingressus Etruscis adit > et Te & memorat nomenque genusque ; 150. Edocequidve Quidve petat, quidve ipse ferat ; Mezentius arma 150 Quse sibi conciliet, violentaque pectora Turni Edocet ; humanis quae sit fiducia rebus Admonet, immiscetque preces. Haud fit mora : Tarchon Jungit opes, fcedusque ferit. Turn libera fatis, Classem conscendit jussis gens Ly.dia Divum, - 155 Externo commissa duci. Mneia puppis 157. Tenet prima loca, Prima tenet, rostro Phrygios subjuncta leones : subjuncta quoad Phry- Imminet Ida super, profugis gratissima Teucris. gios leones rostro. jjj c ma g nus sec j et JSueas, secumque volutat Eventus belli varios : Pallasque sinistro 160 Affixus lateri, jam quasrit si'dera, opacae 162. Jam quant iter Noctis iter ; jam quse passus terraque marique. opacae noctis ; jam qu p an dj te nunc Helicona, Deae, cantusque movete : duraJEneas passus est oris JEnean, armetque rates, pelagoque vehatur. 165 M assitus a>rata princeps secat asquora Tigri : 167. Sub quo trat Sub quo mille manus juvenum ; qui mcenia Clusi, manus raille Quique urbem liquere Cosas : queis tela, sagittse, Corytique leves humeris, et letifer arcus. 170. Torvus Abas Una torvus Abas : huic totum insignibus armis 170 f.rat unacumitfo: huic Agmen, et aurato fulgebat Apolline puppis. totum agmen fulgebat gexcentos illi dederat Populonia mater Expertos belli juvenes : ast Ilva trecentos, NOTES. 147. Frela : the waters of the Tiber. Con- 157. Subjuncta. The ship of ^Eneas had tulerant: they had joined engaged in. Inter Phrygian lions yoked together, and placed sese : the two armies. under its prow or beak for its ensign. The 149 Regem: in the sense of ducem vel lion was sacred to Cybele, who presided imperatorem : the commander, or chief offi- over Phrygia, and particularly over mount cer. This was Tarchon. Ida, of whose pines ./Eneas had built his 150. Feral : in the sense of efferal. fleet. 151. Pectora: the mind or temper. Con- 158. Ida: the name of one of the galleys, ciliet : procures gains over to his interest, commanded by ./Eneas in person. Super im- This alludes to a supposed alliance with minet : rises towers above the rest. Turnus and the Rutulians. 161. Qucerit : inquires concerning, &c. 154. Opes : troops means of carrying 165. Pelago : in the sense ofjfiuvio. on the war power. Ferit : in the sense of 167. ClusL Clusium was a city of Tus- sancit. cany, f/orfie, Chiusi. 155. Lydia gens : after the expulsion of 168. Cosas : the ace. plu. of CVwce or Cosa, Mezentius, the Tuscans were forbidden by a maritime town of Tuscany, near the pro- the fates to make themselves a king, unless montory Argentarium. Cosas is put in ap- he were a foreigner ; or to march against position with urbem. QMCW : whose weap- him, unless under the command of a fo- ons were arrows, &c. Qwew : in the sense of reign general. They are free from this quorum. restraint, now that -/Eneas had arrived. 169. Coryti. Corytus is a word originally and are at liberty to enter ui.der his Greek, of the same import with pharetra-, a banner. The Tuscans were originally a quiver. colony from Lydia. Hence they are called 172. Populonia : an adj. from Populoni - Lydia gens. It is most likely, they had a um, a city on the promontory of that name. fleet already prepared for an expedition. It is called mafer, in the sense that Italia is For in the short time jEneas was with them, called par ens. Populonia mater : simply, they could not have built or even equipped the city Populonium. one. 173. Ilva : an island to the south of Popu- J3NEIS. LIB. X, Insula mexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis. Tertius, ille hominum Divumque interpres Asylas, 175 Cui pecudum fibrce, cceli cui sidera parent, Et linguae volucrum, et praesagi fulminis ignes : Mille rapit densos acie, atque horrentibus hastis. Hos parere jubent Alpheae ab origine Pisae, Urbs Etrusca solo. Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur, 180 Astur equo fidens et versicoloribus armis. Ter centum adjiciunt, mens omnibus una sequendi, Qui Caerete domo, qui sunt Minionis in arvis ; Et Pyrgi veteres, imempestaeque Graviscae. Non ego te, Ligurum ductor fortissime bello, 185 Transierim, Cinyra ; et paucis comitate, Cupavo, Cujus olorinae surgunt de vertice pennae. Crimen amor vestrum, formaeque insigne paternae. 175. Tertius erat ille Asylas interpres 178. Ille rapit mille viros densQS acie 183. Qui sunt ex do- mo Ceerete, qui sunt in arvis Minionis 186. Et te, O Cupavo, comitate paucis militi- bus NOTES. Ionium. Hodie, Elba. It abounded in iron mines (metallis) according to Strabo. Virgil here calls them inexhaustible. This island sent three hundred men. Generosa : abound- ing in. Ruseus interprets it by inclyla. Ex- pertos : expert skilful. 177. Ignes : the flashes of the ominous lightning. 178. Densos: in the sense of confertos. Milites is understood. 179. Pisa, urbs Etrusca solo : Pis, a city, Tuscan in its situation, Alphean in its origin, orders these troops to obey Asylas. This city stood on the western bank of the river Arnus, in Tuscany. It was supposed to have been founded by a colony from the Peloponnesus. Hence called Alphea, from ,/llpheus, a river of that country, on whose banks stood the famous city Olympia Pisa. Solo : in the sense of situ. 183. Ceerete domo: from the city Coere. It was subject to Mezentius. Hodie, Cerve- teri. Minionis. Minio was the name of a river. Hodie, Mugnone. 184. Pyrgi. These people inhabited a maritime town, not far from Caere, or Caere- tanae. It has long since been destroyed. Graviscce : the name of a town on the sea- coast, unwholesome on account of the fens or marshes in the neighborhood. It took its name from gravitas aeris. All these dif- ferent cities, with one mind, enter the war. 185. Ligurum : the gen. of Ligures, the inhabitants of Liguria, an extensive coun- try of Italy ; a part of which is now the territory of Genoa. 186. Cinyra Cupavo. This passage is obscure and difficult. It has divided the opinions of commentators. Phaeton, the son of Phoebus and Clymene, desired of his father the government of his chariot for one day ; which with difficulty was granted him. The youth being unable to guide the fiery steeds, they turned from their diurnal track, and came, so near the earth that it began to burn. He was thrown headlong into the Po. His sisters sought him every where. At length, finding his tomb* on the banks of that river, they pined away with grief at the fate of their brother, and were transformed either into alder or poplar trees. See Ovid. Met. 2. Cinyra, king of the Ligures, was a near relation of Phaeton, and, grieving immoderately at his misfor- tune, was changed into a Cycnus, or swan. Dr. Trapp takes Cinyra and Cupavo to have been brothers, the sons of him who was transformed into a swan. In this case, the application of restrum is easy and proper. But to apply it to Cupetvo alone, as most commentators do, is not so proper. He supposes their crime to have been the ho- noring- of their father too much, by bearing his metamorphosed figure (the swan) en- graven upon their shields, and his feathers on their helmets. Their love amounted to a crime, becu.use it was for one whom the gods had punished for an offence committed against them, in his immoderate grief for Phaeton. Ruaeus thinks vestrum crimen, to be the crime of the family in general, who, by their immoderate grief for Phaeton, of- fended the gods, and were many of them changed into other forms. It may be object- ed to the interpretation of Dr. Trapp, that Jilius is afterward used in the singular num- ber. But he observes, though they were brothers, the oldest might be mentioned by way of distinction and eminence. David- son reads, Cycnus. See Eel. vi. 62. and jEn, v. 105. Heyne conjectures there is here an interpolation. He differs from commenta- tors in general in the interpretation of verse 186. He connects Cinyra with Cupavo in the same member of the sentence. Won transicrem te, Cupavo, comitate a Cinyra, et paucis allis, is his ordo of construction. 188. Amor crimen : Ruaeus says, amor est crimen vestr centenaque arbore fluctum oriens ex patre Benaco, Verberat assurgens : spumant vada marmore verso. velatus. Hunc vehit immanis Triton, et ccerula concha NOTES. 190. Umbram sororum : the shade of his sisters the shade of the trees, into which his sisters were transformed. 191. Musa : with music, or song. 192. Canentem: growing white, or being cloathed, with the downy plumes of the swan, passed out his old age, &c. 195. Centaurum. The name of the ship was the Centaur, so called from having a Centaur painted, or carved upon the stem, holding a huge stone in his hand, with which he seemed to threaten the waves. The Centauri were fabled to be monsters, half man and half horse. See Geor. ii. 456. Promovet : in the sense of impettit. 198. Ocnus. He was not the founder of Mantua ; but rather the fortifier and en- larger. The same as Bianor. See Eel. ix. 60. He gave it the name of Mantua, from Manlo, the name of his mother. Manto : gen. Mantus, the name of a nymph. Hence the epithet fatidica : prophetic. Ciet : in the sense of movet vel ducit. 201. Sed non genus, &c. It appears that the inhabitants of the Mantuan territory were not of one common origin. We are told they were partly from Tuscia or Etru- ria, partly from Veneiia, and partly from Gallia. This explains gens illi triplex : im- plying that the population consisted of people from those three nations. The whole territory was divided into four cities, dis- tricts or communities : populi sub gente qua- terni. Each of which had its Lucomon, or petty king. Of these four, Mantua was the principal or chief city , ipsa caput populis. This territory was a part of Etruria. which was divided into twelve lucommonies, or regalities. Gens : in the sense of natio. Genus : lineage descent. 203. Vires de Tusco, &c. By this we arc to understand that the Tuscan part of the Mantuan population was the greatest. 204. Armat in se : Mezentius arms, &c. He furnishes a just cause for their rising in arms against him. 205. Patre Benaco. The Benacus is a lake in the territory of Verona. Hodie, Lago di Garda. The river Mincius rises out of it. Hence the epithet patre is added to Benacus. 206. Mincius : here the god of the river Mincius. He is represented as moving down his stream in hostile ships to join in the war against Mezentius. Hence the epithet pater, which is common to all the deities. It is here given to the lake Benacus, out of which the river Mincius rises. Velatus : in the sense of coronatus, says Rueeus. Pinu in- festa. Ruseus says, naribus inimicis Mezen- tio. Pinus, by meton. for navis vel naves. 207. Centena arbore: with an hundred oars. The oar is here called arbor, to denote its size and magnitude. Marmore verso: tho surface being upturned. Vada, here, is plain- ly put for the water of the Tiber ; for, on this river, the fleet of ^neas was equipped. It : in the sense of ducit. Auletes was the commander of these troops. 209. Triton. He was the trumpeter of Neptune, and used a shell instead of a trum- pet. His upper part was represented as a man, his lower pa.rt as a fish. Here the name JENEIS. LIB. X 505 210 2 10. Cui Tritoni nanti hispida frons praefert hominem tenus 215 219. Ecce chorus sua- 220 rum comitum occurrit illi, nempe Nymphap, quas Exterrens freta : eiii laterum tenus hispida nanti Frons hominem praefert, in pristin desinit alvus ; Spuraea semifero sub pectore murmurat unda. Tot lecti proceres ter denis navibus ibant Subsidio Trojae, et campos salis aere secabant. Jamque dies ccelo concesserat, almaque carru Noctivago Phoebe medium pulsabat Olympum. ^Eneas (neque enim membris dat cura quietem) Jpse sedens clavumque regit, velisque ministrat. Atque illi medio in spatio, chorus ecce suarum Occurrit comitum, Nymphoe, quas alma Cybele Numen habere maris, Nymphasque e navibus esse .Tusserat : innabant pariter, fluctusque secabant, Quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prora3. Agnoscunt longe regem, lustrantque choreis. Quarum, quae fandi doctissima, Cymodocea, 225 2 25. Quarum Cymo- Pone sequens, dextra puppim tenet : ipsaque dorso docea, quse est doctissi- Eminet, ac laeva tacitis subremigat undis. ma fandi Turn sic ignarum alloquitur : Vigilasne, Deum gens, 228. Turn alloquitur jEnea ? vigila, et velis immitte rudentes. eum i g naru ' harum re- Nos sumus Idaeae sacro de vertice pinus, 230 rum s Nunc pelagi Nymphae, classis tua. Perfidus ut nos 231. Olim tua classis Praecipites ferro Rutulus flammaque premebat : Rupimus invitee tua vincula, teque per aequor Quaerimus. Hanc genitrix faciem miserata refecit, Et dedit esse Deas, aevumque agitare sub undis. 235 235 - Dedit nos esse At puer Ascanius muro fossisque tenetur Tela inter media, atque horrentes Marte Latinos. Jam loca jussa tenet forti permixtus Etrusco Areas eques. Medias illis opponere turmas, Ne castris jungant, certa est sententia Turno. 240 Deas maris NOTES. of a ship ; or the figure prefixed to the stern, like the Centaur above mentioned. 210. Tenus laterum : down to the waist. 214. JEre, : with their brazen prows. JEs signifies any thing made of brass. 215. Concesserat : had given way yield- ed to the night. Nocti is understood. 216. Pulsabat : arrived at touched. Ru- seus says, attingebat. Olympum : for ccelum. Phcebe : the moon. 221. Habere numen maris : to have divi- nity of the sea to become nymphs of the sea. 224. Lustrant: in the sense of circum- cunt. 227. Eminet dorso : she rises above the surface of the water with her bank. Subre- migat : she swims rows herself along, &c. 228. Gens: in the sense of soboles. 229. Irnmitte rudentes velis : give the sheets to the sails spread the sails to the full length of the halsers or sheets. 230. Vertice : in the sense of monte. 232. Pracipites: in the sense of pcricli- tantes. 234. Refecit : in the sense of mulavit : changed us into this form. Genitrix : Cy- bele, the mother of the gods. 237. Horrenles: RUBBUS says,/groc. Mar~ te : in the sense of bello. 238. Permixtus : in the sense ofjunetus. Etrusco : the singular for the plu. : the va- liant Tuscans. 239. Areas eques : the Arcadian horse. These were the cavalry furnished by Evan- der. It is most probable that ^Eneas gave direction to the Arcadians and Tuscans, his allies, to repair to some particular place by land, while he went with the fleet by water; although no such place is mentioned by the poet. Turnus being informed of what was going on in Tuscany, and that ^Eneas was coming on with reinforcements, like a skill- ful general, resolves to intercept them, to attack them on the way, and prevent them from forming a junction with the Trojans ki the camp, whom he was then blockading. 2 10. Jungant : join themselves to the camp to the troops in the amp. The pron. itexf is understood. 506 p. viRGiLii MARONIS Surge, age, et Aurora socios veniente vocari Primus in arma jube ; et clypeum cape, quern dedit ipse Invictum Ignipotens, atque oras ambiit auro. ^ Crastina lux, mea si non irrita dicta putaris, Ingentes Rutulae spectabit caedis acervos. 245 Dixerat : et dextra discedens impulit altam, 247.Hlanavw Haud ignara modi, puppim. Fugit ilia per undas, Ocyor et jaculo et ventos aequante sagitta. Inde alias celerant cursus. Stupet inscius ipsc Tros Anchisiades ; animos tamen omine tollit. 250 Turn breviter, supera aspectans convexa, precatur : 252.IdseaCty6e/e,alma Alma parens Idaea Deum, cui Dindyma cordi, parens Deorum, cui Turrigerceque urbes, bijugique ad fraena leones ; ^trajSuetone.Tu mihi nunc pugme princeps ; tt , ritfi propinques dociles ad freena ; Augunum, Phrygibusque adsis pede, Diva, secundo. 256. JEneas effatuseri Tantum effatus : et interea revoluta ruebat 256 /(occtantum. Mutura jam luce dies, noctemque fugarat. Principio sociis edicit, signa sequantur, Atque animos aptent armis, pugnreque parent se. Jamque in conspectu Teucros habet et sua castra, 260 Stans celsa in puppi. Clypeum turn deinde sinistra Extulit ardentem. Clamorem ad sidera tollunt Dardanidae e muris. Spes addita suscitat iras. Tela manu jaciunt. Quales sub nubibus atris Strymoniae dant signa grues, atque asthera tranant 265 Cum sonitu, fugiuntque Notos clamore secundo. 2&7. At ca cxperunt At Rutulo regi ducibusque ea mira videri videri raira Ausoniis ; donee versas ad litora puppes Respiciunt, totumque allabi classibus aequor. 270. Apex gatece ardet Ardet apex capiti, cristisque a vertice flamma 270 Funditur, et vastos umbo vomit aureus ignes. Non secus ac liquida si quando nocte comets NOTES. 242. Dedit : in the sense of reddidit. suum habere. La Cerda says,/actas augu- 243. Oras: the borders or edges of the rium propitium. Valpy : "by your own shield. presence give effect to the augury." 249. Alia celerant : the other nymphs 255. Phrygibus adsis : aid the Trojans accelerate the motion of the other ships, as with thy propitious presence, pede secundo. Cymodocea had done that of ./Eneas. 259. Jlptent : fit prepare. Ruceus says, 250. Tollit animos. Dr. Trapp under- excitent. stands this of ./Eneas taking courage him- 265. Grues dant^ &c. This comparison self. Davidson, of liis encouraging his men. is taken from Homer. The cranes are call- " He raises the spirits of his troops." ed Strymonian, from Strymon, a river of 251. Supera convexa : the high canopy of Macedonia, in the confines of Thrace, where heaven. cranes abounded. Signa : signs or signals 252. Dindyma : neu. plu. Dindymus, in of the approaching storm by their voices, the sing. : a mountain in Phrygia, so called 269. Totum evenium 272. Cnmetir. Comets are planets irro- . X. 507 278. Ultro tollit ani- Sanguinei lugubre rubent ; aut Sirius ardor ; Ille, sitim morbosque ferens mortalibus yegris, Nascitur, et laivo contristat lumine ccelum. 275 Haud tamen audaci Turno fiducia cessit Litora praeripere, et venientes pellere terra. Ultro animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultro : Quod votis optastis, adest, perfringere dextra : In manibus Mars ipse, viri. Nunc conjugis esto 280 Quisque suse tectique memor ; nunc magna referto Facta, patrum laudes. Ultro occurramus ad undam, Dum trepidi, egressisque labant vestigia prima. Audentes fortuna juvat. Haec ait : et secum versat, quos ducere contra, Vel quibus obsessos possit concredere muros. cere con t ra Interea ^Eneas socios de puppibus altis quibus Pontibus exponit. Multi servare recursus Languentis pelagi, et brevibus se credere saltu ; Per remos alii. Speculatus litora Tarchon, 290 290. Alii txponunl se Qua vada non spirant, nee fracta remurmurat unda, per remos. Sed mare inoffensum crescenti allabitur aestu, Advertit subito proras, sociosque precatur : Nunc, 6 lecta manus, validis incumbite remis : Tollite, ferte rates : inimicam findite rostris 295 fringcre q uo( j 283. Dum sunt trepidi, primaque vestigia la- NOTES. gular in their motions, moving in very ec- centric orbits. Sometimes they approach very near the sun ; when they have a pro- jection, or tail, which has a fiery or luminous appearance. This is always directly oppo- site the sun as seen from the comet, and is, most probably, its dense atmosphere, illumi- nated by the sun, and propelled by the force of the rays of light issuing from the sun. They were formerly considered ominous, portending disaster to men. The word is derived from the Greek. Liquida : a clear night. 273. Rubent lugubre : blaze frightfully balefully : that is, portending disaster to the world. Sanguinei: fiery red. Sirius ar- dor : the star Sirius. It is sometimes called the dog-star, from the circumstance of its being in the sign Cams, or the Dog. Sirius is here used as an adjective. It is a star of the first magnitude. 275. Lwoo : inauspicious. 277. Praripere : in the sense of anteca- pere. It was the plan of Turnus to take possession of the shore, and, if possible, to prevent the landing of the troops. By do- ing this, he would nave an advantage over them. 278. Increpat. This Ruaeus interprets by adhortatur. Vitro animos. This line is not found in several ancient MSS. Heyne marks it as an interpolation. Ullro, here, implies that Turnus, immediately on seeing the enemy advance to the shore, addressed his men, and animated them to the contest. The address is short, but it bespeaks the sol- dier and the commander. 279. Perfringere dextra. Servius says this is a military phrase, and imports facere fortiter. Adest : it is arrived the time is? come. Tempus is understood. 280. Mars ipse : the battle is in your pow- er, O men. 281. Nunc referto: now let each one imi- tate call to his memory. Ruseus says, memoret. 282. Laudes : the glory of his ancestors. Davidson reads, laudesque. Others omit the que. 284. Audentes: the bold courageous. 285. Versat : in the sense of volvtt. 288. Multi servare: many began to ob- serve the retreat of the ebbing sea, &c. The landing or debarkation of the troops was effected in three divisions. The one under ^Eneas landed on bridges thrown from the ships upon the shore. Another sought flats and shallows, which might be overflown when the tide was full, and bare at the ebb- They leap out upon these, and, by the help of oars, get to the shore. The division un- der Tarchon sought an open and smooth shore, where the waves flowed on without meeting with an impediment or obstacle ; and where landing would be less dangerous. The verb cceperunt is understood. 289. Languentis: ebbing falling. 291. Spirant. This is the reading of Heyne. The common reading is speraf Qua vada : where the bottom or shallows 508 P. V1RGILII MARONIS Hanc terram, sulcumque sibi premat ipsa carina. Frangere nee tali puppim statione recuso,^, J^/.^^ Arrepta tellure semel. Quae talia postquam 299. Socii caperunt Effatus Tarchon, socii consurgere tonsis, consurgere tonsis Spumantesque rates arvis inferre Latinis, Donee rostra tenent siccum ; et sedere carinse 302. Sed tua puppis Omnes innocuae ; sed non puppis tua, Tarchon. non trat innocua Namque inflicta vadis dorso dum pendet iniquo, Anceps sustentata diu, fluctusque fatigat, Solvitur, atque viros mediis exponit in undis : Fragmina remorum quos et fluitantia transtra Impediunt, retrahitque pedes simul unda relabens. 309. Totam aciem suo- m Nec Turnum segnis retinet mora ; sed rapit acer rum, et sistit eos in litore Totam aciem in Teucros, et contra in htore sist.it. contra JEneam. Signa canunt. Primus tunnas invasit agrestes 317. Nec longe hinc ^Eneas, omen pugnae : stravitque Latinos, ^Jf" 1 fe to v Occiso Therone ; virOm qui maximus ultro 319. Arma rierculis _. . . , *.. juvere illos nihil ; sua ^Jneam petit. Huic, gladio perque serea suta, valid manus, genitor- Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum. que Melampus, comes J n de Lycam ferit, exsectum jam matre perempta, 315 AleidiB usque dum terra ib b casus evadere ferri Et tibi phoebe, sacrum ; casus evadere ferri <*** licuit parvo. Nee longe Cissea durum, 323. Sistit illud in ore Immanemque Gyam, sternentes agmina claya, ejus clamantis. Tu quo- Dejecit leto. Nihil illos Herculis arma, que, O infelix Cydon, ^i\ valid^ juvere manus, genitorque Melampus, 320 frnTlLdi'CTAleito. comes usque, graves dum terra labores ventem quoad malas "raebuit. kcce rharo, voces dum jactat inertes, prima lanugine, mise- Intorquens jaculum, clamantis sistit in ore. rande juvenis, jaceres Tu quoque, flaventem prima lanugine malas stratus Dardama dex- D seq ueris Clytium' infelix, nova gaudia, Cydon, tra, securus amorum ;* ', ' jurenum, -qui semper Dardama stratus dextra, securus amorum erant chari tibi ; ni Qui juvenum tibi semper erant, miserande, jaceres ; NOTES. were not rough. Spirant: in the sense of 311. Omen: in the sense of initium vel autuant. fauslum auspicium. 292. Inoffensum: smooth-unobstructed. 313 Sufa . L of the verb suo , Necfracta: not broken dashed against any taken as a sub the geams or fMs of the ^nT Ct n n ' shield the shield itself. JErta suta: the 296. Prernat : in the sense of apcriat. brazen shield> Some c ies have 5cw/a . 299 Tonsis: properly, the blade; by sy- 314> HaurU . in the sense of transfigit. nee the whole oar. Rams**?* RUBUB. Huic . in the sense of %ia . 301. Siccum : locum is understood. 315 Exsectum : cut out, or extracted from 02. Innocua : safe. Ruaeus says, Otene. his mother, when dead. 303 Imquo dorso: an uneven or broken 316i Ferri Femm here is the instru . ment with which his mother was opened. I. Sustentata dm anceps : continuing c . the da of that instrument upon a long time in that dangerous situation. the bod of th 7 infant . Parvo . to him a Fatigatqueflucius. Servius explains this by hud * th j f t fluctus fatigat navem; taking fiuctus for the nom. But it is easier, and more poetical 32 - m He y ne reads nec ' Tbe com ' to say : " the ship tires the waves." They mon reading is nil. beat and dash against it so long, that they 324. Flaventem: yellow as to his cheek. may be said poetically and elegantly to be with the first down. His beard had just tired or wearied out. Valpy says, " buffets begun to grow. the waves." 325. Nova gaudia : in the sense of novwn 310. Canunt signa : they sound the signal amicum. Heyne says, ddicias. Isquiamatur. for the fight. Canunt: in the sense of so- 326. Securus amorum: regardless of the nant. love of the youths, fee. because dead. ^ENEIS. LIB. X. 509 Ni tratrum stipata cohors foret obvia, Phorci Progenies ; septem numero, septenaque tela Conjiciunt : partim gale& clypeoque resultant 330 Irrita ; deilexit partim stringeritia corpus 331- Alma Venus de- Alma Venus. Fidum JEneas affatur Achaten : ^ Jg** tant Suggere tela mihi ; non ullum dextera frustra JEata Torserit in Rutulos ; steterum quae in corpore Graium Iliacis campis. Turn magnam corripit hastam, 335 Et jacit. Ilia volans clypei transverberat aera MaBonis, et thoraca simul cum pectore rumpit. Huic frater subit Alcanor, fratremque ruentem Sustentat dextra : trajecto missa lacerto 339. Protinus altera Protinus hasta fugit, servatque cruenta tenorem ; 340 hasta missa, lacerto Dexteraque ex humero nervis moribunda pependit. Akanoris trajecto, fugit Turn Numitor, jaculo fratris de corpore rapto, ^Eneam petiit : sed non et figere contra Est licitum, magnique femur perstrinxit Achatas. Hie Curibus, fidens primaevo corpore, Clausus 345 Advenit, et rigida, Dryopen ferit eminus hast& Sub mentum graviter pressa, pariterque loquenti Vocem animamque rapit, trajecto gutture : at ille Fronte ferit terram, et crassum vomit ore cruorem. Tres quoque Threicios, Boreae de gente suprema ; 350 350. Per varies casus Et tres, quos Idas pater, et patria Ismara mittit, sternit tres Threioios Per varies sternit casus. Occurrit Halsesus, 1 uoc l ue > de Boprema Auruncasque manus : subit et Neptunia proles, NOTES. 330. Partim : a noun partitive : some of makes the sense easier, and does no violence them. Resultant : in the sense ofresiliunt. to the words. 331. Deflexit: turns aside, so that they After .(Eneas had killed Maeon, observing just touched his body. his brother in the act of supporting him, 333. Suggere : give to me the darts, &c. and bearing him off, immediately, so that 339. Hasta protinus missa. It is generally there seemed to be no interval between the thought by commentators that, the same two darts, hurled one at him which passed spear which killed Maeon, also wounded through his shoulder ; and, bloody from the Alcanor in the arm. But it is difficult to wound it had inflicted, continued on its conceive that a javelin, after it had passed course for some distance. This is the opi- through a shield of brass and a breast plate, nion of Heyne. He says, hasta alia missa should retain so much force as to pass ab JEnea. through the body of a man, and in its 343. Contra : in the sense of vicissim. course wound another person in the arm ; 345 Curibus : from Cures. This was a and, after this, that it should continue its city of the Sabines. Of this city was Clau- way some distance. Some conjecture they sus, who commanded the Sabine troops, were different weapons : and for this there See JEn. vii. 707. is considerable ground of probability. Those 347. P retsa graviter : driven with violence who think there was only one spear, rely under his chin. Pressa agrees with hasta. much upon the word protinus, which they Pariter : in the sense of simul. say, means, strait-way right forward ; but 350. Boreas,. Boreas, properly, the north it also means, forth with immediately. Be- wind, fabled to have been the son of the side, Alcanor did not seize his brother till he river Strymon in Macedonia, or rather of was in the act of falling, and the dart, con- the god of the river Strymon. Suprema : sequently, done its execution, and passed in the sense of alta vel sublimi. Some take from the body on its way. Granting that it in the sense of extreme remote : mean- strait-way is the proper meaning of protinus ing, they were a remote or distant nation of in this place, may it not refer to the quick- the earth. ness of ^Eneas in repeating his throws, as 351. Ismara: a city of Thrae, not far well as to the motion of the dart ? After from mount Ismarus, according to Servius. all, the supposition of their being two darts, 352. Casus : in the sense of 510 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 354. Nuue hi, nunclnsignis Messapus equis. Expellere tendunt illitenduntexpellerea/u Nunc ^ nunc M. Certatur limine in ipso 355 Ausoniae. Magno discordes aethere venti Praelia ceu tollunt, animis et viribus sequis : 358. Ipsi venti non in- Non ipsi inter se, non nubila, non mare, cedunt : ter se, non nubila, non ^nceps p U g na dj U} s tant obnixa omnia contra. ire ' ce Haud aliter Trojanae acies, aciesque Latins Concurrunt : haeret "pede pes, densusque viro vir. At parte ex alia, qua saxa rotantia late Impulerat torrens, arbustaque diruta ripis, 364. Ut primum Pal- Arcadas, insuetos acies inferre pedestres, !asviditArcada,inue-ut vidit Pallas Latio dare terga sequaci : Aspera queis natura loci dimittere quando Suasit equos ; unum quod rebus restat egenis ; 368 Ilk accendit vir- Nunc prece, nunc dictis virtutem aecendit amaris ; tutem suorum, nunc Quo fugitis socii ? per vos, et fortia facta, prece, nunc amaris die- Per ducis Evandri nomen, devictaque bella, tis ; quod unum S^emque meam, patriae quae nunc subit aemula laudis, 369. Oro, per vos, et pidite ne dil)USt p erro rumpen d a per hostes iortia iacta _ . r . , . ... . A r . , *, Lst via, qua globus ille virum densissimus urget : 374. Hac parte alta Hac vos, et Pallanta ducem patria alta reposcit. patria reposcit. Numina nulla premunt ; mortal! urgemur ab hoste 875 gem^a^r rt Ih a h^Mortales; totidera nobie animate manusque. mnt nobis totidem ani- Ecce, mans magno claudit nos objice pontus : raroque manusque, quot Deest jam terra fugae : pelagus, Trojamne petemus 7 sunt illis. Haec ait : et medius densos prorumpit injhostes. Obvius huic primum, fatis adductus'iniquis, Fit Lagus : hunc, magno vellit dum pondere saxum, NOTES. 354. Messapus. See ^ln. vii. 691. He only thing that remained to be done, to rally is there called domitor equum, because the his men, and bring them up to the charge, horse was sacred to Neptune, his reputed He puts them in mind that their only hope father. Hence he is called, Jfeptunia proles, of safety is in victory. He mentions their 358. Cedunt. The common reading is valiant achievements, their battles won, the (.edit in the sing. Heyne reads cedunt, which name of their venerable monarch, &c. Up- is preferable. on this occasion, Pallas manifested the in- 359. Obnixa. Some copies have obnixi. trepid commander. . But Pierius informs us that he found obnixa 355. a/io . tne country, put by meton~ in all the ancient manuscripts which he exa- for the inhabitants. Sequaci : valiant or mined. Jit makes the sense easier, and is pur8U i n g them in flight. probably the correct reading. All things ,. stand struggling against one another- ten- 366 ' D ttere : to dismount-to leave tiventis, nubes nubibus, mare mari. Heyne r howes. Qw : to whom, to wit, the reads, obnixa. Valpy has obnixi. Arcadians. 363. Arbusta : in the sense of arbores. 367 - Suasit : in the sense of coegit. 364. Inferre pedestres acies: to sustain a 370. Ducis: in the sense of regis. Devic- iight on foot : simply, to fight on foot. ta bella : your victorious wars. Ruaeus says. A part of the field of battle was rough relatas victorias. and uneven ground, occasioned by the floods 371. Subit: in the sense of surgit. Pa- of the Tiber, or some torrent from the hills, trix laudis: my father's glory. Here the Arcadians chanced to fall, and 374. Reposcit : in the sense of vocal. being cavalry, they could not use their 377. Maris : in the sense of aqiue. horses, and were obliged to dismount, and 378. Petemus. The meaning is : we must oppose the Latins on foot. But being un- either cast ourselves into the sea, and there accustomed to this mode of fight, they were perish, or clit our way through the enemy soon thrown into confusion, and were fleeing to the Trojan camp. Nothing else remains before the enemy. In this critical state of for us. We have no place for flight, affairs, Pallas hastened along the ranks, the 382. Discriminacoslis : division separa- ji\EIS. LIB. X. 511 382. Figit huncintorto telo, qua spin* dedit dis- atantmi 385. Nam Pallas ex- cipit eitm ante ruentem, incantum, dum 390 390. Vos etiam gemini fratres, Laride, Thym- berque, cecidistis in Ru- tulis arvis, Intorto figit telo, discrimina costis Per medium qua, spma dedit : hastamque receptat Ossibus haerentem. Quem non super occupat Hisbon, Ille quidem hoc sperans : nam Pallas ante ruentem, 334. Quem Bum furit, incautum, crudeli morte sodalis, 386 super Lagum Excipit, atque ensem tumido in pulmone recondit. Hinc Sthehelum petit, et Rhceti de gente vetusta Anchemolum, thalamos ausum incestare novercae. Vos etiam gemini, Rutulis cecidistis in arvis, Daucia, Laride Thymberque, simillima proles, Indiscreta suis, gratusque parentibus error : At nuric dura dedit vobis discrimina Pallas. Nam tibi, Thymbre, caput Evandrius abstulit ensis : Te decisa suum, Laride, dextera quaerit ; 395 Semianimesque micant digiti, ferrumque retractant. Arcadas accensos monitu, et praeclara tuentes Facta viri, mixtus dolor et pudor armat in hostes. Turn Pallas bijugis fugientem Rhcetea praeter Trajicit. Hoc spatium, tantumque morae fuitllo. Ilo namque procul vaiidam direxerat hastam : Quam medius Rhoeteus intercipit, optime Teuthra, Te fugiens, fratremque Tyren : curruque volutus Caedit semianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva. Ac velut optato, ventis aestate coortis, Dispersa immittit sylvis incendia pastor : Correptis subito mediis, extenditur una Horrida per latos acies Vulcania campos : Ille sedens victor flammas despectat ovantes. Non aliter socium virtus coit omnis in unum, Teque juvat, Palla. Sed bellis acer Halaesus Tendit in adversos, seque in sua colligit arma. 399. Fugientem pra- ter eum bijugis 400. Hoc fuit spatium vitce tantumque more ad mortem Ilo 405 407. Mediis sylvis su- bito 410 4 12. In fostes adversos NOTES. tion parting to the ribs. Ruams says, di- r or Hum costarum. 383. Receptat : in the sense of relrahit. 384. Occupat : in the sense of intercipit 389. Anchemolum. He was the son of Rhoetus, king of the Marrubii, a people of Italy. He had an amour with his step-mo- ther Casperia. To escape the vengeance of his father, lie fled to Turn us. 391. Daucia proles simi'.lima : these sons of Daucus, Laridus and Thymber, resem- bled each other so exactly were so much alike, that they could not be distinguished from each other even by their parents. Gratus error : a pleasing error, or delusion. 393. Dura discrimina : cruel fatal dis- tinction. He singled those two brothers from among the rest of the enemy, as the particular objects of his vengean 394. Evandrius ensis : the sword of Pal- las, the son of Kvander. lie cut off the head of Thymbcr, and the right hand of Laridus. This explains the following line : dextera decisa : thy right hand cut off, seeks thee its 396. Micant : in the sense of movent. 400. Hocspa'ium<&.c. The circumstance of Rhoeteus' intercepting the dart aimed at Ilus, which would have killed him, gave him a short space or time of life, and was so much respite from death. 404. Ccedit: in thesense of^w&ctf,vel/en/. 405. Optato : to his wish. 406. Dispersa: scattered abroad. . 408. Horrida Vulcania acies : the horrid squadrons of fire, &c. Thh conveys a lively idea of a devouring fire raging without con- trol, and increasing its forces in its pro- gress, like an army pouring troops after troops. Servius censures the poet in apply- ing acies, troops, or marshalled squadrons, to fire. The expression, to be sure, is bold, but not incongruous. .The word in poetry is applied to fire, spreading and raging, and destroying every thing in its way, like a desolating army. J^uicania : an adj. from I'ulcanus, the god of fire ; by melon, fire itself. 409. Ovantes: exulting victorious. 411. Acer: valiant intrepid in war. llv>. CM I i ait se: he stoops, and contra rt 512 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Hie mactat Ladona, Pheretaque, Demodocumque ; Strymonio dextram fulgenti diripit ense, Elatam in jugulum : saxo ferit ora Thoantis, Ossaque dispergit cerebro permixta cruento. Fata canens sylvis genitor celarat Halaesum : Ut senior leto canentia lumina solvit, Injecere manum Parcae, telisque sacrarunt Evandri : quern sic Pallas petit, ante precatus : 420 Da nunc, Tybri pater, ferro, quod missile libro, Fortunam atque viam duri per pectus Halaesi : HSRC arraa exuviasque viri tua quercus habebit. Audiit ilia Deus : dum texit Imaona Halsesus, 426. At Lasu, in- Arcadio infelix telo dat pectus inermum. 425 gens par* belli, nonsinit ^t non, csede viri tanta perterrita, Lausus, agmma peri t p ars ingens belli) sinh agm i na . Primus Abantem Oppositum interimit, pugnae nodumque moramque. Sternitur Arcadiae proles, sternuntur Etrusci : 430. Et vos, O Teu- Et vos, 6 Graiis imperdita corpora, Teucri. 430 cri,guorwtn corpora eranf Agmina concurrunt, ducibusque et viribus aequis : imperdita Grans, cadi- Extremi addensent acies ; nee turba moveri "434 Hinc LauBus tn- ^ e ^ a manusc l ue sinit. Hinc Pallas instat et urget ; slat et urget contra Hinc contra Lausus : nee multum discrepat setas ; 435. Ambo erant egre- Egregii forma ; sed queis fortuna negarat 435 gii forma. In patriam reditus. Ipsos concurrere passus Haud tamen inter se magni regnator Olympi : Mox illos sua fata manent majore sub hoste. Interea soror alma monet succurrere Lauso NOTES. himself behind the covert of his armor, par- 428. Nodum moramque : the strength, and ticularly his shield. support of the fight. The words imply that 413. Mactat : in the sense of inlerficit. he, (Abas,) made a firm stand against the 414. Strymonio : the dat. in the sense of enemy that he was the life and soul of the the gen. He cut off the right hand of Stry- fight, and a principal obstacle to victory, monius, raised against his throat raised RUJEUS interprets nodwm, by difficultatcm. for the purpose of cutting the head from 430. Imperdita : not slain destroyed. Re- Jlalaesus. Diripit: in the sense of abscindit. ference is here made to the Trojan war, 416. Dispergit : in the sense of diffindit. which proved fatal to so many Trojans. 417. Canens : in the sense of prcedicens, 432. Extremi. &c. The meaning appears agreeing with genitor. Fata : in the sense to be this : that the rear ranks pressed upon of mortem ejus. the front, who were already engaged, that 418. Ut solvit: as soon as the old man they also might come into action. By this closed (loosed) his eyes in death, the fates, means, the men became so close that they &c. Ruaeus interprets canentia by senilia. could not move their hands, or wield their Heyne considers the words lumina canentia, weapons. Turba : the crowd. as referring to the gray hairs, eye brows, 433. Pallas Lausus. One would natu- and beard of the old man to his appear- rally suppose, that the poet would have ance in general, without a particular refer- made these two young princes, so equally ence to the color of his eyes. matched in every respect, try the fortune of 421. Libro : in the sense of mitto. the fight. But he well knew that it would 422. Duri : hardy valiant. be more to their glory, to fall by the hand 425. Inermum : naked unprotected by of a superior foe, than to kill each other, his armor. Dat : in the sense of offert. ' He makes a fine use of their deaths after- 426. Tanta cade viri. Most commenta- ward. The former was slain by Turnus, the tors take this for cade tanti viri, by hypal- latter by ./Eneas. lage : at the slaughter or death of so great 438. Fata : in the sense of mors. a man ; to wit, Halaesus. But it is easier, 439. Soror alma : the nymph Juturna, the and more natural to understand it of the sister of Turnus. She was made a nymph great slaughter, and havoc made by Pallas, by Jove, who had an amour with her. as n iNElH, LIB. X. ' 441. Inquit : est fern- pus 443. Cuperem ut ejus parens Turnum, qui voiucri curru medium secat agmen. 440 Ut vidit socios : Tempus desistere pugnse ; Solus ego in Pallanta feror ; soli mihi Pallas Debetur : cuperem. ipse parens spectator adesset. Haec ait : et socii cesserunt aequore jusso. At Rutulum abscessu, juvenis turn jussa superba Miratus, stupet in Turno ; corpusque per ingens Lumina volvit, obitque truci procul omnia visu ; Talibus et dictis it contra dicta tyranni : Aut spoliis ego jam raptis laudabor opimis, Aut leto insigni : sorti pater aequus utrique est : Tolle minas. Fatus medium procedit in aequor. Frigidus Arcadibus coit in praecordia sanguis. Desiluit Turnus bijugis, pedes apparat ire Cominus. Utque leo, specula cum vidit ab alta Stare procul campis meditantem praelia taurum, Advolat ; baud alia est Turni venientis imago. Hunc ubi contiguum missaB fore credidit hastae, Ire prior Pallas, si qua fors adjuvet ausum, Viribus imparibus ; magnumque ita ad aethera fatur : tans si u ^ Per patris hospitium, et mensas, quas advena adisti, 460. O Alcide, precor Te precor, Alcide, cceptis ingentibus adsis : 461 te, per Cernat semineci sibi me rapere arma cruenta, 462 - Turnus cemat Victoremque ferant morientia lumina Turni. <^t*^HK Audiit Alcides juvenem, magnumque sub imo Corde premit gemitum. lachrymasque effudit inanes. Turn genitor natum dictis affatur amicis : 46G Stat sua cuique dies ; breve et irreparabile tempus Omnibus est vitas : sed famam extendere factis, Hoc virtutis opus. Trojae sub mcenibus altis Tot nati cecidere Deum : quin occidit una 470 Sarpedon, mea progenies. Etiam sua Turnum Fata vocant, metasque dati pervenit ad aevi. 445 450 454. Utque leo advo- 455 lat, cum ab alta specula vidit taurum stare NOTES. compensation for her violated chastity. See JEn. xii. 138., et sequens. 440. Secat : in the sense of dividit. 444. Cesserunt cequore jusso : retired from the commanded plain from that part of the field of battle, where Pallas was, to make room for Turnus to advance against him. 447. Obit : surveys. Omnia may refer to his armor more particularly, than to his per- son. That had been mentioned just before. Truci visu : with a stern or steady look. 448. It : in the sense of dicit, vel responded 449. Spoliis opimis. For the spoha opima, see JEn. vi. 855 859. 450. Pater a>quus. Dryden takes pater here for Jupiter, who, it is true, may be con- sidered the father of all, just and impartial. But it is better to take it for Evander, the father of Pallas. It was the same thing to him whether his son were slain, or returned victorious. He was equally prepared for either event- Evuus : in the sense of pa- rafos. 452. Coit : congeals. It retired from the extremities to the heart; there thickened, and ceased to circulate. Such was the fear of the Arcadians for the issue of the combat. Apparat : in the sense of parat. 457. Contiguum : within reach of his mis- sive spear. 460. Hospitium Hercules, on his return from Spain, was entertained by Evander, and after the death of Cacus was magnifi- cently worshipped. See ^En. viii. 184. t sequens. 461. ddsis: may you favor aid. 462. Rapere : in the sense of auferre. 463. Ferant : may the dying eyes of Tur- nus endure to behold me victorious. 466. JVo/um : Hercules. He was the son of Jupiter by Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon, Hence, sometimes called Amphitryoniades. 467. Stat : is fixed. 472. Ad metas dati 5. Ut serves hanc an imam 532. Parce tuid natis multa talenta argenti NOTES. 506. Referunt : his friends gathering in crowds, (frequentes) carry his body from the field of battle. 507. O do/or, c. This is an exclamation either of the poet, or of his companions, bearing away the dead body, with a view to the grief of Evander when he should hear of the death of his son. But his grief would be in some measure lightened by the consideration of his distinguished actions. 510. Auctor: in the sense of nuntius. Certior : in the sense of certus. Fama : a report or rumor. 511. Tenui discrimine : in a small dis- tance in great hazard of. Modico inlersti- tio mortis, says Servius. Parian distare ab cxitio, says Ruoeus. 512. Suos : socios is understood. Tempus:' csse is understood. 514. Agit : in the sense offacil : he cuts down forces with his sword, &c. 519. Umbris: the plu. for umbra in the sing, as in JEn. v. 81, which see. Inferias : offerings to the dead. These were poured upon, or* into the grave. They were milk, honey, wine, &c. Upon these, it was sup- posed, the umbra feasted. ^20, Perfwqiaf : mirht wet, or sprinkle, 521. Contender at: in the sense of mittebaf. 522. Subit : he stoops. Astu : with dex- terity. 524. Per patrios manes, &c. This address of Magus is imitated from Homer, Diad vi. where Adrastus supplicates Agamemnon. But the Roman poet has imich improved upon the Greek. Mr. Popn observes, that nothing could be a more artful piece of ad- dress than the first lines of this supplication, when we consider the character of jEneaff, to whom it was made : per patrios Manes^ &c. 526. Defossa penitus : buried deep in the earth. 527. Pondera : masses : plu. of pondus. Auri facti. By this we are to understand, gold wrought into vases, statues, &c. Auri infecti : of bullion gold unwrought. Cte- lati : of embossed silver silver carved or wrought into vases. 529. Tanta discrimina: so great differ- ence. The victory of tbe Trojans does not turn upon this point (hie.') My life can make no great difference ; beside, you shall be abundantly rewarded for your clemency in doing it. 532. Ista commercia : those terms or con* ditions, 516 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 534. Manes patris Hoc patris Anchisse Manes, hoc scntit lulus. Anchisffi sentiunt gj c f atugj g a l eam Iseva tenet ; atque, reflexa 535 536. Abdidit ensem Cervice, orantis capulo tenus abdidit ensem. tenus capulo in corpus Nee procul JSmomdes, Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos, ejus orantis. Nee erat^f^^ cu i sacr }l redimibat tempora vitta, lomdes procul, Totug Col , uceil8 veste atque msign ibus armis. 539 Quern congressus agit campo, lapsumque superstans Immolat, ingentique umbr tegit : arma Serestus Lecta refert humeris, tibi, rex Gradive, trophaeum. Instaurant acies, Vulcani stirpe creatus 541. Ingentique um- Caeculus, et veniens Marsorum montibus Umbro. bra mortis. Dardanides contra furit. Anxuris ense sinistram, 545 545. Umbro dejecerat Et totum d j fem) de j ecerat O rbem. TSZ '"^'Dixerat ille aliquid magnum, vimque affore verbo Crediderat, cceloque animum fortasse ferebat, Canitiemque sibi, et longos promiserat annos. Tarquitus exsultans contra fulgentibus armis, 550 Sylvicolae Fauno Dryope quern Nympha crearat, 552. JEneat ardenti. Obvius ardenti sese obtulit : ille reducta Ille, hasta reducta, im- Loricam clypeique ingens onus impedit hasta : pedit ejus loncam Turn caput orantis nequicquam, et multa parantis Dicere, deturbat terrae : truncumque tepentem 555 556. Super eum fatur Provolvens, super haec inimico pectore fatur : haec Istic nunc, metuende, jace. Non- te optima mater 7 ^* M/t>metu *Condet humi, patriove onerabit membra sepulchro : Alitibus linquure feris, aut gurgite mersum Unda feret, piscesque impasti vulnera lambent. 560 Protinus Antaeum et Lycam, prima agmina Turni, Persequitur fortemque Numam, fulvumque Camertem, Magnanimo Volscente satum ; ditissimus agri NOTES. 538. Infula. This was a sort of diadem to the JEneid. Totum orbem clypei : simply, worn by priests and illustrious persons. The the whole shield. vitta was a kind of label or fillet, that hung 547< Vim . force efficacy, ^liquid mag- down from the infula, on each side. Cui : num , H e had repeated some spell or in- in the sense of cujus. cantation, which he hoped would prove effi- 540. Congrtssus: engaging, or meeting: cac i ou s against the darts of JEneas, and a part, agreeing with ^neas. therefore he made head against him. Da- 541. Ingenti umbra : with the shades of v id son says, " some mighty spell he had death an everlasting shade. Ruaeussays, pron ounced." RUJBUS observes: magicis magnia Unebris. Davidson says, " with the q^usdam consecrationibus et carminibus ad- deep shades of death." Heyne thinks it re- vers ; is vu i nera se mun ieral. Germanus, and fers to the shield and body of ^Cneas ; which gome others think ma ^ C um should be read is a very singular interpretation. Super- in the place O f magnum. ttansingenti umbra ffl says he. Tegit : ^ Sdmcolv: the dat. agreeing with m the sense of oppnmrt. an inhabitant of thc 6 wood s. Of totfat^^efoZra^-- ' ** "f ^ ^ " ^ m Gradivus, name of Mars. pepererat. 543. Acies : in the sense of pugnam. 553 - Hasta reducta : his spear being drawr 545. Dardanides : jEneas. back, that he might throw it from him with 546. Dejecerat : Umbro had cut off the greater force. Impedit : he encumbers, or left arm of Anxur just as ^neas came up. renders useless to him, his corslet, &c. I He had thrown down his left arm, and with cause his s P ear remained fast in them. it his shield fell to the ground. This, and 561. Prima agmina : the chief or princi- some other embarrassed sentences, occur, pal leaders. They were so valiant, they particularly in this book, which plainly show were a host themselves. Heyne says, qui that Virgil had not put the finishing hand pvgnant ante ordines vel qui in prima acie. . LIB. X, 51; t'uit Ausomdum ; et tacitis regnavit Amyclis. qualis, centum cui brachia dicunt, 565 Centeriasque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem Pectoribusque arsisse ; Jovis cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clypeis, tot stringeret enses. Sic toto ^neas desaevit in aequore victor, Ut semel intepuit mucro. Quin ecce Nyphaei 570 Quadrijuges in equos, adversaque pectora tendit : Atque illi longe gradientem et dira frementem Ut videre, metu versi, retroque ruentes, EfFunduntque ducem, rapiuntque ad litora currus. Interea bijugis infert se Lucagus albis 575 In medios, iraterque Liger : sed frater habenis Flectit equos ; strictum rotat acer Lucagus ensem. Haud tulit ^Erieas tanto fervore furentes ; Irruit, adversaque ingens apparuit hasta. Cui Liger : 580 Non Diomedis equos, non currum cernis Achillis, Aut Phrygian campos : nunc belli finis et aevi His dabitur terris. Vesano talia late Dicta volant Ligeri : sed non et Troius heros Dicta parat contra ; jaculum nam torquet in hostem. Lucagus ut pronus pendens in verbera telo 58t Admonuit bijugos, projecto dum pede Ia3vo Aptat se pugnae, subit oras hasta per imas Fulgentis clypei, turn laevum perforat inguen. 565. Talis qualis erat ^Egseon, cui homines di- cunt Juisse centum 570. Mucro gladii in- tepuit sanguine 572. Uli equi, ut pri- mum videre cum long 578. Eos furentes tanto NOTES. 564. Ausonidum : gen. plu. for Ausoni- rfarwm, by syn. The Ausones were among the early inhabitants of Italy. Tacitis Amy- clis. Amyclce was a city of Latium, near Terracina, which is said to have perished through silence. The city having been fre- quently thrown into confusion by false alarms, at length a law was made that none of its inhabitants should mention the ap- proach of an enemy. So that, when an enemy actually advanced against the city, it was suddenly destroyed for want of time- ly intelligence. Servius assigns another reason for the singular epithet of tacita. He observes, they held the doctrines of Py- thagoras, which forbade them to offer any violence to serpents, and enjoined, at the same time, a silence of five years. At a time, a host of serpents issued from a lake near the city ; the inhabitants refusing to attack them, fell a prey to them. 565. JEgteon: the son of Coelus and Ter- ra. The same as Briareus. 568. Tot paribus clypeis. It is generally thought these words imply, that the num- ber of his shields was equal to his arms or hands. But it is diificult to conceive how that could be. The warrior carried a shield only on his left arm ; and with his right hand he wielded the sword, the javelin, &c. His shields and swords (enses,~) doubtless, equal- led together the number of his hands, But paribus may mean that they were all of equal size and shape. Streperet : in the sense of sanabat. 570. Ut semel : when once his sword, &c. Mucro : properly, the point of the sword, by synec. the whole sword. 571. Adversa pectora. By these words, we are to understand the breasts of the steeds, rather than the breast of the charioteer JVi- phceus. It gives us a higher idea of the courage of ,/Eneas, who dared to stand against, and oppose the course of these horses. 572. Dira : an adj. of the neu. plu. used as an adv. in imitation of the Greeks. 574. Effundunt : they throw out the dri- ver. 575. Bijugis : bijugi is, properly, a pair of horses harnessed : by meton. the carriage in which they are harnessed. Of bis and jugum. Lucagus was drawn in a chariot by a pair of white horses. 578. Fervore : heat violence. 582. JEvi : of your life. 583. Hit terris : on this spot in this place. 584 Vesano Ligeri : from insolent Liger. Liger is declined like nouns of the third de- clension, some of which make the abl. in i, as well as in e. Et : also. 587. Admonuit : goaded on his horses with a dart the point of his javelin, or dart. 518 P. VIKGILII MARONIS Excussus curru moribundus volvitur arvis; 590 Quern pius ./Eneas dictis afiutur amaris : Lucage, nulla tuos currus fuga segnis equorum 593. Vertere eos Prodidit, aut vanae vertere ex hostibus umbrae : 594. Tu ipse saliens j pse rotig sa ii ens j uga deseris. Haec ita fatus, Arripuit bijugos. Prater tendebat inermes 595 Infelix palmas, curru delapsus eodem : Per te, per qui te talem genuere parentes, 597. Oro per te, per yi r Trojane, sine hanc animam, et miserere precantis. par oo te ^ qui * Pluribus oranti .Eneas : Haud talia dudum flifS^lrib^S Dicta dabas : morere, et fratrem ne desere frater. 600 600. Tu frater ne de- Turn, latebras animae, pectus mucrone recludit. sere Talia per campos edebat funera ductor Dardanius, torrentis aquae vel turbinis atri More furens. Tandem erumpunt, et castra relinquunt Ascanius puer, et nequicquam obsessa juventus. 605 Junonem interea compellat Jupiter ultro : O germana, mihi atque eadem gratissima conjux ! Ut rebare, Venus, nee te sententia fallit, 609. Non wM'Mw viris Troj anas sustentat opes! non vivida bello dextra Dextra viris, animusque ferox, patiensque pericli ! 610 Cui Juno submissa : Quid, 6 pulcherrime conjux, Sollicitas aegram, et tua tristia dicta timentem ? 613. Si foret mihi Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat, quamque esse decebat, 4adem vis in amore, quse yj s m amore f ore t i non hoc mihi namque negares Omnipotens ; quin et pugnae subducere Turnum, 615 Et Dauno possem incolumem servare parenti. Nunc pereat, Teucrisque pio det sanguine pcenas. NOTES. 690. Excussus : thrown tost from his 608. Venus, ut rebare, &c. This is said chariot. ironically, as appears both from the turn of 591. Pius JEntas. Dr. Trapp observes the sentence, and the answer of Juno, which the epithet pius seems a little incongruous, shows that she considered it in that light. while he is insulting a fallen enemy. ~ Some How Venus supports the Trojan strength I soldier-like epithet would seem much more gQ9. Qp es : j n the sense of vires. She proper for our hero on ihis occasion. But gi ves strength, or power to the Trojans, to he is avenging the death of his friend Pallas, perform such mighty deeds. Vivida : in the who had just been slain ; and among the sense o f ardens. heathen, that was looked upon as an act of 6n Su ^ missa . humble submissive. Lucage: Mr. Davidson observes, 612. JEgram: afflicted-full of grief. The this is a very poor sentiment, an ill-timed P ron - wc ' 1S understood. affectation of wit, unworthy both of the 613. Si foret mihi vis : O, that there were poet and the hero. Virgil appears to have the same force in my love < been led into it, from an over fondness for the same influence over thy affections, &c. Homer. Nulla segnis: no slow flight of but I have lost it; for otherwise, thou your horses, &e. wouldst not deny me this. 594. Juga : properly the yoke : here, the 616. Possem: I would be able I could chariot. Sometimes, also, the horses, by desire to have power, &c. meton. 617. Pereat : now he must perish, and 598. Sine : spare, or save this life. In make retribution, c. the sense of parce. RUEBUS says, omille. This is said by Juno with a degree of in- 601. Latebras animcs : the seat of life, dignation, that the favorite of Venus should Ruseus says, quo latet anima. Latebras is thus prevail, and that the daughter should put in apposition with pectus. have more influence with Jove than the 607. Conjux. Juno was both the sister, wife. Davidson renders the words det p<- and wife of Jove. Conjux is both a husband, nas : "let him glut the vengeance of the and wife. Trojans with his pious blood." Hi* Wood NEIS. LIB. X, o!9 620 62 5 625. Vacat dulsisse tibi Ille tamen noslra deducit origine nomen ; Pilumnusque illi quartus pater ; et tua larg& Saepe manu, multisque oneravit limina donis, Cui rex aetherei breviter sic fatur Olympi : Si mora praesentis leti, tempusque caduco Oratur juveni, meque hoc ita ponere sentis ; Tolle fuga Turnum, atque instantibus eripe fatis. Hactenus indulsisse vacat. Sin altior istis Sub precibus venia ulla latet, totumque moveri Mutarive putas bellum, spes pascis inanes. Cui Juno illachrymans : Quid si, quod voce gravaris, Mente dares ; atque hoec Turno rata vita maneret ? Nunc manet insontem gravis exitus ! aut ego veri 630 Vana feror : quod ut 6 potius formidine falsa 631. Quod, 6 sit ito, Ludar ; et in melius tua, qui potes, orsa reflectas ! ut potius - Haec ubi dicta dedit, coslo se protinus alto Misit, agens hyemem nimbo succincta per auras, Iliacamque aciem, et Laurentia castra petivit. Turn Dea nube cava tenuem sine viribus umbram, In faciem ^Eneae, visu mirabile monstrum ! Dardaniis ornat telis : clypeumque jubasque Divini assimulat capitis ; dat inania verba : Dat sine mente sonum, gressusque effingit euntis. Morte obita, quales fama est volitare figuras, Aut quae sopitos deludunt somnia sensus. At primas Iceta ante acies exsultat imago, Irritatque virum telis, et voce lacessit. Iristat cui Turnus, stridentemque eminus hastam Conjicit : ilia dato vertit vestigia tergo. Turn vero ^Enean aversum ut cedere Turnus Credidit, atque animo spem turbidus hausit inanem : 635 636. Turn Dea ornat Dardaniis telis tenuem umbram sine viribus e cava nube, 640 645 646. Ilia imago vertit NOTES. is called pious, because Turnus was de- scended from the gods. 619. Quarlus pater. Turnus was the fourth in a direct line from Pilumnus, who is, therefore, called his fourth father. He was his great-grandfather's father. 620. Limina tua : in the sense of tua templa. 622. Mora: a delay respite from. Ca- duco : about to fall doomed to fall by the hand of ^Eneas. Mox casuro, says Heyne. 623. Ponere : to settle, fix or determine. Constituere, says Heyne. Oratur : is asked by tliee. 625. Vacat: in the sense of licet. Hacte- nus so far. 626. Venia: in the sense of gratia. 628. Gravaris : you are loth, or unwilling to grant by words. 629. Quid si dares. Juno here seems to express some fear, that her husband was not sincere in granting her even this favor. Mente: from your heart sincerely. 630. Exitus : in the sense of mors. Vana here has the sense of ignara, Or else the word augur, vel aruspex, is understood. Ru> CBUS says, dicor ignara veritatis. 632. In milius : taken adverbially, for the better. Orsa : in the sense of incepta. Qui potes : who hast power. Jupiter could con- trol the fates, by deferring, or impeding their purposes, or decrees. 634. Nimbo : in the sense of nube. 636. Turn Dea, &c. This is taken from Homer, Iliad v., where Apollo raises a phan- tom in the shape of ^Eneas. But Virgil has greatly improved upon the original. 638. Ornat: in the sense of instruit. 640. Effingit: represents. Ruteus says, cxprimit. 641. Morte obitd : after death death being past. 642. Sopitos sensus : the slumbering senses or senses buried in sleep. QW non rives victor, nee Ad quern subridens mixta Mezentius ira : laetabere longum tempus, Nunc morere ! Ast de me Divum pater atque hominum m rex Viderit ! Hoc dicens, eduxit corpore telum. Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget 745 Somnus ; in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem. Coedicus Alcathoum obtruncat, Sacrator Hydaspen : Partheniumque Rapo, et jpraedurum viribus Ursen : Messapus Cloniumque, Lycaoniumque Ericeten : 749. Messapus oltrun- Illum, infraenis equi lapsu tellure jacentem ; * 750 cat Hunc, peditem pedes. Et Lyeius processerat Agis, 75 * & Quern tamen haud expers Valerus virtutis avitas nempe, Dejicit : Athronium Salius ; Saliumque Nealces, Ericeten peditem, ipse Insignis jaculo, et longe fallente sagitta. pedes. Et Lyeius Agis Jam gravis aequabat luctus et mutua Mayors 755 P rocesserat in Messa- Funera : C33debant pariter, pariterque ruebant Victores yictique : neque his fuga nota, neque ill is. 757. Nota est his Di Jovis in tectis iram miserantur inanem Amborum, et tantos mortalibus esse labores. Hinc Venus, hinc contra spectat Saturnia Juno. 760 Pallida Tisiphone media inter millia sasvit. NOTES. PI' Haud di na(us es l-' he disdained to 748. Pradurum: very powerful ^i'f c " 750. Ilium. Ille frequently signifies the UJ. Cuspide : the point, taken by synec. former, or first mentioned, and hie the latter, 4f ^ 3e Spear * or last menti< >ned. In the present case, w u JtC tum '' m ie Sense of P rostratum - i- llum means Clonius, who had fallen from We have here the image of a hero. Me- his restive horse ; while hunc means Ericetes, zrntms disdained to take any advantage of who fought on foot. Messapus, though the us enemy, although the laws of war would commander of the horse, was now on foot, have justified him in so doing; but he met pedes. In/ranis : in the sense of indomiti. e to face, (adversoj and gave him an 752. Expers : degenerate from destitute opportunity to try the strength of his arm, of. Of ex and pars. The poet here com- liimself not his superior in stratagem, but pliments the Valerian family, then very in- TOC , e Valor ' fluential at Rome, to which the famous Fub- : m the sense of rcpelenlcs, licola belonged. Avita: in the sense of vel canentes. Pceana : in the sense of cantum. majorum. 739. Autem We, &c. Here Virgil makes 753. Dejicit : prostrates lulls. This verb Urodes toretell the death of his victor. In is to be supplied with Sal, ces. this J p follows Homer, who makes Hector 754. Lontf falluUe : sinking liirn from a ioretell the death of Achilles, who was after- distance it was shot from a distam-e, and ward slam by Paris. approached unperccived. Fcrientedtu. 740. fata: m the sense of mors. quo incantum, says Heync. <41. Prospectant: in tlje sense of manent. 758. Tectis : in the palace of Jove. This 74j. Olli : for Hit by antithesis : the dat. was situated on Mount Olympus. Inc in the sense of the jren., to be connected useless tending to no purpose. / a with oculos. 526 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Et tunicam, molli mater quam neverat auro ; Implevitque sinum sanguis : turn vita per auras Concessit moesta ad Manes, corpusque reliquit. 820 821. Et ora ejus mo- At vero ut vultum vidit morientis et ora, Ora modis Anehisiades pallentia miris, Ingemuit miseraus graviter, dextramque tetendit ; Et mentem patrise subiit pietatis imago : 824 825. O puer miseran- Quid tibi nuuc, miserande puer, pro laudibus istis, de, quid honoris nunc Q u id pius ^Eneas tanta dabit indole dignum ? labitur tibi pro istis Arm ^ quibus la}tatus> habe tua . teque parentum Manibus, et cineri, si qua est ea cura, remitto. 829.Tamen, Oinfelix H6c tamen, infelix, miseram solabere mortem : juvenis, tu solabero JEneae magni dextra cadis. Increpat ultro 830 Cunctantes socios, et terra sublevat ipsum, Sanguine turpantem comptos de more capillos. Interea genitor Tiberini ad fiuminis undam Vulnera siccabat lymphis, corpusque levabat, Arbons acclinis trunco. Procul aerea ramis 835 Dependet galea, et prato gravia arma quiescunt. Stant lecti circum juvenes : ipse afiger, arihelans Colla fovet, fusus propexam in pectore barbam. Multa super Lauso rogitat : multosque remittit, 840. Qui revocent Q u j revocent, mcestique ferant mandata parentis. 840 cum apr&lio ^ Lausum socii exanimum super arma ferebant Flentes, ingentem, atque ingenti vulnere victum. Agnovit longe gemitum prsesaga malumens : Canitiem immundo deformat pulvere, et Vmbas NOTES. 818. Molli auro: with fine threads of gold. 822. Anehisiades : JEneas. A patrony- Gold is a very ductile metal, and capable of mic noun : the son of Anchises. being drawn >nto very line threads, or wire. 625. Laudibus : in ihe sense ofvirlulibua. 819. Turn viiamozsta, c. Dr. Trapp ob- Ruseus says, mentis. serves, that every incident in the death of 826. Indole : disposition excellence of Lausus is well chosen, especially the con- character. trast between so pious a son, and so wicked 828. Remitto : in the sense of rcddo. a father ; between the rash valour of the Cttra : care solicitude of thine. youth, and the generous care and friendly 831. Ipsum: Lausus. admonition of his heroic enemy. Pailas 832. Genitor . the father of Lausus. had fallen by the hand of Turnus. Lausus -834. Siccabat: staunched his wounds with and Pallas were of equal valour; but there water washed them with water, which be- is a wide difference between the conduct ing cold, stopped the flowing of the blood. and bravery of their conquerors. Turnus Ruaeus says, tergebat : rinsed cleansed. Dr. eagerly seeks the combat, and challenges Trapp takes siccabat in the same sense. the youthful warrior. He even wishes his Lympkis : in the sense of a-; father were present, to behold the death of 835. Procul : apart by themselves at his son. ./Eneas is far from seeking Lausus, some distance from him. This word usually and singling him out as the object of his implies distance, but that distance may be vengeance. And even when he exposed very small. Acclinis: leaning against, or himself for the sake of his father, he begged upon. It agrees with Mezentius. him to retire from the combat, assuring him 837. JEtger : faint with loss of blood. that his tenderness for his father would Fovet : eases supports. Ruseus says, sus- bring on him sure destruction. Nor does tentat. He leaned his head forward upon he attack him until he is compclied to do it his breast, spreading his long beard over it. in his own defence. And after he is slain, Fusus: in the sense of fun-dens: or. it may the victor fetches a deep groan, looks upon be taken as a Grecisrn. Ruaeus says, dc- him with an eye of pity, and the image of ponens. his filial piety touches his generous heart. 841. Super arma : upon his shield. 820. Mcuta : sad mournful, Concessit : 844. Deformat : he throws dust upon his in the sense of abiif. head. Canitiem ; his hoary hairs. JENEIS. LIB. X. 52? 845 845. Inhsret corpor. Ad coeium tend it palmas, et corpore inhseret : Tanta-ne me tenuit vivendi, nate, voluptas, Ut pro me hostili paterer succedere dextrae, 847. Ut paterer te Quern genui ? tua-ne ha?c genitor per vulnera servor, quem'genui, succedere Morte tua vivens ? Heu ! nunc rnisero mihi demum hostili dextrae pro me ? Exilium infelix ! nunc alte vulnus adactum ! 850 Eg % g ^" itor Idem ego, nate, tuum maculavi crimine nomen, exiliJm estate Pulsus ob invidiam solio scept risque paternis. misero Debueram patriae poenas, odiisque meorum : 853. Meorum subdi Omnes per mortes animam sontem ipse dedissem ! 854 forum Nunc vivo ! neque adhuc homines lucemque reliuquo ! Sed linquam. Simul haec dicens, attollit in segrum ' Se femur : et, quanquam vis alto vulnere tardat, S r o Haud dejectus equum duci jubet. Hoc decus illi, Hoc solamen erat : be His hdc victor abibat Omnibus. Alloquitur mcerenlem, et talibus infit : RhoBbe, diu ; res si qua diu mortalibus ulla est ; Viximus. Aut hodie victor spolia ilia cruenta, Et caput JEneae referes, Lausique dolorum LJltor eris mecum : aut, aperit si nulla viam vis, 3ccumbes pariter : neque enim, fortissime, credo 865 Jussa aliena pati, et dominos dignabere Teucros. Bixit : et exceptus tergo consueta locavit Membra ; manusque ambas jaculis oneravit acutis ; tfpre caput fulgens, cristaque hirsutus equina. Sic cursum in medios rapidus dedit. ^stuat mgens Imo in corde pudor, mixtoque insania luctu, 871 ...r doloris ex alto vulnere tardat turn 860 860. Moerentem equum, et infit talibus verbis : 864. Aperit mihi viam 865. Pariter mecum : enim neque credo, O fortissime equorum, ut tu dignabere pati 867. Consueta huic equo NOTES. 846. Fbluptas: in the sense of cupido. 847. Succedere : to substitute himself for me to the arm of the enemy to come up to, &c. 848. Quern qenui : whom I begat. This speech of Me -v 8r the dead body of his son is extic .. :(J . He now sees the errors of his former conduct, and the misery to which he had reduced himself now stares him in the face. 850. Infelix : in the sense of durum, vel intolerable. While his son was living, he could hear up under the burden of exile from his country and throne ; but now he is no more, it is become insupportable to him, reduced to a state of wretchedness and de- spair. The wound (the sense of his wick- edness and v-rimes) is now opened deep and afresh. Adactum: is driven deep ... u ;. heart. Est : is understood. 851. Idem ego : I, the same father who begat you, and suffered you to lose your life for him, have tarnished your good name by my crimes. 852. Invidiam. This may signify his own invidious measures, and cruel and tyrannical government ; or the odium and resentment of his subjects against him, which drove him from his throne, and brought upon him a train of evils. The former is the most in accordance with the context, since he is now awakened to a sense of his crimes, and con- demns himself for them. Servius, however prefers the i.i tter sense ; Davidson the former! Ruseus says, propter mtam cupiditatem. 3. Pcenas: satisfaction atonement. Dedissem: to the resentment of my people, lould have given up my guilty life. 856. JEgrum : in the sense of saucium 8i>7. FM: the violence of the pain from the wound he had received. 858. Hoc : this ; to wit, his horse. 859. Hoc : here, is in the abl. with this horse. Lquo is understood. 860. Mfzrcntem: sorrowino- grieving Mastum, says Ituceus. Davidson renders it " sympathizing." 861. Rti&be, diu viximus : such apos- trophes, both to the animal and vegetable - &1 ^om being unnatural, are amonu the grt-.. est bo -, n d always show high emotion of souh ^d the poet made the horse reply to his mas- ter, he could not so easily be justified. This is in imitation of Homer. 863. Refcres : you shall bear away. 867. Exceptus : being received by the ani- mal upon his back, he placed. 868. Oinavit : in the sense ofarmavil. 869. Cm/a equina : a crest of horse hair made of horse hair. 871. Imo. In many of the ancient copies which Pierius consulted, he found uno enrJ* ' 528 P. V1RG1LII MARON1S Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus : Atque hie ^Eneam magna ter voco vocavit. ./Eneas agnovit eum, Ia3tusque precatur : 875. Faciat, ut in in- Sic pater ille Deum faciat, sic altus Apollo, 875 cipias Incipias conferre marium. 877. Mntas effatus Tantum effatus, et iniesta subit obvius hasta. est tantum Hie autem : Quid me erepto, saBvissime, nato 878. Autem ille Me- Terres 1 h?ec via sola fuit, qu& perdere posses. Nee mortem horremus, nee Divum parcimus ulli : 880 Desine. Jam venio moriturus ; et haec tibi porto Dona prius. Dixit : telumque intorsit in hostem : Inde aliud super atque aliud figitque, volatque 884.Urabo^Enfiffisus-Ingenti gyro : sed sustinet aureus umbo. tinet ilia. Ter circum adstantem laevos equitavit in orbes, 885 adstTnte'nT 11111 ^** a *'&&* manu jaciens : ter secum Troius heros a 887 an immanem8ylvam lmmanem aerato circumfert tegmine sylvam. jaculorum injixam surato Inde ubi tot traxisse moras, tot spicula taedet 888. Tsedet JEntam Vellere ; et urgetur pugn& congressus iniqua : 889 traxisse tot moras, et jyf ulta movens animo, jam tandem erumpit, et inter veller, cly- Bellatoris equi cava te mpora conjicit hastam. Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, et calcibus auras Verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus peo NOTES. in one and the same breast. Heyne reads uno. The common reading is imo. Jnsania : rage tury. 872. Et furiis. This verse is wanting in the ancient Roman manuscript. Heyne marks it as an interpolation. 876. Conferre manum : to engage with me, hand to hand. This address of ./Eneas to the Gods is a fine contrast to the impiety of Mezentius, who acknowledges no other Deity than his own arm : verse 773, supra. The prayer is short, but the approach of a furious enemy would not permit him to say more. 877. Sub it : in the sense of occurrit. 878. Quid me terres, &c. Mezentius see- ing JEneas coming up against him with his hostile spear, instead of discovering any signs of fear, appears hardened against the terrors of death, since his son, for whose sake he lived, was now taken from him, nato erepto. 880. Parcimus ulli : Ruams says, rcvc- rtmur ullum numcn : I do not regard any of the Gods. Some take parco in its usual acceptation, and understand by it that Mezentius would not have spared the Gods themselves, had they appeared in the field against him : he looked on them as his enemies, and would have discharged his wrath against them. Heyne takes parci- mus in the sense of euro vereor vel metuo. 883. Super. This word here is used in the sense of insuper, vel prwterea. Figit : in the sense ofjacit, vel torquet. 885. Equitavit -in leevos orbes : he rode about to the left, that he might reach the right side of jEneas, which was not pro- tected by his shield ; and in this way. he turned quite about, forming an orb, or circle. But .flSneas wheeled at the same time, and kept the same relative situation to his anta- gonist, as appears from the next verse : ter Troius : thrice the Trojan hero, &c. 887. Tegmine : in the sense of clype.o. Immanent sylvam : this means the spears, or darts, which Mezentius had thrown at ^Eneas, and which stuck in his brazen shield. These he carried arotmd with him as he turned, following his antagonist. Ruaeus says, magnum numerum jaculorum. 888. Perdere: in the sense of occidere. The pron. me is understood. 889. Congressus : being engaged in une- qual fight. Mezentius being on horseback, and ^Eneas on foot, they were not on equal terms. 890. flfovcns : in the sense of rtvolvenx. 892. Calcibus. Calces here doubtless is to be taken for the fore feet. The horse reared, or lifted himself upon his hind feet, and in that position buffetted the air. Pes- terioribus pedibus, says Heyne. 893. Ipseseculus: by the rearing and kicking of his horse, Mezentius was thrown (effusum) to the ground. The horse him- self soon following, falls upon his rider, (equitem^) and lays upon his shoulder, as he was thus prostrate. By these means, he was unable to rise to meet his foe, or defend himself in any manner. Foi secutus RUSBUS says, cadcns. &NEIS. LIB. X. 5-29 Implicat, ejectoque incumbit cernuus armo. Clamore incendunt coelum Troesque Latinique. Advolat ./Eneas, vaginaque eripit ensem : Et super haec : Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et ilia Effera vis animi ? Contra Tyrrhenus, ut auras Suspiciens hausit ccelum, mentemque recepit : Hostis amare, quid increpitas, mortemque minaris Nullum in ctede nefas, nee sic ad prselia veni ; Nee tecum meus haec pepigit mihi foedera Lausus. Unum hoc, per, si qua est victis venia hostibus, oro ; Corpus humo patiare tegi. Scio acerba meorum Circumstare odia : hunc, oro, defende furorem, Et me consortem nati concede sepulchro. Hoec loquitur, juguloque baud inscius -accipit ensem, Undantique animam diffundit in arma cruore. 894. Tmplicat Mesw 895 tium equitem 897. Et stans super turn dixit heec : Ubi est 901. 901 - in mea cede; nee sic veni ad praelia, / par- ceres mihi 903. Per veniam, si 905 qua venia est victis hos- tibus, ut tu patiare meum corpus 906. Concede me esst consortem NOTES. 894. Implicat : incumbers presses him down. Cernuus: Rueeus says, pronus in caput, referring to the horse. 898. Vis : violence impetuosity. Ut : when as soon as. Ruseus says, postquam. 899. Suspiciens auras hausit : These words are capable of a two-fold version : as soon as looking up, he saw the light ; taking coelum in the sense of lucem, and supplying the word oculis. This Heyne prefers. Or, as soon as looking up, he drew in his breath; taking cceium in the sense of spiriturn. This is the sense of Ruaeus and Davidson. Auras : the prep, flrf, is understood. 902. Pepigit IICEC : agreed upon these terms with you for me. Venia : a favour. 904. Meorum: of my former subjects. 905. Defende hunc : avert, or forbid the indulgence of their furious resentment. Ruaeus says, confine. 906. Concede: grant permit. Mezentius desired to be buried in the same grave with his son. This he begged as a favour, not that he could claim it as a right. As they had not been separated in life, he wished not to be in death. It may here be re- marked, that how wicked soever a person may have been in life, at the hour of his death, he earnestly desires the reward of virtue, and that in the future life, he may be a partaker with the righteous. 908. Diffundit : pours out his life. Un- danti cruore : the blood flowing, or gushing upon his armour. It may be remarked here, that the poet differs widely from the current of historians. They say, that in a war which broke out between the Latins and Tuscans, over whom Mezentius was king, that JEneas was slain by him in a battle, fought on the banks of the river Numicus, whose waters carried his dead body into the sea. where it was never afterwards found. Hence it was be- lieved, that he was taken to Heaven and made a demi-god. This took place about three years after the building of the city Lavinium. See ^n. iv. 615. QUESTIONS. How does this book open ? Where was this council held ? What is the conclusion of their delibera- tions ? Were there any speeches made upon the occasion ? What is the subject of the speech of Ve- nus? What is the character of it? What is the nature of Juno's reply ? What is the character of it ? What is the decision of Jove ? Whom does the poet here imitate ? What book of the Iliad ? Where is mount Olympus ? Why was it taken by the poets for hea- ven ? Why is it here called omnipotens ? Where was ^Eneas during the transac- tions of the preceding book ? Having effected his object, does he make any further delay ? What part of his allies did he send by land ? By whom is he met on his way down the Tiber ? Who was the chief speaker among those nymphs ? Did she give him any particular informa- tion ? What was that information ? How was Turnus engaged in the mean time ? 528 P. VIKGlLli MARON1S Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus : Atque hie ^Eneam magna ter voco vocavit. -/Eneas agnovit eum, laetusque precatur : 875. Facial, ut tu in- Sic pater ille Deum faciat, sic altus Apollo, 875 ci P iaa Incipias conferre manum. 877. JEneas effatus Tantum effatus, et infesta subit obvius hasta. at tantum Ille autem : Quid me erepto, sasvissime, nato 878. Autem ille Me- Terres ? hsec via sola fuit, qu perdere posses. Nee mortem horremus, nee Divum parcirnus ulii : 880 Desine. Jam venio moriturus ; et haec tibi porto Dona prius. Dixit : telumque intorsit in hostuni : Inde aliud super atque aliud figitque, volatque 884.Umbo./22nEsus-Ingenti gyro : sed sustinet aureus umbo. iinetiUa. Ter circum adstantem Ia3vos equitavit in orbes, 885 anTela manu jaciens : ter secum Troius heros manem rato circumfert tegmine sylvam. jVirotoram iri/!ram aerato Inde ubi tot traxisse moras, tot spicula taedet 888. Taedet wEncam Vellere ; et urgetur pugna congressus iniqua : 889 traxisse tot moras, et jyj u i ta mov ens animo, jam tandem erumpit, et inter veUere tot spicula c cly- Bellatori8 equi cavft ^^ conjldt JJJ^ Toilit se arrectum quadrupes, et calcibus auras Verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus NOTES. in one and the same breast. Heyne reads uno. The common reading is imo. Insania : rage iury. 872. Et furiis. This verse is wanting in the ancient Roman manuscript. Heyne marks it as an interpolation. 876. Conferre manum : to engage with me, hand to hand. This address of ./Eneas to the Gods is a fine contrast to the impiety of Mezentius, who acknowledges no other Deity than his own arm : verse 773, supra. The prayer is short, but the approach of a furious enemy would not permit him to say more. 877. Subit : in the sense of occurrit. 878. Quid me terres, &c. Mezentius see- ing ./Eneas coming up against him with his hostile spear, instead of discovering any signs of fear, appears hardened against the terrors of death, since his son, for whose sake he lived, was now taken from him, nato erepto. 880. Parcimus ulli : Ruseus says, rctc- remur ullum numen: I do not regard any of the Gods. Some take parco in its usual acceptation, and understand by it that Mezentius would not have spared the Gods themselves, had they appeared hi the field against him : he looked on them as his enemies, and would have discharged his wrath against them. Heyne takes parci- mus in the sense of euro vereor vel metuo. 883. Super. This word here is used in the sense of insuper, vel praterea. Figit : in the sense ofjacit, vel torquet. 885. Equitavit -in lavos orbes: he rode about to the left, that he might reach the right side of jEnoas, which was not pro- tected by his shield ; and in this way^ he turned quite about, forming an orb, or circle. But ./Eneas wheeled at the same time, and kept the same relative situation to his anta- gonist, as appears from the next verse : ter Trains : thrice the Trojan hero, &c. 887. Tegmine: in the sense of clypeo. Immanem sylvam : this means the spears, or darts, which Mezentius had thrown at ./Eneas, and which stuck in his brazen shield. These he carried around with him as he turned, following his antagonist. Ruseus says, magnum numerum jaculorum. 888. Perdere: in the sense of occidere. The pron. me is understood. 889. Congressus : being engaged in une- qual fight. Mezentius being on horseback, and ./Eneas on foot, they were not on equal terms. 890. Jttovcns : in the sense of rtvolvens. 892. Calcibus. Calces here doubtless is to be taken for the fore feet. The horse reared, or lifted himself upon his hind feet, and in that position buffetted the air. Pos- terior ibus pedibus, says Heyne. 893. Ipse secutus : by the rearing and kicking of his horse, Mezentius was thrown (effusuni) to the ground. The horse him- self soon following, falls upon his rider, (equitem^) and lays upon his shoulder, as he was thus prostrate. By these means, he was unable to rise to meet his foe, or defend himself in any manner. For secutus says, cadcns. ' jNEIS. LIB. X. 529 894. Tmplicat Jtfesen- 895 tium equitem .897. Et stans super cum dixit heec : Ubi est Implicat, ejectoque incumbit cernuus armo. Clamore incendunt ccelum Troesque Latinique. Advolat ./Eneas, vaginaque eripit ensem : Et super haec : Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et ilia Effera vis animi ? Contra Tyrrhenus, ut auras Suspiciens hausit coelum, mentemque recepit : Hostis amare, quid increpitas, mortemque minaris ? Nullumin ca3de nefas, nee sic ad pneliaveni; 901 . 901 - Nee tecum meus haec pepigit mihi foedera Lausus. ^ Unum hoc, per, si qua est victis venia hostibus, oro ; ceres mihi Corpus humo patiare tegi. Scio acerba meorum 903. Per veniam, si Circumstare odia: hunc, oro, defende furorem, 905 qua venia est victis hos- Et me consortemnati concede sepulchro. TJ i , i i i . . . meum corpus Hoec loquitur, juguloque haud mscms 'accipit ensem, 906> Concede me esst TJndantique animam diffundit in arma cruore. consortem NOTES. 894. Implicat : incumbers presses him down. Cernuus: Rueeus says, pronus in caput, referring to the horse. 898. Vis : violence impetuosity. Ut : when as soon as. Ruseus says, postquam. 899. Suspiciens auras hausit : These words are capable of a two-fold version : as soon as looking up, he saw the light ; taking cce.lum in the sense of Zwcewi, and supplying the word oculis. This Heyne prefers. Or, as soon as looking up, he drew in his breath; taking cceium in the sense of spiritum. This is the sense of Ruffius and Davidson. Auras : the prep, rtd, is understood. 902. Pepigit fuze : agreed upon these terms with you for me. Venia. : a favour. 904. Meorum: of my former subjects. 905. Defende hunc : avert, or forbid the indulgence of their furious resentment. Ruseus says, routine. 906. Concede: grant permit. Mezentius desired to be buried in the same grave with his son. This he begged as a favour, not that he could claim it as a right. As they had not been separated in life, he wished not to be in death. It may here be re- marked, that how wicked soever a person may have been in life, at the hour of his death, he earnestly desires the reward of virtue, and that in the future life, he may b a partaker with the righteous. 908. Diffundit: pours out his life. Un- danti cruore : the blood flowing, or gushing upon his armour. It may be remarked here, that the poet differs widely from the current of historians. They say, that in a war which broke out between the Latins and Tuscans, over whom Mezentius was king, that jEneas was slain by him in a battle, fought on the banks of the river Numicus, whose waters carried his dead body into the sea. where it was never afterwards found. Hence it was be- lieved, that he was taken to Heaven and made a demi-god. This took place about three years after the building of the city Lamnium. See jEn. iv. 615. QUESTIONS. How does this book open ? Where was this council held ? What is the conclusion of their delibera- tions ? Were there any speeches made upon the occasion ? What is the subject of the speech of Ve- nus? What is the character of it? What is the nature of Juno's reply ? What is the character of it ? What is the decision of Jove ? Whom does the poet here imitate ? What book of the Iliad ? Where is mount Olympus ? Why was it taken by the poets for hea- ven ? Why is it here called omnipotent ? Where was JEneas during the transac- tions of the preceding book? Having effected his object, does he make any further delay ? What part of his allies did he send by land ? By whom is he met on his way down the Tiber? Who was the chief speaker among those nymphs ? Did she give him any particular informa- tion ? What was that information T How was Turnus engaged in the mean time ? 530 P. VIRGILII MARONIS, On the arrival of tineas, what course did Turnus adopt? Would this give him any advantage over the enemy ? How did ^Eneas effect a landing ? Into how many divisions were his troops arranged ? Was any loss sustained in landing ? Who commanded that division of the fleet? Did Turnus effectually prevent the land- ing of jEneas ? What took place after the landing ? What feats of valour did ^Eneas perform ? Who was the first killed by him ? What took place in the wing commanded by Pallas? Why were the Arcadians beaten by the Latins ? What was the nature of the ground, where they were engaged ? Upon this occasion, what did Pallas do ? What effect had his address upon his troops? What feats of valour did he then per- form ? Whom did he kill ? Who commanded the troops opposed to Pallas? Who was Lausus ? What feats of valour did he perform? What were the ages of these young com- manders? Why did not the poet make them engage each other ? By whom were they slain ? In what pious duty did Lausus meet his death? After the death of Pallas, what took place ? Who was the principal agent in effecting this defeat of the Trojans ? At this crisis, what did ^Eneas do to re- store the fight ? Why does he go in search of Turnus ? By whom are the Trojans enabled to perform such feats of valor? What did Juno do in the mean time? What effect had her speech upon Jove ? Does she give any assistance to the La- tins? What then is she permitted to do for Turnus ? How does she effect that object ? Where does she conduct him ? When he discovered the deception, what effect had it upon him ? What did he do? What was the character of that address ? Is he in any way thankful for the favor of Juno ? If he must die, where did he desire to do it ? Who prevented him from killing himself in this state of distraction ? Whither was he finally carried by the \Yinds ? Who succeeded Turnus in the cemmand ? What feats of valor did he perform ? Who assault him with fury ? Why do the Tuscans attack him in this manner ? What effect had their assault upon him? Whom of them did he kill? Dare any of them engage him hand to hand ? Does he finally put them all to flight? At this time, how stands the scale of victory ? .flSneas observed Mezentius thundering through the thickest of the enemy, putting whole squadrons to flight ; and what did he resolve to do ? Is Mezentius ready to meet him ? Who commences the assault ? Did his spear hit. ./Eneas ? Whom did it kill ? Who was this Antores ? Was he a valiant champion ? Had the spear of ./Eneas any effect upon Mezentius ? Was the wound mortal ? Who succors him in this critical moment f How does Lausus meet the foe ? What effect had the sight of him upon Does he make an address to Irim? Is it a source of regret to him, to kill so noble a youth ? What becomes of his father in the mean time ? Does he express any concern about his son? What does he do ? After being informed of his death, what resolution does he take ? Having arrived on the field of battle, does he challenge the foe ? Is ./Eneas ready to meet him ? Who commenced the fight ? . What effect had his darts upon his anta- gonist ? Where did iEneas direct his dart ? Did he kill the faithful courser ? What effect had the pain of the wound upon him ? Did he throw his rider? And what did he do afterwards ? Did . Muneribus : mcestamque Evandri primus ad urbem Mittatur Pallas, quern non virtutis egentem Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo. Sic ait illachrymans, recipitqne ad limina gressum : NOTES. J. Funere : at the death of Pallas. 4. Primo Eoo. Eous here is taken as a substantive: with the first dawning light. The first business of the pious ./Eneas is to return thanks to the gods for his victory, although he wished to perform the last offi- ces to his friends and companions in arms, and especially to Pallas ed, and hung around with his arms. Hir cst : here is Mezentius slain by my hand. 16 - Primitia: the first fruits ; putinap- position with hac spolia. These jEneashere dedicated to Mars, the warrior god, in the same manner as the first fruits of the earth were offered to the gods. 18. Prcesumite : anticipate. Bellum : in rf-. s e n spoils (exumai) of Mezentius, whom it was intended to represent. It had T 5 waving plumes, his breast-plate, perforated m seve- ral places, his brazen shield bound to his left arm, and lus ivory handled sword sus! pended from his neck. D . Horantes: besmeared with blood dripping with blood. J. fetttum : struck, or hit. 15. Hcec sunt spolia : By the rex su- perbus here, some understand Turnus : from him he had won the spoils in general, to which he first points; then to the trophy repre- aenting Mezentius, which he had just erect- resolution purpose. The same as audia senlentia. 23. Qwz honos solus : It was the re- ceived opinion, that those wiio were unbu- ried could not pass over the river Styx into the peaceful abodes of the happy, till after the revolution of a hundred years; which time the shade, or umbra, roamed at lar^o along its banks, in anxious expectation of the appointed period. See ^En. vi. 325, cl. scqutns. Achtronte. Acheron here is utt'd for the regions below, in general. 25. Peperere: gotten obtained procured. 29. Rccipitque gressvm : This alludes aENEIS. LIB. XL 533 35. Solute quoad moestum crinem Corpus ubi exanimi positum Pallantis Accetes HO Servabat senior, qui Parrhasio Evandro Armiger ante fuit ; sed non felicibus seque 32. Sed turn ibat co- Turn comes auspiciis charo datus ibat alumno. mes datus charoalumno Circum omnis famulumque manus, Trojanaque turba, ^Omniscme manus ht mcestum Iliades crinem de more solutae. 35 & c . s tant circum Ut vero JSneas foribus sese intulit altis ; Ingentem gemituin tunsis ad sidera tollunt Pectoribus, moastoque immugit regia luctu. Ipse caput nivei fultum Pallantis et ora Ut vidit. levique patens in pectore vulnus 40 Cuspidis Ausonia), lachrymis ita fatur obortis : Te-ne, iriquit, miserande puer, cum heta veniret, Invidit fortuna rnihi ? ne regna videres Nostra, neque ad sedes victor veherere paternas ? Non hasc Evandro de te promissa parent! 45 Discedens dederam ; cum me complexus euntem Mitteret in magnum imperium ; metuensque moneret Acres esse viros, cum dura praslia gente. 48. Moneret me Lati- Et mine ille quidem spe muitum captus inani, nos esse acres viros > r ' Fors et vota facit, curnulatque altana donis. 50 pra - Nos juvenem exanimum, et nil jam ccelestibus ullis Debentem, vano mresti cornitamur honore. Infelix, nati funus crudele videbis ! Hi nostri reditus, expectatique triumphi ! 54. Hi suntnosttipro- Haec mea magna fides! At non, Evandre, pudendis 55 missi reditus Vulneribus pulsum aspicies : nee sospite dirum NOTES. to the custom of laying owt the dead in the vestibule, or entrance before the door, after it was washed, anointed, and crowned with garlands. In such a place was the dead body of Pallas laid out, and watched by his aged friend Aerates. 31. Parrhasio. Evander is called Par- rhasian, from Parrhasia, a country, and also a city, of Arcadia, where he was born. 33. Comes: guardian, or tutor. Datus: appointed. 35. Iliades mirstirm : The poet here re- presents the Trojan matrons standing around the corpse of Pallas, in mourning attire. He had before toid us, /En. ix. 216, that /Eneas left them all in Si-.niy, except the mother of Euryalus. Servms under- Kliiuda female slaves in this place. But they are never called Iliades. The poet would have, probably, altered the passage, had he lived to put the last hand to the A'neid. 39. JVivei Pallantis: The epithet, ni- veus here may refer to the" fairness of his face and countenance while living ; or more probably to his countenance now white, and pale, and cold in death. Fultum: support- ed bolstered up. 41. Cuspidis. Cuspis is here taken for the whole spear, by synec. It is the spear with which Turnus killed the noble youth : here called Ausonian, or Italian. 42. Invidit-nefortifia : did fortune, when she came propitious, (to/a,) envy thee to me, O lamented youth ? 44. Veherere : in the sense of reducereris. 47. In magnum imperium : against a pow- erful empire. Or it may mean, in prospect of a mighty empire. The former best agrees with what follows. Ruceus says, in magnum imperium Etruscorum : which is the sense of Valpy. Heyne refers it to Latium, to the government of which /Eneas was about to succeed. It was by the aid of Evander that he overcame the Rululi and Latini. 50. Fors : in the sense 01 />,/.<. 51. Nil debentem ullis. Commentators understand by this, his being no a subject of the gods above, but in tho power of the gods belmv. But it may moan, that he was now discharged from every vow which he had made to the celes- tial gods that be would never return to perform any he had made himself, or which his father was making for him. I'uno: unavailing. Inulili, says Iluseus. All their pomp (iLonore) and parade were of no avail to him. " The living are subject to the gods above, the dead to those below :" Valpy. 50. PI'! .;/,-/, : iu iii" 534 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Optabis nato funus pater. Hei mihi ! quantum 53. Tu, O Auswiia, Praesidium, Ausonia, et quantum tu perdis, Idle ! petdis,znPallani e Hgec ubi deflevitj tolli m i sera bilc corpus Imperat ; et toto lectos ex agmine rnittit fiO Mille viros, qui supremum comitentur honorem, 62. Qua sunt exigua Intersintque patris lachrymis : solatia luctus solatia Exigua ingentis, misero sed.debita.patri. 64. Alii haud segnes Haud segnes alii crates et molle feretrum texunt crates Arbuteis texunt virgis, et vimine querno, *>"> Exstructosque toros obtentu frondis inumbrant. Hicjuvenem agresti sublimem in stramine ponunt: 68. Talem, qualem Qualem virgineo demessum pollice florem florem seu mollis viol, g eu mo | lig vio | ffi) geu ] anguent i s hyacinthi ; thi! der^n 8 " Cui ne( l ue ful g or adhuc necdum sua forma recessit ; 70 Non jam mater alit tellus, viresque ministrat. Turn geminas vestes, anroque ostroque rigentes, Extulit JSneas : quas illi laeta laborum Ipsa suis quondam manibus Sidonia Dido Fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro. 75 6 e i, supremum moestus honorem 77 guasi amictu obnubit Induit, arsurasque comas obnubit amictu. comas Multaque prseterea Laurentis praemia pugna3 81. Manus eorum, Aggerat, et longo praedam jubet ordine duci. EafumbL'ST Addit C 1 UOS * "'' 1 uibus "PoHaventf hostem. 80 f - s Vmxerat et post terpi manus, quos mitteret umbns 82. Flammum rogi Inferias, caeso sparsuros sanguine flammam ; NOTES. Though it would be a source of grief to see 67. Stramine agresti. By this we are to his son a corpse ; it would nevertheless be understand the bed mentioned in the pro- some mitigation of that sorrow, to find that ceding line. It is called agrcsti, rural, or he fell not by dishonorable wounds that he rustic, because it was made of the green fell facing his enemy, arid not in flight. It boughs of trees, leaves, &c. Stramen, from was considered disgraceful to be slain, or sterno. properly signifies any thing placed, to receive a wound in the back. Pudendis : or strewed under as a bed ; such as straw, in the sense of indecoris. leaves, &c. 57. Nee pater optabis: These words 68. Qualem florem: This is a beau- are susceptible of a double meaning : the tiful simile. He looks fair, and still bloom- father will not imprecate a cruel death to ing like a flower, just plucked by the vir- himself, in consequence of the disgrace of gm's hand. his son : or, he will not imprecate a cruel 69. Languentis. This very beautifully death upon his son, whose Jife had been represents the hyacinth, just after it is disgracefully preserved. This last is the plucked, beginning to fade, and droop its sense given to the passage by Davidson, head. Ruseus says, nee optabis tibi mortem acerbam, 70. Forma : beauty comeliness. Jilio turpiter salvo, taking it in the former 74. Quas Sidonia Dido ipsa : which Si- *sense. This is also the opinion of Heyne. donian Dido herself, pleased with the la- 58. Presidium : protection. bor, had made, &c. 59. Ubi dcjlevit : when he said these 75. Discreverat. Ruseus says, distinxeral. things weeping having spoken these things Tenui auro : with a slender thread of gold. with tears. 77. Obnubit : he binds up, or veils. 62. Intersint; may be present at, or 78. Pugnce: of the battle, fought upon the bear a part with. plains of Laurent urn. 64. Segnes: in the sense of tardi. 81. Vinxerat mcmus : he \ound the bands 65. Arbuteis : of the arbute tree. of those, &c. This barbarous custom the 66. Toros : here is the bed raised, or made poet takes from Homer. It might suit the high upon the fevetrum, or bier. Obtentu temper of Achilles, but does not agree with frondis. Ruaeus says, umbraculo foliorum. that of ^Eneas. They shaded the bed by spreading (nbten- 82. Cccso : in the sense of/two. Inferias : /?/) leafy branches over it. sacrifices for the dead. Umbris : to the .ENEIS. LIB. XI. 535 Indutosque jubet truncos hostilibus armis Ipsos ferre duces, inimicaque nomina figi. Ducitur infelix aevo con feet us Acoetes, Pectora mine foodans pugais, nunc unguibus ora : Sternitur et toto projectus corpore terras. Ducunt et Rutulo perfusos sanguine currus. Post bellator equus, positis insignibus, It lachrymans, guttisque humectat grandibus ora. Hastam alii galeamque ferunt ; nam caetera Turnus Victor habet. Turn mcesta phalanx, Teucrique se- Tyrrhenique duces, et versis Arcades armis. [quuntur, Postquam ornnis longe comitum processerat ordo, Substitit ^Eneas, gemituque haec addidit alto : 95 Nos alias bine ad lachrymas eadem horrida belli Fata vocant. Salve aeternum mihi, maxime Palla, jfSternumque vale. Nee plura effatus, ad altos Tendebat muros, gressumque in castra ferebat. Jamque oratores aderarit ex urbe Latirta^ Velati ramis oleae, veniamque rogantes, Corpora, per campos ferro quae fusa jacebant, Redderet, ac tumulo sineret succedere terrae : Nullum cum victis certamen, et aethere cassis ; Parceret hospitibus quondam, socerisque vocatis. 84. Figi his truncis gg arborum. 90 100 103. Ut ille redderet illis corpora, quse 104. Esse illi nullum certamen cum victis, et iis cassis 8Bthere,w< par- 105 ceret its NOTES. shade of Pallas. Eight prisoners were sent as victims to be offered at the funeral pile of Pallas. The poet mentions this circum- stance, without any expression of disap- probation. It is true, Achilles, in the Iliad, does the same thing at the tomb of his friend Patroclus ; but he is represented as a person of a very different character from JEneas, the hero of the ^Eneid. And moreover, the loss which he had sustained was more se- vere, and his grief more poignant. But above all, he lived in a state of society very different from that in which Virgil lived. These things serve in some measure to miti- gate the enormity of the deed. And yet there is one passage of Homer, which Eu- stathius understands as conveying a strong censure of the barbarous act. The practice of sacrificing prisoners at the funerals of their generals, in process of time, appeared to the Romans barbarous y Sffld cruel. They therefore changed it, says Servius, for the milder shows of the gladia- tors ! See ^En. x. 518. et seq. 83. Truncos : trunks of trees. These were considered the less trophy, and were carried in the hand. They were dressed in the spoils of the enemy. 84. Inimica nomina: the names of the enemies to be inscribed upon them. 87. Sternitur terra : he grovels, or rolls on the ground. 89. JEthon: the name of the horse of Pallas. Insignibus positis; his trappings being laid aside, he is now dressed in mourning. Post: behind. 90. It lachrymans : he moves on weeping. Virgil here is indebted to Homer for this thought, Iliad. 17. Where the horses of Achilles are represented as weeping at the death of their master, and obstinately re- fusing to obey their driver. Both Aristotle and Pliny say, th'at horses often lament their masters slain in battle, and even shed tears over them. 94. Processerat. This is the common reading. Davidson reads prcecesserat, upon the authority of Pierius, who assures us ho found that reading in the Roman, and other manuscripts, which he consulted. Heyne reads processerat. Ordo: the procession. 96. Jld alias lachrymas : to other scenes of sorrow to the burial of the other dead . 97. Salve mihi. This is after the manner of the Greeks, who used their personal pro- noun in the same manner. Salvt vale : these were the novissima verba, or last words, with which they departed from the funeral. Farewell for ever, farewell for ever, most illustrious Pallas. Fata : state con- dition. 101. Veniam: the favor, that he would restore to them, &c. 102. Fusa : in the sense of ccesa vel strata. 103. Succedere tumulo : to be buried, or interred in the earth. 104. Castis : deprived of: a part, from ca- rco. JEthere.: in the sense of luce. 10"). Quondam: his former host friend. 536 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 106. Quos precantes Quos bonus ^Eneas, baud aspernanda precant.es, ea quvsunt haud Prosequitur venia, et verbis haec insuper addit : Quaenam vos tanto fortuna indigna, Latini, 109. F et naec rnemores regi mandata referte : TTG! Veslro regi : O Quod vitam moror invisam, Pallante perempto, JEnea, tua dextra est Dextera causa tua est ; Turnum natoque patrique causa, quod Quam debere vides meritis. Vacat hie tibi solus m Fortuna3que locus. Non vitae gaudia qua3ro, 180 181. Nee* es/ fas: sed ^ ec ^ as : se( ^ nato Manes perferre sub imos. cupio perferrehuncnun- Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam Hum mortis Turni Extulerat lucem, referens opera atque labores. Jam pater ./Eneas, jam curvo in litorc Tarchon Constituere pyras : hue corpora quisque suorum 185 More tulere patrum : subjectisque ignibus atris Conditur in tenebras altum caligine ccelum. Ter circum accensos, cincti iulgentibus armis. 189. llogos suorum Decurrere rogos : ter mcestum luneris ignem Lustravere in equis, ululatusque ore dedere. 190 Spargitur et tellus lachrymis, sparguntur et arma. It coelo clamorque virum, clangorque tubarum. 195. Pars coiyiciunl " inc . a . Ui s P olia oc f sis direpta^Latinis mortuis nota munera, Conjicnmt igni, galeas, cnsesque decoros, newjoe, clypeos FraBnaque, ierventesque rotas : pars, munera nota, 195 NOTES. course of things, which takes place in the trophy to grace his triumph. Sec 6. supra- world: which is, that the son should outlive 175. Armis ; in the sense of ab bello. the father. This is the sense given by Heyne. 179. Quam : which (right hand) you see, Valpy says, " I have survived my own fate owes Turnus to the son and father deserv- I have exceeded the natural bounds of ing it. Meritis : a part. plu. agreeing with life." the nouns nato and patri. Heyne connects 165. Sors : calamity. meritis with vacat. Ruaeus and Davidson, 168. Juvabit : it will console me that he with nato patrique. fell leading, or preparing the way for, the 180. Hie locus vacat: this method alone Trojans, &c. remains to thee, and thy fortune. Modus 169. Digner non: I cannot honor thee, solandi me restat tibi^ says Ruseus. For rrt- c. Rueeus says, non honorabo. cat, Heyne says relictus est. 170. Pkrygis : the Trojans. They are so 187. Caligine: in the sense of fumo. Jnte- called from Phrygia, a country of the lesser nebras. ,Ruseus says, in similitudincm noctis. Asia. It was divided into the greater and 189. Cincti: clad in shining armor they the less. The less Phrygia was also called marched, fee. Lustravere in equis : they Troas, the ancient kingdom of the Trojans, rode around. The former has reference to 174. Par atas, &c. This may refer to that part of the ceremony performed by the , Pallas or Evander ; neither of whom was infantry, or foot ; the latter, to that per- able by inequality of age and strength to formed" by the horse, or cavalry. Funeriv meet Turnus. Davidson refers it to the in the sense of pyrvc. father : who, had his age permitted, would 192. // co>.lo : in the sense of tollitur ad have gone to the war in person. And in ccdum. this case, had he met Turnus, lie would 193. Hinc : in the next place after this. have been victorious, and brought back his 195. Ferventcs : in the sense of rapidas, -ENEI8. LIB. X.I. Ipsorum clypeos, et non felicia tela. Multa bourn circa mactantur corpora morti : Setigerosque sues, raptasque ex omnibus agris In flammam jugulant pecudes. Turn litore toto Ardentes spectant socios, semiustaque servant Busta : neque avelli possunt, nox humida donee Invertit coelum stellis fulgentibus aptum. Nee minus et miseri diversa in parte Latini Jnnumeras struxere pyras ; et corpora partim Multa virum terra3 infodiunt ; avectaque partim Finitimos tollunt in agros, urbique remittunt : Caetera, confusaeque ingentem caedis acervum, Nee numero, nee honore cremant. Tune undique vasti Certatim crebris collucent ignibus agri. Tertia lux gelidam ccelo dimoverat umbram : Mcerentes altum cinerem et cont'usa ruebant Ossa focis, tepidoque onerabant aggere terras. Jam veroin tectis, prsedivitis urbe Latini, Praecipuus fragor, et longe pars maxima luctus. Hie matres, miseraeque nurus, hie chara sororum 215 Pectora mcerentum, puerique parentibus orbi, Dirum execrantur bellum, Turnique hymenaeos : Ipsum armis, ipsumque jubent decernere ferro ; Qui regnum Italiae, et primes sibi poscat honores. Ingravat haec sa3vus Drances ; solumque vocari Testatur, solum posci in certamina, Turnum. Multa simul contra variis sententia dictis Pro Turno ; et magnum reginae nomen obumbrat Multa virum mentis sustentatfamatrophxis. 200 205 210 210. Urabrani nocli* coelo : illi moerentes 214. Erat praecipuus 218. Jubent ipsum decernere armis 220 222. Contra est multa sententia NOTES. vel celeres. JVote munera : offerings of the arms which had been theirs, and conse- quently known to them. 196. JVbn felicia : unsuccessful darts those that failed to do execution, when thrown against the enemy. 197. Morti : to the divinity Mors. 199. Jugulant : they kill over the flame, &c. This they did, probably, that the blood of the victim might fall upon the pile. 201. Busta. fi us turn properly is the fune- ral pile after it is consumed. Semiusta : of semi and ustus. 204. Parlim infodiunt. The meaning is ; that they buried a part of the slain, and a part they sent to tha^ity of Latinus. Par- tim may be considered here, a sub. in appo- sition with mnlla corpora. J Irian : of their heroes. Acecta : a part, of the verb avtimr : carried away. 208. Numero. Numerus here may be taken in its usual acceptation ; but it may also mean decency, or regard. They burned all the rest, a confused heap of slam, with- out any particular marks of regard, or ho- nor, by way of distinction. 211. Rutbnnt. The meaning is: that they collected together the ashes and the bones mingled on the places (focis) where the funeral piles had been erected. After this they covered them with a mound of earth. Altum implies that the ashes lay thick, or deep upon the ground. Ruceus says, evertebant. Heyne s&ys,legebant. Rao. is here taken as an active verb. 213. In tectis urbe : in the houses through- out the city. Davidson says, " in the courts of Latinus, and in the city." 214. Fragor: in the sense of plangor. PrcEcipuus: in the sense of magnus, vel maximus. -2 1 5. Nurus. JVwru* here may mean any young married woman. Ckara pectora miBrentum: dear hearts of sisters mourn- ing dear, or affectionate sisters mourning the loss of their brothers and friends. 218. Decernere : to decide, or settle the dispute by the sword. 220. Sawus : in the sense of acerbus, says Ruoeus. 2-21. Teslatur : in the sense of dicit, '222. Multa: various manifold. ). Obumbrat: in the sense of protegtt vel tutatur. 2J-1. Mullafama. Mnlta here is plainly 540 P. VIRGILH MARONLS actum 228. Dona nil, nee valuisse Hos inter motus, medio flagrante tumultii, 225 Ecce super moBsti magna Diomedis ab urbe 227. Muni nihil eweLegati responsa ferunt : nihil omnibus actum Tantorum impensis operum ; nil dona, neque aurum, Nee magnas valuisse preces ; alia arma Latinis JLJUf^W* Quaerenda, aut pacem Trojano ab rege petendam Deficit ingenti luctu rex ipse Latinus. Fatalem JEnean manifesto numine ferri 233 Recentesque tu- Admonet iraDeum, tumuli<]'.ie ante ora recentes. muli ante ora admonent Ergo concilium magnum, pi imosque suorum Imperio accitos, aha intra limina cogit. Olli convenere, fluuntque ad regia plenis Tecta viis. Sedet in mediis, rt maximus aevo, Et primus sceptris, hand latafronte, Latinus. Atque hie legatos ^tola ex urbe remissos, Quae referant, tari jubet ; et responsa reposcit 241. Silentia facta runt Ordine cuncta suo. Turn facta silentia linguis, Xni' Paren8 diCt I ' a " Et Venulus dicto P arens ita turier infit : Vidimus, 6 cives, Diomedem Argivaque castra ; Atque iter emensi casus superavirnus omnes : 246. Dictam cogno- Contigimusque manum, qua concidit Ilia tellus. mine Ille urbem Argyripam, patrire cognomine gentis, 230 235 240 245 NOTES. in the sense of magna. His great fame arose from his distinguished valor, and tro- phies nobly won. Meritis : noble distin- guished. HUBBUB says, partis. 225. Flagrante: raging fierce. 226. Super : in the sense of prceterea vel insuper : beside in addition to these things. Servius says, ad cumulationem malornm. 230. Petendam. Some copies have peten- dum. 232. Fatalem : destined, and appointed by the gods to marry Lavinia, and to rule the Latin state. Manifesto : by the evident power and assistance of the gods. Admo- net : declares. Ruceus says, oslendit. What- ever hesitance and doubt rested on the mind of Latinus, concerning his son-in-law, it was now removed. He plainly saw in the late transactions, the immediate interposi- tion of the gods in favor of ^Eneas. 235. Imperio : in the sense of jussu. Pri- mos : the chief men the nobles of the people. Cogit : in the sense of congregat, vel convocat. 236. Fluunt: in the sense of ruunt vel currunt. Plenis : in the sense of stipatis. 238. Sceptris : in power authority. Reg- no, says Ruseus. Haud Iceta : sad sorrow- ful. 239. Ex JEtola urbe : the city Arpi, built by Diomede. Remissos: returned. 242. Farier: for/ri, by paragoge. Infit : in the sense of incipit. 243. Diomedem. Diomede was the son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, and king of ^Eto- lia. He was one of the most valiant captains at the siege of Troy. With Ulysses, he stole the Palladium from the temple of Minerva, at Troy, and attacked the camp of Rhesus, king of Thrace, whom they killed, and carried off his horses to the Grecian camp, before they had tasted the grass of Troy or drank the water of the Xanthus. On every occasion, he distinguished himself. lie had a rencounter with Hector, and with $,neas; the latter was wounded by him, and would have been slain, if it had not been for the timely aid of Venus. During his absence from his home, his wife ./Egiale had an amour with Cometes, one of her ser- vants. Disgusted with her infidelity to him, he determined to leave his country, and came into that part of Italy called Magna Grtzcia. Here he built a city, and called it .,-lrxyrippa. He married a daughter of Da- naiis, king of the country. He died with extreme old age, or as some say, by the hands of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions ; who, according to fable, weie changed into birds resembling swans. They took their flight to some islands on the coast of Apulia, where they became remarkable for their lameness toward the Greeks, and for the horror with which they shuned all other nations. They are called the birds of Diomede. He was worshipped as a god. 244. Emensi : having measured out our journey having finished our journey, &c. 245. Ilia tdlus : in the sense of Trojanwn resmtm. JENEIS. LIB. XI. o-l I Victor Gargani condebat lapygis arvis. Postquam introgressi, et coram data copia fandi, Munera praeferrimus, nomen patriamque docemus Qui bellum intulerint, quae causa attraxerit Arpos Auditis ille haec placidosic reddidit ore : O fortunatse gentes, Saturnia regna, Antiqui Ausonii ; quae vos fortutia quietos Sollicitat, suadetque ignotalacessere bella ? Quicunque lliacos ferro violavimus agros, (Mit.to ea, quae muris bellando exhausta sub altis, Quos Simo'is premat ille viros) infanda per orbem Supplicia, et scelerum poenas expendimus omnes, Vel Priamo miseranda manus. Scit tnste MinervaB Sidus, et Euboicae cautes, ultorque Caphereus. 260 Militia ex ilia diversum ad litus adacti : Atrides Protei Menelaus ad usque columnas Exulat : ./Etria^os vidit Cyclopas Ulysses. Regna Neoptolemi referam, versosque Penates Idomenei I Libvco-ne habitantes litore Locros ? 265 '250 250. Bellum nobis : qujfi causa attraxerit nos ad urbem Arpos. His auditis, ille 255 255. Quicunque nos- trum 256. Ea mala, qute exhausta sunt nobis 261. Ex ilia militia nos adacti sumus 264. Versa regna NOTES. 247. Gargani : gen. ofGarganus, a moun- tain in Apulia. Hodie, Monte di St. Angela. A part o Apulia was called lapygia, from Japyx, the son of Dsedalus, who settled in those parts, lapygis: an adj. for lapygii, agreeing with Gargani Apulian. 248. Copia: leave liberty. 253. Forluna : Ruasus says, sori. 254. Ignota bella : wars to which you are unaccustomed. Suadet : in the sense of im- pp.llit. Lacessere : in the sense of movere. 255. Quicunque violavimus : whoever of us violated, &c. The expression implies that jt was sacrilege to injure them. 256. Exhausta: sustained endured in fighting. Mitto : in the sense of omit to vel prcetereo. 257. Premat: overwhelmed bore away. Homer informs us that the river Simbis, was so choaked with the dead bodies of those slain in one engagement, that its waters were interrupted in their course. To this, Diomede here alludes. The present tense is here used plainly for the past. 258. Expendimus: have endured unspeak- able hardships, and suffered every punish- ment of our crimes. Rnams says, luimus. The war of Troy proved ruinous to the Greeks as well as Trojans. Most of the Grecian heroes suffered extreme hardships on their return. Some perished on the voy- age ; and, others found their kingdoms in a state of revolt, and their domestic peace destroyed. 259. Manus : a company to be pitied, even by Priam himself. The calamities which befell them, though conquerors, were gre. ter than those which befell the vanquished. Even Priam might pity them. Tristc: storm v balefn I . 200. Trifle sidus : the storm, in which Ajax the son of Oileus was drowned, and the raging constellation Arcturus, by whose influence that storm was raised, are here as- cribed to Minerva, whom that hero had of- fended by violating Cassandra in her temple. Caphereus : a rock on the island Eubcea, where Ajax was shipwrecked. Hence the epithet ullor : the avenger. 262. Protei. The visit of Menelaus to Proteus, king of Egypt, is related at large in the Odyss. lib. 4. This account of the disasters of the Grecian chiefs after the downfall of Troy forms an agreeable epis- ode. It is very natural for the poet to make the aged hero dwell upon the misfor- tunes of his companions in arms. And it is pleasing to see him, who was so active and fierce in the Iliad, and the first in every en- terprise, laying aside his armour, and ex- horting the ambassadors to peace. Homer informs us, that Menelaus wandered eight years in the seas in the neighbourhood of Egypt, and went as far as the island of Pharos, the boundary of the realms of Pro- teus. Sir Isaac .Newton observes, that Proteus was not the king of Egypt, but a governor or viceroy of the king, and gov- erned a part of lower Egypt. See Geor. iv. omi. Columnas : in the sense of Itrmi- nos vel limites regni Protei. 263. Exulal : in the sense of errat. 264. Referam : shall I mention the sub- verted realms, .fee. Penates : the country of Idomuneus overthrown. Ruceus says do- mus, for Penates. He was king of Crete. See ;M. iii. 122. .. Locros : the Locrians, on their re- turn, it is said, were forced to the coast of 542 P. VIRGILII MARON1S 273. Jfae/tque aves Ipse Mycenseus magnorum ductor Achivum Conjugis infandcE prirna intra limina dextra. 268. Adulter /3Eg3/tf;msOppetiit : devictam Asiam subsedit adulter. 269. Referam-ne Deos Invidisse Deos, patriis ut redditus oris 261) Ut ^Conjugium optatum, et pulchram Calydona viderem ? Nunc etiam horribili visu portenta sequuntur : Et socii amissi petierunt a3thera pennis, Fluminibusque vagantur aves, heu dira meorum Supplicia ! et scopulos laclirymosis vocibus implent. Haec adeo ex illo mi hi jam speranda fuerunt Tempore, cum ferro coelestia corpora demens Appetii, et Veneris violavi vulnere dextram. Ne vero, ne me ad tales impellite pugnas. 279. Nee at mihi ul- Nec mihi cum Teucris ullum post eruta bellum 280 Pergama eruta P er g ania 5 ncc veterum memini, Iretorve malorum. 280 sunt: Nec memini, Ise- Munera, quae patriis ad me portatis ab oris, tor-ve causa veterum Vertite ad JEiiGam. Stetimus tela aspera contra, r frJ anor i um - Contulimusque manus : experto credile, quantus In clypeum assurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. Si duo praeterea tales Idaea tulisset 285 Terra viros ; ultro Inachias venisset ad urbes Dardanus, ct versis lugeret Gnecia fatis. luin 283. Credite mihi ex- perto NOTES. Africa, where they settled in the district called Pentapolis. 266. Mycenccus ductor : Agamemnon, who was king of Mycence, and commander in chief of the Greeks in the Trojan war. On his return home, he was slain by ^Egysthus, with whom his wife Clyternnestra had an intrigue during his absence. She is there- fore called nefandcB conjugis. Intra prima limina implies, that he was slain as soon as he entered his palace. Servius takes it in the sense of primo litore, implying, timt he was murdered as soon as he aived on the shore. 268. Subsedit devictam : he lay in wait for conquered Asia. By killing Agamemnon, JEgysthus hoped to succeed him in his gov- ernment, and take possession of his con- quests in Asia. Heyne takes Asiam devic- tam, in the sense of viciorem Trojcc, the conqueror of Troy, lluceus says, post Asiam devictam adulter insidiafus tst ci. Davidson renders the passage : " the adulterous assas- sin possessed himself of conquered Asia." Valpy takes Asiam devictam, with Heyne. Oppetiit : perished was slain. 269. Invidisse Deos. Diomede, on account of the conduct of his wife, left his native country, and went into exile in Apulia. Venus is said to have sent upon him this domestic affliction, as a punishment for his wounding her in battle. To this circum- stance the words invidisse Deos refer. Ca- hidona : ace. sing, the name of his country. Invidisse : UUEBUS says, obsfitisse. David- son says, " forbade/' " 274. Implent scopulos. On the coast of Apulia are several islands frequented by .sea birds, into which it is said the compa- nions of Diomede were changed. 276. Demens. Diomede here imputes all his misfortunes to the resentment of Venus. This gives importance to the god- dess, the mother and protectress of ./Eneas. But he does not mention his having given Mars a wound also. From the time that he presumptuously assailed the Cwlestials. these evils were to have been expected. Demens : presumptuous infatuated. 278. JVe verb : do not, do not urge me. The repetition of the ne is emphatic. 283. Contulimus manus : we engaged hand to hand. Virgil here compliments his hero, out of the mouth of Diomede. But the account which Homer gives of the ren- counter is very different. He was wounded, and would have been slain, if he had not been rescued by Venus. 284. Assurgat. In the act of throwing the javelin, or dart, the shield was elevated on the left arm, to give full room for the action of the right arm. Turbine : in the sense of impetu. 285. Praterea : beside him. Its proper place is after tales viros. If the Trojan land had produced, &c. Idcza: an adj. from Ida, a mountain of Phrygia Minor, near the city of Troy. 286. Inachias : Grecian : so called from Inachus, one of the early kings of Greece. Vitro : of their own accord in offensive war. 287. Dardanus. J3v this we are to nn- JENEIS, LIB. XL 543 Quidquid apud durae cessatum est moenia Troja?, Hectoris JEne&que manu victoria Graium Haesit, et in decimum vestigia retulit annum. Ambo animis, ambo insignes praestantibus armis : Hie pietate prior. Coeant in foedera dextrro, Qua datur : ast, armis concurrant arma, cavete. Et responsa simul qua? sint, rex optime, regis Audisti, et quae sit magno sententia bello. Vix ea legati ; variusque per ora cucurrit Ausonidum turbata fremor: ceu, saxa morantur Cum rapidos amnes, clauso fit gurgke murmur, Vicinaeque fremunt ripae crepitantibus undis. Ut primum placati animi, et trepida ora quierunt, 288.-Qui3quid tempo- ris 290 291. Ambo erant in- signes 292. Hie Mneas erat prior 295 295. Quae sit senten- tia Diornedis de 296. Vix legati dix- erunt ea 300. Placati fuerunl 301 305 Praefatus Divos solio rex infit ab alto Ante equidem summa de re statuisse, Latini, Et vellem, et fuerat melius ; non tempore tali Cogere concilium, cum muros obsidet hostis. Bellum importunum, cives, cum gente Deorum, Invictisque viris, gerimus : quos nulla fatigant Praelia, nee victi possunt absistere ferro. Spem, si quam accitis jEtolum habuistis in armis, I") .... , WV .*. WJ.K.tb\s OJJGlll^ ronite : spes sibi quisque ; sed, haec quam angusta, vide- habuistis quam spem Caetera qua rerum jaceant perculsa ruina, [tis. 309. Quisque sit sibi Ante oculos interque manus sunt omnia vestras. 311 S1M sp * s : sed V** an ~ Nee quemquam incuso : potuit qua? plurima virtus l^sse, luit : toto certatum est corpore regni. 303. Et non cogere 308. Ponite spem, si NOTES. derstand the Trojans, who were the de- scendants of Dardanus, one of" the founders of Troy. Versis : in the sense of mutatis. The state of things would have been changed, and Troy would have been victo- rious over the Grecian states. 288. Cessatum est : was delayed, or spent before, &c. 289. Victoria hasit : the victory of the Greeks was suspended by the valor, c. This is very complimentary to the valor of those two heroes, Hector and jEneas. Retulit vestigia : retreated into the tenth year was put off deferred till the tenth year. Haesit. Heyne says, retardata est. Ruaeus says, substitit. 292. Dextrv coeant. The aged hero ad- vises the Latins to unite in league, or treaty, with jEneas, on any terms that might be offered ; but by all means, avoid to en- gage in arms against such a mighty cham- pion.^ Hie prior pietate. This comparison of jEneas with Hector, is no exaggeration of the poet in favor of his hero. Homer had done it before him. This goodness and clemency of ^Eneas, which followed from his piety, are reasons for the Latins to hope for peace. -.'!).}. Q/m datur : in any way that may be given on any practicable terms. 294. Regis : this is the reading of Heyne and Pierius. It is governed by rcsponsa. the answer of king Diomede. The common reading is regum, which is not so easy. 297. Fremor : in the sense of murmur. 298. Gurgite clauso : in a pent up flood, or stream. Crepitantibus : roaring dash- ing against the rocks. 300. Trepida ora : tumultuous mouths discordant tongues. 301. PrcEfatw Divos : having addressed the gods, the king, &c. It was the custom of orators to usher in their speeches, when- ever the subject was solemn, and of public concern, with an address to the gods. 302. Summa re: for the safety of the state for the common good. 305. Genie Dennnn : with a nation of gods witli a nation deriving their origin from the gods. Importunum : dangerous difficult. 308. Accitis : sought after invited. JEtobfati : from Diomede, who was their king. He declined to have any thing to do with the war. 309. Ponite spem : lay aside the hope cease to hope. The remainder of this line is, by some, supposed an interpolation. 310. Qua ruina : in what ruin the rest of our affairs lie overthrown prostrate, all things arc, &c. I F'irtus: valor. Plurima: in the sense of maxima. 544 P. VIRGILII MARONIti Nunc adeo, quae sit dubise sententia menti, 315. Docebo vos pau- Expediam ; et paucis, animos adhibete, docebo. cla verbis j st antiquus ager Tusco mihi proximus amni, 317. Occasum tolls, Longus in occasum, fines super usque Sicanos. usque Aurunci Kutulique serunt, et vomere duros 319. Asperriraa loca Exercent colles, atque horum asperrima pascunt horura agrorum Hsec omnis regio, et celsi plaga pinea niontis Cedat amicitiai Teucrorum ; et foBderis sequas 322. Trojanos socios Dicamus leges ; sociosque in regna vocemus. 323. Considant Ufa, Considant, si tantus amor, et moenia condant. si tit illis gj n alios fines, aliamque capesscre gentem Est animus, poscuntque solo decedere nostro ; Bis denas Italo texamus robore naves, 327. Si illi valent Seu plures, complere valent : jacet omnis ad undam complcre eas Materies : ipsi numerumque modumque carinis Praecipiant ; nos sera, m.inus, navalia demus. 330. Prseterra placet Praeterea, qui dicta f'erant et foedera firment, mihi centum Latinos Centum oratores prima de gente Latinos oratorts do j re placet, pacisque manu praetendere ramos : Munera portantes eborisque, aurique talenta, 334. Insignia nostri Et sellam, regni trabeamque insignia nostri. re m Consulite in medium, et rebus succurrite fessis. 315 320 330 335 Turn Drances idem infensus ; quern gloria Turni NOTES. 313. Tola corpore : with the whole power, or force of the kingdom. 315. Adhibele animos : give attention. 316. Tusco amni : the river Tiber. This river formed the eastern boundary of Tus- cany ; hence called Tuscan. Est mihi an- tiquus : This proposal of Latinus to grant a tract of land to the Trojans, is no fiction of the poet. It is mentioned by historians, and other writers. It is said, that ^Eneas accepted the proposal. It is generally con- sidered to be that tract of country lying be- tween the city Laurentum and the Tiber, including the Trojan camp, or Nova Troja. The extent of the tract is quite uncertain. Cato, whom Servius follows, supposes it to contain about 700 acres. Others suppose that it contained 40 stadia in every direc- tion from the city Lavinium, forming a cir- cle of about ten miles in diameter. Others again enlarge it to 400 stadia in circumfe- rence. It is called antiquus, because it be- longed to the ancient dominion of the Latin kings. 317. Longus: extended stretching even beyond. Sicanos : an ancient people of Italy. See Lib. vii. 795. This tract of country the Aurunci formerly, and then the Rutuli, cultivated. The most rugged parts of it, they reserved for pasturage. Serunt : in the sense of cohmt. 320, Plaga : in the sense of tractus. 321. Ccdat : in the sense of dclur. '.\2 C 2. Leges: conditions, or terms. Dica- '1 us appoint name. 324. Gentem: region country. 325. Poxcunt. This is the reading of Heyne, andof Valpy after him. Rueeus reads possunt. 326. Texamus : in the sense of struamus. 327. Seu: in the sense ofvel. Complere: to fill, or man them. Undam : by the wa- ter of the Tiber. 329. PrcEcipiant : in the sense of prce- scribant. Modum: the form, or shape. Navalia. Navale is a dock where vessels lie; or a ship-yard, where they are built. Also, the materials of which they are built, and with which they are equipped. This last is probably the meaning here. JEfa : the aioney necessary to defray the expenses of build ing. Manus : the workmen. 331. Prima genie: of the first rank. 333. Portantes munera : bearing present?. This alludes to the Roman custom of send- ing such presents to kings. 334. Sellam : the chair of state. Trabeam : the trabea was a narrow robe, worn by the kings, and the consuls. 335. Consulite: advise, or consult for the common good. Fessis rebus : distressed state, or condition. 336. Infensus: spiteful bearing spito. The glory of Turnus his noble birth his fame in war, had excited his envy ; and he embraced the present opportunity to give vent to his feelings. Idem : reference is here made to verse 122, supra ft *' v Thr ^a me Drances, &c. jENEIS. LIB. XL 545 340 345 Obliqua invidia stimulisque agitabat amaris ; Largus opum, et lingua melior, sed frigida bello Dextera, consiliis habitus non futilis auctor, Seditione potens ; genus huic materna superbum Nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat ; Surgit, et his onerat dictis, atque aggerat iras : Rem nulli obscuram, nostrae nee vocis egentera, Consulis, 6 bone rex. Cuncti se scire fatentur. Quid fortuna ferat populi ; sed dicere mussant. Det libertatem fandi, flatusque remittat, Cujus ob auspicium infaustum, moresque sinistros, (Dicam equidem, licet arma mihi mortemque minetur) Lumina tot cecidisse ducum, totamque videmus Consedisse urbem luctu : dum Troi'a tentat Castra fugae fidens, et coelum territat armis. Unum etiam donis istis, quoe plurima mitti Dardanidis dicique jubes, unum, optime regum, Adjicias : nee te ullius violentia vincat, Quin natam egregio genero dignisque hymenaeis Des pater, et pacem hanc aeterno fcedere jungas. Quod si tantus habet mentes et pectora terror ; Ipsum obtestemur, veriiamque oremus ab ipso ; Cedat, jus proprium regi patriaeque remittat. Quid miseros toties in aperta pericula cives Projicis ? 6 Latio caput horum et causa malorum ! Nulla salus bello : pacem te poscimus omnes, 338. Sed cujus dexte- ra erat 341. Enim ferebat in- certum genus de patre 342. Onerat Turnum 346. Turnus det 350 355 352. O optime regum, adjicias unum alterum, etiam unum, nempe,jili- am istis donis, quce 357. Tautus terror Tumi habet nostras 300 361. O Turne, caput, et causa horum 362. Est nobis nulla NOTES. 337. Obliqua. Dr. Trapp observes, that envy is uneasy at another's happiness, and so cannot look directly upon it. Ruse us takes it in the sense of occulta. The envious person sees every thing with distorted, or crooked eyes. Oculos habens distortos. Agi- tabat : goaded spurred on. Amaris sti- mulis : with sharp, or pungent stings. 338. Largus : in the sense of abundans. Melior lingua. Ruaeus says, abundantior elo- quentia. Drances, with all his qualifications, his eloquence, his wisdom in council, and his noble birth, wis a coward. Some have imagined, that un ier the character of Tur- nus, Mark Anthony is represented ; and that Cicero is shadowed by Drances. It would seem, that Virgil was no great friend to Ci- cero, for he makes no mention of him in any part of his works. 340. Potens seditione: powerful in fac- tions a powerful party man. 341. Maierna nobilitas : on his mother's side, he was nobly descended from her he had an illustrious descent, or extraction. Ferebat : in the sense of habebat. 342. His dictis : with these invectives reproaches. Iras : the common hatred against Turnus. 344. Consults : in the sense ofsuades vol hertaris. 345. Quid fortuna : what the state of the nation requires. Populi: in the sense of gent is. Mussant : in the sense of wrcntur. Heyne says, non audent. 346. Flatus : vaunting pride arrogance. 347. Autpicium : conduct influence. Drances here attributes the disasters of the state to the unfortunate influence which Turnus had in the councils of Latinus, and to his perverse and determined conduct in relation to the war. 349. Tot lumina ducum : so many illus- trious chiefs. 351. Territat: in the sense of minatur. 352. Unum etiam. In addition to the many presents which the king had propose" 1 to send to ^Eneas, Drances advises him to add another, namely, his daughter Lavinin, as the surest means of conciliating the con- queror, and obtaining for his people a last- ing peace. 356. Jungas: in the sense of confirmed. S58. Veniam. This favor was, that Tur- nus should yield, or give up to the king, his own peculiar authority and right in the dis- posal of his daughter ; and that he should resign his claim to her, for the good of his country. 359. Remittat in tho sense of rehnguaf. 546 P. VIRGILII MAKONIS 363. Simul poscimusfum^ simul pacis sol urn inviolabile pignus. Primus ego, invisum quern tu tibi fingis, et esse Nil moror, en supplex venio ! miserere tuorum ; 365 Pone animos ; et pulsus abi. Sat funera fusi Vidimus, ingentes et desolavimus agros. Aut, .si fama mo vet, si tantum pectore robur Concipis, et si adeo dotalis regia cordi est ; Aude, atque adversum fidens fer pectus in hostem. 370 Scilicet, ut Turno contingat regia conjux, Nos, animae viles, inhumata intletaqup turba, Sternamur campis. Et jam tu, si qua tibi vis, 374. Siquavis/tibi,Si patrii quid Martis habes, ilium aspice contra, Qui vocat. 375 Talibus exarsit dictis violentia Turni : Dat gemitum, rumpitque has imo pectore voces : Larga quidem, Drance, tibi semper copia fandi Tune, cum bella manus poscunt : patribusque vocatis, 380. Tu primus ades Primus ades : sed non replenda est curia verbis, 380 Quse tutd tibi magna volant ; dum distinct hostem Agger murorum, nee inundant sanguine fossae, 383. Quod est solitum Proinde tona eloquio, solitum tibi ; meque timoris Argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis acervos Teucrorum tua dextra dedit, passimque trophaeis 385 Insignis agros. Possit quid vivida virtus, 387. Licet ut tu ex- Experiare licet : nee longe scilicet hostes Quaerendi nobis : circumstant undique muros. Imus in adversos ? quid cessas ? an tibi Mavors \ entosa in lingua, pedibusque fugacibus istis 390 Semper erit ? NOTES. 363. Pignus. This pledge consisted in pute, the poet shows himself a perfect mas- his resignation of Lavinia in favor of ./Eneas, ter of artful and elegant abuse. In these 364. Invisum : inimical a foe. Nil mo- speeches of Drances and Turnus, there are ifor : I do not hesitate to be. JVbn euro some fine specimens of eloquence, not ex- ewe, says Ruseus. celled even by the great masters of the art. 366. Fusi: we, beaten, or routed, have Aspice ilium : look him in the face meet seen, &c. This alludes to their recent de- him face to face. feat. Animos : in the sense of iras. 376. Violentia : in the sense of ira. Valpy 369. Adeb cordi : for such a delight to says, violentia Turni, is to be taken for Tur- thee. Dotalis : given in dowry. Any pro- nus himself. perty,or inheritance, belonging to a woman 378. Larga copia fandi : great fluency of at the time of her marriage, may be called speech a copious profusion of words. Ma~ dotalis. Lavinia was the only child of nus, here, means action, in opposition to Latinus, and the heiress of his kingdom, mere words. Should Turnus marry her, he would possess 381. Magna: in great abundance in the palace and throne, in right of his wife, torrents. 370. Jlude : have courage play the hero. 382. Agger : ramparts, or bulwarks. Advtrsum : in front right against. It agrees 383. Tona : thunder on. with pectus. 384. Quundo tua. : since thy right hand 371. Ut regia conjux : that a royal spouse hath made so many heaps, &c. This is keen may fall to Turnus, we vulgar souls, &e. irony. Stragis. Strages is properly slaughter : This is extremely severe, and sarcastic. also the bodies of the slain. Ruseus says, 374. Mart-is: in the sense of fortitudinis. cadaverum Trojanorum. Drances concludes, by observing that, if '386. Insignis : you adorn, or decorate the Turnus was that hero represented, and if fields, Sic. he possessed any of his country's valor, he 389. Adversos: in the sense of hostes. Ma- would meet JEneas, hand to hand, who had vors : a name of Mars : here used for cour- given already the challenge. In this dis- age, or valor. Tibi : in the sense of tmts : LIB. XC. 547 392. mo Pulsus ego 1 aut quisquam merito, fcedissime, pulsum Arguet, Iliaco turnidurn qui crescere Tybrira Sanguine, et Evandri totam cum stirpe videbit Procubuisse domum, atque exutos Arcadas armis ? 395 Haud ita me expert! Bitias.et Pandarus ingens, Et quos mille die victor sub Tartara misi, Inclusus muris, hostilique aggere septus. Nulla salus bello ! capiti cane talia, demens, Dardanio, rebusque tuis. Proinde omnia magno 400 Ne cessa turbare metu, atque extollere vires Gentis bis victae ; contra premere arma Latini. Nunc et Myrmidonum proceres Phrygia arma tremis- cunt ! Nunc et Tydides, et Larissaeus Achilles ! Amnis et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus undas ! 405 Vel cum se pavidum contra n\pa jurgia fingit Artificis scelus, et formidine crimen acerbat. 40^- s ^ a formidine Nunquam animam talem dextra hac, absiste moveri, Amittes : habitet tecum, et sit pectore in isto. Nunc ad te, et tua, magne pater, consulta revertor. 410 Si nullam nostris ultra spem ponis in armis ; Si tarn deserti sumus, et, semel agmine verso, Funditus occidimus, neque habet fortuna regressum : 396. Haud ita experti sunt ; et mille alii^ quos in uno die ego victor 402. Contra nc. cesstt 405. Aranis Aufidus, versus retro NOTES. will thy valor always consist in, &c. For Manors, Rueeus says,/or/i/wdo. 393. Arguet pulsum : Turnus here vin- dicates himself from the charge of being vanquished, made by Drances: Who will accuse me of being beaten, that shall see the swollen Tyber, &c. Arguet : in the sense of dicet. Ruasus says, accusabit. Esse vel fuisse is understood with pulsum. 394. Totam domum : and the whole family of Evander, with his race, to be prostrated. Pallas was the only son of Evander, and as far as we know, his only child. In his death, then, the family and race became extinct. '396. Bitias et Pindanu. These were two brothers of gigantic stature, whom Turnus slew, at the time of his entering the Trojan camp. See ./En. ix. 672, et sequens. 399. Dardanio capiti : to the Trojan chief: simply, to the Trojan. Caput : the head, by synec. is frequently put for the whole body, or person. Cane : proclaim declare. Drances appears to have been at the head of the Latin party, which favored the Tro- jan interest in opposition to Turnus. By (uis re&us, we are to understand this party at Latium, or the Trojans themselves, his friends. 402. Gentis bis victcz: of the nation twice conquered. Turnus considers that he had already subdued the Trojans ; and the Greeks had done the same thing before, on the plains of Troy. And indued, it appears, he had greatly the advantage over them, during the absence of ./Eneas. 403. Proceres : the Grecian chiefs. Aga- memnon and Menelaus may be more par- ticularly alluded to. Myrmidonum. These were the troops of Achilles. By synec. put for the Greeks in general. 405. Aufidus. A river rising in the Apen- nines, and in the territories of the Hir- pini, and passing through Apulia, Daunia, and Peucetia, falls into the Adriatic sea. This river fled back, as if affrighted at the sight of the Trojan fleet, and ceased to flow in its usual course. Such is the language of the miscreant Drances, in extolling the Trojans, and spreading the terror of their name, even when, &c. These, or some other of the same import, are requisite to connect the subject, and make sense. Fugit : flowed back fled back from. Hadriacas: an adj. from Hadria. 406. Jurgia mea : my menaces, or threats. Fingit : in the sense of simulat. 407. Scelus artijicis : that base villain. Such was the depravity of his character, that he was baseness and wickedness itself. This form of expression is common with the poet. It is usually rendered by the corres- pondent adjective, with which the following word is made to agree. Ruaeus says, ille scelestus accusator. Valpy says, artifex tee- leris. Crimen : in the sense of accusationtm. 409. Isto pectore : in that bosom of thine. This is said by way of contempt. 413. Funditus: we are utterly ruined. For occidimus, Ruseus says perimus. Re- gressum : return. P. VIRGILII MARONIS Orcmus pacem, et dextras tendamus inermes. Quanquam 6 ! si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset ! 415 416. Ille videretur mi- Hie mihi ante alios fortunatusque laborum, lii ante alios Egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret, Procubuit moriens, et humum semcl ore momordit. Sin et opes nobis, et adhuc intacta juventus, Auxilioque urbes Italse populique supersunt : Sin etTrojanis cum multo gloria venit 422. Si eunt illis sua Sanguine : sunt illis sua f unera, parque per omnes 423. Cur nos indeco- Tempestas : cur indecores in limine primo res Dericimus ? cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus ? 424. AWrw artus Muha dieg variusque j abor muta bilis am 425 Retulit in melius : multos alterna revisens 427. Eos in solido Lusit, et in solido rursus fortuna locavit. stalu Non erit auxilio nobis jEtolus, et Arpi? At Messapus erit, felixque Tolumnius, et quos Tot populi misere, duces : nee parva sequetur 431. Homines delectose Gloria delectos Latio et Laurentibus agris. Est et Volscorum egregia de gente Camilla, Agmen agens equitum, et florentes aere catervas. Quod si me solum Teucri in certamina poscunt, Idque placet, tantumque bonis communibus obsto : 435 Non adeo has exosa manus victoria fugit, 438. Contra JEnean ; Ut tanta quicquam pro spe tentare recusem. licet ille prwstet se vel Ibo aniniis contra ; vel magnum praestet Achillem. 439. Paria armw F ac t a q U ' e Vulcani manibus paria induat arma 441*E Turnus de- Ille licdt> Vobis animam hanc ' ^> r e r <>q ue Latino, 440 vovihanc " Turnus ego, baud ulli veterum virtute secundus, 442. Me solum .Devovi, Solum ^Eneas vocat ? et, vocet, oro. NOTES. 416. Forlunatus : happy in his toils la- 433. Florentes are : shining gleaming in bors. A Greek idiom. So also egregius brass. animi : illustrious heroic in soul. Ruseus 436. Victoria non adeo. On many of the says, prastans vertute. old coins, are to be seen persons holding 419. Intacta: fresh that hath not been victory in one hand. To this circumstance, engaged in action. Mr. Addison conjectures, the poet here al- 420. Populi : nations. lades. Exosa here is to be taken actively. 422. Tempestas par : an equal storm of Victory, disdaining his hand so much, had war on both sides. Ruaeus says, par dades. no t abandoned him, that he would refuse, "By per omnes, we may understand both sides, & c . This speech of Turnus is of the noblest the Trojans and Italians. character, and shows him to be the real 424. Ante tubam : before the trumpet sound, soldier. It is very different from that of the 425. Dies : in the sense of tempus. Mu- envious and cowardly Drances. tabilis osw : of changing or revolving years. ^ T in , h of victory _ ReuUt mulla : changes many things, &c. Of the h of ^taimng the prize of victo- Kuogus says, vertit. Labor : change vicis- situderevolution. Ruffius says, motus. 426. Fortuna alterna : fortune revisitincr 438. Pmstet : in the sense of exhibeat, men alternately, hath deceived many vel reprasentet. Animis : courage confi- played an unexpected game with them, and dence of victor}'. again, &c. Alterna : in the sense of alterhis. 439. Paria arma : arms equal to those of 428. Mtolus: the Jptolian (namely) Di- Achilles, and made by the hands of Vulcan, cmede ; who was by birth an jEtolian, and Turnus was at this time ignorant that at that time, reigned over the city Arpi. ./Eneas actually possessed armor made by 429. Tolumnius. He was an augur, and Vulcan. foretold the success of the war, and there- 441. Haud secundut : not inferior not by animated the troops. He, therefore, is second to any of his illustrious ancestors in culled /C/Z.T. valor, frtcnfm : in the sense of majnrum. . LIB. XI. Nec Drances potius, sive est haec ira Deorum, Morte lu t ; sive est virtus et gloria, tollat. Illi haec inter se dubiis de rebus agebant 445 Certantes ; castra ^Eneas aciemque movebat. Nuntius ingenti per regia tecta tumultu Ecce ruit, magnisque urbem terroribus implet : Instructos acie Tiberino a iiumine Teucros, Tyrrhenamque manum totis descendere campis. 450 Extemplo turbati animi, concussaque vulgi Pectora, et arrectae stimulis baud mollibus irae. Arma maim trepidi poscunt ; frerhit arma juventus : Flent moesti mussantque patres. "~ Hie undique clamor Dissensu vano magnus se tollit in auras. 455 Haud secus atque alto in luco cum forte catervae Consedere avium ; piscosove amne Padusae Dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cycni. Immo, ait, 6 cives, arrepto tempore, Turnus, Cogite concilium, et pacem laudate sedentes : 460 Illi armis in regna ruant. Nec plura locutus Corripuit sese, et tectis citus extulit altis. Tu, Voluse, armari Volscorum edice maniplis ; Due, ait, et Rutulos : equitem Messapus in armis, Et, cum fratre, Coras, latis diffundite campis. Pars aditus urbis.Jirment, turresque capessant : Caetera, quajusso, mecum manus inferat arma. Ilicet in muros tota discurritur urbe. Concilium ipse pater et magna incepta Latinus Deserit ; ac tristi turbatus tempore differt. 470 Multaquc se incusat, qui non acceperit ultro 449. Dicens Teucros instructos acie, Tyrrhi- numque 451. Turbati sunt oi&yyi-cv^tb 456. Cum forte cater- vas avium consedere in alto luco ; rauci-ve cycni dant sonitum pis- 464. Messapus et Co- a cum fratre, ww, dif- fundite equitem NOTES. 443. Nec Drances : The meaning of these two lines, is this : that Drances should not die; whether the vengeance of the gods required that one of them should perish ; or, whether valor and glory were the result of the contest, he should not bear off the prize of victory. Mr. Dryden has expressed the same sentiment : Drances shall rest secure, and neither share The danger, nor divide the prise of war. Though Turnus had somewhat recovered his temper, during the time of his address- ing the king, yet he could not conclude, without giving Drances this severe stroke. 444. Luat morte : atone by his death : that is, lose his life. If one of them must die, Turnus chose rather to be the one himself. 445. dgcbant : in the sense of dicebant. 449. Acit : in order of battle in battle array. 452. drrecto: aroused. Slimulis: im- pulse. 453. Trepidi : quick in haste. Frcinit : in the sense ofjlagilul. 454. Patres : the senators. The council of state. Mussant : repine grieve. 455. Di*x?nsu : disagreement discord- ance. 457. Paduscf, : one of the mouths of the river Po. Piscoso amne : in the fishy stream. 458. Stagna. Stagnum, is, properly, the deep parts of the sea, or river. Here it is taken for the whole river, or stream. Lo- quacia : resounding echoing. 459. Tempore arreplo : the occasion being taken, Turnus, &c. These words of Tur- nus are extremely sarcastic. 461. Illi : the enemy. 463. Maniplis: in the sense of turmif. Edice : in the sen^e of jiibc, vel itupcra. 464. Equtlem: the cavalry horsemen in general. This is the reading of Heyne. Ruseus szys,equiles. Messapus Coras. These are in the nom. for the voc. after the Greek idiom. 465. Diffundite : lead out draw up the cavalry in arms. 467. Ca-.tera manus : let the other troops, &c. Jusso : for j-ussero, by syn. 470. Deserit : in the sense of rtUnquit. vel abrumpit. Latinus, alarmed at the dis- mal crisis of his affairs, gives up his plan of conciliation, and again relies upon de- fensive meaeurrp. 550 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Dardanium .dEneam, generumque asciverit urbi. Praefodiunt alii portas, aut saxa sudesque Subvectant. Bello dat signum rauca cruentum Buccina. Turn muros varia cinxere corona 475 Matronae pueriq'ue ; vocat labor ultimus omnes. Nee non ad templum summasque ad Palladis arces Subvehitur magna matrum regina caterva, 479. Lavinia virgo tst Dona ferens : juxtaque comes Lavinia virgo, ert'causa* & ^"^ ^ MB ^ au ? a mau tanti, atque oculos dejecta decoros. 480 480. Dejecta quoad Succedunt matres, et templum thure vaporant, decoros Et mcestas alto fundunt de limine voces : Armipotens belli praeses, Tritonia virgo, Frange manu telum Phyu-gii praedonis, et ipsum Pronum sterne solo, portisque effunde sub altis. 485 Cingitur ipse furens certatim in praelia Turnus. 487. Ille'mdviius quoad Jamque aded Rut u linn thoraca indutus ahenis Rutulum Horrebat squamis, surasque incluserat auro, 489. Ok i ic Xempora nudus adhuc : laterique accinxerat ensem, Fulgebatque alta decurrens aureus arce : 490 Exsultatque animis, et spe jam praecipit hostem. 492.jTaJwqualisequus, Qualis, ubi abruptis fugit praesepia vinclis, ubi fugit praesepia, vin- Tandem liber, equus, campoque potitus aperto ; clw abruptis, tandem Aut ju e in pastus armen taque tendit equarum ; Aut assuetus aquae perfundi flumine noto 4!K~ Emicat, arrectisque fremit cervicibus alte 498. Cui, nempe,Turno, Luxurians ; luduntque jubce per colla, per armos. Camilla, acie Obvia cui, Volscorum acie comitante, Camilla NOTES. 473. Prafodiuntportasi some dig trenches 484. Pnxdonis. She calls ^neas a rob- before the gates, with a view to keep off the ber, in allusion to the conduct of Paris, at enemy. the court of Menelaus. 474. Subvectant: this is the reading of 485. Effudt: rout him break in pieces Heyne and Davidson. Ruaeus reads, subji- his power undei, &c. ciunt. 488. Ahenis squamis ; in his brazen armor. 475. Varia corona : in various companies, Squama, : the plates in a coat of 'mail, which or troops. They manned the walls in va- in some degree resembled the scales of a rious parts. So universal was the sense of fish. By meton. the corslet, or coat of mail danger, that all who were capable of making itself: and hence, by synec. armor in gen- resistance, took up arms. The last struggle, eral. Horrtbat : in the sense of lactbat hor- the ultimus labor, called upon every one to rifice. Incluserat suras : he had bound his unite in making what resistance they could, legs in gold. He had put on his golden in aid of the regular forces. Corona : a sandals. Any thing made of gold may be company, or body of men, standing around called aurum. in the form of a circle or ring, was called 491. Prcecipit: mtlieaenseofprczoccupat. corona. Here taken for the troops in general. 494. Tendit: in the sense of fert se. 4P>1. Vaporant: perfume. 495. Perfundi: in the sense of lavari. 483. Armipotens prases: O! powerful pat- 496. Emicat: he springs forth. Ruaeus roness of war, &c. This prayer is taken says, exilil. Fremit : neighs. Altc may be from Homer, Iliad 17, where the Trojan connected either with arrcclis, or luxurians. matrons invoke the aid of Pallas against This last is used in the sense of exsultans. Diomede. It is almost a literal version of 498. Acie Volscorum : the troops of the the Greek, which Mr. Pope hath elegantly Volsci accompanying her. Acies : properly rendered into English : an army in order of battle; sometimes it is Oh, awful Goddess 1 ever dreadful maid, put for troops in general. Here Virgil gives Troy's strong defence, unconquer'd Pallas, an instance of the high respect, that was aid ; anciently paid to the general of an army. Break thou Tydides' spear, and let him Camilla, though a queen, leaps from her fall, horse, to do Turnus honor; and all her Prone on the dust, before the Trojan wall, troops follow her example. This speech of .ENEIS. LIB. XL 551 Occurrit, portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis Desiluit ; quam tota cohors imitata relictis 500 Ad terram defluxit equis. Turn talia fatur : Turne, sui merito si qua est fiducia forti, 502. Si qua fiducia Audeo, et ^Eneadum promitto occurrere turmse, BUI nt forti raeritd, ego Solaque Tyrrhenes equites ire obvia contra. Me sine prima manu tentare pericula belli : 505 505. Med manu Tu pedes ad muros subsiste, et moenia serva. Turnus ad haec, oculos horrenda in virgine fixus : 50?. Turnus, fixus O, decus Italiae, virgo, quas dicere grates, quoad oculos in horren- Quasve referre parem ? sed nunc, est omnia quando j& virgine, rcspondet ad Iste animus supra, mecum partire laborem. 510 }Q Quando .^ ^ rEneas, ut fama ndem missique reportant animus est supra omnia Exploratores, equitum levia improbus arma pericula Praemisit, quaterent campos : ipse ardua mentis 513. Ut quaterent Perdesertajugo superans adventat ad urbem. Furta paro belli convexo in tramite sylvae, 515 Ut bivias armato obsidam milite fauces. Tu Tyrrhenum equitem collatis excipe signis. Tecum acer Messapus erit, turmasque Latinae, Tiburtique manus : ducis et tu concipe curam. Sic ait : et paribus Messapum in proelia dictis 520 ^ Hortatur, sociosque duces ; et pergit in hostem. Est curvo anfractu vallis, accommoda fraudi, Armorumque dolis : quam densis frondibus atrum 523. Quam vallem la- TJrget utrinque latus : tenuis quo semita ducit, tus *y lv(R atrum densis Angustaeque ferunt fauces, auditusque maligni. 525 Hanc super, in speculis, summoque in vertice mentis Planities ignota jacet, tutique receptus : NOTES. Camilla, though short, as the time required, 515. Furla : in the sense of inxidias. is full of courn ' 8 ^ occupem. inspiring terror 517. Collatis signis: in close fight. Con- 511. Fidem: assurance certainty. It is / signa, is a military term, signifying to governed by reportant. Heyne takes *it in engage in close fight. the sense of nuntium. 51& - Concipe curam : take upon yourself 512. Imrobus: wicked-infamous-with the chare f the general-take the chief meton. tor those who bear them. . Armorum . in 513. Quaterent. RUBBUS says, vastarent. the sense of 6e//i. The valley through which 514. Superans. This is the reading of this path led, was enclosed on each side by Heyne. Ruoeus and Davidson read prope- a thick wood. Perhaps airum should be rans. Deserta ardua : the high deserts of connected with densis frondibus. the mountains. Or, loca may be understood 525. Maligni auditus : small scanty ways connected with deserta. Jugo : passing over passages. Ferunt : in the sense of du- thjD top, or ridge of the mountain. The cunt, as above. poet here, probably, has in view the Alban 526. In speculis : the same as, in summo mountains, which might extend into the ter- vertice: on the highest part pinnacle. ritory of Laurentum. Through this moun- 527. Ignota: unknown to the Trojans. tainous tract, Turnus learned, that tineas 528. Occurrere pugnce : the same as oc- was about to march his army. He there- eurrere hoslibus. Jugis : from the top, or fore proposes to lay in ambush. . sides of the mountain. P. VIRGILli iMARONiS Seu dextra Isevaque veils occurrere pugnae ; 529. Saxa in hostem, Sive instare jugis, et grandiu volvere saxa. Hue juvems Turnus fer- Huc j uvenis not f ertur re gi O ne viarum, 530 Arripuitque locum, et sylvis insedit iniquis. 532. Interea, Latonia, Velocem interea, sup.eris in sedibus Opim, in superis sedibus com- Unam ex virginibus sociis, sacraque caterva, P ellabat Compellabat, et has tristi Latonia voces Ore dabat : Graditur bellum ad crudele Camilla, 585 O virgo, et nostris nequiequam cingitur armis, Chara mihi ante alias : neque enim novus iste Diamc Venit amor, subitaque animum dulcedine movit. Pulsus ob invidiam regno, viresque superbas, o40. Cum Metabus, Priverno antiqua Metabus cum excederet urbe, 540 pulsus regno ob Infantem fugiens media inter prselia belli 542. Sustulit earn in- Sustulit exilio comitem, matrisque vocavit fantera, comitem exilio, Nomine Casmillae, mutata parte, Camillam. yoeavitquS earn Camil- j e sinu se portang ; U g a i onga pe tebat lam de nomine eius ma- a r , tris Casrnilla?, parte no- Solorum nemorum : tela undique saeva premebant, 545 minis mutata Et circumfuso volitabant milite Volsci. 547. Medio fugaa^u- Ecce, fugae medio, summis Amasenus abundans vius Amasenus Spumabat ripis ; tantus se nubibus imber 551. Sedit /WversantiRuperat. Ille, innare parans, infantis amore 552. Erat immane te- Tardatur, charoque oneri timet. Omnia secum 550 1U 554 qU I? ' Zo ' r Versanti sub ito vix haec sententia sedit. cat nataT, 'dausara Telum immane, manu valida quod forte gerebat libro Bellator, solidum nodis et robore cocto : 556. Quam /uufamHuic natam, libro et sylvestri subere clausam, librans Implicat, atque habilem mediae circumligat hastae ; 555 alma cStri? t0nia ' Quam dextlt in g enti librans, ita ad aethera fatur : 558. Ilia priraa ^ m hanc, nemorum cultrix, Latonia virgo, quam supplex Ipse pater famulam voveo : tua prima per auras NOTES. 529. Jugis. The proper place for this vel remota. Portans : carryuig his child in \vord appears to be after volvere : to tumble, his bosom. or roll large rocks from the top of the moun- 545. Solorum : of the lonely solitary tain upon the enemy. groves. The groves upon the distant moun- 531. Iniquis: rough uneven. Ruaeus tains, lonely and solitary, says, asperis. 546. Volitabant. This verb expresses the 533. Caterva : retinue band. rapidity, and quickness of their motions. 534. Latonia : a name of Diana ; from 547. Amasenus : a river of the Volsci. Latona, the name of her mother. Voces : Hodie, Toppia. Summis ripis : over the top in the sense of verba. of its banks. 536. Nostris armis. Camilla was armed 551. Subilb h urbes : no cities received him, &c. 568. Neque ipse : nor would he have given liis hand, (accepted the invitation,) on ac- count of his savage nature, choosing rather to inhabit the mountains and woods. 569. JEvum : in the sense of vitam. 571. Mammis: the breast, or teats of a brooding mare of one belonging to the herd, or drove of mares kept for breeding. In this solitary retreat, did Metabus bring up his infant daughter upon the milk of a brooding mare, milking the teats into her tender lips. This is a beautiful picture of paternal care and affection. Lacte ferino. This is the same with the milk of the ani- mal just mentioned. Ferino : an adj. from ferus, which sometimes signifies a horse, or other domestic animal. 573. Primis : in the sense of prima, to agree with vestigia : or in the sense of pri- mum : and as soon as the child, &c. 575. Parva : of the child. 576. Crinali auro. Ruoeus says, aureo ornalu capillorum. It may be a clasp to bind and adjust the hair, or a net-work worn over the hair to keep it in order; either of which maybe considered a mark of efteminacy and luxury. Camilla was not so adorned. The skin of a tiger vras the only ornament of her head. 577. Exuvice : the skin of a tiger hangs, &c. 578. Puerilia : light, such as are suited to the strength of children. 579. Egit fundam : she whirled the sling. 584. Intemerata: she, pure and unpol- luted, content with Diana alone, cherished a perpetual love, &c. She had no inclination to taste the pleasures of the conjugal state. 585. Tali militia : with the love of such a war, attempting, &c. 587. Acerliit : in the sense of crudrlilwjt. P. VIRGILII 590 Tristis ubi infausto committitur omine pugua. 590. Cape haec tda Haec cape, et ultricem pharetra deprome sagittam, Hac, quicunque sacrum violarit vulnere corpus, 592. Sit-ne Tros Ita- Tros Italusve, mihi pariter det sanguine pcenas. lus-ve, det Post ego nube cava miserandce corpus et arma 593.Mserandamrgi-j nS p )j ata f eranij tumulo patriaeque reponam. ^595. At ilia Opis de- Dixit : at illa leves cceli dela P s a per auras lapsa Insonuit, nigro circumdata turbine corpus. 596. Circumdata quoad At manus taterea muris Trojaiia propinquat, cor P us . Etruscique duces, equitumque exercitus omnis, Compositi numero in turmas. Fremit aequore toto Insultans sonipes, et pressis pugnat habenis, 600 Hue obversus et hue : turn late ferreus hastia Horret ager ; campique armis sublimibus ardent. Nee non Messapus contra, celeresque Latini, Et cum fratre Coras, et virginis ala Camillae, Adversi campo apparent : hastasque reductis 605 Protendunt longe dextris, et spicula vibrant : Adventusque virum, fremitusque ardescit equorum. 608. Uterque exercitus Jamque intra jactum teli progresses uterque progressus Substiterat : subito erumpunt clamore, frementesque . Exhortantur equos : fundunt simul undique tela 610 Crebra, nivis ritu, ccelumque obtexitur umbra. Continue adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus NOTES. 589. Infauslo : inauspicious unlucky. 590. Cape hoc : take these weapons. While she is thus speaking, Diana gives to Opis her quiver of arrows, and directs her to draw from it one, which should be fatal to any person that, during the engagement, might violate^ the sacred body of Camilla. 591. Sacrum corpus : the sacred body of Camilla. Hac: with this arrow. Sagitta is understood. 593. Miserandce : lamented, or unhappy virgin. Virginis vel Camilla, is plainly to be supplied. 594. Inspoliata : safe untouched by the enemy not taken away by them. The goddess here promises to bear oft' the body of her favorite maid, together with her ar- mor, entire and untouched; and restore her to her own country for burial. This episode is finely contrived. Just as we supposed the hostile troops were to com- mence the work of death, the poet suspends their operations, and relates the birth and education of Camilla ; who was destined to perform the most distinguished part in the military operations of the day. 597. Manus : in the sense of milites vel agmen. 599. Compositi : arranged into battalions, in order of battle. 600. Pugnat : he resists (struggles against) the tight drawn reins, turning, &c. He wishes no restraint he desires loosened reins. 602. Horret ager : an iron field of spears. Sublimibus: raised high. 603. Celeres Latini : the light-armed La- tins. These were more nimble, and their motions quicker, than those who carried heavy arms. 604. Ala. Tlu's word signifies the wing of our army. Also, troops in general : here the cavalry of Camilla. These all appeared on the plain, opposite to the Trojan and Tuscan troops. 606. Protendunt : they extend their spears with their hands drawn far back. They draw their arms far back, that they may give a greater force to the dart. Ruseus interprets protendunt by immittunt-, which is not correct. They have not commenced the fight as yet. In this menacing manner, just ready to discharge them upon the ene- my, the combatants advance to the charge. 607. Adventus : the advance of the men, and the neighing of the horses, grows more and more fierce. As the armies approached each other, we may suppose their ardor in- creased, and the neighing of the horses be- came louder. Mr. Davidson observes, ad- ventus is a feeble word to express the move- ments of an army, just on the point of giving battle. 610. Exhortantur : in the sense of conci- fctnt. 611. Ritu nivis: after the manner of snow thick as the flakes of snow. Umbra : with darkness. So thick was the shower of jENEIS. LIB. XI. Connixi iucurrunt hastia, primique ruinam Dant sonitu ingenti, perfractaque quadrupedantum Pectora pectoribus rumpunt. Excussus Aconteus Fulminis in morem, aut tormento ponderis actfi, Proecipitat longe, et vitam dispergit in auras. Extemplo turbatae acies ; versique Latini Rejiciunt parmas, et equos ad moenia vertunt. Trees agunt ; princeps turmas inducit Asylas. Jamque propinquabant portis : rursusque Latini Claraorem tollunt, et mollia colla reflectunt : Hi fugiunt, penitusque datis referuntur habenis. Qualis ubi alterno procurrens gurgite pontus ' Nunc ruit ad terras, scopulosque superjacit undam Spumeus, extremamque sinu perfundit arenam : Nunc rapidus retro, atque aestu revoluta resorbens Saxa, fugit, litusque vado labente relinquit. Bis Tusci Rutulos egere ad mcenia versos : Bis rejecti armis respectant terga tegentes. Tertia sed postquam congressi in praelia, totas Implicuere inter se acies, legitque virum vir. Gl. r > 618. Acies Latinorum turbatae sunt 620 G22. Mollia colla equo- rum 623. Hi, nempe, Tro- jani fugiunt inricem 625 624. Qualis ubi pon- tus procurrens alterno gurgite 630. Ruiuli bis rejecti respectant Thiscos 630 NOTES. darts, that they intercepted the rays of the sun. 613. Ruinam : onset charge. Impefam, says Ruseus. 614. Perfracta : dashed broken. Qwad- vupedantum : in the sense of equorum. 615. Rumpunt pectora : they almost rive the breasts of their horses, dashed against each other they rush their horses breast to breast against each other, with such impe- tuosity, that they almost split, or rived them. Heyne says, perfringunt. 616. In moremfulminis : Aconteus, thrown from his horse with the velocity of light- ning, or of a weight thrown by an engine. This is an extravagant hyperbole. Prceci- pitat : in the sense of pracipitatur : is thrown, at a distance. 619. Rejiciunt parmas : they turned their shields behind them. This was to secure them against the missive weapons of the Trojans in their retreat. This manner of fleeing, and then facing about, was accord- ing to the rules of fighting with the cavalry, as practised by the Romans. 620. Jlgunt : in the sense of instant vel sequunlur. 622. Mollia : obedient submissive to the reins. 623. Penitas: fully wholly. Ruseus says, omninot It is to be connected with datis. The Trojans retreat (are carried back) at full speed as fast as their horses can carry them. (3-21. Procurrens alterno: rolling forward in alternate surges. Pontus : in the sense ofjluctus, says Hcyne. Ruaeus says mare. But then he takes the poet here to have reference to the ebb and flow of the tido. This, also, is the sense given to the passage by Davidson. Heyne and Valpy refer it to the moving of a wave, or surge, against the shore. 626. Sinu perfundit: and washes the margin (or edge) of the shore with its curl- ing waves. Se.rvius explains sww, by cur- vatione etfiexu, the curling and winding of the waves. It signifies the expanded skirts, or volumes of water, into which the flowing sea stretches itself further and further on the shore, and overspreads the beach like a garment. 627. Atque resorbens : and sucking in the rocks, rolled back with its tide, retreats backward. Rapidus : in the sense of celef vel prxcf.ps. 628. f^ado : in the sense of Jluctu vel unda. The surge, or wave, declining, or going back, leaves the shore, until another surge succeeds. The retreat of the water from the shore is frequently so rapid, that it carries along with it stones and other substances that lie on the shore. To this the poet here alludes. But Heyne takes saxa revoluta astu, &c. to imply, that the waves passed over, or through the rock, in approaching and retreating from the shore : per quceftuctus vel undarevolvitur,sa.ys he. 630. Respectant: they see the enemy covering their backs with their shields. The plain meaning is, that the Latins put the Tuscans to flight in turn : they see them covering their backs with their shields. 631, Tertia prazlia: the third assault the third time they engaged. .. Fmplicncre : in the sense of miscu~ ernnt. They engaged in close fight. . VfRGILIl MARON1S 633. (ireniitus mori- Turn vero et gemitus morientiim ; et sanguine in alto Armaque, corporaque, et permisti crcde virorum Semianimes volvuntur equi : pugna aspera surgit. 635 Orsilochus Remuli, quando ipsum horrebat adire, Hastam intorsit equo, ferrumque sub aure reliquit : 638. Jactat crura alta,Q uo SO nipes ictu f'urit arduus, altaque jactat, Vulneris impatiens, arrecto pectore crura. 640. Ille Remulus ex- Volvitur ille excussus humi. Catillus lolam, 640 cussus equo Ingentemque animis, ingentem corpore et armis 641. Catillus dejicit D e ji c it Herminium : nudo cui vertice fulva ' Hermim ft caries, nudique humeri : nee vulnera terrent : ""*642r Cui erat fulva Tantus in arma patet. Latos huic basta per armos ccesaries in nudo ver- Acta tremit, duplicatque virum transfixa dolore. 645 tice, humerique erant Funditur ater ubique cruor : dant funera ferro Certantes : pulchramque petunt per vulnera mortem. At medias inter cades exsultat Amazon, 649. Amazon, nempe, Unum exserta latus pugnae, pharetrata Camilla. Camilla pharetrata ex- Et nunc j enta manu spar g ens hastilia denset, Nunc validam dextra rapit indefessa bipennem. Aureus ex humero sonat arcus, et arma Dianoe. Ilia etiam, si quando in tergum pulsa recessit, Spicula converse fugientia dirigit arcu. 655. At circum earn, At circum lectae comites, Larinaque virgo, sunt lect Tullaque, et iuraiam quatiens Tarpeia securim, NOTES. 650 636. Horrebat adire: he feared to attack him. Timeret, says Rureus. 638. Jactat crura : The meaning is, that his horse reared upon his hind feet, throw- ing his fore feet, arid beating the air with them. In doing this, lie threw his rider. 642. Dejicit: in the sense of proslernit. Cui : in the sonso of cujus. So huic : for hujus, 644. infra. Vtrlice. : in the sense of capite. His yellow hair waved upon his naked head. 644. Patet tantus: so great he stands opposed to arms. This is the sense given to the words by Davidson ; who observes, that Servius, and most commentators after him, understand the words to mean : that he stood so large a mark exposed to the darts of the enemy. But this is so far from being a reason for his not being afraid, that it is a strong reason why he should be. /n, may be taken in the sense of contra. 645. Ada : in the sense of immissa ; agree- ing with hasta, Transfixa : passing through his shoulders, doubles the man with the pain of the wound. The pain inflicted by the spear was so great, that he was no longer able to maintain an erect posture. RUSBUS says, incurvat hominem. The reading above is that of Hcyne, founded upon the .Roman, Medicean, and other MSS. of antiquity, and generally adopted by modem editors. Some read viri transfixa dolorvn. This Turnebus approve*. Others read dup'li- catque, virum transfixa^ dulorem. 647. Certantes : a part, of the verb cerfo, taken as a sub. The combatants the contending armies. 649. Exserta unum latus pugna: her right side was naked, and disengaged for action, (punnet,) but her left was incumber- ed with her bow, and half-moon shield. Such a shield the Ama/ons wore. Or, pugncE may signify the attacks of the ene- my. Then the sense will be : that she had one side (to wit, the right,) exposed to the enemy, while the other was covered with her shield; which prepares the reader for the circumstance mentioned afterwards, of her receiving her mortal wound in this part of her body. Camilla is here called an Amazon, because she was armed like one of them. 650. Spargens: this expresses, as well as denset, the rapidity with which she re- peated her throws. She scattered her jave- lins thick on every side. Spargit dens?^ says lleyne. tJ5i2. Arma: in the sense ofsagitta. 653. In tergum : backward : in the sense of retro. 654. Spicula: the winged arrows from her inverted bow. She turned her bow over her shoulder, and in that position dis- charged her winged arrow upon the enemy. In this manner the Parthians conducted . LIB. XL Itaiidcs ; quas ipsa decus sibi dia Camilla au Delegit, pacisque bonas bellique mimstras. J m decus Quales Threiciae, cum flumina Thermodontis ministrasque Pulsant, et pictis bellantur Amazones armis ; 660 Seu circum Hippolyten ; sen cum se Martia curru Penthesilea refert ; magnoque ululante tumultu Fcemiiiea exsultant lunatis agmiaa peltis. Quern telo primum, quern postivmum, aspera virgp,^ Dejicis? aut quot hurni morientia corpora fundis? 665 Kumenium Clytio primum patre ; cujus apertum 666. Primum inierficit Adversi longa transverberat abjete pectus. Eumenium natum Sanguinis ille vomens rivos cadit, atque cruentam Mandit humum, moriensque suo se in vulnere versat. Turn Lirin Pao-asumque super : quorum alter, habenas 670. Turn inierficit Suffosso revofutus equo dum colligit ; alter 671 lo, ftp-mjq^fa- Dum subit, ac dextram labenti tendit inermem, pites par it e rque ; quo- Praecipites pariterque ruunt. His addit Amastrum rum alter Hippotaden : sequiturque incumbens eminus hasta Tereaque, Harpalycumque, et Demophoonta, Chromim- que : 675 Quotque emissa manu contorsit spicula virgo ; Tot Phry^ii cecidere viri. Procul Ornytus armis Ignotis, et equo venator lapyge fertur : 678. Venator Ornytus Cui pellis latos humeros erepta juvenco Pugnatori operit ; caput ingens oris hiatus, 680 Et mala? texere lupi cum dentibus albis ; NOTES. their retreat; which the poet here has in 670. Super: in the sense of praterea: be- his view. side in addition to those before mentioned, 657. halides : Italian nymphs. 671. Revolutus : falling backward from 658. Bonas : skilful expert. his wounded horse, while, &c. 659. Flumina : the river, put by meton. 672. Labenti : to him falling to his fall- for the banks of the river. They beat the ing friend. banks so as to make the river resound. 673. Pariter : at the same time both at Thermodontis : gen. of Thermodon, a river once fall to the ground. Ruunt : in the of Thrace, the country said to have been sense of cadunt. inhabited by the Amazons. 674. Incumbens : in the sense of petens 660. Pictis armis: with party-coloured, or vel instans. The simple meaning of tho varieo-ated arms. Bellantur : in the sense expression is : she killed these men as they of ou^nanf. stood al a distance from her, with her jave- 66 f. Hippoluten. Hippolyte was a fa- 1ms, thrown at them. Virgil had an admi- mous queen of the Amazons. It is said she rable talent for varying his style and ex- was vanquished by Hercules, tfcnthesilea prcssion. was also queen of that female race. She 678. Ignotis armis : arms that were strange came to the assistance of Priam during the and unusual. to him. lapyge, foTlapygio Trojan war, and was slain by Achilles, or an adj. from lapyx, the son of 1 oedalus, his son Pyrrhus. See ^En. i. 491. who first settled in Apulia : Apuhan. 662. Magnoque ululante: with aloud Fertur: rides along moves on. veiling noise. 679. Cui : in the sense of cujus. Juvenco : 663. Lunatis peltis: with their crescent in the sense of tauro. This was some wild shields shields in the form of a half moon, bull, killed by the hunter, in whose hide he 664. Aspera : in the sense of belltcosa. had dressed himself. Pugnatori : put ] 665. Fundis: in the sense of slernis. apposition with juvenco. Heyne says, syl- 667. Abjete : for abide : the fir tree any veslricum quo pugnaverat. thin* made of the wood of that tree a 680. Ingens hiatus : lit. the large opening spea'r or javelin of that wood. Adversi : an of the mouth, and the jaws of a wol adj. agreeing with cujus: right against white teeth, covered his head, opposite to-Tin front of. was covered with the skm taken from the 685 558 K VIRGILII MA.RONIS -^^4 Agrestisque manus armat sparus : ipse catervis* 683. Supra alios toto Vertitur in mediis, et toto vertice supra ost. V8 fift4 e C 'ii '11 t Hunc. ilia exceptum ; neque enim labor, agmine verso ; jicit hunrexcep a tum; Trajicit, et super haec inimico pectore famr : enim neque erat labor Sylvis te, Tyrrhene, feras agitare putasti ? ei; ejus agmine Advenit qui vestra dies muliebribus armis 685. Super cum ;acn-Verba redarguerit. Nomen tamen haud leve patrum "687. Dies advenit, qui Manibus hoc referes, telo cecidisse Camilla. 690. Protinus inttrji- Protmus Orsilochum et Buten, duo maxima leucrum cit Corpora : sed Buten adversum cuspide ftxit 691 692. Qua colla ejua Loricam galeamque inter, qua colla sedentis sedentis equo Lucent, et laevo dependet parma lacerto ; 694. Ilia fugiens Orsilochum fugiens, magnumque agitata per orbem, Eludit gyro interior, sequiturque sequentem. 695 Turn validam perque arma viro perque ossa securim, Altior insurgens, oranti et multa precanti Congeminat : vulnus calido rigat ora cerebro. Incidit huic, subitoque aspectu territus haesit, 700. Bellator filius Apenninicolae bellator filius Auni, 700 Auni ApenninicolB, Haud L igurum ex tremus, dum fallere fata sinebant. haud extremus Ligu- rum, dum fata sjnebanl Is q ue > ubl se null J am cursu evadere pugna eum fallere, incidit huic, Posse, neque instantem reginam avertere, cernit ; territusque Consilio versare dolos mgressus et astu, 705, Quid est tarn Incipit haec : quid tarn egregium, si foemina forti 705 egregium, si tu bdlatrix pidjg 6 q UO ? dimitte fugam, et te cominus aequo iffi ^7 */? tr Mecum crede solo, pugnseque accinge pedestri : Jam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem. NOTES. head of a wolf, while his shoulders were the pursuer in turn. Coming up with him* covered with the hide of a wild bull. The rising high to give her blows more effect. former the hero wore for a helmet, the lat- she drove her sturdy axe through, &c. ter for a corslet. 696. Viro : in the sense of viri. 682. Sparus: a kind of rustic weapon. 698. Congeminat: Iluceus says impingit. 683. Vertitur : in the sense of incedit vel 699. Incidit huic : met her by chance. move/. HcEsit: stood amazed at the sudden and 684. Exceplum : in the sense of intercep- unexpected sight. turn. Verso : routed thrown into disorder. 701. Ligurum: gen. of Ligures. These 688. Redarguerit : shall confute thy were a people of Italy, whose country was words. He had, perhaps, boasted of his bounded on the north by the Apennines, valor. Nomen: honor renown. and extended to the Tuscan sea on the 691. Adversum : opposite right against south. Cato mentions them as notorious her. Pierius found aversum in some of the for their tricks and deception. To this trait best manuscripts ; but the sense is in favor of character the poet here alludes, in the of adversum : the wound which he received words fallere, c. Pugna : Heyne reads was in the throat, inter loriccem, galeamque, pugnce. which could not have happened, if his back 703. Instantem : pressing upon him. had been turned towards her. Heyne 704. Ingressus : attempting to effect (put reads aversum. in practice) his tricks and deception, by 694. Fugiens : the sense of this passage stratagem and cunning, he says (incipif) appears to be this : the queen, fleeing from these things. Rusens says, incipiens. Orsilochus, was pursued by him in a large 705. Forti : in the sense of celeri. circuit. Here she lost him in the crowd, 706. Dimitte fugam: dismiss your flight (eludit^) that is, he lost sight of her, which your horse, which enables you to flee. was the object she had in view. Then Jquo solo: on the level ground equal turning about in a circle smaller, and on the terms with me. inner side, (gyro interior,*) she came in be- 708. Ventosa gloria : vain empty boast- hind him, who was supposing he was all ing. Ventosa is used here v/ith peculiar the time in pursuit of her, and so became propriety mere empty vaunting Hght as jNEIS. LIB. XI. Dixit. At ilia lurens, acrique accensa dolore, Tradit equum comiti, paribusque resistit in arinis, 710 Ense pedes nudo, puraque interrita parma. At juvenis, vicisse dolo ratus, avolat ipse, Haud mora, conversisque fugax aufertur habenis, Quadrupedemque citum ferrata calce fatigat.. Vane Ligur, frustraque animis elate superbis, 715 Nequicquam patrias tentasti lubricus artes : Nee fraus te incolumem fallaci perferet Auno. Haec fatur virgo, et pernicibus ignea plantis Transit equum cursu : fraenisque adversa prehensis Congreditur, posnasque inimico a sanguine sumit. 720 Quam facile accipiter saxo sacer ales ab alto Consequitur pennis sublimem in nube columbam, Comprensamque tenet, pedibusque eviscerat uncis : Turn cruor, et vulsac labuntur ab aethere plumae. At non haec nullis hominum sator atque Deorum 725 Observans oculis, summo sedet altus Olympo. Tyrrhenum genitor Tar*chontem in praelia saeva Suscitat, et stimulis baud mollibus incitat iras. Ergo inter caedes cedentiaque agmina Tarchon Fertur equo, variisque instigat vocibus alas, 730 Nomine quemque vocans ; reficitque in prselia pulsos : Quis metus, 6 nunquam doliturij 6 semper inertes Tyrrheni, quae tanta animis ignavia venit ? Foemina palantes agit, atque haec agmina vertit ? Quo ferrum ? quidve hsec gerimus tela irrita dextris ? 712. Ratus se vicisse earn dolo 721. Tarn facile qu am accipiter, ales sacer Marti volans ab alto saxo 725. At Jupiter, sator 727. Turn i/te, genitor 731. Quemque homi- nem 733. Tyrrheni, nun- quam dolituri, O semper inertes 735. Quo nos gerimus ferrum NOTES. the wind. Fraudem : this is the common reading. It is the reading of the Roman MS., and for which Servius contends. Heyne reads laudem, but expresses a doubt upon it. Fraudem is to be taken in the sense ofdamnum detrimentum vel pcRnam, which sometimes is the meaning of the word. If laudem be read, it may be taken in its ujual acceptation. 709. Acri dolore : with keen resentment. 711. Resist it : this is the reading of Heyne. Ruaeus and Davidson read assist it. The sense is the same with either. Purd parma : with her shield which had no im- press upon it. The same as alba parma. Lib. ix. 548. Pedes : a footman on foot. 713. Conversis habenis : his reins being turned. Here habenis is plainly put for the head of his horse. He turned his horse, and left her at full speed. 714. Ferrata calce : with his iron heel with his spurs. Fatigat : in the sense of impellit. 715. Ligus : gen. Liguris : deceitful Li- gurian. 7 16. Lubricus : slippery turning every way to answer his purposes of deception. 717. Perferet : in the sense of reducet. 718. Ignea transit : burning with ire, she with swift foot passes his horse in his course. This action of Camilla would have been incredible, if we had not been previously prepared for something of the kind. See Lib. vii. 803, where her swiftness is de- scribed. Ignea : Valpy says, swift, or quick as lightning. Ruseus says, ardens. 719. Adverse: opposite right against him, in front. 723. Pvdibus : by this wo are to under- stand the talons, or claws of the hawk, which are crooked, or bending : hence the- propriety of uncis. Eviscerat : in the sense ofdilaniat. 725. JVbn nullis oculis : with some atten- tion regard. It implies, that he was atten- tively regarding the scenes that were pass- ing upon the field of battle. 730. Alas: the light troops. See 604, supra. 731. Rcficit pulsos: he rallies and brings back the flying troops to the fight. Ruaeus says, revocat. 732. Dolituri nviiquam : never to ieel resentment : a part, of the verb doleo. 735. Qt/o/b-mw: for what intent to what purpose do we bear the sword ? Irrita useless unavailing in our hands. Tarchou is very severe upon the Tuscan*, calling them stupid, and patient of insults and injuries. Me alludes, perhaps tn the P. VIRGILII MARONIS 736. At vos non estis At non in Venerem segues, nocturnaque bella, 736 segnes Aut, ubi curva chores indixit tibia Bacchi, Expectare dapes, et plena? pocula mensae, 739. Hie est vcster (Hie amor, hoc studium) dum sacra secundus aruspex amor, hoc est vestrum Nuntiet, ac lucos vocet hostia pinguis in altos. 740 Haec effatus, equum in medios moriturus et ipse Concitat, et Venulo adversum se turbidus infert ; Dereptumque ab equo dextra complectitur hostem, 744. Aufert Venulum Et gremium ante suum multa vi concitus aufert. Tollitur in coelum clamor, cunctique Latini 745 Convertere oculos. Volat igneus aequore Tarchon Arma virumque ferens : turn summa ipsius ab hasta Defringit ferrum, et partes rimatur apertas. 749. Ille Venulus Q^ vu i nus i eta i e f erat . Contra ille repugnans Sustinet a jugulo dextram, et vim viribus exit. 750 751.Utque cum fulva Utque volans alte raptum cum fulva draconem Fert aquila, implicuitque pedes, atque unguibus hsesit : Saucius at serpens sinuosa volumina versat, Arrectisque horret squamis, et sibilat ore, 755. Ilia aquila haud Arduus insurgens : ilia haud minus urget adunco 755 Luctantem rostro ; simul aethera verberat alis. . Haud aliter praadam Tiburtum ex agmine Tarchon Portat ovans. Ducis exemplum eventumque secuti MoBonidse incurrunt. Turn fatis debitus Aruns Velocem jaculo et multa prior arte Camillam 7t>0 NOTES. faraeness with which they endured the ty- 755. Urget: the more the snake strug- ranny of Mezentius, and patiently submit- gles, and endeavors to extricate itself, the ted to it till it became past endurance ; and closer does the eagle gripe it in his talons now they are not ashamed to turn their and crooked beak : just so Tarchon bears backs before a woman. Gerimus. This is off Venulus in his tenacious grasp. Tibur- the reading of Heyne, and is found in the turn : the same with Venulum. He was best MSS. Ruceus reads geritis. commander, and a principal man among 736. Venerem: in the sense of voluptatem the Tiburtines. Their city was called Ti- vel cupidinem. bur, situated, some say, about twenty miles 737. Indixit : proclaimed appointed. north of the place where Rome was after- 739. Secundus : favorable propitious. wards built. It was founded by Tiburtus* The person who predicted future events by the son of Amphiaraus. See ^n. vii. 630. inspecting the entrails of victims, was called 759. Mazonidce: the Tuscans. They are aruspex. When the auspices were favora- here So called, because their ancestors re- ble, he was called secundus. After the an- moved from JMtEom'a, a country of Asia nouncement of the auspices, the feast im- Minor, and settled in Italy. Aruns debilus mediately followed. Sacra. Ruaeus says fatis: Aruns devoted to death. It is said mcrificia. Davidson, sacred rites. of him, because he was to kill Camilla ; 742. Turbidus : in the sense of acer. and whoever killed her, forfeited his life to 743. Complectitur : he grasps in his right Diana, by a decree of that goddess. See hand. 591, supra. Incurrunt : in the sense of 744. Ante suum gremium : in the sense irruunt. Fatis : in the sense of morti. of ante se. 760. Circuit: he goes around Camilla, 746. Igneus : in the sense of ardens. for the purpose of discovering some unpro- 748. Defringit ferrum: he breaks off the tected place, where he may give her a steel from the end of his spear, so that he mortal wound. He follows her over the could do him no injury. Rimatur : in the field of battle, and closely observes her sense of quant. Partes : the exposed part movements ; and continues unobserved by of his throat. her, until the fatal moment arrived. She 750. Exit : in the sense of avert it. It is was in the pursuit of Chloreus, and intent, here used actively. Sustinet : in the sense upon his spoils, when Aruns, having ob- afrepellit. served a favorable opportunity to effect his 752. limit : and griped him in his talons, purpose, threw his spear, and a god direr'- .ENELS. LIB. XI. fHiJ Circuit, et, quae sit tbrtuna facillima, tentat. Qua se cunque furens medio tulit agmine virgo ; Hac Aruns subit, et tacitus vestigia lustrat ; QU& victrix redit ilia, pedemque ex hoste reportat ; Hac juvenis furtim celeres detorquet habenas. 765 Hos aditus, jamque hos aditus, omnemque pererrat Undique circuitum ; et certain quatit improbus hastam. Forte sacer Cybelae Chloreus, olimque sacerdos, Insignis longe Phrygiis fulgebat in armis : Spumantemque agitabat equum ; quern pellis ahenis In plumam squamis auro conserta tegebat. 771 Ipse, peregrina ferrugine clarus et ostro, Spicula torquebat Lycio Gortynia cornu : Aureus ex humeris sonat arcus, et aurea vati 774 Cassida : turn croceam chlamdemque, sinusque cre- Carbaseos fulvo in nodum collegerat auro, [pantes Pictus acu tunicas, et barbara tegmina crurum. Hunc virgo, sive ut templis praBfigeret arma Troia, captivo sive ut se ferret in auro Venatrix, unum ex omni certamine pugnae 780 Caeca sequebatur ; totumque incauta per agmen, FcDmineo praedae et spoliorum ardebat amore. Telum ex insidiis cum tandem, tempore capto, Conjicit, et Superos Aruns sic voce precatur : Summe Deum, sancti castos Soractis, Apollo, 785 Quern primi colimus, cui pineus ardor acervo Pascitur ; et medium freti pietate per ignem 702. Quacunque fu- rens virgo tulit se 770. Quern equum pel- lis conserta ahenis squa- mis el auro 774. Aurea cassida est huic vati in capite 777. llle erat pictus acu quoad tunicas 778. Virgo, sive ut prsefigerat Troia arma templis, sive ut vena- trix ferret se in captivo auro, cffica sequebatur hunc unum 783. Cum tandem Aruns, tempore capto, conjicit 785. O Apollo, summe 787. Et nos tui cul- tores, freti nostra pie- tate NOTES. ed it to the naked breast of the virgin war- rior. Circuit : of circum and eo. 761. Fortana : time opportunity. Valpy says," the most vulnerable point where the chance of hitting seemed most favorable." 766. Pererrdt : examines surveys. Ru- seus says, percurrit. Aditus : access ap- proaches. 767. Certam : unerring certain. Impro- bus : with wicked design. Ruaeus says, malignus. 771. Conserta: compacted, or fastened with brazen nails, and gold. In plumam : in the form of a plume. The nails were so placed in the skin, as to represent the figure of a plume, or plumes ; and served in some measure, as defensive armor for the horse. 772. Peregrina ferrugine : in foreign blue and purple. Clarus : in the sense of splen- dens. 773. Gorlynia : an adj. from Goriyna, a city of Crete. Cornu : in the sense of arcu. 776. Collegerat: then he had collected his saffron-colored cloak, and its rustling folds of fine linen, into a knot with yellow gold. 777. Pictus : embroidered as to his tunic. Barbara tegmina : the foreign coverings of his legs. These may be called barbara, be- cause they were of Phrygian fashion. 780. Ex omni : Ruceus says, ex omnibus certanlibus in prozlio. Davidson, " of all the warring chiefs." hi this case, certamcn will be by melon, for cerlator vel bellator. The meaning is, that she singled him out of all the combatants, and pursued him over the field of battle, as being the richest prize, and affording the most valuable spoils. This idea is expressed, and assigned in the fol- lowing lines, as the reason of her procedure. She was so intent upon the booty and spoils, that she forgot her perilous situation. She did not perceive Aruns, nor was she in any way apprized of his design against her. 783. Ex insidiis : privately or from his concealment. 785. Soractis. Soractes or Soracte was a mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, about twenty-six miles north of the place where Rome was afterward built. It was sacred to Apollo; who is thence called Cuslos Sorctctis. 786. Ardor : in the sense of ignis. Cui : for whom in honor of whom. Ligni is to be supplied after acervo. 787. Freti pietate premimus, &c. This cir- cumstance is illustrated from an historical passage in Pliny, lib. 7. Hand procul urbe Roma, in Faliscorum agro, familix sunt pauca, quiz vocantur Hirpia : qua sacrificio 562 P.VIRGILII MARON1& Cultores multa premimus vestigia pruna. : Da, pater, hoc nostris aboleri dedecus armis, Omnipoteris ! Non exuvias, pulsseve trophaeum Virginis, aut spolia ulla peto. Mihi caetera laudem 792. Haec dira pestis Facta ferent. HJEC dira meo dum vulnere pestis Camilla Pulsa cadat, patriam remeabo inglorius urbem. 794. Phoebus audiit; Audiit, et voti Phoebus succedere partem ct dedit Mente dedit : partem volucres dispersit in auras. 795 Sterncret ut subita turbatam morte Camillam, 797. Annuit itti oran- Annuit oranti : reducem ut patria alta videret, tii ut Non dedit ; inque Notos vocem vertere procellsc. Ergo, ut missa manu sonitum dedit hasta per auras. Convertere animos acres, oculosque tulere 800 801.1psa/ nihilme- Cuncti ad reginam Volsci. Nihil ipsa neque aurse, mor Nee sonitus memor, aut venientis ab sethere teli ; Hasta sub exsertarn donee perlata papillam Haesit, virgineumque alte bibjt acta cruorem. Concurrunt trepidae comites, doininamque ruentem Suscipiunt. Fugit ante omnes exterritus Aruns 806 Laetitia, mixtoque motu : nee jam amplius hastae ^edere, nee telis occurrere virginis audet. occiso, conscius audacis Ac vclut ille, pnus quam tela inimica sequantur, facti, continue- avius Continue in montes sese avius abdidit altos, 810 NOTES. , quod Jit ad montem Soractem Apollini, super ambustam ligni struem ambulantes non aduruntur. 788. Multa prund. It is said, so manifest was the power of Apollo here displayed, that his priests and votaries could walk through the midst of fire, and tread upon burning coals, without receiving the least injury from the flames. Vestigia : in the sense of pedes. 789. Hoc dedecus : this disgrace of fleeing before a woman, and falling under her vic- torious arm. 791. Mihi: in the sense of mea. 792. Dum : provided that on condition that. Meo vulnere : in the sense of mea hasta. Vulnus is frequently put by melon, for the weapon that gives the wound. Ru- setis says, vulnere a me infticto. 793. Remeabo, &c. It was an inglorious act in Aruns to wound Camilla, in that pri- vate manner,1ike a coward, without daring to enter the list with her in fair combat. He was sensible of this, and that he would be looked upon as a coward. Nevertheless, he was willing to lie under that disgrace, provided he could accomplish his wishes. 795. Mente dedit. Phoebus heard his prayer, but gave no external indication of his purpose concerning it ; or else Aruns would have been deterred from the action : he granted it in his mind, and only a part of his prayer, not the whole. 796. Turbatam : confused in a state of perturbation. 797. Alia : in the sense of clara vel no- bilit. 798. Procellce,: the tempest The word properly means a violent storm at sea. Notos : here taken for winds in general ; properly the south wind. Voctm: in the sense ofverba, the words of Aruns: (to wit) that he would return in safety to his own country. 801. JVYfo'Z: in the sense of won. 803. Perlata : wafted borne. Ruseus says, veniens. Sub : deep into her naked breast. This word is frequently used in this sense by the poet. 805. Ruentem : in the sense of cadentem. 806. Exterritus fatitia : struck alarmed with joy, and mingled fear above, &c. His sensation was joy mingled with fear. He rejoiced that he had wounded Camilla, and at the same time, he feared the avenging weapons of the Latins. He fled imme- diately. We may observe how very differ- ently the poet represents the characters and actions of Camilla and Aruns. She appears in every respect the heroine ; both valiant in action, and fearless in danger : he, on all occasions, showing hhnself the coward and poltron. Our feelings are interested in her behalf: and we regret, since she was doomed to fall, that it had not beeu by a nobler arm. 809. Ille lupus : and as a wolf, &c.^ Ille is used in the same sense, .flSn. x. 407. Ac velut ille aper : and xii. 5. Ille fro. 810. Avius : alone in secret. iS. LIB. XL Occiso pastore, lupus, magnovc juvenco, Conscius audacis facti : caudamque remulcens Subjecit pavitantem utero, sylvasque petivit. Haud secus ex oculis se turbidus abstulit Aruns, Contentusque fuga mediis se immiscuit armis. 815 Ilia manu moriens telum trahit : ossa sed inter Ferreus ad costas alto stat vulnere mucro. Labitur exsanguis ; labuntur frigida leto Lumina : purpureus quondam color ora reliquit. Turn sic exspirans, Accam, ex aequalibus unam, 8*20 Alloquitur, fida ante alias quae sola Camillas, Quicum partiri curas ; atque haec ita fatur : / Hactenus, Acca soror, potui : nunc vulnus acerbum Conficit, et tenebris nigrescunt omnia circum. Effuge, et haec Turno mandata novissima perfer : 825 Succedat pugnae, Trojanosque arceat urbe. Jamque vale. Simul his dictis linquebat habenas, Ad terram non sponte fluens. Turn frigida toto Paulatim exsolvit se corpore, lentaque colla Et captum leto posuit caput, arma relinquens ; 830 Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. Turn vero immensus surgens ferit aurea clamor Sidera : dejecta crudescit pugna Camilla. Incurrunt densi, simul omnis copia Teucrum, Tyrrhenique duces, Evandrique Arcadis alae. 835 At Triviae custos jamdudum in montibus Opis Alta sedet summis, spectatque interrita pugnas. Utque procul medio juvenum in clamore furentum Prospexit tristi multatam morte Camillam ; Ingemuitque, deditque has imo pectore voces : 840 816. Ilia Camilla 821. Qu sola erat fida Camillse ante alias, quicum solebat 828. Ilia frigida pan- latim NOTES. 813. Subjecit caudam : puts his trembling tail between his legs, (under his belly,) keeping it close. Remulcens : cherishing it fondly taking care of it. 817. Stat: in the sense of htzret. Mucro: the point barb of his spear. 818. Labitur exsanguis : Donatus reads, labitur et sanguis, seemingly, to save the appearance of contradiction in the narra- tion : for Camilla does not fall from her horse, till some time after this, verse 827. But labitur does not necessarily imply that she fell to the ground ; but she faints, or sinks down, being supported perhaps on her horse, by her attendants, for some minutes. Dav. 819. Quondam : soon after presently. Ora : in the sense of vultum. She became pale, and her eyes became cold in death. 822. Quicum : the abl. for qud-cum : with whom. 823. Potui. Servius supposes vivere vel pugnare to be understood. Ruseus and Heyne supply pugnare. La Cerda, David- son, and Valpy, take it absolutely. Hacte- nus potui ' hitherto I have been powerful my strength hath availed me; now, &c. Conficit : in the sense of interjicit. Me is understood. 828. Fluens : in the sense of labens. 829. Lenta colla : she reclined her droop* ing lifeless neck. ' 830. Captum: overcome. 833. Dejecta : in the sense of occisa vel inlerfecta. 834. Incurrunt: rush in crowded ranks upon the enemy. 835. dloz : in the sense of equites. 836. Trivia. This is a name of Diana ; either because she presided over Trivia, the crossways ; or, because she was fabled to have three forms. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on the earth, and Hecate in hell. Opis : a nymph of Dianat's train. She is called, therefore, custos in the sense of comes vel famula. She was appointed by Diana to avenge any injury done to Ca- milla, upon the author of it. She, there- fore, hastens to kill Aruns. 839. Multatam : in the sense of interfec- tam. Ruseus says, affectam. 840. Dedit : in the sense of emisif. P. VIRGILH MARON1S. Heu ! nimium, virgo, nimium crudele luisti 842. Tu O virgo, luisti Suppliciurn, Teucros conata lacessere bello ! nimium ^j ec t j^ desertae in dumis coluisse Dianam Profuit, aut nostras hun ero gessisse pharetras. 846 H It ^ on tamen indecorem tua te regina relinquet 845 Extrema jam in morte : neque hoc sine nomine letum Per gentes erit, aut famam patieris inultae. Nam quicunque tuum violavit vulnere corpus, 849. Fuit ingens bus- Morte luet merita. Fuit ingens monte sub alto antiqui Regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere bustum 850 Antiqui Laurentis, opacaque ilice tectum. Hie Dea se primum rapido pulcherrima nisu Sistit, et Aruntem tumulo speculatur ab alto. 854. Ut vidit turn, u t vidit fulgentem armis, ac vana tumentem : Cur, inquit, diversus abis ? hue dirige gressum : 855 856. Veni hue, lu, Hue, periture, veni ; capias ut digna Camillae Praemia. Tu-ne etiam tehs moriere Dianre ? Dixit : et aurata volucrem Threissa sagittam Deprompsit pharetra, cornuquo inlensa tetendit ; 860. Duxit illud longe Et duxit longe, donee curvata coirent 860 Inter se capita, et manibus jam tangeret aequis, 862. Aempe, ItBva ma- Laeva aciem ferri, dextra nervoque papillam. nu tangeret acicm ferri, Extemplo teli stridorem aurasque sonantes dextra maun nervoque Audiit una Arvuis, hacsitque in corpore ferrum. ^llT^o^obMhn- Illum . ex P ira ntem socii atque extrema gernentem 865 quunt ilium Obliti ignoto camporum in pulvere linquunt : Opis ad asthereum pennis aufertur Olympum. Prima fugit, domiria amissa, levis ala Camillce : Turbati f ugiunt Rutuli ; fugit acer Atinas ; NOTES. 841. Luisti : thou hast suffered, &c. Ni- 856. Capias digna : the meaning is, that mium. The nimi.':ni it- here emphatical ; thou mayest be slain mayest receive the and is to be repeated with crudele: too just reward for killing Camilla. Morte, or cruel, or severe. a wor d O f t j ie ijk e import, is understood to 843. DesertK : alone by thyself. govern Camilla. 845. Indecorem : in the sense of inhono- 857. Tu-ne moriere : shalt thou die by the ratam. . weapons of Diana ? Dost thou, miscreant, 846. JVbmme : renown glory. deserve to die by the weapons of Diana ? 847. Famam inullce : the infamy of one The words imply, that he was utterly un- unavenged. Famam, here is plainly to be worthy of a death so honorable. taken in the sense of infamiam, as it some- 858. Tkreissa. Latona, it is said, brought times signifies. It was considered dishonor- some nymphs from the Hyperboreans to able to die in battle, without being avenged, educate her children, Diana and Apollo, and a mark of infamy. Servius makes them to be the same with 849. Luet : the meaning is : he shall the Thracians ; and probably Opts was one atone for, or expiate the crims with, &c. of them. Threissa : nympha is understood. Crimen vel scelus, is understood. The same with Opis. 8oO. Dercenni. This Dercennus was 859. Cornu : in the sense of arcum. In- probably one of the kings of the aborigi- icnsa : angry. Ruceus says, inimica, agree- nes, the primitive inhabitants of Italy. Bus- 'ing with Opis. turn : a tomb. 860> Ouxit longe : stretched it wide asun- 852. Atsu: m the sense of motu. der, until the extremities, &c. Ruaeus says, 854. Vana: an adj. neu. pleu., used as an exlremitates ejus injlexK. Coirent: come adverb, in imitation of the Greeks: in the together meet. JLquis : level horizontal, sense of vane. She touched the barb with one hand, and 855. Diversus: in the sense of in diver sum her breast with the other. The bow was bent to the full length of her arms. Aciem . LIB. XL 563 Disjectique duces, desolatique manipli 870 Tuta peiunt, et equis aversi ad moenia tendunt. Nee quisquam instantes Teucros, letumque ferentes Sustentare valet telis, aut sistere contra : Sed laxos referunt humeris ianguentibus arcus, 874 Quadrupedurnque putrem cursu quatit unguia campurn. Volvitur ad muros caligine turbidus atra Pulvis : et e speculis percussae pectora matres Foemineum clamorem ad cceli sidera tollunt. Qui cursu portas primi irrupere patentes, Hos inimica super mixto premit agmine turba. 880 Nee miseram effugiunt mortem ; sed limme in ipso, Moenibus in patriis, atque inter tuta domorum Confixi, exspirant animas. Pars cJaudere portas : Nee sociis aperire viarn, nee minibus audent Accipere orantes : oriturque miserrima caedes 885 Defendenturn armis aditus, inque arma ruentum. Exclusi, ante oculos lachrymantumque ora parentum, Pars in praecipites fossas, urgente ruina, Volvitur ; immissis pars caeca et concita fraenis Arietat in portas, et duros objice postes. Ipsae de muris summo certamine matres (Monstrat amor verus patrise) ut videre Camillam : 871. Tuta loca 877. Matres percuss quoad 880. Inimica turba premit 882. Tuta loca domo- rum' 883. Pars incipit claudere 886. Miserrima cacdes eorum defendentum 887. Pars eorum, qui exclusi sunt volvitur praecipites in 892. Monstrat viam NOTES. ferri: the point of the arrow was tipped with iron, or steel, to make it enter the ob- ject more easily. 870. Manipli. The manipulus was pro- perly the standard bearer, so called from a bundle of hay tied to the end of a pole, which the first Romans used instead of an ensign. It was afterwards used for the com- panies, or bands of soldiers, to which a ma- nipulus was attached : alto, vbr troops in general, by melon. Desolati : deserted by their officers left alone. Disjecti: scattered abroad slain. Ruaeus says, dissipati. 871. Acersi: in the sense of corn-em'. 873. Sustenlare : to stop to resist. 876. Pulvis turbidus, &.c. The meaning is, that dust rising in clouds of thick dark- ness approaches the city. This was a pre- sage of defeat to the Latins, and tilled the matrons with dismay and consternation. Dur.ug the engagement they had been spec- tators of the conflict. 877. Speculis : in the sense of muris. 880. Mixlo agmine. This may refer either to the Trojans or Latins. If it refer to the former, it will imply that they mingled with the Latins, and slew them without regard to the order of attack : if it refer to the latter, it will imply that they fled in confu- sion and disorder, and in that state were pursued by the erifemy. It appears that some of the foremost of the pursuers en- tered the gates along with the Latms, and continued the work of death within the walls, and among the very houses of the city. 886. Defendentum : of those who by force of arms oppose the entrance of the flying troops, and of those, who wish to force an entrance to save themselves from the hands of the enemy. 888. Pracipites : headlong quick un- expected, denoting the manner of their fall. It will agree with pars, as a noun of multi- tude. Fossas : these were the large holes, or pits, which the Latins dug befoie the gates, to impede the approach of the ene- my. See 473. supra. 889. Fran is immissis : at full speed the reins being given to the horses. CCECU : this implies that they had lost their presence of mind, and knew not what they were doing. Concita : in the sense of cderis. 890. Duros objice : strengthened made strong secured by bars. 891. Summo certamine. : with the greatest zeal, or earnestness. Heyne says, extremo cerlamine. 892. Ut vidt-re: as they saw Camilla. Heyne says, cxtinpiu Cami/lce. They had been spectators of the battle, and beheld her noble deeds of valor ; and how much pat- riotism and love of country were displayed in all her actions. Prompted by her ex- ample, they now arm themselves in haste, and repair to the place of danger, ready to die in their country's cause. 566 P. VIRGILIf MARONI8 901. Die Turnus Tela manu trepidse jaciunt : ac robore duro, Stipitibus ferrum sudibusque imitantur obustis PraBcipites, primseque mori pro mcenibus ardent. 895 Interea Turnum in sylvis saevissimus implet Nuntius, et juveni ingentem fert Acca tumultum : m.Dicit aciesVols- Deletas Volscorum acies, cecidisse Camillam, corum deletas esse T <* Ingruere mfensos hostes, et Marte secundo Omnia corripuisse ; metum jam ad mcenia ferri. 900 Ille furens, nam saeva Jovis sic numina poscunt, Deserit obsesses colles, nemora aspera linquit. Vix e conspectu exierat, campumque tenebat ; Cum pater ^Eneas, saltus ingressus apertos, Exsuperatque jugum, sylvaque evadit opaca. 905 Sic ambo ad muros rapidi totoque feruntur Agmine, nee longis inter se passibus absunt. Ac simul jEneas fumantes pulvere campos Prospexit longe, Laurentiaque agmina vidit : Et saevum ^Enean agnovit Turnus in armis, 910 Adventumque pedum, Hatusque audivit equorum. Continue pugnas ineant, et praelia tentent : Ni roseus fessos jam gurgite Phoebus Ibero Tingat equos, noctemque, die labente, reducat. Considunt castris ante urbem, et mcenia valiant. 915 NOTES. 893. Trepida : in haste quick. So, also, prczcipites, in verse 895. infra. 894. Imitantur : they imitate the weapons of iron, with hard oak stakes, and poles hardened at the point. With these weapons, made on the exigency of the moment, in imitation of iron weapons, they arm them- selves, and are desirous of dying first in the defence of their country. Manibus : in the sense of urbi vel patriot. 897. Fert : in the sense of refert vel nun- ci&t. Secundo : in the sense offavenle vel juvante. 901. Numina: decrees purposes. Sceva: in the sense of dura. JVam : this is the common reading. Heyne reads, et. 905. Evadit : escapes from the wood. This shows the danger he had been in from the ambush, which Turnus laid for him. 907. Longis passibus. Longis must be taken here in the sense of multis, or passi- bus in the sense of intervallo. Ruseus says, longo intervallo. 910. Scevum ; fierce valiant in arms. 911. Flatus : in the sense of hinnitus. 913. Ibero gurgite : in the western ocean. Here the poet supposed the sun to extinguish his light every evening. 915. Mcenia : in the sense of castra. QUESTIONS. How does this book open ? What does ^Eneas do with the body of Pallas? How many chosen men accompany it ? What effect had the news of his death upon his father ? How many captives did 2Eneas send as victims to his Manes ? Whom does the poet here imitate ? Does the poet here outrage the character of his hero ? Is there any expression of Homer, which disapproves of the conduct of Achilles, in offering human victims at the tomb of Pa- troclus? Is there a difference in character between the two heroes? What are the distinguishing features of character ? When the news of the defeat reached the city, what effect did it produce upon the Latins ? Did Latinus send ambassadors to ./Eneas, to desire a truce, for the purpose of burying their dead ? Was this granted to them ? How long a time was agreed upon for that purpose ? Who was a principal person of this em- bassy ? Who was Drances? What is his character? Where was Turnus at this time ? On the return of the ambassadors from lti. LIK. XI. Diomede, did Latinus call a council of state to receive the answer ? What was the nature of that answer? What effect had it upon the Latins ? Who was the principal person of that embassy ? Who was Diomede? Why did he come to Italy ? What were his reasons for declining to take part with Turnus and the Latins ? What does he say of the valor of ^ What course did he advise Latinus to take ? What city did he build in Italy ? Where was it situated ? What is said of his companions in arms ? Is this a ridiculous and improbable story ? What is the conclusion of Latinus in re- gard to the war ? Did he make any speech upon the occa- sion ? What did he propose to do ? What is the character of the speech of Drances ? Of what did he accuse Turnus ? What is the character of the reply of Turnus ? What is his object in this reply ? Were there any political parties at this time among the Latins? Who may be said to have been at the head of the party in favor of Turnus ? Who was at the head of the other party :' What did this party wish to effect ? Was any proposition made to Turnus to decide the dispute with ./Eneas in single combat ? Who made the proposition ? How was it received by Turnus ? Did he express any reluctance to meet During the deliberations of the council, what information reaches Laurentum ? What effect had this advance of the enemy upon Latinus ? What did Turnus do upon this emer- gency ? In how many divisions were the enemy to advance ? Under whose command were the infantry to march ? In what way were they to approach the city? How were the cavalry to advartee ? Could they come in arn- other way ; What was the nature of the ground over which each division was to pass ? How did Turnus receive this information ? What resolution did he take on receiving this intelligence ? Would this give him any particular ad- vantage over ^Eneas ? In what would it consist? Where does Turnus meet Camilla : Does he confer upon her the command oi' the cavalry? W T hat direction does. he give her? Who was Camilla ? Who was her father? What did his subjects do to him ? What was the age of Camilla at that time ? How did he save his child from the fury of his subjects ? Plow did he save himself? To whom did he dedicate his daughter ? What was the manner of her education ? Was she a favorite of Diana ? Did she afterward succeed to the throne of the Volsci ? How was Camilla armed ? For what was she distinguished ? Who assisted her in command, during the action ? Who commenced the fight ? How many times dffl the combatants charge each other and retreat? What took place after this ? How did Camilla distinguish herself? What were some of her deeds of valor ? By whom was she finally killed ? What effect had her death upon the issue of the battle ? By whom was Aruns slain ? By whose orders was he slain ? And by whose arrow? Did Aruns conduct in a cowardly manner $ on this occasion ? Was he sensible of it ? Finding herself mortally wounded, what did Camilla do ? Whom did she send to acquaint Turnus of the state of the battle ? What effect had the news upo^him? Did he leave his place of concealment? What took place immediately afterward : Was this an unlucky circumstance for Turnus ? What prevented a renewal of the fight When was the decisive action fought.' LIBER DUODECIMUS. TURNUS, perceiving his troops to be disheartened by their reverses, resolves to accept tiic proposal of deciding the dispute by single combat with ^Eneas. Latinus, in a tender and pathetic speech, endeavors to dissuade him from it. He advises him to relinquish his claim to Lavinia, and seek a wife among the daughters of the Italian princes. He plainly tells him, that the gods forbid him to unite his daughter to any other than a foreigner. He recounts the disastrous consequences of his opposition to the Trojans, and concludes by reminding him of his aged father, and the sorrow that would fall upon him, if the issue were to prove disastrous. At this critical moment, the queen comes in, seconds her husband's entreaties, and beseeches him to relinquish his rash purpose. She declares, the safety of their family and kingdom depends upon his life; and that she is resolved to perish with him, and not to see Lavinia transferred to ./Eneas. But the hero is not moved from his purpose, and prefers to die rather than part with his beloved Lavinia. The virgin Heard the expostulation of her mother, and love kindled a blush upon her cheeks. This thrilled through the heart of Turnus, and all the tender emotions of his soul were roused. Forthwith he sends Idmon to the Trojan camp to proclaim, that on the following day, he would decide the dispute with vEneas. In the mean time, he prepares his armor, and examines his steeds. At the return of day, the parties repair to the field. Latinus accompanies Turnus. Here he ratifies a league with jEneas, and calls the gods to witness. To prevent its execution, Juno sent the nymph Juturna, the sister of Turnus, to rouse the Rutulians to arms, and kindle the war. For this purpose, she caused a portentous sign in the heavens, which the augur interpreted favorably for the Italians. Forthwith he hurled a spear among the Trojans, and the two armies rushed to the combat with great impetuosity. Latinus hastens from the field. ./Eneas is wounded by an arrow, which caused great confusion among the Trojans. Turnus, observing this, mounts his car, arid drives over the field, spread- ing death and desolation in his course. Wherever he directs his way, whole troops and squadrons flee before him. He performs prodigious feats of valor. Jn the mean time, ,/Eneas retires from the field, and demands the speediest relief. He is miraculously healed by Venus. This being done, the hero calls for his arms, embraces Ascanius, and goes in search of Turnus. The fight now is renewed on the part of the Trojans, and the victorious Rutulians fly. At this crisis, Juturna takes the reins of her brother s steed, and drives him victorious over the plain. ^Eneas pursues, and seeks by every method to meet and engage him; but Juturna baffles all his efforts. Unable to effect his purpose, he resolves to wreak his vengeance upon the Rutulians ; and here he commenced a dreadful slaughter : the noblest of the Italians fall. Turnus, too, drives on with no less impetuosity, and Trojan, Tuscan, and Arcadian bite the ground. ./Eneas, at the suggestion of Venus, resolves to attack the city, and by one decisive blow, either force Turnus to the combat, or overthrow the empire of Latinus. For this pur- pose he assembles his troops, explains his designs, and exhorts them to assault the city with vigor. They instantly mount the wails, and spread the devouring flames. At this sudden change of affairs, all hearts are filled vv^th dismay. The queen, expecting that Turnus was slain, and his troops routed, resolved not to survive the sad catas- trophe, and frantic with despair, hung herself. In this state of tilings, Sages flies to Turnus, and informs him that /Eneas was thundering in arms ; that the city was in the hands of the enemy ; that all looked to him for pro- tection ; and that, in despair, the queen, his faithful friend, had deprived herself of life. At this information the hero is struck with amazement, and turning his eyes, he beholds the very tower, which he himself had built for the defence of the city, wrapt in flames. He could not bear the sight ; and leaving his sister, he sprang from his chariot, and rushed through darts and foes, calling upon the hostile armies to desist from the fight ; that he was come to enter the lists with ./Eneas. Instantly a cessation of arms took place, and the two heroes prepare for the combat. At first they throw their javelins from a distance, and rush to close combat with great violence. They blows on blows redouble. Turnus, rising high to give his blow more eifect, breaks his sword by the JENEIS, LIB. XII. 569 iiilt. He now discovers a fatal mistake. When first he mounted his car, ardent for the fight, he had taken the sword of his charioteer, Mitescus, instead of his own trusty sword, which Vulcan had made for his father Dannus. He is now left defenceless, and at the mercy of his foe. He flies off swift as the wind, pursued by JEneas, and pressed on all sides by the Trojans. He calls for his heavenly-tempered sword, and chides the Rutulians. None of them dare to interfere, being prevented by the threats of TEneas. Juturna, at length, restored his sword to him, and Venus disengaged the spear of ^Eneas. The two heroes again prepare for the combat. At this juncture, Jove interposes in favor of ^Eneas. His first care is to withdraw Juturna from the contest. For this purpose, he despatches one of the furies to the field of battle, which, assuming the form of an owl, flies backward and forward before the face of Turnus. The hero knew the portentous omen. A shivering pervaded his limbs : coldness unnerved his arm. His reason left him : his speech forsook him. As soon as Juturna heard the whizzing of the fury's wings, she recognised the direful messenger ; and in all the agony of grief and distress, and uttering the tenderest expressions of affectionate attachment to her brother, she fled from his sight, and plunged herself in the deep river. uEneas in the mean time urges on the attack, and calls upon Turnus no longer to decline the contest. He replied, "I fear not thee, nor thy boasting words: I fear the gods alone : I fear Jove, who is my enemy." At this moment, he seizes a huge stone that lay near him, and hurled it at ^Eneas ; but it reached him not. The fury had deprived him of his wonted strength. His efforts, therefore, were unavailing. His knees sunk under him ; and trembling seized his whole body. yEneas throws a javelin, which wounds him in the thigh, and caused him to fall upon his knee. In this situation, he acknowledges himself vanquished, and resigns Lavinia, the royal bride, to the victor. One favor he asked, on account of his aged father, that his body might be restored to his friends. ./Eneas, moved with compassion at the mention of his aged father, was about also to spare his life ; when, discovering upon his shoulder the belt which Pallas wore, he became indignant, and plunged into his bosom his naked sword. TURNUS ut infractos adverse Marte Latinos Defecisse videt, sua mine promissa reposci, Se signari oculis : ultro implacabilis ardet, 3. Oculis omnium Attollitque animos. Pcenorum qualis in arvis Saucius ille gravi venantum vulnere pectus, 5 5. Qualis ille leo in Turn demum movet arma leo ; gaudetque comantes arvis Pcenorum, saucius Excutiens cervice toros, fixumque latroms V uoad P ec Impavidus frangit telum, et fremit ore cruento. Hand secus accenso gliscit violentia Turner ^ Turn sic affatur regem, atque ita turbidus"! 10 Nulla mora in Turrio : nihil est quo v d dicta retractent Ignavi jEneadae ; nee, quse pepigere, rccusent. 1^>. Recusent facer* Congredior : fer sacra, pater, et concipe foedus. ' ea quse Aut hac Dardanium dextra sub Tartara mittam, Desertorem Asia? ; sedeant, spectentque Latini ! 1"> Et solus ferro crimen commune re fell am : NOTES. 1 . Infractos : broken disheartened. Mar- 7. Lalrnuis : the hunter. FUutn : that tc : in the sense of pugna vel bello. had pierced his breast. 2. Promissa : his promises that he would 9. Gliscil : in the sense of rrcscii. jiieet ./Kneas in single combat. 11. Retractent dicta: that they si;- 3. Ultro. This word implies, that Tur- retract their words. ^Cneas was the lirsf mis was impelled by some violent, but vo- who proposed to decide the dispute in single luntary emotion. combat with Turnus ; and lie had pledged 4. Pcenorum : the Carthaginians, here himself to accept the proposition : to this put for the Africans in general. reference is made verse 2, supra. Qworf : 6. Movet arma : he moves his arms he a couj. or in the sense of ob quod. prepares for the attack. Comantes toros: 13. Fcr : in the sense of offer. Concipe: the shaggy, or bushy mane. Ille leo : a lion, in the sense of sand. by way of eminence. 16. Refdlam : in the sense of aierlam vel 570 P. VIRGILIl 17. Aut Tfojmus ha- Aut habeat victos ; cedat Lavinia conjux, beat not yictos ; el ! La- om gedato respon dit corde Latinus : vinia coniux ccdat Hit ^^. n victori. praestans animi juvenis, quantum ipse feroci >; 20. Consulere libi Virtute exsuperas, tanto me impensius aequum est ^0 Consulere, atque omnes metuentem expendere casus. Sunt tibi regna patris Dauni, sunt oppida capta Multa manu : nee non aurumque animusque Latino est. 24. Innuptse virgines Sunt alioe innuptae Latio et Laurentibus agris, Nee genus indecores. Sine me haec hand mollia fata Sublatis aperire dolis ; simul haec animo hanri. Me natam nulli veterum sociare proeorum Fas erat, idque omnes Divique hominesque cane bant. Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus, Conjugis et mcestae lachrymis, vincla omnia rupi ; 30 31. Eripui earn pro- Promissam eripui genero ; arma impia sumpsi. missam Ex illo qui me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur 32. ExJJlo tempore, O B e u aj vi( } es ; quantos primus patiare labores. Bis magna, victi pugna, vix urbe tuemur Spes Italas : recalent nostro Tiberina fluenta 85 Sanguine adhuc, campique ingentes ossibus albent. Quo referor toties ? quae mentem insania mutat ? 38. Si paratus sum ^i Turno exstincto, socios sum accire paratus ; accire Trojanos , Cur non, incolumi, potius certamina tollo ? 39. Eo incolumi Quid consanguinei Rutuli, quid caetera dicet 40 41. Fors refutct hoc Ttalia, ad mortem si te ; fors dicta refutet ! mca dicta Prodiderim, natam et connubia nostra petentem / Respice res bello varias ; miserere parentis NOTES. refutabo. Crimen : either the common dis- seek a wife among the Italian princesses'; grace, by the preceding defeat and flight : among whom he would find some one wor- or the imputation thrown upon him by thy of so distinguished a prince. Manu : Drances and others, of his wanting courage by valor. to meet ^Eneas. This last appears to be 26. Dolis sublatis : guile, or deceit being the sense of Rueeus. taken away in plain words. Fatu : sup. 19. Feroci: bold daring. Quantum: in u of the verb for : to be spoken, or said, in the sense of quanta, corresponding with Hauri : in the sense of audi. tantb. Praestans animi : excelling in cou- 28. Canebant : in the sense of pradicc- rage valor. ^ ant ve j monebant. 20. Tantb impensius aquum : by so much 29. -Cognato sanguine. Turnus was the the more anxiously, it is just that I should son of Venilia, the sister of Amata, the wife consult your safety. of Latinus. Hence the propriety of cognalo 21. Casus: hazard dangers. sanguine : kindred blood. Vincla: re- 23. JVec non aurumque : Servius takes the straints obligations. sense of these words to be : Latinus satis 33 Primw . in the gense of ; opulenlus esti et nobihs eliam absque his nup~ His : implying that, as Turnus was power- 34 - Bis victt - The y were first beaten on ful and wealthy enough without contracting the banks of lhe Tlber ^ whcn ^neas landed an alliance with Latinus, so Latinus needed lus reinforcements from Etruna ; and a se- not to match his daughter with him for the cond tinle vanquished under the walls of sake of aggrandizing himself. Though this Latinm, in the horse fight, when Camilla makes sense of aurum, it puts a forced sig- was slain - See the preceding book, nification upon animus. Ruaeus says, sunt 37. Quo referor : why am I carried so quoque Latino divitice et bcnevolentia. often backward ? why do I change my The expression implies, that Latinus en- resolution so often, of giving my daughter tertained a friendly disposition towards to ^Eneas ? Turnus, and desired to promote his happi- 39. Certamina : disputes contests, ness in any way that his wealth could con- 41. Fors : fortune the issue of the con- tribute to it; but he could not bestow his test. daughter upon him. He advises him to 43. Res : state condition. JENELS. LIB. X1L 571 Longsevi, quern nunc moestum patria Ardea longe 44. Longe d te Dividit. Haudquaquam dictis violentia Turni 45 Flectitur : exsuperat magis, segrescitque medendo. Ut primum fari potuit, sic institit ore : Quam pro me curam geris, hanc precor, optime, pro me 48- Optimo Deponas, lo.umque siLs pro la3e pacisci ! H f g ni P otens &eus: Vulcan. was reputed a goddess, and Virgil makes 9h Tinxerat : in the sense of mcrserat. Pilumnua, the great-grandfather of Turnus 9 ^' ^ a ^ dam hastam. This spear had to have received these horses from her! been taken from Auruncian Actor, either by Thrace, the place of her residence, was fa- Turnus himself, or one of his ancestors. inous for breeding generous steeds. Dccus : ^ ence it is called spolium. Actor was slain. plainly in the sense of munus vet donuai. 95 ' Frustrata: deceiving disappointing. K u CB us says, ornamtntum. 9 ^- Lacerare : to rend break in pieces. 84. Anteirent: excelled-surpassecl - ^- Semivin Phrygis. What is here said Auras : in the sense of vcntos. . ^ ne ' 1S Sald ^ ^ ^ ' . allusion to some custom ot the . 85. Lacessunt : in the sense of palpant. 100. Vibratos : curled, or twisted up with Heyne takes lacessunt plausa, siaiply for a hot iron. To curl the hair, and smear it, plaudunt. w itli unguents, wore considered marks of 80. Plausa cavis : stroked, or patted with effeminacy. JKNKiS. LIB. XII. 573 Scintillas absistunt : oculis micat acribus ignis. Mugitus veluti cum prima in praelia taurus Terrificos ciet, atque irasci in cornua tentat, Arboris obnixus trunco, ventosque lacessit 105 Ictibus, et sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena- Nee minus interea maiernis saevus in armis jEneas acuit Martem, et se suscitat ira, Oblato gaudens cornponi fcedere bellum. Turn socios mceslique metum solatur liili, 110 F^aia docens : regique jubet responsa Latino Certa referre viros, et pacis dicere leges. Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montes Orta dies ; cum primum alto se gurgite tollunt Solis equi, lucemque elatis naribus efflant. 115 Campum ad certamen, magnae sub mcenibus urbis, Dimensi Rutulique viri Teucrique parabant ; In medioque focos, et Dis communibus aras Gramineas. Alii fontemque igncmque ferebant. Velati lino, et verbena tempora vincti. li-dter^ Procedit legio Ausonulum, pilataque plenis Agmina se fundunt portis. Hinc Troius omnis, Tyrrhenusque ruit variis exercitus armis ; Hand seeds instruct! ferro, quam si aspera Marti s Pugna vocet. .Nee non mediis in millibus ipsi 125 Ductores auro volitant ostroque decori ; Et genus Assaraci Mnestheus, et fortis Asylas, Et Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles. Utque dato signo spatia in sua quisque recessit, Defigunt tellure hastas, et scuta reclinant. 1.30 Turn studio effusae matrcs, et vulgus inermum, Invalidique s^nes, turres et tecta domorurn Obsedere : alii portis sublimibus adstant. At Juno e summo, qui rune Albanus habctur ; 118. In medio para- bant 120. Vincti^woad tern - pora 124. Instruct! sunt 125. Vocet cos 131. Studio videndi certamen 134. At Juno prospi- cicns e summo tumulo NOTES. 102. Absistunt: fly off from. Ruseussays, tTumpunt. 103. Mugitus : bellowings. Ciet : in the sense of emit fit. 105. Lacessit : in the sense of provocat. 106. Proludit. Ruseus says, parat. 107. Maternis armis : the armor made by Vulcan, at the desire of his mother. Hence called matemis. JVer minus : in the sense of nee non : likewise also in like manner. 1015. Marian : in the sense of pugnam. Acuit: prepares for the corn bat. 109. Oblato Jkderc : upon the conditions, or terms offered. 111. Docens fata : teaching them the pur- poses ol the gods concerning hitn. llubcus says, aperient fata itlis. 1 12. Dictre : in the sense of proponcre. Leges terms conditions. 114. .lito gurgite : from the deep ocean. 116. Campum: tho ground space. De- me;m : having measured it out. 119. Fonlem: in the sense of aquam. 120. Velati lino. Servius says that the priests and sacred ministers among the Ro- mans, were prohibited from wearing any thing of linen ; and that V irgil designedly clothes the ftciales or priests in linen veils on this occasion, to give us to know before- hand, that the league was to be broken ; since it was ushered in with unlawful rites. Heyne reads, limn, which was a kind of apron worn by the priests in time of sacrifice, that reached down from the navel to the feet. The common reading is lino. 121. Pitata: armed With darts or javelins. . / x'.'/i ' na : troops. 121. Instruct: ferro : furnished, and equipped with arm.-'. 127. Genus: offspring, or descendants. Assaraci. See Geor. iii. 35. 133. Obxedi-re: in the sense of implevf- runt. Afi.ttant : in the sense of slant. 134. If.thffi.ir: in tho SCHFC of voratur. 574 P. VIRGILII MARONiS Turn neque nomcn erat, nee honos, aut gloria monti ; Prospiciens tumulo, campum spectabat, et ambas 136 Laurentum Troumque acies, urbemque Latini. ?? 8 ' _?* v ? /:" n sic Extemplo Turni sic est effata sororem " Diva Deam, stagnis quae fiuminibusque sonoris Praesidet : hunc illi rex astheris altus honorem 140 Jupiter erepta pro virginitate sacravit : 142. Ut prsetulerim te Nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro, imamcunctisrgint6w,g c i Sj ut tu cunctis unam, qurocunque Latinte g^ Un '' Magnanimi Jovis ingratum ascendere cubile, 145. Te in parte cceli Praetulerim, coalique lubens in parte locarim. 145 mecum Disce tuum, ne me incuses, Juturna, dolorem. Qua visa est fortuna pati, Parcaeque sinebant 148. Res cedere pros- Cedere res Latio, Turnum et tua mo3nia texi : Nunc juvenem imparibus video concurrere fatis, Parcarumque dies et vis inimica propinquat. 150 Non pugnam aspicere hanc oculis, non fcedera possum. 152.Situaudes/occrcTu, pro germano si quid praesentius audes, Perge ; decet : forsan miseros meliora sequentur. Vix ea; cum lachrymas oculis Juturna profudit, Terque quaterque manu pectus percussit honestum. quid 154. Vix dixerat ea 160. Earn incertam Non lachrymis hoc tempus, ait Saturnia Juno ; Accelera, et fratrem, si quis modus, eripe morti Aut tu bella cie, conceptumque excute fcedus. Auctor ego audendi. Sic exhortata reliquit ab urbr. Incertam, et tristi turbatam vulnere mentis. Quadrijugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circum 156 160 1 in me ' acies > haud 234. Lie Turnus 235. Per ora hominum NOTES. 208. Cum semel : since once cut in the woods from the lowest stem, it is deprived of the nourishment of its parent stock. 209. Posuit : hath laid aside been strip- ped of. 210. Manus : the skill of the artist. Ma- nus: the hand, by meton. art skill. 211. Patribus: ,n the sense of regibus. 214. Pecudes jugulant : they kill the sa- cred victims over the flames of the altar. 215. Cumulant: they heap, or load the altars. See JEn. viii. 284. Oneratis : in the sense of plenis. 221. Tabentes gencE : lank, or fallen cheeks, Some copies read pubentes : but tabentes is confirmed by the authority of the best ma- nuscripts, and is most agreeable to the de- sign of the poet. Heyne says, tabentes. I'idit: in the sense of senlit. 223. Labantia: in the sense of mobiiia. T'ariare : in the sense of dissentire : to be dissatisfied at the conditions of the treaty, made between Latinus and ^Eneas. 224. Assimulata : personating the form of Camertus, she throws herself, &c. The in medias acies is to be taken after the same words, in line '227, infra. 225. Genus : origin descent. Cui : in the sense of cujus. Ingens : great illus- 226. Nomen : renown fame. Acerrimus : in the sense of fortissimus. Erat is to be repeated with this word, and also with genus, in the preceding line. 229. Talibus. Servius thinks we are to understand by this word that all of them were equal to Turnus in valor. RUSBUS says, omnibus us. Davidson renders it, "all these." Animam unam: the life of Turnus. 231. Hi : this is the reading of Heyne. The common reading is hie. 232. Fatalis manus. By these words Ser- vius understands the Trojans, who were destined to come into Italy. But it is bet- ter to understand it of the Tuscans, who were directed by fate to put themselves under the conduct of ^neas, a foreign leader; and on that condition alone, they were assured of success. See Lib. viii. 501. This interpretation frees Virgil from the im- putation of idle repetition. Etruria infensa Turno : one part of Etruria was hostile to Turnus ; and another assisted him, under the command of Messapus. The fatahs manus is evidently the same as Etruria in- fensa Turno. 233. AUerni : every other one. They were double the number of the enemy. 235. Vivusaut fiTtlur per ora. Thin im- .s:s P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS Nos, patria amissa, dominis parere superbis Cogemur, qui nunc lenti consedimus arvis. Talibus incensa est juvenum sententia dictis Jam magis atque magis : serpitque per agmina murmur. _240.Mulatinm/mcn-Ip S i Laurentcs mutati, ipsique Latini; 240 Qui sibi jam requiem pugim:, rebusque salutem Sperabant ; nunc arma volunt, foedusque precantur Infectum, et Turni sortem miserantur iniquam. 244. His rebus His aliud majus Juturna adjungit, et alto Dat signum coelo : quo non pnesentius ullum 245 Tuibavit mentes Italas, monstroque fefellit. 247. Namque aquila, Namque volans rubra fulvus Jovis ales in aethra, fulvus ales Jovis Litoreas agitabat aves, turbamque sonantem Agminis aligeri : subito cum lapsus ad undas Cycnum excellentem pedibus rapit improbus uncis. Arrexere animos Itali ; cunctaeque volucres 251 Convertunt clamorc fugam, mirabile visu ! jfctheraque obscurant pennis, hostemque per auras, 254, Donee ales vie- Facta nube, premunt : donee vi victus, et ipso tus yi, et ipso pondcre Pondere detecit, praedamque ex unguibus ales 255 r V cni Projecit fluvio, penitusquc in nubila fugit. Turn vero augurium Rutuli clamorc salutant, Expediuntque maims : primusque Tolumnius augur, 259. Hoc, hoceratirf, Hoc erat, hoc, votis, inquit, quod ssepe petivi ; A Accipio, aguoscoque Deos. Me, me duce, fcrrum 2tiO Compile, 6 Rutuli, quos improbus advena bcllo NOTES. plies, that he should be immortal. Sue- 254. Nubefactd : a cloud being formed cedet : in the sense of ascerdet. closing in thick array around him, they form 237. Lenli: idle lazy at our ease. a cloud, and darken the sky with their Ruceus says, oliosi. wings. 238. Sententia : resolution mind. Heyne 255- Dcfecit : failed in his strength, says, animus. 257. Augurium. This word here is used 241. Rtbus : to the state. in its proper sense, which is an onun or 243. Infectum : unmade broken. prognostic, taken from the flight, or chirping 244. His: to these incentives incite- of birds. The Rutulians were right in ex- mcnts. plaining the eagle to mean ./Eneas, the 245. Prceseniius : more effectual : an adj. swan,Turnus, and the other birds, to mean of the comp. neu. agreeing vvith portentum themselves. But they were mistaken, in vel mo nstrwn, understood. It governs quo taking this auguiy, which Juturna procured, in the abl. than which. It may be rendered to have been sent from the gods. To this adverbially. an allusion is made in verse 246, mons- 246. Monstro: deceived them by the pro- troque fefellit. This interposition of a supe- digy. Any thing that is, or happens, con- rior power, was necessary to account for trary to the ordinary course of things, may the sudden change produced in the minds of bo called motislrum. the Rutulians and Latins. 247. Rubra alhra : in the ruddy sky. 258. Expediunt manus. By this, Valpy Litoreas aves : sea-fowls fowls frequenting understands the elevating of their hand in tlie sea shore. token that they were prepared and ready 248. Turbam : in the sense of multitudi- for battle. R,UEBU'S says, explicant manus. nem. Aligeri agminis : of the winged tribe : Davidson renders the words, " they put their the same in sense with volucrwn. Sonan- troops in array," which is the sense of Ru- tcm : refers to the sound made by the rno- seus. Heyne differs from both these intrr- tion of the.r wings, as they passed through pretatioiis. He says, cxpediunt manus itt the air. Rueeus says, strcpitanttm. arma copinnt : they prepare to take their 250. Improbus : in the sense of avidus. arms. These had been laid aside, while the 251. Jltrercre: in the sense of sustulerunt. preparatious were making:, and the league 252. Fuxam : their course. was ratifying. See veree 130, supra. jENEIS. LIB. XII. 579 Territat, invalidas ut aves ; et litora vestra Vi populat. Petet ille f'ugam, penitusque profundo Vela dabit. Vos unanimi densate catervas, Et regem vobis pugna defendite raptum. 265 Dixit : et adversos telum contorsit in hostes Procurrens : sonitum dat stridula cornus. et auras Certa secat. Simul hoc ; simul ingens clamor ; et omnes Turbati cunei, calefactaque corda tumultu. Hasta volans, ut forte novem pulcherrima fratrum Corpora constiterant contra, quos fida crearat Una tot Arcadio conjux Tyrrhena Gylippo ; Horum unum ad medium, teritur qua sutilis ayo Balteus, et laterum juncturas*nbla mordet, Egregium forma juvenem et fulgenUbus arnis, 1 ransadigit costas, iulvaque enundit arena. At fratres, animosa phalanx, accensaque luctu, Pars gladios stringunt manibus, pars missile ferrum Corripiunt, caecique ruunt : quos agmina contra Procurrunt Laurentum. Hie densi rursus inundant 268. Simul hoc Jit 269. Turbati sunt 273. Hasta volans nBadi 8 i * unum ho- ma, et fulgentibus ar- mis, ad medium corpus, qua sutilis balteus Tree's, Agyllinique, et pictis Arcades armis. Sic omnes amor unus habet decernere ferro. Diripuere aras : it toto turbida coelo v ""-- Tempestas telorum, ac ferreusjngruit , imber : Craterasque, focosque ferunt. Fugit ipse Lati Pulsates referens, infecto fcedere, Divos. Infraenant alii currus, aut corpora saltu Subjiciunt in equos, et strictis ensibfts adsunt. 281 ' Messapus regem, regisque insigne gerentem,- L'A^.Ji^, - NO" '~ 262. Invalidas aves : this agrees with quos, NOTES. mentioned before, and signifies the same with it : as week birds. 263. Profundo : in the sense of man'. Pe- nilus: far remote far distant. Longe, says Ruaeus. 264. Densate: thicken your ranks in close and compact array, defend, &c. Ru- JBUS says, colligite agmina. 267. Cornus : this was a spear (fiasla) whose shaft was made of the corniel-tree. 268. Simul hoc. The meaning is, that as soon as the spear was thrown by Tolumnius, all the troops were eager to engage, and their courage was roused for battle. This they signified by a great shout. 269. Cunei. The cuneus was a company of men drawn ip in the form of a wedge : hence it came to signify troops in general, as in the present case. 270. Corpora fratrum : simply, fratres. 271. Crearat: by syn. for creavcrat : in the sense of pepererat. 272. Conjux : wife. Una : one. 273. Qua sutilis : where the stitched belt is worn around the belly. 274. Mordet : binds, or fastens. Junclu- ras : the ends or extremities of the belt. 278. Stringunt : in the sense of cdwvnt. 279. C(ci : blind to danger. 280. Inundant: deluge the plain. The word is very expressive. They move like a devouring flood. Agyllini: the Tuscans, so called from Agylla, one of their cities. 282. Unus amor : one mind desire. 283. Diripuere : they stripped the altars. 284. Ingruit: pours down upon them. Tempestas : a cloud storm. // : covers the whole heaven. Turbida : thick terrific. 285. Focos : in the sense of ignes. 2o7. Infraenant currus : they prepare their chariots they harness their horses in them. Subjiriunt: with ^ spring, they mount, or throw I!; ipon their horses?. Livy ia verb in the same sense: pavidum regem in cquum subjecit. 288. ddsunt : in the sense of instant^ vel connirrunt. 289. Messapus avidas, &c. The meaning of the passage appears to be this: Mi'>-;ipus desirous of breaking the league, as soon as mounted on his horse, made an attack upon Tuscan Aulcstes, With his horse full in front. This so alarmed him, that attempting to re- treat or give back, he fell from his horse among the altars, which had just been erected for the purpose of ratifying the league. In this situation, Messapus, rising 580 P. VIRGILII MAROMS Tyrrhenum Aulesten, avidus confundere ibedus, 290 Adverse proterret equo : ruit ille recedens, 292. In aris oppositis Et miser oppositis a tergo involvr.ur aris, * ter g In caput, inque humeros. At fervidus advolat hastzl Messapus, teloque orantem multa trabali^/^}jSLt/^ 295. Altusque equo D esU p er a ltus equo graviter lent, atque it^Tatur : 295 desuper graviter fent HQC habet . hajc melior magn i s data victima Divis. turn, orantem mutta _, T ,. ,. , , 296. Ille habet hoc Concurrunt I tali, spohantque calentia membra. /y\/&> vulnus Obvius ambustum torrem Chorinams ab ara 299. Obvius Ebuso Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamque ferenti venienti, ferentique pla- Occupat os flammis. Olli ingens barba reluxit, 300 Nidoremque anibusta dedit. Super ipse secutus Caesariem laeva turbati corripit hostis, Impressoque genu nitens terrse applicat ipsum. *" Sic ri g ido latUS ense ferit ' Podalirius Alsum Pastorem, primaque acie per tola ruentem, 305 Ense sequens nudo superimminet : ille securi 307. Ejus adversi Adversi trontem mediam mentumque reduct& Disjicit, et sparso late rigat arma cruore. Olli dura quies oculos et terreus urget Somnus ; in seternam clauduritur lumina noctem. 310 At pius jEneas dextram tendebat inermem Nudato capite, atque suos clamore vocabat : Quo ruitis ? quaeve ista repens discordia surgit ? 314. Fcedus ictum est O cohibete iras ! ictum jam icedus, et omnes 315. Jus concurrere Composit83 leges: mihi jus concurrere soli : 315 PUMW SOU ; 8inite me Me sinite, atque auierte metus. Ego fcedera faxo 316. Ego faxo manu, Firma manu : Tuinum jam debent haic mihi sacra. ut fcedera tint. Has inter voces, media inter talia verba, NOTES. high upon his steed to give the blow more the sacrifices ; which accounts for his being effect, gives him a mortal wound ; while he at the altars. Reluxit : his beard caught in the mean time is pleading for his life, tire, and shone blazed, without avail. Insigne: in the sense of or- 301. Super: in the sense of insuper vel namentum. prceterea. Ipse: Chorinceus. 291. Proterret: affrights alarms con- 302. Turbati : affrighted confused, founds. Ruit: in the sense of cadit. 303. Impresso genu : exerting himself with 294. Trabali : in the sense of ingenli. his knee being thrust hard against him, he 296. Melior victima : a better, or more is enabled to pull Ebusus over, and bring effectual victim to appease the gods, than him to the ground, dpplicat : Ruaeus says, those that had been offered for the league sternit on the altars, where he had fallen ; to wit, 306. Superimminet : in the sense ofpremil a lamb or a pig. Habet hoc. This was an vel urget. Securi reductd : his axe being expression made by the spectators at the drawn back to give the blow with his axe shows of the gladiators, when any one re- drawn back, ceived a mortal wound. 308. Disjicit : in the sense of scindit vel 297. Spoliant : strip his limbs yet warm, secat. Rueeus says, nudant. 309. Olli : for i7K, and this again in the 298. Obvius : in the sense of adversus. sense of illius. Rueeus says, occurrens. 31 1 . Inermem : unarmed : of in, and arma. 300. Occupat os : he strikes him on the 313. Repens : in the sense of subila. face with the fire-brand. This prevented the 315. Leges : the terms or conditions of the blow that was intended by Ebusus to be treaty. given to him. Occupat os : Ruaeus says, in- 316. Ego faxo : the meaning is: I will tercepit vultum Jlammis. Heyne says, ferit make good my part of the treaty, and these oicupando. This Chorinaeus was a Trojan sacred rites give me security, that Turnus priest. Ho had been engaged in offering will perform his part. Faxo : for facero. jENElS. LIB. XII. 320 320. Est incertum, qua manu pulsa sit Ecce, viro stridens alls allapsa sagitta est : Incertum qua pulsa manu, quo turbine adacta ; Quis tantam Rutulis laudem, casusne, Deusne, Attulerit. Pressa est insignia gloria facti ; Nee sese JEneae jactavit vulnere quisquam. Turnus, ut JEneam cedentem ex agmme vidit, Turbatosque duces, subit spe fervidus ardet : 325 Poscit equos, atque arma simul, sahuque superbus Emicat in currurn, et raanibus molitur habenas. Multa virum volitans dat fortia corpora leto : Semineces volvit multos, aut agmina curru Preterit, aut raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas. 330 Qualis apud gelidi cum flumina concitus Hebri Sanguineus Mavors clypeo increpat, atque furentes Bella movens immittit equos : ilii aequore aperto Ante Notos Zephyrumque volant : gemit ultima pulsu Thraca pedum : circumque atrae Formidinis ora, 335 Iraeque, Insidioeque, Dei comitatus, aguntur. 336. Circumaguntur Talis equos alacer media inter pra3lia Turnus eum Fumantes sudore quatit, miserabile cassis / {JLffi^ Hostibus insultans : spargit rapida ungula rores .-^ '- 339. Ungula ejus equo- Sanguineos, mixtaque cruor calcatur arena. ? V 340 rum Jamque neci Sthenelumque dedit, iTiamyrimque, Pho- 342. Congressus est lumque hunc et huuc cominus ; Hunc congressus et hunc ; ilium eminus : eminus ambos Imbrasidas, Glaucum atque Ladem ; quos Imbrasus ipse eminus ambos 331. Quails Bangui- neus Mavors, cum NOTES. 319. Viro: to the hero, i. e. .-Eneas. Alls : here denotes the swiftness of the arrow. It moved on wings. 320. Quo turbine : by what whirling force : simply, by what force. Quo impeiu, says Ruaeus. Pulsa : in the sense of missa. 322. Pressa est: is concealed. No one has the glory of so illustrious a deed. 325. Fervidus ardet : the absence of ^Eneas raises the courage of Turnus, and inflames him tor battle. He is once more victorious, as he had been before on the banks of the Tiber, when ^Eneas was absent in Etruria. This indirect method of praising his hero, Virgil had learned from Homer, who makes his victory to lean on the side of the Tro- jans during the absence of Achilles ; so, here, the absence of ^Eneas makes the scales turn in favor of the Latms. The absence of ^neas was sudden and unexpected by Tur- nus; and as soon as he saw him withdraw irom the field he was fired with the hope of retrieving the lost fortunes of his country. 326. Superbus : in the sense of ammosus. 327. Molitur : in the sense of tractat. 330. Proterit : he crushed. Ruaeus says, sternit. Agmina : the troops the enemy. As Turnus drove furiously through the ranks of the enemy, the wheels of his chariot crushed some to death, and others wounded and half dead they rolled and tumbled along as they lay prostrate on the field. Ingerit : he hurled threw. Raptas : in the sense of correptas vel arreptas. Ruseus says, immittit fugientibus hastas abstractas iisdem : which implies that Turnus took the spears from the fugitives, and then threw them at them. The word raptas frequently signifies no more than, snatched up sud- denly taken. 331. Flumina Hebri: along the streams of Hebrus along the river *Hebrus. See Eel. x. 65. 332. Increpat: in the sense of sonat. 333 fmmmt . letg loose _ gives full reins lo hig furioug gteedg ^ Qfa a(rff formidinis .. the form or countenance of grim terror-grim terror itself. 33 g ComiMw Dli . lhe retinuo of the d L e Marg The WQrd comttatus s ion with the prec eding nomina- In9idia . P ,. m . the , f ns , e . of : miserably slam. 339. Sanguineos rores : simply, blood. 342. Hunc, et himc : the two last he en- gacred in close fight ; the former at a dis- tance. Hie sometimes signifies the latter. or last mentioned ; ille, the former, or firi mentioned, as in the present case. P. VIRGIL1I MARONIS Nutrierat Lycia, paribusque ornaverat arrnis, Vel conferre manum, vel equo pravertere ventos* Parte alia, media Eumedes in pnelia fertur, 347. Qtu erat proles Antiqui proles bello praeclara Dolonis, aiitiqui Nomine avum referens, anirno manibusque parentem : Qui quondam, castra ut Danaum speculator adiret, 350. Ausus cst pos- Ausus Pehdae pretium sibi poscere currus. 350 cere Ilium Tydides alio pro talibus ausis Affecit pretio ; nee equis aspirat Achillis. 353. Hunc Eumeden Hunc procul ut campo Turnus conspexit aperto : Ante levi jaculo longum per inane secutus, _.- Sistit equos bijuges, et curru desilit, atque 355 Semianirni lapsoque supervenit : et, pede collo Impresso, dextrae mucronem extorquet, et alto Fulgentem tingit jugulo, atque haec insuper addit : 359. En,Trojane,ja-En, agros, et, quam bello, Trojane, petisti, cens, metire agros Hespeiiain metire, jacens : ha3c praemia, qui me 360 ^ Ferro ausi tentare, ferunt : sic mcenia condunt. Huic comitem Buien, conjecta cuspide, mittit : 3t>3. Interjicit Chlo- Chloreaque, Sybarimque, Daretaque, Thersilochumquc. rea( l ue Et sternacis equi lapsum cervice Thymoeten. Ac velut Edoni Borese cum spiritus alto 365 Insonat jEgteo, sequiturque ad litora fluctus ; Qua venti incubuere, fugam dant nubila coelo : Sic Turno, quacunque viam secat, agmina cedunt. Conversaeque ruunt acies : fert impetus ipsurn : NOTES. 344. Ornaverat: and had furnished them by the spear of Turnus, and dying of his with equal arms with equal skill, or valor wounds, Eumedes held a dagger in his in arms. Conferre manum : to engage in hand. This the conqueror wrenched from close fight. him, and buried deep in his throat. 347. Proles praclara bello. This is to be 358. Tingit : stains. Ruseus says, im- understood ironically, as appears from what mersit. He buries his glittering sword in follows : and particularly, from the character his throat. Immittit injugulum ut sanguine. of Dolon in Homer, Iliad, lib. 10, where he tingatur, says Heyne. appears to have undertaken the adventure 359. En agros : after a victory, the con- here alluded to, not from true courage, but qnerors divided the conquered lands and from mere covetousness. He demanded the territory ; and in the first place took the chariot of Achilles, as a reward for this dimensions of them, in order to distribute service. them equally among their troops. To this 348. Referens : representing bearing the custom Turnus, in this bitter sarcasm, seems name of. He bore the name of his grand- to allude. father, but was like his father in courage 362. Cuspide : in the sense of jaculo. and valor. 364. Sternacis equi : either stumbling and 349. Q?.u : this refers to the father, men- apt to fall himself; or rearing and pitching, tioned immediately before. in order to throw his rider. Cervice : shoui- 350. Pelidce, : gen. of Pelidcs, a name of ders back. Ruoeus says, collo. Achilles ; from his father Peleus : a patro- 365. Spiritus Edoni Boreas : the blast of nymic. Pretium : as a reward for his deed. Thracian Boreas. Boreas, the north wind, 352. Affecit alio pretio. It is here inti- is here called Thracian, because it blew mated that Dolon was slain by Diomede. from that country. The Edoni were a 354. Ante secutus: having thrown a swift people of Thrace: hence the adj. Edonus. dart at him before having pursued him Alto : in the sense of mari. Spiritus : in with a swift javelin, fcc. Inane : in the the sense afflatus vel ventus. sense of acrem. Longum : distant at a 367. Dant fugam : in the sense offugiwit. distance. Incubutre : blow rush or press forward. 357. Mucronem dexlrv. Though fallen 369. Ruunt: in the sense offugiunf ;ENEIS. LIB. XII. Et cristam adverse curru quatit aura volantem. 370 Non tulit instantem Phegeus, animisque frementem : 371. Turnvm instan- Objecit sese ad currum, et spumantia fraenis tem . Ora citatorum dextra detorsit equorum. Dum trahitur, pendetque jugis, hunc lata retectura - Lancea consequitur, rumpitque infixa bilicem 375 375. Lata lancea Loricam, et summum degustat vulnere corpus. Tumi Ule tamen, clypeo objecto, conversus in hostem Ibat, et auxilium ducto mucrone petebat : Cum rota praecipitem, et procursu concitus axis Irnpulit, effuditque solo : Turnusque secutus, / , 380 * * Imam inter galeam summi thoracis et oras, Abstulit ense caput, truricumque reliquit arena. Atque ea dum campis victor dat funera Turnus ; Interea ^Eneam Mnestheus, et fidus Achates, Ascaniusque comes, castris statuere cruentuni, _ T 385 Alternos longa nitentem cuspide gressus. &jp* Srevit, et infracta luctatur arundine telum Eripere ; auxilioque viam, quae proxima, poscit : 388. Quse est proxi- Ense secent lato vulnus, telique latebram ma jubet ut medici se- Rescindant penitus, seseque in bella remittant. 390 cent Jamque aderat Phoebo ante alios dilectus lapyx lasides ; acri quondam cui captus amore 392. Cui quondam Ipse suasartes, sua munera, laetus Apollo Apollo ipse captus acri Awgurium, citharamque dabat, celeresque sagittas. amore, laetus dabat NOTES. 370. Adverso curru : in his chariot facing breast-plate, and the lower part of his the wind. Aura: in the sense of ventus. helmet. Cam : this is the reading of Heyne Volanltm : waving. But curru may be for and Davidson. Ruaeus reads quern. It currui, in the dat. The wind blowing appears that Phegeus had let go of the against his chariot facing it, (adverso^ horses, and was preparing to attack Turnus, causes his plumes to wave. Dum currus when they sprang forward, and the wheel adversus vertumfertur, says Heyne. in its rapid motion struck him. 573. Detorsit ora : with his right hand 386. Nitentem allernos : supporting his he turned around the heads, &c. This he alternate steps, &c. Cuspide : in the sense did to stop them, that on more equal terms of hasta, by synec. he might engage Turnus. These were the 387. Arundine ; the shaft of the arrow, horses of Turnus. Spumantia : foam- It is placed absolutely with infracta. Te- ing at the bit. Citatorum : in the sense of lum : the barb or point of the arrow. animosorum, vel celerum. 303. Auxilio : for relief. He orders them 375. Rumpil : in the sense of penetrat. to make a gash or incision (vulnus) down 378. Petehat : he sought aid with his to the very blade of tbe dart or javelin, drawn sword. He hoped to succeed against (latebram idi,) and extract it without de- Turnus by attacking him sword in hand, lay, that he may again enter the fight, and Ruaeus says, vocabat auxilium. Davidson check the career of Turnus. Proxima: the renders it, " he sought assistance from his speediest quickest. unsheathed sword." Mucrone. : in the sense 390. Rescmdu.nl : in the sense ofaperiant. of gladio. 39-2. Cui : in the sense 01 ay us : with an 379. Axis : the extremities of the axle- ardent love of whom, Apoilo, &c. tree extended beyond tiie hub of the wheel. 393. Suas artes dahat: he gave to him the It was most probably tins part that struck choice of his arts. This appeurs to i Phegeus, and threw him headlong on the meaning troin verse 396, infra, main it ground. Concitus: quickened and acqale- A;c. The arts of Apollo were, 1. Prophecy, rated by its rapid career. The impetus it . Musii- : \vi;cnce, lie is often represented had acquired in its course served to increase with a lyre, and considered the god ol poets, its velocity. Turnus seeing him in that sit- 3. Skill in archery : hence, he is represented uation sprang from his chariot, and took with a quiver. 4. Medicine. This In: off his hoad between the upper part of his the choice of lapyx. 584 P. yiJlGlLfl MARONIS llle, ut deposit i proferret fata parentis, 895 Scire potestates herbarum, usumque medendi Maluit, et mutas agitare inglorius artes. Stabat acerba fremens, ingentem nixus in hastam ). Tmmobilis mag- ^Eneas, magrio juvenum, et moerentis liili n ^^ C jjie U S enio 3 r 1 /a 11 ^ oncursu > lachrymisque immobilis. llle retorto 400 succinctus amictu re- P 860 1101 m morem senior succinctus amictu, torto in Pseonium Multa manu medica Phcebique potentibus herbis Nequicquam trepidat ; nequicquam spicula dextra Sollicitat, prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum. Nulla viam fortuna regit; ni.iil auctor Apollo 405 Subvenit : et saevus campis magis ac magis horror Crebrescit ; propiusque malum est. Jam pulvere ccelum Stare vident ; subeunt equites, et spicula castris Densa cadunt mediis. It tristis ad aethera clamor Bellantum juvenum, et duro sub Marte cadentum. 410 Hie Venus, indigno nati coricussa dolore, Dictamnum genitrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida, Puberibus caulem foliis, et flore comantem 414. Ilia gramina Purpureo. Non ilia feris incognita capris mnt non incognita Gramina, cum tergo volucres haesere sagittse. 415 416. Venus circum- Hoc Venus, obscuro faciem circumdata nimbo, data quoad faciem Detulit : h6c fusum labris splendentibus amnem Inficit, occulte medicans ; spargitque salubres Ambrosiae succos, et odoriferam panaceam. NOTES. 395. Dcposili : sick dangerously ill. make the sense of malum easy. See JEn. Fata : in the sense of mortem. Proferret : ii. 301. put offdefer. 407. Jam vident : they see the air or sky 396. Medendi : the gerund in di, of me- stand thick with dust to be overspread or deor : in the sense of medicina. Potestates: filled with dust. properties qualities. ' 411. Indigno: unmerited undeserved. 397. Mutas artes : silent arts arts more 412. Dictamnum : the herb dittany. It useful than showy. The other arts of Apollo is said to have grown only in Cre,te, whence were more ostentatious and showy. Agi- it had its name from Dicte, a mountain in tare : practice or exercise. that island. Its stalk bears soft downy 398. Acerba : an adj. neu. plu., used ad- leaves; and its blossoms are not single, but verbially : in the sense of acerbe. grow upon almost every leaf: whence, it is 399. Mcerentis : of grieving afflicted, said to be comantem jftore purpureo : this lulus: Hey; e connects lachrymis with lull last denotes the color of the flower. Caulem: mozrenlis. In t;ns construction, lulus alone the stem or stalk : it is here put in apposi- . is represented as shedding tears. The others tion with dictamnum. assemble to see the wounded hero. 415. Gramina : in the sense ofherba. 401. Pa>onium: an adj. from Paeon the 416 Hof . thig herb diu The ^ physician of the gods ; here put for any in lhe followi line ig in the fa with physic.an Retorto : turned back after the ghe ti d j uajUB ^^ manner of Paeon, that he might periorm the in the S 6 ense of operation more conveniently. 403. Trepidat multa : in the sense of fcs- 4l7 - Labris : tue vessel m wmch the tinat multa : he tries many expedients to herbs of lapyx. were infused. extract the arrow, to no purpose. Malta 419. Succos ambrosia. Homer makes irntati says Heyne. ambrosia to be the food of the Gods. It 404. Sollicitat: he moves, or pulls. Ftr- properly signifies immortality. Panacea: rum: the blade, or barbed part of the spear, a salutary herb, of which Pliny mentions Fortuna: success advantage. three kinds. According to the etymology 406. Subvenit : in the sense of adjuvat. of the word, it should be a remedy for all Auctor : the author of medicine. Horror : diseases. Spargit : she diffuses in it the in the sense of terror, says Heyne. It may healing juices of ambrosia. Rueeus says, mean a din or clashing of arms ; which will miscet. IS. LIB. XII. 585 Fovit ea vulnus lympha longaevus lapis, 420 Ignorans : subitoque omnis de corpore fugit Quippe dolor ; omnis stetit imo vulnere sanguis. Jamque secuta manum, nullo cogente, sagitta Excidit, atque novae rediere in pristina vires. 424. In pristina offi- Arma citi properate viro : quid statis ? lapis 425 cia . . . Conclarnat : primusque animos accendit in hostes. Non haec humanis opibus, non arte magistra 427. -^ *K< praterea, Proveniunt ; neque te, ^nea, mea dextera servat : hffic non P roveniunt Major agit Deus, atque opera ad majora remittit. IJle avidus pugnae suras incluserat auro 430 Hinc atque hinc ; oditque moras, hastamque coruscat. Postquam habilis lateri clypeus, loricaque tergo est ; Ascanium fusis circum complectitur armis, Summaque per galeam deiibans oscula, fatur : Disce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumque laborem : 435 Fortunam ex aliis. Nunc te mea dextera bello 436 - Sed disce fortu * Defensum dabit, et magna inter praemia ducet. na ^ 7 Ducet fg Tu facito, mox cum matura adoleverit setas, 43 8 ] TU fadto ut sis Sis memor, et te animo repetentem exempla tuorum, memormewir*w/w,cum Et pater JSneas, et avunculus excitet Hector. 440 mox Haec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese extulit ingens, Telum immane manu quatiens : simul agmine denso Anteusque Mnestheusque ruunt : omnisque relictis Turba fluit castris. Turn caeco pulvere campus Miscetur, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus. 445 Vidit ab adverse venientes aggere Turnus, 446. Trojanos venien- Videre Ausonii ; gelidusque per ima cucurrit tes Ossa tremor. Prima ante omnes Juturna Latinos Audiit, agnovitque sonum, et tremefacta refugit. Ille volat, campoque atrum rapit ;gmen aperto. 450 450. Ille JEncas volat Qualis, ubi ad terras abrupto sidere nimbus NOTES. 420. Fovit : in the sense of lavit. faciet. Inter : in the sense of ad. Heyne 421. Ignorans: ignorant of the virtues takes prcemia in the sense of victorias. which had been communicated to it. 438. Adoleverit: shall have become shall 422. Quippe : indeed truly. Stetit : have ripened. ceased to flow. Censtitit, says Ruaeus. 439. Repetentem : calling to your mind. 427. HCEC : this cure these things. Ruaeus says, revolvenlem animo. The fol- 428. Proveniunt : spring arise from. lowing line is repeated from /En. iii. 343. Magistra : in the sense ofmedica. 440. Hector. He was the uncle of As.-u - 429. Agit: performs the cure. nius, his mother, Creiisa, being the daugh- 430. Incluserat suras: had incased his ter of Priam. It is the wish of ^Eneas that, legs on each side in gold. his own example', and the example of his 432. Habilis : in the sense of aplus. uncle, may excite him to piety and virtue* 433. Complectitur: he embraces Asca- and to the performance of deeds of valor, nius, with his arms spread around him. 444. Turba: the troops all that were The circum and/?m's are to be united into in the camp. Fluit : in the sense of rum- one word. punt vel ruunt. Caco : darkening, or ob- 434. Deiibans : gently touching his lips scuring the air. througn his helmet. We have here a most 445. Excite: in the sense ofcommota. interesting instance of , ifc [6 slggtre: in the sense of tumulovel and of tender solicitude for the futvre wei- colic. fare of his son. 450. Rapd : in the sense of duett vel 435. Laborem : fortitude patience under trahit. Strain: Rutrur- says, Jcnsum. dii.:- :ities. 451, Sidcrc .:' "on observes, 437. Dabit : in the tddtt vel tha' may be taken 1 586 P. VIRG1LII MARONLS 452. Ille mmbus dabit It mare per medium : miseris, lieu, praescia Jonge 453. Heu, corda mi- Horrescunt corda agricolis ! dabit ille ruinas seris agricolis prsescia Arboribus, stragemque satis, ruet omnia late. **//?$& ' " - Antevolant, sonitumque ferunt ad litora venti. - 45i> *- Talis in adversos ductor Rhoeteius hostes Agmen agit : densi cuneis se quisque coactis l Agglomerant. Ferit ense gravem Thymbraeus Osirim : Archetium Mnestheus, Epulonem obtruncat Achates, Ufentemque Gyas. Cadit ipse Tolumnius augur, 460 Primus in adversos telum qui torserat hostes. Tollitur in ccelum clamor : versique vicissim Pulverulenta fugii Rutuli dant terga per agros. 464. Eos a versos morli Ipse neque aversos dignatur sternere morti ; Nee pede congresses sequo, nee tela ferentes 465 Insequitur : solum densa. in caligine Turnum Vestigat lustrans, solum in certamina poscit. 468. Concussa quoad Hoc concussa metu mentem Juturna virago,' <' mentem hoc Aurigam Tumi media inter lora Metiscum Excutit, et longe lapsuin temone relinquit. 470 471. Jpsasubitme/wslpsasubit, manibusque undantes flectit habenas, locum Cuncta gerens, vocemque, et corpus, et arma Metisci. Nigra velut magnas domini cum divitis aedes Pervolat, et pennis alta atria lustrat hirundo, Pabula parva legens, nidisque loquacibus escas ; 475 Et nunc porticibus vacuis, nunc humida circum NOTES. which \vus thought to be the effect of sonic 464. dversos morti. Pierius found avr.rsos furious constellation. In this sense, abrupto in the Roman manuscript. The poet is sidere will mean the same with abrupta here telling us, that ./Eneas disdained to tempestatc, vel abruplis procellis : bursting fight with any of the Rutulian army but storms, as in the third Georgic. Or, if Turnus. This he does by a circumlocution, sidere be taken in its proper sense, then dividing the Rutulians into three divisions : abrupto must be taken in the sense of ca- 1. The aversos morti: those that were on dente, setting; the constellations being the flight. 2. The congresses aquo pede: thought more furious toward the time of those who were engaged in close fight, on their setting. Nimbus : a black cloud, equal terms. 3. The ferentes tela : those fraught with thunder and rain. This is who fought with missive weapons, at a dib- its proper meaning. Heyne takes sidere tance. Heyne reads aversos. abrupto in the souse of nube abrupta : the 465< Ferentes . in the sense of inferentes, cloud bursting, or being burst. 452. Praxcia longe. : presaging disaster, 466 ' Caligine: in the sense of pulvere>vd while the storm is yet at a distance fore- nube pulveris. seeing the danger at a distance. 468. Virago : the heroine Juturna. 453. Agricolis miseris : the dat. in the 470. Excutit : in the sense of deficit vel sense of the gen. The hearts of the, &c. prcecipilat. f*' *fV m th fvf 86 f "*?% 47 2. Kerens cuncta: assuming-taking 456. Rh&teius : in the sense of Troianus, n ., +u +u f r so called from Rhateum, a promontory on a11 t , hin ^ both the voice ' &c ' the coast of Troas 473. Vdut cam nigra hirundo. The epi- 457. Cuneis coactis : the ranks being thet ni S' Scaliger observes, is added to closed : " in thick array," says Davidson, distinguish tins kind of swallow from those Jgrlomerant se : they crowd themselves to- that haunt the banks of nvers ' and are of a o-ether. sandy color. Petronius calls it urbana " 458.' G-ravem : in the sense offorlem. Prognt, because it loves to frequent towers, 462. Tern : in the sense of fugali. The and such stalel y l> u i ldin g s as are m <* 11 ** Rutuli had been victorious, while .ffineas -^ des : Palace. Rusus says, domum. was disabled by his wound. Now he is on 475. Nidis : the nests are here put for the the field, the scale of victory is turned, and young in the nests, by meton. Escas: put they, in turn, are put to flight. in apposition \vithparva pabula. ^ENEIS. LIB. Xil. Stagna souat : similis medios Juturnaper host. 588 P. VIRGILII MAROMS 500. Nunc quis, quis Quis mihi mine tot acerba Deus, quis carmine cfedes Deus expediat mihi car- Dwersas, obitumque ducum, quos aequore toto ba/t 501 503. Placuit-ne te, O Expediat ? tanton' placuit concurrere motu, Jupiter Jupiter, aeterna gent.es in pace futuras ? jEneas Rutulum Sucronem, (ea prima ruentes 505 Pugna loco statuit Teucros,) baud multa moratus, Excipit in latus, et, qua fata celerrima, crudum Transadigit costas et crates pectoris ensem. Turnus equo dejectum Amycum, fratremque Diorem, 510. Ferit hunc Dio- Congressus pedes ; hunc venientem cuspide longa, 510 ran venientem Hunc mucrone ferit ; curruque abscissa duorum Suspendit capita, et rorantia sanguine portat. 513. Ille &neas mil- IU e Talon, Tana'imque neci, fortemque Cethegum, tit Talon Tres uno congressu, et moestum mittit Onyten, Nomen Echionium, matrisque genus Peridiae. 515 516. Hie Turnus in- Hie fratres Lyci missos, et Apollinis agris, Et juvenem exosum nequicquam bella Menceten Arcada : piscosae cui circum Humina Lernae Ars fuerat, pauperque domus : ncc nota potentum missi e diversir e im " Limina > conductaque pater tellure serebat. 520 522. In sonantia vir- Ac velut immissi diversis partibus ignes sjulta c lauro Arentem in sylvam, ct virgulta sonantia lauro ; NOTES. nOl. Obitum : in the sense of mortem. 502. Inque vicem : for invicemque, by tmesis. Agit : causes, or effects. 503. Motu : rage violence. Tantori 1 : for tanto-ne, by apocope. 505. Pugna: attack assault. Statuit: stopped. The meaning of this passage may be: that the opposition made by Sucro checked the Trojans, who were before rush- ing on the enemy, and railing without con- trol. Or, this assault of ;Lneas upon Sucro caused him, and the Trojans, to stop their career arid pursuit of Turnus, and remain in the same place. This is the sense given to it by Heyne. RUSEUS proposes a third meaning to the words, to wit : that the as- sault of jEneas upon Sucro first caused the Trojans to rally and stand their ground, who before were fleeing, and unable to re- sist so great a hero. 506. Multa: in the sense of multum. This is in imitation of the Greeks, who used ad- jectives of the neu. gen. as adverbs. 507. Excipit: in the sense of ferit, vel vulnerat. Qua fata : wflcre death is easiest to be effected. Fata : in the sense of mors. T h$ verb sunt is understood. 508. Crates : ace. plu. RUCEUS says, sep- tum. Crudum : naked bloody. Costas Crates. These are governed in the ace. by the prep, trans, in comp., while the verb fidigit governs crudum ensem. 510. Congressus pedes : Turnus on foot en- gaging Amycus, &c. Congredi : signifies to engage in close combat to fight hand to hand. 514. Congressu: onset assault. Ruaeus says, impetu. Genus: in the sense of prolem, vel jilium. 515. Echionium : an adj. from Echion, the name of the Theban, who accompanied Cadmus at the building of Thebes in Beotia. Onytes was an Echionian, or Theban name. Ruceus says, Thebanum. 516. Lycia : a country of Asia Minor, celebrated for the oracles of Apollo. It is here put in apposition with agris. See JEn. iv. 143. 517. Exosum: a part, agreeing with juve- nem, and governing bella. Mencetes was an Arcadian. 519. Ars: business, or employment. Cui: in the sense of cujus. Lerna : a lake near the city of Argos in the Peloponnesus, famous for its having been the" abode of the Hydra, that was slain by Hercules. Flu- mina : in the sense of aquas. 520. Limina potentum : the palaces of the great were not known to him. Ursinus as- sures us that limina is the reading of the most ancient manuscript, Liber Colitianus vetustissimus, and he makes no doubt of its being the true reading. Heyne and David- son read limina. Ruaeus and Valpy read munera. Of this it is difficult to make sense, whereas limina is easy. Conducta : in hired land. He had no farm of his own, 522. Virgulta : in the sense of nemorct. jENEIS. LIB. XII. Aut ubi decursu rapiclo de montibus altis Dant sonitum spumosi amnes, et in aequora currunt, 524. Aut ubi amnes Quisque suum populatus iter : non segnius ambo 525 spumosi rapido decursu ;o m 525. Quisaue amnis Aneas lurnusque ruunt per praBiia ; nunc, nunc Fluctuat ira intus : rumpuntur nescia vinci Pectora : nunc totis in vulnera viribus itur. Murranum hie, atavos et avorum antiqua sonantem 529. Hie JEneas sco- Nomina, per regesque actum genus omne Latinos, 530 pulo, atque turbine in- Praecipitem scopulo atque ingentis turbine saxi gentissaxi,excutitMur- Excutit, effunditque solo. Hunc lora et juga subter Provolvere rotae ; crebro super ungula pulsu Incita nee domini memorum proculcat equorum. Ille ruenti Hyllo, animisque immane frementi, Occurrit, telumque aurata ad tempora torquet : Olli per galeam fixo stetit hasta cerebro. Dextera nee tua te, Grajum fortissime Creteu, Eripuit Turno : nee Di texere Cupencum, jEnea veniente, sui : dedit obvia ferro Pectora, nee misero clypei-mora profuit aerei. Te quoque Laurentes viderunt, jEole, campi, Oppetere, et late terram consternere tergo : Occidis, Argivae quern non potuere phalanges Sternere, nee Priami regnorum eversor Achilles. Hie tibi mortis erant metse : domus alta sub Ida ; Lyrnessi domus alta ; solo Laurente sepulchrum. Totae adeo conversae acies, omnesque Latini, Omnes Dardanidae. Mnestheus acerque Serestus. Et Messapus, equum domitor, et fortis Asylas, Tuscorumque phalanx, Evandrique Arcadis alae : Pro se quisque, viri summa nituntur opum vi. Nee mora, nee requies : vasto certamine tendunt. ranum. 532. EfFundit eum praecipitem 533. Ungula equo- 535 rum, nee memorum 535. Ille Turnus oc- currit Hyllo 540 545 544. Tu occidis, quern 546. Erat tibi alta domus sub Ida ; erat tibi alta domus Lyrnessi; nunc est tibi 548. Convers sunt 552. Omnes viri, quis- quo pro se NOTES. 523. Decursu: descent. 524. JEquora : in the sense of mare. 525. Populatus: laying waste. 527. Nescia vinci : knowing not to be conquered invincible. Rumpuntur: are burst pant and heave as if they would burst with rage. 528. Itur : they go march. 529. Sonantem : in the sense ofjactantem vel gloriantem. Return : in the sense of de- ductum. 531. Turbine: with the force. Heyne ' 532. Excutit : in the sense of dejicit vel sternit. 533. Super : in the sense of insuper vel prater ea. 534. India : quick in rapid movement. 536. Aurata Tempora : his temples decked with a gilded helmet. 537. Fixo : being pierced - the spear passed through his helmet. 539. Eripuit. Ruwus says, servavit. 540. Sui : in the sense of propitii vel faventes. Or. his own gods those gods whose priest he was. Cupencus, in the Sa- bine language, signified a priest. 541. /2Cm'. Pierius found aris in all the ancient manuscripts which he examined, instead of cpm, as in the common editions. Heyne reads cerei. Mora : resistance. 543. Oppetere. This word properly sig- nifies to die, like a hero, on the field of battle : quasi ore peters terram, to bite the ground, as we say in English. 544. Occidis : thou tallest. Ruceus says, moreris. 546. Metw mortis : for meta rila, the limit or boundary of life. This is in imitation of Homer's rtXof S-tivaroto. 547. Lyrnessi : Lyrnessus was a city of Phrygia* near the Sinus Adramyttcnus. 548. Converses : Ruffius says, permittee. The verb sunt is understood. 551 . Ate : in the sense of equites, vel eqiK- talus. 552. Nituntur: strive struggle. Opum: this appears merely expletive, lluseus says, virium. 553. Tendunt: in the sense ofcontendunt \~p\ Ivctantur. f>0 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Hie mentem ^Enese genitrix pulcherrima misit, Iret ut ad muros, urbique adverteret agmen 555 Ocyus, et subita turbaret clade Latinos. 557. Ille JEneas ut Hie ut, vestigans divcrsa per agmina Turnum, Hue atque hue a#5es circumtulit ; aspicit urbem Immunem tanti belli, atque impune quietam. 560. Accendit am- Continuo pugnae accendit majoris imago : 560 Mnesthea, Sergestumque vocat, fortemque Serestum, Ductores; tumulumque capit, quo camera Teucrum Concurrit legio ; nee scuta aut spicula densi Deponunt. Celso medius stans aggere iatur : 565. Jupiter stat hac Ne qua meis esto dictis mora : Jupiter hac stat : 565 parte pro nobis Neu quis ob inceptum subitum mini segnior ito. 567. Eruam urbem Urbem hodie> cau sam belli, regna ipsa Latini, Ni frsenum accipere et victi parere fatcntur, Eruam ; et aequa solo fumantia culmina ponam. Scilicet exspectem, libeat dum prffilia Turno 570 Nostra pati ? rursiisque velit concurrere victus ? 572. Hoc est caput, Hoc caput, 6 cives, haec belli summa nefandi. nan?* urbs Laurentum Ferte faceg proper6j fedusque reposcite flammis. Dixerat : atque animis pariter certantibus omnes Dant cuneum, densaque ad muros mole feruntur. 575 576. Seal apparue- Scalae improvise, subitusque apparuit ignis. Discurrunt alii ad portas, primosque truridant : Ferrum alii torquent, et obumbrant aethera telis. Ipse inter primos dextram sub moenia tendit -/Eneas, magnaque incusat voce Latinum : 580 Testaturque Deos, iterum so ad praelia cogi ; 582. Italos jam bis Bis jam Italos hostes ; haec altera foedera rumpi. fsse hostes Exoritur trepidos inter discordia cives : Urbem alii reserare jubent, et pandere portas Dardanicfe ; ipsumque trahunt in moenia regem. 585 NOTES. 554. Mentem: mind design purpose. 571. Pati nostra pmlia : to fight with me. .Visit : in the sense of immisit. Heyne Ruseus says,/erre pugnam. lakes mentem in the sense of consilium. 575. Dant cuneum : they form themselves 558. Acics : in the sense of oculos: some into the military wedge, which is drawn to understand it of the various parts of the a point in the front, and widens toward the army. Immunem : in the sense of expertem. - rear ; and in this close body (dcnsa mole) 563. JVcc scuta : this was according to the they rush against the city. Dant : in the custom of the Roman soldiers, who were sense of formant velfaciunl. Feruntur: in wont to be drawn up in arms before their the sense of irruunt. Ruseus interprets mole general, when he harangued them. Legio : by multitudine. in the sense of tiirmce vel acies. Ruaeus 578. Ferrum. Any missive weapon tipped says, exercitus. with iron or steel, may be called/ern/m. 565. Slat hac : stands here with us favors 579. Tendit : in' the sense of protendil. us is on our side, in this bold undertaking. Sub : in the sense of ad. This may be said in allusion to hiy being 582. Hac allera fcedera. The first treaty the avenger of violated faith. was, when Latinus promised to llioneus to . r >68. Fatcntur : unless they consent to re- take jEneas for his ally, and son-in-law, cefte the reins and obey. Aetipcrefrcznum, -/En. vii. 259. The second league or treaty vel/rcena is a military phrase, denoting un- was that which ratified the single combat conditional submission to the conqueror, between Turnus and ./Eneas, 195. supra. Ruseus says, volunt. 585. Trahunt ; they draw the king to the 569. JEqua: level with the ground. Po- walls, that he may ratify the treaty, and ^ nmn : in tho sense of prosternftm. put an end to the war. J3NEIS. LIB. XII. 591 Arma t'erunt alii, et pergunt defendere muros. Inclusas ut cum latebroso in pumice pastor Vestigavit apes, fumoque implevit amaro : 588. Implevit locum IllaB intus trepidae rerum per cerea castra Discurrunt. magnisque acuunt stridoribus iras. 590 Volvitur ater odor tectis ; turn murmure caeco Intus saxa sonant : vacuas it fumus ad auras. Accidit hacc fessis etiani fortuna Latinis, Quae totam luctu concussit funditus urbem. Regina ut tectis venientem prospicit hostem, 595 Incessi muros, ignes ad tecta volare : Nusquam acies contra Rutulas, nulla agmina Turni : 597. Contra prospwd Infelix pugnse juvenem in certamine credit nusquam Rutulas acies Extinctum : et, subito mentem turbata dolore, apparere Se causam clamat, crimenque, caputque malorum : 600 Multaque per mcestum demens effata furorem, 600. Se esse causam Purpureos moritura manu discindit amictus, Et nodum informis leti trabe nectit ab alta. Quam cladem miserae postquam accepere Latinae, Filia prima manu flavos Lavinia crines, 605 605. Lavinia prirna Et roseas laniata genas ; turn caetera circum furil, laniata quoad Turba furit : resonant late plangoribus aedes. Hinc totam infelix vulgatur fama per urbem. DemittuDt mentes : it, scissa veste, Latinus, Conjugis attonitus fatis, urbisque ruina, 610 Canitiem immundo perfusam pulvere turpans : Multaque se incusat, qui non acceperit ante Dardanium ^Eneam, generumque adsciverit ultro. NOTES. 086. Pergunt : in the sense of parant. rites of burial. Nectit : she binds, or ties 587. Pumice. Pumex is properly the the rope'. Nodum: in the sense of/une/H, pumice stone : here put for any stone. says Heyne. 583. Vestigavit : hath found discovered. 605. Accepere : in the sense of audivtrunt. 589. Castra : their hives. Trepidce rerum : Quam cladem : in the sense of cujus mortem. alarmed for their state condition. Timentes go6. Lavinia laniata: after the women *m* i-cbitf, says RUJEUS. So fexsi rerum, had i ear ned the tragic end of her mother, Lavinia was the first to express her grief. 591. Teeti : this again means the hives. This she did by tearing her hair, and maag- Odor: fume vapor, or smoke. Coco: H n g her rosy cheeks. Servius reads flows. smotheredobscure. or fl oreos , instead of Jlavos, in imitation of 593. Fortuna : in the sense of calamitas. E nmus . But there is no authority to sup- Fessi* : afflicted distressed. port t hi s reading ; and there is no necessity 594. Concussil: in the sense of impleint. f or the alteration ; for yellow, or golden hair, 595. Tectis, Tectum here is in the sense was the color most admired among the an- of iirbs. Incessi : the inf. of the verb in- c ients. cessor : to be assaulted. Ut : when as soon 599. Demittunt : their resolution fails they despond. Ruaous says, dejiciunt ani- 599. Turbata : in the sense of commota. mos , Davidson renders it, " their souls Mentem is put as a Grecism. despond." 600. Crimen : the criminal author. 610> p al i s . m t h c sense ofmorte. 601. Demens: wanting reason. Of T s . defiling-teariug. and men*. Ajjata : in the sense of dicens velloqwau. Per: through-daring. ^2. Multa : in the sense of mull UK, 603. Informis : unnaturalawful. Heyne This and the following line are u says,/urpw. The poet here expresses his *ni ^En. xi. 471. In some copies disapprobation of suicide, by calling it in- do not a PP ear m tlus P la ' form-is leti. According to the pontifical 613. Adsciverit: admitted, or received hujp hooks, such persons were deprived of the as a son-in-law. P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS Interea extreme bellator in aequore Turnus Palantes sequitur paucos, jam segnior, atque 015 Jam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum. Attulit hunc illi caecis terroribus aura 618. Commixtum ce- Commixtum clamorem, arrectasque impulit aures Confusse sonus urbis, et illaetabile murmur. Hei mihi ! quid tanto turbantur moenia luctu ? 620 Quisve ruit tantus diversa clamor ab urbe ? Sic ait : adductisque amens subsistit habenis. Atque huic, in faciem soror ut conversa Metisci Aurigae, currumque et equos et lora regebat, 625. Occurrit huic ^Taiibus occurrit dictis : Hac, Turne, sequamur 025 tahbusdictis :hacpar/e, m ... O Turne * rojugenas, qua pnma viam victoria pandit. Sunt alii, qui tecta manu defendere possint. Ingruit ^Eneas Italis, et praelia miscet : Et nos saeva manu mittamus funera Teucris. 630.Numeroc(wonimNec numero inferior, puenae nee honore recedes. 630 631. Turnus - O soror, et dudum agnovi, cum prima per artem Foedera turbasti, teque haec in bella dedisti : 634. Falhs me. Sed g t nunc nequicquam fallis Dea. Sed quis Olympo quis Deorum voluit te Demissam tantos voluit te ferre , abores 7 635 oemissam ,,.... . , . , An trains misen letum ut crudele videres ? Nam quid ago ? aut quae jam spondet fortuna salutem ? 638. Ego ipse vidi Vidi oculos ante ipse meos, me voce vocantem ingentem Murranum Murranum, quo non superat mihi charior alter, oppetere ante meos ocu- Qppetere ingentem, atque ingenti vulnere victum. Ltau7JS!? me VOCC ' Occidit infelix > ne nostrum dedecus, Ufens, 641 643. Atari* miseris Aspiceret : Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis. rebus Exscindi-ne domos, id rebus defuit unum, NOTES. C14. JEquore: in the sense of campo. 617. Aura : in the sense of vcntus. C&cis: 615. Segnior. Ruaeus says, tardior. unknown uncertain. Ruams says, incertis. 616. Successu equorum. Servius, and 619. IllcElabile: mournful unjoyous. Of most interpreters after him, take the mean- in, neg. and latabilis. Jng to be : that Turnus was now less pleased 621. Diversa : in the sense of ab diversa. with his horses, because they were out of parte urbis. Ruseus says, dissita. breath, and fatigued. But it seems much 625. Occurrit : in the sense of responded better to understand it of his being less 627. Tecta : in the sense of urbem. pleased with the easy victory he gained, 629. Mittamus : in the sense of demus. now that /Eneas was retired, and only a Funera sceva: in the sense of cruddem mor~ lew straggling troops left in the field. This tern, says Ruaeus. "Let us spread cruel agrees with the expressions paucos palantcs. death among the Trojans." Valpy. Successu equorum : this last intimates, that 630. Numero : in the number of the slaiit the victory he gained was now so easy, Turnus should equal ./Eneas in the number that he had only to drive the enemy of his slain, and in the glory of the fight. before his chariot, without meeting with 632. dgnovi : the pron. te is understood. any resistance. Turnus might think the 633. Turbasti : in the sense of rupisti. victory not worthy of his valor, and was 634 Fallis: Heyne says vis i atere . therefore less pleased with it, than if it had more richly rewarded him. This better r 638. Jtfwmmum. He was one of the Ita- accords with the sentiments of the soldier. lian P nn f s ' and slam by^, verse 529, This is the opinion of Davidson. He ren- su P ra " **"* ; mightypowerful. ders the words ; " with the cheap victory of 641. Ufens. He commanded the Agri- his horses." Heyne agrees with Servius. cote. See yEn. vii. 745. Rueus observes : he was less pleased with 643. Unum: in the sense of solwn. The his horses, because they had carried him so only thing wanting to our complete wretch- far from the tight. edness and misery. jENEIS. LIB. Xll. 503 Perpetiar ! dextra nee Drancis dicta refellam ? 644 Terga dabo ? et Turnum fugientem haec terra videbit ? Usque adeone mori miserum est ? vos 6 mihi Manes 646. Est-ne usque Este boni ; quoniam Superis aversa voluntas. ad * ? Voluntas s Sancta ad vos anima, atque istius inscia culpae, r j s est aversa m ihi Descendam, magnorum baud unquam indignus avorum. Vix ea fatus erat : medios volat, ecce, per hostes Vectus equo spumante Sages ; adversa sagitta 651 Saucius ora ruitque, implorans nomine Turnum : 652. Saucius quoad Turne, in te suprema salus ; miserere tuorum. a JJJ'jjgn supre ma Fulminat ^Eneas armis, summasque minatur sa l us est Dejecturum arces Italum, excidioque daturum : 655 655. Daturura ecu ar~ Jamque faces ad tecta volant. In te ora Latini, ces In te oculos referunt : mussat rex ipse Latin us. Quos generos vocet, aut quae sese ad fcedera flectat. Praeterea regina, tui fidissima, dextra Occidit ipsa sua, lucemque exterrita fugit. 660 Soli pro portis Messapus et acer Atinas Sustentant aciem. Circum hos utrinque phalanges Stant densaE, strictisque seges mucronibus horret 663. E strictis mucro- Ferrea : tu currum deserto in gramine versas. nibus Obstupuit varia confusus imagine rerum 665 Turnus, et obtutu tacito stetit. ^Estuat ingens lino in corde pudor, mixtoque insania luctu, Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus. Ut primum discussae umbrae, et lux reddita menti, 669. Sunt discuss** Ardentes oculorum acies ad moenia torsit 670 Turbidus, oque rotis magnam respexit ad urbem. Ecce autem, flammis inter tabulata volutus NOTES. 644. Dicta -Drancis. See /En. xi. 336, the stale of Latinus' mind. On the one et sequens. hand, he was inclined to match his daughter 646. Est-ne usque adeb : is it indeed so with ^Eneas, and fulfil his engagements : grievous a thing to die? on the other, he was overawed by Turnus, 647. Superis : in the sense of Superorum. and durst not openly declare his sentiments ; Boni : propitious kind. Turnus now plain- but faintly hinted them, like one who mut- ly sees, that the Gods above are against ters what he is afraid to speak out. Iluocus him, and that he mast fall beneath the says, dubitat. Ileyne says, tacit e ddiberat. sword of .Eneas. He addresses himself to Referunt : turn cast. The verb is to be re- the gods below, (Manes,} not so much with peatcd before each objective case. a view to obtain their assistance against 659. Tui : in the sense of libi. the purposes of Jove, as they might give 662. dciem: in the sense of pugnam. his shade, his sancla anima, a welcome re- Phalanges : the troops in general, ception ; since it would descend to them 664. Deserto gramine : in the sense of ear- covered with glory, free from any imputa- tremo campo. See 614, supra. tion of cowardice or fault, and no way do- 665. Rerum : of distress affliction. Jin- generate from his illustrious ancestors. agine : form image. 648. Inscia istius culpce : free from the 667. Ingens pudor : this, and the follow- fault or crime of deserting his friends in ing line are repeated from ^En. x. 870. their distress, and difficulty. This he will 668. Insania. : distraction. RUJBUS says, not do, though he knows that it must ter- amentia. Furiis : Hoyne conjectures refer- minate in his death. Sancta : pure un- ence is had to the nuptials of Lavinia, of polluted. which he now began to despair. 652. Ora: in the sense of vultum. He 670. Acies oculorum : the sight of his eyes ; was wounded full in the face right in front, simply, his eyes. Heyne reads, orbes. Implorans: in the sense of vocans. 671. Rotis : in the sense of curru. 655. Dejecturum : would rase. 672. Vortex flammis : a whirling volume 657. Mussat. This word strongly marks of flame rolled. &c. The prep. is under- p. V1KG1L11 Ad ccelum undabat vortex, turrimque teriebut , Turrim, compactis trabibus quam eduxerat ipse, Subdideratque rotas, pontesque instraverat altos. 675 Jam jam fata, soror, superant ; absiste morari : Quo Deus, et quo dura vocat fortuna, sequamur. 678. Stat mild pati Stat conferre manum ^Enese : stat, quicquid acerbi est morte Ud aCerbl ^ Morte P ati J nec me indecorem, germana! videbis 680. Ante mortem Amplius. Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem. Dixit : et e curru saltum dedit ocyus arvis : 681 Perque hostes, per tela ruit ; moestamque sororem Deserit ; ac rapido cursu media agmina rumpit. 684.Velutcumsaxmn Ac, veluti montis saxum de vertice praeceps ^LUT^'T d ?,T H ce Cum ruit avulsum vento, seu turbidus imber 685 686. BflWtaWl^ prolllit> aut annjs golvit sublapsa V etustas; Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actu, Exsultatque solo, sylvas, armenta, virosque Involvens secum : disjecta per agmina Turnus Sic urbis ruit ad muros, ubi plurima fuso 690 Sanguine terra madet, stridentque hastilibus aurse : Significatque manu, et magno simul incipit ore : Parcite jam, Rutuli ; et vos, tela inhibite, Latini ; 694. Fortuna kujus Q ugecunque est fbrtuna mea est ; me verius tmum pugn* est mea : est ve- p ro ^ ^^ ^^ et deccrnere fem)> 695 695. Lucre violaium Discessure omncs medii, spatiumque dedere. foedus At pater ^Eneas, audito nomine Turni, 701. Tantus quantus Deserit et muros, et summas deserit arces ; _ pater Apenninus ipse, J-SBtitia exsultans, horrendumque mtonat armis : cumfremit Quantus Athos, aut quantus Eryx, aut ipse coruscis NOTES. stood to govern flwnmis. Tabulata: the 698. Deserit : in the sense of rdinquit, or his engagement with J2neas, in which he 699. Rumpit : in the sense ofabrwnpi: was persuaded he should be slain: ante 700. Intonat : in the sense of sonat. >?w>r/ ew vel antiqv.am moriar. 701. .ithos : a mountain in Macedonia. -ENEIS. LIB. XII. 595 Cum fremit ilicibus quantus, gaudctque nivali Vertice, se attollens pater Apenninus ad auras. Jam vero et Rutuli ccrtatim, et Troes, et omnes Convertere oculos Itali ; quique alta tenebant 705 Mcenia, quique imos pulsabant ariete muros ; Armaque deposuere humeris. Stupet ipse Latinus, Ingentes genitos diversis partibus orbis Inter se coiisse viros, et cernere ferro. Atque illi, ut vacuo patuerunt aequore cam pi, Procursu rapido, conjectis e minus hastis, Invadunt Martem clypeis atque aere sonoro. i)at gemitum tellus : turn crebros ensibus ictus Congeminant : fors et virtus miscentur in unum. Ac velut, ingenti Sila, summove Taburno, Cum duo conversis inimica in prselia tauri Frontibus incurrunt ; pavidi cessere magistri ; Stat pecus omne metu mutum ; mussantque juvencae, Quis pecori imperitet ; quern tota armenta sequantur : Illi inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent, 720 Cornuaque obnixi infigunt, et sanguine largo Colla armosque lavant : gemitu .nemus omne remugit. Haud aliter Tros ^Eneas et Daunius heros Concurrunt clypeis : ingens fragor asthera complet. Jupiter ipse duas asquato examine lances 725 Sustinet, et fata imponit diversa duorum ; Quern damnet labor, et quo vergat pondere letum. 708. Duos ingentes viros genitos in 710 710. Utprimum 715 719. Quis taurus 721. Cornua inter se NOTES. projecting into the ^gean sea. It is said to be sixty miles in length, and so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos. Ho- die, Monte Santo. It is so called from the number of monasteries upon it. Eryx : a mountain in Sicily, next in height to jfEtna, so called from a king of that name who was slain by Hercules. Jt is situated near the western side of the island. Hodie, Monte Giulia.no. 703. Pater Apenninus : mount Apennine is here called pater, either as being the pa- rent of so many noble rivers and woods ; or by way of dignity, as being the greatest mountain in Italy. The Apennines are pro- perly a range of. mountains running the whole length of Italy, and dividing it nearly in the middle. 704. Certatim : eagerly. 708. Ingenfes viros : that two mighty he- roes born in, &c. 709. Coiisse : in the sense of congredi. Cernere : in the sense ofpugnare, vel dec er- nere. 710. Campi : the ground the space cleared for the combatants. 712. Invadunt Martem: in the sense of incipiunt pugnam. 714. Congeminant: they repeat redou- ble. In unum : into one together. 715. Si/a: a vast forest, or tract of hills, covered with wood, that formed part of the Apennine mountains in Calabria. Taburno : this was a mountain in the confines of Cam- pania, which blocks up the famous straits of Caudi or Caudium. Here the Roman army was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and to pass under the yoke. 717. Magistri: in the sense of pastor es. Cessere : in the sense offugerunt. 718. Mussant: Heyne says, tacite expec- tant. Ruaeus says, timide, et quasi tacite mugiunt. 721. Largo : in the sense of multo. 722. Lavant : Ruaeus says, tingunt. 723. Daunius heros: Turnus. He was the son of Daunus and Venilia. 725. JEquato examine: equal poise or balance. Examen is the tongue, or needle of the balance, which, being exactly in equi- libria, shows the scales to be equal. 7'27. Quern labor damnet : whom the com- bat should devote or doom to death. The fates, or destiny, were not at the disposal of Jove. He could only examine into futurity. He puts (imponit) the fates of the com- batants into the scales of the balance, to see which end of the beam would rise. Servius, and some others, take the words in the sense of quern felix labor damnet votis : whom the combat shall doom to pay his vows who shall be the successful combatant. But it is easier to consider the expression as refer- ring to one and the same person: whom 386 p. VIRGILII MARONIS Emicat hie, impune putans, et corpore toto 729. Putans futurum \\te sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem, Et ferit ' Exclamant Tr es> trepidique Latini, 730 Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis Frangitur, in medioque ardentem deserit ictu, Ni fuga subsidio subeat. Fugit ocyor Euro, Ut capulum ignotum, dextramque adspexit inermem. 735. Fama est, eum Farna est, praecipitem, curn prima in pra^liu junctos prtEcipitem, cum con- Conscendebat equos, patno mucrone relicto, 736 ST^^fSS. 1 *"" ^ d 1 ' > -"*" rapuisse Meusci : trepidat, rapuisse Adque dm, dum terga dabant palantia 1 eucn, Suffecit : postquam arma Dei ad Vulcania ventum est, Mortalis mucro, glacies ceu futilis, ictu 740 Dissiluit : fulv resplendent fragmina arena. Ergo amens diversa fuga petit rcquora Turnus, Et nunc hue, inde hue, incertos implicat orbes. Undique enim densa Teucri inclusere corona : AXque hinc vasta palus, hinc ardua nicenia cingunt. 746. JEneas insequi- Nee minus jEneus, quanquarn tardata sagitta 746 tur, quanquam genual n t erc |um genua impediunt, cursumque recusant, ta< 748 ta fjdem tre inens. 732. Deserit: leaves him ardent for the 743. Implicat: in the sense of facit vel fight, at the mercy of his antagonist. These format. He wheels around in his flight, last, or words of the like import, are neres- forming irregular figures, or circles. sary to make the sense complete. When 744. Corona densa : in close ranks in a he mounted his chariot, it was his intention close compact body. to take his trusty, heavenly tempered sword 746. Sagitta : the arrow by which he was that sword made by Vulcan for his wounded in the beginning of the action. father; but in his haste and perturbation, he lleyne says, vulnere. took the sword of Metiscus, his charioteer; 748. Fervidus: in the sense of ardens. which here deceived him. It is therefore, 749. Flumine: some copies have injiu- called perfidus ensis. mine. Heyne omits the in. This is the 733. Nifuga : had not flight come to his reading of the Roman MS. Inclusum : aid had he not instantly fled, he would enclosed, or confined by a river. have fallen under the arm of ^Eneas, being 750. Formidine. The formido, as Dr. left in that defenceless state. Trapp observes, was a rope stuck thick with 2ENEIS, LIB. XII. 597 Hseret hians, jam jamque tenet, similisque tenenti 754. Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est. 755 J am J a q u e tenet eum Turn vero exoritur clamor : ripseque lacusque Responsant circa, et coelum tonat omne tumultu. Ille simul fugiens, Rutulos simul increpat omnes, 758. Ille Turnus se- Nomine quemque vocans ; notumque efflagitat ensem. mul est fugiens ./Eneas mortem contra, praesensque minatur 760 Exitium, si quisquam adeat : terretque trementes, Excisurum urbem minitans, et saucius instat. Quinque orbes explent cursu, totidemque reteximt Hue, illuc : nee enim levia aut ludicra petuntur Praemia ; sed Turni de vita et sanguine certant. 765 Forte sacer Fauno foliis oleaster amaris Hie steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum ; Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant Laurenti Divo, et votas suspendere vestes : Sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum Sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere eampo. Hie hasta ^Erieae stabat : hue impetus illam Detulerat, fixam et lenta in radice tenebat. Incubuit, voluitque manu convellere ferrum, Dardanides ; teloque sequi, quern prendere cursu 775 775. Sequique Tur Non poterat. Turn vero amens formidine Turnus, num telo, quern Faune, precor, miserere, inquit : tuque optima ferrum Terra tene : colui vestros si semper honores, Quos contra ^Eneadag bello Yecerejprofanos. Dixit : opemque Dei non cassa in vota vocavit. 780 761. Adeat Turnum: terretque eos trementes, minitans sc excisurum 768. Ubi illi servati ex undis 772, Impetus qus dez- tm NOTES. red or crimson feathers to enclose, and frighten the deer, or other animals. See Geor. iii. 371. 753. Umber : a dog of Umbria, in the north of Italy. Can-is is understood, Vi-oi- dus : quick scented. 755. Increpuit : Rueeus says, insonuit. He shuts his jaws, as if in the act of seizing him. 761. Si quis adeat. Virgil here outrages the character of his hero. It is true he has the example of Homer for it. But it is to be remembered the two poets lived in very different states of society. Turnus is forced to the contest with unequal weapons. Of his sword he is deprived, and left without arms. In this situation, he is pursued by ./Eneas, who threatens to put the person to death, who shall give him his sword, that he may be in a condi'ion to defend himself, and be on more equal terms with his adver- sary. This is a course of conduct, which no age or nation, however barbarous, can justify. Much less is it becoming in the soldier, and the hero. The putting to death of unarmed and defenceless persons may be practised, but cannot be justified. Valpy. 763. Rdexunt tolidem : they retrace, or form back again, as many more. The meaning is, that Turnus went tive times around the field of combat, pursued by jEneas. Explent : in the sense ofconjiciunl. Rdexunt : Ruseus says, relcgunt. 764. Enim : in the sense of equidem. Lu- dicra : trifling of no value. 766. Oleaster. The wild olive was fre- quently planted before temples, that the consecrated offerings might be suspended upon its boughs. It was a very durable tree, and not apt to receive any injury, though ever so many nails were driven into its wood. Its leaves were bitter. 767. Lignum: in the sense of arbor, fo nerabile: in the sense of vcntra-ndum. 769. Votas : in the sense of devotas. 770. JYutto discrimine : with no regard to its sacredness. Nullo respectu habito, says Ileyne. 771. Puro: in the sense of aperto^ vel vacua. Sustulerant: in the sense of abscin- dunnt. 7?;3. Lcnla radice: in the tough root. It stuck fast in the root, so that it could not be drawn out. 77.~>. Dardanides : ./Eneas. A patronymic from Dardanus. Incubuit: RUHMIS 776. Amens : Ruccus says, r.xanimatus, 778. Colui : 1 have regarded, or held sacred. 780. Castn: in the sense of imttilia. p. VIRGILII MARONIS Namque diu luctans, lentoque in stirpe moratus, Viribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsus Roboris ./Eneas. Dum nititur acer et instat, 784. Rursus Daunia Rursus in aurigae faciem mutata Metisci Deamutatainfaciem p roc urrit, fratrique ensem Dea Daunia reddit. 785 Quod Venus audaci Nymphae indignata licere ; Accessit, telumque alta ab radice revellit. Olli sublimes, armis, animisque refecti, Hie gladio fidens, hie acer et arduus hasta, Adsistunt contra certamine Martis anheli. 790 Junonem interea rex omnipotentis Olympi Alloquitur, fulva pugnas de nube tuentem. ^ . Quae jam finis erit, conjux ? quid denique restat / .94. 7w ipsa scis, et i n( jig etern JE, neam scis ipsa, et scire fateris, jatens it scire /Lneam ^ , 3 . . ^ . \ . , ... ^n.^ indigetem deberi Ueben coslo, iatisque ad sidera toll!. Quid struis ? aut qu& spe gelidis in nubibus haeres ? Mortalin' decuit violari vulnere Divum ? Aut ensem (qnid enim sine te Juturna valeret?) 799. Decuit-ne cum Ereptum reddi Turno, et vim crescere victis ? 799 Desine jam tandem, precibusque inflectere nostris : Nee te tantus edat tacitam dolor ; et mihi curae Saepe tuo dulci tristes ex ore recursent. Ventum ad supremum est. Terris agitare vel undis 805. Domum Latini Tr J anos potuisti ; infandum accendere bellum, 806. Veto te tentare Deformare domum, et luctu miscere hymenaeos : 805 quicquam Ulterius tentare veto. Sic Jupiter orsus : NOTES. 782. Discludere morsus roboris: to loosen, side of his mother, was of divine descent, or separate the hold of the wood. The Valpy says, " destined to divinity." poet here represents the root of the tree 798. Valeret: in the sense of posset facsre. (stirpe) as a fierce dog, or wild beast, whose 799. Ereptum. This alludes to his trusty tusks take so fast hold of the prey, that sword, which he forgot to take with him there is no disengaging them. Lento: iu when he mounted his chariot at the begin- the sense of tenace. Discludere: in the ning of the fight. It was taken, or snatched sense of solvere. from him, by his forgetfuiness. 783. Acer : in the sense of ardens. ./Eneas 800. Inflectere : in the sense of movere. is to be supplied. Edat : consume waste away. Ruseus says, 785. Daunia Dea : Juturna, the sister of angat. Et. The tt here connects, and con- Turnus, and daughter of Daunus : hence tinues the preceding negative. The nee is the adj. Daunia. See 139, supra, et seq. to be repeated after the et ; or the et is to 786. Quod : in the sense of hoc. It is be taken in the sense of nee. This last is governed by indignata: indignant angry, the opinion of Valpy. Heyne observes, the 788. Refecti : in the sense of reparati vel nee is to be repeated. Negativa nee repe- animati. tenda es/, says he. Curce : troubles. Solici- 789. Arduus : in the sense of elatus. tudines, says Ruaeus. 790. Contra: against each other face 804. Accendere bellum: to kindle horrid each other. Anheli : Rueeus refers it to war. See flln. vii. 323 ; where Juno raises Turnus and ^neas. Heyne connects it Alecto from the infernal regions, who broke with Martis; and it is a very appropriate the league which Latinus had made with epithet of a fight, like the present. The ^Eneas, and kindled the war. sense is the same in either construction. 805. Deformare : to afflict trouble dis- 794. Indigetem. Indiges is, properly, a dei- grace. Davidson says, " dishonor." Heyne fied hero a demi-god. Such an one was thinks reference is here made to the death ^Eneas after his death. of Amata, who hung herself. Disgrace and 796. Hares : in the sense of manes. ignominy always attend suicide. Hymenceos : 797. Divum : this is said by anticipation, the match of Lavinia arid ./Eneas. Miscere : ^neas was not yet a god. Or divum may in the sense of turbare. be in the sense ofdivinum; and then it will 806. Orsus : in the sense of locutm f*f. refer to the origin of .Eneas ; who, on the Of the verb ordinr. . LIB. XII. 590 Sic Dea submisso contra Saturnia vultu : Ista quiclem quia nota mihi tua, rnagne, voluntas, lj08. O magne Jupi- Jupiter, et Turnum et terras in vita reliqui. tcr, quia quidem ista Nee tu me aeria solam nunc sede videres 810 tua volu tas est nota Digna indigna pati ; sed flammis cincta sub ipsa Starem acie, traherernque inimica in praelia Teucros. , Juturnam misero, fateor, succurrere fratri Suasi, et pro vi.a majora audere probavi : Non ut tela tanien, non ut contenderet arcum. 815 815. Tamennon sua- Adjuro Stygii caput implacabile fontis, s *' nec probavi utjaceret Una superstitio superis quse reddita Divis. ^ n suasi ' nec P ro ~ Et nunc cedo equidem, pugnasque exosa relinquo. Illud te, nulla fati quod lege tenetur, Pro Laiio obtestor, pro maj estate tuorum : 820 820. Obtestor tc con- Cum jam connubiis pacem lelicibus, esto, cedere illud pro Component ; cum jam leges et fcedera jungent : Ne vetus indigenas nomen mutare Latinos, 823. Ne jubeas Lati- Neu Troas fieri jubeas, Teucrosque vocari ; nos indigenas mutare Aut vocem mutare viros, aut vertere vestes. 825 825. Sit Latiura in Sit Latium ; sint Albani per scecula reges : atemnm Sit Romana potens Itala virtutc propago : Occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troja. 828. Troja occidit. Olli subridens hominum rerumque repertor : tu 3 ue sinas ut Et germana Jovis, Saturnique altera proles, 830 830. Ait: tu, et get- Irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctus ? mana Verum age, et inceptum frustra submitte furorem : NOTES. 807. Submisso: in the sense of tristi. in the sense of data velfacta. Others lake The verb retpondit, or some other of the like it to imply, imposed or retaliated upon the import, is understood. gods above, by the infernal gods : as if this 810, Nec tu nunc: some words appear fear, or dread of swearing by Styx, made necessary here to make the sense complete : the gods above subject, in their turn, to the otherwise, you would not, c. If I had not gods below, as much as these latter are to known it to be your will, you would not the former. now see, &c. Acrid sede : in the aerial re- 819. Tenetur: withheld prohibited, gions. Reference is here had to verse 792, 820. Tuorum. The Latin kings derived where Juno is represented as viewing the their descent from Saturn, the brother oi' field of battle, seated on a cloud. Jove. 811. Pati digna indigna ; to bear things, 822. Component: in the sense of const i~ becoming and unbecoming. This is a pro- tuenl. verbial expression, the import of which is, 823. fndigenas : natives those born in ic to bear every thing, even the greatest in- the country. suits and indignities." ,. J'o'ccm : language. The meaning 112. Inimica. Ruoeus says, adversa. is: do not order the men to change their 816. Stygii fontis : Styx, a fabulous river language, or their dress. ol' hell. The gods were wont to swear by 827. Romana propago sit : let the Roman it; and if they swore falsely, they were offspring be powerful, by Italian valor : i. e. doomed to lose their divinity for a length of let all the future glory and grandeur of the time. Hence it is called implacabilis : in- Romans be grafted on the valor of the exorable. Fontis : in the sense of Jluoii. Latins. Propago : in the sense of proles. Caput: the head, or source; put for the 829. Repertor: in the sense of auctor vel whole stream, by synec. Adjuro caput pater. Stygii : simply for, juro per Stygem, says 830. Et germana Joris : Ruams and some Heyne. others read e.s-, in the place of ct. Ileym 817. Una superstitio : the fear, or dread, reads et. Se f rvius says, the sole, or only obligation. i:;J|. I'ulris: why dost thou roll Heyne takes superstitio for religio, et metus mighty, & ex ca ortus, Reddita. Servius takes this -, i/r/p: rrslrain curb* GOO P.VIRG1L1I MARONIS 833. Victusque luis J) o , quod vis ; et me, victusque volensque, reimtto. precibus Sermom-iti Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt : 835. Corpore Latini Utque est, nomen erit : commixti corpore tantum 835 populi Subsident Teucri : morem ritusque sacrorum Adjiciam : faciamque omnes uno ore Latinos. 838. Videbis genus Hinc genus, Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget, ortum hinc Supra homines, supra ire Deos pietate vidcbis. Nee gens ulla tuos aeque celebrabit honores. Annuit his Juno, et mentem lietata retorsit. Interea excedit coslo, nubemque reiiquit. 843. Genitor Deorum His actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat : ipse Juturnamque parat fratris dimittere ab armis. 845. Dicuntur esse Dicuntur gemmae pestes, cognomine Dirae ; 845 g eminaj Quas, et Tartarean! Nox intempesta Megoeram, Uno eodemque tulit partu ; paribusque revinxit Serpentum spiris, ventosasque addidit alas. Hae Jovis ad solium, saevique in limine regis Apparent, acuuntque metum mortalibus negris ; 851. Morbosque ho- Si quando letum horrificum morbosque Deum rex minibus Molitur, meritas aut bello territat urbes. Harum unam celerem demisit ab aethere summo Jupiter, inque omen Juturnae occurrere jussit. Ilia volat, celerique ad terram turbine fertur, 855 Non secus, ac nervo per nubem impulsa sagitta ; Armatam saevi Parthus cm am felle veneni, NOTES. 833. Remittome: I surrender myself I upon guilty men. Cognomine: in the suns*- give myself up to your entreaties and your of nomine. tears. 846. JVor intempesta : dead, inactive night, 834. Sermonem: in the sense of linguam. unseasonable for business, and when there 836. Subsident : shall settle in Latium. is nothing stirring. Ruseus says, profunda. Valpy says, " shall take the lower places." nox. Heyne says, infimum locum occupent. Mo- 848. Veniosas alas : wings of the wind rem ritusque : in the sense of modos ccremo- swift as the wind. niasque religionis. This alludes to the in- 849. Hcevi regis. Savus is not the habitual troduction of the worship of the Penates character of Jove. It is only what he as- and of fiesta into Italy, by jEneas. Heyne sumes, at times. The meaning is : when he takes sacrorum in the sense of religionis. is in wrath. 837. Uno ore : of one language. The 850. Apparent : they appear. They give prep, e is understood. I will cause both their attendance, as the ministers of his nations to be incorporated under the gene- will. Acuunt : in the sense of excitant. ral name of Latins, and to use one and the JEgris. Ruceus says, miseris. same language. 852. Meritas : deserving, or meriting 839. Ire supra Deos. This is a most ex- punishment guilty. Molitur : in the sense travagant compliment to the Csesars, from of parat. the mouth of Jove. Ruaeus says, superare 854. In omen : for an omen, or portentous jDeos, in which Heyne agrees. Davidson sign. Quasi portentum, says Ruaeus. says, " exalted above gods." 856. Impulsa : in the sense of missa. Est 840. JVee ulla gens. Juno was highly is understood. JVbn secus ac : no otherwise honored among the Romans, particularly than just so as just as. by the women. A magnificent temple was 867. Felle smvi veneni : with the essence built to her upon mount Aventinus, in which of strong poison. Valpy says, u with bitter Scipio deposited her statue that he brought poison." Davidson renders the words, from Carthage. " with the quintessence of malignant poi- 841. Retorsit: in the sense of converlit. son." Armatam: imbued impregna- I leyno says, itiftexit vel mutavit. ted tinged. It was usual with barbarous 845. JJira. The furies were three in nations to dip the point of their arrows, and number, Tisiphone, Megcera, and *Alecto. other missive weapons, into poison, in order Two of them stand before the throne of to render their wounds incurable. The Jove, to be the ministers of his vengeance Parthians were celebrated archers. The jENEIS. LIB. XII. Parthus sive Cydon, telum immedicabile torsit ; 858. Parthus, m^uoro. Stridens, et celeres incognita transilit umbras. sive Cydon torsit tan- Talis se sata Nocte tulit, terrasque petivit. 860 fi 2^* **' Postquam aeies videt Iliacas, atque agmina Turni, Alitis in parvae subito collecta figurarn, 862. Ilia collecta est Quae quondam in bustis, aut culminibus desertis in Nocte sedens, serum canit importuna per umbras : Hanc versa in faciem, Turni se pestis ad ora 865 865. Dira pestis versa. Fertque refertque sonans, clypeumque everberat alis. in Illi membra novus solvit formidine torpor : Arrectaeque horrore coma?, et vox faucibus haesit. 86C. Cornea sunt At, procul ut Dirae stridorem agnovit et alas, Infelix crines scindit Juturna solutos, 870 87 - Ut Juturna infe- Unguibus ora soror fcedans, et pectora pugnis. anovit' Quid nunc te tua, Turne, potest germana juvare 1 Aut quid jam miserae superat mini 1 qua tibi lucem Arte morer 1 talin' possum me opponere monstro 1 Jam jam linquo acies. Ne me terrete timentem, 875 Obsccense volucres : alarum verbera nosco, 876. O vos, obscoen* Letalemque sonum : nee fallunt jussa superba volucres Magnanimi Jovis. Haec pro virginitate reponit '1 878. Reponit-ne hree Quo vitam dedit aeternam 1 cur mortis adempta est mihi pro virginitate Conditio 1 Possem tantos finire dolores 880 ereptd Nunc certe, et misero fratri comes ire per umbras ! Immortalis ego ! Aut quicquam mihi dulce meorum 333. Quicquam meo- Te sine, frater, erit ! O quae satis ima dehiscat rum bonorum erit dulce NOTES. word Parthus, by the repetition of it, is 874. Morer : can I prolong. Lucem : in made emphatic. the sense of vitam. 858. Immedicabile : inflicting an incurable 875. Jam, jam, &c. This is in imitation wound. Cydon : an inhabitant of the city of Homer, who makes Apollo quit the field Cydon, or Cydonia, in Crete, founded by a just before Hector is slain by Achilles. colony from Samos. Hodie, Canea. The Acies : the fight the field of battle. Cretans were celebrated archers. 876. Obscoence: inauspicious of ill omen. 859. Transilit : in the sense of trans- Verbera : the strokes flapping of your currit. wings. 860. Sata: in the sense of nata veljilia. 878. Hcec reponit. Jove had an amour 862. ParvM alitis : of a small bird : small with Juturna ; and as a reward for her vio- in comparison with the size of the goddess, lated virginity, he conferred upon her im- Subilb. This is the common reading. mortality. See verse 141, supra. Reponit : Heyne has subitam. Collecta : in the sense in the sense of reddit vel dat. Superba : in of contracta. the sense of sasva vel dura. 863. Buslis: in the sense ofsepulcris. 879. Adempta est: taken away from me. 864. Importuna : in the sense of infausta. QMO . why for what purpose. Some copies The bird here meant is the owl, which is have cur. the only fowl that sings in the night. Se- 880. Possem : I wish I could O ! that I rum : late in reference to the time of her could end, &c. singing. 881. Certe : at least surely. 866. Pestis fertque: the fury flies forward 882. Immortalis : This is the reading of and backwards before the face of Turnus, Heyne. Valpy and Ruseus read mortal**. screaming horribly. Fertque refertque se : This will make a difference in the sense. It she advances and retreats. will strip the words of any expression of 867. Nwus : unusual new. Solvit : in strong passion on the part of Juturna. It the sense of debililat. implies that if she were mortal, sho would 869. Stridorem et a/as : in the sense of accompany her brother to the shades below. stridorem alarum : the noise, or whizzing of Aut : Valpy and RUEBUS read haud. Heyn* her wings. reads aut, with an interrogation. Ruteus 871. Fcedans : tearing her face, &c. and Valpy read without any. 872. Quid ; Ruus ays, qwmodo. 883. Salit alia : *ufficintlj dep. 7fi 602 P, VIRG1LII MARONiS Terra mihi, Manesque Deam dernittat ad inios ! 885. Dea effata tan- Tantum effata, caput glauco contexit amictu, 885 Multa gemens, et se fluvio Dea condidit alto. jEneas instat contra, telumque coruscat Ingens, arboreum, et saevo sic pectore fatur : Quae nunc deinde mora est ? aut quid jam, Turne, re- tractas? /?**$?< fc ^*-> ff. Non cursu, saeyis certandum est cominus armis. 890 Verte omnes tete in facies ; et contrahe quicquid S92. Opta it sequi Sive animis, sive arte, vales : opta ardua pennis Astra sequi, clausumque cava te condere terra. 894. Die TWmwquas-lJle, caput quassans : Non me tua fervida terrent '' X Dicta> ferox : Di me terrent > et Jupiter hostis. 895 Nee plura effatus ; saxum circumspicit ingens, Saxum antiquum, ingens, campo quod forte jacebat, Limes agro positus, litem ut discerneret arvis. 899. Viz bis sex lecti(Vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subirent, Jj -% famines subirent illud Qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus. 900 '"^n? ni i, JNe manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostem, *jU 1 mo lie FOB. insur- * . . gens altior,et concitus Altlor msurgens, et cursu concitus heros. cursu torquebat illud Sed neque currentem se, nee cognoscit euntem, Tollentemve manu, saxumque immane moventem. Genua labant : gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis. 905 Turn lapis ipse viri, vacuum per inane volutus, 907. Nee evasit totum jfec spatium evasit totum, nee pertulit ictum. rin ' n Ac velut in somnis, oculos ubi languida pressit Nocte quies, nequicquam avidos extendere cursus NOTES. 884. Demiltal : send me a goddess, &c. stones when they have no other weapons. HUBBUB says, detrudet. Arboreum : massy as Turnus has his trusty sword, but there is no a tree like a tree. mention made of .it. Jove prevents him 890. Certandum est : the contest is to be from the use of it. decided in close fight, not at running. S&vis : 903. Sed neque cognoscit se : so disordered in the sense of duris. in his senses, that he does not perceive him- 891. Facies : in the sense offormas. Con- self to be running, &c. The fury had de- trahe : in the sense of collige. prived him not only of his strength of body, 892. Opta : desire wish to ascend to. but of the powers of his mind. Heyne Sequi : in the sense of ascendere. says, videt solitas vires sibi deesse. 894. Fervida : in the sense of superba. 905. Concrevit : hath congealed grown 898. Limes agro : placed as a limit or thick. Frigore : may mean the fear and con- boundary to the land. Discerneret: that it sternation, occasioned by the fury, by melon, might terminate (prevent) disputes about This appears better than to take it for cold or the fields. Davidson says, " to distinguish chillness. That idea is expressed by gelidus. the controverted bounds of the fields." 906. Per vacuum inane : moved through 899. Bis sex lecti, &c. Here the poet had the empty air. Inane: in the sense of two passages of Homer in his eye : Iliad aerem. Viri. Servius connects viri with v. 302, where Diomede throws a stone at lapis ; but it illy suits the place. Its proper JEneas, such as two men in Homer's time place is after spatium, implying that the could hardly have wielded : and Iliad, lib. stone, passing or thrown through the air, xxi. 405, where Minerva gives Mars a did not go the whole distance to ^Eneas, but blow with a stone that was set for a land- fell short of him, and consequently did not mark. These, and some other imitations, give him a blow. Rua;us connects totum discover less judgment and correctness, than with ictum ; but improperly : for that would is to be seen in the rest of the poet's works, imply that the stone gave ./Eneas a partial This stone, which our hero wields with so stroke ; but it is plain it did not hit him at much ease, the poet informs us was so large all, since it did not reach him. Heyne takes that twelve men, in his time, would have viri with Servius, in the sense of Tumi. Rn- scarcely been able to carry it upon their aeus connects it with spatium. shoulders ! Homer makes his heroes throw 909. dvidos cursus : the fond wee* the -ffiNEIS. LIB. XII. 917. Nee videt quo eripiat 919. Turno sic cunc* tanti Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus aegri Succidimus : non lingua valet, non corpore not Sufficiunt vires, nee vox nee verba sequuntur. Sic Turno, quacunque viam virtute petivit, Successum Dea Dira negat. Turn pectore sensus Vertuntur varii. Rutulos aspectat et urbem ; 915 Cunctaturque metu ; telumque instare tremiscit. Nee, quo se eripiat, nee qua vi tendat in hostem, Nee currus usquam, videt, aurigamque sororem. Cunctanti telum ^Eneas fatale coruscat, Sortitus fortunam oculis ; et corpore toto 920 E minus intorquet. Murali concita nunquam Tormento sic saxa fremunt, nee fulmine tanti Dissultant crepitus. Volat atri turbinis instar Exitium dirum hasta ferens ; orasque recludit Loricse, et clypei extremos septemplicis orbes : 925 Per medium stridens transit femur. Incidit ictus Ingens ad terram duplicate poplite Turnus. Consurgunt gemitu Rutuli, totusque remugit Mons cireum, et vocem late nemora alta remittunt. Jlle humilis supplexque oculos, dextramque precantem, Protendens, Equidem merui, nee deprecor, inquit : 931 93L Nec deprecw Utere sorte tua. Miseri te si qua parentis rr // M i MM* 01 qua cura mi- Tangere cura potest, oro, (fuit et tibi tabs seri parentis Anchises genitor) Dauni miserere senectffi ; 933. Oro ut tu mise- Et me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis, 935 rere Redde meis. Vicisti : et victum tendere palmas A .JA j. T amicis sive vtvum. seu Ausonii videre : tua est Lavima conjux. te maviSj redde meum TJlterius ne tende odiis. Stetit acer in armis corpus NOTES. races on which we are intent, and eager in the pursuit. 910. JE,gri : weak faint from our great exertions. Succidimus : in the sense of defi- cimus. 911. JVo/B : in the sense of solitce. Cor- pore : in the sense of corpori, the dat. 913. Quacunque virlute : by whatever (efforts of) valor he sought the way of at- tacking jEneas, or of making his escape. 914. Sensus: thoughts. Vertuntur : in the sense of volvuntur. 916. Cunctatur : he hesitates he knows not what to do he is at a stand. 917. Tendat : in the sense of irruat. 919. Coruscat: in the sense of vibrat. 920. Sortitus fortunam oculis: Servius ex- plains these words thus : JEneas oculis ele- git hunc locum ad ftriendum^ quern fortuna destinaverat vulneri. Fortunam : in this sense, is of the same import with locum vulneris. Heyne is of the same opinion. Ruaeus says, opportunitalem. 921. Murali tormento : this was an engine, or machine for battering the walls of cities, and for throwing missive weapons. Concita : thrown, or sent. 923, Nen tanti crepitus : nor do such mighty peals burst from the thunder. Cre pitus : properly a roaring or crashing. Dis- sultant : in the sense of eduntur vel excitan- tur. Instar : like a black whirlwind swift as a whirlwind. 924. Recludit : opens or penetrates the extremity of his coat of mail. Ora : the edge or border of any thing. Exitnem : in the sense of mortem. 925. Extremos orbes: by this we are 'to understand the lower part of the shield. Septemplicis: having seven folds or plates of brass. 926. Ictus : in the sense of pcrcussus, vel vulneratus. 'I21. Duplicato poplile : upon his bended knee. Heyne says, inftexo genu. 929. RemUlunt : echo return the sound. Vocem : in the sense of sonum. 931. Deprecor : nor do I entreat that ytu should spare me. 932. Sort e : in the sense of fortuna. Mi- seri : in the sense of infelicis. 935. Redde me meis, &c. Turnus confesses himself vanquished ; and entreats ./Enea* to send him back to his father and friwids ; but if he choose rather (mavis) to deprive him of life, in that case, that ho would send 604 P. VIRGILII MARONIS -dEneas, volvens oculos, dextramque repressit. 940. ^ Sermo Jjfomi Et jam jamque magis cunctantem flectere sermo 949 oeperat ; infelix humero cum apparuit alto Balteus, et notis fulserunt cingula bullis, Pallantis pueri ; victum quern vulnere Turnus Straverat, atque humeris inimicum insigne gerebat. Ille, oculis postquam saevi monumenta doloris, 945 Exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus et ir 947. Ait: Tu-ne in- Terribilis : Tu-ne hinc spoliis, indute, meorum meorum Eripiare mihi ? Pallas te hoc vulnere, Pallas Immolat, et poBnam scelerato ex sanguine sumit. Hoc dicens, ferrum adverse sub pectore condit 950 Fervidus : ast illi solvuntur frigore membra, Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. omirortim NOTES. bis dead body to them, that it might be treated according to the rites of his country. 940. Flectere : to turn or change him. Jlur-Mjs says, commoverc. 941. Infdix: inauspicious unfortunate. It had proved so to Pallas, whom Turnus lew : it now proves so to Turnus, who in turn is slain by .&neas. Alto ; this is the reading of Heyne and Davidson. RUBBUS mnd Valpy road ingeru, referring to the belt (balteui) of Pallas, which Turnus wore upon his shoulders. Alto : refers to Turnus. This last is the best. Bullis: studs or bosses. Ruteus lays, davit. 943. Pueri : in the sense of juvenis. 944. Insigne : in the sense of ornamenlum. 945. Hausit oculis : he saw. 6Ym doloris : the death of Pallas caused excessive grief to jfcneas ; and from the moment that he beard of his fall, he vowed vengeance on Turnus. The sight of these memorials, these spoils, of his friend, roused him into fury. He had otherwise, perhaps, spared his suppliant. Hausit : in the sense of vidit. 947. Indute : voc. agreeing with /w, from the verb tnduo : clad. Meorum : of my friends: namely, Pallas. 948. Eripiare : the passive is here used in the sense of the middle voice of the Greeks: canst thou rescue thyself from my hands ? 949. Scelerato: devoted. Ruseus says, impio, in reference to his having slain Pal- las. Heyne is of the same opinion, hn- molat : sacrifices you to the gods below. 951. Fervidus: in the sense of ardens. Illi : in the sense of illius. Frigore . with the chill of death. 952. Indignata cum gemitu. Heyne takes this in the sense simply of gemma vel wice- rens. Mr. Davidson observes, the conclusion of this beautiful poem is unworthy of the dig- nity of the subject. And if Virgil had lived to finish it to his mind, he would, in all probability, have given it a more elegant termination. QUESTIONS. What is the condition of the troops of Turnus at the opening of this book ? What resolution does he take in conse- quence of that ? Does Latinus endeavor to dissuade him from the combat? What is the character of his address to him? What effect had it upon Turnus ? Does he refuse to give up Lavinia to JEneas ? What is the character of the reply of Turnus ? Is it characteristic of the soldier and the patriot? Did the queen also, endeavor to dissuade him? What arguments did she use for that purpose ? Did Lavinia hear this conversation of her mother with Turnus ? What effect had it upon her ? Did Turnus behold this blush upon her cheek ? Did he consider it indicative of her love ? What effect had it upon the hero ? What resolution did he instantly take ? Whom did he send to acquaint ./Eneas of that resolution? When was the time appointed for the combat ? What did Turnus in the mean time ? What preparations were made upon the field? For what purpose do they erect altars? Who were the parties to this league ? What did Juno do to prevent its execu- tion? IS. LIB. XII. 605 To what place does Juturna repair? Whose form does she assume? What is her object in repairing to the field of battle? What effectually roused the Rutulians to arms ? What was that prodigy or omen ? Who was the first to observe it ? How did Tolumnius interpret it ? Who was this Tolumnius ? What effect had this upon the minds of the Italians ? Who cast the first javelin ? Whom did it kill? What immediately followed ? What became of Latinus ? What did ^Eneas upon this emergency ? Was he wounded ? Is it known by whom that wound was inflicted ? What effect had this upon the Trojans? At this juncture, what course did Turnus take ? What feats of valor does the hero perform ? Who were among the first that he killed ? What became of JEneas ? Who attempted to extract the arrow ? Who was this lapis? By whom is it said, he was instructed in Ihe healing art ? Was he able to effect a cure ? By whom was the hero finally cured? Where did Venus obtain the plant? What is the name of it ? What was the state of the battle, while JEneas was in his camp? When he returned to the fight, was the scale of victory turned ? Whom does he seek to engage ? Is he prevented from meeting withTurnus? By whom is he prevented ? How did she accomplish it ? At this juncture, what is the slate of the battle? Finding himself baffled by Turnus, what resolution does /Eneas take ? What did he do previous to the assault ? Having animated his men, did they take possession of the city ? Where was Turnus in the mean time ? What effect had this upon the queen ? What became of her? Who brought the news to Turnus of the capture of the city, and the death of the queen ? What effect had it upon his mind ? What course did he take ? Upon the arrival of Turnus, did the Tro- jans instantly desist from the assault ? How did the heroes commence the com- bat? After that, what did they do ? What misfortune happened to Turnus ? Had he omitted to take, his own sword ? By whom was his sword made ? How did he save his life at that juncture? Was he pursued by ^Eneas ? Did he call for his heavenly tempered sword ? By whom was it restored to him ? What favor did Venus do for jEneas at the same time ? Having recovered their arms ; do the he- roes prepare for a second assault ? At this moment, which side did Jove fa- vor? What course did he pursue ? Whom did he send to the field of battle ? What form did the fury assume ? What does she do? What effect had her sound upon Juturna ? What did she instantly do ? Did she utter any tender expressions for her brother ? What effect had the fury upon Turnus? jiEneas calls upon Turnus no longer to decline the fight ; and what reply does he make him? Does he express any signs of fear for him ? Whom then does he fear? Does Turnus forget that he has his trusty sword ? With what does he attempt to assault .-Eneas ? What was the size of the stone? Did it reach his antagonist ? Why did it not ? At this moment, what did jEneas do ? Did the spear wound Turnus ? Where did it wound him ? Does he acknowledge himself conquered ? Does he relinquish his claim upon Lavi- nia? What favor does he ask of the victor ? Was he about to spare his life also ? Why did he not spare it ? What does Mr. Davidson observe of the ending of this book ? PUBMI VIRGILII MARONIS OPKRUM FINI?. A TABLE OF REFERENCE TO THE NOTES, THE abbreviations Eel., Geor., and Cn., stand for Eclogue, Georgic, and JEntid. Thus, Eel. iv. 32, refers to the fourth Eclogue, and note upon the thirty-second line : and Geor. iii. 7, refers to the third book of the Georgics, and note upon the seventh line ; and so of the jEneid. Eel. i. 31 Assaracus, Geor. iii. 35 Amazoniam, JEn. v. 311 40 Alburnum, 146 Amycus, 373 62 Asylas, 146 Atys, 568 ii. 24 Aquarius, 304 Ardentes oculos, 648 iii. 37 Amyclse, 343 Antennae, 829 40 Amello, iv. 271 Androgei, vi. 20 x. 1 Ambrosia, 415 Aureus ramus, 137 iii. 40 Alba Longa, &n. i. 7 Ajax, 470 59 Adire, 10 Adrasti, 479 iv. 6 Achilles, 30 Antenorides, 483 10 ii. 542 Aloidas, 582 Mn. iv. 143 Argivi, i. 40 Animas quibus, 713 vi. 398 Ajax, 40 748 Eel. iv. 35 41 Alcides, 801 v. 11 ii. 414 Ancus Martius, 815 vi. 61 Antenor, i. 242 Alii excudent, 847 vii. 42 Assaraci, 284 Aurunci, vii. 205 ix. 47 Argos, 284 Adytum, 269 x. 1 vi. 838 Amata, 360 Geor. iv. 344 Atridas, i. 458 Acrisius, 372 JEn. iii. 696 Adytum, 505 Ardea, 372 Eel. x. 2 ii. 115 Amsancti, 565 Geor. iii. 19 Arcturus, i. 744 Argylla, 652 JEn. iii. 696 iii. 516 Amasenus, 685 Eel. x. 11 Acies, ii. 30 Acies, 695 18 Amens, 314 xi. 498 57 Astyanacta, 457 Amiterna cohors, vii. 710 Geor. i. 9 iii. 489 Allia, 717 iv. 372 Ariete, ii. 492 Ausones, 726 i. 14 Antandros, iii. 6 Aclides, 730 iv. 317 Arcitenens, 75 Abella, 740 i. 18 Actia litora, 280 Angitise, 759 iv. 247 Andromache, 294 Aricia, 762 i. 68 297 Asylum rettulit, viii. 342 138 482 Argiletum, 345 138 Auspiciis, 374 Agyllinse, 479 246 Achemenides, 606 Anser, 655 222 607 Ancile, 664 ^En. vi. 28 690 Actia bella, 671 Geor. i. 244 Agrigas, 703 675 249 Ala?, iv. 121 678 JEn. iv. 585 Ammone, 198 Agrippa, 682 vi. 535 Atlantis duri, 247 Antonius, 685 Geor. i. 383 Geor. i. 138 Augustus, 714 ii. 152 Aulide, JEn. iv. 426 Araxes, 728 161 Arma, v. 15 Annuit id, ix. 104 jn. iii. 442 vi. 353 Arisba, 264 iv. 512 Acestes, v. 30 Adversi, 412 vi. 243 Animse umbrse, 80 Alba parma. 548 Geor. ii. 465 Agger, 273 Ascanius lulus, 641 (308 TABLE OF REFERENCE. Ascanius-Iiilui, ./En. ix. 643 Cremona, Eel. ix. 28 Geraunia, JEn. Amenta, 665 Cycni, 29 Gatfloms, Athesim, 680 Chaonia, Geor. i. i Camarina, Apertas Alpes, x. 13 Chalybes, 58 Coeus, Arpi, 28 Amathus, 51 Corybantes. ) Curites, $ 12 Cithsaron, Caucasus, Atra face, 77 iv. 150 Convexa, Anchemolum, 389 JEn. iii. 11 Chaos et nox, Amyclae, 564 13 Career Meta, Antiquus ager est, xi. 316 Coeura, Geor. i. 279 Cavese, Aulidus, 405 Cylleniua, 336 Ceestus, Ala, 604 Caystrus, 383 Carpathium, Aruns debituB, 759: Cyclopes, 47 Cuneos, 793 /En. iii. 56$ Consanguineo, 806 vi. 630 Chalcis, Aciem ferri, 860 viii. 416 Cecropidae, Anteirent, xii. 84 Cothurnus, Geor. ii. 9 Castor et Pollux, Augurium, 257 Clitumnus, 146 Cupressos, Apollo, 393 Camillas, 169 Chaos, Aversos morti, 464 Capua, 169 Centauri, Athos, 701 Canis, 353 Apenninus, 703 Cynthius, iii. 36 Chimcera, Cocytus, 38 Cortina, B JEn. vi. 132 Charon, Cithaeron, Geor. iii. 4i Ceeneus, Bacchus, Eel. v. 69 Chiron, 550 Camillus, Boreas, vii. 51 Corycium, iv. 129 Corintho, Bruma, Geor. i. 211 Centaurea, 270 Capitolia, Bootes, 229! Cui nomen, 270 Cato, Balearides, 309 : Canopi, 287 Cornelius Cossus, Bactra, ii. 138 Clymene, 345 Celtiberi, Benacus, 160 Carpathio, 387 Cincinnatus, Busiridis, iii. 5 Charon, 502 Campis aeris, Biremis, JEa. v. 119 Carthago, Jn. i. 14 Cajeta, Bijugo, 144 339 Corythi, x. 575 iv. 1 Calydona, Buten, v. 372 213 Crinem pascere, Bebrycia, 373 Charybdis, i. 200 Crimine, Brachia, 829 iii. 420 Caeculus, Bellua Lernss, vi. 287 Convexo, i. 310 Cimini, Burutus, 818 607 Clausus, Bigis, vii. 26 Conjux, 354 Caspariam, Beliona, 319 Cyprum, 622 Cateias, Bactra, viii. 688 Calchas, ii. 100 Circffium jugum, Berecynthia, ix. 82 Cassandra, 246 Camilla, 619 Creiisa, 760 Betias-Pandarug, 674 773 Cuspide, Baise, 710 711 Cacus, i Boreae, x. 350 787 xii. 365 Greta, iii. 104 Capitolium, Busta, xi. 201 Cybele, 111 Codes, Bis sex lecti, xii. 899 vi. 784 Cloelia, Cycladas, iii. 74 Datilina, c 127 Datonem, Calamo, Eel. i. 10 Corytus, ) Corythus, $ 170 Cleopatra, Uycladas, Conon, iii. 40 Chaonia, 335 2ares, Cum, iv. 4 Circse, 386 Hingere, mcenia, .En. vi. 2 v. 864 Corona acies, Codrus, Ed. v. 11 vii. 10 Curru, 29 19 Ceres, 79 282 }ui Remulo, >En. ii. 714 Claustra Pelori , iii. 410 ^itharse, iv. 58 412 ^apua, Caucasus, Eel. vi. 42 Chlamyd0m, iii. 484 ^inyra Cupavo. Clyteranestra, /En. xi. 266 iv. 137 Cycaus, TABLE OF REFERENCE. Cometa.-, JEn. x. 272 Dahaj, JEn. viii. 730 Erato, JEn. vii. 37 Caphereus, xi. 260 Domus ^Enere, ix. 448 Extrema tellus, 225 Camilla, 498 Dindyma, 618 Excussos, 299 594 Diomede, x. 28 Egeria, 761 780 29 762 Cornua Crist, xii. 89 xi. 243 Evander, viii. 51 Cunei, 269 269 130 457 276 ix. 9 575 Cupencus, 540 Daucia proles, x. 391 Drances, xi. 122 Eurystheo, viii. 292 Electro, 402 Crepitus, 923 338 Exhausta, x. 67 Cydon, 858 Dotalis, xi. 369 Eurytion, 499 Costhurnus, Eel. viii. 10 Dardanio capiti, 399 Equitem, xi. 464 Dictamnum, xii. 412 Edoni, xii. 365 D Dardanides 775 Echionium, 515 Deformare domum 805 Dexter, Eel. i. 18 Dirse Furiae, 845 Depasta florem, 55 Diana, iv. 10 E Demophoon, v. 10 Ferulas, Eel. x. 25 Daphnis, 20 Echo, Eel. ii. 46 Fas Jus, Geor. i. 269 52 Eurydice, iii. 46 Fasces, ii. 495 Damnabis, 80 Geor. iv. 317 Favos, iv. 104 Deucalion, vi. 41 Epicurus, Eel. vi. 31 Fucus, Dulichium, 76 Eurotas, 83 Fata rependens, JEn. i. 239 Dodona, Geor. i. 121 JEn. i. 498 Feri, ii. 51 Die, 208 Erigone, Geor. 33 Fuimus Troes, Duodena astra, 232 Epirus, 59 Fastigia, Dii majores, ) 49g Dii minores, $ JEn. iii. 295 Elis, Geor. i. 59 Furiis, iii. 331 vi. 572 Decii, ii. 169 Eumenides, 278 Fas, iv. 350 Dacus, 497 iv. 483 Formidine, Geor. iii. 371 Dicte, 536 JEn. iii. 331 JEn. xii. 750 Daedala, iv. 179 Emathia, Geor. i. 492 Favete ore, v. 71 ./En. vi. 14 Etruria, ii. 533 Ferimur emeus, Defrutum, Geor. iv. 269 Eurystheus, iii. 4 Facies delapsa, Danai, JEn. i. 40 Epidaurus, 43 Ferrei thalami, vi. 280 Deiphobi, 310 Eridanus, iv. 372 Fasces, ) gjg 567 i. 482 Securis, $ t vi. 495 JEn. vi. 658 Fabricium, 844 525 Electra, i. 28 Fabii, 845 Delos, iii. 75 Equum, ii. 15 Fatalis, vii. 114 Dardanus, 167 232 xi. 233 170 Enixae, iii. 327 xii. 232 vii. 240 Enceladi, f-tt 9 59B- Fata Phrygum, vii. 294 Dulichium, iii. 271 Exhaustum. iv. 14 Fumidus amnis, 465 Dodonteo:?. 466 Erebus, 510 Ferum, 489 Drepani, 707 Eryx, v. 24 Fescenninas acies, 695 Dido, -iv. 1 411 Faliscos, 695 36 xii. 701 Facialia jura, 695 654 Exsequiee, v. 53 Ferulos, 714 Dos, 104 Entillus, 447 Feronia, 800 Draco custos, 484 Erymantho, 448 Fostus enixa, viii. 44 Dares, v. 447 466 Fluvius corniger, 463 Eurytion, 513 Fovere castra, ix. 57 Damnati mortis, vi. 430 Exsortem, 534 Funera tua, 417 Datum tempus, 535 Discedam, 545 Elysium, 735 Euboea, vi. 2 Ferrugo, 582 Falarica, 705 Deus, 749 ix. 710 Fera Carthago, x. ! Decios, 824 Enavit, A'i. 16 Furtum, Drusos, 824 Eriphylen, 445 Fauces, xi. 516 Danae, vii. 732 Eteocles, 445 Fortuna, 410 Evadnen, 447 Famara inultr, Dii Communes, viii. 275 Evantes, 517 Fcetum sui0, xii. 1' srii. 181 Exercentur penis, 739 Flavos crine?, 77 610 TABLE OF REFERENCE. jfurere furorem,^n. xii. 680 Fejle svi veneni, 057 Hippomanes, Mn. iv. 510 Hellebores, Geor. iii. 451 Inachiaj, ^En. vii. 372 Iberi, Geor. iii. 408 Hortos, iv. 118 Indi, iv. 293 G Hydaspes, 211 Hypanis, Geor. iv. 370 JEn. vi. 795 vii. 605 Hector, ^En. i. 99 viii. 705 Galatea, Eel. i. 31 Glaucus, vi. 74 xii. 440 Harpalyce, i. 31? ?nferijs, Geor. iii. 66 iv. 545 Geor. i. 437 Hesperiam, 530 'uno, .flin. i. 4 JEn. v. 823 Helena;, 65'- ii. 612 Grynium, Eel. vi. 72 ii. 567 nvisum genus, i. 28 Gallus, x. 6 vi. 52y Illyricos, 243 Ganges, Geor. ii. 137 x. 92 lulus, 267 Gangaridse, iii. 27 Hecubam, ii. 501 v. 568 Get 462 vii. 320 Ilia, i. 274 Galesus, iv. 126 Galbanum, 264 Hospitium, iii. 15 Harpy i, 212 vi. 777 Iliades, i. 480 Gallee, 267 vii. 119 xi. 35 Ganymedis, JEn. i. 28 Helenum, iii. 294 Ithacus, i. 104 v. 252 Hermionem, 328 Jus-fas, ii. 157 Gorgone, ii. 616 Hospita a>quora, Immixti, vii. 341 Chadivus, iii. 35 Hyrcania, iv. 365 vii. 605 Idomenea. iii. 122 401 Gcte, 35 Hecate, vi. 511 Ithaca, vii. 604 609 Inspirata, Gerrainos parentes, iii. 180 Hectorei, v. 190 Inanis Tumulus 304 181 Gela, 701 Hippocoontis, 492 Hoc, Ilium, 756 Inventa sus, 389 392 Getula?, iv. 40 Hercules, vi. 123 fntempesta nox, 587 v. 192 395 Jussa Heleni, 684 Gravidam imperils, iv. 229 001 larbasr, iv. 36 x. 87 viii. 288 198 Gryneeus, iv. 345 Hannibal, vi. 845 Iris, 700 Gnossia, v. 306 x. 11 v. 606 Geryon, vi. 289 Helicon a, vii. 641 lonio mari, vii. 661 Hernica saxa, Imberturbidus, 696 viii. 202 Hortin, 716 Ino, 823 Glaucum, vi. 483 Hermi, 720 Icarus, vi. 14 0.rgia horrebat, 854 Sic, O, sic, 644 x. 76 : lostrata corona, 684 Superi, 659 Prisca fides, ix. 79 'Ihenus, viii. 727 Stella lapsa, 694 Parva discrimina, 14? Remulus, ix. 363 Stat, 750 Pontes, 170 'lejiciunt parmas, xi. 619 Strophadum, iii. 209 xii. 675 Religio, xii. 181 212 Phaleras, ix. 359 iii. 409 Servire Phrygio, iv. 103 Pater Romanus, 449 363 Sermone, 277 Produxi te, 487 ilerum trepidae, xii. 589 Si fata, 340 Palici, 585 Romana propago, 827 Solum, v. 199 Prochyla, 715 vii. Ill Pactas sponsas, x. 79 x. 102 Pactolus, 142 Salius, v. 298 Populonia, 172 Spiculum-pilum, 306 Piste, 17'' Sinistra, Eel. i. 18 Spatium, 316 Pyrgi, 184 Scythiam, 66 Sirenes, 864 Phaeton, Iflt" Sibylla, iv. 4 Somnus Mors, vi. 278 Pallas Lausus, 43-> Saturnus, 6 Salmonea, 585 Penetrabile, 481 Saturnia regna, 6 Sisyphus, 616 Paphus, 55 Satyri, v. 73 Spargit corpus, 636 Partim, xi. 204 Syracusae, vi. 1 Sylvius, 763 Protei, 262 x. 1 Scipiadas, 843 Pharos, 262 Silenus, vi. 14 Spolia opima, 859 Priverno, 539 Scyllam, 74 Sabinus, vii. 178 Penthesilea, 661 /En. i. 200 Samum, 208 Praecipites, 888 iii. 420 Sortes, 269 Pacisci letum, xii. 49 684 iv. 346 Poeonium, 401 Sardoiis, Eel. vii. 41 Situ, vii. 440 Panaceani, 41 9 Solstitium, 47 Soractis, 696 Pati digna indigna, 811 Sophocles, riii. 10 xi. 785 Specula, 59 Sarnus, vii. 738 Saltus, x. 9 Sarrantes, 738 Sylvanus, 24 Sicani, 795 Salii, 44 Sacrani, 796 Quinquc Zonte, Geor. i. 233 Geor. i. 20 siculi, 795 Quadrigae, 512 Sabsei, 57 Spectans oricntia, viii. 68 ^En. vi. 535 Sirius, 218 Supertitio, 187 Quae quibus, iv. 371 iv. 425 Salii, 285 Quara mihi cum, 436 ;En. x. 373 Saeculum, 508 Quisque patimur, vi. 743 Seres, Geor. ii. 121 Sabinas raptas. 635 Quirinus, 859 Sabini, 532 Sistrum. 96 614 TABLE OF REFERENCE, Stellas palantes, /En. ix. 20 Tritonia, /En. ij. 171 Ut spolia, &c. Ain. i. 486 Sed periisse semcl, 140 Tacitae Lunae, 255 Umbra), 607 Sublatum, 203 Testudine acta, 441 Ulysses, ii. 7 Sic itur ad astra, 641 Thalami, 503 iii. 617 Specus atri, 700 Thymbreeus, iii. 85 634 Squamae, 707 Eel. iv. 10 Umbone, ii. 546 xi. 488 Transtris, iii. 289 vii. 633 Solus honos sub, 23 Tripodas, 360 Utramque Trojam, iii. 504 Sidus triste, 260 Tarenti, 551 Utrumque caput, iv. 357 Scelus artificis, 407 TaediE, iv. 18 Umbra, 387 Secundus aruspex, 739 Titan, JEn. iv. 179 Sidere abrupto, xii. 451 Eel. iv. 6 Suecessu equorum, 616 JEn. vi. 725 , Su peris, 647 Talaria, iv. 239 Sila, Superstitio, Seevi regis, Scelerato, T 715 817 849 949 Thy as Baccho, Tartara, Trivia, xi. Tripodas, v. Triremis, 301 446 609 836 110 Vaccinia, Eel. ii. 18 Varus, vi. 7 Virgo, 47 Vesper, 86 Vulcanus, Geor. i. 295 Vesta, 498 JL Tege8e, v. Transcribunt, 299 750 /En. i. 292 U" 9Q7 Tigrim, Eel. L 62 Triton, 824 - ' * v. 745 Thetim, iv. 32 vi. 173 ix 2/Q Thalia, vi. 2 Theseus, 20 1A. XO<7 Vacuum, Geor. iv. 226 Tereus, 78 28 Virum, /Kn. i. 1 Taurus, Geor. i. Tithonus, iii. 218 249 48 Tyndarus, Tydeus, Titania pubes, 121 479 580 Volvere, i. 9 Vale, 219 xi. 97 Tyrrhenus, ii. Tartara, iv. Theatrum, JEtTl* V Thespis, Geor. ii. Theseidae, 193 292 482 381 289 340 383 383 Tityon, Tyrrheno sale, Tellus jacet, Tullus Hostilius, Tarquinius, Torquatus, Tumultum, Turnus, vii. 595 697 795 814 818 825 855 56 Viscera, i.' 211 Venus, 229 Virgine csesa, ii. 116 Visum aliter, Dis, 428 Vis canum, iv. 132 Virgam, 242 Vexatus bello, 615 Virtus, v. 363 Tantalus, iii. Timavus, Taygete, iv. Tempe, plu., Taurino, Tcenarus, . 7 474 232 317 372 467 Trabea, Thyrsos, Transcribi, Tessera, Tuba- classica 63 188 390 422 637 637 Viscum, vi. 205 Velinos portus, 366 Violate orbemcrusti, vii. 114 Velinus, 517 Vulnus, 533 \ii "Ififl Tariais, Trojce, /En. i. Tyrii, Tiber, 517 1 12 13 Teutones, Tybris, viii. Tarpeiam sedem, Tres radios, 741 330 347 429 Vulturnus, vii. 729 Virbius, 761 Volsci, Geor. ii. 168 vii. Thetis, . i. 30 30 Tyrrhenus clangor, Ter centum, 526 716 /r.*n. vi J. ' ? J ' / * :] < /a* 'IftcwHt ftekto k/6/J 317 ro <**tA* fr at- #* , ' (/ //,'. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. -**. -. \-*v I pv :c.C U LD JUN4 'b5"oAM - . - - _ - - LD 2lA-60m-3,'65 (F2336slO)476B General Library University of California Berkeley APT6R MOUH CHUTE .SEP1Z JUN 4 1865 3RSf.SVfr COOK DEPART.' LD 21-100m-7,'40 (6936s) YC 52230 M250123 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY