OXFORD UNIVERSITY >ILEGE HISTORIES LINCOLN -. i V .> oV^ VN\ LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class COLLEGE HISTORIES OXFORD LINCOLN 55 3 5 1 h4 Q a 2Etniber*ftj} of xfortt COLLEGE HISTORIES LINCOLN REV. A. CLARK, M.A. HON. LL.D. ST. ANDREWS; RECTOR OF GREAT LEIGHS, ESSEX LATE FELLOW OF LINCOLN LONDON F. E. ROBINSON 20 CfREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY 1898 C fc Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON &' Co, At the Ballantyne Press PREFACE THIS history is- mainly taken from MS. sources, viz., the College register* and muniments. In all places of special importance the actual words of the documents have been given, or a translation of them. The dates are, throughout, those of the year beginning on January 1. At some very interesting periods in the history, the Civil War, for example, and the Commonwealth, the College records are altogether silent, and it has been necessary to Jill up the gaps from external sources, such as the Register of the Parliamentary Visitors, and the contemporary notes of Brian Twyne and Anthony Wood. In its later stages, the history of the College involves matter even of personal controversy. I have, there- fore, submitted none of my proof-sheets to tJte cenmire of friends, in order that, for the opinions expressed, I, and I only, might be responsible. ANDREW CLARK, 120060 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. ANTECEDENTS OF THE COLLEGE .... I II. FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES ... 6 III. CONTINUED TROUBLES AND SECOND FOUNDATION 2O IV. THE AGE OF BENEFACTIONS . . . . 31 V. THE REFORMATION . ... 39 VI. YEARS OF STAGNATION 43 VII. THE JACOBEAN AGE . . 56 VIII. LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP . 64 IX. THE CIVIL WAR . . . -91 X. THE COMMONWEALTH 107 XI. THE RESTORATION . 128 XII. CHARLES II . . . '.''* J 5 XIII. JAMES II ... .... 159 XIV. THE REVOLUTION AND AFTER .... l68 XV. THE GOLDEN AGE . . 175 XVI. THE IRON AGE . . 183 XVII. MODERN TIMES l88 XVIII. MISCELLANEA 2OI INDEX 213 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES PLATE I. VIEW BY LOGGAN (1674) David Loggan, engraver, was employed by John Fell, Dean of Christ Church, to help him in his great designs for making the glory of Oxford known abroad. He was called upon to prepare a volume of engraved views of University and College buildings to accompany Anthony Wood's Historia et Antiquitates Univ. Oxon. Wood's Historia was published in 1674 ; Loggan's Oxonia Illustrata, in 1675. Fell, who had borne the expense of both, sent copies of both to many nobles and princes. Evidence shows that Loggan's Plate of Lincoln College, dated 1674, was most faithfully done from personal observation, and it is, therefore, a reliable view of the College before the Vandal ages. Besides the points mentioned in various places of the text, attention may here be drawn to the thoroughly monastic type of the old build- ing, the Chapel alone having battlements ; and to the arrangement of the rooms, the large windows being those of the " chambers," or large living and sleeping rooms, extending from wall to wall of the building, each of which had several " studies," or little reading closets extending only to half the space, attached to it, as is seen in the small windows. Observe also the long trailing gowns of the M.A.s, and, horribile dictu, the undergraduate's dog in the quadrangle doing battle with the pet raven. Notice also that the arms of the College are wrongly engraved, supplying a false copy which has been persistently followed. b LINCOLN PLATE II. HALL AND LIBRARY. Notice the louvre on the Hall, much battered, a genuine example of the old central chimney. Compare the restored Hall windows with Loggan's view. The battlements are an evil modern addition. The lighter shade of the library shows where refacing has been lately necessary by the wasting of the stone. The room under is the Common-Room. The doorway to the left, in the Hall passage, leads to the Buttery, and to the staircase which goes up to the Undergraduates' Library. PLATE III. COLLEGE KITCHEN. This little court is the oldest, least changed, and quaintest bit in the College. The Plate shows the Kitchen Door, black and venerable, with marks of fire on it ; the College Pump ; and the Manciple's Room. An edge of the window of the Guest Room is just visible above. The narrowness of this court is fatal to photographic views, but both this view from the Hall steps and the opposite view of the Hall steps from the Kitchen doorway are favourite bits with painters. PLATE IV. CHAPEL QUADRANGLE. The square window over the passage is Wesley's Room, now a second Undergraduates' Library. The small windows below are the back windows of two sets, now converted into the Junior Common-Room. The Vine is in evidence. The corner is part of the Rector's Lodgings, the left half an annexation from Rotheranrs 1479 building, the right half from Williams's 1629 building. The latter has been fortunate in escaping battlements. The former bears the lying rebus (see page 25). PLATE V. CHAPEL FROM THE GARDEN. The Plate shows three of the four bays of the Chapel. This south side is exposed to the wasting south-west wind, whose effects DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES xi in eating away the stone are painfully evident in dismantled battle- ments and crumbling walls. The buttresses were rebuilt in 1886. The bow-window room was long that of Washbourne West, the famous Lincoln Bursar: Commoner, 1831 ; Scholar, 1832; Fellow, 1845-1897. This fine window is quite modern work, a row of houses and shops having formerly extended from this gable to All Saints' churchyard, as seen in old engravings. PLATE VI. INTERIOR OF CHAPEL. This view shows about a third of the Chapel. The disposition of subjects in the grand east window is well brought out. In the north window the figures are Elijah, Daniel, David ; in the south, Peter, Andrew, James (son of Zebedee). The panelling and pews are shown, with the figures of the four Evangelists, and, at the chancel end, Moses and Aaron. He who has not seen this Chapel has not seen what Puritanism was capable of. The brass eagle was the gift of Canon E. C. Lowe (Bible-clerk, 1844), and some other members of the College; the Lectionary Bible, of Dr. F. J. Manning, Scholar 1839, and four others. The detached pews in front, and the harmonium before the altar-steps are, of course, modern concessions to numbers and musical service. Notice the alarming outward bulge of the south wall. PLATE VII. NEW BUILDINGS IN THE GROVE. In this Plate about half of the front of the new "Grove" is shown. I was the first tenant of the set with the bow-window. In the corner are seen one window of the hall and the louvre. The portion between the buttresses is Beckington's 1467 building. A branch of a tree half conceals the rebus on the buttress. Here also Beckington's arms are carved. In the extreme left a gable of the latest College building, the 1884 addition to the Rector's Lodgings, is just visible. PLATE VIII. INTERIOR OF HALL. The Dais, raised one step, with the High Table, is shown. The fireplace, designed by T. Graham Jackson, was a gift in 1891 by the xii LINCOLN widow of the Rev. James Ridgway (Commoner, 1847). Above it is seen the fragment of the original mullions of the window which has been converted into a fireplace. The original hearth was in the middle of the floor, just opposite. In 1889, when the roof-timbers were laid bare, they were found all smoke-begrimed under the louvre. The portraits are Lord Keeper Williams, between Fleming (left) and Rotheram (right), Tatham overhead, Bishop Crewe by the fireplace. The panelling is of date 1700. The ends of some of Forest's 1437 chestnut timbers are seen in the top left corner. r THE UNIVERSITY CHAPTER I ^ W ANTECEDENTS OF THE COLLEGE LINCOLN COLLEGE was founded, early in the fifteenth century, by a Bishop of Lincoln, that great diocese which stretched from the Humber to the Thames, to stem the current of opinion which was then running so strongly against the mediaeval Church. THE FOUNDER'S MOTIVE. As an Oxford student he was Proctor in 1407 Richard Fleming had learnt the leading tenets of the school of Wycliffe, especially its assaults on the doctrines of the sacrifice of the mass and of purgatory. It was plain to him that if these tenets gained popular credence, the great wealth of the Church would present itself to the cupidity of the nobles as legitimate plunder, as being, according to the Reformers, wealth gained and kept on false pretences. As a prince of the Church (Bishop of Lincoln in 1419) therefore, it was his duty to devise some means of defence. He saw that the new doctrines were eagerly blazed abroad by many ignorant advocates. He thought that their evil influence might be counteracted by raising up in the Church itself a succession of able men, well instructed in the Scriptures and the Fathers, 2 LINCOLN and competent to prove the existence of purgatory and the intercessory power of the Church. THE FOUNDER'S PLAN. Fleming, accordingly, resolved to pick out, from the keen young minds trained in the arena of the Schools of Oxford, a few choice spirits, and provide them with a home and maintenance to pursue theological studies for some years, unembarrassed by cure of souls or pecuniary troubles. Thereafter they would go forth into whatever ecclesiastical promotion they could obtain, armed and trained to be good champions of the Church in the coming struggle. The design was altogether .unambitious. Fleming had no intention, and probably had not the means, of copying the lordly foundations of Walter de Merton or William of Wykeham, which rivalled in the magnificence of their buildings and the wealth of their endowments the great monasteries that men were now so freely speaking against. A small, un- pretentious house, not much larger than most of the numerous " halls " of the time, inhabited by a very few students of theology hardly a " collegium," but, in Fleming's own word, a " collegiolum," a " little College " that was his aim. And in the royal charter for its foundation, the Founder asked for it licence to hold in mortmain no more than lands of ten pounds yearly value. ENDOWMENT OF THE COLLEGE. The only permanent endowment provided for the College by the Founder was the revenue of the two Oxford churches, All Saints 1 and St. Michael's, which ANTECEDENTS OF THE COLLEGE he united to found it. This revenue, arising solely from voluntary offerings and customary fees, was very small, and the salaries assigned to the two Chaplains who were to serve the parishes practically exhausted it. SITE OF THE COLLEGE. Lincoln College, with its mother-church of All Saints 1 , occupies what may be roughly described as an L-shaped space, bounded on its indented east side by Brasenose, on its long straight west side by the Turl, and on its north and south sides by Brasenose Lane and the High. The buildings on this space now portion it out into five plats, thus : n. i. in. IV. v, Turl Street. I. The Front Quadrangle. II. The Grove. III. The Chapel Quadrangle. IV. The Garden. V. All Saints' Church and Churchyard. This site, cramped and shut in as it is, was not acquired at the foundation of the College, but bit by bit and at long intervals. 4 LINCOLN A diagram will make plain both the history of the acquisition of the site and the nature of the buildings which the College has displaced. B H K I I I M Turl Street. A. St. Mildred's Church and Churchyard, given by Fleming in his foundation charter, Dec. 19, 1429. B. Craunford Hall, a garden from which the house had dis- appeared, bought by Fleming from Robert Craunford, April 4, 1430. On this Fleming at once began to build rooms for his College. It occupied the south-west corner of the Front Quadrangle. C. Deep Hall, bought by Fleming from St. John Baptist Hospital (the original of Magdalen College), June 20, 1430. In this building the first Rector lived while the new building was going on opposite. It ran along the space on which the Buttery and Hall now stand. This was all that was done in the lifetime of the Founder. Everything which follows was the gift of other benefactors. D. A lane (" venella ") bought from the City, August i, 1435. E. Brend Hall, which is mentioned as a residence of scholars in 1313, acquired from St. Frideswyde's Priory (the original of Christ Church), in 1439. But its purchase, together with the next, had been arranged some years earlier, and the new buildings were now standing on its site. F. Winton (or Winchester) Hall, which is mentioned in 1303 as a residence of scholars, acquired from St. Frideswyde's in 1439. It ANTECEDENTS OF THE COLLEGE stood on the site of the College kitchen, which indeed may be part of its buildings. These six parcels of land, A-F, occupying the Front Quadrangle and about half the Grove, represent the original extent of the College, all that it possessed in the time of its first two Rectors, 1429-1460. G. Olifant Hall, bought from University College in 1463. It had been, as far back as 1435, " quite ruinated and turned into a garden." The College made this a garden for vegetables, " the cook's garden " as it was called. H. Hampton Hall, bought from University College in 1463. Principals of it occur 1438-1468. J. Sekyll Hall, bought from University College in 1463. These two, Hampton and Sekyll, occupied the present Chapel Quadrangle. No College building was put on their site till 1609. K. Shops and houses facing west to the Turl and south into a lane (L), which formerly ran north of All Saints' Churchyard (M). These stood on the site of the College garden. One or more of them were acquired by the College very early, but most of them descended from St. John Baptist Hospital to Magdalen College, from which Lincoln bought part of them (for the site of the Chapel) early in the seventeenth century, and other parts (for the Garden late in the seventeenth, and in the eighteenth century. CHAPTER II FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES Rectors : William Chamberleyn, ist Rector, 1429-1434 ; John Beke, 2nd, 1434-1460. LINCOLN COLLEGE had a most inauspicious beginning, losing its founder before he had completed his arrange- ments for it, and twice afterwards hardly escaping suppression. THE FOUNDATION. In 1427 Fleming had so far matured his plans for the College that he was able to take steps for putting them into execution. He began by obtaining from the king and Parliament leave to unite the three Oxford parish churches of All Saints', St. Michael's, and St. Mildred's, into a collegiate church, and in that church to establish a College, consisting of a " Custos sive Rec- tor et septem Scholares " and two Chaplains to serve the churches, under the name of " Collegium Beatae Mariae et Omnium Sanctorum Lincoln, in Universitate Oxon." He added the chantry of St. Anne in All Saints'. Henry VI.'s charter bears date October 13, 1427. Fleming's foundation-charter, uniting the churches and appointing William Chamberleyn to be the first Rector, was issued December 19, 1429, "from the chapel of his manor of Lyddington " in Rutland. FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 7 Next year he began buying the site and erecting the buildings just south of the Tower. He died suddenly January 25, 1431, and was buried in Lincoln Cathedral. The probability is that he left no will, for nothing came to the College after his death. DESOLATE CONDITION OF THE COLLEGE. We have very scanty information about the College at this point, but we are not likely to err in supposing it to have been on the verge of extinction. There was for certain a Rector, and possibly' also Fellows. In December 1432 there is a notice that Dr. Thomas Gascoigne gave six MSS., valued at ^17 10s., to the College, and, if this is more than a law phrase, that the " Rector et Socii, unanimi consensu," then lent them to him for the term of his life. There were a site, partially acquired ; new buildings begun ; and some old buildings (Deep Hall) standing. Also, of Fleming's gift, there were ornaments and vessels for the chapel, an inventory of 1474 mentioning a " frontal," a silver-gilt chalice and patten, and a silver cup, as " ex dono Fundatoris." But when the Rector, Chamberleyn, died in March 1434, things were so unsettled that it needed a special act of the Visitor (the Bishop of Lincoln) to appoint a successor. ACTIVITY OF DR. JOHN BEKE. The Visitor instituted, May 7, 1434, John Beke, vicar of St. MichaeFs, to the Rectorship of the College, thus extinguishing a vested interest which stood in the way of carrying out the Founder's charter. Beke, as has been said, had practically to begin afresh. He had 8 LINCOLN a site to purchase, buildings to put up, endowments to acquire. But being a man of great energy, and having a firm belief in the ability of the College to reward spiritually for temporal help, he compelled a large number of different classes of people to help him. THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS. The first benefactors whom Beke induced to come to the rescue of the orphan college were Churchmen who had perhaps owed their promotion to Fleming. By their help the buildings were soon finished. John Southam, Archdeacon of Oxford, had contri- buted, before 1436, a "notable sum of money 1 '' towards the buildings ; and, with this, Beke was able to purchase what was still lacking of the site. John Forest, Canon of Lincoln, and Dean of Wells, took on himself the charge of completing the buildings, perhaps according to some plan left by Fleming. Before 1437, it is said of him, "collegium in integmm aedificavit, capellam cum libraria, aulam cum coquina, cameras in alto et in basso, de nobili opere et figura decenti eleganter construxit." Forest's work will be easily understood by comparing the diagram (p. 9) with the east, north, and west sides of the front quadrangle in the view by Loggan. The College occupied only the present front quad- rangle. Northwards it towered over the little halls and gardens which stood on the site of Exeter College Hall. To the south it lay open, and had a view, across gardens and humble houses, of All Saints' Church. It must, there- fore, have then been a bright, sunny spot. Of this work of Forest, only the kitchen has alto- FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 9 gether escaped the hand of the restorer, and that, as was suggested (p. 5), may be a structure of even earlier The disposition of the rooms was as follows : D H Turl Street. A. The Kitchen. B. The Manciple's room, perhaps ; with a set of rooms above. C. The Buttery, with a rough-pillared room below ground (called "the Cloister" in 1666), leading to a cellar; over it were two sets of rooms in two upper storeys. D. The Hall. E. Two sets of rooms on the ground floor, with the chapel over. F. A set of rooms on the ground floor and another in the attic, with the Library on the first floor. G, J. Sets of rooms, in three storeys. H. The Tower, comprising entrance gateway, the Rector's rooms on the first floor, and in the upper storey the Treasury or Muniment- room. 10 LINCOLN date, repaired by him. One of our plates shows its door- way, and the quaint penthouse over the College pump. The Hall was a fine room, with three windows on each side, each with two lights, divided at the middle by mullions. The fire was in the centre of the room, a large brazier on a stone slab probably, and the smoke escaped by a louvre in the roof. All these details are seen in Loggan^s view, as is also the Perpendicular doorway. The corresponding door at the other end of the Hall passage, is a still better example of the style. The poverty of the College, at the time of these build- ings, is plain from the fact that the hall was left un wainscoted. This led to the great inj ury it received in the eighteenth century. When the wainscot was then put up, the fireplace was moved into the middle window on the east side, the old mullioning was cut out of the other five windows, and a wagon-roof of lath and plaster inserted for warmth. In 1889 the wagon-roof was removed, and the chestnut timbers of Forest's buildings again given to the light. It was found that the mullions of the old window were left in the chimney, supplying a fortunate pattern for true "restoration." At the impulse of Dr. Merry, the present Rector, members of the College, resident and non-resident, subscribed, in 1891, to have the Hall windows restored, under the care of T. Graham Jackson, of Wadham College. The result has been most happy. Although irretrievably darkened by the closing of two windows on the east side, one by the fireplace, the other by the new buildings of the Grove, Lincoln College Hall is now one of which the College may well be proud, both by day and at night by candle-light. FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 11 The instinct of reverence for old times, and the posses- sion of noble silver branch-candlesticks, have so far saved the Hall from the modernising touch of oil-lamp, or gas, or electric light ! In this respect it stands alone in Oxford. In the restored windows of 1891, medal- lions, containing, in good glass, the arms of principal benefactors were inserted. The old glass, noted in heraldic visitations, &c., up to 1641, had all disap- peared. The Hall is shown in three of our plates, from the west, from the Grove (displaying the one east window still unblocked), and the interior. The Chapel was an upper room, probably of equal grace and lightness with the Hall. In Loggan's view it is seen to have had four windows on the north facing four on the south, each apparently of three lights. But the eighteenth century, converting it into a library, has taken away its beauty, and left it a fine room only, cold and stiff. Its present external appearance is shown in the view of the Hall from the west. Whether, above the pre- sent lath-and-plaster ceiling, the old timbering of the roof awaits restoration, and whether behind the east gallery lurk any remains of a Teredos, are questions well worth the attention of some benefactor, who must, however, first provide a larger, new, library to contain the already overflowing and constantly accumulating stock of books. The licence to celebrate in the Chapel was not formally obtained for some years, being granted by John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury, February 19, 1451. But, I suspect, the Chapel had been used all along since 1437. It was certainly finished before 1441. The Library was what now is the Sub-rector's rooms. As seen in Loggan, it had on each side three two-light 12 LINCOLN windows. It has now lost much of its dignity by division into two rooms, and its windows have been changed into oblong openings in the wall, from an ill- advised attempt to convert a fifteenth-century building into a copy of the eighteenth-century buildings at Magdalen and Worcester. ENDOWMENT OF THE COLLEGE. Thus successful in providing buildings, Beke was equally fortunate in securing endowments. Forest was a contributor to this object, giving money enough to acquire property estimated to produce one hundred shillings annual rent, with which, among other things, an additional fellowship was to be instituted for natives of the diocese of Wells (county of Somerset). In return for his bounty, the College acknowledged Forest as co-founder ("in quantum in nobis est in nostrum Co-fundatorem recepimus "), and directed that whenever a Fellow preached before the University he should in the bidding-prayer commend Forest equally with Fleming to the prayers of the congregation. A second class of benefactors was brought in by Beke to increase the endowments, viz., parishioners of All Saints'* and residents near Oxford who wished to make with their property provision for the welfare of their souls. The first of these was Emelina Carr, wife of John Carr, esquire bedell of Law. Dying in October 1436, she directed "her body to be buried in All Saints' Church in front of the image of Our Saviour next her son," and that the property in All Saints' parish which she had inherited from her father should pass at her FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 13 husband's death to Lincoln College. This property was partly on the south side of High Street, and partly on the north side of Bear Lane. The High Street portion was then a house with a shop on each side of the entry ; in the seventeenth century it was an inn, the Ram, to be hereafter mentioned ; and is now Nos. 113 and 114 in High Street. Another benefactor of the same class was William Finderne, esquire, of Childrey, who gave the College, in July 1444, the very ancient estate of Seacourt in Botley parish, having a house, dove-cot, 100 acres of pasture, and 40 acres of meadow. The College undertook to appoint an additional Fellow, in priest's orders, to pray for the good estate of him and his wife Elizabeth during their lives, and afterwards for the welfare of their souls. Finderne gave also a " notable sum of money. 1 ' With this and Forest's money, and probably smaller benefac- tions, the College bought, in 1445, 147 acres of land in Littlemore, Iffley, and Cowley. The most interesting portion of this purchase had been part of the forfeited estate of Richard II.'s unfortunate judge, Sir Robert Tresilian. This was " unum molendinum aquaticum," which is still at its old trade, Iffley Mill. The view of the mill, across the lower pool, is the finest bit of river scenery near Oxford, but how few of those who sketch it know that the College documents prove its unbroken activity, as a mill, for more than 600 years. A third class of benefactors, drawn in by the arts of Beke to aid the College, is found in the executors of such wealthy prelates, as had left, according to the practice of the age, a considerable sum to be laid out by their executors for the good of their souls. 14 LINCOLN The first conspicuous instance of this brings into the College the name of Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Win- chester, Cardinal-priest of St. Eusebius, " Cardinalis de Anglia vulgariter nuncupatus." Beaufort died April 11, 1447, and before November that year, Beke had secured 100 marcs from his executors, the lever he used being probably Beaufort^s former connection with the See of Lincoln (where he was Bishop 1398-1404). Still another class of benefactors, the fourth and the most interesting of all, appears in this Rectorship, members of the College itself. Small gifts, according to their poverty, had been already conferred, by men of this class, on the College ; MSS. for example by Roger Betson (Fellow 1436), and others ; 12 silver spoons by Beke ; and so on. But the year 1452 brought a con- siderable benefaction from this source. John Bucktot, Priest, Commoner of the College, died in College, March 25, 1452, and was buried in All Saints 1 Church, on the right hand of the high altar. He gave the College his manor of Little Pollicott, in the parish of Ashen- don, Bucks, 305 acres, "in puram et perpetuam eleemosynam." While benefactions from outside have long ceased, benefactions, large or small, have never ceased to come from within ; and the College has been built up, like a coral island, mainly by the contributions of former members. SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE. We have thus traced out the material progress of the College ; it is high time to ask what can be learnt about its inner, personal life. Here, unfortunately, we have next to no information, FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 15 and can produce only a few isolated facts, insufficient material for even the historic imagination to build with. MEMBERS OF THE COLLEGE. The College we know had a Rector, a man, we can see, of very remarkable personality, who did wonders for it, the absence of any memorial of whom, brass, inscription, or the like, must ever be a source of regret to its members. There were also Fellows, of whom we can recover a few names from wills and other chance documents. Thus we find in the omnimodous collections of Brian Twyne a note of a suit, September 30, 1438, between John Matherby and the Friars Preachers, in which Matherby is mentioned as rector of St. Ebbe's and " first " i.e., formerly " Fellow of Lincoln College." One stray account-book of 1456 shows us some five Fellows of the old Fleming- foundation, and, of the new, John Hebyn, " capellanus Gulielmi Finderne." But, on the whole, the years 1429 to 1459, the first thirty years of the College history, are a blank. We have still less to show when we ask about the appointment of the Fellows, or their tenure, or their number. What county or diocese restrictions existed and all other points of that nature are also unrecorded. Besides the Fellows there were the two Chaplains, as is before said. There was also the Bible-clerk, men- tioned in the Beaufort agreement, 1447, as " clericus legens Bibliam in Collegio." His duties included waiting at table in Hall, where also he said grace before and after meat and read a chapter from the Gospel during the meal. At first he gave the College 16 LINCOLN a most interesting connection with Lincoln Cathedral, for he was chosen from its choristers. There were Commoners too, graduates willing to pay rent for rooms. In 1456 we have in an account-book the names of five Commoners paying rent for rooms, prohably all M.A.s, since "Mr." is prefixed to each name. With them, no doubt, came some servitors, young scholar-servants. A DAY'S LIFE IN COLLEGE. Can we, from the scattered hints given us, construct any picture of the life of the time ? It is early morning and the sun's first beams are struggling through the chinks of the window-shutter, revealing a large room with one or two beds for the graduates and a truckle-bed for their servitors. One rises, and opens the shutter, and the cold air, rushing in through the unglazed window, arouses all. Then the graduates wrap themselves in their fur cloaks and shut themselves up in their closet-studies to pore over their crabbed text-book or still more crabbed notes, while the servitors make up the room. Then come the chapel services, varied from time to time by anniversary services for special benefactors. Then they break their fast, the fare being bread and cheese and " a pot o 1 the smallest ale." From seven onwards the morning was crowded with disputations and lectures in the chapel and hall of the College and in the Schools of the University, and with University functions, sermons, processions, degree- ceremonies. Few, far too few, then as now, were the moments in which the student might steal into the FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 17 College Library or the University Library in the upper room at St. Mary's. At nine, perhaps, the morning was " cut with a drink," there being then a " biberium " allowed, a pint of ale and a morsel of bread. Contrary opinions often produced disputes, more lively than seemly, at these refections. A College Order in 1538 imposes a sconce of 4fd. on any Fellow who shall give another opprobrious words at the common table, " in biberio," in the buttery, in the kitchen, or in any other public place in College. At eleven, dinner was served. The company assembled in the Hall. The Bible-clerk repeated the Latin grace, and read the chapter appointed by the Sub-rector. The food, if it were a lawful day, consisted of a bowl of meat-juice, thickened with oat-meal (the "oat-meal- score " is a chief item in the accounts for many a year), followed by a helping of the boiled meat on a thick slice of bread, served on a wooden trencher, and flanked by a tankard of College beer. If it were a fasting day, the meat was replaced by salt fish; and hence, from the inferior quality of the salt and the inefficiency of the curing, Lent was a season of much sickness. Here and there, the routine was broken in upon by a Church feast-day, or some benefactor's obit had added some- thing to mend their fare, or some College tenant had sent a present of capons or brawn or game. At the close of the meal, a special prayer was said for the souls of principal benefactors, followed by the grace after meat. In the afternoon, came a walk along the delightsome field-paths or a look-on at the younger scholars shooting at the archery-butts north of St. Giles's Church. 18 LINCOLN When they returned from their walk, there was, some time in the afternoon, possibly about three, a second " biberium." It is mentioned in 1444, in the agreement with William Finderne, where the College pledges itself to say devoutly the Psalm de profundis, and a prayer for the souls of the said William, Dame Elizabeth his wife, and all faithful deceased, " post secundum biberium in aula." Later in the afternoon came the chapel-services. Then, about six, supper in Hall. After which they sat round the Hall fire, conversing on the gloomy topics of the day, the spread of pestilence, the sufferings of the common people, the loss of France, the dreadful contest between York and Lancaster. Then, before retiring, a race round the quadrangle to warm the feet well. I ha,ve spoken with old members of the College who themselves had done this regu- larly when they came into residence in the eighteen- thirties. THE LIBRARY. The Library, in the present Sub-rector's rooms, had already received a considerable number of MSS. The Catalogue of 1474 shows that the Founder had given twenty-five MSS., probably in 1430. In 1432, December 13, Thomas Gascoigne gave six MSS., which the College then lent him for the term of his life. One of these MSS. contained Augustine's " de Civitate Dei" and Pope Gregory's "Moralia," and was valued at c*10. Another, Walter Burley's commentary " super x libros ethicorum," was valued at 50s. This supplies us with an early testimony against lending MSS. In the 1474 Catalogue, thirteen MSS. are enumerated of FOUNDATION AND EARLY TROUBLES 19 Gascoigne's gift, but only one of the above six, Burley's " super libros ethicorum," is found among them. John Southam gave eleven MSS. ; John Forest, four ; and some early Fellows, one or two more. By the end of Beke^s rectorship the Library must have possessed quite sixty MSS. CHAPTER III CONTINUED TROUBLES AND SECOND FOUNDATION Rector (3rd) : John Tristropp, 1461-1479 IT was fortunate for the College that the new Rector was a man of ability, for the political troubles of the time twice threatened its destruction. UNDER WHICH KING ? A change of dynasty, even in far later and far more settled times, produced great uneasiness. John Aubrey describes how, when James succeeded Elizabeth, a Stuart a Tudor, the Attorney-General, Sir Edward Coke's, advice was " that every man of estate right or wrong should sue out his pardon.'" This allayed their anxiety, and crammed his own fee-bag. How much greater the anxiety when the succession was determined by civil war, and the wealth of England might be made the spoils of the victor. There had been apprehension in College as far back as 1446, 25 Henry VI., and the College in September that year had sued out its " pardon of all manner of transgressions, forfeitures, penalties, misprisions, &c., committed or incurred by the Rector and Fellows up to CONTINUED TROUBLES 21 9th April last."" But when the news came that young Edward of York, having shattered the Lancastrians at at Mortimer's Cross in Hereford, on February 2, 1461, was approaching London from the west ; and, on the other hand, that the relentless Queen Margaret of Anjou was marching south with her wild northern host, the anxiety grew intolerable. Beke, now old and infirm, determined that a younger and stronger man was needed to keep for the College what he had gathered. He resigned, and his successor, John Tristropp, was elected on February 28, 1461. Meanwhile, Edward IV. had entered London, February 25 ; was offered the crown on March 2, and four weeks later, annihilated the Lancastrians at Towton, March 29. FIRST CHARTER OF EDWARD IV. The crown was in need of money, and some of its lawyers suggested, as a means of supplying the need, the suppression of those bodies corporate which, like Lincoln College, had their title from the dethroned Henry VI. The College appealed for help to George Nevile, an old Balliol man, Chancellor of the University, Bishop of Exeter, Lord High Chancellor of England, but, above all, son and brother of the great Yorkist leaders, the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick. By his advice the College addressed its petition " To the King, our elder liege lord. " Pleas hit your Highness, of your most noble and benign grace, for to graunt unto your humble and perpetuell orators, the Wardeyn or Rector and Scolers of the College founded in the worship of Our Lady and of Alle Hallowes 22 LINCOLN in your University of Oxon, your gratious letters patents to be made under the great seal in due forme according unto the tenor here followyng, without any fyne or fee thereof to be taken to your use, any acte statute or ordynaunce notwithstandyng, and they shall pray God specially for you." The " form " annexed stated that the king, seeing that Lincoln College had been lately founded "ex licentia Henrici sexti, nuper regis Angliae de facto et non de jure existentis," and had acquired lands in mortmain on the strength of that licence, thought good to ratify and confirm the foundation, the original licence in mortmain, and a recently obtained licence in mortmain for ^50 additional yearly value. By Nevile's good offices the prayer of the College was granted. On January 23, 1462, Edward IV. sent the College his " pardon of all transgressions " up to November 4, 1461, and his "release of all fines," &c., up to March 5, 1462. The Letters Patent under the Great Seal, with the assent of Parliament, issued in answer to the petition of the College, were dated February 9, 1462. GRATITUDE OF THE COLLEGE TO BISHOP NEVILE. The College felt that it owed a deep debt of gratitude to the Chancellor. Accordingly an instru- ment was drawn up, August 20, 1462, which, after reciting how he " dictum Collegium ab avidis canum latratibus et manibus diripientium humanissime protexit," binds the College to give the bishop him- self, his father " Dominus Ricardus Nevyle nuper Comes Sarum," and his kindred, an equal place in the College CONTINUED TROUBLES 23 prayers with the Founder and the other greatest benefactors. THE MISSING CLAUSE. In the " form "" presented by the College there had been this clause : " We, therefore, ratify the foundation of the College, the acquisition of lands, and all other things done under Henry VI. 's charter, and pro nobis et heredibus nostris quantum in nobis est acceptamus approbamus ratificamus, ac praefato Custodi sive Rectori et Scholaribus et succes- soribus suis, tenore praesentium, damus concedimus et con- firmamus." In the copy to which the Great Seal was attached the important words et successoribus were omitted, and the grant ran, " prsefato Custodi sive Rectori et Scholaribus suis, tenore praesentium, damus," &c. The import of this will appear presently. The omission may have been accidental, a clerical slip due to the ribus of the termination. It is, however, most remarkable that after the death of the " king-maker " Warwick at Barnet and the disgrace of his brother George (now Archbishop of York), the College was again assailed. There is certainly suspicion that the unknown coveter of the College lands, baffled for the moment by the Nevile influence, caused the words to be omitted that he might have a pretext for again attempt- ing to have the lands when the Neviles were out of court. THE NEW BUILDINGS. The Rector, Tristropp, had well earned the benefit the Head gained by a benefaction which came in at this time. 24 LINCOLN In January 1465, Thomas Beckington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, died, and left his executors a sum of money to lay out in pious uses. Tristropp, following Beke's example, at once sent in a claim for a portion of this, perhaps putting forward Dean Forest's benefaction as a plea. Before November the executors had paid over to the College the sum of 200. With part of this money the College in 1471 bought 121 acres of land at Holcot in Northamptonshire. This provided for the Somerset Fellow, already promised in commemoration of John Forest. With the remainder new Lodgings for the Rector were built at the south end of the Hall. They had a doorway of their own into the quadrangle, a fine room on the ground floor, and another with a noble oriel window on the second floor, with attics above and cellars beneath. The view in Loggan shows their arrangement, as also the rebus, T. followed by a "beck" or beacon, "in" a "tun" or barrel, for Thomas Beckington. These features have been de- stroyed, but on a buttress in the Grove an original rebus and coat of arms are still to be seen. One of our plates gives a view of Beckington's building from the Grove. Here, though it somewhat anticipates the history, we may bring in Thomas Rotheram's, the second Founder's, buildings. In 1479 he completed the quadrangle by adding its south side, thus increasing the accommoda- tion of the College by a staircase and two half-stair- cases, i.e. 9 twelve " chambers " (with their " studies ") in all. This brought the College to the form, as regards buildings, it bore till Jacobean times. A rude view of CONTINUED TROUBLES the College as it then stood, drawn by John Bereblock for exhibition to Queen Elizabeth at her visit in 1566, has been many times reproduced. It is a room in Rotheram's addition, that over the passage into the Chapel quadrangle, which is said to have been John Wesley's. This is now a lecture-room, with book- shelves of history books for undergraduates, and in it is hung a portrait of Wesley. It is shown in one of our plates. " At a later period, probably about 1800, the eastern half-staircase was added to the Rector's Lodgings to which it joined, and Beckington's rebus was then carved on its north and south walls, to cover the annexa- tion. This is shown in the same plate. A diagram will make plain the nature of these new buildings, and their relation to Forest's. _l B A. Forest's building (see p. 9), '1437. B. Beckington's building, 1467. C. Bishop Rotheram's building, 1479. 26 LINCOLN MINOR BENEFACTION. One minor benefaction, of interest, may be noted, before we pass on to the great event of this period. In 1465, Robert Fleming, Dean of Lincoln, gave a " tabula " for the high altar in the College Chapel, and 38 MSS. of classical authors for the Library. Many of the MSS. have been lost, probably when Edward VI.'s Commission plundered the College. Those that remain are written in that beautiful Italian hand which prevailed at the time, and contrasted so favourably with the rudeness of the early printer's art. The Cicero MSS. have had a curious history. In the age when a MS. was a MS., and as good as or better than any other, the legibility of these MSS. made them great favourites with editors, and " Codex Line." was a frequent citation. For their modern reputation, the reader, who is above being offended by scolding in Latin, may be referred to Madvig. BISHOP ROTHERAM'S VISITATION. Thomas Rotheram, translated from Rochester to Lincoln, March 1472, held his primary Visitation in Oxford in 1474. He there saw for himself the un- finished state of the College, and undertook to help it. The College Register has two notices of this Visitation, one plain matter-of-fact, the other introducing an element of poetry, the famous story of the Vine. As this is one of the most striking incidents in College history, both notices may be given. The agreement made with Rotheram in May 1475, says : "Thomas Rotheram, Bishop of Lincoln and Chancellor CONTINUED TROUBLES 27 of England, 'in sua general! visitatione, praedictum Col- legium compassioiiis suae oculo aspexit, Intel legensque tale opus imperfectum longa tempora stare non posse/ took on himself the task of completing it (' perficiendum ')." In 1569 or 1570, Robert Parkinson (Fellow 1566- 1571), in his " Brevis annotatio de Fundatoribus et Benefactoribus Coll. Line, in Oxon.," after describing RotheranVs acts, adds : " Est autem scitu dignum qua ratione factum est ut hoc aggrederetur opus. Ferunt enim quod cum, de more diocesim visitando, Oxoniam veiiiret, quidam ex sociis, vel Rector Tristrop, ilium, inter concionandum alloquens, hor- tatus est ut collegium perficeret, illo Psalm. 80, 15, Vide et visita vineam istain et per/ice earn quam plantavit dextera tua. Quibus verbis ita episcopum commovit ut statim concionanti responderet se facturum quod peteret." The vine, which possibly suggested the text that had so happy an effect, is seen in Loggan luxuriating on the Hall. Its successor is the vigorous plant on the north side of the Chapel quadrangle, which seldom fails to yield its clusters for the Gaudy on All Saints" Day. The sermon may have been in the College Chapel. In 1539, John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, held a Visita- tion of the College, in the Chapel. ROTHERAM'S BENEFACTION. Rotheram's first step was to order a thorough valua- tion of the College to be made, and this was done in December 1474. Unfortunately, the valuation of the estates has not been preserved; but we have the inventory of books chained in the library (one hundred and thirty- five MSS.), to which was added, in 1476, an inventory of 28 LINCOLN College books lent out to the Fellows (thirty-seven MSS.) ; the inventory of money (^?50) and plate in the Tower, including "a little silver-gilt box with divers relics, given by Dr. Thomas Gascoigne ; " the inventory of vestments, &c., in the Chapel, including " six white ornaments of the altar, with their curtains, given by John Golofry, esquire ; " and, very slight, inventories of stuffs in the Hall (some hangings of red and others of green silk), and of College goods in the Rector's lodg- ings, including a silver-gilt cup with cover, certain tapestry, and " unum senex fedirbed." Next, Rotheram secured to the College the Chantry of St. Anne, by a new agreement with the City of Oxford. He then incorporated into the College the churches of Twyford, Bucks, and Combe Longa near Woodstock, leaving these parishes to be served by two Chaplains, as Fleming had done with All Saints' and St. Michael's. SECOND CHARTER OF EDWARD IV. The College was once more threatened with dissolution, this time on the ground of the missing clause (p. 23). Rotheram came to the rescue. Letters patent were issued, June 16, 1478, reciting the former patents of Henry VI. and Edward IV., and stating that, by omission of the words " et successoribus," anxiety had been felt by the College, and that therefore the present letters patent had been granted to re-confirm all the former. Further, they empowered Bishop Rotheram to increase the number of Fellows from seven to twelve ; and allowed the College to hold lands in mortmain to the yearly value of <*!() beyond the amount granted in former licences. SECOND FOUNDATION 29 INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FELLOWSHIPS. The increase in the number of fellowships, from the number of the Deacons to that of the Apostles, was not done by Rotheram altogether out of his own pocket. It was the formal ratification of other gifts. As has been seen when the benefactions of John Forest and William Finderne were received, the College promised to provide, in each case, a new Fellow. A third of the additional fellowships was provided for at this very time. In 1476, John Crosby, Treasurer of Lincoln, gave 100 marcs to provide a " capellanus legista," i.e., a Fellow to pray for the benefactor and study Canon Law. CODE OF STATUTES. Rotheram finished his work for the College by supplying, on February 11, 1480, a body of statutes. In this he laid down rules for elections, for the duties of officers, for the confining of some of the fellowships to natives of the diocese of Lincoln, with special county and archdeaconry preferences, and of others, with similar preferences, to the diocese of York. This remained the code under which the College lived till the Commission of 1854. It contained several obscu- rities, and appeals to the Visitor, the Bishop of Lincoln, were frequently made. But, making allowance for the unreasonableness of some Fellows and the turbulence of some periods, it proved workable from first to last. A copy of the statutes, signed by Rotheram himself, is preserved in the College archives. Rotheram died in May 1500, and was buried in York Cathedral. His tomb was damaged in the incendiary 30 LINCOLN fire kindled by the maniac Martin in 1829, but faith- fully restored by the College in 1830. In connection with this a story may be told, which illustrates the injustice of popular judgment. The College scrupulously copied the well-known work of the original tomb. A member of the College went at this time to see the restoration. He overheard a clergyman abusing the College to his friends. " The Archbishop founded their College, and this paltry tomb is what the Fellows have just put up to him.". DEATH OF TRISTROPP. Tristropp did not live to see the conclusion of the work, the establishment of the College on a secure basis, to which he had contributed so much. The last document which mentions him is the agreement, November 3, 1479, by which the College bound itself to certain services for Walter Bate, Commoner, who gave the College (inter alia) a house in the lane north of All Saints' Church. Bate was buried in the choir of St. Michael's. CHAPTER IV THE AGE OF BENEFACTIONS Rectors (4th to 8th from the Foundation): George Strangways, 1480-1488; William Bethome, 1488-1493; Thomas Bank, 1493- 1503; Thomas Drax, 1503-1519; John Cottisford, 1519-1539- THE years from 1480 to 1539, covering five rectorships, yield nothing noteworthy in the domestic history of the College, either because they were of that peaceful type which is proverbially barren as regards annals, or because the records have been destroyed. Their one remarkable feature is the splendid liberality of former members of the College. THE DAGVILLE-PARKER BENEFACTION. The intention of this benefaction belongs to the pre- ceding period, but it took effect in this. William Dagville, a wealthy citizen of Oxford, and several times Mayor, had, by a former marriage, a daughter Joan, named after her mother, now married to Edmund Gill. On his marriage in 1474 with a young kinswoman, heiress of Dagville's Inn (now the Mitre) in All Saints' parish, and the Christopher Inn (now part of Elliston and CavelFs) in Magdalen parish, William Dagville made his will. By this he directs his " body to be beryd in Oure Lady Chapell afore the awter in the 32 LINCOLN Church of Allhalowyn in Oxonford, 11 and gives Dagville's Inn and the Christopher to his wife Margaret for her lifetime. At her death, the Mitre is to come to his daughter Joan, but the Christopher " I will that the Rector and Fellows of Lincoln College shall have for ever ... to kepe every yere my mynde, 11 i.e., in the Latin equivalent, the anniversary of his death. If Joan die without issue, all his lands in the parishes of All Saints 1 and St. Martin in Oxford, and in Abingdon, are to come to Lincoln College " for ever, and they for to kepe myn obyt worshipfully. 11 This will was proved November 9, 1476, and a deed was formally executed by Edmund and Joan Gill, April 27, 1477, acknow- ledging and confirming its terms. There must have been some codicil or some question of title which prevented the full execution of Dagville^s intentions : the property in St. Martin's parish and in Abingdon never came to the College. Margaret Dagville, being left a rich young widow, married again, and appears next as Margaret Parker, widow, in February 1489, when she leased Dagville's Inn and the Christopher to the College for the term of her life at a yearly rent of ten marcs. She died in 1523. In 1513 this Margaret Parker, then of " Chepyng- faryndon in the county of Berks, 11 gave the College <133 6*. 8d. sterling in ready money, on condition that yearly for ten years after her death they should pay 6 13s. 4d. to each of " two honest secular priests of good and sad conversation and guydyng " to sing daily in the Lady Chapel of All Saints 1 Church, Faringdon, for her and all Christian souls. I am inclined to think that this money, with the benefactions of Edmund THE AGE OF BENEFACTIONS 33 Audley and others, was invested in 1518 in the purchase of lands in Buckinghamshire. Dagville^s bequest gave the College a fine garden, now occupied by the Oxford market, and the ownership of a most ancient hostelry, known since its acquisition by the College as " the Mitre," formerly as Dagville^s Inn, and further back, in 1364, as Croxford' ) s Inn. WILLIAM SMYTH'S BENEFACTION. William Smyth, who was translated from Lichfield to Lincoln, November 1495, being a native of Lanca- shire, is not likely to have been Fellow of Lincoln. But his munificence to the College suggests that he may be Mr. William Smith, who was Commoner in 1475. In 1508 he obtained leave for the College to hold in mortmain the manors of Senders in Chalgrove in Oxford and Bushbury (or Elston) in Staffordshire, together over 520 acres, which he then bestowed on it. He gave his benefaction unconditionally, and the deed by which he conveyed so large a property is one of the smallest in the College chest. He intended, however, it would appear, to open up his fellowships to his native county and his former diocese, and (as may be conjectured) when the College was unwilling, he trans- ferred his further bounty to Brasenose College, of which he became the co-founder. Robert Parkinson, writing about 1570, says : " Gulielmus Smyth, episcopus Lincoln., fundator Col- legii de Brasinnos, maximus benefactor Collegii exstitit. Dedit Collegio manerium de Elston in com. Stafford, et manerium cum pertinentiis in Chalgrove. Hujus nulla remanet, quod sciam, compositio scripta. Proposuerat c 34 LINCOLN enim, ut ferunt, omnia nostro Collegio praestitisse quae postea in Brasinnos egit, si voluissent Rector et Socii qui turn fuerunt ab eo propositas conditiones recipere." EDMUND AUDLEY'S BENEFACTION. An Edmund Audley supplicated for B. A. in February 1463. Edmund Audley, son of James Touchet, Lord Audley and Alianore his wife, Bishop of Salisbury (1501), and formerly of Rochester (1480), and of Here- ford (1492), became a benefactor to Lincoln College in 1518. The dates suggest the identity of the two, and a further conjecture is that the College of Audley's benefaction had been the College of his education. Part of his gift was books to the Library, where some of the most ponderous volumes of the early press bear inscriptions testifying to their having been given by him. In Robert Parkinson's notice of the benefactors above cited, Audley's is the last name, and it is said that " dedit Collegio ^400 quibus emptae et perquisitae sunt terras,'" near Newport-Pagnell in Bucks, 627 acres, " ad emendas vesturas sociorum." This would make him one of the largest benefactors the College ever had. But I think it rests on a mistake. These lands were bought in 1518, but of the purchase money Audley "fc own share was only 4>0. Audley's " compositio," dated June 8, 1518, sets forth that he has given the College ^40 to buy lands, " ad emendum pannum competentem pro togis juxta laudabilem consuetudinem nonnullorum aliorum Col- legiorum Universitatis Oxon." By virtue of this benefaction the sum of 4t is still paid annually to THE AGE OF BENEFACTIONS 35 the Rector and each of the four senior Fellows " pro robis." Another benefaction of Audley was the first step ever taken to provide promotion for any member of the College. He built in his Cathedral of Salisbury a chantry chapel, of which it is not too much to say that it is an ornament to the most beautiful cathedral in England. The priest who was endowed to serve this was to be chosen from the Fellows of Lincoln. Audley died August 23, 1524. George Flower, Fellow 1532- 1540, resigned " cantariam Edmundi Audley in ecclesia de Sarum" in 1547, and was succeeded by Richard Turnbull, Fellow since 1535. EDWARD DARBY'S BENEFACTION. We have now come so far down in the history of the College that many of the yearly account-books are preserved, and we are able to construct a tolerably complete list of Fellows, but not to specify their exits and their entrances. We can thus, for certain, claim the next great benefactor as an old member of the College. Edward Darby, Archdeacon of Stow 1507-1543, buried in Lincoln Cathedral, occurs as Fellow of Lincoln in 1493 and 1495, and was Senior Proctor in 1500. In January 1537, Darby empowered John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln and Visitor of the two Colleges, to negotiate with Lincoln College for the foundation, by him, of certain fellowships, and with Brasenose College, for a similar foundation there. No time was lost. In May 1537, the terms were settled, and Darby, in 1538, nominated three Fellows on the new foundation, one 36 LINCOLN being Richard Bruarne, B.A., February 8, 1538, after- wards Regius Professor of Hebrew. PUBLIC EVENTS. For the last years of this period, December 7, 1527, to August 26, 1532, the Rector, Cottisford, served as Vice-Chancellor, by appointment of the Chancellor, Archbishop Warham. Cottisford can hardly have been an old man, for he took B.A. only in 1505 ; but he seems to have been of a timid and gentle spirit, and for that reason was probably kept in office by Warham, who was averse to violent measures. He had trouble enough in his office. In 1527, Thomas Garret, M.A. 1524, now a preacher in London, came down to Oxford to revive the spirits of the Lutherans, drooping under the severities exercised against them in the preceding year He brought with him copies of William Tyndale's English New Testament, just published (1526) at Wittenberg, which he industriously dispersed. Warham sent peremptory letters for his arrest, and for seizure of his books, towards the great bonfire he intended to have, at Smithfield, of copies of the new version. The Proctors, having secured Garret, gave him to Cottisford for safe- keeping. Cottisford locked him in his rooms, and went to evening chapel. On his return, he found the bird flown, Garret's friends having slipped in and released him. Garret went straight to Anthony Dalaber of Gloucester Hall, who gave him a disguise to escape in. Agitated by his secret, Dalaber must needs go abroad to whisper the news to his Lutheran friends, and, in his progress, wishing to communicate with the leader of the Oxford Lutherans, John Clark, of Cardinal Wolsey's THE AGE OF BENEFACTIONS 37 College, he went there and found the evening service begun. He took his stand obscurely in the choir door, and was soon followed by Cottisford, in haste to com- municate the escape of his prisoner, and in terror of the consequences. What followed is, in Dalabers narrative, one of the most striking scenes in Oxford history. " As I stood there, in cometh Dr. Cottisford, as fast as ever he could go, bareheaded, as pale as ashes (I knew his grief well enough). And to the Dean " (John Higden) " he goeth into the choir, where he was sitting in his stall, and talked with him very sorrowfully : what I know not, but I might truly guess. I went aside from the choir door to see and hear more. The Commissary " (i.e., Cottis- ford) "and Dean came out of the choir, wonderfully troubled as it seemed. About the middle of the church met them Dr. London " (John, Warden of New College) " puffing, blustering and blowing, like a hungry and greedy lion seeking his prey. They talked together awhile ; but the Commissary was much blamed by them, insomuch that he wept for sorrow." Dalaber was suspected, brought before the Vice- Chancellor, with Higden and London to keep him up to the mark, and their threats so terrified him that he confessed the names of about twenty who had bought books from Garret. Many of these made no denial, and the books were seized. Wolsey^s anger was hot against the heretical members of his own College, and by his orders they were taken by the Vice-Chancellor into safe custody. Lincoln College had not been built for a jail, and the securest place Cottisford could think of, was a great, deep, dark, cellar under his own rooms, where the store of salt fish, 38 LINCOLN necessarily large in those ages of strict observance of Lent and other fasting days, was kept. Here the darkness and the bad air are said to have sown in some of them seeds of disease, of which they died soon after. An old College legend made Lincoln haunted by Garret's ghost (he was burnt at Smithfield in 1541) ; but, by mistaking the original Rector's Lodgings for those occupied by Cottisford, it sent him to make plain- tive noises in the Tower. POVERTY or THE COLLEGE. In 1534 a return was made to Henry VIII. of College revenues, with a view to the collecting of first-fruits and tenths. In this Magdalen College appears with a yearly revenue of ^1066 per annum ; New College, with <877; but Lincoln with only ^101. The value of the Rector- ship is a trifle under ^20 ; of a fellowship, under 5. I 1 CHAPTER V THE REFORMATION Rectors (gth to nth from the Foundation) : Hugh Weston, 1539- 1556; Christopher Hargreaves, 1556-1558; Henry Henshaw, 1558- 1560. IT was the plain policy of a Catholic College, like Lincoln, to submit to the ordinances of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., knowing that their deaths would soon bring the accession of the devotedly Catholic Mary Tudor. Accordingly, I find no expulsions or resigna- tions, through all the tests now imposed : only sullen submission, and then joyful return to the old customs, when Mary came to the throne. HUGH WESTON'S RECTORSHIP. Hugh Weston, one of the first Dudley exhibitioners at Oriel College, 1529, was elected Fellow of Lincoln, 1531, and Rector of Lincoln in January 1539. He resigned his rectorship, August 1556, having been for about a year Dean of Windsor. He died December 5, 1558. In September 1555, John White, Bishop of Lincoln, "visited" the College. One of the Orders he then issued reveals the deplorable effects of the troubles of the time. " On account of the scarcity of graduates in 40 LINCOLN the University, the College may, for this time only, elect undergraduates into fellowships, to have no vote till they take B.A." Four undergraduates were then elected. Another Order was that Fellows at their admission should enter their name and age in the College Register. This was kept up only till 1559. Of nine Fellows entered in that time, one is eighteen, two are nineteen, four are twenty, and one is twenty- one. The age of another is not stated, an odd com- mentary on the inability of those times to keep a register. Weston's place in history is more assured than pleasant. It was his misfortune to be chairman of the Commission before which the three Bishops, Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, under pretence of a disputation, were baited by their triumphant opponents, both in the Divinity School and in St. Mary's, in April 1554. Weston was possibly nominated to the place by Christopher Hargreaves of Lincoln, one of the Proctors this year. RECTORSHIP OF CHRISTOPHER HARGREAVES. Christopher Hargreaves, elected Fellow in 1548, and Rector 1556, died in October 1558, and was buried in All Saints 1 Church. He had a great reputation among the Romanist party as a disputant, as may be seen from the following " character " of the champions of the Schools of the day. Of the persons here mentioned, the Lincoln pair are Anthony Atkyns, Fellow 1546-1550 ; and Christopher Hargreaves. The others are : of Merton, Thomas THE REFORMATION 41 Reynolds, Warden 1545-1559, Vice-Chancellor 1556 ; David de la Hyde and John Wolley, Fellows; of Oriel, William Alyn, afterwards Cardinal, and, perhaps, Robert Hewys ; of All Souls, Francis Babington, afterwards Rector of Lincoln, and William Johnson, Fellow 1543; Robert Wood, Fellow of Balliol, 1556; of Corpus, Richard Edwards, afterwards of the Chapel Royal, and William Mugge. The paper is by an unknown writer, contemporary with the suppression of the Monasteries. The schools, &c., in question belonged to Osney Abbey. " The last pulling downe of all the howses, halls, and such like, and schollers' howses, was the Schole Strets of Art joyninge to the Divinity Schole, to the number of 4 or 5 Scholes, which townesmen bought and pulled them downe and made gardens of them, and toke away the tiles and the timber to furnish there owne houses, in King Edward's time, to the great discouragment of schollars which used to dispute therein, till Queen Mary came, and then Dr. Raynols, a worthy man, did his endevour to the utmost to set up the Schooles againe, and disputations according to the old order, and the Scholes which remayned unspoyled he repayred and planked them and wainscotted them all about the Schoole. And in Lent appointed places in the Divinity Schoole for schollars to disput in, for to supply the want of them which were pulled downe. And the best scholemen for Logick and Philosophy were Newe Colledge men ; and Oriall Colledge men, as Allyn and Hewayn ; Merton Colledge, as Daliehide and Wollaide ; Allsoules Coll., as Babington and Johnson ; Bayly Coll., Wood ; and Corpus Christi Coll., as Edwards, afterwarde of the Chappie, Mugge, with others ; Lyncolne Coll., as Atkyns and Hargrave, etc. But Magdalen Coll. and 42 LINCOLN Christ Church were hissed out as men of no grounde in disputations, but good rhetoricians." RECTORSHIP OF HENRY HENSHAW. Henry Henshaw, or Heronshaw, Fellow of Lincoln 1544-1552, Fellow of Magdalen 1555, B.D. Magd. 1557, was elected Rector October 24, 1558, and ejected by Elizabeth's Visitors about the middle of 1560. The close of his rectorship is notable because of a pathetic entry in the College register, revealing the hopelessness of the outlook, after Mary's death, in a Catholic college. " A.D. 1538, mense Novembris, obierunt Domina sanctis- simae memorise, Maria, Angliae regina, et Reginaldus Poolus, Cardinalis et Archiepiscopus Cantuariensis. Defunctae prioris corpus sepeliebatur in Westmonasterio Londini ; alterius vero in cathedrali ecclesia Cant.: utriusque eodem die, nempe 14 Decembris supradicti anni. Hoc tempore hi erant Rector et Socii Coll. Line. Oxon. Mr. Henricus Henshaw, S.T. B., Coll. Rector. Mr. Ri. Bernard, Sub-rector. Mr. T. Atkynson. Mr. J. Fuxe. Mr. J. Wydmerpoole. * Ds. W. Rousewell. Ds. John Best. Gul. Lambe, non-graduatus. Ds. Ant. Wright. Ds. Henricus Hull. Ds. Robert Tinbie." * Ds. = Dominus, the Latin title of a B.A. CHAPTER VI YEARS OF STAGNATION Rectors (i2th to i5th from the Foundation) : Francis Babington, 1560-1563; John Bridgewater, 1563-1574; John Tatham, 1574- John Underbill, 1577-1590. THE Reformation brought for the time being nothing but evil to Lincoln. All that the College had hitherto done, and indeed been founded to do, was now, by the statutes of the realm, impious and penal. But statutes are powerless to compel conviction, and so the Fellows set themselves in what was now a professedly Protestant Society to train up champions of the old faith. VISITATION BY ELIZABETH'S COMMISSIONERS. At the end of June 1559, a Royal Commission came to regulate the University, its chief man being Richard Cox, formerly Dean of Christ Church, now Bishop of Ely, who had served on Edward VI.'s Commission. The duties of this Commission were very simple, to remove from College chapels and parish churches such "Popish" ornaments as had been placed there during the late reign, to restore to their places all who had been expelled by Queen Mary's Commissioners, and to remove from Head- ship or Fellowship all who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, ordered by Elizabeth's first Parliament. 44 LINCOLN Among the many Heads who resigned rather than acknowledge the queen to be supreme governor of England " as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things as temporal," was the Rector of Lincoln, Henry Henshaw. Some five of the eleven Fellows may have gone out at the same time, but we cannot be certain, the records being so incomplete. RECTORSHIP OF FRANCIS BABINGTON. It was the policy of Elizabeth's advisers to break the continuity of College feeling by thrusting in outsiders into the Headships. This plan sometimes succeeded, though at a sad cost to the harmony of the Colleges. But in other cases it failed, through the fact that those appointed were in secret firm to their old allegiance. Lincoln was of this second sort. Francis Babington, Fellow of All Souls, B.D. 1558, chaplain to Sir Robert Dudley, soon to be Earl of Leicester, being pushed on by his patron, was appointed Master of Balliol in place of the ejected Head in September 1559, and next year transferred to the Rectorship of Lincoln (August 1560), appointed Margaret Professor of Divinity, and nominated Vice- Chancellor. As Vice-Chancellor he had several troubles from the refusal of the Fellows of various colleges to admit the new Heads without compulsion. In one of these the members of his own College must have taken a part, to us now unknown, but at the time conspicuous, since we find in 1562 four members of the College taken up before the Privy Council for a riot. As Rector of the College Babington did nothing to YEARS OF STAGNATION 45 discourage Romanism, and, finding his fidelity to his patrons suspected, he resigned his Rectorship in the beginning of 1563. In 1565 he was deprived of his benefices for Romanism. He died in 1569. I do not find that any Fellows left with him. According to the well-known story it was a slip of the tongue in a sermon that first brought Babington under suspicion. When Dudley caused his wife, the unfortunate Amy Robsart, to be buried in St. Mary's Church, to quiet the ugly whispers of the district, Babington, his chaplain, had to preach the funeral sermon (September 1560). He hesitated in a sentence, seeking the proper phrase for a violent death, and before he was aware out came the word which was in all men's thoughts : " I recommend to your memories this virtuous lady, so pitifully murdered" JOHN BRIDGEWATER'S RECTORSHIP. External authority again imposed a stranger on the College but, as before, authority was mistaken in its man. John Bridgewater, M.A. from Brasenose in 1556, a pluralist in canonries and rectories, was chosen to fill the vacancy. His " election," or rather accept- ance by the Fellows, took place on April 14, 1563, and soon the College became permeated with Romanist feeling. The chief external event of this Rectorship was the State visit (p. 25) of Queen Elizabeth, September 1566. The popular suspicion of the College as a Romanist seminary was shown in a ludicrous incident, which introduced a custom destined to be honoured through two succeeding centuries. All who have dipped into 46 LINCOLN old parish accounts will remember the annual payments for ringing the church bells on, in churchwarden's English, " the Crownation-day." Brian Twyne tells this story : " Memorandum that Mr. Wirdescue told me, the 2 of Aprill 1610, that the use of ringing uppon the Coronation day was never used here in Englande before the time of Queene Elizabeth, in whose fortenth yeare of her raigne [1571] or thereabouts, it began first in Oxford, thus. St. Hugh's day [Nov. 17] beinge a gaudy day in Lyncolne College, the masters and the other company after their gaudies and feastinge went to ringe at Allhallowes, for exercise sake. Mr. Waite beinge then mayor of Oxford and dwellinge thereabouts, beinge much displeased with their ringinge (for he was a great precisian) came to the Church to knowe the cause of the ringinge. And at length beinge let in by the ringers, who had shut the doores privately to themselves, he demanded of them the cause of their ringinge, charginge them with popery, that they rang for a dirige for Queen Mary, etc., because she died upon that day. The most part answered that they did it for exercise ; but one, seeinge his fellowes pressed by the mayor so neere, answered that they runge not for Queen Marie's dirige but for joy of Queen Elizabeth's coronation and that that was the cause of the ringinge. Whereuppon the mayor goinge away, in spite of that answer, caused Karfox bells to be runge, and the rest as many as he could command, and so the custom grewe." Bridge water's deprivation took place July 20, 1574. He retired to the Continent, entered the Society of Jesus, and wrote narratives of the sufferings of the Catholics, which followed on Pope Pius V.'s excom- munication of the queen and absolution of her subjects YEARS OF STAGNATION 47 from their allegiance, and the startling activity of the members of his own Society. Among these martyrs of the Roman church, Bridgewater must have been proud to rank one of his Lincoln pupils, Walter Harte, Traps scholar 1571, hanged, drawn, and quartered at York in 1583. Among the other Lincoln men who went abroad for religion with, or before, the Rector, we may mention John Gibbon, Commoner in 1561, afterwards Rector of the Jesuit College at Triers ; William Harris, Fellow 1566-1572, who went to Douay ; and Thomas Marshall, Fellow 1562-1567, who went to Rome. But the one whom the highest promotion awaited over seas, was William Gifford. Entering Lincoln as a Commoner about 1570, he asked his B.A. in 1573, but was refused, as a " suspect." In 1622 he became Archbishop of Rheims, " a duke and the first peer of France," and of ability to found two houses in France for the recep- tion of English Benedictines. He died 1629. Lincoln has thus furnished a Primate of England (Potter) and a Primate of France. Bridgewater^s name is still held in honour by his co-religionists. TRAPS SCHOLARSHIPS. Before we pass on in the narrative, we must note a foundation of Bridgewater^s time, the first of a series still too restricted. On July 30, 1568, Roger Man wood, serjeant-at-law 1567, founder of the grammar school at Sandwich in Kent, as executor of the will of Joan Traps, widow, con- veyed to the College lands at Whitstable, Kent, of the estimated value of 11 6s. 8d., of which 10 13s. M. was to be paid in even portions to four poor scholars in 48 LINCOLN Lincoln, to be called " the Schollers of Robert Trapps, of London, gouldsmith, and Jone his wife." One of these was to be from Sandwich school, nominated by the Governors. Of him it was specified that he shall be one " whose parents are not conveniently able to find him at the University, and soe competently understand- ing the Latin tongue as he then shall be thought a meet scholar " for the place. The balance was to go to the College. SANDWICH GRAMMAR SCHOOL. In the same deed Roger Manwood provided that, after his own death, the master of his school should be nominated by the College. This brought about a con- nection between Sandwich and Lincoln College, which was more or less kept up till the present century. The school was poorly endowed, but the Corporation always presented the new master to one of the town churches which was in their gift. The Act which ordered muni- cipal bodies to part with their patronage, at last rendered it not worth while for any graduate to accept the mastership. This mastership unites Sandwich school and Lincoln College in the joint ownership of a distinguished name. Richard Knolles, Fellow 1566-1572, was afterwards master of the school, where, in twelve years, he wrote " The History of the Turks," published at London in 1610. This book furnishes us with a remarkable chapter in the history of the misfortunes of authors. William Cecil, Lord Burghley, was so struck by the vividness of the description of the battle of Lepanto, 1571, that he sent for Knolles and questioned him about the authorship. Knolles honestly said that that chapter YEARS OF STAGNATION 49 was not from his own pen, but that a young man, hear- ing what he was writing, came " and desired he might write that, having been in the action." Cecilys spies were set to work to find the young man, but when they came at last on him, they were too late. Poverty had led him to crime and Newgate : " he was hanged but a fourteen night before." Dates are kind to this story; the only sup- position needed is that Burghley read the work in MS. RECTORSHIP OF JOHN TATHAM. Yet another outsider was brought in to govern the College by Leicester the all-powerful Chancellor of the University. John Tatham, Fellow of Merton 1563, M.A. 1567, was " elected" in July 1574. The one record of this Rectorship is that the College was still under suspicion of Romanism. In 1575 Hugh Weston, a second of these names, Fellow 1573-1577, was refused his M. A. " papismi suspectus," and when he was allowed it July 6, 1577, he had to lay before the University authorities his assent to the XXXIX Articles. INTRUSION OF JOHN UNDERBILL. John Tatham was buried in All Saints Church November 20, 1576. His place was supplied by the "election," June 22, 1577, of John Underbill, ex-Fellow of New College. The only College record of his appointment is the peaceful one, " electus unanimi consensu prsesentium," and if it stood alone we should be left to wonder why the election was so long delayed, and why the statutes had been once more set aside and a stranger chosen. Fortunately, into the Register of Convocation of the 50 LINCOLN University, a singular document has been transcribed, which strips the mask off the politics of the age. Here we learn that this appointment made more noise in the world than any other, that the Fellows most vigorously resisted it, even (Twyne says) keeping the gate by force of arms, and that the foul wrong done to the College goaded the University into something like revolt. We may give the text of this document in full, so far as it concerns Lincoln College. It shows us, without any disguise, the shameless selfishness of the queen's courtiers. No sooner does a place fall vacant but every one has a creature of his own to push for it, regardless of provisions of statutes and rights of electors. The sole point of honour among the bandits is that the one who has first waylaid the victim is to be allowed to rifle his pockets without interference from the others. The persons here mentioned are : Robert Dudley, the favourite, created Earl of Leicester in 1563, and Chan- cellor of Oxford since 1564; the Vice- Chancellor, Herbert Westphaling, canon of Christ Church ; the Archbishop of Canterbury, the concussible Edmund Grindal, newly translated from York ; the Bishop of Lincoln (1571- 1584), the timid and contemptible Thomas Cowper, afterwards to be scourged by Martin Marprelate when Bishop of Winchester as he had been by Oxford lampoons when Master of Magdalen College school ; the Bishop of Rochester, John Piers, now on the wing to Salisbury ; and two creatures of Leicester's, Walter Baily, Regius Professor of Medicine, and Martin Culpeper, Warden of New College. To these we have to add the candidates: Edmund Lyly, Fellow of Magdalen College since 1563, afterwards (1580) Master YEARS OF STAGNATION 51 of Balliol ; William Wilson, Fellow of Merton 1565- 1575 ; and, the only one qualified by statute, John Gibson, Fellow of Lincoln since 1571, M.A. 1573. It need hardly be added that the precedents referred to by Leicester are those of his own tyrannical making in the three preceding elections. " After my harty commendacioris. " I receyvid a lettre of late from my Lord Archbishoppe of Canterbury's grace, written to hym from certeine Bachilers of Divinity and Masters of Arts of your Univer- syty, ' movid even with very compassion they felt in them selves and assurance of hys incliiiatyon to pytye/ as they write, e to sollicite hys Grace against a wonderfull sute, a straunge, preiudiciall, and terry ble example to all elections in theyr common weale,' as they saye, ' with an universalle requeste of hys due consyderation of that miserable estate, and with hope by helpe of Jawe and hys countenaunce, as their only patron e in thys behalf and defender of equity against all iniquity, wronge, and violence, to obteyne justice and an end of thos inormytyes,' etc. " The matter concernithe the election in Lincolne Colled ge, and the person as muche or more then any other touched therin 1 cannot take to be but my self, havinge dealte, as the most of youe knowe I have donn, in that cause. Wherfore, ' iniquity, wronge, violence/ and such ' wonderfull and terrible ' dealings, beinge thus grevously urged therin, I have thoughte good plainly and brefly to open to you all the whole discourse of my doings in that matter ; and then to leave to your judgment wheyther I have bene well used. " Mr. Tatam beinge deceased, I first began my sute for Mr. Underbill, not knowinge any other man's sute then, and wrote for hym to the Fellowes of the Colledge, to the 52 LINCOLN Byshoppe of Lincolne, and to Mr. Vicechancellor and others. Before I receyvid answeare from the fellowes, I imdei'stoode thes thyngs ; that Mr. Gybson was chosen, whome the Byshopp would not admit, that the Quene's Majesty hadd written her letres to the Colledge for her sub-almoner, that my Lord of Canterbury dealt for Mr. Willson, that a chaplaine of the Byshopp of Lyncolne was in lykelyhood to obtaine yt, that Mr. Lyly was also a sutor for the same and in some possibilyty to speede. " In this state of the matter I receyvid lettres from fowre of the Fellowes of the Colledge signifyinge to me that yf the former election of Mr. Gybson provid voide, and the sub-almoner were causid to cease his suite, that then they would choose Mr. Underbill. Mr. Gibson hym self, not beinge present at the writinge of this letre, made the same promisse to Dr. Bailye and Dr. Cullepeper, who signified yt to me ; and so weare the promisers fy ve of nine fellowes. Thys promisse 1 acceptyd, and gave them thanks by lettre for yt. " The electyon of Mr. Gibson provid voide. I dealte with the Byshopp of Rochester, who had procurid the Quene's lettres for hys chaplaine, the sub-amner. He causid hym to cease hys suite. I wrot to the Byshopp of Lincolne touchinge hys chaplaine ; he dyd the like. I dealt with Mr. Lylye ; he ceasid also. I wrott to Mr. Wilson ; he made promisse to give over, as Dr. Baily telleth me, and promisid with hande writinge that he would procure such voices as favourid hym for Mr. Underbill, which hys writinge and subscription with hys owne hande, as yt ys tould me, ys yet to showe. " What I hitherto have offendid I knowe not. I beganne the suite for an honest man, your proctor, my chaplaine ; and indede I was the rather a dealer for hym in thys, because I thoughte he hadd bene hardly dealt with in hys YEARS OF STAGNATION 53 Colledge a little before. And I beganne yt when no man els was knowen to have rnedlid in yt. I continuyd yt to thys pointe that you heare of, withe approbation of the more parte of the fellowes, with consent of all thos that made lyke suite for yt, with promis of the rest of the fellowes' likinge by hym whome they favourid and who (yt was not doubtid) but might promys for them ; and so, as then appearid, without contradiction of any man. " It followed. Three of the Fellowes came to me with letters from the whole Colledge. I talked with them. Theyr letres and talke signified that to choose a straunger that had not bene Fellow of their howse was contrary to statute, othe, conscience, etc., with very solemne protesta- tion to that purpos, and diffamation also of Mr. Underhyll his person. Mr. Underhill was heere. I caused hym to come yn before them, willinge them to objecte what they would against hym. Yf he weare any way worthily charged I would deale no further for hym. They could say nothinge but that he was bound as suerty XL li. to New Colledge. We reasonnid of 'the statute, othe, con- science,' which they pretendid. I sawe no such thinge fall out. But examples they could not deny thear had bene iii or iiii to the contrarye. " They went home, chose Mr. Gibson againe, and after hym Mr. Wilson. " Herin whose the evell dealinge was, mine or theirs, judge you. They made me cause all men to cease theyr suites, promising to choose Mr. Underhill. I dyd so. Then they alleaged statute, othe, conscience, against choyse of a straunger. They went home and chose Mr. Wilson, who, as I understand, was no Fellow, but a stranger also. " After thys ther very evell usage of me (as I tooke yt), my Lord of Canterbury tould me first of the election of 54 LINCOLN Mr. Wilson. Whome I aunswearid, yf he wear lawfully chosen (as hys Grace tould me he was), I would medle no further in the matter, I would not be a hinderer of any thing lawfully donn. The self same day, at nighte, thes things wear informid me : that after all thos promises made me for Mr. Underbill, and two dayes before Mr. Wilson had given hys hande for his furtheraunce, and a good while before the three fellowes cam upp to me, Mr. Wilson and Mr. Gibson hadd made a privy compacte betwene them of divers articles, amongest which one was that Mr. Gibson being chosen Rector should within a time, uppon resignation made to the Archbishopp of Canterbury, have xx ty pownds for hys labour, etc., that this was con- firmid with mutualle obligations and deposid to be true by one of the Fellowes. Also that Mr. Wilson hys election as not rightly donne was dysannulid by the Visitor, that the Byshopp therfor would not admitt hym, and that he ther- uppon had broughte an inhibition from the Arches to the Colledge and a double querele against the Bishopp. " I was moved at the one, to se my self so finely dealt with, and the matter by symmoniacalle compact so cun- ningly conveiid. But yet I had not gonne furder therin, had not the inhibicion bene, that I dyd then take, and do nowe by good advise knowe, to be contrarye to your privi- leges ; and therfore in defence of them have done that I did since hitherto, and will do what I may by lawe in that matter. " And thys ys the summary truthe of my whole dealinge in this case. Which considerid of you not otherwise then it shall deserve, I leave to you to judge what I have done herin amisse, how evile the Fellowes have used me, how undiscreetely Mr. Wilson hathe dealt both in the matter and towards me and th' Vniversitye, how ungentlely thes Bachilers of Divinity and Masters of Arte have requitid my f UNIVERSITY J or * ^ YEARS OF STAGNATION 55 good will alwayes towards you by complayning to a foren judge with such undecent termes, not regardinge whome the cause might touche, as nowe you se thys dothe me. And wheither my dealings in defense of your privileges be 'terrible, wonderful!, and prejudicial! to your elections/ againste an inhibition, which by example (yf it might have passed) would have drawen all your elections and other dealings to the Arches, and so have in deede bene terrible and prejudicial! unto them. " What my care and affection hath bene alwaies towardes your whole state in generalle and to every Colledge and person of youe in particulare, as occasion hathe bin offerid, yf my doings since I was Chauncellor have not sufficiently declarid, yet my conscience to my self ys a good witnes ; and the more I knowe yt hathe bene, the lesse methinks I have deservid to be thus dealt with. I never loved nor favoured factious dealing nor have used yt in my whole course of thys action. And therfore cannot but much mislike to se the matter thus handlid. But I will dilate herin no further. ***** " So fare yee well. Your loving frende, "From the Courte the R. LEYCESTER." viii th of Aprill 1577." In 1585 Leicester visited the College and the con- gratulatory Latin verses then spoken to him were printed. This sheet is one of the earliest and rarest issues of the modern Oxford press. Leicester died suddenly September 4, 1588. In 1589 Underbill, by the interest of Sir Francis Wal- singham, was raised to the long vacant See of Oxford. He resigned his Rectorship next year, died in May 1592, and was buried in Christ Church Cathedral. CHAPTER VII THE JACOBEAN AGE Rector (i6th from the Foundation) : Richard Kilby, 1590-1620. CONTRARY to what might have been expected from the personality of the new Rector, the history of the College during Kilby^ time is far from pleasant. Its chief feature is the continual warfare between the Head and the Fellows, resulting in constant appeals to the Visitor. It is to be hoped that William Chaderton, Bishop of Lincoln 1595-1608. revelled in the exercise of authority, otherwise he must have hated the very name of Lincoln College. THE CANONIST FELLOW. By the foundation of John Crosby one of the Fellows was appointed to be a student of canon law. This ceased at the Reformation, and the holder of the fellow- ship in 1591 asked to be transferred to the study of civil law and exempted from the obligation to take Orders. The Visitor, William Wickham, Bishop of Lincoln 1584-1595, granted the petition September 6, 1591, but on fuller information recalled his permission December 12, 1592. The obligation to take Orders was thus continued on this fellowship, and it differed from the others only in the fact that its holder was not compelled to take B.D. John Wesley held this fellow- THE JACOBEAN AGE 57 ship from 1736 to 1752, and so never took B.D. In 1824 the Visitor at last allowed this one fellowship to become a lay fellowship. Richard Shortrede, who made the request, had been elected Fellow in 1587. He resigned in consequence of the Visitor's adverse decision. THE NUMBER OF FELLOWSHIPS. The chief cause of contention in College was the number of fellowships. The Rector seems to have wished to take advantage of the powers given by the statutes to diminish the number of fellowships in order to increase their value. The opposite party, headed by Edmund Underbill, elected Fellow in 1590, desired to fill up the full number allowed by the statutes. A good many elections were made contrary to the wish of the Rector, and of these some were quashed by the Visitor and some allowed. At last, Underbill, being Sub-rector in 1597, called a College meeting and secured a vote expelling Kilby from the rectorship. The Visitor annulled this decision, and re-instated Kilby. THE PUNISHMENT OF MARMADUKE LODINGTON. In 1600 Marmaduke Lodington, B.A. April 1592, and elected Fellow December 1592, was guilty of "sundry misdemeanours in the town to the great scandal of the College." The punishment inflicted upon him may serve as an illustration of the discipline of the times. " Inprimis, he shall make an oration in the chapel pre- sently after prayers in the morning on the Friday next 58 LINCOLN before the Act. His theme shall be Vituperium ebrietatis et vitae dissolutae. " Item, he shall study in the library four hours certain days for the space of two months, his hours from eight of the clock till ten in the forenoon, and from two till four of the clock in the afternoon, his days four in the week viz., Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday, except any festival day happen and then to be free unto him. His first month shall begin on Monday next, being the l6th of June : his second month to begin the Monday after the Act, being the 22nd of July. His exercise for the first month shall be to gather all the chief questions in the third book of Aristotle de Anima, and to set down the full state of them, and this, painfully and studiously done by himself, shall deliver up in writing under his hand unto the Rector and Fellows upon Thursday next after the Act, that they may see his pains and profit thereby. His exercise for the second month shall be to gather the chief questions of the first book of Aristotle his Politics, and to set down the full state of them." Whether Lodington performed this punishment I know not. He resigned his fellowship October 24, in this year. EXPULSION OF EDMUND UNDERBILL. Marmaduke Lodington had been one of Underbill's party, and his punishment perhaps roused slumbering fires of ill-will towards the Rector. At any rate in 1602, we find that whereas the Visitor had commanded him perpetual silence " in causa defamatoriae accusationis," apparently against the Rector, Underhill had " been so far from silence that he had used all slanderous and scandalous publication thereof." The Visitor had put THE JACOBEAN AGE 59 him out of commons, but Underhill did "by violent and unseemly means take commons out of the kitchen and from the servitors and take bread and beer out of the buttery." Against other Orders of the Visitor Underhill had appealed to the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Court of Arches, and had obtained inhibitions which he personally served on the Bishop of Lincoln and on the Rector. This was not only contrary to the privileges of the University (p. 54) but in breach of the statutes of the College, which required that the Fellows should acknowledge no other judge than the Visitor. For this on May 4, 1602, Underhill was declared " no Fellow." One of these names, perhaps this man, was Vicar of Cuddesdon in 1606. THE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. In 1604, under the arrangements made for the new translation of the Bible agreed upon at the Hampton Court conference, an Oxford company of seven undertook the translation of the prophetical books. Of these seven two were members of Lincoln College ; the Rector (Kilby), and Richard Brett, Com- moner D.D. 1605. Brett was afterwards Rector of Quainton, Bucks, in which church there is an elaborate monument to him. ELECTION OF ROBERT SANDERSON. At this time the roll of Fellows received one of its most famous names under sufficiently odd circum- stances. The old quarrel about the number of Fellows had been revived. In April 1606, the Visitor ordered that 60 LINCOLN there should be twelve Fellows, each receiving Is. 420. Sir Peter was son of Roger Manwood, founder of Sandwich school. Richard Franklin may perhaps be connected with Mrs. Joyce Frankland, Mrs. Trapses daughter. So that in this building the College benefited by its connection with Sandwich school. The style of these new buildings is simple and pleas- ing. In the interior of the quadrangle they have had the good fortune to escape the monstrous addition of battlements, and are one of the prettiest bits in the College. Loggan^s view gives a good idea of them. NUMBERS IN COLLEGE. We have in this period the very rare opportunity of learning something definite about the numbers in College, from the censuses of the University in 1605, on the occasion of King Jameses visit; in 1611, by request of Prince Henry ; and in 1612. In 1605, when the total number is 2254, Lincoln is eighteenth on the list with 54. In 1611, total 2421, Lincoln is tenth with 101. In 1612, total 2920, Lincoln is twelfth with 109. We must, no doubt, assume that these figures give the number " on the book," rather than those in actual residence. But making a consider- able allowance for that, it seems that, to accommodate the rest, we must put two, at least, into a room. THE JACOBEAN AGE 63 THE LINCOLN POET LAUREATE. In the very last year of Kilby's Rectorship, the College received among its members the most famous of its poets, Sir William Davenant, Poet Laureate next after Ben Jonson and before John Dry den. I have come across no College record of Davenant's admission ; but it is vouched for both by John Aubrey, who was an intimate friend of Sir William's elder brother Robert, and by Anthony Wood, who is able to name his tutor, Daniel Hough. William Davenant was son of the host of the Crown Inn in Cornmarket Street, where Shakespeare was wont to put up in his journeys from London to his native Stratford-on-Avon. He was born in 1606, and, at least if we can believe the statements of his friends and a certain scurrile jest of the age, had Shakespeare for his god-father. He entered Lincoln in 1620, but soon left for a page's place in the household of the Duchess of Richmond. After service in the Civil War on the king's side, exile in France, and danger of a halter from the Parliament on his return, he began an operatic per- formance in London in 1656. After the Restoration, he introduced the regular drama, was manager of " the Duke of York's Company" of players, and wrote numerous tragedies, comedies, and tragi-comedies in the taste of the day. He "made his last exit" April 7, 1668, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where, " on a paving stone of marble, is writ, in imitation of that on Ben Jonson, ' O RARE SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT/ " CHAPTER V1I1 LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP Rector (the i;th from the Foundation) : Paul Hood, 1621-1668. THE years during which William Laud was Chancellor of the University (1630, to June 1641), form a remark- able epoch in the annals of Lincoln. THE CONTEST FOR THE CHANCELLORSHIP. In 1630, the Chancellor of the University, AVilliam Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke, died suddenly. His nativity had been cast by Thomas Allen (1542-1632), the famous Oxford mathematician and astrologer, who found that the stars fixed April 10, 1630, as the day of his patron^s death. Pembroke was at the time at his London house in perfect health, and, in jocose remem- brance of the prediction, made on that day "a great supper, and went to his bed well, but died in his sleep " apoplexy. " He was,*" John Aubrey testifies, " a most magnificent and brave peer, and loved learned men." The Puritan party, quite taken by surprise, knew that they must not lose a moment. So the late Chan- cellor's brother, who now succeeded him in the earldom of Pembroke, Philip, Earl of Montgomery, was that same day put forward as their candidate. John LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 65 Williams, Bishop, of Lincoln since 1621, the chief champion of moderate measures on the bench of bishops, made strenuous efforts on his behalf. He was Visitor of Balliol, Brasenose, Exeter, and Lincoln (and on the last he had recently established, as shall be seen, the strongest claims) ; and he wrote to all four urging them to support Pembroke. His word had great influence with his compatriots, the Welsh members of the University, already by national sentiment favourable to the house of Herbert; and he had them also can- vassed. But the High Church party were too prompt for their rivals. They had a strong candidate ready to hand in William Laud, Bishop of London since 1628, who had recently been employed by the late Chancellor in effecting various reforms in the Statutes of the Uni- versity. The Vice-Chancellor, Accepted Frewen, President of Magdalen, was, despite his Puritan name, a keen partisan of Laud's. He fixed the election for the earliest possible day, April 12 ; and Laud was chosen. CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY. According to Laud himself the manners and morals of the University were at this time very corrupt. The taverns were all day and all night full of scholars, both juniors and seniors, engaged in drinking and gambling. " The University was extremely sunk from all discipline, and fallen into all licentiousness. 11 It is not necessary to enlarge on this. One example goes as far as many lines of disquisition, and the College books unhappily supply an example sufficiently conspicuous. 66 LINCOLN Gilbert Wats was Fellow of Lincoln (1611-1657), and B.D. (1623). "He was a person that understood several languages well, was esteemed an excellent wit, and a master of so smooth a pen whether in Latin or English that no man of his time exceeded him." In 1636 he had several times had words with the Rector. Once " in the chapel, before the Fellows," he told him "that he spoke like a mouse in a cheese"; and on another occasion, that " setting his scarlet," i.e., his D.D. gown, " aside, he was as good a man as him- self." To be avenged of these personal affronts, Hood brought forward graver delinquencies which otherwise might have remained unnoticed, viz., that " on Low Sunday last [April 24, 1636,], on the same day having administered the communion to Robert Serjant and his wife, he did come, between 9 and 10 of the clock at night, into the said R. Serjant's house, much distempered with drink, railing on him and his wife." Serjeant was College cook, resigning that office in 1662. The College meeting found the offence proved, and Wats was "put out of commons," i.e., in the modern equivalent, deprived of his dining allowances, for three months, and threatened with expulsion if he again transgressed. To reform the crying evils of the time Laud directed the University statutes to be zealously enforced. He kept urging successive Vice-Chancellors arid Proctors to bestir themselves, and to "walk" continually, i.e., to go the round of the streets and search the taverns for scholars. LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 67 His success was questionable. In 1639 he had to admit that the evil had only shifted its camp. " The scholars (not excepting the seniors) being hunted out of alehouses and taverns by the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors constant walking, they have their meetings in their private chambers not only for bibbing but gaming." THE MUZZLING ORDER. As Chancellor, Laud wielded immense power. The appointment of Vice-Chancel lors rested with him, and he took care to appoint only such Heads as would zealously co-operate with him in suppressing " factious preaching,' 1 the chief form in which rebellion in the University lifted its head against authority. And far from trusting to their personal zeal, he required that they should send him weekly reports of University affairs and carry out his instructions in return. There were the king's orders against preaching about the engrossing topics of the day, the disputed points between Calvin and Arminius. These Laud professed himself resolved to have respected. But the Puritans soon found that this meant that while they were to be effectually muzzled, their adversaries might bark their fill. Let a young Puritan preacher, zealous for his party and ambitious of attention, attack in his sermon any Arminian tenet, or Church ceremony, he found the Vice-Chancellor demanding a " true copy " of his dis- course, and a committee of D.D.'s to testify that he had preached on the forbidden doctrines. Then, unless he was willing to endure expulsion, he had on bended knees before the whole Convocation of the University 68 LINCOLN to apologise for his temerity. Those who tried to brave it out, found Laud at the Vice-Chancellor's back, and, if that were not enough, the king was called in. A very few, emboldened by the applause of their party, refused submission, and, so to speak, " shook the dust of Oxford from their feet, 11 leaving the University for good. But they discovered that matters did not end here. From Berwick to Land's End, Laud's letters had gone before them and no patron dared prefer them nor bishop grant them institution to a benefice. Even the highest heads of the party were covered with con- tumely. There was no man of greater name or popu- larity than John Prideaux, Rector of Exeter (1612), Regius Professor of Divinity (1615) ; but even he was sharply censured by the king (July 23, 1631), who declared that " Dr. Prideaux deserved to lose his place." On the other hand, if the young bloods of the opposite party abused the Synod of Dort (which con- demned Arminius) or girded at the practices of Geneva, nothing happened ; they were even applauded. Or if any were so exceedingly violent as to call public attention to him in a marked way, he was admitted to a private admonition. And thus, cowed but not subdued, and driven from the University to the country, the fierceness of Puritan oratory and objection to ceremonies was forced to bide its time. It was under these circumstances that a Lincoln preacher (Richard Kilby, Fellow 1613-1642) found that a lazy fit got him into trouble enough. It was his turn to preach the University sermon at St. Mary's at LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 69 7 A.M. on Tuesday, January 30, 1638. The Vice- Chancellor at once accused him of touching on the Arminian controversy and demanded an apology. This Kilby gave, but naively added that " the selfsame sermon he had preached in St. Mary's pulpit 16 years before, and then it was well approved of." The Vice-Chancellor's zeal to punish Calvinism in a Lincoln preacher had perhaps been quickened by the fact that only a few weeks before several j unior members of the College had taken a very disorderly way of advertising their Puritanical sympathies. The Rector of Carfax, Giles Widdowes, was a known High Church- man, and as he , was reading evening prayer on December 13, 1637, Thomas Springet, B.A., and eleven undergraduates, all of Lincoln, thrust into the church and made a disturbance. They were punished by loss of terms for their degree, and certainly might think themselves lucky, since in 1638, for being part of a crowd which hissed and hooted an unpopular outgoing proctor (Daniel Lawford of Oriel), several undergraduates were at Laud's instigation " publicly whipt." THE DECLARATION OF SPORTS. The offence Charles gave by re-issuing at Laud's instance his father's obnoxious " declaration concerning recreations on the Lord's day," and by requiring it to be read in churches, need not be dwelt upon. But it raised in Lincoln College a very nice point of ecclesi- astical law. The services in St. Michael's at North Gate, one of the parent churches, were undertaken by a chaplain appointed by and removable by the Rector, and it was 70 LINCOLN claimed that this chaplain, like the rest of the members of the College, was exempt from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Oxford and subject only to the Visitor, the Bishop of Lincoln. The chaplain in 1633 was Nathaniel Wight, M.A. Magdalen Hall (1631), and, of course, a Puritan. On December 15, 1633, John Bancroft, Bishop of Oxford, sent Hood a form of suspension to be pronounced against Wight. Hood promptly raised the question of jurisdiction, and the College agreed to allow the reading of the suspension only on condition that a clause should be inserted so that " the jurisdiction of the College and oui' Visitor should not be prejudiced." To this the Bishop agreed, but when his vicar-general, Richard Zouch, Doctor of Laws, read the sentence of suspension in St. Michael's on December 23, 1633, no such clause was added. The College made a minute of the bishop^s breach of faith, and to avoid any complications Hood removed Wight from the chaplaincy. In April 1634 the College ordered the declaration to be read in St. Michael's by the new and more complaisant chaplain ; but repeated its protest that " we are not under the jurisdiction of My Lord of Oxon." LAUD AS VISITOR OF LINCOLN COLLEGE. Towards the end of his Chancellorship Laud was accidentally brought into direct relations with the College. His rival, John Williams, was under suspen- sion in 1639, and his functions as Visitor of the College, among others, fell to his Metropolitan. Laud in this capacity was called upon to intervene in two long- standing disputes in College. LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 71 THE CASE OF JOHN TIREMAN. John Tireman was a protege of Bishop Williams, and, no doubt, Hood thought that Laud would show him scant favour. On March 26, 1626, Williams, probably on some appeal from the College against suspending fellowships, had ordered the College to fill up vacancies. His order has a special interest, because it makes it plainly appear that a fellowship at this time might easily fall below 20 in annual value. He adds to his mandate this proviso ; " if any diminution of means shall happen in the College so as the Fellows' places shall not amount to 20 a year, the B.D.s shall not endure the burthen thereof, but it shall rather lie upon the junior Fellows that now are to be elected." Since John Tireman (B.A. Queen's, 1621 ; M.A. Line. 1624), was one of two Fellows elected May 11, 1626, in obedience to this mandate, it is probable, in the light of subsequent events, that it was in his interest that the Visitor had acted. Tireman was personally disagreeable in College, as two odd incidents will show. In December 1632, Robert Crosse (Fellow 1627-1653) had to make a public apology in chapel, in the following terms : "Whereas I lately composed certain slanderous verses which did reflect upon Mr. Tireman's person and tend to his prejudice, as also have divulged the said verses and read them to diverse of my scholars, I declare my folly, etc." Six months later Tireman proposed, in Congregation, a grace for a degree which the Sub-rector (Thomas 72 LINCOLN Read) had refused ; and " also in very insolent manner, publicly, in the vestry at St. Mary's, opposed the Sub- rector informing the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors of his just exception " against the candidate. At the close of 1632, Tireman had obtained a small benefice, which, in the strict terms of the Statutes, ought to have vacated his fellowship. But he got about half the Fellows to sign a petition to the Visitor, asking relief from the Statute. Hood, on the contrary, wrote to the Visitor that the Statute in question was " plain, and peremptory, and altogether indispensable."" The Visitor snubbed Hood for presuming to dictate his answer, and ordered no proceedings to be taken against Tireman, " until I have further declared myself in that point wherein my judgment is requested. " Afterwards, Williams expressed himself unwilling to change the Statute, but, to help Tireman, still suspended its operation. In 1634, Read, again Sub-rector, took it upon him to expel Tireman for breach of the Statute. But the Visitor replaced him, and sharply censured both Read and his supporter, John Webberly (Fellow 1632-1648). Read now left the College ; and Webberly later on tried Sandwich school, March-September 1638, but liked it not and returned. On Williams's suspension in 1639, Hood sent his version of the affair to Laud. Then, professing to follow Laud's instructions, he required Tireman to " make it absolutely appear that he had resigned his vicarage of Grandborough (near Winslow in Bucks), into my Lord Keeper's [Williams] hands ; " and, on his refusing to do so, expelled him. Laud, a few days later (April 20, LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 73 1639), restored Tireman, but " put him out of com- mons " for a month, probably for some want of respect to the Rector. He continued Fellow till 1642. THE CASE OF JOHN WEBBERLY. John Webberly had a grudge against the Rector. In April 1636, one evening, between nine and ten, " after the Sub-rector had taken away the key," he had " broken open the cellar door, causing the butler's boy to fetch him beer." The Rector sconced him in the buttery-book, but Webberly " wiped it off, with irreve- rent and unbeseeming language." For this, he had to apologise, and go without his commons for three months. His share in the Tireman case prevented his having it out with Hood before Williams. But when Laud came in as Visitor, he accused Hood of many malpractices. Laud found that Hood, following the careless practice of his predecessors, had, in many points, transgressed the Statutes ; but also that Webberly failed to establish his main charges, and, therefore, in the eyes of this stout upholder of authority, had greatly slandered "his governor to whom he ought obedience." " And were it not," he proceeded, " that I am only Visitor of this College, at this present, by accident, I should make Mr. Webberly an example of factious disobedience." Laud, therefore, required him to apologise. Hood commanded Webberly to sign a statement that he had " done Mr. Rector wrong in the malicious and slanderous aspersions he had cast upon him." Webberly was ready to apologise, but not in those terms. Hood again appealed to Laud, who replied in a finely conceived letter, dated Lambeth, August 2, 1639. 74 LINCOLN "The wrong done unto you he does confess, and did acknowledge before the Fellows. And if you will rest satis- fied with that, I will also, in hope of his better carriage for the future. But, if you will hold him strictly to the form which you tendered him, I will do also. . . . Thus far I am very willing to go for the upholding of government. But my advice to you in private shall be this : that if he will give you a fair promise for the future, you should admit of the acknowledgment already made, and see how far that goodness will work upon him." But Hood was too mean-spirited and spiteful to do this. He insisted on Webberly 's signing the objec- tionable form, and, on his refusing, suspended him from his fellowship. It was February 1640, before the Fellows prevailed on Webberly to offer a full apology, and compelled Hood to re-instate him. Webberly appears afterwards as the stoutest of the Cavalier party in the College. LAUD'S FALL. On October 17, 1640, the University elected Members for the "Long" Parliament, as it was to prove. Sir Thomas Roe, and the learned John Selden, were chosen. But John Prideaux and Paul Hood had made an effort to secure the return of a more pronounced Puritan, Sir Nathaniel Brent, Warden of Merton College. This Parliament met on November 3, 1640, and its protection was at once claimed against Laud. GENERAL TURBULENCE OF THE TIME. The age was a turbulent one, not only in political, but in academic and social life. Several causes contributed to this. LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 75 First of all, it was an unpolished age, and men, and especially young men, had not learned to control either their passions or the expression of them. The great Dr. William Harvey (1578-1657) is recorded to have been " apt to draw out his dagger upon every slight occasion." Even the philosophic Lucius, Lord Falkland (born 1610 ; threw away his life at Newbury fight, September 20, 1643, crying " Peace ! Peace ! ") was in his younger days " apt to stab and do bloody mischiefs."" This passionateness was aggravated by the habitual use of strong drink, for it was not till the next age that coffee and tea were introduced. One example will point the moral, though not adorn the tale. In November 1634, Thomas Goldsmith, B.A. of Lincoln, did " most savagely beat and endanger, even to the present danger of his life," William Carminow, a Cornish undergraduate. The provocation was, perhaps, tale-bearing, Carminow next month informing against George Staresmore for calling Robert Crosse (Fellow 1627) " ass." Goldsmith, in his apology, pleads " being at that time somewhat in drink, I became subject to more heat and fury than became me." The very studies of the University fostered the tur- bulence of the age. They were all by way of disputa- tion, whether privately in the Hall of the College, or publicly in the Schools of the University. John Aubrey, who entered Trinity in May 1642, notes the captious spirit thus produced. Of William Chilling- worth, the apostle of toleration, he says, " He would always be disputing ; so would my tutor [William Browne, M.A. Trin. 1642] ; I think it was an epidemi- 76 LINCOLN cal evil of the time, which now is grown out of fashion as unmannerly and boyish." When, in the public exercises of the Schools, the rivalry of Colleges was added to the heat of debate, disputants often lost their temper and fought, their College backers, and even the Masters of the Schools, sometimes joining in the fray. Thus, in the Lent exercises of 1638 : " the students of Christ Church and those of Exeter got so unruly the Masters interposing and wrangling in, and the undergraduates fighting out of, the Schools that the Vice- Chancellor was forced to command an absolute cessa- tion of all manner of disputations between the said two houses." It ceases to surprise us, therefore, that riot fostered in the Schools should penetrate into the University and Colleges, and that Masters of Arts should strike each other in Colleges, and even in the Convocation House. SPECIAL CAUSES OF STRIFE IN THE COLLEGE. General causes of strife existed in abundance. Calvinism, or Arminianism ; Church government by bishops, or by presbyteries ; the surplice, or the Geneva gown ; the prerogative of the king, or the privilege of parliament on all these, and their thousand corollaries, men were at issue. And in the College itself there were at this juncture special difficulties. The Rector, for one thing, did not command respect. There was much in his disposition which invited rude- ness, and nothing of the good humour which disarms it and makes it ashamed of itself. The Statutes required the hearty co-operation of at LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 77 least a majority of the Fellows with the Rector to enforce discipline. They dwelt so much on the hope of amendment, and the duty of giving the offender another chance, that they encouraged unruly spirits to "try it on." And the Rector, by his underhand endeavours to get behind the provisions of the Statutes, so excited the suspicions of the Fellows, that they often screened offenders from merited punishment on the ground of unjust procedure against them. A fruitful source of trouble between the Rector and Fellows was the annual tenure of the bursarship. It was then very difficult to get in the battells; the balance in hand was often too little to meet bills ; and so a Bursar, quit of his year of office, liked to wash his hands of the whole business, and let the College suffer loss. Hood, on this point, is more pithy than he gener- ally is. Bursars (he says) think it enough to give in a note of unpaid battells, " laying the burden and care upon the Rector for the calling in of such debts : as also do seek to discredit him, by sending the College creditors unto him, and telling of them, he is to see them satisfied, they have no more to do with their accounts." Perpetual appeals to the Visitor show how great this trouble was, and what quarrels it occasioned. EXAMPLES OF OUTRAGEOUS CONDUCT. Some few examples may be given, an assorted set, of the violent disputes that took place in College, in these years before the Civil War. First, we may take a case of a quarrel between the Rector and a graduate. George Ashton, son of a 78 LINCOLN London gentleman, had taken M.A. in 1629. In March 1635, Hood ordered him to leave the Fellows'* table, and sit elsewhere : his answer was " he would sit there, and would not stir for him." When Hood threatened to punish him, "he in derision whoop^t at him so loud that all the hall rang of him." Ashton made his stand good, for we find him taking B.D. from Lincoln in December 1636. Next, we have a scuffle between Fellows. About the end of October 1637, "there was a difference and falling out between Richard Kilby [Fellow 1613-1642] and John Webberly, wherein there passed blows on both sides." "No hurt or sign appeared upon Mr. Webberly, and it appeared that Mr. Kilby's face was sore bruised and beaten." Verdict : both are to apolo- gise, but Webberly must " pay the charge of the surgeon for healing Mr. Kilb/s face." The most extraordinary of all the cases is, however, that of Smith v. North. Thomas Smith, M.A., Commoner, cannot be traced in the books, except as " subscribing " to the XXXIX Articles, in April 1638. He was, therefore, perhaps, an incorporation from Cambridge. Nicholas North had been Traps Scholar in 1627 from Sandwich School, had taken M.A. in 1634, and was in Orders. Thomas Smith shall give his version of what took place between them : " Coming out of his chamber on Moonsday night the 8th of December, 1634, about 7 o'clock, he met Mr. North under his window coming forth of his chamber, who said unto him, ' What are you, Sir ? ' He answered, ' What's that to you ? ' W T hereupon Mr. North laid hold of him LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 79 and drew him to his own chamber door. Whereupon Mr. Smith demanded a reason why he should use him so. Mr. North replied that he thought he had come forth of his chamber and had taken something out there. Whereupon Mr. Smith told him he was an unworthy man, and he would make him know himself. Mr. North being then within his chamber-door, dared Mr. Smith to follow him or come over his threshold, saying, e Will you strike me ? ' and, ' Strike me if thou durst ! ' With that Mr. Smith perceived a bed-staff in his gown- sleeve, he holding the little end in his hand and the great end downwards ; and so, provoking him still with cross language, Mr. Smith, having a stick behind him, thereupon struck at him, and hitting him upon the top of the head broke the stick in pieces." Asked what he was doing carrying a stick at all. Smith " alledgeth further that the reason why he took his stick out under his gown was, because he came newly out of town from some company, and by the way was jostled from the wall by two scholars, and being immediately to return, not knowing whether he might be abused again, he took that stick under his gown." North's version is, of course, very different. " He was coming from supper in the buttery, to his own room in ' the new quadrangle.' Mistaking Smith for his chamber-fellow, he called out to him, ' Who are you ? ' Smith called him 'a. base rogue/ pursued him to his room, forced his way in : there was no provocation, and no ' bed-staff.' He did no striking, but received many blows." Smith's case, even in his own stating of it, may 80 LINCOLN seem indefensible enough ; but he apparently got off' with a mere apology. He may be the Thomas Smith of Lincoln College, who took M.D. in the " creation " of November 1, 1642. Two things explain this miscarriage of justice. First of all, the tortuous proceedings of the Rector, who, as usual, wanted to take the chance of this grave offence to punish Smith for some previous slights to himself. He had " been warned by the Hector to remove his dogs out of the College ; " and had not done so. Hood, also, had prejudged the case, by writing out a decree of expulsion, which he asked the Fellows to sign, before Smith had been heard. And further, he had tried to exclude more than half the Fellows from the College meeting. December 17, 1634, the Rector had ordered Thomas Smith to appear, and " had warned the four seniors to be present there ... to be witnesses of his proceedings against Smith/'* But "at this meeting Mr. John Tireman, Mr. Charles Harington [Fellow 1631-1638], and Mr. Peter Allibond [Fellow 1632-1641 ; Hood's brother-in-law] did intrude themselves into his lodging to oppose his proceedings." A second and important consideration is that, according to Allibond, North's punishment, if excessive, was not unprovoked. He hinted that Smith " might have taken him eaves- dropping ; " and that he himself had " found one stand- ing under Mr. George Ashton's window, whom he followed to Mr. North's chamber," and thought, but would not swear, that it was North. From these dark records of bad temper and riotous conduct, we may now turn to a happier aspect of the times. ( UNIVERSITY I OF LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 81 THE NEW BUILDINGS. When John Williams, on becoming Bishop of Lincoln, became Visitor of the College in 1621, it was still obviously incomplete. The chapel was only the original upper room, too small for the Society as it now was ; arid, although the frontage to the Turl was built, the east and south sides of the new quadrangle were wanting. What other interest he had in the College, except that he was its Visitor, and that it shared in his own Puritan sympathies, I do not know ; but within few years he gave the College a new chapel, and completed the new quadrangle. His portrait well deserves its conspicuous place, as a benefactor, in the Hall. His work can be very clearly shown by a diagram (p. 82), which will be fully understood by comparison with the facsimile of Loggan's view. An accidental interest attaches to Bishop Williams's work, from an odd coincidence between his munificence to Lincoln and his munificence to his old College, St. John's, Cambridge, where he built the library. In both cases, he gave a fixed sum, I suppose on the estimated cost ; and would not add to it afterwards. The Lincoln items are, that on May 13, 1629, when the two new staircases were approaching completion, it was ordered that "the <50 given to the College by old Edward Sandwith, and the ^40 given by William Powderill, be employed towards the perfecting of the new build- ings.'' 1 Their fabric has been much improved in recent years. It was at first a mere shell ; and the partition walls, in some cases, were of canvas, bulged out by faggots of gorse. LINCOLN The gravel for these buildings was dug up out of "the Grove.' 1 In 1884, when the new Rector's lodgings were built, gravel was sought for in the Grove, and the old pits were come upon, filled with earth, containing an extraordinary variety of rubbish, broken crockery, hundreds of boar's tusks (showing that the boar's head was a favourite dish at Oxford), copper and silver coins of all reigns from Henry VIII. to James I., and numerous trade tokens. B A. Original buildings of the College (1437). B. Rector's lodgings (Beckington's : 1467). C. Archbishop Rotheram's addition (1479). D. Sir T. Rotheram's addition (1609). The rest is Williams's work (1629-31) : a. The Chapel ; b. A half staircase ; c. A full staircase (i.e., with rooms on each side). THE RECTOR'S LODGINGS. Opportunity was taken to effect a required enlarge- ment of the Rector's house. Hitherto it had consisted of the building erected by Beckington's executors : two deep cellars ; a noble ground-floor room, to which the LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 83 Rector had to invite the Fellows for such College meetings as were not. held in Chapel ; an equally noble room on the second floor, which he could keep sacred for himself; and an attic, for his man-servant. But Hood was now about to avail himself of the permission that Heads of Colleges might marry. He was the first married head of Lincoln. Accordingly, on the pretext that the Rector's lodgings had received " prejudice and damage " by " the late new buildings," the rooms on the north side of staircase c in the diagram were annexed to the Rector's lodging. This corner is shown in one of our plates. It is possible that, during the noise of the new building, and the dust of the structural alterations, Hood rented a house for his wife in the town, for Wood tells us that his son, Job Hood, "was born in Magdalen parish, Oxford, and baptized there October 18, 1630." It was perhaps his marriage that drew upon Hood, at the Act this year (1630), the abuse of the Terras Filius* At all events, in a Convocation held on August 6, 1630, the Terrce Fitius, Thomas Eland (or Yealand) of Magd. Coll., had to kneel and ask pardon for his verba scandalosa et opprobriosa against Hood. In 1629, also, the Rector was assigned, for a private garden, " the little patch of ground at the east end of the chapel." * The Terra filii were two M.A.s who were taking part in the Act, the final exercise for that degree. It was the duty of one Terrce filius to speak a Latin speech at the Act on the Saturday ; and of the other, on the Monday. Each proctor nominated one. The speeches were, by custom, humorous ; and too often vulgar and indecent attacks on prominent members of the University. 84 LINCOLN THE CHAPEL. The new Chapel was consecrated on September 15, 1631, by Richard Corbet, Bishop of Oxford, acting under commission from Bishop Williams. A month later Williams provided for its constant use by the College by an " interpretation " of the original Statute De officio divino which required services in All Saints 1 Church. " That was," he said, " a provisional statute binding us only till we should have a convenient place within our College. Which we now having, he judged us freed from going to All Hallows."" However, for auld lang syne, had the dear phrase been then invented, he required the College to go to All Saints'* Church " upon some chief festivals, as All Saints 1 day.*" This " interpretation," it may be noted, carried on to modern days a quaint custom. It had been ordered by Statute that two sermons should be preached at All Saints, one by the Rector on All Saints 1 day, the other on the dedication-day of the Church, In octavis S. Martini, i.e., November 18. These were still continued. The preacher appointed for the Dedication day in 1737, and again in 1743 and 1749, was John Wesley. In John Pointers guide-book to Oxford (1749), this is the chief " custom " he notes at Lincoln. " Custom for the Rector and Fellows of this College to go in procession through the street, all in their surplices, to All Hallows Church on All Saints 1 day. 11 The custom was discon- tinued by permission of the Visitor in 1866, the College jurisdiction in the Church having been modified by the Orders in Council of 1846, enforced by the Bishop (Samuel Wilberforce). LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 85 Bishop Williams was exceedingly fortunate in the artists he employed. Architecturally, the Chapel is acknowledged to be one of the best examples of the contemporary return to Gothic, the style known as " Jacobean Gothic." Its screen and panels, of cedar, are most exquisitely carved, and still yield a faint, sweet fragrance, which takes the senses back to the fresh pine-forest, as the murmur of the shell suggests the sea. This fragrance was noted by Pointer in 1749 : " the cedar wainscot," he says, " is very sweet." But the glory of the Chapel is its unrivalled glass, equally perfect in its suggestiveness, and exquisite in drawing and colour. The picture-epitome of Scripture history is wonderfully complete and clear. On each side are four windows, with three lights in each. Those on the north give the Old Testament, in figures of twelve prophets with their emblems, as Amos with his shepherd^s crook, David in his robe of royal embroidery, and touching the strings of his harp. Under each is an elegiac couplet, explaining the emblem ; thus under Amos is Ex ovium fueram factus custode propheta ; Duraque pro Christ! nomine verba tuli. The windows on the south give the New Testament, in figures of the twelve Apostles, each having beneath him the clause attributed to him of the Apostles 1 Creed. The east window gives the Old and New Testament in one view, centred in the person of Christ. It is divided into six lights, each of which has two pictures with appropriate texts under them from the Latin 86 LINCOLN Bible. The lower pictures give the six " types " of the Old Testament, and the upper the scenes in the life of Christ in which these were fulfilled. The arrangement is this : I 2 3 4 5 6 I II III IV V VI I. The making and the fall of man. i. The birth of the Redeemer. II. Israel passing through the Red Sea, while the Egyptians are drowned. 2. John baptizing Jesus. III. The Passover. 3. The Last Supper, with this peculiarity, that His mother is present by Christ's side. IV. The serpent raised in the wilderness. 4. Christ on His Cross (see page 88). V. Jonah delivered from the whale's belly. 5. The grave giving up its victor. VI. Elijah carried to heaven. 6. Christ received up. There are three marvels about these pictures. For one thing, they show the most exquisite effects of distance. Thus, in the Baptism scene, the foreground gives John on the bank sprinkling Jesus, who stands knee-deep in Jordan ; but in the background the eye wanders along the windings of the river to the walls of Jericho. Again, in their small space, they give wonder- ful perspectives of figures. For example, in the Cruci- fixion scene, Jesus is on his cross with Mary and John standing at its foot. Behind Mary the officer on horse- back is piercing the side with his lance ; behind John are three soldiers of the guard. In the middle distance LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 87 room is found for those who " stood afar off, beholding these things," and the towers of Zion close the view. In the third place, the pictures often blend in one view a whole narrative. In the Creation scene we see Adam first formed, then Eve, and then Eve taking the second apple from the serpent's mouth while Adam doubtfully holds the first which he has received from her. And all round them the garden of the Lord spreads out, flowers in field, beasts feeding' in green pastures, birds on wing, and, far off, fishes sporting in an isle-strewn sea. In the Jonah scene the foreground shows the prophet kneeling on the bank to return thanks for his deliverance, while the monster opens its cavernous mouth, revealing the depth from which he has been set free. In the middle distance, the sailors are casting Jonah into a sea running waves mountains high. Far off, the ship, its doomed passenger gone, is sailing over a tranquil sea. The carvings of the pews are in keeping with the suggestiveness of the storied windows. At the east ends stand Moses and Aaron, representing the Law and the Sanctuary ; at the west, Peter and Paul, Apostles of Jew and Gentile. In the middle, the four Evange- lists. All have their emblems. Over the Holy Table hangs a gilded wreath of wheat-ears and vine-clusters, symbolising the holy mysteries. (See the fine view of the Chapel interior in one of our plates.) The tracery of the east window is filled with outlines of buildings. That of the side windows has painted glass in the larger spaces, two angels supporting shields with the arms of John Williams, his Deanery of Westminster and his See of Lincoln. 88 LINCOLN Architect, carver, and painter are alike unknown. The date 1630 occurs several times under the Apostles. Anthony Wood says that Williams "procured" the glass " from Italy in 1629." A later version of the same story seeks to account for its Flemish style by saying that it was glass which had been taken from Flanders into Italy for a chapel the design of which was abandoned ; that Williams then bought it, and built Lincoln Chapel to receive it. Richard Michell (born 1805 ; Fellow of Lincoln 1830-1841 ; died 1877, Principal of Hertford) used to say that the glass much resembles that in the chapel of the hospital at Guild- ford built by George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury 1611-1633 ; and that both were by the same artist, who was a relative of Abbot's. A very odd incident in connection with the building of the chapel is that it added an article to the impeach- ment of Laud. " There were," it was then stated, " some old crucifixes repaired, and divers new ones erected in divers colleges there, since he became Chancellor of the University, whereas there were none before his time." Laud, with a sly allusion to his well- known hostility to Williams on the burning questions of Church ceremonies, replied ; " The crucifix in Lincoln College was set up by the Bishop of Lincoln ; and it would have been thought hard if I had opposed it." This " crucifix " is the picture in the east window of the chapel, described above. THE GREAT CELLAR. The College cellar had hitherto been under the buttery. In 1640, a new one was excavated under the LAUD'S CHANCELLORSHIP 89 hall. An accidental result was that it rendered less the obligation to the College which Charles I. was about to come under, since to defray its cost some of the College plate was sold. The items are : May 6, 1640, allowed " towards the building of a new cellar under the hall," 15 %s. (money in hand) and 4t ISs. (taken out of the treasury). February 6, 1641, Z9 12*. (taken out of the treasury), and 18 4s. (the proceeds of the sale, at the rate of 4 Edinburgh "IT IS CUT OUT FOR A SCHOOL PRIZE.' -QUEEN Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. THE COUNSELS OF WILLIAM DE BRITAINE A VOLUME OF SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY PRECEPTS AND APHORISMS Revised by HERBERT STURMER Author of "Some Poitevin Protestants in London" SOME PRESS NOTICES 1 ' Mr. Sturmer has accomplished his ' toil ' well and carefully ; his in- troduction is excellent . . . The author, whoever he was, knows how to turn an aphorism with so neat a touch that he must have been ancestor of Mr. George Meredith." Pall Mall Gazette. "Whatever his subject he treats it 'wittily,' and the various essays abound in anecdotes and epigrams, so that, open the book where you will, you are sure to find some good thing confronting you." Sheffield Telegraph. "The 'Counsels' are divided into thirty-two sections dealing with as many subjects, in a pithy and proverbial fashion. Mr. Stunner's work of revision must have been exceedingly difficult, and, so far as we can judge, it has been excellently done." The Guardian. "It is certainly one of those volumes which, having once read, one dislikes to see absent from one's shelf." Cape Times. "It is full of wise saws and modern instances." Daily News. THE GUARDIAN'S INSTRUCTION Or, The Gentleman's Romance Written for the Diversion and Service of the Gentrv. A Reprint from the Edition of 1688 This quaint little book contains a defence of the University of Oxford, interesting details of life there, and advice to parents of position on the education of their sons. With a Biographical Introduction. Fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. ' ' One of the most delightful and fascinating little volumes which it has been my lot to chance upon for many a long day. . . . The advice the author gives about the education of the sons of gentlemen ... is full of gentle piety, of shrewd common sense, of courtly wit, and of sound, and at times delightfully naive, worldly wisdom, written with a dignity and style which are simply irresistible." Pall Mall Gazette. " . . . all who care for the literature and social history of the seventeenth century will be greatly obliged to the editor for the reprint. . . . His educational maxims are really worth reading by the side of Locke's short^ treatise." Times. "The book is valuable as showing the views of a moderate and learned man on the education of the children of the well-to-do classes, and as giving details about the life and teaching at the University of Oxford two centuries ago." Manchester Guardian. Universities of Oxford and Cambridge 'Two Series of Popular Histories of the Colleges To be completed in Twenty^one and Eighteen Volumes respectively EACH volume will be written by some one officially connected with the College of which it treats, or at least by some member of that College who is specially qualified for the task. It will contain : (i) A History of the College from its Foundation ; (2) An Account and History of its Buildings ; (3) Notices of the Connection of the College with any Important Social or Religious Events ; (4) A List of the Chief Benefactions made to the College ; (5) Some Particulars of the Contents of the College Library ; (6) An Account of the College Plate, Windows, and other Accessories ; (7) A Chapter upon the best known, and other notable but less well-known Members of the College. Each volume will be produced in crown octavo, in a good clear type, and will contain from 200 to 250 pages (except two or three volumes, which will be thicker). The illustrations will consist of full-page plates, containing reproductions of old views of the Colleges and modern views of the buildings, grounds, &c. The two Series will extend over a period of about two years, and no particular order will be observed in the publication of the volumes. The writers' names are given on the opposite page. 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