BIOLOGY 
 , . LIBRARY 
 
 G 
 
THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 CEYLON AND BURMA. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF 
 STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL. 
 
 EDITED BY W. T. BLANFORD. 
 
 BIRD S -Vol. I. 
 
 BY 
 
 EUGENE W. GATES. 
 
 LONDON: 
 TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
 CALCUTTA: I BOMBAY: 
 
 THACKEE, SPI.NK, & CO. THACKER & CO., LIMITED. 
 
 BEELIN: 
 
 B. FRIEDLAXDER & SOHX, 11 CARLSTRA.S3E. 
 
 1889. 
 
BIOLOGY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 G 
 
 FLAMMAM. 
 
 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
 RED LION COUBT 3 FLEET STKEET. 
 
 . 
 
PJIEFACE. 
 
 THIS volume is the third of the series belonging to the 
 ' Fauna of British India ' that has been published in the 
 course of the present year. Of the two preceding volumes, 
 containing the ' Fishes/ the first appeared in July and the 
 second in September. 
 
 Birds, which form the subject of the present volume, and 
 which it is proposed to complete in two more, are not only 
 the most familiar and, in many respects, the most interesting 
 class of the Vertebrata, but they are in India represented by 
 the largest number of known species. 
 
 The hope expressed, in the Introduction to the ' Mammalia ' 
 of the present series, that Mr. Gates would undertake the 
 ' Birds/ has been fulfilled, and I think that Indian orni- 
 thologists are to be congratulated on the fact. Had not 
 Mr. Gates come from India and devoted his furlough to the 
 task, much delay would have been caused and the work, 
 in all likelihood, much less completely executed,, as I should 
 
 a2 
 
 5b2 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 probably have been compelled to write the greater part, if 
 not the whole, myself. 
 
 The number of species of birds to be described in the three 
 volumes, of which this is the first, exceeds those enumerated 
 in Jerdon's ' Birds of India ' by more than one-half, chiefly 
 because Jerdon omitted the species inhabiting Ceylon, Sind 
 west of the Indus, the Western Punj ab, Hazara, the Upper 
 Indus valley north and north-west of Kashmir, Assam, Burma 
 and the intermediate countries (such as the Garo, Khasi, 
 and Naga hills, Chittagong, Sylhet, Cachar, and Manipur), 
 together with the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, all of which 
 are comprised within the limits of British India as accepted 
 in the present publication. A large number of additional 
 species have also been recorded, since Jerdon' s work was 
 published, from Sind, the Punjab, the North-western Pro- 
 vinces, Rajputana, and the Western Himalayas, the fauna 
 of all of which has become better known within the last 
 25 years. The additional species from the Peninsula are 
 far less numerous. 
 
 No branch of Zoology has, in India, attracted so much 
 attention or enlisted the services of so many observers as 
 Ornithology ; and there is probably no division of Indian 
 biological science, not even Botany, on which so much has 
 been written and of which our present knowledge is so far 
 advanced. Far more is known about the nomenclature, 
 distribution, and habits of birds than about those of mammals, 
 reptiles, or fishes. Within the last ten years some good local 
 faunas have been written, foremost amongst these being 
 Legge's ' Birds of Ceylon ' and Oates's ' Birds of Burmah.' 
 A periodical work with the somewhat eccentric title of 
 ' Stray Feathers/ devoted entirely to Ornithology, flourished 
 for several years under the energetic guidance of Mr. Allan 
 Hume, and within the last 18 months a valuable addition has 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 been made to the volumes already published. But, above all, 
 Mr. Hume brought together, chiefly in about ten years (from 
 1872 to 1882), a collection of Indian birds from all parts of 
 the country far superior to any ever before accumulated ; 
 indeed it is doubtful whether an equally complete collection 
 has ever before been made, from a similar area, in any branch 
 of Zoology or Botany. The whole of this collection, 
 amounting to 60,000 skins, besides a very large number 
 of nests and eggs, has now been presented by Mr. Hume 
 to the British Museum ; and as the same building contains 
 the collections of Colonel Sykes, the Marquis of Tweeddale 
 (Viscount Walden), Mr. Gould, and, above all, of Mr. 
 Hodgson, the opportunities now offered for the study of 
 Indian birds in London are far superior to those that have 
 ever been presented to students in India. Every facility has 
 been afforded to Mr. Gates by the officers of the British 
 Museum for studying the superb series of Indian birds now 
 in the National Collection. 
 
 It must be left to naturalists in India to judge how far 
 Mr. Gates has succeeded in accomplishing the task that he 
 has undertaken. This task, though greatly facilitated by 
 the collected specimens and information, is still far from easy ; 
 for, in works like the present, it is not sufficient to have 
 access to the necessary data, the facts known require to be 
 so arranged as to be easily understood and available for 
 ready reference. If the present work complies with these 
 conditions, it is to be hoped that the study of Ornithology 
 not only in India, but throughout the Oriental Regiou, may 
 benefit as much as it unquestionably did by the appearance 
 of Jerdon's ( Birds of India/ 
 
 In one respect the volume now published falls short of the 
 work just named. The limits assigned to the number and 
 size of the volumes in the ' Fauna of British India/ limits 
 
yi PEEFACE. 
 
 in the necessity for which, much as I regret their existence, 
 I am obliged to concur have precluded the addition of any 
 save the very briefest notes on habits, migration, folk-lore, 
 and other interesting points, the inclusion of which in Jerdon's 
 work added so greatly to its attraction. 
 
 On the other hand, the classification adopted by Jerdon 
 was obsolete even when he wrote, and was in many respects 
 inferior to that employed by Blyth, thirteen years previously, 
 in his ' Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the Asiatic 
 Society ' (Calcutta) . Unfortunately this faulty classification 
 of Jerdon's has become so closely associated with the Indian 
 Ornithology of the last quarter of a century, partly from the 
 general use of Jerdon's work as a text-book, partly from the 
 employment of his serial numbers, with interpolated additions, 
 in all Mr. Hume's writings, that many Indian ornithologists 
 are probably unacquainted with the important additions to 
 our knowledge of bird-classification made by Huxley, Garrod, 
 Forbes, and other writers, and, it may be feared, will not 
 welcome the changes that have become necessary. It may be 
 hoped that the facilities for the determination of specimens 
 afforded in the present work by the generic and specific keys 
 and by the woodcuts will serve to mitigate the regrets of 
 those who are attached to the old system of classification. 
 
 The arrangement of the families of Acromyodian Passeres 
 proposed in this volume is new, and partly based on a charac- 
 ter of unquestionable value as evidence of relationship the 
 plumage of the young birds. The subdivision of the Passeres 
 has long been one of the great difficulties of ornithologists, 
 and one who had devoted much time and thought to the 
 subject, the late W. A. Forbes, was accustomed to say that 
 the whole order consisted of a single family. In all proba- 
 bility the difficulty of subdividing the order will never be 
 completely solved, the fact being that the Passeres are a 
 
PREFACE. yii 
 
 group of animals of comparatively recent geological origin, 
 still in course of development, and that in the Passerine 
 series no breaks have yet been established by the dying out 
 of intermediate forms, as has taken place in orders that have 
 survived greater geological changes. 
 
 In one respect a difference may perhaps be traced between 
 the classification employed in this volume for birds and that 
 applied in the e Fauna of British India ' to other classes of 
 Vertebrata. The number of genera accepted or proposed by 
 Mr. Gates is larger in proportion than that adopted in the 
 Mammals, Reptiles, and Fishes. Personally I should have 
 preferred a reduction in the generic divisions of birds; 
 but, at the same time, I regard the question as one of con- 
 venience, there being, so far as I can see, no essential 
 distinction between generic and specific characters. Many 
 of the so-called " structural distinctions " in birds, such as 
 the arrangement of the feathers at the base of the bill and 
 the development of a crest, are probably purely ornamental, 
 and, like the colours of the plumage, connected with sexual 
 selection ; and I cannot see why the differences mentioned are 
 of higher importance than colour. It is, however, only fair 
 to say that many of the best ornithologists hold the same 
 views as Mr. Gates. It is also only just to add that I believe 
 this is the only detail of classification in which I see any 
 reason for differing with him. 
 
 An account of the chief writers on Indian birds up to 1862 
 was given by Dr. Jerdon in the Introduction to the first 
 volume of the s Birds of India ' the principal authors enume- 
 rated, besides Jerdon himself, were Franklin, Tickell, Sykes, 
 McClelland, Burgess, Adams, Tytler, Kelaart, Layard, Hut- 
 ton, Theobald, and, above all, Hodgson and Blyth, to whom, 
 with Jerdon, may fairly be attributed the foundation of 
 Indian ornithology. A general notice of those who had 
 
Vlll PKEFACE. 
 
 principally been engaged in working out the birds of the 
 Asiatic continent and islands was included by Mr. R. B. 
 Sharpe in his Introduction to Gould's ' Birds of Asia/ 
 This " Introduction " was reprinted in < The Ibis ' for 1884, 
 p. 49. Amongst the contributions to the ornithology of 
 India since the appearance of Jerdon's ' Birds of India ' 
 some of the principal are: (1) Blyth's commentary on 
 Jerdon in 'The Ibis' for 1866 and 1867, his ornithology 
 of Ceylon (Ibis, 1867), and his posthumous list of the 
 Birds of Burma, published, with additions by Viscount 
 Walden, as an extra number to the Journal of the Asiatic 
 Society of Bengal for 1875 ; (2) Jerdon's supplementary 
 notes (Ibis, 1871 and 1872); (3) papers by the Marquis 
 of Tweeddale (Viscount Walden), Major Wardlaw Bamsay, 
 Colonel J. Biddulph, and Messrs. A. Anderson, H. J. Elwes, 
 R. C. Beavan, J. Scully, and R. B. Sharpe in < The Ibis ' 
 and the 'Proceedings' of the Zoological Society; (4) 
 contributions by F. Stoliczka, H. H. Godwin- Austen, 
 W. E. Brooks, V. Ball, G. King, 'A. C. McMaster, and 
 the present writer to the Journal and Proceedings of the 
 Asiatic Society of Bengal ; (5) Hume's ' Scrap Book,' ' Nests 
 and Eggs,' ' Lahore to Yarkand ' (in part by Dr. Henderson), 
 and 'Game Birds' (written in conjunction with Colonels 
 C. H. T. and G. F. L. Marshall); (6) Legge's 'Birds of 
 Ceylon,' Oates's ' Birds of Burmah/ J. Anderson's ' Zoological 
 Results of the Yunnan Expeditions/ Barnes's ' Birds of Bom- 
 bay/ Murray's ' Vertebrate Zoology of Sind ' and ' Avifauna 
 of British India ;' and above all (7) the eleven volumes of 
 < Stray Feathers.' Of all the pages in the latter the larger 
 number are by Mr. Hume himself, the other more important 
 Indian contributors being Messrs. R. M. Adam, J. Aitkeii, 
 A. Anderson, J. Armstrong, V. Ball, H. E. Barnes, C. T. 
 Bingham, W. E. Brooks, E. A. Butler, Cock, J. R. Cripps, 
 J. Davidson and Wenden, W. Davison, S. B. Doig, S. B. 
 Fairbank, J. A. Gammie, J. Inglis, W. V. Legge, C. H. T. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 and G. F. L. Marshall, E. W. Gates, G. Reid, J. Scully, 
 and G. W. Vidal ; there are also some papers from European 
 ornithologists, especially Messrs. R. B. Sharpe and J. H. 
 Gurney. An important aid to ornithology in general has 
 been furnished by the British Museum Catalogue of Birds, 
 written by Messrs. R. B. Sharpe, by whom the greater part has 
 been contributed, H. Seebohm, H. Gadow, and P. L. Sclater. 
 Some valuable contributions to the ornithology of Burma, 
 founded on the collections made by Mr. Fea, have lately been 
 published by Count T. Salvadori in the ' Annali del Museo 
 Civico, Genoa/ 
 
 Hitherto the progress of Indian ornithology may be divided 
 into two periods ; the first of which, ending with the publi- 
 cation of Jerdon's work, was especially signalized by the 
 labours of Hodgson, Jerdon, and Blyth, whilst in the more 
 recent period the dominant figure has been Mr. Hume. 
 
 The addition to the present work of any anatomical details 
 beyond those that are essential for classification would involve 
 too great a demand upon the limited space available. An 
 excellent sketch by Prof. W. K. Parker will be found in the 
 last (ninth) edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica/ under 
 the article " Birds" (vol. iii, p. 699). A general account 
 of the osteology by Mr. R. Lydekker was published at the 
 beginning of the eighth volume of ' Stray Feathers/ For 
 more complete descriptions the student may turn to Bronn's 
 1 Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-reichs ; Aves/ by Selenka 
 and Gadow. Numerous details will also be found in papers 
 by Garrod and Forbes in the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological 
 Society ; and a work in two large quarto volumes, by 
 M. Fiirbringer, has recently been published in Amsterdam. 
 A diagram showing the terms applied to parts of the plumage 
 will be found on page xi. 
 
 The division of the class Aves into orders will be discussed 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 by Mr. Gates in the third volume,, and a list of the works 
 referred to in the synonymy will be added at the same time. 
 The author will defer to the same opportunity any general 
 remarks which he may find necessary. 
 
 With the present volume half o the proposed work on the 
 Vertebrate Fauna of British India is completed, three and a 
 half volumes having now appeared out of seven. Of the 
 remaining volumes, one on Reptilia and Batrachia, by Mr. G. 
 A. Boulenger, is ready for the press, and will be the next 
 for publication, and it is hoped that a second volume of Birds 
 and perhaps the remaining half-volume of Mammals will 
 also be published in the course of 1890. 
 
 W. T. BLANFORD. 
 
 December, 1889. 
 
11 8 
 
 10 
 
 DIAGRAM OP A BIRD, to illustrate the terminology of the plumage and lirnbs. 
 
 1. Forehead. 
 
 2. Crown. 
 
 3. Nape or occiput. 
 
 4. Lores (space in front of eye). 
 
 5. Supercilium. 
 
 6. Cheeks. 
 
 7. Ear-coverts. 
 
 8. Upper mandible or maxilla. 
 
 9. Lower mandible. 
 
 10. Culmen or upper profile of 
 
 maxilla. 
 
 11. Commissure or line of junction 
 
 of the two mandibles. 
 
 12. Eictal bristles or vibrissje. 
 
 13. Chin. 
 
 14. Throat. 
 
 15. Breast. 
 
 16. Abdomen. 
 
 17. Back. 
 
 18. Rump. 
 
 19. Scapulars. 
 
 20. Primaries (the earlier or outer- 
 
 most 9 or 10 quills of the wing). 
 
 21. Secondaries (wing-quills springing 
 
 from the radius and ulna). 
 
 22. Terfciaries. 
 
 23. Lesser wing-coverts. 
 
 24. Median wing-coverts. 
 
 25. Greater wing-coverts. 
 
 26. Primary wing-coverts. 
 
 27. Winglet or bastard -wing. 
 
 28. Upper tail-coverts. 
 
 29. Tail-feathers or rectrices. 
 
 30. Under tail-coverts. 
 
 31. Tarsus. 
 
 32. Hind toe or first toe or hallux. 
 
 33. Inner or second toe. 
 
 34. Middle or third toe. 
 
 35. Outer or fourth toe. 
 
XU TERMINOLOGY. 
 
 Flanks or sides of body are the parts approximately covered 
 by the closed wing. 
 
 Axillaries are the lengthened feathers springing from the 
 axilla or region beneath the base of the wing. 
 
 Supplementary bristles or hairs are those springing from the 
 side of the forehead in front of the rictal bristles. 
 
 Naral bristles or hairs are those springing from the front of 
 the forehead and covering the nostrils. 
 
 The measurements in this work are invariably in English 
 
 inches and decimals, and are taken thus : 
 Length. The distance from the tip of the bill to the tip of 
 
 the longest tail-feather, unless otherwise stated. 
 Tail. The distance from the root of the tail, generally 
 
 indicated both in the fresh and dried state by the 
 
 presence of a piece of flesh on the underside, to the 
 
 tip of the longest feather. 
 Wing. The greatest distance from the bend of the wing 
 
 to the tip of the longest primary, measured straight. 
 
 When the wing is curved, it is flattened out for the 
 
 purpose of measurement. 
 Tarsus. The distance from the centre of articulation of 
 
 the tarsus with the tibia to the base of the middle toe. 
 Bill. The distance from the angle of the gape to the tip, 
 
 measured straight. 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Order PASSERES ........ 2 
 
 Fam. COBVID^ ............ 10 
 
 Subfam. Cormnce .......... 11 
 
 1. Corvus, Linn ........... 12 
 
 1. corax, Linn ........... 14 
 
 2. umbrinus, Hederib ..... 15 
 
 3. corone, Linn ......... 16 
 
 4. macrorhynchus, Wagl. . 17 
 
 5. frugilegus, Linn ....... 18 
 
 6. cornix, Linn ......... 19 
 
 capellanus ............ 20 
 
 sharpii .............. 20 
 
 7. splendens, Vieill ....... 20 
 
 8. insolens, Hume ...... 21 
 
 9. monedula, Linn ....... 22 
 
 2. Pica, Briss ............. 23 
 
 1. rustica (Scop.) ........ 24 
 
 2. bottanensis/ Deless ..... 25 
 
 3. Urocissa, Cab ........... 25 
 
 1. occipitalis (Blyth) ____ 26 
 
 2. flavirostris (Blyth) ____ 27 
 
 4. Cissa, Bole ............ 28 
 
 1. chinensis (Bodd.) ...... 28 
 
 2. ornata ( Wagl.) ...... 29 
 
 5. Dendrocitta, Gould ____ 30 
 
 1. rufa (Scop.) .......... 30 
 
 2. leucogastra, Gould .... 31 
 
 3. liimalayensis, Blyth . . 32 
 
 4. frontalis, McClell ..... 33 
 
 5. bayleyi, Tytier ........ 34 
 
 6. Crypsirkina, Vieill ....... 34 
 
 1. varians (Lath.) ...... 35 
 
 2. cucullata, Jerd ....... 35 
 
 7. Platysmurus, Reich ..... 36 
 1. leucopterus (Temm) . . 37 
 
 Page 
 
 8. Garrulus, Briss 37 
 
 1. lanceolatus, Vig 38 
 
 2. leucotis, Hume 39 
 
 3. bispecularis, Vig 39 
 
 9. Nucifraga, Briss 40 
 
 1. hemispila, Vig 41 
 
 2. multipunctata, Gould . . 41 
 
 10. -Graculus, Koch 42 
 
 1. eremita (Linn.) 43 
 
 11. Pyrrhocorax, Vieill 44 
 
 1. alpinus, Vieill 44 
 
 Subfam. Pariwz 45 
 
 1. Parus, Linn 46 
 
 1. atriceps, Horsf. 46 
 
 2. minor, Temm. fy Schleg. 48 
 
 3. nuchalis, Jerd. 49 
 
 4. monticola, Vig 49 
 
 2. JEgithaliscus, Cab 50 
 
 1. erythrocephalus (Vig.) . 50 
 
 2. rnanipurensis, Hume . . 51 
 
 3. leucogenys (Moore) .... 51 
 
 4. niveigularis (Gould) . . 52 
 
 5. ioschistus (Hodgs.) .... 52 
 
 3. Sylviparus, Burton 53 
 
 1. modestus, Burton .... 53 
 
 4. Machlolopus, Cab 54 
 
 1. spilonotus (Blyth) .... 54 
 
 2. xanthogenys ( Vig.) .... 55 
 
 3. haplonotus (Blyth) 56 
 
 griffithii (Blyth) 56 
 
 5. Lophophanes, Kaup .... 57 
 
 1. melanolophus (Vig.) . . 57 
 
 2. aemodius (Hodgs.) 58 
 
 3. rubidiventris (Blyth) . . 58 
 
 4. rufinuchalis (Blyth) . . 58 
 
 5. beavani, Blyth 59 
 
 6. dichrous (Hodgs.) 59 
 
XIV 
 
 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Subfam. Paradoxornithince . . 60 
 
 1. Conostoma, Hodgs 60 
 
 1. semodium, Hodgs 61 
 
 2. Paradoxornis, Gould .... 61 
 
 1. flavirostris, Gould 62 
 
 2. guttaticollis, A. David . 62 
 
 3. Suthora, Hodgs 63 
 
 1. unicolor (Hodgs.) 64 
 
 2. humii, Sharpe 64 
 
 3. nepalensis, Hodgs 65 
 
 4. poliotis, Blyth 65 
 
 feae, Salvad. 66 
 
 5. fulvifrous, Hodgs 66 
 
 6. ruficeps (Blyth} 67 
 
 7. atrisuperciliaris (Godiv.- 
 
 Aust.) 67 
 
 brunnea, Anders 68 
 
 4. Scseorhynchus, Oates .... 68 
 
 1. ruficeps (Blyth) 68 
 
 2. gularis (Horsf.) 69 
 
 Fam. CBATEBOPODIDJE .... 70 
 
 Subfam. Crateropodince 71 
 
 1. Dryonastes, Sharpe 72 
 
 1. ruficollis (Jard. fy Selby) 73 
 
 2. nuchalis (Gochv.-Aust.) . 74 
 
 3. chinensis (Scop.) 74 
 
 4. cagrulatus (Hodgs.} .... 75 
 
 5. subcserulatus (Hume) . . 76 
 
 6. sannio (Swinh.) 76 
 
 7. galbanus (Godiv.-Aust.) 76 
 
 2. Garrulax, Less 77 
 
 1. leucolophus (Hardw.) . . 77 
 
 2. belangeri, Less 79 
 
 3. diardi (Less.) 79 
 
 4. pectoralis (Gould) 80 
 
 5. moniliger (Hodgs.} .... 81 
 
 6. gularis (McClell.) 81 
 
 7. delesserti (Jerd.) 82 
 
 8. albigularis (Gould) 82 
 
 9. strepitans, Blyth 83 
 
 3. lanthocincla, Gould .... 84 
 
 1. ocellata ( Vig.) 84 
 
 2. cineracea (Godw.-Aust.} 85 
 
 3. rufi gularis, Gould 86 
 
 cinereiceps, Styan .... 86 
 
 4. austeni (Jerd.} 87 
 
 4. Troehalopterum, Hodgs. . . 87 
 
 1. erythrocephalum ( Vig.}. 89 
 
 2. erythroleema, Hume . . 90 
 
 3. chrysopterum (Gould) . . 90 
 
 4. nigrimentum, Hodgs. . . 91 
 t). melanostigma (Blyth} . . 92 
 
 Page 
 
 6. phceniceum (Gould) . . 93 
 
 7. subunicolor, Hodgs 94 
 
 8. affine, Hodgs 94 
 
 9. variegatum ( Vig.) .... 95 
 
 10. simile, Hume 96 
 
 11. squamatum (Gould} . . 96 
 melanurus 97 
 
 12. cachinnans (Jerd.) .... 97 
 
 13. cmnamomeum, Dav. . . 98 
 
 14. jerdoni (Blyth) 99 
 
 15. fairbanki, Blanf. 99 
 
 16. meridionale, Blanf. 100 
 
 17. virgatum, Godw.-Aust. 100 
 
 18. lineatum ( Vig} 101 
 
 19. imbricatum (Blyth) 102 
 
 5. Grammatoptila, JReichenb. 102 
 
 1. striata ( Vig.} 103 
 
 2. austeni, Oates 104 
 
 6. Stactocichla, Sharpe 104 
 
 1. merulina (Blyth) 104 
 
 7. Argya, Less 105 
 
 1. earlii (Blyth) 105 
 
 2. caudata (Dum.) 100 
 
 3. gularis (Blyth} 107 
 
 4. malcolmi (Sykes) 108 
 
 5. subrufa (Jerd.) , . . 109 
 
 6. longirostris (Hodgs.) . . 109 
 
 8. Crateropus, Swains 110 
 
 1. canorus (Linn.) 110 
 
 2. griseus (Gm.) 112 
 
 3. striatus (Swains.) .... 112 
 
 4. somervillii (Sykes) 113 
 
 5. rufescens (Blyth) 114 
 
 6. cinereifrons (Blyth) .... 114 
 
 9. Pomatorhinus, Horsf.. . . . 115 
 
 1. schisticeps, Hodgs 116 
 
 2. nuchalis, Tweed. 117 
 
 3. olivaceus, Blyth 118 
 
 4. melanurus, Blyth 118 
 
 5. horsfieldii, Sykes 119 
 
 6. obscurus, Hume 120 
 
 7. ferruginosus, Blyth .... 120 
 
 8. albigularis, Blyth 121 
 
 9. phayrii, Blyth 121 
 
 10. ruficollis, Hodgs 122 
 
 11. ochraceiceps, Wald. . . 123 
 
 12. austeni, Hume 123 
 
 13. stenorhynchus, Godw.- 
 
 Aust 124 
 
 14. erythrogenys, Vig 124 
 
 iniberbis, Salvad 125 
 
 15. macclellandi, Jerd 125 
 
 16. hypoleucus (Blyth) 126 
 
 17. tickelli, Blyth 127 
 
 10. Xiphorhamphus, Blyth . . 128 
 
 1. superciliaris (Blyth) . . 128 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 XV 
 
 Page 
 
 Subfam. Timeliina 129 
 
 1. Timelia, Horsf. 131 
 
 1. pileata, Horsf. 132 
 
 2. Dumetia, Blyth 133 
 
 1. hyperythra (Frankl.) . . 133 
 
 2. albigularis (Myth) 134 
 
 3. Gampsorhynchus, Blyth. . 134 
 
 1. rufulus, Blyth 135 
 
 2. torquatus, Hume 136 
 
 4. Pyctorhis, Hodgs 137 
 
 1. sinensis (Gin.) 137 
 
 2. nasalis, Legqe 138 
 
 3. altirostris (Jerd.) 139 
 
 5. Pellorneum, Sicains 139 
 
 1. mandellii, Blanf. 140 
 
 2. minus, Hume 141 
 
 3. ruficeps, Swains 141 
 
 4. subochraceum, Swinh.. . 142 
 
 5. palustre, Jerd. 143 
 
 6. fuscicapillum (Blyth} . . 143 
 
 7. ignotum, Hume 144 
 
 6. Drymocataphus, Blyth . . 144 
 
 1. nigricapitatus (Eyton} . . 145 
 
 2. rubiginosus ( Wald.) , . 146 
 
 3. tickelli (Blyth} 146 
 
 4. assamensis, Sharpe .... 147 
 
 7. Corythocichla, Sharpe . . 148 
 l.brevicaudata(^a) .. 148 
 2. striata ( Wald.) 148 
 
 8. Gypsophila, Oates 149 
 
 1. crispifrons (Blyth} 149 
 
 9. Malacopterum, Eyton. . . . 150 
 
 1. magnum, Eyton 151 
 
 2. magnirostre (Moore} . . 151 
 
 10. Erythrocichla, Sharpe . . 152 
 1. bicolor (Less.} 152 
 
 11. Trichostoma, Blyth 153 
 
 1. rostratum, Blyth 153 
 
 12. Turdinus, Blyth 153 
 
 1. abbotti (Blyth} 154 
 
 13. Thringorhina, Oates .... 155 
 
 1. guttata (Blyth} 155 
 
 2. oglii (Godw.-Aust.} 156 
 
 14. Alcippe, Blyth 156 
 
 1. nepalensis (Hodgs.} .... 157 
 
 2. phaeocephala (Jerd.} . . 158 
 
 3. phayrii, Blijth 158 
 
 15. lihopocichla, Oates 159 
 
 1. atriceps (Jerd.} 160 
 
 2. nigrifrons (Blyth} 160 
 
 3. bourdilloni (Hume) 161 
 
 16. Stachyrhis, Hodgs 161 
 
 1. nigriceps, Hodgs 162 
 
 2. ehryssea, Hodys 163 
 
 3. assimilis, Wald 163 
 
 17. Stachyrhidopsis, 
 
 1. ruficeps (Blyth} ..".... 164 
 
 2. rutifrons (Hume} 165 
 
 3. pyrrhops (Hodgs.} .... 165 
 
 18. Cyanoderma, Salvad 166 
 
 1. erythropterum (Blyth) . 166 
 
 19. Mixornis, Hodgs 166 
 
 1. rubricapillus (Tick.) . . 167 
 
 2. gularis (Raffl.) 168 
 
 20. Schceniparus, Hume .... 168 
 
 1. dubius (Hume} 168 
 
 2. mandellii (Godw.-Aust.) 169 
 
 3. rufigularis (Mand.) 170 
 
 21. Sittiparus, Oates 171 
 
 1. cinereus (Blyth) 171 
 
 2. castaneiceps (Hodgs.} . . 172 
 
 22. Proparus, Hodgs. 173 
 
 1. vinipectus (Hodgs.) .... 173 
 
 23. Lioparus, Oates 174 
 
 1. chrysaeus (Hodgs.) .... 174 
 
 24. Rimator, Blyth 175 
 
 1. rnalacoptilus, Blyth .... 175 
 
 25. Turdinulus, Hume 176 
 
 1. roberti (Godw.-Aust. fy 
 
 Wald.) 176 
 
 Subfam. Brachypterygince . . 177 
 
 1. Myiophoneus, Temm 178 
 
 1. temmincki, Vig 178 
 
 2. eugenii, Hume 179 
 
 3. horsfieldi, Vig 180 
 
 2. Larvivora, Hodgs 181 
 
 1. cyanea (Pall.) 181 
 
 2. brunnea, Hodgs 181 
 
 3. Arrenga, Less 183 
 
 1. blighi, Holdsw 183 
 
 4. Brachypteryx, Horsf. .... 184 
 
 1. albiventns (Fairb.) 185 
 
 2. rufiventris (Blyth) .... 185 
 
 5. Drymochares, Gould .... 186 
 
 1. stellatus (Gaidd) 187 
 
 2. hyperythra (Jerd. fy 
 
 Blyth} 187 
 
 3. cruralis (Blyth} 188 
 
 4. nepalensis (Hodgs.) .... 188 
 
 6. Hodgsonius, Bonap. .... 189 
 1. phcenicuroides (Hodgs.}. 190 
 
 7. Elaphrornis, Legge 190 
 
 1. palliseri (Blyth) 191 
 
 8. Tesia, Hodgs 191 
 
 1. cyaniventris, Hodgs. . . 192 
 
 9. Oligura, Hodgs 193 
 
 1. castaneicoronata (Bur- 
 ton} 193 
 
XVI 
 
 SYSTEMATIC IJSTDEX. 
 
 Subfam. Sibiince 
 
 1. Sibia, Hodgs 195 
 
 1. picaoides, Hodgs 195 
 
 2. Lioptila, $lyth 195 
 
 1. capistrata ( Viq.} 196 
 
 2. gracilis (McClelL) 197 
 
 3., melanoleuca (Blyth) . . 198 
 
 4. castanoptera (Salvad.} . . 199 
 
 5. annecteus, Blyth 199 
 
 6. davisoiii, Hume 200 
 
 7. pulchella (Gochv.-Aust.) 200 
 
 3. Actinodura, Gould '. 201 
 
 1. egertoni, Gould 201 
 
 2. ramsayi ( Wald} 202 
 
 4. Ixops, Hodgs 203 
 
 1. nepalensis (Hodgs.} .... 203 
 2.A&Ra,ens'$(Godw.-Aust.) 204 
 3..waldeni (Godw.-Aust.} . 204 
 
 5. Staphidia, Swinh 205 
 
 1. castaneiceps (Moore] . . 205 
 
 2. rufigenis (Hume) 206 
 
 3. striata (Blyth) 206 
 
 6. Siva, Hodgs 207 
 
 1. strigula, Hodgs 208 
 
 2. castaneicauda, Hume . . 209 
 
 3. cyanuroptera, Hodgs. . . 209 
 
 4. sordida, Hume 210 
 
 7. Yuhina, Hodgs 211 
 
 1. gularis, Hodgs 211 
 
 2. occipitalis, Hodgs. . . : . 212 
 
 3. nigrimentum (Hodgs.} . . 212 
 
 8. Zosterops, Vig. $ Horsf. . . 213 
 
 1. palpebrosa (Temm.) .... 214 
 
 2. aureiventris, Hume .... 215 
 
 3. simplex, Swinh 215 
 
 4. ceylonensis, Holdsw. . . 215 
 
 5. siamensis, Blyth 216 
 
 9. Ixulus, Hodgs 216 
 
 1. -occipitalis (Blyth) 217 
 
 2. -flavicollis (Hodgs} 218 
 
 3. humilis, Hume 218 
 
 10. Herpomis, Hodgs 219 
 
 1. xantholeuca, Hodgs. . . 219 
 
 Subfam. Liotrieliince 220 
 
 1. Liothrix, Swains 221 
 
 1. lutea (Scop.} 221 
 
 2. Cutia, Hodgs 222 
 
 1. nepalensis, Hodgs 222 
 
 3. Pteruthius, Swains 223 
 
 1. erythropterus (Vig.} .. 224 
 
 2. seralatus, Tick 225 
 
 3. melanotis, Hodgs 226 
 
 4. intermedius (Hume) . . 227 
 
 5. xanthochloris, Hodgs. . . 227 
 
 4. Aetnorhynchus, Sundev. . 
 1. lafresnayii (Hartl.} . . . 
 
 5. JEgithina, Vieill. 
 
 1. tiphia (Linn.} , 
 
 2. viridissima (Horsf} . . . 
 3."nigrilutea (Marsh} . . . 
 
 6. Myzornis, Hodgs 
 
 1. pyrrhura, Hodgs , 
 
 7. Chloropsis, Jard. $ Selby 
 
 1. aurifrons (Temm.) 
 
 2. malabarica (Gm.) . . . . 
 
 3. hardwickii, J. fy S. . . . . 
 
 4. cklorocephala ( Wald.) 
 
 5. zo&teropSj Vig 
 
 6. jejdoni (Blyth) 
 
 . 7. cyariopogon ( Temm} . . 
 
 8. Irena, 'Horsf. 
 
 1. puella (Lath.} 
 
 9. Melanochlora, Less 
 
 1. sultanea (Hodgs.) 
 
 10. Hilarocichla, Oates 
 
 1. rufiventris (Blyth} 
 
 11. Mesia, Hodgs 
 
 1. argentauris, Hodgs 
 
 12. Minla, Hodgs 
 
 1. igneitincta, Hodgs 
 
 13. Leptopcecile, Severtz 
 
 1. sopnise, Severtz 
 
 14. Cephalopyrus, Bonap. . . 
 1. flammiceps (Burt.} 
 
 15. Psaroglossa, Hodgs 
 
 1. spiloptera ( Vig.) 
 
 16. Hypocolius, Bonap 
 
 1. ampelinus, Bonap 
 
 228 
 229 
 230 
 231 
 232 
 233 
 233 
 234 
 234 
 235 
 236 
 237 
 238 
 238 
 239 
 239 
 240 
 241 
 241 
 243 
 243 
 244 
 244 
 245 
 245 
 246 
 246 
 247 
 247 
 248 
 249 
 250 
 250 
 
 Subfam. Brachypodince 252 
 
 1. Oriniger, Temm 
 
 1. flaveolus (Gould) 
 
 2. burmanicus, Oates . . . 
 
 3. gutturalis (Mull.} 
 
 4. griseiceps, Hume 
 
 2. Tricholestes, Salvad. . . . 
 1. criniger (Hay} 
 
 3. Alophoixus, Oates 
 
 1. phseocephalus (Hartl}, 
 
 4. Hypsipetes, Vig 
 
 1. psaroides, Vig 
 
 2. con color, Blyth 
 
 3. ganepsa, Sykes 
 
 5. Hemh , Hodgs 
 
 1. flu , Hodgs 
 
 2. r l a\'' jni, Hume 
 
 3. iuxdebrandi, Hume . . . 
 
 4. macclellandi (Horsf.) . 
 
 5. tickelli (Blyth} 
 
 254 
 255 
 
 256 
 256 
 257 
 257 
 258 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 260 
 261 
 262 
 263 
 263 
 264 
 264 
 265 
 265 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 XV11 
 
 Page 
 
 6. Alcurus, Hodgs 26(> 
 
 1. striatus (BMk) ; . . 266 
 
 7. Molpastes, Hume 267 
 
 U hasmorrhous (Gm.) ... 268 
 
 2. burmanicus (Sharpe) . 269 
 
 3. nigripileus (Blyth) ... 270 
 
 4. atricapillus (Vieill.) . 270 
 
 5. bengalensis (Blyth) ... 271 
 (3. intermedius (Hay} . . . 272 
 
 7. leucogenys (Gray] . . . 272 
 
 8. leucotis (Gould) 273 
 
 9. humii, Gates 274 
 
 8. Xanthixus, Gates 274 
 
 1. flavescens (BlytJi) .... 275 
 
 9. Otocompsa, Cab 275 
 
 1. emeria (Linn.) 276 
 
 2. fuscicaudata, Gould 277 
 
 3. flaviventris (Tick.) 278 
 
 10. Pinarocichla, Sharpe 279 
 
 1. euptilosa ( Jard. % Selby) 279 
 
 11. Spizixus, Blyth 280 
 
 1. canifrons, Blyth 280 
 
 12. Trachycomus, Cab 281 
 
 1. ochrocephalus (GmeL). . 281 
 
 13. lole, Blyth 282 
 
 1. malaccensis (Blyth) . . 283 
 
 2. icterica (Strickl.) 283 
 
 3. virescens, Blyth 284 
 
 4. nicobariensis (Moore). . 285 
 
 14. Pycnonotus, Kulil 285 
 
 1. xanthorrhous, Anders. . 286 
 
 2. analis (Horsf.) 287 
 
 3. finlaysoni, Strickl 287 
 
 4. davisoni (Hume) 288 
 
 5. melanicterus (Gm.). . . . 288 
 
 6. xantholaemus (Jerri.) . . 289 
 
 7. gularis (Gould) 289 
 
 8. cyaniventris, Blyth 290 
 
 9. luteolus (Less.) 290 
 
 10. blanfordi, Jerd 291 
 
 11. plumosus, Blyth 292 
 
 12. simplex, Less 292 
 
 13. pusillus, Salvad. 293 
 
 15. Micropus, Swains 294 
 
 1. melauocephalus (Gm.} 294 
 
 2. cinereiventris (Blyth) . . 295 
 
 3. fusciflavescens (Hume) 295 
 
 4. phseocephalus (Jerd.} . . 296 
 
 16. Kelaartia, Blyth 296 
 
 1. penicillata (BlytJ^ 297 
 
 Fara. SITTID^E 298 
 
 1. Sitta,Zm/z '.' . 299 
 
 1. himalayensis, Jard. fy 
 
 Selby * . 300 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 Page 
 
 2. cinnaraomeiventris, 
 
 Blyth .............. 301 
 
 3. neglecta, Wald ....... 301 
 
 4. nagaensis, Godw.-Aust. 302 
 
 5. magna, Wardl. Ramsay 303 
 
 6. kashmirensis, Brooks . . 303 
 
 7. castaneiventris, Frankl. 304 
 
 8. tephronota, Sharpe ---- 305 
 
 9. leucopsis, Gould ...... 306 
 
 10. formosa, Blyth ........ 306 
 
 11. frontalis, Horsf. ...... 307 
 
 Fam. 
 
 308 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 322 
 322 
 
 1. Dicrurus, Vieill. ........ 310 
 
 1. annectens (Hodgs.).... 312 
 
 2. ater(-Hcm.) .......... 312 
 
 3. longicaudatus, Hay. . . . 314 
 
 4. nigrescens, Gates ...... 315 
 
 5. crerulescens (Linn.) .... 316 
 
 6. leucopygialis, Blyth. . . . 316 
 
 7. leucogenys ( Wald} ____ 317 
 
 8. cineraceus (Horsf.) .... 318 
 
 2. Chaptia, Hodgs ......... 318 
 
 1. szneo, (Vieill.) ........ 318 
 
 3. Chibia, Hodgs.'. ......... 320 
 
 1. hottentotta (Linn} ____ 320 
 
 4. Dissemuroides, Hume. . . . 321 
 
 1. andamanensis (Tytler} 
 
 2. dicruriformis, Hume . 
 
 5. Dissemurulus, Gates . . . 
 1. lophorhinus ( Vieill.) . . . 
 
 6. Bhringa, Hodgs ......... 323 
 
 1. remifer (Temm.) ...... 324 
 
 7. Dissemurus, Gloger ...... 325 
 
 1. paradiseus (Linn} .... 325 
 
 Fam. CEBTHIIDJE 327 
 
 1. Certhia, Linn 328 
 
 1. himalayana, Viy 329 
 
 2. hodgsoni, Brooks 329 
 
 3. nepalensis, Hodgs 330 
 
 4. discolor, Blyth 331 
 
 5. mampurensis, Hume . . 331 
 
 6. stoliczkse, Brooks 332 
 
 2. Salporais, Gray 332 
 
 1. spilonota (Frankl.) 333 
 
 3. Tichodroma, Illiger 334 
 
 1. muraria (Linn.} 334 
 
 4. Sphenocichla. Godw.-Aust. 
 
 8f Wald 3, r 5 
 
 1. huinii (Mand.) 336 
 
 2. roberti, Godw.-Aust. $ 
 
 Wald. 3i6 
 
 b 
 
xvm 
 
 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 5. Anorthura, Rennie ...... 337 
 
 1. nepalensis (Hodgs.) .... 337 
 
 2 neo-lecta (Brooks) ____ 338 
 
 6. Elackura, Oates ........ 339 
 
 1. punctata (Blyth) ...... 339 
 
 7. Urocichla, Sharpe ...... 340 
 
 1. longicaudata (Moore) . . 340 
 
 2. caudata (Blyth) ...... 341 
 
 8. Pnoepyga, Hodgs ....... 342 
 
 1. squamata (Gould) ---- 342 
 
 343 
 
 Fam. REGULIDJE .......... 344 
 
 1. Kegulus, Cuv ........... 344 
 
 1. cristatus, Koch ........ 344 
 
 Fam. SYLVIIDJE ............ 346 
 
 1. Aedon, Boie , . 
 
 1. familiaris (Menetr.). . . . 
 
 2. Locustella, Kaup 
 
 1. certhiola (Pall.) 
 
 2. lanceolata (Temm). . . . 
 
 3. Acrocephalus, Naum 
 
 1. stentoreus (Hempr. fy 
 
 Ehr.) 
 
 2. orientalis (Temm. fy 
 
 Schleg.) 
 
 3. bistrigiceps, Swinh 
 
 4. dumetorum, Blyth .... 
 
 5. agricola (Jerd.) 
 
 6. macrorhynchus (Hume) 
 
 4. Tribura, Hodgs 
 
 1. major (Brooks) 
 
 2. intermedia (Oates) . . . . 
 
 3. thoracica (Blyth) 
 
 4. luteiventris, Hodgs 
 
 5. mandellii (Brooks) 
 
 5. Orthotomus, Horsf. 
 
 1. sutorius (For st.) 
 
 2. atrigularis, Temm 
 
 3. ruficeps (Less.) 
 
 6. Lusciniola, Gray 
 
 1. melanopogon (Temm.). , 
 
 7. Oisticola, Kaup , 
 
 1. erythrocephala, Jerd.. . 
 
 2. tytleri, Blyth , 
 
 3. volitans (Siuinh.) 
 
 4. cursitans (Frankl.) . . . 
 
 8. Franklinia, Blyth 
 
 1. gracilis (Frankl.) . . . 
 
 2. ruf escens (Blyth) 
 
 3. buchanani (Blyth) . . . 
 
 4. ciuereicapilla (Hodgs.) 
 
 350 
 351 
 351 
 352 
 353 
 354 
 355 
 
 356 
 
 357 
 358 
 359 
 359 
 360 
 361 
 362 
 363 
 363 
 364 
 365 
 366 
 366 
 368 
 368 
 369 
 369 
 370 
 371 
 372 
 373 
 , 374 
 , 375 
 . 376 
 . 377 
 . 378 
 379 
 
 Page 
 
 9. Laticilla, Blyth 379 
 
 1. burnesi (Blyth) 380 
 
 2. cinerascens (Wold.) .. 381 
 
 10. Graminicola, Jerd 381 
 
 1. bengalensis, Jerd 381 
 
 11. Megalurus, Horsf. 382 
 
 1. palustris, Horsf. 383 
 
 12. Schoenicola, Blyth 384 
 
 1. platyura (Jerd.) 384 
 
 13. Acantlioptila, Blyth 385 
 
 1. nepalensis (Hodgs.) . . 386 
 
 14. Chsetornis, Gray 387 
 
 1. locustelloides (Blyth).. 388 
 
 15. Arundinax, Blyth 389 
 
 1. aedon (Pall.). 390 
 
 16. Hypolais. Brehm 390 
 
 1. rama (Sykes) 391 
 
 2. pallida (Hempr. 8f 
 
 Ehr.) 392 
 
 3. caligata (Licht.) 393 
 
 4. languida, Hempr. fy 
 
 Ehr 391 
 
 5. obsoleta (Sever tz.) 393 
 
 17. Sylvia. Scop 394 
 
 1. cinerea, Bechst 395 
 
 2. jerdoni (Blyth) 395 
 
 3. nana (Hempr. fyEhr.) . . 396 
 
 4. altheea, Hume 397 
 
 5. affinis (Blyth) 397 
 
 6. minuscula, Hume 398 
 
 18. Herbivocula, Swinh 399 
 
 1. schwarzi (Radde) 399 
 
 19. Phylloscopus, Boie 400 
 
 1. affinis (Tick.) 401 
 
 2. tytleri, Brooks 402 
 
 3. tristis, Blyth 403 
 
 4. indicus (Jerd.) 404 
 
 5. fuliginiventris (Hodgs.) 404 
 
 6. fuscatus (Blyth) 405 
 
 7. neglectus, Hume 406 
 
 8. sindianus, Brooks .... 406 
 
 9. maculipeunis (Blyth) . . 406 
 
 10. pulcher (Hodgs.) 407 
 
 11. proregulus (Pali.) 408 
 
 12. subviridis (Brooks) 409 
 
 13. superciliosus (Grn.). . . . 409 
 
 14. humii (Brooks) 4] 
 
 15. mandellii (Brooks) 411 
 
 20. Acanthopneuste, Bias. . . 411 
 
 1. borealis (Bias.) 412 
 
 2. nitidus (Blyth) 413 
 
 3. viridanus (Blyth) .... 414 
 
 4. plumbeitarsus (Swinh.) 414 
 
 5. magnirostris (Blyth) . . 415 
 
 6. tenellipes (Swinh.) 416 
 
 7. lugubris (Blyth) 417 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 XIX 
 
 Page 
 
 8. coronatus (Temm. fy 
 
 Schleg.) 417 
 
 9. occipitalis (Jerd.) 418 
 
 10. trochiloides (Stindev.).. 419 
 
 vll. davisoni, Oates 420 
 
 21. Cryptolopha, Swains 421 
 
 1. affinis (Hodgs} 422 
 
 2. tephrocephala (Anders?) 423 
 
 3. burkii (Burton) 424 
 
 4. xanthoschista (Hodgs} 425 
 
 5. jerdoni (Brooks) 425 
 
 6. poliogenys (Blyth) 426 
 
 7. castaneiceps (Hodgs.}. . 427 
 
 8. cantator (Tick.) 427 
 
 9. fulviventris (Godw.- 
 
 Aust} 428 
 
 22. Abrornis, Hodgs 428 
 
 1. superciliaris, Tick 429 
 
 2. schisticeps (Hodgs?) . . 430 
 
 3. albigularis, Hodgs 430 
 
 4. Havigularis, Godw.- 
 
 Aust 431 
 
 23. Tickellia, Jerd. $ Blyth . . 431 
 1. hodgsoni (Moore) 432 
 
 24. Scotocerca, Sundev 432 
 
 1. inquieta (Cretzschm.} . . 432 
 
 25. Neornis, Hodgs 433 
 
 l.flavolivacens, Hodgs. . . 433 
 
 26. Horornis, Hodgs 434 
 
 1. brunnescens (Hume) . . 435 
 
 2. fortipes, Hodgs 435 
 
 3. albiventris (Godio.- 
 
 Aust.} 436 
 
 4. pallidus (Brooks) 436 
 
 5. pallidipes (Blanf.) 437 
 
 6. major (Hodgs.} 438 
 
 7. canturiens (Swinh.} .. 438 
 
 27. Phyllergates, Sharpe 439 
 
 1. coronatus (Jerd. 8f 
 
 Blyth) 439 
 
 28. Horeites, Hodgs 440 
 
 1. brunneifrons (Hodgs.}. 440 
 
 29. Cettia, Bonap 441 
 
 1. orientalis, Trist 441 
 
 30. TJrosphena, Swinh 442 
 
 1. squamiceps (Swinh.) . . 442 
 
 31. Suya, Hodgs 443 
 
 1. crinigera, Hodgs 444 
 
 2. atrigularis, Moore .... 445 
 
 3. khasiana, Godic.-Aust. 446 
 
 4. superciliaris, Anders. . . 447 
 
 32. Prinia, Horsf. 447 
 
 1. lepida, Blyth 448 
 
 2. flaviventris (Deless.) . . 449 
 
 3. socialis (Sykes} 450 
 
 4. sylvatica, Jerd. 451 
 
 Page 
 5. inornata, Sykes 452 
 
 0. jerdoni (Blyth) 453 
 
 7. blanfordi ( WaU^ 454 
 
 Fam. LANIID^E 455 
 
 Subf am. Lamina 456 
 
 1. Lanius, Linn 457 
 
 1. lahtora, Sykes 459 
 
 2. assimilis, Brehm 460 
 
 3. fallax, Finsch 460 
 
 4. hoineyeri, Cab 461 
 
 5. vittatus, Val 462 
 
 6. collurioides Less 462 
 
 7. nigriceps (Frankl.). . . . 463 
 
 8. erythronotus ( Vig.} . . 464 
 
 9. tephronotus ( Vig.) 465 
 
 10. collurio, Linn 466 
 
 11. auriculatus, Mutt. 467 
 
 12. isabellinus, Ehr 467 
 
 13. phoenicuroides, Severtz. 468 
 
 14. cristatus, Linn 468 
 
 15. lucionensis, Linn 469 
 
 16. tigrinus, Drop 470 
 
 2. Hemipus, Hodgs 471 
 
 1. picatus (Sykes) 471 
 
 2. capitalis (McClell.) 472 
 
 3. obscurus, Horsf. 473 
 
 3. Tephrodornis, Sioains. . . 473 
 
 1. pelvicus (Hodgs.} 473 
 
 2. sylvicola, Jerd. 474 
 
 3. pondicerianua ( Gmel.) . . 475 
 
 4. Platylopkus, Swains 476 
 
 I. ardesiacus (Cab.) 477 
 
 5. Pericrocotus, Boie 477 
 
 1. speciosus (Lath} 479 
 
 2. fraterculus, Swinh 481 
 
 3. andamanensis, Tytl 481 
 
 4. flanimifer, Hume 482 
 
 5. flammeus (Forst.} .... 482 
 
 6. brevirostris (Vig.) .... 483 
 
 7. neglectus, Hume 484 
 
 8. igneus, Blyth 484 
 
 9. Solaris, Blyth 485 
 
 10. roseus ( Vieill.) 486 
 
 II. peregrinus (Linn} 487 
 
 12. erythropygius (Jerd.} . . 488 
 
 13. albifrons, Jerd. 489 
 
 14. cinereus, Lafr 489 
 
 15. cantonensis, Swinh 490 
 
 6. Campophaga, Vieill 491 
 
 1. melanoschista (Hodgs.) 491 
 
 2. melanoptera (Rilpp.) . . 492 
 
 3. neglecta (Hume) 493 
 
 4. sykesi (Strickl} 493 
 
 5. terat (Bodd.) 495 
 
XX 
 
 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 7. Graucalus, Cuv 496 
 
 1. macii, Less 496 
 
 2, dobsoni, Ball 497 
 
 Subfam. Artamince 498 
 
 1. Artamus, VieUl 498 
 
 1. fuscus, Vieill 498 
 
 2. leuc6gaster(Fa/.) .... 499 
 
 Fam. ORIOLIDJE 500 
 
 1. Oriolus, Linn 500 
 
 1. indie us, Jerd 502 
 
 2. tenuirostris, Blyth 503 
 
 3. inacrurus, Blyth 503 
 
 4. andamanensis, Tytl. . , 504 
 
 5. kundoo, Sykes 504 
 
 6. galbula, Linn 505 
 
 7. xanthonotus, Horsf. . . 505 
 
 8. melanocephalus, Linn. 506 
 
 9. troiffii F. 508 
 
 Fam. EULABETIDJE 
 
 509 
 
 1. Eulabes, Cuv 5G9 
 
 1. religiosa (Linn.} 510 
 
 2. intermedia (Hay} .... 511 
 
 3. javanensis (Osbeck) .... 512 
 
 4. ptilogenys (Blyth) 513 
 
 2. Calornis, Gray 514 
 
 1. chalybeius (Horsf.} 514 
 
 Fam. STUBNIDJE 516 
 
 1. Pastor, Temm 518 
 
 1. roseus (Linn.} 518 
 
 2. Sturnus, Linn 519 
 
 1. humii, Brooks 528 
 
 Page 
 
 2. porphyronotus, Sharpe 521 
 
 3. minor, Hume 522 
 
 . menzbieri, Sharpe .... 522 
 
 5. poltaratzskii, Fintch . . 523 
 
 6, purpurascens, Gould . . 524 
 
 3. Spodiopsar, Sharpe 524 
 
 1. eineraceus (Temm.}. . . . 524 
 
 4. Sturnia, Less 525 
 
 1. sinensis (Gm.} 526 
 
 2. blythii (Jerd.} 526 
 
 3. malabarica (Gm.} 527 
 
 4. nemoricola, Jerd 528 
 
 5. andamanensis (Tytl.} . . 529 
 
 6. erythropygia, Blyth. . . . 529 
 
 5. Agropsar, Gates 530 
 
 1. sturninus (Pall.} 530 
 
 6. Ampeliccps, Blyth 531 
 
 1. coronatus, Blyth 531 
 
 7. Temenuclms, Cab 532 
 
 1. pagodarum (Gm.) .... 533 
 
 8. Sturnornis, Legge 533 
 
 1. senex (Temm.} 534 
 
 9. Graculipica, Less 534 
 
 1. nigricollis (Payk.} 534 
 
 2. burmanica (Jerd.) .... 535 
 
 3. leucocephala (Giyl. fy 
 
 Salv.} 536 
 
 10. Acridotheres, Vieill 537 
 
 1. tristis (Linn.) 537 
 
 2. melanosternus, Legge . . 538 
 
 3. ginginianus (Lath.}. . . . 538 
 
 11. ^Ethiopsar, Sharpe 539 
 
 1. fuscus ( Wagl.) 539 
 
 2. grandis (Moore) 541 
 
 3. albicinctus (Godiv.- 
 
 Aust.} 541 
 
 12. Sturnopastor, Hodgs 542 
 
 1. contra (Linn.} 542 
 
 2. superciliaris, Blyth .... 543 
 
 , ' 
 
AVES. 
 
 BIRDS are warm-blooded vertebrate animals, oviparous, and covered 
 with feathers. The anterior limbs are modified into wings. The 
 skull articulates with the vertebral column by a single occipital 
 condyle, and the jaw is connected with the skull by the interven- 
 tion of a quadrate bone. The heart consists of four chambers, 
 two auricles and two ventricles, and the right and left sides are 
 completely separated from one another. There is only one aortic 
 arch, the right. 
 
 It is usual to divide all living birds into two great subclasses, 
 which are diagnosed from each other by the shape of the sternum. 
 In one subclass, the Carinatce, the sternum is typically provided 
 with a keel ; in the other, the Ratitce, the keel of the sternum is 
 absent. 
 
 Although this primary division of birds is convenient in many 
 ways, yet there are exceptions to its application which render a 
 classification based on the shape of the sternum of doubtful utility. 
 Some birds which from other points of view are undoubtedly 
 Carinatce have the keel of the sternum little, if at all, developed. 
 
 I prefer therefore to divide birds at once into groups which I 
 shall term Orders, and in doing so I shall avail myself of the recent 
 studies of Mr. Seebohm. This gentleman, partly by independent 
 osteological investigations of his own, and partly by utilizing the 
 discoveries of other workers in the same or similar fields, has, with- 
 out disturbing the usually accepted classification of birds to any 
 great degree, arrived at an arrangement which possesses the merit 
 of being precise and clear, so far as the materials at his disposal 
 have enabled him to be so. He has, moreover, diagnosed the 
 different Orders by characters which the least skilful can easily 
 investigate and discover for themselves. 
 
 Mr. Seebohm divides birds into several large groups which he 
 terms Orders, and these again into suborders which are equal to 
 the groups which I, in accordance with the usual practice, prefer to 
 call Orders. I do not propose to treat of the distinctions between 
 the different Orders here, but to deal with them at the end of this 
 work, as I gather from Mr. Seebohm that he contemplates a revi- 
 sion of them. The period of two years which, moreover, must 
 elapse before the present work is completed cannot fail to be pro- 
 ductive of much additional information and improvement with 
 respect to the classification of birds. 
 
 YOL. I. B 
 
Order I. PASSERES. 
 
 The deep plantar tendons passerine ; palate a?githognathous. 
 
 The above two characters in combination suffice to separate a 
 passerine bird from all others. 
 
 The deep plantar tendons are the muscles which run down the 
 leg of a bird and move the toes. There are several types or forms 
 of these muscles. The late Professor G-arrod thus writes about 
 them : 
 
 " In birds generally, whatever the number of their toes, there 
 are two muscles whose fleshy bellies are situated in the leg proper 
 (that is, between the knee and the ankle), deep, and just behind 
 the tibia. These muscles arise, one from almost the whole of the 
 posterior surface of the tibia and from the fibula, in a bipenniform 
 manner, and the other from the inferior surface of the horizontal 
 femur just behind the outer genual articular condyle. The former 
 is termed the flexor perforans digitorum pedis, because its terminal 
 tendons perforate those of the more superficial flexors on their 
 way to the ungual phalanges of their respective toes ; and the latter 
 is termed the flexor longus hallucis, because there is generally a 
 shorter muscle to the same digit. 
 
 " These two muscles descend to the ankle (the joint between 
 the tibio-tarsus and the tarso-metatarsus) side by side ; they run 
 behind it, in the fibro-cartilagmous or osseous mass which, in 
 birds, is always found at the posterior part of the upper end of 
 the tarso-metatarse, in two canals, deeper than any of the other 
 flexor tendons ; and in these canals there is always a definite 
 relation between them. Sometimes the tendons are side by side ; 
 and then it is always that of the flexor longus hallucis which is the 
 external of the two, the osseous vertical ridge, which is nearly 
 always seen in the dry bone, separating them. Sometimes, how- 
 ever, one is superficial or, in other words, posterior to the other. 
 When this is the case, it is always the flexor perforans digitorum 
 which is the deeper. In the Swifts, for instance, ihe, flexor longus 
 hallucis quite covers the flexor perforans digitorum ; but in most 
 Parrots, as may be seen by the disposition of the osseous canals in 
 the dry tarso-metatarse, that for the former muscle is external as 
 well as superficial, only partially covering it. 
 
 " These relations are constant, and must be always borne in 
 mind in all attempts to identify the muscles. From these it can 
 
PASSERES. 
 
 3 
 
 be inferred, as is verified by dissection, that the tendon of the 
 flexor longns liallucis crosses its companion superficially on its way 
 from the ankle to its insertion in the hallux. 
 
 " Just before, or just at the commencement of, the sole of the 
 bird's foot (near the joint between the metatarsus and the 
 phalanges) these two tendons generally split up to supply the 
 toes." 
 
 The manner in which these tendons serve the toes and their 
 relation to each other, when combined with other characters, are 
 of the greatest service in diagnosing the various orders of birds. 
 
 The deep plantar tendons are said to be passerine when the 
 flexor perforans digitorum serves the three front toes and the 
 flexor longus liallucis serves the hind toe, both tendons being 
 perfectly disconnected in such a manner that the hind toe is 
 separately movable from the front toes. This formation is shown 
 in the accompanying sketch : 
 
 hallux 
 
 ankle. 
 
 . ... tarso-metatarsus. 
 
 digits... 
 
 Sketch showing the arrangement of the deep plantar tendons in a 
 passerine bird. (From P. Z. S. 1875, p. 347.) 
 
 The determination of the character of the deep plantar tendons 
 in a freshly-killed bird is very easy. In a dried state the tarsus 
 and toes must be macerated in water until soft, when the tendons 
 can be dissected without difficulty. 
 
 B2 
 
4 PASSEBES. 
 
 The palate of a bird is termed segithognathous when the vomer 
 is broad and blunt and disconnected from, the maxillo-palatines, 
 which are separated from each other by a considerable interval. 
 The principal bones in the palate of a bird are shown in the 
 accompanying sketch of the skull of a Raven, which has the palate 
 segithognathous. 
 
 may. 
 
 Under view of the skull of a Raven, vo, vouier; r/ixp, roaxillo-palatine 
 process ; pa, palatine ; ptff, pterygoid ; q, quadrate ; b.sph, basi-sphenoid ; 
 sph.r, sphenoidal rostrum. 
 
 The determination of a passerine bird, as before stated, rests on 
 the association together of the above two characters. 
 
PASSE-RES. 5 
 
 The order Passeres contains about half the total number of 
 living birds, or somewhat more than 6000 species. Of these nearly 
 1000, or one sixth of the number, are found within the limits of 
 the Indian Empire, either as residents or as seasonal visitors. 
 
 The primary division of the Passeres into two large groups is 
 based -on the mode of attachment of the muscles of the syrinx, 
 and may be thus expressed : 
 
 Birds in which the intrinsic muscles of the syrinx 
 are fixed to the ends of the bronchial semi- 
 rings Acromyodi. 
 
 Birds in which the intrinsic muscles of the syrinx 
 are fixed to the middle of the bronchial semi- 
 rings Mesomyodi. 
 
 The Acromyodi have the muscles of the syrinx complex and 
 consisting of numerous pairs. The Mesomyodi have the muscles 
 simple, consisting in many cases of only one pair. 
 
 T.i, 
 
 Syrinx of a Magpie*, showing the Acroinyodian attachment of the intrinsic 
 muscles at the ends of the bronchial semi-rings. The left-hand figure is a side 
 view and the right-hand figure a dorsal view of the syrinx. The membranous 
 parts between the bronchial semi-rings and the internal tympaniform mem- 
 brane are dotted ; n, in are the second and third bronchial semi-rings ; T.i, the 
 internal tympaniform membrane; st, the muscle from the side of the trachea 
 to the upper end of the clavicle ; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 the syringeal muscles; there 
 is a 7th. which is hidden by the fith ; the 4th is hidden below and between 
 the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. 
 
 * 1 am indebted to my friend Dr. Hans Gadow for this original drawing of 
 the syrinx of a Magpie. 
 
Syrinx of Pitta angolensis (after (lavrod, P. Z. S. 1876, pi. liii), showing the 
 Mesomyodiau o,ttaclunent of the intrinsic muscles at the middle of tbe bron- 
 chial semi-rings. There is only a single pair of bronchial muscles, continued 
 down from the sides of the windpipe, insignificant in size, quite lateral, and 
 terminating by being inserted into the middle of the outer surface of the 
 second bronchial semi-ring. 
 
 All the Passeres of the Old World belong to the Acromyodian 
 group with the exception of three small families, viz. the Phile- 
 pittidcK from Madagascar, the Xenicidce from New Zealand, and 
 the Pittidoi from India, the Oriental, ./Ethiopian, and Australian 
 regions. The Eurylcemidce, frequently associated with these Meso- 
 myodian Passeres, I propose to elevate to the. rank of an Order. 
 
 It follows from the above that all the Indian Passeres, with the 
 exception of the Pittidce, belong to the Acromyodian group. 
 
 The Mesomyodi may therefore be dismissed from further con- 
 sideration with the remark that they are divided info I wo Croups: 
 the Oliyomyodce, with the lower eud of the trachea unmodified ; 
 and the Tracheophonce, with the lower end of the trachea modified 
 to form an organ of voice. The Pittidce fall into the first group, 
 as do also the Philepittidce and Xenicidce. The remainder of the 
 OligomyodcB and the whole of the Tracheophonce occur only in the 
 New World. 
 
 No success has attended the efforts of anatomists to subdivide 
 the Acromyodi into two or more groups by internal characters, 
 and no two naturalists agree in the arrangement and extent of the 
 families of this difficult group. In drawing up ihe annexed 
 scheme of the families that occur in India I have endeavoured to 
 avail myself of those characters which appear to be constant and 
 easy of examination. 
 
 A very useful character to be employed in determining the 
 position of a bird is the number of primaries in the wing; but 
 before this can be used with absolute precision, it is necessary to 
 eliminate by other characters those families some of the members 
 of which possess nine primaries and others ten. Such families 
 are the Dicasidw and Alaudidas. 
 
PASSERES. 7 
 
 .The l)'n<i'nl<i, \\ilhout :i single except ion, possess serrat ions on 
 the margins of both mandibles for about a third ul' their length 
 from the tip. These serrations arc seldom visible \\ithout a lens 
 and a white background, hut with these aids they are plainly 
 
 discernible. 
 
 TbfA2audida differ from all the other . \erom\odi in having the 
 hinder part of the tarsus scsitelhited or divided transversely into 
 shields or scales. The ordinary bilaininuted (longitudinally ) and 
 smooth condition of the hind tarsus is shown in fig. 5, p. 18, the 
 tarsus of a (/row: the tarsus of a Lark will be figured in its 
 proper place. 
 
 Having eliminated these (wo families, all (ho other Acromyodi 
 may he divided into two groups, the one possessing nine pri- 
 maries and the other ten. There is Borne difficulty in counting 
 the number of primaries, or quill-feathers attached to the inanus, 
 in the wing of a bird; but this can be overcome by the student 
 bearing in mind that, in the Acromyodi, there are ten primaries 
 when the first is rudimentary or notably small and nine when 
 the first is fully formed and reaches nearly, if not quite, to the 
 tip of the wing. 
 
 The nine-primaried Passeres of India form three families which 
 are well differentiated. 
 
 The ten-primaried Passeres constitute a large assemblage of: 
 birds. The Nectariniidce may be divided off by the tubular tongue 
 and the Ploceidce by the position of the nostrils ; but the remain- 
 ing birds form a group which is so homogeneous that it seems 
 impossible to divide them into families by structural characters. 
 
 Under these circumstances my attention was drawn to the 
 characteristic plumage of the nestling, and I have found the use 
 of this character highly satisfactory. In the magnificent collection 
 of birds now contained in the British Museum young birds and 
 nestlings are sufficiently represented to render a classification on 
 this basis feasible. The young of some species, however, are 
 \\an1ing in the collection, and these species may not in every case 
 have been relegated to their proper families, but such birds 
 are few. 
 
 The nestling plumage of the teu-primaried Passeres seems to be 
 of five types. In the first the nestling resembles the adult female ; 
 in the second the nestling resembles the adult female, but is more 
 brightly coloured and generally euffused with yellow ; in the third 
 the nestling is cross-barred ; in the fourth it is streaked, and in 
 the fifth and last mottled or squamated *. 
 
 Before it is possible, therefore, to make use of the annexed scheme 
 of the classification of the families of the Passeres and to place a 
 bird in its proper family, a knowledge of the plumage of the nest- 
 
 * Mr. Seebolmi, in the fifth volume of the British Museum Catalogue, made 
 use of the character of the plumage in the nestling to separate the Sylviincs 
 from Ilic I'urdhia, but restricted the application of this character to the more 
 typical genera. 
 
O PASSERES. 
 
 ling is necessary. This is not so difficult as might at first sight 
 appear. A series of a dozen skins of a species will generally 
 contain a specimen which will furnish some hint as to the plumage 
 of the immature hird. If, in such a series, all the specimens be 
 absolutely alike, sex for sex, then it may be inferred that the young 
 bird resembles the adult. If, on the other hand, one specimen 
 differs from the others in possessing characteristic marks, such as 
 bars, streaks, or mottlings, or in being more brightly coloured than 
 the others, whilst preserving the same pattern of colour, a conclu- 
 sion may be drawn from such a circumstance sufficient to allow of 
 the species being placed in its appropriate place. It is to be hoped 
 that the student in India when collecting specimens will recognize 
 the importance of securing young birds and thus work out for 
 himself the position and affinities of every species he meets with. 
 
 Scheme of Indian Passerine Families. 
 
 a. (Acromyodi.} The intrinsic muscles of the 
 syrinx fixed to the ends of the bronchial 
 semi-rings. 
 
 '. The edges of both the mandibles perfectly 
 smooth, except for the presence of a single 
 notch in many species. 
 a". The hinder part of the tarsus longitu- 
 dinally bilaminated, the laminae entire 
 and smooth. 
 a". Wing with ten primaries ; the first 
 
 notably small. 
 a 4 . Tongue non-tubular. 
 
 ft 5 . Nostrils always clear of the line 
 of the forehead ; the space be- 
 tween the nostril and the edge 
 of the mandible less than the 
 space between the nostril and 
 culmen. 
 
 6 , Plumage of the nestling re- 
 sembling that of the adult 
 female, but paler. 
 7 . Nostrils completely hidden 
 
 by feathers and bristles . . Corvidse, vol. i. 
 b~ '. Nostrils bare or merely over- 
 hung by a few hairs or 
 plumelets. 
 8 . Rictal bristles always 
 
 present. 
 
 a 9 . With 12 rectrices. 
 a 10 . Inner and hind toe 
 
 equal Crateropodidae, vol. i. 
 
 b 10 . Inner and hind toe 
 
 very unequal Sittidae, vol. i. 
 
 b g . With 10 rectrices .... Dicruridse, vol. i. 
 b*, Rictal bristles absent . . Certhiidae, vol. i. 
 
PASSERES. 9 
 
 c 7 . Each nostril covered by a 
 
 single stiff feather Regulidae, vol. i. 
 
 b G . Plumage of the nestling re- 
 sembling that of the adult 
 
 female but brighter . Sylviidae, vol. i. 
 
 c 6 . Plumage of the nestling cross- 
 barred Laniidae, vol. i. 
 
 d '. Plumage of the nestling- 
 streaked. 
 d 7 . With rictal bristles. 
 
 c 8 . First primary quite half 
 
 the length of second . . Oriolidae, vol. i. 
 d s . First primary much less 
 than half the length of 
 
 second Eulabetidae, vol. i. 
 
 e\ Without rictal bristles .... Sturnidae, vol. i. 
 e. Plumage of the nestling mot- 
 tled or squamated. 
 f '. Nostrils more or less covered 
 
 by hairs Muscicapidae, vol. ii. 
 
 g 7 . Nostrils not covered by any 
 
 hairs Turdidae, vol. ii. 
 
 b 5 . Nostrils pierced partly within the 
 line of the forehead ; the space 
 between the nostril and the edge 
 of the mandible greater than the 
 space between the nostril and 
 
 the culnaen Ploceidas, vol. ii. 
 
 b 4 . Tongue tubular Nectariniidae, vol. ii. 
 
 b'". AVing with nine primaries, first and 
 
 second nearly equal. 
 c 1 . Bill flat, broad, and notched; the 
 longest secondaries reaching to 
 
 the middle of the wing Hirundinidae, vol. ii. 
 
 d*. Bill conical, pointed, and entire ; 
 the longest secondaries reaching 
 to a point midway between the 
 middle of the wing and the tip . . Fringillidae, vol. ii. 
 e l . Bill long, slender, and notched; 
 the longest secondaries reaching 
 nearly, or quite, to the tip of the 
 
 wing Motacillidae, vol. ii. 
 
 b". The hinder part of the tarsus trans- 
 versely scutellated Alaudidas, vol. ii. 
 
 b'. Both mandibles finely and evenly serrated 
 
 on the terminal third of their edges .... Dicaeidae, vol. ii. 
 
 b. (Mesomyodi.) The intrinsic muscles of the 
 syrinx fixed at or near the middle of the 
 bronchial semi-rings Pittidae, vol. ii. 
 
10 
 
 Fig. 1. Urocissa occipital it. 
 
 Family 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings. The edges of both mandibles smooth, or the 
 upper one simply notched ; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, com- 
 posed of two entire longitudinal laminae ; wing with ten primaries ; 
 tongue non-tubular; nostrils clear of the line of forehead, the 
 lower edge of the nostril nearer to the commissure than the upper 
 edge is to the culmeu ; plumage of the nestling like that of the 
 adult female, but paler ; nostrils hidden by feathers and bristles ; 
 rectrices twelve ; sexes absolutely alike ; an autumn moult only. 
 
11 
 
 The Crows are divided into three subfamilies by the following 
 characters : 
 
 The first primary much exceeding half the 
 
 Jength of the second ; plumage more or 
 ess glossy and firm ; length of the bill 
 considerably more than its depth ...... Corvince, p. 11. 
 
 The first primary never exceeding half the 
 length of the second and usually much 
 less than half ; plumage firm ; length 
 of bill considerably more than its depth . Paring p. 45. 
 The first primary much exceeding half the 
 length of the second ; plumage very lax 
 and copious ; length of bill usually equal 
 to, or less than, its depth, only very occa- 
 sionally slightly longer .............. 
 
 [p. 60. 
 
 Subfamily CORVINE. 
 
 This subfamily contains the Crows, Magpies, Jays, Nutcrackers, 
 and Choughs. All species occurring in India are resident in the 
 Empire except the Book and the Hooded Crow, which are winter 
 visitors to the North-west. Their summer-quarters are, however, 
 not far off and their migrations are only partial and local. The 
 members of the genus Corvus, or the true Crows, are birds of wide 
 distribution, but most of the members of the other genera are 
 restricted to small areas. 
 
 The Corvince vary a good deal inter se in structure and habits. 
 In one or two genera the nostrils are not so completely hidden by 
 bristles as in the typical Crows. The majority feed habitually on 
 the ground, others are strictly arboreal. They all agree in laying 
 four or five spotted eggs ; but their mode of nidification varies ex- 
 tremely, some species breeding in holes of trees and cliffs, and 
 others, the majority, constructing large nests of sticks and twigs. 
 Most of them are omnivorous, but some of the smaller tropical 
 species appear to confine their diet to insects. 
 
 The Corvince, as a subfamily, have few characters in common, 
 and yet there is no group of birds which is more easily recog- 
 nized. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Nostrils distant from forehead about one 
 third length of bill j naral bristles rigid and 
 straight, reaching to about middle of bill ; or 
 rictal bristles and feathers on front of face 
 
 altogether absent. 
 a'. Tail much short 
 b'. Tail much longer than wing ............ PICA, p 
 
 Tail much shorter than wing .......... CORVUS, p. 12. 
 
 . 23. 
 
12 CORVIDJ!. 
 
 b. Nostrils distant from forehead less than quar- 
 ter length of bill ; naral bristles or plumes 
 short, never reaching to middle of bill. 
 c'. Tail greatly graduated, the outer feathers 
 
 much less than half length of tail. 
 a' 1 . Middle tail-feathers of uniform width 
 throughout or widening gradually to- 
 wards the tip. 
 
 "'. Naral bristles spare, curly, and barely 
 concealing nostrils bill red or yel- 
 low. 
 4 . Tail more than twice length of 
 
 wing ; eyelids not wattled .:.... UROCISSA, p. 25. 
 > 4 . Tail less than twice length of wing ; 
 
 eyelids wattled CISSA, p. 28. 
 
 b'". Naral bristles thick, straight and quite 
 
 concealing the nostrils ; bill black . . DEXDROCITTA, p. 30. 
 b". Middle tail-feathers suddenly broader 
 
 near the tip CRYPSIRHINA, p. 34. 
 
 d' '. Tail not much graduated; outer feather 
 
 more than half length of tail. 
 c". Graduation of closed tail more than 
 length of tarsus ; rictal bristles ex- 
 tremely long PLATYSMTJRUS, p. 36. 
 
 d". Graduation of closed tail less than 
 length of tarsus ; rictal bristles mode- 
 rate or obsolete. 
 c'". Tarsus very distinctly and coarsely 
 
 scutellated. 
 c 4 . Bill about half length of head, deep 
 
 and notched GARRULUS, p. 37. 
 
 d 4 . Bill about as long as head, slender, 
 
 not notched NUCIFRAGA, p. 40, 
 
 d'". Tarsus smooth or with indistinct 
 
 scutellations. 
 e 4 . Both mandibles feathered to same 
 
 extent at base GRACULUS, p. 42. 
 
 /*. Lower mandible much less feathered 
 
 at base than upper PYRRHOCORAX, p. 44. 
 
 Genus CORVUS, Linn., 1766. 
 
 The genus Corvus contains the Havens, Crows, Eooks, and Jack- 
 daws. Nine species are found in India, some of them widely 
 distributed and well known to all, others confined to the Hima- 
 layas and the north-west portion of the Empire. 
 
 Corvus has the plumage black throughout or nearly throughout, 
 and may be recognized by the position of the nostrils, which are 
 placed far forward, about one third the length of the bill from 
 the forehead, and are entirely concealed from view by a multitude 
 of very stiff, straight bristles that reach the middle of the bill. In 
 these characters this genus agrees with the Magpies ; but the latter 
 may be separated by the length of the tail, which is very much 
 
COEVUS. 13 
 
 longer than the wing, aiid by the shape of the first primary, which 
 is figured 011 p. 23. 
 
 The Crows are as a rule resident, but two species visit India 
 only in the winter. 
 
 The Rook forms a partial exception to the general characters 
 given above for determining Corvus. Up to nine months of age it 
 has the ordinary stiff bristles over the nostrils, but at that age it 
 casts them all off, as well as the feathers on the front part of the 
 head. Its appearance in this state is well depicted in the figure 
 of the head given on p. 19. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Of larger size ; wing always over 15 inches. 
 a'. Hackles of throat long and distinct; 
 
 entire plumage glossy black C. coraz, p. 14. 
 
 V. Hackles of throat short and not distinct 
 or prominent ; head, mantle, and lower 
 plumage brown C. umbrinus, p. 15. 
 
 b. Of smaller size : wing rarely reaching or 
 
 exceeding 14 inches. 
 c'. Hind neck black like crown. 
 
 a". Lower plumage with little gloss, 
 
 and this blue or green; bill deeper ; 
 
 face always feathered. 
 
 a'". Plumage intensely black ; the 
 
 feathers of the hind neck firm and 
 
 glossy, with distinct, glistening 
 
 shafts C. corone, p. 16. 
 
 b'". Plumage not intensely black; 
 feathers of the hind neck soft 
 and decomposed, almost gloss- 
 less, and their shafts not dis- 
 tinguishable from the webs .... C. macrorhynchus, p. 17. 
 b". Lower plumage brilliantly glossy at 
 all ages, the gloss purple and lilac ; 
 bill slender ; face bare in adults . . C. fruyilegus, p. 18. 
 d'. Hind neck grey or ashy, contrasting 
 
 with the black crown. 
 
 c 1 '. Of larger size ; wing over 12 inches. C. comix, p. 19. 
 d". Of smaller size ; wing rarely exceed- 
 ing 11 inches. 
 
 c'". Chin and throat deep black in 
 
 contrast with breast ; culmen 
 
 more than 1'6 in. in length and 
 
 well curved. 
 
 a 1 . Hind neck and sides of neck 
 
 typically light grey C. splendens, p. 20. 
 
 b 4 . Hind neck and sides of neck 
 
 typically dark grey C. insolens, p. 21. 
 
 d'". Chin and throat of much the same 
 colour as breast ; culmen under 
 1-3 in., and straight C. monedula, p. 22. 
 
14 
 
 CORVIDJE. 
 
 1. Corvus corax. The Raven. 
 
 no. 657 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 1. 
 Corvus thibetanus, Hodgs. A. M. N. H. (2) iii, p. 203 ( 1849) ; Horsf. 
 
 $ M. Cat. ii, p. 553 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 294 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 
 
 xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 54 ; Hume, Cat. no. 658. 
 Oorvus lawrencii, Hume, Lah. to Yark. p. 235 (1873) ; id. S. F. i, 
 
 p. 205 ; Adam, S. F. i, p. 385 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 408 ; Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 B. M. iii, p. 15 note ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 63 ; id. Cat. no. 
 
 657 bis ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 250. 
 
 The European Raven, The Tibet Raven, Jerd. j Domkak, Doda, Hind, 
 in the N.W. ; Kargh, Candahar. 
 
 
 Fig. 2. A throat-hackle of the Eaveu of Sikhiin (a) and of the 
 Raven of the Punjab (b). 
 
 Coloration. Entirely black, glossed with steel-blue, purple, and 
 likic ; ihe throat-hackles long and conspicuous. 
 
 Iris brown; bill and legs shining black (Hume Coll.). 
 
 The following are the dimensions of the larger race found in 
 the Himalayas: length 28 inches; tail 11*5; wing up to 19-3; 
 tarsus 2*7 ; bill from gape 3*2. The smaller race from the plains 
 measures: length about 24; tail 9'5 ; wing 16 '3 to 17*4; tar- 
 sus 2'3 ; bill from gape 2-8. 
 
 The Eaven of Tibet, Sikhiin, Nepal, and the higher portions of 
 the Himalayas is recognizably distinct from the Raven which is 
 found as a permanent resident in Sind, Eajputana, and the Punjab. 
 The Alpine race, a dweller in a cold bracing climate, has developed 
 into an immense bird somewhat larger than any I have been able 
 to pick out from a series of more than 50 Ravens from all parts 
 
COEYUS. 15 
 
 of the northern hemisphere. The race from the plains of India, on 
 the other hand, a dweller in an enervating tropical atmosphere, has 
 dwindled down to a size which it is hard to match from the same 
 series. Yet between the immense bird of Sikhim and the smallest 
 bird qf the plains it is by no means difficult to interpolate others 
 from- Europe and Africa which serve to bridge the difference of 
 size. It therefore seems impossible to separate the Ravens of 
 the whole world into two or more species. 
 
 If the Ravens of India alone are examined, it is not difficult to 
 assign differential characters to two species. Not only is size suffi- 
 cient, but the character and shape of the hackles of the throat, which 
 I now figure, would suffice to diagnose them. As the matter 
 stands, however, I unite them into one species, although I do so 
 with considerable hesitation. 
 
 Distribution. The Raven is found throughout the Himalayas at 
 altitudes generally of above 14,000 feet. It does not appear to be 
 found below this level till the plains of the north-west are reached. 
 Here a smaller and dull-coloured race occurs. This race is found 
 throughout Sind, the Punjab, Bahawalpur, Bickaneer, the northern 
 portions of Jodhpore and Jeypore, extending as far as Sambhar, 
 where it appears to be common. In some portions of the above 
 area it is said to be migratory and a winter visitor, but in the greater 
 portion of the tract it remains to breed. 
 
 The Raven is found in nearly every part of the northern hemi- 
 sphere. 
 
 Habits <$fc. The Raven of the Himalayas and the Raven of Europe 
 are shy, wary birds, seldom approaching civilized surroundings. 
 The Raven of, the North-west of India, on the other hand, appears 
 to have all the habits of the Common Crow, attending camps and 
 villages and going about without fear, but with the usual wariness 
 of his tribe. Hume has noticed how a large number of Ravens die 
 annually in the autumn on their first arrival in Sind from no 
 apparent cause. Blanford informs me that the Sind Raven 
 utters a most peculiar bell-like note besides the usual guttural 
 cry. 
 
 The Raven of the North-west breeds from December to March. 
 It constructs a large nest of sticks near the top of a tree standing 
 in a field or in open jungle. The eggs are usually five in number 
 and are greenish or pale blue, marked with blackish brown, olive, 
 and pale purple. They measure 1-94 by T31. 
 
 Mandelli obtained the nest of the Sikhim bird high up towards 
 the snows, containing four eggs. The date on which the nest was 
 found is not stated. 
 
 2. Corvus umbrinus. The Brown-necked Raven. 
 
 Corvus umbrinus, Hedenb. Sundev. (Efv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 
 1838, p. 199; Sharpe, Cat, B. M. iii, p. 17; Hume, S. F. vii, 
 p. 120; id. Cat. no. 660 bis ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 251. 
 
16 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown umber-brown, partially glossed 
 with purple ; nape, hind neck and mantle, sides of the head and 
 sides of the neck umber-brown, almost glossless ; remaining upper 
 plumage glossy black ; the whole lower plumage blackish brown, 
 most of the feathers with umber-brown edges and .with a very 
 small amount of gloss. 
 
 Bill black ; legs black, with a brownish tinge ; iris dark brown 
 (Dresser). 
 
 Length about 22 ; tail 9 ; wing 15*5 ; tarsus 2'5 ; bill from gape 
 2-5. 
 
 Fig. 3. A throat-hackle of G. umbrinus. 
 
 Distribution. This Eaven is a bird of the desert. It has occurred 
 a few times within our limits, and I have seen specimens in the 
 Hume Collection procured at Jacobabad and Larkhana in Sind in 
 January and February. It is probably more common in Mekran. 
 Apart from its coloration it is very distinct from 0. cor ax of the 
 Punjab, being very much smaller and having the hackles of the 
 throat very much shorter. It extends eastwards to Egypt. 
 
 3. Corvus cor one. The Carrion-Crow. 
 
 Corvus corone, Zmw. Syst. Nat. i, p. 155(1766) ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 ii, p. 553 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 295; Hume, N. fy E. p. 410 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 659 j Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 570 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 4. 
 
 Corvus pseudocorone, Hume, N. E. p. 410 (1873). 
 Corone corone (Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 36. 
 
 Coloration. The entire plumage intense glossy black, the feathers 
 of the hind neck firm and with glistening shafts. 
 
 Bill and legs shining black ; iris brown (Dresser). 
 
 Length about 19 ; tail 8 ; wing 12'6 to 14 ; tarsus 2*3 ; bill from 
 gape 2-25. 
 
 Distribution. I cannot discover any difference between the only 
 two Indian-killed specimens of this species I have seen and 
 numerous others from various parts of the world. The Carrion- 
 Crow appears to be a resident in Kashmir, where it breeds. It is 
 no doubt common enough, but frequently overlooked as a common 
 crow. It has not yet been found in any other part of India. 
 The proper home of this bird is the eastern half of Siberia, from 
 
CORYUS. 17 
 
 the Yenesay river to the Pacific, but it is also found in greater 
 or less abundance southwards in Turkestan and Kashmir, extend- 
 ing into Europe as far as England. 
 
 Habits, $c. The Carrion-Crow, like the Eaven, is found in the 
 wildest parts of the countries it inhabits. It is generally solitary 
 and but seldom seen in flocks. Brooks found the nest in Kashmir, 
 at Sonamurg, on the 30th May, but he gives no particulars of the 
 occurrence. The eggs, which are pale green, spotted and otherwise 
 marked with greenish or olive-brown and pale sepia, measure 1'67 
 by 1-16. 
 
 4. Corvus macrorhynchus. The Jungle-Crow. 
 
 Corvus macrorhynchus, Waqler, Syst. Av., Corvus, sp. 3 (1827) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 461 ; Hume, Cat. no. G60 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 397; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 250 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 4. 
 
 Corvus levaillantii, Less. Traite, p. 328 (1831); Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 411 ; id. S. F. ii, p. 243 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped. Aves, p. 589. 
 
 Corvus culnimatus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 96 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, 
 
 p. 553; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 295; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 20. 
 Corvus interniedius, Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 171 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 p. 297; Hume Offenders. Lah. to Yark.y. 237; Hume, Cat. no. 661. 
 Corvus tenuirostris, Moore, apud Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 297. 
 Corvus andainaiiensis, Tytler, Beai-an, Ibis, 1866, p. 420. 
 Corone macrorhvncha ( Wayl.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 38 ; Leyge, 
 
 Birds Ceyl. p/346. 
 
 Corone levaillanti (Less.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 39. 
 Corvus enca, H&rsf. apud Hume, Cat. no. 662. 
 
 The Indian Corby, the Black Hill-Crow, the Slender-billed Crow, Jerd.; 
 Dhar or Dhal koiva,Hmd. in the North; Dheri-kowa, Hind, in the South; 
 Karrial, Hind. ; Dad-kag, Beng. ; Kaki, Tel. ; Kaka, Tarn. ; Ulak-pho, 
 Lepch. ; Ulak, Bhut. ; Goyegamma-Kaka, Ceyl. 
 
 Fig. 4. Head of C. macrorhynchus. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage glossy black except the hind neck 
 and sides of neck, which are almost glossless, and of which the 
 feathers are disintegrated and silky, not of the intense black of the 
 other parts, and with the shafts not distinguishable from the webs. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs, feet, and bill black. 
 
 Length about 19 ; tail 7 to 9 ; wing 11 to 14 ; tarsus about 2-2 ; 
 bill from forehead to tip 2-2 to 2-5. 
 
 TOL. I. C 
 
18 COflVIDJE. 
 
 In the British Museum there are about 300 specimens of the 
 Jungle-Crow from all parts of India and Burma. An examination 
 of this series makes it evident, as Hume has already shown, that 
 there is but one species of this large Crow in the Empire. Neither 
 by size, structure, nor coloration is it possible to separate the series 
 into two or more species. The smallest birds occur in the North- 
 west Himalayas and the largest in the Andamans and Burma, and 
 between the two extremes there is a connected chain of intermediate 
 specimens. 
 
 Fig. 5. Foot of C. macrorhynchus. 
 
 Distribution. The Jungle-Crow occurs in every portion of the 
 Empire and Ceylon, except the higher parts of the Himalayas, and 
 is a resident species. It extends in the same or a modified form 
 down to the islands of South-eastern Asia and to China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This Crow is not only found in forests and the re- 
 moter parts of the jungle, but it also frequents towns and villages 
 in considerable nuirfbers. It associates with the ordinary House- 
 Crow ; and the two species have precisely the same habits. 
 
 The nesting- season commences in the middle of January, and 
 lasts throughout February. The nest, a large structure made of 
 twigs and lined with some soft material such as hair or grass, is 
 placed near the summit of a tolerably large tree well away from 
 human habitations. The eggs, four or five in number, are green 
 marked with various shades of brown, and measure about 1-7 by 1*2. 
 
 5. Corvus frugilegus. The Rook. 
 
 Corvus frugilegus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 156 (1766) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 90; 
 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 557 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 302; Hume, Cat. no. 664; 
 
 JBiddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 77, 1882, p. 28i ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 571 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. x, p. 518. 
 Trypanocorax frugilegus (Linn.}, Sharps, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 9. 
 
CORTUS. 10 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black ; the head, Deck, and lower 
 plumage richly glossed with purplish blue, the upper plumage 
 with violet-purple. 
 
 Bill and feet black ; iris blackish brown (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Lengfti about 19; tail 6'5 to 8 ; wing 12 to 13; tarsus about 
 2-2 ; bill from gape 2-5 to 2-8. 
 
 The nestling is without any gloss at first but quickly assumes it. 
 About January, or when the young bird is about nine months old, 
 the naral bristles are cast, and by March the front part of the head 
 has become entirely denuded of feathers. 
 
 Fig. 6. Head of C. frugilegus. 
 
 Distribution. The Eook occurs in Kashmir, the Hazara country 
 and the extreme north-west portion of the Punjab in the winter 
 The Hume Collection contains birds killed at Abbottabad from Oc- 
 tober to February, and Scully states that this -species is common in 
 Gilgit from the third week in October to the third week in April. 
 
 The Kook is found in Central Asia and in Europe, but to the 
 east it is replaced by C. pastinator, which has a smaller extent of 
 the face denuded of feathers. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. The Eook frequents the better cultivated parts of the 
 country in large flocks, feeding in meadows and ploughed land on 
 worms, snails and grubs. It does not breed in India. In Europe 
 it breeds in large societies, building a nest similar to the Crow's 
 on large trees. 
 
 6. Corvns cornix. The Hooded Crow. 
 
 Corvus cornix, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 156 (1766) ; Blyth, Cat. i, p. 89 ; 
 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 553 ; Hume, S. F. vii, pp. 406, 517 ; id. 
 
 Cat. no. 659 bis ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 77. 
 Corone cornix (ZiYw.), Sharpe, Cat. U. M. iii, p. 31. 
 
 Coloration. Entire head and neck, the central part of the upper 
 breast, the wings, tail, and thighs glossy black ; remainder of the 
 plumage drab-grey, the shafts of the upper parts black, those of 
 the lower brown. 
 
 c2 
 
20 COEYID^E. 
 
 Iris brown ; legs, bill, and feet black (Johnson}. 
 
 Length 19 ; tail 7'5 ; wing 12-5 ; tarsus 2-2 ; bill from gape 2 
 to 2-2. 
 
 Varieties. Three races of Hooded Cro\v can readily be dis- 
 tinguished, and I have seen no specimens showing that any inter- 
 breeding takes place between them. The true G. comix is found 
 in Europe and eastwards as far as the Persian Gulf. The light 
 parts of the plumage of this bird are ashy grey. C. capellanus is 
 found round the Persian Gulf and in Mesopotamia. In this the 
 light parts of the plumage are white with black shafts. The third 
 race, which for convenience I shall term C. sliarpii, inhabits Siberia, 
 Turkestan, Afghanistan, and a portion of India. In this the light 
 parts of the plumage are drab-grey. The three races are so distinct 
 that any one could separate them at once. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs in winter in the extreme north-west portion 
 of the Punjab, in the Hazara country, and in Gilgit. Biddulph 
 observed this species in the last-mentioned place in December, 
 January, and February. It extends westward to the head of the 
 Persian Gulf and northwards to Siberia, where it appears to inter- 
 breed to a considerable extent with C. corone. 
 
 Habits, tyc. The Hooded Crow has much the same habits as the 
 Carrion-Crow, being shy and frequenting the more barren parts of 
 the countries it inhabits. In addition to eating the usual food of 
 its ally, it is said to feed on grain and to be found in fields searching 
 the ground like the Book. It does not breed in India. 
 
 7. Corvus splendens. The Indian House-Crow. 
 
 Corvus splendens, Vieill. N. Diet. cCHist. Nat. viii, p. 44 (1817); Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 90 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 559 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 298 ; Hume, 
 
 Corvus 
 
 Anomalocorax impudicus, Hodys., Gray, Hand-list, ii, p. 14 (1870) ; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 413. 
 Corone splendens ( Vieill.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 33 ; Ley ye, Birds 
 
 Ceyl. p. 349. 
 
 The Common Indian Crow, Jerd ; Koioa, Pati-Koiva, Desi-Kowa, Hind, 
 in various districts ; Kay or Kak, Beng. ; Manchi Kaki, Tel. ; Nalla 
 Kdka, Tarn. ; Karavi-Kaka, Kakum, Ceyl. ; Graya, Port, in Ceylon ; 
 Myan-Kwak, Mauipur. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, lores, cheeks, chin, and throat deep 
 glossy black ; nape, ear-coverts, the whole neck, upper back, and 
 breast light ashy brown ; wings, tail, and remainder of upper plu- 
 mage glossy black ; lower plumage from the breast dull brownish 
 black. The feathers of the throat are lanceolate ; and the whole 
 of the black portions of the plumage are highly resplendent with 
 purple-blue and greenish reflexions. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and bill black. 
 
 Length l7'5 ; tail 7 ; wing up to 11 ; tarsus 1*9 ; bill from gape 2. 
 
CORYUS. -J 1 
 
 The Common Crow of India varies considerably in its coloration 
 according to climate. The light parts of the plumage of birds from 
 Sind and the dry portions of India are nearly white, whereas birds 
 from Ceylon and the more humid portions of the peninsula have 
 these partis very dark, nearly as dark as the Burmese species. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs as a resident throughout the whole of India 
 from Sind and the Punjab to Assam, ascending the Himalayas to 
 about 4000 feet, and down to Ceylon. From Assam this Crow 
 extends southwards to Manipur and Northern Arrakan, and some- 
 where about these parts it mus't meet the next species. 
 
 Habits, $c. The Indian House-Crow is the most familiar of all 
 Indian birds, being found in every part of the country, but more 
 especially in towns and villages, where its numbers are very great 
 and its habits obtrusive. It has in a great measure become domes- 
 ticated while retaining its wariness. It is eminently sociable, and 
 even in wild districts a solitary bird is seldom seen. It breeds 
 from May to July in clumps of trees near villages, constructing a 
 rough nest of sticks lined with grass and other soft materials. The 
 number of eggs varies from four to six, four, however, being the 
 usual number. The colour is some shade or other of green or pale 
 blue, and the eggs are marked in various ways with sepia, olive- 
 brown, and sometimes purple. They measure on the average from 
 1-44 to 1-06. 
 
 8. Corvns insolens. The Burmese House-Crow. 
 
 Corvus insolens, Hume, 8. F. ii, p. 480 (1874), iii, p. 144 ; Wald. in 
 Blyth, Birth Burm. p. 87 ; Oates, S. F. v, p. 159 ; Wardlaw Ram- 
 say, Ibis, 1877, p. 459 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 589 ; 
 Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 380 ; Hume, Cat. no. 663 bis ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 399; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 12. 
 
 Corone insolens (Hume), Sharps, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 34. 
 Kyeegan, Burm. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, chin, and throat glossy black; 
 back of the neck and its sides dull brown ; ear-coverts and the whole 
 lower plumage from the throat dull brownish black ; wings and 
 tail and remainder of the plumage deep glossy black. The feathers 
 of the throat are lanceolate ; and the whole of the black portions 
 of the plumage are highly glossed with purple, blue, and green, 
 varying according to the light thrown on them. 
 
 The dimensions are the same as those of C. splendens. The 
 iris is dark brown ; the legs and bill black. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of Burma except perhaps the northern 
 parts of Arrakau and the northern portion of Upper Burma bor- 
 dering on Assam and Manipur. To the south the limit appears to 
 be Mergui. This species extends into Siain and Cochin China. 
 
 Habits. &fc. The House-Crow of Burma, like its congener in India, 
 is extremely abundant in all towns and villages ; and even an 
 isolated house in the jungle will usually be found to attract a few 
 of these birds. 
 
22 COKYID.E. 
 
 The breed ing- season commences about the middle of March and 
 lasts till the beginning of the rains. These birds almost always breed 
 in societies, selecting a group of trees in a compound or near a 
 monastery. The nest, made of twigs and lined with hair, grass or 
 other soft substances, is placed high up in rather tall trees, and 
 the eggs, usually four in number, resemble closely those of the 
 preceding species. 
 
 9. Corvus monedula. The Jaclcdaiv. 
 
 Gorvus monedula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 156 (1766); Blyth, Cat. 
 p. DO ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 414 ; id. Cat. no. 665 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 
 1881, p. 77 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 12. 
 
 Corvus collaris, Drummond, A. M. N. H. xviii, p. 11 (1846). 
 
 Colseus mouedula (Linn.}, Ilorsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 562 ; Jerd. B. I. \\, 
 p. 302; Hume $ Renders. Lah. to Yark. p. 239 ; Scully, S. F. iv, 
 p. 158; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 26; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 572. 
 
 Colseus collaris (Drummond), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 27 ; Scully, 
 Ibis, 1881, p. 572. 
 
 Fig. 7. Head of C. monedula. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown glossy black; nape and hind 
 neck dusky grey ; sides of the head and neck light grey, almost 
 white, and forming a half-collar on the posterior portion of the 
 side of the neck ; lores blackish ; upper plumage, wings, and tail 
 bluish black with a considerable amount of gloss ; chin and cheeks 
 black with grey shaft-streaks ; throat and fore neck entirely black ; 
 remainder of lower plumage slaty black with a very small amount 
 of gloss. 
 
 Legs and bill black ; iris nearly white (Dresser). 
 
 Length about 13 ; tail 5'2 ; wing 9*2 ; tarsus 1*7 ; bill from gape 
 1-5. 
 
 Jackdaws vary much inter se in the amount and purity of the 
 white on the sides of the neck, and I cannot distinguish the race 
 which has been separated under the title of C. collaris. A certain 
 number of birds can be picked out of a series with the half-collar 
 very white and distinct, but others from the same localities are 
 typical C. monedula, and there are intermediate specimens. The 
 majority of Indian birds incline towards G. collaris, and that is 
 all that can be said in favour of the retention of the name. 
 
PICA. 
 
 23 
 
 Distribution. Kashmir and the north-west Punjab. According 
 to Hume the Jackdaw is in winter numerous near the foot of the 
 hills and has been found as far east as TJmballa and south to 
 Ferozepore, Jhelum, and Kalabdgh, and it extends into the Dera 
 GluizMvhan District. It appears to be a resident in Kashmir and as 
 far east as the valley of the Beas, throughout which tract it breeds 
 freely. 
 
 It extends into Europe. 
 
 Habits, tyc. The Jackdaw is most frequently observed in the 
 vicinity of cliffs and old buildings, in the holes of which, as well as 
 in holes of trees, it breeds, constructing a nest of sticks lined 
 with soft substances, and laying four to six eggs, which are green 
 marked with various shades of brown and purple, and measure 1*4 
 by -98. 
 
 Genus PICA, Brisson, 1760. 
 
 Two species of Pica occur in India, one identical with the Eng- 
 lish Magpie, the other peculiar to some of the higher parts of the 
 Himalavas. 
 
 Fig. 8. Head of P. rustica. 
 
 Fig. 9. First primary of P. rustica. 
 
 Pica differs from Corvus in having a long graduated tail and 
 a first primary of very peculiar shape. In habits the two genera 
 are not very dissimilar. The Magpies are, however, more addicted 
 to well-wooded districts ; they are equally wary and they are almost 
 
24 
 
 omnivorous. They build large nests of sticks, domed and placed 
 in trees or large bushes. 
 
 The two Indian species of: Magpies are very distinct from each 
 other. The large local Himalayan species has no allies. But the 
 smaller Magpie, which is the same as the Euglish one, varies con- 
 siderably over the extensive tract of country it inhabits, chiefly in 
 the amount of white on the quills of the wing. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Wing always under 9 inches ; a white or 
 
 ashy band across the rump P. rustica, p. 24. 
 
 b. Wing always over 10 inches ; the rump 
 
 entirely black P. bottanensis, p. 25. 
 
 10. Pica rustica. The Magpie. 
 
 Corvus pica. Linn. Syst. Nat. \, p. 157 (1766). 
 
 Corvus rusticus, Scop. Ann. i, p. 38 (1768). 
 
 Pica media, Ulyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 393 (1844) ; id. Cat. p. 91 ; 
 
 Horsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 551. 
 
 Pica caudata (Ray], Blyth, Cat. p. 91 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 550. 
 Pica tibetana, Hodgs. A. M. N. H. (2) iii, p. 203 (1849). 
 Pica bactriana, Bonap. Consp. i, p. 383 (1850); Horsf fy M. Cat. ii, 
 
 p. 550 ; Hume fy Renders. Lah. to Yark. p. 240 ; Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 416 ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 158. 
 Pica leucoptera, Gould, Birds Asia, v, pi. 55 (1862). 
 Pica pica (Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 62. 
 Pica rustica (Scop.), Hume, S. F. vii, p. 407 ; Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aves, p. 590; Hume, Cat. no. 668 bis; Uiddulph, Ibis, 
 
 1881, p.^78 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 572 ; Oatcs in Hume's N. $ E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 13. 
 Akha, Cabul. 
 
 Coloration. The entire head and neck, the upper plumage, breast, 
 thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts black, the rump with a whitish 
 or greyish band across ; scapulars, abdomen, and the greater portion 
 of the primaries white ; wings brilliantly glossed with blue, and 
 the tail with green, lilac and purple. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris dark brown. 
 
 Length about 20 ; tail up to 12'5 ; wing 7*5 to 8'5 ; tarsus 1-8 
 to 2; bill at front 1-3. 
 
 With the exception of the amount of white on the primaries I 
 cannot find that the Magpies of Asia differ in any respect from 
 those of Europe. The amount of white is very variable and forms 
 no character, in my opinion, by which two or more species may be 
 recognized. 
 
 Distribution. The Magpie is a permanent resident over a consider- 
 able portion of Kashmir, coming down in winter to 5000 feet and 
 ascending in summer to about 8000 feet. It occurs, so far as is 
 known, in no other part of the Himalayas, but it reappears within 
 our limits around Khelat in Baluchistan and also at Bhamo in 
 Upper Burma, where both Anderson and my collector procured it 
 in the cold weather. 
 
TJROCISSA. 25 
 
 This species is spread over a considerable portion of the Northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 //<(}>its, $c. The Magpie is found in well-wooded parts of the 
 country and near cultivation, and is said by Biddulph to be at 
 all times common in Kashmir. He found two nests in May in that- 
 country. The nest is a large domed structure of sticks built in a 
 tree or bush, and the eggs, usually five in number, are greenish 
 marked with umber and sepia-brown and measure 1*25 by '97. 
 
 11. Pica bottanensis. The Black-rumped Magpie. 
 
 Pica bottanensis, Deless. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 100 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 91 ; 
 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 551 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 305 ; Hume, S. F. v. 
 
 p. 281 ; id. Cat. no. 068 ; id. S. F. ix, p. 293. 
 Pica megaloptera, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 193 (1842). 
 Pica tibetana, Hodys. A. M. N. H. (2) in. p. 203 (1849). 
 The Himalayan Magpie, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles P. rustica, but is much larger with a longer 
 wing and shorter tail and with the rump entirely black. 
 
 Length about 21; tail 11-5; wing 10 to 10*5; tarsus 2'1 ; 
 bill at front 1-4 to 1'6. 
 
 All the species of Pica have a band of white or grey across the 
 rump except the present form and P. mauritanica t which is found 
 in Spain and N. Africa. Of P. bottanensis there are some thirty 
 specimens in the British Museum and they all agree in having 
 the rump entirely black, in their large size, short tail, and long 
 wing. 
 
 Distribution. The higher parts of Bhutan, Native Sikhim, and 
 Chinese Tibet. There is no evidence that P. bottanensis occurs in 
 Nepal. There is a skin in the British Museum said to have been 
 collected in Kumaon, but I doubt the correctness of this locality. 
 
 Genus UROCISSA, Cabauis, 1850. 
 
 . 10. Head of U. occipitalis. 
 
 The genus Urocissa contains a few brightly plumaged Magpies 
 which are found in India and China. They differ from the true 
 Magpies in having the nostrils, which are covered by rather soft 
 plumes, not by stiff bristles, situated near the base of the bill, in 
 
26 CORVJD--E. 
 
 having a longer tail and a bill which is either red or yellow, 
 never black. 
 
 The Blue Magpies frequent forest districts, and are not found 
 so often near villages and cultivation as the common Magpie. 
 They feed a great deal on the ground, chiefly on large insects. 
 They differ remarkably from the species of Pica in not constructing a 
 dome over their nests ; otherwise their nesting-habits appear to be 
 much the same. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Bill red ; nuchal white patch large, reaching 
 
 to the end of the black on the hind neck. ... U. occipitalis, p. 26. 
 
 b. Bill yellow ; nuchal white patch small, not 
 
 reaching to the margin of the black on the 
 
 hind neck U. flavirostris, p. 27. 
 
 12. Urocissa occipitalis. The Red-billed Blue Magpie. 
 
 Psilorhinus occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 27 (1846) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 93. 
 Psilorhinus magnirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 27 (1846) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 93. 
 Urocissa sinensis (Linn.), apud Horsf. 8f M. Cat. ii, p. 577 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 309. 
 Urocissa occipitalis (BL), Jerd. B. I. App. p. 873 ; Hume, N. fy E. 
 
 p. 419; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 70 ; Hume, Cat. no. 671 ; Scully, 
 
 S. F. viii,p. 327 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 400 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 258 ; 
 
 Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 618 ; Gates in Hume's N. 
 
 $E. 2nded. i, p. 14. 
 Urocissa magnirostris (Bl.), Hume, S. F. iii, p. 144 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. 
 
 M. iii, p. 71 ; Hume # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 385 ; Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aves, p. 592 j Hume, Cat. no. 671 bis ; Binyham, S. F. ix, 
 
 p. 191. 
 Nil-Khant, at Mussoorie ; Diyg-dall, at Simla. 
 
 Coloration. Head, neck, and breast black ; a large patch on the 
 nape, continued down the back of the neck, white ; some of the 
 feathers of the crown also tipped with white ; lower plumage 
 white tinged .with purple ; tail blue, broadly tipped with white, 
 and all but the central pair of feathers with a band of black next 
 the white tips : wings brown ; the first two primaries edged with 
 blue, the next five edged with blue above the margination and with 
 bluish white below ; the other primaries and secondaries almost 
 entirely blue on the outer web ; the tertiaries blue on both webs ; 
 the whole of the quills tipped with white, at first on the outer 
 web only and gradually extending to both webs ; back, scapulars, 
 and rump purplish blue, the wing-coverts brighter ; upper tail- 
 coverts blue tipped with black, and with a band of bluish white 
 next the black tips. 
 
 Iris brown, probably turning to red in very old birds ; bill and 
 legs varying from red to crimson ; eyelids greyish white ; claws 
 horn-colour ; mouth flesh-colour. 
 
UROC1SSA. Z< 
 
 Length up to 28 ; tail up to 19 ; wing 8 ; tarsus 1-9 ; bill from 
 gape 1-8. 
 
 In the 4 Birds of Burmah ' I entered fully into the question of the 
 identity of U. maynirostris with U. occipitalis, and it is not neces- 
 sary no\v to discuss the subject again. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Nepal. 
 I can find no evidence of this bird's occurrence in Sikhim, Bhutan, or 
 Assam; but it reappears in the Naga hills, about Bhamo, in Arrakan 
 and generally throughout Burma in suitable localities down to Te- 
 nasserim. It also extends into SUm. In the Himalayas and the 
 hill-ranges of Eastern Bengal it is found at an elevation of 5000 feet 
 and higher, but in Burma it occurs at the level of the sea or not 
 much above it. It is a permanent resident throughout its range. 
 
 Habits, $c. This Magpie is found in small parties of from three 
 to six individuals. It breeds from March to July according to locality, 
 constructing a solid cup- shaped nest of twigs and branches in trees 
 at all heights from the ground. The eggs, three to five in number, 
 are like those of Pica rustica in colour and they measure about 
 1-3 by -95. 
 
 In Burma this Magpie affects the dry forests which occupy large 
 tracts of country in the plains, and not the moister or evergreen 
 forests of the hills. 
 
 13. Urocissa flavirostris. The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie. 
 
 Psilorhinus flavirostris, Blyfh, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 28 (1846) j id. Cat. 
 
 p. 93. 
 Urocissa flavirostris (Bl.), Horsf. 8f M. Cat. ii, p. 578 ; Jerd. B. I. 
 
 ii, p. 310 j Hume $ Renders. Lah. to York. p. 242 j Hume, N. $ 
 
 E. p. 419 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 72 ; Hume, Cat. no. 672 ; 
 
 Scully, S. F. viii, p. 328 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 16. 
 Urocissa cucullata, Gould, B. Asia, v, pi. 51 (1861). 
 Tying -jongring, Lepch. ; Pianging-jabbriny, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Head, neck, and breast black, the nape white and the 
 feathers of the crown tipped white ; back, scapulars, rump, and 
 upper tail-coverts purplish ashy, the last tipped black and with 
 a narrow pale band in front of the black; wing-coverts, the 
 outer web of the primaries and secondaries and the whole of the 
 tertiaries purplish blue ; all the quills tipped white, the earlier 
 primaries whitish on the terminal half of the outer web ; tail blue, 
 with a broad white tip and all but the central pair of feathers with 
 a subterminal black band ; lower plumage, from the breast down- 
 wards, white tinged with purple. 
 
 Bill pale waxy yellow ; iris (in male only) bright yellow ; feet 
 bright orange-yellow (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 26 ; tail up to 18 ; wing 7*4 ; tarsus 1'8 ; bill from 
 gape I'd. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Ladak and Hazara to Bhutan 
 at elevations of from 6000 to 10,000 feet. 
 
28 
 
 Habits, fyc. This Magpie, which has the same habits as the last, 
 breeds from April to August, building a large nest of twigs and 
 roots most commonly in oak trees, up to 30 feet or more from the 
 ground. The eggs, usually four in number, are of the Magpie type 
 and measure 1-3 by -92. 
 
 There are two Chinese species of Blue Magpies, neither of which, 
 however, is likely to occur within the limits of India. 
 
 Genus CISSA, Boie, 1826. 
 
 The genus Cissa contains, among others, two Indian Magpies of 
 very beautiful plumage. They differ from the Magpies of the genus 
 Urocissa in having a much shorter tail and the eyelids wattled at 
 the edges, a feature which is very distinct in life and generally 
 visible in some degree in dry skins. 
 
 Jerdon, very properly I think, places this bird between Urocissa and 
 Dendrocitta, but wrongly calls it a Jay. I think it may be better 
 termed a Magpie, in view of its long tail and bright coloration. 
 
 The Magpies of this genus are forest birds of shy habits, feeding 
 a good deal on the ground. In the construction of their nests they 
 resemble Urocissa and not Pica. They have red bills. 
 
 Davison has mentioned (S. F. vi, p. 385) how closely the habits 
 of these Magpies accord with those of Oarrulax. They are more- 
 over closely allied to that genus in structure and form a link between 
 the Corvidce and the Crateropodidce. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Head and neck green C. chinensis, p. 28. 
 
 b. Head and neck chestnut C. ornata, p. 29. 
 
 14. Cissa chinensis. The Green Magpie. 
 
 Coracias chinensis, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 38 (1783). 
 
 Corvus speciosus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, p. 364 (1809). 
 
 Kitta venatorius, Gray in Hardiv. 111. Ind. Zool. i, pi. 24 (1832). 
 
 Cissa venatoria, Gray, Blyth, Cat. p. 92. 
 
 Cissa sinensis (JSriss.), Horsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 575; Jerd. B. 1. ii, 
 
 p. 312 j Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109. 
 Cissa speciosa (Shaw), Hume, N. $ E. p. 421 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 145, 
 
 iv, p. 509 ; Bingham, S. F. v, p. 85. 
 Cissa chinensis (Bodd.), Sharps t Cat. B. M. iii, p. 85 ; Hume fy Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 385 ; Hume, Cat. no. 673 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 406 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 258 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 17. 
 
 The Green Jay, Jerd. ; Siraana, Beng. ; Chap-ling-pho, Lepch. ; Rab- 
 ling-chapu, Bhut. ; Pilitel, Dafla Hills. 
 
 Coloration. Head and neck greenish yellow ; general body- 
 plumage green ; the lores and a band through each eye, the two 
 meeting behind on the nape, black ; the cheeks, sides of neck, and 
 lower plumage paler green ; tail green, the central feathers tipped 
 with white, the others tipped with white and with a subterminal 
 
CTSSA. 29 
 
 band of black ; lesser wing-coverts green, the other coverts red ; 
 wings brown on the inner webs, red on the outer ones ; the tertiaries 
 and some of the secondaries tipped with pale blue and with a band 
 of black in front of the tips. 
 
 .pill red ; eyelids yellowish brown, the edges red ; legs coral- 
 red; iris blood- red ; claws dull red; inside of the mouth reddish 
 flesh-colour. 
 
 Length 15; tail 8; wing 5-9 ; tarsus 17; bill from gape 1-6. 
 
 The plumage of this bird changes after death and also in cap- 
 tivity from green to dull blue ; and the red on the wings also 
 undergoes a change under the same circumstances, becoming much 
 duller. C. minor, a subspecies from Sumatra, is rather smaller. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Jumna valley to Bhutan 
 and Assam ; thence through the hill-ranges of Eastern Bengal and 
 Burma to Tenasserim, where this bird has been observed as far 
 south as Mergui and the Thoungyeen valley. It is found from the 
 base of the hills up to about 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. This Magpie is found in all descriptions of jungle, but 
 personally I have only observed it in the evergreen forests. It is 
 as a rule shy and difficult to observe, keeping to the ground or to 
 dense undergrowth. It breeds principally in April, constructing 
 a cup-shaped nest of twigs, roots, and bamboo-leaves in a tree or 
 bamboo-bush at no great height from the ground. The eggs, three 
 in number, are dull white freckled with yellowish and brown, and 
 measure 1'21 by *92. 
 
 15. Cissa ornata. The Ceylonese Magpie. 
 
 Pica ornata, Wayler, Isis, 1829, p. 749. 
 
 Cissa puella, Blyth, Cat. p. 93 (1849). 
 
 Cissa pyrrhocyanea, Lichtenstein, Gould, S. Asia, v, pi. 53 (1850). 
 
 Cissa ornata ( Wuql. ), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 87 ; Legye, Birds 
 
 Ceyl. p. 353, pi. 15 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 408 j id. Cat. no.' 073 bis; 
 
 Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 19. 
 
 Kahibella, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. "Whole head, neck, upper back, and upper breast rich 
 chestnut ; remainder of the body-plumage bright blue, suffused 
 with cobalt next the chestnut of the neck; tail blue, tipped with 
 white and subterminally with black ; wing-coverts brown, more or 
 less margined and suffused with blue : quills chestnut on the outer 
 webs, black on the inner, changing to blue on the tertiaries ; thighs 
 dusky purple. 
 
 Iris light brown ; eyelid deep red ; orbital skin somewhat paler ; 
 bill, legs, and feet coral-red; claws reddish yellow at base, dusky at 
 tip (Legye). 
 
 Length about 17; tail up to 10; wing 6-5; tarsus 1*7 j bill 
 from gape 1'6. 
 
 Distribution. The forests of Ceylon only. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds in Ceylon during the cool season or from 
 
30 COKVIDJE. 
 
 December to February. The nest appears to be similar to that of 
 the last. One egg recorded by Legge was bluish green marked with 
 umber-brown and bluish grey, and measured about 1-3 by 1. 
 
 Genus DENDROCITTA, Gould, 1833. 
 
 In the Tree-pies we have a collection of birds which are closer 
 to Pica than to either Urocissa or Cissa, inasmuch as they have 
 black bills and very numerous stiff, but somewhat short, bristles 
 completely concealing the nostrils. The bill, however, is short with 
 the commissure greatly curved, and in one species, D. bayleyi, the 
 tail approaches the next genus in structure, the central feathers 
 being gradually enlarged throughout their length, not suddenly at 
 the tip as in Crypsirhina. 
 
 The Tree-pies are sociable, associating in small bands, and they 
 are aboreal, seldom descending to the ground. They have a series 
 of clear metallic notes, which sound very pleasantly in the jungle. 
 They construct large nests in trees, and lay eggs which are less 
 Corvine in appearance than those of the true Magpies. Their food 
 consists of both fruit and insects. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail ashy and black. 
 
 a'. Crown and hind neck uniform smoky 
 
 brown ; abdomen rufous D. rufa, p. 30. 
 
 b'. Crown black; hind neck and abdomen 
 
 white -D. leucoyastra, p. 31. 
 
 c'. Crown black; hind neck and ahdoraen 
 
 uniform ashy D. himalayensis, p. 32. 
 
 b. Tail entirely black. 
 
 d '. Without a white wing-spot D. frontalis, p. 33. 
 
 e'. With a white winpr-spot D. bayleyi, p. 34. 
 
 Fig. 11. Head of D. rufa. 
 
 16. Dendrocitta rufa. The Indian Tree-pie. 
 
 Lanius rufus, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii, p. 86 (1786). 
 Coracias vagabunda, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 171 (1700). 
 Crypsirhina pallida, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 30 (1846). 
 Dendrocitta rufa (Scop.), Blyth, Cat. p. 92 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 565 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 314; Hume, N. E. p. 421 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
DENDROC1TTA. 31 
 
 iii, p. 76; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Avcs, p. 591 ; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 074 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 402 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 252 ; 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 259 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 19. 
 Dendrocitta pallida ( /?/.), Myth, Cat. p. 336; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, 
 p. 568 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 3l5 ; Hume, Cat. no. 675. 
 
 The* Common Indian Magpie, Jerd. ; Maha-lat, Hind., Kotri, Hind, in 
 Bengal ; Takka-chor, Handi-chacha, Beng. ; Mahtab and Chand, Sind ; 
 Gokurayi, Konda-Kati-yadu, Tel. ; Mootri, Lucknow ; Kashkussi, Cachar ; 
 Kola Khoa, Assam. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head and neck with the breast sooty 
 brown ; remainder of the body-plumage bright fulvous, darker on 
 the back and scapulars ; wing-coverts greyish white ; wings dark 
 brown, the outer webs of the tertiaries and later secondaries grey ; 
 tail ashy grey, broadly tipped with black. 
 
 The young are duller in colour than the adults, the head is 
 lighter brown, and the tail-feathers are tipped with light buff. 
 
 Iris reddish brown ; bill slaty horn-colour, albescent at the base ; 
 mouth flesh-colour ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs dark brown ; claws 
 horn-colour. 
 
 Length up to about 18 ; tail up to 12'5 ; wing up to 6'7 ; tarsus 
 1-3 ; bill from gape 1*3. Himalayan birds are much larger than 
 those from other parts. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India and Burma from Kashmir to 
 Travancore and from Assam to Tenasserim as far as Mergui. 
 This bird ascends the Himalayas and hill-ranges up to 7000 feet, 
 and it inhabits the plains at the level of the sea. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from April to July and probably later in the 
 year, constructing a cup-shaped nest, near the top of a large tree, 
 of thorny twigs lined with grass. The eggs, usually five in num- 
 ber, vary much in colour, being salmon-colour or pale greenish 
 white marked with bright red, brownish red, purple or olive- 
 brown ; they measure 1'17 by *87. 
 
 1 7. Dendrocitta leucogastra. The Southern Tree-pie. 
 
 Dendrocitta leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 57 ; id. Trans. Z. S. 
 i, p. 89, pi. 12 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 91 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 570 ; Jerd. 
 B. I. ii, p. 317 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 424 ; id. S. F. iv, p. 402 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 79; Hume, Cat. no. 678; Davison, S. F. x, 
 p. 400 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 22. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, anterior half of crown, sides of the head, 
 chin, throat, upper breast and thighs black ; hinder part of crown, 
 nape, hind neck, lower breast, abdomen, and upper tail-coverts white ; 
 back, scapulars and rump chestnut-bay ; under tail-coverts chest- 
 nut ; wings black, the primaries with a large patch of white at their 
 base; central tail-feathers grey, broadly tipped black; the next 
 pair half grey and half black ; the remainder nearly entirely black. 
 
 Bill black ; legs and feet dull black ; iris deep brown (Davison}. 
 
 Length about 19; tail 12; wing 5'6; tarsus 1*2; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
32 COEVID.E. 
 
 The young resemble the adult very closely. 
 
 Distribution. Southern India, chiefly along the western coast. 
 The southernmost point from which I have seen a specimen is 
 Mynall in Travancore, and the most northern, the Wynaad ; but 
 McMaster (J. A.S. B. 1871, pt. ii, p. 214) states that he procured 
 a specimen in May at Chikalda in the Gawilgurh hills. He is 
 hardly likely to have made a mistake about so well-marked a 
 form as this, but the occurrence of this bird so far north is extra- 
 ordinary. 
 
 Habits, $c. According to Davison this Tree-pie is found only in 
 evergreen forest below about 5000 feet. On the Assambu hills it is 
 found from 1500 to 3000 feet. Bourdillou, in the latter locality, 
 found two nests, composed of twigs roughly put together, and 
 built in a bush or sapling. One nest was found in March with 
 eggs, and one in April with young birds. The only egg preserved 
 measured 1*13 by *86. 
 
 18. Dendrocitta himalayensis. The Himalayan Tree-pie. 
 
 Dendrocitta sinensis (Lath.} apud Blyth, Cat. p. 92 ; Horsf.tyM. 
 
 Cat. ii, p. 568 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 316. 
 Dendrocitta himalayensis, Blyth, Ibis, 1805, p. 45 ; Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 423; Sharpe, 'Cat. B. M. iii, p. 79; Hume $ Dai). 8. F. vi, 
 
 p. 386 ; Hume, Cat. no. 676 j Scully, S. F. viii, p. 329 ; Oates, B. 
 
 B. i, p. 403 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 259 ; Oates in Humes N. Sf E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 23. 
 Dendrocitta assimilis, Hume, 8. F. v, p. 117 ; id. 8f Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 386 ; id. S. F. vii, p. 519 ; id. Cat. 676 bis. 
 
 The Himalayan Magpie, Jerd. ; Kokia-Kak, at Mussoorie ; Karrio-pho, 
 Lepch. ; Earnak-ban, Bhut. ; Kvk-lony-ah, Assam. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores and feathers above the eye black ; 
 sides of the head, chin and throat dark sooty brown, fading and 
 overspreading the sides of the neck and breast ; crown of the head, 
 nape, and upper back ashy: back and scapulars clear brownish 
 buff; rump and upper tail-coverts ashy; wings and their coverts 
 black, all the primaries but the first two with a patch of white at 
 their base, forming a conspicuous spot; central pair of tail-feathers 
 ashy for two thirds of their length, then black ; the others all 
 black, except the extreme bases, which are ashy ; abdomen and 
 flanks cinereous ; thighs brown ; vent and under tail-coverts 
 chestnut. 
 
 The young do not differ much from the adult ; the colours are 
 paler, the feathers of the upper plumage are tipped with buff, and 
 the under tail-coverts and vent are reddish brown. 
 
 Bill black ; irides reddish brown ; feet brownish black, in young 
 birds leaden black ; claws dusky (Scully}. 
 
 Length 16; tail 9 ; wing 5'5 ; tarsus 1*1; bill from gape 1*3. 
 
 Tenasseriin birds have the cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat paler, 
 and the sides of the neck and the upper back tinged with brown 
 They are, however, hardly separable from some Himalayan birds. 
 
DENDEOCITTA. 33 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from the Sutlej valley 
 to Sadiya, and theuce through the Assam hill-tracts to Tenasserim, 
 where it has been procured as far south as Muleyit mountain. 
 In the Tweeddale collection there is a specimen labelled as having 
 been obtained at Murree, and Blyth records the species from 
 Arrakau, whence, however, I have not seen a specimen. It is 
 found in hilly tracts at elevations from 2000 to 6000 or 7000 feefc, 
 and does not appear to occur in the plains. 
 
 Habits, $'C. According to Jerdon, this species is found in the 
 more open parts of the forest and near cultivation and villages. It 
 breeds from May to August. The nest is usually a shallow, flimsy 
 saucer of twigs built in a small tree. The eggs, which are marked 
 with olive-brown, measure 1*14 by *85. 
 
 A closely allied species is D. sinen-sis, with which the present 
 species was long confounded. D. sinensis occurs throughout 
 China, is of smaller size, has the tail-coverts whiter and the central 
 tail-feathers entirely white. 
 
 19. Dendrocitta frontalis. The Black-br<xved Tree-pie. 
 
 Dendrocitta frontalis, McC'lell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163 ; Horsf. $ M. 
 Cat. ii, p. 569 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 317 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. IS. B. xlv, 
 pt. ii, p. 83 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 78 ; Hume, Cat. no. 677 ; 
 id. S. F. xi, p. 260. 
 
 Crypsirhina altirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 932 (1843). 
 
 Dendrocitta altirostris (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 92. 
 
 The Black-broived Magpie, Jerd. ; Hamshi-bon, Lepch. ; Kolio-Ko, 
 Bhut. 
 
 Fig. 12. Head of D. jrontalis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, the greater part of the crown, sides of the 
 head, chin, throat, fore neck, tail, wing -quills, and the primary- 
 coverts black; the remainder of the wing ash-grey; nape, hind 
 neck, upper back, sides of the neck, breast, and upper abdomen 
 pale grey ; lower back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, lower 
 abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut, the thighs tinged 
 with brown. 
 
 The colour of the bill, &c., does not appear to have been 
 recorded. 
 
 YOL. i. D 
 
34 COETID^E. 
 
 Length 15 ; tail up to 10 ; wing 5'3 ; tarsus 1*15 ; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the extreme east of 
 Assam. Jerdon found it in Sikhim at from 3000 to 5000 feet of 
 elevation. Little or nothing is on record about this bird. 
 
 20. Dendrocitta bayleyi. The Andamanese Tree-pie. 
 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 82 ; Hume, Cat. no. 678 bis. 
 
 Coloration. The feathers round the base of the bill black ; the 
 remainder of the head, neck, upper back, and upper breast dark 
 bluish ashy ; lower back, scapulars, and rump pale rufous-olive ; 
 upper tail-coverts bluish ashy : lower breast rufescent ashy ; abdo- 
 men, vent, and under tail-coverts chestnut ; tail and wing black, 
 the latter with a large white patch on the primaries and secon- 
 daries. 
 
 Bill, legs, feet, and claws black ; the soles plumbeous grey ; iris 
 bright yellow, in some rich golden yellow (Hume). 
 
 Length up to 14 ; tail up to 8'5 ; wing 5 ; tarsus 1'05 ; bill from 
 gape 1-05. 
 
 Distribution. The Andaman Islands. This Tree-pie was obtained 
 by Davison near Port Blair, where it was not uncommon ; but he 
 found it most numerous at Mount Harriet and Aberdeen. He 
 observes that it is a forest bird and never ventures away from the 
 cover of large trees ; also that it never descends to the ground. 
 I did not observe it on the Great Cocos nor on Table Island. 
 
 Genus CRYPSIRHINA, Vieill., 1816. 
 
 With this genus we come to the end of the Magpies or long- 
 tailed Crows. The members of the present genus are small and 
 are characterized by a tail of peculiar structure, the central pair of 
 feathers being spatulate at the ends. The bill is small and the 
 nostrils are concealed by a mass of velvety fine plumes, which also 
 surround the base of the bill. 
 
 The Racket-tailed Magpies are quite arboreal, and in the course 
 of many years' observation of them 1 have never on any occasion seen 
 one on the ground. They cling to the outer branches of trees and 
 search the leaves for insects ; they also feed on fruit. They have 
 a not unpleasant metallic note. The nest is more skilfully con- 
 structed than that of other Magpies, being firmly secured by tendrils 
 of creeping plants and presenting a compact appearance. The 
 eggs are quite Corvine in their character. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. The whole head and body metallic green C. varians, p. 3-5. 
 
 b. The head black ; the body grey C. cuaullata, p. 35. 
 
35 
 
 21. Crypsirhina varians. The Blade Racket-tailed Maypie. 
 
 COITUS varians, Lai It, Ltd. Oni. Suppl.-p. xxvi (1801). 
 
 Crypsirhina varians (Lath.), Myth, Cat. p. 92; Ilorsf. <$ M. Cat. ii, 
 
 p. 504 ; Wald. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 552 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 146 ; 
 
 SJmrpe, Cat. X. M. iii, p. 83 ; Wardlaw Itamxay, Ibis, 1877, p. 459 ; 
 
 Qttttx, *V. F. v, p. 109; Hume Sf Dav. S. F. vi, p. 380; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 078 quat. ; Oates, B. Ii. i, p. 404 ; ?W. in Humes N. Sf E. 
 
 2nd ed. \, p. 25. 
 
 Fig. 13. Head of C. varians. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage metallic bronze-green, tinged 
 with bluish on the head ; wings brown, the outer webs of the 
 primaries greenish, the other quills more or less entirely suffused 
 with green ; tail black, more or less overspread with a metallic- 
 green lustre ; forehead, round the eye and about the gape dull 
 black, the feathers of a velvety texture. 
 
 Iris blue ; mouth flesh-colour ; bill, legs, and claws black. 
 
 Length 13 ; tail 8 ; wing 4-6 ; tarsus 1*1; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. This fine little Magpie has its headquarters in 
 Lower Pegu, whence it extends sparingly up the valleys of the 
 Irrawaddy and of the Sittouug to Thayetmyo and Toungngoo. To 
 the west it extends to Bassein. To the south it occurs throughout 
 Tenasserim as far as Mergui. 
 
 It is found in Siam, Cochin China, Sumatra, Borneo and Java. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. This bird is found in all parts of the country except 
 heavy forest. It breeds in June or July, constructing a neat cup- 
 shaped nest, of fine twigs lined with tendrils of creepers, in thorny 
 bushes and branches of bamboo, at no great height from the ground. 
 The eggs are usually three in number, greyish white covered with 
 spots and dashes of ash and yellowish brown ; they measure '98 
 by '72. 
 
 22. Crypsirhina cucullata. The Hooded Racket-tailed Magpie. 
 
 Crypsirhina cucullata, Jerdon, Ibis, ] 862, p. 20 ; Hume, S. F. iii, 
 p. 147 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 88 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 84 j 
 Wardlaw Ramsaij, Ibis, 1877, p. 459 ; Hume, Cat. no. 678 ter. ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 405. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, chin, and throat black ; round the 
 neck, next to the black, a collar of ashy white ; the whole upper 
 plumage, wing-coverts, and tertiaries vinaceous grey ; lower plumage 
 
 D2 
 
36 
 
 the same, but rather more rufous ; central tail-feathers black, the 
 others the same colour as the back ; primaries and their coverts 
 black ; secondaries black, broadly edged with ashy white. 
 
 The young have the head brown ; the central tail-feathers and 
 wings are blackish brown, and the general colour of the body- 
 plumage is less ashy and more vinaceous. 
 
 The young have the bill orange at the gape and black on the 
 remainder ; the eyelids pale blue with the edges orange ; the inside 
 of the mouth orange. 
 
 The adult has the iris blue ; eyelids plumbeous ; bill black ; legs 
 and claws dark brown ; inside of the mouth flesh-colour. 
 
 Length 12'5; tail 7*8 ; wing 4-1 : tarsus 1*05 ; bill from gape 
 85. 
 
 This Magpie has the central tail-feathers narrower than in 
 C. varians, and more abruptly spatulate at their ends. 
 
 Distribution. The Hooded Racket-tailed Magpie was discovered 
 by Jerdon at Thayetmyo, and I found it very common in the neigh- 
 bourhood of that station. It extends to the east about 20 miles to 
 Tamagan, and on the south about 10 miles to Palow. It probably 
 extends some way to the west of the Irrawaddy river, and to the 
 north it ranges into Upper Burma for some distance. Colonel 
 Lloyd appears to have sent it from Toungngoo ; but Wardlaw 
 Ramsay expresses doubts as to its occurrence in that district, and 
 I feel pretty sure it does not range so far to the east. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This species is very similar in habits to C. varians ; 
 but is found almost entirely in bamboo-jungle. 
 
 Genus PLATYSMURUS, Reich., 1850. 
 
 The genus Platysmurus contains two species, one of which is a 
 resident in the southern portion of Tenasserim and the other in- 
 habits Borneo. They seem to connect the Magpies with the Jays. 
 
 The bill is very much curved and shorter than the head, and 
 the bristles covering the nostrils are numerous and stiff but short. 
 The feathers of the crown of the head are very harsh. The tail is 
 of no great length but well graduated. The sexes are alike and 
 the young appear to resemble the adults. 
 
 Davison, who observed these birds in life, says : " This species 
 keeps entirely to the forests, going about usually in parties of 
 from four to six. They have a deep, rolling metallic note, which 
 they continually utter as they move from tree to tree. I have 
 never seen them on the ground ; they probably get their food, 
 which consists of insects, and occasionally, at any rate, of fruit, 
 amongst the trees. They are excessively restless and always on 
 the move, flying from tree to tree, generally at a considerable 
 height, and continually uttering their harsh metallic call. They 
 restrict themselves to the evergreen forests, never, that I am aware, 
 coming into gardens or open ground." 
 
GARRULUS. 37 
 
 23. Platysmurus leucopterus. The White-winged Jay. 
 
 Glaucopis leucopterus, Temm. PI. Col no. 265 (1824). 
 
 Temnurus leucopterus (Temm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 92; Wald. in Blyth, 
 
 Birds Burm. p. 88. 
 Platysmurus leucopterus (Temm.), Horsf. 8f M. Cat. ii, p. 564; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 90; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 318 ; Hume fy Dav. 
 
 8. F. vi, p. 387 ; Hume, Cat. no. 678 quint. ; Gates, B. B. i. p. 409 ; 
 
 id. in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 26. 
 
 Fig. 14. Head of P. leucopterus. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black ; the terminal halves of 
 the larger upper wing-coverts and a large patch on the exterior 
 webs of some of the secondaries white ; the forehead crested and 
 the feathers stiff. 
 
 In some specimens the smaller wing-coverts are narrowly mar- 
 gined with white, and this probably indicates immaturity. 
 
 Bill, legs, feet and claws black ; irides lake-red to crimson 
 (Davison). 
 
 Length 16 ; tail 8 ; wing 7'5 ; tarsus 1'55 ; bill from gape 1*7. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Southern Tenasserim from a little above 
 Tavoy down to Malawun, also down the Malay peninsula to Singa- 
 pore and Sumatra. 
 
 Habits, &fc. Davison found the nest on the 8th April with two 
 young birds. It was constructed most coarsely of twigs &c., and 
 was placed on the frond of a large reed which rested against a 
 bush. 
 
 Genus GARRULUS, Briss., 1760. 
 
 The genus Garrulus contains the True Jays, of which there are 
 numerous species in Europe and Asia, three being found within 
 the limits of the Indian Empire. These Indian Jays are resident 
 species, but one or perhaps two of them may be partially migra- 
 tory, to the extent of moving up and down the slopes of the 
 Himalayas according to season. 
 
 The Jays are birds of bright plumage, the wing especially being 
 marked with vivid blue. They inhabit woods, have harsh cries, 
 are rather shy, and live on all kinds of food, both animal and 
 vegetable. They construct large open nests of twigs and lay eggs 
 marked with brown. 
 
38 CORVID7E. 
 
 In the Jays the bill is strong, about three-quarters the length 
 of the head, and the commissure is straight. The naral bristles 
 are short and numerous, completely covering the nostrils. The 
 tail is of medium length and slightly graduated. 
 
 Key to tlie Species. 
 
 a. Forehead and crown black ; tail blue barred 
 
 with black G. lanceolatus, p. 38. 
 
 1. Forehead white ; crowu black ; tail black. G. leucotis, p. 39. 
 c. Forehead and crown vinaceous like the 
 
 back ; tail black G. lispecularis, p. 39. 
 
 24. Garrnlus lanceolatus. The Bleak-throated Jay. 
 
 Garrulus lanceolatus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 7; Gould, Cent. 
 
 pis. 39, 40 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 579 ; Jerd. S. I. ii, p. 308 ; 
 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 55 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 417 ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 253 ; Hume, Cat. no. 670 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 iii, p. 101 ; Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 2d 
 Garrulus gularis, J. E. Gray in Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. 23, 
 
 fig. 1 (1832) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 94. 
 
 Garrulus vigorsii, J. E. Gray in Hardio. III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. 22 (1832). 
 Ban-sarrah of the Hillnien at Simla. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, crest, and sides of head black; 
 remainder of upper plumage vinous-grey, brigh'ter on the rump 
 and upper tail-coverts ; chin, throat, and fore neck black with 
 white shaft-streaks, the black terminating in a patch of iron-grey 
 on the upper breast ; remainder of lower plumage and the sides of 
 the neck vinous-grey, brighter than the back ; tail blue, barred 
 with black, tipped with white and with a broad subterminal black 
 band; primaries and secondaries black, barred with blue on the 
 outer web ; the primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly tipped 
 white; the tertiaries grey, with a subterminal black band and a 
 white tip ; lesser coverts vinous, the median and greater black ; 
 primary-coverts almost entirely white ; winglet barred with blue 
 and tipped white. 
 
 Legs and feet pinkish slaty ; bill pinkish slaty at base, yellowish 
 at tip ; iris reddish {King}. 
 
 Length about 13; tail 6-5; wing 6; tarsus 1 '3; bill from gape 1-1. 
 
 Many birds, apparently adult, have no white tips to the secon- 
 daries and tertiaries. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Hazara to Nepal and 
 over nearly the whole of Kashmir. The species appears to be 
 partially migratory, being found in winter as low as Dehra. In 
 summer it ascends to 8000 feet. 
 
 Habits, Sj'c. Breeds from April to June, constructing a shallow nest 
 of twigs and sticks lined with grass. The nest is built in medium- 
 sized trees in a fork or close to the trunk up to 30 feet in height. 
 The eggs, three or four in number, vary in colour from stone- 
 colour to greenish white and are marked with sepia-brown ; they 
 measure 1 12 by '85. 
 
(J.VU HULL'S. 
 
 25. Garrulus leucotis. The Burmese Jay. 
 
 Fig. 15. Head of G. leucotis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and front of crown white, with brown 
 shaft-streaks ; lores, feathers under the eyes, ear-coverts, chiu, 
 throat, and front of neck white ; a broad moustachial stripe black ; 
 back, rump, and scapulars vinous brown, paler on the rump ; 
 breast the same as the back ; abdomen and flanks paler vinous 
 brown ; upper arid under tail-coverts and vent white ; tail black, 
 barred with ashy towards the base ; wing precisely as in G. li- 
 specularis. 
 
 The young bird does not differ in any particular from the adult. 
 
 The legs and feet are whitish horny or flesh-colour; bill blackish 
 horny or dull black, whitish at tip ; 'irides lighter or darker wood- 
 brown (Davisoti). 
 
 Length 12-8 ; tail 5 ; wing 6*8 ; tarsus 1*7 ; bill from gape 1'5. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasseriui to the east of the Sittoung river from 
 Toungngoo down to Muleyit mountain and the Thoungyeen valley. 
 This Jay also occurs in Karennee and probably in the hills between 
 the Irrawaddy and the Sittang rivers. 
 
 Habits, $c. Found in pine-forests and the other dry forests of the 
 country, never apparently in evergreen forests. This is a resident 
 species and breeds in Burma, but its nest has not yet been found. 
 
 26. Garrulus bispecularis, The Himalayan Jay. 
 
 Garrulus bispecularis, Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1830, p. 7 ; Gould, Cent. 
 pi. 38 ; Royle, Himalaya, pi. ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. ii, p. 579 j Jerd. 
 B. I. ii, p. 307 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 55 ; Hume, 
 Hf Renders. Lah. to Turk. p. 242 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 416 ; Brook*, 
 tf. F. iii, p. 253 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 100 j Godw.-Aust. 
 
40 COEVID^E. 
 
 J. A. S. 3. xlvii, pt. ii,p. 21 ; Hume, Cat. no. 669 ; Scully, S. F. 
 viii, p. 327 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 257 j Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 
 2nd ed. i, p. 28. 
 Garrulus ornatus. J. E. Gray in Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. 23. 
 
 fig. 2 (1832) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 94. 
 Lho-Karrio-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. A broad black moustachial band; lower part of rump, 
 upper and under tail-coverts, vent and thighs white ; with these 
 exceptions the whole plumage of the head, neck, and body is a rich 
 vinaceous fawn-colour ; tail black, with some interrupted ashy bars 
 near the base of the central pair of feathers ; lesser and median 
 wing-coverts like the back; winglet, primary-coverts, the outer 
 greater coverts and the outer webs of most of the secondaries, on 
 their basal half, bright blue banded with black ; remainder of the 
 greater coverts, and quills black, the primaries with some portion 
 of the outer web grey ; the innermost tertiary partially chestnut. 
 
 Bill dusky; margins of eyelids dull brick-red; iris reddish 
 brown ; tarsi and toes pale pinkish fleshy ; claws livid {Scully). 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail 6 ; wing 6'5 ; tarsus 1-4 ; bill from gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the lower ranges of the Himalayas 
 from Eastern Kashmir to Bhutan and also in the Khasi hills : 
 apparently ranging up to 7000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to June, constructing a cup- 
 shaped nest of twigs and grass, lined with finer grass, in a fork of 
 a tree and laying from four to six eggs. These are like those of 
 the last species and measure 1*15 by *85. 
 
 Genus NUCIFRAGA, Briss., 1760. 
 
 The genus Nucifraga contains the Nutcrackers, birds of well- 
 marked form and colour, two of which are found within Indian 
 limits inhabiting the higher parts of the Himalayas, where they are 
 resident. 
 
 In the Nutcrackers the plumage is more or less spotted ; the 
 bill is straight, pointed, and about as long as the head ; the naral 
 bristles are short and stiff and completely cover the nostrils ; the 
 wings are strong, but the tail is short and very little rounded. 
 
 The Nutcrackers are chiefly arboreal in their habits and they 
 prefer forests of pine and cedar trees, on the seeds of which they 
 largely subsist ; but they also eat other seeds and fruits and also 
 insects. Their notes are harsh and loud. They build large nests, like 
 those of crows, high up in trees, and their eggs are spotted with brown. 
 
 Near this genus should come Podoces, a genus of birds found in 
 Tibet and Central Asia. Hume inserts one species in his Cata- 
 logue ; but it does not occur within strict Indian limits. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Hump and upper tail-coverts not marked 
 
 with white t N. hemispila, p. 41. 
 
 b. Rump and upper tail-coverts marked 
 
 with white N, multipunctata, p. 41. 
 
NUCIFRAGA. 41 
 
 27. Nucifraga hemispila. The Himalayan Nutcracker. 
 
 Nucifraga hemispila, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8; Gould, Cent. pi. 36; 
 lyth t Cat. p. 90 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 563 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 304 ; 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 54 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, 
 pt. ii, p. 69 j Hume, N. 8f E. p. 415 ; id. Cat. no. 666 ; Brooks, 
 8. F. iii, p. 253 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 54 ; Oates in Humes 
 
 N. $E. Snded. i, p. 30. 
 
 Nucifraga immaculate, Blijth, Ibis, 1867, p. 36. 
 Lho-Kariyo-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Naral bristles, forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, and 
 upper tail-coverts chocolate-brown; with these exceptions the 
 whole of the plumage is umber-brown, the sides of the head and 
 neck streaked with white ; chin and throat with a few small white 
 shaft-streaks ; the back, breast, and upper abdomen with oval 
 white drops; under tail- coverts pure white; wings glossy black, 
 the lesser and median coverts with triangular white tips ; central 
 tail-feathers black, the others very broadly tipped white, the 
 amount of white decreasing inwardly ; a few of the inner primaries 
 with a large oval white mark on the inner web, probably dis- 
 appearing with age, as it is absent in some birds. 
 
 Some birds have the spots on the breast rufous ; this may be 
 accidental and due to staining ; it is not the plumage of the young, 
 in which the rufous is of a different character. 
 
 The young are pale brown with rufescent drops which speedily 
 turn white ; the head soon turns to the adult colour. 
 
 Legs and feet black; iris reddish to deep brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 15 ; tail 6 ; wing 8*5 ; tarsus 1*6 ; bill from 
 gape 1-9. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Bhutan. 
 Stoliczka states that this bird is common in the N.W. Himalayas 
 from low elevations to the limit of trees. Blanford found it rare 
 on the outer ranges of Sikhim, but common in the pine-forests of 
 the interior, and Hume remarks that it is very common in the hills 
 north of Simla. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest described by Hume was situated on a tree near 
 the trunk and about 50 feet from the ground. The nest was like 
 a Crow's, a platform of sticks mixed up with twigs and moss, and 
 lined with grass and fir-needles. On the llth May this nest 
 contained four young birds. 
 
 28. Nucifraga multipunctata. The Larger Spotted Nutcracker. 
 
 Nucifraga multipunctata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 23 ; Hume $ 
 
 Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 239 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 55 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 667; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 78; Scully, Ibis, 
 
 1881, p. 572. 
 Nucifraga multimaculata, Gould, laps, cal., Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 304 ; 
 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 54. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and hind neck dark chocolate- 
 brown ; naral bristles mottled black and white ; with these excep- 
 tions the whole plumage of the head and body is dark chocolate- 
 
42 CORVIILE. 
 
 brown or blackish, each feather with a large and lengthened drop 
 of white occupying the greater portion of it, and causing the lower 
 plumage to look almost white ; wings glossy black ; the lesser 
 coverts with large white spots, the median with triangular white 
 marks, the greater and primary-coverts with the primaries slightly 
 tipped with white ; the secondaries and tertiaries with oval white 
 drops near the tip ; tail black, broadly tipped white on the outer 
 feathers, less so on the centrals ; under tail-coverts pure white. 
 
 Fig. 16. Head of N. multipunctata. 
 
 The young have the head and hind neck pale brown ; the head 
 becomes dark almost as soon as the nestling is fully fledged. 
 
 Bill horny brown ; legs black (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 15 ; tail 6*5 ; wing 8 ; tarsus 1*6 ; bill from gape 
 1-9. 
 
 Distribution. Kashmir and the Himalayas to Kumaon. Stoliczka 
 found this species tolerably common in the pine- and cedar-forests 
 near Kistwar and Budrawar. Biddulph remarks that it is common 
 at all times in Gilgit above 8000 feet, and there are specimens 
 in the British Museum from various localities from Murree to 
 Kumaon. 
 
 Genus GRACULUS, Koch, 1816. 
 
 The Chough, the sole representative of the genus Graculus, 
 resembles the true Crows in shape and colour, but differs from all 
 of them in having the bill and feet brilliantly coloured. It inhabits 
 Europe, Northern Africa, and a considerable portion of Asia. 
 
 The Chough is found principally in mountainous districts, and 
 delights in cliffs, in holes of which it usually breeds ; but in Tibet 
 it also affects buildings for the purpose of nesting. The Chough is 
 more or less gregarious, and it feeds on the ground after the 
 manner of the Eook, and upon much the same substances. 
 
 In Graculus the bill is very slender and curved and as long as 
 the head, or even longer; the naral plumes are very short and 
 dense, and the lower mandible is feathered to the same extent as 
 the upper. This bird differs markedly from the true Crows in 
 possessing a smooth tarsus, but it differs in no other important 
 particular. 
 
GBACULUS. 
 
 43 
 
 29. Graculus eremita. The Rnl-Ulled Chouyh. 
 
 Corvus graculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 158 (17C6). 
 COITUS eremita, Linn. >SV/,>Y. Ndt. i, p. 159 (17(36). 
 Fregilus graculus (Linn.), Blijth, Oaf. p. 91; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. ii, 
 
 p. 549 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 69 j Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 278 ; 
 
 Hume $ Hinders. Lah. to Turk. p. 243. 
 Fregilus himalayanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 125 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 319; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 55. 
 Graculus graculus (Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 146. 
 Graculus eremita (Linn.), Hume, S. F. vii, pp. 149, 521; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 079; Gates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 31. 
 
 The Himalayan Chouah, Jerd. ; Taar/h, Kandahar. 
 
 Fig. 17. Head of G. eremita. 
 
 Fig. 18. Foot of G. eremita. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage glossy black. 
 Legs and feet vermilion-red ; claws black ; iris brown (Seebotim). 
 Length about 17'5; tail 6'5 ; wing 11-1 to 12'5 ; tarsus 2-2; 
 bill at front 2-1. 
 
 The Himalayan bird cannot be separated from the European one 
 
44 CORVID.E. 
 
 on the score of size, and I believe that no one now considers them 
 separable. 
 
 Distribution. Kashmir and the whole of the Himalayas as far as 
 Bhutan. The range extends to Europe and Abyssinia on one side, 
 and to China on the other. 
 
 In Kashmir Biddulph informs us that Choughs are common at 
 low elevations in winter, but in summer they keep entirely to the 
 mountains. StoKczka states that in Chini the Chough in summer 
 is found only at elevations above 11,000 feet, and in Spiti above 
 13,000 feet. Blanford observed it in Sikhim from 9000 to 
 16,000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Mandelli obtained the eggs of this bird from Chumbi in 
 Tibet. They were taken on the 8th May from a nest under the 
 eaves of a high wooden house. Hume describes them as white, 
 spotted and streaked with yellowish brown and purplish grey. One 
 egg measured 1-74 by 1*2. 
 
 Genus PYRRHOCORAX, Vieill., 1816. 
 
 Pyrrhocorax differs from Graculus in having a much shorter and 
 a much stouter bill, and the lower mandible not nearly so much 
 feathered at the base as the upper one. The structure of the two 
 genera is otherwise quite the same, and they do not differ in habits, 
 except that the Yellow-billed Chough appears to be a tame and 
 fearless bird, taking the place of the Common Crow in parts of 
 Kashmir. 
 
 Fig. 19. Head of P. alpinus. 
 
 30. Pyrrhocorax alpinus. The Yellow-billed Chough. 
 
 Corvus pyrrhocorax, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 158. 
 
 Pyrrhocorax alpinus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vi, p. 568 (1816) ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 90 ; Horsf. 8? M. Cat. ii, p. 549 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 319; 
 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 56 ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 162 j 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. S. M. iii, p. 148 : Hume, Cat. no. 680 j Biddulph, Ibis, 
 
 1881, p. 78. 
 
 Fregilus pyrrhocorax (Linn.}, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 70. 
 Pyrrhocorax forsythi, Stoliczka, S. F. ii, p. 462 (1874). 
 
 The Alpine Chough, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black with a slight gloss ; the 
 wings and tail very glossy. 
 
PARING. 45 
 
 Iris brown ; bill yellow ; feet red (Blanford). 
 
 Length about 16 ; tail 6*3 to 7'5 ; wing 1O3 to 11-5 ; tarsus 1-6 ; 
 bill 1-4. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of the Himalayas from Kashmir to 
 Bhutan. This Chough appears to move locally according to season, 
 being found low down in winter and up to 15,000 feet or even 
 higher in summer. 
 
 Habits, fyc. According to Stoliczka this species is very social, and 
 frequently visits the camp of the traveller in Spiti and Ladak ; it 
 is here quite as familiar and quite as noisy in the neighbourhood of 
 villages and camping-grounds as Corvus splendens throughout India. 
 
 This bird breeds in holes of cliffs, but the finding of the nest has 
 not yet been recorded from Indian localities. 
 
 Subfamily PARING. 
 
 This subfamily contains the Tits, the affinities of which with the 
 Crows are recognized by all writers on ornithology. 
 
 Some species of Tits, like the Crows, are found over a very large 
 portion of the surface of the globe. All the Indian species are 
 resident. 
 
 The Parince bear a close resemblance to each other, the different 
 genera being characterized by the absence or presence of a crest 
 and the shape of the tail. 
 
 The Tits live chiefly on insects, but they also eat seeds, and in 
 hard weather no sort of food comes amiss to them. They all lay 
 spotted eggs, but while some are content with a hole of a tree as a 
 nesting-place, others construct elaborate rounded structures in trees, 
 and the eggs in many cases are numerous. The young are con- 
 siderably paler than the adult, but the pattern of colour is well 
 preserved in all the species. 
 
 The Tits have a short, conical and entire bill about one-third the 
 length of the head ; the rictal bristles are short, and the bristles 
 over the nostrils, though short, are very dense and straight. The 
 wing is rounded and weak, and the tarsus scutellated. 
 
 In habits they are arboreal, seldom descending to the ground, 
 and they are in some degree gregarious, being found frequently in 
 parties of four or more. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Head not crested. 
 a'. Tail rounded. 
 
 a". Outer tail-feather falling short of tail- 
 tip by length of hind claw PARUS, p. 46. 
 
 b". Outer tail-feather falling short of tail- 
 tip by length of hind toe and claw . . ^EGITHALISCUS, p. 50. 
 b'. Tail square or slightly forked SYLVIPARUS, p. 53. 
 
 b. Head furnished with a full crest. 
 
 c'. Tail rounded MACHLOLOPHUS, p. 54. 
 
 d'. Tail square or slightly forked .......... LOPHOPHANES, p. 57, 
 
46 CORVIDJE. 
 
 Genus PARUS, Linn., 1766. 
 
 The genus Parus, of which the Great Tit of England may be 
 considered the type, contains those Tits which are not crested and 
 in which the tail is slightly rounded. They have a broad, black, 
 longitudinal, ventral band, and in this character agree with Machlo- 
 lophus, which, however, possesses a long pointed crest. 
 
 The True Tits are found over a considerable portion of the world. 
 Pour species inhabit the Indian Empire, one being extremely 
 common over the whole of the plains ; another is found as a com- 
 paratively rare visitor from China and the East, and" two others are 
 local, being confined to certain portions of the Empire only. 
 
 In Parus the feathers of the crown are very slightly lengthened, but 
 do not form a crest ; the tail is considerably shorter than the wing, 
 and the outer feather falls short of the tip of the tail by about the 
 length of the hind claw. 
 
 Of the Titmice which occur in Asia, and may hereafter be found 
 within the limits of this work, may be mentioned : P. persicus, a 
 Persian race of the European P. cceruleus ; P. cyanus, which has 
 been found in Yarkand ; and P. Jt-.ivijjectus, which occurs in 
 Turkestan. 
 
 P. semilarvatus, which at one time was supposed to occur in the 
 Himalayas, is now known to come from the Philippine Islands. 
 There is no evidence to show that it has ever been found in India, 
 and I therefore omit it. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Lower plumage white. 
 
 a'. Back and rump ashy grey P. atriceps, p. 46. 
 
 b'. Back yellow ; rump ashy grey P. minor, p. 48. 
 
 c'. Back and rump black P. nuchalis, p. 49. 
 
 b. Lower plumage yellow P. monticola, p. 49. 
 
 Fig. 20. Head of P. atriceps. 
 
 31. Parus atriceps. The Indian Grey Tit. 
 
 Parus atriceps, Hprsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 160 (1822) ; Legge, 
 Birds Ceyl. pt. ii, p. 557 ; Oates, B. B. i ; p. 125 ; id. in Humes N. 
 $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 31. 
 
 Parus cinereus, Vieill. Tdbl. Enc. et Method, ii, p. 506 (1823) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 103; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 370; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 278; 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 52 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, 
 pt. ii, p. 181 ; Hume fy Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 230 ; Gadow, 
 Cat. B. M. viii p. 16. 
 
PAULS. 47 
 
 Parus nipnlensis, Jfod;/*. Intl. 7iYr. ls:{S, p. <51 Anders. Yunnan 
 Ri-/>('d., vhvx, ]>. ('-)i > ; Hume, Cat. no. (5-40; Biddulfth, Ibis, 1881, 
 p. 73; Barnes, Birds l><>m. p. ^48; ILuinc, >S. F. xi, p. 255. 
 
 Parus caesius, Tick, fide Jerri. B. I. ii, p. i!78; 7/ww?, 2V. # 7 p. 405. 
 
 Iiain-f/anyra, Beng. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, crown, nape, chin, throat, breast, a 
 band on either side the neck connecting the nape with the breast, 
 and a band down the middle of the abdomen black ; cheeks and 
 ear-coverts white ; the upper part of the back next the black of the 
 nape white ; remainder of back, ramp, scapulars, and lesser and 
 median coverts ashy grey ; wiuglet and greater coverts black, 
 edged with ashy grey, and the latter broadly tipped white ; 
 quills dark brown, the earlier primaries and the tertiaries edged 
 white, the other quills with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts deep 
 ashy blue ; tail black, the four median pairs of feathers edged with 
 ashy grey on the outer webs and all but the middle two pairs 
 tipped white ; fifth pair white, with the shaft black and a band of 
 black on the inner web ; outer pair nearly entirely white with a 
 black shaft ; sides of the breast and abdomen white tinged with 
 vinaceous ; under tail-coverts black in the centre, white at the sides. 
 
 Bill black; iris brown; legs and feet plumbeous. 
 
 Length about 5'5 ; tail 2' 6 ; wing 2- 6 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 The young have the upper plumage suffused with yellow and the 
 lower with buff, and are not readily separable from the young of 
 P. minor. 
 
 Towards the East, in Burma and China, the amount of white on 
 the fifth pair of tail-feathers diminishes, and frequently the outer 
 web is almost entirely black. 
 
 The middle pair of rectrices is occasionally blue, with black 
 shafts. I cannot discover that this peculiarity is due to any cause 
 or occurs in any distinct method, but it may indicate a race. The 
 character is neither sexual nor seasonal so far as the materials at 
 my disposal afford evidence. 
 
 This and the next species have been generally supposed to inter- 
 breed in Southern China, and to have produced an intermediate 
 race, which has been named P. commixtus. I cannot discover 
 any grounds for the supposition that interbreeding of the two 
 species takes place. Every specimen from Southern China that I 
 have been able to examine is referable either to P. minor or to 
 P. atriceps. The former is found as far west as Karennee and the 
 Sal ween district of Tenasserim in a form almost as typical as 
 Japanese specimens, and the latter in Amoy as typical as Southern- 
 Indian birds or those from Java. 
 
 In size both species are exactly similar, and they are only to be 
 separated by the coloration of the back and the tail. In P. minor 
 the back in newly-moulted birds is a clear yellowish green, and the 
 penultimate tail-feather on each side is entirely black with the 
 exception of a \\ hite tip ; in P. atriceps the back is ashy grey like 
 
48 
 
 the rump, and the penultimate tail-feather on each side is white 
 with a black shaft and a band of black on the inner web. Small 
 variations in the colour of the tail occur, but they are never so 
 great as to cause any doubt in the identification of the species, 
 especially when supported by the colour of the back. 
 
 The young of both species are very similar, and have a great 
 amount of yellowish green on the upper plumage, and it is not easy 
 to separate them. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the whole of India alike in the hills 
 and plains, but more commonly in the elevated and well-wooded 
 parts. In the Himalayas this Tit is found at all altitudes up to 
 9000 feet or more, from Hazara and Grilgit to Assam. It extends 
 through the peninsula down to Cape Comorin and into Ceylon, the 
 only portion from which it appears to be absent being Sind and 
 Cutch. From Assam its range extends down to Tenasserim, 
 where, however, it is noted by Davison as being rare. On the 
 eastern borders of Burma the next species is found ; but a bird pro- 
 cured near Bhamo by my collector was P. atriceps, and so appa- 
 rently is a young bird obtained by Anderson near the same locality 
 and now in the British Museum. 
 
 Outside of Indian limits proper it occurs on the west in Balu- 
 chistan and Afghanistan, and on the north in Turkestan, where it 
 is found as a paler race (P. boccharensis), and it passes up the 
 Sutlej valley into Little Tibet. To the east it extends through 
 Southern China, and to the south down the Malay peninsula to the 
 islands. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds from March to June, laying five or six eggs on 
 a pad of moss, grass, and hair in a hole of a tree or wall. The eggs 
 are pinkish white, with a ring of red spots and blotches round the 
 larger end and a few small spots elsewhere, and they measure '71 
 by -54. 
 
 32. Parus minor. The Japanese Grey Tit. 
 
 Parus minor, Temm. $ Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 70, pi. 33 (1842) ; 
 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 15. 
 Parus cominixtus, Swinh. Ibis, 1868, p. 63 ; Wald. in Bl. Birds Bunn. 
 
 p. Ill j Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 376 ; Hume, Cat. no. 645 bis. 
 
 Coloration. E-esembles P. atriceps. Differs in having the back 
 and scapulars yellowish green instead of ashy grey and in having 
 the fifth pair of tail-feathers black with a small white tip. 
 
 Iris hair-brown ; bill black ; legs plumbeous ( Wardlaw Ramsay). 
 
 Of the same size as P. atriceps. 
 
 The amount of black in the fifth pair of tail-feathers is 
 reduced towards the extreme south-western limit of the range, as 
 on the Burmese frontier. No other variation occurs, the back 
 being as green in Karennee examples as in typical Japanese ones. 
 
 The specimen procured by Davison in the Salween district has 
 the fifth pair of rectrices white, with a broad black band on the 
 inner webs reaching nearly to the tip. In two Karennee examples 
 one has these feathers black with a white tip about half an inch 
 
PARUS. 49 
 
 long, and the other resembles the Salween specimen. All three 
 can be nearly matched by Japanese birds. 
 
 The tail of P. minor varies a good deal in length, but the average 
 length of the tail of ten Japanese birds is exactly the same as that 
 of ten Indian specimens of P. atriceps selected at random. 
 
 Distribution. Karennee and the (Salween district of Tenasserim, 
 extending through China to Japan. 
 
 33. Parus nuchalis. The White-winged Black Tit. 
 
 Parus nuchalis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. xiii, p. 131 (1844) ; id. HI. 
 2nd. Orn. pi. 46 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 279 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 
 pt. ii, p. 245 ; Adam, S. F. i, p. 385 ; Butler fy Hume, S. F. iii, 
 p. 492 ; Butler, S. F. v, p. 221 ; Hume, Cat. no. 646 ; Gadow, Cat. 
 B. M. viii, p. 88 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 248. 
 Nalla patsa jitta, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage, wing-coverts, lores, sides 
 of the crown, chin, throat, centre of breast, and a broad ventral 
 band black ; a large nape-patch, the cheeks, ear-coverts, and those 
 parts of the lower plumage not already mentioned white ; the 
 under tail-coverts streaked with black; quills with the outer webs 
 white at base and a partial narrow edging of white elsewhere ; 
 the later secondaries broadly edged with white, and the last tertiary 
 or two entirely white ; the two outer tail-feathers white, the next 
 with the outer web white, the inner web black with a white tip, the 
 other feathers black with white tips. The amount of white on the 
 tail is liable to variation. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet slaty-plumbeous 
 (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tai!2'l; wing 2*6; tarsus *7; bill from gape 45. 
 
 Distribution. From the country round the Sambhar Lake through 
 Ajmere to Deesa and on to Cutch. Jerdon, however, procured it 
 in quite another part of India, namely the Eastern Ghats w r est of 
 .Nellore, and he states that Dr. Stewart obtained it near Bangalore. 
 I have not been able to examine any specimen from these southern 
 localities. The southern birds may probably, as Hume opines, 
 prove to be distinct from the northern. As at present known the 
 distribution of this bird is most extraordinary. A specimen in the 
 British Museum is marked Bhutan ! 
 
 34. Parus monticola. The Green-backed Tit. 
 
 Parus monticolus, Viy. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 22 ; Goidd, Cent. pi. 29, fig. 2 ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 103 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 369 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 277 ; 
 Hume 8f Henders. Lah.^to Yark. p. 229; Hume, N. $ E. p. 404; 
 id. Cat. no. 644 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 323 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, 
 p. 20 ; Hume, IS. F. xi, p. 254 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 35. 
 
 Sarak-chak-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Cheeks and ear-coverts white ; the whole head, nape, 
 breast, and a broad band down the middle of the abdomen black ; 
 a whitish patch on the nape ; back and scapulars greenish yellow ; 
 
 YOL. i. E 
 
50 CORYID^E. 
 
 rump slaty ; upper tail-coverts black ; tail black, the outer webs 
 suffused with blue, all the feathers tipped with white, the outer 
 web of the outermost pair of feathers entirely white ; lesser wing- 
 coverts black, edged with slaty ; the other coverts and the winglet 
 black, edged with blue and tipped with white, forming two wing- 
 bars ; the earlier primaries edged with white at base and below the 
 emargiuations ; the others, with the secondaries, edged with blue 
 and tipped with white ; tertiaries black, edged and tipped with 
 white ; abdomen, sides of breast, and axillaries deep yellow ; under 
 tail-coverts black tipped with white. 
 
 The young are very similar to the adult. 
 
 Bill black"; iris brown; legs dark plumbeous ; claws dusky (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2'3 ; wing 2-7 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from gape -5. 
 
 This Tit is of the same type of plumage as P. major of Europe 
 and Northern Asia, but is more brightly coloured, has two wing- 
 bars and more white on the tertiaries. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhu- 
 tan. P. monticola also occurs in the Khasi and Naga Hills, and 
 Hume obtained it at Matchi on the Eastern Hills of Manipur. 
 It appears to be found chiefly from 4000 to 8000 feet of elevation. 
 
 Habits, $c. This species breeds from March to June, constructing 
 a loose nest of moss and feathers in a hole of a tree, wall, or bank. 
 It lays five to eight eggs, which are very similar to those of P. atriceps 
 in colour, and measure '72 by '52. 
 
 Genus JEGITHALISCUS, Gab., 1850. 
 
 Similar to Parus but with a more graduated tail and the feathers 
 of the crown longer and more copious : no ventral band ; of dimi- 
 nutive size. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Chin white ; throat black. 
 
 '. Eyebrow pure white &. eryt-hrocepluilus, p. 50. 
 
 b'. Eyebrow black, streaked with white . . AL. manqmrensis, p. 51. 
 
 b. Chin and throat black ^. leucoc/enys, p. 51. 
 
 c. Chin and throat white &. niveiyularis, p. 52. 
 
 d. Chin and throat silvery white JE. ioschistus, p. 52. 
 
 35. JEgithaliscus erythrocephalus. The Red-headed Tit. 
 
 Parus erythrocephalus, Viy. P. Z. S. 1831 ; p. 23 ; Gould, Cent pi. 30, 
 
 fig. 1. 
 JEgithaliacufl erythrocephalus ( Viy.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 270 ; Hume, 
 
 N. # JE. p. 401 ; id. Cat. no. C34 ; Sadly, S. F. viii, p. 3:22 ; Gates 
 
 in Hvm/t N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 36. 
 Orites erythrocephalus (Vig.^iSlytk, Cat. p. 104; Ilorsf. 8f M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 374. 
 Acredula erythrocephala ( Vig.}, Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. G. 
 
 Pyiong-samyi, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut ; a broad eye- 
 brow from the eye to the nape white; lores, round the eye, ear- 
 
-SGITHALISCUS. 51 
 
 coverts, a band under the eyebrow and a large round patch on the 
 throat black ; chin and a inoustachial streak white ; remainder of 
 the lower plumage ferruginous, with a paler band across the breast 
 next to the black of the throat ; upper plumage and wing-coverts 
 bluish grey ; primary wing-coverts and winglet dark brown ; quills 
 brown, narrowly edged with bluish grey ; tail dark brown suffused 
 with bluish grey, the outer web of the outermost feather white, the 
 inner tipped white ; the next two feathers tipped with white. 
 
 Bill black ; gape fleshy ; iris pale yellow or yellowish creamy ; 
 feet buffy yellow ; claws livid (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 4-2 ; tail 2 ; wing 2 ; tarsus '6 ; bill from gape '35. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Hazara to Bhutan, 
 generally at elevations of from 6000 to 10,000 feet. South of 
 the Bramaputra River this species is replaced by the next. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from March to May, constructing a roundish 
 ball of a nest of moss, lichen, and roots in the branch of an oak 
 or a deodar and occasionally in tufts of grass and low bushes. 
 The eggs, four to eight in number, are pinkish, dotted with reddish 
 in a zone round the larger end ; they measure *56 by '45. 
 
 36. 2Egithaliscus manipurensis. Hume's Red-headed Tit. 
 
 ^Egithaliscus erythrocephalus (Vic/.}, Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, 
 pt. ii,p. 169 : Wald. inBlyttts Birds Burm. p. 112; Hume $ Dav. 
 S. F. yi, p. ^76; Oates, B. B. i, p. 127. 
 
 us manipurensis, Hume, S. F. xi, p. 254 (1888). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles 2E. erythrocephalus. Differs in having the 
 eyebrow black, streaked with white ; the pectoral band, next the 
 black throat, very white and distinct; and the lower plumage chest- 
 nut, the portion next the pectoral band being a brighter chestnut. 
 
 The male has the legs and feet warm reddish-mahogany brown ; 
 claws darker ; bill black ; iris bright yellowish white. The female 
 has the legs and feet very pale orange-brown ; bill black ; iris 
 creamy-white. (Hume.} 
 
 Length about 4-2 ; tail 2 ; wing 2 ; tarsus *35 ; bill from gape '3. 
 
 Distribution. Shillong; the Naga Hills; the Limatol range in 
 the western hills of Manipur ; Karennee at 3000 feet. 
 
 37. JEgithaliscus leucogenys. The White-cheeked Tit. 
 
 Orites leucogenys, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 1S9 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 374. 
 ^Egithaliscus leucogenys (Moore}, Hume, Cat. no. 634 bis ; Bid- 
 
 did ph, Ibis, 1881, p. 71, 1882, p. 281 ; SctiUy, Ibis^ 1881, p. 567. 
 Acredula leucogenys (Moore}, Gadoiv, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 59. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape pale reddish brown ; lores, 
 a very broad band through the eye to the nape, chin and throat 
 black ; cheeks and ear-coverts white ; upper plumage, a band over 
 the ear-coverts, wing-coverts, and the edges of the wing-feathers 
 olive-grey : winglet and primary-coverts dark brown ; tail brown, 
 
 E2 
 
52 CORVID2E. 
 
 the outermost feather with the outer web white and the inner 
 tipped white, the next feather obliquely, and the next very 
 narrowly tipped white ; lower plumage reddish fawn, the portion 
 immediately next the black throat deep rusty red. 
 
 Bill black ; iris pale creamy or white ; feet pale orange ; claws 
 dusky or brown (Scully). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2'2 ; tarsus '65 ; bill from 
 gape *35. 
 
 The young have the black chin and throat of the adult faintly 
 indicated and the colours duller. 
 
 Distribution. Confined apparently to the north-west portion of 
 Kashmir. Biddulph obtained this bird about fifteen miles above 
 Gilgit, and Scully states that it is a permanent resident along the 
 course of the main valley above Gilgit from Bargo to Singal at 
 elevations from 5500 to 7000 feet. It extends into the adjoining 
 parts of Afghanistan. 
 
 38. JEgithaliscus niveigularis. The White-throated Tit. 
 
 Orites niveogularis, Gould, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 140. 
 ^Egithaliscus niveogularis (Gould), Jerd. B. I. 11, p. 272 j Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. G36. 
 Acredula niveogularis (Gould), Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 58. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and front of crown, cheeks, chin, throat, 
 and sides of neck white ; lores and a very broad eye-band black, 
 the two bands partially blending on the nape ; ear-coverts hair- 
 brown slightly streaked with whitish ; hind crown and nape buffy 
 brown ; upper plumage, wing-coverts, and edges of the wing-feathers 
 ashy grey, all but the latter tinged with isabelline ; tail brown, the 
 outermost feather with the outer web white, the next two white 
 along the shaft and at the tip ; lower plumage pinkish buff, divided 
 from the white of the throat by a broad brown band. 
 
 The young have the chin and throat pinkish ; otherwise they 
 resemble the adult. 
 
 Bill in the dry state black ; legs reddish brown. 
 
 Length about 4'3 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from 
 gape -4. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined specimens obtained at Simla ; at 
 Gulmurg in Kashmir ; and at another place in the same State at 
 10,000 feet of elevation, but with no precise locality. The species 
 is also contained in the Pin will Collection from the N.W. Hima- 
 layas. I can find no information about the distribution of this 
 rare bird beyond what the above-noted specimens afford. Gould 
 received it from N. India. 
 
 39. JEgithaliscus ioschistns. The Rufous-fronted Tit. 
 
 Parus iouschistos, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 943 (1844) ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 104. 
 Orites (?) jouschistos (Hodys.), Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 375. 
 
SYLYIl'AIUS. 53 
 
 . !:- it litiliscus iouschistos (Ilodgs.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 271 ; Blanf. J. A. 
 
 S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 58 ; Hume, Cat. no. 6 '!">. 
 Acredula jouachistos (JEfodgs.), Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 58. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, a broad band on the middle of the head, 
 the sides of tbe neck, and a broad collar on the upper back fawn- 
 colour ; lores, under the eye, and a broad band on the side of the 
 crown extending to the upper back and there blending with the 
 baud on the other side, black ; ear-coverts blackish in front, rufous 
 behind ; upper plumage, wing-coverts, and the edges to the wings 
 and tail ashy olive ; primary-coverts and winglet dark brown ; tail 
 brown, the outer web of the outermost feather white, the next two 
 with some white at the tip ; chin and throat silvery white with 
 the black bases of the feathers showing through, the chin and a 
 stripe under the cheek blacker than the other parts ; cheeks and 
 entire lower plumage dark ferruginous. 
 
 The young have the lower plumage pale rufous, and the black 
 and silvery feathers on the chin and throat are absent. 
 
 Bill black ; legs yellow-brown ; iris brown (Jerdon) ; iris yellow 
 (Blanf.}. 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 2 ; wing 2*2 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from gape 
 35. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan. Blanford remarks 
 that it is probably found only in pine-forests. He observed it in 
 Sikhim at elevations of 9000 and 10,000 feet. 
 
 Genus SYLVIPARUS, Burton, 1835. 
 
 Resembles Parus, but has a proportionately smaller bill and 
 a square or slightly-forked tail ; plumage greenish ; no ventral 
 band. 
 
 40. Sylviparus modestus. The Ydlow-browed Tit. 
 
 Sylviparus modestus, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154; Blyth, Cat.?. 104; 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 373 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 267 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. 
 7?.xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 51 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 169 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 632 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 322 ; Marsh. Ibis, 1884, 
 p. 418 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 253. 
 
 Parus seriophrys, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 942 (1844). 
 Parus modestus (JBwt.) t Gadow, Cat. B, M. viii, p. 33. 
 The Yellow-browed Flower-pecker, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, sides of neck, and the wings and 
 tail olive-green, the feathers of the crown centred with brown ; 
 sides of the head yellowish green slightly mottled with brown ; a 
 ring of feathers round the eye arid a short eyebrow yellow : lower 
 plumage yellow tinged with ochraceous ; edge of wing and the 
 under wing-coverts bright yellow. 
 
 Bill dark plumbeous, palest along the commissure and at base of 
 the lower mandible ; legs and feet plumbeous ; iris very dark 
 brown (Davison). 
 
54 CORVID^E. 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1*4 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus *6 ; bill from gape *4. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Kashmir to 
 Bhutan. Stoliczka observed this Tit about Panji and Chini in the 
 Sutlej Valley in summer, and subsequently at Leh on the Indus in 
 Kashmir. Marshall notes it from Chamba. Scully states that it 
 is common on the hills round the valley of Nepal at 6000 to 8000 
 feet. It is found in Sikhim and also in Bhutan. Crossing the 
 Bramaputra River we find it recorded by Godwin-Austen from the 
 Eastern Barail range just under the peaks of Japvo and Khunho. 
 
 Jerdon states that this bird extends to the plains and that he 
 procured it at Ajanta at the edge of the hills south of Khandesh. 
 I have not been able to find any other locality in the plains from 
 which it has been obtained. 
 
 Genus MACHLOLOPHUS, Cab., 1850. 
 
 Similar to Parus, but with a long pointed crest ; a broad ventral 
 band. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Forehead bright yellow M. spilonotus, p. 54. 
 
 b. Forehead black. 
 
 a'. Of smaller size ; tips of wing-coverts 
 
 yellow M. xanthoyenys, p. 55. 
 
 b'. Of larger size ; tips of wing-coverts white. M. haplonotut, p. 56. 
 
 41. Machlolophus spilonotus. The Blade -spotted Yellow Tit. 
 
 Parus spilonotus, Blyth, Cat. p. 103 (1849) ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 371 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 26. 
 Machlolophus spilonotus (Bl.\ Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 281 ; Wald. in Bl. 
 
 Birds Burm. p. 112 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 377; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 649 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 128 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 255 ; Gates in 
 
 Hume's N. 8, E. 2nd ed. i, p. 37. 
 Parus subviridis, Tick., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 267 (1855) ; Blyth 
 
 $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 112. 
 
 Muchetirik-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, a broad supercilium, a nape-patch, 
 sides of the head and neck bright yellow ; crown, crest, a streak 
 behind the eye, a patch on either side the nape, chin, throat, and a 
 broad mesial baud down to the vent black ; the longer feathers of 
 the crest tipped with yellow ; sides of the breast yellow ; remainder 
 of the lower plumage olive-yellow, purer next the black band; 
 under tail-coverts mingled grey and white ; under wing-coverts 
 and axillaries yellowish white ; back and scapulars yellow, each 
 feather laterally margined with black ; rump yellowish green ; 
 upper tail-coverts deep bluish grey ; tail black, broadly edged with 
 bluish grey and tipped white, the outer web of the outermost 
 feather entirely white ; lesser wing-coverts black, tipped with 
 bluish grey ; median and greater coverts and tertiaries black with 
 broad white tips ; primaries white at base, the outer ones edged 
 
M \rill.Ol.OlMll S. ;").") 
 
 with white, the others and the secondaries edged with Lluish grey 
 and the latter narrowly tipped white. 
 
 The young at first want the black margins to the feathers of the 
 back, and the throat, breast, and ventral band are greenish. 
 
 Legs and feet deep plumbeous blue, the claws similar; gape 
 white.; bill black; iris deep brown (Hume cf- Davison). 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 3-1 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Assam at elevations of from 
 3000 feet to 0000 ft, or more. Also the Khasi Hills, Manipur, 
 Karennee, and Muleyit Mountain in Tenasserim. 
 
 Habits, <J-c. Mandelli found the nest at Lebong in Sikhim on the 
 15th June in a hole in a dead tree close to the ground. The nest 
 was composed of fur, fern-stems, and moss, and contained three eggs, 
 one of which only appears to have been preserved. It was white, 
 marked, spotted, and speckled with pale reddish brown and with 
 underlying spots of pale purple, and measured *78 by '55. 
 
 42. Machlolophus xanthogenys. The Yellow -cheeked Tit. 
 
 Parus xanthogenys, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23; Gould, Cent. pi. 20, 
 fig. 1 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 103 (part.) ; Horsf. & M. Cat. \, p. 371 ; 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 24. 
 
 Machlolophus xanthogenys ( Viff.}, Jerd. E. I. ii, p. 279 ; Stoliczka, 
 J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 52 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B xli, pt. ii, 
 p. 167; Hume, N. fy E. p. 407 ; Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 253; Hume, 
 S. F. iii, p. 492 ; Hume, Cat. no. 647 ; ? Swinhoe fy Barnes, Ibis, 
 1885, p. 127 ; ? Barnes, Juurn. Bom. N. II. Soc. i, p. 62; ? Littledale, 
 Joiirn. Bom. N. H. Soc. i, p. 199: ? Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 249 ; 
 Oates in Hume's N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 38. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, forehead, crown, crest, sides of the nape, a 
 bar on the side of the neck, a broad streak behind the eye, chin, 
 throat, centre of the breast, and a broad band down the middle of 
 the abdomen black, the longer feathers of the crest tipped yellow ; 
 a distinct supercilium over the eye and ear-coverts, a nape-patch, 
 the cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of the breast and of the upper abdo- 
 men bright yellow ; remainder of the lower surface olive-yellow ; 
 under tail-coverts white; back and rump olive-green; upper tail- 
 coverts slaty ; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts black, broadly edged 
 with olive-green ; the other coverts black tipped with yellow ; 
 primary-coverts dark brown; primaries white at base, and the 
 outer ones edged with white below the emargi nations; secondaries 
 edged with bluish and tipped with white ; tertiaries broadly tipped 
 with white ; tail dark brown, suffused with ashy blue on the outer 
 webs, all the feathers tipped white, and the outer web of the outer- 
 most pair entirely white. 
 
 Bill black ; legs, feet, and claws lavender-blue ; iris very dark 
 brown (Davison). 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2- 3 ; wing2'8; tarsus '7; bill from gape 
 55. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Murree to Eastern 
 
56 
 
 Nepal at elevations of from 4000 to 7000 ft. This Tit is stated to 
 occur also at various localities in the plains ; at Dungarpur in Mey- 
 war and Jhalod in the Panch Mahals by Littledale ; at Neemuch by 
 Barnes ; and at Mhovv in Central India by Swinhoe and Barnes. 
 There is no doubt, however, that some mistake has been made 
 about its occurrence in these places, M. haplonotus having been 
 confounded with it. A specimen procured by Swinhoe at Mhow 
 and now in the British Museum, labelled M. xanthoyenys, is un- 
 mistakably M. haplonotus with pure white tips to the wing-coverts. 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in April and May, constructing a pad-like 
 nest of hair and fur in holes in trees and walls. It lays either four 
 or five eggs, which are white or reddish white, speckled and spotted 
 with brick-dust red. They measure -74 by '54.* 
 
 43. Machlolophus haplonotus. The Southern Yellow Tit. 
 
 Parusaplonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 444 (1847) ; Gadow, Cat. B. 
 
 M. viii. p. 25. 
 
 Parus jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxv, p. 445 (1856). 
 Machlolophus iordoni (Bl.}, Jerd. B. I. ii. p. 280; Hume. 8. F. iii, 
 
 p. 492. 
 Machlolophus aplonotus (Bl.\ Hume, S. F. vii, p. 405 ; id. Cat. no. 
 
 648; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 249; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 39. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. xanthoyenys. Differs in being larger 
 in all its dimensions ; in having the wing-coverts tipped with white 
 instead of yellow ; and in having the green and yellow portions of 
 the plumage dull instead of bright. The second character is the 
 most trustworthy. In addition to the above there is another 
 character which is more or less constant : in M. haplonotus the eye- 
 brow extends over the ear-coverts only, and not over the eye. 
 
 The young have the throat, breast, and ventral band greenish 
 brown, and the crown of the same colour as the back with brown 
 shaft-streaks. 
 
 Iris deep brown ; legs and feet bluish lead-colour ; bill black 
 (Butler). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2*4 ; wing 3 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the peninsula of India south of a line 
 drawn from Abu to Pareshnath in Behar, up to elevations of 6000 
 feet or so. The species does not appear to be found west of Abu 
 nor east of Pareshnath. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to September, making a small nest 
 of moss and hair in holes of trees and laying five eggs, which are 
 white spotted all over with red ; the dimensions of the eggs are not 
 recorded. 
 
 * PARUS GRIFFITHII, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi, p. 445, described from a drawing, 
 has never yet been identified. Its origin is so obscure and its existence so 
 doubtful that it may well be omitted from this work. Its description is repro- 
 duced in ' Stray Feathers,' vol.yii, p. 445. 
 
LOPHOlMI.VNKs. 57 
 
 Genus LOPHOPHANES, Kaup, 1829. 
 
 Similar to Parus, but crested and with the tail square or slightly 
 forked ; no ventral band. From Machlolophus the present genus 
 is distinguished by the square or slightly forked tail and by the 
 absence of a ventral band. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. With a double row of spots on the wing- 
 
 coverts. 
 
 a'. Abdomen iron-grey L. melanolophiis , p. 57. 
 
 b'. Abdomen ferruginous L. cemodius, p. 58. 
 
 b. With no spots on the wing-coverts. 
 c'. Chin and throat black or blackish. 
 
 a". Breast and abdomen ferruginous. ... L. rubidiventris, p. 58. 
 
 b". Breast black, abdomen ashy olive . . L. rufinuchalis, p. 58. 
 c". Upper breast only black, lower breast 
 
 and abdomen ashy olive L. beavani, p. 59. 
 
 d '. Chin and throat fulvous-grey L. dichrous, p. 59. 
 
 44. Lophophanes melanolophus. The Crested Black Tit. 
 
 Parus melanolophus, Viyors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23 ; Gould, Cent. pi. 30, 
 fig. 2 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 104 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. p. 372 ; Biddidph, Ibis, 
 1881, p. 72 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 568 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, 
 p. 28. 
 
 Lophophanes melanolophus ( Vig.}, Jerd. B. L ii, p. 273 ; Hume, N. 
 | E. p. 403; Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 253 ; Hume, Cat. no. 638 ; Wardlaw 
 Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 61 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 40. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, crest, hind neck, lores, chin, throat, 
 and breast deep black ; a large patch on the nape white ; the ear- 
 coverts, extending down the sides of the neck, the cheeks, and 
 under the eye white ; upper plumage iron-grey, the exposed parts 
 of the wings and tail paler ; the middle and lower series of the 
 wing-coverts, the tertiaries, and some of the secondaries tipped 
 with white, the tips of the coverts more or less tinged with rufous ; 
 lower plumage from the breast downwards iron-grey, the under 
 wing-coverts, axillaries, and a portion of the sides of the body 
 chestnut ; under tail-coverts chiefly chestnut. 
 
 The young have the head brown ; the upper plumage greyish 
 brown ; the wing-spots very rufous ; the chin, throat, and breast 
 brown ; the remainder of the lower plumage fulvous-brown with 
 the axillaries pale chestnut. 
 
 Bill black ; legs, feet, and claws dark bluish grey ; iris brown 
 (Davison). 
 
 Length about 4'3 ; tail 1'7 ; wing 2-5 ; tarsus '6 ; bill from gape '4. 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Kumaon to Murree and 
 Gilgit at elevations of from 6000 to 12,000 feet, extending into 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 Habits, <$>*c. Breeds at 6000 to 8000 feet from March to June, 
 constructing a nest of fur and wool, resting on a foundatibn of moss, 
 in a hole in a tree, wall, or rock. The eggs, six to eight in number, 
 are pinkish white, blotched and spotted with bright brownish red ; 
 they measure about '61 by '47. 
 
58 CORYID.E. 
 
 45. Lophophanes aemodius. The Himalayan Cole-Tit 
 
 Parus semodius, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiii, p. 943 (184-1) ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 276; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 41. 
 Lophophanes aemodius (Hodys.}, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii. p. 57 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 642. 
 Lophophanes humii ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xlii, p. 57 (1873). 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, crest, lores, sides of the head and 
 nape, chin, throat, and sides of the neck black; cheeks, ear-coverts, 
 and a nape-patch white ; upper plumage and exposed parts of wings 
 and tail bluish ashy ; the rump tinged with ferruginous, the median 
 and greater coverts tipp.ed with white, forming two wing-bars, the 
 'tertiaries and later secondaries minutely tipped with white ; lower 
 plumage, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ferruginous. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs leaden-grey ; bill black (Blanf ord). 
 
 Length about 4-2; tail 17; wing 2-4; tarsus -65; bill from 
 gape -4. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim and Nepal, from which latter State there 
 are some of Hodgson's specimens in the British Museum. It is 
 apparently found at high elevations only. 
 
 46. Lophophanes rubidiventris. The Rufous-bellied Crested Tit. 
 
 Parus rubidiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 445 (1847) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 104 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. \, p. 372 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 30. 
 Lophophanes rubidiventris (Blyth), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 274 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 639. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, lores, chin, and 
 throat dark brown or blackish, but never the deep black of L. melano- 
 lophus, L. rujinuchalis, and L. beavani; cheeks, ear-coverts, the sides 
 of the neck, and a large nuchal spot white ; upper plumage olive- 
 brown ; the wings and tail brown with bluish-ashy edges, and the 
 upper tail-coverts tipped with fulvous ; lower plumage and under 
 wing-coverts ferruginous. 
 
 In the dry state the bill is black and the legs dark brown. 
 
 Length about 4'5 ; tail 1*9 ; wing 2-5 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape '5. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, where procured by Hodgson. In the Pin- 
 will Collection there are specimens from the N.W. Himalayas, 
 which locality probably refers to Kumaon. 
 
 47. Lophophanes rufinuchalis. The Simla Blade Tit. 
 
 Parus rufonuchalis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 810 (1849) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 103 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 72 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 568 j 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 29. 
 
 Lophophanes rufonuchalis (Blyth), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 274 ; Hume 8f 
 Headers. Lah. to Yark. p. 229 ; Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 25-']; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 640 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 62 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, 
 p. 281 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 42. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, crest, hind neck, lores, base of bill, 
 chin, throat, breast, and upper part of the abdomen, produced on 
 to the lower part of the abdomen as a broad band, black ; a large 
 
LOPIIOPHA.NES. 59 
 
 spot on the nape white, tinged with ferruginous posteriorly ; wings 
 ;uul tail bluish ashy ; under the eye, ear-coverts, and a band down 
 the neck white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
 olive-green ; lower abdomen and sides of body ashy olive ; under 
 tail-coverts and axillaries chestnut; under wing-coverts pale fulvous. 
 
 The young are dark brown where the adult is black and the 
 axillaries and under tail-coverts are paler rufous. 
 
 Legs, feet, and bill black; iris brown (G. Henderson). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2*2; wing 3 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Grurwhal to Grilgit, at eleva- 
 tions of from 7000 to 10,000 or 12,000 feet, occasionally in winter 
 descending to 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $-c. Brooks found the nest containing newly-hatched 
 young near Derali in the valley of the Bhagirati river under a large 
 stone in the middle of May. This Tit also breeds in the pine-forests 
 of Grilgit. 
 
 48. Lophophanes beavani. - The Sikhim Cole- Tit. 
 
 Lophophanes beavani, Blyth, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 275 (1863) ; Blanf. J. 
 
 A. S. B. xli, pt. ii. p. 57 : id. S. F. viii, p. 183 ; Hume, Cat. no. 641 ; 
 
 id. S. F. viii, p. 189. 
 
 Parus atkinsoni, Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 276 (1863) ; Hume, Cat. no. 643. 
 Parus beavani (Bl.), Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 29. 
 The Sikhim Cole-Tit ; the Sikhim Black Tit, Jerd. ; Lho Tasso, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, crest, hind neck, lores, chin, throat, 
 and upper breast deep black ; ear-coverts, the sides of the neck, and 
 under the eye white tinged with fulvous ; a large nape-spot white ; 
 upper plumage and wing-coverts iron-grey ; the wings and tail 
 narrowly edged with paler grey ; lower plumage ashy olive, tinged 
 more strongly with ashy near the margin of the breast ; axillaries, 
 under wing- and tail-coverts chestnut. 
 
 The young have the black of the adult replaced by dark brown ; 
 the upper plumage is brown and the lower tinged with fulvous. 
 
 Iris brown ; legs leaden grey ; bill black (Blanf ord). 
 
 Length nearly 5 ; tail 1-9; wing 2-4 to 2'8 ; tarsus '75; bill 
 from gape *5. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim at considerable elevations. Also Nepal, 
 where both Hodgson and Maudelli procured this species. 
 
 49. Lophophanes dichrous. The Brown Crested Tit. 
 
 Parus dichrous, Hodys., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 943 (1844) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 104 j Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 372 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, 
 p. 33. 
 
 Lophophanes dichrous (Hodgs.*), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 273 ; Blanf. J. A. 
 8. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 56 ; Hume, Cat. no. 637. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage brownish grey ; the wings very 
 narrowly margined with hoary grey ; forehead and sides of the 
 head pale fulvous mottled with brown ; a half-collar round the 
 hind neck, interrupted at the nape, cream-colour ; chin and throat 
 fulvous grey ; lower plumage ochraceous. 
 
60 CORVJD.T. 
 
 Bill dusky bluish ; feet plumbeous ; iris brick-red (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4-5; tail 1-9; wing 2-7; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape '45. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Sikhim to Dharmsala. I have 
 seen no specimen from any place north of this latter and can find 
 no grounds for believing that the species occurs in Kashmir as 
 suggested by Jerdon on the evidence afforded by Adams. Blanford 
 found it in Sikhim at elevations of from 8000 to 13,000 feet. It 
 extends into the mountainous parts of China. 
 
 Subfamily PARADOXORNITHIN^E. 
 
 The Crow-Tits have undoubted close affinities with the Tits and 
 through them with the Crows, but they form a very isolated group 
 in some respects, all of them being restricted to the mountains 
 and hills of Northern and Eastern India and some of the mountain- 
 ranges of China. 
 
 The position of these birds has been much disputed, but looking 
 to the facts that they have ten primaries, that the young are iden- 
 tical in plumage with the adult, and that the nostrils are completely 
 hidden by stiff bristles, their location with the Crows and Tits seems 
 the proper course to adopt. 
 
 The three species regarding the nidification of which anything 
 is known construct cup-shaped nests in trees and lay eggs which 
 are marked with yellowish brown and purple. 
 
 The plumage of all the species is copious and soft, and they have 
 a very ample crest, not of great length, but very thick. With one 
 exception the bills of all the genera are extremely deep, the depth 
 being greater than the length of the bill. The culinen is very 
 rounded transversely, and the margins of the mandibles in most of 
 the species are curiously sinuated. 
 
 Their food, judging from what Mr. Gammie tells us, is not grain 
 and seeds but insects, and consequently there is nothing anomalous 
 in their habits in this respect as was at one time thought to be the 
 case. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Tail longer than wing. 
 
 '. Tail less graduated ; the outermost pair of 
 
 feathers fully three quarters length of tail. CONOSTOMA, p. 60. 
 b'. Tail more graduated j the outermost pair 
 of feathers not exceeding two thirds 
 length of tail. 
 
 a". Height of -bill greater than its length ; 
 
 commissure with deep sigmoid curve . . PARADOXORNIS, p. 61. 
 
 b" . Height of bill not greater than its 
 length ; commissure with a slight sig- 
 moid curve SUTHORA, p. 63. 
 
 b. Tail equal to or shorter than wing SCJEOBHYNCHUS, p. 68. 
 
 Genus CONOSTOMA, Hodgs., 1841. 
 The genus Conostoma contains only one species, the largest 
 
CONOSTOMA. PARADOXORNIS. Gl 
 
 member of the subfamily. It is characterized by a tail longer 1 ban 
 the wing, and the tail-feathers are considerably less graduated than 
 in the next two genera. It is found at very high elevations. 
 
 Fig. 21. Head of C. amodium. 
 
 50. Conostoma SBmodium. The Red-Ulled Crow-Tit. 
 
 Conostoma aemodius, Hodys. J. A. S. B. x, p. 857, pi. (1841) ; Blytk, 
 
 Cat. p. 101. 
 Conostoma aemodium, Hodys., Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, pp. 213, 377 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 10 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt, ii, p. 46 j Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 237 ; id. Cat. no. 381 ; Sharps, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 485 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 42. 
 
 TJie Red-billed Jay-Thrush, Jerd.; Lho-rannio-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and feathers in front of the eyes dark brown ; 
 forehead greyish white ; upper plumage olive-brown with a rufous 
 tinge ; outer edges of primaries ashy, of the secondaries rufous, 
 and the tertiaries, with the tips of the secondaries, ashy ; tail ashy 
 grey, more or less washed with rufous along the middle of the 
 feathers ; chin, throat, and sides of head brown, with a vinous 
 tinge, becoming paler on the rest of the lower plumage. 
 
 Bill dull orange ; legs slaty grey ; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail 5-5 ; wing 5'2 ; tarsus 1*5 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal arid Sikhim, apparently at very high eleva- 
 tions. Blanford met with it at 11,000 feet on the Chola range, 
 and the nest has been found on two occasions at 10,000 feet in 
 Sikhiin. This bird extends to the high mountains on the frontier 
 of China and Tibet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Constructs a hemispherical nest of stems and blades 
 of grass and bamboo-leaves on a branch of a bamboo in May. The 
 eggs, probably three in number, are dull white, blotched and streaked 
 with yellowish brown and spotted about the larger end with inky 
 purple ; size I'll by -8. 
 
 Genus PARADOXORNIS, Gould, 1836. 
 
 The genus Paradovornis, as I restrict it, contains two species 
 found in India. It differs from the last germs by its more graduated 
 tail and by its very deep bill. Very little is known of the habits 
 and nothing whatever of the mode of nidification of either species. 
 
62 
 
 Jerdon remarks of P. flavirostris that he procured it in a pine 
 wood and that it had partaken of seeds. It does not, however, 
 appear to be the usual habit of these birds to eat seeds or to be 
 found in forests. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Throat barred with black and white, bordered 
 
 below by a black band P. Jlavirostris, p. 62. 
 
 b. Throat pale fulvous, with a few delicate arrow- 
 
 head-shaped marks and no band below .... P. yuttaticollis, p. 62. 
 
 51. Paradoxornis flavirostris. The Yellow-bitted Croiu-Tit. 
 
 Paradoxornis flavirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 17 ; Horsf. # M. 
 Cat. i, p. 376 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 4 ; Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 pt. ii, p. 268, xlv, pt. ii, p. 72 ; Hume, S. F. ii. p. 457, v, p. 30; Cat. 
 no. 373 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 496 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 134. 
 
 Bathyrhynchus brevirostris, McClell. Ind. Ren. 1838, p. 513, fig. 
 
 The Yellow-billed Finch-Thrush, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crest, nape, sides of neck, and hinder part 
 of ear-coverts dull chestnut ; ]ores black ; feathers round the eye 
 and a patch under it white, the bases of the feathers more or less 
 black ; anterior two thirds of ear-coverts and the point of the chin 
 black ; cheeks and chin white barred with black ; throat black ; 
 
 Fig. 22. Head of P. flavirostris. 
 
 upper plumage fulvous-brown, rufous on the tail and visible por- 
 tions of wings ; lower plumage fulvous. 
 
 Bill bright yellow ; legs plumbeous ; iris red-brown (Jerdon}. 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 4-2 ; wing 3-5 ; tarsus 1-2 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Distributed throughout the Terais of Nepal, Sikhim, 
 and Bhutan, and ranging as far as Dibrugarh in Assam. Found 
 also in the Khasi hills, Sylhet and Cachar in suitable localities, 
 which appear to be thickets of reeds. 
 
 t>2. Paradoxornis guttaticollis. Austen's Crow-Tit. 
 
 Paradoxornis guttaticollis, A. Daricl, N. Arch. Mus. vii, Bull. p. 14 
 (1871) ; SJiarpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 497. 
 
63 
 
 Paradoxornis austoui, Ci'miM, B. As. pt. xxiv, pi. 7o (18"4) ; Codio.- 
 Anst. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 159 ; Hume, IS. F. iii. p. ;jOi> ; 
 CW. no. 373 bis. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. flavirostris. Differs in having the 
 clieel\s, chin, throat, and upper part of breast pale fulvous-whitf, 
 \\iili numerous delicate arrowhead-shaped marks of black, and 
 the remainder of the lower plumage of the same colour but with- 
 out the marks ; the head and crest of a paler chestnut ; the bill of 
 about half the size and the legs much feebler. 
 
 Bill yellow; iris brown or hazel; legs and claws green (Cock- 
 
 Length about 7'5 ; tail 4 ; wing 3*2 ; tarsus I'Oo ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs in Sylhet, and on the Khasi and Naga Hills, 
 in which last locality Godwin-Austen obtained this species at 
 6000 feet elevation. It extends into Western China. 
 
 Genus SUTHORA, Hodgs., 1838. 
 
 The genus Suthora contains seven Indian birds which with one 
 exception are of very small size. Jerdon and others have assigned 
 these seven birds to three genera, Hcteromorpha, Chlsuasicus and 
 Suthora. I consider them absolutely congeneric and have failed 
 to tind a single structural character by which to separate them. 
 
 This genus differs from the last in its relatively smaller bill 
 (which is also of less depth as compared with its length) and in 
 the commissure being much less curved. From the next genus it 
 may be separated by its much longer tail. 
 
 Many of these birds are very prettily coloured, and they appear 
 to resemble the Tits in their habits, feeding on insects, for winch 
 they search the branches and leaves of trees. Nothing whatever is 
 known about their nidificatiou. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. A well-defined large black or brown super- 
 
 cilium. 
 
 a Upper plumage olive-brown S. imicolor, p. 64. 
 
 b'. Upper plumage orange-brown. 
 
 a . Ear-coverts orange-brown S. humii, p. 64. 
 
 b . Ear-coverts slaty-blue. 
 
 a'". Lower plumage orange-fulvous . . S. nepalensis, p. C5. 
 b'". Lower plumage bluish-grey >S'. poliotis, p. 65. 
 
 b. Supercilium very small or absent. 
 
 c'. Wings edged with blight chestnut .... S. fulvifrons, p. 66. 
 d'. AVings edged with colour of back. 
 
 c". No supercilium whatever S. nificeps, p. 67. 
 
 d". A short black supercilium S. atrisupo'ciliaris, p. 67 
 
64 COKYID.E. 
 
 53. Suthora unicolor. The Brown Croiv-Tit. 
 
 Heteromorpha unicolor, Hodgs. J.A. S. B. xii, p. 448 (1843) ; Jerd. B. 
 L ii, p. 6 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 45 ; Hume, Cat. no. 376. 
 Paradoxornis unicolor (Hodgs.}, Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 376. 
 Suthora unicolor (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 493. 
 The Brown Finch-Thrush, Jerd. ; Lho-ramnio-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest brown tinged with rufous ; lores 
 and a supercilium reaching to the nape black ; chin and sides of 
 head vinous-brown ; throat and sides of neck greyish brown ; 
 upper plumage olive-brown, strongly tinged with rufous on tail and 
 visible portions of wings ; breast and lower plumage dull fulvous. 
 
 Fig. 23. Head of 8. unicolor. 
 
 Iris hoary grey ; legs and feet greenish grey ; bill fleshy 
 yellowish (Hume, MS.). 
 
 Bill orange-yellow ; legs slaty grey ; iris brown (Jerdoii). 
 
 Length about 8; tail 4*2; wing 3*3; tarsus 1-2; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. The higher regions of Nepal and Sikhim. Jerdon 
 met with this species near Darjiling at 10,000 feet, and Elanford 
 in the Lachung Valley between 7000 and 8000 feet of elevation. 
 It extends to the mountains which lie between China and Tibet. 
 
 54. Suthora liumii. The Black-fronted Grow -Tit. 
 
 Suthora nipalensis, Hodgs. apud Blyth, Cat. p. 102 j Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 8 ; Hume, Cat. no. 378. 
 
 Suthora poliotis, Blyth, apud Horsf. # M. Cat. i, p. 379. 
 Suthora liumii, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 487 (1883). 
 The Black-fronted Tit-Thrush, Jerd. j Suthora, Nepal. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, ear-coverts, back, wing-coverts, and 
 rump orange-brown ; upper tail-coverts orange-red; tail orange - 
 rufous, broadly terminated with black ; primary-coverts black ; 
 quills bright orange-red at base, the earlier primaries white exter- 
 nally, the others black with some white near the tips ; secondaries 
 margined with orange on the outer webs and tipped white ; a broad 
 supercilium from the bill to the nape black ; lores, cheeks, above 
 
SUTH011A. 65 
 
 and below the eye and a small indistinct eyebrow white ; sides of 
 the neck slaty-blue ; chin and upper throat black margined with 
 white ; lower throat, breast, and centre of abdomen white ; sides 
 of body, vent, and under tail-coverts orange-fulvous. 
 
 Length about 4-5; tail 2 - 4 ; wing 1-9; tarsus "65; bill from 
 gape $. 
 
 This is the bird described by Jerdon under the name of 8. 
 nipalensis, Hodgs., " with ear-coverts fulvous." It is, however, a 
 very different bird to true S. nepalensis described below. The 
 present species was known to Hodgson and was figured by him 
 from Darjiling specimens. He appears, however, to have re- 
 garded it as identical with S. poliotis, a species described by Blyth 
 a short time previously from Cherra Poonjee, and he consequently 
 published no description of it, merely writing under the drawing 
 Temnoris v. Suthora pictifrons. As this name was never published, 
 Sharpe has very properly renamed the bird in his ' Catalogue.' 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim, where this species appears to be common 
 at and above Darjiling. 
 
 55. Suthora nepalensis. The Ash-eared Crow-Tit. 
 
 Suthora nipalensis, Hodys. 2nd, Rev. ii, p. 32 (1838) ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 378 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 488. 
 Temnoris atrifrons, Hodys. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31. 
 Suthora poliotis, BL apud Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 9 j Hume, Cat. no. 379. 
 The Ash-eared Tit- Thrush, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape smoky-grey ; a very broad 
 black supercilium from forehead to nape ; lores, round the eye, and 
 a short broad eyebrow white ; remainder of the side of the head 
 slaty-blue ; upper plumage and wing-coverts orange-brown ; pri- 
 mary-coverts black ; primaries with hoary outer webs, tinged with 
 chestnut at base ; the other quills chiefly chestnut on the outer 
 webs and tipped white on both webs ; tail chestnut, broadly tipped 
 blackish ; point of the chin black ; throat rusty, with black bars 
 showing through ; lower plumage orange-fulvous. 
 
 Length about 4'3 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 1-9 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from 
 gape -25. 
 
 This is the bird described by Jerdon under the name of S. poliotis, 
 Blyth, with the lower plumage uniform rusty and the chin barred 
 with black and rust colour. It is figured by Hodgson. The true 
 S. poliotis is a distinct bird, differing among other things in having 
 the lower plumage grey and the throat entirely black. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, where this Crow-Tit appears to have been 
 very little observed, the only specimens of it that I have been able to 
 examine being four skins in the Hodgson Collection in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 56. Suthora poliotis. The Ashy -breasted Crow-Tit. 
 
 Suthora poliotis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 522 (1851) ; Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 B. M. vii, p. 487. 
 YOL. I. F 
 
66 
 
 Suthora munipurensis, Godw.-Aust. 8f Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 250 ; 
 
 S. F. iv, p. 216 ; id. Cat. no. 380 bis ; Gould, B. As. iii, pi. 69 ; Hume 
 
 iff Dav. S. F. vi, p. 258. 
 Suthora daflaensis, Godw.-Aust. A. M. N. H. (4) xyii, p. 32 (1876) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. iv, p. 489, v, p. 138. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage bright orange-brown ; a broad black 
 supercilium extending to the nape and a narrow white line below it ; 
 lores, cheeks, and under the eye white ; ear-coverts and sides of 
 the neck slaty-blue ; a streak of fulvous behind the eye and over 
 the front part of the ear-coverts ; chin and throat black ; lower 
 plumage bluish grey, becoming whitish on the abdomen and under 
 tail-coverts; primary-coverts black; primaries with hoary outer webs 
 tinged with chestnut at base, the other quills chiefly chestnut on the 
 outer webs and tipped white ; tail chestnut, broadly tipped blackish. 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 1*8 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from gape '3. 
 
 This species was not known to Jerdon. He was under the 
 impression that the Nepal and Cherra Poonjee birds were identical, 
 but under the name of S.poliotis he described the true S. nepalensis 
 only. The two birds are of course very distinct and cannot be 
 confounded together. 
 
 Distribution. Blyth described this species from a specimen pro- 
 cured at Cherra Poonjee, and my description is taken from two 
 birds obtained by Godwin -Austen at Samina in the Eastern Naga 
 hills. The species does not appear, as yet, to have been discovered 
 in any other part of the Empire *. 
 
 57. Suthora fulvifrons. The Fulvous-fronted Crow-Tit. 
 
 Suthora fulvifrons, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 579 (1845) ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 102 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 378 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 9 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 380. 
 
 Temnoris fulvifrons, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31. 
 Chleuasicus fulvifrons (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 494. 
 Fulvous-fronted Tit-Thrush, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, middle portion of the crown, a very short 
 supercilium, cheeks, chin, throat, breast, sides of the neck, and the 
 
 * As this was going to press Count Salvador! kindly sent me a specimen of 
 a Suthora from Karennee for examination. It has the abdomen and under 
 tail-coverts rather bright fulvous, but I cannot discover that it differs from 
 S. poliotis in any other respect. In justice, however, to Count Sahadori, who 
 has named this species S. fees, I am bound to say that the two specimens of 
 8. poliotis in the British Museum, the only two specimens available for com- 
 parison, are by no means good skins, and the various minute mai'kings on the 
 head are not very clear. 8. fece may therefore be an excellent species. Count 
 Salvador! thus describes it: 
 
 SUTHORA FE^E, nov. sp. 
 
 Suthora S. manipurensi, Godw.-Aust. et Wald., similis, scd t&nia supraoculari 
 rufa, minime alba, regione suboculari postica minime alba et rufo maryinata, 
 lateribus et snbcaudalibus late ru/cscentibus facile distingurnda. 
 
 Long. tot. O m ,110; al O m , 0-15 ; can d. O m ,Q53 ; rostri 0"',007 ; tarsi O m ,020. 
 (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vii (xxvii) p. 364, 1 Luglio, 1889.) 
 
SUTHOBA. 67 
 
 under tail-coverts bright fulvous ; a broad band from the lores over 
 the eye to the nape, the back, rump, and lesser wing-coverts olive- 
 yellow ; upper tail-coverts fulvous ; greater wing-coverts edged 
 with chestnut ; quills with the outer webs chestnut, except the 
 basal halves of those of the primaries, which are hoary ; rail black- 
 ish, the outer webs, except near the tips, more or less bright chest- 
 nut ; abdomen deep grey. 
 
 Bill pale ; legs light brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length nearly 5 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 2-2; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape -3. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim. Very little is known about 
 this bird, and it is very rare in collections. 
 
 58. Suthora ruficeps, The Smaller Red-headed Crow-Tit. 
 
 Chleuasicus ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 578 (1845) ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 7 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 196 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 377 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 494. 
 Suthora ruficeps (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 102; Horsf.fyM. Cat. i,p. 380. 
 
 The Red-headed Tit-Thrush, Jerd. ; Chongto-phep-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crest, and nape with the hind neck bright 
 chestnut : sides of the head and of the neck paler ; lower plumage 
 white, tinged with pink on the breast ; upper plumage rufous- 
 brown, deeper on the tail and exposed parts of the wings ; shafts 
 of chin-feathers distinctly black. 
 
 Bill whitish horny ; legs greenish plumbeous ; iris red-brown 
 (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3'2; wing 3 ; tarsus *95 ; bill from gape *55. 
 
 This bird is almost an exact counterpart of Scceorhynchus ruficeps, 
 differing from it chiefly in its blunter bill and more graduated tail. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim ; and Godwin-Austen notes the species from 
 Baladhan in Cachar. It appears to be a very rare bird. 
 
 59. Suthora atrisuperciliaris, The Black-browed Crow-Tit. 
 
 Chleuasicus ruficeps, var. atrosuperciliaris, Godw.-Aust. P. A. S. B. 
 
 1H77, p. 147 j Hume, S. F. v, p. 499 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 15. 
 Chleuasicus ruficeps, Bl. apud Anders. Yunnan Krped., Avcs, p. 638, 
 
 pi. xlvii, fig. 2. 
 
 Coloration. " Bright ferruginous on the head, same colour, paler, 
 on the nape and ear-coverts ; back and wings pale olive-brown ; 
 quills tinged rufous ; tail brown ; a narrow black streak over the 
 eye ; beneath dull white with an earthy tinge. Legs dark plum- 
 beous. 
 
 "Length about 6; wing 2-85; tail 3-3; tarsus 0'90; bill at 
 front 0-43 inches. 
 
 " Larger than Ch. ruficeps and not so white below." (Godwin- 
 Austen.) 
 
 Distribution. Discovered at Sadiya, Upper Assam ; and procured 
 at Ponsee, on the borders of Western China, by Anderson. 
 
 F2 
 
68 COE.VID.E. 
 
 This species appears to me to be fairly distinct from S. ruficeps, 
 and to be its eastern representative. I have examined four speci- 
 mens of the Sikhim bird and find that in. none of them is there 
 more than a faint duskiness over the eye ; in no case is there 
 anything approaching the black shown on Anderson's plate of 
 S. atri super ciUaris. Hume's suggestion that this latter is the male 
 and S. rufaeps the female is, I think, untenable in the face of the 
 fact that all the other species of this family have the two sexes 
 alike.* 
 
 Genus SOEORHYNCHTJS, n. gen. 
 
 The two birds which I propose to place in this genus (with S. rufi- 
 ceps as the type) are not congeneric with any of the birds previously 
 xloticed. Jerdon and others have placed them in Paradoocornis, 
 but in my opinion wrongly so. They are characterized by a very 
 short tail, in fact they are the only Crow-Tits in which the tail 
 is not longer than the wing. The tail is, moreover, very slightly 
 graduated, the outer feather being quite five sixths the whole length 
 of the tail. 
 
 The birds of this genus appear to frequent reeds and tall grass. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown of head rufous ; chin white S. mificeps, p. G8. 
 
 b. Crown of head grey ; chin black S. gularis, p. 69. 
 
 60. Scaeorhynchus ruficeps. The Larger Red-headed Crow-Tit. 
 Paradoxornis ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 177 (1842), xii, p. 947, 
 pi. (1843) ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 377 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 5 ; Blyth, 
 B. Burm. p. 117 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 196 ; Hume 
 $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 257 ; Hume , Cat. no. 375 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 130. 
 Heteromorpha ruficeps (Blyth}, Blijth, Cat. p. 102. 
 Suthora ruficeps (BlytJi), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 491. 
 Scieorhynchus ruficeps (Blyth], Oates in Hume's N. Sf E. 2nd ed, i, 
 
 p. 43. 
 
 The Red-headed Finch- Thrush, Jerd. ; Chonyto-phep-pho, Lepch. 
 Coloraiion. Head, nape, upper back, lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts 
 chestnut ; upper plumage, tail, and exposed parts of wings olive- 
 brown, tinged with rufous ; the whole lower plumage white, tinged 
 with brou u on the sides of the body, vent, thighs, and under tail- 
 coverts. 
 
 Iris reddish brown; upper mandible brown; lower mandible flesh- 
 
 * SUTHORA BRUNNEA, Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 211, was procured by Dr. John 
 Anderson at Momein in Chinese Territory at an elevation of 6000 feet. It will 
 doubtless be found in the mountains of Upper Burma near Bharno, and I 
 append a description of the bird. 
 
 The whole head and neck all round with the breast chestnut-brown, suffused 
 with vinaceous below ; the upper plumage, wing-coverts, tail, and exposed parts 
 of closed wing olive-brown ; lower plumage yellowish brown. Bill in dry skin 
 yellowish, with the culmen intense black ; legs brown. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2'5 ; wing 2'1 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape '4. 
 
SC^OEIIYNCIIUS. 69 
 
 colour ; eyelids and mouth bluish ; legs plumbeous ; claws horn.- 
 colour. 
 
 Length about 7'5 inches; tail 3'5; wing 3'5; tarsus 1-15; bill 
 from gape *6. 
 
 Specimens from Assam, Karennee, and Tenasseriin have the 
 lower plumage suffused with fulvous. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim and Bhutan, extending through Assam to 
 Dibrugarh. This bird has also been procured at Shillong ; on the 
 Hemeo Peak, N. Cachar, and in Karennee at 2500 ft. Blyth 
 received it from Arrakan. Davison met with it at Pahpoon in 
 Tenasserim, and there is a specimen in the Hume Collection col- 
 lected at Thoungyah, much further south. Jerdon states that this 
 species occurs in Nepal, but on what authority is not known. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sikhim in May, constructing a cup-shaped 
 nest of grass-stalks coated externally with a few cobwebs and lined 
 inside with strips of bamboo-stems. The eggs, three in number, 
 are white, spotted and blotched with yellowish brown, with some 
 purplish-grey shell-marks; size -83 by -63. 
 
 61. Scaeorhynchus gularis. The Hoary-headed Crow-Tit. 
 
 Pavacloxornis gularis, Horsf., Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 389, pi. xciv, f. 2 
 
 (1849) ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 377 ; Jerd. B.I. ii, p. 5 ; Godw.-Autt. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 103 ; Wald. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 117 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 374 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 131. 
 Paradoxornis (Heteroinorpha) caniceps. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. 
 
 p. 810 (1849). 
 
 Ileteromorpha (? Paradoxornis) caniceps (BlytJi), Blyth, Cat. p. 102. 
 Suthora gularis (Blyth}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 492. 
 Scaeorhynchus gularis (Horsf.), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 44. 
 The Hoary-headed Finch- Thrush, Jerd. ; Chongto-pliep-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, nasal plumes, a supercilium from the fore- 
 head to the nape and the chin black ; lores and round the eye, 
 cheeks and lower plumage white, the sides of the breast and abdo- 
 men washed with fulvous ; ear-coverts pale grey ; crown and nape 
 dark grey ; upper plumage, tail, and visible portions of wings 
 rufous-brown. 
 
 Bill dark yellow; legs slaty-brown (Godwin- Austen). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3*1 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape *6. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs in Sikhina and Bhutan at elevations of from 
 3000 to 8000 feet. It has also been obtained at Asalu in the 
 Khasi Hills by G-od win-Austen, and in Karennee at 5GOO feet by 
 AVardlaw Ramsay. It extends into China. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. The nest and eggs of this species, judging from what 
 little is on record about them, closely resemble those of Sc. ruficeps. 
 The eggs measure -82 by -61. 
 
70 
 
 CKATEROPODID^;. 
 
 
 Fig. 24. Garrulax Icucolophus. 
 
 Family CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth or the 
 upper one with a notch ; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, bilaminated ; 
 wing with ten primaries; tongue non-tubular; nostrils clear of the 
 line of the forehead, the lower edge of the nostril nearer to the com- 
 missure than the upper edge is to the culnien ; plumage of the 
 nestling like that of the adult female, but paler ; nostrils never 
 entirely concealed from view although frequently covered by hairs 
 or bristles ; rictal bristles present ; rectrices twelve ; the inner and 
 hind toes equal. 
 
 The Crateropodidce form an enormous family of tropical and 
 subtropical species which I find it convenient to divide into six 
 subfamilies or natural groups. 
 
CRATEllOPODIN.E. 71 
 
 Sexes alike ; gregarious ; extremely noisy ; legs 
 
 and feet large ; wiug short and rounded ; 
 
 habits partly terrestrial, partly arboreal ; 
 
 colour of egg, with few exceptions, un- 
 spotted white or blue CrateropodvMe, 
 
 s, \. > alike ; solitary or occurring in very small [p. 71. 
 
 troops ; not noisy ; legs and feet strong ; 
 
 wing short and rounded ; habits, skulking 
 
 in bushes or on the ground, evading obser- 
 vation ; colour of egg, with few exceptions, 
 
 spotted Timeli'mce, p. 129. 
 
 Sexes usually dissimilar; solitary; tarsus usually 
 
 very long and smooth ; wing usually rounded 
 
 and short ; habits strictly terrestrial ; colour 
 
 of egg usually spotted Bracliypterygince, 
 
 Sexes alike; solitary or occurring in small [p. 177. 
 
 troops ; not noisy ; habits entirely arboreal, 
 
 never descending to the ground ; colour of 
 
 egg, with few exceptions, spotted Sibiince, p. 194. 
 
 Sexes invariably dissimilar ; solitary or occur- 
 
 ing in small troops ; colours brilliant ; 
 
 habits entirely arboreal; colour of egg 
 
 usually spotted Liotrichince, p. 220. 
 
 Sexes alike ; solitary or occurring in small 
 
 troops ; habits entirely arboreal ; tarsi 
 
 very short, never exceeding in length the 
 
 middle toe or claw ; wing rounded and 
 
 moderately long ; nape usually furnished 
 
 with some hairs ; colour of egg, so far as is 
 
 known, spotted Braehypoditice, 
 
 [ P 252. 
 
 Subfamily CRATEROPODIN^E. 
 
 The first subfamily of the Crateropodidce comprises a number of 
 birds, which form a natural group, without, however, possessing 
 structural characters of marked importance. 
 
 The Crateropodince agree in being gregarious, extremely noisy, 
 cautious but inquisitive and frequently bold. No birds can hide 
 themselves better, but on the whole they do not shun observation 
 as the Timeliince do. 
 
 The chief feature of this group, however, is the colour of their 
 eggs. With few exceptions the eggs are either blue or white, per- 
 fectly unspotted. The few exceptions occur in the genus Troclia- 
 lopterum and one or two others. These birds will ultimately find 
 a place among the Timeliince and Sibiince ; but until the colour of 
 the eggs of all the species is known and their habits better under- 
 stood, an accurate arrangement of these birds is not possible. 
 
 The Crateropodince all teed on the ground like Thrushes. They 
 
72 CEATEKOPODID.E. 
 
 pass a good deal of their time on trees, but they probably derive 
 no portion of their food directly from trees, the fruit they occa- 
 sionally eat being picked off the ground as they forage for insects. 
 
 The head in all the Crateropodince is crested or subcrested. 
 Their tarsi, toes and claws are remarkably strong and their wings 
 are very rounded and weak. They are all non-migratory. 
 
 The sexes are invariably alike, and the young resemble the 
 adults very closely. 
 
 The subfamily is represented in India by 10 genera and 72 
 species. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Bill shorter than head, stout and not strikingly 
 
 curved. 
 a'. Covering membrane of nostril bare ; frontal 
 
 feathers with shafts or webs lengthened. 
 ". Nostrils nearly hidden by a profusion 
 of bristles and hairs springing from 
 
 forehead DRYONASTF.S, p. 7'2 . 
 
 b". Nostrils clearly visible, but overhung by 
 
 numerous bristles GARRULAX, p. 77. 
 
 c". Nostrils not overhung by bristles, but 
 
 merely by a few long and fine hairs. 
 a'". Bill slender ; length from forehead to 
 tip more than twice the depth at 
 forehead. 
 a 1 . Tail markedly longer than wing. . . . lANTnociNCLA,p.84. 
 
 b*. Tail and wing equal in length STACTOCICHLA, 
 
 b'". Bill stout; length from forehead to [p. 104. 
 
 tip much less than twice depth at 
 
 forehead GRAMMATOPTILA, 
 
 d". Nostrils perfectly free and exposed, not [p. 102. 
 
 overhung by either bristles or hairs. . . . TROCHALOPTERUM, 
 b'. Posterior half of covering membrane of [p. 87. 
 
 nostril clothed with plumelets continued 
 back to the forehead, the feathers of which 
 are short and rounded. 
 
 e". Tail very much longer than wing ARGYA, p. 105. 
 
 /". Tail and wing of about equal length .... CRATEROPUS, p. 110. 
 
 b. Bill as long as head or much longer ; slender 
 
 and much curved. 
 c. Bill from one to one-and-a-half times length [p. llo. 
 
 of head POMATORHINUS, 
 
 d'. Bill three times length of head XIPHORHAMPHUS, 
 
 [p. 128. 
 
 Genus DRYONASTES, Sharpe, 1883. 
 
 The genus Dryonastes, of which D. rujicottis is the type, contains 
 those Laughing-Thrushes which have the nostrils almost com- 
 pletely hidden by bristles. They are very closely allied to some of 
 
DlttONASTES. 73 
 
 the Corvidte in structure and they might almost be placed in the 
 same family. They differ, however, in laying spotless eggs and 
 in their hubits. 
 
 The habits of all the birds of this and the following five genera 
 are so similar that they may be disposed of now once for all. 
 All are without exception gregarious, and are found in troops of 
 from six to twenty or more individuals. They feed principally on 
 the ground, their strong feet and bills enabling them to turn over 
 leaves, and they are also found on trees, on which they take refuge 
 when disturbed. On being alarmed, or frequently without any 
 apparent cause, they break out into a chorus of notes resembling 
 laughter or loud chatter. They are also in the habit of going 
 through various amusing performances on the ground, erecting 
 their crests, drooping their wings, and expanding their tails, 
 dancing and capering about all the time. They are all found in 
 forest or amongst trees and bushes, and although cautious and 
 sometimes very shy, yet on some occasions they seem careless of 
 observation, and they are difficult to get rid of when once their 
 curiosity has been excited. 
 
 They eat almost every sort of insect and the smaller reptiles, 
 and they no doubt partake also of fruit. They construct large 
 cup-shaped nests in trees and lay eggs which, with the exception of 
 those of some species of Trockalopterum, are spotless white or blue. 
 In Dryonastes the eggs, so far as is known, are pale blue. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Chin and throat black 
 
 a. Ear-coverts black D. ruficollis, p. 73. 
 
 b'. Ear-coverts white. 
 
 a". Back chestnut D. nuchalis, p. 74. 
 
 b' '. Back olive-brown D. chinensis, p. 74. 
 
 b. Chin and throat white. 
 
 c'. Tail plain D. c&ndatus, p. 75. 
 
 d'. Tail tipped with white D. subccerulatiis, p. 76. 
 
 c. Chin and throat chestnut-brown D. sannio, p. 76. 
 
 d. Chin black, throat yellow D. galbanus, p. 76. 
 
 62. Dryonastes ruficollis. The Rufous-necked Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Tanthocincla ruficoliis, Jard. $ Selby, III, Orn. 2nd ser. pi. 21 (1838). 
 
 Garrulax ruficollis (J. $ S.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 97; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 205; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 38 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 269 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 254 ; Inglis, 8. F. v, p. 34 j Hume. Cat. 
 
 no. 410; id. S. F. xi, p. 158. 
 
 Dryonastes ruficollis (J. Sf S.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 454; Oates 
 
 in Humes N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 45. 
 
 Pvbduya, Beng. ; Rapchen-pho, Lepch. ; Doopooleeka, Assam. 
 Coloration. Lores, sides of the head, cheeks, chin, throat, and 
 centre of the uppermost portion of the breast black : sides of neck 
 bright chestnut, continued upwards to the middle of the upper 
 
74 CEATEEOPODID^. 
 
 edge of the ear-coverts ; crown and nape slaty-grey ; upper plumage 
 and wings olive-brown, the outer webs of the primaries ashy ; tail 
 black, the base suffused with olive-green ; breast, upper abdomen, 
 sides of the body, and thighs olive-brown ; centre of lower abdo- 
 men and under tail-coverts bright chestnut. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black ; iris red (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4'5 ; wing 4; tarsus 1'4; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to Sadiya ; the Khasi 
 hills ; Sylhet, Cachar, Manipur, Tipperah ; Bhamo. This bird is 
 found at low elevations probably not above 4000 feet and mostly 
 at the foot of the hills. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species appears to be addicted to grass- and reed- 
 jungle. It breeds in Sikhim from April to June, constructing its 
 nest in bushes within a few feet of the ground. The eggs, three or 
 four in number, are pale bluish green and measure 1/02 by -75. 
 
 63. Dryonastes nuchalis. Ogle's Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax nuchalis, Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (4) xviii, p. 411 
 (1876); Hume, 8. F. v, p. 58; id. Cat. no. 408 quat. ; Godiv.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 17, pi. x; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 154. 
 
 Dryonastes nuchalis (Godw.-Aust.), Sharpe, Cat. S. M. vii, p. 456. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, the upper portion of the cheeks, and the 
 feathers round the eye black ; crown and nape slaty-grey ; a few 
 pointed white feathers in front of the crown ; hind neck and upper 
 back chestnut ; upper plumage olive-brown, the outer webs of the 
 quills tinged with grey ; tail olive-brown, with the ends broadly 
 black ; lower part of cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck white ; 
 chin and throat black ; breast light ashy ; remainder of lower plumage 
 olive-brown. 
 
 Iris dark red ; legs and feet fleshy-grey (Chennell). 
 
 Bill black ; legs and feet ivory-white ; iris brick-red (Cripps). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4*4; wing 4'3 ; tarsus 1-5; bill from 
 gape 1*35. 
 
 Distribution. The Dibrugarh district of Assam ; the Lhota-Naga 
 hills ; Kamlangpani ; probably Manipur. 
 
 64. Dryonastes chinensis. The Blade-throated Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Lanius chinensis, Scop. Del. Fl. et Faun. Insubr. ii, p. 86 (1786). 
 
 Garrulax chinensis (Scop.), Blyth, Cat. p. 95 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 p. 202 : Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 107 ; 
 Hume'8? Dav. S.F. vi, p. 289; Hume, Cat. no. 408 ter ; Bincjham, 
 S. F. ix, p. 181 ; Gates, S. F. x, p. 208 ; id. B. B. \, p. 38. 
 
 Dryonastes chiuensis (Scop.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 455. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, round the eye, a line over the ear- 
 coverts, the upper part of the cheeks, chin, throat, and the central 
 portion of the upper breast black ; cheeks and ear-coverts white ; 
 
DHVOXASTES. 75 
 
 crown and nape slaty-blue, anterior part of crown streaked with 
 white ; upper plumage and exposed part of wings rich olive-brown, 
 except the outer webs of the iirst few primaries, which are silvery- 
 grey ; tail olive-brown with the last quarter black ; breast, sides of 
 neckj and upper portion of abdomen ashy grey ; remainder of 
 lower surface olive-brown. 
 
 Iris red ; bill black ; mouth and eyelids plumbeous ; legs fleshy 
 brown ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 11'5; tail 4-7; wing 4'5 ; tarsus 1*6; bill from, 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasseriin from Toungngoo down to Meetan and 
 the Thoungyeen valley ; the southern half of Pegu. The range 
 extends into China. 
 
 65. Dryonastes caerulatus. The Grey -sided Lauyhiny -Thrush. 
 
 Cinclosoma cserulatus, Hodys. As. Res. xix, p. 147 (1836). 
 Garrulax caerulatus (Hodgs.*), Blytli, Cat. p. 96 j Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 205; Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 36; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 302; Godw.-Aust. 
 
 J. A S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 160; Hume, N. $ E. p. 254; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 408. 
 Dryonastes cserulatus (Hbdgs.). Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 461; Gates 
 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 46. 
 
 Tarmol-pho, Lepch. ; Piang-kam, Bhut. 
 
 Fig. '25. Head of JD. ccerulatus. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, the upper part of the cheeks, and round 
 the eye black ; ear-coverts black above, whitish tipped with rufous 
 below ; upper plumage and sides of neck rufous -brown, brighter 
 on the greater coverts, the outer webs of the quills, and on the 
 head, the feathers of which are terminally margined very narrowly 
 with black ; rump tinged with ashy ; tail chestnut-brown ; lower 
 part of cheeks rufous-brown ; extreme point of chin black ; re- 
 mainder of chin, throat, the middle of the breast, and abdomen and 
 the under tail-coverts white ; sides of breast and abdomen ashy. 
 
 Bill dusky, livid at the base ; legs fleshy-white ; iris red-brown ; 
 orbital skin livid (Jerdon}. 
 
 Length about 11; tail 4'8; wing 4'2 ; tarsus 1*4; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim. Godwin- Austen procured this 
 species in the hills of Northern Manipur. His specimens are all 
 typical D. cwrulatus, and not the next species. 
 
76 CRATEKOPODID.E. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sikhim in May and June, constructing its 
 nest in trees at from six to twelve feet from the ground, and laying 
 two or three eggs, which are greenish-blue arid measure 1'18 by "82. 
 
 66. Dryonastes subcaerulatus. The Shillony Laughing -Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax subcaerulatus, Hume, S. F. vii, p. 140 (1878) ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 408 A. 
 Dryonastes subcaerulatus (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 462. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles D. ccerulatus. Differs in having the ear- 
 coverts, lower part of cheeks, and feathers above the ear-coverts 
 white, slightly tipped with black here and there ; the three exterior 
 pairs of tail-feathers broadly tipped with white, and the whole 
 upper plumage of a paler rufous. Some of the feathers of the nape 
 are sometimes white in the middle. 
 
 Nude space round the eye dark grey (Godwin- Austen). 
 
 Length nearly 11; tail 4-8; wing 4*2; tarsus 1'4; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Shillong in the Khasi hills. 
 
 67. Dryonastes sannio. The White-broived Laughing -Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax sannio, Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 403; id. P.Z.S. 1871, 
 
 p. 371 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 627 ; Hume, Cat. no. 409 
 
 quint. ; id. S. F. xi, p. 157. 
 Garrulax albosuperciliaris, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 45 ; id. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 161, pi. vi ; id. A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, 
 
 p. 34 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 393, iv. p. 502. 
 Dryonastes sannio (Sivinh.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 459. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, cheeks, lower part of the ear-coverts, aud a 
 supercilium to the nape yellowish white ; remainder of the ear- 
 coverts, forehead, crown, nape, sides of the neck, chin, and throat 
 chestnut-brown ; upper plumage and exposed parts of wings olive- 
 brown ; tail rufous-brown ; centre of breast and abdomen pale 
 ochraceous; sides of breast and abdomen rufous olive-brown; 
 under tail-coverts bright ochraceous. 
 
 Legs and feet pale brown with a faint purplish-fleshy tinge ; 
 claws darker ; bill blackish ; orbital skin pale fleshy-grey ; iris dull 
 brownish maroon, liver-brown, light brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4 ; wing 3*8 ; tarsus 1*4 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. Manipur above 4500 feet; the Muangla Sanda 
 valley, east of Bhamo ; extending into China. 
 
 68. Dryonastes galbanus. Austen's Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax galbanus, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44, pi. 10 ; id. 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 161 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 394 ; id. Cat. 
 no. 409 quat. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 445 ; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 155. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, tipper part of the cheeks, round the 
 
GAERULAX. 77 
 
 eye, ear-coverts, and chin black ; crown and nape ashy brown, 
 separated from the black of the forehead by a narrow ashy-\vhite 
 line ; upper plumage, wing-coverts, and the outer webs of the 
 secondaries and tertiaries ochraceous brown ; the outer webs of 
 primaries ashy olive; inner webs of all the quills brown; tail 
 greenish ashy, the four middle feathers broadly terminated with 
 black and slightly tipped with whitish, the others broadly tipped 
 with white preceded by a black portion ; lower plumage yellow, 
 washed with olive on the sides ; under tail-coverts white. 
 
 Bill black; legs ash-grey; iris red-brown (Godwin- Austen"). 
 
 Length about 9'5 ; tail 4'2 ; wing 37 ; tarsus T4 ; bill from 
 gape 1*1. 
 
 Distribution. The hills of Manipur up to 4000 feet. 
 
 Genus GARRULAX, Lesson, 1831. 
 
 The genus Garrulax differs from Dryonastes in having fewer 
 bristles and hairs covering the nostrils, the number being 
 so reduced that the nostrils are clearly visible. The species of 
 Garrulax are on the whole much larger birds, and some of them 
 have very ample crests. 
 
 The colour of the egg is known in five Indian species of Garrulax 
 out of a total of nine. Of these five, three lay blue eggs and two 
 white. I cannot, however, discover any external structural cha- 
 racter by which those laying blue eggs may be separated from those 
 laying white ones. Some better distribution of the birds may 
 become possible when the eggs of the remaining four species are 
 known. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown and crest white. 
 
 a'. Breast white, distinctly defined from the 
 
 rufous of the abdomen G. hucolophus, p. 77. 
 
 I'. Breast white, blending with the rufous of 
 
 the abdomen G. belangeri, p. 79. 
 
 c'. Breast and entire abdomen white G. diardi, p. 79. 
 
 b. No white in the crown and crest. 
 d'. A black pectoral band. 
 
 a". A black cheek-stripe G. pectoralis, p. 80. 
 
 b". No black cheek-stripe G. moniliger^ p. 81. 
 
 e'. No pectoral band. 
 
 c". Chin and throat yellow G. yularis, p. 81. 
 
 d". Chin and throat white. 
 
 "'. Tail entirely black . . . ; G. delesserti, p. 82. 
 
 b'". Tail tippedVith white G. albiyularis, p. 82. 
 
 e". Chin and throat chocolate-brown .... G. strepitans, p. 83. 
 
 69. Garrulax leucolophus. The Himalayan White-crested 
 La ugh iny- Th rush . 
 
 Corvus leucolophus, Hardw. Trans. Linn. Sue. xi, p. 208, pi. 15 (1815). 
 Garrulus leucolophus (Hardw.), Gould, Cent. pi. 18. 
 
/ 8 CBATEROPODID^l. 
 
 Garrulax leucolophus (Hardw.), Bh/th, Cat. p. 95 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 i, p. 201 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 35 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 253 ; 'Blyth, Birds 
 Burm. p. 107 ; Hume, Cat. no. 407 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 289 ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 34 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 435 ; Hume, S. F. 
 xi, p. 153 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 47. 
 The White-crested Lauyhing- Thrush, Jerd. ; llawil-Kahy ', Hind, in 
 N. W. P. ; Karrio-pho, Lepch. ; Karria-goka, Bhut. ; Naaa-dhoopooleka 
 Assam. 
 
 Fig. 26. Head of G. leucolophus. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, ear-coverts, and round the eye black ; the 
 whole head and crest, sides of the neck, cheeks, chin, throat, and 
 breast pure white, the hindmost feathers of the crest dark ashy, 
 forming a small collar on the nape ; the white of the head and breast- 
 abruptly denned all round by a ferruginous collar which gradually 
 merges posteriorly into the olive-brown of the remaining upper and 
 lower plumage ; wings brown, with the outer webs of the colour 
 of the back; tail brown, washed with olive-brown; the lower 
 plumage with a decided tinge of rufous throughout. 
 
 Bill horny-black ; iris red-brown ; orbital skin slaty ; feet livid 
 plumbeous ; claws dusky grey (Scully). 
 
 Length about 11 ; tail 5-2 ; wing 5-3 ; tarsus 1-8 ; bill from 
 gape 1-4. 
 
 This species, which does not vary at all, may be distinguished 
 from the next two by the abrupt definition of the white of the 
 breast and by the olive-brown upper plumage. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Gurwhal to the extreme east 
 of Assam ; thence down through the hill-tracts of Eastern Bengal 
 to Bhamo on the one hand and to Arrakan on the other. A specimen 
 procured by Blanford at Bassein proves to belong to this species. 
 It is found from the plains to an elevation of about 6000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species and indeed all of the genus have remark- 
 ably loud cries and they are, if anything, rather more gregarious than 
 the Laughing-Thrushes of the other genera. The present species 
 breeds from April to June, constructing its nest in shrubs and 
 bushes within reach of the hand, and laying from two to five eggs, 
 which are pure white and measure 1*1 by '9. 
 
GARRULAX. 79 
 
 70. Garrulax belangeri. The Burmese White-crested 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax belangeri, Less. Tr. cTOrn. p. 648 (1831) ; id. in Belang. 
 Voy. Indes. Or. p. 258, pi. 4 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 95 ; Ilorsf. & M. Cut. 
 
 : om . Ttr~u D ff o i or?/? _ z *a . TJ-.J? r> T n -> /^~ 
 
 vi, p. 2o; mane, cat. no. 4U/ bis; Utngnam, ff. /*'. ix, p. 181; Oates, 
 S. F. x, p. 208 ; id. B. B. i, p. 33 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 436 ; 
 Gates in Hume's N. fy .E. 2nd ed. i, p. 48. 
 
 Wa-youn-hnct, Burin. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, ear-coverts, and round the eye black ; the 
 whole head and crest, sides of neck, chin, throat, breast, and upper 
 abdomen, continued narrowly down the middle of the latter, white ; 
 hinder part of crest deep ashy ; upper plumage bright ferruginous ; 
 lower plumage the same, becoming duller on the thighs, vent, and 
 under tail-coverts ; wings brown, edged on the outer webs with 
 rufous-brown ; tail dark brown, washed with rufous-brown on the 
 outer webs. 
 
 Bill black ; gape yellow ; mouth flesh-colour ; iris pinkish hazel ; 
 legs plumbeous; claws pale horn-colour; eyelids purplish grey. 
 
 Length about 11-5; tail 4-8; wing 5; tarsus 1-7; bill from 
 gape 1-4. 
 
 This species may be distinguished from the last by the white of 
 the breast running into the abdomen and by the upper and lower 
 plumage, except the white portions, being of a bright ferruginous. 
 From the next it may be known by the ashy portion of the crest 
 abruptly meeting the ferruginous of the upper plumage, and by 
 the white of the lower parts extending only over a small portion of 
 the abdomen. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of Pegu in the better-wooded parts ; 
 Tenasserim from Touugngoo down to Tavoy and the Thoungyeen 
 valley. 
 
 Habits. Breeds from March to July precisely in the same manner 
 as the last species. The eggs, however, are almost invariably three 
 in number, and measure 1*13 by '88 ; they are pure white. 
 
 71. Garrulax diardi. The Siamese White-crested Laughing -Thrush. 
 
 Turdus diardi, Less. Tr. ffOrn. p. 408 (1831). 
 
 Garrulax leucogaster, Wold. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 381. 
 Garrulax diardi (Less.), Hume, S. F. ix, p. 292 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 34 ; 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 437. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, ear-coverts, and round the eye black ; the 
 whole head and crest, cheeks, chin, throat, breast, and the whole 
 abdomen white, the hinder part of the crest pale ashy, spreading 
 over the whole hind neck and encroaching on to the sides also ; 
 entire upper plumage bright ferruginous ; sides of the body, thighs, 
 and under tail-coverts rufous olive-brown ; wings brown, with the 
 outer webs rufous-brown ; tail dark brown washed with olive. 
 
 In the dry skin the bill is black and the legs plumbeous. 
 
 Length about 11 ; tail 5; wing 5-5 ; tarsus 1-6; bill from gape 1-3. 
 
80 CRATEROPODID^E. 
 
 This species may be readily separated from the two preceding 
 by the ashy hind neck and by the entirely white abdomen. 
 
 Distribution. The only specimens procured within my limits are 
 two which were obtained by Captain Hill's Survey party on the 
 hills of Tenasserim, apparently between Tavoy and the Siamese 
 frontier. They passed, through Mandelli, into the Hume Collection 
 and are now in the British Museum. There are other specimens 
 from Siam, Cambodia, and Saigon in the same collection and all of 
 them are alike in plumage. 
 
 72. Garrulax pectoralis. The Black-goryeted Lauyhiny- Thrush. 
 lanthocincla pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 186. 
 Cinclosorua grisaure, Hodys. As. lies, xix, p. 146 (1836). 
 Garrulax melanotis, Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 949 (1843). 
 Garrulax pectoralis (Gould), Bli/th, Cat p. 95 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 204; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 39 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 256 ; Hume, S. F. iii, 
 p. 122 j Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 463 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 291 ; Hume, Cat. no. 412 ; id. S. F. viii, p. 1C9; Bingham, S. F. ix, 
 p. 181 ; Oates, 8. F. x, p. 208; id. B. B. i, p. 36; Sharpe, Cat. 
 B. M. vii, p. 441 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 159 j Oates in Hume's N. # 
 E. 2nd ed. i, p. 49. 
 Garrulax uropygialis, Cab. in Ersch fy Gruber, Ally. Encycl. Band 55, 
 
 p. 62 (1852) ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 40. 
 Ol-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, back, wing-coverts, rump, and 
 upper tail-coverts olive-brown, with a fulvous tinge throughout ; 
 a broad collar on the hind neck bright fulvous : middle tail-feathers 
 like the back, the next two similar but with some black near 
 the tip ; the remaining four pahs olive-brown at base, then black 
 and broadly tipped with white ; primary-coverts black, edged with 
 hoary ; exposed parts of quills olive-brown, the earlier primaries 
 more or less hoary ; lores and a narrow supercilium white ; ear- 
 coverts white, streaked with black, sometimes entirely black; a 
 cheek-stripe from the gape continued round the ear- coverts to the 
 upper part of the eye, and a broad pectoral band, black ; chin and 
 throat whitish ; remainder of lower surface fulvous, the middle of 
 the abdomen whitish. 
 
 Upper mandible dark horn-colour ; the lower bluish-horn at the 
 base and tip, dark brown in the middle ; mouth bluish ; iris orange- 
 brown ; eyelids and orbital skin dusky blue ; edges of the eyelids 
 orange-yellow ; legs light plumbeous ; claws pale horn. 
 
 Length about 13; tail 5-1 ; wing 5*7; tarsus 1*9; bill from 
 gape 1*5. 
 
 Birds from the Himalayas down to Bassein and further east 
 down to Toungngoo have the tips of the tail-feathers white. At 
 Thayetmyo both buff- and white-tailed birds occur. Throughout 
 Tenasserim none but buff-tailed birds are to be found. The ear- 
 coverts vary in colour and present every combination of black and 
 white. The black cheek-stripe is always a feature in this bird and 
 serves to distinguish it at once from the next species, which it 
 otherwise much resembles. 
 
GABBULAX. 81 
 
 In Himalayan birds the flanks are chestnut, in those from 
 Tenasserim buff; and in birds from the latter locality the rufous 
 nuchal collar is also less clearly indicated. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to Assam and thence 
 through the hill-tracts south of the Brahmaputra to Burma, where 
 it is found in Arrakan, Pegu, Karennee, and a considerable portion 
 of Tenasserim down to the foot of Muleyit mountain and the 
 Thoungyeen valley. To the east it is replaced by G. picticollis and 
 other allied species. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Breeds from April to July, building its nest in small 
 trees or in a bamboo clump not far above the ground. The eggs 
 are pale greenish blue and measure T31 by -98. 
 
 73. G-arrulax moniliger. The Necklaced Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Cinclosoma moniligera, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 147 (1836). 
 
 Garrulax macclellandi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 949 (1843). 
 
 Garrulax moniliger (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 96 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 p. 204 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 40 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 257 ; id. S. F. iii, 
 p. 123 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aces, p. 627 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 vi, pp. 291, 515 ; Hume, Cat. no. 413 ; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 181 ; 
 Gates, S. F. x, p. 208; id. B. B. i, p. 35; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 442 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 160 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 f, p. 50. 
 Ol-pho, Lepch. ; Piang-kam, Bhut. ; Poreri or Purirhi, Daphla. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles G. pectoralis. Differs in wanting the black 
 cheek-stripe and in having the primary-coverts of the same colour 
 as the other wing-coverts. The ear-coverts vary from pure white 
 to black with a white patch in the middle. The former type prevails 
 throughout Burma and the latter in the Himalayas. The tail is 
 tipped with white in all specimens procured north of a line drawn 
 from Thayetmyo to Toungngoo ; south of this line the tips are almost 
 invariably buff, and the only exception I have met with is a bird 
 shot at Kollidoo in Tenasserim. 
 
 Iris bright yellow ; eyelids dull purple ; bill dark horn, the tip 
 and margins pale brown ; legs light plumbeous ; claws pale horn- 
 colour. In young birds the iris appears to be greenish yellow. 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail 4-9 ; wing 5 ; tarsus 1'7 ; bill from 
 gape 1*3. 
 
 Distribution. Nearly the same as that of G. pectoralis, but found 
 in Tenasserim as far south as Tavoy, and apparently absent from 
 Karennee. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from March to June, constructing a nest in 
 bushes and seedling bamboos within easy reach of the hand, and 
 laying from three to five blue eggs, which measure 1*07 by '85. 
 
 74. Garrulax gularis. McClelland' s Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 lanthocincla gularis. McClett. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 159. 
 Garrulax gularis (McClell.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 337; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 203 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt, ii, p. 269 ; Jerd. Ibis, 
 VOL. I. G 
 
82 CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 1872, p. 303 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 412 ; Godw.-AusL J. A. S. B. xlv, 
 pt. ii, p. 76 j Hume, Cat. no. 409 ter ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 445. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, ear-coverts, and under the eyes black ; fore- 
 head, crown, nape, mantle, and sides of neck slaty grey ; back, 
 rump, and visible portions of wings deep chestnut-brown, except 
 the outer webs of the first few primaries, which are duller ; upper 
 tail- co verts deeper chestnut ; the central four tail-feathers rufous- 
 brown on the basal two-thirds of their length, then black ; the 
 others all pale chestnut, the fourth pair from the outside partially 
 black on the inner web ; extreme point of the chin black ; remainder 
 of chin, cheeks, throat, fore neck, centre of breast, and abdomen 
 yellow ; sides of breast and upper abdomen dark ashy grey ; lower 
 part of flanks, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts deep chestnut. 
 
 Length about 10; tail 3-8; wing 3'8 ; tarsus 1-5; bill from 
 gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. The Dibrugarh district of Assam ; Borpani in the 
 Dekrang Dhun of the Daphla hills ; Lukhipur near Cachar : the 
 Khasi hills. 
 
 75. Garrulax delesserti. The Wynaad Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Crateropus delesserti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. x, p. 250 (1839) ; 
 
 id. III. Ind. Orn. pi. xiii. 
 
 Turdus (Crateropus) griseiceps, Deless., Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 101. 
 Garrulax delesserti (Jerd.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 37 ; Hume 8f Bourd. S. 
 
 F. iv, p. 399; Hume, Cat. no. 409; Davidson, S. F. x, p. 377; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 446. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, ear-coverts, and round the eye black ; forehead, 
 crown, mantle, and sides of neck deep slaty grey, the forehead 
 mottled with grey ; back, rump, and visible portion of wings chest- 
 nut-brown except the outer webs of the first few primaries, which 
 are duller ; upper tail-coverts brighter chestnut ; tail black, tinged 
 with rufous at the base ; extreme point of chin black ; remainder 
 of chin, cheeks and throat white ; breast and upper part of abdomen 
 ashy grey ; lower part of abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail- 
 coverts deep chestnut. 
 
 Iris crimson ; lower mandible, legs, feet and claws fleshy-white ; 
 upper mandible blackish brown (Davison). 
 
 Length 10 ; tail 4 ; wing 4-1 ; tarsus 1-5 ; bill from gape 1'3. 
 
 This species is allied to the preceding, but differs in the colour 
 of the tail and lower plumage. 
 
 Distribution. The hills of Southern India from the Wynaad 
 south to the Asambu hills. This bird appears to be found at all 
 elevations. 
 
 76. Garrulax albigularis. The White-throated Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 lanthocincla alhogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 187. ^ 
 Cinclosoma albigula, Hodqs. As. Res. xix, p. 146 (1836). 
 Garrulax albogularis (Gould}, Blijth, Cat. p. 95; Ho?-sf. $ M. Cat i, 
 p. 202 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 38 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 
GARRULA V. 83 
 
 ; ,7m/. 7&M, 1 *?:.', p. :!():! ; ('<,<-k ,y M/ /*//. ,V. /'. i. p. :;r>l; 
 //', ^V. .y E. p. L'-Vi: y/ww, CV. no. 411 ; &?i*//y f & F. viii, 
 ]>. -?s ( .); S/uti-pe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 430; Ottfe* m Hume's N. Sf E. 
 '2nd cd. i, p. 52. 
 
 Karreum-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead fulvous ; lores and feathers over and 
 beneath the eye black ; cheeks, chin, and throat white ; upper 
 plumage rich olive-brown, tinged with fulvous on the crown and 
 ear-coverts and with rusty on the upper tail-coverts ; wings brown, 
 edged with the colour of the back ; tail olive- brown, the four outer 
 pairs of feathers very broadly tipped white ; sides of neck aud a 
 broad pectoral band olive-brown ; remainder of lower plumage 
 bright ferruginous. 
 
 Bill dull black ; legs, feet, and claws pale livid plumbeous ; iris 
 greyish blue ; inside of mouth yellow (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail 5*7 ; wing 5-3; tarsus 1*7; bill from 
 gape 1/2. 
 
 There is great uniformity in the plumage of this bird, the only 
 exception being that specimens from Sikhim and the moister parts 
 of the Himalayas are brighter on the lower parts. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Hazara country to Sikhim 
 at all elevations up to 8000 or 9000 feet. Jerdon states that this 
 bird is found in Bhutan and Hume in Assam, but I have seen 
 no specimen from any locality east of Sikhim. It extends into 
 Western China. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from April to June, constructing a shallow 
 cup- shaped nest of grass, moss, and leaves in low branches and in 
 bushes at no great height from the ground. The eggs, usually 
 three in number, are greenish blue and measure 1-22 by "83. 
 
 77. G-arrulax strepitans. TickeUs Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Garralax strepitans (Ttekett, MS.\ JUyth, J. A. &. xxiv, p. 268 
 (1855) ; Myth, Birds Burm. p. 107 ; Hume Sf Dav. S. F. vi, p. 288 j 
 Hume, Cat. no. 408 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 37. 
 
 Dryonastes strepitans ( Tick.), Sharpe, 'Cat. B. M. vii, p. 457. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, cheeks, anterior portion of the ear-coverts, and 
 round the eyes black ; hinder part of the ear-coverts ferruginous ; 
 forehead, crown, and nape reddish brown ; a spot on each side the 
 neck white ; hind neck, sides of neck, and upper back ashy, paler 
 and whiter in front, darker behind, and blending with the olive- 
 brown of the upper plumage and wings ; tail blackish, washed with 
 olive-brown on the outer webs ; point of chin blackish ; throat and 
 breast chocolate-brown, the latter bordered by ashy blending with 
 the olive-brown of the remainder of the lower plumage. 
 
 Legs and feet very dark brown, sometimes brown-black ; claws 
 paler ; bill black ; iris generally lake-red, sometimes crimson (Hume 
 6f Davisoii). 
 
 Length nearly 12; tail 5-3; wing 5-3; tarsus 1-8 ; bill from 
 gape 1/4. 
 
 Distribution. Confined, so far as is at present known, to Muleyit 
 
 G2 
 
84 CEATEROPODTDJB. 
 
 mountain in Tenasseriin, where this species is found at elevations 
 above 3500 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Mr. Davison remarks : " This species is not by any 
 means uncommon, occurring in small flocks of twenty or more, and 
 keeping entirely, so far as I have observed, to the forest, especially 
 to the ravines where this is densest." He adds that it is very shy 
 and beats a rapid retreat at the approach of anybody. It is a very 
 clamorous bird. 
 
 Genus IANTHOCTNCLA, Gould, 1835. 
 
 I apply the generic term lanthocincla to those Laughing-Thrushes 
 which have no bristles at the base of the forehead, but in which 
 the nostrils are overhung by a few long hairs. This genus differs 
 in no other respect from Dryonastes and Garrulaac, and consequently 
 I do not figure the head. All the species are remarkable in 
 having the secondaries tipped with white. 
 
 The eggs of two species only are known. One lays unspotted 
 white eggs, and the other has them of a colour which has not yet 
 been determined satisfactorily. The only two eggs of this latter 
 species which Hume has had the opportunity of examining are 
 described by him as being, one an unspotted pale blue, and the 
 other blue with a few brown spots at the large end. When more 
 eggs of /. ocellata are known they will doubtless prove to be un- 
 spotted as a rule, the spotted ones being the exception. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown and nape black. 
 
 a'. Upper plumage spotted with white .... I. ocellata, p. 84. 
 
 b'. Upper plumage plain /. cineracea, p. 85. 
 
 c'. Upper plumage barred with black /. rvfavfaru, p. 86. 
 
 b. Crown and nape reddish-brown with pale 
 
 shafts I. austeni, p. 87. 
 
 78. lanthocincla ocellata. The White-spotted Lauyhiny-Thrush. 
 
 Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 55; Gould, Cent. 
 
 pi. 15. 
 Garrulax ocellatus ( Vig.}, myth, Cat. p. 96 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. \ 
 
 p. 205 ; Jerd. S. I. ii,p. 41 ; id. Ibis, 1872. p. 304 : Hume, N. & E. 
 
 p. 257 ; id. Cat. no. 414. 
 lanthocincla ocellata ( Vig.\ Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 382 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 54. 
 
 Lho-karreum-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, front of face, chin, and a supercilium bright 
 fulvous ; forehead, crown, and nape blackish brown ; ear-coverts 
 chestnut ; upper back and sides of neck fulvous, with broad black 
 subterminal marks on all the feathers, which are also tipped fulves- 
 cent ; scapulars, wing-coverts, lower back, rump, and upper tail- 
 coverts reddish brown, with white spots preceded bv black marks ; 
 
IANTHOCINCLA. 85 
 
 quills tipped with white, the earlier primaries black on the outer 
 webs, becoming progressively ashy and then chestnut ; middle tail- 
 feathers chestnut tipped white ; the others rufous at base, then 
 ashy and finally black with white tips ; centre of throat black with 
 narro\v rufous edges ; sides of the throat rufous, barred with black ; 
 breast fulvous buff, broadly barred with black ; remainder of lower 
 plumage the same colour as the breast, but not barred ; the flanks 
 more olivaceous, with a few paler fulvous bars. 
 
 Bill yellowish, dusky on the ridge and tip ; legs dull yellow ; iris 
 yellow-brown (Jerdori). 
 
 Length about 13 ; tail 6'5 ; wing 5'2 ; tarsus 1'8 ; bill from 
 gape 1*5. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim at elevations from 8000 to 10,000 
 feet. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Our knowledge of the nidincation of this bird is un- 
 satisfactory. A nest and two eggs, taken in Sikhim in May, and 
 sent to Hume, are described, the former as being composed of fern, 
 moss, grass, and roots, and the latter as pale blue, one of the two 
 eggs being spotted with brown at the thicker end. The two eggs 
 measured 1-18 by -86 and 1-25 by -85. 
 
 79. lanthocincla cineracea. The Ashy Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopteron cineraceum, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 45, 
 pi. xi ; id. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 162 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 395 ; 
 id. Cat. no. 418 ter ; Sharpe, Cat. JB. M. vii, p. 366 ; Hume, S. F. 
 xi, p. 165. 
 
 Lehu of the Angami Nagas. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape, extending to a point on 
 the hind neck, black ; lores, a broad supercilium, the ear-coverts, 
 and under the eye dull white ; a narrow line over the ear-coverts 
 and a broader moustachial streak black, the latter terminating in 
 streaks on the sides of the upper neck ; upper plumage and wing- 
 coverts olivaceous ashy, tinged with rufous on the upper tail-coverts ; 
 secondaries, tertiaries, and tail like the back, each feather with a 
 subterminal black band and a white tip ; primaries ashy on the 
 outer webs ; primary-coverts black ; winglet ashy on the outer 
 webs, dusky on the inner ; chin and throat pale fulvous, with the 
 shafts black ; whole remaining lower plumage fulvous, tinged with 
 olive on the sides and albescent on the abdomen. 
 
 Legs and feet pale fleshy pink ; basal two-thirds of upper man- 
 dible pale brown to dusky ; rest of upper and entire lower man- 
 dible horny yellow, dirty yellowish horny, or sullied ivory ; iris 
 pale orange-yellow, pale orange-buff, very pale yellow or pale buff ; 
 edges of lids and bare skin dusky ; lids pale lavender (Hume). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 3'3 ; tarsus 1-3 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The Naga hills and the Eastern hills of Manipur. 
 
 Habits, $c. Hume describes this bird as being found in pairs, 
 keeping to the densest brushwood and feeding a good deal on the 
 
86 CRATEROPODID^;. 
 
 ground, both on fruits and insects. It has a low, rather musical 
 call, or set of calls *. 
 
 80. lanthocincla rufigularis. The Rufous-chinned 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 lanthocincla rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48 j Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 54. 
 
 Cinclosoma rufimenta, Hoclgs. As. Res. xix, p. 148 (1836). 
 Garrulax rufogularis (Gould), Blyth, Cat. p. 96. 
 Trochalopteron rufogulare (Gould), Horsf. $ M. Cat.\, p. 210; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 47 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 104 ; Jerd. 
 
 Ibis, 1872, p. 306 ; Hume, N. 8f E. p. 261 ; Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 76 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 155 ; id. Cat. no. 421 j Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 365 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 168. 
 Narbiyivan-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. A large patch on the lores pale fulvous or whitish ; a 
 large ring of grey round the eye ; ear-coverts bright rufous ; fore- 
 head and crown black ; the cheeks and a large patch under the eye 
 and ear-coverts mingled black and white, produced narrowly to the 
 back of the ear-coverts ; a broad supercilium reaching to the nape, 
 the sides of the neck, and the whole upper plumage olive-brown, 
 tinged with fulvous, each feather of the hind neck, back, and upper 
 rump tipped with a lunate black bar ; wing-coverts olive-brown, 
 the larger series broadly tipped with black ; primary-coverts dark 
 brown, margined with black ; winglet ashy, tipped black ; the 
 earlier primaries with the outer webs hoary, the others each with 
 a black patch, which increases progressively in extent up to the 
 last, the basal portions at the same time turning olivaceous : second- 
 aries with the outer webs olive-brown, broadly tipped with black, 
 succeeded by a narrow white line ; tertiaries entirely olive-brown 
 and tipped black and white ; tail rufescent, with a subterminal 
 black band and deep rufous tips ; chin and upper throat bright 
 rufous like the ear-coverts ; lower throat white ; under tail-coverts 
 deep chestnut; remaining lower plumage ashy-brown, albescent 
 on the abdomen, each feather of the breast, upper abdomen, and 
 sides of the body spotted with black. 
 
 Bill horny yellow ; legs fleshy brown ; orbital skin blue (Jerclon). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 3*6 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from gape 1*1. 
 
 The young have the crown olive-brown tipped black, the chin and 
 upper throat white, and the black bars on the upper plumage smaller 
 in size. The plumage of the adult is rapidly assumed. 
 
 This species varies much in certain points of its coloration, and 
 the above description applies to birds found between Almora and 
 Murree. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan birds have merely the point of 
 the chin rufous ; the ear-coverts are black, generally entirely black, 
 occasionally with a rufous tinge posteriorly, and the loral patch is 
 white. 
 
 * /. cinereiceps, Styan, is said lo occur in Yunnan, and, consequently, is 
 likely to be found in Burma. It differs from I. cineracca chiefly in having the 
 crown dark ashy instead of black and the ear-coverts rufous instead of white. 
 
TANTIIOCINCLA. TROCHALOPTERUM. 87 
 
 Assamese birds (Shillong) have the loral patch, the greater part 
 of the ear-coverts, the chin, and the whole throat rufous. 
 
 The reader is referred for further information on this point to 
 Hume's remarks on the subject (loc. cit.). 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Hazara country to Assam 
 as far as the Daphla hills ; the Khasi and Garo hills. In the N.W. 
 this bird appears to extend also to the vale of Kashmir. It is 
 found chiefly from 5000 to 8000 feet of elevation. 
 
 J/abits, $c. Breeds from May to July and probably earlier, con- 
 structing a nest of creeper-tendrils lined with black roots in low 
 branches of trees, and laying three pure white eggs which measure 
 1-06 by -77. 
 
 81. lanthocincla ansteni. The Cachar Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopteron austeni, Jerd., Godiv.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 p. 105 (1870) ; xliii, pt. ii, p. 180; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 304 ; Hume, 
 S. F. iii, p. 414 ; id. Cat. no. 417 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 3G9 j Hume, S. F. xi, p. 165. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, sides of the neck, 
 and the whole back reddish brown, with pale shafts ; rump paler, 
 without pale shafts ; upper tail-coverts and the middle pair of 
 tail-feathers rufous ; remainder of the tail black, tipped with M hite, 
 the basal portions of the outer webs suffused with rufous ; wing- 
 coverts and tertiaries reddish-brown, the longer coverts and the 
 tertiaries tipped with white and with a subterminal dusky mark ; 
 outer webs of the earlier primaries grey, those of the other quills 
 reddish brown ; lores dusky ; ear-coverts dark rufous-brown, with 
 pale shafts; chin, throat, and breast rufous-brown, indistinctly 
 barred with dusky and whitish; remainder of lower plumage 
 rufous-brown, with broad and distinct white bars preceded by a 
 dusky line ; under tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white. 
 
 In the dry skin the bill is black and the legs brown. 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4*8; wing 4; tarsus 1*45; bill from 
 gape 1'05. 
 
 Distribution. A very rare bird, which has hitherto been obtained 
 only by Godwin-Austen in the hill-ranges of Assam. He obtained 
 it on the first occasion on Hengdan Peak, Khasi hills, at the head 
 of the Jhiri river at 7000 feet ; on the second occasion on the 
 Kopamedza peak, Naga hills, at the same altitude. Hume is pretty 
 certain that he caught a glimpse of it in Manipur above Aimole. 
 
 Habits, $c. Godwin- Austen observes that these birds were 
 generally in pairs, uttering a harsh, croaking call and answering 
 each other from time to time. 
 
 Genus TROCHALOPTERUM, Hodgs., 1843. 
 
 The genus Trochalopterum merely differs from the three preceding 
 genera in having the base of the bill quite free from all bristles and 
 hairs, the nostrils and their membrane being free and exposed. 
 
88 CEATEROPODID^E. 
 
 The wing is not more rounded nor is it shorter than in those genera, 
 when compared with other parts of the body. 
 
 This large genus comprises nineteen Indian birds, which resemble 
 the other Laughing- Thrushes in having loud and discordant notes, 
 but they are less gregarious and sociable. The smaller species 
 are hardly separable from Timelia in structure and general pattern 
 of colour. Of the nineteen species, the mode of nidification and 
 the colour of the egg of ten are known with more or less certainty. 
 Of these ten, seven lay spotted eggs and three unspotted. The 
 former will probably hereafter have to be transferred to the next 
 subfamily, but until we know the colour of the egg of the remaining 
 species any attempt to split up this genus into two or more sections 
 will be premature. 
 
 The majority of the Laughing-Thrushes of this genus have a 
 bright pattern on the wing, but this character is not of much use 
 apparently as a guide in tracing the affinities of the species with 
 other genera. 
 
 Key to the Spedes. 
 
 a. Crown, or nape, or both, chestnut. 
 
 a'. Back with large dark spots. 
 
 a". Sides of head chestnut. 
 
 a'". Throat dark brown or blackish. T. ei-ythrocephalum, p. 89, 
 
 b'". Throat chestnut T. erythrolama, p. 90. 
 
 b". Sides of head ashy, ear-coverts pale 
 
 rufous T. chrysopterum, p. 90. 
 
 c". Sides of head black and ashy ; ear- 
 coverts black with white margins. T. nigrimentum, p. 91. 
 
 b'. Back plain, without spots T. melanostigma, p. 92. 
 
 6. No chestnut either on crown or nape. 
 c. Wings brightly coloured. 
 
 d". Wings chiefly crimson T. phoeniceum, p. 93. 
 
 e". Wings chiefly bright yellow. 
 
 c'". Primary-coverts brown T. sulunicolor, p. 94. 
 
 d'". Primary-coverts deep black. 
 
 a 4 . Tail without white tips T. affine, p. 94. 
 
 b*. Tail tipped with white T. variegatum, p. 95. 
 
 f". Wings chiefly slaty blue, with a 
 
 black patch on the secondaries .... T. simile, p. 96. 
 g". Earlier primaries chiefly bright blue, 
 
 the others black T. squamatum, p. 98. 
 
 d'. Wings of a dull colour. 
 h". Upper plumage unmarked. 
 e'". Breast rufous. 
 
 c 4 . Lores and chin deep black .... T. cachinnans, p. 97. 
 d 4 . Lores and chin rufous-brown. . T. cinnamomewn, p. 98. 
 f . Breast whitish, streaked with ashy. 
 
 e 4 . Chin black T. jerdoni, p. 99. 
 
 f. Chin grey. 
 
 a 5 . With a conspicuous white 
 supercilium extending to 
 
 nape T.fairbanki, p. 99. 
 
 b 5 . With a short supercilium not 
 
 passing behind the eye .... T, mendionale, p. 100. 
 
TROCHALOPTEKinr. 89 
 
 i". Upper plurnapfe striped. 
 
 //"'. With a white supercilium , T. rirgatum, p. 100. 
 
 h'". With no white supercilium. 
 (f. Head and mantle ashy with 
 
 dusky streaks T. lineatum, p. 101. 
 
 h*. Head "and mantle reddish brown 
 
 with glistening black shafts . . T. imbricatum, p. 102. 
 
 82. Trochalopterum erythrocephalum. The Red-headed 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Cinclosoma erythrocephalum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 171 j Gould, 
 
 Cent. pi. 17. 
 
 Garrulax erythrocephalus ( Vig.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 97. 
 Pterocyclus erythrocephalus ( Vig.\ Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 206. 
 Trochalopteron erythrocephalum ( Viy.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 43 ; 
 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 37 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 258 ; 
 
 id. Cat. no. 415 : Scully, S. F. viii, p. 290 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 vii, p. 360 ; Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 55. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut ; ear-coverts 
 chestnut, each feather blackish near the tip and edged with white; 
 lores, chin, and upper throat black with a chocolate tinge ; cheeks 
 mingled chestnut and black ; mantle and sides of neck olive-brown, 
 each feather with a semicircular black mark near the end ; lower 
 back plain olive-brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts slaty grey ; 
 tail ashy, suffused with golden yellow on the outer webs ; wing- 
 coverts olive-brown, the greater series broadly tipped with deep 
 ferruginous; primary-coverts and winglet yellow on the outer 
 webs, ashy on the inner ; outer webs of the primaries and secon- 
 daries bright golden yellow ; tertiaries and tips of the secondaries 
 ashy blue ; the base of the outer webs of the secondaries golden 
 red ; lower plumage pale fulvous, washed with olivaceous on the 
 sides of the body and under tail-coverts, each feather of the throat 
 and breast with a narrow crescentic black bar near the end and 
 tipped with fulvous white. 
 
 The young are at first without the black marks on the throat, 
 breast, and back, but they soon acquire them. 
 
 The only variation this bird exhibits is in the colour of the ear- 
 coverts ; Nepal birds have a great deal of black on the ear-coverts, 
 and the black diminishes in quantity as we proceed towards the 
 north-west, till on arrival at Chamba the ear-coverts are almost 
 entirely chestnut. 
 
 Legs and feet pale brown ; iris pale yellowish brown ; bill black 
 (Hume) ; iris greyish brown (Scully). 
 
 Length nearly 11 ; tail 4*8 ; wing 4-2 ; tarsus 1/5 ; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Chamba to Nepal, up to 
 about 7000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Scully remarks that this species moves about very 
 rapidly and noiselessly amongst bushes, and its note is subdued 
 and not unmusical. 
 
90 CRATEEOPODID^. 
 
 It breeds from May to July, constructing a nest of dead leaves 
 bound together with ferns and grass in a low tree or bush, and 
 laying from two to four eggs, which are blue marked with brownish 
 red and measure 1'2 by '82. 
 
 83. Trochalopterum erythrolaema. Hume's Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopterum erythrolsema, Hume, S. F. x, p. 153 (1831) j Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 303; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 103. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and point of chin dusky brown ; the entire 
 head, neck, chin, arid throat deep chestnut, the forehead tinged 
 with ashy ; sides of neck and back olive-grey, each feather with a 
 large black subterminal spot and a paler fringe ; rump and upper 
 tail-coverts slaty grey ; breast chestnut, with a round dusky or 
 black spot on each feather and a paler fringe ; centre of abdomen 
 pale ferruginous ; sides, vent, and under tail-coverts deep oliva- 
 ceous ; tail ashy, suffused with golden yellow on the outer webs ; 
 wing-coverts olive-brown, the greater series broadly tipped with 
 deep ferruginous ; primary-coverts and winglet yellow on the 
 outer webs, ashy on the inner ; outer webs of the primaries and 
 secondaries bright golden yellow ; tertiaries and tips of the secon- 
 daries ashy blue ; the base of the outer webs of the secondaries 
 golden red. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy brown, pinker on feet ; bill blackish brown ; 
 iris grey (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4'5 ; wing 3'7 ; tarsus 1*5 ; bill from 
 gape M. 
 
 Distribution. Discovered by Hume near Matchi on the eastern 
 hills of Manipur, and not yet known to occur elsewhere. 
 
 The next two species, I regret to say, must in future be known 
 to ornithologists by names different to those they have hitherto 
 borne. An examination of Gould's type and description of lan- 
 thocincla chrysoptera clearly shows that he had a specimen from 
 the Khasi hills before him, belonging to the species which Blyth 
 subsequently named Garrulax ruficapillus. This latter name will 
 become a synonym of Gould's.' The Himalayan species will con- 
 sequently be without a name, but as Hodgson figured it and named 
 it T. nigrimentum in his MSS., I propose to use his name for it. 
 He notes on the drawing that he considered this species to be 
 merely the young of T. erythrocephalum, but he appears afterwards 
 to have altered his opinion and named it. 
 
 84. Trochalopterum chrysopterum. The Eastern Yellow- 
 winged Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Janthocincla chrysoptera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48. 
 Garrulax ruficapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. 11. xx, p. 521 (1851). 
 Trochalopteron ruficapillum (Blyth\ Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt ii, p. 104; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 385; id. Cat. no. 4 15 bis; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 303 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 163. 
 
TROCHALOPTERUM. 91 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and lores grey with black shafts ; anterior 
 half of crown reddish brown, blending into the bright chestnut of 
 the posterior half and of the nape ; a very broad superciliary band, 
 reaching to the nape, ash-grey ; ear-coverts ashy rufous ; chin and 
 cheeks grey mingled with blackish ; throat and fore neck deep 
 chestnut-brown ; the sides of the neck and back fulvous grey, each 
 feather with a rounded brown mark near the tip ; rump and upper 
 tail-coverts slaty grey ; breast rufous, each feather with an ill- 
 defined lunate bar ; abdomen dull fulvous ; sides of the body, vent, 
 and under tail-coverts olivaceous ; tail ashy, suffused with golden 
 yellow on the outer webs ; wing-coverts olive-brown, the greater 
 series broadly tipped with deep ferruginous ; primary-coverts and 
 winglet yellow on the outer webs, ashy on the inner ; outer webs 
 of the primaries and secondaries bright golden yellow ; tertiaries 
 and tips of the secondaries ashy blue, the base of the outer webs 
 of the secondaries golden red. 
 
 Iris clay-coloured; bill and legs brown (Cockburri) ; iris grey ; 
 legs pink-brown (Godw.-Aust.). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4-5; wing 4-1; tarsus 1-55; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi hills, where this species has been 
 obtained at Shillong, at Cherra Poonjee, and on Heugdan Peak. 
 
 85. Trochalopterum nigrimentum, The Western Yellow-winged 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopteron niprimentum, Hodgson, MSS. fig. 820 (in Library of 
 
 Zool. Soc. of London) ; Oates in Hume's N. <% E. 2nd ed. i, p. 57. 
 Gamilax chrysopterus (Gould), apud Blyth, Cat. p. 97. 
 Pterocyclus chrysopterus (Gould), apud Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 206. 
 Trochalopteron chrysopteruin ( Gould), apud Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 43 ; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 259 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 76; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 416; 'Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 362 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 165. 
 
 The Yellow-winged Laughing -Thrush, Jerd.; Tarphom-pho, Lepch. ; 
 Paniong, Bhut. 
 
 Fig. 27. Head of T. niyrimentum. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead rufous with black shafts ; anterior portion 
 of crown and the sides of the crown nearly up to the nape deep 
 grey, each feather black in the middle ; posterior part of crown 
 
92 CRATEROPODID^!. 
 
 and nape bright chestnut ; ear-coverts black, each feather mar- 
 gined with pale pinkish white ; lores, cheeks, chin, and upper 
 throat black, the two latter parts mottled with rufous ; the upper 
 back, the whole neck, and the lower throat and the breast rufous ; 
 each feather of the back and neck with a large black semicircular 
 spot, and those of the breast with a narrow black crescentic bar ; 
 lower back plain rufous ; rump ard upper tail-coverts olive-green ; 
 tail deep slaty, the outer webs suffused with golden yellow ; wing- 
 coverts olive-brown, the greater series tipped with ferruginous ; 
 winglet and primary-coverts yellow on the outer webs, ashy on the 
 inner ; tertiaries greenish, tipped with ashy blue, the outer webs 
 of the primaries and secondaries bright golden yellow, tinged with 
 red at the base of the secondaries and tipped with slaty blue ; 
 middle of the abdomen rufous ; remainder of the lower plumage 
 olivaceous brown. 
 
 Bill dusky brown ; legs horny yellow-brown ; iris red (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4-6; wing 4-1; tarsus 1-55; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the Daphla hills in 
 Assam, in which latter locality Godwin-Austen procured it on 
 Shengorh peak at 7000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Jerdon tells us that this species is very common about 
 Darjiling, where it may be often seen on the road, picking up 
 insects and grain among the dung of cattle, but rapidly hopping 
 off and diving into the nearest thicket on being approached. 
 
 It breeds from April to June in scrubby jungle, building its 
 nest, which is composed of twigs and leaves, in bushes not many 
 feet above the ground. The eggs, three in number, are blue 
 marked with chocolate and measure 1*17 by -82. 
 
 86. Trochalopterum melanostigma. The Chestnut-headed 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax melanostigma, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 268 (1855). 
 
 Trochalopteron melanostigma (J5/y^), Blyth, Birds Burm.^. 108; 
 Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 291 ; Hume, Cat. no. 415 ter ; Oates, B. B. i. p. 39 : Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 364. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, chin, and cheeks black, the black of 
 the lores extending slightly over the eye ; a short supercilium, the 
 ear-coverts and the sides of the nape silvery grey streaked with 
 black ; crown of the head bright chestnut, contracting to a point 
 on the nape ; back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, and the upper tail- 
 coverts olive-brown, tinged with ochraceous on the back ; greater 
 wing-coverts olive-brown, tipped with ferruginous ; primary-coverts 
 black ; the outer webs of the primaries and secondaries and almost 
 the whole of the tertiaries olive-yellow ; tail olive-yellow ; throat 
 and upper breast ferruginous, extending in a paler form to the 
 breast and centre of the abdomen ; sides of the abdomen, flanks, 
 and under tail-coverts olive-grey. 
 
TROCWALOPTEEUM. 93 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws very pale brown to reddish brown ; bill 
 black ; iris brown or hazel-nut brown (Hume $ Davison}. 
 
 Length 1O5 ; tail 4*4 ; wing 4*1 ; tarsus 1'5 ; bill from gape 
 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Karennee at 5000 feet ; the pine forests of the 
 Sal ween river ; Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim from 3000 feet 
 to the summit. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. According to Mr. Davison these birds keep in parties 
 of six or eight, feeding chiefly on the ground and keeping much in 
 the brushwood. They are neither very noisy nor very silent; 
 they utter from time to time a fine whistling call. They appear to 
 feed exclusively on insects. 
 
 87. Trochalopterum phceniceum. The Crimson-winged 
 Laugh i ng- Thrush . 
 
 lanthocincla phoenicea, Gould, Icon. Av. pi. 3 (1837). 
 
 Garrulax phceniceus (Gould)) Blyth, Cat. p. 97. 
 
 Trochalopteron phceniceum (Gould), Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 2JO; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 48 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 105; 
 
 Hume, N. # & p. 262 ; id. Cat. no. 422 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 
 p. 371 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 168 ; Oates in Hume's N. E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 68. 
 Tilji-pho, Lepch. ; Repcha, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, round the eye, and a patch 
 on the side of the neck crimson ; a short and somewhat irregular 
 supercilium black; the whole upper plumage olive-brown, the 
 feathers of the crown with partially concealed black margins ; tail 
 black, broadly tipped with orange, the outermost feathers suffused 
 with orange throughout ; wing-coverts olive-brown ; primary- 
 coverts dusky, edged with olive-brown ; winglet suffused with 
 crimson on the outer webs and the outermost coverts edged with 
 the same ; outer webs of primaries edged with crimson and yel- 
 lowish, the former increasing and the latter diminishing in extent 
 inwards ; secondaries with the middle portion of the outer webs 
 edged with pale blue, the terminal portion with crimson, the bases 
 suffused with olive-green ; the whole lower plumage fulvous olive- 
 brown, tinged with ashy on the abdomen ; under tail-coverts black, 
 broadly tipped with crimson. 
 
 Legs and feet brown with a purplish tinge ; bill blackish ; iris 
 crimson or brownish-maroon to lac-red; bare and orbital skin 
 leaden-dusky (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus 1-3 : bill from gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Kepal ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Khasi hills ; Lhota Naga 
 hills ; Manipur. This species appears to range chiefly from 4000 
 to 6000 ft, of elevation. 
 
 Habits, $'c. Breeds from April to June, constructing its nest of 
 bamboo leaves and twigs, lined with fibres and moss, in dense 
 undergrowth, and laying three eggs, which are blue marked with 
 spots and lines of maroon and purple and measure 1-04 by '74. 
 
94 CEATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 88. Trochalopterum subunicolor. The Plain-coloured 
 Laughing -Thrush . 
 
 Trochalopteron subunicolor, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 952 
 (1843) ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 211 ; Jerd. B. /.ii, p. 44 ; id. Ibis, 
 1872, p. 306 j Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 46 ; Hume, N. # E. 
 p. 259 j id. Cat. no. 417 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 368 ; Gates 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 59. 
 
 Garrulax subunicolor (Hodys.}, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 599 (1845) ; 
 id. Cat. p. 96. 
 
 Tarmal-pho, Lepch. ; Nabom, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark ashy brown, the 
 forehead tinged with fulvous ; sides of neck and the whole upper 
 plumage olive-brown, each feather margined with black ; middle 
 tail-feathers olive-yellow, the others black with the outer webs 
 suffused with olive-yellow for a great portion of tbeir length, the 
 two median pairs indistinctly, the others distinctly tipped with 
 white ; wing-coverts plain olive-brown ; primary-coverts dark 
 brown ; winglet ashy yellow outside, dusky within ; the exterior 
 webs of the outer primaries grey, the others and the secondaries 
 with a progressively increasing amount of yellow, duller towards 
 the tips ; tertiaries merely tinged with yellow and more or less 
 tipped with white ; ear-coverts brown, the shafts pale ; lores 
 blackish; cheeks, chin, and throat like the back, but darker, 
 similarly margined with black, and a few feathers under the face 
 tipped whitish; remainder of lower plumage olivaceous brown, 
 tinged with fulvous on the abdomen and all the feathers margined 
 with black ; under tail-coverts and thighs plain olivaceous brown. 
 
 The young resemble the adults except that at first the black tips 
 to the feathers are merely indicated. 
 
 Bill dusky ; legs reddish brown ; iris red-brown (Jerdon) ; iris 
 yellowish grey (Stanford). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4'1 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus 1*35; bill from 
 gape -85. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim up to 11,000 feet. 
 
 Habits. Breeds in Nepal, according to Hodgson, from April to 
 June, constructing its nest of grass and moss lined with leaves in 
 some low branch of a tree. The eggs, three or four in number, are 
 said to be unspotted greenish blue and to measure about 1-07 
 by -7. 
 
 89. Trochalopterum affine. The Blade-faced Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax affinis, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 950 (1843 ) : id. 
 
 Cat. p. 97. 
 
 Tterocyclus affinis (Hodgs.), Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 207. 
 Trochalopteron affine (Hodgs.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 45 ; Blanf. J. A. S. 
 
 B. xli, pt. ii, p. 46 ; Hnme, Cat. no. 419 j Sharpe, Cat. *B. M . vii, 
 
 p. 357. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark brown tinged with 
 
TROCHALOPTERUM. 95 
 
 rufous, paler oil the forehead ; lores and sides of head black ; cheeks 
 and a large patch behind the ear-coverts white, extending to the 
 sides of the neck where it becomes pale rufous ; hind neck rufous- 
 brown, blending with the darker brown of the head; back and 
 scapulars rufous-brown, each feather broadly terminated with pale 
 tfivy ; rump olive-brown ; upper tail-coverts ferruginous ; tail slaty 
 blue, three quarters of all the outer webs and of the inner webs of 
 the middle pair of feathers overlaid with bright golden yellow ; 
 wing-coverts rufous ; primary-coverts black ; winglet and tertiaries 
 slaty blue ; the outer webs of the primaries and secondaries bright 
 golden yellow on the greater portion of their length, slaty blue 
 elsewhere ; chin black ; throat rufous-brown ; breast paler rufous, 
 each feather narrowly edged with grey ; remainder of lower plu- 
 mage rufous-brown. 
 
 Bill black ; feet reddish brown ; iris brown (Jerdoii) ; iris olive 
 (Stanford). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 5'2 ; wing 4-1 ; tarsus 1*5 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan at high elevations, being 
 found from 8000 to 13,000 feet. 
 
 Habits. Blanford observes that this species is subalpine; it 
 ranges much above all other forms. He found it in rhododendron 
 scrub and on the skirts of the pine woods in Sikhim. 
 
 90. Trochalopterum variegatum. The Eastern Variegated 
 La uyliiny- Th r as7i . 
 
 Cinclosoma variegatum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56 ; Gould, Cent. 
 
 pi. 1(3. 
 
 Garrulax variegatus ( Vig.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 97. 
 Pterocyclus variegatus ( Vig.}, Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 207. 
 Trochalopteron variegatum ( Viy.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 45 ; Stoliczka, J. 
 
 A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 37; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 305; Hume, N. 
 
 4- E. p. 260 (part.) ; id. S. F. vii, p. 457 ; id. Cat. no. 418; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 359 (part.) ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 59. 
 
 The Variegated Laughing-Thrush, Jerd.; Ganza, Nep. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead fulvous ; crown and nape ashy brown ; 
 feathers on the eyelids and a spot behind the eye white ; lores 
 black, extending over and below the eye to the upper part of the 
 ear-coverts ; remainder of ear-coverts white with a black patch ; 
 chin and upper throat black ; cheeks fulvous, produced downwards 
 and meeting round the black throat ; sides of neck and the whole 
 upper plumage olive-brown ; wing-coverts olive-brown, the greater 
 one broadly edged with rufous ; winglet and primary-coverts black ; 
 the inner webs of the tertiaries black, the outer grey tipped with 
 white ; outer webs of primaries and secondaries bright golden yellow 
 tinged with rufous and tipped with white ; a large black patch on 
 the secondaries ; the middle four pairs of tail-feathers black on three 
 quarters of their length, then ashy yellow and tipped with white ; 
 
96 CRATEROPODTD^E. 
 
 the other feathers ashy yellow on the inner webs, olive-yellow on the 
 outer and tipped with white ; breast and sides of the body fulvescent 
 ashy brown ; remainder of lower plumage bright tawny buff. 
 
 Bill black; legs and feet pale reddish orange-brown; iris pale 
 yellow-green, brown, raw sienna-brown, pale yellowish brown 
 (Hume). 
 
 Length about 11 ; tail 5'2 j wing 4-1; tarsus 1-5; bill from 
 gape 1*1. 
 
 The young have the outer webs of the wing-quills bright yellow 
 as in the adult, which they also resemble in other respects. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Chamba to Nepal at elevations 
 of, generally, more than 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from April to June, constructing a nest of 
 grass and leaves in a low branch of a tree or in a bush. The eggs, 
 four or five in number, are blue marked with reddish brown and 
 measure I'll by *78. 
 
 91. Trochalopterum simile. The Western Variegated 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopteron simile, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408 ; Hume Sf Henders. 
 
 Lah. to Yark. p. 193, pi. vii ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 407 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 418 bis ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 53 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 439 ; 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 60. 
 Trochalopteron variegatum, apud Cock $ Marsh. S. F. i, p. 354. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles T. variegatum. Differs in having the 
 outer webs of the wing-feathers slaty blue, and in having those 
 parts of the tail slaty blue which in the other species are either 
 ashy yellow or olive-yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet flesh-colour ; bill black ; iris brown {Dr. G. 
 Henderson). 
 
 Of the same size as T. variegatum. 
 
 Distribution. The western portion of Kashmir and the Hazara 
 country. Scully states that this bird is common and a permanent 
 resident in Sharot and Bargo, higher up the valley above Gilgit, 
 at 5500 feet. 
 
 Habits, (Sfc. The nest was found by Messrs. Cock and Marshall 
 nearMurree on the 15th June, built at the end of a bough of a fir- 
 tree about 20 feet from the ground. The nest and eggs appear 
 to resemble those of the last species. 
 
 92. Trochalopterum squamatum. The Blue-winged 
 Laughing- Thrush . 
 
 lanthocincla squamata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48 ; Jard. fy Selby, 
 
 III. Orn. new ser. pi. iv. 
 
 Cinclosoma melanura, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 147 (1836). 
 Garrulax squamatus (GoulcT), Blyth, Cat. p. 96. 
 Trochalopteron squamatuin (Gould), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 211; 
 
TROCUALOPTERUM. 97 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 46 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 306 ; Hume, N. $ E. 
 p. 260 ; id. Cat. no. 420 ; Sharpe, Cat. E. M. vii, p. 367 ; Gates in 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 61. 
 
 Tarmal-pho, Lepch. ; Nabom, Blmt. 
 
 Coloration. A black streak over the eye from the lores to the 
 nape ; 'lores and sides of head rufous ; upper tail-coverts chestnut ; 
 with this exception the whole upper plumage is rufescent olive- 
 brown, each feather with a terminal lunate black tip ; wing-coverts 
 chestnut, dusky internally ; primary-coverts dusky edged with 
 black ; winglet bluish ashy ; the outer primaries with the outer 
 webs pale blue, the others with them entirely black ; basal portion 
 of the outer webs of the secondaries chestnut, extending slightly 
 to the tertiaries ; remainder of wing black, the later quills minutely 
 tipped white ; tail bronze-colour, the tips chestnut ; lower plumage 
 fulvous, each feather with a terminal black bar ; under tail-coverts 
 and thighs castaneous. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy ; bill blackish, pale greyish horny at base 
 of lower mandible and tip of both mandibles ; iris brilliant white 
 with a faint greenish tinge (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4 ; wing 3*8 ; tarsus 1*5 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 No writer appears to have noticed the two very distinct varieties 
 of this bird which seem to be found together in every locality in 
 the same manner that Garrulax pectoralis and G. moniliger occur 
 together. In T. squamatum, to which the above description applies, 
 the tail is bronze-colour ; in T. melanurum the tail is deep black, and 
 moreover the crown of the head is ashy and the lower plumage and 
 sides of the head olivaceous. Hodgson collected both varieties 
 and he figured the latter bird. There is a very large series of this 
 bird in the British Museum and it is quite evident that the colour 
 of the tail is not a question of sex, nor does it appear to be one of 
 age. I keep the two races together at present and content myself 
 with pointing out the differences in hopes that the question may 
 be worked out by those who have the opportunity. 
 
 Hume informs us that in this species the male has grey lores, 
 and the female fulvous-brown ones. This is certainly the case in 
 the only two specimens in the Hume Collection which are sexed; 
 but I question if the inference drawn from it is correct, as it is 
 altogether opposed to the rule which obtains in all the Cratero- 
 podince the perfect identity of the sexes. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the Daphla hills ; the 
 Khasi hills ; the Lhota Naga hills ; Manipur. This species appears 
 to be found from 2000 to 6000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from April to June, constructing a nest of the 
 usual form in a bush near the ground and laying from three to five 
 eggs, which are spotless blue and measure 1-2 by T87. 
 
 93. Trochalopterum cachinnans. The Ntiyiri Laughing-Tlirusli. 
 
 Crateropus cachinnans, Jerd., Madr. Journ. x, p. 255, pi. 7 (1839). 
 Garrulax cachinnans (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. p. 97. 
 VOL. I. H 
 
98 CRATEROPODID/E. 
 
 Pterocyclus cachinnans (Jerd.), Horsf. $ M. Cat. \, p. 208. 
 Trochalopteron cachianans (Jerd.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 48 ; Blanf. J. 
 
 A. 8. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 175 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 306 ; Hume, N. 
 
 $ E. p. 263 ; id. Cat. no. 423 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii. p. 373 ; 
 
 Davison, S. F. x, p. 377 ; Gates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 62. 
 
 Coloration. Point of the forehead black ; sides of the forehead 
 white produced back as a broad superciliurn to the ear-coverts ; 
 crown and nape slaty brown, the feathers very narrowly margined 
 with black, the lateral feathers of the crown and forehead black on 
 their inner, white on their outer, edges, forming a black line above, 
 and next to, the supercilium ; lores, chin and a streak behind the 
 eye black ; feathers of the eyelids white ; ear-coverts pale rufous ; 
 the sides of the nape at the end of the supercilia ashy, which colour 
 suffuses the whole nape ; upper plumage, sides of neck, wings, and 
 tail olive-brown ; throat and breast bright rufous extending to the 
 abdomen, which, however, is much duller ; thighs, vent, under tail- 
 coverts, and sides of the body rufescent olive-brown ; under wing- 
 coverts rufous. 
 
 Legs and feet black ; bill black ; iris red (Miss Cockburri) ; iris 
 crimson (Davison). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 4; wing 37; tarsus 1*25; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs over the whole of the Nilgiris from 4500 
 feet to the summit of the hills. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Jerdon describes this bird as being noisy and abundant 
 in all the woods on the summit of the Nilgiris, and, like others of 
 the genus, living in small scattered flocks foraging about the thick 
 brushwood. 
 
 It breeds from February to June, building a deep nest, which is 
 frequently lined with fur and feathers, in bushes. The eggs are 
 three to five in number, blue marked with red and brown, and 
 measure 1*0 by 76. 
 
 94. Trochalopterum cinnamomeum. Davison s Laughing-Thrush. 
 Trochalopterum cinnamomeum, Davison, Ibis, 1886, p. 204. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape hair-brown, the nape 
 tinged with ashy, the lateral feathers of the crown white on their 
 outer webs, forming part of a broad creamy white supercilium 
 extending to the end of the ear-coverts ; upper plumage, wings, and 
 tail olive-brown, with a greenish tinge ; lores rusty-brown ; sides 
 of the head pale ochraceous ; chin, and lower part of cheeks, dark 
 cinnamon-brown ; remainder of lower plumage deep rufous, tinged 
 with olivaceous on the sides, vent, and under tail-coverts ; under 
 wing-coverts rufous. 
 
 The colour of the bill &c. has not been recorded. 
 
 Length about 8; tail 37; wing 3'5; tarsus 1*3; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Unknown; but probably, as suggested by Davison, 
 
TItOCIIALOPTERUM. 99 
 
 the Ptilghafc hills in Southern India. Apparently a very local and 
 rare bird. 
 
 95. Trochalopterum jerdoni. The Banasore Lauyhing -Thrush. 
 
 ( Jarrulax jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 522 (1851). 
 
 Trochalopteron jerdoni (Blyth), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 49 ; id. Ibis, 1872, 
 p. 306 ; Morgan, S. F. ii, p. 532 ; Hume, Cat. no. 424 j Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 373, pi. x ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 378. 
 
 Coloration. Point of forehead black ; crown and nape slaty brown, 
 the edges of the feathers narrowly darker ; a broad white super- 
 cilinm, the feathers of which, next the crown, Have the inner webs 
 black, forming a narrow black band above the supercilium ; lores 
 and a line behind the eye black ; ear-coverts greyish white ; sides 
 of neck ashy brown, continued back and meeting round the neck ; 
 upper plumage, wings, and tail olive-brown, tinged with rufous on 
 the tail ; chin and cheeks black ; throat and breast streaked with 
 dark ashy and white ; abdomen rufous ; sides, thighs, and under 
 tail-coverts olivaceous brown ; under wing-coverts rufous. 
 
 Bill dull black ; iris crimson-lake ; legs, feet, and claws plum- 
 beous brown (Davison). 
 
 Length about 8'5 ; tail 35; wing 3'2 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The Brahmagiri hills in Coorg ; the Banasore Peak, 
 Wynaad, at 5000 to 6000 feet, and, according to Mr. Morgan, the 
 Palghat hills and the Chinnacoonoor Grhat, Nilgiris. The species 
 seen in the last two localities may, however, have been different, 
 possibly T. fairlanki. 
 
 96. Trochalopterum fairhanki. The Palni Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopterum fairbauki, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 175, 
 pi. xvii a (1868) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 306 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 413 ; 
 Fairbank, 8. F. v, p. 404 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 36 ; id. Cat. no. 423 
 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 374 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 379 ; 
 Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 64. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape black, or intensely dark 
 brown ; a broad white supercilium extending to the nape ; lores 
 and a band behind the eye black ; ear-coverts and sides of head 
 grey ; sides of neck ashy ; upper plumage, wings, and tail olive- 
 brown tinged with rusty, especially on the upper tail-coverts ; chin, 
 throat, and breast ashy, streaked with white ; remainder of lower 
 plumage bright rufous. 
 
 Iris dark red, red-brown (Fairbanlc}. 
 
 Length about 8*5 ; tail 3'7 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from 
 gape '95. 
 
 Distribution. The Palni and Anamulli hills in South Travancore 
 above 3000 feet. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. Breeds on the Palnis in May. A nest found in this 
 month, at an elevation of 6500 feet, was placed in a crotch of a tree 
 at about ten feet from the -ground. The eggs are blue, marked in 
 various ways with red and brown. One egg measured I'O by *8. 
 
 H2 
 
100 CEATEROPODID^E. 
 
 97. Trochalopterum meridionale. Stanford's Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Trochalopteron fairbanki, Blanf., Hume, S. F. vii, p. 36 (1878). 
 Trochalopterum meridionale, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlix, p. 142 (1880) ; 
 Hume, S. F. ix, p. 505 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 375. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and lores dusky brown ; a 
 short white band over the lores reaching only to the eye ; sides of 
 head and neck, the whole upper plumage, wings, and tail ashy olive- 
 brown, tinged with fulvous on the upper tail-coverts ; chin nearly 
 white ; throat and breast white, streaked with ashy ; centre of 
 abdomen white ; sides and under tail-coverts bright rufous ; vent 
 and thighs olivaceous brown. 
 
 Iris dark red ; bill black ; legs dusky (Bourdilloii). 
 
 Length about 8-5; tail 3'7; wing 3'4 ; tarsus 1-3; bill from 
 gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. Travancore. There are specimens in the British 
 Museum from Chinipanui, the Patnas, Mynall, and the Tinnevelly 
 boundary, 4000 feet. 
 
 98. Trochalopterum virgatum. The Manipur Streaked 
 La ugh ing- Thrush . 
 
 Trochalopteron virgatum, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 46 ; id. 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 162 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 395 j id. Cat. 
 no. 425 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 379. 
 
 Coloration. Point of the forehead and a long supercilium ex- 
 tending to* the nape white ; lores ferruginous; cheeks, lower part 
 of ear-coverts, and under the eye fulvous white ; upper part of 
 ear-coverts ferruginous, with pale shaft-streaks ; crown, nape, 
 mantle, lesser wing-coverts, and sides of the neck reddish brown, 
 with very white shafts ; lower back, scapulars, rump, and upper 
 tail-coverts ashy brown, with white shafts ; tail olive-brown, dis- 
 tinctly cross-rayed, the outer feathers tipped white ; greater wing- 
 coverts chestnut, with white shafts and tips ; primary-coverts pale 
 rufous, with white shafts and brown tips ; wiuglet deep ashy, with 
 the outer webs white along the shafts ; wings ashy ; the middle 
 feathers washed with chestnut, and the tertiaries edged with paler 
 ashy ; chin and throat deep chestnut, shading off into yellowish 
 buff on the remainder of the lower plumage, all the feathers with 
 white shafts. 
 
 Legs and feet pale greyish fleshy ; soles yellowish ; bill deep 
 brown ; iris brown ; orbital skin leaden-dusky (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 9'5 ; tail 4-5; wing 3*4; tarsus 1'25 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The first specimen of this bird was obtained near 
 the village of E-azami under the Kopamedza ridge at 5000 feet in 
 the Naga hills. Hume subsequently observed it in the higher 
 portions of the Eastern hills of Manipur about Airaole, Matchi, 
 and Tankool Hcondoong. 
 
TROCIIALOPTERUM. 101 
 
 Habits, $c. Hume observes that this bird haunts dense under- 
 growth and is never seen except by accident, and hence, though not, 
 he believes, very scarce in the localities in which he found it, it is 
 still very hard to procure. It has a peculiar soft single-note call, 
 by following up which he procured all his specimens. 
 
 99. Trochalopterum lineatum. The Himalayan Streaked 
 Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Cinclosoma lineatum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56. 
 
 Cinclosoma setifera, Hoclgs. As. lies, xix, p. 148 (1836). 
 
 Garrulax lineatus ( Viy. ), Blyth, Cat. p. 97. 
 
 Pterocyclus lineal us (Vi(j.\ Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 209. 
 
 Trochalopterou lineatum ( Vig.\ Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 50 ; Stoliczka, 
 J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 38 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 308 ; Cock $ 
 Marsh. S. F. i, p. 354 ; Hume fy Headers. Lah. to Yark. p. 195, pi. 8 ; 
 Hume, N. # E. p. 264 ; Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 238 ; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 425 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 291 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 54, 
 1882, p. 272 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 440 ; Sharps, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 377 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 64. 
 
 Trochalopteron imbricatuni (ITodys.), apud Hume, N. $ E. p. 266. 
 
 The Streaked Laughing- Thrush, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and mantle dark ashy, 
 streaked with dusky, the shafts black : lower back and wing-coverts 
 reddish brown, with white shafts ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
 plain ashy ; tail washed with rufous, cross-rayed, with a subterminal 
 black band and grey tips ; wings chiefly rufous on the outer webs, 
 the tertiaries edged with grey ; lores and ring round the eye mingled 
 white and grey ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and an indistinct supercilium 
 castaneous ; chin, throat, breast, and upper abdomen chestnut, all 
 the feathers with ashy margins and those on the breast with glis- 
 tening white shafts ; lower abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts 
 ashy brown. 
 
 Bill dusky ; the base of the lower mandible greyish or brownish 
 horny ; iris brown or reddish brown ; feet fleshy brown ; claws 
 livid horny (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3'6 ; wing 3'1 ; tarsus 1-05 ; bill from 
 gape *9. 
 
 The above description applies to Nepal birds, which are extremely 
 rufous and richly coloured. Further to the north-west the grey 
 margins of the feathers of the lower plumage become much wider 
 and the streaks on the head and back are much paler. In Kashmir 
 and Gilgit the prevailing colour of the lower plumage is grey, and 
 the rufous is in pale streaks ; the shafts of the breast-feathers are 
 much whiter, and frequently terminate in a triangular terminal 
 spot ; and the upper plumage is more ashy. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of the Himalayas from Nepal to the 
 extreme west of Kashmir and the Hazara country. This species 
 appears to be found up to about 9000 feet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This is a very common bird throughout its range, and 
 
102 CBATEEOPODID^F. 
 
 one of the best known of Himalayan birds, frequenting the neigh- 
 bourhood of bungalows at the hill-stations. It breeds from April to 
 {September, constructing a bulky, deep, nest of grass and fine stems 
 of herbaceous plants in thick bushes near the ground. The eggs, 
 usually three in number, are greenish blue without any marks, and 
 measure 1-01 by '73. 
 
 100. Trochalopterum imbricatum. The Bristly Lauyhiny- Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax imbricatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 951 (1843) j id. Cat. 
 
 p. 98. 
 
 Pterocyclus imbricatus (Blyth), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 208. 
 Trochalopteron setifer (Hodys.\ apud Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 51. 
 Trochalopterum imbricatum (Hodys.\ Hume, Cat. no. 426; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 379. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and bind neck dark reddish 
 brown, with glistening black shafts, the feathers, especially those of 
 the forehead, stiff and pointed ; lores, a short supercilium, and sides 
 of the head greyish brown with white shafts ; mantle, scapulars, 
 and sides of the neck reddish brown with grey margins and glis- 
 tening white shafts ; rump and upper tail-coverts olive-brown with 
 pale shafts and obsolete narrow cross-bars ; tail reddish brown, 
 the outer feathers black towards the ends and tipped white ; the 
 outer primaries edged with grey, the others and all the coverts 
 reddish brown, the tertiaries edged paler; chin and throat reddish 
 brown ; remainder of the lower plumage reddish brown with 
 glistening white shafts ; thighs and under tail-coverts olive-brown. 
 
 The colour of the bill &c. has not been recorded. 
 
 Length about 8*5; tail 3'8; wing 3*1; tarsus I'l ; bill from 
 gape -85. 
 
 Distribution. Bhutan only, whence there are three specimens in 
 the British Museum. 
 
 No specimen of this rare bird is contained in either the Hodgson 
 or the Hume Collection, and there is no evidence whatever to show 
 that this species occurs in Nepal. Hodgson figures two birds, one 
 of which is undoubtedly the ordinary form of T. lineatwn and the 
 other is a somewhat peculiar form of the same, but bearing no 
 resemblance to T. imbricatum. 
 
 Genus GEAMMATOPTILA, Eeichenb., 1850. 
 
 The two birds of this genus may be recognized by their stout, 
 short, deep bill, striated plumage, and by the long frontal hairs 
 which reach over the nostrils. They inhabit the mountain-ranges 
 of northern and north-eastern India, frequent dense jungle, go in 
 parties, and have peculiar calls. They lay eggs which in some 
 cases are spotless, in others spotted, and their proper place appears 
 to be near Trochalopterum. 
 
(ii; A MM. \TOPT 1 1, A. 103 
 
 Key to the Spec! ex. 
 
 a. Feathers of crest not streaked with white ; no 
 
 brown bands on the sides of the crown G. striata, }\ 103. 
 
 b. Feathers of crest streaked with white ; a distinct 
 
 brown band on each side of the crown G, austeni, p. 104. 
 
 101. Grammatoptila striata. The Striated Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Garrulus striatus, Viuors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 7 ; Gould, Cent. pi. 37. 
 
 Keropia striata ( Vi(/.\ Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 : Horsf. 
 Sf J/. Cat. i, p. 209. 
 
 Turuagra striata ( Viy.}, Blytli, Cat. p. 95. 
 
 Grammatoptila striata (Viq.), Jerd. B.I.n, p. 11 ; id. Ibis, 1872, 
 p. 298; Hume, N. $ #'p. 237 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 234; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 382 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 287 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 450 ; Gates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 67. 
 
 The Striated Jay-Thrush, Jerd. ; Nampiok-pho, Lepch. ; Kopiam, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage, sides of the head and Deck, 
 chin, and throat umber-brown (deepest on the crest) shading off 
 into pale brown on the lower plumage ; every feather of the plumage, 
 
 Fig. 28. Head of G. striata. 
 
 both upper and lower, the wing-coverts, and tertiaries with a long 
 median white streak, the streaks larger but less defined on the 
 abdomen and under tail-coverts ; quills dark brown, the outer webs 
 of the first few primaries hoary, of the others pale chestnut ; tail 
 chestnut ; the outer feathers with a minute white tip. 
 
 Bill black; legs dusky plumbeous ; iris red-brown (Jerdon}. 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail 5'3 ; wing 5-6 ; tarsus 1'7 ; bill from 
 gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Bhutan 
 from 6000 to 9000 feet. This species has, no doubt erroneously, 
 been recorded from Birbhum in Bengal. 
 
 Habits, $c. Jerdon states that this bird has some very peculiar 
 calls, one of them resembling the chucking of a hen which has just 
 laid an egg. It breeds from May to July, constructing a cup-shaped 
 nest of grass &c. in a low tree, and apparently laying only two 
 eggs. These are blue, some quite spotless, others marked with a 
 few specks of brownish red. They measure 1 '3 by '9. 
 
 
104 CEATEROPODID^;. 
 
 102. Grammatoptila austeni. Austens Striated Laughing-Thrush. 
 
 Gramraatoptila striata (Vigors}, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 
 pt. ii, p. 73; xlvii, pt. ii, p. 15 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 135. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles 0. striata, but differs in having no white 
 shaft-stripes on the crest-feathers, and in having two broad dark 
 brown bands, one on either side of the head, nearly meeting on 
 the nape behind. The shaft-stripes on the upper plumage and 
 sides of the head are much narrower, being hardly any broader 
 than the shafts themselves, and the streaks on the lower surface 
 are also much narrower and better denned. 
 
 Iris red-brown ; legs and feet pale grey (Godwin- Austen). 
 
 Of the same size as G. striata. 
 
 Distribution. The Daphla and the Eastern Naga hills. In the 
 former this species was common under Toruputu Peak at about 
 6000 feet in January. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Godwin- Austen observes of this species that it asso- 
 ciates in large flocks, and that the note is a chatter mingled with 
 another call somewhat simulating the low quack of a duck. It 
 feeds entirely on fruits and seeds. 
 
 Genus STACTOCICHLA, Sharpe, 1883. 
 
 The only bird of this genus is characterized by a rather long 
 slender bill, resembling that of Garrulax, but somewhat longer 
 in proportion to the size of the head, and by having the throat 
 and breast spotted like those of a Thrush. It is very rare and 
 little is known about it. 
 
 103. Stactocichla merulina. The Spotted-breasted 
 Laughing- Thrush. 
 
 Garrulax merulinus, Slyth, J. A. S. S. xx, p. 521 (1851) ; Jerd. Ibis, 
 1872, p. 303 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 162 ; Hume, 
 S. F. in, p. 394; id. Cat. no. 413 bis; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 161. 
 
 Stactocichla merulina (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 449. 
 Moh mepch, of the Angami Nagas. 
 
 Coloration. Entire upper plumage, sides of the head and neck, 
 tail, and exposed part of closed wings rufescent olive-brown ; a 
 narrow white streak over the ear-coverts ; forehead mottled with 
 grey ; chin, throat, and breast yellowish buff, broadly streaked with 
 oval black stripes ; centre of abdomen yellowish buff ; sides of the 
 body rufescent olive-brown ; under tail-coverts bright ochraceous. 
 
 Legs and feet rather pale brown; upper mandible blackish, 
 lower horny grey; iris pale pinkish buff; orbital skin pale leaden 
 (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10'5 ; tail 3'$ ; wing 3'8 ; tarsus 1*6 ; bill from 
 gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi, Naga, and Lhota Naga hills; the 
 Eastern hills of Manipur. 
 
ABGYA. 105 
 
 Habits, $c. Hume describes this bird as a terrible skulk, clinging 
 to dense thorny scrub. It is very vocal and has a great number 
 of clear, beautiful notes, which it combines into a great variety of 
 calls, and it has also a coughing, chuckling, oft-repeated note. 
 
 Genus ARGYA, Lesson, 1831. 
 
 The birds of this genus differ from the Laughing-Thrushes in 
 many points of structure. The covering-membrane of the nostril 
 is partially clothed with plumes and the feathers of the forehead 
 and those round the base of the bill are short, firm, and close. 
 The tail is also relatively much longer and greatly graduated, each 
 outer feather being only about half the length of the tail. 
 
 The Babblers of this genus are found all over the plains of India 
 and Burma. They associate in small flocks, keep to the ground 
 or near it, and are very noisy when disturbed. They make cup- 
 shaped nests, chiefly in high grass, and lay unspotted blue eggs. 
 Many of the species resemble each other closely. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Head and back distinctly streaked with 
 
 blackish or very dark brown. 
 
 a'. Chin and throat rufous, with streaks .... A. earlii, p. 105, 
 b 1 . Chin and throat white or very pale fulvous, 
 without streaks. 
 
 a". Lower plumage pale fulvous A. caudata, p. 106. 
 
 b". Lower plumage ferruginous A. gularis, p. 107. 
 
 b. Head not streaked ; back with oval brown 
 
 spots A. malcolmi, p. 108. 
 
 c. Upper plumage entirely unstreaked. 
 
 c'. Chin and throat rufous, lores dark A. subrufa, p. 109. 
 
 d' . Chin and upper throat white, lores white. A. longirostris, p. 109. 
 
 Fig. 29. Head of A. earlii. 
 
 104. Argya earlii. The Striated Babbler. 
 
 Malacocercus earlii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 369 (1844) j id. Cat. 
 
 p. 141 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 222. 
 Chatarrhcea earlii (Blyth), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 68 ; Hume, N. Sf E. 
 
 p. 275; Hume Sf Henders. Lah. to York. pi. x; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 439 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 182 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 174. 
 Crateropus earlii (Blyth}, Oates, B. B. i, p. 30. 
 Argya earlii (Bhjth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 392 ; Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 68. 
 
 The Striated Reed-Babbler, Jerd. ; Burra-phenga, Hindi. 
 
106 CKATEROPODIDJE. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage brown tinged with rufous, the 
 feathers of the crown largely centred with very dark brown, those 
 of the back with very dark shaft-stripes ; upper tail-coverts obso- 
 letely dark-shafted ; tail brown, the shafts darker and all the 
 feathers cross-rayed ; wings brown, the lesser coverts centred 
 darker ; lores grey ; cheeks and ear-coverts plain rufescent ; chin, 
 throat, and breast the same, with dark shaft-stripes increasing in 
 size from the chin downwards ; remainder of lower plumage pale 
 butfy-brown, becoming albescent in the middle of the abdomen. 
 
 Iris bright yellow ; eyelid plumbeous ; bill fleshy yellow, the 
 culmen, nostril, and the tip oi; both mandibles horn-colour ; mouth 
 yellow ; legs plumbeous ; claws pinkish. 
 
 Length about 9'5 ; tail 4-8 ; wing 3-5 ; tarsus 1/3 ; bill from 
 gape 1/1. 
 
 Distribution. This Babbler occurs over a considerable portion of 
 Sind from Sehwan down to the Runn of Cutch. It is also found 
 in the Saharunpur district and thence skirts the plains at the base 
 of the Himalayas as far as Behar, whence it commences to spread 
 over Bengal, extending up the Assam valley, and southwards to 
 Southern Pegu, where it is abundant. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species is found only in the plains where there 
 are large expanses of heavy grass, and lives in small parties that feed 
 on the ground or climb about in the grass. When one bird flies 
 across the open, the others follow it one by one, skimming near 
 the ground with laboured flight and repeating a monotonous note, 
 which, however, is not unpleasant when heard in the vast lonely 
 plains which this bird frequents. It breeds throughout the rains, 
 or from April to October, or even later, making its nest in a clump 
 of grass and laying three eggs, which measure *88 by '7. 
 
 105. Argya caudata. The Common Babbler. 
 Cossyphus caudatus, Dumfril, Drapiez, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. x, 
 
 p. 219 (1826). 
 Malacocercus huttoni, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. xvi, p. 476 (1847) ; id. Ibis, 
 
 1867, p. 6; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 310. 
 Malacocercus caudatus (Dumerit), Blyth, Cat. p. 141 ; Horsf. $ M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 223. 
 Chatarrhcea caudata (Dum.\ Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 67 ; Hume, N. fy E. 
 
 p. 274 ; Hume fy Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 197, pi. ix ; Hume, 
 
 Cat no. 438; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 181. 
 Crateropus huttoni (BlytJi), Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 75 ; id. 8. F. ii, 
 
 p. 329 ; id. E. Pers. i\, p. 203, pi. xiii, fig-. 1 . 
 
 Chatorhea eclipes, Hume, 8. F. v,p. 337 (1877) ; id.. Cat. no. 438 ter. 
 Chatarrhsea huttoni (Blyth), Hume, Cat. no. 438 bis. 
 Argya caudata (Drap.\ Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 393; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 70. 
 Argya eclipes (Hume}, Sharpe, t. c. p. 394. 
 Argya huttoni (Blyth), Sharpe, t. c. p. 394. 
 Crateropus caudatus (Dum^), Oates, B. B. i, p. 32. 
 The Striated Bush-Babbler, Jerd. ; Dumri, Hind, in the South ; Ifutii, 
 Tarn. ; Hedo and Lailo, Sind ; Chikhil, Hind, in the N. W. P. ; Peng or 
 Chota-penga, Hindi ; Sor in the N.W. ; Chinna sida, Tel. 
 
ARGYA. 107 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage brown tinged with fulvous, 
 each feather with a dark brown shaft-streak ; wing- and tail- 
 coverts with only the shaft dark ; quills brown, lighter on the 
 outer webs ; tail olive-brown, cross-rayed, and the shafts very dark ; 
 chin ajid throat fulvous white ; lores brown ; ear-coverts rufescent; 
 lower plumage pale fulvous, albescent on the abdomen, and the 
 sides of the breast faintly striated. 
 
 Bill light brown, yellow at base below; legs and feet yellow ; 
 claws fleshy brown ; iris brown or yellow (Bingliam); iris red- 
 brown (Jerdo)i). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 4*7; wing 3*2; tarsus 1*1; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 With the large series of these birds now available in the British 
 Museum it is impossible to separate the bird into three races, and 
 it will be seen from Hume's Catalogue that this gentleman no 
 longer thinks it possible to do so. 
 
 Distribution. Every portion of India proper, from Sind to Bengal 
 and from the foot of the Himalayas to the extreme south of the 
 peninsula as far at least as the base of the Palni hills. This bird 
 also occurs in the Laccadives and in Ramesvaram Island. In the 
 north of India I have been able to trace it no further east than 
 Behar, but it is probably found as far as the longitude of Calcutta. 
 Blyth records it from. Arakan and Thayetmyo, but it is probable 
 that he did so by some mistake. 
 
 To the west it extends into Persia. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This Babbler is not addicted to grass jungle, but is 
 found in all sorts of country, even in gardens. It associates in small 
 flocks and has the habits of A. earlii. It breeds throughout the 
 greater part of the year, constructing its nest in bushes and laying 
 three eggs, which measure '82 by '64. 
 
 106. Argya gularis. The White-throated BabUer. 
 
 Chatorhea gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 478 (1855) ; Jerd. Ibis, 
 1862, p. 19 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 466 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 124; 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 639, pi. xlviii; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 439 bis ; Gates, S. F. x, p. 209. 
 
 Crateropus gularis (Blyth), Oates, B. B. \, p. 31. 
 
 Argya gularis (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 396. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a line on either side as far as the eye 
 grey, each feather with a black streak ; crown, hind neck, back, 
 and scapulars ruddy brown, the feathers with dark brown shaft- 
 stripes ; rump and upper tail-coverts olive-brown, the latter with 
 faint stripes ; tail olive-brown, cross-rayed ; exposed parts of wings 
 olive-brown, some of the greater coverts indistinctly dark-shafted ; 
 ear-coverts and sides of the neck ruddy brown ; lores black ; chin, 
 throat, cheeks, and upper breast white ; remainder of lower plumage 
 ferruginous. 
 
 I omitted to note the colour of the soft parts of this bird when 
 in Burma and no one else appears to have recorded them. 
 
108 CBATEROPODID^E. 
 
 Length about 10-5 ; tail 5-5; wing 3'2 ; tarsus 1'4; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The valley of the Irrawaddy river from Proine to 
 Bhamo. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species is very common round Thayetmyo, living 
 in bamboo-jungle and entering compounds and gardens. It associates 
 in small flocks, feeds on the ground, and is as noisy as its congeners. 
 
 107. Argya malcolmi. The Large Grey Babbler. 
 
 Timalia malcolmi, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 88. 
 
 Garrulus albifrons, Gray, in Hardiv. III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. 36. fig. 1 
 
 (1834). 
 Malacocercus malcolmi (Sykes), Blyth, Cat. p. 141 ; Horsf. 8fM. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 218; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 64; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 310; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 180. 
 Argya malcolmi (Sykes), Hume, N. fy E. p. 273 ; id. Gat. no. 436 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 398 ; Davison, 8. F. x, p. 382 ; Gates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 72. 
 
 Ghogoi, Hind. ; Gangai, Hind, in the N.W. P. ; Gongya, Can. ; Kokatti, 
 Mahr. ; Verri-cMnda and Gowa-sida, Tel. ; Bhaina, Luckuow. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage dull brown, the feathers of the mantle 
 with dark centres ; forehead bluish grey with fine white shaft- 
 stripes ; lores dusky ; ear-coverts brown with pale shafts ; the three 
 outer pairs of tail-feathers white, the fourth pair with the outer 
 web whitish, and the remainder of the tail pale brown ; the central 
 tail-feathers cross-rayed ; wings dark brown, the earlier primaries 
 hoary brown on the outer webs, the others edged with the colour 
 of the back ; entire lower plumage, cheeks, and sides of neck 
 fulvescent, the throat and breast darker and washed with glaucous. 
 
 Iris bright yellow ; upper mandible dark brown ; lower mandible, 
 legs, and feet fleshy, slightly tinged blue (Davison}. 
 
 Length about 11; tail 5*5; wing 4'6 ; tarsus 1*2; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. A great portion of the peninsula of India. In the 
 north-west this Babbler appears to be rather rare. I have seen 
 specimens collected at Umballa in the Punjab and Sehwan in ISind. 
 At Sambhar and Abu it commences to be common, as also at Delhi. 
 Its extension to the east is not well indicated by the specimens I 
 have been able to examine, but it appears to be common at Allahabad 
 and it is probably found some distance further east. Southwards 
 it is spread over the whole peninsula as far at least as Mysore and 
 the Nilgiris. It, however, seems to be absent from certain tracts of 
 country, its distribution being, as Jerdon remarks, peculiar. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. In the south of India this bird appears to be confined 
 to the jungle, but in the north it is found chiefly in fields and gardens. 
 It is a noisy chattering bird, associating in small flocks and taking 
 refuge in trees when disturbed. It breeds pretty well throughout 
 the year, constructing its nest in low branches of trees and shrubs 
 and laying four eggs, which measure '99 by *77. 
 
ARGYA. 109 
 
 108. Argya submfa. The Large Rufous Babbler. 
 
 Timalia subrufa, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. x, p. 259 (1844). 
 Malacocercus subrufus (Jen/.), Blyth, Cat.]). 141; Horsf.fyM. Cat.\, 
 
 p. 217. 
 
 Layardia subrufa (Jerd.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 66; Hume, Cat. no. 437 ; 
 -Butler, S. F. ix, p. 401; Daviton, S. F. x, p. 382; Barnes, Birds 
 Bom. p. 181. 
 Argya subrufa (Jerd.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 390; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. # E. 2ud ed. i, p. 74. 
 Argya hyperythra, Sharpe, t. c. p. 390. 
 The Rufous Babbler, Jerd. ; Jungli-Khyr, Hind. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead hoary grey with black shafts ; whole upper 
 plumage, tail, and exposed parts of the wings olive-brown with a 
 rufous tinge, especially strong on the outer webs of the quills, on 
 the tail, and on the upper tail-coverts ; lores brown ; cheeks, sides 
 of head and neck olive-brown tinged with rufous ; lower plumage 
 bright rufous, somewhat paler on the abdomen and suffused with 
 brown on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts 
 and edge of wing rufous ; tail slightly cross-rayed. 
 
 Upper mandible, from gape to nostril, chrome-yellow ; rest of 
 upper mandible blackish brown; lower mandible chrome-yellow; 
 iris creamy white or pale yellow ; legs and feet dark yellowish 
 fleshy, pale reddish brown, greyish yellow (Davisori). 
 
 Length 10 ; tail 4'5 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Argya hyperythra, a species described by Sharpe in the 'Catalogue,' 
 cannot in my opinion be kept distinct. The two specimens upon 
 which the name was founded are certainly very rufous, but it is 
 only a matter of degree, and I believe that Sharpe himself now 
 doubts the validity of the species. 
 
 Distribution. The Western Ghats from Coonoor and Kotagiri 
 on the Nilgiris to Khandala near Bombay. 
 
 Habits, tyc. Davison remarks that this bird is quite a Malacocercus 
 in habits and voice, but it keeps to much denser cover, being found 
 far away in forests, and the voice is softer and more subdued. 
 
 The nest of this bird is of the usual form, made of leaves and 
 bound together by grass and creepers. 
 
 109. Argya longirostris. The Small Rufous Babbler. 
 
 Pyctorhis longirostris, Hoclys., Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 104; Horsf. 
 
 $ M. Cat. i, p. 408 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 16 ; Hume, Cat. no. 386 ; 
 
 id. S. F. ix, p. 250, xi, p. 137. 
 Malacocercus (Layardia) rubiginosus, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, 
 
 p. 47 ; id. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 164, pi. v ; Hume, S. F. iii, 
 
 p. 397; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, pp. 78, 202 ; xlvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 24 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 153. 
 
 Timelia longirostris (Hodos.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 509. 
 The Larger Yellow-eyed Babbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, tail, and exposed parts of the closed 
 wings deep reddish brown ; lores, cheeks, chin, and upper throat 
 white ; the whole lower plumage and the ear-coverts ferruginous, 
 becoming albescent on the abdomen ; tail cross-rayed. 
 
110 CRATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 Legs and feet brown, darker on feet ; bill black ; iris white, 
 bluish white (Hume}. 
 
 Length nearly 10; tail 4'6 ; wing 3 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The Nepal Terai ; the Bhutan and Buxa Doars ; 
 Gowhatty ; Helem, Darrang district, Assam ; Sadiya ; Manipur ; 
 Cachar. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Godwin-Austen, who very rightly associates this bird 
 with the Malacocerci, states that this species is essentially a grass- 
 bird. It goes about in flocks of a dozen or so, flying through the 
 grass one after another in a scattered line, and never abiding long 
 in one place. Hume, who found it to be common in Manipur 
 about the capital and the Logtak lake, says that it occurs about the 
 ditches with their high grass hedgerows. Except, however, in the 
 early mornings, it clings closely to the grass, showing itself but 
 little and not being easy to shoot. 
 
 Genus CEATEEOPUS, Swains., 1831. 
 
 The genus Crateropus differs from Arc/yet in its shorter tail, 
 which is about equal in length to the wing, and in its stouter bill. 
 The tail is also much less graduated, the outer feathers being about 
 two thirds the entire length of the tail. In habits the two genera 
 are very similar, as also in their mode of nidification and the colour 
 of the egg. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Throat cinereous mottled with pale brown; 
 
 breast fulvous ashy C. canorus, p. 110. 
 
 b. Throat and breast dark brown or black with 
 
 ashy margins. 
 
 a'. Tail ashy and brown ; primaries edged paler. 
 a". Ear-coverts blackish, strikingly different 
 
 to the rest of the head C. griseus, p. 112. 
 
 b' 1 . Ear-coverts of the same colour as the 
 
 rest of the head C. striatus, p. 112. 
 
 b'. Tail rufous ; primaries without paler edges. 
 
 c". Throat and breast mottled with brown. . C. somervillii, p. 113. 
 d". Throat and breast uniformly rufous. ... C, rufescens, p. 114. 
 
 c. Throat faint rufous, breast dark rufous C. cinereifrons, p. 114. 
 
 11 0. Crateropus canorus. The Jungle Babbler. 
 
 Turdus canorus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 293 (1766). 
 Pastor terricolor, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v, p. 771 (1836). 
 Malacocercus bengalensis, Blyth, Cat. p. 140 (1849). 
 Malacocercus canorus (.), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 220. 
 Malacocercus orientalis, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847). 
 Malacocercus malabaricus, Jerd. 111. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847) ; 
 
 id. B. L ii, p. 62 ; Hume. N. & E. p. 272 ; id. Cat, no. 434 ; 
 
 Damson, S. F. x, p. 381 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 180. 
 
CRATEEOPTJS. Ill 
 
 Malacocercus terricolor (Hodys.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 50 ; Hume, N. 8f 
 E. p. 2G'J ; id. 8. F. i, p. 180; Cripps, S. F. vii, p. 278 ; Ilium; Cat. 
 no. 4o_? ; Barncx, Birds Bom. p. 179; Hume. 8. F. xi, p. 174. 
 
 Crateropus cnnorus (Linn.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 478 ; Oates m 
 Humes N. Sf E. 2nd e<L i, p. 74. 
 
 The^Benf/al Bulkier, Jerd. ; The Jungle Babbler, Jerd. ; Chatarhia, 
 Brn^r. ; l\>n<jiia-maina, Hind, in the Upper Provs. ; Sat bhai, Janyli-khyr, 
 Ghonyhai, Hind. ; Pedda sida, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, coverts, and tertiaries pale brown, 
 cinereous on the head and rump, slightly fulvous on the upper 
 tail-coverts, the back with dark brown streaks and whitish shaft- 
 stripes ; tail brown, paler near the base and darker towards the 
 end, which is tipped white and cross-rayed; wings dark brown, 
 edged with ashy on the outer webs ; lores whitish witb a narrow 
 black line above them ; sides of the head like the crown ; chin and 
 
 Fig. 30. Head of C. canorus. 
 
 throat cinereous, faintly cross-barred darker; breast fulvous ashy 
 with whitish shafts ; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts fulvous, 
 the sides tinged with brown, and with faint-white shafts. 
 
 Iris yellowish white ; orbital skin pale yellow ; legs and claxvs 
 fleshy yellow (Crippt). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4*3 ; wing 4-2; tarsus 1/3; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 It is impossible for any description to cover all the changes of 
 colour which this bird undergoes throughout the year from the 
 fresh moult to the time when the feathers get worn down. The 
 chief point to note about this species is that the chin and throat are 
 pale with no bars or marks of black or dark brown, as in the others. 
 After carefully examining a very large series of this Babbler from 
 every part of India that it inhabits, I am unable to find that there 
 is more than one species or even race. Jerdon recognized two 
 species and he differentiated them precisely by those characters 
 which are continually varying according as the plumage is fresh or 
 old. He states also that the bill of C. terricolor, the northern race, 
 is horny brown, but I find that this colour is the exception. Hume 
 notes on the label of a Punjab bird that the bill was fleshy white, 
 and of a Mount-Abu bird that it was whitish, and Bingham in the 
 same way states that a Delhi bird had it yellowish white. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India from Sind to the extreme east 
 of Assam, and from the Himalayas down to the extreme south of 
 
112 CBATEEOPODTD^. 
 
 the peninsula. This bird appears to ascend the hills to about 5000 
 feet of elevation or probably higher in the south. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Has much the habits of Argya, but is arboreal, not 
 confining itself to any particular sort of jungle. It is very noisy 
 and goes about in flocks. Breeds from March to July and in the 
 south of India even in the dry weather up to December. The nest 
 is placed in thick low trees or in bushes or hedges, and the eggs, 
 generally three in number, measure 1*01 by '78. One or more 
 species of Cuckoos select the nest of this bird in which to deposit 
 their eggs. 
 
 111. Crateropus griseus. The White-headed Babbler. 
 
 Turdus griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 824 (1788). 
 
 Malacocercus griseus (Gm.}, Jerd. 111. Ind.'Orn. pi. 19; Blyth, 
 
 Cat. p. 141 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 220 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 60; id. 
 
 Ibis, 1872, p. 307 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 271 ; id. Cat. no 433 ; 
 
 Damson, S. F. x, p. 381 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 179. 
 Crateropus griseus (Gm.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 480; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed, i, p. 78, 
 
 Khyr, Hind. ; Chinda or Sida, Tel. ; Kalli-Kuravi, Tarn. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, and round the eye 
 dingy greyish white, sometimes extending over the hind neck ; 
 upper plumage ashy brown, the feathers of the back with white 
 shaft-stripes and a black streak on both webs ; quills black, narrowly 
 edged on the outer webs with ashy ; tail ashy brown on the basal 
 half and dark brown on the terminal half, which is tipped with 
 whitish ; tail and tertiaries cross-rayed with blackish ; cheeks and 
 ear-coverts dark brown ; chin, throat, and breast black, with ashy 
 margins to the feathers ; middle of abdomen fulvous ; remainder 
 of lower plumage brown. 
 
 Legs, feet, claws, bill, and orbital skin dead white, slightly tinged 
 with yellow ; iris creamy white (Davison). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from gape -9. 
 
 This species is a fairly well marked one, being recognizable by 
 its whitish head and dark ear-coverts. 
 
 Distribution. Southern India from the extreme south up to about 
 a line drawn from Ellore through Secunderabad to Belgaum. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds apparently throughout the year, constructing 
 a nest of grass-stems and roots in trees and bushes, not far off the 
 ground. The eggs measure '95 by -68. 
 
 112. Crateropus striatus. The Southern-Indian Babbler. 
 
 Malacocercus striatus, Swains. Zool. III. new series, pi. 127 (1831) ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 59 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 300 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
 
 1872, p. 449 ; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 458, vii, p. 385 ; id. Cat. no. 432 
 
 bis j Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 494 ; Parker, S. F. ix, p. 479. 
 
 Crateropus striatus (Sw.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 481 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 79. 
 Demelitcha, Ceyl. ; Punil, Tarn. 
 
CRA.TEROPFS. 113 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage and sides of head and neck brown, 
 the feathers of the head edged with cinereous, those of the back 
 with large whitish shaft-streaks, and a dark streak on each web ; 
 quills dark brown, edged with ashy on the outer webs ; upper tail- 
 coverts tinged with rufous ; tail dark brown, paler at base, cross- 
 rayed \ "chin, throat, and breast very dark brown, sometimes almost 
 black, with broad ashy edges ; remainder of lower plumage dark 
 fulvous, the sides of the body tinged with brown. 
 
 Legs feet, claws, bill and orbital skin dirty fleshy white ; upper 
 mandible and claws tinged pale brown ; iris clear white (Davison). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4 ; wing 4*2 ; tarsus 1'3 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 This species closely resembles C. canorus, from which it differs 
 chiefly in the dark colour of the throat and breast. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, Ramesvaram, and part of Southern India. 
 There are many specimens of this bird in the British Museum, 
 collected at Coonoorand Ootacamund, on the Nilgiris, quite insepa- 
 rable from Ceylon birds. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Ceylon from March to July, building its nest 
 in bushes and laying two or three eggs, which measure *96 by '72. 
 
 113. Crateropus somervillii. The Rufous-tailed Babbler. 
 
 Timalia pomervillei, St/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88. 
 
 Malacocircus somervillei (Sykes), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 219 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 63 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p.' 6 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 177 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 272 ; Fairbank, S. F. iv, p. 258 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 435 ; Vidal, S. F. ix. p. 64 ; Barnes. Birds Bom. 
 
 p. 180. 
 
 Malacocercus sykesii, ,Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 63 (1863). 
 Crateropus somervillii (Sykes), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 482. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark brown, the feathers 
 with narrow pale edges ; lores white ; sides of the head and neck, 
 back, wing-coverts, and tertiaries paler brown tinged with rufous, 
 the feathers of the back with white shafts ; rump and upper tail- 
 feathers ferruginous ; tail reddish brown ; both tail and tertiaries 
 cross-rayed with blackish ; primaries and secondaries black ; chin 
 and throat dark brown, each feather with a broad ashy margin ; 
 breast brown with broad white shaft-streaks ; abdomen, vent, and 
 under tail- coverts deep ferruginous ; tail tipped paler below. 
 
 Bill greyish white ; iris yellowish white ; orbits yellow ; feet 
 and claws fleshy yellow (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from gape 
 I'l. 
 
 This species is the best defined of the genus and can be easily 
 identified by its rufous tail and deep ferruginous lower parts. A 
 specimen procured by Hume at Kollachal in the extreme south of 
 Travancore is remarkable for a number of rufous patches on the 
 neck and back. 
 
 Distribution. The Western Ghats and the country lying between 
 
 YOL. I. I 
 
114 CEATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 them and the sea from Goa to a short distance north of the latitude 
 of Bombay. This Babbler occurs on Bombay Island. A specimen, 
 as mentioned above, procured at Kollachal in Travancore, is refer- 
 able to this species. 
 
 Habits, $c. In the island of Bombay this bird breeds on the date- 
 palms growing on the hills of the east and west shores, but the 
 nest has not been described. Near Khandala Mr. E. Aitken found 
 a nest at the end of May with three much-incubated eggs of an 
 intense greenish-blue colour. 
 
 114. Crateropus rufescens. The Ceylonese Babbler. 
 
 Malacocercus rufescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 453 (1847) ; id. 
 
 Cat. p. 141 ; Legge, Birds Cei/l p. 497, pi. xxi, fig. 2. 
 Layardia rufescens (Blyth), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 300 ; Legge, S. F. 
 
 iii, p. 3G8 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 386 ; id. Cat. no. 437 his. 
 Crateropus rufescens (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 81. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage, ear-coverts, tail, and exposed 
 parts of wings rufous-brown ; lower plumage from the chin down- 
 wards ferruginous, becoming browner on the flanks, vent, and 
 under tail-coverts ; tail indistinctly cross-rayed. 
 
 Iris white, yellowish white, or greenish white ; bill orange-yellow, 
 deepest on the basal half ; legs and feet dull chrome-yellow ; claws 
 yellowish horn; orbital skin and eyelid pale greenish yellow 
 (Legge). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4'6 ; wing 4; tarsus 1'3 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The island of Ceylon, throughout the damper 
 portions. 
 
 Habits, $'c. Appears to breed in May, and in one instance the 
 nest was placed among some creepers growing up a tree. The 
 eggs measure '94 by *74. 
 
 115. Crateropus cinereifrons. The Ashy-headed Babbler. 
 
 Garrulax cinereifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 176 (1851) ; id. Ibis, 
 1867, p. 300 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 448 ; Legge, Ibis, 1874, 
 p. 20 ; id. Birds Ceyl. p. 499, pi. xxii, fig. 2 ; Hume, 8. F. vii, p. 384 ; 
 id. Cat. no. 409 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 447. 
 
 Crateropus cinereifrons (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 81. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and sides of the head cinereous, 
 shading off t on the nape into the bright reddish brown which is 
 the colour of the whole upper plumage, tail, and visible portions of 
 the wings, except the outer webs of the first few primaries, which 
 are paler ; chin whitish ; remainder of lower plumage rufous- 
 brown, darker on the sides of the body and on the under tail- 
 coverts. 
 
POMATOKIIINTS. 115 
 
 Iris white ; eyelid plumbeous ; bill black ; inside of mouth 
 greenish yellow; legs and feet plumbeous brown; claws dusky 
 horny (Ley ye). 
 
 Length nearly 10; tail 4-3; wing 4-5; tarsus 1'5; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, where it occurs in the humid parts up to 
 3500 feet of elevation. 
 
 Habits, $'c. This bird is a true Crateropus in the structure of the 
 feathers of the head and in its general conformation. According 
 to Legge it is found in gloom and shade in the dampest forests in 
 troops of ten to twenty, and it is very noisy. 
 
 Genus POMATORHINUS, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The genus Pomatorhinus contains a large number of birds which 
 form a very natural group. Seventeen species inhabit the Empire. 
 
 In this genus the bill is quite as long as the head and frequently 
 much longer; it is very slender, much curved downwards and 
 compressed. The feathers of the forehead are short, rounded, and 
 close, as in the last two genera, but feathers do not grow on the 
 nasal membrane, which is perfectly bare. The tail is longer than 
 the wing and considerably graduated, the outer feather being two 
 thirds to three quarters the length of the tail. The feathers of 
 the crown are lengthened, and when erected, at such times as the 
 bird is excited, form a short crest. 
 
 All the species lay white unspotted epgs and their nests are 
 constructed on or very near the ground. They are noisy birds, 
 but their notes are extremely pleasant. They are sociable and 
 have much the same habits as the Laughing-Thrushes. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. With a white supercilium. 
 
 a'. Bill short and deep, about length of head. 
 a". Breast and upper abdomen white like 
 
 throat. 
 
 a'". Sides of neck chestnut, quite dif- 
 ferent to upper plumage. 
 a 4 . Chestnut of neck produced down 
 side of breast and abdomen us a 
 band, 
 a"'. This band streaked with white. P. schisticeps, p. 116. 
 
 b 5 . This band not streaked P. nuchalis, p. 117. 
 
 fc l . Chestnut contined to side of neck. P. olivaceus, p. 118. 
 b"'. Sides of neck rufescent, matching 
 
 upper plumage P. melanurus, p. 118. 
 
 c'". Sides of neck black or brown. 
 
 c l . Sides of neck and breast deep black. P. horsfieldii. p. 119. 
 d l . Sides of neck and breast brown, 
 nearly concolorous with upper 
 plumage P. obscwtts, p. 120. 
 
116 CRATEEOPODI D&. 
 
 b". Throat white and breast ferruginous. 
 
 d'". Crown of head black P. ferruginosus, p. 120. 
 
 e". Crown of head of same colour as 
 
 e^. Breast pale ferruginous P. albigularis, p. 121. 
 
 f. Breast bright ferruginous P. phayrii, p. 121. 
 
 c". Throat white and breast striped with 
 
 olive-brown P. ruficollis, p. 122. 
 
 b'. Bill long, slender, much compressed, about 
 
 half as long again as head. 
 d". Throat and breast white. 
 f". Upper plumage bright ochraceous . . P. ochraceiceps, p. 123. 
 
 g'". Upper plumage olive-brown P. austeni, p. 123. 
 
 e". Throat white, breast pale ochraceous. . P. stenorhynchus,^. 124. 
 b. With no white supercilium. 
 
 c'. Bill short, not longer than head. 
 
 /". Sides of neck and body chestnut P. erythrogenys, p. 124. 
 
 ft". Sides of neck and body olive-brown . . P. macclellandi, p. 125. 
 d'. Bill long and coarse, longer than head ; 
 
 sides of breast deep slaty grey. 
 
 h". Sides of head not streaked with white. P. hypoleucus, p. 126. 
 t". Sides of head streaked with white P. tickelli, p. 127. 
 
 The first ten species are characterized by a shorter bill (fig. 31 ). 
 
 Fig. 31. Head of P. schisticeps. 
 
 116. Pomatorhinus schisticeps. The Slaty-headed 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus schisticeps, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 181 (1836) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 146; Horsf. $ M. Cat.'i, p. 234; Jerd. B. I. \\, p. 29 ; 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 250; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 132, 
 pi. iii ; Hume, Cat. no. 402 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 288 ; Hume, 
 S. F. ix, p. 251 ; Gates, B. B. i. p. 72 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 411 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 148 ; Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 81. 
 Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S, 1837, p. 137 ; Blyth, Cat. 
 
 p. 146 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 30 ; Hume, Cat. no. 403. 
 Pomatorhinus pinwilli, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 413 (1883). 
 The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler, Gould's Scimitar Babbler, Jerd. ; 
 Pabdoa, Beng. ; Phoyeum-pho or Pharreeum-pho, Lepch. ; Bhiakuroh of 
 the Parbuttiahs. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark slate-colour, the 
 shafts darker; upper plumage and wing-coverts rut'escent olive- 
 brown ; a very distinct supercilium, reaching from the nostrils to 
 the nape, white ; lores and ear-coverts black ; chin, throat, cheeks, 
 breast, and abdomen white ; a large patch on the side of the neck 
 
POMATOKHINUS. 117 
 
 produced down the sides of the breast and abdomen chestnut ; 
 the portion below the neck streaked with white ; sides of the body, 
 vent, and under tail-coverts dusky olive-brown. 
 
 The colour of the crown varies much, being frequently the same 
 colour %s the back or very little darker. An indistinct rufous 
 collar is sometimes present on the hind neck in birds from Assam 
 and Tipperah. 
 
 Bill horny yellow ; the base of the upper mandible dusky ; iris 
 reddish cream-colour ; feet plumbeous, the soles yellowish ; claws 
 livid horny (Scully). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4'5; wing 4; tarsus 1/3; bill from gape 
 
 On examining the large series of this bird in the British Museum 
 which lias become available since Sharpe wrote his Catalogue of 
 this family, it seems quite impossible to recognize P. pinwilli as a 
 species or even as a race, all the characters pointed out as belonging 
 to it being shared by others throughout the Himalayas to Assam. 
 Simla birds are no doubt small, but the size increases gradually, 
 ranging, as regards the length of wing, from 3-6 at Simla to 4-4 in 
 Arrakan. 
 
 .Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Simla to Sadiya, 
 and through the hill-tracts of Eastern' Bengal, Tipperah, Cachar, 
 and Manipur to Arrakan. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds in Sikhim from April to June, constructing a 
 cup-like nest of grass and leaves on or near the ground in brush- 
 wood and thick grass. The eggs, usually four in number, measure 
 1 by -73. 
 
 117. Pomatorhinus nnchalis. The Tweeddale Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus schisticeps, Hodgs. apud Hume, S. F. iii, p. 121. 
 Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Gould, apud Blyth fy Wald. Birds Burm. 
 
 p. 113 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 465 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 
 vi, p. 282. 
 Pomatorhinus nuchalis, Tweedd. A. M. N. H. (4) xx, p. 535 (1877) ; 
 
 Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi. p. 284; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 134; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 403 ter ; id. S. F. ix, p. 251 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 71 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 413. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. schisticeps. Differs in not having any 
 white streaks on the sides of the breast and abdomen, and in having 
 the culmen black only in the immediate vicinity of the nostrils and 
 not, as in P. schisticeps, over the basal half. 
 
 In this species the rufous collar on the hind neck is generally 
 well indicated. 
 
 Bill orange-yellow ; the base of the lower mandible and the gape 
 dusky ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; iris pale yellow ; eyelid and 
 ocular region pale lavender ; legs dusky plumbeous ; claws horny 
 brown. 
 
 Length about 9; tail 3'9 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus 1*2; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
118 CKATEROPODIDJS. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined specimens from Thayetmyo, the 
 Karen hills east of Toungngoo, Karennee, the pine-forests of the 
 Salween river, Pahpoon, and the Tonzalin river. 
 
 118. Pomatorhiims olivaceus. The Tenasserim Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 451 (1847) ; Hume, 
 S. F. v, p. 137 ; Davison, 8. F. v, p. 458 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 283 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 133 ; Hume, Cat. no. 403 
 bis; id. S. F. ix, p. 117 ; Bine/ham, S. F. ix, p. 180; Oates, B. B. 
 i, p. 70 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 414 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 
 2nd ed. i, p. 82. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles P. schisiiceps. Diffeis in wanting the 
 chestnut band down the sides of the breast and abdomen, the 
 chestnut being confined to the neck-patch, and in having the bill 
 black only in the immediate vicinity of the nostrils. 
 
 As in P. nuchalis the rufous collar on the hind neck is generally 
 distinctly indicated. 
 
 Iris bright yellow ; bill deep yellow, dusky green at base above ; 
 legs and feet plumbeous ; claws horny (Hume fy Damson). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4'1 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus 1-2 ; bill from gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim, from Moulmein down to its extreme 
 southern point and thence extending into the Malay peninsula. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Both Davison and Bingham found the nest of this 
 species in Tenasserim, the former in January, the latter in March. 
 The nest found by Davison was globular with the entrance at the 
 side, the one found by Bingham was cup-shaped ; both were on 
 the ground in thick jungle. The eggs in both cases were three 
 in number, and measured on the average 1 by '73. 
 
 119. Pomatorhinus melanurus. The Ceylonese Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus melanurus, BIytli, J. A. 8. B. xvi, p. 451 (1847) ; id. 
 Cat. p. 146 ; Hume, S. F. i, p. 437 ; Lecjge, 8. F. iv, p. 245 ; 
 IVhyte, S. F. v, p. 202 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 132 ; 
 Hume, S. F. vii, p. 383 ; id. Cat. no. 404 bis ; Lecjge, Birds Ceyl. 
 p. 501 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 414 ; Oates in Hume's N. & E. 
 2nd ed. i, p. 83. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, ear-coverts, and beneath the eve 
 black ; a white supercilium from the nostrils to the nape bordered 
 above by dark brown or black ; crown and nape rufescent brown ; 
 upper plumage, sides of neck and body, vent, and under tail-coverts 
 rufous-brown ; chin, throat, breast, and abdomen pure white ; tail 
 blackish, washed with ferruginous near the base. 
 
 Iris brownish red, dull red, or reddish brown ; orbital skin and 
 eyelid dull blue ; bill gamboge-yellow, more or less blackish from 
 the forehead to a short distance in front of the nostril ; legs and 
 feet plumbeous or greenish plumbeous, feet generally more bluish 
 than tarsi; claws dusky, pale horn at base (Lecjge). 
 
 Length about 8-5; tail 3'6 ; wing 3*5; tarsus 1-2; bill from 
 gape 1*2. 
 
POMATORHIXUS. 119 
 
 The ear-coverts are occasionally streaked with white and the 
 edges of the breast and sides of neck are also streaked with the 
 same. The head and upper plumage vary a good deal in depth of 
 colour, the crown being occasionally a very dark brown or blackish, 
 but after examining a very large series I am of opinion that all the 
 Ceylon 'birds are of one species. 
 
 This bird has the same general character of plumage as the 
 three preceding ones, but it differs in not having any chestnut on 
 the side of the neck, the sides of the neck as well as the edges of 
 the breast being of the same rufous-brown as the upper plumage. 
 
 Distribution. Confined to Celon. 
 
 its, tf-tf. Breeds from December to February, constructing a 
 nest made of leaves and grass on a bank in jungle. The eggs 
 measure -97 by '7. 
 
 120. Pomatorhimis horsfieldii. The Southern Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus horsfieldii, Sykes, P. Z. S. 3832, p. 89; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 146 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 234 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 31 ; Hume, N. 
 $ E. p. 250 ; Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 320 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
 1878, p. 136 ; Hume, Cat. no. 404 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 376 ; 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 415 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 178 ; 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 84. 
 
 Namala-pitta or Dasari-pitta, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. The upper plumage dark olive-brown with a tinge of 
 rufous, the head darker and frequently mottled with black ; a white 
 supercilium from the nostril to the nape, edged with black above ; 
 chin, throat, breast, and the centre of the abdomen white ; lores, 
 under the eye, the ear-coverts, the sides of the neck, and a band 
 bordering the breast and abdomen black ; sides of the body, vent, 
 and under tail-coverts slaty brown ; tail and wings dark brown, 
 washed on the outer webs with the colour of the back. 
 
 Iris dark maroon-brown ; legs and feet greenish plumbeous ; bill 
 yellow, dusky at base of the lower mandible (Butler) ; iris crimson 
 (Davison}. 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 1-3 ; bill from gape 1'2. 
 
 Distribution. Travancore, the Palni hills, the Nilgiris, Coorg, and 
 the hill-ranges of the western coast as far as Mahableshwar, the 
 most northern locality from which I have seen a specimen. This 
 bird is found up to 8000 feet. It, however, occurs at lower levels, 
 being found at Belgaum and even at Malwan on the sea-coast. 
 
 Blyth -records this species from Cuttack and Ball from Orissa 
 south of the Mahanadi, and Goomsur. Jerdon states that it is 
 found in the Eastern Ghats and in the heavy jungles of Central 
 India. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Breeds from December to May, constructing a globular 
 nest of grass and leaves on the ground among the roots of bushes 
 or on the side of a bank, laying from three to five eggs which 
 measure 1-08 by '77. 
 
120 CKATEKOPODID^;. 
 
 121. Pomatorhinns obscurus. Hume's Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus obscurus, Hume, 8. F. i, p. 7 (1873) ; Butler, S. F. iii, 
 p. 471 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 137 ; Hume, Cat. no. 404 
 ter ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 416; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 178. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. horsfieldii. Differs in being everywhere 
 of a much paler colour, a sort of earthy brown, with the sides of 
 the head slightly darker than the other parts, and in being without 
 the black band which in the other species borders the white breast 
 and abdomen. 
 
 Legs and feet greenish plumbeous ; iris dark red ; bill dirty 
 yellow, black at base above (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4*1 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 From the examination of a large series of specimens of both 
 species in the British Museum it is quite certain that P. obscurus is 
 not a larger bird than P. horsfieldii, as was asserted by Hume when 
 he described the former species. The bill of P. obscurus is perhaps 
 the larger of the two if an average is taken, but it is by no means 
 a feature to be depended on. The chief point to rely on in dis- 
 criminating this bird is the absence of the black border to the 
 white of the lower parts. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined specimens of this species from 
 Khandala, Matheran, Bombay, Khandesh, Abu, and Seoni. At 
 Abu it is found only on the mount and not in the plains, and its 
 true home appears to be the Vindhya and Satpura ranges as far 
 east as Seoni. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Butler remarks that this species, unlike P. horsfieldii, 
 is not gregarious, but occurs singly or in pairs. The notes of the 
 two species appear to be alike. 
 
 122. Pomatorhinus ferruginosus. The Coral-billed 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, Btyth,J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 597 (1845) j id. 
 
 Cat. p. 146 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 236 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 29 ; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 249 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 134, 
 
 pi. iv, fig. 1 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 75 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 401 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 288 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 422 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 146 j Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 86. 
 Pomatorhinus rubiginosus, Blyth, J. A, S. B. xxiv, p. 273 (1855). 
 
 Piong-Kohut or Poniong-hut, Lepch. ; Bhotetet, Bhut. ; Pot-gongor, 
 Daphla. 
 
 Coloration. The feathers of the forehead rufous and lengthened ; 
 crown, nape, lores, under the eye, the ear-coverts, and a patch 
 behind them black ; a distinct supercilium to the nape, the chin 
 and the cheeks, as far back as the ear-coverts, white ; the upper 
 plumage, the tail, and the visible portion of the closed wings olive- 
 brown, tinged with rufous ; chin and throat white ; breast and 
 
POMATOKHINUS. 121 
 
 centre of upper abdomen bright ferruginous ; remainder of lower 
 parts olive-brown. 
 
 Bill coral-red ; legs greenish brown ; iris red-brown (Jerdon) ; 
 iris pale greenish yellow (Godw.- Austen). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4*3 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from 
 gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas, from Nepal to Assam, where it 
 was procured by God win- Austen in the Daphla and in the 
 Eastern Naga hills. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sikhim in May, constructing an egg- or 
 cone-shaped nest of grass, leaves, and fibres on the ground or low 
 down in a bamboo-clump. In a nest found by Gammie there were 
 four eggs, which measured ! 08 by '8. 
 
 123. Pomatorhinus albigularis. Blyih's Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 274 (1855) ; 
 
 id. Birds Burm. p. 113; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 135, 
 
 pi. v, fig. 1 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 281, 514 ; Hume, Cat. no. 
 
 401 quat. ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 74 ; Sharps, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 423. 
 Pomatorhinus marine, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4), xv, p. 403(1875); Wold. 
 
 in Blyth' s Birds Burm. p. 113 j Hume, S. F. iii, p. 404 j v, p. 136. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, the tail, and the exposed parts of 
 the closed wings uniformly olive-brown tinged with rufous, the 
 head slightly darker as a rule ; a distinct supercilium from the 
 nostrils to the nape, rufous near the bill and white elsewhere, 
 bordered above by a distinct black band extending to the forehead ; 
 lores, under the eye, the ear-coverts, and a continuation of them 
 down the sides of the neck black ; chin and throat white ; cheeks 
 and lower plumage pale ferruginous, the sides of the body, vent, 
 and under tail-coverts olive-brown. 
 
 Legs and feet pale greenish brown, sometimes a dingy brownish 
 green ; bill vermilion-red ; iris creamy white (Hume fy Davison). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4*2; wing 3-8; tarsus 1-4; bill from 
 gape 1*1. 
 
 Distribution. The Toungngoo and Karen hills ; the neighbour- 
 hood of Muleyit and Nwalabo mountains in Tenasserim, extending 
 down to Tavoy. This bird is found at all elevations up to 6000 
 feet. 
 
 124. Pomatorhinus phayrii. PJiayres Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus phayrii, Blyth, J. A. S.B. xvi, p. 452 (1847) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 146 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 103 ; Jerd. Ibis, 
 1872, p. 301 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 113 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
 1878, p. 135, pi. iv, fig. 2; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 279 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 401 bis; Oates, B. B. i, p. 73; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 422 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 147. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. albigularis. Differs in having the 
 upper plumage of a greenish tint with no trace of rufous, ir the 
 
122 CKATEROPODID.E. 
 
 black border over the snpercilium being very narrow and in some 
 cases almost obsolete, and in the lower plumage being of a much 
 deeper ferruginous. 
 
 Bill coral-red ; iris lemon-yellow ; legs brown with a tinge of 
 greenish ( Cockburn) iris yellowish white (Hume) ; iris pale yellow 
 ( Godw.- Austen). 
 
 Length about 9*5 ; tail 4 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus 1'3 ; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Moflong, Assam ; Shillong and Cherra Poonjee ; 
 Naga hills ; Manipur : Arrakan. 
 
 125. PomatorMnus ruficollis. The Rufous-neclced 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus ruficollis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 182 (1836); Bhjth, 
 Cat. p. 147 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 236 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 29 : 
 Hume, N. $E. p. 249 : Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 160 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 75 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 138 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 400 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 287 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 426 ; Hume, S. F.'xi, p. 146 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 f ; p. 87.^ 
 
 Pomatorhinus stridulus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 265. 
 
 Moh-mera, Angaini Naga ; Bhiakuroh of the Parbuttiahs. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, tail, and visible portions of closed 
 wings rufescent olive-brown ; a broad white supercilium from the 
 nostrils to the nape ; lores, under the eye, and the ear-coverts 
 black ; sides of the neck bright ferruginous, this colour frequently 
 passing round the hind neck and forming a collar ; chin, throat, 
 and cheeks white ; lower throat, breast, and centre of abdomen 
 white, streaked with olive-brown ; sides of the abdomen and breast, 
 the vent, and the under tail-coverts plain olive-brown. 
 
 In some birds the streaks on the breast are rufous, and this is 
 especially the case in specimens from China ; also, but in a less 
 degree, in specimens from the Himalayas. Young nestlings have 
 the whole breast rusty. 
 
 Bill horny yellow, paler at the tip, and the base of the maxilla 
 and basal three fourths of culmen brownish black ; iris varies from 
 pale red to crimson ; eyelid plumbeous ; feet grey or greenish 
 plumbeous ; claws brownish horny (Scully). 
 
 Length about 7'5 ; tail 3*5 ; wing 3*1 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from 
 gape -9 to 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to Assam (where 
 Godwin- Austen obtained it in the Daphla and Naga hills); Shillong; 
 Manipur. This species also occurs in China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in April and May, constructing a domed nest 
 of grass, fern, and bamboo-leaves on the ground and laying five 
 eggs, which measure '95 by '68. 
 
 The next three species are very closely allied, but may be known 
 by their longer, very slender, and more curved bill (fig. 32). 
 
POMATORHTNUS. 123 
 
 126. Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps. Lloyd's Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps, Wold. A. M. N.H. (4) xii, p. 487 (1873); 
 Wald. in BlytJis Birds Burm. p. 113 j Hume, 8. F. in, p. 282 ; 
 Wardlaic Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 465, pi. xiii, 1878, p. 130; Hume 
 fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 281 ; Hume, Cat. no. 401 ter ; Gates, B. B. i, 
 
 t p. 73 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 417. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage bright ochraceous, the inner webs of 
 the quills pale brown ; tail paler ochraceous, the terminal halves 
 of the feathers suffused with brown ; feathers at the base of the 
 upper mandible and the lores black; a narrow supercilium extend- 
 ing to the nape, white ; ear-coverts rich hair-brown ; chin, throat, 
 breast, and centre of abdomen pure white ; sides of the abdomen, 
 vent, and under tail-coverts ochraceous. 
 
 Fig. 32. Head of P. ochraceiceps. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws pale dingy green or greenish brown ; bill 
 bright vermilion-red ; shelf of nostrils black ; the iris much varied, 
 being pale greyish brown, very pale yellowish red, light indian- 
 red, and pinkish yellow {Hume $ Davison) iris pale straw-yellow 
 ( Wardlaw Ramsay}. 
 
 Length nearly 10; tail 4-3 ; wing 3-6; tarsus 1-3; bill from 
 gape 1*4. 
 
 Distribution. The Karen hills and Karennee ; Muleyit mountain 
 in Tenasserim above 3000 feet. 
 
 127. PomatorMnus austeni. Austen's Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus austeni, Hume, S. F. x, p. 152 (1881); Sharpe, Cat. B. 
 M. vii, p. 418 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 148. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. ochraceiceps. Differs in having the 
 upper plumage olive-brown, with merely a tinge of ochraceous on 
 the head and neck only, and in having the sides of the body, vent, 
 and under tail-coverts olivaceous. 
 
 Legs and feet pale grey-brown, with a dull green shade, or 
 greyish olive ; claws light brown or horny yellow, brownish 
 towards tips ; soles yellowish ; bill coral-red to orange-vermilion ; 
 iris pale buff, or very pale orange, or white with an orange tint 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4-6 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus 1-3 ; bill from 
 gape 1*5. 
 
 Distribution. The only specimens of this bird known are those 
 procured by Hume in Eastern Manipur, where he states it was 
 common in the higher forests. 
 
124 CRATEBOPODID^E. 
 
 128. Pomatorhinus stenorhynchus. The Narrow-billed 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus stenorhynchus, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. ii, 
 p. 43 (1877) ; Hume, 8. F. v, p. 342 j Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
 1878, p. 135, pi. v, fig. 2 ; Hume, Cat. no. 401 quint. : Godw.- 
 Aust. J.A.S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 17 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 424. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. ocliraceiceps. Differs in being of a 
 paler ochraceous above and in having the lower parts, except the 
 chin and throat, suffused with ochraceous or rufous buff. 
 
 Bill bright orange-red; legs and feet horny grey (Godwin- 
 
 Length about 8; tail 4-1; wing 3'5; tarsus 1-2; bill at gape 
 1-3 to 1-5 ; the female appears to be rather smaller than the male. 
 
 Distribution. The type of this species was procured at Manbum 
 Tila on the Tenga Pani river near Sadiya, in Assam, at 8000 feet. 
 Hume obtained it from Tippook, and I have seen a specimen 
 which is labelled " Naga Hills." 
 
 The next four species have coarser bills, and two of them are 
 sometimes placed in the genus Orthorhinus of Blyth. 
 
 129. Pomatorhinus erythrogenys. The Rusty-cheeked 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 173 ; Gould, 
 Cent. pi. 65 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 140 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 235 ; 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 31 ; Stol. J. A. 8. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 37 ; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 269 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 251 ; 
 Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 237 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 142 ; 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 634 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 285 ; Hume, Cat. no. 405 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 288 ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 75 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 430 j Oates in Hume's N. 
 Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 87. 
 
 Pomatorhinus femigilatus, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 180 (1836). 
 Ban-bukra, at Mussoorie ; Yongohut-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, tail, and the exposed parts of closed 
 wing olive-brown ; lores white streaked with grey ; some white 
 feathers on the eyelids ; a moustachial stripe, red near the bill and 
 then black ; forehead, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, thighs, and 
 under tail-coverts chestnut ; sides of breast and body chestnut 
 washed with olivaceous ; chin, throat, centre of breast, and abdo- 
 men white, the chin and throat striped with very pale grey. 
 
 Nestlings are rufous all over except on the throat. 
 
 Legs and feet brownish fleshy; bill light horny; iris light 
 greenish white, yellowish white, very pale yellow (Hume)', iris 
 pearly white (Davison). 
 
 Length about 11; tail 4; wing 4; tarsus 1*5; bill from gape 
 1-5. 
 
 The above description applies to birds collected in the Himalayas 
 west of Nepal, whence the type of Vigors's P. erythrogenys came. 
 
POMATOEHINUS. 125 
 
 All birds from this region, without exception, have the chin 
 and throat white, very sparingly streaked with pale grey. In the 
 countries east of Nepal all birds have the chin, throat, and upper 
 breast dark grey streaked with white. So constant are these 
 characters that the tract from which a specimen came can be in- 
 stantly known by a glance at the bird. 
 
 When we come to Nepal we find a mixture of both races. 
 Hodgson's collection contains both, but he only figured the 
 grey- throated one. Scully only obtained the grey-throated race 
 in the Nepal valley, but the only two specimens of his that I 
 have been able to examine are not nearly so dark as Sikhim 
 examples, and the same may be said of Hodgson's. Mandelli's 
 Dolaka (E. Nepal) specimens are identical with Sikhim ones, 
 being quite as dark. It thus appears that in Nepal there is an 
 intermediate race, arid under these circumstances 1 have not thought 
 it proper to keep the north-west race distinct from the Sikhim one, 
 but it will probably have to be done hereafter when a complete 
 Nepal series is available for examination. The existing Nepal 
 series is a very bad one. 
 
 The Tenasserim bird appears to be distinct, being a small bird 
 with the wing 3*5 and tail 3-7 ; and the whole chin and throat are 
 pure white without a trace of grey. I have, however, examined 
 only one specimen, and these characters may not be constant *. 
 
 The black cheek-stripe is present in all the races and is certainly 
 not a character possessed only by the male. It is found in all 
 well-prepared skins of both sexes. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Murree to Bhutan ; the Khasi 
 hills ; Bhamo ; the pine-forests of the Salween valley ; Thatone, 
 Tenasserim. This species appears to be found at all elevations 
 from 2000 to 10,000 feet or even higher. 
 
 Habits, $'c. Breeds from April to June, constructing a domed 
 nest of grass and leaves on the ground or in a thick bush close to the 
 ground. The eggs, three or four in number, measure I'll by '8. 
 
 130. Pomatorhinus macclellandi. McClelland's 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Pomatorhinus macclellandi, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 32 (1863) (descr. nulla) ; 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 103 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 
 1872, p. 302 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 177 ; Wardlaw 
 Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 143; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 412; id. Cat. 
 no. 404 quat. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 431 j Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 149. 
 
 Pomatorhinus gravivox, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii, art. v, p. 2 
 (1873). 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage, tail, exposed parts of closed wings, 
 
 * Count Salvador! has recently sent me another specimen, procured by 
 Fea in Karennee. It agrees exactly with Hume's Tenasserim bird both in 
 dimensions and colour. The Count has named this race P. imberbis (Ann. 
 Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova (2) vii, p. 410, 1889), but too late for the uame 
 to be more than noticed here. 
 
126 CEATEROPODID^E. 
 
 and sides of the neck olive-brown; point of the forehead rufous ; 
 lores whitish in front, blackish behind ; cheek-stripe black ; ear- 
 coverts chestnut ; chin, throat, breast, and abdomen white, the 
 upper breast with a cross band of triangular black spots ; sides of 
 body olive-brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts deep chestnut. 
 
 Legs and feet pale brown ; upper mandible dark brown, lower 
 pale horny drab ; orbital skin and bare space behind eye leaden 
 dusky ; iris reddish or salmon-white, yellowish white, or very pale 
 yellow (Hume)] iris lemon-yellow (Cockburri). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 3*6; wing 3*4; tarsus 1*3; bill from gape 
 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. The National Collection contains a large series 
 collected by Hume in Manipur and another by Cockburn at Shil- 
 long. The only other example is a bird which Sharpe assures 
 us is Jerdon's type from Dibrugarh in Assam. This species has 
 been obtained by Godwin- Austen in the Barail range and in the 
 Naga hills. 
 
 131. PomatorMnus hypolencus. The Arrakan 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 Orthorhinus hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S.B. xiii, p. 371 (1844) ; Hume, 
 
 Cat no. 405 bis. 
 Ppmatorhinus hypoleucus (Blyth), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 597 ; id. 
 
 Cat p. 146; 2Iorsf._$ M. Cut i,' p. 236; Blyth,_ Birds Burm. 
 ). 113; 
 
 ****, p. 147; Wardlaw Hamsay, Ibi, 
 
 '' _ /mo . /~i_j_- Tt T> i _ n 
 
 p. 113 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 411 ; Godw.-Aust J. A. S. B. xlv, 
 pt. ii, p. 75 ; id. Proc. A. S. B. 1877, p. 147; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
 1878, p. 140; Sharpe, Cat B. M. vii, p. 428 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 75. 
 
 Poinatorhinus albicollis, Horsf., Gray fy Mitch. Gen. Birds, i. p. 229, 
 pi. 57 (1846). 
 
 Poinatorhinus inglisi, Hume, S. F. v, p. 31 (1877) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. 
 M. vii, p. 429. 
 
 Orthorhinus inglisi (Hume), Hume, Cat. no. 405 ter ; id. S. F. ix, 
 p. 253; xi,p. 152. 
 
 Fig. 33. Head of P. hypoleueus. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-brown, deeply tinged with 
 rufous on the tail and exposed parts of closed wings ; ear-coverts 
 and cheeks greyish brown ; lores grey ; a line commencing above 
 the eye, passing over the ear-coverts and terminating in a broad 
 patch behind them bright rusty ; chin, throat, breast, and abdomen 
 white ; sides of breast deep slaty grey streaked with white ; the 
 
POMATOBHINUS. 127 
 
 breast with a few small spots of slaty grey ; sides of body and 
 the thighs rufous-ashy ; under tail-coverts ferruginous. 
 
 Bill pale greenish or greyish horny ; legs and feet pale silvery 
 leaden; iris brown (//uie). 
 
 Length about 11; tail 4'5 ; wing 4'3; tarsus 1-5; bill from 
 gape 1-8. 
 
 The young bird wants the bright rusty colour on the side of the 
 head. 
 
 There has been a good deal of controversy regarding this bird. 
 After studying the series in the British Museum, consisting of 
 about a dozen skins, I have arrived at the conclusion that P. inylisi 
 is the young bird, and P. hypoleucus the adult. The series contains 
 intermediate specimens showing a perfect gradation between the 
 two supposed species. 
 
 Distribution. Assam from the Daphla hills to Sadiya; the Graro, 
 Khasi, and Naga hills ; Cachar ; Manipur ; Arrakan. 
 
 132. Pomatorhinus tickelli. TickelVs Scimitar Babble)'. 
 
 Pomatorhinus hypoleucus (Blyth}, apud Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 273 
 
 (1875). 
 Pomatorhinus tickelli, Blyth, Tickell, Ibis, 1883, p. 113(descr. nulla) ; 
 
 Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 142; Oates, B. B. i, p. 76; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 429. 
 Orthorhinus tickeUi, Hume, S. F. v, p. 32 (1877) ; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 285 ; Hume, Cat. no. 405 quat. ; Bingham, S. F. ix, 
 
 p. 181 ; Hume, S. F. ix,.p. 253 ; xi, p. 153. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage rich olive-brown, deeply tinged with 
 rufous on the tail and exposed parts of closed wing ; lores, cheeks, 
 and ear-coverts rufescent ; a patch of deep rufous on the side of 
 the neck behind the ear-coverts; a line commencing just over the 
 eye, passing over the ear-coverts and terminating in the neck- 
 patch, rufous, the feathers with central white streaks, increasing in 
 size posteriorly, and extending to the sides of the neck and shoulders ; 
 chin, throat, breast, and centre of abdomen white suffused with 
 a pink tinge ; sides of the breast deep slaty grey streaked with 
 white ; thighs and sides of body rufous -ashy ; under tail-coverts 
 ferruginous. 
 
 The legs and feet vary a good deal, being pale bluish green, very 
 pale brown, or pale whitish blue ; the upper mandible pale brown, 
 the lower mandible pale whitish blue ; iris pale to dark brown and 
 brownish red ; naked patch behind eye flesh-colour, more or less 
 strongly tinged blue (Hume <$f Davisoii). 
 
 Length nearly 12; tail 4-3; wing 4; tarsus 1-6; bill from 
 gape 1-8. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim from Thatone to Tavoy among the 
 higher hill-ranges, extending eastward to the valley of the Thoung- 
 yeen. 
 
 Habits, c. Mr. Davison remarks : "This Babbler 1 always found 
 
128 CBATEROPODID^E. 
 
 in thick forests, usually in pairs, but occasionally in small parties. 
 It keeps much more to the ground than any Pomatorhinus, hopping 
 about in a very ungainly manner." 
 
 Genus XIPHORHAMPHUS, Blyth, 1843. 
 
 This genus merely differs from Pomatorhinus by its excessively 
 long and still more slender bill. Only one species is known. 
 
 133. Xiphorhamphus superciliaris. The Slender-billed 
 Scimitar Babbler. 
 
 id. 111. Ind. Orn. pi. 49 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 198 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 406 ; Sharps, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 433 ; Hume, S. F. 
 xi, p. 153 ; Gates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 89. 
 
 Karriok-tamveep, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 34. Head of X. superciliaris. 
 
 Coloration. Lores black ; chin and upper throat white streaked 
 with ashy ; with these exceptions, the whole head is slaty grey 
 with white tips to the feathers at the side of the crown, forming 
 an interrupted white supercilium from the forehead to the nape ; 
 upper plumage bright rufous-brown ; tail dark brown or blackish, 
 the outer webs on their basal halves washed with the colour of the 
 back ; wings dark brown, the outer webs olive-brown, and the 
 tertiaries rufous-browu ; breast and abdomen ferruginous ; sides 
 of the body, vent, and under tail-coverts rufous-brown; thighs 
 plumbeous. 
 
 Bill dusky black, plumbeous at the tip ; legs leaden brown ; iris 
 red-brown (Jerdori). 
 
 Length nearly 9 ; tail 3-6 ; wing 3 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape 
 to tip straight 2*3. 
 
 Distribution. This bird occurs in Sikhim. Hodgson figures the 
 bird and nest, but his notes show that his specimens were procured 
 in Sikhim and not in Nepal. The only other locality from which 
 the species is known is the Manipur hills, where Godwin- Austen 
 obtained it on the Konchungbum Peak. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds in Sikhim in May and June, constructing a 
 globular nest of leaves and grass on the ground or in thick bushes or 
 tufts of grass. The eggs are pure white, and measure 1-03 by '72. 
 
129 
 
 Fig. 35. Timelia pileata. 
 
 Subfamily TIMELIIN^l. 
 
 The second subfamily of the Crateropodidce comprises a number 
 of small birds which have close affinities for each other. 
 
 The Timeliince agree in being solitary in their habits, or rather 
 they are less gregarious than the Crateropodince. Some of them are 
 said to go about in small flocks, but this is by no means a general 
 or usual character with them. They are above all things skulkers, 
 frequenting the ground or underwood, and being seldom found 
 many feet above the ground. They are not remarkably noisy, and 
 they evade observation to the best of their power. 
 
 All the Timeliince lay spotted eggs, so far as is known, except 
 StacliyrJiis, the birds of which genus have their eggs unspotted 
 white. The removal of these into the Crateropodince hereafter may 
 
 VOL. i. K 
 
130 CRATEROPODIEJE. 
 
 be possible when the colour of the eggs of all the other genera is 
 known ; but at present the position of the genus is uncertain, and 
 I have placed it in the present subfamily provisionally. 
 
 In none of the Timeliince is the head crested ; the feathers of 
 the crown are frequently lengthened and erectile, but in no case 
 do they form a full crest. 
 
 In the Timeliince the sexes are invariably alike. They possess 
 to the fullest degree the characters of the typical Crateropodidce, 
 namely the short, rounded wing and the strong feet. The young 
 birds resemble the adults from the earliest age, more closely so, 
 indeed, than any other group of birds I am acquainted with. 
 
 In India this subfamily is represented by 25 genera, of which 
 four are now proposed to be separated for the first time, and by 
 53 species. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Tail much longer than the wing. 
 
 a'. Shafts of feathers of crown rigid and 
 
 glistening. 
 
 a". Bill as long as head, deep and black. TIMELIA, p. 131. 
 b". Bill shorter than head, slender and 
 
 pale coloured DUMETIA, p. 133. 
 
 b'. Shafts of feathers of crown soft and 
 
 not separable from webs. 
 c". Wing about three and a half times 
 
 length of tarsus j bill notched .... GAMPSORHYNCHUS, p. 134. 
 d" '. Wing about two and a half times 
 
 length of tarsus j bill entire PYCTORHIS, p. 137. 
 
 b. Tail equal to, or shorter than, wing, but 
 
 always much longer than half the wing, 
 c'. Bill stout and straight ; base of culmen 
 straight ; closed bill deeper at middle 
 than at nostrils. 
 
 e". Nostrils long, protected by an over- 
 hanging membrane. 
 a . Rictal bristles weak or moderate. 
 a 4 . Wing and tail about equal in 
 
 length PELLORNEUM, p. 139. 
 
 b 1 . Tail much shorter than wing. 
 a 5 . Rictal bristles shorter ; upper 
 
 plumage plain DRYMOCATAPHUS, p. 144. 
 
 6*. Rictal bristles longer; upper 
 
 plumage squamated OORYTHOCICHLA, p. 148. 
 
 b'". Rictal bristles long and strong. 
 c*. Tail shorter than wing by not 
 
 more than length of hind toe . GYPSOPHILA, p. 149. 
 d*. Tail shorter than wing by much 
 more than length of hind toe. 
 c 5 . Wing more than three times 
 
 length of tarsus MALACOPTERUM, p. 150. 
 
TIMELIA. 131 
 
 d\ Wing less than three times 
 
 length of tarsus. 
 
 a 6 . Tail more than twice tarsus. ERYTHKOCICHLA, p. 152. 
 b 6 . Tail equal to twice tarsus . TRICHOSTOMA, p. 153. 
 f". Nostrils small ovals, exposed, pierced 
 
 in anterior corner of membrane . . TUBDINUS, p, 153. 
 d'. Bill stout and curved ; culmen regularly 
 curved from its base ; bill deepest 
 at nostrils. 
 ff". Nostrils long, overhung by a large 
 
 and prominent membrane. 
 
 <?'". Nostrils not overhung by hairs . . THRINGORHINA, p. 155. 
 d"'. Nostrils overhung by hairs .... ALCIPPE, p. 156. 
 /<". Nostrils oval, exposed, pierced in 
 
 anterior corner of membrane .... RHOPOCICHLA, p. 159. 
 e'. Bill slender and pointed; its length 
 from forehead to tip longer than hind 
 toe. 
 i". Nostrils long and covered by a large 
 
 membrane. 
 e'". Culmen very gently curved 
 
 throughout STACHYRHIS, p. 161. 
 
 /'". Culmen quite straight throughout. STACHYRIDOPSIS, p. 164. 
 ff"'. Basal half of culmen straight, 
 
 terminal half slightly curved . . CYANODERMA, p. 166. 
 k". Nostrils oval, exposed, pierced in 
 
 anterior corner of membrane .... MIXOBNIS, p. 166. 
 /'. Bill short and blunt ; its length from 
 
 forehead to tip less than hind toe. 
 I". Nostrils not overhung by hairs. 
 h'". Tail and wing about equal in 
 
 length ; bill stout SCHCENIPARUS, p. 168. 
 
 f". Tail considerably shorter than 
 
 wing ; bill slender SITTIPABUS, p. 171. 
 
 m". Nostrils overhung by hairs. 
 
 k'". Bill narrow ; rictal bristles short ; 
 hind claw very large, as long as 
 
 hind toe , . . PBOPABUS, p. 173. 
 
 /'". Bill broad; rictal bristles long; 
 hind claw moderate, shorter than 
 
 hind toe , . . . LIOPARUS, p. 174. 
 
 c. Tail less than half the wing. 
 ff'. Bill as long as or longer than head, 
 
 curved downwards RIMATOR, p. 175. 
 
 h\ Bill half length of head, straight .... TURDINULUS, p. 176. 
 
 Genus TIMELIA, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The genus Timelia contains only one species, and is characterized 
 by the peculiar rigid shafts of the feathers on the forehead and 
 crown, and by its deep black bill. The tail is longer than the 
 wing and much graduated, the outer feather reaching to the middle 
 of the tail. 
 
 K2 
 
132 CEATEROPODID^;. 
 
 134. Timelia pileata. The Red-capped Babbler. 
 
 Timelia pileata, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 151 (1821) ; Blyth, 
 
 Cat. p. 149 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 227 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 24 ; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 246 ; id. 8. F. iii, p. 118 ; Gates, S. F. v, p. 152 ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 634 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 267 ; Gates, B. B. p. 44 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 507} Gates 
 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 90. 
 Timelia bengalensis, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 143 
 
 (1872) ; Gates, S. F. vii, p. 41 ; Cripps, S. F. vii, p. 277 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 396 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 143. 
 Timelia jerdoni, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4), x, p. 61 (1872) ; Bl. $ 
 
 Wald. Birds Burm. p. 114. 
 
 The Red-capped Wren-Babbler, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 36. Head of T. pileata. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a streak on each side over and past 
 the eye white ; lores black ; crown deep rufous ; ear-coverts white 
 in front, ashy behind ; upper plumage and exposed parts of wings 
 olive-brown, tinged with fulvous, the mantle suffused with ashy 
 and with blackish shafts ; tail dark brown, cross-rayed ; cheeks, 
 chin, and throat white ; breast white, with distinct narrow black 
 shaft-lines ; sides of neck deep grey, produced down the sides of 
 the breast; remainder of lower parts ferruginous, tinged with 
 olivaceous on the sides of the abdomen. 
 
 Birds from the Himalayas, Assam, and Manipur have the lower 
 parts more olivaceous and less ferruginous than those from other 
 parts. 
 
 Javan birds have a very narrow white forehead, but differ in no 
 other respect from Indian and Burmese specimens. 
 
 Bill black ; iris dark red ; eyelids dark bluish grey ; mouth 
 black ; legs purpurescent-brown ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 7 ; tail 3'2 ; wing 2'5 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '75. 
 
 Distribution. The plains and lower hills along the border of 
 Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan, extending up the Assam valley to 
 Sadiya. This bird is found over a considerable portion of Bengal. 
 Thence it occurs in all the countries to the east and southwards 
 throughout Burma as far as the central portion of Tenasserim. It 
 is found in Siam and Cochin China, and although not known to 
 occur in the Malay peninsula it reappears in Java. 
 
 Habits, $c. This Babbler inhabits by preference extensive grass 
 plains, but it is also found, though in fewer numbers, in bush- 
 jungle and in the vicinity of villages. It is an active, bright bird, 
 
DUMETIA. 133 
 
 creeping about grass near the ground, and seldom showing itself 
 but frequently uttering its pleasant notes. It breeds in May and 
 June, constructing a domed nest of grass either on the ground or 
 in a fork of a bush near the ground. The eggs, three in number, 
 are white, speckled with brown, and measure '71 by '58. 
 
 Genus DUMETIA, Blyth, 1849. 
 
 This genus, which contains two common Indian species, resembles 
 Timelia very closely in structure, especially in the stiffness of the 
 shafts of the feathers of the forehead and crown. The essential 
 difference between the two genera is that in Dumetia the bill is 
 much smaller, more slender, and of a pale colour, and in Timelia 
 larger, deeper, and black. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Chin and throat rufous D. hyperythra, p. 133. 
 
 b. Chin and throat white , D. albigularis, p. 134. 
 
 135. Dumetia hyperythra. The Rufous-bell 'ed Babbler. 
 
 Timalia hyperythra, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118. 
 
 Dumetia hyperythra (Fraiikl.), Blyth, Cat. p. 140; Jerd. B. 1. ii, 
 
 p. 26 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 246 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 213 j Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 397 ; Sharpe,Cat. B. M. vii, p. 515 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 176 ; 
 
 Oates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 92. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and anterior half of the crown reddish 
 brown, the feathers of the former part rigid, pointed, with large 
 fulvous streaks, and with the shafts black when viewed in certain 
 lights ; feathers round the eye white ; upper plumage, tail, and 
 exposed parts of wing olive-brown, the tail cross-rayed ; cheeks 
 and near the eye fulvous with paler shafts ; ear-coverts somewhat 
 paler than the upper plumage and with pale shafts ; entire lower 
 plumage bright fulvous. 
 
 Legs and feet very pale fleshy ; bill livid pale horny ; iris light 
 brown (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length about 5*5 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 2'2 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. This bird has a large range. In the south it is 
 found at Khandala on the west and throughout the Godavari valley 
 on the east. Thence, going north, it is spread throughout the 
 Central Provinces, Central India, Chutia Nagpur, the North- West 
 Provinces, and part of Bengal up to the lower valleys of the 
 Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikhim. Specimens have been col- 
 lected at Pareshnath hill and in Midnapur and Birbhum, but not 
 in Lower Bengal. Its western limits are not traceable with any 
 accuiacy, but it occurs at Mhow, and probably Delhi will prove 
 another point on its western boundary. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. This species occurs in small parties and has much the 
 habits of Aryya, frequenting bushes and feeding on the ground. 
 
134 CRATEEOPODID^. 
 
 It breeds from June to August, constructing a ball-shaped nest of 
 grass on or near the ground in busies. The eggs, four in number, 
 are white speckled with red and measure '67 by '53. 
 
 136. Dumetia albigularis. The Small White-throated Babbler. 
 
 Malacocercus ? albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 453 (1847). 
 
 Dumetia albogularis (Blyth\ Blyth, Cat. p. 140 ; Horsf. 9 M. Cat. i, 
 p. 403 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 26 ; Hume, N. # E. p. 247 ; id. Cat. no. 398 ; 
 Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 505 ; Sharpe y Cat. B. M. vii, p. 514 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 177; Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 94. 
 
 The White-throated Wren-Babbler, Jerd. ; Pandi-jitta, Tel. ; Batitchia 
 Ceyl. 
 
 Fig. 37. Head of D. albigularis. 
 
 Coloration. Besembles D. hyperythra. Differs in having a white 
 chin and throat. 
 
 This bird varies a good deal throughout its extensive range. 
 From Mount Abu and Deesa down to Mahableshwar the greater 
 number of birds have nearly the whole crown deep rufous with 
 pale shaft-streaks and the shafts themselves more or less black. 
 In Mysore and the Wynaad the rufous is restricted to the fore- 
 head, the feathers having intensely black shafts, and all the white 
 feathers of the throat having conspicuously black shafts. Ceylonese 
 birds resemble the Mysore and Wynaad ones, but the throat is 
 without the black shafts so conspicuous in the latter. The iris also 
 varies : Ceylon, greyish olive or white (Legge) ; Wynaad, white 
 (Davison) ; Deesa, dark brown (Butler). 
 
 Bill, legs, and claws pinkish fleshy ; the upper mandible along 
 the culmen as also the claws tinged with brown (Davison). 
 
 Length nearly 6; tail 2'7; wing 2-2; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. From Sambhar, Abu, and Deesa down the western 
 portion of the peninsula to Ceylon. The most eastern locality 
 where this species has been obtained appears to be Groona, whence 
 King records it. It is found up to 3000 feet of elevation or even 
 higher. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Similar to those of the preceding. This bird breeds 
 from April to July, in the same manner as the last species. The 
 eggs measure '72 by -51. 
 
 Genus GAMPSOKHYNCHUS, Blyth, 1844. 
 
 The present genus contains two species peculiar to India. Very 
 little is known about their habits and nothing whatever about their 
 
GAMPSOEHYNCHUS. 1 35 
 
 nidification. The young birds deviate considerably from the adult 
 in the colour of their plumage, more so than is usual in this sub- 
 family. Pending a better acquaintance with them, their position 
 at present appears. to be in the Timeliince. 
 
 They are birds of rufous or golden-brown plumage with white 
 heads. " The bill is about half the length of the head and very 
 shrike-like in shape. The rictal bristles are very long. The tail 
 is much longer than the wing and much graduated, the outer feather 
 extending over less than two thirds of the tail. They appear to 
 be frequenters of thick jungle and to creep about in the manner 
 of the Timeliince. 
 
 Key to the Species *. 
 
 . Tail tipped with yellowish buff; upper plumage 
 
 golden brown O. rufulus, p. 135. 
 
 b. Tail tipped with white ; upper plumage rufous 
 
 brown G. torquatus, p. 136. 
 
 137. Grampsorhynchus rufulus. The White-headed 
 Shrike-Babbler. 
 
 Gampsorhynchus rufulus, Elyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 371 (1844) ; id. 
 Cat. p. 150; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 171; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 14; 
 Blyth Sf Wald. Birds Burm. p. 109 ; Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 460 ; 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 73 ; Hume, Cat. no. 384 ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 40 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 386 ; Hume, S. F. 
 xi, p. 135. 
 
 The White-headed Shrike- Thrush, Jerd. ; Chongto-phep-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 38. Head of G. rufulus. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, neck, and breast white; the 
 anterior rictal bristles black with white bases, the hindmost one 
 entirely white ; upper plumage, tail, and exposed part of wings 
 golden brown, except the lesser and median coverts and the edge of 
 the wing which are white ; quills dark brown ; tail edged interiorly 
 and tipped with yellowish buff ; lower plumage pale fulvous. 
 
 Bill dusky horny above, pale beneath ; legs reddish horny ; iris 
 orange-yellow in some, straw-yellow in others (Jerdon). 
 
 * Here should be noticed the Thamnocataphns picatus, Tick., of Jerdon (B. I. 
 ii. p. 13), which turns out to be a well-known South-African Bush-Shrike (cf. 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 324, note). Tickell appears to have received the skin 
 from some European correspondent, to have got it mixed up with his Indian 
 collection and then to have described it as Himalayan. 
 
136 CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4'7 ; wing 3'9 ; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 The young bird has the forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, and 
 sides of the head and neck bright chestnut ; the eye with a ring of 
 white feathers round it ; the fulvous of the lower parts extends 
 up to the breast and frequently to the throat ; the white on the 
 wing is wanting and the tone of the whole plumage is more rufous. 
 
 The young bird commences to assume the white head in January 
 by the gradual acquisition of new feathers, and the white head of 
 the adult does not appear to be entirely acquired till May, or when 
 the birds are about one year old. The -white wing-patch comes on 
 last of all, and there is no sign of it till the head is nearly wholly 
 white. 
 
 There is a young bird in the British Museum which was just 
 able to fly and was killed in Sikhim in July. 
 
 Distribution. The lower ranges and valleys of Sikhim ; Sadiya 
 and Tippook in Assam ; the Daphla hills ; the Garo hills ; Arrakan. 
 
 138. Gampsorhynchus torquatus. The Ring-necked Shrike-Babbler. 
 
 Gampsorhynchus torquatus, Hume, Proc. A. S. B. 1874, p. 107 ; id. 
 S. F. ii, p. 446 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 352 ; Hume $ 
 Dai\ S. F. vi, p. 258 ; Hume, Cat. no. 384 bis ; id. S. F. viii, 
 p. 168 ; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 178 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 387 ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 41. 
 
 Coloration. Adult. The whole head and neck, chin, throat, and 
 upper breast white ; lesser and median coverts and edge of wing 
 also white ; upper plumage rufous-brown, the outer webs of the 
 earlier primaries and the tips of the others hoary grey; tail brown, 
 washed with rufous on the outer webs, tipped with white, and the 
 inner webs partially bordered with white ; lower plumage pale 
 fulvous, the sides of the neck with some rufous and blacldsh 
 marks. 
 
 Bill greyish horny or fleshy white, with, in some cases, a dusky 
 line on the culmen; legs and feet greyish white, or slaty white, or 
 fleshy white with a blue tinge ; iris pale to bright golden (Hume 
 fy Davisori). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4*8; wing 4; tarsus !! ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 The youngest bird that I have been able to examine resembles 
 the adult in having a white head, but there are some rufous-brown 
 feathers on the nape and hind crown ; there is also a very complete 
 black collar across the chest, dividing the white of the throat from 
 the fulvous of the breast, and the white wing-spot is entirely 
 absent. 
 
 This collar gradually disappears, but traces of it are found on 
 the sides of the neck for a long time. 
 
 The nestling bird probably has the crown of the head of the 
 same colour as the upper plumage. 
 
 Distribution. From the Toungngoo hills and Karennee to the 
 
PYCTORHIS. 137 
 
 central portion of Tenasserim. This species has been found also 
 at Perak, but the bird from this place has been separated by 
 Sharpe, unnecessarily in my opinion. 
 
 Habits, $c. There is nothing known about this or the preceding 
 species, except that they have both been procured in bamboo and 
 bush jungle and in evergreen forest. 
 
 Genus PYCTORHIS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 This genus is almost peculiar to India, one species only ranging 
 into Siam. It is characterized by a very short deep bill without a 
 notch ; oval and exposed nostrils ; and a long tail much graduated, 
 the outer feather reaching to about the middle of the tail. All the 
 species are birds of very neat plumage, and they have pretty notes, 
 which at the breeding-season almost constitute a song. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Bill black ; forehead plain rufous. 
 
 a'. Nostrils yellow P. sinensis, p. 137. 
 
 b'. Nostrils black . -, P. nasalis, p. 138. 
 
 b. Bill yellowish brown ; forehead black with ashy 
 
 margins P. altirostris, p. 139. 
 
 139. Pyctorhis sinensis. The Yellow-eyed Babbler. 
 
 Parus sinensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1012 (1788). 
 
 Timalia hypoleuca, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118. 
 
 Timalia bicolor, Lafr. May. de Zool 1835, text to pi. 39. 
 
 Timalia horstieldii, Jard. # Selby, III. Orn. pi. 119. 
 
 Chrysomrna sinense (Gm.). Bluth. Cat. p. 150; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i. 
 
 p. 230. 
 Pyctorhis sinensis (Gm.). Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 15 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 237 ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 637 ; Hume, Cat. no. 385 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 46 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 510 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 
 p. 174 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 136; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 95. 
 
 Gal-chasm or Bulal-chasm, H. in the South ; Bara-podna, H. in the 
 N. W. P. ; Yerra Kali-jitta, Tel. ; MuUala, Siiid. 
 
 Fig. 39. Head of P. sinensis. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage, ear-coverts, and sides of 
 the neck rufescent brown, changing to cinnamon on the tertiaries 
 and the outer webs of the other quills ; lores, a short eyebrow 
 
138 CEATEllOPODIDJE. 
 
 the feathers on the eyelids, chin, throat, cheeks, and breast pure 
 white ; abdomen, vent, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale fulvous ; 
 tail very faintly cross-rayed. 
 
 Iris pale orange-yellow ; eyelids deep orange ; bill black, yellow- 
 ish at the nostrils ; legs pale orange-yellow ; claws pinkish ; mouth 
 yellow in winter, black in summer. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3-4 ; wing 2-5 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Every portion of the Empire, in the plains and 
 lower hills, except Ceylon and Tenasserim south of Moulmein, 
 but extending into Siam. This bird appears to be found in the hills 
 up to an elevation of 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Frequents every description of jungle except thick 
 forest, but is more abundant perhaps in heavy grass than elsewhere. 
 This bird is generally seen singly or in pairs, creeping about the 
 vegetation near the ground and occasionally mounting to the top of a 
 stem of grass or a branch to look round and utter its note. It breeds 
 from May to September, constructing a deep cup-shaped nest of 
 blades of grass and fibrous bark, which is attached to a few stems 
 of grass or placed in a branch of a low tree. The eggs, three or 
 four in number, are pinkish white blotched with red, and measure 
 73 by -59. 
 
 140. PyctorMs nasalis. The Ceylon Yellow-eyed Babbler. 
 
 Pyctorhis nasalis, Legge,A. M. N. H. (5) iii, p. 169 (1879); id. 
 Birds Ceyl. p. 512, pi. xxiv ; Hume, S. F. viii, p. 73 ; id. Cat. no. 
 385 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 512 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 
 2nded. i, p. 98. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. sinensis. Differs in having the nostrils 
 black like the bill (instead of yellow) ; in having more white on 
 the side of the head ; and in having the tertiaries and the outer 
 webs of the other quills rufous like the back and not cinnamon- 
 coloured. 
 
 Iris golden yellow ; eyelid chrome-yellow ; loral skin, which is 
 perceptible through the feathers, greenish yellow ; bill and nostril 
 black ; legs and feet dull yellow ; extremities of toes dusky ; claws 
 dusky horn-colour (Legge). 
 
 Of the same size as P. sinensis. 
 
 This species is not a very marked one ; but the points of differ- 
 ence indicated above seem always to hold good in specimens from 
 Ceylon. In dry skins, however, the yellow colour of the nostrils is 
 not always apparent, and the identification of the species then rests 
 almost entirely on the colour of the exposed parts of the closed 
 wings. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon. 
 
 Habits, fyo. Apparently the same as those of the preceding species. 
 Breeds from February to May. The eggs measure -78 by -58. 
 
PELLOBNEUM. 139 
 
 141. Pyctorhis altirostris. Jerdon's Babller. 
 
 Chrysomma altirostre, Jcrd. Ibis, 1862, p. 22; Godiv.-Aust. A.M. 
 
 N. H. (4) xvii, p. 34 ; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 504. 
 
 Pyctorhis altirostris (Jerd.), Blyth $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 117; 
 . Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii. pp. 74, 197, pi. ix ; Blanf. S. F. 
 
 v, p. 245; Gates, S. F. v, p. 249; Godic.-Aust. J.A.S.B. xlvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 23 ; Hume, Cat. no. 386 bis ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 206 ; id. 
 
 B. B. i, p. 47 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 512 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 138. 
 Pyctorhis griseigularis, Hume, S. F. v, p. 116; id. Cat. no. 386 ter ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 174. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a broad stripe to the eye hoary grey 
 with black centres ; lores grey ; sides of head and neck greyish 
 brown tinged with rufous, more hoary round the eye ; whole 
 upper plumage deep reddish brown, brighter on the tail and ex- 
 posed parts of wings ; chin, throat, cheeks, and upper breast grey; 
 remainder of lower surface bright buff. 
 
 Upper mandible pale horn-colour, lower pinkish flesh-colour ; 
 iris hazel-brown ; eyelid and orbital skin greenish yellow ; legs 
 and feet pinkish brown ; claws pinkish horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 3-3 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from 
 gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. Mangrani between Sukkur and Shikarpur in Sind ; 
 Bhutan and Buxa doars; the Bishnath plain and Sibscagar in 
 Assam ; Thayetmyo ; the plains of Pegu between the Pegu hills 
 and the Sittoung from Kyeikpadein to Toungngoo. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This bird is confined to vast plains of elephant -grass. 
 It is a very difficult bird to observe ; it creeps quietly through the 
 clumps of grass and is seen for an instant only as it flies from 
 one clump to another. It has a peculiar note, very different to 
 that of P. sinensis. 
 
 Genus PELLORNEUM, Swains., 1831. 
 
 The genus Pellorneum contains seven species which are almost 
 exclusively Indian and greatly developed in the Eastern portion of 
 the Empire. 
 
 In Pellorneum the tail and wing are about equal in length ; the 
 bill is about three fourths the length of the head, straight and 
 notched at the tip ; the nostrils are not overhung by hairs and the 
 rictal bristles are extremely short. The breast is streaked ; in five 
 species very distinctly so, in the other two obsoletely. 
 
 The habits of all the species, so far as is known, are similar and 
 may be dealt with here to avoid repetition. These Babblers are 
 found solitary or in pairs in thick brushwood and neglected gardens, 
 or places in fact which are not open and exposed. They are almost 
 always seen on the ground and they utter a series of very pretty 
 notes as well as harsh ones. Their nests are domed and built on 
 the ground with one doubtful exception. 
 
140 CRATEROPODID^E. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Mantle streaked. 
 
 '. Forehead and eyebrow with black 
 
 shaft-streaks . . . P. mandeUii, p. 140. 
 
 b'. Forehead and eyebrow with only a few 
 
 black specks at the ends of the feathers. P. minus, p. 141. 
 
 b. Mantle not streaked. 
 
 c. Breast boldly streaked with brown. 
 
 a". Crown rufous P. ntficeps, p. 141. 
 
 b". Crown chestnut P. subochraceum, p. 142. 
 
 c". Crown brown P. palustre, p. 143. 
 
 d\ Breast with only a few obsolete stripes 
 at the sides. 
 
 d". Throat and breast brown P. fuscicapillum, p. 143. 
 
 e". Throat and breast white P. ignotum, p. 144. 
 
 142. Pellorneum mandellii. Mandelli's Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Hemipteron nipalense, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844, 
 
 desc. null.} ; Hume, S. F. \ p. 493. 
 Pellorneum mandellii, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 165, pi. vii 
 
 (1872) ; Hume, S. F. i, p. 298 note ; id. S. F. xi, p. 144 j Gates in 
 
 Hume's N. fy R 2nd ed. i, p. 99. 
 Pellorneum nipalense (Hodgs.), Hume, N. $ E. p. 248 ; Blanf. S. F. 
 
 viii, p. 181 ; Hume, S. F. viii, p. 188 ; id. Cat. no. 399 bis ; Shai-pe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 518. 
 Pellorneum pectoralis, Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. ii, p. 41 
 
 (1877) ; Hume, S, F. v, p. 340 ; id. Cat. no. 399 sept. 
 
 Fig. 40. Head of P. mandellii. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, arid nape rufous-brown ; the 
 feathers of the forehead with black shaft-streaks ; a line from the 
 forehead over the eye white, with the tips of the feathers black ; 
 this line produced to the nape and uniform creamy-white behind ; 
 ear-coverts rufous, margined below by a narrow dusky line ; chin, 
 throat, and cheeks white ; the feathers of the hind neck and sides 
 of the neck with the outer webs blackish, the inner creamy yellow; 
 back, wing- and tail-coverts and tertiaries olive-brown with paler 
 margins ; rump and tail plain olive-brown, the latter very deli- 
 cately tipped with whitish ; wing-feathers dark brown, the outer 
 webs the colour of the back, and those of the earlier primaries 
 tinged with grey ; lower plumage fulvous, the breast, sides of body, 
 and under tail-coverts with large black streaks ; centre of abdomen 
 streakless ; sides of body and flanks olivaceous. 
 
PELLORNEUM. 141 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy creamy-white ; upper mandible brown ; 
 lower mandible greenish-horny, yellow at base; iris dull hazel 
 (Hume). 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 2'6 ; wing 2*7 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The lower hills of Nepal and Sikhim ; the Bhutan 
 and Buxa doars ; Dibrugarh district, Assam ; Khasi, Garo, and 
 N. Cachar hills ; Manipur. In the British Museum there is a 
 specimen labelled ' Gurvvhal,' but this locality I think requires 
 confirmation. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Breeds from April to l uly, constructing a loose domed 
 nest of moss, leaves, and fibres on the ground. The eggs, three in 
 number, are white speckled with chocolate or purplish brown and 
 measure *87 by '67. 
 
 143. Pellorneum minus. Sharpens Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Pellorneum minor, Hume, S. F. i, p. 298 (1873) ; iii, p. 120. 
 Pellorneum intermedium, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 519, pi. xiii, 
 
 fig. 1 (1883) ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 67; Salvador*, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
 
 Gen. (2) iv, p. 597. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. mandellii. Differs in having a more 
 slender bill ; the black streaks on the forehead more sparse ; the 
 eyebrow more distinct, with only one or two black specks on it just 
 in front of the eye ; the outer webs of the feathers of the hind 
 neck rufous-brown, not blackish ; the streaks on the breast nar- 
 rower and paler. 
 
 Legs fleshy yellow ; bill dusky, yellowish at the base below 
 (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 2'6 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape -75. 
 
 Hume first named this species from a specimen sent to him by 
 Feilden from Thayetmyo. His type is in the British Museum, 
 and he correctly described it as being like P. mandellii in having 
 the sides of the head behind the ear-coverts and nape olive-brown, 
 margined more or less broadly on one w r eb with rufescent or buffy- 
 white. He, however, afterwards allowed himself to be persuaded 
 that his bird was nothing but P. subochraceum, a totally different 
 type of Pellorneum with no white-edged feathers behind the nape. 
 Sharpe, in the absence of Hume's type, very rightly gave a name 
 to the Cachar bird, which is identical with the Thayetmyo one. 
 Hume's name, however, has priority by ten years, and I am 
 glad to be able to reinstate it. 
 
 Distribution. Cachar ; Tipperah ; Bhamo ; Thayetmyo. Pro- 
 bably widely distributed. 
 
 144. Pellorneum ruficeps. The Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Pellorneum ruficeps, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 487 (1831) 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 145; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 224; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
142 CRATEBOPODIDjE. 
 
 p. 27 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 248; Ball, S. F. ii, p. 409; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 399 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 376 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 520; 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 177 ; Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 100. 
 
 The Spotted Wren-Babbler, Jerd. ; Adavi-liku-jittu,^. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dull rufous ; whole 
 upper plumage and exposed parts of wings, sides of neck and the 
 tail olive-brown, the latter very narrowly tipped white ; lores 
 and an indistinct superciliuin dull creamy white ; sides of the head 
 paler rufous than the crown, mottled with black round the eye, 
 and the ear-coverts streaked with brown ; chin, throat, and cheeks 
 white ; lower plumage white or pale fulvous white, boldly streaked 
 with black on the breast and sides of the abdomen and suffused 
 with olivaceous on the flanks and thighs ; under tail-coverts brown 
 edged with white. 
 
 Specimens from Coorg, the Wynaad, and Travancore are more 
 richly coloured and have more black on the sides of the head than 
 birds from elsewhere. 
 
 Iris in the adult crimson-lake, in the immature bird cinnamon- 
 brown ; legs, feet, claws, and lower mandible fleshy white ; upper 
 mandible dark brown (Davison). 
 
 Length nearly 7*5 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 2-9 ; tarsus 1*05 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The peninsula of India as far north as JSTandurbtir 
 in Khandesh on the west and extending to Pareshnath and the 
 Rajmehal hills on the east. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Miss Cockburn, the only person who has found the 
 nest of this bird, states that at Kotagiri it nests in March and April. 
 The nest is a meagre structure of dry leaves and grass with a 
 canopy over the eggs, and placed on the ground under a bush. 
 
 The eggs are greenish white, speckled with lilac and purplish 
 grey ; one egg measured *88 by *65. 
 
 145. Pellorneum subochraceum, The Burmese Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Pellorneum subochraceum, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (4) vii, p. 257 
 (1871) ; Tiveedd. Ibis, 1877, pp. 385, 452, pi. x; Hume $ Dav. 
 S. F. vi, pp. 278, 514 j Hume, Cat. no. 399 sex ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 p. 66 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 521 ; Salvador^ Ann. Mus. Civ. 
 Gen. (2) v, p. 605 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 100. 
 
 Pellorneum minor, Hume, apud Oates, S. F. iv, p. 406 ; v, p. 154. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape light chestnut, the 
 feathers of the forehead with black shafts and tips ; lores fulvous 
 white with black shafts ; a broad superciliary streak to the nape 
 creamy white or pale buff ; the feathers immediately over the eye 
 tipped brownish ; ear-coverts and under the eye fulvous surrounded 
 by dusky ; upper plumage, tail, and exposed parts of wings olive- 
 brown, the outer webs of the primaries tinged with ochraceous, 
 the tail narrowly tipped with white ; chin and throat white ; lower 
 
PELLOBNEUM. 143 
 
 plumage light fulvous, the breast and sides of the body streaked 
 with dark brown ; centre of the abdomen whitish ; under tail- 
 coverts fulvous with large central brown marks. 
 
 Iris red ; upper mandible dark brown, lower yellow at base, 
 changing to light brown at tip ; mouth flesh-colour ; eyelids green- 
 ish ; tegs light brownish yellow ; claws flesh-colour. 
 
 Length about 6-5 : tail 2'7 ; wing 2'6 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Pegu and Tenasseriin, alike in the plains and in 
 the lower hills. This bird extends down the Malay peninsula. 
 At Thayetmyo and in the extreme northern portion of Pegu it 
 appears to be replaced by P. minus. 
 
 Habits, &fc. Breeds from March to June, constructing a small 
 domed nest of leaves and grass on the ground, generally under 
 shelter of a bush, and laying three eggs which are whitish, very 
 thickly speckled with reddish brown and purple ; they measure '82 
 by -62. 
 
 146. Pellorneum palustre. The Marsh Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Pellorneum palustre, Jerd., Gould, Birds Asia, iii, pi. 65 (1872); 
 Hume, S. F. i, p. 4 (1873) ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 p. 142; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 300 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 215 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 399 quat. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 522 ; Hume, S. F. 
 xi, p. 146. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-brown, the forehead tinged 
 with bright rufous produced back over the lores ; tail and the 
 outer webs of the wing-feathers rufous ; lores white ; cheeks white 
 barred with brown ; ear-coverts rufous, with paler shafts and 
 mottled with brown ; chin, throat, and a broad line down the 
 centre of the breast and abdomen white ; the remaining lower 
 plumage rich ochraceous buff ; the whole breast and the sides of 
 the body with long, broad, distinct dark brown streaks; under 
 tail-coverts rich ochraceous. 
 
 The colour of the bill, iris, &c. does not appear to have been 
 recorded. In the dry skin the upper mandible is dark brown, the 
 lower pale brown ; the legs yellowish brown. 
 
 Length about 6; tail 2'6 ; wing 2-6; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Khasi hills ; North Sylhet ; Sadiya. Apparently 
 found near swamps. 
 
 147. Pellorneum fuscicapillum. The Brown-capped Babbler. 
 
 Drymocataphus fuscocapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 815 (1849) ; 
 
 id. Cat. p. 340. 
 
 Pellorneum fuscicapillum (Blyth), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 301 ; Hume, 
 S. F. i, p. 299 note ; Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 510, pi. 23, fig. 1 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 399 quint. ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 102. 
 Scotocichla fuscicapilla (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 523. 
 Batitchia, Ceyl. 
 
144 CKATEROPODID.E. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark chocolate-brown, 
 the shafts fulvous ; upper plumage dark olive-brown, the tail tipped 
 narrowly with ochraceous, the feathers of the wing- coverts and 
 back with pale shafts, and the edges of the primaries tinged with 
 rufous ; lores, sides of the head and neck, and the whole lower 
 plumage sienna-brown, the sides of the neck and breast with 
 obscure dark striations on some of the feathers, the striations occa- 
 sionally almost entirely absent. 
 
 Some birds have the crown and upper plumage paler, and these 
 seem to be found in the northern part of Ceylon only ; others 
 having these parts darker are found in the south-western and 
 central portions of the island only. 
 
 The iris varies from light reddish to dark red ; eyelid olivaceous ; 
 upper mandible deep brown with a pale margin, lower flesh-colour ; 
 legs and feet brownish fleshy; claws pale brownish (Legge). 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 2-5 ; wing 2'6 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, up to 6000 feet or more of elevation. 
 
 Habits, &fc. A nest found in Ceylon, said to have belonged to this 
 bird, was cup-shaped, loosely constructed of moss and leaves, and 
 placed in a bramble about three feet from the ground. 
 
 148. Pellorneum ignotum. The Assam Babbler. 
 
 Pellorneum ignotum, Hume, S. F. v, p. 334 (1877) ; id. Cat. no. 399 
 
 ter A ; id. S. F. xi, p. 146. 
 Turdinus nagaensis, Godivin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, p. 519 
 
 (1877) ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 143 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 16. 
 Drymocataphus ignotus (Hume\ Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 556. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage, tail, and exposed parts of 
 wings rufescent olive-brown, the shafts of the feathers nowhere 
 markedly paler, and the forehead not differing from the crown in 
 colour ; wings and tail rather more rufescent than the back ; lores 
 and over the eyes greyish brown ; ear-coverts brown with paler 
 shafts ; sides of neck like the back ; chin, throat, centre of breast 
 and abdomen dull white, very slightly mottled with rufescent 
 brown ; remainder of lower plumage rusty brown. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and feet light sienna-grey (Godw.-Aust.}. 
 
 Length 5-7 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2-2 ; tarsus *9 ; bill from gape *65. 
 
 Distribution. The Eastern Naga hills ; Dhollah, in the Dibrugarh 
 district of Assam. 
 
 Genus DRYMOCATAPHUS, Blyth, 1849. 
 
 This genus contains four Indian species which are allied in 
 habits to Pellorneum, but differ from it in having a conspicuously 
 shorter tail and longer bill. Two of the species are very closely 
 allied to each other, and are not easily identified without actual 
 
DRYMOCATAPHUS. 145 
 
 comparing specimens of radi ; they have consequently been a tortile 
 source of cout'usiou in the past. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crowh block D. wgrieapitatus, p. 1 10. 
 
 b. Crown uot black. 
 
 a'. Lower plumage bright ferruginous .... D. rubiyinostii, p. 145. 
 b'. Lower plumage fulvous. 
 
 a". Upper plumage fill ve.sc-e ut olive-brown. D. tickelli, p. 140. 
 
 b". Upper plumage rufesceut olive-brown. D. assamensis, p. 147. 
 
 149. Drymocataphus nigricapitatus. The Blade-capped Babbler. 
 
 Brachypteryx nigrocapitata, E-jton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103 ; Blyth, 
 
 Cat. p. 178. 
 Drymocataphus nigrocapitatus (Ei/ton), Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 396 ; 
 
 Tioeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 308; 'Hums c^ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 275; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 396 sex; Oates, B. B. i, p. 63; Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 B. M. vii, p. 554 ; Oates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 102. 
 
 Coloration. The lores, a broad supercilium reaching to the nape, 
 and the cheeks grey, each feather with a white shaft-stripe ; ear- 
 coverts ashy rufous with whitish shafts ; a very narrow moustachial 
 stripe black ; chin and throat white ; sides of neck and the whole 
 lower plumage ferruginous, brightest on the breast and tinged with 
 brown on the flanks, lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts ; 
 forehead, crown, and nape black ; the whole upper plumage, tail, 
 and exposed parts of wings deep ferruginous brown. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy white, slightly tinged with brown or reddish 
 horny ; upper mandible black, lower fleshy white ; iris rhubarb- 
 red (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length about 7; tail 2-4; wing 2'7; tarsus 1-15; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending to 
 Sumatra. 
 
 Habits, $c. Feeds entirely on the ground, singly or in pairs. A 
 shy bird, frequenting the densest portions of the forests. Davisou 
 describes the nest as being built on the ground of coarse fern-roots 
 on a foundation of twigs and leaves. The only nest he found 
 was at the base of a small clump of ferns, and contained two eggs. 
 They are described as creamy white, very thickly speckled with 
 inky purple and purplish brown. They measured '82 by -62. 
 
 150. Drymocataphus rubiginosus. The Rufous Babbler. 
 
 Trichostoma rubiginosa, Walcl A. M. N. II. (4) xv, p. 402 (1875) ; 
 
 id. in Blyth, 3fcri&2farm.p. 115; Hume, S. F. hi, p. 404; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 387 ter. 
 Drymocataphus rubiginosus ( Wald.), Oates, B. B. i. p. 65 ; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 560. 
 
 YOL. I. 
 
146 CEATEKOPODID^;. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage olive-brown tinged with 
 rufous ; the outer webs of the wing-quills more rufous ; chin and 
 throat white ; remaining lower plumage bright ferruginous, the 
 centre of the abdomen albescent. 
 
 Iris light brown ; bill blackish brown above, pale below, yellowish 
 at gape ; legs dull pinkish white ( Wardlaw liamsay). 
 
 Length about 7; tail 2'6; wing 3'1 ; tarsus 1-3; bill from 
 gape "95. 
 
 Distribution. The only two specimens of this species known were 
 procured by Wardlaw Earn say in Karennee, and are now in the 
 British Museum. They appear to be not quite adult. 
 
 151. Drymocataphus tickelli. TidceUs Babbler. 
 
 Pellorneum tickelli, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii,p. 414 (1859) ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. i, p. 299, iii, p. 119 ; Gates, S. F. iv, p. 406 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 
 
 1877, pp. 386, 451; Hume, Ibis, ]878, p. 114; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, pp. 277, 514 ; Hume, Cat. no. 399 ter ; id. S. F. xi ; p. 144. 
 Mixornis olivaceus, Tick. J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 449 (1859). 
 Trichastoma minor, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 5o5 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 259; Hume, Cat. no. 387 bis ; Bingham, 8. F. ix, p. 179. 
 Turdinus garoensis, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. 2, p. 160, 
 
 pi. viii (1874) ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 393 ; id. Cat. no. 390 sept. ; id. 
 
 S. F. xi, p. 140. 
 Drymocataphus fulvus, Wald. A. M. N. II. (4) xv, p. 401 (1875) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. iii, p. 403, v, p. 59. 
 Drymocataphus tickelli (Blyth}, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 452, pi. xi, 
 
 fig. 1 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 64 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 557 ; Oates 
 
 m Humes N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 103. 
 
 Fig. 41. Head of D. tickelli. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage fulvescent olive-brown ; the 
 forehead more distinctly fulvous, the feathers of the crown pale- 
 shafted ; tail slightly rufescent ; lores, a very indistinct eyebrow, 
 and the feathers round the eye pale fulvous ; ear-coverts fulvous 
 brown with pale shafts ; sides of neck similar to the back but 
 slightly paler ; cheeks and entire lower plumage uniform fulvous, 
 with the very faintest indications of stripes on the throat and 
 breast ; centre of abdomen albescent *. 
 
 * After examining all the specimens of birds in the Hume and Tweeddale 
 collections, as well as others lent me by Godwin-Austen, which have a bearing 
 on the identity of D. tickelli, I am of the same opinion as Sharpe and I arrived 
 at some years ago he when writing the seventh volume of the ' Catalogue,' 
 and I when writing the ' Birds of Burmah.' This conclusion is briefly that 
 Trichastoma minc-r of Hume is the same bird as Pellorneum tickelli of Blyth. 
 
DRYMOCATAPIIUS. 147 
 
 Bill dusky above, pale flesh-colour beneath ; mouth yellow ; iris 
 reddish brown ; eyelids greenish flesh-colour ; legs and claws fleshy 
 white. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2 ; wing 2*4 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape *8. 
 
 Distribution. There are undoub<ed specimens of this species in 
 the Hume Collection from the Khasi hills and from Manipur. 
 Godwin-Austen obtained it in the Garo hills. 
 
 It has been found in Karennee ; on the eastern slopes of the 
 Pegu hills ; the central and southern portions of Tenasserim, and 
 the Thoungyeen valley, in all of which tracts it appears to be 
 fairly common. 
 
 J/abits, $c. This species is a quiet little bird found in all sorts of 
 jungle, creeping about bushes and on the ground singly or in pairs. 
 Bingham found the nest in March, a domed structure of bamboo- 
 leaves and roots placed in a cane-bush about one foot above the 
 ground. It contained three eggs, white dotted with pink. One 
 egg measured *67 by '51. 
 
 152. Drymocataphus assamensis. Austen's Babbler. 
 
 Turdinus garoensis, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 75 
 
 (1876), nee xliii, pt. ii, p. 160. 
 Drymocataphus assainensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 557 (1883). 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage rufescent olive-brown, the forehead 
 with fulvous shaft-stripes, the crown and mantle with conspicuous 
 pale shafts ; the outer webs of the primaries brighter rufous ; sides 
 of the head fulvous, mottled with brown ; sides of the neck and 
 lower plumage fulvous, albescent on the centre of the abdomen, 
 and tinged with olivaceous on the sides of the breast and abdomen. 
 
 Iris red-brown; legs very pale fleshy (Godw.-Aust.}. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-1; wing 2-6; tarsus 1-15; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 This species differs from D. ticlcelli in having the upper plumage 
 rufescent olive-brown, and in having a longer tarsus. 
 
 The bird obtained by God win- Austen in the Garo hills, and de- 
 scribed by him as T. garoensis in 1874, proved, according to Sharpe, 
 who examined it, to be merely a specimen of D. tickelli. This 
 specimen, I regret to say, has been lost or mislaid. A second bird 
 procured by Godwin- Austen in the Dikrang valley in Assam, and 
 referred by him to the same T. garoensis, proved to be the present 
 species, but it cannot bear Godwin-Austen's name. Sharpe has 
 rightly renamed it. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined undoubted specimens of this species 
 from the Khasi hills, and from Dhollah and Sadiya in Assam. 
 Godwin-Austen obtained it in the Dikrang valley, Assam. 
 
 Habits, c. Godwin-Austen says : "Proceeding through the 
 dense underwood in the Dikrang valley, I caught sight of this bird 
 on the narrow path above two yards from my feet, and at the first 
 glance took it to be a small rodent. It was most fearless and made 
 no attempt to fly off." 
 
 L2 
 
148 CRATEKOPODID^. 
 
 Genus CORYTHOCICHLA, Sharpe, 1883. 
 
 This genus is barely separable from Drymocataphus ; but on 
 account of its somewhat longer rictal bristles and its squamated 
 upper plumage it is perhaps convenient to keep it distinct. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Sides of the head deep ashy ; tips of wing- 
 
 feathers white C. brevicaudata, p. 148. 
 
 b. Sides of the head brown ; tips of the wing- 
 
 feathers fulvous C. striata, p. 148. 
 
 153. Corythocichla brevicaudata. The Short-tailed Babbler. 
 
 Turdinus brevicaudatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 272 (1855); 
 
 Hume $ Dav. 8. F. vi, p. 202 ; Hume, Cat. no. 390 quint. ; Bituj- 
 
 liam, 8. F. ix, p. 179 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. CO. 
 Turdinus brevicauda (Tickett), Wald. Ibis, ]876, p. 354. 
 Corythocichla brevicaudata (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 592. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage and sides of the neck olive- 
 brown ; the feathers everywhere margined with black except on 
 the rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail rufescent ; wings olive-brown, 
 the coverts and all the quills, except the earlier primaries, tipped 
 with a small white spot ; lores, a short supercilium, cheeks, and 
 under the eye deep ashy ; ear-coverts the same, but tinged rufes- 
 cent ; chin and throat ashy white, streaked with dark brown ; 
 breast and lower plumage ferruginous, paler on the centre of the 
 abdomen, darker on the flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts, which 
 latter are tipped paler. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws pale brown to pale fleshy brown ; upper 
 mandible very dark brown, lower plumbeous to pale plumbeous ; 
 iris deep brown, red-brown, cinnamon-red (Hume $ Davison). 
 
 Length about 5'5 ; tail T7 ; wing 2'4 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The higher slopes of Muleyit mountain in Tenas- 
 serim about 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. A rather rare bird, occurring on the thickly wooded 
 and rocky parts of the mountain singly or in small parties. It feeds 
 on the ground, and when alarmed it seldom flies, but retreats by 
 hopping. Davison also remarks that its note is a long-drawn Kirr- 
 r-r, usually uttered when disturbed. 
 
 154. Corythocichla striata. The Streaked Babbler. 
 
 Turdinus brevicaudatus, Blyth, apud Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 2C9 (1870) ; Hume, 8. F. xi, p. 140. 
 Turdinus striatus, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4) vii, p. 241 (1871) ; 
 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 16 ; Hume, S. F. vii, 
 
 p. 462. 
 
GTPSOPHILA. 149 
 
 Turdinus williamsoni, Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. ii, p. 44 
 
 (1877). 
 Corythocichla striata (Wald.), SJiarpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 593. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles C. brevicaudata. Differs in having the 
 sides of the head brown instead of deep ashy, and in having the 
 breast and lower plumage brown slightly tinged with rufous, 
 instead of ferruginous ; the spots at the tips of the wing-coverts 
 and quills are less distinct, and are fulvous, not white. 
 
 The bill in the dry state has the upper mandible dark brown, 
 the lower pale brown ; the legs and feet are brown. 
 
 Length about 5; tail 1*8; wing 23 ; tarsus '95; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The base of the Khasi and Garo hills ; Sadiya in 
 Assam. Godwin- Austen appears to have obtained this bird also in 
 Manipur. 
 
 Habits, $c. This species is so close to C. brevicaudata, that the 
 habits of the two are very likely to be the same. 
 
 Genus GYPSOPHILA, Gates, 1883. 
 
 The genus Gypsopliihi contains one remarkable bird which is 
 confined to certain limited tracts of limestone mountains in Tenas- 
 serim. Its plumage is of the most extraordinary character, and 
 even the very large series of this bird in the Hume Collection 
 affords no clue to its changes. For the present I locate this genus 
 among the Timeliince, but I feel sure that this is not its proper 
 place. Its place in the system must remain undetermined until 
 its plumage from the young to the adult stage is properly under- 
 stood. 
 
 In structure Gypsophila is close to PeUorneum, from which it- 
 differs chiefly in its longer rictal bristles and stronger bill. The 
 upper plumage is squamated in appearance, owing to the feathers 
 being margined with black. 
 
 155. Gypsophila crispifrons. The Limeroek Babbler. 
 
 Turdinus crispifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 269 (1855) ; id. Birds 
 
 Burm. p. 114 ; Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 353 ; Hume, S. F. v. p. 87 ; 
 
 Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 262 ; Hume, Cat. no. 390 quat. ; Bing- 
 
 ham, S. F. ix, p. 179. 
 Gypsophila crispifrons (BlytJi), Oates, B. B. \, p. 61 ; Sharps, Cat. 
 
 B. M. vii, p. 561. 
 
 Coloration. Adult. The whole head, neck, and lower plumage 
 pure white ; upper plumage olive-brown, the feathers of the back 
 margined with black ; each tertiary quill of the wing minutely 
 tipped with white. 
 
 Younger birds have the forehead, lores, ear-coverts, a large 
 space round the eyes, cheeks, chin, and throat pure white ; 
 remainder of lower plumage ochraceous olive-brown, with some 
 blackish marks on the breast; crown, nape, and back olive-brown, 
 
150 CRATEKOPODID^E. 
 
 each feather edged with black; remainder of upper plumage, tail, 
 and exposed parts of wings plain olive-brown ; tertiaries tipped 
 with white. 
 
 What appear to be the young of the year have the crown, fore- 
 head, nape, and back olive-brown, margined with black ; rump, 
 upper tail-coverts, tail, and exposed parts of wings plain olive- 
 brown ; sides of the forehead aud an indistinct supercilium greyish 
 
 Fig. 42. Head of G. crispifrons. 
 
 white with blackish specks ; ear-coverts dark brown, with white 
 shafts ; chin, throat, and upper breast white streaked with dark 
 brown, the streaks being nearly confluent on the breast ; remainder 
 of lower plumage ochraceous olive-brown. They appear to undergo 
 no moult the first autumn, but to retain the young plumage till 
 the first spring, when the change towards adult plumage probably 
 begins by the chin and throat becoming white. 
 
 Iris pale red, red, light red, deep red-brown ; upper mandible 
 dark brown, lower pale plumbeous ; legs, feet, and claws dark 
 purplish brown (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3 ; wing 3*2 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 The above description of the plumage has been taken from a 
 series of 76 specimens in the Hume Collection. Unfortunately 
 the birds were all procured in December and March, with the excep- 
 tion of one shot in November and six in January. The series is 
 therefore very incomplete, and it is quite impossible to arrive at 
 any conclusion regarding the plumage of the young and its gradual 
 development into that of the adult. The plumage is very perplex- 
 ing and incomprehensible at present. Hume's note on the subject 
 should be carefully read. 
 
 Distribution. The limestone ranges of the central portion of 
 Tenasserim, such as those at Wimpong, the Thoungsha Gyue river, 
 and Momenzeik. 
 
 Habits, $c. Davison remarks that this bird is excessively lively 
 and sprightly. It keeps up continually a twittering chattering note, 
 and sometimes will perch itself on some point of rock and with 
 lowered wings and erected tail will pour forth a fine and powerful 
 song. It feeds principally upon insects and land-shells. 
 
 Genus MALACOPTERUM, Eyton, 1830. 
 
 The genus Malacopterum is remarkable for its lengthened wings 
 and, in consequence, its comparatively short tail. The plumage is 
 
MALACOPTERU3J. 151 
 
 soft and silky. The two Indian species of this genus appear to be 
 more arboreal than any of the preceding genera, and to have 
 somewhat of the deportment of Bulbuls. The rictal bristles are 
 very conspicuous on account of their length. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown bright ferruginous M. magnum, p. 151 . 
 
 6. Crown olive-brown M. magnirostre t p. 151. 
 
 15G. Malacopterum magnum. The Red-headed Tree-Babbler. 
 
 Malacopteron magnum, Hi/ton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103; Horsf. # M. 
 Cat. i, p. 225 ; Hume&'Dav. S.F. vi, p. 270 ; Hume, Cat. no. 396 
 ter. ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 55 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 564. 
 
 Malaropteron niajus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 461 (1847) j id. Cat. 
 p. 148, App. p. xxi; Tiueedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 309. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown bright ferruginous, the anterior 
 feathers black-shafted and the posterior ones faintly edged with 
 black ; lores and a broad supercilium grey, the middle o*f the feathers 
 whitish ; the whole nape black ; ear-coverts fulvous brown with 
 pale shafts ; the whole upper plumage olive-brown, tinged with 
 ferruginous on the rump, which colour also suffuses the upper tail- 
 coverts and the outer webs of the tail-feathers ; cheeks mottled 
 grey and white ; chin, throat, and upper breast white, streaked 
 with grey ; remainder of lower plumage greyish white. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws blue, varying from pale plumbeous to pale 
 smalt-blue; upper mandible dark horny brown, lower mandible 
 and often the edges of the upper plumbeous blue or white tinged 
 with blue, fading to bluish w 7 hite at the tip; iris carmine to 
 orange-red, changing probably according to age, as a younger bird 
 has it pale sienna-brown (Hume <Sf Davison). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3 ; wing 3-5 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending down 
 the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, $-c. According to Davison this bird hunts about trees and 
 bushes in pairs or small parties, seldom or never descending to 
 the ground. Its weak feet corroborate this description of its habits. 
 
 157. Malacopterum magnirostre. The Brown-headed Tree-BalUer. 
 
 Alcippe magnirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277 ; Horsf. fy M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 407. 
 Malacopteron magnirostris (Moore), Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 274 j 
 
 Hume Cat. no. 396 quint. 
 
 Malacopterum magnirostre (Moore), Oates, B. B. i, p. 56. 
 Turdinus magnirostris (Moore), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 547. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and back olive-brown, the 
 feathers of the forehead with black shafts ; wing-coverts and ex- 
 posed parts of quills rufescent olive ; upper tail-coverts and tail 
 bright chestnut-brown ; feathers round the eye white ; lores and 
 
152 CRATEROPODID^. 
 
 an obsolete stripe over the eye grey ; cheeks and ear-coverts deep 
 ashy, the latter with whitish shafts ; entire lower plumage dull 
 white, washed with ashy across the breast and on the flanks, thighs, 
 and under tail-coverts. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws pale bluish, sometimes a little darker and 
 more plumbeous ; upper mandible dark horny brown, almost black 
 in some ; lower mandible bluish white, pale blue, or plumbeous ; 
 gape dull yellow ; iris red, varying from cinnabar to lake, and lake 
 to crimson (Hume Davison). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending into 
 the Malayan peninsula aud Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, $c. Arboreal like those of the last species. 
 
 M. cinereum is not unlikely to be found in Tenasserim. It is 
 allied to M. magnum, but the ferruginous feathers of the head are 
 broadly terminated with black, and it is of smaller size. 
 
 Genus ERYTHROCICHLA, Sharpe, 1883. 
 
 This genus resembles the last in general structure, but has a 
 shorter wing, and it appears to be a ground-bird. Only one species 
 is known. 
 
 158. Erythrocichla bicolor. The Ferruginous Babbler. 
 Brachypteryx bicolor, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 1,38. 
 Malacopteron ferruginosum, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 383 (1844) ; 
 
 Hume Sf Dav. S. F. vi, p. 273 ; Hume, Cat. no. 396 quat. 
 Trichastoma bicolor (Less.}, Blyth. Cat. p. 147 : Horsf. & M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 226. 
 Trichostoma ferruginosum (Blyth}, Blyth, Ibis, 18G5, p. 47 ; Gates, 
 
 B. B.\, p. 58. 
 Erythrocicma bicolor (Less.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 551. 
 
 Fig. 43. Head of E. bicolor. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage ferruginous, the crown 
 brighter; upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut; lores dull white or 
 pale fulvous; sides of the head like the crown; lower plumage 
 white, suffused with brownish on the breast and less soon the sides 
 of the body. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy white ; upper mandible dirty white, lower 
 dark brown ; iris pale wood-brown (Hume <Sf Davisori). 
 
 Length about 6'5: tail 2-4; wing 3-1; tarsus M; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
TRICHOSTOMA. TURDINUS. 1 53 
 
 Distribution. The extreme soutb of Tenasserim, extending down 
 to the Malay peninsula and to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Jlitbils, .\r. According to Davison this bird is strictly a ground- 
 bird, only flying up into trees when disturbed. 
 
 Genus TRICHOSTOMA, Blyth, 1842. 
 
 The type of the genus Tricliostoma is a bird which for many years 
 after Blyth's institution of the genus remained unknown to orni- 
 thologists, or rather was known only by various names which were 
 not recognized as synonymous with Blyth's until I worked up the 
 subject for my ' Birds of Burmah.' 
 
 Tricliostoma has remarkably long rictal bristles, but does not 
 otherwise differ much from the preceding genera except in having 
 a conspicuously shorter tail. It is in great measure arboreal. 
 Many birds have been placed in this genus which have no connec- 
 tion or affinities with it. 
 
 159. Tricliostoma rostratum. Blyth's Babbler. 
 
 Trichastoma rostratum, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 795 (1842) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 147; Hume, S. F. viii, pp. CO, 160; ix, pp. 109, 127; Oafes, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 50 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 562. 
 Napothera umhratilis, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 128, pi. 31. 
 Bmchypteryx raaci optera, Salvadori, Atti R. Ac. Sc. Tor. iii, p. 528 
 
 (1868). 
 Brachypteryx buxtoni, Wald. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 367 ; id. Ibis, 1877, 
 
 p. 308, pi. 6, fig. 2. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage rufescent olive-brown, tinged 
 with ferruginous on the upper tail-coverts and outer webs of tail- 
 feathers ; lores whitish, mottled with black ; ear-coverts and round 
 the eye rufescent ; the former with whitish shafts; cheeks white, 
 with black shafts and tips ; entire lower plumage white, washed 
 with pale grey across the breast and suffused with ashy brown on 
 the sides of the breast and abdomen; outer webs of wing-quills 
 like the back. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown ; lower pale plumbeous blue ; legs 
 and feet rather dark pinkish fleshy ; iris pale red-brown ; claws 
 pale horny brown (Davison). 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 2*1 ; wing 2'9 ; tarsus 1*05 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending to 
 Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, $r. Nothing is known of this bird's habits beyond Hume's 
 assertion that they are arboreal. 
 
 Genus TURDINUS, Blyth, 1844. 
 
 The genus Turdinus differs from all the other genera of this 
 subfamily with stout straight bills in having the nostrils oval and 
 exposed, not protected by a membrane. As restricted here, it 
 contains but one Indian species. This has a very short tail. 
 
154 CEATEROPODID^E. 
 
 160. Turdinus abbotti. Abbott's Babbler. 
 
 Malacocincla abbotti, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 601 (1845). 
 Trichastoraa abbotti (Blytli), Blyth, Cat. p. 147; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 405; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 17 ; Oates, S. F. v, p. 151 ; Tiueedd. 
 
 Ibis, 1877, p. 452, pi. xi, fig-. 2 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. \i, pp. 259, 513 ; 
 
 Cripps, 8. F. vii, p. 277 ; Hume, Cat. no. 387 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 138. 
 MalacopteroD olivaceum, Strickland, A. M. N. H. (1) xix, p. 132 
 
 (1847) ; Hume, S. F. ix, p. 108. 
 Turdinus abbotti (Blyth}, Oates, B. B. i, p. 58; Sharps, Cat. B. M. 
 
 vii, p. 541 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 103. 
 
 The Brown-lacked Tit-Babbler, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 44. Head of T. abbotti. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage rich olive-brown, the forehead 
 with fulvous streaks, the shafts of the feathers of the other parts 
 pale ; outer webs of the quills of the wing like the back ; upper 
 tail-coverts and tail deep rufous ; lores, round the eye, and a short 
 supercilium dark grey; ear-coverts rufous with fulvous shafts; 
 chin, throat, and cheeks pale grey ; sides of neck and of the breast 
 and body earthy ferruginous ; centre of breast and abdomen whitish ; 
 under tail-coverts bright ferruginous. 
 
 Iris reddish brown ; eyelids deep plumbeous ; upper mandible 
 dark brown, except the tip and the terminal third of the margins, 
 which, together with the lower mandible, are pale bluish ; mouth 
 yellow ; legs and feet pinkish fleshy ; claws pale horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-9 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. The lower hills and valleys of Nepal and Sikhiin ; 
 the eastern portion of Bengal ; the Bhutan doars ; Assam, and the 
 whole of the countries to the south to Arrakan and Tenasserim, 
 extending down the Malay peninsula. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This bird must be looked for in the very thickest of 
 brushwood in evergreen tracts of forest ; consequently there are 
 large areas of country in which it is absent. It occurs singly or in 
 pairs, but in suitable places the birds are so common that they appear 
 to be gregarious, though in reality they are not so. They creep about 
 bushes and low trees and also feed on the ground. Their note is very 
 pretty and constantly uttered during the breeding-season in May 
 and June. The nest is a cup made of dry leaves and placed in 
 low bushes near the ground. The eggs, three in number, are very 
 beautiful, being pinkish white, streaked and spotted with brownish 
 red. They measure about *85 by *65. 
 
THRINGOBHIXA. 155 
 
 Genus THRINGORHINA, n. gen. 
 
 The t\vo birds for which the above generic name is proposed, 
 in addition to a peculiar style of coloration, are characterized 
 by the very large operculum over the nostril. The bill is very 
 strong, with the culmen gently curved throughout, and the rictal 
 bristles are weak. The feathers of the forehead are harsh to the 
 touch. The feathers of the crown are somewhat ample, and no 
 doubt in life when erected form a short crest, as represented by 
 God win- Austen in his plate of T. oylii. 
 
 The type of this genus is T. guttata, which I at one time classed 
 with Stachyrlds, but erroneouslv as I now see. 
 
 
 Fig. 45. Head of T. guttata. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Wings and tail plain T. guttata, p. 155. 
 
 b. Wings and tail barred with brown T. oylii, p. 156. 
 
 161. Thringorhina guttata. TickeUs Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Turdinus guttatus (Tick.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 414 (1859); 
 
 Tick. J.A. S. B. xxviii, p. 450 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 115 ; 
 
 Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 353 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 264; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 390 sex. ; Binyliam, S. F. ix, p. 179. 
 Staehyrhis guttata (Tick.), Oates, S. F. \, p. 251 ; id. B. B. \, p. 49 ; 
 
 SAarpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 535. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and forehead white, with black streaks ; round 
 the eye black ; a large patch of white below the eye, bounded by a 
 black moustachial streak ; ear-coverts ashy brown ; a white super- 
 cilium to the nape, bordered above by black ; sides of neck and 
 the terminal portions of the feathers of the mantle black, with long 
 oval white drops ; remaining upper plumage rich golden brown, 
 the rump, tail, and the outer webs of the quills of the wing tinged 
 with deep rufous; chin and upper throat white; remainder of 
 lower parts ruddy ferruginous, the flanks and under tail-coverts 
 tinged with olivaceous, the breast with very narrow obsolete white 
 margins to the feathers, which, with those of the abdomen, have 
 also whitish shafts. 
 
 Legs and feet pale dingy green ; lower mandible and edge of 
 upper along commissure plumbeous ; rest of bill black ; iris crimson- 
 lake {Hume fy Davisori). 
 
156 CRATEEOPODIDJE. 
 
 Length nearly 7 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2'7 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. The slopes of Muleyit mountain at Meetan; the 
 Thoungyeen river ; Malawun, at the extreme south of Tenasserim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Davison tells us that this bird is in general an inha- 
 bitant of forests, whether composed of thick jungle or more open 
 bamboo vegetation, and that it apparently never descends to the 
 ground. 
 
 162. Thringorhina oglii. Austens Spotted Babbler. 
 
 Actinura oglei, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. ii, p. 42 (1877) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 341 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlyii, pt. ii, p. 18, 
 
 pi. xi. 
 Actinodura oglei ( Godw.-Aust^), Hume, Cat. no. 427 quat. ; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. yii, p. 467; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 171. 
 
 Coloration. Crown, nape, and hind neck rich golden brown ; back, 
 rump, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts the same but duller, and 
 obsoletely cross-rayed; wings and tail umber-brown, narrowly and 
 closely cross-barred with blackish brown ; forehead white, with 
 black shafts continued back as a broad supercilium to the sides of 
 the neck, where the white band expands and becomes divided into 
 white spots bordered by black ; the forehead and supercilium 
 bordered by black above ; lores and ear-coverts black ; cheeks, 
 chin, and throat white ; breast grey ; remainder of lower plumage 
 dull umber-brown. 
 
 Bill black above, grey below ; iris crimson-lake ; legs and feet 
 umber- brown ( Godwin- Austen). 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 2*5 ; wing 2-8 ; tarsus 1-1 ; bill from 
 gape -95. 
 
 Distribution. Discovered at Manbuni Tila on the Tengapani river 
 near Sadiya. It has not again been obtained by any naturalist. 
 
 Genus ALCIPPE, Blyth, 1844. 
 
 The genus Alcippe contains three Indian species which are very 
 closely allied and somewhat difficult to separate. The colour of 
 the plumage is dull. 
 
 In this genus the wing and tail are about equal in length ; the 
 bill is notched, and the nostrils are overhung by some long hairs 
 springing from the base of the forehead. The tail is but slightly 
 graduated. 
 
 Key to tlie Species. 
 
 a. Wing 2'3 ; a circle of white feathers round 
 
 eye ; supercilium distinct and extending as 
 
 a hand to upper hack A. wepalensis, p. 156. 
 
 ft. Wing 2-8 ; no circle of white fea,thers round 
 eye. 
 
ALCIPPE. 157 
 
 a . No trace of a superciliiiin A. phceocephala, p. 158. 
 
 b' . Traces of a supereiliimi produced as a 
 
 band oil upper back A. phayrii, p. 158. 
 
 163. Alcippe nepalensis. The Nepal Babbler. 
 
 Siva nipalensis, Hodys. Ind. Rev. p. 89 (1838). 
 
 Alcippe nipalensis (Hody.), Bli/th, Cat. p. 148; Horsf. $ M. Cat, 
 i, p. 226; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 18; Godw.-Anst. J. A.' S. B. xxxix, 
 pt. ii, p. 103 ; ILnm; N. $ E. p. 240 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 260 ; Hume, Cat. no. 388 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 287 ; Octtes, 
 />'. />'. i, p. 68 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 620 ; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 138 ; Oates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 104. 
 
 The Nepal Quaker-Thrush, Jerd. ; Sam-dayal-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 46. Head of A. nepalensis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and upper back ashy brown ; 
 sides of the head and of the neck paler ashy brown ; a very con- 
 spicuous ring of white feathers round the eye ; lores grey ; a black 
 supercilium commencing narrowly over the eye, widening gradually 
 and extending to the upper back, where it becomes more or less 
 streaky; lower back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, upper tail- 
 coverts, and tail fulvous brown; wings brown, edged with fulvous 
 on the outer webs ; chin whitish ; lower plumage pale buff or 
 earthy brown, albescent on the abdomen. 
 
 Bill grey or livid horny, the base of the upper mandible and a 
 line along the culmen black ; iris hazel-brown ; feet livid fleshy ; 
 claws grey-horny (Scully). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2-4 ; wing 2'3 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape 
 55. 
 
 This species can be easily separated from A. phayrii and A. 
 plicwcepJiala by its smaller size, its conspicuous white orbital ring 
 of feathers, and by its long well-marked black supercilia. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the extreme east of 
 Assam ; the Khasi andNaga hills ; Manipur ; the hilly portions of 
 Tenasserim from Karennee and Toungngoo down to Nwalabo 
 mountain. Hume records this bird from the northern portion of 
 the Pegu hills, and Blyth from Arrakan. In the Himalayas it is 
 found up to 5000 feet or more. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This bird is found in thick jungle, feeding on the 
 ground in small parties, and creeping among bushes in search of 
 insects. It has a low twittering note. It breeds from March to 
 May, constructing a small cup-shaped nest of bamboo-leaves and 
 grass in the fork of a bush close to the ground. The eggs, three 
 or four in number, are pinkish, blotched with maroon-reel, am} 
 measure *77 by '58. 
 
158 CRATEROPODID^E. 
 
 164. Alcippe phaeocephala. The Nilgiri Babbler. 
 
 Thimalia poioicephala, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. xiii, p. 169 (1844). 
 Alcippe poiocephala (Jerd.), Bhjth, Cat. p. 148 ; Jerd. B. I. ri, p. 18; 
 
 id. Ibis, 1872, p. 298 ; Hume, N. 8f E. p. 240 ; id. Cat. no. 389 ; 
 
 Davison, S. F. x, p. 374. 
 Alcippe brucei, Fairbank MS.*, Hume, J. A. 8. S. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 122 (1870) ; id. S. F. i, p. 8 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 298. 
 Alcippe phaeocephala (Jerd.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 622 5 Oates 
 
 in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 106. 
 
 The Neilgherry Quaker- Thrush, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape ashy brown ; the whole 
 upper plumage olive-brown tinged with fulvous, the wings, tail, 
 and upper tail-coverts decidedly ferruginous ; sides of the head 
 ashy brown, the shafts of the ear-coverts paler ; the entire lower 
 plumage fulvous, paler on the centre of the abdomen. 
 
 Iris slaty grey ; legs, feet, and claws greyish fleshy ; bill horny 
 brown (Davison). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2'6 ; wing 2*8 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape *7. 
 
 Birds from the Nilgiris and Travancore have the head very much 
 darker than the rest of the upper plumage; birds from more 
 northern localities have it very little darker than the upper parts 
 in general. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from Khandala to 
 Travancore, ascending up to 6000 feet of elevation. This Babbler 
 also occurs at Pachmarhi in the Central Provinces. In the British 
 Museum there is an Alcippe from Pareshnath Hill which I am 
 inclined to identity with the present species rather than with A. 
 phayrii ; but the two species run very close to each other, and it 
 is not always easy to separate them. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. There appears to be nothing distinctive in the habits or 
 nidification of this species worthy of note. It breeds from January 
 to June, and the eggs measure -85 by -63. 
 
 165. Alcippe phayrii. The Burmese Babbler. 
 
 Alcippe phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 601 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 148; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 116, v, p. 60; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 260 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 635, pi. xlviii ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 388 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 69 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 623 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 139 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 108. 
 
 Alcippe magnirostris, Wald. in Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 115 (1875) ; 
 id. Ibis, 1877, p. 487 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 66. 
 
 Alcippe fusca, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 197 (1876) ; 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 54 ; id. Cat. no. 388 ter. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles A. phceocephala. Differs in having, as a 
 rule, traces of sincipital brown stripes ; in being of a clearer and 
 
 * I cannot discover where this name was published ; the first mention of it, 
 BO far as I know, is by Hume (I, <?.). 
 
BnopociciiLA. 159 
 
 lighter fulvous below, and in having the cap somewhat better defined 
 from the rest of the upper plumage. 
 
 Iris whity brown to greyish blue ; eyelids plumbeous ; mouth 
 yellow ; legs and claws dusky flesh-colour ; upper mandible dusky 
 brown, the lower one somewhat paler and turning to yellow at the 
 base. * 
 
 Of the same size as A. phccocephala, from which the present 
 species cannot be distinguished by measurement. 
 
 AVere it not that the geographical distribution of A. phceocephala 
 and A. phayrii differs so greatly, and that typical examples of the 
 latter from Burma show traces of sincipital stripes, whereas 
 the former never do so, I should be inclined to unite these two 
 species under one name. When the sincipital stripes are absent 
 in A. phayrii, as they frequently, or almost invariably, are in 
 specimens from the extreme northern limit of its range, such as 
 Tipperah and Manipur, it is almost impossible to separate such ex- 
 amples from A. pliceocepliala. Failing the sincipital stripes there 
 is really nothing to trust to for discriminating the two species 
 except the colour of the lower plumage and the cap, and this is 
 only apparent when series of each are compared. All authors have 
 hitherto been satisfied with comparing A.phayrii with A. nepalensis, 
 two birds which are quite distinct, both in coloration and in size, 
 and which cannot be confounded under any circumstances. Sharpe, 
 with the few specimens he had before him when he wrote his 
 ' Catalogue,' made an endeavour to diagnose A. phayrii and A. 
 phceocephala, the only attempt that has ever been made, I believe ; 
 but unfortunately his character, the colour of the ear-coverts, does 
 not hold good, and no use can be made of it. 
 
 Distribution. The ]N"aga hills ; Tipperah ; Manipur ; the neigh- 
 bourhood of Bhamo ; Arrakan ; the Pegu hills ; Karennee ; the 
 whole of Tenasserim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species is found in the better-wooded hilly portions 
 of the country. Its habits do not differ from those of A. nepalensis, 
 It breeds in Tenasserim from February to April. The eggs found 
 by Bingham measured '78 by '58 ; these dimensions appear small 
 for the size of the bird, being no larger than those of the eggs of 
 A. nepalensis, which is a considerably smaller bird. 
 
 Genus RHOPOCICHLA, n. gen. 
 
 I propose this generic term (with R. atriceps as the type) for 
 three birds which have hitherto been included in Alcippe. 
 
 This genus differs from Alcippe in having the nostrils roundish, 
 exposed, and pierced in the anterior part of the membrane, and in 
 having a much shorter tail when compared with the wing. The 
 eggs of the two genera are also different in colour, a matter which 
 is noticed by Hume in his ' Eough Draft of Nests and Eggs/ in 
 the article on Alcippe paiocephala. 
 
160 CRATEllOPODIDyE. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown and sides of head black It. atriceps, p. 160. 
 
 b. Forehead and ear-coverts only black R. nigrifrons, p. 160. 
 
 c. Ear-coverts only blackish It. bourdilloni, p. 161. 
 
 166. Rhopocichla atriceps. The Blade -headed Babbler. 
 
 Brachypteryx atriceps, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. x, p. 250 (1839). 
 
 Alcippe atriceps (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. p. 148; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 19; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 890 ; Butler, 8. F. ix, p. 399 ; l)avison, S. F. x, 
 p. 375 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 625 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 175. 
 
 Khopocichla atriceps (Jerd.), Odtes in Hume's N, Sf E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 109. 
 The Black-headed Wren-Babbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, ear-coverts, and under the 
 eye black ; the whole upper plumage fulvous brown ; lower plu- 
 mage dull white, changing to olivaceous on the flanks and under 
 tail-coverts ; the exposed parts of the closed wings and tail like 
 the back. 
 
 Iris bright yellow ; the lower mandible and the commissure of 
 the upper fleshy pink ; rest of the upper mandible dull black ; legs, 
 feet, and claws sometimes pale plumbeous, sometimes pure fleshy 
 pink, at other times pink more or less strongly tinged with purple 
 (Davison). 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus *9 ; bill from gape '7. 
 
 Distribution. The Nilgiris and the western coast of India up to 
 Belgaurn. This Babbler is found up to 5000 feet or even higher. 
 
 Habits, $c. Davison remarks that this bird goes about in larger 
 or smaller parties and seems to prefer bamboo and scrub jungle. 
 It breeds in May, June, and July, constructing an egg-shaped nest 
 of blades of grass in clumps of bamboo or among weeds near the 
 ground. The eggs, two or three in number, are white speckled 
 with brownish and purplish red, and measure '77 by '55. 
 
 167. Rhopocichla nigrifrons. The Black-fronted Babbler. 
 
 Alcippe nigrifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviji, p. 815 (1849) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 340 ; Legge, S. F. iii, p. 367 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 383 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 390 ter ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 507, pi. xxvii, figs. 2 & 3 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 625. 
 Rhopocichla nigrifrons (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 110. 
 Batitchia, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, ear-coverts, and all round the eye black, 
 the shafts of the feathers of the forehead glistening; the whole 
 upper plumage, sides of neck, and visible portions of the wings and 
 tail rufous-brown, darkest on the crown; lower plumage, cheeks, 
 and under the ear-coverts dull white, tinged with olivaceous on the 
 sides of the breast and body ; vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
 rufpus-brown ; the feathers of the cheeks with lengthened black 
 shafts; under wing-coverts pale fulvous. 
 
STACHYEH1S. 161 
 
 Iris yellowish white or very pale yellow ; bill, gape, and culmeii 
 dark brown, margins of the upper arid lower mandibles fleshy ; legs 
 and feet fleshy lavender ; claws dusky ; iris of young olive (Lec/ye). 
 
 Length nearly 5'5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2*3 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon. 
 
 Habits, <${c. According to Legge this bird breeds in Ceylon in 
 January. The nest is a large shapeless ball of dead leaves and a 
 few twigs, placed in a bramble or some undergrowth three or four 
 feet from the ground. The eggs are white spotted with brownish 
 red over bluish-grey specks, and measure "74 by '56. 
 
 The same author observes that this species frequents dense 
 underwood in parties of six to a dozen, searching for food among 
 the fallen leaves, and that it keeps up a constant little rattle-note. 
 
 168. Rhopocichla bourdilloni. Bourdilloni Babbler. 
 
 Alcippe bourdilloni, Hume, S. F. iv, pp. 399, 485 (1876) ; id. Cat. 
 no. 390 bis ; Bourdillon, S. F. ix, p. 300 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 626. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown and nape, lores and cheeks brown; 
 ear-coverts and round the eye blaskish; upper plumage, wings, 
 tail, and sides of the neck fulvous brown ; chin, throat, and breast 
 dull white ; remainder of the lower plumage ferruginous ; under 
 wing-coverts pale fulvous. 
 
 Bill above black, below pale slaty ; legs and feet dull brown ; 
 iris white (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length about 5-3 ; tail 1*9 ; wing 2*2 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Known only from My nail in Travancore at an 
 elevation of about 3000 to 4000 feet. 
 
 Genus STACHYRHIS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 With the genus Stacliyrliis we enter upon a group of small 
 Timeliine birds which have a slender pointed bill and rather bril- 
 liant plumage. This genus is the only one of the subfamily in 
 which the eggs are known to be unspotted white, and it differs 
 from the allied genus Stachyrhidopsis, in which the eggs are spotted, 
 by having the culmen gently curved. The nostril is covered by a 
 large scale somewhat as in Thringorhina. 
 
 The birds of this genus appear to confine themselves to low trees 
 and bushes, the leaves and flowers of which they search for insects, 
 and frequently their foreheads are powdered with the pollen of 
 flowers. Their notes are described as pleasant. 
 
 S. poliogaster, a species discovered by Davison and named by 
 Hume, from the Malay peninsula, has the sides of the face and the 
 lower plumage grey, and may be discovered in Tenasserim. 
 
 VOL. I. 11 
 
162 CRATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown black streaked with white $. nigriceps, p. 162. 
 
 b. Crown golden yellow streaked with black. 
 
 a'. Back bright olive-yellow 8. chryscea, p. 163. 
 
 b'. Back slaty green S. assimilis, p. 163. 
 
 169. StP-Chyrhis nigriceps. The Slack-throated Babbler. 
 
 Stachyris nigriceps, Hodys. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 378 (1844) ; 
 Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 22 ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 150 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 231 j Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 21 ; 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 242 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 117 j Gates, S. F. v, p. 252 ; 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 636 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 264 ; Hume, Cat. no. 391 ; Gates, S. F. x, p. 206; id. B. B. i, 
 p. 48 ; Sharpc, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 532 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 141 ; 
 Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 110. 
 
 The Black-throated Wren-Babbler, Jerd. ; Sanyriam-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 47. Head of 8. nigriceps. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape black, the feathers edged 
 with white, giving a streaked appearance to those parts ; round the 
 eye white ; ear-coverts varying from orange to rufous-brown and 
 plain brown ; cheeks white ; chin grey ; throat sometimes entirely 
 black, sometimes black mottled with white ; whole upper plumage 
 rich olive-brown, the tail and exposed parts of wings rufous ; entire 
 lower plumage bright fulvous, tinged with olivaceous on the lower 
 abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 
 
 The colour of the ear-coverts varies somewhat according to 
 locality. Birds from the Himalayas have them dark brown with 
 the posterior portion rufous ; those from Assam, the hill-tracts of 
 Bengal, and Upper Burma orange or rufous in some form or other ; 
 and Pegu and Tenasserim birds have them rufous but more or less 
 intermingled with brown. 
 
 The black throat occurs chiefly among birds from Assam, the 
 bill-tracts of Bengal and Upper Burma. 
 
 Hume is of opinion that the colour of the bill changes in the 
 breeding-season. He states that in the cold season (November to 
 February) the upper mandible is pale brown, the lower pale yel- 
 lowish horny. I can find no indication of this seasonal change in 
 the large series now in the British Museum, but perhaps it is not 
 apparent in dry skins. 
 
 Upper mandible bluish black, lower pale bluish ; the anterior 
 half of the margins dusky ; eyelids bluish ; iris orange-brown ; legs 
 pale dusky green ; claws yellowish (April). 
 
STACHTEHIS. 163 
 
 Length about 5*5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-2 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from gape 
 75. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the extreme east of 
 Assam and thence south through all the States and hill-tracts of 
 Eastern ^Bengal to Arrakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim. This species 
 appears to be found up to 10,000 feet of elevation in summer. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to June, constructing a domed 
 nest of grass and leaves on the ground generally on banks. The 
 eggs measure '76 by -58. 
 
 170. Stachyrhis chrysaea. The Golden-headed Babbler. 
 
 Stachyris chrysaea, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 379 (1844) ; 
 
 Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 150; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 232 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 22 ; 
 
 Hume, N. Sf E. p. 245 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 636 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 394 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 142 j Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 112. 
 Stachyridopsis chrysaea (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 601 ; 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 52. 
 
 The Golden-headed Wren-Babbler, Jerd. ; Syak-birang-pho, Lepch. 
 
 . Coloration. Forehead just above the lores pure yellow ; lores, 
 in front of the eye, and a short moustachial streak black ; ear-coverts 
 oil-yellow ; forehead, crown, and nape bright golden-yellow, 
 streaked with black ; upper plumage and exposed parts of wings 
 bright olive-yellow ; tail brown, washed with yellow on the outer 
 webs ; sides of neck like the back ; entire lower plumage bright 
 yellow. 
 
 Bill plumbeous ; legs pale brownish yellow ; iris light brown 
 (Jerdoii). 
 
 Length about 4'5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2 ; tarsus -75 ; bill from gape 
 55. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, and Assam ; Khasi hills ; 
 Manipur ; the neighbourhood of Bhamo ; probably Arrakan ; up 
 to 5000 feet elevation. A specimen from Perak in the British 
 Museum is referable to this species. 
 
 Habits, $c. Gammie found a nest in Sikhim in May an oval 
 structure made of bamboo-leaves and fixed verticaUy between 
 some upright branchlets within two feet of the ground. The eggs 
 measure '63 by '48. 
 
 171. Stachyrhis assimilis. The Allied Babbler. 
 
 Strachyrhis assimilis, Wald. in Blyttis Birds Burm. p. 116 (1875) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 56; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi,pp. 265, 514 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 394 bis. 
 Stachyris bocagei, Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1) xiv. p. 223 
 
 (1879). 
 Stachyridopsis assimilis ( Wald.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 602 ; 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 53 ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, 
 
 p. 605. 
 
 M2 
 
164 CEATEEOPODIDJE. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. chryscea. Differs in having the whole 
 upper plumage dull green, tinged with ashy or slaty on the back, 
 the yellow on the crown quite pale, and the lower plumage entirely 
 dull yellow. Of the same size as 8. chryscea. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy yellow ; upper mandible brown ; lower 
 pale plumbeous, fleshy at base; iris deep red-brown (Davison}. 
 Iris lake ; bill lavender, pink at base ; legs brownish yellow ; feet 
 greenish ( Wardlaw Ramsay}. 
 
 Distribution. There are undoubted specimens of this species in 
 the Hodgson collection, either from Nepal or Sikhim ; there is also 
 in the British Museum a specimen from Assam ; the bird is known 
 from Karennee, and from Muleyit and Nwalabo mountains in 
 Tenasserim ; it also occurs in the mountains of Sumatra. 
 
 Genus STACHYRHIDOPSIS, Sharpe, 1883. 
 
 This genus differs from Stachyrhit in having the culmen perfectly 
 straight and, as before remarked, in laying spotted eggs. 
 
 The habits do not differ from those of Stachyrhis, so far as can 
 be judged from the meagre information on record. 
 
 Key to the /Species. 
 
 a. Crown chestnut. 
 
 a'. Throat yellow with black shafts S. ruficcps, p. 164. 
 
 b'. Throat whitish with black shafts S. rufifrons, p. 165. 
 
 b. Crown fulvous, chin black S. pyrrhops, p, 165. 
 
 172. Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps. The Red-headed Babbler. 
 
 Stachyris ruficeps, Myth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 452 (1847) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 150; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 409 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 22 ; Hume, N. 
 
 E. p. 244 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 265 ; Hume, Cat. no. 393 ; 
 
 .Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 471. 
 Stachyris praecognitus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 310 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 
 
 p. 373. 
 Stachyridopsis ruficeps (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 598 ; Oates 
 
 in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 112. 
 
 The Red-headed Wren-Babbler, Jerd. ; Syak-birany-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut, the frontal 
 feathers with indications of black shafts ; upper plumage, tail, and 
 exposed parts of wings olive-green ; chin and upper throat pale 
 yellow, with conspicuous black shafts ; sides of the head and neck 
 and entire lower plumage fulvous yellow, the sides of the body, 
 thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts tinged with olivaceous. 
 
 Bill plumbeous above, reddish beneath : legs pale yellow-brown ; 
 iris light brown (Jerdori). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2; wing 2'1 ; tarsus '8; bill from gape 
 65. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Sikhim ; Dibrugarh in Assam ; extending 
 into China. 
 
STACHYRHIDOPSIS. 165 
 
 Habits, $"c. Brooks observes that this bird, so long as it finds dense 
 cover, is indifferent about elevation. It has a low soft whistle. 
 It breeds from April to June, constructing a nest of bamboo-leaves 
 in bushes a few feet from the ground. The nest is generally 
 domed, but not always. The eggs, which are white speckled with 
 reddish, measure -68*by -52. 
 
 173. Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons. Hume's Babbler. 
 
 Stachyris rufifrons, Hume, S. F. i, p. 470 (1873), iii, p. 117; Wald. 
 
 in BlytVs Birch Burm. p. 110 ; Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 274 ; Hume, S. 
 
 F. iv, p. 501 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 265 ; Hume, Cat. no. 393 
 
 bis ; Binghcun, S. F. ix, p. 179; Hume, S. F. xi,p. 141. 
 Stachyridopsis rufifrons (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 599 ; 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 54. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles S. ruficeps. Differs in having the chin 
 and upper throat white, with black shafts, the sides of the head 
 decidedly ashy, with the lores and a ring round the eye con- 
 spicuously paler, and the rufous on the crown duller and not 
 extending to the nape. 
 
 Bill blue ; iris deep red ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs fleshy brown ; 
 claws pale horn-colour. 
 
 Length nearly 5; tail 1-9; wing 2-1 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from gape 
 55. 
 
 Distribution. The lower hills of Sikhim, the Bhutan Doars, and 
 Assam up to Dibrugarh ; thence down to Pegu and Tenasserim, 
 through the hill-tracts of Eastern Bengal and Upper Burma. 
 This species has also been found in Karennee. It is very sparingly 
 spread over the above area and is nowhere common. 
 
 174. Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops. The Red-billed Babbler. 
 
 Stachyris pyrrhops, Hoilgs., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 379 (1844) ; 
 
 Hodgs. in Gray's Zool, Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 150; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 232; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 21 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 36 j Cock $ Marsh. 
 
 S. F. i, p. 354; Hume, N. 8f E.^. 243; Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 237; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 392. 
 Stachyridopsis pyrrhops (Hodgs:), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 600; 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 114. 
 
 The Red-billed Wren-Babbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and anterior half of crown fulvous, blend- 
 ing with the olive-brown of the upper plumage, the feathers of the 
 forehead, crown, and mantle dark-shafted; lores and chin black, 
 the lower portion of the latter barred with white ; sides of the head 
 fulvous ; lower plumage rather brighter fulvous, the sides of the 
 body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts tinged with olivaceous. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown, lower fleshy pink tinged blue ; legs, 
 feet, and claws brownish fleshy ; iris red (Hume Coll.). Iris blood- 
 red ; bill sordid sanguine (Jerdon). 
 
166 OEATEEOPODID^B. 
 
 Length about 5; tail 2-2; wing 2-1; tarsus -7; bill from 
 gape -65. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Murree to Nepal. This species 
 does not appear to occur in Sikhim. It ranges up to 7000 feet. 
 
 Habits, c. Breeds in June and probably in other months, making 
 a cup-shaped nest of dry reed-leaves lined with grass in a bush. 
 The eggs are white speckled with reddish, and measure -66 by -51. 
 
 Genus CYANODERMA, Salvadori, 1874. 
 
 This genus differs from the two preceding in having the 
 culmen straight on its basal half and slightly curved on its terminal 
 half. Also in having the orbits naked and of a bright colour in 
 life. 
 
 Sharpe (Notes from the Leyden Museum, vi, p. 176) has been 
 persuaded into uniting his genus Stachyrhidopsis with Gyanoderma ; 
 but I am of opinion that the two genera are quite distinct, and the 
 characters pointed out above should be sufficient to differentiate 
 the two. 
 
 175. Cyanoderma erythropterum. The Red-iuinged Babbler. 
 
 Timalia erythroptera, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 794 (1842) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 150 ; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. i. pp. 229, 420; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 322. 
 Cyanoderma erythropterum (Blyth), Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 213; 
 
 Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 308 : Hume 8? Dav. S. F. vi, p. 269 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 396 bis ; id. S. F. ix, p. 129 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 115. 
 Mixornis erythroptera (Blyth}, Oates, B. B. i, p. 51 ; Shame, Cat. 
 
 B. M. vii, p. 580. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, supercilium, ear-coverts, sides of the head 
 and neck, chin, throat, and breast clear plumbeous ; abdomen, 
 flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts fulvous brown ; upper plumage 
 rufescent brown ; wing-coverts, wings, and tail bright ferruginous. 
 
 Bill dark plumbeous blue, upper mandible darkest, in some 
 brownish ; visible skin of cheeks and orbits from pure light to dull 
 dirty smalt-blue ; iris madder-red to deep brown ; legs, feet, and 
 claws very pale, almost white, tinged with greenish or yellowish 
 green (Hume fy Davison}. 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape 
 7. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, ranging down 
 the Malay peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Entirely arboreal. Davison found the nest in April 
 a round ball of dry reed-leaves in a bush ; it did not contain eggs. 
 
 f OO 
 
 Genus MIXORNIS, Hodgs., 1842. 
 
 The genus Mixornis differs from all the other genera of slender- 
 billed Timeliince in having the nostrils oval, exposed and not covered 
 by a scale or membrane as in the others. 
 
MIXOBNIS. 167 
 
 The two species of Mixornis are not very distinct, and it is 
 sometimes difficult to separate them. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown pale ferruginous; streaks on breast 
 
 confined to shafts M. rubncapffltu, p. 167. 
 
 b. Crown chestnut ; streaks on breast broad, 
 
 wider than shaft M. gularis, p. 168. 
 
 176. Mixornis rubricapillus. The Yellow-breasted Babbler. 
 
 Motacilla rubicapilla, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii, p. 576 (1833). 
 
 Mixornis chloris (Hodgs.), Blyth, Cat. p. 149. 
 
 Mixornis rubicapillus (Tick.), Horsf. fy M.Cat. i, p. 229 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, 
 p. 23 ; Wold. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 547 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 376; Hume, 
 N. fy E. p. 245 ; Ball, S. F. ii, p. 408 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. ]18 ; 
 Oates, S. F. v, p. 152 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 635 ; 
 Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 266, 514 ; Hime, Cat. no. 395 ; Gates, 
 B. B. i, p. 50 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 578 ; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 142 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 115. 
 
 The Yellow-breasted Wren-Babbler, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 48. Head of M. rubricapillus. 
 
 Coloration. Extreme point of forehead and the lores yellow with 
 black shafts, continued back as a uniform yellow supercilium ; 
 crown pale ferruginous, blending on the nape with the olive-green 
 of the upper plumage and sides of neck ; ear-coverts dull yellow 
 with pale shafts ; cheeks, chin, throat, and upper breast yellow, 
 with black shafts ; centre of breast and abdomen plain yellow ; 
 remainder of lower plumage dull ashy yellow. 
 
 Iris dull white ; eyelids plumbeous ; bill horny brown ; legs 
 fleshy horn-colour; claws yellowish. The iris appears to vary 
 from white to yellow. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape 
 65. 
 
 Distribution. Chutia Nagpur ; Sikhim and along the base of the 
 Himalayas to the extreme east of Assam, and thence south through 
 Eastern Bengal and its adjacent hill-tracts to Arrakan and Ten- 
 asserim, in which latter division this bird is found to a short 
 distance below Tavoy, where it meets the next species. 
 
 Hodgson figures this bird (no. 699), but it is not clear whether 
 it occurs in Nepal or not. In the Pinwill Collection, however, 
 there is a specimen from the N.W. Himalayas, and this locality 
 is probably either Kumaon or G-arhwal. 
 
168 CKATEKOPODID^E. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species is usually found in tree- and bush-jungle 
 creeping about the branches, and it does not appear to feed on the 
 ground. I have never seen it except on trees. It has a mono- 
 tonous note, which is constantly uttered throughout the day. It 
 breeds in May and June, constructing a round nest of grass or 
 bamboo-leaves in a thick bush not many feet above the ground. 
 The eggs, usually three in number, are white speckled with red, 
 and measure -68 by -5. 
 
 177. Mixornis* gularis. The Sumatran Yellow-breasted Babbler. 
 
 Motacilla gularis, Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 312 (1820). 
 Mixornis gularis (Ecfffi.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 149; Horsf. & M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 229 ; Wald. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 548, 1872, p. 376 ; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 266 ; Hume, Cat, no. 895 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p, 51 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 576 j Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 116. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. rubricapillus. Differs in having the 
 cheeks, chin, throat, and upper breast with broad black shaft- 
 streaks (not black shafts merely) ; the crown of a chestnut-brown 
 (not pale ferruginous) ; the upper plumage more rufous, and the 
 exposed parts of the wings castaneous. 
 
 Iris pale red-brown ; lower mandible and orbital skin pale blue; 
 rest of bill bluish brown ; legs and feet greenish brown (Davison). 
 
 Of very slightly larger size than M. rubricapillus. 
 
 In addition to the points of difference noted above as existing 
 between this species and M. rubricapillus, it should be observed 
 that the iris is red-brown as recorded by Davison. 
 
 Distribution. Southern Tenasserim from Mergui, extending down 
 the Malay peninsula to Sumatra. 
 
 Genus SCH(ENIPARUS, Hume, 1874. 
 
 With the genus Sclioeniparus we enter on a group of small birds 
 with short blunt bills like the Tits, and with very strong feet. 
 Their proper position is undoubtedly in this subfamily, both on 
 account of their structure and their habits. 
 
 This first genus Schoeniparus may be separated from the three 
 that follow it, first, by the nostrils being free and not overhung by 
 hairs, and, secondly, by the tail being equal in length to the wing. 
 The bill is also stronger than in the other genera. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. No chestnut band across throat. 
 
 a'. Sides of neck plain S. dubius, p. 168. 
 
 b'. Sides of neck streaked S. mandellii, p. 169. 
 
 b. A chestnut baud across throat S. ruf gularis, p. 170. 
 
 178. Schoeniparus dubius. Hume's Tit-Babbler. 
 Proparus dubius, Hume, Proc. A. S. B. 1874, p. 107 ; id. S. F. ii, 
 
SCH(ENIPAEUS. 169 
 
 p. 447 ; Wald. in BlytKs Birds Burm. p. 110 ; Davison, S. F. v, 
 
 p. 459 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 372, 519 ; Hume, Cat. no. 622 
 
 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 148. 
 
 Minla dubia (Hume}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. yii, p. 611. 
 Schceniparus dubius (Hume), Hume, S. F. ii, p. 449 ; Salvador*, Ann. 
 
 Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 607 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 117. 
 
 Coloration. Forebead, crown, and nape reddish brown, each 
 feather obsoletely margined darker, and the forehead tinged with 
 chestnut ; lores and a band on each side of the crown, the two bands 
 more or less blending on the upper back, black ; a white super- 
 cilium commencing at the eye and reaching to the nape ; ear- 
 coverts and sides of neck pale fulvous brown ; upper plumage 
 olive-brown, tinged with rufous on the exposed parts of the wings 
 and tail ; lower plumage pale fulvous, whitish on the chin and 
 throat, suffused with olivaceous on the sides of the breast and 
 abdomen and on the under tail-coverts. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws fleshy ; bill dull black or dark brown, 
 generally pale at the base of the lower mandible ; iris sometimes 
 yellowish red, sometimes pale yellowish or sienna-brown or slaty- 
 pink (Hume fy Davison). 
 
 Length about 5'5 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. The northern portion of Tenasserim, where this 
 bird has been procured at Pabpoon, and the central portion, where 
 it has been found on Muleyit mountain at 5000 to 6000 feet of 
 elevation. 
 
 Habits, $c. Davison informs us that this bird feeds much on the 
 ground and among the low brushwood, entirely on insects. It is 
 by no means shy, and when alarmed utters its note repeatedly. 
 He found the nest on Muleyit, a globular structure of dry reed- 
 leaves lined with fibres, situated on the ground at the base of a 
 plant. The eggs, three in number, are white, spotted with black 
 and smudged with brown, and measure *78 by -59. 
 
 179. Schceniparus mandellii. Mandelli's Tit-Babbler. 
 
 p. 610. 
 
 Proparus mandellii (Godie.-Aiwt.}, Hume, Cat. no. 622 ter ; id. S. F. 
 xi, p. 250. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape reddish brown, each 
 feather distinctly margined with dark brown, and the forehead 
 tinged with chestnut ; lores and a band on each side of the crown, 
 the two bands more or less blending on the upper back, black ; 
 the upper back, the hind neck, and the sides of the neck streaked 
 with fulvous and dark brown or black, the inner webs of the feathers 
 being fulvous, and the outer brown or black ; a white supercilium 
 commencing at the eye and reaching to the nape ; ear-coverts dark 
 hair-brown ; upper plumage olive-brown, tinged with rufous on the 
 
170 CKATEKOPODID^E. 
 
 exposed parts of the wings and tail ; lower plumage pale fulvous, 
 suffused with olivaceous on the sides of the breast and abdomen 
 and on the under tail-coverts. 
 
 Legs and feet pale yellowish fleshy-brown; bill black; iris 
 reddish maroon {Hume} ; iris red (CocJcburn); iris dark red-brown 
 (Godw.-Aust.'). 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus -85 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Fig. 49. Head of 8. mandellii. 
 
 This species differs from S. dubius in having the hind neck and 
 the sides of the neck streaked, the crown darker rufous, with more 
 prominent dark edges to the feathers, the ear-coverts much darker 
 brown, and the chin and throat fulvous. A specimen from the 
 pine-forests of the Salween is somewhat intermediate. 
 
 Distribution. The Daphla, JN"aga, and Khasi hills ; Manipur. 
 
 Habits, c. Hume observes that this bird keeps in small parties 
 of three to six in number, and haunts the brushwood, balsams, and 
 other plants growing in the deep shade of forests. It is active, 
 nimble, and restless. 
 
 180. Schceniparus rufigularis. The Red-throated Tit-Babbler. 
 
 Minla rufigularis, Mandetti, S. F. i, p. 416 (1873) ; Godw.-Aust. 
 
 A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 33 ; id. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 199, 
 
 xlvii, pt. ii, p. 25 ; Hume, Cat. p. 618 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 
 p. 610 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 249. 
 Alcippe collaris, Wold. A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, p. 156 (1874) ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 281 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 82. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut, bounded on 
 each side by a black band, the two bands blending on the nape ; 
 lores and a supercilium, below and next to the black band, white ; 
 the upper part of the ear-coverts and a patch below the eye 
 blackish ; the lower part of the ear-coverts rufous, connected 
 together by a broad chestnut band across the throat ; upper 
 plumage, wings, and tail olive-green, the outer webs of the wings 
 and tail suffused with fulvous ; chin, throat, and centre of breast 
 and abdomen white ; remainder of the lower plumage olivaceous, 
 tinged with rufous on the under tail- coverts. 
 
 Legs and feet pale yellowish horny -brown ; bill black ; inside 
 of mouth yellow (Hume). 
 
 Length about 5'5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-1 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from 
 gape '6. 
 
SITTIPARTJS. 171 
 
 Distribution. The Bhutan doars ; Daphla hills ; Naga hills ; Ma- 
 pur. 
 
 Habits ^'c. This Tit-Babbler appears to be numerous on the Daphla 
 hills at 3000 feet of elevation. Nothing about its habits is on record. 
 
 nipur 
 
 Genus SITTIPARUS, n. gen. 
 
 The genus for which I propose the name of Sittiparus (with 
 S. cinereus as the type) contains two birds which are quite different 
 from Schceniparus on the one hand, and from Proparus and Lioparus 
 on the other. 
 
 In 1844 (J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 939) Hodgson proposed the name 
 of Certliiparus for S. castaneiceps. This name had, however, been 
 given by Lafresnaye two years previously to some birds from New 
 Zealand, and Hodgson's name cannot therefore be retained. 
 
 Sittiparus is one of the genera of Timeliine birds with a Tit-like 
 bill. It differs from Schoeniparus in having the tail very much 
 shorter than the wing, and from Proparus and Lioparus in having 
 no hairs overhanging the nostrils. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Head grey j a long black supercilium S. cinereus, p. ] 71. 
 
 b. Head chestnut ; no black supercilium S. castaneiceps, p. 172. 
 
 181. Sittiparus cinereus. The Dusky-green Tit-Babbler. 
 
 Minla cinerea, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi, p. 449 (1847) ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, 
 p. 255 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109 ; Blanf. 
 J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 166 ; Hume, Cat no. 620. 
 
 Leiothrix cinerea (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 100 ; Horsf. & M. Cat. \, 
 p. 367 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 142. 
 
 The Dusky-green Hill-Tit, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 50. Head of S. cinereus. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage greyish green, the feathers of the 
 forehead, crown, and nape margined with black ; a broad black 
 band on each side of the crown from the forehead to the nape, 
 terminating in a number of streaks on the upper back ; a broad 
 pale yellow supercilium from the bill to the nape under the black 
 coronal band ; a spot in front of the eye and a band behind, black ; 
 ear-coverts mingled greyish and black ; cheeks yellow, tipped black; 
 wings and tail suffused on the outer webs of the feathers with the 
 
172 CRATEHOPODIDjE. 
 
 colour of the back ; chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail- 
 coverts yellow ; sides of neck, breast, and abdomen olivaceous. 
 
 Bill dusky ; legs fleshy yellow ; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4-5; fail 1-7; wing 2-3; tarsus -8; bill from 
 gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim ; the Khasi hills. 
 
 There is nothing on record about the habits of this bird. 
 
 182. Sittiparus castaneiceps. The Chestnut-headed Tit-Babbler. 
 
 Minla castaniceps, Hoclys. 2nd. Rev. 1838, p. 33 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 255 ; 
 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109. 
 Leiothrix castaniceps (Hodys.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 100 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 367. 
 Minla castaneiceps (Hodas.), Hume, N. fyE. p. 393 ; Wold, in BlytKs 
 
 Birds Burm. p. 110 ; Damson, S. F. v, p. 459 ; Hume Dav. S. F. 
 
 vi,p. 372; Hume, Cat. no. 619; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 320; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 146 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 608 ; Salvador^ Ann. 
 
 Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 601 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 249. 
 Minla brunneicauda, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 609 (1883). 
 Sittiparus castaneiceps (Hodgs.), Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 118. 
 The Chestnut-headed Hill-Tit, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut-brown, the 
 feathers of the forehead with broad white streaks, those of the 
 crown and nape with pale rufous streaks ; sides of the forehead, 
 lores, a broad superyilium, the ear-coverts, and a patch under the 
 eye white ; a spot in front of the eye, a broad streak behind the 
 eye and over the ear-coverts, and a narrow moustachial streak 
 black ; back, scapulars, rump, and the smaller wing-coverts olive- 
 green, tinged with fulvous ; greater wing-coverts and primary- 
 coverts black ; winglet white on the outer webs, black on the inner ; 
 the earlier primaries edged with hoary grey, the others and the 
 secondaries edged with chestnut on the base of the outer webs, with 
 olive-green on the other parts ; tertiaries broadly edged with olive- 
 green on both webs ; chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail- 
 coverts pale fulvous white ; sides of breast and body ochraceous ; 
 under wing-coverts white. 
 
 Upper mandible dusky ; the lower livid, yellow at base ; iris 
 crimson (in one bird dark brownish red) ; gape yellow ; feet dingy 
 greenish yellow ; claws yellowish horny (Scully). 
 
 Length about 4-5; tail 1-6; wing 2-2; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape -55. 
 
 I cannot separate S. brunneicauda, and I believe that Sharpe 
 himself does not now consider it distinct. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, the Khasi and Garo hills, Manipur, 
 Karennee and Muleyit mountain in Tenasseriin. 
 
 Habits, tyc. Davison says : " This little bird was common on the 
 slopes of Muleyit from 3500 feet and upwards, usually going 
 about in flocks of twenty or more, and hunting in a systematic 
 manner' amongst the brushwood and trees, peering into every 
 crack and cranny and keeping up the whole time a low twittering." 
 
PROPARUS. 173 
 
 Two nests of this species were found by Davison on Muleyit 
 mountain in February. In both cases the nests were constructed of 
 green moss lined with fibres and dry leaves, and were cup-shaped. 
 One nest was placed in a masss of creepers about five feet from 
 the Aground, and the other in the moss growing on the trunk of a 
 large tree. The eggs were white minutely spotted with black, and 
 three in number in each instance ; they measured '73 by -57. 
 
 Genus PROPARUS, Hodgs., 1841. 
 
 The geuus Proparus is the third of the Timeliine genera with a 
 Tit-like bill. It may be recognized by the hairs which overhang 
 the nostrils, the narrower bill, and the immense hind claw which is 
 as long as the hind toe ; the rictal bristles are short. The tail and 
 wing are about equal in length. 
 
 This genus agrees in every minute particular with Fulvetta of 
 David and Oustalet, which was instituted for some birds from the 
 mountains of China. 
 
 183. Proparus vinipectus. The Plain-brown Tit-Babbler. 
 
 Siva vinipectus, Hodgs. 2nd. Rev. 1838, p. 89. 
 
 Leiothrix viuipectus (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 100 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 368. 
 Proparus vinipectus (Hodys.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 257 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 
 
 S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 50 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 45 ; 
 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 169 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 394 ; 
 
 id. Cat. no 622 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 119. 
 Alcippe vinipectus (Hodgs.), Sharps, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 619. 
 
 The Plain Brown Hill-Thrush, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, back, and scapulars vinous 
 brown ; lores dusky ; a very broad white supercilium to the nape, 
 bordered above by a black band reaching beyond the nape, which 
 tends to meet its fellow on the upper back ; rump and upper wing- 
 and tail- coverts ferruginous ; tail brown, washed with ferruginous 
 on the base and the outer webs ; the earlier primaries edged with 
 hoary grey, the next few entirely black on the outer webs, the 
 remaining quills ferruginous on the outer webs ; ear-coverts and 
 cheeks vinous brown like the crown ; chin, throat, and upper breast 
 white, with indistinct dusky streaks ; lower breast vinous ; abdomen, 
 flanks, and under tail-coverts fulvous. 
 
 Bill and legs fleshy brown (Jerdori) ; iris dark brown (Hume 
 Coll.) ; iris pale ochre ; legs and feet pale umber-grey ( Godtv.- 
 Aust.) iris yellow, with a reddish tinge ; legs livid ; bill dusky 
 above, livid below (Blanf.). 
 
 Length about 4-8 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Sikhim up 
 to elevations of 11,000 feet or more ; Japvo peak, Burrail range at 
 9000 feet. 
 
174 CBATEEOPODIDjE. 
 
 Habits, #c. Of this bird nothing is recorded except the nidification. 
 It breeds in Sikhim in May and June, constructing a cup-shaped 
 nest of grass and bamboo-leaves in the branches of dense brush- 
 wood not much above the ground. One egg described by Hume 
 was pale green with sepia marks, and measured '73 by *55. 
 
 Genus LIOPARUS, n. gen. 
 
 I propose the name of Lioparus for the last of the four genera 
 of Tit-like Timeliince, with L. chrysceus as the type, a bird which has 
 been placed in the genus Proparus by most authors. 
 
 Lioparus differs from Schoeniparus and Sittiparus by having 
 numerous hairs overhanging the nostrils, and from Proparus by 
 its long rictal bristles which reach nearly to the tip of the bill, by its 
 broader bill, and by its much smaller hind claw, which measures 
 much less than the hind toe. 
 
 The plumage of this bird is remarkably sleek and soft. 
 
 184. Lioparus chrysaeus. The Golden-breasted Tit-Babbler. 
 
 Proparus ? chrysaeus, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
 Proparus chrysotis (Hodgs.}, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 938 (1844). 
 Leiothrix chrysotis (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 100. 
 Leiothrix chrysceus (Hodgs.}, Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 367. 
 Proparus chrysseus (Hodgs.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 256 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xli, pt. ii, p. 45 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 82 ; Hume, 
 
 N. $ E. p. 394 ; id. Cat. no. 621 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 19 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 250. 
 Alcippe chryssea (Hodgs.}, Sharps, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 627. 
 Lioparus chrysaeus (Hodgs.}, Oates in Hume's JV". fy E. 2nd ed. i. 
 
 p. 120. 
 Prong-samyer-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and lores soft blackish ashy ; 
 ear-coverts, cheeks, and a ring round the eye silvery white, the 
 first streaked with ashy ; back and scapulars ashy olive ; rump and 
 upper tail-coverts olive-green ; tail brown, the basal two thirds of 
 the outer webs of all the feathers margined with orange-yellow : 
 wing-coverts black ; wings dark brown, the first five primaries edged 
 with orange-yellow; the secondaries all broadly margined with 
 orange-yellow and tipped white ; tertiaries broadly margined with 
 white interiorly ; chin and throat silvery ashy brown ; remainder of 
 lower plumage bright orange-yellow 
 
 Bill plumbeous; legs pale fleshy; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4'5 ; tail 1'9 ; wing 2*1 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from 
 gape -45. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim ; the Daphla and Eastern Naga 
 hills ; Manipur. Found on hills and mountains up to 9000 feet or 
 probably higher. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Absolutely nothing is known about the general habits 
 of this bird. Of its nidification Hodgson relates that it lays three 
 
RIMATOR. 175 
 
 or four eggs in an egg- shaped nest made of bamboo-leaves and 
 grass in a clump of bamboos. The eggs appear to be white, spotted 
 with brownish red, and to measure ? by '5. 
 
 Genus RIMATOR, Blyth, 1847. 
 
 The sole bird which constitutes the genus Rimator is remarkable 
 for its very long bill and its very short tail. There can be no doubt 
 that its proper position is in this subfamily, but it has no very close 
 ally. 
 
 In this genus the bill is slender and as long as the head ; the cul- 
 nien is curved downwards and the tip of the bill is barely notched ; 
 the rictal bristles are short ; the nostrils are open ovals. The tail 
 is less than half the length of the wing and slightly rounded. 
 
 The only species known inhabits the higher mountains of Sikhiin 
 and Manipur. 
 
 185. Rimator malacoptilus. The Long-billed Babbler. 
 
 Rimator malacoptilus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, pp. 155, 864 878 
 
 (1847) ; id. Cat. p. 338 j Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 717 ; Jerd. B. I. 
 
 i, p. 493 ; Godio.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 196 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 335 ; Sharpe, Cat, B. M. vii, p. 594 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 121. 
 Caulodromus gracei, Gray fy Mitch. Gen. Birds, i, p. 143, pi. 44, 
 
 fig. 4. 
 Merva ierdonii, Hodgs. Calc. Journ. N. H. viii, p. 46. r>l iii. fio- 9 
 
 (1847). 
 
 The Long-billed Wren, Jerd. ; Karriak-tunybrek-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 51. Head of B. malacoptilus. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the neck, and mantle 
 dark rufescent brown, with very distinct fulvous shaft-streaks ; the 
 feathers of the back with the inner webs black, and the outer webs 
 brown and with pale fulvous shafts ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
 tail plain rufescent ; wing-coverts and the outer webs of the quills 
 rufous-brown, the former with pale shafts ; lores fulvous ; ear- 
 coverts rufous-ashy with paler shafts ; cheeks mingled black and 
 fulvous, with a black line above ; chin fulvous white ; throat, breast, 
 and abdomen rufescent brown, with large pale fulvous shaft- 
 streaks ; sides of body and thighs plain rufescent brown ; vent and 
 under tail-coverts ferruginous. 
 
 Bill dark horny, fleshy at the base ; legs brownish red ; iris 
 light brown (Jerdon). 
 
 JLength nearly 5 ; tail 1; wing 2-3; tarsus -9; bill from gape 
 "95. 
 
176 CEATEEOPODID^. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim aud Manipur, only at considerable elevations. 
 There are some specimens of this hird in the British Museum, col- 
 lected by Hodgson, but it is not clear whether they were obtained 
 in Nepal or in Sikhim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. As remarked by Jerdon, this species is probably a 
 ground feeder in thick brushwood, and its food consists of insects. 
 
 Genus TURDINULUS, Hume, 1878. 
 
 The proper position of this genus is doubtless near the thick- 
 billed genera such as Drymocataphus, but it is more convenient to 
 place it here. 
 
 In Turdinulus the tail is reduced to a minimum in length. The 
 bill is of the same shape as that of Drymocataplius (fig. 41, p. 146), 
 and the nostrils of both genera are alike. The rictal bristles are 
 moderate. 
 
 186. Turdinulus roberti. Robert's Babbler. 
 
 Myiothera murina, Mull, apud Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47. 
 
 Pnoepyga caudata, Blyth, apud Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 101 (1870). 
 Pnoepyga roberti, Godw.-Aust. 8f Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 252; Godio.- 
 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 195; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 218. 
 Turdinulus roberti (G.-A. $ Wald.), Hume, S. F. vi, p. 234 (1878) ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 332 ter; Sharpe, Notes Leyd. Mus. vi, p. 173. 
 Turdinulus inurinus (Miill.),apud Hume, S. F. ix, p. 115 ; Gates, B. B. 
 
 i, p. 62 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 593. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage with the tail and exposed parts of 
 the wings rufescent olive-brown, the forehead decidedly fulvous, the 
 feathers of the crown, nape, and back edged with black, and those 
 of the back with fulvous shaft-streaks, as also those of the lesser 
 wing-coverts, the median and greater coverts and tertiaries with 
 terminal fulvous-white spots ; lores and a long supercilium to the 
 nape fulvous ; sides of the head fulvous mottled with black, the 
 ear-coverts with paler shafts, and the cheeks narrowly banded with 
 black ; chin and throat pale fulvous, generally quite plain, occasion- 
 ally with a few very minute brown specks ; breast and abdomen 
 fulvous, the edges of the feathers broadly brown ; sides of body 
 and thighs nearly uniform fulvescent brown ; under tail-coverts 
 ferruginous. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws pale brown and brown to pale fleshy-brown 
 and dusky fleshy ; upper mandible brown to black, lower pale to 
 dark plumbeous ; iris brown, light brown, cinnabar, sienna-brown, 
 deep brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 4*5; tail *9 ; wing 2*1 ; tarsus "8; bill from gape 
 75. 
 
 Distribution. Asalu and also at Chakha in the Manipur hills ; 
 Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim at 5000 feet and upwards. 
 
BRACK YPTKRYGIXT. 177 
 
 The species found in Sumatra and identified by Blyth with T. roberti 
 does not, according to Sharpe, appear to be the same. 
 
 Habits, <3fc. Mr. Davison observes that these birds are generally 
 seen in pairs, occasionally three or four together, hopping about on 
 the ground or amongst the stems of the undergrowth only in the 
 densest portions of the forest. They are not shy and do not fly 
 unless very closely pressed. 
 
 Subfamily BRACHYPTERYGIN^E. 
 
 The subfamily Br achy pier ygina> forms a group of birds which, in 
 addition to possessing the general characters of the family, are 
 specially recognizable by their long legs and short tails. In habits 
 they are terrestrial, and nearly all of them are skulkers in thick 
 brushwood. 
 
 This subfamily connects the Turdidce with the Crateropodidce. 
 Its members have still, in great measure, the habits of Thrushes, 
 but the young have emancipated themselves from the mottled 
 plumage. With two exceptions the adults have given up their 
 migratory habits, and the two sexes of many of them have the 
 plumage alike. The eggs of nearly all the species, so far as they 
 are known, are spotted. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Tail much longer than tarsus. 
 
 '. Tail but little graduated or nearly square, 
 
 outer feathers falling short of tip of 
 
 tail by less than half the length of 
 
 tarsus. 
 
 a" ' . Tail not less than twice the length of 
 
 tarsus. 
 
 a' ". Second primary equal to or exceed- 
 ing the longest secondaries. 
 a 4 . First primary longer than half the 
 
 second . . .' MYIOPHGNEUS, p. 178. 
 
 b*. First primary shorter than half the 
 
 second LARVIYOBA, p. 181. 
 
 V" . Second primary much shorter than 
 the longest secondaries. 
 
 c 4 . Nostrils round ARRENGA, p. 183. 
 
 rf 4 . Nostrils long ovals BRACHYPTERYX, p. 184. 
 
 b". Tail much shorter than twice the length 
 
 of tarsus DRYMOCHARES, p. 186. 
 
 //. Tail greatly graduated, outer feathers fall- 
 ing short of tip of tail by as much as 
 length of tarsus. 
 c". Nostrils roundish ovals, pierced in the 
 
 anterior corner of the membrane .... HODGSONIUS, p. 189. 
 d'\ Nostrils linear, pierced along the lower 
 
 edge of the covering membrane ELAPHRORNIS, p. 190. 
 
 VOL. I. -8 
 
178 CRATEBOPODID-dE. 
 
 b. Tail much shorter than tarsus. 
 
 e". Breadth of bill at the nostrils greater 
 
 than its depth TESIA, p. 191. 
 
 /". Breadth of bill at the nostrils equal to 
 
 its depth OLIGURA, p. 193. 
 
 Genus MYIOPHONEUS, Temminck, 1823. 
 
 The genus Myiophoneus contains a few species of birds of very 
 brilliant blue plumage. Three occur within our limits and others 
 are found in China and the Malayan islands. 
 
 In Myiophoneus the bill is very stout, but somewhat shorter than 
 the head, compressed laterally, and considerably hooked at the tip, 
 and the nostrils are round. The wing is rounded, but not nearly 
 so much so as in Arrenga. The legs and feet are remarkably strong. 
 
 The young birds are very similar to the adults, but for the first 
 few weeks or perhaps months the brilliant glossy spots of the adult 
 are absent. The adults of both sexes resemble each other. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Bill more or less yellow. 
 
 '. Median wing-coverts tipped white M. temmincld, p. 178. 
 
 b'. Median wing-coverts plain M, en genii, p. 179. 
 
 ft. Bill entirely black M. horsjieldi, p. ] 80. 
 
 187. Myiophoneus temmincki. The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush. 
 
 Myiophomis temminckii, Vigors, P.Z.S. 1831, p. 171; Gould, Cent. 
 
 pi. 21 j Blyth, Cat. p. 159; Jerd. B. I.\, p. 500 ; Hume, N. # E. 
 
 p. 221 ; Hume Sf Henderson, Lah. to Yark. p. 187 ; Hume, 8. F. 
 
 li, p. 331, hi, p. 105 ; id. Cat. no. 343 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 281 ; 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 18 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 7 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 122 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 120. 
 Myiophonus cseruleus (Scop.), apud Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 199. 
 
 The Yellow-billed Whistling-Thrush, Jerd. ; Kastura, of the Hills (N.W. 
 Himalaya) ; Kaljit, of the Boon ; Chamong-pho } Lepch. ; Tetiman, Bhut. ; 
 Simtung, Khasi. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and base of forehead black, the forehead higher 
 up bright cobalt-blue ; the whole plumage blue, each feather tipped 
 with glistening blue ; wings and tail overlaid with cobalt-blue on 
 the outer webs ; lesser wing-coverts black, with broad margins of 
 glistening cobalt-blue ; median wing-coverts tipped with white. 
 
 The young have the upper plumage and wings dull blue without 
 the glistening tips ; the whole lower plumage dull black ; tail like 
 that of the adult. 
 
 Bill yellow, the culmen and the base of the upper mandible 
 blackish ; iris brown ; feet and claws black. 
 
 Length about 13'5 ; tail 5-5 ; wing 7 ; tarsus 2'1 ; bill from 
 gape 1'6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Hazara country and Grilgit 
 to the Daphla hills in Assam ; the hill-ranges south of Assam ; 
 
MYIOPHONEUS. 179 
 
 Cachar ; Manipur ; Arrakan, and probably the whole country west 
 of the Irrawaddy river ; Karennee and the Karen hills, where this 
 is found together with the next species. This bird also extends 
 into Afghanistan and Turkestan. 
 
 In sumnier this species is found up to 11,000 feet, but in winter 
 it descends to lower levels and even to the plains. In Cachar it is 
 said to be merely a winter visitor. 
 
 Habits, $c. This species frequents hill-streams and torrents, 
 perching on rocks and snags and feeding largely on snails, the shells 
 of which are frequently found accumulated on the ground where 
 the bird has been in the habit of breaking them up. It has a loud 
 and pretty whistling note. It breeds from April to June, con- 
 structing a massive cup-shaped nest of roots and moss in a crevice 
 of a rock or in the root of some up-turned tree in the river-bed 
 near or under a waterfall, and laying from three to five eggs, which 
 are pale grey or green, speckled with pink and brown. The eggs 
 measure 1*42 by 1. 
 
 188. Myiophoneus eugenii. The Burmese WJiistling-ThrusJi. 
 
 Myiophoneus eugenei, Hume, S. F. i, p. 475 (1873), iii, p. 106, v, 
 p. 113, note ; Hume Sf Dae. 8. F. vi, p. 236 j Hume, Cat. no. 343 bis ; 
 Singham, S. F. ix, p. 176 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 204 ; id. B. B. i, p. 17 ; 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 9 ; Salvador i, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) 
 v, p. 010 j Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 123. 
 
 Fig. 52. Head of M. eugenii. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles M. temmincki. Differs in having the 
 median upper wing-coverts without the conspicuous white tips of 
 that species, and in having a bill much larger and with less black on 
 the upper mandible. 
 
 Bill orange-yellow, the region of the nostrils and a portion of 
 the culmen dark brown ; mouth yellow ; iris umber-brown ; eyelids 
 straw-yellow ; legs black. 
 
 Length about 13'5 ; tail 5-5 ; wing 7 ; tarsus 2-3 ; bill from 
 gape 1-7. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of Pegu east of the Irrawaddy river ; 
 the Karen hills ; Karennee; the pine-forests of the Salween river ; 
 
 N2 
 
180 CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 the central portion of Tenasserim, and the Thoungyeen valley ; 
 extending into Siarn. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Like the preceding species, the present bird is found 
 in rocky streams as a rule, but Mr. Pea procured the only specimen 
 that he observed in Tenasserim near the Farm Caves of Moulmein. 
 Bingham got the nest in April in the Thoungyeen valley. It was 
 made of green moss and black roots and fibres, and was placed on 
 a dead tree which had been caught by rocks in the river-bed. The 
 eggs were of a pale stone-colour, spotted with reddish brown, and 
 measured about 1*48 by 1*02. 
 
 189. Myiophoneus horsfieldi. The Malabar Whistling-Thrush. 
 
 Myiophonus horsfieldii. Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35 ; Gould, Cent. 
 pi. 20 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 159 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 200 ; Jerd. B. 1. 
 i, p. 499 ; Bksnf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. ii, p. 179 ; McMaster, J. A. 
 S. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 211 ; Hum*, N. 8f E. p. 221 ; Ball, S. F. ii, p. 406, 
 iii, p. 292 ; Butler, S. F. iii, p. 469 ; Bourdillon, S. F. iv, p. 398 ; 
 Davidson $ Wenden, S. F. vii, p. 81 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 212 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 342 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 373 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 vii, p. 10 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 168 ; Oates in Hume's N. Sf E. 
 2nd ed. i, p. 124. 
 
 Gunta-ukkee, Canarese. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head and neck deep black, with a crescentic 
 band of bright cobalt-blue on the anterior portion of the crown ; 
 upper plumage black, each feather broadly edged with blue ; tail 
 blue, with black shafts ; lesser wing-coverts cobalt-blue ; middle 
 coverts black, tipped with cobalt-blue ; greater coverts black, edged 
 with blue : outer webs of the quills chiefly blue, inner webs black ; 
 breast and abdomen black, fringed with cobalt-blue ; vent and under 
 tail-coverts dull blue. 
 
 The young have the wings and tail like the adult, but all the 
 other parts of the plumage dull black. 
 
 Iris deep brown ; legs and bill black (Davison). 
 
 Length about 12; tail 4-5; wing 6'2; tarsus T9 ; bill from 
 gape 1*6. 
 
 Distribution. The Indian peninsula. To the north-west this spe- 
 cies has been noticed as far as Mount Abu and to the north-east as 
 far as Sirguja and Sambalpur ; it extends down to Travancore. It 
 has not, however, been recorded from the Eastern coast of India. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Inhabits forests in the neighbourhood of hill-streams, 
 and is found from near the level of the sea up to 6000 feet. Breeds 
 from March to July, constructing a massive cup-shaped nest of 
 roots, dead leaves, and vegetable matter on some rock in a mountain- 
 torrent or on a ledge of a cliff, or very frequently in a hole of some 
 tree a considerable height from the ground. The eggs, three in 
 number, are salmon-coloured or pink marked with pinkish brown, 
 and measure about 1-3 by -95. The note of this bird is a fine 
 whistle. 
 
LARVIVORA. 181 
 
 Genus LARVIVORA, Hodgs., 1837. 
 
 The gemis Larvivora contains two species, one of which is 
 confined to India and the other is found in the eastern portion 
 of the Empire and Eastern Asia in general. The first is a migra- 
 tory, bird in a small degree, moving from the hills to the plains and 
 back again according to season ; of the second very little is known 
 except that it has a very extensive range. 
 
 In Larvivora the sexes differ in colour, and all the evidence I 
 have been able to collect points to the fact that the nestling resembles 
 the female. The position of this genus is therefore in this sub- 
 family, to which its coloration, habits, long legs, and short tail further 
 ally it. 
 
 In this genus the bill is slender and about half the length of the 
 head and the nostrils are long ovals. The wing is somewhat pointed, 
 with the first primary of comparatively small size ; the tarsus is 
 slender and long and the tail is very much shorter than the wing, 
 whereas in the Robins, to which the Blue Chats bear considerable 
 resemblance, the tail is proportionately much longer. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Upper plumage blue. 
 
 a. Lower plumage white L. cyanea <$ , p. 181. 
 
 6'. Lower plumage bright chestnut L. bnmnea tf , p. 182. 
 
 b. Upper plumage olive-brown. 
 
 c. Throat and breast pale fulvous, mottled with 
 
 brown L. cyanea $ , p. 181 . 
 
 d". Throat and breast bright fulvous, mottled 
 
 with brown L. brunnea $ , p. 182. 
 
 190. Larvivora cyanea. The Siberian Blue Chat. 
 
 Motacilla cyane, Pall. Reis. JRuss. Reichs, iii, p. 697 (1776). 
 
 Larvivora gracilis, Siuinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 262. 
 
 Brachypteryx vel Callene, sp., Beavan, Ibis, 1870, p. 321 ; Blyth, Birds 
 
 Burm. p. 101. 
 Larvivora cyane (Pall.}, Wald. in BlytWs Birds Burm. p. 101 ; Hume 
 
 8f Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 335, 516 ; Hume, Cat. no. 507 bis j Bingham, 
 
 S. F. ix, p. 185 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 213 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 198. 
 Erithacus cyaneus (Pall.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 303 ; Oates, B. B. 
 
 i, p. 13. 
 
 Fig. 53. Head of L. cyanea. 
 
 Coloration,. Male. The base of the bill, the lores, and a line 
 under the cheeks black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and the whole upper 
 
182 CBATEROPODIDJE. 
 
 plumage blue ; wings and tail brown, washed with blue on 
 the outer webs ; the whole lower plumage pure white, the flanks 
 washed with brown. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage aud the lesser upper wing- 
 coverts olive-brown, tinged with russet on the upper tail-coverts ; 
 greater coverts and quills brown, suffused with rufous on the outer 
 webs, the former also distinctly tipped with rufous ; tail brown, 
 suffused with russet ; forehead, lores, and sides of the head rufous, 
 mottled with brown ; middle of chin and throat, the abdomen, and 
 under tail- coverts pure white ; sides of the chin and the throat and 
 the whole breast pale fulvous, each feather margined with brown, 
 causing a mottled appearance ; sides of the body plain fulvous. 
 
 The young are coloured like the female. Young males assume 
 a little blue on the back and upper tail-coverts at an early age. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws fleshy white ; upper mandible in the male 
 dark, in the female pale horny brown ; lower mandible fleshy white 
 or pale brown ; gape fleshy white ; (one male had the upper mandible 
 horny black ;) irides deep brown (Davison}. 
 
 Length 5-6 ; tail 1-8 ; wing 2-8 ; tarsus I'l ; bill from gape '7. 
 Distribution. Has been procured in Lower Pegu by myself and 
 in various localities in Tenasserim by Davison and Bingham. Hume 
 obtained this bird in Manipur at the end of April. In the Pin will 
 Collection in the British Museum there is a specimen which is said 
 to have been procured in the N.W. Himalayas near Simla. I 
 know of no other instance of the occurrence of the present species 
 in India proper; but Seebohm asserts that it winters in North India, 
 a somewhat sweeping statement which requires confirmation. 
 
 1 am by no means certain that this bird is more than a partial 
 migrant in Burma. I procured the only specimen I ever met with 
 in Burma on the 21st May, and the fact that specimens were col- 
 lected by Davison and Biugham only in the winter months goes for 
 little when it is remembered that the collection of birds is suspended 
 in Burma in great measure in the wet season or summer months, 
 owing to the heavy rainfall and the impenetrability of the jungle 
 at that period of the year. 
 
 This species has a wide range, being found in Eastern Asia from 
 Siberia to Borneo. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This Blue Chat keeps entirely to the ground in dense 
 vegetation, and occurs solitarily or in pairs. 
 
 191. Larvivora brunnea. The Indian Blue Chat. 
 
 Larvivora cyana, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi, p. 102 (1837) ; Horsf. fy M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 310 j Jcrd. B. I. ii, p. 145 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 44 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 324 j Legge, S. F. iii, p. 369. 
 Larvivora brunnea, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi, p. 102 (1837) ; Leage. 
 
 Birds Ceyl. p. 446 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 127. 
 Phcenicura superciliaris, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S, xiii, p. 170 (1844). 
 Calliope cyana (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 169. 
 Larvivora superciliaris (Jerd.}, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 16 ; Blanf. J. A. 
 
 S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 161 : Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 240 j Fairbank, S. F. 
 
A IJ RENO A. 
 
 iv, p. 250; Daciilxon $ }\\-n(kn, #. 1<\ vii, p. 83; Z>V///, & F. vii, 
 p. 216 ; Jfwme, CW. no. 507 ; Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 474 ; Vidal, S. 
 F. ix, p. 06 ; L'utler, S. F. ix, p. 405; Davison, S. F. x, p. 389 ; 
 
 Humes, Hint* lltnn. p. 208 ; 7/ume, & -F. xi, p. 197. 
 Krithacus brunneus (Hodgs.), Scebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 302. 
 
 Tins, Blue, Wood- Chat, Jerd. ; Manzhil-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, 
 produced as a band down the sides of the neck ; a distinct white 
 supercilium to the nape ; the whole upper plumage, wing-coverts, 
 and the exposed parts of the wings and tail dull blue ; point of 
 the chin and a narrow line bordering the black cheeks white ; 
 throat, breast, and sides of the body bright chestnut ; under wing- 
 coverts blue; remainder of the lower plumage white. 
 
 Female. Very similar to the female of L. cyanea, differing merely 
 by the greater intensity of the fulvous on the breast. 
 
 The young resemble the adult female. 
 
 Bill black ; legs and feet fleshy ; iris very dark brown (Davison). 
 
 Of about the same size as L. cyanea. 
 
 Distribution. Every suitable portion of India proper from Murree 
 to Shillong and down to Travancore and Ceylon. In many parts 
 of the Himalayas and on the Kilgiris this bird is a permanent resi- 
 dent, but in the plains it appears to be merely a winter visitor. Its 
 migrations, however, are very limited in extent, resolving them- 
 selves chiefly to movements from one elevation to another according 
 to season and not extending far horizontally. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species is found in forests and thick jungle. 
 It appears to feed entirely on the ground and to be of a shy nature. 
 It breeds on the higher portions of its range, constructing a small 
 nest of moss and leaves in a hole in a tree. The eggs are pale 
 brownish or greenish, speckled with brownish red, and measure 
 about -98 by -67. 
 
 G-enus AERENGA, Lesson, 1831. 
 
 The genus Arrenga is represented within our limits by one 
 species, an inhabitant of Ceylon. The history of the genus is very 
 incomplete owing to its rarity, but there can be little doubt that its 
 position is in this subfamily. 
 
 In general appearance Arrenga resembles Myiophoneus, but the 
 two genera differ in the shape of the wing. In Arrenga the bill is 
 stout, half as long as the head, and well bent down at the tip ; the 
 rictal bristles are long and the nostrils rounded. The wing is very 
 rounded and blunt, the tarsus long and thick, and the tail short 
 and nearly square. 
 
 192. Arrenga blighi. The Ceylon Arrenga. 
 
 Arrenga blighi, Holdsworth, P. Z. S, 1872, p. 444, pi. 19; Hume, S. F. 
 vii, p. 378 ; id. Cat. no. 343 ter. 
 
184 CEATEROPODID^. 
 
 Myiophoneus bliglri (Holdsw.), Legcje, Birds Cei/L p. 463, pi. 20, 
 tigs. 1, 2 ; Sharpe, Cat. J5. M. vii, p. 13. 
 
 Coloration. The adult male has entire head and neck black ; back, 
 scapulars, breast, and abdomen dull blue ; region of the vent brown ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts russet-brown ; tail brown, edged on 
 the outer webs with rufous ; lesser wing-coverts cobalt-blue ; the 
 other coverts and the quills dark brown, narrowly edged with bluish. 
 
 A younger male has the whole plumage ferruginous, lighter below, 
 and the back and scapulars suffused with a tinge of blue ; the 
 upper tail-coverts brighter ferruginous ; tail brown, edged with 
 ferruginous ; lesser wing-coverts cobalt-blue as in the adult the 
 other coverts and the quills brown, edged with ferruginous. 
 
 The nestling, according to Holdsworth, is brown, darker on the 
 upper surface and more rufous below ; the feathers of the fore- 
 head, throat, and breast centred with yellow-brown ; an indication 
 of blue on the carpal joint. 
 
 \\ 
 Fig. 54. Head of A. Uighi. 
 
 According to Legge the adult female is similar to the adult male, 
 but has the wing-spot lighter in colour, and at the same time of a 
 brighter tint than in the male. 
 
 Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet black (Legge). 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3'1; wing 4-1; tarsus 1/4; bill from 
 gape 1/2. 
 
 There are only two skins of this rare bird in the British Museum. 
 One is evidently an adult male, and the other apparently a young 
 male with traces of blue appearing on the back and scapulars. 
 Both birds are described above. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, where this bird is found in dense vegetation 
 on the hills. 
 
 Genus BRACK YPTERYX, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The two Indian birds which I place in this genus are absolutely 
 congeneric with Brachypteryx montana, 'the type of the genus. 
 They have hitherto been placed in Callene, the type of which is C. 
 frontalis; but they are not only not congeneric with this bird, 
 but they belong, in my opinion, to quite another family. Callene 
 is a true Thrush with the young mottled ; Brachypteryx^ according 
 
B B AC11 YPTEll Y X . 1 85 
 
 to the evidence before me, is a Crateropodine bird with the young 
 similar to the adult. The two genera are also in structure quite 
 different, especially with regard to the length of the tail and 
 tarsus. 
 
 In Bracliypteryx the bill is about half the length of the head, 
 strong and broad at the base ; the nostrils are long ovals and they 
 are overhung by the greatly lengthened shafts of the frontal 
 feathers ; the rictal bristles are long. The wing is short and 
 rounded; the tarsus smooth and of considerable length, and the 
 tail is short and square or nearly so. The sexes are alike in all 
 respects, and both species are non-migratory and confined to small 
 tracts of hill-country. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Sides of abdomen slaty blue B. albiventris, p. 185. 
 
 b. Sides of abdomen pale chestnut B. rufiventris, p. 185, 
 
 193. Bracliypteryx albiventris. The White-bellied Short-wing. 
 
 Callene albiventris, Fairbank, Blanf. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 833, pi. 39 ; 
 
 id. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. ii, p. 179 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132 ; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 220 ; Fairbank, S. F. v, p. 402, vii, p. 35 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 339 bis; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 15 ; Terry, S. 
 
 F. x, p. 473. 
 Brachypteryx albiventris (Fairb.\ Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 128. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and a narrow frontal band deep black ; above 
 these a band of bluish white ; centre of abdomen, vent, and under 
 tail-coverts white ; with these exceptions the whole plumage and 
 the exposed parts of the closed wings and tail are dark slaty 
 blue. 
 
 Bill black ; feet leaden black ; iris buff (Fairbank). 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 3-2 ; tarsus T15; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The Palni hills and Southern Travancore from 
 1000 feet upwards. 
 
 Habits, fyc. According to Fairbank these birds live in thickets 
 and are hard to discover. At the breeding-season the males have a 
 sweet song. The breeding-season is May and June. The nest is 
 placed in a hole of a tree or bank and is made of moss. The eggs, 
 generally two in number, are greyish green, thickly covered with 
 brown marks. They measure about -93 by '63. 
 
 194. Brachypteryx rufiventris. The Rufous-bellied Short-wing. 
 
 Phcenicura major, Jerd. Madr. Joum. L. S. xiii, p. 170 (1844). 
 
 Brachypteryx major (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. p. 178. 
 
 Callene rufiventris, Blyth, Jerd. B. L i, p. 496 ; id. Ibit, 1872, p. 132 ; 
 
186 
 
 CEATEROPODIDyE. 
 
 Hume, N. 8> E. p. 219 ; id. Cat. no. 339 ; Davison, S. F. x, p 372 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 16. 
 
 Brachypteryx ruti ventris (Jerd.), Oates in Hume's N. & E 2nd ed 
 i, p. 129. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and the feathers in front of the eye black : 
 forehead and a band over the lores pale blue ; the whole upper 
 plumage, the visible portions of the closed wings and tail, the sides 
 of the head and neck, the chin, throat, and breast dark slaty blue ; 
 middle of the abdomen whitish ; remainder of the lower plumage 
 pale chestnut. 
 
 Bill black ; legs and feet pale fleshy brown ; claws darker ; iris 
 dark brown (Davison}. 
 
 Length nearly?; tail 2-6; wing 3-2- tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape -8 . 
 
 Fig. 55. Head of B. rujiventris. 
 
 Distribution. The Nilgiris, Bramkagiris and adjoining hill-ranges, 
 from about 5500 to 7000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. According to Davison this species keeps to the denser 
 portion of the undergrowth in evergreen forests, where it lives 
 entirely on the ground. It is found in pairs or singly, and the 
 male has a pleasing little song. It breeds in April and May, con- 
 structing a nest of green moss in a bole of a tree or a bank, and 
 laying two or three eggs, which are olive-brown with reddish-brown 
 marks round the larger end of the egg. They measure about 1 
 by -67. 
 
 Genus DRYMOCHARES, Gould, 1868. 
 
 The four Indian birds which I place in tbis genus differ from 
 true Brachypteryx in having a much shorter tail and longer tarsus. 
 
 In Drymochares the bill is slender and about half the length of 
 the head ; the nostrils are long ovals, and the rictal bristles are 
 moderate ; the wing is very rounded and short ; the tarsus ex- 
 tremely long, and the tail short. 
 
 In three of the species the sexes are very differently coloured ; 
 in the fourth the coloration of the sexes is doubtful. The young 
 birds of two species resemble tbe adult female very closely, and the 
 young males soon assume the garb of the adult male. 
 
 The history of the birds of this genus is in a very unsatisfactory 
 and imperfect condition, especially with regard to their nidification 
 and distribution. 
 
DRYMOC1IARES. 187 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 A. Upper plumage chestnut D. stellatus, p. 187. 
 
 B. Upper plumage blue or brown. 
 
 ff'. Chin and throat chestnut D. hyperythrus, p. 187. 
 
 b'. Chin and throat blue or rufous ashy 
 
 brown D. cruralis, p. 188. 
 
 ' c. Chin and throat white D. nepakiisis, p. 183. 
 
 195. Drymochares stellatus. Gould's Short-winy. 
 
 Brachypteryx (Drymochares) stellatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 218. 
 Drymochares stellatus (Gould), Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, j>. 52. 
 Brachypteryx stellatus ( Gould), Hume, S. F, vii, p. 377 ; id. Cat. 
 no. 338 ter; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 30. 
 
 Coloration. Lores black; forehead, a short eyebrow, sides of 
 the head, chin, throat, and breast slaty grey, finely vermiculated 
 with white and black lines ; remainder of the lower parts the same 
 but suffused with rufous, and each feather with a central triangular 
 white patch ; crown, nape, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, upper 
 tail-coverts, and tail bright chestnut ; rump like the lower part of 
 the abdomen ; wings brown, the feathers all margined with chest- 
 nut. 
 
 The young are apparently unknown, but will probably be found 
 to resemble the adults. 
 
 Length rather more than 5 ; tail 1*7 ; wing 3 ; tarsus 1/2 ; bill 
 from gape '7. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim. Nothing is known about this bird ; but 
 Blanford procured one specimen at 12,000-13,000 feet. 
 
 Brachvpteryx hyperythra, Jerd. fy Blylh, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ; Jerd. 
 B.'L i, p. 495; Hume, ' 
 
 196. Drymochares hyperythrus. The Rusty-bellied Short-winy. 
 
 Jerd. $ Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ; Jerd 
 S. F. v, p. 499 ; id. Cat. no. 337 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M . vii, p. 28. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Lores and feathers in front of the eye black ; 
 sides of the head and neck and the whole upper plumage, with the 
 visible portions of the closed wings and tail, deep blue ; a short and 
 partially-concealed eyebrow white ; the entire lower plumage and 
 the under wing-coverts bright chestnut. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage, with the visible portions of 
 the closed wings and tail, olive-brown, the shafts of the feathers 
 on the side of the face fulvous ; the entire lower plumage pale 
 chestnut, the abdomen whitish, and the sides of the body suffused 
 with brown ; no eyebrow. 
 
 The young bird is unknown, but it is probably like the female. 
 
 Bill corneous ; legs fleshy ; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length nearly 5; tail 1-7; wing 2'5; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim. Nothing is known about this bird's habits. 
 
188 CKATEKOPODID^E. 
 
 197. Drymochares cruralis. The White-browed Short-wing. 
 
 Calliope cruralis, Blyth,J. A. S. B. xii, p. 933 (1843). 
 
 Brachypteryx cruralis (Bl.\Cat. p. 178; Horsf. $ M. Cut. i, p. 397 ; 
 Jerd. B. I. i, p. 495 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 102 ; 
 Blanf. JA. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 160 ; Hume, N. 8f E. p. 219 ; Ward- 
 law Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 352 ; Wald. in Bl. Birds Burm. p. 99 ; 
 Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 236 ; Hume, Cat. no. 338 ; Gates, B. B. 
 i, p. 19 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 26. 
 
 Brachypteryx rufifrons, Je>d. $ Bl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201. 
 
 Brachypteryx hyperythra, Jerd. fy Bl. apud Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 xxxix, pt. ii, p. 102. 
 
 Drymocharee cruralis (Blyth}, Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 129. 
 
 Fig. 56. Head of D. cruralis. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Whole plumage slaty blue, the exposed por- 
 tions of the quills duller ; middle of the abdomen tinged with ashy ; 
 lores and a frontal band black bordered above by white produced 
 backwards over the eye. 
 
 Female. Lores, forehead, and round the eye bright ferruginous ; 
 sides of the head rufous-brown ; upper plumage rufescent olive- 
 brown ; tail and the outer webs of the wings chestnut-brown ; 
 lower plumage ashy brown tinged witb rufous, especially on the 
 under tail-coverts ; a broad but partially concealed supercilium 
 white. 
 
 The young resemble the female, but at first they have no trace of 
 the white supercilium. 
 
 Iris brown; bill brown; legs greyish brown (Wardlaw Ramsay}. 
 
 Length about 5-2; tail 1-9; wing 2-6; tarsus 1-2; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Sikhim ; the Khasi hills ; Karennee at 
 5200 feet. This species occurs up to 8000 feet or higher. 
 
 Habits, fyc. But little is known of the habits of this bird. It 
 appears to breed from April to June. The nest according to 
 Hodgson is a globular structure of moss and roots. Hume describes 
 several nests found by Mandelli's men as massive, shallow cups 
 composed of fine black roots with a few leaves and a little moss. 
 Both authorities agree in stating that the nest is built a short 
 distance off the ground in brushwood. The eggs are described as 
 being white and measuring about '88 by *63. 
 
 198. Drymochares nepalensis. The Nepal Short-wing. 
 
 Brachypteryx nipalensis, Hod gs., Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 74; Horsf. 
 $ M. Cat. i, p, 397 ; Jerd. fy Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ; Jerd. B. Z 
 
HODCSCXNIUS. 189 
 
 i, p. 494 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 102 ; Blunf. 
 J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 160; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 236; 
 Jftune, Cat. no. 33(3 ; Oate*, 11. B. i, p. 19 ; Sharpe. Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 29; Hume, S. F. ad, p. 121. 
 
 Drymochares uepalensis (Hodgs.), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 130. 
 
 The White-bellied Short-wing, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores and a frontal band dark blackish 
 blue ; a partially concealed white eyebrow ; the whole upper 
 plumage, sides of the head and neck, cheeks and the visible portions 
 of the closed wings and tail dark slaty blue ; chin, throat, and the 
 central portion of the abdomen white, somewhat mottled with brown 
 specks ; remainder of lower plumage smoky brown. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage and sides of the head and 
 neck ferruginous olive-brown, the space round the eye ruddier 
 than the other parts ; a partially-concealed white eyebrow similar 
 to that of the male ; chin, throat, and central portion of the abdo- 
 men whitish ; remainder of the lower plumage fulvous. 
 
 The young resemble the female ; the young males assume the 
 adult plumage in the first spring. 
 
 Bill dark brown ; gape whitish ; legs and feet dark purplish 
 fleshy ; iris dark brown (Davison). 
 
 Length nearly 5; tail 1/4; wing 2'3; tarsus 1/1; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Hume and Davison have already noticed the strange fact that 
 all the males the latter procured in Tenasserim are similar to the 
 female in plumage. I find that the same is the case with all the 
 sexed males from Shillong and Manipur. In Sikhim, on the other 
 hand, blue males appear to be common enough. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim ; the Khasi hills ; Manipur ; Muleyit 
 mountain in Tenasserim. It is very doubtful whether Hodgson's 
 specimens in the British Museum came from Nepal. 
 
 This species has been found on the mountains of Perak in the 
 Malay peninsula. 
 
 Habits, $c. The nest of this species appears to be always globular 
 or domed, constructed of dry flags and dry skeleton leaves, and 
 placed in brushwood or on a fallen tree a short distance off the 
 ground. The eggs are pale stone-colour, marked with pale reddish 
 brown, and measure about -8 by -6. 
 
 Genus HQDGSONIUS, Bonap., 1850. 
 
 The genus Hodysonius is represented by a single species, which 
 bears considerable resemblance in shape and colour to Brachypteryx, 
 but differs in having the sexes differently coloured and the tail 
 considerably longer. 
 
 The bill of Hoclysomus resembles that of Drymochares, and the 
 rictal bristles are weak. The wing is rounded, and the tarsus is 
 lengthened and much graduated. 
 
190 CKATEROPODIDJE. 
 
 The young appear to resemble the female from the earliest age. 
 The only species of this genus is non-migratory, and although 
 it is a fairly common bird nothing is on record about its habits. 
 
 ]99. Hodgsonius phcenicuroid.es. Hodgson's Short-wing. 
 
 Bradypterus phcenicuroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zoo/. Misc. p. 83 (1844) 
 
 (desc. nulla) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal, p. 70, A pp. p. 153 
 
 (1846). 
 Sylvania phoenicuroides (SodffS.), Blyth. J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 136; id. 
 
 Cat. p. 178. 
 Hodgsonius phoenicuroides (Hodgs.}, Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 395 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. i, p. 497 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 529 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132 ; 
 
 Hume fy Henders. Lali. to Yark. p. 187, pi. vi ; Hume, Cat. no. 341 ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 470 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 8]. 
 Dumeticola cyanocarpa, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 108 ( $ ) ; id. S. F. 
 
 iii, p. 409 ; vii, p. 461. 
 Callene hodgsoni, Moore, Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132 ; Hume, S. F. iii, 
 
 p. 411 ; id. Cat. no. 339 ter. 
 Schcenicola cyanocarpus (Hume}, Hume, Cat. no. 519 ter. 
 
 The White-bellied Short-iving, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole body-plumage slaty blue except the 
 abdomen, which is white, and the tail-coverts, which are slaty 
 blue tipped with whitish ; quills dark brown, washed with blue on 
 the outer webs ; tail-feathers blackish suffused with blue, the four 
 outer pairs chestnut on the basal half of both webs, the next pair 
 chestnut on the basal half of the outer web only. 
 
 Female. Upper plumage and wing-coverts olive-brown, the 
 margins of the quills rufous : tail rufous-brown, deeper on the 
 parts which are chestnut in the male ; sides of the head and the 
 lower plumage ochraceous ; the abdomen whitish ; and the lower 
 tail-coverts dark ochraceous wilh pale centres and tips. 
 
 The young resemble the female, and young males assume the full 
 adult plumage in the first autumn. 
 
 Bill dusky, reddish at the gape ; legs pale red-brown ; iris dark 
 brown (Jerdon) ; gape yellow (J. Henderson). 
 
 Length about 7*5; tail 3-2; wing 3; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Gulmurg and Sonamurg in 
 Kashmir to Bhutan. This species appears to be found at the foot 
 of the hills as well as at considerable altitudes. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Appears to frequent thick underwood. 
 
 Genus ELAPHRORNIS, Legge, 1879. 
 
 The genus Elaphrornis contains a single species, which is con- 
 fined to the higher hills of Ceylon. 
 
 It is a rare bird, and materials for forming an opinion as to its 
 position are hardly sufficient. On the whole I am inclined to think 
 that its place is in this subfamily. 
 
TESIA. J91 
 
 Elaphrornis has the bill similar to that of Drymochares, and short 
 rictal bristles ; the wing is extremely rounded, the tail of moderate 
 length and much graduated, and the tarsus long. The plumage is 
 very soft and ample, especially on the back and rump. 
 
 200. Elaphrornis palliseri. The Ceylon Short-wing. 
 
 Brachypteryx (?) palliseri, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xx, p. 178 (1851) ; Holds- 
 worth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 443, pi. xviii ; Hume. S. F. vii, p. 377 ; id. 
 Cat. no. 338 bis. 
 
 Elaphrornis palliseri (Bl.},Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 514, pi. xxiv, fig 1 . 2 ; 
 Shtuye, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 517 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 131. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage, tail, and exposed parts 
 of the wings olive-brown, tinged with rufous on the tail and upper 
 tail-coverts ; lores, the ear-coverts, and under the eye dark brown, 
 the ear-coverts with whitish shafts ; a dull white line over the 
 lores, extending over the eye ; chin fulvous white, throat rusty 
 fulvous ; middle of the abdomen yellowish ; remainder of the lower 
 parts slaty olive, the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts with a 
 rufous tinge. 
 
 The male has the iris clear red ; bill black, slaty at the base be- 
 neath ; legs and feet deep neutral brown or purplish brown ; claws 
 pale brownish horn ; in the female the iris is buff (Legye). 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape -8. 
 
 A young bird, or perhaps an adult female, resembles the adult 
 above described generally, but has the chin and throat fulvous white, 
 barred or mottled with greenish, and the rusty-fulvous patch on the 
 throat is altogether wanting. 
 
 Legge remarks that the iris of the young male is pale reddish 
 buff and that of the young female white. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, above 5000 feet of altitude. 
 
 Habits, $-c. This species is found in thick brushwood, feeding on 
 the ground. Mr. Bligh found a nest in April : a deep cup-shaped 
 structure of moss lined with roots, placed in a thick bush. The 
 nest contained three young birds. 
 
 Genus TESIA, Hodgs., 1837. 
 
 The genus Tesia of Hodgson was made to embrace several species 
 of birds which are not now considered congeneric ; but as Tesia 
 cyaniventris was the first species enumerated by him, it may fairly 
 be considered the type, and as such I adopt it. 
 
 In Tesia the bill is rather more than half the length of the head, 
 broad at the base, flattened, and blunt. The wings are excessively 
 short and rounded, the tail extremely short, and the tarsi very long. 
 
 Tesia contains one Indian species, which inhabits the Himalayas 
 and the Eastern hill-ranges. In this genus the sexes are differ- 
 ently coloured, and the young bird does not resemble the female so 
 
1 92 CRATEKOPODID^E. 
 
 closely as is usual in the other genera of CrateropocUdce. The 
 plumage of the young, however, is perfectly plain and bears no 
 signs of spots, streaks, or bars. 
 
 201. Tesia cyaniventris. The Slaty-bellied Short-winy. 
 
 Tesia cyaniventer, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi, p. 101 (1837) ; Blyth, Cat 
 p. 178 ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. i, p. 179 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 487; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 101 ; Hume, Cat. no. 328 ; Brooks, 
 S. F. viii, p. 470 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 118 ; Oates in Hume's N. SfE. 
 2nd ed. i, p. 131. 
 
 Tesia auriceps, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 137 (1847). 
 
 Oligura cyaniventris (Hodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 604. 
 
 The Slaty-lellied Wren, Jerd.; Tt-si, Nepal ; Samfit-tammong, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 57. Head of T. cyaniventris. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, crown, and nape glistening 
 golden brown ; the rest of the upper plumage and the visible por- 
 tions of the closed wings and tail olive-green ; lores and a broad 
 stripe from the eye to the nape black ; sides of the head and the 
 whole lower plumage slaty blue. 
 
 Female. The entire upper plumage and the exposed parts of the 
 wiogs and tail olive-green, the crown somewhat brighter than the 
 other parts ; lores and a stripe from the eye to the nape black, with 
 a yellowish supercilium above ; sides of head and lower plumage 
 dark ashy, suffused with white in places. 
 
 The young bird has the whole upper plumage green with a ru- 
 fescent tinge ; the sides of the head and the whole lower plumage 
 dull olive- green. The black lores and postocular stripe with the 
 pale supercilium make their appearance very soon after the bird is 
 fledged. 
 
 From the series of birds sexed by Hume in Manipur, it would 
 appear that young males assume the full plumage of the adult 
 female before the final change to that of the adult male. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws dull brown to pale, rather fleshy, brown ; 
 upper mandible and tip of lower deep to blackish brown ; rest of 
 lower mandible and gape dull wax-yellow to orange-horny : iris 
 deep brown (Hume) ; iris vermilion (Cripps). 
 
 Length nearly 4 ; tail '8; wing 1*8 ; tarsus '95 ; bill from gape '6. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Sikhim ; Dibrugarh in Assam ; the Khasi 
 hills ; Manipur. This species appears to be found at comparatively 
 low levels, but no exact information on this point is available. 
 
OLIGUHA. 1WJ 
 
 it*) <jr. Found in brushwood on the ground. According to 
 Hodgson this bird constructs a huge globular nest of green moss 
 and black moss-roots in a thick bush. The eggs, three or four in 
 number, are figured as being white speckled with bright red. They 
 measure '72 by -54. 
 
 Genus OLIGURA, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 The genus Oliyura resembles Tesia in many respects, but differs 
 in two important particulars. In the first place Oliyura has the 
 bill comparatively slender and narrow, and in the second it has the 
 sexes alike in plumage. 
 
 The only species of this genus found in India inhabits the higher 
 ranges of the Himalayas and the hill-tracts of Assam. 
 
 202. Oligura castaneicoronata. The Chestnut-headed Short-wing. 
 Sylvia ? castaneo-coronata, Jturton, P. Z. S. 1835. p. 152. 
 
 T*~,.^ XI * ~rr 7 -r A c* r* -i *-\'-k /i r^^^-x 
 
 Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 132. 
 The Chestnut-headed Wren, Jerd. ; 7m, Nepal; Samtit-pho, Lepch. 
 
 
 Fig. 58. Bill of 0. castaneicoronata. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, ear-coverts, and a line 
 under the eye bright chestnut ; a small patch of white feathers at 
 the posterior corner of the eye ; cheeks, chin, throat, breast, and 
 abdomen bright yellow, the breast suffused with olivaceous and 
 mottled with a few indistinct brown bars ; sides of breast, abdomen, 
 and under tail-coverts olivaceous ; upper plumage, wings, and tail 
 dark olive-green. 
 
 The young bird has the entire upper plumage, sides of the head, 
 the wings, and tail dark olive-green ; the whole lower plumage 
 dull chestnut, tinged with yellow on the abdomen. 
 
 Bill brownish yellow ; legs yellow ; iris red in some birds, brown 
 in others (Cockburn). 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Sikhim ; the Khasi hills. Jerdon gives the 
 range of this bird from 3000 to 6000 feet, but Blanford says it is 
 common in Sikhim from 7000 to 10,000 feet. Godwin-Austen 
 procured it at 7000 feet on Hengdan peak, Khasi hills. 
 
 Habits, fyc. According to God win-Austen this bird haunts thick and 
 low brushwood and is difficult to shoot in such cover ; it emits a loud 
 
 VOL. i. o 
 
194 CRATE110POD1D7E. 
 
 and rather musical note from time to time as it bops from bough to 
 bough. Blauford describes the note as sharp and monotonous. 
 Accounts of the nidification of this species are conflicting, and 
 therefore I shall not quote them. 
 
 Subfamily SIBLING. 
 
 The subfamily Sibiince is represented in India by thirty-two 
 species of birds. These all agree in being strictly arboreal, in having 
 the sexes alike in plumage and size, and in being non-migratory. 
 Their plumage is in most cases bright, and they are more or less 
 found in flocks. 
 
 With few exceptions the Sibiince lay spotted eggs. The few 
 exceptions require further evidence, as the information on the 
 subject of their nidification is either insufficient or conflicting. 
 The species of Zosterops lay eggs which are sometimes plain and 
 sometimes marked, and the position of this genus requires more 
 investigation. As remarked in another place. Zosterops is included 
 in this subfamily provisionally, as no better place can at present be 
 found for it. It, however, agrees in all essential characters with 
 the Sibiince. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Tail nearly twice the length of wing SIBIA, p. 195. 
 
 b. Tail and wing not very different in length. 
 a'. Tail graduated. 
 
 a". All the feathers of the tail graduated. 
 a'". Tail longer than wing 1 , the outer tail- 
 feather falling short of tip of tail by a 
 distance equal to length of tarsus. 
 a 4 . Depth of bill at the nostrils less than 
 
 breadth ; wings not barred LIOPTILA, 195. 
 
 b. Depth of bill at the nostrils greater 
 
 than breadth ; wings barred ACTINODURA, p. 201. 
 
 b'". Tail equal to or shorter than wing ; 
 
 the outer tail-feather falling- short of 
 
 tip of tail by a distance less than length 
 
 of tarsus. 
 
 c*. Nostrils not overhung by hairs ; 
 
 wings barred IXOPS, p. 203. 
 
 d l . Nostrils overhung- by hairs ; wing-s 
 
 not barred -. STAPHIDIA, p. 205. 
 
 b". The four middle pairs of tail-feathers of 
 the same length ; the two outer pairs only 
 
 graduated SIVA, p. 207. 
 
 b'. Tail square, not graduated. 
 
 c". Bill slender, gently curved, both mandibles 
 
 of the same length. 
 c'". First primary equal in length to the 
 
 tarsus .* YUHINA, p. 211 . 
 
 d'". First primary extremely minute, not 
 
 longer than the hind toe ZOSTEROPS, p. 213. 
 
S11JJA. LIOPTILA. 105 
 
 d". Bill stout, straight, the upper mandible 
 lunger than the lower one, with the tip 
 !)-nt down. 
 e"'. Depth of bill at -the nostrils less than 
 
 breadth IXULUS, p. 216. 
 
 . /'". Depth of bill at the nostrils more than 
 
 breadth HERPORNIS, p. 219 
 
 Germs SIBIA, Hodgs., 1836. 
 
 The genus Sibia contains but one species, which is remarkable 
 for the extraordinary length of its tail. This is twice the length 
 of the wing, and greatly graduated. 
 
 The bill is shorter than the head, curved down and slender, and 
 the nostrils are covered by a large membrane. The rictal bristles 
 are moderate in length. The bill is very similar to that o^ Lio- 
 ptila, figured below. 
 
 203. Sibia picaoides. The Lony-tailed Sibia. 
 
 Sibia picaoides, Hodys. J. A. S. B. viii, p. 38 (1839) ; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 98 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 210; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 55 ; Hume, N. 
 Sf E. p. 208; Wald. Ibis, 1870, p. 354; Godw.-Amt. J. A. IS. B. 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 78; xlvii, pt. ii, p. 18 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 294 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 430 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 293 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 p. 43; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 401; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 173; 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 132. 
 Malcheo-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage, wings, and tail deep slaty 
 brown, the tail tipped with white, and the wings with a white 
 patch formed by a spot on each outer web of four of the second- 
 aries ; forehead and lores blackish ; throat and breast slaty brown : 
 remainder of lower plumage ashy grey, becoming albescent on the 
 abdomen. 
 
 Bill horny black ; iris scarlet ; feet greyish dusky ; claws horny - 
 black (Scully}. 
 
 Length 13*5 ; tail 8-5 ; wing 4-8 ; tarsus I'l ; bill from gape I'l. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan ; the Daphla hills ; the 
 Naga hills ; Karennee ; Tenasserim. Tickell states that be pro- 
 cured this species in Tenasserim at an elevation of 3000 feet. It 
 appears to be found up to an elevation of 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Jerdon states that this Sibia associates in flocks of 
 six or seven, and flies from tree to tree, feeding on both fruit and 
 insects and keeping up a continual whistling sort of call. Gammie 
 found the nest in Sikhim a cup made of herbaceous plants and 
 lined with grass ; and the eggs, five in number, were greyish white 
 speckled with brown and purple ; they measured about '9 by *72. 
 
 Genus LIOPTILA, Blyth, 1847. 
 
 The genus Lioptila, according to my views, embraces those two 
 species which have been hitherto by common agreement placed in 
 
 o2 
 
196 C'RATEROPODJDJE. 
 
 this genus, and five others which have been usually placed in 
 Malacias. I cannot iind a single character by which to separate 
 the above two genera, and I accordingly join them together. 
 
 In Lioptila the bill is similar to that of Ixops, but rather more 
 slender; the nostrils are long, and covered by a long membrane; 
 the rictal bristles are fairly long, and the crest is more or less well 
 developed in all the species. The tail is considerably longer than 
 the wing and well-graduated, the outer feather reaching a little 
 beyond the middle of the tail. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown of head black or brown. 
 
 a'. Median pair of tail-feathers with a sub- 
 terminal black band. 
 
 a"* Rump and upper tail-coverts rufous . . L. capistrata, p. 190. 
 b". Rump and upper tail-coverts ashy grey. L. gracilis, p. 197. 
 b'. Median pair of tail-feathers uniformly 
 
 black or brown with white tips. 
 c". Rump chocolate-brown like the back. 
 a'". Tertiaries and greater wing-coverts 
 
 black L. mclanoleuca, p. 198. 
 
 b 1 ". Tertiaries and greater wing-coverts 
 
 chiefly chestnut L. casianoptera, p. 199. 
 
 d". Rump chestnut. 
 
 c'". Wing-coverts margined, the lesser 
 and median with ashy, the greater 
 
 with chestnut L. anncctcns, p. 199. 
 
 d'". Wing-coverts entirely black L. davistmi, p. 200. 
 
 b. Crown of head bluish grey like the upper 
 
 plumage L. pnlchella, p. 200. 
 
 Fig. 59. Head of L. capistrata. 
 
 204. Lioptila capistrata. The Black-headed Sibia. 
 
 Cinclosoma capistratuin, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56. 
 Sibia ni^riceps, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. viii, p. 38 (1839). 
 Sibia capistrata ( Vig.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 98 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 21(5 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 54; Stoliczka, J. A. S. 7?. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 38; 
 
 Cock $ Marsh. S. F. i, p. 354 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 267 ; Brooks, 
 
 S. F. iii. p. 238. 
 Malacias capistratus ( Vig.}, flume, Cat. no. 429 ; S. F. viii, p. 292 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 403. 
 
LlUl'TILA. 197 
 
 Lioptila ciipistrata ( J'fy.), Gates in Humes N. & E. 2ud ed. i. 
 p. 133. 
 
 Samdrittk-pho, Lepch. ; ticsiyjita, Bhut. ; Sibya, Nep. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, crest, Dape, and sides of the head 
 black, the ear- coverts sometimes dark brown ; the whole lower 
 pi milage, rump, upper tail-coverts, and a broad collar round the 
 neck bright rufous ; back and scapulars greyish brown ; median 
 tail-feathers rufous for three quarters of their length, then with a 
 black band and a bluish tip ; in the other feathers the rufous por- 
 tion diminishes rapidly and the black increases, but the blue tips 
 remain constant in size ; lesser wing-coverts rufous ; primary- 
 coverts black ; greater coverts white at base, forming a broad band, 
 the exterior feathers blue tipped with black, the others white, tipped 
 with rufous ; tertiaries chestnut, edged with blue ; the other quills 
 dark brown, the primaries with the outer webs pale blue, the second- 
 aries dark blue. 
 
 Bill black ; iris reddish brown ; feet fleshy brown ; claws brown- 
 horny (Scully). 
 
 Length nearly 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 3*7 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Birds from Sikhim are intensely rufous on the lower plumage, as 
 compared with birds from other localities, and the colour of the 
 back is also liable to much variation. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from the Hazara country 
 to Bhutan at elevations of from 5000 to 8000 feet. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Frequents high trees, feeding on fruit and insects. 
 Breeds from May to July, constructing a cup-shaped nest of moss 
 and fibres in a branch of a tree up to 50 feet from the ground. 
 The eggs, two or three in number, are pale green, marked with 
 reddish and purplish, and measure about -93 by -69. 
 
 205. Lioptila gracilis. The Grey Sibia. 
 
 p. 179 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 413. 
 Malacias gracilis (AfcClett.), Hume, Cat. Ho. 429 bis; id. S. F. xi, 
 
 p. 172 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 406. 
 Lioptila gracilis (McClell.}. Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 135, 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and lores black, paling on the nape 
 and ear-coverts, and blendiug with the rich slaty brown of the hind 
 neck, feck, and scapulars ; rump and upper tail-coverts ashy grey ; 
 lesser and median coverts, primary-coverts, and the outer feathers 
 of the greater coverts black ; the remaining greater coverts and the 
 tertiaries bluish ashy, edged with black, and the basal portions 
 more or less white ; quills black, the earlier primaries edged with 
 hoary grey on the outer webs ; central tail-feathers bluish grey 
 with a subterminal black band, the next with the black band and 
 
198 CRATEROPODIDTE. 
 
 the ashy tip increasing in extent, and so on till the outermost 
 feathers are entirely black with a bluish-grey tip; chin, throat, and 
 cheeks white, becoming fulvous on the breast and abdomen, the 
 sides of which are washed with lilac ; vent and under tail-coverts 
 buff. 
 
 Tarsus pale brown ; feet and claws darker ; bill black ; iris 
 brownish red, dull maroon or dull red (flume) ; iris crimson 
 (Cockburn). 
 
 Length about 9*5; tail 4'5 ; wing 3'7; tarsus 1*2; bill from 
 gape I'l. 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi and Naga hills ; Manipur ; generally 
 above 4500 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Hume describes this bird as being very active. It 
 runs along the branches, dodging in and out of the bunches of 
 parasitic ferns, orchids, and mistletoe, so as to be very difficult to 
 shoot. Godwin-Austen found the nest at the end of June. It 
 was constructed of grass, moss, and rootlets, and was placed near 
 the top of a pine. The eggs, three in number, were pale sea-green, 
 with ash-brown streakings and blotchings all over. 
 
 206. Lioptila xnelanoleuca. TickeWs 
 
 Sibia melanoleuca (Tick.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 413 (1859) ; 
 
 Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 355 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 108 ; Davison, 
 
 S. F. v, p. 458 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 293. 
 Sibia picata, TicMl, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 451 (1859). 
 Malacias melanoleucus (Tick.), Hume, Cat. no. 429quat. ; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 405 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 43 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
 
 Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 604. 
 Lioptila melanoleuca (Tick.*), Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 135. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and the sides of the head 
 except the ear-coverts deep black ; ear-coverts very dark brown ; 
 back, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts, rump, and upper 
 tail-coverts chocolate-brown, tinged with ashy on the latter two 
 parts ; wings and greater coverts black ; tail dark brown, the outer 
 webs edged with black, and all the feathers tipped with white; 
 entire lower plumage white. 
 
 Legs and feet varying from a very dark reddish brown to a dark 
 purplish brown or brownish black ; bill black ; iris lake (Hume $ 
 Davison). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 4-1; wing 3-5; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape '95. 
 
 Distribution. The higher portions of Muleyit mountain in Tenas- 
 serim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. The note of this bird is a single, long drawn, clear- 
 sounding whistle. Davison found the nest in February a cup of 
 grass, roots, and fibres placed in a high tree. It contained two 
 blue eggs, which measured about '97 by '67. 
 
LIOPT1LA. 199 
 
 207. Lioptila castanoptera. Fea's 
 
 Malacias castanoptorus, Suloudori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vii, 
 p. 363 (1889). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles L. melanoleuca, and differs merely in 
 having the greater portion of the tertiaries and greater wing- 
 coverts chestnut. 
 
 Bill and legs black. 
 
 Length about 9; tail 4*3; wing 3*7; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Mr. Eea procured this species in the Karen hills 
 east of Toungngoo in Burma, and I have recently examined a 
 specimen which was obtained at Port Stedmau in the Shan States 
 by Dr. Manders. 
 
 208. Lioptila annectens. BlytKs Sibia. 
 
 Leioptila annectans, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 450 (1847) : id. Cat. 
 
 p. 337; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 248; Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 109 ; Hume, Cut. no. 613 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 80 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 246. 
 Lioptila saturata, Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 352, note ; Wardlaw-Ramsay, 
 
 IK*, 1877, p. 464. 
 
 The Slender-billed Shrike-Tit, Jerd. ; Rabnun-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, crown, nape, ear-coverts, and round 
 the eye black; hind neck black, streaked with white; sides of the back 
 black ; scapulars pale rufous ; middle of the back, the rump, and 
 upper tail-coverts deep chestnut, the latter with a few black streaks ; 
 lesser and median wing-coverts black, edged with ashy ; greater 
 coverts black, tipped with chestnut ; primaries black, edged on the 
 outer web with bluish white, except the last two or three, which are 
 plain ; secondaries similarly edged, except at the bases ; tertiaries 
 more broadly edged and tipped with white, and with some chestnut 
 on the outer web near the base ; tail black, edged with deeper black 
 on the basal half, and tipped white, more broadly on the outer 
 leathers, and more narrowly towards the middle ; lower plumage 
 white, except the vent, under tail-coverts, and flanks, which are 
 pale chestnut. 
 
 Legs and feet wax-yellow ; claws brownish ; bill black ; gape 
 and more or less of basal portion of lower mandible yellow ; iris 
 chocolate, brownish chocolate, brownish maroon, claret-red, greyish 
 chocolate-brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 3-4 ; wing 3-1 ; tarsus -95 ; bill from 
 gape *7">. 
 
 L. saturata, Walden, is so close to this species that I cannot 
 separate it. On the other hand, L. davisoni, Hume, from Tenas- 
 serim, is a markedly distinct bird. I have examined the types of 
 both species. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim ; the Klutsi and Naga hills ; North Cachar; 
 Manipur ; Karennee. This specis is found at 4000 feet and 
 upwards. 
 
200 CJlATEllOPO.Dl.DJi. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Hume states that this bird creeps about the branches 
 of large trees in forest, very much like a Creeper, though neither 
 quite so rapid nor so jerky in its movements. 
 
 209. Lioptila davisoni. Davisons Sibia. 
 
 Leioptila davisoni, Hume, S. F. v, p. 110 (1877). 
 
 Lioptila saturata, Wald., apud Hmnefy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 370; Hume, 
 
 Cat, no. 613 bis; Oates, B. B. i, p. 141 (part); Shat-pe, Cat. B. 
 
 M. vii, p. 80 (part.) ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, 
 
 p. COO. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the head, hind neck, 
 sides of the neck, back, scapulars, and all the wing-coverts deep 
 black, with a few very narrow streaks of white on the middle of the 
 back ; rump deep chestnut ; upper tail-coverts black, with broad 
 maroon tips ; primaries margined with bluish white, except the last 
 two or three, which are plain; secondaries margined with bluish 
 white, except near the base; tertiaries tipped with white, and mar- 
 gined with chestnut on the outer webs near the base ; tail black, 
 the feathers edged with deeper black on the basal halves of their 
 outer webs, and tipped with white, broadly on the outer, and 
 narrowly on the middle feathers ; edge of wing and lower plumage 
 white, except the vent, under tail-coverts, and flanks, which are 
 pale fulvous. 
 
 Upper mandible and half the lower black ; rest of lower man- 
 dible, legs, feet, and claws fleshy yellow; iris greyish brown 
 (Davison). 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3'5 ; wing 3*1 ; tarsus -95 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 This bird cannot be confounded with L. annectens, from which 
 it differs by its black wing-coverts, black back, and maroon rump. 
 
 Distribution. Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim on the higher 
 slopes. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Davison remarks that this bird creeps like a Nut- 
 hatch about the trunks and branches of trees, and also searches the 
 leaves and smaller branches of the tree-tops. 
 
 210. Lioptila pulchella. The Beautiful Sibia. 
 
 Sibia pulchella, Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, p. 160 (1874) ; 
 
 id. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 164, pi. vii ; xlv, pt. ii, p. 78 ; Hume. 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 281. 
 Malacias pulchellus (Godw.-Aust.), Hume, Cat.no. 429 ter; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 407 ; Hume, 'S. F. xi, p. 173. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage bluish grey, brighter on 
 the head ; median tail-feathers umber-brown, with a subterminal 
 black band and a dark grey tip ; the others with a progressively 
 diminishing amount of umber-brown and an increasing quantity of 
 black till the outermost feathers are wholly black with a grey tip ; 
 smaller wing-coverts bluish grey; greater coverts next the body 
 entirely chocolate-brown, this colour diminishing in extent on the 
 
ACTi.NOItl K A. 201 
 
 out IT coverts and giving place to black ; wingletand primary-coverts 
 black; edge of wing bluish grey ; tertiaries umber-brown, edged 
 with black on the outer webs ; secondaries black, broadly edged 
 externally with dark bluish grey ; primaries black, with the outer 
 web$ almost entirely pale bluish grey ; lores and round ^the eye 
 black ; ear-coverts bluish grey mottled with black ; the sides of 
 the neck and the entire lower plumage ashy_bl'.ie tinged with 
 vinous. 
 
 Bill black ; legs horny-brown (Godwin-Austen). 
 
 Length about 9'5 ; tail 4-9 ; wing 4'1 ; tarsus 1-3 ; bill from 
 gape 1*1. 
 
 Distribution. The Peak of Khunho, Eastern Burrail range, Naga 
 hills, at about 8000 feet ; the slopes of Toruputu Peak, Daphla 
 hills, at about 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, &fc. God win- Austen, the discoverer of this species, says 
 that it is found in companies of about half a dozen haunting the 
 tops of the rhododendron trees, the flowers of which it searches 
 busily for insects. 
 
 Genus ACTINODURA, Gould, 1836. 
 
 The genus Actinodura, as I restrict it, contains two species. 
 Other birds which have been hitherto placed in this genus I have 
 transferred to Ixops of Hodgson. 
 
 In Actinodura the bill is rather slender, about half the length of 
 the head, and of very similar shape to that of Ixops figured below ; 
 the nostrils are covered by a very large membrane, and the rictal 
 bristles are long and distinct. The tail is considerably longer than 
 the wing and greatly graduated. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Median tail-feathers barred only at the extreme 
 
 tip A. eyertoni, p. 201. 
 
 b. Median tail-feathers barred throughout A. ramsayi, p. 202. 
 
 211. Actinodura egertoni. The Rufous Bar-winy. 
 
 Actinodura egertoni, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 18; Blyth, Cat. p. 98 j 
 Horsf. # M. Cat. i, p. 212; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 52; Godw.-Aust. 
 J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 105 ; xlv, pt. ii, p. 76 ; xlvii, pt. ii, 
 p. 24; Hume, N. 8f E. p. 266; id. S. F. vii, p. 153; id. Cat, 
 no. 427 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 463 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 170 j 
 Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 136. 
 
 Ramnio-plto, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Crest rich ashy brown ; forehead, lores, round the 
 eye, cheeks, and chin rufous ; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and mantle 
 brown, paler than the crest ; smaller wing-coverts, back, rump, and 
 upper tail-coverts reddish brown ; primary -coverts almost entirely 
 black ; greater coverts chestnut ; inner webs of primaries and 
 
202 CRATEttOPODID.E. 
 
 secondaries brown, the outer ones ashy, except on the basal por- 
 tions, which are chestnut ; the ashy portions of the outer webs 
 barred with black ; tertiaries wholly silky brown, narrowly barred 
 across with black ; outer tail-feathers brown, barred with black and 
 tipped white, the others successively less barred and becoming more 
 and more suffused with reddish brown ; the middle pair entirely 
 reddish brown, with a few faint brown bars near the tips ; throat and 
 upper breast pinkish fulvous ; remainder of lower plumage fulvous, 
 the centre of the abdomen whitish and the under tail-coverts tipped 
 with white. 
 
 Bill light horny ; legs pale brown ; iris brown (Jerdori). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 4'f> ; wing 3*3; tarsus 1*1; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Birds from Sikhim have the back and tail very rufous ; those 
 from the Khasi hills and Manipur have these parts ochraceous and 
 the middle tail-feathers more distinctly barred. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal to the Daphla hills in Assam; the Khasi 
 and IVaga hills ; Manipur. This bird is found from 3000 to 6000 
 feet of elevation. 
 
 Habits, $c. Hume remarks that these birds go about in small 
 parties and are quite tree birds, clambering about and poking into 
 every hole and cranny, and foraging about in the huge branches of 
 orchids and other parasites much like Tits. 
 
 They build their nest in trees at all heights from the ground, a 
 cup-shaped structure made of leaves held together by creeper- 
 stems. The eggs are pale green marked in various ways with 
 umber-brown, and measure about '92 by '68. 
 
 212. Actinodura ramsayi. Ramsay's Bar-winy. 
 
 Actinura ramsayi, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4) xv, p. 402 (1875) ; Wold. 
 
 in BhjtVs Birds Surni. p. 10 8 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 404 ; Wardlaw 
 
 Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 4f54, pi. xii. 
 Actinodura ramsayi ( Wald.}, Hume fy Dav. 8. F. vi, p. 293 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 427 ter; Gates, B. B. i, p. 42 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 
 p. 404. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage cinereous olive-brown, tinged with 
 ferruginous on the head and more so on the forehead, the feathers 
 of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts faintly cross-barred with 
 black ; primary-coverts black ; tertiaries and remaining wing-coverts 
 olive-brown distinctly barred with black ; outer webs of primaries 
 and secondaries chestnut on their basal halves, ashy on the ter- 
 minal, the whole web barred with black ; tail olive-brown, distinctly 
 barred with numerous narrow black bars, the bars becoming coarser 
 towards the outer feathers ; all the feathers tipped white ; lores 
 and round the eyes dusky ; sides of head dusky ashy ; whole lower 
 plumage ochraceous buff, becoming browner on the under tail- 
 coverts. 
 
 Iris light hair-brown ; bill horny brown ; legs slaty-brown ( Ward- 
 law Ramsay^). 
 
i.vors. 
 
 Length ;il)otil I)'"); tail "> : \\ino- ;{."); tarsus 1-1: bill from 
 gape !). 
 
 Resembles A. cr/crtoni in general appearance, but differs in many 
 important particulars. 
 
 l)'i*trilmtion m This species was discovered by Ward law liamsay 
 al K vai-pho-gyee in Karennee, in a jungle-covered mountain-stream 
 at an elevation of about 3000 feet. 
 
 Genus IXOPS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 The genus Lvi>s resembles Actinofhtra, but has the tail rather 
 shorter than the wing, and the tail-feathers less graduated. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Throat and breast fulvous ashy, without stripes. . I. nepalensis, p. 203. 
 
 b. Throat and breast cinereous, with darker stripes. . /. daflaensis, p. 204. 
 
 c. Throat and breast rufous, stiiped with chestnut. . /. waldeni, p. 204. 
 
 213. Ixops nepalensis. The Hoary Ear-winy. 
 
 Cinclosoma nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 145 (1836). 
 Actinodura nipalensis (Hodys.), Blyth, Cat. p. 98; Jforsf. Sf M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 212; Jerd. 1J. I. ii,'p. 53; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 308; Hume, 
 
 N. $ E. p. 260 ; id. Cat. no. 428 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p-. 292 ; Sharpe. 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 466. 
 Ixops nepalensis, Hodgs., Gray's Zoul. Misc. p. 84 ; id. J. A. S. U. 
 
 xx iv, p. 577 ; Oatcs in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 137. 
 
 Rammo-pJio, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. GO. Head of /. ncpalcnsis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest coffee-brown, with long hoary 
 shaft-streaks ; sides of neck, mantle, back, and lesser wing-coverts 
 rufescent brown, with indistinct . whitish shaft-lines; rump and 
 upper tail- coverts more rufous and streakless; primary-coverts 
 black ; greater coverts rufous tipped with hoary ; quills chestnut, 
 barred with black on the outer webs, tertiaries rufescent and barred 
 with black on both webs ; the outer webs of the earlier primaries 
 more or less ashy; basal portion of tail castaneous barred with 
 black, the chestnut decreasing in extent from the median feathers to 
 the laterals, the other portions black tipped with white ; ear-coverts 
 
204 
 
 and lores silvery ashy ; cheeks black, continued narrowly along the 
 base of the ear-coverts ; chin, throat, and breast fulvous ashy, 
 turning to ferruginous on the flanks, lower abdomen, vent, and 
 under tail-coverts. 
 
 Bill brownish black ; iris brown; eyelid bluish grey ; feet brown- 
 ish fleshy ; claws livid (Scully). 
 
 Length about 8; tail 3*3; wing 3*5; tarsus 1*2; bill from gape '9. 
 
 Distribution, Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan, at elevations of from 
 4000 to 10,000 feet. 
 
 Habits, tyc. According to Jerdon this species is still more ar- 
 boreal than A. eyertoni, and it feeds on the insects which infest the 
 floxyers of the rhododendron trees. Hodgson states that it breeds 
 from April to June, constructing a saucer-shaped nest of twigs, 
 grass, and fibres, in crevices between rocks and stones. The 
 colour of the eggs is a matter about which there seems to be some 
 doubt. 
 
 214. Ixops daflaensis. Austen's Bar-wing. 
 
 Actinura daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, A. M. N. H. (4) xvi, p. 340 
 (1875) ; id. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 77, pi. iv; xlvii, pt, ii, p. 18 ; 
 Hume, S. F. iv, p. 219. 
 
 Actinodura daflaensis (Godw.-Aust.}, Hume, Cat. no. 428 bis; Sharps, 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 467 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 172. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest dark brown, the feathers delicately 
 edged paler ; lores and cheeks dark brown ; sides of head silvery 
 ashy streaked with brown ; hind neck and sides of neck cinereous 
 brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and the smaller wing-coverts 
 chest nut-brown ; primary-coverts black ; greater wing-coverts 
 edged with hoary ; outer webs of the earlier primaries also hoary ; 
 the other primaries and the secondaries black on the terminal, 
 chestnut barred with black on the basal portion ; tertiaries rufes- 
 cent olive-brown, banded with black on both webs ; tail-feathers 
 chestnut at base, black elsewhere, tipped with white, the end of 
 the chestnut portion barred with black ; chin, throat, breast, and 
 upper abdomen cinereous streaked with brown ; lower abdomen, 
 sides of body, vent, and under tail-coverts deep chestnut-brown. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3'3; wing 3-5; tarsus 1/2; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Godwin- Austen discovered this bird in high forest 
 on the Shengorh Peak, Daphla hills, at 7000 feet in February. 
 
 215. Ixops waldeni. Walden's Bar-winy. 
 
 Actinodura waldeni, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 46, pi. xii ; 
 id. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii,p. 163; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 396 ; id. Cat. 
 no. 427 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 465. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, crest, and nape dark brown, 
 narrowly edged with grey ; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dull 
 rufous-brown, the outer coverts edged with bluish grey ; rump and 
 
STAPIITDTA. 205 
 
 upper tail-coverts bright reddish brown ; primary-coverts black ; 
 primaries and secondaries black, with an external edging of chest- 
 nut and barred black ; the earlier primaries (where not chestnut) 
 edged with grey ; later secondaries and the tertiaries silky brown 
 barred with black ; base of the tail-feathers chestnut barred with 
 black,' the other parts black, the three outer pairs tipped white ; 
 ear-coverts hoary white streaked with brown ; lores dusky ; cheeks 
 blackish margined with grey ; the whole lower plumage rufous- 
 brown, streaked with chestnut-brown except on the flanks and under 
 tail-coverts. 
 
 Bill grey ; legs and feet fleshy-brown; iris pale grey (Godwin- 
 Austen). 
 
 Length about 8; tail 3-2; wing 3'6; tarsus 1-3; bill from 
 gape -85. 
 
 Distribution. The Peak of Japvo on the Burrail range, Naga 
 hills, at 9000 feet, on the tops of the forest trees. 
 
 Genus STAPHIDIA, Swinhoe, 1871. 
 
 The members of the genus Staphidia are found in the hilly 
 regions of North-eastern India, Burma, and China. 
 
 In Staphidia the bill is short and thick, and resembles that of 
 f.rnfus figured below ; the nostrils are overhung by a few long 
 hairs ; the rictal bristles are short, and the head is crested. The 
 tail is of considerable length and much graduated. Some of the 
 species of this genus have been retained in Ixulus by many 
 Indian authors, but wrongly so. Ixulu* has the tail quite square. 
 
 The birds of this genus are very little known. They appear to 
 be found in trees and brushwood in small flocks. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Crown chestnut S. castaneicqis, p. 505. 
 
 b. Crown grey, contrasting with the colour of 
 
 the hack S. rvfiyenis, p. 206. 
 
 c. Crown brown, not contrasting with the colour 
 
 of the back S. striata, p. 206. 
 
 216. Staphidia castaneiceps. The Chestnut-headed Staphidia. 
 
 Ixulus cnstaniceps, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 141 ; fforsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i,p. 411. 
 Ixulus striatus (Blytii), Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii,p. 109; 
 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 202. 
 Staphidea castaneiceps (Moore), Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 20; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 403 ; id. Cat. no. 624 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 . M. vii, p. 616 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 251. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead chestnut-brown, with the feathers margined 
 with grey : crown and crest chestnut; upper plumage and visible 
 portions of wings and tail greenish brown, the back and scapulars 
 
20(3 CHATEROPOJJIILE. 
 
 with \\hito shafts ; tail blackish brown, the outermost feathers 
 broadly tipped with white, the next less so, aud the middle pair 
 entirely blackish; lores grey; a very short supercilium, originating 
 just over the eye, white ; ear-coverts chestnut with whitish shafts ; 
 lower plumage very pale fulvous white ; under tail-coverts brown 
 tipped with white ; under wing-coverts pale fulvous white. 
 
 Legs and feet orange-brown ; bill brown ; iris brown (Hume). 
 
 Length nearly 5'5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus '65 ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. The Giiro, Khasi, and Niiga hills ; Manipur. I 
 gather from God win- Austen's remarks (I. c.) that he procured this 
 species in the Daphla hills also. Hume observed it in Manipur at 
 elevations above 5000 feet. 
 
 217. StapMdia rufigenis. Hume's Staphidia. 
 
 Ixulus striatus, Blyth, apudJerdon, B. I. ii, p. 260 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xli, pt. ii, p. 166. 
 
 Ixulus rufigeuis, Hume, S. F. v, p. 108 (1877). 
 Staphidea plumbeiceps, Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (4 ) xx, p. 519 
 
 (1877) ; id. J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, pp. 19, 21 ; Hume, S. F. vii, 
 
 p. 143 ; id. Cat. no. 624 ter ; id. S: F. xi, p. 252. 
 Staphidea rufigenis (Hume), Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 21 j Hume, Cat. no. 625 ter; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 617. 
 The Striated Flower-pecker, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crest, and nape grey, with pale shafts ; 
 upper plumage and visible portions of wings greenish brown, the 
 shafts of the back, scapulars, and tertiaries white ; tail dark blackish 
 brown, the outermost pair of feathers broadly tipped white, the 
 next less so, and the median pair without any white ; a short grey 
 supercilium reaching to the middle of the upper edge of the ear- 
 coverts, and above this a rufous baud fusing posteriorly with the 
 ear-coverts, which are chestnut with white shafts ; lores grey ; 
 cheeks white, narrowly barred with black; lower plumage white 
 tinged with very pale fulvous, the sides of the neck, breast, and 
 body more or less suffused with olivaceous ; under tail-coverts 
 brown, broadly tipped with white ; under wing-coverts pale fulvous 
 white. 
 
 Iris reddish brown; legs umber (Godw.-Aust.). 
 
 Length 5*5; tail 2*3; wing 2-4; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape '55. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim ; the Bhutan doars ; Sadiya and Brahma- 
 khund in the Dibrugarh district of Assam. 
 
 218. StapMdia striata. TiclceWs Staphidia. 
 
 Ixulus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 413 (1859) ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 v, p. 107 ; Hume # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 374. 
 Pycnonotus nanus, Tickett, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 452 (1859). 
 Staphidea striata (Blyth), Blyth $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 110 ; Godw.- 
 
SIVA. 207 
 
 . J A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. '21 ; Jliunc, Cat. no. (\'2>> ; Gates, 
 B. B. i, p. 150; Shurpej Cat. B. M. vii, p. 017 j Salcatlori, Ann. 
 Mm. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. OOu. 
 
 Coloration. Blyth thus described the bird: "Length about 5 
 , of closed wing 2| indies, and of tail the same; bill to gape 
 \ inch and tarsi f inch. Colour greyish brown above, each feather 
 with a white mesial streak ; below albescent throughout ; outer- 
 most tail-feather | inch shorter than the middle pair, and largely 
 tipped with white, as is also the next, and the antepenultimate 
 and next within gradually less so, the outer four feathers succes- 
 sively graduating." 
 
 Tickell thus described it : " Iris blood-red brown ; bill dark 
 horn ; legs reddish horn ; upper parts including a blunt crest ashy 
 brown. Each feather shafted whitish. Bemiges and centre pair 
 of rectrices reddish clay-brown, llest of tail dusky sepia, more 
 and more tipped white externally ; chin, throat, and all underparts 
 ashy-white." 
 
 I append also a translation of Salvadori's description of a bird 
 of this species procured by Tea in Tenasserim : " Upper parts grey, 
 with white streaks along the shafts, the feathers of the cap a little 
 darker, lengthened, and forming a distinct crest ; remiges grey, 
 narrowly margined with white towards the end of the outer web ; 
 tail graduated, dark grey, the four outer feathers with white tips 
 increasing in length from the outermost to the fourth ; lower parts 
 whitish ; bill and feet dark horny." 
 
 I have not been able to examine a specimen of this species, and I 
 therefore quote the above descriptions. I have seen a carefully 
 executed plate of the bird, and I notice that the ear-coverts are 
 rufous and that the lores and a supercilium are grey, points not 
 noticed in the above descriptions. 
 
 Distribution. Tickell procured this bird at Tretoungplee, on 
 Muleyit mountain in Teuasserim, at 3000 feet, and Eea at Plapoo 
 on the same mountain. No one else appears to have meb with it. 
 
 Genus SIVA, Hodgson, 1838. 
 
 The genus Siva contains four species, which are found in the 
 Himalayas and the mountain-ranges of Burma ; two species extend 
 down the Malay peninsula to Perak. 
 
 They are birds of handsome plumage. The bill is about half the 
 length of the head, gently curved and notched ; the rictal bristles 
 are long, and the nostrils are covered by a membrane ; the head is 
 crested. 
 
 The tail-feathers are very peculiar, the ends being obliquely 
 truncated, and only the two outer pairs are graduated, the other 
 four pairs being of equal length. 
 
 In habits all the species seem to be alike. They are quite 
 arboreal, being found generally in small flocks in trees of consider- 
 able size, the leaves of which they search for insects. 
 
208 CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Primaries edged with orange. 
 
 '. Middle pair of tail-feathers chestnut-red 
 
 on the basal half of the inner and the 
 
 basal third of the outer webs S. strigula, p. 208. 
 
 b'. Middle pair of tail-feathers chestnut-red 
 
 on the basal five sixths of both webs . . S, castaneicauda, p. 209. 
 
 b. Primaries edged with blue. 
 
 c'. Wings tipped with white S. cyanuroptera, p. 209. 
 
 d'. Wings not tipped with white 8. sordida, p. 210. 
 
 219. Siva strigula. The Stripe-throated Siva. 
 
 Siva strigula, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 89 j Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 252 ; 
 
 Stoliczka, J. A. 6'. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 50 j Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 45; Hume, 
 
 N. 8f E. p. 392 ; Brooks, S. F. in, p. 252 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 81 ; Hume, Cat. no. 616; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 319 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 638 ; Oates in Hume's N. Sf E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 137. 
 Leiothrix strigula (Hodg*.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 99 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 365. 
 
 The Stripe-throated Hill-Tit, Jerd. ; Megblim, Lepeli. 
 
 Fig, 61. Head of 8. strigula. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape bright orange-brown; 
 a ring of yellowish feathers round the eye ; sides of the head grey, 
 mottled with whitish and dusky ; upper plumage slaty green ; 
 middle pair of tail-feathers, with the basal half of the inner and 
 the basal third of the outer web, chestnut-red, the remainder black, 
 narrowly tipped white ; the next pair black, with some trace of 
 chestnut-red at base and tipped with yellow ; the other feathers 
 with an increasing amount of yellow and a diminishing amount 
 of black, the outermost feathers being almost entirely yellow ; 
 wing-coverts and winglet like the back ; primary-coverts black ; 
 primaries and secondaries black, the outer webs edged with orange 
 changing to yellow near the tips, the later secondaries narrowly 
 tipped with white ; tertiaries chiefly slaty grey on the outer webs 
 and entirely black on the inner, tipped white ; chin orange-yellow ; 
 throat pale yellow, with narrow crescentic black cross bars ; a 
 narrow moustachial stripe and a patch on the side of the neck 
 
SIVA. 200 
 
 black; remaining lowor plumage bright yellow, tinged will) oliva- 
 ceous on the sides of the breast and abdomen. 
 
 The young appear to have the crown light golden yellow inter- 
 mingled with grey, and to have the bars on the throat less deve- 
 loped. 
 
 L T p>er mandible dark brown ; lower mandible light greyish 
 brown; tip white; legs and feet grey; claws light brown ; iris 
 dark reddish-brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 2-9 ; wing 2-75 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape '8. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to the Daphla 
 hills in Assnm; also in the Khasi hills; found from 3000 to 
 10,000 feet of elevation. 
 
 Habits, $c. Found in flocks on trees. According to Hodgson 
 this bird makes a cup-shaped nest of moss and bamboo-leaves in a 
 fork of a tree in May and June. The eggs are three or four in 
 number, pale bluish speckled with red, and measure about *85 
 by -63. 
 
 220. Siva castaneicauda. Hume's Siva. 
 
 Liothrix strigula (Hotlys.), apud Wald. in Blyttis Birds Sunn. 
 
 p. 110; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464. 
 Siva castaneicauda, Hume, S. F. v, p. 100 (1877) ; Hume 8f Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 371 ; Hume, Cat. no. (316 his ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 145 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. S. M. vii, p. 639 ; Salvador*, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
 
 (2) v, p. G01. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles S. striyula. Differs in having more red 
 on the tail, the basal five sixths of the middle pair of feathers, 
 the basal three quarters of the inner webs, and. the basal half 
 of the outer webs of the next pair being chestnut-red ; the ring of 
 feathers round the eye is of a brighter yellow and the sides of the 
 head are blackish ; the bill is also much larger. 
 
 Legs and feet dingy glaucous green ; the upper mandible dark 
 brown, the lower fleshy ; the iris deep brown {Hume). 
 
 Of about the same size as S. striyula. 
 
 Distribution. Bhutan ; the hills east of Toungngoo ; Muleyit 
 mountain in Tenasseriin. This bird appears to occur only at con- 
 siderable elevations. 
 
 It has been obtained on the mountains of Perak in the Malay 
 peninsula. 
 
 221. Siva cyanuroptera. The Bluer-winged Siva. 
 
 Siva cyanouroptera, Hodys. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 88; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 p. 253 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109 ; Hume, N. 
 8f E. p. 393 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 82 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 617; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 319; Sliarpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 640; Hume, 8. F. xi, p. 248; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 138. 
 
 I,ci<>thrix cyanouroptera (Horff/s.), Blyth, Cat. p. 99 ; Ilorsf. fy M. 
 Cat. i, p. 366. 
 
 T/if Blue-winycd Hill- Tit, Jerd.; Meyblim adum, Lepch. 
 YOL. I. P 
 
210 CRATEKOPODJDJE. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and hind neck pale blue, the 
 sides of the crown deeper blue, the forehead and the anterior part 
 of the crown streaked with brown ; lores, round the eyes, and a 
 broad streak behind the eye white ; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, 
 rump, and upper tail-coverts bright ochraceous ; the median pair 
 of tail-feathers wholly blue, with a subterminal black patch and 
 tipped white ; the next four pairs with the outer webs blue, the 
 inner brown margined with white, subterininfJly black and tipped 
 white ; the outermost pair black on the outer, entirely white on 
 the inner web ; primary wing-coverts black ; winglet cobalt-blue, 
 tipped white: primaries cobalt-blue on the outer webs; secondaries 
 with outer webs margined with pale blue and tipped white ; ter- 
 tiaries blackish on the inner, bluish grey on the outer webs, and 
 tipped white ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of the neck, chin, throat, 
 breast, and sides of the body delicate vinous grey ; middle of abdo- 
 men pale yellowish buff ; vent and tinder tail-coverts white. 
 
 Bill grey-horny, brownish about the nostrils, and the base of the 
 lower mandible yellow; iris brown ; feet fleshy; claws horny brown 
 (Scully). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape '6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Naini Tal to the Daphla hills 
 in Assam ; the Khasi and Naga hills; North Cachar; Mauipur ; 
 occurring from 3000 to 6000 feet or even higher. 
 
 Habits^ fyc. Breeds from April to June, constructing a cup-shaped 
 nest of moss lined with leaves, in a fork of a small tree. The 
 eggs, three or four in number, are greenish blue speckled with red 
 and yellowish brown, and measure '75 by -51. 
 
 222. Sivasordida. The Dull Siva. 
 
 Siva cyanouroptera, Hodys., apud Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 110. 
 
 Siva sordida, Hume, S. F. v, p. 104 (1877) ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 371 ; Hume, Cat. no. 617 bis j Oates. B. B. i. p. 144 ; Sharpe. 
 
 Cat B. M. vii, p. 641. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. cyanuroptera. Differs in having the 
 back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and the outer webs of the tertiaries 
 earth-brown, not ochraceous ; the winglet is not tipped with white, 
 nor have the quills of the wing either white tips or white margins ; 
 the blue portions of the plumage are much duller. 
 
 Lower mandible, legs, feet, and claws whity brown ; upper man- 
 dible darker, but still pale brown ; iris creamy yellow (Hume $ 
 Davison). 
 
 Of the same size as S. cyanuroptera. 
 
 Distribution. Karennee ; the higher slopes of Muleyit mountain 
 in Tenasserim. 
 
 This species also occurs on the mountains near Perak in the 
 Malay peninsula. 
 
Y IH IN A. 21.1. 
 
 Genus YUHINA, Ilodgs., 1836. 
 
 The genus Yuhina contains four species, three of which are 
 found in the Himalayas ami the hill- tracts of Assam. 
 
 In Yuhina the bi'll is about two thirds the length of the head, 
 greatly curved and sharply poiuted ; the frontal hairs and the rictal 
 bristles are well developed, and the nostrils are covered by a large 
 membrane. The head is fully crested. The tail is rather short 
 and perfectly square. 
 
 One species lays spotted eggs and another unspotted white eggs, 
 but the evidence in the latter case is not to my mind conclusive. 
 It will prove a curious exception should it be found always to lay 
 unspotted white eggs. 
 
 The birds of this genus frequent trees in small parties and feed 
 largely on berries in addition to insects. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Throat streaked Y. gularis, p. 21] . 
 
 b. Throat plain. 
 
 '. Nape chestnut Y. occipitalis, p. 212. 
 
 b'. Nape grey Y. niyrimentum, p. 212. 
 
 223. Yuhina gularis. The Stripe-throated Yuhina. 
 
 Yuhina gularis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 166 (1836) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 100 ; 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 261 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 261 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 
 
 p. 139. 
 The Stripe-throated Flower-pecker, Jerd. ; Fugi-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest rich hair-brown ; upper plumage, 
 wing-coverts, tertiaries, and tail olive-brown, tinged with fulvous 
 on the rump ; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts grey ; chin and throat 
 pale rufescent, streaked with black ; breast plain rufescent ; re- 
 mainder of lower plumage dull orange-brown, duller on the sides ; 
 primary-coverts and winglet black ; wings blackish, the third to 
 the sixth primaries edged with pale grey on the terminal portion of 
 the outer webs, and all the secondaries except the first edged 
 throughout their entire length with orange-brown. 
 
 Upper mandible black ; lower mandible horny brown ; iris brown 
 or dark brown ; feet deep bun or orange ; claws dusky (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-4 ; wing 2*8 ; tarsus P 8 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan, from 4000 to 10,000 
 feet of elevation. Blyth records this species from Arrakan, but 
 there is no recent instance of its occurrence in this division known. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds, according to Hodgson, from April to July, 
 building a large, massive, egg-shaped nest of moss in the fork of a 
 branch or between ledges of rock. The eggs are a pale buff-colour, 
 thicklv spotted with red or brownish red, and measure -8 by '56. 
 
 p2 
 
212 CRATEROPODTD.T:. 
 
 224. Yuhina occipitalis. The Slaty-headed Yuhina. 
 
 Yuhina occipitalis, Hotlgs. As. Res. xix, p. 166 (1836) ; Bli/th, Cat. 
 p. 100 ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 261 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 261 ; Bkmf. 
 J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 44 ; Hume, Cat. no. 627 ; Scully, S. F. 
 viii, p. 321 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 633. 
 
 The Slaty-headed Hill- Tit, Jerd. ; Turringing-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. G2. Head of Y. occipitalis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest slaty grey, with whitish shaft- 
 streaks ; posterior feathers of crest and the nape chestnut ; hind 
 neck ashy ; upper plumage rufous-brown ; wing and tail brown, 
 the outer webs margined and suffused with rufous-brown ; a circle of 
 white feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts and the region of the eye 
 slaty grey, streaked whitish ; a narrow interrupted black moustachial 
 streak ; chin, throat, breast, and sides of neck vinous ; sides of the 
 abdomen rusty grey ; abdomen pale chestnut ; thighs, vent, and 
 under tail-coverts bright chestnut ; under wing-coverts and edge 
 of wing white. 
 
 Bill reddish brown ; iris red-brown ; feet orange-buff ; claws 
 horny-brown (Scully'}. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2'4 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape *7. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan, at elevations of from 
 7000 to 10,000 feet. 
 
 225. Yuhina nigrimentum. Tlie Black-chinned Yuhina. 
 
 Polyodon nigrimentum, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
 
 Yuliina nigrimentum, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 562 (1845) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 337 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 262 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 262 ; 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 306 ; Godw.-Aust J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 169, 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 82; Hume, Cat. no. 628; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 633 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 252 ; Oates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 139. 
 
 The Black-chinned Flowcr-pedter, Jerd. ; Turringing-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest black, each feather margined with 
 grey ; nape and sides of the head grey ; lores and chin black ; upper 
 plumage and tail dull olive-green ; primaries and secondaries brown, 
 with a narrow external edging of olive-green to each feather ; throat 
 white ; remainder of lower plumage fulvous, tinged with rufous. 
 
 Bill dusky above, lower mandible red ; feet reddish yellow ; iris 
 brown (Jerdoii). 
 
Length about -K> ; tail 1'5; wing ^2 tarsus ()") ; bill from gapu'O. 
 
 Distrilmtiim. The Himalayas from Garwh.il to the Daphla hills in 
 A-sam ; llu- Naga lulls in Manipur. This species appears to be 
 found at considerable elevations only. It extends into China. 
 
 y/A//.s-, c\r. Gainmie found a nest in Sikhim in June ; a mere pad 
 of moss and wool in a large tree. It contained four white eggs, 
 \\hich measured '58 by '43. 
 
 Genus ZOSTEROPS, Vigors & Horsf., 1826. 
 
 In the * Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum ' the geuus 
 
 xU-ro-ps is placed by Gado\v among the Mcliphagvdix, but he 
 remarks with regard to the Zosteropince that their degree of relation- 
 ship with Mdiphagida is doubtful and that they might, perhaps, 
 with more propriety be ranged with the Dicceidce. 
 
 Seeing, therefore, that the position of Zosterops is still doubtful 
 and that none of the true Melipliayidce are found in India, I am 
 disposed for the present to place Zosterops with the Sibiince, with 
 many genera of which subfamily it has undoubted affinities, especi- 
 ally with Yuliina. 
 
 In Zosterops the bill is about half the length of the head, slender, 
 curved and pointed, and the nostrils are covered by a largemem- 
 brane. The head is not crested. The eye is surrounded by a 
 circle of small white feathers, which gives a characteristic appear- 
 ance to the bird. The tongue, according to Gadow, is protractile, 
 bifid, each half broken up into numerous stiff horny fibres so as to 
 form a brush. 
 
 The wing has ten primaries, but the first is very minute, so minute 
 as frequently to evade observation. This first primary, in addition 
 to being small, appears to grow over the second one, not under it, 
 and this makes it the more difficult to be detected. Its shaft is, 
 however, always visible with a small lens. The tail of Zosterops is 
 short and quite square. 
 
 This genus is represented over a considerable portion of Africa, 
 Southern Asia, and Australia. The White-eyes are all small birds 
 found in flocks on trees, the leaves of which they search for insects 
 with a constant twitter. Several of the Indian species are very 
 closely allied to one another in coloration and size. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Chin and throat yellow ; abdomen grey. 
 a'. Upper plumage golden yellow. 
 
 a". Abdomen entirely grey Z. palpebrosa, p. 214. 
 
 b". Abdomen grey, with a* yellow band down 
 
 the middle Z. aureiventris, p. 215. 
 
 V. Upper plumage olive-green. 
 
 c". Yellow on the chin and throat pure and 
 
 confined to those parts Z. sirnplex, p. 215. 
 
 d". Yellow on the chin and throat tinged 
 
 with green and extending to the breast. Z. ceylonensis, p. 215. 
 
 b. The whole lower plumage yellow Z. siamensis, p. 216. 
 
214 CitATEKOPODlDvE. 
 
 226. Zosterops palpebrosa. The Indian White-eye. 
 
 Sylvia palpebrosa, Temm. PL Col. 293, fig. 3 (1824). 
 Zosterops nicobaricus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 563 (1845). 
 Zosterops palpebrosus (Temm.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 220 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 263 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 265 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 397 ; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 631 ; Ltffffe, Birds Ccyl p. 582 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 631 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 322 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 398 ; 
 
 Gadmo, Cat. B. M. ix, p. 165 (part.) ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 247 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 253 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i. p. 140. 
 Zosterops nicobariensis, Blyth, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 242 ; iv, p. 291 j id. 
 
 Cat. no. 631 ter. 
 
 Zosterops palpebrosa nicobariensis, Hume, S. F. iv, p. 291. 
 The White-eyed Tit, Jerd. 
 
 J 
 
 Fig. 03. Head ot 2,. palpebrosa. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage, wing-coverts, and sides 
 of the head golden yellow ; the chin and throat bright yellow ; 
 breast, abdomen, and flanks greyish while; under tail-coverts 
 yellow ; wings dark brown, edged with greenish yellow ; a ring of 
 feathers round the eye white ; feathers in front and below the eye 
 black ; tail brown, narrowly margined with greenish yellow. 
 
 Bill black ; base of lower mandible bluish grey ; irides yellowish 
 hazel ; feet dark plumbeous ; claws brownish horny (Scully}. 
 
 Length 4'2 ; tail 1/7 ; wing 2-1 ; tarsus *6 ; bill from gape '55. 
 
 Varieties. The race of this species from the Andamans and 
 Nicobars is characterized by a very large bill, and it is difficult 
 to find any bird from the peninsula with the bill equally large. 
 Asa few, however, are found, it is not desirable to separate the 
 insular form. On examining the Burmese Zosterops, procured by 
 myself in Pegu and by others in Tenasserim, I find that they all 
 belong to the closely allied but easily recognizable Z. simplex of 
 China. 
 
 Distribution. Every portion of India from Murree in the Hazara 
 country to Sadiya in Assam, and southwards on the one hand to 
 Ceylon and the Nicobars, and on the other to the neighbourhood of 
 Bhamo in Upper Burma. Anderson's specimens from this latter 
 district are typical Z. palpebrosa. In the Himalayas this species 
 is found up to 7000 feet, and it occurs all over the higher hill- 
 ranges of Southern India. It is stated by Blyth to extend to 
 Arrakan, but at the time he wrote the other closely allied species 
 which inhabit Burma had not been separated, and possibly Blyth 
 was mistaken. 
 
 Habits, tSfc. Breeds, according to locality, from January to Sep- 
 tember, but April appears to be the month in which most nests may 
 
XOSTEKOPS. 215 
 
 s 
 
 e\ ery\vliTr I).- found. The nest is a very delicate little cup made ot* 
 vegetable fibres and cobwebs, suspended in a fork of a small branch 
 at all heights from the. ground. The eggs are generally two in 
 number and pale blue without marks, but occasionally some eggs 
 may be met with marked at the larger end with darker blue. The 
 - measure about -62 by "47. 
 
 227. Zosterops aureiventris. Humes White-eye. 
 
 Zosterops lateralis, Ttmm., Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1865, p. 15 ; 
 Ticeedd. His, 1877, p. 303; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 452 j id. Cat. 
 no. 631 A (nee Lath.}. 
 
 Zosterops palpebrosa (Temm.), apud Bl. $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 110, 
 part. 
 
 Zosterops auriventer, Hume, S. F. vi, p. 519 (1878) ; viii, pp. 163, 
 497 ; Oates, B. B.\, p. 344 j Gadow, Cat. B. M. ix, p. 163 j Sal- 
 vador i, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), v, p. 592. 
 
 Zosterops buxtoni, Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 167. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles Z. palpebrosa. Differs in having a broad 
 yellow baud down the middle of the abdomen and a shorter tail. 
 The tail is seldom more than 1/4 in length and never exceeds 1/5. 
 The greenish-yellow margins to the tail-feathers are reduced in 
 extent and sometimes quite absent. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined specimens of this species from the 
 Karen hills and Karennee procured by Wardlaw Rainsay, and 
 others from Tavoy collected by Davison. I did not procure it in 
 Pegu. 
 
 This bird extends down the Malay peninsula to the islands of 
 Sumatra and Java. 
 
 228. Zosterops simplex. Swinhoe's White-eye. 
 
 Zosterops simplex, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 203; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 294 ; 
 
 Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1865, p. 13 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 403 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 631 B ; Stuan, Ibis, 1887, p. 227. 
 Zosterops palpebrosa (Temm.),apud Hume, S. F. iii, p. 143; apud 
 
 Oates, S. F. x, p. 227 ; id. B. B. i, p. 342. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles Z. palpebrosa. Differs in having the 
 whole upper plumage olive-green instead of golden yellow. The 
 dimensions of the two species are the same. 
 
 Distribution. I procured a few specimens of this bird in Lower 
 Pegu round the town of Pegu, and it is probably this species that 
 Feilden obtained at Thayetmyo. Blanford records it from East 
 Xepal (J. A. S. B. xli, pt. 2, p. 157). It is found throughout 
 Southern China. 
 
 229. Zosterops ceylonensis. The Ceylon White-eye. 
 
 Zosterops annulosus, Kelaart, Prod. p. 121 (nee Swainson}. 
 Zosterops ceylonensis, Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 459, pi. 20, fig. 2 ; 
 
 Hume, S. *F. vii, p. 404 ; Leyge, Birds CeyL p. 585, pi. xxvi, fig. 2 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 631 bis ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. ix, p. 173; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 145. 
 
216 CKATEHOPO.D1.UJE. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage together with the sides of the neck 
 olive-green; wings and tail dark brown edged with olive-green; a 
 ring of white feathers round the eye ; lores and under the eye 
 blackish ; chin, throat, upper breast, and under tail-coverts dull 
 oil-yellow ; lower breast and abdomen greyish white. 
 
 Iris yellowish brown or reddish brown or pale brownish yellow ; 
 bill blackish, with the base beneath bluish or pale slaty ; legs and 
 feet bluish or pale leaden (Legge). 
 
 Length about 4-5 ; tail 1'75; wing 2'2 ; tarsus '65; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, above 1500 feet of elevation. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to May. The nest and eggs appear 
 to resemble those of Z. palpebrosa. The eggs measure about *64 
 by -45. 
 
 230. Zosterops siamensis. The Siamese White-eye. 
 
 Zosterops siamensis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 34 ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, 
 p. 350, pi. x, fig. 1 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 375 ; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 631 quat. ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 228 ; id. B. B. i, p. 343 ; Gaduw, 
 Cat. . M. ix, p. 180 ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, 
 p. 592. 
 
 Zosterops austeni, Walden, in Blyth's Birds Burm. p. Ill (1875) ; 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 56 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 376 ; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 631 quint. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and a small patch under the eye black ; a 
 circle of feathers round the eye white ; the whole plumage yellow, 
 brightest below ; wings and tail dark brown, each feather edged 
 externally with yellow, narrowly on the primaries, broadly on the 
 secondaries, and the yellow occupying nearly the whole of the 
 tertiaries. 
 
 Iris light reddish brown ; bill horn-colour, plumbeous at the base 
 of the lower mandible and at the gape ; mouth flesh-colour ; feet 
 and claws light plumbeous. 
 
 Length 4-2 ; tail 1-6 ; wing 2 ; tarsus -55 ; bill from gape '52. 
 
 Distribution. Southern Pegu, about the towns of Rangoon and 
 Pegu ; Karennee ; Tenasserim, from That one to Amherst and 
 Muleyit mountain: also Siam and Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This bird is found in forests and densely-wooded 
 gardens in the tops of high trees. It goes about in flocks and has 
 a low twittering note. 
 
 Genus IXULUS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 The genus Ixulus contains three species which are found on the 
 Himalayas and the hill-ranges of Assam and Burma. 
 
 Ixulus resembles Yuhina in everything except the shape of the 
 bill, which in Ixulus is shorter, deeper, and more curved at the 
 tip. 
 
IXUHS. 217 
 
 The birds of this IM-IIIIS arc found in parties, frequenting the 
 branches of trees and feeding on insects. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 n. Nape white /. occipitalis, p. 217. 
 
 b. Nap' without any white. 
 
 '. A chestnut collar on the hind neck I.flacicollix, p. 218. 
 
 b'. No chestnut collar on the hind neck /. humilis, p. 218. 
 
 231. Ixulus OCCipitalis. The Chestnut-headed Luuhis. 
 
 Siva occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 937 (1844). 
 
 Ixulus occipitalis (BL), Blyth, Cat. p. 100; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 411; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 259; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 109 j xlv, pt. ii, p. 82 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 396 ; id. Cat. 
 
 DO. 624 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 251 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 613 ; 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 145. 
 
 The Chestnut-headed Flower-pecker, Jerd. ; Temgyeny-pho or Turring- 
 ny-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 64. Head of /. occipitalis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and lengthened feathers of crest ferru- 
 ginous brown ; the tips of the occipital crest-feathers and a large 
 nuchal spot white ; lores and round the eye dusky ; ear-coverts white 
 streaked with rufous ; with this exception the sides of the head 
 and neck, the whole hind neck, and the cheeks ferruginous brown ; 
 back, rump, and visible portions of the wings dull olive-green, the 
 shafts of the feathers of the back whitish, and the outer webs of 
 the earlier primaries hoary grey ; upper tail-coverts and tail brown 
 suffused with fulvous ; chin and throat white ; breast pinkish 
 brown streaked with brown ; abdomen and flants olivaceous, the 
 middle of the former part paler ; under tail-coverts ferruginous. 
 
 Bill black ; legs pale yellowish brown ; iris brown (Jerdoii). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2*6 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape *6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the Daphla hills in 
 Assam ; the Khasi hills. 
 
 Habits, $c. Gammie found the nest of this species in Sikhim on 
 the 17th June, with three eggs. The nest was a shallow cup of 
 fine moss-roots and moss, placed in a small tree. 
 
21 8 CRATEROPODID^. 
 
 232. Ixulus flavicollis. The Yellow-naped Lcalus. 
 
 Yuhina flavicollis, Hodys. As. Res. xix, p. 1G7 (1830). 
 
 Ixulus flavicollis (Hodys.), Blytli, Cat. p. 100 ; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 262 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 258 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 109; xlv, pt. ii, p. 82; Blanf. J. A. S.B. xli, pt. ii, p. 45; 
 
 Hume, N. Sf E. p. 395 ; Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 252 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 623 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 320 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 612 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 251 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 145. 
 
 The Yellow-naped Flower-pecker, Jerd. ; Siripchony-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and lengthened feathers of crest rich 
 brown ; hinder part of crown, nape, and sides of the head mouse- 
 grey, the lower part of the ear-coverts silvery ; lores and mous- 
 tachial streak black ; a white ring of soiall feathers round the eye ; 
 a broad chestnut collar round the hind neck; upper plumage olive- 
 brown, the shafts of the feathers of the back paler ; upper tail- 
 coverts tinged with fulvous ; tail and wings brown suffused with 
 the colour of the back, the primaries narrowly edged with white 
 on the outer webs; chin and cheeks white; throat white, with a 
 few narrow ochraceous streaks and frequently with dark shafts ; 
 middle of breast and abdomen pale fulvous ; vent and under tail- 
 coverts deep fulvous ; sides of breast and abdomen ochraceous 
 streaked with white ; under wing-coverts white. 
 
 Upper mandible brownish black ; lower mandible fleshy brown, 
 greyish horny at base ; iris light to dark brown, sometimes reddish 
 brown ; feet fleshy buff ; claws pale brown-horny (Scully). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2; wing 2'5 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape *6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Assam ; 
 the Khasi hills; Manipur :'from 5000 to 8000 feet of elevation. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from May to July, constructing a deep cup- 
 like nest of moss and fibres, which is suspended from one or two 
 twigs of a branch. The eggs, usually three in number, are whitish 
 marked with brown of various shades, and measure '78 by *56. 
 
 233. Ixulus humilis. Davison's Ixulus. 
 
 Ixulus humilis, Hume, S. F. v, p. 106 (1877) ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 
 vi, p. 374 j Oates, B. B. i, p. 149 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 614 ; 
 
 Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 602. 
 Staphidea humilis (Hume), Hume, Cat. no. 625 Ms. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage and visible portions of the 
 wings and tail, the sides of the head, and the lengthened crest plain 
 brown ; lores and a moustachial streak darker brown ; sides of 
 neck and whole lower plumage white, the chin, throat, and breast 
 with very narrow brown shaft-streaks ; the sides of the body, thighs, 
 and under tail-coverts with broader streaks, increasing in size as 
 they approach the tail ; under wing-coverts white. 
 
 tipper mandible black ; lower mandible pale brown ; legs and 
 feet fleshy brown ; iris red-brown (Hume $' Davison). 
 
1IKIMMMJXIS. 219 
 
 Length f5'2 ; tail 1*8; wing 2*4; tarsus '8; bill fiom gape *6. 
 Distribution The higher parts of Muleyifc mountain in Teiias- 
 Berim. 
 
 Genus HERPORNIS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 The genus Htrpornit contains only one species, found in the 
 Himalayas and Burma, and extending down the Malay peninsula. 
 This species is represented in China and Borneo respectively by 
 two subspecies. 
 
 In Herpornis the bill is nearly as long as the head, slender but 
 well bent down at the tip ; the nostrils are covered by a i'ew 
 frontal hairs, and the rictal bristles are strong ; the head is crested ; 
 the wing is rather long and pointed, and the tail is perfectly square. 
 The plumage is green. 
 
 234. Herpornis xantholeuca. The White-bellied Herpornis. 
 
 Erpornis xantholeuca, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 380 (1844) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 101; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 232 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 264; 
 GoatD.-A.utt, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109. 
 
 Erpornis xanthochlora, Hodf/s. in Gray's Zoo!. Misc. p. 88 (1844) ; 
 id. P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 23 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 142. 
 
 Herpornis xantholeuca (Hodys.), Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 167 ; 
 Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 83 ; Hume fy Dao. S. F. vi, 
 pp. 374, 519; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 630; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 630 ; Binnham, S. F. ix, p. 190 ; Inalis, S. F. ix, p. 256 ; Oates, 
 S. F. x, p. 227 ; id. B. B. i, p. 151 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii,p. 636; 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 252. 
 
 The White-bellied Flower-pecker, Jerd. ; Dany-pu-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. (55. Head of H. xantholeuca. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage, tail, wing-coverts, and 
 tertiaries clear greenish yellow ; primaries and secondaries edged 
 with the colour of the back ; lores, cheeks, and the lower plumage 
 white slightly tinged with grey ; ear-coverts ashy white ; under 
 wing-coverts pale yellow ; under tail-coverts bright yellow. 
 
 Upper mandible fleshy horn-colour, the edges and the whole 
 lower mandible light flesh-colour ; gape yellow ; mouth yellow ; 
 eyelids plumbeous ; iris brown ; legs and claws pinkish flesh-colour. 
 
 Length nearly 5; tail 1'8; wing 2*7; tarsus '65; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to Assam ; -the hill- 
 ranges of Assam ; Cachar ; Mauipur, and the whole of Burma ; 
 
220 CRATEROPODIDyE. 
 
 extending down the Malay peninsula. This bird does not appear 
 to be found above 4000 or 5000 feet of elevation. In Burma it- 
 is as common at the level of the sea as on the hills. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This species is found in thick forests in companies 
 of ten or more, searching the leaves for insects. 
 
 Subfamily LIOTRICHIN^E. 
 
 The Liotrichince comprise those members of the Crateropodidce 
 which are strictly arboreal, and in which the sexes are differently 
 coloured. The first character separates them from the Braeliy- 
 pteri/f/ince, and the second from all the other subfamilies. 
 
 The genera Aetliorliynchus and JEgitliina have two moults a year, 
 and thus show affinities with the Sylviidce. The other genera have 
 only the usual autumn moult. 
 
 The genera Cephalopyrus and Hypocolius are migratory to some 
 extent. The other genera are sedentary. 
 
 All the Liotrichince, so far as is known, lay spotted eggs. Minla 
 and Myzornis may prove to be exceptions to this general rule, but 
 the evidence regarding these two genera is incomplete and unsatis- 
 factory so far as it goes. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. First primary about half the length of 
 
 second. 
 
 '. Tail considerably shorter than wing. 
 a'. The secondaries falling short of tip of 
 wing by a distance not greater than 
 half the length of tarsus. 
 
 a"'. Tail-feathers curved outwards . . LIOTHBIX, p. 221. 
 b'". Tail-feathers straight. 
 
 a 4 . Upper tail-coverts falling short 
 of tip of tail by less than the 
 
 length of hind toe CUTIA, p. 222. 
 
 b k . Upper tail-coverts falling short 
 of tip of tail by about the length 
 of tarsus. 
 a 5 . Tarsus much longer than 
 
 middle toe with claw. 
 a 6 . Bill stout, strongly notched 
 
 and hooked at tip. 
 a\ Bill about half the length 
 of head; culnien well 
 
 curved PTEKUTHIUS, p. 223. 
 
 b 7 . Bill as lono- as the head ; 
 
 culmen nearly straight . AETHORHYNCHUS, p. 228. 
 b 6 . Bill slender and very little 
 
 deflected at tip. 
 c 7 . Width of bill behind the 
 nostrils equal to half the 
 length of bill from that 
 point to tip ^EGITHINA, p. 220. 
 
LIOTHKIN. 221 
 
 d'. Width of bill behind the 
 nostrils equal to a third 
 
 of length of bill MYZORNIS, p. 233. 
 
 b\ Tarsus shorter than middle 
 
 toe with claw CHLOROPSIS, p. 234. 
 
 b". The secondaries falling short of the 
 tip of wing- by a distance fully equal 
 to length of tarsus. 
 
 c'". Head not crested ; tail square .. IRENA, p. 239. 
 d'". Head crested ; tail graduated. . . . MELANOCHLORA, p. 241. 
 b'. Tail and wing about equal in length. 
 c". Outer tail-leather falling short of tip 
 of tail by a distance equal to length 
 
 of tarsus HILAROCICHLA, p. 243. 
 
 d". Outer tail-feather falling short of tip 
 of tail by a distance less than half 
 the length of tarsus. 
 e'". Bill notched. 
 
 c 4 . Depth of closed bill at the ante- 
 rior corner of nostril mu^h 
 greater than the width at same. MESIA, p. 244. 
 d*. Depth at same point equal to 
 
 the width MINLA, p. 245. 
 
 /'". Bill entire LEPTOPCECILE, p. 240. 
 
 b. First primary about a sixth the length of 
 
 the second. 
 c'. Tail shorter than wing. 
 
 e". Nostrils overhung by numerous fine 
 
 hairs CEPHALOPYRUS, p. 247. 
 
 /". Nostrils not overhung by hairs PSAROGLOSSA, p. 248. 
 
 d'. Tail longer than wing HYPOCOLIUS, p. 250. 
 
 Genus LIOTHRIX, Swains., 1831. 
 
 The genus Lioihrix contains one remarkable hill-bird which is 
 characterized by a slightly forked tail, the feathers of which are 
 bent outwards. The bill is about half the length of the head, stout, 
 and with the culmen curved. It resembles very closely the bill of 
 Mesia figured below (p. 244). The tail is quite square at the tip, 
 and the upper tail-coverts are long. 
 
 235. Liothrix lutea. The Red-bitted Lioihrix. 
 
 Sylvia lutea, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii, p. 96 (1786). 
 
 Bahila callipyga, Hodys. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 88. 
 
 Leiothrix luteus (Scop.), Blyth, Cat. p. 99 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i,p. 364 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 250 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 169 ; 
 
 Oates, B. B. i. p. 142 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 247. 
 Leiothrix callipyga (Hodgs.), Hume, N. fy E. p. 390; Gammie, S. F. 
 
 iii, p. 266 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 629. 
 Liothrix lutea (Scop.), Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 109 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 614 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 644 j Oates in Hume's fl. $ E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 147. 
 
 The Red-bilkd Hill-Tit, Jerd. ; Nanachura, Dehra Doon; Rapchil-pJio, 
 Lepch. 
 
222 CRATEROPOmi)^. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole upper plumage and sides of the 
 neck olive-green, the forehead and crown tinged with yellow and 
 the longer tail-coverts tipped with white ; middle pair of tail- 
 feathers and the outer webs of the others black ; the inner webs 
 brown ; the primaries edged with yellow and later on with crimson ; 
 the secondaries black, with a patch of orange-yellow at the base of 
 the outer web of each ; tertiaries olive-green tinged with rufous ; 
 lores orange-yellow ; a ring round the eye yellow ; ear-coverts 
 silvery grey ; a narrow moustachial streak dusky green ; chin and 
 throat bright yellow, turning to deep orange-yellow on the lower 
 throat ; centre of breast and abdomen and the vent and under 
 tail-coverts yellow ; sides of breast and abdomen slaty green. 
 
 Female. The crimson on the primaries of the male is replaced by 
 orange-yellow. No other difference. 
 
 Bill coral-red at tip, black at base ; legs yellow-brown (Cockburn); 
 iris brown (Jerdori). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 2'75 ; tarsus 1 ; bill at gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Simla to Bhutan ; the Khasi 
 hills ; the Kakhyen hills near Bhamo in Upper Burma; Arrakan. 
 This bird is found from 5000 to 8000 feet or lower. It extends 
 into China. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. Dr. Jerdon states that this species usually associates 
 in small parties of five or six, frequenting the dense thickets and 
 underwood that springs up wherever the forest is partially cleared. 
 It is a shy bird, and avoids observation in general. Its food con- 
 sists of berries, fruits, seeds, and insects. Its usual note is a 
 chattering call ; but in the spring the male has a very pleasing 
 song. 
 
 This bird makes a cup-shaped nest of dry leaves and moss bound 
 together with grass and roots, and generally placed in a leafy 
 bush, at no great height from the ground. The number of eggs is 
 usually three ; they are pale green, spotted and otherwise marked 
 with red, purple, and brown ; they measure about '85 by *62. 
 
 Genus CUTIA, Hodgs., 1836. 
 
 The genus Cutia is remarkable for the great development of the 
 tail-coverts, which reach nearly to the tip of the tail. The genus 
 contains only one species, both sexes of which are very handsomely 
 coloured. 
 
 In Cutia the t bill is rather slender, curved, notched, pointed, and 
 slightly longer than half the length of the head ; the rictal bristles 
 are very short ; the nostrils are longitudinal and covered by a 
 membrane; the frontal feathers are short and firm. The tail is 
 about two thirds the length of the wing and slightly rounded. 
 
 23G. Cutia nepalensis. The Nepal Cutia. 
 
 Cutia nipalensis, Ifodf/s. J. A. S. B. v, p. 774 (1836) ; Blyfk, Cat, 
 p. 98; Horsf. $ M. Cat i, p. 227; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 247 ; Wald. 
 
in nil/fit'* 7>Vjv/.s finnn. p. 101) ; Uoilw.-Autt. J. A. 8. If. xlv, pt. ii, 
 p. 81 ; xlvii, pt. ii, p. li> ; Jltanc $ Duo. 8. F. vi, p. o70 ; lLm>-, 
 ( 'at. no. (51 :> ; Or/fc*, 7>'. .#. i. p. 140 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 04<J ; 
 Jfiime, 8. F. xi. p. -M->. 
 
 Yellow-backed Shrike- Tit, Jerd. ; Khatyn, Nepal; Rabnoon or 
 n-pho t Lepcb. 
 
 Fig. 66. Head of 6'. nepalensis. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores, sides of forehead, and a broad 
 band passing through the eyes and ear-coverts round the nape 
 black ; the whole crown inside this black band deep slaty ; back, 
 scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright chestnut; wing- 
 coverts black ; quills black, all but the first two with a patch of 
 slaty near the base, increasing in extent inwards, and the third to 
 the sixth or seventh primary with a narrow edging of the same 
 about the middle of the outer web ; most of the later quills 
 minutely tipped with white ; tail black ; lower plumage white, the 
 sides of the body boldly barred with black ; vent and under tail- 
 coverts pale buff. 
 
 Female. The slaty colour of the head paler ; the band round the 
 head chocolate-brown ; the back and scapulars reddish brown with 
 large oval black spots ; otherwise as in the male. 
 
 Legs and feet rich wax-yellow ; claws pale yellowish horny ; bill 
 black, pale leaden blue at gape and base of lower mandible ; iris 
 brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 3*7 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from 
 gape *9. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the Daphla bills in 
 Assam ; Eastern Naga hills ; Manipur ; Karennee ; apparently 
 at 0000 feet and upwards. 
 
 Jlitbits, 6fc. Gregarious, on high trees. 
 
 Genus PTEEUTHIUS, Swains., 1831. 
 
 The genus PterutJiius contains five Indian species with the 
 general external appearance of Shrikes. 
 
 The bill is about one half the length of the head, strong, strongly 
 hocked at the tip, and with the margins sinuated ; the rictal bristles 
 are weak. The nostrils are oval and partially covered by the frontal 
 bristles, which are well developed. The feathers of the crown are 
 somewhat ample, but they do not form a crest. 
 
224 CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 The wing is rounded ; the tail is about two thirds the length of 
 the wing and slightly rounded, and its coverts reach to about the 
 middle of the tail. The tarsus is strong and smooth. 
 
 The birds of this genus are entirely arboreal, being found in 
 flocks traversing the highest trees. They are confined to the hilly 
 portions of the country, and feed upon both insects and berries. 
 
 Key to the Speci.es. 
 
 a. Tertiaries chestnut. 
 
 '. Crown black P. erythropterus <$ , p. 224. 
 
 b\ Crown bluish grey P. erythropterus $ , p. 224. 
 
 b. Tertiaries golden yellow P. ceralatus rf , p. 225. 
 
 c. Tertiaries green tipped with chestnut. ... P. ceralatus^ , p. 225. 
 
 d. Tertiaries bluish grey or green. 
 c'. Crown greenish yellow. 
 
 a". Nape bluish ashy. 
 
 '". Tips of wing- coverts white .... P. melanotistf, p. 226. 
 b'". Tips of wing-coverts salmon- 
 colour P. melanotis , p. 226. 
 
 b". Nape greenish yellow. 
 
 c'". Tips of wing-coverts white .... P. intermedius J, p. 227. 
 d'". Tips of wing-coverts salmon- 
 colour P. mtermerfius $ , p. 227. 
 
 d'. Crown blackish P. xanthochloris c? , p. 227. 
 
 e. Crown dark grey P. .vanthochloris $ , p. 227. 
 
 237. Pteruthius erythropterus. The Red-winged Shrike- Tit. 
 
 Lanius erythropterus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 22 ; Gould, Cent. 
 pi. 11. 
 
 Pteruthius erythropterus ( Viy.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 99 j Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 i, p. 172 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 245 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, 
 pt. ii, p. 49 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 108 ; Cock $ 
 Marsh. S.F.i, p. 356; Hume, N. $ JE. p. 389; Godw.-Aust. J. A. 
 S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 81 ; Hume, Cat. no. 609; id, S. F. xi, p. 243 ; 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 150. 
 
 Pterery thrius erythropterus (Viy.\ Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 113. 
 
 Fig. 67. Head of P. erythropterus. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, ear-coverts, 
 and under the eye black ; a broad white supercilium from the eye 
 to the nape ; upper plumage bluish grey, some of the upper tail- 
 coverts tipped black ; toil and wing-coverts black ; primaries and 
 secondaries dark brown, edged with glossy black and tipped white ; 
 tertiaries chestnut; lower plumage very pale greyish white, the 
 
PTEKUTIIIUS. 225 
 
 sides of the throat, the centre of the abdomen, vent, and under tail- 
 coverts pure white; lower part of the flanks pale rusty; under 
 wing-coverts white. 
 
 Female. The forehead, crown, nape, and sides of the head bluish 
 greVj the ear-coverts with paler shafts, the lores and round the 
 eye more or less dusky ; indications of a white supercilium, very 
 ill-defined ; upper plumage olive-grey ; smaller wing-coverts 
 black edged with yellowish ; greater coverts yellow on the outer 
 webs, black on the inner ; primary-coverts and wioglet black ; the 
 earlier primaries edged with hoary grey, the other quills edged with 
 yellow ; tertiaries chestnut ; central tail-feathers green, the others 
 black, with the greater portion of the outer webs green and tipped 
 yellow ; lower plumage entirely pale buff. 
 
 The young resemble the female, and the male assumes the adult 
 plumage in the September of the first year. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy, in some pinker, in some whiter ; claws a 
 darker or paler brown ; soles yellowish ; lower mandible and edges 
 of upper from gape to below nares pale blue or plumbeous ; rest 
 of upper mandible black, occasionally horny black ; irides gre.yish 
 lavender, deep grey, deep blue-grey, greenish grey, grey-blue, pearly 
 blue-grey, pale green speckled with white, and varying a little in 
 every specimen (Hume). Iris amber (Godwin- Austen}. 
 
 Length 6-5 to 8 ; tail about 2-5 ; wing 3-3 ; tarsus 1-1 ; bill from 
 gape -85. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Hazara country to Assam ; 
 the Khasi and Ntiga hills ; Manipur. From 2500 (Jerdori) to 
 10,000 feet (Stoliczka). 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Breeds in May, constructing a cradle-like nest of 
 moss and hair in a fork of a branch near the top of a high tree. 
 The eggs, usually three in number, are whitish speckled with 
 brownish red and purple. One egg measured '9 by '68. 
 
 238. PterutMus aeralatus. TickeWs Shrike-Tit. 
 
 Pteruthius aeralatus, Tick. J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 267 (1855) ; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 628, pi. xlvii ; Hume # Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 368; Hume, Cttt.no. 6 10 bis; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
 
 (2) v, p. 599. 
 
 Pterythrius aeralatus, Tick., Blyth fy Wald. Birds Burm. p. 109. 
 Ptererythrius seralatus, Tick., Oates, B. B. i, p. 137 ; Gadoiv, Cat. 
 
 B. M. viii ; p. 114. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles P. erythropterus. The male differs in 
 having the tertiaries golden yellow, tinged with red internally and 
 tipped black ; the lower plumage much greyer, the lower part of 
 the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts alone being white. 
 
 The female differs in having the tertiaries green, tipped with 
 chestnut, and the back grey. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy white; claws pale brown to black; lower 
 mandible and basal edges of the upper mandible along commissure 
 pale blue ; rest of bill black ; iris varied considerably, slaty-grey, 
 pale greenish blue, and deep brown (Hume fy Davison}. 
 
 VOL. I. Q 
 
226 CRATEBOPODID.E. 
 
 Length about 6-5; tail 2*3; wing 3-1; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape *85. 
 
 Distribution. The Kakhyen hills east of Bhamo ; Karennee and 
 the Karen hills east of Toungngoo ; Muleyit mountain in Teiias- 
 serim ; also the mountains of Perak in the Malay peninsula. 
 
 Count Salvadori (1. c.) has shown that his P. cameanoi from 
 Sumatra is distinct from the present species. 
 
 239. Pteruthius melanotis. The Chestnut-throated Shrike-Tit. 
 
 Pteruthius melanotis, Hodgs. J. A. S, B. xvi, p. 448 (1847) ; Oates 
 
 in Humes N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 161. 
 
 Pteruthius senobarbus (Temm.), apud Horsf. 8f M. Cat, i, p. 172. 
 Allotrius senobarbus, Temm., apud Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 246 (part.); Godw.- 
 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 108. 
 Allotrius melanotis (Hodgs.), Hume, N. $ E. p. 390 j Hume 8f Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 369 j Hume, S. F. vii, p. 456; id. Cat. no. 611 j id. S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 244. 
 Ptererythrius melanotis (Hodge.), Oates, B. B. i, p. 139 ; Gadoiv, Cat. 
 
 B. M. viii, p. 117. 
 
 Ku-er-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, crown, back, scapulars, rump, 
 and upper tail-coverts greenish yellow ; a ring of white feathers 
 round the eye ; ear-coverts yellow ; a spot on each side of the 
 neck behind the ear-coverts black ; the whole nape between these 
 black spots bluish ashy ; a broad superciliutn bluish white ; lores, 
 continued in two lines, one over the eye and one below, meeting 
 behind the eye, black ; chin and throat deep chestnut, extending 
 down to the upper part of the breast ; remaining lower plumage 
 bright yellow ; middle tail-feathers green, tipped with black ; the 
 next four pairs black, tipped with white, the tips increasing in size 
 towards the outside of the tail ; the outermost feathers wholly 
 white; wings brown, edged with bluish grey; the tertiaries wholly 
 bluish grey, and all the quills except the earlier primaries tipped 
 with white ; lesser wing-coverts black, edged with grey ; greater 
 coverts black, broadly tipped with white ; primary-coverts and 
 winglet black. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male closely ; differs in having the tips 
 to the greater wing-coverts salmon-colour instead of white ; the 
 chestnut of the throat restricted and not descending to the breast ; 
 and in having the lores and the ophthalmic lines pale brown instead 
 of black. 
 
 The young resemble the female, but the upper plumage is olive- 
 brown, and the grey nape and black lines on the sides of the head 
 are wanting ; the lower plumage is yellowish white. All the cha- 
 racteristic wing-marks are present from the earliest age. 
 
 Bill plumbeous ; iris light- brown ; legs and feet fleshy white 
 (Chennell). 
 
 Length about 4-7; tail 1*8 ; wing 2*5; tarsus *8; bill from 
 gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to Assam ; the Khasi 
 
PTEEUTHIUS. 227 
 
 and Eastern Naga hills ; Manipur. Found at high elevations, 
 7000 feet or so. 
 
 Habits, 6,'c. According to Hodgson this bird makes a shallow 
 cup-like nest of moss and fibres suspended in the fork of a branch 
 of a u tree. The eggs are pinky lilac, speckled with violet, and 
 measure about -77 by -49. 
 
 240. Pteruthius intermedius. Hume's Shrike-Tit. 
 
 Allotrius melanotis (Hodgs.), Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 109. 
 
 Allotrius intermedius, Hume, S. F. v, p. 112 (1877) ; Hume 8f Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 370; Hume, Cat. no. 61 Ibis; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. 
 
 Civ. Gen. (2) v. p. 600. 
 Ptererythrius intermedius (Hume), Oates, B. B. i, p. 140 : Gadow. 
 
 Cat. B. M. viii, p. 117. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. melanotis. The male differs in having 
 the forehead deep chestnut like the throat, and above and next to 
 it a bright yellow band ; the grey nape and the black neck-patches 
 are absent ; the outermost tail-feathers are not entirely white, but 
 have a streak of black near the tips of the outer webs ; the first 
 and second primaries are entirely black ; the next four are black at 
 the base and white on the remainder of the outer webs ; the others 
 have progressively more black at the base, and the other portions 
 of the outer webs green. 
 
 The female differs in having the forehead rufous and the grey on 
 the nape absent ; the lower plumage pale yellow ; the wings edged 
 with green, except the earlier primaries, which are edged with pale 
 yellowish. 
 
 Lower mandible and edge of upper pale blue ; rest of upper 
 mandible black ; iris brown ; legs, feet, and claws fleshy (Hume). 
 
 Of the same size as P. melanotis. 
 
 Distribution. Toungngoo; the upper slopes of Muleyit mountain 
 in Tenasserim ; the Thoungyeen valley. Blyth, who did not discri- 
 minate this and the preceding species, wrongly recorded P. melanotis 
 from Toungngoo. 
 
 241. Pteruthius xanthochloris. The Green Shrike-Tit. 
 
 Pteruthius xanthochloris, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xyi, p. 448 (1847). 
 Allotrius aenobarbus, Temm., apud Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 246 (part.). 
 Allotrius, sp., Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 50. 
 Allotrius xanthochloris (Hodgs.), Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 45; 
 
 Hume, S. F. vii,p. 456; id. Cat. no. 611 ter. 
 Ptererythrius xanthochloris (Hodgs), Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 118. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, lores, the sides of the crown, 
 and round the eye dark grey ; crown and nape blackish, with 
 traces of grey among the feathers ; ear-coverts, sides of neck, 
 back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts green ; lesser wing- 
 coverts brown, edged with green ; greater coverts brown, edged with 
 green and tipped with yellowish ; primary-coverts black ; wings 
 dark brown, edged with green exteriorly ; tail brown, suffused with 
 
 Q2 
 
228 CRATEBOPODTD^. 
 
 green on the outer webs, tipped white, and the outer web of the 
 outermost feather whitish ; chin, throat, and breast pale ashy, 
 smeared in places with yellow ; remaining lower plumage, under 
 wing-coverts, and axillaries bright yellow. 
 
 Female. Differs in having the crown and nape of the same 
 dark grey as the forehead ; lores, sides of the crown, and round the 
 eye without any trace of black. 
 
 Iris dark grey-brown ; lower mandible and upper mandible along 
 the commissure pale plumbeous ; rest of upper mandible black ; 
 legs, feet, and claws fleshy, tinged plumbeous (Davison). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1-9 ; wing 2'5 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape *55. 
 
 Birds from Nepal and Sikhim have the head much darker than 
 birds from the N.W. Himalayas. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Sikbim, 
 at elevations up to 9000 feet. 
 
 Genus AETHORHYNCHUS, Sundevall, 1872. 
 
 This genus is usually placed with the Brachypodince, but I cannot 
 discover that it has any close affinities with the Bulbuls. 
 
 The birds of this genus have a moult in February in addition to 
 the autumn moult. From February to June the sexes are very 
 differently coloured, but at other times of the year they resemble 
 each other. The colours of the female are not changed by the 
 February moult. The young males resemble the female for some 
 months, and probably assume the male garb in January. 
 
 In this genus the bill is very strong, nearly as long as the head, 
 with the culmen nearly straight and the tip strongly notched and 
 hooked ; the nostrils are long ovals, and the rictal bristles are 
 weak. The tail is almost square at the end. 
 
 242. Aethorhynchus lafresnayii. The Great lora. 
 
 lora lafresnayei, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool 1844, p. 401 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 
 
 S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 309 ; Bl. $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 137 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 423 ; Hume $ Dav- S. F. vi, pp. 328, 516 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 468 quat. ; Binyham, S. F. ix, p. 184. 
 lora innotata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 472 (1847) ; id. Cat. p. 213. 
 Phoenicomanes iora, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 427, pi. liv. 
 Aethorhynchus lafresnayii (HartL), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 14 : 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 204. 
 
 Fig. 68. Head of A. 
 Coloration. Male. In breeding-plumage (February to June) the 
 
JEGITHINA. 229 
 
 upper plumage is dull green, each feather more or less black at 
 the extreme tip; v\ings, tail, and upper tail-coverts deep black, 
 the primaries and outer secondaries very narrowly edged with 
 greenish on the outer, and more broadly with white on the inner 
 \vebsj lores, cheeks, a ring round the eye, and the whole lower 
 plumage bright yellow. 
 
 The male at other times (July to January) has the upper plu- 
 mage, wing-coverts, and tertiaries dull green ; the tail greenish 
 yellow ; primaries and secondaries dark brown, edged with greenish 
 yellow ; lores, cheeks, round the eye, and the entire lower plumage 
 bright yellow. 
 
 Female. Eesembles the male in the plumage last described. 
 
 Young males with the tail green and the tertiaries mingled 
 black and greenish yellow are not uncommon. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill leaden blue, the culmen dark horny ; legs 
 and feet leaden blue ; claws horny (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length about 6-5; tail 2'2 ; wing 275; tarsus -8; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. Arrakan (Blyili) ; the southern portion of Tenas- 
 serim from Mergui to Bankasun and the Thoungyeen valley. 
 Tickell obtained this bird near Ye in Tenasserim. It extends down 
 the Malay peninsula. 
 
 An allied species from Siam is A. ccanihotis, which has the ear- 
 coverts and the tips of the wing-coverts yellow. 
 
 Habits, $c. Frequents gardens and forests, going about singly 
 or in pairs, searching the leaves of trees for insects and uttering a 
 fine whistling call. 
 
 Genus JEGITHINA, VieilL, 1816. 
 
 The genus <&yithina, allied to the last genus, is equally, in my 
 opinion, removed from the Bulbuls. 
 
 All the species of JEgitliina have two moults in the year. The 
 females in all cases remain unchanged in colour by the moults, but 
 the males in some cases have a very distinct summer and winter 
 plumage. 
 
 In ^Egithina the bill is about two thirds the length of the head, 
 with the culmen nearly straight ; the bill is notched and pointed. 
 The wing is very rounded and the tail short and square. The 
 plumage of the rump is remarkably soft and copious, and the males 
 are in the habit at times of puffing it out. 
 
 All the species are green and yellow, and they have a close re- 
 semblance one to the other. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail black or green throughout. 
 
 a'. Upper plumage either greenish yellow or 
 
 black or a mixture of both JE. tipTiia, p. 230. 
 
 &'. Upper plumage entirely dark green JE. viridissima, p. 231. 
 
 b. Tail tipped with white d. nigrilutea, p. 232. 
 
230 CRATEKOPODID^E. 
 
 243. TEgithina tiphia. The Common lor a. 
 
 Motacilla tiphia, Linn. S.N.i, p. 331 (1766). 
 
 Motacilla zeylonica, Gm. 8. N. i, p. 964 (1788). 
 
 lora zeylonica (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 213 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 267 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 101 ; Hume, Cat. no. 467. 
 lora typhia (Linn.), Blyth, Cat. p. 214 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. \, p. 266 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 103 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 428 ; Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aves, p. 660; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 490; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 468 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 185 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. i, p. 190. 
 ^Egithina tiphia (L.\ Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 7 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 
 p. 202 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 151. 
 
 The Black-headed Green Bulbul, The White-winged Green Bulbul, 
 Jerd.; Shoubiga or Shoubigi, Hind. ; Patsu-jitta,Te\.-, Pacha-pora,To,m.; 
 Chah-tuk, Taphika, Fatickja tonfik, Beng. 
 
 vr 
 
 Fig. 69. Head of M. tiphia. 
 
 Coloration. Male. In full summer plumage the lores, fore- 
 head, crown, and back are black, the bases of the feathers on the 
 back yellow and showing through the black ; rump greenish yellow ; 
 upper tail-coverts and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts black ; median 
 ones white ; greater ones black, tipped with white ; quills black, 
 narrowly edged with pale yellow ; sides of the head and neck, chin, 
 throat, and breast deep intense yellow ; abdomen, sides, vent, and 
 under tail-coverts dull greenish yellow. The back is sometimes 
 yellow merely fringed with black, and the head is sometimes not 
 quite black but yellow much mixed with black. 
 
 The male in winter loses all or most of the black on the upper 
 parts except on the tail and wings, and becomes yellowish green. 
 
 Female. At all seasons the upper plumage is green ; the tail 
 greener and duskier, the edges yellowish ; lesser wing-coverts 
 green ; median coverts dusky green, broadly tipped with white ; 
 greater coverts dusky green, the outer ones broadly tipped with 
 white, the inner broadly edged with white on the outer webs ; 
 quills dark brown, edged with pale yellow ; lores, sides of the head, 
 and entire under plumage yellow. 
 
 Iris yellowish white ; lower mandible and the margins of the 
 upper nearly to the tip blue ; remainder of upper mandible black ; 
 feet and claws plumbeous. 
 
 Length 5-4 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-4 : tarsus '75 ; bill from gape -7. 
 
 Throughout its great range the Common lora is subject to 
 variations in its plumage, which appear to be due chiefly, if not 
 entirely, to climatic influences. 
 
 The females may be dismissed with the remark that they do not 
 vary in any appreciable degree either locally or seasonally. 
 
JEGITHINA. 231 
 
 Young birds resemble the female, and young males begin to 
 acquire the adult summer plumage in the first spring, but do not 
 acquire it in its entirety the first summer, and consequently young 
 males of every degree of blackness are met with in the summer. 
 
 Adult males in summer plumage vary excessively according to 
 locality. In Southern India, Ceylon, and the Malay peninsula 
 the upper plumage, except the rump, is often unbroken black, and 
 these birds retain traces of black on the upper plumage in winter. 
 In all other parts of its range the adult in summer has a variable 
 amount of black on the upper plumage. Sometimes the nape and 
 back are entirely black, in other cases the crown and nape are 
 black and the back fringed with black, and in others again there is 
 nothing but a few patches of black here and there. These birds 
 lose all the black in the winter except on the wings and tail. 
 
 In a portion of the Central Provinces, as pointed out by Hume, 
 the females are duller coloured than those from other parts, and 
 the male in winter plumage is without any black on the head and 
 back ; but in the summer the male is almost as black as specimens 
 from Southern India and Ceylon. 
 
 Distribution. The whole Empire with Ceylon except that portion 
 of India which lies west of a line, roughly speaking, drawn from 
 the head of the Gulf of Cambay through Abu to Dehra. This 
 species does not appear to ascend the hills to a greater height than 
 3000 feet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This bird frequents orchards, low trees, and 
 brushwood, feeding on insects which are found among the leaves. 
 It commences to breed in May, or probably earlier, making a 
 beautiful cup-shaped nest of very small size, which it fixes in the 
 fork or on the bough of a small tree at no great height from the 
 ground. The nest is made of fine fibres and grass, and coated 
 outside with cobwebs. The eggs, usually three in number, are 
 greyish white, streaked with brown and reddish brown, and 
 measure *69 by *54. 
 
 244. JEgithina viridissima. The Green lora. 
 
 lora scapularis, Horsf., apud Blyth, Cat. p. 214 ; apud Horsf. 8f M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 265 (part.), 
 lora viridissima, Bonap. Consp. A.V. i, p. 397 (1850) ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 v, p. 427 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 327 ; Hume, Cat. no. 468 ter. 
 JEgithina viridissima (Bp.*), Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 304, pi. v ; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vi, p. 6 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 201. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole plumage dark green, becoming 
 yellow on the lower abdomen and vent ; lores blackish ; feathers 
 immediately above and below the eyes bright yellow ; under 
 tail-coverts pure yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; tail glossy 
 black; wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with white, which forms 
 two wing-bars ; quills black, all narrowly edged with green ; the 
 tertiaries also broadly edged on both webs with white. 
 
 Female. The upper plumage dark green, almost as dark as 
 in the male ; the tail green, paler than the back, and narrowly 
 
232 CEATEEOPODID^:. 
 
 edged with yellow ; the lores and sides of the head are greenish 
 yellow, and consequently the yellow edging is not so conspicuous 
 as in the male ; the whole lower plumage light yellowish green ; 
 wing-coverts brown, broadly tipped and edged with pale yellow ; 
 quills blackish brown, edged with greenish yellow. 
 
 There is no seasonal change of plumage in either sex, although 
 there are two moults in the year. 
 
 Legs and feet plumbeous blue ; claws black ; lower mandible, 
 gape, and a line on each side of the upper mandible dark plum- 
 beous blue ; rest of upper mandible black or blackish brown ; irides 
 dark to reddish brown (Davisori). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1*8 ; wing 2'4 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape *75. 
 
 Distribution. A straggler to the southern portion of Tenasserim. 
 It is found in the Malay peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. 
 
 245. JEgithina nigrilutea. Marshall's lora. 
 
 lora nigrolutoa, G. F. L. Marshall, S. F. iv, p. 410 (1876) ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. v, pp. 134, 441, vii, p. 454 ; id. Cat. no. 468 bis. 
 ^Egithina nigrolutea (Marsh.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 12. 
 
 Coloration. Male. In summer plumage the forehead, crown, 
 nape, and lores are black ; upper back bright yellow, delicately 
 fringed with black ; lower back the same, but with more black ; 
 upper tail-coverts black ; tail black, broadly tipped with white ; 
 lesser coverts and scapulars black ; median coverts white ; greater 
 coverts black, tipped with white ; quills black, narrowly margined 
 with greenish, the secondaries and tertiaries tipped white ; sides of 
 the head and neck and the whole lower plumage bright yellow ; 
 under wing-coverts white. 
 
 In winter the male has the upper plumage entirely dull greenish 
 yellow, with, as a rule, a few black marks on the crown ; the other 
 parts of the plumage are the same as in summer. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage greenish yellow ; the upper 
 tail-coverts black, fringed with green ; a bright yellow ring 
 round the eye ; sides of the head and the whole lower plumage 
 yellow ; the wings and tail as in the male, but the black is not so 
 intense ; the white parts are tinged with yellow in places, and the 
 terminal half of the middle pair of tail-feathers is nearly all white 
 tinged with ashy. 
 
 Legs and feet light plumbeous; bill horny; iris dark (Hume). 
 
 Length nearly 5'5; tail 1'8 ; wing 2'5 ; tarsus 4 7; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Cutch ; the eastern half of Eajputana ; the southern 
 portion of the Punjab ; the North-West Provinces ; Malwa ; 
 Bundelkhand ; the northern portion of the Central Provinces ; 
 Eastern Bengal as far east, at least, as Mudhupur in the South al 
 Pergunnahs. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Nothing in particular is on record regarding the 
 habits of this species, which, however, are not likely to differ from 
 those of JE. tiphia. 
 
MTZORNIS. 233 
 
 Genus MYZORNIS, Ilodgs., 1843. 
 
 The genus Myzornis contains one species of brilliant green 
 plumage, an inhabitant of the higher portions of the Himalayas. 
 
 In Mt/zornis the bill is slender and nearly as long as the head, 
 distinctly notched, with the culmen gently curved ; the nostrils are 
 longitudinal and covered by a membrane ; the rictal bristles weak. 
 The head is not crested, but the feathers of the crown are some- 
 what lengthened. The wing is round ; the tail is about two thirds 
 the length of the wing and slightly rounded, and the tarsus is 
 long and slender. 
 
 246. Myzornis pyrrhura. The Fire-tailed Myzornis. 
 
 Myzornis pyrrhoura, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii, p. 984 (1843) ; Blyth, 
 "Cat. p. 101 ; Hor*f. $ M. Cat i, p. 263 ; Jerd. B. L ii, p. 263; 
 Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 44. 
 
 Myzornis pyrrhura, Hod ys., Hume, Cat. no. 629; Sharpe,Cat. B. M. 
 \ ii, p. 635 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 155. 
 
 The Fire-tailed Flower-pecker, Jerd. ; Lho-sagvit-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 70. Head of M. pyrrhura. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head and body, the wing-coverts, 
 and the tertiaries bright green ; the feathers of the forehead 
 and crown with deep black centres ; the lores and a triangular 
 patch behind the eye black ; a streak above and one below the eye 
 brighter green ; the throat and upper breast suffused with red ; 
 the middle of the lower part of the breast and abdomen tinged with 
 red; vent and under tail-coverts chestnut-red; winglet tipped 
 white ; primary-coverts black, edged with green and tipped with 
 yellow ; primaries brown, the first eight tipped with white, the 
 outer webs of all ten primaries deep black, more or less margined 
 with red ; secondaries with the outer webs red and tipped with 
 pinkish white ; tertiaries black, with some green on the inner webs ; 
 tail-feathers red on the outer webs, green on the inner, all broadly 
 tipped with dusky. 
 
 Female. Eesembles the male closely, but differs in having the red 
 on the lower parts dull and subdued, and the red on the wings and 
 tail less bright, the primary-coverts green, tipped with white, and 
 the terminal spots on the secondaries pure white. 
 
 Bill dusky brown ; legs fleshy ; iris brown (Jerdon) ; the iris is 
 figured red by Hodgson. 
 
 Length 5-2 ; tail 1-9 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from gape '7. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim, probably not below 6000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Haunts brushwood and moss-grown trees. The egg 
 is said to be white, but this statement is not well authenticated. 
 
234 CRATEROPODIDJE. 
 
 Genus CHLOROPSIS, Jard. & Selby, 1826. 
 
 The genus Chloropsis contains a large number of birds of bright 
 green plumage which are found in Southern and South-eastern 
 Asia. Seven species occur within Indian limits. 
 
 Chloropsis is always placed among the Bulbuls, but, with the 
 exception of the very short tarsi, there is nothing in common be- 
 tween the two to point to any close relationship. 
 
 In this genus the bill is slender and curved, and about as long 
 as the head; the tip is notched, and the nostrils are oval ; the rictal 
 bristles are weak ; the frontal feathers are advanced up to the 
 nostrils ; the head is not crested ; the wing is rounded, and the tail 
 is short and square ; the tarsi are very short, shorter than the 
 middle toe with claw. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Forehead rich orange-yellow. 
 
 a'. Chin and throat bright blue C. aurifrons, p. 234. 
 
 b'. Chin and throat black C. malabarica, p. 235. 
 
 b. Forehead greenish or yellowish. 
 
 c ' . Abdomen orange-brown C. hardwickii, p. 236. 
 
 d'. Abdomen green. 
 
 a". Outer webs of primaries blue C. chlorocephala, p. 237. 
 
 b" . Outer webs of primaries green. 
 '". A bright patch of colour on the 
 
 wing-coverts. 
 a 4 . Moustachial streak a mere short 
 
 narrow line C. zosterops, p. 238. 
 
 6 4 . Moustachial streak broad, and 
 
 occupying the whole cheek . . C. jerdoni, p. 238. 
 b'", No bright patch of colour on 
 
 wing-coverts C. cyanopogon, p. 239. 
 
 247. Chloropsis aurifrons. The Gold-fronted Chloropsis. 
 
 Phyllornis aurifrons, Temm. PL Col. 484, fig. 1 (1829) ; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 212 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 258 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 99 ; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 106 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 129 ; 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 660 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 326 ; Hume, Cat. no. 465 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 184. , 
 
 Phjllornis hodgsoni, Gould, Birds Asia, iii. pi. 15 (1861) ; Bl $ 
 Wald. Birds Burm. p. 137. 
 
 Chloropsis aurifrons (Temm.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 20 ; Gates, 
 B. B. i, p. 205 ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 595. 
 
 The Gold-fronted Green Bulbul, Jerd. ; Subz-harewa, Nepal. ; Hurriba, 
 Beng. ; Skalem-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead and front of crown orange- 
 yellow ; lores, round eye, ear-coverts, and lower throat black ; chin, 
 cheeks, and upper throat purplish blue ; a faint superciliuru con- 
 tinued down the sides of the neck, then widening and passing round 
 the black of the throat, so as to form a collar, yellow ; lesser wing- 
 coverts and bend of the wing verdigris-blue ; the whole remaining 
 
CHLOROPSIS. 235 
 
 visible portions of tiie plumage bright green, the concealed portions 
 of the primaries and secondaries in the closed wing dark brown. 
 
 Female. Differs from the male in being rather less brilliant in 
 coloration. 
 
 The young are entirely green on the head ; a small moustachial 
 blue streak is present, and the edgings to the wings are bluish ; 
 the tail is also tinged with blue. 
 
 Bill black ; mouth bluish grey ; eyelids dark brown ; feet plum- 
 beous ; iris brown ; claws horn-colour. The female has the mouth 
 livid brown. 
 
 Length 8 ; tail 2'8 ; wing 3* 8 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The sub-Himalayan tracts from Garhwal to Dibru- 
 garh in Assam ; a considerable portion of Eastern Bengal and the 
 adjacent States, Ball quoting the following localities as places where 
 it is found : E-ajmehal hills, Midnapur, Manbhum, Lohardugga, 
 Sirguja, Kalahandi, and Goomsur ; the Khasi hills; Manipur; the 
 neighbourhood of Bhamo ; Karen nee : the whole of what recently 
 constituted British Burma, down to Amherst and the Thoungyeen 
 valley. Birds from Kurnaun are very much larger than those from 
 other parts, but otherwise this species is very constant in size and 
 colour throughout its great range. It extends into Cambodia. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species and all that follow are very similar in 
 habits. They frequent trees, and are regular leaf-hunters, feeding 
 principally on insects. They mimic the calls of other birds, and, 
 notwithstanding their brilliant plumage, they are difficult to detect 
 in trees. They go in pairs or alone. The nest of O. aurifrons does 
 not appear yet to have been discovered. 
 
 Fig. 71. Head of C. malabarica. 
 
 248. Chloropsis malabarica. The Malabar Chloropsis. 
 
 Turdus malabaricus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 837 (1788). 
 
 Phyllorms malabaricus (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 212 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 98 ; McMaster, J. A. S. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 212 ; Fairbank, S. F. 
 
 iv, p. 258; Bourdillon, S. F. iv, p. 400; Legge, Birds Ceyl 
 
 p. 488 ; Hume, Cat. no. 464 ; Daviton, S. F. x, p. 387 ; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 190. 
 Chloropsis malabarica (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 22. 
 
 The Malabar Green Bulbul, Jerd. 
 
236 CRATEBOPODID^E. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead golden yellow ; lores, under the eye, the 
 lower part of the ear-coverts, the chin, and throat black ; moustachial 
 stripe blue ; the lesser wing-coverts verdigris-blue ; the remaining 
 plumage and the visible portions of the closed wings and tail bright 
 green. 
 
 The female hardly differs from the male. 
 
 The young are green all over. 
 
 Bill black ; legs and feet plumbeous ; claws dull black ; iris dark 
 brown (Davisori). 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 3*6 ; tarsus *7; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from Khandala to 
 Travancore ; Ceylon ; and McMaster records this species from 
 Chikalda in Berar. It is found at all levels up to 6000 feet.! 
 
 249. Color opsis hardwickii. The Orange-bellied Chloropsis. 
 
 Chloropsis hardwickii, Jard. fy Selby, 111. Orn. ii, Add. p. 1 (1829) ; 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 18 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 206 ; Salvadori, 
 Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 594. 
 
 Phyllornis hardwickii (J. $ &), Blyth, Cat. p. 212 ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. 
 i, p. 258 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 100 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 pt. ii, p. 106; xlv, pt. ii, p. 79; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 137 ; Hume 
 # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 327 ; Hume, Cat. p. 466 j Scully, S. F. viii, 
 p. 297 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 185. 
 
 The Blue- winged Green Bulbul, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The upper plumage green, washed with 
 fulvous-yellow on the head ; lores, the feathers under the eye, the 
 ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast black; a broad moustachial 
 streak, reaching to the end of the ear-coverts, cobalt ; remainder of 
 the under plumage orange-brown, washed with green on the 
 flanks ; tail dull purple, the inner webs blacker ; lesser wing- 
 coverts verdigris-blue ; remaining coverts and the primaries black, 
 edged with purple ; secondaries brown on the inner and green on 
 the outer webs; tertiaries and inner greater coverts entirely 
 green. 
 
 Female. The upper plumage green, the head being of the 
 same colour as the other parts ; lesser wing-coverts blue ; the 
 other coverts and the tertiaries wholly green; secondaries and 
 primaries brown edged with green, the first three primaries with a 
 tinge of blue ; tail green ; moustachial streak cobalt, but paler than 
 in the male ; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and upper breast, 
 with the whole of the flanks, green, tinged with blue on the throat ; 
 lower breast, abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts orange-brown. 
 
 Young birds are entirely green, without any orange below at 
 first ; traces of orange on the abdomen soon make their appear- 
 ance ; the moustache and wing-patch are barely indicated. 
 
 Bill black ; irides brown or dark brown ; feet plumbeous ; claws 
 dusky or black (Scully}. 
 
 Length 7'5 ; tail 3*1 ; wing 3'8 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape '95. 
 
CHLOROPSIS. 237 
 
 C. lazulina, from China, is barely separable from the present 
 species ; it has the chin, throat, and breast strongly suffused with 
 blue. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas and their bases, from Mussooree to 
 Dibrugarh in Assam ; the Khasi hills ; Manipur ; the Toungngoo 
 hills ; Karennee ; the slopes of Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim. 
 C. hardwickii is found at all levels, apparently up to 5000 or 6000 
 feet. It occurs on the mountains of Perak in the Malay peninsula. 
 
 250. Chloropsis chlorocephala. The Burmese Chloropsis. 
 
 Pkyllornis cochinchinensis (Lath.), apud Blyth, Cat. p. 213; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 270 ; xliii, pt. ii, p. 180. 
 
 Phyllornis chlorocephalus, Walden, A. M. N.H. (4) vii, p. 241 (1871); 
 Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 137 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 127 ; Hume $ Dav. 
 S. F. vi, p. 323 ; Hume, Cat. no. 463 bis ; Bingham, S. F. ix, 
 p. 183 ; Oatcs, S. F. x, p. 211 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 184. 
 
 Chloropsis chlorocephala (Wald.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 28; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 208 ; Salvador^ Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, 
 p. 595. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Lores, feathers under and in front of the 
 eye, cheeks, chin, and throat black ; forehead and a broad band 
 from eye to eye passing round and encircling the throat pale 
 yellowish green ; front of the crown above the forehead and a 
 broad streak passing over the eyes and ear-coverts pale green ; a 
 very short moustachial streak cobalt ; crown of the head and nape 
 golden green ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars deep 
 green ; tail blue ; primaries and their coverts black, edged with 
 blue : secondaries black on the inner and blue on the outer webs, 
 and edged with green ; tertiaries and inner greater coverts green 
 tinged with blue ; lesser coverts glistening smalt-blue ; median and 
 greater coverts green, tinged with blue at the base ; under plumage 
 bright green, tinged with yellow on the breast. 
 
 Female. The black on the head of the male is replaced by 
 bluish green, and the broad yellow band encircling the black is 
 absent ; the coloration is duller everywhere, and the moustachial 
 streak is pale bluish green. 
 
 The young are very like the adult female. 
 
 Bill black ; iris brown ; legs plumbeous ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 7 ; tail 2'7 ; wing 3-3 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 C. icterocephala, from the Malay peninsula, is very close to 
 C. chlorocephala, but differs in having the forehead and the band 
 encircling the throat pure yellow ; the yellowish green on the front 
 of the crown and over the eyes and ear-coverts is absent, and the 
 whole summit of the head is a rich golden fulvous. 
 
 Distribution. The Garo and Khasi hills ; Dimapur on the Dhan- 
 siri river in Assam ; Cachar ; Manipur ; Arrakan ; Pegu ; Tenas- 
 serim ; Karennee. The range extends to Cochin China. 
 
233 CBATEROPODID^E. 
 
 251. Chloropsis zosterops. The Malachite-shouldered 
 Chloropsis. 
 
 Chloropsis zosterops, Vigors, App. Mem. Life Raffl. p. 674 (1830); 
 
 Sharps, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 24 ; Gates, B. $. i, p. 207. 
 Phyllornis sonneratii (Jard. Sf Selby), apud Blyth, Cat. p. 213. 
 Phyllornis javensis (Horsf.}, apud Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 136 j Hume 
 
 # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 324 j Hume, Cat. no. 463 ter. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole upper plumage, wing-coverts, 
 and tertiaries bright green; a patch on the lesser wing-coverts 
 malachite-green; primaries and secondaries dark brown, broadly 
 edged with bright green ; tail green, the inner webs of all but the 
 middle pair of feathers brown towards the outer edge ; feathers 
 above the nostrils, the lores, and a line produced narrowly over the 
 eye, the cheeks, chin, and throat black ; ear-coverts and a band 
 along the black of the throat on either side a paler green than the 
 upper plumage ; a short narrow moustache cobalt ; lower plumage 
 bright green. 
 
 Female. No black on the head ; the chin, throat, and a ring 
 round the eye are bright yellow, and the moustacnial streak is blue 
 and indistinct. 
 
 Young birds resemble the female. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws pale to dark plumbeous ; bill black, base of 
 lower mandible sometimes brown; irides varying brown, dark 
 wood-brown, lake or crimson ; eyelids blackish grey (Davisori). 
 
 Length 8-5 ; tail 3 ; wing 3'9 ; tarsus -75 ; bill from gape 1-1. 
 
 The closely allied C. viridis, Horsf., from Java, may be distin- 
 guished by the colour of the shoulder-patch, which is turquoise- 
 blue. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim, south of Ye near Mouknein; also 
 in the Malay peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. 
 
 252. Chloropsis jerdoni. Jerdon's Chloropsis. 
 
 Phyllornis jerdoni, Blyth, J. A S. B. xiii, p. 392 (1844) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 212 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 259 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 97 ; Hume, N. 
 
 $ E. p. 294 ;' Ball, S. F. vii, p. 215 ; Hume, Cat. no. 463 ; Legge, 
 
 Birds Ceyl. p. 485 ; Reid, S. F. x. p. 451 ; Barnes. Birds Bom. 
 
 p.!89. B ' 
 Chloropsis jerdoni (Blyth}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 25; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 155. 
 
 The Common Green Bulbid, Jerd. ; Harrewa, Hind. ; Wanna bojanum, 
 Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Male. A moustachial streak bright purplish blue ; 
 lores, chin, throat, and a line from the lores over the moustachial 
 streak black; forehead and a broad band surrounding the black 
 greenish yellow ; lesser wing-coverts very bright malachite-green ; 
 the remainder of the plumage, with the visible portions of the 
 closed wings and tail, green. 
 
IRENA. 239 
 
 Female. The black of the male is replaced by pale bluish green, 
 and the cheek-stripe is bright greenish blue. 
 
 The young resemble the female, but have no moustachial streak. 
 
 Iris brown ; bill black ; legs and feet pale blue (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length 7'5 ; tail 2-9 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 ."Distribution. The peninsula of India, from Sitapur, Fyzabad, 
 and Basti on the north ; Baroda and the Panch Mahals on the 
 west ; the Eajmehal hills and Midnapur on the east down to Cape 
 Comorin and Ceylon. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Breeds from April to August, constructing a shallow 
 cup-shaped nest of vegetable fibres and fine roots and stems of 
 weeds at the extremity of one of the upper branches of a tree 
 some 20 feet from the ground. The eggs, two in number, are 
 whitish marked with black or dark shades of brown ; they mea- 
 sure -86 by -6. 
 
 253. Chloropsis cyanopogon. The Blue-whiskered Chloropsis. 
 
 Phyllorms cyanopogon, Temm. PI. Col. 512, fig. 1 (1829) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 213 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 410 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 325 ; Hume, Cat. no. 463 quat. 
 
 Chloropsis cyanopogon (Temm.), Sharpest. B. M. vi, p. 32; Gates, 
 B. B. i. p. 209. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The upper plumage, wing-coverts, and 
 sides of the neck bright green ; the forehead tinged with yellow ; 
 wings dark brown, broadly edged with bright green ; tail green, 
 edged with brown on the inner webs ; lores, cheeks, chin, and 
 throat black ; a line over the lores and eye brighter green than the 
 other parts ; a short moustachial streak cobalt ; a line bordering 
 the black throat green tinged with yellow ; lower plumage light 
 green. 
 
 Female. No black on the chin and throat, the moustachial 
 streak duller blue, and the feathers round the eye conspicuously 
 lighter than the crown. 
 
 The young resemble the female, but the moustachial streaks are 
 absent or barely indicated. 
 
 Legs and feet dark plumbeous : bill black ; iris dark brown 
 (Davisoii). 
 
 Length 7 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 3*3 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
 Distribution. This species has occurred at the extreme southern 
 point of Tenasserim. It is found in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, 
 and Borneo: 
 
 Genus IRENA, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The genus Irena contains some of the most beautiful birds known, 
 of which one species only is found within our limits. 
 
 The position of Irena appears to be in this subfamily, its rela- 
 tionship with the Bulbuls, with which it is generally placed, being 
 
240 CEATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 doubtful. Its affinities for some of the genera of this subfamily, 
 such as Cutia, appear to me to be strong. 
 
 In Irena the bill is shorter than the head, stout, curved, with the 
 tip notched ; the nostrils are oval, partially concealed by the frontal 
 plumes ; the rictal bristles are well developed. Some hairs spring 
 from the nape, somewhat as in the Bulbuls. The head is not 
 crested. The wing is rather pointed, and the tail-coverts are ex- 
 tremely long. The tarsus is short. 
 
 254. Irena puella. The Fairy Blue-bird. 
 
 Coracias puella, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 171 (1790). 
 
 Irena puella (Lath.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 214 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 273 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 105 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 318 ; 
 
 Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 170 ; Hume N. $ E. p. 298 ; Hume, S. F. ii, 
 
 p. 226, iii, p. 130 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 328 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 469 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 466; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi,p. 177 ; 
 
 Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 184; Gates, S. F. x, p. 211 ; id. B. B. i, 
 
 p. 209 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 192 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 186; Oates 
 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 157. 
 
 Hnet-pya-sate, Burm. 
 
 Fig. 72. Head of /. puella. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole upper plumage, the lesser wing- 
 coverts, and the under tail-coverts shining ultramarine-blue 
 with lilac reflexions ; sides of the head and the whole lower plu- 
 mage deep black ; greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail black, some 
 of the coverts tipped with blue, and the middle tail-feathers glossed 
 with blue. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage, the lesser wing-coverts, 
 and the lower tail-coverts brownish blue, with the edges of the 
 feathers brighter ; middle tail-feathers and the outer webs of all 
 the others, except the outer pair, like the upper plumage ; re- 
 mainder of tail dark brown ; primaries and secondaries dark brown ; 
 the greater wing-coverts, primary- coverts, and tertiaries dark 
 brown, with a blue tinge on the outer webs ; sides of the head and 
 whole lower plumage blue, very similar to the upper parts. 
 
 The young are like the female. The male changes into adult 
 plumage about March, and the change takes place without a moult ; 
 the feathers of the upper parts first become fringed with bright 
 
MELAIN'OCHLORA. 241 
 
 blue ; the tail-coverts next become changed ; the lower plumage 
 takes the longest to change, and young birds may frequently be 
 met with having the lower plumage mixed black and dull blue, hut 
 the upper plumage that of the adult. 
 
 Iris crimson ; eyelids pinkish ; bill and legs black ; mouth flesh- 
 colour; claws black. 
 
 Length 10'5; tail 4'2 ; wing 5'1; tarsus '85; bill from gape 
 
 /. ci/anea, from the Malay peninsula, differs in having the 
 under tail-coverts longer, nearly reaching to the tip of the tail. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon ; the western coast of India from Travan- 
 core up to the latitude of Belgaum and Sawant Wari ; Sikhim and 
 the lower ranges of the Himalayas to Dibrugarh in Assam ; the 
 Khasi hills ; Cachar ; Manipur ; Arrakan ; Pegu ; Tenasserim ; 
 the Audamans and Xicobars. This species is confined entirely to the 
 evergreen forests of the hills and plains, and it is found up to 
 about 4000 feet of elevation. It extends some distance down the 
 Malay peninsula and into Siam. 
 
 Habits, $c. This bird is common in most of the tracts it fre- 
 quents, going about in small parties or in pairs. It feeds princi- 
 pally on fruit and is generally found on the larger forest-trees. It 
 breeds from February to April, constructing a shallow cup-shaped 
 nest, sometimes of moss and sometimes of small twigs, in a sapling 
 or small tree. The eggs, which are generally two in number, are 
 greenish white marked with brown, and measure about 1-14 
 by -77. 
 
 Genus MELANOCHLORA, Lesson, 1839. 
 
 In Melanochlora the sexes are of different colours, and the 
 nostrils are not entirely concealed by stiff bristles, consequently this 
 generic type appears to me to be removed from the Parince and to 
 belong to the Liotrichince. 
 
 In this genus the bill is strong but short ; the tip is entire, the 
 nostrils round and partially concealed by the soft frontal plumes. 
 The crest is very long and pointed. The wing is comparatively 
 long and sharp. The tail is shorter than the wing, and the 
 feathers are graduated. The tarsus is strong and equal in length 
 to the middle toe with claw. 
 
 Only one species is known. 
 
 255. Melanochlora sultanea. The Sultan-bird. 
 
 Parus sultaneus, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. 1836, p. 31 ; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 369 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 6. 
 Parus flavocristatus, Lafresn. Mag. Zool. 1837, pi. 80; Blyih, Cat. 
 
 p. 102. 
 
 Melanochlora sultanea (Hodgs.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 282 ; Godw.-Aust. 
 VOL. I. K 
 
242 CEATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 109 ; Hume, 8. F. in, p. 143 ; Hume 
 
 xi, p. 256. 
 The Sultan Yellow-Tit, Jerd. j J5o tylia-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead and crown with the crest 
 brilliant yellow ; the whole upper plumage, sides of the head and 
 neck, chin, throat, and breast deep black, the edges of the feathers 
 of the upper plumage with a metallic lustre, and the outermost- 
 tail-feathers tipped with white ; lower plumage from the breast 
 downwards deep yellow, the thighs barred or mottled with 
 white. 
 
 Female. The yellow parts duller ; the upper plumage and sides 
 
 Fig. 73. Head of M. sultanca. 
 
 of the head dark greenish brown ; the ehin and throat yellowish 
 brown; wings and tail dull black ; the feathers of the upper plumage 
 edged with metallic green. 
 
 The young resemble the female, but in the youngest stage the 
 bright edges to the plumage of the upper parts are absent, and 
 the greater wing-coverts are tipped with white. 
 
 Bill black; mouth dark fleshy; eyelids plumbeous; iris dark 
 brown ; legs plumbeous ; claws dark horn. 
 
 Length about 8; tail 3-8; wing 4-4 ; tarsus -95; bill from 
 gape *75. 
 
 Distribution. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal to 
 the head of the Assam valley ; the Khasi hills ; Cachar ; Manipur ; 
 the Kakhyen hills east of Bhamo ; Arrakan; the Pegu hills; Ka- 
 rennee ; Tenasserim. This species does not appear to be found 
 above 4000 feet of elevation. It extends down the Malay peninsula. 
 
 Habits, #c. Frequents the larger trees in small flocks. 
 
liil.Aiioririn.A. 243 
 
 Genus HILAROCICHLA, n. gen. 
 
 I propose to separate the following species from the members 
 of the genus Ptcrutliius on account of its much longer tail, which 
 is quite equal in length to the wing, and the greater graduation of 
 the tail-feathers, the outer falling short of the middle feathers 
 by a third of the total length of the tail. In all other respects 
 Hilarocichla agrees with Pteruthius. 
 
 256. Hilarocichla rufiventris. The Rufous-bellied Shrike-Tit. 
 
 Pteruthius rufiventer, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 183 (1842), xii, 
 p. 954; id. Cat. p. 98; Horsf. # M. Cat. i, p. 173; Jerd. B. 1. ii, 
 p. 245 ; Godtv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 190 ; Hwne, Cat. 
 no. 610 ; id, S. F. xi, p. 244. 
 
 Ptererythrius rufi venter, L, Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 115. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, 
 and sides of the head black ; upper plumage chestnut ; tail black 
 tipped with chestnut ; wings black, the secondaries tipped chest- 
 nut, a few of the primaries margined with grey below the emargi- 
 nations ; chin, throat, and upper breast ashy, divided from the 
 black of the head by a white line ; a patch of golden yellow on 
 each side of the breast ; remainder of lower plumage soft vinous 
 brown, paler on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; under wing- 
 coverts pale vinous ; edge of wing white. 
 
 Female. Forehead grey tipped with black; crown and nape 
 black ; sides of head grey, with a black patch at the end of the 
 ear-coverts ; back, scapulars, and upper part of rump bright 
 green, irregularly barred with black; lower rump and upper tail- 
 coverts chestnut; central tail-feathers green with black shafts, 
 black subterminal bar, and white tips ; the others black, with a 
 portion of the outer webs green and all tipped with chestnut ; 
 smaller wing-coverts black, broadly tipped green; greater wing- 
 coverts black on the inner and green on the outer webs ; winglet 
 and primary-coverts black ; quills black, the earlier primaries edged 
 with hoary grey, all the other quills with green, the tertiaries 
 having the entire outer webs green ; chin, throat, and breast grey ; 
 lower plumage dark vinous brown, with a yellowish patch on each 
 side the breast. 
 
 The young resemble the female, and the male acquires the adult 
 plumage in the November of the first year. 
 
 In the dry state the bill is black, bluish on the lower mandible ; 
 legs fleshy brown. 
 
 Length about 8; tail 3'3 ; wing 3'4; tarsus T2; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Sikhim ; the Naga hills. This is probably a 
 bird of high elevations, but nothing whatever is on record about its 
 habits. 
 
 B2 
 
244 CRATEROPODID.E. 
 
 Genus MESIA, Hodgs., 1838. 
 
 The genus Mesia contains two species, one of which is found 
 within our limits. The coloration of the birds of this genus is very 
 pretty. 
 
 In Mesia the bill is stout, about half the length of the head, 
 slightly notched near the tip, and with the culmen curved ; the 
 nostrils are covered by a peculiarly shaped membrane, and the 
 rictal bristles are strong. The head is subcrested ; the wing 
 rounded ; the tail very slightly graduated, and the foot strong. 
 
 257. Mesia argentauris. The Silver-eared Mesia. 
 
 Mesia argentauris, Hodgs. Ind, Rev. 1838, p. 88 ; Hume, N. 4- E. 
 
 p. 392; id. Cat. no. 615; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 318; Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 B. M. vii, p. 642 ; Oates, B. B. i,p. 143 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 247 ; 
 
 Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 160. 
 Leiothrix argentauris (Hodys.), Blyth, Cat. p. 99 ; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 365 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 251 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 109; xlv,pt. ii, p. 81 ; Bl. Birds Burm.y. 109; Wardlaw 
 
 Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aces, p. 630 ; 
 
 Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 370. 
 
 The Silver-eared Hill-Tit, Jerd. ; Dang-mpchil-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 74. Head of M. argeniauris. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Forehead golden yellow ; crown, nape, lores, 
 cheeks, produced as a stripe under the ear-coverts, black ; ear- 
 coverts silvery white ; upper back and sides of the neck fulvous 
 yellow ; lower back, scapulars, tertiaries, and wing-coverts slaty, 
 some of the outermost of the latter edged with green ; rump 
 slaty green ; upper tail-coverts crimson ; tail blackish brown, the 
 three outer pairs of feathers edged with yellowish ; wings brown, 
 the first two primaries edged with yellow, the other quills with 
 crimson at the base and yellow elsewhere ; chin and throat deep 
 orange-yellow ; lower plumage olive-yellow, brighter on the breast 
 and abdomen, the former of which is obsoletely streaked darker ; 
 under tail-coverts crimson. 
 
 Female. Differs in having both the upper and the lower tail- 
 coverts orange-buff. 
 
 The young have the crown yellowish at first. 
 
 Bill ochre-yellow, slightly greenish at the base ; iris dark or 
 reddish brown ; feet yellow-fleshy ; claws buff-horny (Scully). 
 
MINLA. 245 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 3 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape -75. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Garhwal to the Daphla hills 
 in Assam ; the Khasi and Na'ga hills ; Manipur ; the Kakhyen hills 
 east of Bhamo ; the Karen hills east of Toungngoo ; Karennee ; 
 the glopes of Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim. The range of 
 this bird extends to the mountains of Perak. 
 
 Habits t $c. This species is found from 3000 to about 7000 feet 
 of elevation. It breeds from March to June, constructing a cup- 
 shaped nest of moss or of grass, \vith creeper-stems intermingled, 
 in shrubs and small trees. The eggs resemble those of LiotJirix 
 lutea very closely, and measure '86 by '62. 
 
 Genus MINLA, Hodgs., 1838. 
 
 The genus Minla, as I restrict it, contains one Indian bird of 
 pleasing plumage, found on the Himalayas and on some of the hill- 
 ranges of Assam. 
 
 In Minla the bill is very similar in shape to that of Cutia, but 
 very much smaller. The head is subcrested, the wing rounded, 
 and the tail, v^hich is as long as the \\ing, slightly graduated. 
 
 258. Miula igneitincta. The Red-tailed Minla. 
 
 Minla ignotincta, Hodf/s. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 33 ; Je)'d. B. I. ii, p. 254 ; 
 
 Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 45 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. 11. xliii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 169 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 93 ; id. Cat. no. 618 ; Scully, S. F. 
 
 viii, p. 319 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 606 ; Oates in Hvme's 
 
 N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 161. 
 Leiothrix ignitincta (Hodgs.), Blyth, Cat. p. 99 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 366. 
 
 The Red-tailed Hill-Tit, Jeid. ; Minla, Nepal; Megblim ayene, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, crown, nape, and the middle 
 of the upper back black ; a very broad and distinct supercilium 
 from the forehead to the end of the black point on the back, 
 blending more or less with the supercilium on the other side of the 
 crown, white; lores, ear-coverts, and a band extending nearly to 
 the end of the white supercilium, black ; back, rump, and scapulars 
 deep vinaceous; upper tail-coverts black; tail black, tipped and 
 edged on the outer webs with crimson, the two middle feathers 
 with a white streak at the base of the inner webs, the outer feathers 
 suffused with red on the inner webs ; wing-coverts and tertiaries 
 black, edged with white, the latter also broadly tipped white ; 
 primaries and secondaries black, edged with crimson on the greater 
 part of the outer webs, the earlier primaries margined with white 
 near the tips, the later secondaries tipped with white; chin 
 yellowish white ; entire lower plumage yellow, sparingly and 
 narrowly streaked with brown. 
 
 Ftmale. Differs from the male in having the back, rump, 
 
246 CRATEllOPODID^E. 
 
 scapulars, and upper tail-coverts uniform vinaceous brown ; the 
 crimson on the wing is replaced by pinkish white and on the tail 
 by pale red. 
 
 The young bird of both sexes is probably like the female till the 
 first autumn moult. 
 
 Legs and feet grey-brown to greenish leaden, with a wax-yellow 
 tinge on toes (sometimes extending to the tarsi), more decided in 
 males than in females ; soles wax-yellow ; upper mandible and tip 
 of lower blackish brown ; rest of lower mandible horny-grey or 
 bluish-greenish horny ; iris greyish or brownish white (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2'5 ; tarsus *85 ; bill from 
 gape '6. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal: Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the Naga hills ; Manipur. 
 Found up to about 9000 feet, 
 
 Habits, $"c. Breeds, according to Hodgson, in Nepal in May and 
 June, constructing a cup-shaped nest of moss in a bushy tree. 
 The eggs are said to be blue, speckled with brownish red. 
 
 Genus LEPTOP(ECILE, Severtzow, 1873. 
 
 The genus Leptopoecile contains one lovely species, which is an 
 inhabitant of Turkestan and has lately been added to the Indian 
 list. 
 
 In Leptopcecile the plumage is very soft and copious. The bill 
 is very slender, straight, sharp-pointed, and entire. The nostrils 
 are covered by a membrane and by some frontal hairs ; the rictal 
 
 Fig. 75. Head of L. s&phice. 
 
 bristles are strong. The head is subcrested, the wings rounded, 
 the tail well-graduated, and the tarsi long. This genus has, in my 
 opinion, no connexion with the Parince and its position seems to be 
 in the Liotrichince. 
 
 259. Leptopcecile sophiae. Stoliczka's Warbler-Tit. 
 
 Leptopoecile sophiae, Sei-ertz. Turk. Jcvotn. pp. 66, 135, pi. viii, figs. 8, 9 
 (1873) ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 153 ; Siddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 37 ; 1882, 
 p. 280 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 567 ; Gadotv, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 86. 
 
 Stoliczkana stoliczkae, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 513 (1874). 
 
 Coloration. Male. Forehead and a broad supercilium dull 
 yellowish white ; lores dark brown ; crown chestnut, the tips of 
 the feathers more or less suffused with cobalt-blue ; sides of the 
 
CEPHALOPYEUS. 247 
 
 head and neck and the whole lower plumage rich lilac, overlaid 
 with cobalt-blue ; the centre of the abdomen light buff ; back and 
 wing-coverts dull bluish grey ; wings brown, the quills edged with 
 the colour of the back ; rump brilliant cobalt-blue ; upper tail- 
 coverts dull blue; tail dark brown suffused with bluish, and the 
 three outer pairs of tail-feathers margined with white. 
 
 Female. The upper plumage, wings, and tail similar to the 
 male, but the rump paler ; lower plumage dull vinaceous, with the 
 sides of the body washed with lilac and blue. 
 
 The young bird appears to be unknown, but it probably resembles 
 the female. 
 
 Iris bright red ; bill black ; legs and feet horny blackish-brown 
 
 Length 4'5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2 ; tarsus 7 ; bill from gape '37. 
 
 Distribution. Gilgit ; Leh ; JS T obra valley, Ladak. This species is 
 found throughout Turkestan. It appears to occur at elevations 
 ranging from 5000 to 13,000 feet, according to season, and to be 
 a permanent resident in Kashmir. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This bird seems to have the ordinary habits of the Tits. 
 
 Genus CEPHALOPYRUS, Bonap., 1854. 
 
 The genus Cephalopyrus is very closely allied to the last and it 
 is not necessary to figure the head. 
 
 The only Indian species of this genus is a partial migrant, visiting 
 the plains in the winter and returning to the hills in the spring. 
 Its wing is adapted for migration, being very pointed with the 
 first primary minute. The tail is short and square. 
 
 It appears probable that this bird has a partial spring moult, 
 confined to the feathers of the head, but the specimens at my dis- 
 posal are not quite sufficient to prove the fact. 
 
 260. Cephalopyrus flammiceps. The Fire-cap. 
 
 ^Egithalus flammiceps. Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 153 ; Blyth, Cat. 
 
 p. 105 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 69. 
 
 Dieseum sanguimfrons, A. Hay, J. A S. B. xv, p. 44 (1846). 
 Cephalopyrus flammiceps (Burton}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 267 ; Stoliczka, 
 
 J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 52 ; Cock fy Marshall, S. F. i, p. 356 ; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 401 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 220 ; Hume, Cat. no. 633 ; 
 
 IMilulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 71 ; 1882, p. 280 j Oates in Humes N. Sf E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 161. 
 The Flame-fronted Flower-pecker, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores, forehead, and the anterior half 
 of the crown flaming orange-red ; the remainder of the upper 
 plumage olive-yellow, brighter on the rump ; the upper tail-coverts 
 with dark shafts ; wing-coverts, wings, and tail dark brown, edged 
 with dull yellowish; sides of the head, throat, and breast golden 
 
248 CRATEBOPODID^:. 
 
 yellow, the chin suffused with bright red ; remainder of the lower 
 plumage dull yellow. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male, but has no red whatever on the 
 head and chin, and the yellow parts are duller and tinged with 
 green. 
 
 The young resemble the female, and the males assume the adult 
 plumage in the spring of their first year. 
 
 Bill plumbeous ; legs leaden-brown (Jerdon) ; iris dark bro\vn 
 (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1*3; wing 2-4; tarsus -5; bill from gape 35. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of the Himalayas from Gilgit and Murree 
 to Bhutan, where this species is found from 3000 to 9000 feet. In 
 the winter it descends to the plains, and I have examined specimens 
 obtained at that season at Cawnpore, Etawah, Aligarh, Eaipur, 
 Nagpur, and Saugor. It extends into Afghanistan. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds at Murree in April and May, constructing its 
 nest, which is made of fine grass, in a hole in a tree or stump at 
 no great height from the ground. The eggs are not known. 
 
 Genus PSAROGLOSSA, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 The genus Psaroglossa contains one bird which has been univer- 
 sally considered a Starling, but in my opinion erroneously so. 
 Neither its structure, its habits, nor the colour of its eggs show 
 any affinities with the Slurnidce. 
 
 In Psaroglossa the sexes are differently coloured and the rict.-il 
 bristles are well developed. In the Starlings the sexes are always 
 alike and the rictal bristles are absolutely wanting. I think there- 
 fore that it is preferable to disassociate this genus from the Starlings 
 and place it in the present family. The young, moreover, appear 
 
 Fig. 76. Head of P. spiloptera. 
 
 to resemble the adult female very closely, and not to be streaked as 
 is the case with the majority of the Starlings. 
 
 In Psaroglossa the bill is slender and curved and the nostrils 
 small and circular ; the rictal bristles are strong. The feathers of 
 the crown are short and pointed. The wing is long and pointed 
 and the first primary is minute. The tail is short and square. 
 
PSARCGLCSS.V. 249 
 
 261. Psaroglossa spiloptera. The Spotted-wing. 
 
 Lamprotornis spilopterus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35; Gould, Cent. 
 
 pi. 34. 
 Saroglossa spiloptera ( Vi(/.}, Horsf. Sf M. Cat. ii, p. 545 ; Jerd. B. I. 
 
 ii, p. 330 ; Hume, N. # E. p. 434 ; Godw.-Awst. J. A. S. B. xliii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 170 ; Wald. in Blyttis Birds Burm. p. 91 ; Brooks, 8. F. 
 
 iii, p. 254 ; Armstrong, S. F. iv, p. 334 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 394 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 461 ; Hume, Cat. no. 
 
 (591 ; id. S. F. ix, p. 256, xi, p. 2U8 ; Oatcs, B. B. i, p. 394. 
 Psaroglossa spiloptera (Vic/.'), Bhjth, Cat..^. 109 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 xiii, p. 117 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nded. i, p. 161. 
 
 The Spotted-iving Stare, Jerd. ; Puli at Mussoorie. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The upper plumage from the forehead to the 
 upper back grey, each feather edged with black ; back and scapu- 
 lars grey, each feather edged with brown ; rump plain brown ; 
 upper tail-coverts rufous-brown ; tail brown tinged with rufous ; 
 lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black ; chin and throat deep chestnut- 
 maroon ; the whole lower plumage rufous, paler and whiter on the 
 middle of the abdomen, and all the feathers narrowly edged with 
 whitish : primaries, secondaries, and primary-coverts black edged 
 with metallic blue, and all the primaries with a white patch at their 
 bases; wing-coverts dark brown edged with grey; tertiaries light 
 brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage brown with greyish centres 
 to the feathers, most conspicuous on the head and back and nearly 
 obsolete on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median 
 wing-coverts brown, with asubterminal grey band ; greater coverts 
 brown, broadly edged with grey; primaries . and secondaries 
 blackish with glossy margins, the bases of the former whitish ; 
 tertiaries like the back ; tail dark brown ; sides of the head uniform 
 dark brown ; lower plumage brown, with broad whitish margins to 
 the feathers and the whole suffused with a pale tinge of fulvous ; 
 lower part of abdomen and the under tail-coverts nearly pure 
 white. 
 
 The young appear to resemble the female. 
 
 Irides dull white ; bill dusky black, reddish black at base of lower 
 mandible ; upper and lower mandibles margined with pale yellow ; 
 legs, feet, and claws black (Armstrong). 
 
 Length 7'5 ; tail 2-5 ; wing 4-2 ; tarsus *85 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Dharmsa'la to the head of the 
 Assam valley and also, but more rarely, the plains of Upper India ; 
 the Khasi and Garo hills ; Cachar; Manipur; the Karen hills east 
 of Toungngoo ; the southern part of Pegu near the Eangoon 
 river ; doubtfully Tenasserim. 
 
 This bird appears to be found up to 6000 feet. It also, as before 
 noted, occurs in the plains, Mr. A. Anderson having killed one at 
 Fatehgarh on the 2nd June. 
 
250 CEATEEOPODIDJE. 
 
 Hal its, $c. Captain Hutton remarks that the flight of P. spilo- 
 ptera is similar to that of a S f arling. It delights to take a short 
 and rapid flight and return twittering to perch on the summit of 
 the forest trees. He never observed it on the ground, and its food 
 appears to consist of berries. 
 
 This species breeds in the holes of trees, laying its eggs on a few 
 bits of leaves. The eggs are pale greenish speckled with red and 
 purple, and they measure about 1*05 by ?!. 
 
 Genus HYPOCOLIUS, Bonap., 1850. 
 
 The position of the present genus is somewhat uncertain owing 
 to want of information regarding the plumage of the nestling. 
 Mr. "W. D. Gumming, who brought up some young birds at Fao 
 from the nest, unfortunately omits to state whether they resemble 
 the adults or not, and I have been unable to examine any but 
 apparently adult birds myself. These, however, are all in the 
 same plumage, sex for sex, and therefore it seems probable that 
 the young are neither spotted, streaked, nor barred, otherwise some 
 traces of these marks would be retained by some of the birds I 
 have examined. 
 
 Sharpe speaks of the summer and winter plumage of this bird, 
 but I have not been able to discover that the plumage varies 
 according to season. 
 
 Hypocolius is said to be migratory, but I think this statement 
 requires confirmation. It is true that it makes its appearance on 
 the shores of the Persian Gulf about the 10th of April, but it must 
 be remembered that Blanford procured the bird in Sind on the 6th 
 March. It probably moves about the country without being 
 actually a migrant in the ordinary sense of the term. 
 
 In Hypocolius the bill is stout and broad at the base and about 
 half the length of the head ; the nostrils are small exposed ovals ; 
 the rictal bristles are weak, but always clearly visible. The wing 
 is short but pointed, the first primary being minute and the second 
 reaching to the tip of the wing. The tail is long and slightly 
 graduated. The tarsus is very short and stout, coarsely scutellated, 
 and shorter than the middle toe and claw. 
 
 262. Hypocolius ampelinus. The Grey Hypocolius. 
 
 Hypocolius ampelinus, Bonap. Consp. Av. i, p. 336 (1850) ; Heuyl. 
 
 Ibis, 1868, p. 181, pi. v ; Blanf. Ibis, 1875, p. 388 ; Sclater, P, Z. S. 
 
 1875, p. 633 ; Blanf. S. F. iii, p. 358 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 416, 
 
 v, p. 349 ; Sharpe, Cat.B. M. iii, p. 316 ; Hume, Cat. no. 269 quat. ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 149; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, pp. 477, 494; 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 162 note. 
 Ceblepyris isabellina, Hetigl. Syst. Uebers., Siizunysb. k.-k. Acad. 
 
 Wien, xix, p. 284 (1856). 
 
IIYl'OCOLIUS. 251 
 
 Coloration. Male. The feathers immediately near the nostrils, 
 the lores, ear-coverts, the feathers above and below the eye, and 
 a band carried round the nape black ; forehead, crown, cheeks, 
 chin, throat, the middle of the abdomen, vent, thighs, and under 
 tail-coverts pinkish cream-colour ; remainder of the body-plumage, 
 wing- co verts, and tertiaries drab-grey ; winglet and primary-coverts 
 blackish shaded with ashy, and partially margined with grey ; pri- 
 maries black, with broad white tips shaded with grey on the first 
 two or three ; secondaries black, broadly edged and tipped with 
 ashy, the black diminishing in amount on the later quills, and occu- 
 pying only a portion of the inner web ; tail drab-grey, broadly 
 tipped with black. 
 
 Fig. 77. Head of H. ampelinus. 
 
 Female. The upper plumage and the whole wing greyish isabel- 
 line, the quills shaded with brown interiorly, and edged and 
 tipped with light grey ; the tail is merely brown towards the end 
 and tipped paler ; the lower plumage pinkish cream-colour, suffused 
 with drab-grey across the breast. There is no black whatever on 
 the head. 
 
 The bill of a male killed in April is black : in one killed in June 
 the basal half is horn-colour, and the terminal half black ; legs 
 yellow. The female has the bill dark brown. 
 
 Length about 9*5 ; tai!4'6 ; wing 4 ; tarsus *9 : bill from gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. A specimen was killed in March by Blanford's 
 collector amongst the lower hills on the eastern flanks of the 
 great Khirthar range dividing Sincl from Khelat. Another speci- 
 men was procured at Nal in Khelat. This appears to be a common 
 bird on the shores of the Persian Gulf, especially at Fao and 
 Bushire, where it is recorded as arriving about the 10th April. It 
 also occurs in Persia, and it was first discovered in North-east 
 Africa. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This bird is found about the date-gardens of Fao and 
 other places in the Persian Gulf, but Blanford procured it on the 
 bare hill-sides of a stony range of hills. At Fao it breeds in June 
 and July, constructing a cup-shaped nest lined with grass, wool, or 
 hair, on a leaf of a date-palm at no great height from the ground. 
 The eggs, four in number, are dull white, spotted with grey, and 
 measure about '86 by '63. 
 
252 
 
 CRATE ROPODlDyE. 
 
 Fig. 78. Molpastes leiicotis. 
 
 Subfamily BEACHYPODIN^E. 
 
 The Bracliypodince or Bulbuls form a numerous and fairly well- 
 defined group of birds, which attain their greatest development in 
 (Southern Asia. They are also, ho\ve\ er, well represented in Africa. 
 
 In the Bulbuls the sexes are invariably alike in colour, and the 
 young closely resemble the adult, the brighter colours being replaced 
 for the first few weel<s by paler tints of the same. All species 
 are non-migratory. The eggs of all about the nidification of which 
 anything is known are marked with various shades of red and 
 purple. 
 
 The main feature of the Bulbuls is their short tarsus, which is 
 never longer than the middle toe and claw together. This cha- 
 racter is possessed by other birds in a few instances, but the Bul- 
 buls may be further recognized by the presence of some hairs 
 springing from the nape. These hairs are frequently very long, 
 
BRACHYPODiyj:. 253 
 
 sometimes short and inconspicuous, but never, I think, entirely 
 absent. 
 
 Many of the Bulbuls are familiar birds, frequenting garden?, 
 and having pretty notes. 
 
 Fig. 79. Foot of Hypsipetes concolnr. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Hairs springing from hind neck numerous 
 
 and as long as tarsus or longer. 
 
 (i '. Crest long and pointed CRINIGER, p. 254. 
 
 b'. Crest absent or obsolete. 
 
 a". Long hairs springing from the back . . TRICHOLESTES, p. 257. 
 
 b". No hairs springing from the back .... ALOPHOIXUS, p. 259. 
 
 b. Hairs springing from hind neck few and short, 
 
 or obsolete. 
 
 c. Feathers at sides of crown and over ear- 
 coverts similar in shape to those on 
 crown, 
 c". A distinct crest. 
 
 a'". Nostrils not covered by plumelets, 
 a*. Wing pointed ; secondaries falling 
 short of tip of wing by length of 
 tarsus or more. 
 a 5 . Tail forked; the outer feathers 
 
 curved outwards HYPSIPETES, p. 2-59. 
 
 b 5 . Tail square or rounded; the 
 
 outer feathers straight. 
 a 6 . Longest crest-feathers shorter 
 
 than tarsus and pointed .... HEMIXUS, p. 263. 
 b*. Longest crest-feathers longer 
 
 than tarsus and blunt ALCURUS, p. 263. 
 
 6 l . Wing blunt; the secondaries falling 
 short of tip of wing by much le.ss 
 than length of tarsus. 
 c\ Crest thick, springing from 
 every portion of crown and 
 nape. 
 
 c 6 . Tail very slightly rounded ; 
 the outer feather falling short 
 of tip of tail by a shorter 
 distance than length of hind 
 toe MOLPASTES, p. 267. 
 
254 CRATEROPODID.i:. 
 
 d G . Tail generally rounded; the 
 outer feather falling short 
 of tip of tail by about length 
 
 of tarsus XANTHIXUS, p. 274. 
 
 d\ Crest confined to middle of 
 crown only ; feathers of nape 
 quite short. 
 e G . Shafts of the feathers of the 
 
 back soft OTOCOMPSA, p. 275. 
 
 / 6 . Shafts of the feathers of the 
 
 back rigid and spinous . .. PINAROCICHLA, p. 279. 
 I'". Nostrils nearly concealed by plume- 
 lets " SPIZIXUS, p. 280. 
 
 tT'. Crest inconspicuous or absent. 
 
 c'". Upper tail-coverts not reaching to 
 
 the middle of the tail. 
 e 4 . Feathers of the forehead and crown 
 
 very short and stiff TRACHYCOMUS, p. 281, 
 
 d 1 . Feathers of the forehead and crown 
 
 slightly lengthened and soft. 
 e\ Bill larger, about three quarters 
 length of head ; cnlmen laterally 
 compressed and sharply cari- 
 
 nated " IOLE, p. 282. 
 
 f 5 . Bill smaller, about half length 
 of head ; culmen not much com- 
 pressed nor sharply carinated . PYONONOTUS, p. 285. 
 d"'. Upper tail-coverts reaching nearly 
 
 to tip of tail MiCHOPUS, p. 294. 
 
 d'. Feathers at sides of crown and over ear- 
 coverts long and pointed, contrasting 
 with the rounded feathers of the crown . KELAARTIA, p. 296. 
 
 Genus CRINIGER, Temm., 1820. 
 
 The genus Criniyer may be known from all the other Bulbuls by 
 the presence of a long pointed crest and numerous very long hairs 
 springing from the nape or bind neck. The tail of all the Indian 
 species is, moreover, rufous, a character shared but by few other 
 Bulbuls. 
 
 Fig. 80. Head of C. flaveoltis. 
 
 In Criniger the bill is strong, and about half the length of the 
 head; the rictal bristles are well-developed, and the culmen is 
 
CRINIOER. 255 
 
 evenly curved throughout. The wing is blunt; the tail distinctly 
 rounded, and the tarsus strong but short. The plumage is very 
 soft. 
 
 The birds of this genits are sociable, being generally found to- 
 gether in companies of six to a dozen. They are eminently forest- 
 bird*, frequenting trees, and not approaching gardens or clearings. 
 They are remarkably noisy, their notes being very harsh and fre- 
 quently uttered. Their food consists of fruit and berries, varied 
 with insects. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Lower plumage yellow. 
 
 a'. Chin and upper throat white; crest 
 
 greenish yellow C. flaveolus, p. 255. 
 
 b'. Chin, throat, and upper breast white; 
 
 crest greyish C. bunnanicus, p. 256. 
 
 b. Lower plumage ochraceous. 
 
 c'. Chin and throat white ; crest rufescent 
 
 olive-brown C. gutturalis, p. 25G. 
 
 d'. Chin, throat, and upper breast white; 
 
 crest grey C. griseiceps, p. 257. 
 
 263. Criniger flaveolus. The White-throated Bulbul. 
 
 Trichophorus flaveolus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 6. 
 
 Criniger flaveolus (Gould), Blyth, Cat. p. 208; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 252 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 83 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 p. 106 ; xlv, pt. ii, p. 79 ; Hume, Cat. no. 451 ; Scully, S. F. viii, 
 p. 295 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 77 : Hume, S. F. xi, p. 178 ; 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 162. 
 
 Kussop-eechiop-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Head and crest olive-brown, each feather edged with 
 olive-green ; back, rump, and lesser wing-coverts olive-green 
 tinged with rufous ; tail rufous-brown ; lores and cheeks grey ; 
 ear-coverts darker grey ; chin and upper throat white; the remain- 
 ing lower plumage and under wing-coverts bright yellow ; wings 
 dark brown, the outer webs rufescent brown. 
 
 Bill greyish-blue-horny ; gape whitish fleshy ; iris red-brown ; 
 feet livid fleshy (Sonify). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 3*5 ; wing 3'8 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to the head of the 
 Assam valley ; the Naga, Garo, and Khasi hills ; Sylhet ; Cachar ; 
 Manipur ; Tipperah. This species is found at low elevations, and 
 seldom above 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds in Sikhirn in July and August, constructing a 
 shallow nest of dead leaves bound together by fine roots in small 
 trees not more than 10 feet from the ground. The eggs, generally 
 two in number, are pink marked with hair-lines, blotches, and 
 spots of brownish maroon or brickdust-red. Thev measure about 
 1 bir 7. 
 
256 CRATEROPODID^:. 
 
 264. Criniger burmanicus. The Burmese White-throated 
 Bulbul. 
 
 Criniger flaveolus, apud Blyth, Binh Bunn. p. 134. 
 
 Criniger griseiceps, Hume, apud Wald. in Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 134 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. ii, p. 476 ; Hume # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 300 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 451 bis (part.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 77 (part.) ; Bine/ham, 
 
 S. F. ix, p. 182 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 183 (part.) ; Salvadori, Ann. 
 
 Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v. p. 596. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles C. flaveolus. Differs in having the upper 
 part of the b east white like the throat, and the crown and crest 
 greyish brown, with the longer feathers of the latter (in good 
 specimens) tipped olive-green. 
 
 Bill plumbeous white ; iris brown ; legs and feet fleshy brown 
 (Bine/ham) . 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 4'2 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape 1*1. 
 
 This species, which has long been confounded with C. yriseiceps, 
 is very distinct from it, and resembles the Himalayan bird, of 
 which many naturalists may only consider it a race. 
 
 Distribution. Toungngoo ; the Karen hills ; Karennee ; Tenas- 
 serim, as far south as Meetan at the base of Muleyit mountain, 
 and throughout the Thoungyeen valley. It is doubtful whether it 
 is this species or C. flaveolus which occurs in Arrakan, as recorded 
 by Blyth. 
 
 265. Criniger gutturalis. The Malayan White-throated 
 Bulbul. 
 
 Trichophcrus gutturalis, S. Mull., Bonap. Consp. Av.i,ip. 262 (1850). 
 Criniger ochraceus, Moore in Hursf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 252 (1854) ; 
 
 Blyth $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 134; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 pp. 301, 515. 
 Criniger gutturalis (S. Mull.), Hume, Cat. no. 451 ter ; Bingham, 
 
 S. F. ix, p. 182; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 80; Oates, B. B. i. 
 
 p. 185. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumnge olive-brown with an ochra- 
 ceous tinge, rufescent on the head, crest, and upper tail-coverts ; tail 
 rufous -brown, tipped with a lighter shade of the same ; wings 
 brown, the outer webs rufescent ; lores and a ring round the eye 
 greyish ; ear-coverts brown with pale shafts ; chin and throat 
 white ; lower plumage fulvous-brown or ochraceous yellowish on 
 the middle of the abdomen, and becoming buff on the under tail- 
 coverts. 
 
 Legs and feet light pinkish brown; upper mandible dark horny 
 brown ; lower mandible plumbeous ; iris wood-brown (Hume fy 
 Dav i son). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4 ; wing 4 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape 1 . 
 
 Specimens from, the southern part of the Malay peninsula have 
 the tail shorter, but do not otherwise differ from Tenasserim birds. 
 In Borneo and Sumatra the birds have a much larger bill, but 
 
CEINIGER. TRTCHOLESTES. 257 
 
 correspond with Tenasserim birds in other respects. In Sumatra, in 
 addition to the present, there occurs another species or race, 
 recognizable by its deep greyish-brown head. It has been named 
 C. sumatranus by Warctlaw llamsay. The Chinese bird was named 
 C. pallidus by Swinhoe ; but I cannot discover that it differs in 
 any respect from (J. yutturalis. 
 
 Distribution. This species appears to be abundant in Tenasserim 
 from its southern extremity up to the neighbourhood of Tavoy, and 
 Bingham records the occurrence of a specimen at Moulmein. It 
 extends down the Malay peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 266. Criniger griseiceps. Hume's White-throated Bulbul. 
 
 Criniger griseiceps, Hume, 8. F. i, p. 478 (1873), iii, p. 124 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 451 bis (part.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 77 (part.) : Oates. 
 S. F. x, p. 209 ; id. B. B. i, p. 183 (part.). 
 
 Coloration. Lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts pale grey ; chin, throat, 
 and upper breast white ; lower plumage ochraceous, tending to 
 buff on the under tail-coverts ; head, crest, and nape grey ; upper 
 plumage with the smaller wing-coverts yellowish green ; upper tail- 
 coverts and tail rufescent ; wings and greater coverts dark brown, 
 the outer webs rufescent ; in birds the plumage of which is much 
 worn the colours are more dull. 
 
 Bill bluish, darker on the anterior half of the culmen and the tip ; 
 eyelids plumbeous ; iris reddish brown ; inside of mouth bluish 
 fleshy ; legs pinkish brown ; claws pale horn. 
 
 Length nearly 9 ; tail 3'8 ; wing 3*9 ; tarsus -85 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 This species is allied to C. gutturalis, from which it differs in 
 having the upper part of the breast white and the head and crest 
 grey. 
 
 Distribution. The eastern slopes of the Pegu hills from the lati- 
 tude of Thayetmyo to that of Rangoon. The range of the present 
 species probably extends north of these limits. 
 
 Genus TEICHOLESTES, Salvadori, 1874. 
 
 The genus Tricholestes is remarkable for the numerous long hairs 
 which spring from the back. These hairs lie close to the feathers, 
 and are not distinctly visible till lifted up. 
 
 In Tricholestes the bill is very strong for the size of the bird. 
 The culmen is straight for half its length, and the tip of the upper 
 mandible is strongly hooked and notched ; the frontal and rictal 
 bristles are long. The head is not crested. The wing is blunt, 
 the tail slightly rounded, and the feet are exceedingly small and 
 weak. 
 
 YOL. I. 
 
258 CBATEROPODID^E. 
 
 267. Tricholestes criniger. The Hairy -backed Bulbul. 
 
 Bracliypodius (?) criniger. A. Hay, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 577 
 
 (1845). 
 
 Setornis (?) criniger (A. Hay}, Blyth, Cat. p. 212. 
 Trichophorus minutus, Hartf. Journ.f. Orn. 1853, p. 156. 
 Tricholestes criniger (Hay), Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 304 ; Ttoeedd. 
 
 Ibis, 1877, p. 306 ; Hume, Cat. no. 451 sex j Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 vi, p. 89 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 186. 
 
 Fig. 81. Head andfback of T. criniger. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown olive-brown ; hind neck, back, 
 and rump dull olive-green ; wing-coverts browner ; quills brown, 
 the tertiaries and the outer webs of the others rufescent; tail 
 rufescent, the outer webs edged with greenish and the outer 
 feathers tipped whitish ; lores yellow ; sides of the head yellow, 
 the tips of the feathers dusky ; chin and throat whitish ; lower 
 plumage yellow, the breast and sides of the body washed with 
 ashy ; under tail- and wing-coverts yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet pale bluish or pinkish brown or salmon-fleshy ; 
 claws pale plumbeous blue ; lower mandible and edge of the upper 
 pale plumbeous ; ridge of culm en and tip of the upper mandible 
 black ; rest of upper mandible dark plumbeous, sometimes horny- 
 brown ; iris pale umber or snuffy brown to dark brown (Hume $ 
 Davison). 
 
 Length nearly 7 ; tail 3 ; wing 3-1 ; tarsus *6 ; bill from gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim. The range 
 extends down the Malay peninsula to the islands of Sumatra, Java, 
 and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This bird frequents brushwood in small parties, hunt- 
 ing the branches and leaves for insects, which appear to be its 
 principal food. Davison remarks that this Bulbul is very tame 
 and easily approached, but that its plumage is always in bad con- 
 dition, rendering the preparation of a good specimen a matter of 
 difficulty. 
 
ALOPIIOIXUS. HYPSIPETES. 259 
 
 Genus ALOPHOIXUS, n. gen. 
 
 Tlie bird for which I propose the above generic designation has 
 hitherto been placed with Griniyer. It differs from that genus in 
 entirety wanting a crest, a character of sufficient importance, in 
 my estimation, to warrant its separation from Criniyer, in which 
 genus the crest is remarkably long and conspicuous. 
 
 268. Alophoixus phaeocephalus. The G restless White-throated 
 
 Bulbul. 
 
 Ixos pliEeocepkalus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 401. 
 
 Crinigei- gularis (Horsf.), apud Blytli, Cat. p. 208. 
 
 Criniger canton, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 279 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 410. 
 Criniger phaeocephalus (Hartl.}, Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 169, pi. vi, 
 
 fig. 2 ; Hume Dav. S. F. vi, p. 302 ; Hume, Cat. no. 451 quat. ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 74 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 183. 
 
 Coloration. Crown of head and the nape blackish, each feather 
 edged with bluish grey ; lores whitish ; sides of the head and neck 
 and a narrow half-collar on the hind neck ashy grey, darker poste- 
 riorly : chin and throat white; remaining lo\ver plumage bright 
 yellow washed with olive on the sides of the body ; under wing- 
 coverts yellow ; back, rump, and upper wing-coverts olive-green, 
 the lateral feathers of the rump washed with yellow at the tips ; 
 upper tail-coverts and tail rufous-brown ; wings dark brown, the 
 outer webs rufescent. 
 
 The legs, feet, and claws vary from fleshy white (sometimes with 
 a pinkish tinge) to fleshy yellow ; the upper mandible from dark 
 plumbeous to dark horny-brown ; lower mandible and edges of 
 upper mandible pale plumbeous ; irides snuff-brown, burnt sienna- 
 brown, or reddish brown (Hume $ Davison). 
 
 Length rather more than 8 ; tail 3*5 ; wing 3*6 ; tarsus *8 ; bill 
 from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, where this 
 Bulbul appears to be common. It extends down the Malay penin- 
 sula to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. Davison remarks that he has always found this bird 
 in pairs or singly in thick forest and thin jungle, but never in clear- 
 ings or gardens. Its note differs much from that of the other 
 Bulbuls, but is of the same character. 
 
 Genus HYPSIPETES, Vigors, 1831. 
 
 The genus Hypsipetes contains three Indian Bulbuls, which are 
 characterized by grey or dark-brown plumage, red bills, and forked 
 tails. The bill is slender, and about as long as the head, which is 
 furnished with a crest of pointed feathers. The rictal bristles are 
 very short, not exceeding a third of the length of the culmen. The 
 
 s2 
 
260 
 
 CRATEEOPODIDJE. 
 
 whig is sharp, the secondaries falling short of the tip by a con- 
 siderable distance. The tail is distinctly forked, and the outer 
 feathers curved outwards. The tarsus is smooth and very short 
 (see fig. 79, p. 253), being between a sixth and a seventh of 
 the length of the wing. The three Indian species are closely 
 allied, but they are easily recognizable, and they have, moreover, 
 distinct areas of distribution. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. A distinct black cheek-stripe contrasting with 
 
 the throat H. psaroides, p. 200. 
 
 b. No cheek-stripe. 
 
 a'. A black patch under the ear-coverts H. concolor, p. 261. 
 
 b'. No black patch under the ear-coverts H. yaneesa, p. 262. 
 
 Fig. 82. Tail of H. psaroidcs. 
 
 269. Hypsipetes psaroides. The Himalayan Blade Buibul. 
 
 N. $ E. p. 278 j Cock $ Marsh. S. F. i, p. 355 ; Hume $ Senders, 
 Lah. to York, p. 198 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 296 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 Hypsipetes concolor, Blyth, apud Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 pt. il, p. 106 ; xlv, pt. ii, p. 78. 
 
 Ban Bakra, at Mussoorie ; Phakki-pho, Lepch. ; Durkal, Chamba. 
 
 Coloration. Crown from the forehead to the nape, the lores, a 
 spot at the base of the lower mandible, one at the angle of the chin, 
 and a broad stripe from beneath the eye passing under the ear- 
 coverts, and meeting a narrower line from the crown passing be- 
 
HYPSIPETES. 261 
 
 hind the ear-coverts, black ; a spot over the lores grey ; ear-coverts, 
 chin, throat, breast, and flanks grey ; abdomen and vent whitish, 
 
 Fig. 83. Head of H. psaroides. 
 
 the feathers being grey with white margins; under tail-coverts 
 grey, with broad white margins ; upper plumage and wing- coverts 
 dark grey ; wings and tail dark brown, the greater part of the ex- 
 terior edges grey. 
 
 Bill and feet bright coral-red ; iris dark brown ; claws horny- 
 brown (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4'6 ; wing 5; tarsus *75; bill from 
 gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Murree to the head of the 
 Assam valley ; the Khasi hills; Sylhet; Cachar; Manipur; Arrakan. 
 This species is found at all elevations up to 9000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from 2000 to 7000 feet, from April to June, 
 constructing its nest, which is made of grass and leaves bound 
 together exteriorly by a good deal of cobweb, in the fork of a 
 branch at a moderate height from the ground. The eggs, usually 
 four in number, are white or pinkish, marked with various shades 
 of red and purple, and measure 1-03 by *75. 
 
 This bird is social, fearless, very noisy, and chiefly found near 
 the tops of high trees. It feeds on fruit and the nectar contained 
 in the larger flowers of such trees as the Ehododendron. 
 
 270. Hypsipetes concolor. The Burmese Black Bulbul. 
 
 Hypsipetes concolor, Blyih, J. A. S. J5. xviii, p. 816 (1849) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 207 ; Blyth $ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 132 ; Hume $ Lav. S. F. 
 
 vi, p. 295; Hume, Cat. no. 446 bis; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 181; 
 
 Sharps, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 38 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 174 ; Salvadori, 
 
 Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 595. 
 Hypsipetes yunnanensis, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 213 ; id. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aces, p. 656, pi. 50. 
 Hypsipetes subniger, Hume, S. F. v, p. 109 (1877). 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles H. psaroides. The chin, lores, crown, 
 hind neck, back, and lesser wing- coverts deep black, the edges of 
 
262 CEATEEOPODID^:. 
 
 the feathers with a metallic gloss ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
 dark ashy ; quills, tail, and the larger wing-coverts dark brown or 
 blackish, margined with grey along the greater part of the outer 
 edges ; whole lower plumage dark grey ; ear-coverts and cheeks 
 paler ; a patch of black under the ear-coverts ; under tail-coverts 
 dark grey, sometimes distinctly margined with white. 
 
 Legs, feet, and bill bright to deep coral-red ; iris dull crimson- 
 lake (Hume fy Davison). 
 
 Length about 10-5 ; tail 4-8 ; wing 5 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from 
 gape 1*25. 
 
 Distribution. The hills east of Bhamo ; Toungngoo, and the Karen 
 hills east of that town ; the whole of Tenasserim down to about 
 the latitude of Muleyit mountain. This Bulbul appears to be 
 found up to about 4000 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. According to Davison this bird is found in the hill- 
 clearings or camping-grounds, flying about from tree to tree in 
 small flocks. 
 
 There are some closely allied species in China. H. perniger is 
 deep black throughout ; H. nigerrimus is also deep black, but the 
 edges of the wing-feathers are grey ; H. leucoceplialus has the fore- 
 head and abdomen white; and H. amaurotis has the ear-coverts 
 chestnut. 
 
 271. Hypsipetes ganeesa. The /Southern-Indian Slack Bulbul. 
 
 Hypsipetes ganeesa, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 86 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 339 ; 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 255; Jerd. B. L ii, p. 78 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, 
 p. 42 ; McMaster, J. A. 8. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 211 ; Hume, S. F. iv, 
 p. 400 ; Hume Sf Dav. S. F. vi, p. 296 : Hume, Cat. no. 446 ; Legge, 
 Birds Ceyl. p. 469 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 39 ; Butler, S. F. ix, 
 p. 401 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 185 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 383 ; 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 167. 
 
 Hypsipetes nilgherriensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. x, p. 245 (1839) ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 207 ; Jerd. B. L ii, pp. 78, 872; Hume, N. $ E. 
 p. 280 ; id. Cat. no. 445. 
 
 The Neilgherry Black Bulbid: the Ghat Black Biftbul, Jerd.; Kele 
 Kondiya, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles //. psaroides, but the plumage is of a 
 much darker shade of grey, and the grey of the sides of the head 
 is not in strong contrast with the black crown ; there is no black 
 streak either behind or under the ear-coverts, the grey of this part 
 being confluent with that of the lower plumage ; the grey spot 
 over the lores is absent, and there is less white on the abdomen. 
 
 Bill orange-vermilion ; feet orange-yellow ; iris hazel dyed with 
 lake-red (FairbanJc). 
 
 Length about 9*5 ; tail 4 ; wing 4*7 : tarsus *75 ; bill from 
 gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. The hill-ranges of Western India from Matheran 
 to Cape Comorin ; Ceylon. It is noteworthy that McMasfcer pro- 
 cured this bird at Chikalda on the Gawilgurh hills in Berar. It is 
 found at all elevations, but not usually below 4000 feet. 
 
HEMIXUS. 263 
 
 Habits, $*c. Breeds from March to June, making a shallow cup- 
 like nest of grass and leaves in trees at all heights up to about 60 
 feet from the ground. The eggs are usually only two in number, 
 and resemble those of H. psaroides. They measure 1*08 by '75, 
 
 Genus HEMIXUS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 The genus Hemixus, of which H. flavala is the type, contains 
 five Indian species closely related to each other. It differs from 
 Hypsipetes in having the tail square or slightly rounded, and its 
 outer feathers straight. The crest consists of a great number of 
 short but sharply-pointed feathers. The nuchal hairs are short and 
 indistinct, but the rictal bristles are strong. The wing is pointed, 
 the secondaries falling short of the tip by a considerable distance. 
 
 The birds of this genus do not habitually frequent forests and 
 high trees like the Black Bulbuls, but they are found chiefly on the 
 outskirts of forests and in secondary jungle. They are chiefly fruit- 
 eaters. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail dark brown. 
 
 a'. Whole upper plumage ashy H.flavala, p. 263. 
 
 b 1 '. Whole upper plumage brown H. davisoni, p. 264. 
 
 c'. Head black, contrasting with the ashy 
 
 back H. hildebrandi, p. 264. 
 
 b. Tail green. 
 
 d' '. Throat whitish ; remainder of lower plu- 
 mage pale rufous H. macckllandi, p. 265. 
 
 e'. Throat and whole lower plumage more or 
 
 less uniformly grey H. tichelli, p. 265. 
 
 272. Hemixus flavala. The Brown-eared Bulbul. 
 
 Hemixus flavala, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 572 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 207 ; Horsf. & M. Cat. i, p. 250 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 80 ; Blyth, 
 Birds Burm. p. 133 ; Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 106, 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 78 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. Ill ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., 
 Aves, p. 657 ; Hume, Cat. no. 448 ; Sadly, S. F. viii, p. 295 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. vi, p. 49 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 175 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 176. 
 
 NdUi-pindi, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 84. Head of H. flavala. 
 Coloration. Upper plumage with the small wing-coverts dark 
 
264 CRATEROPODIDyE. 
 
 ashy, the crown edged paler, and the upper tail-coverts tinged with 
 olive-green ; tail brown, tinged with olive-green on the basal halves 
 of the outer webs ; greater wing-coverts brown on the inner and 
 olive-yellow on the outer webs ; quills brown ; the fourth to the 
 seventh primaries edged with grey below the emarginations, all the 
 other quills edged externally with olive-yellow, obsolete on the 
 earlier primaries, increasing on the others, and ultimately occupy- 
 ing the entire outer web of the tertiaries ; lores and cheeks 
 blackish; ear-coverts bronze-grey; chin, throat, centre of the 
 abdomen, and vent white ; breast, sides of neck, and flanks light 
 grey. 
 
 Bill black; iris dark reddish brown; feet dusky (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; tail 3 - 7 ; wing 3*8 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Mussoorie to the head of the 
 Assam valley; the Khasi and Garo hills; Manipur; the hills east 
 of Bhamo ; Arrakan. This bird appears to be found up to about 
 6000 feet. 
 
 273. Hemixus davisoni. Davison's Brown-eared Bulbul. 
 
 Hemixus davisoni, Hume, S. F. v, p. Ill (1877) ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 vi, p. 299 ; Hume, Cat. no. 448 ter ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 51 ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 176. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles H.flavala. Differs in having the entire 
 crown and nape a rich dark brown; the back, rump, upper tail- 
 coverts, and smaller wing-coverts also brown but paler; in the tail 
 being less suffused \\ith olive-green and the breast being distinctly 
 ashy and not grey ; and lastly in the yellow edges to the quills 
 being narrower. 
 
 Bill, legs, feet, and claws black ; iris bright brown (Darling) 
 iris crimson-lake (Hume fy Davison). 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; tail 3*6 ; wing 4 ; tarsus *6 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. This species has only been procured at Meetan and 
 Thoungyah in Tenasserim. It is apparently entirely confined to 
 the hill-forests. 
 
 274. Hemixus hildebrandi. HildebrancTs Brown-eared Bulbul. 
 
 Hemixus hildebrandi, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 508 (1874) ; Wald. in BlytWs 
 Birds Burm. p. 133 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. Ill ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. 
 vi, p. 299 ; Hume, Cat. no. 448 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 50 ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 176. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles H.flavala. Differs in having the forehead, 
 crown, and nape dark brown or blackish, contrasting with the rest 
 of the plumage. 
 
 Iris lake-brown ; bill black ; legs light brown ( Wardlaw llamsay). 
 Iris crimson ; bill black ; legs and feet dark reddish horn-colour 
 (Flume fy Davison). 
 
 Length about 8-5; tai!3'8; wing 4-1; tarsus -65; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
HEMIXUS. 205 
 
 Distribution. The pine-forests of the Salween district in Tenasseriin 
 at 3000 feet, and the Karen hills east of Toungngoo from 2000 to 
 4000 feet. 
 
 " 275. Hemixus macclellandi. The Rufous-bellied Bulbul. 
 
 Hypsipetes macclellandi, Horsf. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 159 ; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 207 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 256 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 79 ; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. IS. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 106 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 281 ; 
 Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 133 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 298 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 447 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 294; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 176. 
 
 lole macclellandi (Horsf.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 59; Oates, B. B. 
 i, p. 178. 
 
 flemixus macclellandi (Horsf.), Oates in Hume's N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 168. 
 
 Chinchiok-plio, Lepch. ; Chichiam, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Crown, from the forehead to the nape, rich brown, 
 the shafts white tinged with buff ; upper plumage, wing-coverts, 
 tertiaries, and tail olive-green, brightest on the tail, the shafts of 
 which are black above and yellow below ; lores and cheeks mixed 
 grey and white : chin and throat white, the feathers with grey bases 
 and lanceolate ; ear-coverts and sides of the neck chestnut; breast the 
 same but with pale shaft-stripes ; abdomen and flanks pale chestnut ; 
 under tail-coverts, thighs, and vent ochraceous yellow ; under wing- 
 coverts the same ; primaries and secondaries dark brown, edged 
 with olive-green. 
 
 Bill blackish above, livid grey-horny below ; iris brownish red or 
 dark red ; feet fleshy brown ; claws brown-horny (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4*4 ; wing 4*3 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Mussoorie to the head of the 
 Assam valley ; the Khasi and Naga hills ; Cachar ; Manipur ; 
 Arrakan. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Breeds from April to June, constructing a shallow 
 nest of ferns, leaves, grass, and moss in a fork of a small tree. 
 The eggs are pinkish white, speckled and spotted with reddish 
 purple and measure about 1-05 by -67. 
 
 276. Hemixus tickelli. TickeWs Bulbul. 
 
 Hypsipetes tickelli, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 275 (1855) ; Blyth $ 
 Walden, Birds Burm. p. 133 ; Hume 8? Dav. S. F. vi, p. 296 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 447 bis ; Salvador}, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v. 
 p. 596. 
 
 lole tickelli (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 60; Oates, B. B. i, p. 179. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles H. macclellandi. Differs in having the 
 lower plumage grey tending to white on the abdomen, and the breast 
 streaked with whitish shaft-stripes ; in the ear-coverts and sides of 
 the neck being pale rusty, which colour also tinges the breast ; and 
 in the shaft-stripes of the crest-feathers being broader and whiter. 
 
266 CEATEROPODID^E. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy pink, dark fleshy pink, light purplish brown, 
 pale pinkish brown, or pale reddish brown ; bill black, horny black, 
 or dark horny brown ; iris wood-brown, deep red-brown, light red, 
 or crimson (Hume $ Davison}. 
 
 Length about 9'5 ; tail 4'2; wing 4 ; tarsus "7 ; bill from gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. Karennee from 2500 to 4000 feet ; the pine-forests 
 of the Salween valley south to Muleyit mountain above 2500 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Usually occurs, according to Davison, on the out- 
 skirts of forests along the paths and thin jungle. 
 
 Genus ALCURUS, Hodgs., 1843. 
 
 The only form of this genus is a conspicuous and easily recognized 
 bird with ample crest and striped plumage. The crest springs from 
 every portion of the crown and is of considerable length when 
 erected, the feathers being narrow but of the same width through- 
 out and not sharply pointed. The bill is small and only half the 
 length of the head ; the tarsus is scutellated as a rule, but in many 
 instances is smooth or nearly so, a point probably depending on 
 age. The tail is slightly rounded and the wing is tolerably sharp. 
 
 277. Alcurus striatus. The Striated Green Bulbul. 
 
 Trichophorus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 184 (1842). 
 
 Alcurus nipalensis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
 
 Criniger striatus (BlytK), Blyth, Cat. p. 208 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 253. 
 
 Alcurus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 955 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 81 ; 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 106; xlv, pt. ii, p. 78; 
 Wald. in BlytK s Birds Bunn. p. 134 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 299 ; Hume, Cat. no. 449 ; Sharpe, Cat. B, M. vi, p. 91 ; Gates, 
 B. B. i, p. 187 ; Salvador*, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 597 ; 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 177 ; Oates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 169. 
 
 Senim-plek-pho, Lepch. ; Chichiam, Bhut. 
 
 Fig. 85. Head of A. stnatus. 
 
 Coloration. Whole head, back, and scapulars olive-green, each 
 feather with a yellowish-white shaft-stripe ; rump and upper tail- 
 coverts brighter with obsolete striations ; tail brown, edged extern- 
 
MOLPASTES. 267 
 
 ally with olive-green, internally with yellowish, and the three outer 
 pairs of feathers tipped with yellow ; lesser and median coverts 
 olive-green, brownish internally and with a few faint striations ; 
 greater coverts and quills brown on the inner and olive-green on 
 the-outer webs, the former also broadly margined with yellow ; 
 lores and chin bright yellow ; throat yellow, with numerous trian- 
 gular black*[spots ; cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown, streaked 
 with yellowish white ; sides of the neck, breast, and upper abdomen 
 dark slaty black, with broad pale yellow streaks ; lower abdomen 
 and flanks olive-brown, streaked with yellow, except in the middle, 
 which, with the under tail- and wing-coverts, is yellow without 
 striations. 
 
 Legs and feet very dark brown or deep plumbeous ; bill black ; 
 iris deep red-brown (Hume Sf Davison). 
 
 Birds from Tenasserim and Manipur are much smaller than those 
 from the Himalayas. Tenasserim specimens measure length 
 about 8-5 ; tail 3'7 ; wing 4-1 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape 1 : whereas 
 specimens from Sikhim have the tail 4*3 and the wing 4*4. The 
 sexes do not appear to differ much, if at all, in size. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim ; Daphla hills in Assam ; the 
 Khasi hills ; Manipur ; the ranges of hills east of Toungngoo ; 
 Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim ; apparently at 5000 feet of ele- 
 vation and upwards. 
 
 Habits, tyc. This Bulbul is said by Jerdon to keep to the tops of 
 high trees, going in small parties and having a mellow note, which 
 is uttered both when feeding and on the wing. A nest found by 
 Mandelli in Sikhim in May was made of fibrous roots and lined 
 with grass. It was placed in a bamboo bush about four feet from 
 the ground. 
 
 Genus MOLPASTES, Hume, 1873. 
 
 The genus Molpastes comprises some Indian Bulbuls which are 
 familiar garden birds. One of them (M. humii) appears to be very 
 rare and local, but the others are widely distributed and common. 
 
 In Molpastes the crest is thick and of considerable length, the 
 feathers growing from every portion of the crown and nape. The 
 nuchal hairs are extremely short and difficult to detect. The wing 
 is blunt and the tail is very slightly rounded. All the birds of 
 this genus are remarkable for the bright colour of the under tail- 
 coverts, and are further to be recognized by the broad white tips to 
 the tail-feathers. 
 
 The birds of this genus are more frequently found in gardens 
 and cultivated parts of the country than elsewhere. They go about 
 in pairs and have very cheerful notes. They feed mostly on fruit 
 and they are always to be found on fruit-bearing trees in large 
 numbers, but they are not gregarious. Like other Bulbuls they are 
 incapable of much progress on the ground, but they are frequently 
 seen picking up fallen fruit and shuffling about by a series of short 
 ungainly hops. 
 
268 CEATEROPODID^E. 
 
 The Bed-vented Bulbuls were in a state of great confusion till 
 Sharpe in his ' Catalogue ' rearranged them and pointed out the 
 characters by which they might be distinguished from each other. 
 The exact distribution of each species can only be determined by 
 the examination of specimens, and fortunately the very large series 
 of these birds in the British Museum has enabled me to work out 
 their distribution in sufficient detail. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Under tail-coverts red. 
 
 a'. The black ou the crown sharply defined 
 
 and not extending to the hind neck. 
 a". Ear-coverts black, undistinguishable 
 
 from crown M. htfinorrhous, p. 268. 
 
 b'. Ear-coverts brown, contrasting with 
 
 the black crown, 
 a'". Chin, throat, and upper breast deep 
 
 black M. burmanicus, p. 269. 
 
 b'". Chin and upper part of throat only 
 
 black M. nigripileus, p. 270. 
 
 c". Ear-coverts whitish like the lower 
 
 plumage ; point of chin only black. . M. atricapillus, p. 270. 
 b'. The black on the crown extending to 
 the hind neck or back and not sharply 
 defined posteriorly. 
 d". Hind neck, back, sides of neck, chin, 
 
 throat, and breast all deep black. . . . M. bengalemis, p, 271. 
 e". Hind neck black, throat and fore neck 
 black shading into brown on the 
 breast M. intermedius, p. 272. 
 
 b. Under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow. 
 
 c'. Feathers of crown and crest edged with 
 
 greyish white M. leucogenys, p. 272. 
 
 d'. Feathers of crown and crest entirely 
 
 black M. humii, p. 274. 
 
 c. Under tail-coverts saffron-yellow M. leucotis, p. 273. 
 
 278. Molpastes hsemorrhous. The Madras Red-vented Eulbul. 
 
 Muscicapa hfernorrhousa, Gm. S. N. i, p. 941 (1788). 
 Hgematornis pusillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. x, p. 841 (1841). 
 
 Bom. p. 188. 
 Pycnonotus chrysorrhoides (Loft:). Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli. pt. ii, 
 
 p. 237 ; Ball, S. F. ii, p. 410. 
 Molpastes pusillus (Blyth), Hume, N. fy E. p. 291 ; Butler, S. F. iii, 
 
 p. 473. 
 
 Pycnonotus pusillus (Blyth), Blanf. S. F. v, p. 246. 
 Molpastes hsemorrhous (Gm.), Hume, Cat. no. 462 ; Davidson, S. F. 
 
 x, p. 386 ; Barnes, Journ. Bom. N. H. Soc. i, p. 48 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. 8? E. 2nd ed. i, p. 169. 
 
MOLPASTES. 269 
 
 The Common Madras Bulbul, Jerd. ; Bulbul, Iliud. ; Tuttki bulbul, 
 Beng. ; Piyli-pitta, Tel. ; Konda-lati, Tarn. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, chin, and throat deep black, sharply 
 denned at the back of the head ; the whole neck, back, wing- 
 coverts, scapulars, and breast brown, each feather margined with 
 whitish ; rump plain brown ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail brown 
 at base, darkening and becoming black towards the end, and all 
 the feathers tipped wbite; wing-quills brown, narrowly margined 
 with whitish ; abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks light 
 brown ; under tail-coverts crimson ; shafts of tail-feathers whitish 
 beneath. 
 
 Iris deep brown ; bill black ; legs and feet blackish (Butler). 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3-8 ; wing 3*8 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from 
 gape '85. 
 
 Distribution. Nearly the whole of India proper, the northern 
 limit being indicated roughly by a line drawn through the following 
 places : Umarkot, Jodhpur, Sambhar, Umballa ; thence a line along 
 the base of the Himalayas to Behar in the line of longitude of 
 Asansol near Raneegunje, and through that place to Burdwan. 
 This species also occurs in Ceylon. Although essentially a bird of 
 the plains it is occasionally found at considerable elevations on the 
 Nilgiris, as high up, in fact, as Ootacamund. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from February to August, constructing a 
 flimsy, but pretty nest of dry leaves and grass in bushes, creepers, 
 or the lower branches of trees, or sometimes on the top of a stump. 
 The eggs, usually three in number, are pale pink marked with 
 reddish brown and purplish grey, and measure about -9 by '65. 
 
 279. Molpastes burmanicus. The Burmese Red-vented Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus hseinorrhous (Gm.), apud Blyth 8r Wald. Birds Burm. 
 
 p. 135. 
 Molpastes pygmseus (Hodge.), Hume, S. F. iii, p. 126 : Hume $ 
 
 Dav. S. F. vi, p. 321. 
 
 Molpastes intermedius (Hay), Hume 8f Inglis, S. F. v, p. 35. 
 Pycnonotus pygaeus (Hodgs.), Oates, S. F. v, p. 157. 
 Pycnonotus intermedius (Hay), Oates, S. F. v, p. 157. 
 Pycnonotus nigripileus (Blyth), Anderson, Yunnan Exped., Aves, 
 
 p. 658. 
 
 Pycnonotus burmanicus, Shat-pe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 125 (1881) ; Oates, 
 " S. F. x, p. 211 ; id. B. B. i. p. 189: Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
 
 Gen. (2) iv, p. 596. 
 Molpastes burmanicus (Sharpe), Hume. S. F. xi, p. 183 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 173. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles M. hcemorrhous, and has the black of the 
 head as sharply defined posteriorly. Differs in having the ear- 
 coverts glossy hair-brown ; the black of the throat extending down 
 to and overspreading the breast ; the feathers on the lower part of 
 the breast margined with greyish white, and the hind neck and back 
 
270 CKATEROPODID^E. 
 
 blackish (not brown), margined more broadly with grey (not 
 whitish). 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris dark brown. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3-8 ; wing 3'8 ; tarsus -9 : bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The limits of this species on the north are difficult 
 to define owing to want of specimens. Hume found it abun- 
 dant, and the only species of this class of Bulbul, in Manipur. I 
 have examined a specimen that was procured at Kamrup in Assam 
 and another at Shillong. Sharpe records it from Cachar, whence, 
 however, 1 have not myself seen a specimen. Both Anderson and 
 Eea procured it at Bhamo or in the immediate vicinity. Thence 
 it appears to be spread throughout Burma down to the Gulf of 
 Martaban on the south, and the Bay of Bengal on the west. On 
 the east I cannot discover that it occurs beyond the Sittoung river. 
 Habits, $c. This species breeds from May to September through- 
 out Pegu : its mode of nidificatiou and the colour of its eggs do not 
 differ in any respect from those of M. hcemorrhous. 
 
 280. Molpastes nigripileus. The Tenasserim Red-vented Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus nig-ropileus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 472 (1847) ; id. 
 
 Cat. p. 209 ; Wald. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. 
 
 p. 135; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 126; Gates, B. B. i, p. 191 ; 
 
 Salvador /, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 597. 
 Molpastes nigropileus (Blyth), Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 321 ; Hume. 
 
 Cat. no. 462 bis. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. hcemorrhous, and has the black of the 
 head as sharply defined posteriorly. Differs in having the ear- 
 coverts glossy hair-brown, the lores, cheeks, and chin black, and the 
 throat and breast brown, the feathers edged with whitish. 
 
 Bill, legs, feet, and claws black ; iris deep brown (Hume cf* 
 Davison). 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; tail 3'7 ; wing 3'7 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape 
 8 to -9. 
 
 Distribution. Confined to the east of the Sittoung river, and 
 ranging from Toungngoo and the Karen hills down to Amhersl . 
 
 281. Molpastes atricapillus. The Chinese Red-vented Bulbul. 
 
 Muscicapa atricapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 489 
 
 (1818). > 
 
 Haematornis chrysorrhoides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 367. 
 Molpastes chrysorrhoides (Lafr,), Hume, S.F. ii, p. 477. 
 Pycnonotus atricapillus ( VieiU,\ Wald. in Blyth' s Birds Burm. p. 136 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 127 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 190 ; Salvadori. 
 
 Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 598. 
 Molpastes atricapillus (Vieill.}, Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 322; 
 
 Hume Cat. no. 462 ter ; Oates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 173. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. hcemorrhous, and has the black of the 
 head as sharply defined posteriorly. Differs in having the ear- 
 
MOLPASTES. 271 
 
 coverts hoary white, with the lores, cheeks, and only the point of 
 the chin black ; the remaining lower plumage ashy brown, whiter 
 on the abdomen ; and the hind neck and back a paler brown with 
 broader edges. 
 
 Bill, legs, feet, and claws black ; iris brown to dark brown 
 (/I ii uie $ Davison)', iris light brown (Wardlaw Ramsay). 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; taS 3'7 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. Karennee and Tenasserim down to about the 13th 
 degree of latitude. This species is not found west of the Sittoung 
 river. It inhabits the hilly and well-wooded parts of the country 
 up to 2000 feet of elevation, and it extends into China, where it is 
 abundant. 
 
 Habits, Qc. A. nest of this bird with three eggs was found in 
 Tenasserim by Darling on the 16th March. 
 
 282. Molpastes Jbengalensis. The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul. 
 
 Ixos cafer, v. pygaeus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (descr. 
 
 nulla, 1844). 
 Pycnonotus bengalensis, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 566 (1845) ; id. 
 
 Cat. p4209. 
 Pycnonotus pygaeus (Hodys,), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 239 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 93 ; Godw.-Aust.J. A. S. B. xliii. pt. ii. p. 178 ; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vi, p. 128. 
 Molpastes pygaeus (Hodgs.), Hume, N. 8f E. p. 290 ; Cripps, S. F. 
 
 vii, p. 281; Hume, Cat. no. 461; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 296. 
 Molpastes bengalensis (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. fy JE. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 174. 
 
 The Common Bulbul, Jerd. ; Bulbul, Hind. ; Kala Bulbul, Beng. ; 
 Mancliph-pho, Lepch. ; Paklom, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. hcemorrhous in general appearance. 
 Differs in having the ear-coverts chocolate-brown, and, with this 
 exception, the whole head, neck, upper back, chin, throat, and 
 upper breast deep glossy black ; the lower breast black, margined 
 with white ; and the remainder of the lower plumage ashy brown, 
 except the under tail-coverts, which are, as usual, crimson ; the 
 lower back blackish margined with grey. 
 
 Iris brown; bill and legs black (Cockburn). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4-2 ; wing 4-2 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape *9. 
 
 Distribution. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Kumaun 
 to the head of the Assam valley ; Oudh ; Northern Behar ; Bengal, 
 east of the longitude of Burdwan ; Assam and its hill-ranges ; 
 Dacca ; Cachar ; Tipperah. I have also seen a specimen from 
 Manipur, where, however, M. burmanicus is the prevailing species. 
 Jerdon asserts that this Bulbul extends to Central India, north of 
 the Nerbudda river. This may be the case, but I have myself 
 seen no specimen from any locality other than those above men- 
 tioned. In the Himalayas it is found up to about 7000 feet. 
 ^Habits, &fc. This Bulbui appears to breed from April to June, and 
 probably both before and after that period. Its mode of nidifica- 
 
272 CKATEROPODIDjE. 
 
 tion appears to differ in no respect from that of M. licemorrhous. 
 The eggs measure about -95 by '7. 
 
 283. Molpastes intermedius. The Punjab Red-vented Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus intermedius, A. Hay, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 95 ; Blyth, Ibis, 
 
 1867, p. 9 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 441 ; Sharpe, Cat. B, M. vi, 
 
 p. 130. 
 Pycnonotus pygseus (Hodys.}, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 39 ; Cock $ Marsh. S. F. 'i, p. 355 ; C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, 
 
 p. 415. 
 Molpastes intermedius (A. Hay), Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 175. 
 
 Kala painju, Chamba. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. hcemorrhous. Differs in having the 
 black of the head continued to the hind neck ; the ear-coverts 
 chocolate-brown ; the whole back brown, edged with grey ; the 
 black of the throat shading off into blackish brown on the upper 
 breast and the sides of the neck ; and the lower breast ashy brown 
 margined with whitish. 
 
 Length about 8 j tail 4*3 ; wing 4'1 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nairn Tal 
 and Almora to Murree ; the northern portion of the Punjab, the 
 N.W. Provinces and Oudh down to Allahabad and Chupra. In the 
 lower part of its range this species is found together with M. ben- 
 yalensis. It does not ascend the Himalayas to any great height. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to July, and probably for some 
 time before and after this period. The eggs, according to Theo- 
 bald, measure '87 by *62. 
 
 284. Molpastes leucogenys. The White-cheeked Bulbul. 
 
 Brachypus leucogenys, Gray, in Hardiv. Ill Ind. ZooL ii, pi. 35, fig. 3 
 
 (1830). 
 Pycnonotus leucogenys (Or.), Blyth, Cat. p. 209; Horsf, fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 242. 
 Otocompsa leucogenys (Or. fy Hardw.}, Jerd. B.I. ii, p. 90 ; Stoliczka, 
 
 J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 39 ; Hume, N. Sf K p. 285 j Cock $ 
 
 Marsh. S. F. i, p. 355 ; Brooks, 8. F. iii, p. 238 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 458 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 296 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 160 ; 
 
 C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 415. 
 Molpastes leucogenys (Gray}, Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 175. 
 
 The White-cheeked Crested Bulbul, Jerd. ; Manylio-kur or Mancliph- 
 kur, Lepch. ; Kandghara, Beng. ; Painju, Chamba. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crest hair-brown, each feather narrowly 
 edged with greyish white ; lores black, with a white line above 
 them ; cheeks, round the eye, chin, and throat black ; ear-coverts 
 white, with a black patch behind them, and another patch striped 
 white and brown below them ; upper plumage olive-brown, the 
 
MOLPASTES. 273 
 
 hinder part and sides of the neck barred with blackish, and the 
 centres of the feathers brown : wings brown, edged with olive- 
 brown ; tail brown on the basal half, black on the terminal half, and 
 all the feathers except the two middle ones tipped with white ; 
 lower plumage pale earthy brown, whitish on the abdomen ; lower 
 tail-coverts bright sulphur-yellow ; edge of wing white. 
 
 Bill black ; legs plumbeous ; iris brown (Jerdon) ; legs and toes 
 brownish black (Scully}. 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3*5 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape 
 85. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Murree to Bhutan, from the 
 plains up to 7000 feet. This species extends into Afghanistan. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds between 3000 and 7000 feet from April to 
 July, constructing a very loose and slender nest of stems of plants 
 and grass in a bush or branch a few feet above the ground. The 
 eggs are pinkish or reddish white marked with various shades of 
 red, and measure *88 by *65. 
 
 285. Molpastes leucotis. The White-eared Bulbul. 
 
 Ixos leucotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 6.' 
 
 Pycnonotus leucotis (Old.), Blyth, Cat. p. 209; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 242; Sharpe,Cat. B. M. vi, p. 136. 
 Otoconipsa leucotis (Gld.\ Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 91; Hume, S. F. i, 
 
 p. 181; id. N. 8f E. p. 286; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 237; Adam, S. F. i, p. 378; Butler, S. F. iii, p. 473; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 459 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 187. 
 
 Molpastes leucotis {Gould), Oates in Hume's N. fyE. 2nd ed. i, p. 177. 
 The White-eared Crested Bulbul, Jerd. ; Kanydhara, Beng.; Kushandra 
 or Kushanbra of the Punjab ; Bhooroo, Sind. 
 
 Fig. 86. Head of M. leucotis. 
 
 Coloration. Ear-coverts and hinder part of cheeks white ; with 
 this exception, the whole head and lower throat black, the black on 
 the latter expanding laterally, and joining the crown by a narrow 
 band at the end of the ear-coverts ; hind neck rich brown, nar- 
 rowly banded with bkckish ; whole upper plumage and wings 
 earthy brown, the back with paler margins, the wings margined 
 with pale ashy ; tail brown at base, becoming black beyond the 
 tail-coverts and tipped with white ; lower plumage whity brown ; 
 under tail-coverts rich saffron-yellow. 
 
 Legs, feet, and bill black ; iris brown (Hume). 
 VOL. i. T 
 
274 
 
 Length 7'5 ; tail 34 ; wing 3-5 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from gape '75. 
 
 'Distribution. Sind ; Cutch ; Guzerat ; Rajputana ; the Punjab ; 
 the N."W. Provinces down to Etawah ; Central India as far east as 
 Jhansi, Saugor, and Hoshangabad. This bird extends westward 
 into Persia. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to August, constructing a neat 
 cup of vegetable fibres in bushes, and laying three or four eggs, 
 which are similar to those of M. leucoyenys, and measure '83 by -64. 
 
 286. Molpastes humii. Hume's White-eared Bulbul. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles M. leucotis. Differs in having the crest 
 much longer and the under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow. 
 Bill, legs, and feet black ; iris brown (Hume). 
 Length 8 ; tail 3*4 ; wing 3*7 ; tarsus -75 ; bill from gape -75. 
 
 Fig. 87. Head of M. humii. 
 
 Amongst a large series of M. leucotis in the British Museum, I 
 detected one specimen which differed remarkably from all the others 
 in the colour of its under tail-coverts, and on further examining it 
 I found that it had a much longer crest than the others. M. leu- 
 cotis is remarkably constant in having saffron-yellow coverts and a 
 short bushy crest. I have therefore no hesitation in separating 
 M. humii, and naming it after Hume, who procured the only spe- 
 cimen I have been able to examine at Jalalpoor near Jhelura, in 
 the Punjab, in 1871. From M. leucogenys it differs, among other 
 things, in having the crest much shorter and of a different shape 
 and colour. 
 
 Genus XANTHIXUS, n. gen. 
 
 I institute this genus for the reception of X. flavescms, a Bulbul 
 which differs from all its near allies in the very decided graduation 
 of its tail, the outer feather of which falls short of the tail by a 
 distance equal in length to the tarsus. The crest resembles in 
 many respects that of Hemixus. The wing is blunt, as in 
 Molpastes. 
 
OTOCOAIPSA. 275 
 
 287. Xanthixus flavescens. Blytlfa Bulbul. 
 
 I '\riioiiotus tiavescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 508 (1845) ; id. 
 "Cat. p. '210 ; 7/ors/. # J/. C'f. i, p. 244 ; ylw/^-s. Yunnan Exped., 
 
 Ares, p. 659; S/KH^e, CM. B. M. vi, p. 143; Gate*, i?. i?. i, 
 p. 192 ; Salvation, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 598. 
 Ixus flavescens (Blytk), Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii,p. 106; 
 BL $ Walcl Birch Jiurm. p. L'J4 ; Hume $ Dav. 8. F. vi, p. 306 ; 
 Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 466 ; Hume, Cat. no. 452 bis ; id. 
 S. F. xi, p. 179. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown dark brown, the feathers of the 
 front half of the crown edged with grey, those of the hinder half 
 with olive-green ; upper plumage olive-green, the feathers of the 
 back with darker centres ; wings and tail dark brown, edged with 
 bright olive-yellow on the outer webs, and the three outer pairs of 
 tail-feathers faintly tipped with yellowish white ; lores blackish, a 
 conspicuous band above them, together with the feathers on the 
 eyelids, yellowish ; sides of the head greenish brown ; chin and 
 throat the same, but usually tinged with fulvous; breast dull 
 yellow, streaked with brown ; abdomen dull yellow ; sides of body 
 olive-brown ; vent and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; edge of 
 wing and under wing- coverts fulvous yellow. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws very dark reddish or purplish brown to 
 black ; bill black ; iris brown to deep red-brown (Hume ty Damson). 
 
 Length about 8-5: tail 3' 9; wing 3-4; tarsus -85; bill from 
 gape -8.^ 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi hills ; Manipur ; the neighbourhood of 
 Bhamo ; Arrakan : the Toungngoo hills and Karennee from 2500 
 to 4000 feet ; Tenasserim down to a point halfway between Muleyit 
 mountain and Paraduba, where this bird is found up to 4500 feet. 
 
 Habits, fa. Found in the outskirts of forests and in scrub- 
 jungle. 
 
 Genus OTOCOMPSA, Cabanis, 1851. 
 
 The three Indian Bulbuls which I place in this genus are re- 
 markable for their very long crest, which springs entirely from the 
 centre of the crown, the feathers of the hind crown and nape 
 being short and of the usual character. 
 
 They have the same structure and habits as Molpastes, and are 
 found in gardens and in j angle near cultivation. They have equally 
 pleasant notes, and their plumage is gay. 
 
 Otocompsa may be known from the next genus by the softness 
 of the shafts of the back-feathers and by the longer crest. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Under tail-coverts red. 
 
 a'. Tail-feathers tipped with white ........ O. emeria, p. 276. 
 
 b'. Tail-feathers without white tips ........ O. fuscicaudata, p. 277 . 
 
 b. Under tail-coverts yellow like the remainder 
 
 of the lower plumage .................. O.flaviventris, p. 278. 
 
 T2 
 
276 CRATEROPODIDJE. 
 
 288. Otocompsa emeria *. The Bengal Red-wldslcered Bulbul. 
 
 Lanius emeria, Linn. S. N. i, p. 137 (1766). 
 
 Lanius jocosus, Linn. S. N. i, p. 138 (1766). 
 
 Muscicapa emeria, Linn. S. N. i, p. 326 (1766). 
 
 Ixos monticola, McClell P. Z. S. 1839, p. 160. 
 
 Ixos pyrrhotis, Hod(/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
 
 Pycnonotus jocosus (L.~), Blyth, Cat. p. 208 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 238. 
 Otocompsa jocosa (L.'), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 92 (part.) ; Godw.-Aust. J. 
 
 A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 106 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 157 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 198. 
 
 Otocompsa monticol-a (McClell.}, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 
 pt. ii, p. 106; xlv, pt. ii, p. 79; Bl. Sf Wald. Birds Burm. 
 p. 135 ; Hume, Cat. no. 460 ter. 
 
 Otocompsa emeria (L.), Hume, N. 8f E. p. 287 ; Hume, S. F. ii, 
 p. 225, iii, p. 126 ; Armstrong, S. F. iv, p. 325 ; Oates, S. F. v, 
 p. 157; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 657; Hume fy Dav. 
 S. F. vi, p. 321 ; Cripps, S. F. vii, p. 280 ; Hume, Cat. no. 460 ; 
 Scully, S. F. viii, p. 296 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 181 ; Oates in Humes 
 
 . 2nded. i, p. 178. 
 
 The Red-iohiskered Bulbul, Jerd. ; Kanera bulbul, Hind. ; Kara 
 bulbul and Sipahi bulbul, Beng. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown of head, the lores, the front 
 part of the cheeks, and a narrow nioustachial streak surrounding 
 the ear-coverts and joining the crown black ; hinder part of cheeks 
 and the ear-coverts white ; a tuft of feathers springing from the 
 lower eyelid, and passing over the ear-coverts, crimson ; sides of 
 the neck and a broad crescent, interrupted in the middle of -the 
 breast, brownish black ; under tail-coverts crimson ; the lower 
 plumage white, washed with brown on the sides of the breast, the 
 flanks, and the thighs ; upper plumage and wings earthy brown, 
 the latter edged paler on the outer webs of the quills ; tail dark 
 brown, the outer four, or sometimes five, pairs of feathers tipped 
 with white ; edge of wing pale pink. 
 
 The nestling does not acquire the red eye-tufts till it is two or 
 three months old, and the under tail-coverts at first are pink. 
 
 Iris hazel-brown ; mouth yellow ; bill, legs, and claws black. 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3*5 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from 
 gape '85. 
 
 The variations which occur in the plumage of this bird through- 
 out its great range are very trivial, and it is hard to understand 
 how it became suggested that there were two or more species or 
 races, as some naturalists at one time thought. The crimson ear- 
 tuft varies somewhat in size and depth of tint. It attains its 
 
 * I believe that the name of L. emeria of Linnaeus applies to the Bengal bird, 
 as the specimen is distinctly stated to have come from Bengal. In this case 
 the term L. jocosus, applied to the Chinese bird, which is identical with that 
 from Bengal, becomes a synonym, and the specific name of the Southern-Indian 
 bird cannot be taken from Muscicapa emeria, L , as proposed by Sharpe, even 
 if Linnaeus's name was given to that species, which is doubtful. See Hume's 
 exhaustive argument on this subject (S. F. xi, p. 181). 
 
OTOCOMPSA. 277 
 
 greatest length in Burma and the Malay peninsula, and it is also 
 brighter in those countries. Throughout the Himalayas, in Mani- 
 pur, and in China the tuft is of an intensely deep crimson, but it 
 varies in length considerably, some birds having it quite as long as 
 others from Pegu. It unfortunately happens that the tuft springs 
 from the lower eyelid, and its length is therefore in some measure 
 subject to variation as a result of the manner in which the head 
 has been prepared ; it is even quite possible for a careless taxidermist 
 to perforate the lower eyelid and to cause the eye to appear sur- 
 rounded by red feathers, as was apparently the case in some 
 specimens which passed through Mr. Hume's hands (S. F. i, p. 309), 
 but which are no longer in his collection. 
 
 The terminal spots on the tail-feathers are generally found on 
 the outer four pairs, but it is not uncommon to find them on the 
 next pair as well, but in a reduced form. 
 
 Distribution. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Simla to 
 the head of the Assam valley ; Oudh ; the whole of Bengal, Orissa, 
 and the Northern Circars ; the eastern portion of Chutia Nagpur ; 
 Assam and all the hill-ranges and States lying to the south 
 through Burma to the extreme southern point of Tenasserim ; 
 Karennee ; the Andamans ; the Nicobars, where these birds have 
 been introduced. The species extends into China, Siam, and the 
 Malay peninsula. 
 
 Habits, $c. This lively Bulbul is a familiar bird, being more 
 frequently seen in gardens than elsewhere. It breeds from 
 February to May or June, constructing a rather solid cup-shaped 
 nest of twigs and leaves in bushes, creepers, and tangled thickets. 
 The eggs, usually three in number, are pinkish white marked with 
 various shades of red, and measure -83 by *63. 
 
 289. Otocompsa fuscicaudata. The Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul. 
 
 Otocompsa fuscicaudata, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. G64 ; Stanford, 
 J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. ii, p. 178 ; Hume, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 p. 117; id. N. $ E. p. 288; Butler, S. F. iii, p. 473; Fairbank, 
 S. F. iv, p. 258 ; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 458 ; Fairbank, S. F. v, p. 405; 
 Davids. $ Wend. S. F. vii, p. 82 ; Hume, Cat. no. 460 bis ; Vidal, 
 S. F. ix, p. 64 ; Butler, S. F. ix, p. 402 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 386 ; 
 Taylor, S. F. x, p. 460 ; Terr?/, S.F.x, p. 476 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 p. 187 ; Gates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 180. 
 
 Otocompsa jocosa (-.), McMaster, J. A. S. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 212. 
 
 Otocompsa erneria (L.), S/iarpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 159. 
 
 Phari-bulbul, Hind. ; Turaka piyli-pitta, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles 0. emeria. Differs in having no white 
 tips to the tail-feathers, and in having the crescentic pectoral band 
 either entire or only very slightly interrupted in the centre. 
 
 Of the same size as 0. emeria. 
 
 On examining the large series of this bird in the British Museum, 
 I find that specimens from Belgaum and the country north of it 
 up to Abu have the pectoral band interrupted, and that those from 
 localities south of Belgaum have it entire in almost all cases. 
 
278 CEATEEOPODIDjE. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast and ghats of India, from Cape 
 Comorin to Baroda and on to Mount Abu, extending east to Chikalda 
 in Berar ; the eastern coast up to the Carnatic ; Bamesvaram Island. 
 The distribution of this species in the interior of the peninsula is 
 not known. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Apparently in all respects similar to those of 0. emcria. 
 This species breeds from February to May and June, and most 
 frequently lays but two eggs. The eggs measure *9 by P 66. 
 
 290. Otocompsa flaviventris. The Blade-crested Yellow Bulbul. 
 
 Vanga flaviventris, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii, p. 573 (1833). 
 
 Brachypus inelanoccphaliiR, Gray $ Hardw. 111. Intl. ZooL ii, pi. 35, 
 
 fig. 1 (1834). 
 
 Pycnouotus raelanocephalus (Gray $ Hardw.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 210. 
 Pycnonotus flaviventris (Tick.}, Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 247 ; Hume, 
 
 N. $ E. p. 285. 
 Rubigula flaviventris (Tick.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 88; Godw.-Aust. 
 
 J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 106; Blytli, Birds Burnt, p. 130; 
 
 Hume, S. F. iii, p. 125 ; Armstrong, 8. F. iv, p. 324 ; Hume $ Dai\ 
 
 8. F. vi, p. 317 ; Hume, Cat. no. 456 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, 
 
 p. 467; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 295; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 182; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 180. 
 Otocompsa flaviventris (Tick.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 161 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 199 ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 599 ; 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 183. 
 
 Zurd-bulbul, Hind. ; Tahariya kangdhara at Gorakhpur ; Mancliph- 
 hur, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Head, chin, and throat black ; sides of neck and 
 lower plumage yellow ; upper plumage olive-yellow ; quills brown, 
 washed with olive-yellow on the outer webs ; tail brown, the feathers 
 edged with olive-yellow on the outer webs nearly up to the tips. 
 
 Iris pale yellow ; eyelids yellowish fleshy ; bill dark brown ; 
 mouth fleshy yellow ; legs brown; claws dark horn. 
 
 Length about 7'5; tail 3*5; wing 3-5 ; tarsus -65; bill from 
 gape -75. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Assam ; 
 the forests of the Central Provinces ; Orissa south of the Mahanadi ; 
 Kalahandi ; the whole tract of country stretching from Assam 
 to Tenasserim ; Kareunee. This Bulbul appears to be found up 
 to about 4000 feet. It extends to Cochin China and the Malay 
 peninsula. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species is found in the forests as well as on 
 their outskirts, in secondary jungle, and cultivated places. In some 
 places it is very abundant and entirely absent from others. The 
 nest is a cup made of twigs and roots placed in a bush. The eggs 
 are white, very thickly marked with pink and red. Bingham gives 
 the measurements of one egg as '85 by '61. 
 
PINAROCICHLA. 279 
 
 Genus PINAROCICHLA, Sharpe, 1881. 
 
 The single species which constitutes this genus is very similar in 
 general structure to Otocompsa. It differs in having a shorter c-ivst 
 and in having the back and rump covered with very dense pluinago. 
 The feathers of these parts, however, possess a peculiarity which has 
 not before been noticed. Their shafts are rigid and spinous, and if 
 the fingers are passed along the back from the tail towards the head 
 the prickly character of the feathers can easily be felt. The present 
 species clearly forms a link between the Brachypodina and the 
 genus CampopfMga among the Laniidso. 
 
 This J3ul bul appears to b? similar to Otocompsa in habits. 
 
 291. Pinarocichla euptilosa. The Crested Broivn Bulbul. 
 
 Brachypus eutilotus, Jard. $ Selly, 111. Orn. iv, pi. iii (? 1836). 
 Brachypus entilotus (/. $ S.), apud Blyth, Cat. p. 339. 
 Brachypodius tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 576 (1845). 
 Microtarsus canton, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 279 ; Horsf. # M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 409. 
 Criniger tristis (Blyth), Blytli, Ibis, 1865, p. 47; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 
 vi, p. 303; Hume, Cat. no. 451 quint. 
 
 Euptilosus euptilosus (J. $ S.), Hume, S. F. viii, pp. 62, 162. 
 Pinarocichla euptilosa (J. $ S.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 62 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 180. 
 
 Fig. 88. Head of P. euptilosa. 
 
 Coloration. Crown greyish brown, with blackish shaft-stripes ; 
 lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck paler, with no stripes ; 
 back, rump, and scapulars ochraceotis olive, the feathers of the 
 rump banded with black showing up in places as dark patches ; 
 upper tail-coverts and tail ferruginous, the outer three pairs of 
 feathers of the latter tipped with white ; wing-coverts and tertiaries 
 ochraceous, brighter than the back ; primaries and secondaries 
 dark brown, the outer webs ochraceous ; the whole lower plumage 
 whitish, suffused with grey on the breast and with yellow else- 
 where. 
 
 The legs and feet vary from dark grey-brown, or very dark 
 plumbeous brown, to black ; the bill black ; iris in the male crim- 
 son, in the female varying from wood-brown to litharge re 
 <J* Davison). 
 
280 CRATEEOPODID^:. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 3-8 ; wing 3-8 ; tarsus -75 ; bill from 
 gape P 8. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme southern part of Tenasserim. This 
 bird is found throughout the Malay peninsula and in Sumatra, 
 Java, and Borneo. 
 
 Genus SPIZIXUS, Blyth, 1845. 
 
 The genus Spizioeus contains three birds, one of which is found 
 in the hills of Assam and the others in China. This genus differs 
 remarkably from all the other genera of Bulbuls in the shape of 
 the bill, which is finch -like ; and in having the nostrils partially 
 concealed by overhanging plumelets. 
 
 Little is known of the habits of this genus, and its position is 
 very uncertain. For the present I follow others in placing it 
 among the Bulbuls. Its position will probably be found hereafter 
 to be among the Sibiince. 
 
 In Spizixus the crest is thick, long and pointed. The bill is 
 very short and deep, the culmen being gently curved throughout ; 
 the edges of the mandibles are slightly sinuated and notched near 
 the tips. The tail is perfectly square, and the tarsus short and 
 weak. 
 
 292. Spizixus canifrons. The Finch-billed Bulbul. 
 
 Spizixos canifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 571 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 339 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 251 ; Godw.-Aust. J.A.8. B. xxxix, 
 pt. ii, p. 106 ; xliii, pt. ii, p. 179 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1872, p. 90 ; Hume, 
 S. F. vii, p. 386 ; id. Cat. no. 453 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, 
 p. 172 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 180 j Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 184. 
 
 Fig. 89. Head of 8. canifrons. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and front part of the crown ashy grey ; 
 remainder of crown, lores, and round the eye black ; cheeks and 
 point of the chin blackish, the feathers with greyish-white tips ; 
 ear-coverts pale brown ; sides of the neck, meeting narrowly behind 
 the nape, grey streaked slightly with blackish ; throat very dark 
 brown, shading off into ashy brown ; upper plumage and vving- 
 coverts~green ; wings dark brown, the outer webs greenish yellow ; 
 
TRACHTCOMrS. 281 
 
 tail greenish yellow, the terminal quarter black ; lower plumage 
 greenish yellow ; under tail-coverts and edge of wing yellowish. 
 
 Legs and feet brownish fleshy ; claws brown ; bill yellowish- 
 horny white ; gape black ; iris reddish brown (Hume) ; iris brown, 
 hazel ; bill greenish white (Cocklurn). 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; tail 3'8 ; wing 3'7 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from 
 gape -75. 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi hills and Manipur. 
 
 Habits, &c. Godwin-Austen remarks that S. 'canifrons breeds 
 near Shillong in May. 
 
 Genus TRACHYCOMUS, Cabanis, 1851. 
 
 This genus is represented by a single bird of large size, striated 
 plumage, and peculiar structure. It has no crest, but the crown is 
 covered with dense bristly decomposed feathers of a yellow colour. 
 The tarsus is remarkably strong, with a few scutellations in front, 
 and sometimes quite smooth. The bill is short, being about 
 half the length of the head, the rictal bristles strong and the 
 nuchal hairs short. The wing is blunt, and the tail is well 
 rounded. 
 
 The peculiar structure of the feathers of the crown and the large 
 size will suffice to separate this Bulbul from all others. 
 
 293. Trachycomus ochrocephalus. The Yellow-crowned Bulbul. 
 
 Turdus ochrocephalus, Gmel S. N. i, p. 821 (1788). 
 
 Criniger ochrocephalus (.), Blyth, Cat. p. 208 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 253. 
 Trachycomus ochrocephalus (Gm.\ Hume, S. F. \, p. 455 j Hume 8f 
 
 Dav. S. F. vi, p. 300 ; Hume, Cat. no. 449 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 yi, p. 93 j Oates, B. B. i, p. 188 j id. in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 184 note. 
 
 Fig. 90. Head of T. ochrocephalus. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, a patch under the eye branching 
 out into two streaks, one extending partially over the ear-coverts 
 and one under, straw-yellow ; ear-coverts brown with white shafts ; 
 lores and cheeks black, divided by a yellowish streak ; upper plumage 
 and lesser wing-coverts ashy brown dashed with green, all the 
 feathers except those of the rump with conspicuous white shafts, 
 and the upper tail-coverts margined with olive-green ; greater 
 
282 CBATEROPIDID^E. 
 
 coverts, wings, and tail dark brown ; the quills of the wing with the 
 outer webs mostly olive-green, those of the tail edged with green- 
 ish and tipped below with pale ochraceous ; chin and throat white ; 
 breast and sides of the neck ashy brown, with white shaft-streaks ; 
 sides of the body brown with indistinct shaft-stripes ; abdomen 
 and vent brownish white ; thighs and under tail-coverts ochra- 
 ceous ; under wing- coverts and axillaries ochraceous brown. 
 
 Legs and feet dark horny-brown or black ; bill black ; iris pale 
 or litharge-red ( Hume $ Davison). 
 
 Length about 11; tail 5; wing 4*7; tarsus 1*1: bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. The southern portion of Tenasserim as far north as 
 Mergui. This species extends down the Malay peninsula to 
 Sumatra. Java, and Borneo. 
 
 ffabits, $r. This bird was observed by Davison to keep in parties 
 and to frequent spare jungle in preference to forest. It occasion- 
 ally descends to the ground. A nest found at Kossoom in July in 
 the Malay peninsula was a shallow saucer made of creeper-stems 
 with some grass and moss, and placed in a bush. The ground- 
 colour of the eggs varied from pale pink to warm salmon-pink, and 
 the markings were reddish and purplish. The eggs measure about 
 1-05 by -75. 
 
 Genus IDLE, Blyth, 1844. 
 
 The genus lole is not characterized by any trenchant characters. 
 In many respects it is intermediate between Hemixus and Pycno- 
 notus, but differs from both in the sharp carination of the upper 
 mandible of the bill. 
 
 In lole the feathers of the crown are slightly lengthened, but 
 they do not form a crest. The bill is about three-quarters the 
 length of the head, and when viewed laterally is of much the same 
 shape as that of Hemixus figured above (fig. 84, p. 263). The 
 nuchal hairs are short. 
 
 One species occurs in Southern India, one in the Nicobar 
 Islands, and two in the eastern parts of the Empire. 
 
 Key to tJie Species. 
 
 a. Lower plumage streaked /. malaccensi*, p. 283. 
 
 b. Lower plumage imstreaked. 
 
 a'. Crown and upper plumage uniformly of the 
 
 same colour. 
 
 a". The entire lower plumage bright yellow. /. icterica, p. 283. 
 b". The lower plumage dull olive-yellow; 
 
 the under tail-coverts fawn-brown .... /. virescens, p. 284. 
 b'. Crown of a different colour to the upper 
 
 plumage * /. nicobariensis,ip. 285. 
 
IOLE. 283 
 
 294. lole malaccensis. The Streaked Bulbul. 
 
 Hypsipetes malaccensis, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 574 (1845), xv, p. 51 ; 
 
 id. Cat. p. L>07 ; Hortf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 256 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 
 vi, p. 298 ; Hume, Cat. no. 447 ter. 
 Ilemixus malaccensis (Blyth}, Sharps, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 52 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 177. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage brownish green ; lesser wing-coverts 
 the same ; greater coverts, wings, and tail dark brown, edged with 
 the same colour as the upper plumage ; ear-coverts and sides of the 
 head brownish green, the former with pale shafts; lores ashy grey ; 
 cheeks, chin, throat, and breast ashy, with broad greyish-white 
 shaft-streaks ; sides of the body the same, but with the shaft- 
 streaks less distinct ; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white ; 
 under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet pinkish brown to reddish brown ; bill horny 
 brown or very dark horny brown ; iris mahogany-brown to litharge- 
 red (Hume $ Davison}. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 3*7 ; wing 4*5 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim, from Mergui southwards. Also 
 throughout the Malay peninsula, extending to Sumatra and Borneo 
 and to Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, &fc. Davison remarks that the habits of this species 
 resemble those of Hemixus tickelli. 
 
 295. lole icterica. The Yellow-browed Bulbul. 
 
 Criniger ictericus, Strickland, A. M. N. H. xiii, p. 411 (1844) ; 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, T>. 82 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 282 j Fairbank, S. F. iv, 
 p. 258 ; Bourdillon, S. F. iv, p. 400 ; Hume, Cat. no. 450 ; Leyqe, 
 Birds Ceyl. p. 472 ; Vidal, S. F. ix, p. 64 ; Butler, S. F. ix, p. 402 ; 
 Davison, S. F. x, p. o83 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 185. 
 
 Hemixus icterica (Strickl.), Blyth, Cat. p. 207; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 250. 
 
 Xenocichla icterica (Strickland), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 96. 
 
 lole icterica (Strickl.}, Oates in Hume's N. 8? E. 2nd ed. i, p. 185. 
 
 Coloration. A streak from the nostril to the eye, a circle round 
 the eye, the sides of the head, and the whole lower plumage bright 
 yellow, the sides of the breast and body and the ear-coverts washed 
 with olive-green ; the whole upper plumage bright olive-yellow ; 
 wings dark brown, the outer webs olive-yellow, the inner edged 
 with yellow ; tail olive-yellow, the edges above brighter, the inner 
 edges and the shafts below yellow ; under wing-coverts bright 
 yellow. 
 
 Iris wood-brown ; legs and feet pale blue ; upper mandible 
 brownish black, lower pale brown, darkest along the edges and the 
 tip ; claws bluish horny (Davison}. Iris blood-red, dark red (But- 
 ler} ; iris blood-red (Jerdon). 
 
284 CRATEKOPODIDJS. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3-7 ; wing 3*8 ; tarsus *75 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from near Mahablesh- 
 war to Cape Comorin. This bird is also found in Ceylon. It 
 appears to be found from near the sea-level up to 6500 feet of 
 elevation. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This Bulbul has a soft mellow whistle, and frequents 
 the undergrowth of the evergreen forests, venturing occasionally 
 into gardens. It breeds from March to May, constructing a cup- 
 like nest of fine twigs lined with grass. The nest is suspended by 
 the rim between two lateral branches. The eggs are pinkish 
 white speckled with brownish red or pink, and measure about '96 
 by '67. Hume remarks that the nest and egg of this bird differ 
 remarkably from those of all the other Bulbuls. Possibly they 
 will be found to resemble those of the other species of this genus, 
 of which unfortunately we have at present no information what- 
 ever. 
 
 296. lole virescens. The Olive Bulbul. 
 
 Me virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 573 (1845) ; id. Gat. p. 207 ; 
 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 254 ; Godw.-Aust, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 270. 
 
 lole viridescens, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 7 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 133; 
 Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 466; Hume 8, Dar. S. F. vi, 
 
 pp. 315,515; Hume, Cat. no. 452 dec. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. J/. vi, 
 
 p. 56; Oates, B. B. i, p. 177 ; Salvador^ Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) 
 
 v, p. 596 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 179. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-green ; the wings dark brown, 
 the quills edged externally with rufescent olive-brown ; tail and 
 upper tail-coverts rufescent ; lores and space over the eye olive- 
 yellow ; the ear-coverts darker; sides of the neck olive-brown; 
 chin, throat, breast, flanks, and abdomen olive-yellow ; under tail- 
 coverts fawn-brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow. 
 The coloration of this bird varies considerably with the state of the 
 plumage, newly-moulted birds being tinged with ochraceous below, 
 and birds in worn plumage being dull olive-brown. 
 
 Iris brown; bill bluish h orn- colour ; inside of mouth flesh- 
 colour ; eyelids grey ; legs and claws pinkish brown. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3'2 ; wing 3*2 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 lole olivacea, Blyth, occurs in the Malay peninsula and may 
 probably be found hereafter in Tenasserim. It is difficult to 
 separate this bird from /. virescens except by actual comparison 
 of specimens ; but the following points of difference may be noted. 
 /. olivacea has a very much larger bill, the lower plumage has much 
 less yellow in it, the upper plumage is olive-brown not olive-green, 
 and the crown is rather darker than the back ; the sides of the 
 head are decidedly greyish, and the wings and tail are much 
 darker. Both species are of much the same size except in respect 
 to the bill. 
 
PYCNOffOTTTS. 285 
 
 Distribution. The Khjisi hills ; Cachar ; Tipperah ; Manipur ; 
 Arrakan ; the T.saukoo and Karen hills to the east of Toungngoo ; 
 the southern portion of the Pegu hills and the plains lying at their 
 foot ; the whole of Tenasserim. This species is found from sea- 
 level up to 2000 or 3000 feet. 
 -Habits, $c. Frequents forests in small bands. 
 
 297. lole nicobariensis. The Nicobar Bulbul. 
 
 Ixocincla virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 575 (1845). 
 Hypsipetes virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, pp. 61, 370 j id. Cat. 
 
 p. 207. 
 Hypsipetes nicobariensis, Moore in Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 257 (1854) ; 
 
 Ball, S. F. i, p. 70 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 223 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 298 ; Hume, Cat. no. 447 quat. 
 Hypsipetes virescens (BlytJi), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 43. 
 
 Coloration. Head and nape dark brown ; sides of the head grey ; 
 upper plumage olive-green ; wings and tail hair-brown, margined 
 or suffused externally with olive-green ; chin, throat, and upper 
 breast white, faintly streaked with pale brown, grey, or pale yellow ; 
 remaining lower parts and under wing-coverts pale primrose- 
 yellow slightly mottled with white, the under tail-coverts with 
 brownish centres. 
 
 Legs and feet dark horny, greenish brown, or greenish plum- 
 beous ; bill deep horny brown ; lower mandible and edge of upper 
 dull yellow ; iris brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 3*8 ; wing 4 ; tarsus *75 ; bill from 
 gape 1*1. 
 
 Distribution. The Nicobar islands of Teressa, Bompoka, Tillaug- 
 chong, Cainorta, Nancowry, Trinkut, Katchall, and Pilu Milu. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Davison remarks : " Occurs only at the Nicobars, 
 where it is comparatively common ; it keeps to the forest gene- 
 rally, but is also found in gardens, in the secondary jungle, and not 
 unfrequently in places where there are only a few scattered bushes ; 
 it usually is seen singly, in pairs, or in small parties of five or 
 six ; but I have on several occasions seen them in flocks of nearly 
 a hundred. They have a chattering note, very similar to the other 
 Hypsipetes, and when they are in flocks they make nearly as much 
 noise as a flock of My nans settling for the night. They breed at 
 the Nicobon ; I shot very young birds in February ; but did not 
 succeed in finding any nests." 
 
 Genus PYCNONOTUS, Kuhl, 1826. 
 
 The Bulbuls which I place in this genus are birds of small size, 
 and may be termed crestless. With the exception of P. blanfordi, 
 which is occasionally seen in compounds and gardens, none of them 
 are familiar birds as is the case with Molpastes and Otocompsa. 
 They are chiefly denizens of the jungle and forest. 
 
286 CEATEEOPODID^E. 
 
 In Pycnonotus the bill is of small size, and the nuchal hairs 
 are obsolete or small. Many of the species are of dull colour, but 
 a few are of brilliant plumage. They are solitary in their habits 
 and very arboreal, and it is a rare occurrence to see any of them 
 on the ground. 
 
 Among the Bulbuls of this genus which may hereafter be found 
 in British territory may be mentioned P. aanthorrhous, a species 
 which Anderson obtained at Manwyne, Momein, and Shitee hill, 
 to the east of Bhamo in the Kakhyen hills and on the borders of 
 China. This bird is found throughout Southern China. I append 
 a description of it *. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Throat white P. analis, p. 287. 
 
 b. Throat streaked with bright yellow. 
 
 a'. Anterior half of crown of a different colour 
 
 to the hinder half and nape P.Jinlaysoni, p. 287. 
 
 b' . The whole crown and nape of the same 
 
 colour P. davisoni, p. 288. 
 
 c. Throat yellow. 
 
 c'. Crown black P. melanicterus, p, 288. 
 
 d' . Crown yellow P. xantholcemus, p. 289. 
 
 d. Throat ruby-red P. gularis, p. 289. 
 
 e. Throat slaty blue P. cyaniventris, p. 290. 
 
 /. Throat brown or grey. 
 
 e'. Under tail-coverts yellow P. luteolus, p. 290. 
 
 f. Under tail-coverts brown or buff. 
 
 a". Ear-coverts entirely silvery white .... P. blanfordi, p. 291. 
 b". Ear-coverts brown with silvery white 
 
 shafts P. plumositS) p. 292. 
 
 c". Ear-coverts like the crown. 
 
 a'". Wing more than 3 inches P. simplex, p. 292. 
 
 b'". Wing less than 3 inches P. pusillus, p. 293. 
 
 * PYCNONOTUS XANTHORUHOUS, Anderson, Proc. A. 8. Beng. 1869, p. 265 ; id. 
 P.Z. S. 1871, p. 214; id. Yunnan Exped,, Aves, p. 658, pi. li ; Skarpe, 
 Cat. B. M. vi, p. 139. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, lores, a ring round the eye, and a narrow 
 cheek-stripe extending to the end of the ear-coverts black ; a small spot of deep 
 red at the base of the lower mandible near the gape ; ear-coverts glossy hair- 
 brown ; chin and throat pure white ; upper plumage brown, the feathers with 
 obsoletely paler edges ; the wings and tail darker brown, the former margined 
 with the colour of the back, the latter narrowly tipped with white ; sides of 
 the neck brown, meeting across the breast in a crescentic band ; abdomen and 
 vent whitish ; sides of body and the thighs brown ; under tail-coverts deep 
 golden yellow ; underside of shafts of tail-feathers white. 
 
 Bill black ; feet blaokish ; iris brownish red (Pere David). 
 
 Length about 8'5 ; tail 3'8 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus - 9 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
 Since the above was in type Count Salvadori has recorded the occurrence of 
 this species in Karennee (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vii. p. 398 (1889)). 
 
PYCNONOTTJ8. 287 
 
 298. Pycnonotus analis. The Yellow-vented Bulbul. 
 
 Turdus analis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 147 (1820). 
 Pycnouotus goiavier (Scop.), Blyth, Cat. p. 210 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 *i, p. 242. 
 ,0tocompsa personata, Dauson, Hume, 8. F. i, p. 457 (1873) ; ii, 
 
 p. 3:33. 
 Otocompsa analis (Horsf.), Hume $' Dtw. S. F. vi, p. 308; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 452 sex. 
 
 Pycuonotus analis (Horsf. \ Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 140 ; Oates, B. 
 B. i, p. 191 ; id. in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 186 note. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage browii, darker on the head, 
 and the feathers somewhat paler-edged ; wings and tail brown, 
 edged exteriorly with the colour of the back ; a broad supercilium 
 white : lores and feathers on the eyelids black ; ear-coverts pale 
 brown ; cheeks, chin, and throat whitish ; breast brown with pale 
 edges ; abdomen whity brown, the sides darker brown ; under tail- 
 coverts sulphur-yellow. 
 
 Legs, feet, claws, and bill black ; iris wood-brown (Hume 6f 
 Davison). 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3*2 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus '8 \ bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim, from Mergui southwards. The Malay 
 peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Loinbock, Borneo, Cochin China, and 
 Siam. 
 
 Habits, fyc. The nest of this Bulbul has not yet been taken in 
 Burma. A nest found at Salang, further south, in February, was 
 a cup made of dry leaves and twigs lined with grass. It was built 
 in a bush about six feet from the ground. The eggs were pinkish 
 marked with maroon aud purple and measured about '88 by '63. 
 
 299. Pycnonotus finlaysoni. Finlayson's Stripe-throated Bulbul. 
 
 Pycuonotus iinlaysom, Strickl. A. M. N. H. (1) xiii, p. 411 (1844) ; 
 
 "Blyth, Cat. p. 210; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 244; Wald. P. Z. S. 
 
 1866, p. 549 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 144; Oates, B. B. i,p. 193; 
 
 Salvador*) Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 598. 
 Ixus finlaysoni (Strickl.), Hume, S. F. iii, p. 301 ; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 307 ; Hume, Cat. no. 452 ter; Oates in Hume's N. & 
 
 E. 2nd ed. i, p. 187. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and head, as far back as the eyes, bright 
 yellow, the feathers edged with ashy brown ; lores black ; above 
 the lores a narrow orange line ; cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, chin, 
 and upper neck grey, with bright yellow streaks ; crown and nape 
 deep grey, the centres of the feathers paler ; upper plumage and 
 wiiig-coverts olive-green, the back washed with ashy ; wings dark 
 brown, broadly edged with olive-green on the outer webs ; tail 
 olive-green, brighter on the outer webs ; breast, upper abdomen, 
 and flanks dark ashy, the shafts paler ; middle of abdomen yellowish 
 grey ; vent and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; edge of wing, 
 under wing-coverts, and axillaries yellow. 
 
288 CRATEKOPODIDJS. 
 
 Bill bluish black, paler at the gape ; mouth dark flesh-colour ; 
 iris pale brown ; eyelids dark plumbeous ; legs dusky plumbeous ; 
 claws dark brown. 
 
 Length 7'6 ; tail 3'3 ; wing 3-2 tarsus -8 ; bill from gape '85. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of Tenasserim east of the Sittoung river 
 from Toungngoo to the extreme south. The Malay peninsula, 
 Siam, and Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, <$fc,. Breeds from February to May, constructing a cup- 
 shaped nest of twigs, grass-roots, arid fibres in a bush or sapling. 
 The eggs, which appear to be always two in number, are pink, 
 marked with maroon and purple. They measure about '88 by *65. 
 
 300. Pycnonotus davisoni. Davison's Stripe-throated Bulbul. 
 
 Ixus davisoni, Hume, S. F. iii, p. 301 (1875), iv, p. 498 ; Armstrong, 
 
 S. F. iv, p. 324 ; Oates, S. F. vii, p. 47 ; Hume, Cat. no. 452 quat. ; 
 
 Gates, S. F. x, p. 209. 
 Ixus annectens, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4) xv, p. 401 (1875) ; id. in 
 
 Blyth' s Birds Burm. p. 134 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 4(30. 
 Pycnonotus davisoni (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 145 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 194 ; id. in Hume's N. $ JE. 2nd ed. i, p. 188. 
 
 Coloration. Kesembles P. finlaysoni. Differs in having the whole 
 forehead, crown, nape, sides and back of neck greenish yellow 
 mottled with grey, caused by the feathers being narrowly margined 
 by this colour ; the yellow streaks on the cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, 
 throat, and upper neck in front shorter and less vivid in colour. 
 
 Iris pale yellow ; bare ophthalmic skin and eyelids dark purplish ; 
 mouth flesh-colour ; bill dark brown ; legs dark plumbeous ; claws 
 horn-colour. 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3*2 ; wing 3*2 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape 
 85. 
 
 Distribution. The southern half of Pegu west of the Sittouug 
 river, and from the sea to about the latitude of Pegu town ; 
 Arrakan, whence Blyth recorded this species under the name of 
 P. finlaysoni, and where Armstrong procured it at Kyoukhpyoo and 
 the Borongo Islands near Akyab. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. I discovered two nests of this Bulbul in June near 
 Pegu town. The nest is a flimsy cup made of the stems of small 
 plants and grass, and is placed in a bush or creeper near the ground. 
 The eggs, two in number, are pinkish white, marked with reddish 
 and purple ; they measure about *86 by *63. 
 
 301. Pycnonotus melanicterus. The Black-capped Bulbul. 
 
 Muscicapa melanictera, Gm. S. N. \, p. 941 (1788). 
 
 JSgithina atricapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. i, p. 176 (1816). 
 
 Pycnonotus atricapillus (Vieill?), Blyth, Cat. p. 211. 
 
 Rubigula melanictera (Gm.), Wold. Ibis, 1866, p. 321; Blyth, Ibis, 
 1867, p. 304; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 451 ; Legge, S. F. iii, 
 p. 368 ; id. Birds Ceyl. p. 477 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 387 ; id. Cat. 
 no. 455 bis; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 168. 
 
PYCNONOTUS. 289 
 
 Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gm.), Gates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 "p. 188. 
 
 Ka-Kantlla, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and sides of the neck black ; 
 upper plumage and wing-coverts olive-green; wings brown, the 
 outer webs olive-green ; tail dark brown, the basal half washed 
 with given, and all the feathers, except the middle pair, tipped 
 with white ; whole lower plumage bright yellow, washed with olive 
 on the sides of the breast and body ; under wing-coverts and edge 
 of wing yellow. 
 
 Iris dull red : bill black ; legs and feet blackish (Lerjge). 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 2'8 ; tarsus '6 ; bill from gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, where this species is found up to 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest found in April is described as a loose struc- 
 ture of grass and bents built on the top of a stump. The eggs 
 are reddish white marked with reddish brown and bluish grey, and 
 measure about '79 by '58. 
 
 302. Pycnonotus xantholaemus. The Yellow-throated 
 
 Brachypus xantholaemus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. xiii, pt. 2, p. 122 
 
 (1844). 
 Pycnonotus xantholsemus (Jerd.), Jerdon, III. Ind. Orn. pi. xxxv ; 
 
 *B1yth, Cat. p. 209 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 246 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 vi, p. 146. 
 Ixos xantholsemus (Jerd.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 85; Hume, Cut. no. 453. 
 
 The Yellow-throated Bush Bulbul, Jerd. ; Kondapoda-piyli, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and sides of the head yellowish 
 green, the feathers near the nostrils dusky ; chin and throat bright 
 yellow ; upper plumage grey, the upper tail-coverts tinged with 
 green ; wings and tail brown, the outer webs washed with yellowish 
 green, and the tail-feathers tipped with yellowish white ; breast 
 and sides of the neck and of the body grey, turning to whitish on 
 the abdomen : under tail-coverts and edge of wing bright yellow ; 
 thighs dull yellow; under wing-coverts pale yellow. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris red (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 7'5; tail 3*6; wing 3'3 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
 Distribution. I have been able to examine only four specimens 
 of this rare Bulbul. One is labelled " west of Nellore," two 
 " Eastern Ghats," and the other " Madras." Jerdon, the discoverer 
 of this species, states that it is only met with in the Eastern Ghats 
 west of K T ellore. 
 
 303. Pycnonotus gularis. The Ruby-throated Bulbul. 
 
 Brachypus gularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 186 ; Wald. Ibis, 1866, 
 
 p. 423. 
 Brachypus rubineus, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. L. S. x,p. 246 (^839) ; id. 
 
 Illtixtr. Ind. Orn. pi. xxxvii. 
 Pycnonotus gularis (Gould), Blyth, Cat. p. 211 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 Xp.246, 
 Rubigula gularis (Gould), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 87 ; Hume, Cat. no. 4-55 ; 
 
 VOL. I. U 
 
290 CBATEEOPODIDJE. 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 167 ; Butler, S. F. ix, p. 402 ; Davison, 
 S. F. x, p. 384 ; Macgregor, S. F. x, p. 439 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 p. 186. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the head, and the 
 extreme point of the chin black ; throat ruby-red, the feathers 
 long and rather bristly ; upper plumage yellowish green ; wings 
 brown, the outer webs yellowish green ; tail the same ; lower 
 plumage bright yellow; under wing-coverts and edge of wing 
 yellow. 
 
 The nestling has the throat brownish, but it acquires the red 
 feathers at a very early age. 
 
 Iris pale cream ; bill and claws black ; legs and feet blackish 
 plumbeous (Davison) ; iris light yellow (Jerdoti). 
 
 Length nearly 7; tail 3; wing 3 ; tarsus -55 ; bill from gape "7. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from Travaucore up to 
 about the latitude of Belgaum. This species appears to be rare 
 and to frequent thick forest. 
 
 304. Pycnonotus cyaniventris. The Blue-bellied Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus cyaniventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 792 (1841); id. 
 
 Cat. p. 21 L 
 
 Ixodia cyaniventris (Bl.\ Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 578. 
 Ixidia cyaniventris (BL), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 245; Hume Sf Dau. 
 
 8. F. vi, p. 320 ; Hume, Cat. no. 457 quint. 
 Kubigula cyaniventris (Bl.), Sharps, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 160; Gates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 200. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head and lower plumage deep slaty blue ; 
 lores black ; forehead and a streak over the lores paler blue ; under 
 tail-coverts bright yellow ; upper plumage and wing-coverts bright 
 greenish yellow ; tail dark brown, the outer webs greenish yellow 
 nearly up to the tips ; quills dark brown, all but the first two 
 primaries broadly edged with greenish yellow ; under wing-coverts 
 and edge of wing pdle yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet very dark plumbeous ; claws horny brown, some- 
 times almost black; bill black; iris dark brown, dark plumbeous 
 slate, and grey-brown {Hume fy Davison}. 
 
 Length nearly 6'5 ; tail 2*6 ; wing 3 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from 
 gape *75. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme southern point of Tenasserim. This 
 Bulbul is found throughout the Malay peninsula and Sumatra. 
 
 305. Pycnonotus luteolus. The White-browed Bulbul. 
 
 Hsematornis luteolus, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 354. 
 
 Pycnonotus flavirictus, Strickl. A. M. N. H. (1) xiii. p. 413 (1844) ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 210. 
 Pycnonotus luteolus (Less.), Blyth, Cat., App. p. xxii; Horsf. fy M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 243 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi. p. 143 ; Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 189. 
 
PYCNOXOTUS. 291 
 
 Ixos luteolus (Less.), Jerd. B. 2. ii, p. 84; Hume, N. <y E. p. 2>.5 ; 
 Blauf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. ii, p. 178 ; Ball, 8. F. ii, p. 410, iv, 
 p. 285 J Fairlmnk, S. F. iv, p. 258, v, p. 405; Ball, <V. F. vii, 
 p. LM4 ; Hume, Cat. no. 452 ; Vidal, S. F. ix, p. 04; Butler, S. F. 
 ix, p. 402 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 381 ; Bwnes, Birds Bom. p. 185 ; 
 littledale, Journ. Bom. N. H. Soc. i, p. 198. 
 
 The ll'hite-browzd Bush Bulbul, Jerd.; Poda-piyli, Tel.; Guluyuluwct, 
 Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage dull olive-green, tinged with ashy on 
 the head and with fulvous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; 
 wings and tail brown, washed with green on the outer webs ; front 
 of forehead, a broad streak from the nostril over the eye and 
 partially over the ear-coverts, and an indistinct ring round the eye 
 white ; lores mingled Avhite and black ; a stripe from the base of 
 the lower mandible and also the point of the chin yellow ; lower 
 plumage ashy, tinged and somewhat striped with pale yellow, the 
 breast washed with brown : vent and under tail-coverts pale 
 yellow ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing yellow. 
 
 Bill blackish ; legs dark plumbeous ; iris blood-red (Jerdon). 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3-3 ; wing 3-3 ; tarsus 9 ; bill from gape 
 95. 
 
 Distribution. The peninsula of India, from Baroda on the west 
 and Midnapore on the east down to Cape Comorin ; Ceylon. Rare 
 or absent on the Deccan tableland and throughout the greater part 
 of the Central Provinces. 
 
 Habits, $c. Nests of this Bulbul have been found near Bombay 
 in June and September. The nest is a loose structure of twigs 
 lined with grass built in a bush or low tree. The eggs are pinkish 
 white marked with reddish brown, and measure about *95 by *63. 
 
 306. Pycnonotus blanfordi. Stanford's Balbal. 
 
 Pycnonotus blanfordi, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 20 ; Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aves,y. 659 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 151 ; Gates, B. B. 
 
 i, p. 195 ; id. in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i. p. 190. 
 Pycnonotus familiaris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi, p. 343 (1862). 
 Microtarsus blanfordi (Jerd.), Hume, S. F. iii, p. 125. 
 Ixus blanfordi (Jerd.), Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 134 ; Gates, S. F. v, 
 
 p. 156; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ifjis, 1877, p. 466; Hume, Cat. no. 452 
 
 quint. ; Gates, S. F. x, p. 210. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage earthy brown with an olive tinge, 
 washed with fulvous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; the 
 centres of the feathers of the head deeper brown ; wings and tail 
 brown, the outer webs of the same colour as the back ; lores, 
 cheeks, and chin dull white tinged with ashy ; ear-coverts silvery 
 white; lower plumage pale brown on the breast, streaked and 
 mottled with pale fulvous, entirely fulvous on the abdomen and 
 under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing yellowish 
 fulvous. 
 
 The iris varies from yellowish brown to red ; eyelids plumbeous ; 
 
292 CRATEROPODIDJE. 
 
 bill browii, paler at base of lower mandible and gape; mouth 
 flesh-colour; legs plumbeous ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3*2 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus -85 ; bill from 
 gape *85. 
 
 Distribution. Pegu, from near Rangoon northwards, extending 
 through Upper Burma along the valley of the Irrawaddy to Bhamo. 
 The lateral limits are undefined at present. This is a bird of the 
 plains and lower hills only. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from April to June or July, constructing a neat 
 cup-like nest of herbaceous stalks and grass with a few dead leaves 
 in a bush or low tree. The eggs, three in number, are pink marked 
 with purplish red, and measure '82 by *6. 
 
 This Bulbul has a very harsh note when disturbed, at which 
 time it erects the short feathers of its head. 
 
 307. Pycnonotus plumosus. The Large Olive Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus plurnosus. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 567 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 210; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 152 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 196; id. 
 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 191, note. 
 Brachypus plumosus (Blyth}, Tweetld. Ibis, 1877, p. 306. 
 Ixus plumosus (Blyth), 'Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 309 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 452 sept. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown dark greyish brown, each 
 feather margined with olive-green ; upper plumage olive-green ; 
 wings and tail dark brown, the outer webs washed with bright 
 olive-green ; lores dark brown ; cheeks and chin dull whity brown ; 
 ear-coverts dark brown with white shafts ; lower plumage ashy 
 brown, slightly mottled and streaked with dull ochraceous ; under 
 wing- and tail-coverts and edge of wing brighter ochraceous. 
 
 Legs and feet reddish brown, darker in some, paler in others ; 
 bill almost black ; iris varying from burnt sienna-brown to dark 
 cinnabar-red (Hume $ Davison). 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3-3 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from 
 gape *85. 
 
 Distribution. The southern portion of Tenasserim as far north 
 as Mergui. The Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Cochin 
 China, 
 
 Habits, Sfc. A nest found by Davison at Kossoom in the Malay 
 peninsula was of the ordinary Bulbul type, and placed in a dense 
 clump of cane near the ground. The eggs are pink marked with 
 red and purple, and measure about -9 by -66. 
 
 308. Pycnonotus simplex. Moore's Olive Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus simplex, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 167; Sharpe, Cat. B. 
 
 M. vi, p. 153, pi. ix ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 196 ; id. in Hume's N. ty E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 192, note. 
 Pycnonotus brunneus, Blyth, J. A. S. B, xiv, p. 5fc'8 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 210. 
 
PYCXONOTUS. 293 
 
 Microtarsus olivaceus, Moore in Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 240 (1854). 
 Ixus bruniieiis (/#..), Hume $ Uav. 8. F. vi, p. 312; Jlumr, Cat. 
 no. 45:2 oct. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage brown with a greenish tinge, and 
 slightly fulvous on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and 
 tail brown, the outer webs washed with the colour of the back ; 
 the whole lower plumage buffy brown, slightly streaked darker in 
 places with ochraceous ; under tail-coverts dark ochraceous with 
 paler edges ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing ochraceous 
 yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy or reddish brown, in some lighter, in some 
 darker ; the upper mandible dark horny brown ; lower mandible 
 somewhat paler ; the iris varies orange-red, pale red, whity pink 
 (Hume Davison). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3-2 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Southern Tenasserim up to about Mergui. The 
 Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest found by Davison at Klang, in the Malay 
 peninsula, was placed in a sapling about six feet from the ground, 
 and contained two eggs, which measured -89 by '62. 
 
 309. Pycnonotns pusillus. The Small Olive Bulbul. 
 
 Pycnonotus pusillus, Salvadori, Ucc. Born. p. 200 (1874) ; Sharpe, 
 
 'Cat. B. M. vi, p. 155, pi. x (nee Blyth}. 
 Ixus pusillus (Sahad.), Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 312; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 452 nov. 
 Pycnonotus salvadorii, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, App. p. 401 (1881) j 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 197. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage and wing-coverts olive- 
 brown, tinged with rufescent on the rump and upper tail-coverts; 
 tail rufescent ; wings brown, the outer webs washed with the 
 colour of the back ; lores and sides of the head ashy brown ; chin 
 and throat ashy white; breast and sides of the body ashy brown 
 washed with fulvous ; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts dusky 
 yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochraceous yellow. 
 
 In life this bird has a vivid orange ring round the eye, but no trace 
 of this is discernible in dried skins. 
 
 Legs, feet, and cla\\ s pale reddish horny ; iris crimson ; bill 
 black ; gape and base of lower mandible, shelf above nostrils, and 
 ophthalmic ring vivid orange-yellow (Hume $ Davison). 
 
 Length about 6-5 ; tail 3 ; wing 2*9 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from 
 gape *75. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme southern point of Tenasserim; the 
 Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 
 
294 CKATEltOPODID^E. 
 
 Genus MICROPUS, Swains., 1837. 
 
 The genus Micropus may be recognized by its very ample and 
 lengthened upper tail-coverts, rounded tail, and the extraordinary 
 development of the feathers of the lower back and rump, which 
 are moreover barred with black : in this latter respect Micropus 
 shows great affinities for Pinarocichla. 
 
 In Micropus the feathers of the head are exceedingly short and 
 glossy. The bill is about half the length of the head, and the 
 rictal bristles are well developed. The plumage of all the species 
 is very pleasing. They inhabit forest country or well-wooded 
 tracts, and they are generally abundant wherever they are found. 
 Nothing whatever is known regarding their nests and eggs. 
 
 Fig. 91. Tail of M. melanocephalus. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Head entirely black. 
 
 '. Lower plumage yellow M. melanocephalus, p. 294. 
 
 b'. Lower plumage bluish grey M. cinereiventris, p. 295. 
 
 b. Crown of head dusky or bluish grey, not 
 
 black. 
 
 c'. Upper tail-coverts yellow M. fusciflavescens, p. 295. 
 
 d'. Upper tail-coverts bluish grey M. phceocephalus, p. 296. 
 
 310. Micropus melanocephalus. The Black-headed Bulbul. 
 
 Lanius melanocephalus, Gm, S. N. i, p. 309 (1788). 
 
 Brachypodius melanocephalus ( Gmf), Blyth, Cat. p. 211 ; Horsf. 8f 
 
 M. Cat. i, p. 248 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 136 ; Armstrong, 8. F. 
 
 iv, p. 324 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 318 ; Hume, Cat. no. 457 
 
 bis; Gates, S. F. x, p. 2 10. 
 Micropus melanocephalus (Gm.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 65; 
 
 Gates, B.B. i, p. 181. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head as far back as the nape and the 
 lower edge of the throat glossy black ; with this exception the 
 
MICROPUS. 295 
 
 whole plumage is olive-yellow, brighter and more yellow on the 
 lower part of the abdomen, the tail-coverts (both upper and lower), 
 and the tips of the rump-feathers, which latter are also barred 
 \vith black ; these bars are only visible when the feathers are dis- 
 arranged, merely a few black patches being evident at other 
 times ; primaries and their coverts entirely black ; secondaries 
 black, edged externally with olive-yellow ; tertiaries black on their 
 inner and olive-green on their outer webs ; tail olive-green for 
 about two thirds of its length, then broadly black and finally broadly 
 tipped with bright yellow. 
 
 Bill black ; mouth pale blue ; iris blue ; legs plumbeous. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3-3 ; wing 3-3 ; tarsus -5 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Dacca ; Tipperah ; Arrakan ; the southern portion 
 of Pegu ; Karennee ; the whole of Tenasserim except the highest 
 hills. 
 
 This bird extends down the Malay peninsula to Sumatra, .lava, 
 Borneo, and Palawan. 
 
 311. Micropus cinereiventris. The Grey-bellied Bulbul. 
 
 Brachypodius cinereoventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 576 (1845) ; 
 
 Wald. in BlyiKs Birds Burm. p. 136; Hume Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 319; Hume, Cat. no. 457 quat.; Gates, 8. F. x, p. 210 ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. xi, p. 180. 
 Micropus cinereiventris (BL~), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 67 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 182. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. melanocephalus. Differs in having the 
 breast, upper part of abdomen, hind neck, and sometimes the 
 upper part of the back bluish grey, and in having the primaries 
 narrowly edged with olive-green on the outer webs. 
 
 Iris blue ; eyelids grey ; bill black ; mouth dusky fleshy ; legs 
 and claws brownish black. 
 
 Length about 7; tail 2-9; wing 3'15; tarsus -6; bill from 
 gape '85. 
 
 Distribution. Cachar ; Tipperah ; Dacca ; Toungngoo ; southern 
 Pegu about Rangoon and the valley of the Pegu river. This 
 Bulbul has also been observed at Tonka, Salang, and Malacca 
 in the Malay peninsula. 
 
 31 2. Micropus fusciflavescens. The Andaman Black-headed 
 
 Bulbul. 
 
 Brachypodius melanocephalus (Gm.), apud Ball, J. A. S. B. xli, 
 
 pt ii, p. 284 ; id. S. F. i, p. 71. 
 Brachypodius fuscoflavescens, Hume, S. F. i, p. 297 (1873) ; Wald. 
 
 Ibis] 1873, p. 306 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 224 ; id. Cat. no. 457 ter. 
 Micropus fusciflavescens (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 66. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles M. melanocephalus. Differs in having the 
 whole head dusky olive-green, the chin and central portion of the 
 
296 CKATEROPODJD^;. 
 
 throat only being a dark glossy brown or black ; in the abdomen 
 and under tail-coverts being very bright yellow ; in the reduced 
 size of the subterminal black bars on the tail-feathers, and the 
 corresponding expansion of the olive -green on them ; and in the 
 primaries, except the first two, being edged with olive-green. 
 
 Iris bluish white ; bill bluish slate ( Wardlaiu Ramsay}. Iris 
 pale blue: bill nearly black ; legs and feet plumbeous (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3 ; wing 3 ; tarsus *6; bill from gape '85. 
 
 Distribution. The South Andaman Island, where this bird 
 appears to be abundant. I have seen specimens procured at Port 
 Blair, Port Mouat, and Aberdeen. 
 
 313. Micropus phaeocephalus. The Grey-headed Bulbul. 
 
 Brachypus poiocephalus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. x, p. 246 (1839). 
 Brachypodius poiocephalus (Jerd.), Blyih, Cat. p. 212 Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 89 ; Hume, Cat, no. 457 ; Butler, S. F. ix, p. 402 ; Davison, 
 
 S. F. x, p. 384 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 186. 
 Micropus phseocephalus (Jerd.'), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 68. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead olive-yellow ; chin blackish ; cheeks greyish 
 yellow ; remainder of head clear bluish grey ; upper side of neck, 
 back, and scapulars olive-green ; rump-feathers black with broad 
 pale yellow tips ; upper tail-coverts and the four middle tail- 
 feathers bluish grey with dark shafts, the others black, broadly 
 edged on both webs and tipped with bluish grey, the whole suffused 
 with olive-green on the basal two thirds of their length ; wings 
 black, all the quills and coverts margined with olive -green, the 
 outer webs of the tertiaries being entirely of this colour ; breast, 
 abdomen, and flanks oil-yellow ; under tail-coverts bluish grey. 
 
 Iris blue-grey ; bill pale green ; legs and feet fleshy tinged 
 orange; claws dusky (Davison). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2-9 ; wing 2-9 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from 
 gape -75. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from about Anjango in 
 Travancore to the vicinity of Belgaum. This appears to be a rare 
 bird. Jerdon states that it is found from near the sea-level to 
 about 2000 feet of elevation. Davison met with it near Coonoor 
 and in the Wynaad, and Butler records it from the forests south- 
 west of Belgaum. 
 
 Genus KELAARTIA, Blyth, jfafe Jerdon, 1863. 
 
 The single species of Kelaartia is peculiar to Ceylon. It is 
 characterized by the pointed feathers constituting the superciliuin, 
 and by the rounded feathers on the crown, the two forming a 
 strong contrast. 
 
 The tarsus is in this genus rather longer than is usual among 
 
KELAAKTIA. 297 
 
 the Bulbuls, but it does not exceed in length the middle toe and 
 claw. 
 
 The Yellow-eared Bulbul appears to be a denizen of the forests 
 of the hilly parts of the island. 
 
 314. Kelaartia penicillata. The Yellow-eared Balbid. 
 
 Pycnonotus penicillatus, lllyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 178 (1851). 
 
 Kelaartia penicillata (Blyth), Jerd. B. I. ii,p. 86; Holdsw. P. Z.S. 
 1872, p. 4oO ; Leyye, S. F. iv, p. 245 ; id. Birds Ceyl. p. 480, pi. 21, 
 ti{?. 1 : Hume, Cat. no. 454 ; tiharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 1(52. 
 
 Fig. 92. Head of K. penicillata. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown dark brown or blackish, each 
 feather very narrowly edged with ashy ; a narrow white line from 
 the nostril to the upper part of the eye ; a broad yellow streak 
 from the upper part of the eye to the nape ; chin and upper part 
 of cheeks white ; lores, lower part of cheeks, and ear-coverts black, 
 the latter part with a lengthened streak of yellow down the 
 middle; a large slaty-blue spot on the side of the neck, touching 
 the ear-coverts ; upper plumage olive-green ; wings and tail dark 
 brown, the outer webs washed with olive-green ; the whole lower 
 plumage, except the chin, deep yellow, washed with olive on the 
 breast and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing 
 yellow. 
 
 Iris red mingled with brown, or red deepening to brown next 
 the pupil ; tarsi and feet dark leaden blue ; bill black (Legge). 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 3'2 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from 
 gape -85. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon, where this bird is found up to about 4000 
 feet. Jerdon was under the impression that he procured this 
 species in Mysore, but its occurrence in Southern India has not 
 been confirmed. 
 
298 
 
 8TTT1DJE. 
 
 - 
 
 
 Fig. 93. Sit/a himahiycnsis. 
 
 Family S1TTID.E. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings; the edges of both mandibles smooth, or the 
 upper one simply notched ; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, com- 
 posed of two entire longitudinal Iamina3 ; wing with ten primaries ; 
 tongue non-tubular; nostrils clear of the line of forehead, the 
 lower edge of the nostril nearer to the commissure than the upper 
 edge is to the culmen ; plumage of the nestling resembling that of 
 the adult female, but paler; nostrils overhung by some hairs; 
 rictal bristles present ; rectrices twelve ; hind toe and inner front 
 toe very unequal in length ; sexes generally different in colour ; an 
 autumn moult only. 
 
SITTA. 299 
 
 The Nuthatches are a \\vll-deliurd group of small climbing birds 
 allied in many respects to the OwtterOpodidct. The habit. of climb- 
 ing, however, h:is causal the hind toe to he greatly developed ami 
 the inner front toe to be dwarfed. 
 
 hi the $illitl<r the bill is about as long as the liead. stout and 
 straight. The nostrils are co\ered with some hairs, and the rirtal 
 bristles are strong. The \\ing is rather pointed, and the lirsl pri- 
 marv is always less than half the length of the second. The tail 
 is short and square or very slightly rounded. 
 
 The Nuthatches feed on insects and hard fruits such as nuts. 
 They nest in the holes of trees or rocks, and they generally employ 
 mud to reduce the si/e of the entrance to their nest. They are 
 non-migratory, and for the most part of limited distribution. 
 Eleven species are found in India. 
 
 Genus SITTA, Linn., 1766. 
 
 The characters of this, the only genus of Nuthatches represent -d 
 in India, are the same as those of the family. 
 
 Fig. 94. Head of 8. cinnamomeivcntris. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 Uppor plumage uniform bluish. 
 a'. Middle pair of tail-feathers white nt 
 
 base S. fttfuafaytfttt*, p. 300. 
 
 //. Middle pair of tail-feathers uniform, 
 
 without any white. 
 a". Lateral tail-feathers with white 
 
 spots. 
 a'". Under tail-coverts white, tipped 
 
 with chestnut. 
 a 4 . Lower plumage chestnut. 
 
 a 5 . The chestnut of the lower 
 plumage of uniform colour 
 
 from throat to vent S. cinnamomeiventns^ 
 
 /A The chestnut of the lower [p. 301, 
 
 parts paler on the throat and 
 oreast than on the nhdomen. S. neglecta, p. 301 . 
 
 6 4 . Lower plumage grey S. nayaensis, p. 302. 
 
 ft". Under tail-coverts chestnut, tipped 
 
 with white S. magna, p. 303. 
 
 c". Under tail-coverts chestnut, cen- 
 tred with ashy ; no white. 
 c 4 . Lower plumage paler ; size large, 
 
 wing 3-3 S. kashmircmis, p. 303. 
 
300 STTTID.T;. 
 
 d*. Jjower plumage darker ; size 
 
 finall, wing under 3 8. castaneiventris, p. 304. 
 
 b' 1 . Lateral tail-feathers without white 
 
 spots ; marked with rufous 8. tephronota, p. 305. 
 
 b. Upper plumage slaty blue ; crown black. . S. leucopsis, p. 300. 
 
 c. Crown and back black, streaked with bril- 
 
 liant blue S.formosa, p. 306. 
 
 d. Upper plumage uniform purplish blue ; 
 
 forehead black S.frontalis, p. 307. 
 
 315. Sitta himalayensis. The White-tailed Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta himalayensis, Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. iii, pi. 144 (1835) ; Horsf. 
 $ M. Cat. ii, p. 720 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 385 ; Blanf. J. A. 8. B. xli, 
 pt. ii, p. 56 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 161 ; Hume, Cat. no. 248 j Scully, 
 8. F. viii, p. 262 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 349 ; Oates in Hume's 
 N.$E.2nded. i, p. 392. 
 
 Sitta nipalensis, Hcd(/s. J. A. 8. B. v, p. 779. 
 
 Sitta himalayana (Jard. 8f Selby), Blyth, Cat. p. 190. 
 
 Siddyi-phip, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, lores, and a streak behind 
 the eye, produced down the side of the neck to the shoulders, 
 black ; an indistinct eyebrow fulvous-white ; upper plumage and 
 wing-coverts dark slaty blue, somewhat paler on the head; pri- 
 maries and secondaries dark brown, edged with slaty blue ; tertiaries 
 wholly of this colour; middle pair of tail-feathers slaty blue, the 
 basal half of the inner web and a band next the shaft on the outer 
 web white ; the next two pairs wholly black ; the next black, with 
 an ashy tip ; the next black, with an oblique white band and an 
 ashy tip; the outermost similar, but with more white; sides of the 
 face below the black streak and the chin pale fulvous ; the lower 
 plumage from the chin downwards chestnut, gradually getting 
 darker and becoming rich chestnut on the flanks and under tail- 
 coverts ; under wing-coverts black, followed by a white patch on 
 the primaries visible only from below. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male, but is somewhat paler beneath. 
 
 Legs and feet olive-brown ; soles olive-yellow ; iris pale brown ; 
 bill black, the gape and part of the lower mandible bluish white 
 (Hume). 
 
 Length nearly 5 ; tail 1*5 ; wing 2'9 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from gape 
 75. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Kangra to Bhutan 
 at elevations of from 5000 to about 10,000 feet, occasionally 11,000 
 feet, at which altitude Blanford procured a specimen in Sikhim. 
 Godwin- Austen also procured this species at Aiinul in the Mani- 
 pur hills. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in the Himalayas from April to June, making 
 a nest of moss in a hole of a tree at no great height from the 
 ground, and laying five or six eggs, which are white marked with 
 red, and measure '72 by '55. 
 
S1TTA. 301 
 
 316. Sitta cimiamoineiveiitris. The Cinnamon-bellied Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta eimiainoventris, Bli/th, J. A. 8. B. xi, p. 459; id. Cat. p. 189; 
 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, >' 722. 
 Sitta cinnamomeoventris, Jerd. B. I. \, p. 387 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xxxix, ]>t. ii, p. '.)'.), xlv, pt. ii, p. 71 ; Hume, Cat. no. 251; 
 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 351 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 263; JTim?, 
 
 & -F. xi, p. 80 ; Oates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 193. 
 
 Sisi, Hind. ; Sidhyi-phip, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and chin 
 white, delicately barred with brown ; a broad black band from the 
 nostrils through the eyes to the shoulders ; upper plumage and 
 wing-coverts ashy blue ; quills black edged with ashy blue, the 
 edgings on the primaries being confined to the median part of the 
 web ; the secondaries more broadlv margined, the tertiaries almost 
 wholly ashy blue ; middle tail-feathers ashy blue, the next two 
 black, edged and tipped with ashy blue, the others with a sub- 
 terminal white patch on the inner webs, and generally with a 
 white band on the outer web of the outermost ; sides of neck and 
 the lower plumage intensely deep cinnamon-chestnut ; under tail- 
 coverts white, narrowly tipped with chestnut, the bases of the 
 feathers ashy; under wing-coverts black, followed by a white patch 
 at the base of the primaries only visible from below. 
 
 Female. Similar to the male, except that the lower plumage is 
 dull pale chestnut. 
 
 Bill black ; base of lower mandible and of culmen bluish grey- 
 horny ; iris hazel-brown ; feet dingy plumbeous (Scully). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 1-8 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus 7 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Murree to Di- 
 brugarh at moderate altitudes. Jerdon found this species in Sikhim 
 from 2000 to 6000 feet; Scully states that it is common in the 
 central woods of the Nepal valley, and Brooks says that in the lower 
 hills between Mussooree and Gaugotri it is the prevailing Nuthatch. 
 Godwin-Austen procured it in the Khasi hills, Hume on the 
 Eastern hills of Mauipur, and my men got it at Bhamo in Upper 
 Burma. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Gamniie found the nest in Sikhim at 2000 feet eleva- 
 tion. It was in a hole of a decaying bamboo about twenty feet 
 from the ground, and contained four eggs, which were not preserved. 
 The joint of the bamboo which contained the nest was filled up 
 with alternate layers of green moss and bark. The nest, which 
 was placed on the top of this, was a small pad composed of fine 
 moss and fur mixed with a few feathers and the wings of 
 insects. 
 
 317. Sitta neglecta. The Burmese Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta neglecta, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4 ) v, p. 218 (1870) ; Hume, S. F. 
 iii, p. 87 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 201 ; Hume, Cat. no. 250 bis ; 
 
302 SITTID^E. 
 
 Binyham, S. F. ix, p. 171 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 349 ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 131 ; id. in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 193. 
 
 Coloration. Similar to Sitta cinnamomeiventris. Differs in having 
 the throat and breast much paler than the abdomen and cot con- 
 colorous with it, and in having the white of the chin, cheeks, and 
 ear-coverts blending with the rufous of the throat and breast, and 
 not sharply denned from it. The sexes of both species differ in 
 the same relative manner. 
 
 Iris brown ; upper mandible bluish black, lower plumbeous ; 
 legs and feet dark plumbeous ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 5'5 ; tail 1/7; wing 3'2; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Pegu and Tenasserim, up to the Irra- 
 waddy river on the west and to Karennee and the Salween river on 
 the east, and extending south to the latitude of Muleyit mountain 
 on both sides of the range. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Bingham found the nest in Tenasserim on the 21st 
 March, with five young birds, in a hole of a branch of a dead tree. 
 The hole was about 6 inches deep, and the inouth of the hole was 
 plastered and reduced in size by an edging of clay. 
 
 318. Sitta nagaensis. Austens Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta nagaensis, Godw.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44 ; id. J. A. S. B. 
 xliii, pt. ii, p. 167, pi. iv ; Htime, Cat. no. 248 ter ; Gadotv, Cat. 
 B. M. viii, p. 344. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores and a band through the eyes down 
 the sides of the neck black; upper plumr.ge slaty blue; wings 
 dark brown edged with slaty blue, the tertiaries wholly of this 
 colour ; middle tail-feathers slaty blue ; the next pair black, with 
 some slaty at base and tip ; the next black, tipped with slaty on 
 the outer web and whitish on the inner ; the next two the same, 
 with a broader white tip, subterminal on the inner web ; outer- 
 most feather the same, but with a white band on the outer web ; 
 sides of the head and neck and the lower plumage grey ; sides of 
 the body rich chestnut ; under tail-coverts white, tipped and edged 
 with chestnut ; under wing-coverts black, followed by a white 
 patch at the base of the primaries visible only from below. 
 
 It is not known if the female differs from the male, but it pro- 
 bably will be found to do so. 
 
 Bill black above, grey below ; iris dark brown ; legs green-black 
 ( Godw in- Austen). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1'6 ; wing 3 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from gape 
 75. 
 
 Distribution. Procured by Godwin-Austen at Sopvomah in the 
 Naga Hills, on the watershed, at 6000 feet. Several specimens 
 were obtained at the time. 
 
SITTA. 303 
 
 319. Sitta magna. The Giant Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta magna, Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 077, pi. Ixiii; Hume 
 S. F. v, p. 343 ; Ward law 'Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 465 ; Hume $ 
 Dav. S. F. vi, p. 201 ; Hume, Cat. no. 248 quat. ; Gates, B. B. 
 i, p. 133 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 345. 
 
 Coloration. Female. Two broad black bands from the nostrils 
 through the eyes to the shoulders; the space within these smoky 
 grey, paling on the hind neck ; upper plumage slaty blue ; wings 
 brown, edged with slaty blue ; middle tail-feathers slaty blue ; 
 the next two pairs black with a slaty-blue tip; the next two 
 black, with a subterminal patch of white and a slaty-blue tip ; the 
 outermost pair the same, but with a band of white on the outer 
 web ; lores, sides of the head, chin, and throat whitish ; lower 
 plumage smoky grey ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts chestnut, 
 the latter broadly tipped with white ; under wing-coverts black, 
 followed by a white patch at the base of the primaries only visible 
 from below. The male is not known. 
 
 In the dry skin the bill is bluish, paler below ; legs fleshy 
 brown. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 27 ; wing 4-6 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. The unique specimen from which this species was 
 described was procured by AVardlaw Eamsay in Karenuee, or near 
 its western borders, in January. This bird has not again been met 
 with. 
 
 320. Sitta kashmirensis. B rooks s Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta cashmirensis, Brooks, Proc. A. S. B. 1871, p. 209 ; id. J. A. 
 S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 75; Hume, Cat. no. 248 bis; Gadoto, Cat. 
 B. M. viii, p. 352. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage and wings slaty blue ; a black band 
 from the nostrils to the shoulders through the eyes ; chin and sides 
 of the face dull white tinged with fulvous ; throat more fulvous, 
 the lower plumage gradually becoming deeper and turning to deep 
 chestnut on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; middle 
 tail-feathers ashy blue ; the next two pairs black, edged and tipped 
 with ashy ; the next t,wo black, with a subterminal white spot on 
 the inner web ; the outermost feather black, with a white patch on 
 each web and a brown tip ; under wing-coverts blackish, followed 
 by a white patch on the primaries visible only from below ; some 
 traces of ashy are generally visible on the centres of the feathers 
 of the under tail-coverts. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1*7; wing 3*3; tarsus 7; bill from gape 
 95. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined specimens of this species procured 
 at Hirpur and Gulinurg in Kashmir, at Murree, and at Byan 
 Kheyl in Afghanistan. Brooks notes it in his original description 
 as coming from the pine-forests of Kashmir. 
 
304 SITTID^. 
 
 Habits, $c. Wardlaw Ramsay states that this bird breads in the 
 Hariab District of Afghanistan in May. 
 
 321. Sitta castaneiventris. The Chestnut -bellied Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta castaneoventris, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 121 ; Blytli, Cat. 
 p. 190; Horsf. $ M. Cat. \\, p. 721 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 386; Ball, 
 S. F. vii, p. 209; Hume, Cat. no. 2oO; Davidson, S. F. x, p. 300; 
 Davison, S. F. x, p. 303 ; Gadoiu, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 351 ; Bames t 
 Birds Bom. p. 140; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 194. 
 
 Coloration. Male. A black streak from the nostril through the 
 eye to the shoulder ; lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and chin white ; 
 the whole upper plumage, wing-coverts, and visible portion of 
 closed wings slaty blue ; the whole lower plumage unifor.ii dark 
 chestnut-bay ; under tail-coverts chestnut centred with ashy ; 
 under wing-coverts black, followed by a white patch on the pri- 
 maries visible only from below ; middle tail-feathers ashy blue ; 
 the next two black, edged and tipped with ashy blue; the others 
 with a subterminal white patch on the inner webs, and generally 
 with a white band on the outer web of the outermost feather. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male, but is pale chestnut below, and the 
 white on the face is not so sharply defined. 
 
 Legs and feet dark greenish plumbeous ; base of lower mandible 
 and base of culmen at forehead pale plumbeous ; rest of bill black ; 
 iris dark brown (Davison). 
 
 Length rather more than 5 ; tail 1'5 ; wing 3 ; tarsus *7 ; bill 
 from gape '85. 
 
 Distinguished from S. cinnamomeiventris by its smaller size, 
 paler coloration below, and by the different colour of the under 
 tail-coverts. 
 
 Distribution. The greater portion of the continent of India, from 
 the base of the Himalayas to the Wyuaad. The western limits 
 appear to be a line roughly drawn from Umballa through Dungarpur 
 in the Meywar State to Khandesh ; and the eastern, a line drawn 
 north and south through the Rajmehal hills. 
 
 Habits, $c. Probably a resident in the whole of the above 
 tract. The nest has been found at Umballa, Allahabad, and Sitapur, 
 in which places the breeding-season appears to extend from Feb- 
 ruary to September. This nest is merely a few dead leaves at the 
 bottom of a hole in a tree, the entrance to which is, as usunl, 
 reduced in size by the application of mud-plaster. The eggs are 
 four in number, white, marked, chiefly at the large end, with brick- 
 red and reddish lilac, and they measure *67 by *52. 
 
 Three distinct species of Rock-Nuthatches have hitherto been 
 confounded together. S. syriaca, Ehrenb., from Syria, may be 
 known by its large size, wing 3*8, first primary 1-3, and by the 
 absence of all fulvous on the tail. S. neumayeri, Michah., may be 
 distinguished from S. syriaca by its smaller size, wing 3 to 3'3, 
 first primary 1-0, and by the presence of a large amount of fulvous 
 
SITTA. 305 
 
 on the tail. It occurs in Macedonia, Turkey, and Asia Minor. 
 Both these species have the chin, throat, breast, and sides of the 
 head pure white. 
 
 The third species, S. tephronota, which occurs from Persia to 
 Central Asia, is of about the same size as S. neumayeri, but has the 
 chin, throat, breast, and sides of the head pale fulvous, the tail is 
 marked with fulvous as in that species, and the upper plumage is 
 a pale ashy blue. 
 
 322. Sitta tephronota. The Eastern Hock Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta syriaca (Ehrenb.),\i\ part, apud Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 721 ; See- 
 
 bohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 21 j Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 346. 
 Sitta tephronota, Sharpe, A. M. N. H. (4) x, p. 450 (1872) j Gates 
 
 in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 195. 
 Sitta rupicola, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 87; id. E. Pers. ii, p. 225, 
 
 pt. xv, fig. 2. < 
 Sitta neumayeri, Michah. in part, Hume, Cat. no. 248 quint. ; 
 
 Gadoiv, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 345 5 Barnes, S. F. ix, pp. 216, 453. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage, wing-coverts, secondaries, 
 and tertiaries ashy blue; a broad black band from the nostril 
 through the eye to the shoulder ; primaries pale brown ; central 
 tail-feathers pale ashy blue, the others brown, broadly edged with 
 pale ashy blue on the outer webs, this colour gradually changing 
 to pale fulvous, the outermost feather having the inner web brown 
 with a fulvous tip and the outer web fulvous with a brown tip ; 
 sides of the head and the lower plumage fulvous, pale on the 
 throat and sides of the head, gradually getting darker and be- 
 coming strongly tinged with pink on the lower abdomen, vent, 
 flanks, and under tail-coverts, these last being centred with ashy. 
 
 Bill horny brown, darker at tip ; legs clay-slate (Barnes) ; iris 
 dark brown (Murray}. 
 
 Length about 6*5 ; tail 2-1; wing 3 to 3' 6; tarsus -9; bill 
 from gape !!. 
 
 Distribution. Apparently common in Baluchistan, but not yet 
 known to occur in Sind or the Punjab. To the west this species 
 extends to Persia, and to the north through Afghanistan to 
 Kashghar and Central Asia. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Confined chiefly, if not entirely, to rocks, over which 
 it climbs with great facility. Breeds in Afghanistan in March 
 and April. According to Barnes the nest is constructed in the 
 holes both of rocks and trees. When a rock is selected, the hole 
 is lined with agglutinated mud and resin, this material being 
 carried out in the form of a cone to a distance of fully eight inches 
 from the rock. The nest is usually lined with camel-hair. The 
 bird has a great fondness for ornamentation, and decorates its nest 
 for some distance round with feathers. The eggs are four or five 
 in number, smooth, and only moderately glossy. The ground- 
 colour is pure white, and the egg is thinly speckled, chiefly at the 
 large end, with pale red. In size the eggs average -87 by *57. 
 
 VOL. I. X 
 
306 SITTLU^E. 
 
 323. Sitta leucopsis. The White-cheeked Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 113; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, 
 p. 721 ; Jerd. B. L i, p. 385 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 p. 20 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 161 ; Hume fy Hend. Lah. to Yark. 
 p. 181 ; Hume, Cat. no. 249 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 352 ; 
 Gates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 196. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and a part of the sides of 
 the neck glossy black ; upper plumage and the visible portions of 
 the closed wings slaty blue ; middle pair of tail-feathers slaty blue, 
 the others black, tipped with slaty blue, and the three outer pairs 
 with a subterminal patch of white on the inner web, the outer- 
 most pair also with a band of white on the outer web ; sides of the 
 head and lower plumage white, more or less tinged with pale 
 fulvous ; flanks arid under tail-coverts rich chestnut. The female 
 is similar to the male. 
 
 Iris brown ; upper mandible and margins and point of the lower 
 black ; remainder of lower mandible whitish horny ; legs brownish 
 green ( Wardlaw Ramsay). 
 
 Length about 5-5; tail 1'7; wing 3; tarsus '7; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the N.W. Himalayas from Mussooree 
 and Derail to Hazara and the whole of Kashmir at considerable 
 elevations. Brooks says that this Nuthatch is common above 
 Derali near the snows in the pine-forests ; Biddulph remarks that 
 it is a permanent resident in Grilgit, and breeds afc 10,000 feet ; 
 and Scully informs us that he obtained this bird in Gilgit only 
 from the beginning of April to September, and that it is never 
 seen in the lower parts of the valley away from pine-forests. It 
 extends into Afghanistan, where Wardlaw E/amsay found it on 
 the Safed-Koh range above 7000 feet, breeding. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Stoliczka, who found this bird to be common near 
 Chini, observes that it feeds chiefly on the seeds of Pinus tjerard- 
 iana, and that its voice ;s a loud, uniform, melancholy call, uttered 
 while it is busily engaged in securing a pine-seed in the bark of a 
 large tree. 
 
 Capt. Cock took the eggs of this bird at Sonamurg in Kashmir 
 late in May and early in June. The eggs are coloured normally 
 and measure about -7 by -55. 
 
 324. Sitta formosa. The Beautiful Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta formosa, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 933 (1843) ; Blyth, Cat.p. 189 ; 
 Jerd. B. I. i, p. 387 j Hume, Cat. no. 252 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. 
 viii, p. 357. 
 
 Tishe Kuyi gumbo, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, back, and the side of the 
 neck black, streaked with cobalt-blue on the crown, nape, and 
 
SITTA. 307 
 
 lower back, with whitish blue on the upper back and sides of neck; 
 sides oE the head and chin fulvous-white, the feathers round the 
 eye and over the ear-coverts more or less black at their bases ; 
 wings black ; lesser wing-coverts, edges of the winglet, primary- 
 coverts, primaries, and secondaries bright blue ; the edges of the 
 median and greater coverts and tertiaries white ; scapulars, back, 
 and rump verdigris-blue; lower plumage dull chestnut; middle 
 tail-feathers blue, with the portion near the shaft black ; the next 
 two pairs black, edged with blue ; the others black, with white 
 tips progressively larger, the margin of the tips of the exterior 
 webs pale blue. 
 
 Bill blackish ; legs greenish horny, with yellow soles ; iris dark 
 brown (Jcrdo.i). 
 
 Length about 7'5 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 4 ; tarsus -85 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim, probably not descending to a lower level 
 than Darjiling, where Tickell, as recorded by Jerdon, procured a 
 specimen. Mandelli's men procured a large series in Sikhim, and 
 I note that they were killed both in summer and winter. This bird 
 has been obtained at Asalii in the Khiisi hills, and also at Toruputu 
 Peak in the Daphla hills at 5000 feet, in both cases by Godwin- 
 Austen. 
 
 325. Sitta frontalis. The Velvet -fronted Blue Nuthatch. 
 
 Sitta frontalis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 162 (1821) ; Gadow, 
 Cat. B. M. viii, p. 353 : Oates. B. B. i, p. 134 ; id. in Hume's 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 196. 
 
 Sitta corallina, Hodys. J. A. S. B. v, p. 779 (1836). 
 
 Ddiidrophila frontalis (Horsf. ), Blyth, Cat. p. 190 ; H. # M . Cat. ii, 
 p. 722 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 383 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 18 L ; id. S. F. vii, 
 p. 459 ; Lsgye, Birds Ceyl. p. 550 ; Hume, Cat. no. 253 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 140. 
 
 Dendrophila coralliaa (Hodgs.}, Hume, S. F. iii, p. 89 ; Sharpe, t. c. 
 p. 436 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 633. 
 
 Coloration. The male has a broad band on the forehead and a 
 long supercilium black: the whole upper plumage and wing- 
 coverts blue ; wing blackish brown, edged on the outer webs with 
 blue, except the first two primaries, the tertiaries almost entirely 
 blue ; middle tail-feathers blue, the others blackish, edged and 
 tipped with blue; ear-coverts lilac; chin and throat whitish; 
 lower plumage greyish lilac. 
 
 The female resembles the male, but has no black supercilium. 
 
 Iris yellow ; eyelids plumbeous ; bill coral-red ; mouth red ; 
 feet pinkish brown; claws pale horn; the young have the bill 
 black, pinkish at the gape and nostrils ; iris dark brown. 
 
 Length 5; tail 1'7 ; wing 2*9 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape *7. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the greater portion of India and 
 
 x2 
 
308 DICRTTRTDJE. 
 
 Ceylon. The limit to the west appears to be approximately a 
 line drawn from Bombay to Kumaun through Gwalior. This species 
 inhabits the Himalayas from Kumaun to Dibrugarh, being found up 
 to 5000 feet or higher. From Assam it ranges to the extreme south 
 of Tenasserim, extending to the east at least as far as Karennee, 
 where Wardlaw Ramsay obtained it. 
 
 It is found in the Malay peninsula and down to Java. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Frequents well-wooded localities and forests alike in 
 the hills and plains. Breeds from February to May and even to 
 June, according to locality, constructing a small pad of a nest, 
 composed of feathers, moss, and hair, in a tiny hole in a tree. 
 The eggs are generally four in number, white, spotted with red, 
 chiefly towards the large end, and measure about 7 by -56. This 
 bird, contrary to the usual habits of Nuthatches, does not employ 
 any mud to line the entrance to its nest. 
 
 Family DICRURID^E. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semirings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth, with a 
 single notch in the upper one ; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, 
 bilaminated ; wing with ten primaries ; tongue non-tubular ; nos- 
 trils clear of the line of the forehead ; the lower edge of the 
 nostril nearer to the commissure than the upper edge is to the 
 culmen; plumage of the nestling like that of the adult bird, 
 but paler ; nostrils overhung by hairs or plumelets ; rictal bristles 
 present ; rectrices ten ; sexes absolutely alike ; an autumn moult 
 only. 
 
 The Dicruridse, or Drongos, form one of the best-defined families 
 of the Passeres, their generally black plumage and forked tail of ten 
 feathers sufficing to distinguish them readily. 
 
 In the Drongos the plumage of the nestling is a dark brown, 
 which soon gives place to the glossy black of the adult. In many 
 species, however, the young birds, previously to adopting the adult 
 plumage, acquire feathers on the abdomen, under wing-coverts, 
 and axillaries which are tipped or fringed with white, and traces 
 of these white marks remain in one or two species up to a very 
 advanced age, and probably in some specimens are never lost 
 at all. 
 
309 
 
 The Drongos are handsome and, for the most part, familiar 
 birds. They feed habitually on the wing, darting from some perch 
 on a tree into the air to catch an insect and returning to the same 
 or an adjoining branch. The Dicruri frequently perch on the 
 backs of cattle. They all have cheerful notes, and Dissemurus 
 paradiseus has a really fine song, and is perhaps the best singing- 
 bird of the East. 
 
 Many of the Drongos, without being exactly migratory, are in 
 many parts of the country subject to seasonal movements of greater 
 or less extent ; but the materials for tracing these movements are 
 imperfect, no ornithologist having observed them in the careful 
 manner in which similar movements of birds in Europe are re- 
 corded. In Pegu, for instance, Dicrurus ater arrives in great 
 numbers in October and remains numerous till January, when the 
 majority of the birds disappear. Dicrurus annectens similarly 
 arrives in October, but only stops a few days, disappearing en- 
 tirely and going on to unknown parts. 
 
 In all the Dicrurida3 the wing is tolerably pointed and the tarsus 
 very short. 
 
 The Drongos make cup-shaped nests in trees, and lay three to 
 five eggs, which are whitish marked with various shades of red. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Outer tail-feathers not greatly lengthened ; 
 
 not exceeding the middle ones by so 
 much as the length of the wing. 
 '. Forehead not tufted. 
 
 a". Bill deep ; depth at nostrils fully 
 
 equal to width at that place DICRURUS, p. 310. 
 
 b". Bill depressed ; depth at nostrils 
 
 much less than width at that place. CHAPTIA, p. 318. 
 b 1 . Forehead tufted. 
 c". Tuft composed of a few hairs several 
 
 inches long CHIBIA, p. 320. 
 
 d". Tuft composed of a few hair-like 
 
 feathers half an inch long DISSEMUROIDES, p. 321. 
 
 e". Tuft composed of ordinary feathers 
 
 half an inch long DISSEMURULUS, p. 322. 
 
 b. Outer tail-feathers greatly lengthened ; ex- 
 
 ceeding the middle ones by twice or three 
 times the length of wing. 
 c'. Terminal portion of outer tail-feather 
 flat and equally webbed on both 
 
 sides " BHRIXGA, p. 323. 
 
 d '. Terminal portion of outer tail-feather 
 curled, greatly webbed on the outside 
 and hardly at all on the inside DISSEMURUS, p. 325. 
 
310 DICKFRID^E. 
 
 Genus DICRURUS, Yieill., 1816. 
 
 The Drongos of this genus are among the commonest of Indian 
 birds, one or other of the species being found in every part of the 
 country which is open or cultivated, and even in forest. 
 
 The various species of Drongos are not easily separable, except 
 when large series of each are available for examination side by 
 side. "With the numerous specimens in the British Museum, the 
 majority of which came from the Tweeddale and Hume Collections, 
 I have been able to establish eight species which occur within my 
 limits. 
 
 I am unable to find any characters by which the genus Buchanga 
 can be separated from Dicrurut. The former is said to have a 
 more deeply forked tail ; but this feature cannot be regarded as of 
 generic value, for it varies in all the species of this genus, and is a 
 matter of degree only. T have therefore united the two genera, 
 
 Taking the eight species, it is easy at once to separate two from 
 all the others by their perfectly black plumage, and from each 
 other by the extent to which the tail is forked. These two species 
 present no difficulty, and no one has seriously proposed to sub- 
 divide either of them into two or more races so far as Indian spe- 
 cimens are concerned. The African species or race D. assimilis 
 need not be discussed here. 
 
 Another species, D. leucogenys, is also an easily recognizable 
 one, having the sides of the head white. Very young birds might 
 be confused with the Grey Drongos, presently to be noticed, were 
 it not that they have the lores white or whitish, whereas the Grey 
 Drongos have the lores dark brown or black. If D. intermedius, 
 Blyth, recorded from Penang, was really killed at that place, and 
 was not imported into it and subsequently re-exported to Calcutta 
 (where it came under Blyth's notice), it must have been a young 
 .D. leucogenys. "No other species of Dicrurus is known to occur in 
 the Malay peninsula, at least near Penang. Blyth's title is too 
 doubtful to be applied to any species. 
 
 Next come three species which may be termed Ashy or Grey 
 Drongos. No two authors agree about these birds, and unanimous 
 agreement regarding them will probably never be reached. In my 
 opinion there are three distinct species in India and Burma, and 
 no more. The differences in the shade of colour and in size in 
 these species are correlated with different areas of distribution. 
 There is, first, D. longicaudatus, which is found from the Hima- 
 layas to Ceylon and east to the Brahmaputra river. The upper 
 plumage of this bird may be termed metallic indigo, and the lower 
 a dark grey. South of the Brahmaputra, extending to Lower Pegu 
 and Northern Tenasserim, the foregoing species is replaced by a 
 bird the upper plumage of which may be termed bluish grey and 
 the lower ashy grey. This bird is also found in Java, Lombock, 
 
DICBURUS. 811 
 
 and Palawan, and is the Edolius cineraceus of Horsfield. All 
 Hodgson's birds in the British Museum are the dark continental 
 species D. longicaudatits, and were killed in Xepal or Sikhim, and 
 consequently his name (D. pyrrhops) cannot be applied to this pale 
 Burmese species, even if a name were required for it, which fortu- 
 nately is not the case. The third species is a dark bird inhabiting 
 portions of Lower Pegu, all Tenasserim, and the Malay peninsula, 
 as far south as Junk Ceylon. Its upper plumage may be termed 
 deep ashy indigo and the lower dark grey. This bird has never 
 received a name ; it appears to be the BucJimif/a leucoplicea of 
 Vieillot apud Hume. The Dicriirus leucophceus of Yieillot is, how- 
 ever, in my opinion, a bird which can never be satisfactorily deter- 
 mined, and the continued use of the name can only lead to 
 confusion. 
 
 There remain two species w 7 hich are characterized by the presence 
 of a considerable amount of pure white on the lower plumage. 
 This character will suffice to separate them from all the other 
 Dicruri. They may be separated from each other, not so much by 
 the amount of white on the lower parts as by the colour of the 
 throat and breast and the upper plumage, 
 
 In Dicrurus the bill is stout, sharply carinated, and covered at 
 the base by thick-set feathers, which partially conceal the nostrils. 
 There is no crest or tuft on the head. The tail is well forked, the 
 outermost feather exceeding the middle pair by a distance of from 
 one to two and a half times the length of the tarsus. The outer 
 tail-feathers have a slight curl upwards. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 ft. Entire plumage deep glossy black ; the lower 
 
 plumage sometimes mixed with white, 
 a'. Outermost tail-feather exceeding middle 
 
 pair by a distance about equal to tarsus. 1). annectens, p. 312. 
 b'. Outermost tail-feather exceeding middle 
 pair by a distance greater than twice 
 tarsus D. ater, p. 312. 
 
 b. Upper plumage deep indigo. 
 
 c. Lower plumage uniform dark grey. 
 
 ". Outermost tail-feather exceeding mid- 
 dle pair by more than 2 inches ; length 
 of tail 5-5 to 7 inches D. lonyicaudatus^ p. 314. 
 
 b". Outermost tail- feather exceeding mid- 
 dle pair by much less than 2 inches; 
 
 length of tail 4-9 to 5-5 inches D. nigrescens, p. 315. 
 
 d 1 . Lower plumage partially white. 
 
 c". Throat and breast grey D. c&ritlescens, p. 316. 
 
 d". Throat and breast dark brown D. leucopygialis, p. 316. 
 
 c. Upper plumage bluish grey. 
 
 e 1 . Lores or whole side of head "white or 
 
 whitish D. leucogenys. p. 317. 
 
 f. Lores blackish ; sides of head similar to 
 
 upper plumage D. cineraceus, p. 318. 
 
312 DICBUK1D2E. 
 
 326. Dicrurus annectens. The Crow-billed Drongo 
 
 Buchanga annectans, Hodys. 2nd. Rev. \, p. 326 (1837). 
 
 Edolius affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 174 (1842). 
 
 Dicrurus balicassius (Linn.}, Blyth, Cat p. 202 ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 152 ; Jerd. B. 1. i, p. 430 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 209. 
 Dicrurus annectens (Hodge.}, Blyth fy Wald. Birds Burm. p. 131 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 231 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 72; Hume 
 
 $ Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 213, 509 ; Hume, Cat. no. 279 ; Oates, S. F. 
 
 x, p. 201 ; id. B. B. i, p. 217. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black glossed with steel-blue, 
 except on the lores, ear-coverts, the inner webs of the quills, axil- 
 laries, and under wing-coverts. 
 
 Birds not quite adult have the axillaries and under wing-coverts 
 tipped with white, and birds still younger have the under tail- 
 coverts also tipped with white. 
 
 Young birds of the year have the whole lower plumage from the 
 breast to the tail barred with white. 
 
 The change from the young to the adult plumage consists en- 
 tirely in the gradual disappearance of the white marks on the 
 lower plumage ; but there is a tendency to retain these marks in 
 some degree even in old age ; and birds entirely black are com- 
 paratively seldom met with. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 10*5 tail up to 5*5 ; wing 5'6 ; tarsus '8 ; bill 
 from gape 1/2. 
 
 Distribution. The lower levels of Nepal and Sikhirn, extending 
 into the plains of Oudh ; thence along the base of the Himalayas 
 to Dibrugarh in Assam. From this Province the species apparently 
 extends through Burma and the Malay peninsula to Singapore and 
 Sumatra ; but it has only been recorded with certainty from Lower 
 Pegu, the southern portion of Tenasserim, and Malacca. It is 
 found in Cochin China. 
 
 This species appears to be, in some measure, migratory ; but its 
 movements are difficult to trace. I have se?en birds killed in Oudh 
 from December to February ; at Dibrugarh in June ; in Lower 
 Pegu in October ; in Tenasserim from November to May ; and at 
 Malacca from August to April. I have seen D. annectens in Pegu 
 only in October. 
 
 Habits, fyc. From what I observed of this bird in Pegu, its habits 
 do not differ in any respect from those of the next. Nothing is 
 know ? n of its nidification. 
 
 327. Dicrurus ater. The Black Drongo. 
 
 Muscicapa atra, Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 208 (1804). 
 
 Dicrurus inacrocercus, Vieitt. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ix, p. 588 
 
 (1817); Blyth, Cat. p. 202; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 427 ; MacMaster, 
 
 J. A.S.B.xl,yt. ii, p. 210. 
 
DICRURUS. 313 
 
 Edolius forficatus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 144 (1821). 
 Buchanga albirictus, Hodgs. 2nd. Rev. i, p. 326 (1837) j Hume, N. fy 
 
 E. p. 186. 
 
 Dicrurus minor, Blyth, Layard, A. M. N.H. (2) xiii, p. 129 (1854). 
 Dicrourus longus, Temm., Bonap. Consp. Av. i, p. 352 (1850) ; Horsf. 
 
 fy M. Cat. i, p. 152; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 99. 
 " Dicrurus cathcecus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 377. 
 Dicrurus albirictus (Hodgs.}, Hume, S. F. iii, p. 97. 
 Buchanga atra (HermS), Blyth fy Wald. Birds Burm. p. 129 ; Sfaarpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 246; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 213; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 653 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 386 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 278 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 270 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 218 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 1 54 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 98. 
 Dicrurus ater (Herm.}, Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 198. 
 
 The Common Drongo- Shrike, Jerd. ; Kolsa, Bojanga, Buchanga, Hind, 
 in the Scuth ; Finga, Beng. ; Japal Kalchit, Punj . ; Kunich, Kakolachi, 
 Sind ; Thampal'm. the N. W. P. ; Kotival in the Deccan ; Yeti-inta, Bara- 
 du'a-/am,Passala-poIi-ffadu,Te\. ; Kurri-Kurrumah, Tarn. ; Kari-Kuruvi, 
 Tarn, in Ceylon. 
 
 Fig. 95. Head of D. ater. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage deep black, everywhere glossed 
 with steel-blue ; a small white spot sometimes present close to the 
 angle of the gape. 
 
 The young have the wings and the lower plumage brownish, and 
 all the feathers of the lower plumage and under wing-coverts tipped 
 with white. 
 
 It is only when very old that this species is entirely black. Few 
 birds are without white tips to the under tail-coverts. 
 
 Bill black ; iris red ; feet and claws black. 
 
 Length about 12-5 ; tail 6 to 7; wing up to 6 ; tarsus -85 ; bill 
 from gape 1*15. 
 
 The causes which govern the presence or absence of the white 
 rictal spot are not yet known. This white spot is occasionally 
 present in Chinese specimens, contrary to what is usually asserted. 
 
 The Black Drongo has been regarded by many ornithologists as 
 separable into several races. In my opinion the differences of size 
 and minor details of structure which exist in birds from various 
 localities are not greater than might be expected from a species of 
 this size the length of tail, one of the points frequently insisted 
 upon, ranging from 6 to 7 inches only, and the length of wing 
 varying still less. 
 
314 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India from Afghanistan to Assam, 
 and from the Himalayas to Ceylon; the whole of the eastern 
 portion of the Empire from Assam to the extreme south of Tenas- 
 serim. On the Himalayas this bird is found up to 5000 feet or 
 even higher. It extends into China, Siam, and Cochin China. It 
 appears to be absent from the Malay peninsula. 
 
 This Drongo is a partial migrant in many parts of the Empire, 
 such as Assam and Pegu, and is more common in these Provinces 
 during the cold weather than at other times. 
 
 Habits, tyc. The King-Crow, as this species is termed by many 
 in India, is a common and familiar bird, being found in the neigh- 
 bourhood of bungalows and throughout the open and cultivated 
 parts of the country. It perches on any exposed and command- 
 ing point it can find, and swoops on passing insects, frequently 
 resting on the ground a second or two to complete its capture, 
 and returning to its original or a similar perch close by. The 
 note of this bird is metallic and very pleasant. The King-Crow 
 breeds chiefly during May, June, and July. The nest is placed in 
 a leafy bough of a tree, and is composed of fine twigs and grass- 
 stems woven together and covered exteriorly with a good deal of 
 cobweb. The eggs, usually four, but occasionally five, in number, 
 are of two types : one is pure spotless white, the other pale 
 salmon-colour with brownish-red spots. They measure 1*01 by 
 75. 
 
 328. Dicrurus longicaudatus. The Indian Ashy Drongo. 
 
 Dicrurus longicaudatus, A. Hay, Jerdon, Madr. Journ, L. S. xiii, 
 pt. ii, p. 121 (1845) j Blyth, Cat. p. 202 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 152 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 430 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 p. 27 ; Oatcs in Humis N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 203. 
 
 Dicrurus pyrrhops, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) (no 
 description). 
 
 Dicrurus cinerascens, Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal, p. 98 (1846). 
 
 Dicrurus himalayanus, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 200. 
 
 Buchanga waldeni, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 497. 
 
 Buchanga longicaudata (A. Hay}, Hume, N. fy E. p. 189 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 249; Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 380; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 280 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 270. 
 
 Buchanga pyrrhops (Hodys.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 251. 
 
 Buchanga longicauda (Hay), Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 154. 
 
 The Long-tailed Drongo, Jerd. ; Sahim or Sahim-pho, Lepch. ; Che- 
 chum, Bhut. ; Niljinga, Beng. ; Erratoo valan kuruvi, Tarn. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage metallic indigo ; lower 
 plumage dark grey ; frontal feathers and lores blackish. 
 
 The young are dark brown ; on assuming the plumage of the 
 adult the feathers of the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts 
 are tipped with white, and these white tips are gradually lost with 
 age. 
 
 Bill, legs, and claws black ; iris red. 
 
DTCRUETJS. 31 5 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail up to 7, but usually between 5-5 and 6-5 ; 
 wing up to 5*8 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape !! ; depth of fork of 
 tail more than two inches. 
 
 Large and small specimens of this species occur in the same 
 pla-i-e ; for instance the tail varies thus : Nepal 6-2-6-6 ; Sikhim 
 5-6-6-3; Simla5-9-6-4; Bombay 6-1- 7*0; Belgaum 6'2-T'O; Etawah 
 6-0-6-3 ; Dollah 6-2-6-8 ; Ceylon 5-6-5-8. The wing varies from 
 5 in Ceylon to 5'8 in Belgaum, Sikhim, and Dollah. The colour 
 of all continental birds, large or small, is absolutely the same. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India from the Hazara country to 
 Assam, north of the Brahmaputra river, and from the Himalayas 
 to Ceylon. The only portion of this vast tract from which this 
 species appears to be absent is Sind, Gaizerat, and portions of 
 Eajputana. On the Himalayas it is found as high as 10,000 feet, 
 and Stoliczka observed it far up the valley of the Sutlej river. On 
 the east the river Brahmaputra appears to be everywhere its limit, 
 the Drongo of Dacca and Skillong being D. cineraceus. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Very similar to those of D. ater, but the present 
 species is more frequently found in forests and well -wooded 
 localities, and less frequently near houses. It perches habitually 
 on the summit of trees and takes longer swoops, rarely touching 
 the ground. It breeds chiefly in May and June, constructing its 
 nest high up in trees. The eggs are of various types, but on the 
 whole resemble the spotted eggs of D. ater and measure "95 
 by -74. 
 
 329. Dicmrus nigrescens. The Tenasserim Ashy Drongo. 
 
 Buchanga intermedia (Blyth), Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 545 ; Oates, 
 
 S. F. v, p. 149. 
 Buchanga longicaudata (Hay), Hume & Dav. S. F. vi, p. 213 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 220. 
 Dicmrus nigrescens (Oates\ Oates in Hume's N. & E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 208. 
 
 Coloration. Above dark metallic ashy indigo ; below dark grey ; 
 the lores and frontal feathers blackish. 
 
 Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet black. 
 
 Length about 10-5 ; tail 4-9 to 5-5 ; wing up to 5-4 ; tarsus -7 ; 
 bill from gape 1-05 ; depth of fork of tail much less than 2 inches. 
 
 Distribution. From about a line connecting Eangoon, Pegu town, 
 Thatone, and Pahpoon to the extreme south of Tenasserim, and 
 thence to Junk Ceylon, the most southern point from which I have 
 seen this species. 
 
 Habits, $c. Similar to those of D. lonyicaudalus. I found a nest 
 of this Drongo at Kyeikpadein near Pegu on the 27th April, con- 
 taining four eggs, which were white marked with pale purple, and 
 measured about -89 by *7. 
 
316 DICKUKIDJE. 
 
 330. Dicrurus caerulescens. The White-bellied Drongo. 
 
 Lanius caerulescens, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 134 (1766). 
 
 Lanius caeruleus, Mutt. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 72 (1776). 
 
 Dicrurus cserulescens (Linn.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 203; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 154 ; Jerd, B. I. i, p. 432 ; Butter, 8. F. iii, p. 465; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 209. 
 Dicrurus cseruleus (Mull.}, Hume, N. fy JE. p. 191. 
 Buchanga cserulescens (Linn.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 252 ; Ball, 
 
 8. F. vii, p. 211 ; Hume, Cat. no. 281 ; Scully, 8. F. viii, p. 271 ; 
 
 Reid, 8. F. x, p. 33 ; Davidson, 8. F. x, p. 303 ; Davison, t. c. p. 366 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 155. 
 
 Phari buchanga, Dhapri, Hind. ; D'houli, Beng. ; Nella (or Konda} 
 passala poligadu, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage deep indigo ; throat and breast grey ; 
 abdomen, flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts white; the axillaries 
 frequently tipped white. 
 
 Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet blackish (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length about 9'5 ; tail 4'5 to 5-5 ; wing 4-5 to 5'5 ; tarsus '75 ; 
 bill from gape 1-05 ; depth of fork of tail about 1/5 inches. 
 
 Distribution. Almost the whole of India proper, extending into 
 Ceylon and ascending the Himalayas up to about 6000 feet. The 
 north-western limits of this species appear to be a line drawn 
 roughly from Cutch to Garhvval, and its eastern boundary the 
 meridian of longitude traversing the eastern portion of the Raj- 
 mehal hills. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A considerable number of these birds appear to 
 spend the summer in the Himalayas and the winter in the plains ; 
 but many are no doubt resident in the latter, for they have been 
 known to breed there, and their nests have been found in July. 
 This Drongo frequents open jungle. The nest is described by 
 Thompson as resembling that of D. ater, and it is built in the 
 Himalayas near the top of moderate-sized trees in May and June. 
 In Khandesh this species appears to breed in June and July. The 
 eggs have not been described. 
 
 The White-bellied Drongo is said by Butler to have a rich Oriole- 
 like note. 
 
 331. Dicrurus leucopygialis. The White-vented Drongo. 
 
 Dicrurus leucopygialis, j%^, /. A. 8.B. xv, p. 298 (1846); id. Cat. 
 
 p. 203 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 209. 
 Buchanga leucopygialis (Blyth}, Holdsw. P.Z,. 8. 1872, p. 439; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 253 ; Hume, 8. F. vii, p. 374 j id. Cat. no. 281 bis ; 
 
 Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 392, pi. 16. 
 uchanga insularis, Sharpe, C 
 
 Buchanga insularis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. tii, p. 253 ; Hume, 8. F. vii, 
 p. 374 ; id. Cat. no. 281 ter. 
 
 Koivda or Kaivuda Panika, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage deep indigo ; throat, breast, and 
 
Dicmraus. 317 
 
 abdomen dark brown, the lower part of the abdomen frequently 
 mixed with white; vent and under tail-coverts generally white, 
 sometimes merely albescent; occasionally only the under tail- 
 coverts are white. 
 
 Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet blackish (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 ( H' the same dimensions as D. ccerulescens. 
 
 The amount of white on the lower plumage of this and D. cceru- 
 lescens is variable, and occasionally a bird is met with which might, 
 as regards this character, be assigned indifferently to one or the 
 other species, but the colour of the throat and breast will, in these 
 cases, be a safe guide to identification. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon only. 
 
 Habits, $c. This species breeds from March to May, constructing 
 its nest in a tree at a considerable height from the ground. The 
 eggs, two to four in number, are whitish marked with red, and 
 measure about *93 by '7. 
 
 332. Dicmrus leucogenys. The White-cheeked Drongo. 
 
 ? Dicrurus intennedius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 298 (1846). 
 
 Dicrurus cineraceus (Howf,\ apud Blyth, Cat. p. 203. 
 
 Buchanga leucogenys, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4) v, p. 219 (1870) ; id. 
 in Blyth' s Birds Bunn. p. 131 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 251 j 
 Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 69 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 216 j Hume, 
 Cat. no. 280quat. ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 222. 
 
 Dicrurus leucophaeus (Vieill.'), apud Hume, S. F. ii, p. 210. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage clear pale bluish grey ; the 
 shafts of the tail and quills and the tips of the first six or seven 
 primaries black; lores, ear-coverts, and a space round the eye 
 pure white ; forehead and nasal bristles black ; lower plumage like 
 the upper but paler, and the vent and under tail-coverts albescent ; 
 under wing-coverts white tinged with grey. 
 
 Young birds have the white of the face less pure and smaller in 
 extent, but even in the youngest birds the lores are white or 
 whitish ; the upper plumage, wings, and tail are suffused with 
 brown, rendering the black shafts less conspicuous ; the under 
 wing-coverts are grey tipped with white. 
 
 Legs, feet, claws, bill, and eyelids black ; iris pale lake to crimson 
 (Davison). 
 
 Length about 10-5 ; tail 5*7 ; wing 5-5 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from 
 gape I'l. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim from Mergui southwards ; the Anda- 
 man Islands. This species extends down the Malay peninsula to 
 Singapore, and eastwards to Siam, Cochin China, and China, and 
 it is found even in Japan. It is stated to be a migratory bird. 
 
 Habits, fyc. According to Davison this Drongo is a forest 
 species, but it is also found in clearings, and it has the usual 
 habits of the genus. 
 
318 DICEUKID^. 
 
 333. Dicrurus cineraceus. The Grey Dronyo. 
 
 Edolius ciueraceus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 145 (1821). 
 Buchanga mouhoti, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4) v, p. 220 (1870). 
 Buchanga wallacei, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4) v, p. 220 (1870). 
 Dicrurus longicaudatus (Hay}, Hume, S. F. iii, p. 97. 
 Dicrurus leucophseus ( Vieill.), Hume, S. F. iii, p. 99. 
 Buchanga cineracea (Horsf.), Sharpe, Gat. B. M. iii, p. 250. 
 Buchanga longicaudata (Sau\ Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 654. 
 Buchanga Ieucopha3a ( VieiU.), Oates, B. B. i, p, 221. 
 Buchanga pyrrhops (Hodgs.), Hume, 8. F. xi, p. 99. 
 
 Coloration. Frontal plumes and lores black ; the whole plumage 
 bluish grey, glossy above, paler underneath and without gloss ex- 
 cept on the breast ; upper wing-coverts centred darker ; quills 
 more or less brown, tinged with ashy on the outer webs ; tail clear 
 bluish grey, the shafts black and the tips brownish. 
 
 Bill black ; mouth dusky flesh-colour ; iris crimson ; feet and 
 claws black ; in the young the iris is brown. 
 
 Length 11 ; tail 5-3 to 6-5 ; wing 5-2 to 575 ; tarsus 7 ; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. From the Brahmaputra river and the eastern branch 
 of the Ganges delta down to Lower Pegu and Northern Tenas- 
 serim. The southern limit of this species, so far as the specimens 
 [ have examined serve to show it, is a line drawn from Pegu town 
 to Thatone and on to Pahpoon. D. nigrescens is also found along 
 this line, and both species procured at the above places are quite 
 typical and distinct one from the other. Wardlaw Eamsay obtained 
 D. cineraceus in Karennee and the Toungngoo hills. It extends 
 into Siain. It is not found in any portion of the Malay peninsula, 
 but it reappears in Java, Lombock, and Palawan. 
 
 D. stiymatops, Sharpe, is a very distinct species of this type, 
 with the lores pure white. It is found in Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, $c. This species frequents forests and the better wooded 
 parts of the country. I did not succeed in finding its nest in Pegu, 
 and nothing is known of its nidification. 
 
 o 
 
 Genus CHAPTIA, Hodgs., 1837. 
 
 The genus Chaptia resembles Dicrurus in many respects. It 
 differs chiefly in its very depressed and flattened bill, and in the 
 pointed character of the feathers of the crown and hind neck. The 
 plumage is very glossy. The tail is much forked, the middle pair 
 of feathers reaching very little beyond the middle of the tail. 
 
 334. Chaptia aenea. The Bronzed Drongo. 
 
 Dicrurus senaus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. cFHist . Nat. ix, p. 586 (1817). 
 .Chaptia malayensis, A. Hay, Blyth, J.A.S. B. xv, p. 294 (1846) ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 200; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. \, p. 393; Tweedd. Ibis, 
 
CHAPTIA. 319 
 
 1877, p. 315 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 244 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. 
 vi, p. 218 ; Hume, Cat. no. 282 bis. 
 
 Cliaptm aenea ( Vie ill.), Bli/th, Cat. p. 200 ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 150 ; 
 Jerd. B. 1. \, p. 438 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 192 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 100 ; 
 Armstrong, S. F. iv, p. 320 j Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 243 ; 
 Anders. Yunnan E.vped.,Aves, p. 652; HumefyDav. S. F. vi, p. 217; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 282; Gates, S. F. viii, r>. 166; Scully, S. F. viii. 
 
 Anders. Yunnan E.vped.,Aves, p. 652; HumefyDav. S. F. vi, p. 217; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 282 ; Gates, S. F. viii, p. 166 ; Scully, S. F. 
 p. 272 ; Bincjham, S. F. ix, p. 173 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 223 ; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 155 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 100 ; Gates in Hume's N. 
 E. 2nd ed. i, p. 210. 
 Buchanga, Beng. ; Chota Kesraj at Gorakhpur ; Chaptia, Nep. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black glossed with metallic 
 bronze or lilac ; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts dull 
 brownish ; under wing-coverts generally tipped white, the axillaries 
 less frequently so. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black ; iris red or reddish. 
 
 Length about 9*5 ; tail 4-5 to 6 ; wing 4-2 to 5 ; tarsus *65 ; bill 
 from gape 1. 
 
 It seems impossible to separate the race of this bird which in- 
 habits India and the greater part of Burma from the race which 
 is found in Southern Tenasserim, the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, 
 and Borneo. Typical specimens may be selected from the Hima- 
 layas and from Sumatra which present certain points of difference, 
 but these are by no means striking, and the two varieties are 
 connected together by other specimens which it is difficult to assign 
 to either race. 
 
 Birds of this species from India have the wing of the average 
 length of 4-7 inches. In Tenasserim the wings of this bird average 
 the same, but some few specimens can be found with wings no 
 longer than 4'2, and in Sumatra we meet with wings measuring 4'4. 
 The tails vary immensely in length even in the same localities. In 
 Sumatra they range from 4 to 4-2, and in India they ordinarily 
 measure 4*7 ; but a remarkably fine Sikhim bird has the tail actually 
 6'2 in length, and others from the same place have it no longer 
 than 4-4. I think, therefore, that we may discard size as a cha- 
 racter by which the two races may be separated. 
 
 With regard to colour, Indian birds have a perceptible grey 
 dulness on the rump, and they have the abdomen generally, but 
 not always, greyish. Sumatrau birds have the rump as black and 
 as glossy as the other parts of the upper plumage, and the abdo- 
 men, as a rule, dark-coloured. They have, moreover, a lilac gloss 
 on the upper plumage, which is generally absent in Indian birds, 
 but some fine Sikhim specimens show traces of it. There are no 
 other differences between the two races. 
 
 Distribution. The western portion of India from Travancore up 
 to Khandala ; the Himalayas from Mussooree to the extreme end 
 of the Assam valley ; Eastern Bengal ; thence through the entire 
 eastern portion of the Empire, ranging down the Malay peninsula 
 to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
320 
 
 Jerdon records this bird from the Bastar country in the Central 
 Provinces, where, however, it has not again been observed either by 
 Ball or any other ornithologist. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This species is found in forest country, from the level 
 of the sea up to 7000 or 8000 feet. It takes its station on the 
 summit of lofty trees, and swoops on insects with a very graceful 
 flight, returning to the same perch. It breeds from April to June, 
 constructing its nest, which is made of grass and vegetable fibres 
 overlaid with cobwebs, in the fork of a branch at a considerable 
 height from the ground. The eggs, three in number, are pinkish 
 marked with red and purplish, and measure about *82 by *61. 
 
 Genus CHIBIA, Hodgs., 1837. 
 
 In Chibia the bill is considerably lengthened, pointed, and curved 
 downwards, in order that it may be inserted into flowers, upon the 
 contents of which, such as nectar and insects, the birds of this 
 genus largely feed. 
 
 The plumage of Chibia is excessively brilliant, and the feathers 
 of the sides of the neck are greatly lengthened and pointed. Some 
 half a dozen hairs, several inches in length, spring in a bunch from 
 the posterior part of the crown, which is otherwise smooth and free 
 from any tuft. The tail is nearly square, and the tips of the outer- 
 most feathers are much curved upwards. 
 
 335. Chibia hottentotta. The Hair-crested Drongo. 
 
 Corvus hottentottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 155 (1766). 
 
 Chibia hottentotta (Linn), Blyth, Cat. p. 200 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 439 ; 
 Hume, N.$E. p. 194 j id. S. F. iii, p. 101 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, 
 p. 235 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 651 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, 
 p. 73 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 222 ; Hume, Cat. no. 286 ; Oates, 
 S. F. yiii, p. 167 ; Scully, 8. F. viii, p. 272 ; Bingham, 8. F. ix, 
 p. 174 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 367 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 227 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 157 j Hume, 8. F. xi, p. 102 j Oates in Hume's 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 213. 
 
 Dicrurus (Chibia) hottentota (Linn.}, Horsf. fy M. Cat. \, p. 157. 
 
 Krishna-raj or Kishen-raj or Kesroj, Beng. & Hind. ; Resya, Jobraj, 
 Nep. ; Povong-pho, Lepch. ; Yentika passala poligadu, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black, with metallic blue reflec- 
 tions on the crown and the hackled feathers of the neck and breast ; 
 wing-coverts and outer webs of the quills and tail-feathers glossed 
 with metallic bronze. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and claws black. 
 
 Length 12-5 ; tail 6 ; wing up to 7 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape 
 1-6. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from the Wynaad to 
 Mahableshvvar ; Kaipur; Sambalpur ; Chutia Nagpur; the Hima- 
 
DISSEMUROIDES. 321 
 
 lavas from Garhwal to the extreme east of Assam ; southern and 
 eastern Bengal, thence extending through Assam and Burma nearly 
 to the extreme southern point of Tenasserim. This species does 
 not appear to ascend the Himalayas to any great height, probably 
 not above 3000 feet. The same, or a closely allied, form is found 
 in China (C. brevirostris, Cab.). 
 
 Habits, <$fc. This Drongo is found only in forests or well-wooded 
 localities, generally in small flocks, feeding on high trees. Its food 
 consists in great measure of insects which harbour in flowers, and 
 it catches insects on the wing less habitually than the other 
 Drongos. It breeds from April to June, constructing a cradle- 
 like nest at the extreme tip of a branch, generally at a great height 
 from the ground. Those nests which I found in Pegu were 
 secured with great difficulty. The eggs, generally three in number, 
 are white or pinkish, marked with reddish brown or purple. They 
 measure about 1-12 by *81. 
 
 Genus DISSEMUROIDES, Hume, 1873. 
 
 The genus Dissemuroides differs from Dicrurus in possessing a 
 tuft of hair-like feathers about half an inch long springing from 
 the forehead. It contains two species which merely differ from 
 each other in size. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail 6'5 ; wing 5-3 D. andamanensis, p. 321. 
 
 b. Tail 8 ; wing 5'8 D. dicniriformis, p. 322. 
 
 Fig. 96. Head of D. andamanensis. 
 
 336. Dissenmroides andamanensis. The Small Andamanese 
 Drongo. 
 
 Dicrurus andaraanensis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 323. 
 Buchanga (Dicrurus) andamanensis (Tytler}, Ball, J. A. 8. B. xli, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 282 ; id. S. F. i, p. 06. 
 VOL. I. T 
 
322 DICETJEID7E. 
 
 Buchanga andamanensis (Tytl\ WaU. His, 1873, p. 310. 
 Dissemuroides andamanensis (Tytl.~), Hume, S. F. ii, p. 211; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 255 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 77; Hume, Cat. no. 
 
 283 ter. 
 
 Coloration. Black with a greenish-blue gloss over most of the 
 plumage; primaries and secondaries brown; under wing-coverts 
 and axillaries tipped with white. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black; iris hair-brown, sometimes very deep 
 and almost blackish (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 11-5 ; tail 6'5 ; wing 5-3 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from 
 gape 1-3 ; depth of fork of tail about 2. 
 
 Distribution. Port Blair and Macpher son's Straits and probably 
 other parts of the Andaman Islands. 
 
 Habits, $c. Apparently the same as those of Dicrurus ater. 
 
 337. Dissemuroides dicruriformis. The Large Andamanese 
 Drongo. 
 
 Dissemuroides dicruriformis, Hume, S. F. i, p. 408 (1873) ; ii, 
 p. 211 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 255 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 77; 
 Ifrtme, Cat. no. 283 bis. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles D. andamanensis in all respects except 
 that of size. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black; iris dark brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 14 ; tail 8 ; wing 5'8 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape 
 1-45. 
 
 Distribution. The Great Coco and Table Islands in the Andaman 
 group. 
 
 Habits, c. Davison remarks that this species has the habits of 
 the Dicruri. 
 
 Genus DISSEMURULUS, n. gen, 
 
 I propose the above generic name for a bird which has hitherto 
 been tossed about between the genera Dissemurus, Dissemuroides, 
 and Dicrurus. Dissemurulus lophorhinus, the type and sole member 
 of the genus, is characterized by the possession of a tuft of ordinary 
 feathers, about half an inch long, on the forehead. This character 
 separates it from the last two genera mentioned above, and it is 
 separated from Dissemurus by the deeply forked tail, the outermost 
 feathers of which are neither produced to an extraordinary 
 length, nor have a bare shaft with a short length of terminal web. 
 
 338. Dissemurulus lophorhinus. The Ceylon Black Drongo. 
 
 Dicrurus lopliorinus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. JHist. Nat. ix, p. 587 
 
 (1817) : Walden, Ibis, 1807, p. 4C8. 
 Dicrurus edolifornris, Blytlt, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 297 (184G) ; id Cat 
 
 p. 202 ; id. Ibis, 1807, p. 305. 
 
BHRIXGA. 323 
 
 Dissemuroides edoliiformis (Blytli), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 256 ; 
 
 Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 78. 
 Dissemuroides lophorliinus ( VieilL), Hume, S. F. vii, p. 375 ; tW, 
 
 Cat. no. 283 quat. 
 
 Dissemurus lophorliinus (Viei/l.), Leyye, Sink Ceyl. p. 396, pi. 17. 
 I lissemurulus lophorhinus (F.), Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 215. 
 
 Kowda, Kaput a lay a, Ceyl. 
 
 Fig. 97. IJead of D. lophorhinus. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black, highly glossed with blue 
 and green on the tips and margins of the feathers, except on the 
 abdomen and flanks ; under \\ing-coverts and axillaries tipped with 
 white. 
 
 Iris dull brownish red or dark yellowish red ; bill, legs, and feet 
 black (Leyye). 
 
 Length about 14; tail about 8; wing 6; tarsus I'l; bill from 
 gape 1*4 ; depth of fork of tail 2'5. 
 
 Distribution. The damp forests of Ceylon up to 3000 feet. 
 
 Habits, #c. According to Legge this Drongo breeds in the south 
 of Ceylon at the beginning of April, but the nest and eggs are not 
 known. 
 
 Genus BHRINGA, Hodgs., 1837. 
 
 With the genus Bhringa we enter upon those Drongos which 
 have the outer pair of tail-feathers produced to an extravagant 
 length, the middle portion of the shaft being w r ebless. The genus 
 Bhri'tiga differs from Dissemurus, the next genus, and the only one 
 with which it can be confounded, by having the terminal portion 
 of the outer tail-feathers flattened and equally webbed on both 
 sides of the shaft. This terminal portion is about four inches in 
 length, and the preceding bare portion of the shaft is about three 
 times this length. 
 
 Jerdon was in error in stating that the lengthened tail-feathers 
 were present only at the breeding-season. Adults after once 
 acquiring them, never lose them. The young acquire them at the 
 second autumn moult. 
 
 Y2 
 
324 DlCRTJRID-'E. 
 
 339. Bhringa remifer. The Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo. 
 
 Edolius remifer, Temm. PI. Col. iii, pi. 178 (1823). 
 
 Bhringa tectirostris, Hodgs. 2nd. Rev. i, p. 325 (1837); Hume, N. fy 
 
 E. p. 193 ; id. 8. F. iii, p. 101. 
 Bhringa remifer (Temm.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 200; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 159 ; Jerd. B. 1. i, p. 434 ; Blyth | Wold. Birds Sunn. p. 128 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 257 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 218 ; 
 
 Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 80 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 652 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 283; Gates, B. B. i, 224 ; Hume, S. F. xi,p. 100 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 216. 
 
 Nep. ; Nambong punnony, Lepch. ; Piadiyapo, Bhut. 
 
 Fig. 98. Head of B. remifer. 
 
 Coloration. The entire plumage black, the head, neck, throat, 
 and breast glossed with metallic violet, the back and the outer webs 
 of the quills and tail-feathers with metallic blue ; tinder wing- 
 coverts and axillaries tipped with white. 
 
 Iris red ; bill, legs, and claws black ; eyelids plumbeous. 
 
 Length to end of middle tail-feathers aboufc 11 ; tail to end of 
 middle feathers about 5*5 ; length of lateral tail-feathers up 
 to 21, of which 12 is bare shaft ; wing 5*5 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Garhwal to Assam up to 
 5000 feet ; thence through the hill-tracts of Assam and throughout 
 Burma to Tenasserim. Davison failed to observe this species 
 south of 'Amherst, but Binghain procured it in the Thoungyeen 
 valley. It reappears in the mountains of Perak, Sumatra, and 
 Java. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Entirely confined to forest country. This species 
 sallies after insects from the summit of the highest trees. It breeds 
 in May and June, constructing a shallow nest of small twigs and 
 roots in a fork of a branch at a considerable height from the 
 ground. The eggs are pinkish, marked with brownish red, and 
 measure about 1-05 by '75. 
 
D1SSEMUKU8. 325 
 
 Genus DISSEMURUS, Gloger, 1842. 
 
 The genus Disxemurus contains the finest members of the Drongo 
 family. The sole species found within our limits varies, however, 
 in dimensions and structure throughout its great range, but is 
 characterized at all times by the great elongation of the lateral 
 tail- feathers, the terminal portion of which is webbed on the 
 outside for a distance of about four inches and twisted upwards. 
 The web on the inner side of the shaft is very narrow. The fore- 
 head is tufted with feathers of varying length, birds from the 
 Himalayas and Central India having the tuft quite two inches in 
 length, whereas birds from Southern India and Tenasserim have it 
 less than one inch in length. 
 
 340. Dissemurus paradiseus. The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo. 
 
 Cuculus paradiseus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i, p. 172 (1766). 
 
 Lanius malabaricus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 66 (1790). 
 
 Edolius grandis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 5. 
 
 Chibia malabaroides, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. \, p. 325 (1837). 
 
 Edolius paradiseus (Linn.), Blyth, Cat. p. 201 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 435. 
 
 Dicrurus (Edolius) paradiseus (Gm.), Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 155. 
 
 Dicrurus (Edolius) malabaricus (Scop.), Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 157. 
 
 Edolius malabaricus (Scop.), Jerd. B. I. i, p. 437. 
 
 Edolius affinis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 323. 
 
 Dissemurus malabaroides (Hodgs.), Hume, N. fy E. p. 193 ; id. S. F. 
 iii, p. 101 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 218. 
 
 Dissemurus affinis (Tytler), Hume,S. F. ii, p. 212. 
 
 Dissemurus paradiseus (Linn.), Bli/th <$ Wald. Birds Burm. p. 128 ; 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 258; Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 80; Hume 
 $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 219 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 399 ; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 285 ; Gates, S. F. x, p. 203 ; id. B. B. i, p. 225 ; Barnes, Birds 
 Bom. p. 156 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 217. 
 
 Dissemurus malabaricus (Scop.), Hume, S. F. iv, p. 395. 
 
 Dissemurus grandis ( Gould), Hume, Cat. no. 284 ; Oates, S. F. viii, 
 p. 166; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 156; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 101. 
 
 The Large Racket-tailed Drongo, The Malabar Racket-tailed Drongo, 
 Jerd.; Bhimraj, Bhring-raj, Hind.; Kalgia, Nep. ; Tiiikapassalapoliyadu, 
 Tel.; Hati of the Gonds; Parvak or Parvok-pho, Lepch.; Kate-ougal, 
 Mahr. ; Maha-Kaivuda, Erattu valem Kuruvi, Tain, in Ceyl. ; Hnet-dau, 
 Burm. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black, glossed with blue, except 
 on the inner webs of the quills, the throat, lower abdomen, and 
 vent ; the under wing-coverts and axillaries frequently tipped with 
 white. 
 
 Iris red ; bill, feet, and claws black ; iris brown in the young. 
 
 Length up to 26 ; middle tail-feathers 5;5 to 6*5 ; outer tail- 
 feathers up to 20; wing 5'8 to 7; tarsus I'l ; bill from gape 
 1*5 to 1'8 ; crest up to 2. 
 
 I believe that it is impossible to separate the larger bird from 
 the Himalayas and Central India from the smaller one from 
 Southern India and Tenasserim, as the two forms are connected 
 
326 
 
 DICBUHID^E. 
 
 together by birds from Khandesh on the one hand and from Pegu 
 on the other. The question has been fully discussed by Hume 
 and Sharpe, the former separating the two races, and the latter 
 uniting them. 
 
 Distribution. The western parts oE India from Grodhra in the 
 Panch Mahals to Travancore ; Ceylon ; the Nellore ghats ; the 
 Tributary Mehals of Orissa ; Chutia Nagpur; Satubalpur and 
 Eaipur ; lower Bengal and the Sundarbans ; the Himalayas from 
 Kumaun to Assam, and thence through Burma to the extreme 
 south of Teuasserim. In the latter locality this Drongo is found 
 
 Fig. 99. Head of D. paradiseus. 
 
 in a small form, which becomes still further reduced in size in 
 the Malay peninsula. This small Malay race has been named 
 D. platurus. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species inhabits forests and well-wooded 
 localities, and is more sociable than the other Drongos, being 
 found either in pairs or in parties of four or five. It hawks after 
 insects both from lofty stations and from points near the ground. 
 It has a very fine song. The breeding-season lasts from April to 
 June. The nest, which is constructed rather flimsily of twigs, is 
 placed high up in branches of trees. The eggs are white or 
 pinkish, marked with reddish brown and neutral tint, and measure 
 about 1-15 by -82. 
 
CEKTIIIID.E. 32" 
 
 Family CERTHJID/E. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles perfectly smooth, 
 or with a simple notch in the upper one; hinder aspect of tarsus 
 bil animated, the laminae entire and smooth ; wing with ten pri- 
 maries ; tongue non-tubular; nostrils clear of the line of the fore- 
 head, the space between the nostril and the edge of the mandible 
 less than the space between the nostril and culmen ; plumage of 
 the nestling resembling that of the adult female, but paler ; nostrils 
 bare ; rictal bristles absent. 
 
 The Certhiidce comprise the Creepers and the Wrens, two groups 
 which are closely allied to each other. With the exception of 
 Ticliodroma all the Ctrthiidce found in India are resident species 
 and have but one moult a year. 
 
 The Certhiidce have the feathers of the forehead short and closely 
 set together, and they have no hairs over the nostrils nor any 
 vestige of rictal bristles. The wing varies in shape, being some- 
 times, as in Salpornis, extremely pointed and sometimes very blunt 
 and rounded, as in the true Wrens. The toes and claws in all are 
 much lengthened. The number of tail-feathers varies from twelve 
 to six in this family. 
 
 The Certhiidce are found over a considerable portion of the 
 world, and they are probably a very ancient group. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Tail of 12 feathers. 
 
 a'. Tail composed of stiff, pointed feathers . . CEI.ITHIA, p. 328. 
 b'. Tail composed of soft, rounded feathers. 
 ". First primary not more than a quarter 
 
 the length of the second SALPORNIS, p. 332. 
 
 b". First primary equal to, or longer than, 
 
 half the second. 
 a'". Wing more than four times the 
 
 length of the tarsus TICHODROMA, p. 334. 
 
 b'". Wing less than three times the 
 
 length of the tarsus. 
 a 1 . Tail and wing of much the same 
 
 length SPHENOCICHLA, p. 335. 
 
 b 1 . Tail very much shorter than the 
 
 wing. 
 
 a 5 . Tail less graduated, the outer 
 feather being three-quarters 
 the length of the tail ANOBTHUEA, p. 337. 
 
328 
 
 6 5 . Tail more graduated, the outer 
 feather being only half the 
 length of the tail ELACHUBA, p. 339. 
 
 b. Tail of 10 feathers UROCICHLA, p. 340. 
 
 c. Tail of 6 feathers PNOEPYGA, p. 342. 
 
 Genus CERTHIA, Liiin., 1766. 
 
 The genus Certhia contains six Indian species, which are chiefly 
 residents on the Himalayas, or migratory to a slight extent from 
 higher to lower altitudes or vice versa. 
 
 Certhia appears to have only an autumn moult, but Biddulph 
 (Ibis, 1881), with regard to C. himalayana, speaks of a winter and 
 a summer plumage. A large series of skins of this species, how- 
 ever, does not support his assertion, and no European writer has 
 noticed the fact in regard to C. familiaris. The young are coloured 
 like the adult, but they often have on the lower plumage some 
 obsolete cross-bars, especially on the sides of the breast. 
 
 The Tree-Creepers, as their name denotes, are found climbing 
 the trunks and branches of trees. They feed entirely on insects. 
 
 Fig. 100. Foot of Certhia. 
 
 They lay spotted eggs, which are deposited in a nest made of 
 twigs, grass, and moss in a hole in a tree or behind a piece of 
 detached bark. 
 
 In Certhia the bill is sometimes as long as the head, more fre- 
 quently rather shorter, slender, and curved downwards. The 
 nostrils are long narrow slits. The wing is rounded, the first 
 primary being about half the length of the second, which, with the 
 third, falls short of the tip of the wing. The tail is longer than 
 the wing, and composed of twelve very stiff and pointed feathers, 
 and greatly graduated. The tarsus is scutellated, and the toes and 
 claws are extremely long. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail distinctly cross-barred throughout C. himalayana, p. 329. 
 
 b. Tail plain or nearly so. 
 
 a'. Lower plumage, except the under tail- 
 coverts, entirely white C. hodysoni, p. 329. 
 
 b'. Chin, throat, and centre of breast and 
 abdomen white; remainder of lower 
 plumage fulvous-brown C. nepalensis, p. 330. 
 
CERTHIA. 329 
 
 c. Whole lower plumage earthy brown .... C. discolor, p. 331. 
 d'. Chin, throat, and breast bull' ; remainder of 
 
 lower plumage earthy brown C. manipurensiS) p. 331. 
 
 e. Chin and throat whitish ; centre of breast 
 
 and abdomen fulvous ; remainder of lower 
 
 plumage deep ferruginous C. stoliczkce, p. 332. 
 
 341. Certhia himalayana. The Himalayan Tree-Creeper. 
 
 Certhia himalayana, Viy. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 174 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 188 ; 
 Horsf. Sf M. Cat. ii, p. 717 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 380 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 
 S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 25 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 19 ; Hume, N. $ E. 
 p. 160 ; Cock 8> Marsh. S. F. i, p. 351 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 78 j id. 
 Cat. no. 243 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 50 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, 
 p. 327 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 220. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage blackish striped with fulvous, the 
 wing-coverts tipped with the same ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
 strongly tinged with ferruginous ; tail brown, regularly cross- 
 barred with black; wings dark brown, all the quills, except the 
 first four, with a broad fulvous band, above and below which the 
 feathers are blackish ; the quills also tipped fulvous, and with a 
 subterminal band on the outer webs near the tip ; a short eyebrow 
 fulvous ; ear-coverts black ; chin and upper throat pure white ; 
 remainder of lower plumage pale smoky brown. 
 
 Upper mandible black ; lower mandible fleshy ; legs, feet, and 
 claws fleshy ; iris dark brown (Davison). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 2-7 ; tarsus '55 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 C. tceniura, found in Samarkand and Central Asia, has a vely 
 much longer bill. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the N.W. Himalayas from Almora to 
 Haziira, and through the greater part of Kashmir to Gilgit. This 
 bird is found at all elevations, according to season, from the plains 
 up to 12,000 feet. In Gilgit it is found below 6000 feet in winter, 
 and in summer it retreats to the forests above. It extends to 
 Hunza and Chitral in the north, and "Wardlaw Earn say met with 
 it further south in Afghanistan. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Nests in holes in high trees some forty feet from the 
 ground. The eggs are white, with numerous red spots, and 
 measure '6 by '45. The nests have been found at Murree and in 
 Kashmir, but in what months is not recorded. 
 
 342. Certhia hodgsoni. Hodgson's Tree-Creeper. 
 
 Certhia familiaris, Linn, apud Hume Sf Henders. Lah. to Yark. 
 
 p. 180. 
 Certhia hodgsoni, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 74 (1872) ; Hume, 
 
 N. $ E. p. 160 ; Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 273 ; Hume, S. F. v, pp. 73, 
 
 78 ; id. Cat. no. 243 bis j Oates in Hume's N, $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 220. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage and tfce sides of the head and neck 
 
330 CERTHIIDJE. 
 
 dark brown streaked with rufous, with which are intermingled 
 other streaks of black and white ; wing-coverts tipped with pale 
 fulvous ; rump and upper tail-coverts ferruginous ; tail reddish 
 brown, obsoletely barred near the tip ; wings dark brown, with a 
 pale fulvous band across all the quills, except the first four, and 
 another blackish band above and below it ; most of the quills 
 tipped white, and the later ones with a fulvous streak near the 
 end of the outer web ; a white superciliuin ; forehead, cheeks, and 
 the whole lower plumage white, the under tail-coverts tinged with 
 fulvous. 
 
 Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet flesh-colour (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length rather more than 5; tail 2*6; wing 2'6; tarsus 55; 
 bill from gape *75. 
 
 This species, closely allied to the English Creeper, C. familiaris, 
 may be distinguished from it by the coloration of the fourth pri- 
 mary. In C. familiaris the fourth primary is marked with fulvous 
 like the others ; in C. hodgsoni the fourth primary is unmarked, 
 and the bill is also longer. 
 
 Distribution. Kashmir, where, according to Brooks, its discoverer, 
 this Tree-Creeper occurs sparingly in the pine-woods near the 
 snows. Biddulph and Scully met with it in Gilgit and Astor at 
 about 10,000 feet in June and July. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Captain Cock took several nests of this bird at 
 Gulmurg and Sonaraurg in June. The eggs are very densely 
 spotted and measure about '62 by *48. 
 
 343. Certhia nepalensis. The Nepal Tree-Creeper. 
 
 Certhia nipalensis, Hodys., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 81 (1845) ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 188; Horsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 718; Jerd. B. I. i, 
 
 p. 381 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 56 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xliii, pt. ii, p. 157 ; Hume, S, F. v, pp. 76, 78 ; id. Cat. no. 244 ; 
 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 329. 
 Certhia mandellii, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xlii, pt. ii ; p. 256 (1873). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles C. hodgsoni in general coloration, but is 
 blacker above ; the tail is plain brown ; cheeks, chin, throat, breast, 
 and upper abdomen white, the remaining lower plumage fulvous- 
 brown. 
 
 Iris brown ; legs horny ; bill blackish above, white below (Blan- 
 Jordj. 
 
 Length about 5'5 ; tail 2'7 ; wing 2*8 ; tarsus *65 ; bill from 
 gape '75. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, and Bhutan, extending into the 
 Naga Hills. Blanford found this species from 8000 to 13,000 feet 
 in the pine-woods of Northern Sikhim, associating with flocks of 
 Loplwplianes and Phylloscopi. 
 
 Hodgson figures only C. discolor, but in his collection are speci- 
 mens also of C. nepalensis -, and both species bear the same number. 
 
CEUTHIA. 331 
 
 344. Certhia discolor. The SikUim Tree-Creeper. 
 
 Certhia discolor, Rhjtli, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 580 (1845) ; id. Cat 
 p. 188 ; Horsf. S? M. Cat. ii, p. 718 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 381 ; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, pp. 70, 194 ; Hume, S. F. v, pp. 75, 78 ; 
 id. Cat. no. 245 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 135 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 85. 
 
 Certhia nipalensis, Hodys. apud Brooks, J. A. S. B. xlii, pt. ii, 
 p. 255. 
 
 Saddyer-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 101. Head of C. discolor. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage blackish brown, streaked with ful- 
 vous ; rump and upper tail-coverts bright ferruginous ; tail reddish 
 brown with red shafts ; wings dark brown with a pale fulvous 
 band across all the quills except the first four, and another blackish 
 band above and below it ; most of the quills tipped white, and the 
 later ones with a fulvous streak near the end of the outer web ; 
 lower plumage entirely earthy brown ; under tail-coverts ferrugi- 
 nous; a cheek-stripe rufous, varying in tint; under wing-coverts 
 and axillaries white. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill dark horn, pale below ; legs pale brown 
 ( Wardlaw Ramsay}. 
 
 Length 6 ; tail 3 ; wing 2-7 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from gape '75. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikkiin, and Bhutan as far at least as the 
 Daphla Hills ; also across the Brahmaputra valley in the Naga and 
 East Naga hills. Wardlaw Ramsay procured this species in 
 Karennee, and his specimens are inseparable from Sikhim birds. 
 It is noteworthy that Hume obtained the distinct C. manipurensis 
 in Manipur. 
 
 345. Certhia manipurensis. Humes Tree-Creeper. 
 Certhia manipurensis, Hume, S. F. x, p. 151 (1881), xi, p. 86. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles C. discolor. Differs in having the chin, 
 throat, and upper part of breast pure buff, and the lower abdomen 
 buffy grey. The bill is also slightly longer. 
 
 Legs and feet pale fleshy brown ; upper mandible blackish ; 
 lower mandible very pale fleshy pink ; iris hazel (Hume). 
 
 Length about 6; tail 27; wing 2-7; tarsus -65; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 The coloration of the lower plumage of the Creepers is an excel- 
 lent differential character, being in most, if not all cases correlated 
 with a distinct geographical distribution, so that C. manipurensis 
 may be accepted in my opinion as a valid species. 
 
332 
 
 Distribution. The Eastern hills of Manipur, where this species was 
 obtained by Hume at elevations of from 5000 to 6000 feet. He 
 states that it was not very uncommon, though by no means abundant. 
 
 346. Certhia stoliczkae. Stoliczka's Tree-Creeper. 
 
 Certhia stoliczkee, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xlii, pt. ii, p. 256 (1873) ; 
 Hume, S. F. v, pp. 77, 78 ; id. Cat. no. 244 bis. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, back, and ear-coverts black 
 streaked with fulvous ; rump and upper tail-coverts ferruginous ; 
 tail pale reddish brown with reddish shafts ; wing-coverts tipped 
 with fulvous ; quills dark brown, all but the first four with a pale 
 fulvous band, above and below which the feathers are blackish ; 
 the quills tipped with buff, and with a subterminal band of the 
 same colour on the outer webs ; chin and throat whitish ; feathers 
 round the eye, a supercilium, and cheeks buff ; centre of breast 
 and abdomen pale fulvous ; sides of the breast and abdomen, vent, 
 and under tail-coverts deep ferruginous ; under wing-coverts and 
 axillaries pale fulvous. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3'2 ; wing 2*8 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim and Bhutan. 
 
 Genus SALPOENIS, Gray, 1847. 
 
 The genus Salpornis contains only one Indian and one African 
 species, and differs in many remarkable respects from Certhia, 
 although bearing a great general resemblance to it. It has an 
 extremely long, pointed wing, with a minute first primary, and the 
 second primary reaches to the tip of the wing. The foot is also 
 differently shaped. But the most remarkable feature about Sal- 
 pornis is that it builds a cup-shaped nest on a branch of a tree, thus 
 deviating entirely from the habits of all other Creepers. The posi- 
 tion of this bird requires further investigation. 
 
 Fig. 102. Foot of Salpornis. 
 
 Salpornis has a bill similar in shape to that of Certhia, but much 
 longer. The tarsus is short, and the hind claw is much shorter 
 than the hind toe. The tail is composed of twelve soft rounded 
 feathers, and nearly square. 
 
 The sexes are alike, and the young are similar to the adult, and 
 there is nothing to lead to the belief that there is any spring moult. 
 
SALPORNIS. 333 
 
 347. Salpornis spilonota. The Spotted-Grey Creeper. 
 
 Certhia spilonota, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 121. 
 
 Salporuis spilonota (FrankL), Jcrd. B. 1. i, p. 382 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xxxviii, p. 1 70 ; A dam, S. F. i, p. 375 ; Sail, S. F. ii, p. 397 ; 
 . Hume, Cat. no. 246 ; Davidson, S. F. x, p. 300 ; Gadow, Cat. ILM. 
 
 viii, p. 330 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 139 ; Oates in Hume's N.fyE. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 220. 
 
 Fig. 103. Head of S. spilonota. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and a line behind the eye black ; above these 
 a broad white supercilium ; ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, and throat 
 white ; crown ashy brown streaked with white ; the whole upper 
 plumage and wing-coverts black spotted with white; quills dark 
 brown, spotted with white on both webs and partially barred with 
 blackish ; tail black, barred with white, the bars interrupted at the 
 shaft, and the middle feathers ashy down the middle; lower 
 plumage pale fulvous barred with black. 
 
 The young appear to resemble the adults. 
 
 Legs and feet blackish plumbeous ; bill blackish, light below ; 
 iris dark brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2*3 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus *6o ; bill from 
 gapel. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout a considerable portion of the plains of 
 India, from the foot of the Himalayas southwards to near the 
 Kistna river. On the west the limits of this species appear to be 
 Gurgaon, Sambhar, Ajmere, and Abu. Further south it has been 
 met with at Dhulia in Khandesh, and Blanford records it from 
 Chanda, Sironcha, and the Godavari valley. Ball obtained it at 
 Sambalpur and at various localities in Chutia ISTagpur, and I have 
 seen a specimen collected in Behar, but in what particular part of 
 it was not recorded. Our knowledge of the distribution of this 
 peculiar bird is therefore far from satisfactory. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Blanford writes : " These birds keep to the largest 
 trees, running round the stems in all directions and flying with a 
 steady flight, not unlike that of a Woodpecker, but swifter and 
 more elegant. They have a whistling note." Mr. Cleveland found 
 the nest in Gurgaon on the 16th April. It was placed on a hori- 
 zontal bough of a tree aud attached to a vertical shoot. It was 
 cup-shaped, and composed of bits of leaf-stalk and leaves, chips of 
 bark, and the dung of caterpillars, bound together by cobwebs ; it 
 was very firm and elastic. The nest contained two young birds 
 and one egg. This latter was greenish white, with a ring of 
 blackish-brown specks round the large end, and a few specks over 
 the remainder of the shell. It measured '68 by '53. 
 
334 CEBTHIID^. 
 
 Genus TICHODROMA, Illiger, 1811. 
 
 The genus Tichodroma contains only the well-known "Wall- 
 Creeper, which is found as a winter visitor to the Himalayas and 
 more rarely to the neighbouring plains. 
 
 The Wall-Creeper, in addition to a complete autumn moult, has 
 a partial one in the spring by which the colour of the chin and 
 throat is changed. The sexes are said to differ slightly from each 
 other in summer, but I have not been able to examine summer- 
 pi umaged females. The young birds resemble the adults in winter 
 plumage very closely, but they have more spots on the wings, and 
 these of a rufous colour instead of white, and they have less crimson 
 on the wing. 
 
 Tichodroma has a very long, slender, and almost straight bill, 
 longer than the head, and the nostrils are long narrow slits. The 
 wing is extremely large, but rounded, not pointed, the first primary 
 being about half the length of the second, and the second and third 
 falling short of the tip of the wing. The tail, composed of twelve 
 soft feathers, is about half the length of the wing, and rounded 
 very slightly. The tarsus is smooth, and the hind claw longer 
 than its toe. 
 
 348. Tichodroma mnraria. The Wall-Creeper. 
 
 Certhia muraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 184 (1766). 
 
 Tichodroma muraria (Linn^, Blyth, Cat. p. 189 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. \\, 
 
 p. 719 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 383 ; Hume $ Holders. Lah. to York. 
 
 p. 181 ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 136 ; Hume, Cat. no. 247 j GadoWj 
 
 Cat.B. M. viii,p. 33L 
 
 The Red-ivinged Wall-creeper, Jerd.; Dewal Gaiyiik, Pushtu j Say- 
 gorsa-lamdonff-pho, Lepch.; Suppurotsu, Chamha. 
 
 Fig. 104. Head of T. muraria. 
 
 Coloration. In winter plumage the forehead, crown, nape, and 
 ear-coverts are brown ; a ring round the eye and a short super- 
 cilium w^hite ; lores mixed ashy and brown ; hind neck, back, and 
 scapulars ashy grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts iron-grey ; lesser 
 wing-coverts bright crimson ; the outer greater coverts and the 
 primary-coverts brown on the inner and dull crimson on the outer 
 webs ; the inner greater coverts and the tertiaries brown, tinged 
 with ashy ; winglet brown ; quills black tipped with whitish, the 
 outer webs of the primaries and secondaries, except those of the 
 first three, with the basal half of the outer webs crimson; the 
 first four large primaries each with two large white spots on the 
 
SP1IENOCIC1ILA. 335 
 
 inner webs ; tail black tipped with ashy, which gradually changes 
 to while and increases in amount towards the outer feathers ; chin 
 and throat pure while; remainder of lower plumage ashy slate; 
 the under tail-coverts fringed wilh white; axillaries crimson. 
 
 In summer the crown of the head becomes grey and the chin 
 and throat black. The female is said to have a smaller extent of 
 the throat black than the male. 
 
 The young resemble the adults in winter plumage, but there is 
 less crimson on Ihe wing, and all the quills have each two rufous 
 spots on the inner web. These spots gradually disappear, except 
 on the first four large primaries, where they eventually turn 
 white. 
 
 Bill black; iris blackish brown; legs, feet, and claws black 
 (Scully). 
 
 Length nearly 7 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 4 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape 1*3. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Bhutan to the 
 extreme North-west. This species is merely a winter visitor, and 
 is found from October to March at all elevations, but generally 
 above 2500 feet. It, however, sometimes descends to the plains, 
 Hume recording one instance when he procured it at Etawah on 
 the Jumna river, and I have seen it from the Bhutan Doars and 
 Dehra. In spring it retreats north, and no doubt breeds in Tibet 
 and other portions of Central Asia. It inhabits a considerable 
 portion of Europe and Asia, and is said to be found in N. Africa. 
 
 Habits, $-c. The Wall-Creeper frequents cliffs and rocks, about 
 which it climbs With great ease in search of its food, which con- 
 sists chiefly of spiders and insects. It does not appear to breed 
 in India. Its nest consists of moss, grass, and hair worked up to- 
 gether in a crevice of a rock, and it lays from, three to five eggs, 
 which are white freckled with reddish brown and some secondary 
 shell-marks of violet-grey. 
 
 Genus SPHENOCICHLA, Godwin-Austen and Walden, 1875. 
 
 The genus Sphenociclila contains two remarkable birds which, 
 following Sharpe and having regard also to the entire absence of 
 rictal bristles, I do not hesitate to place with the Wrens. They 
 are of strong, heavy build, with large feet. Unfortunately 
 nothing is known of their habits, and we have nothing but 
 structure to guide us, and I am of opinion that the absence of 
 rictal bristles, a character possessed by so few birds of this section, 
 is of more importance than any other. 
 
 In Sphenocichla the sexes are alike, and, judging from a con- 
 siderable series of S. liumii, the young do not differ from the adults. 
 The bill is perfectly conical and sharp-pointed when viewed later- 
 ally, about the length of the head or a little shorter; the wing is 
 short and rounded ; the tail of twelve feathers is greatly graduated, 
 the outer feather reaching only over two thirds of the tail ; the 
 tarsi and feet are very strong. 
 
336 CERTITUDE. 
 
 Key to tlie Species. 
 
 a. Feathers of the throat and breast black, with pale 
 
 shafts S. humii, p. 336. 
 
 b. Feathers of the throat and breast with a submarginal 
 
 white border S. roberti, p. 336. 
 
 Fig. 105. Head of S. humii. 
 
 349. Sphenocichla humii. Hume's Wedge-billed Wren. 
 
 Heterorhynchus humei, Mandelli, S. F. i, p. 415 (1873); Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 383 bis. 
 Sphenocichla humii (Mand.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 283 (part.). 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and sides of the head blackish, with white 
 shafts ; the whole upper plumage and wing-coverts golden brown, 
 each feather with a pale shaft and very distinctly bordered with 
 black, and the feathers of the back, rump, scapulars, and coverts 
 also cross-barred with black ; wings and tail dull golden brown 
 cross-barred with black; sides of the neck black; a broad supercilium 
 grey, reaching to the nape and there terminating in a number 
 of drops extending over the sides of the neck ; chin, throat, breast, 
 and sides of the body deep black with pale whitish shafts ; centre 
 of the abdomen ashy ; vent, flanks, and under tail-coverts golden 
 brown, each feather with a pale shaft and distinctly edged with 
 black. 
 
 In the dry state the legs and claws are dark brown, the bill 
 bluish horny, paler below. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2-9 ; wing 3 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from 
 gape 1*05. 
 
 Distribution. Native Sikhim only, so far as is at present known, 
 from which place there is a considerable series in the British 
 Museum, procured by Mandelli's men, and preserved in the Hume 
 Collection. Nothing whatever is known about the habits of this bird. 
 
 350. Sphenocichla roberti. Robert's Wedge-billed Wren. 
 
 Sphenocichla roberti, Godw.-Aust. $ Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 251; 
 
 Hume, S. F. iv, p. 217 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 198, 
 
 pi. vi. 
 Stachyrirhynchus roberti (Godw-Aust. Sf Wald.}, Hume, S. F. iv, 
 
 p. 217, note. 
 Heterorhynchus roberti (Godiv-Aust. 8f Wald.}, Hume, Cat. no. 383 
 
 ter. 
 Heterorhynchus humii, Mand. apud Hume, S. F. xi, p. 135. 
 
337 
 
 Coloration. The w hole upper plumage pale golden brown, each 
 f rat her margined with black and subterminally tipped with ashy ; 
 the wing-coverts, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, wings, arid tail 
 cross-barred with black; ear-coverts rufous with paler shafts; a 
 broad superciliuiii composed of black feathers with subtenninal 
 white tips; chin, throat, and sides of the neck, breast, and upper 
 abdomen ashy brown edged with black, inside this bordered very 
 distinctly and evenly with white; remainder of the lower plumage 
 golden brown with whitish subterminal spots. 
 
 In the dry skin the legs are dark brown ; the bill brown with 
 the greater part of the lower mandible yellowish. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2-6 ; wing 2*9 : tarsus I'l ; bill from 
 gape 1-05. 
 
 Distribution. Discovered by Mr. Robert on the Hemeo Peak, 
 North Cachar hills. This species has also been procured in the 
 Manipur hills according to God win- Austen. 
 
 Genus ANORTHURA, Eennie, 1833. 
 
 The genus Anorihura contains two Indian birds which may be 
 considered as permanent races of the Common English Wren. 
 They inhabit the Himalayas, and are constant residents there. 
 
 In Anorthura the sexes are alike, and the young bird is quite 
 like the adult. The bill is very slender and feeble, and about half 
 the length of the head ; the wing is extremely short and rounded, 
 the first primary being about two thirds the length of the second ; 
 the tail, of twelve feathers, is shorter than the wing and not very 
 much graduated, the outer feather being about three quarters the 
 length of the tail ; the tarsus and the claws are long and slender ; 
 and the plumage is barred in both species. 
 
 The Wrens frequent underwood, creeping about, as a rule, and 
 flying but little. They build massive nests and lay numerous eggs, 
 which are usually spotted but occasionally white. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Plumage davk rufous-brown ; hind toe and claw 
 
 strong, '(3 in length A. nepalensis, p. 337. 
 
 b. Plumage pale rufous-brown ; hind toe and claw 
 
 weak, -55 in length A. negkcta, p. 338. 
 
 Fig. 106. Head of A. nepalensis. 
 
 351 . Anorthura nepalensis. The Nepal Wren. 
 
 Troglodytes nipalensis, Hodys., Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 589 (1845) ; 
 id. Cat. p. 158 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 181 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 491 ; 
 TOL. I. Z 
 
338 
 
 Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli ? pt. ii, p. 55; Hume, Cat. no. 333; Brooks, 
 S. F. viii, p. 470. 
 Anorthura nepalensid (Hodys.^), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 277. 
 
 Marchok-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and upper back dark rufous- 
 brown ; the remaining upper plumage, the tail, wiug and its coverts 
 the same, closely cross-barred with black ; lores, sides of the head, 
 and a short supercilium mingled rufous-ashy and brown ; the 
 whole lower plumage brown, greatly infuscated on the vent and 
 sides of the body, every portion closely cross-barred with black, 
 and with a tinge of fulvous suffusing the whole ; the under tail- 
 coverts with a few whitish dots. 
 
 The young resemble the adults, but at first have the upper 
 plumage less barred. 
 
 Bill brown ; legs horny brown ; iris hazel-brown (Jerdori) ; legs 
 pale reddish brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 3*7 ; tail 1*3; wing 2-1; tarsus '7; bill from 
 gape *7. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined specimens of this species from 
 Sikhim and Nepal only. At Simla and in the Sutlej valley the 
 next species occurs. The Nepal Wren is found at great elevations, 
 Blanf ord stating that in Sikhim it was common above 10,000 
 feet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Blanford observed this species in Sikhim hunting 
 over loose moss-covered stones, constantly entering the crevices 
 between the blocks and emerging again at a considerable distance. 
 He usually saw the birds in small families, three or four together, 
 hunting on the ground and low bushes and with the same predilec- 
 tion for exploring hollows under stones. The nest of this species 
 has not yet been found. 
 
 352. Anorthura neglecta. The Kashmir Wren. 
 
 Troglodytes nipalensis, Hodys. apud Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxvii, 
 pt. ii, p. 32 j Hume, N. E. p. 218; id. $ Renders. LcJi. to Yark. 
 p. 187. 
 
 Anorthura neglecta (Brooks), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 278 ; Oates 
 in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 221. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles A nepalfnsitmfhe distribution of colours 
 and markings, but is markedly paler and smaller, with much weaker 
 legs and claws, the hind toe and claw measuring -55 in length as 
 against '6 in A. nepalensis. 
 
 This bird can only be considered a small pale form of A. nepalen- 
 sis, but as the small size and weak feet are correlated with a paler 
 plumage it seems entitled to separation. 
 
 Bill brown, dusky above ; feet dusky ; gape fleshy ; iris brown 
 (Scully}. 
 
KL.U'lll'KA. 339 
 
 Length about 3*5 ; tail 1-2; wing 1-8; tarsus '65; bill from 
 gape <>. 
 
 Both this species and A. 'nepaltnsis differ from the English Wren 
 in being darker coloured and in being barred on nearly every por- 
 tion of the plumage. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Kashmir and the Himalayas to Simla. 
 1 have seen no specimens of Wrens collected between Simla and 
 the Nepal frontier and cannot say which of the two species occurs 
 in that portion of the Himalayas. 
 
 Habits, $c. Brooks found two nests of this Wren in Kashmir in 
 May and June one in the roots of a large fallen pine, the other in 
 the foliage of a moss-grown tree. The nests were made of moss 
 and fibres and lined with feathers. The eggs in the first nest were 
 white spotted with red, and in the second pure white without any 
 spots. They measured about '66 by '5. 
 
 Genus ELACHURA, n. gen. 
 
 The Wren which forms the type of this new genus differs con- 
 spicuously from Anorthura in having a much stouter bill and a 
 more graduated tail. The plumage is moreover spotted, not barred. 
 According to Jerdon, it appears that Blyth proposed to separate 
 this bird under the generic name Spiloptera ; but this name was 
 preoccupied twice over in Entomology before the date of Jerdou's 
 work and consequently cannot be used for the purpose. 
 
 In Elachura the sexes are alike and the young are no doubt 
 similar to the adults in plumage. The bill is about half the length 
 of the head and stout. The wing is very short and rounded and 
 the first primary is about two thirds the length of the second. 
 The tail is much graduated, the outer feather reaching only to the 
 middle of the tail, and the tarsus, toes, and claws are long. The 
 only species known appears to be resident and incapable of any 
 lengthened flight. 
 
 353. Elachura punctata. The Spotted Wren. 
 
 Troglodytes punctatus*, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 589 (1845); id. 
 
 Cat. p. 158 ; Jerd. B. 2nd. i, p. 492 ; Hume, S. F. ii. p. 525 : id. 
 
 S. F. v, p 238 ; id. Cat. no. 3:34. 
 Troglodytes formosus, Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 91. 
 Anorthura formosa ( Wald.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 279. 
 
 The Spotted Wren, Jerd. ; Marchok-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. The upper plumage, wing-coverts, sides of the head, 
 and neck dark brown, tinged with rufous on the lower part of the 
 rump and the upper tail-coverts, and each feather Avith a small 
 
 * As above stated, Blyth proposed to constitute a new genus for this 
 species. At all events the bird is not congeneric with the European Wren to 
 which Brehm applied the name ' puuctatus,' aiid therefore Blyth's specific name 
 may be retained in preference to Walden's. 
 
340 
 
 subterminal white spot bordered above and below with black ; inner 
 webs of quills brown, the outer barred with chestnut and black ; 
 tail reddish brown, cross-barred with black ; lower plumage pale 
 
 Fig. 107. Head of E. punctata. 
 
 fulvous, inclining to rufous on the abdomen and flanks, each feather 
 with a triangular white spot, above which is a smaller black one, 
 and all the feathers delicately vermiculated with black. 
 
 Bill horny brown ; legs pale brown ; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4'5; tail 1'2; wing 1'8 ; tarsus '65; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Confined to Sikhim, where this Wren appears to be 
 found at high elevations only. 
 
 Genus UROCICHLA, Sharpe, 1881. 
 
 The genus Urocichla contains two Wrens which may be recognized 
 by their short tail of ten feathers. Their upper plumage is squa- 
 mated or scale-like. They are resident species and owing to their 
 very short, rounded wings they probably are incapable of flying far. 
 
 In, Urocichla the bill is rather stout and very similar to that of 
 Elactmra ; the tail is rounded, the outer feather reaching to about 
 three quarters the length of the middle pair, and the tarsus and 
 toes are long. The sexes are alike and the young somewhat 
 resemble the adult. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Lower plumage plain rufous; middle of 
 
 abdomen white U. longicaudata, p. 340. 
 
 b. Lower plumage rufous, variegated with 
 
 black and white bars U. caudata, p. 341. 
 
 354. Urocichla longicaudata. The Long-tailed Wren. 
 
 Pnoepyg-a longicaudata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 74 ; id. fy Horsf. Cat. 
 
 i, p."398 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 490 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 101 ; xliii, pt. ii, p. 178 ; Hume, Cat. no. 332. 
 Pnoepyg-a chocolatina, Godw.-Aust. $ Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 252; 
 
 Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 195; Hume, S. F. iv, 
 
 p. 218 ; id. Cat. p. 332 bis ; id. S. F. xi, p. 120. 
 Urocichla longicaudata (Moore), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 263. 
 
 The Long-tailed Hill- Wren, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, back, and the sides of the 
 neck olive-brown, each feather with a narrow brown or blackish 
 
UROCTCTTLA. 341 
 
 margin ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail olive-brown with a 
 rufous tinge ; coverts and wings brown, with the greater part of the 
 outer webs chestnut-brown ; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts deep 
 ashy ; the whole lower plumage ferruginous, the feathers of the 
 threat and breast with numerous small brown specks, most conspi- 
 cuous in newly-moulted birds ; middle of the abdomen white. 
 
 Fig. 108. Head of U. longicaudata. 
 
 The young bird is uniform rufous above, without any margins 
 to the feathers, and the lower plumage is always, from the earliest 
 age, like that of the adult. The brown margins commence to 
 appear almost at once, but some months elapse before the upper 
 plumage presents the squamated appearance of the adult. 
 
 Iris red ; bill black ; legs brown (Cockburri). 
 
 Length about 4-5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2'1 ; tarsus P 8 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Shillong and Cherra Poonjee in the Khasi hills. 
 This bird is not known to occur elsewhere, and its reputed occur- 
 rence in Afghanistan and Sikhim is erroneous. 
 
 355. Urocichla caudata. The Tailed Wren. 
 
 Tesia caudata, Blyth, J. A, S. B. xiv, p. 588 (1845). 
 
 Pnoepyga caudata (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 179; Jlorsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 181 j Jerd. B. I. \, p. 490 ; Hume, Cat. no. 331 ; 'Sharpe, Cat. B. 
 
 M. vi, p. 305. 
 
 Anura caudata (Blyth), Hume, N. E. p. 218. 
 Urocichla caudata (Blyt/i), Gates in Humes N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 222. 
 
 The Tailed Hill-Wren, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and sides of the head grey; the whole upper 
 plumage olive-brown, the feathers with terminal black edges and 
 faint shaft-streaks ; wings and their coverts chestnut-brown ; tail 
 rufous-brown ; chin and throat bright chestnut ; breast paler chest- 
 nut, each feather with a black centre and tip; sides of the body the 
 same ; abdomen black, each feather with a white shaft-streak, in 
 most cases hidden, and a large subterminal square white spot. 
 
 The young bird is like the adult, but has the black and white 
 marks faint and indistinct. 
 
 Bill blackish ; legs brown ; iris brown (Jerdori). 
 
 Length nearly 4; tail 1/3; wing 1*9; tarsus *75; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim, at considerable altitudes. Hodgson's plate 
 
342 CEKTIIIIDJE. 
 
 of this species does not bear any remarks of his own 011 the reverse, 
 and I have found this absence of remarks, as a rule, to indicate that 
 the bird from which the plate was taken was procured in Sikhim 
 and not in Nepal. In these cases, instead of Hodgson's remarks 
 in English, there are some notes and measurements recorded in 
 Hindustani, probably by some native assistant. 
 
 Habits, fyc. I can find no notes from Hodgson's pen on the nidi- 
 fication of this species, although he figures the nest. Hume, how- 
 ever, informs us that, according to Hodgson, this bird builds a deep 
 cup-shaped nest about the roots of trees or in a hole in fallen 
 timber ; the nest is a dense mass of moss and moss-roots, lined 
 with the latter. The eggs, four or five in number, are spotless 
 white and measure *75 by '54. 
 
 Genus PNOEPYGA, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 The genus Pnoepyga contains two Wrens which are characterized 
 by an extremely short tail of only six feathers ; this short tail is, 
 moreover, entirely concealed from view by the long and very ample 
 rump-feathers. In other structural characters the genus resembles 
 Urocichla. 
 
 The sexes differ considerably in colour, and the young are with- 
 out the markings of the adult. Both species are resident on the 
 Himalayas and the hill-ranges of Burma. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Wing about" 2*3 ; the greater coverts, secon- 
 
 daries, and tertiaries not tipped with 
 
 fulvous P. squamata, p. 342. 
 
 b. Wing about 2 ; the greater coverts, secon- 
 
 daries, and tertiaries tipped with fulvous. . P.pusilla, p. 343. 
 
 356. Pnoepyga squamata. The Scaly-breasted Wren. 
 
 Microura squamata, Gould, Icon. Av. pi. v (1837). 
 
 Tesia albiventer, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi, p. 102 (1837). 
 
 Tesia rufiventer, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi, p. 102 (1837). 
 
 Pnoepyga unicolor, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25. 
 
 Pnoepyga squamata (Gould), Blyth, Cat. p. 179; Horsf. $ M. Cat.i, 
 
 p. 180 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 488 ; Stoliezka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 32 ; Godtv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 101 ; Blanf. J. A. 
 
 S. B. xli, pt. ii, pp. 55, 160 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 234 ; 
 
 Hume. Cat. no. 329. 
 Pnoepyga albiventris (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 302 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 152 ; id. in Hume's N. % E. 2nd ed. i, p. 223. 
 
 The Scaly-breasted Hill- Wren, Jerd. j Marchok-bong, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Forehead and the sides of the head and neck 
 rich brown with bright fulvous shaft-streaks ; the whole upper 
 plumage and the lesser wing-coverts also rich brown with a fulvous 
 drop on each feather, the drops becoming bars on the rump and 
 
PNOEPYGA. 343 
 
 upper tail-coverts ; each feather also narrowly edged with black ; 
 wings, median and greater coverts brown, the outer webs broadly 
 edged with chestnut-brown ; chin and throat white margined with 
 brown ; breast and the middle of the abdomen white, each feather 
 with /i large black centre and a narrow black margin ; sides of the 
 abdomen and flanks fulvous, marked in a similar manner to the 
 breast. 
 
 Female. Similar to the male, but the whole of the lo\ver plumage 
 bright fulvous, every part except the chin and throat being marked 
 with black as in the male. 
 
 The young have the whole upper plumage and the wings rich 
 rufous-brown and the lower parts dusky brown ; no spots whatever. 
 In this state they are the P. con-color of Hodgs. MS. 
 
 Legs fleshy brown ; bill dusky brown above, fleshy at the base 
 beneath ; iris brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail - 6 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '65. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Sikhim, 
 where this Wren occurs at considerable elevations. It has also 
 been found in the Khasi bills and near Bhamo. The birds pro- 
 cured by Wardlaw Ramsay in Karennee, and identified by Lord 
 Walden with the present species, are, I find on examination of the 
 skins, P. pusilla, the next species. 
 
 Habits, <Sj"c. Constructs a small nest of moss in May on the trunk of 
 a tree not far from the ground, or other similar locality. The eggs, 
 three in number, are pure white and measure about -75 by '55. 
 
 357. Pnoepyga pusilla. The Brown Wren. 
 
 Pnoepyga pusilla, Hodgs, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25; Blyth, Cat. p. 179; 
 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i/p. 180; Jerd. B. 1. i, p. 489; Godw.-Aust. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 23 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 234 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. DO. 330 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 304 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 
 p. 153. 
 
 Pnoepyga squamata, apud Wold, in Btyth's Birds Burm. p. 99. 
 The Broivn Hill- Wren, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. albiventris, sex for sex. Differs in 
 being smaller and in having the upper plumage less marked with 
 fulvous spots, these spots being fewer and less distinct. On the 
 other hand the median and greater coverts and all the secondaries 
 and tertiaries are distinctly tipped with fulvous, which is not the 
 case in P. albiventris. 
 
 The young are also quite similar to the young of P. albiventris, 
 and cannot be distinguished from them till some of the spots on 
 the wings appear. 
 
 Bill black, lower mandible paler ; gape whitish ; legs and feet 
 pale brown ; claws paler ; iris deep brown (Hume <Sf Davison). 
 
 Length about 3-5 ; tail -5 ; wing 2 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim ; probably Nepal ; Assam ; Khasi hills ; 
 Karennee ; Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim. Outside our limits 
 this species has been found at Perak. 
 
344 
 
 Family EEGULID^E. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth ; hinder 
 aspect of tarsus bilaminated ; wing with ten primaries ; tongue 
 non-tubular ; nostrils clear of the line of the forehead, the space 
 between the nostril and the edge of the mandible less than the space 
 between the nostril and the culmen ; plumage of the nestling 
 resembling that of the adult female, but paler ; rectrices twelve ; 
 each nostril covered by a single stiff feather ; sexes slightly dif- 
 ferent ; a single moult. 
 
 The only genus of this family contains the Goldcrests, of which 
 four species are known. These birds possess a character which 
 suffices to separate them from all the other Passeres, viz. a stiff, 
 small, and perfect feather over each nostril. This character is 
 sufficiently important, in my opinion, to render it desirable to 
 elevate the Goldcrests to the rank of a family. 
 
 The single moult and the simple plumage of the nestling ally 
 the Regulidce to the Crater op odidce ; and the former appear to be 
 very closely connected with the last few genera of the Timeliince, 
 such as Proparus and Lioparus, the hairs over the nostrils in these 
 being replaced by a feather in Regulus, to serve some purpose 
 in its economy which has not yet been discovered. 
 
 One species of Reyulus is a well-known British bird, and the 
 same form is found in India. 
 
 In the RegvJidcB the bill is slender, entire, and about one third 
 the length of the head ; the rictal bristles are long, and the head 
 is subcrested, with a bright patch of feathers on the crown and 
 some coronal streaks ; the wing is short and curved, the first pri- 
 mary small and the second about equal to the eighth ; the tail is 
 composed of twelve feathers (not of ten, as erroneously stated by 
 Jerdon) and slightly forked ; the tarsus and the hind claw are 
 strong, but the foot is feeble. 
 
 Genus REGULUS, Cuvier, 1800. 
 Characters the same as those of the Family. 
 
 358. Regulus cristatus. The Goldcrest. 
 
 Motacilla regulus, Linn. 8yst. Nat. \, p. 3.38 (1766). 
 Regulus cristatus, Koch, System d. baier. Zool. p. 199 (1816) ; Blyth, 
 Cat. p. 186; Hume, Cat. no. 580; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 67 ; 
 
HEOULTTS. 345 
 
 1882, p. 270; ,SVW///, 7/,/X l**l,p. 4.~,0; Unfair, Cat. B. M. viii, 
 p. 80 ; Gates, in Humes N. $ E. 2nd od. i, p. L>2:{. 
 Ilegulus himalayensis, tili/t/i, Jcrd. E. I. ii, p. 200 (18G3) ; StoliczJctt, 
 J. A. S. Ii. xxxvii, pt. 'ii, p. 47 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 373 ; Brooks, 
 S. F. iii, p. 240. 
 
 The Himalayan Fire-crest, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores and a space round the eye dull 
 white ; forehead and a broad supercilium, ear-coverts, and the 
 sides of the head and neck ashy ; sides of the crown broadly black 
 streaked with yellow, the two bands enclosing a flame-red patch on 
 the crown; hind neck and upper back ashy; upper plumage dull 
 green, yellowish on the rump ; tail brown edged with green ; 
 wings brown, all the feathers edged with green, the median and 
 greater coverts tipped with pale yellow, the later primaries and 
 the secondaries yellow at base, then black, the latter colour forming 
 a conspicuous patch ; later secondaries and tertiaries tipped with 
 whitish ; lower plumage pale buff to yellowish brown. 
 
 Fig. 109. Head of R. crislatus. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male, but has the patch on the crown 
 sulphur-yellow. 
 
 The young have neither coronal patch nor streaks ; otherwise 
 they resemble the adult, the full plumage of which they assume 
 apparently in the first autumn. 
 
 Bill black ; iris deep brown ; legs and claws dark brownish 
 green ; feet much paler (Hume). 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1'5 ; wing 2-2 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 The Goldcrest of the Himalayas differs in no respect, so far as I 
 can see, from the Goldcrest of Europe. 
 
 Distribution. Kashmir and the Himalayas to Sikhim. In summer 
 this species is found as high as 11,000 feet, but there is no record 
 of the lowest level to which it descends either in summer or winter. 
 Scully asserts that the Goldcrest is a summer visitor to Gilgit. It 
 is probable, therefore, that it winters in the lower valleys. 
 
 The Goldcrest inhabits Europe and a considerable portion of 
 Asia. 
 
 Jfabits, $r.. The nest of the Goldcrest appears to have been found 
 only once in the Himalayas. It was discovered at Eogi in the 
 Sutlej valley on the 8th June, and was placed at the end of a 
 deodar branch, eight feet from the ground. It contained seven 
 young birds. The nest was a deep pouch, made of lichens and 
 suspended from several twigs. The eggs of this bird are pinkish 
 white speckled with red, and measure about '56 by "42. 
 
346 
 
 SYLYIIDJE. 
 
 Fig. 110. Acrocephalus stentoreus. 
 
 Family SYLVIIDJE. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth or the 
 upper one with a single simple notch ; hinder aspect of tarsus 
 smooth, composed of two entire longitudinal laminaB ; wing with 
 ten primaries ; tongue non-tubular ; nostrils always clear of the 
 line of the forehead, the space between the nostril and the edge of 
 the mandible less than the space between the nostril and the culmen ; 
 plumage of the nestling like that of the adult female, but brighter ; 
 rectrices ten or twelve ; sexes generally alike ; a partial or com- 
 plete spring moult in addition to the complete autumn moult. 
 
 The Sylviidw, or Warblers, comprise a large number of birds of 
 small size and, with few exceptions, of plain plumage. 
 
 Many of them have a complete spring moult, which not only 
 causes a change in the colour of the plumage, but also a change in 
 the shape and length of the tail. In some the spring moult is 
 
8YLYITDJ2. 347 
 
 confined to portions of the body, and in others again merely to 
 some of the quills of the wings and tail. 
 
 In the Sylviida* the sexes are alike, except in a few genera, in 
 which they differ slightly. The young birds are remarkable for 
 being more highly coloured than the adults, but they have the 
 saint* pattern of colour. It is doubtful if the young birds moult 
 in the first autumn ; but if they do so, the moult has apparently no 
 effect on the colour of the plumage. In those birds which have a 
 complete moult in the spring, the adult plumage is assumed at 
 that season ; but in those the spring moult of which is partial or 
 imperfect, the young do not assume the adult colours till the 
 second autumn. 
 
 The majority of the Warblers are migratory, and the migrations 
 of some are far and wide. Others are quite sedentary and in- 
 capable of any lengthened flight. 
 
 The Sylviidce of India comprise 110 species referable to 32 
 genera. I have Arranged these in two series, the first of which 
 includes all the Warblers with twelve tail-feathers, and the second 
 those with ten. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Tail of twelve feathers. 
 
 a '. Feathers of the forehead short, rounded, 
 their shafts not elongate ; no hairs or 
 bristles on the margin of the forehead 
 except the ordinary rictal one3 near the 
 gape, 
 a". Rictal bristles arranged in a horizontal 
 
 row. 
 "'. The feathers of the head and neck soft, 
 
 not spinous. 
 a 4 . First primary much less than a third 
 
 of the length of the second. 
 a 5 . Wing longer than tail by nearly 
 
 the length of the tarsus .' AEDON, p. 350. 
 
 U* . Wing and tail about equal in 
 
 length. 
 
 6 . Rictal bristles very small ; tail 
 much graduated, the outer 
 feathers less than three quarters 
 
 the length of tail LOCUSTELLA, p. 351 . 
 
 b 6 . Rictal bristles strong and well- 
 developed ; tail less graduated, 
 the outer feathers more than 
 three quarters the length of 
 
 tail ACBOCEPHALUS, 
 
 6 4 . The first primary longer than a third [p. 355. 
 
 of the second, most frequently equal 
 to or exceeding the halt. 
 
 c 5 . Rictal bristles extrejnely short TRIBURA, p. 3G1. 
 
 d 5 . Rictal bristles well-developed. 
 c. Bill as long as, or longer than, 
 
 the head ORTHOTOMUS, p. 366. 
 
348 STLVITD^E. 
 
 d G . Bill decidedly shorter than the 
 
 head. 
 a 7 . First primary shorter than half 
 
 the' second. 
 
 y . Wing pointed, the secon- 
 daries falling short of tip 
 of wing by more than the 
 
 length of hind toe LUSCINIOLA, p. 3G9. 
 
 b 9 . Wing rounded, the secon- 
 daries falling short of tip 
 of wing by a distance not 
 greater than hind toe .... CISTICOLA, p. 370. 
 b 7 . First primary longer than half 
 
 the second. 
 
 c*. Third primary falling short 
 of tip of wing by a con- 
 siderable distance. 
 9 . Two rictal bristles on 
 
 each side of the head .. FRANKLINIA, p. 375. 
 b g . More than two rictal 
 bristles on each side of 
 the head. 
 
 rt 10 . Tail much more than 
 
 once and a half the 
 
 length of the wing . . LATICILLA, p. 379. 
 
 b. Tail less than once and 
 
 a half the length of 
 
 the wing GRAMiNicoLA,p.381. 
 
 c? 8 . Third primary reaching to 
 
 tip of wing. 
 c 9 . Tail very much longer 
 
 than wing MEGALURUS, p. 382. 
 
 d?. Tail equal to wing .... SCHCENICOLA, p. 384. 
 b"'. The feathers of the head and neck [p. 385. 
 
 SpinOUS ACANTHOPTILA, 
 
 6". Rictal bristles arranged vertically CH^ETOHNJS, p. 387. 
 
 b'. Feathers of the forehead disintegrated, the 
 shafts lengthened ; some supplementary 
 bristles, frequently long and numerous, in 
 front of the rictal bristles. 
 
 c". Tail greatly graduated and rounded .... ABUNDINAX, p. 389. 
 d". Tail nearly even or sometimes slightly 
 
 forked. 
 
 c'". Supplementary bristles in front of the 
 rictal bristles very short ; no frontal 
 hairs over nostrils. 
 t 4 . Bill from gape to tip longer than the 
 
 middle toe with claw HYPOLAIS, p. 390. 
 
 d 4 . Bill from gape to tip shorter than 
 
 middle toe with claw SYLVIA, p. 394. 
 
 d'". Supplementary bristles very strong and 
 numerous ; no frontal hairs over the 
 
 nostrils; bill short and stout IlF/RBivocuLA,p.399. 
 
 e"' . Supplementary bristles not strong but 
 
 fairly numerous ; no frontal hairs over [p. 400. 
 
 nostrils ; bill weak and slender PHYLLOSCOPUS, 
 
SVLV1ID.E. 349 
 
 /"'. Supplementary bristles very strong and 
 numerous, extending up to the cul- 
 men, and lying over the nostrils as 
 far as the middle of the bill ; bill large 
 
 and wide at base ACANTHOPNEUSTK, 
 
 y'". Supplementary bristles very strong and [p. 411. 
 
 numerous, extending up to the cul- 
 men, and lying over the nostrils nearly 
 
 as far as tip of bill , , CRYPTOLOPHA, 
 
 b. Tail of ten feathers. [p. 421. 
 
 c. Tail not subject to variation in length accord- 
 ing to season ; obsoletely or not at all cross- 
 rayed; less graduated, the tips of the outer 
 tail-feathers reaching beyond the middle 
 of the tail by more than "the length of the 
 hind toe. 
 
 e". AVing and tail of about the same length. 
 &'". Nostrils overhung by long hairs. 
 e l . Tail very slightly rounded, the outer 
 feathers falling short of tip of tail 
 by less than the length of the hind 
 toe. 
 
 e 5 . Rictal bristles of great length, 
 nearly as long as culinen j wing 
 rather longer than tail. 
 
 e G . Bill short and pointed ABRORNIS, p. 428. 
 
 f*. Bill long and very blunt TICKELLIA, p. 431. 
 
 f\ Rictal bristles moderate, about 
 half length of culmen ; wing 
 
 rather shorter than tail SCOTOCERCA, p. 432. 
 
 /*. Tail considerably rounded, the outer 
 feathers falling short of tip of tail 
 by more than length of hind toe . . NEORNIS, p. 433. 
 *""'. Nostrils not overhung by hairs. 
 
 </'. Supplementary bristles in front of 
 rictal bristles ; feathers of forehead 
 
 with lengthened shafts HORORNIS, p. 434. 
 
 A 1 . No supplementary bristles in front of 
 rictal bristles ; feathers of forehead 
 short, smooth, with shafts not pro- 
 duced. 
 <f. Bill as long as head, broad, blunt, 
 
 and narrowing gradually PHYLLERGATES, 
 
 h\ Bill only half the length of the [p. 439. 
 
 head, slender, sharp, and narrow- 
 ing rapidly. 
 
 (f. Outer tail-feathers falling short 
 of tip of tail by length of 
 
 tarsus HOREITES, p. 440. 
 
 h 6 . Outer tail-feathers falling short 
 of tip of tail by length of hind 
 
 toe only CETTIA, p. 441. 
 
 /". Tail about half length of wing UROSPHENA, p. 442. 
 
 d'. Tail subject to variation in length according 
 to season ; distinctly cross-rayed ; greatly 
 graduated, the outer feathers in most cases 
 
350 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 falling short of middle of tail and never 
 
 exceeding it by more than length of hind 
 
 toe. 
 
 //". Tail about twice length of wing SUYA, p. 443. 
 
 h". Tail about once and a half length of 
 
 wing or less PEINIA, p. 447 
 
 Genus AEDON, Boie, 1826. 
 
 The genus Aedon is represented in India by one species, which 
 is a somewhat rare winter visitor and confined at that season to 
 the dry parts of the north-west. It is more richly coloured than 
 most of the Warblers, the chestnut and white on the tail rendering 
 it conspicuous. It is a bird of restricted migration. The bill is 
 about half the length of the head, slender and similar in shape to 
 that of Locustella (fig. 113). The forehead is clothed with short 
 thick-set feathers and there are no supplementary bristles ; this 
 character, and the longer wing and foot, separate the species from 
 Sylvia, in which Seebohm places it. The tail is very ample and 
 much rounded. 
 
 Fig. 111. Wing of A. familiar is. 
 
 Fig. 112. Foot of A. Jamiliaris. 
 
 The Grey-backed Warbler frequents gardens, fields, and low 
 jungle and feeds a good deal on the ground, as might be expected 
 in a bird with so comparatively long a tarsus. This Warbler 
 and its European ally, A. galactodes, were at one time considered 
 to be aquatic in their habits, and in this respect to resemble the 
 Grasshopper- and Reed- Warblers, but they are now known to be 
 rather addicted to dry localities. They construct a cup-shaped 
 nest in bushes and low trees and lay four or five eggs, grey marked 
 with brown. The Indian species is not likely to be found breeding 
 in any part of the Empire. 
 
LOCUSTELLA. 351 
 
 355). Aedon fainiliaris. The Grey-lacked \Va.-ller. 
 
 Sylvia fainiliaris, Jfenttr. Cat. Ruts. Cam. p. 32 (1832) : Seebohm. 
 
 Cat. B. M. v, p. :',<>. 
 Aedon fainiliaris (Men6tr.\ Butler Sf Hume, S. F. iii, p. 476 ; Blanf. 
 
 8. F. v, p. 246 ; Sutler, S. F. vii, p. 183 ; Hume, Cat. no. 492 ter ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 205. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage fulvous-brown, the sides of the crown 
 more or less dusky ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut- 
 brown ; middle pair of tail-feathers various sometimes chestnut 
 with the basal half of the inner web and the tip of the outer brown, 
 sometimes chestnut on the basal third of both webs and brown on 
 the remainder, in other cases the chestnut and brown vary in extent ; 
 the next two pairs chestnut, with a large subterminal black patch ; 
 the remainder the same but with broad white tips in addition ; 
 wings brown, edged with pale sandy brown ; lores and a patch 
 behind the eye blackish ; a distinct buffish-white supercilium from 
 the nostril to the nape ; a similar band under the eye followed 
 below by a dusky streak ; the whole lower plumage very pale 
 vinaceous. 
 
 Legs and feet dusky fleshy ; bill horny above, pale below ; iris 
 dark brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2'7 ; wing 3'4 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '85. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the dry parts of the north-west 
 of India, where this species has been procured at Karachi and 
 Kotri in August, at Jodhpore in September, and at Deesa in August, 
 September, and October. It will probably be found in the Punjab. 
 It passes the summer in Persia, Afghanistan, and Turkestan, and 
 probably many of the birds do not migrate at all from these 
 countries. It extends into Europe. 
 
 Genus LOCUSTELLA, Kaup, 1829. 
 
 The genus Locustella is represented in India by three species of 
 somewhat similar appearance and size and of plain colours. They 
 are found in reed-bedg, swamps, and wet cover of all sorts, and 
 they occur in India only in the winter. Their summer-quarters 
 appear to be the northern parts of Asia ; but, judging from a speci- 
 men of L. straminea being killed in Native Sikhim in June, it is 
 probable that the breeding-quarters of this species may lie in or 
 near that country. 
 
 The G-rasshop per- Warblers, as they are called from their peculiar 
 note, are very shy and seldom expose themselves to view. They 
 are consequently little known and seldom obtained. In Burma, 
 however, after shooting one or two specimens I found it quite 
 possible to obtain a large number by walking through inundated 
 rice-fields, and I found them to be common to an extraordinary 
 degree. 
 
 The summer and winter plumages of the adults do not differ in 
 any important particular, but the young are very yellow and 
 generally more streaked than the adults. The sexes are alike. 
 
352 SYLVIID^. 
 
 The birds of this genus have a slender bill, about half as long as 
 the head ; the rictal bristles are very weak and hardly noticeable, 
 and the forehead is very smooth and free from all hairs ; the 
 plumage is soft ; the first primary is exceedingly small and the 
 second reaches nearly to the tip of the wing ; the tail is very much 
 rounded and the feathers have a tendency to be pointed; the under 
 tail-coverts are very long. 
 
 Key to tlie Species. 
 
 a. Tail-feathers broadly tipped with white L. certhiola, p. 352. 
 
 b. Tail-feathers without broad white tips. 
 
 a'. Lower plumage streaked L. lanceolate^ p. 353. 
 
 b'. Lower plumage not streaked L. straminea, p. 354. 
 
 360. Locustella certhiola. Pallas 's Grasshopper-Warbler. 
 
 Motacilla certhiola, Pal. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i, p. 509 (1811). 
 Locustella rubescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 582 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 182; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 160. 
 
 Locustella temporalis, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 160 (1863). 
 Locustella certhiola (Pall.), Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 270 ; Hume, Cat. no. 521 ; Leyqe, Birds Ccyl. p. 548 ; See- 
 
 bohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 114 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 216 ; id. B. B. i, 
 
 p. 102. 
 The Ruddy Reed- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 113. Head of L. certhiola. 
 
 Coloration. Head blackish brown, each feather narrowly edged 
 with pale reddish brown ; a collar behind the nape reddish brown 
 without marks ; this unspotted collar indicates very old birds ; back, 
 scapulars, and wing-coverts dark blackish brown, rather broadly 
 edged with reddish brown ; rump reddish brown, without marks ; 
 upper tail-coverts reddish brown, each feather with a large central 
 drop of black ; the outer tail-feathers nearly all black, the rufous 
 margins being small ; towards the middle of the tail each pair of 
 rectrices becomes progressively less black and more margined with 
 rufous, and the middle pair are rufous with a broad serrated black 
 shaft-line ; all the rectrices tipped with white ; eye-streak yellowish 
 white ; ear-coverts hair-brown, and a patch below the ear-coverts 
 yellowish buff; chin, throat, and middle of abdomen whitish; 
 remainder of the underparts delicate buff, becoming darker on the 
 flanks and under tail-coverts ; wings brown, the tertiaries edged with 
 whitish, and the other quills with pale rufous-brovvn. 
 
LOCUSTELLA. 353 
 
 As a rule, the underparts are quite unmarked ; but in many birds 
 in adult plumage there are a few tiny marks on the feathers of the 
 sides of the breast. 
 
 Iris sepia-brown ; legs white ; bill dark brown ; mandible 
 ochraceous {Everett). 
 
 The youug bird up to October has the whole upper plumage, 
 includiug the coverts and tertiaries, blackish brown ; the feathers 
 of the head narrowly, and all the others broadly, margined with 
 reddish brown ; rectrices chiefly blackish brown, irregularly mar- 
 gined with rufous-brown, and very broadly terminated with whitish ; 
 the lower plumage buff, pale on the throat and upper breast, dark 
 on the lower breast, and increasing in depth of colour down to the 
 tail-coverts ; the throat and breast closely spotted with triangular 
 blackish-brown marks ; stripe over the eye and a streak from the 
 bill under the cheeks and ear-coverts yellowish buff ; ear-coverts 
 hair-brown ; under wing-coverts whitish ; primaries and secondaries 
 dark brown, narrowly edged with reddish brown. 
 
 Birds with the bright yellowish-buff lower plumage are not spotted, 
 and this is probably the stage into which the nestling moults in 
 October or November. In this stage the upper plumage is much 
 brighter, the black centres to the feathers being smaller and the 
 margins larger ; the rump is almost unstreaked. The black on 
 the rectrices is less in extent, and the white tips reduced to the 
 same size as in the adult ; the eye-streak, the chin, throat, and the 
 whole lower plumage are lively yellowish-buff, becoming deeper and 
 passing into warm ochraceous on the flanks and under tail-coverts. 
 There are no spots, but a few of the feathers on the sides of the 
 neck are obsoletely tipped darker, but so slightly as not to be 
 noticeable without close inspection. 
 
 From this stage the bird in spring moults into the full plumage. 
 The summer plumage does not apparently differ from that of winter 
 except in being rather paler below. 
 
 Length 5-5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2'3 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from gape -7 ; 
 the second primary is generally equal to the fourth, but some- 
 times slightly longer or shorter. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to Burma and portions of India. 
 This species does not appear to be rare in some parts of Bengal. 
 It has been procured at Cherra Poonjee, in the Andamans, and in 
 Ceylon. I observed it to be very common in Southern Pegu in 
 the rice-fields near the Pegu Canal from October to December. 
 There is no portion of India and Burma, suited to its habits, 
 where this bird may not probably be found if looked for. In winter 
 it occurs in China and the Malay Archipelago, and it passes the 
 summer in Northern Asia. 
 
 361. Locustella lanceolata. The Streaked Grasshopper- Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia lauceolata, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, iv, p. 614 (1840). 
 Locustella subsignata, Hume, S. F. i, p. 409 (1873), ii, p. 496. 
 Locustella lanceolata (Temm.), Wold. Ibis, 1874, p. 139 ; id. in Blyth, 
 VOL. i. 2 A 
 
B54 SYLVIID2E. 
 
 Birds Burm. p. 121 ; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 290 ; Hume # Dav. S. F. 
 vi, p. 339 Hume, Cat. no. 520 bis ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 118 ; 
 Oafea, & .F. x, p. 215 ; id. B. B. i, p. 104. 
 Lusciniopsis heudersonii, Cass. in Proc. Phil. Ac. So. 1858, p. 194. 
 
 'Coloration. Whole upper plumage russet-brown, each feather 
 with a distinct dark brown median streak ; wings brown, the pri- 
 maries and secondaries edged with russet-brown on the outer webs, 
 the tertiaries edged with the same on both webs; tail brown, 
 obsoletely edged paler, and the shafts viewed from below white ; 
 ear-coverts hair-brown ; sides of the head streaked with russet- 
 and dark brown ; chin, upper throat, and middle of the abdomen 
 spotless pale ochraceous white ; the remainder of the lower 
 plumage darker ochraceous, streaked with blackish brown ; under 
 tail-coverts sometimes streakless, more frequently largely streaked 
 with blackish brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
 vinaceous. 
 
 The streaks on the lower surface become reduced in aged birds. 
 The bird least marked in my series has a few streaks only on the 
 middle of the breast and on the flanks, with one or two faint marks 
 on the under tail-coverts. In this state it is very like the Indian 
 L. straminea. The majority of the birds are densely streaked from 
 the chin to the tail-coverts, except on the abdomen, and all these 
 are characterized by a richer tone of colouring beneath. 
 
 The tail-coverts vary in the most extraordinary manner. In 
 many of the birds they are entirely unmarked ; in others densely 
 streaked, and this apparently quite independently of the amount 
 of streaking on the other parts of the lower plumage. 
 
 Legs fleshy white ; claws pale horn-colour ; upper mandible 
 dark brown, lower one yellow at base, brown at tip ; iris brown. 
 
 Length rather more than 5 ; tail 1*8 ; wing 2*1 ; tarsus '75 ; bill 
 from gape *6 ; the second primary is generally intermediate in 
 length between the third and fourth, or equal to the fourth. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to Burma and the eastern portions 
 of India. The most westerly locality from which I have seen a 
 specimen is Etawah. This species probably extends throughout 
 Bengal ; I found it very abundant in Southern Pegu in rice-fields 
 and grass along the canal, from October to February, and Davi- 
 son procured it at various places in Tenasserim down to the 
 extreme south of that division. It is also known to occur in the 
 Andaman Islands. It summers in Central and Northern Asia and 
 in North-eastern Europe. 
 
 362. Locustella straminea. The Turkestan Grassliopper- 
 WarUer. 
 
 Acridiornis straminea, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 66 (1873) (descr. 
 nulla). 
 
 Locustella certhiola (Pa//.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 159. 
 Locustella hendersoni (Cass.}, Butler, S. F. iii, p. 
 
 479; Cripps,S.F. 
 
ACROCEPHALUS. 355 
 
 vii. ]>. 2SJ : Tfumi', Oat. no. 520; Butler, S. F. ix, p. 40(>; Reid 
 6'. F. x, p. U ; Barne*, Birds Bom. p. 213. 
 Locustella straminea (Severtz.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 117. 
 The Lesser Reed- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage olive-brovvu, each feather 
 with a central dark brown or black spot ; wings brown, edged with 
 olive-brown ; tail brown, faintly edged with olive-brown and tipped 
 paler, obsoletely cross-rayed ; lores and an indistinct supercilium 
 buffy white ; ear-coverts brownish ; chin, throat, and middle of 
 abdomen whitish ; remainder of lower plumage ochraceous ; under 
 tail-coverts streaked with brown. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown ; lower mandible, legs, and feet 
 fleshy ; iris light brown (Bingham). 
 
 Length about 5*5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus '7 ; bill from gape *6 ; 
 the second primary is shorter than the sixth, but longer than the 
 fourth. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the plains of India. I have 
 examined specimens from Delhi, Etawah, Cawnpore, Native Sik- 
 him, the Bhutan Doars, Asansol, Deesa, Belgaum, and Coirnbatore. 
 All these were killed from April to September, except the specimen 
 from Native Sikhim, which was procured in June. It is, therefore, 
 probable that L. straminea may pass the summer and breed there. 
 Cripps records this species from Furreedpore, but I have not had 
 an opportunity of examining the specimen referred to by him. 
 
 The summer-quarters of this bird are not known with any 
 certainty. 
 
 Genus ACKOCEPHALUS, Naum., 1811. 
 
 The genus Acroceplialus contains five Indian species which are 
 common in winter. Three of them appear to remain in suitable 
 localities and in limited numbers throughout the summer and to 
 breed in India. The majority of these birds, however, leave in 
 spring and doubtless go to Central and Northern Asia. 
 
 The Eeed- Warblers are birds of plain plumage closely allied to 
 each other, and not easy to be identified except by comparison of 
 size or by the structure of the wing. They haunt reed-beds, canals, 
 ditches, and almost any locality which is fairly well watered. They 
 are great skulkers and are seldom seen, but the harsh note that they 
 all have generally betrays their presence. In the breeding-season 
 they all have a pleasing song. 
 
 The winter and summer plumages do not vary greatly, the chief 
 difference being an intensity of rufous or fulvous in the winter 
 after the autumn moult. These birds appear to undergo a com- 
 plete moult in the spring. The sexes are alike. 
 
 In the birds of this genus the bill is of considerable length, being 
 nearly as long as the head ; there are three large rictal bristles on 
 each side of the head, and the forehead is smooth. The first 
 primary is very minute, and the second reaches nearly to the tip 
 
 2A2 
 
356 SYLVIID.E. 
 
 of the wing. The tail is fairly long and greatly rounded, and the 
 feathers are rather narrow and pointed *. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Of large size ; wing about 3. 
 
 a. Second primary shorter than the fifth. A. stentoreus, p. 356. 
 b'. Second primary equal to, or longer 
 
 than the fourth A. orientalis, p. 357. 
 
 b. Of small size ; wing under 2'5. 
 
 e'. With a distinct black stripe over the 
 
 yellow supercilium A. bistrigiceps, p. 358. 
 
 d". With no black stripe over the super- 
 cilium. 
 a". Bill from gape to tip measuring 
 
 under 7. 
 
 a'". Second primary between the 
 sixth and seventh in length ; 
 
 upper plumage olivaceous .... A. diimetorum, p. 359. 
 b'". Second primary between the 
 seventh and eighth or equal to 
 
 eighth ; upper plumage rufous. A. agricola, p. 359. 
 b" . Bill from gape to tip fully '8 . . . . A. macrorhynchus, p. 360. 
 
 363. Acrocephalus Stentoreus. The Indian Great Reed- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Curruca stentorea, Hemp, fy Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. bb (1833). 
 
 Agrobates brunnescens, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x, p. 269 (1839). 
 
 Acrocephalus brunnescens (Jerd.), Bh/th, Cat. p. 181 ; Horsf. Sf M. 
 Cat, i, p. 331 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 154 '; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, 
 pt. ii, p. 180; Hume, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 119; Godtv.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 270 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, 
 pt. ii, p. 77 ; Hume $ Hend. Lah. to Yark. p. 214, pi. xvi ; Leyge, 
 S.F. i, p. 488; Blanford, Ibis, 1874, p. 79 ; Butler, S. F. iii, 
 p. 478. 
 
 Calamodyta stentorea (H. $ E.~], Hume, N. Sf E. p. 326. 
 
 Calamodyta meridionalis, Legge, S. F. iii, p. 369 (1875). 
 
 Acrocephalus stentoreus (H. fy J?.), Brooks, J. A. S. B, xliii, pt. ii, 
 p. 245 ; Hume, Cat. no. 515 ; Leyye, Birds Ccyl. p. 541 ; See- 
 bohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 98 ; Doiy, S. F. ix, p. 279 ; Gates, B. B. i, 
 p. 94 ; Davidson, S. F. x, p. 307 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 210 ; 
 Gates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 224. 
 
 The Large Reed- Warbler, Jerd. ; Bora-jitti, Tel. 
 
 * The following species of Reed-Warblers are likely to occur within our 
 limits, but are not yet known to do so : 
 
 ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS (Linn.}, which occurs iu Afghanistan and 
 Yarkand. 
 
 A. sCHCENOBiENus (Linn.), which occurs as far east as Fao in the Persian 
 gulf. 
 
 A. STREPEHUS (Vieill.\ which has occurred at Bampur, in Persian Afghan- 
 istan. 
 
 A. PALUSTRIS (Bechst.}, which has occurred at Fao and in Persia. 
 
ACEOCEPHALUS. 357 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-brown tinged with fulvous, 
 especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail 
 brown, edged on the outer webs with fulvous-brown ; lores darker ; 
 a pale indistinct supercilium buffish white ; ear-coverts and sides of 
 the ueok like the back ; chin and throat nearly white ; remainder 
 of lower plumage fulvous, paling on the abdomen. The throat 
 and breast in some specimens are streaked with brown. 
 
 Fig. 114. Head of A. stentoreus. 
 
 Iris yellowish brown ; eyelids plumbeous ; mouth orange-yellow ; 
 upper mandible dark brown, edges and the whole lower mandible 
 dusky flesh-colour; legs plumbeous. 
 
 Length 7*7 ; tail 3 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus 1-15 ; bill from gape 1 ; 
 the second primary equals the fifth, or is sometimes shorter, and 
 falls short of the tip of the wing by *15. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the plains of India in suitable locali- 
 ties in winter, from the base of the Himalayas to Ceylon, and from 
 Sind to Assam, and southwards from Assam to Southern Pegu. 
 
 Many birds remain in the plains during the summer, and their 
 nests have been found in the Eastern Nara, Sind, and in Ceylon. 
 Others, probably the majority, repair for the summer to Kashmir 
 and the Himalayas in general, and some to Central Asia. This 
 bird and A. orientalis remain in Burma till the middle of May, and 
 it is probable that both species may breed there or not far off. 
 
 Habits, $-c. Constructs a nest of coarse grass attached to reeds 
 in or near water. The nest is cup-shaped, deep, and rather 
 massive. The breeding-season appears to be from June to August. 
 The eggs, generally four in number, are pale green or stone-colour, 
 marked with various colours from black to reddish. They measure 
 about -89 by -61. 
 
 364. Acrocephalus orientalis. The Eastern Great Reed-Warbler. 
 
 Salicaria turdina orientalis, Temm. $ ScJileg. Fann. Jap., Aves, p. 50, 
 pi. xx B (1850). 
 
 Acrocephalus orientalis (Temm. $ Schleg.}, Oates, S. F. iii, p. 337 ; 
 Hume # Dav. S. F. vi,p. 338; Hume, Cat. no. 515 bis; Seebohm, 
 Cat. B. M. v, p. 97 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 213 ; id. B. B. \, p. 93. 
 
 Coloration. Precisely similar to that of A. stentoreus, except that 
 the throat and breast are generally much streaked with brown, 
 and I have hardly ever seen a specimen in which this streaking 
 was entirely absent. In summer the lower plumage becomes 
 paler. 
 
358 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 The dimensions are those of A. stentoreus. The bill is said to 
 be smaller and the tail shorter, but I have not found these points 
 of any use in discriminating the two birds. The second primary 
 generally equal to the fourth. 
 
 Distribution. This Reed- Warbler occurs plentifully throughout 
 Southern Pegu, from the head of the Pegu Canal down to Ban- 
 goon, and probably throughout the whole of Tenasserim, for 
 Davison observed it at Tavoy and Malawun. It is found ' in 
 Burma, so far as my own observations extend, from the com- 
 mencement of October to the middle of May. It has occurred in 
 the Andamans. In winter it has a wide range, being found in 
 south-eastern Asia nearly as far as Australia. It summers in 
 North China, Japan, and Eastern Siberia. 
 
 This and the preceding species, A. stentoreus, can only be dis- 
 criminated with certainty when the wings are fully grown and 
 perfect. The differences may appear very trivial, but they are 
 constant, and are associated with a different geographical distri- 
 bution. In Pegu the two birds meet ; but here A. stentoreus is 
 rare, A. orientalis extremely common. A. arundinaceus, another 
 species, has its own geographical range, being confined almost to 
 Europe and Africa. It differs from the other two in the shape of 
 the wing, the second primary in this bird being as long as the third, 
 or, in other words, reaching to the tip of the wing. 
 
 365. Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, Schrenck's Reed- Warbler. 
 
 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, Sivinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 51 ; Hume fy Dai\ 
 S. F. vi, p. 338 ; Hume, Cat. no. 517 ter ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, 
 p. 94 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 214 j id. B. B. i, p. 97. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage russet-brown, brighter on the rump 
 and upper tail-coverts ; a distinct black streak on each side of 
 the crown of the head; below this a broad pale buff supercilium, 
 running from the base of the bill ; lores dark brown ; ear-coverts 
 hair-brown ; sides of neck like the back ; lower plumage pale buff, 
 lighter on the abdomen, and nearly white on the chin and throat ; 
 wings and tail brown, edged with russet-brown on the outer webs. 
 The lower plumage is more rufous after the autumn moult. 
 
 Iris brown ; mouth pale yellow ; upper mandible brown, lower 
 flesh-coloured, slightly dusky at the tip ; legs plumbeous flesh- 
 colour ; soles of feet yellow ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 5-1 ; tail 2*1 ; wing 2-1 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape '7 ; the 
 second primary is generally intermediate in length between the 
 sixth and seventh, and sometimes equals the seventh ; the first 
 primary is large, measuring *5 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. Common in Southern Pegu near Kyeikpadein from 
 November to April in paddy-fields and grass-jungle. This bird 
 has also been found at Tavoy. 
 
 The summer-quarters of this bird appear to be Japan and Eastern 
 Siberia. 
 
A.CEOCEPHALUS. 359 
 
 366. Acrocephalus dumetorum. BlytKs Reed- Warbler. 
 
 Acrocephalus dumetoru.ni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 815 (1849) ; 
 id. Cat, p. 826 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat, i, p. 332 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 j>. 155 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt, ii, p. 181 ; Godiv.-Amt. J. 
 
 A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 270; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 77 ; 
 xliii, pt. ii, p. 246 ; id S. F.W, p. 241 ; Anders. S. F. iii, p. 351 ; 
 Butler, S. F. iii, p. 479 : Anders. Yunnan E.vp., Ares, p. G22 ; 
 Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 545 ; Hume, Cat, no. 516 ; Seebohm, Cat, 
 
 B. M. v, p. 104; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 448; Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, 
 p. 278 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 96 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 390 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 210 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 226. 
 
 Calamodyta dumetorum (Blyth), Hume, N. $ E. p. 327. 
 
 The Lesser Heed- Warbler, Jerd. Podena, II. ; Tik-tikki, Mussulmans ; 
 Tikra-j Benpf. ; Kumpa-jitta. Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-brown, tinged with fulvous, 
 not with russet ; wings and tail brown, edged on the outer webs 
 with olive-brown ; lores dusky ; over the lores an indistinct pale 
 streak reaching to the eye ; ear-coverts and sides of neck like the 
 back ; lower plumage pale buff, paler on the chin, throat, and 
 abdomen. In summer the buff on the lower parts becomes ex- 
 tremely pale. 
 
 Bill dusky, fleshy at base beneath ; legs red-brown ; irides yellow- 
 brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length 5'8 ; tail 2-3; wing2'4; tarsus -9; bill from gape *7; 
 first primary *35 ; the second reaches to about the end of the sixth, 
 or is intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh. 
 
 The present species may be distinguished from the last by its 
 much larger bill, differently shaped wing, and by the absence of a 
 rufous tinge on the upper plumage. 
 
 Distribution. In winter throughout the plains of India from the 
 Himalayas to Ceylon, and from Sind to Assam, and extending to 
 Southern Pegu. 
 
 In summer this species is found in Kashmir and along the 
 whole range of the Himalayas to Nepal, in which tract it breeds 
 commonly. Many birds, however, appear to migrate to Northern 
 Asia. 
 
 Habits, c. This species is less aquatic than the others in its 
 habits. It breeds in various parts of the Himalayas at all altitudes 
 up to about 7000 feet. The nest is a globular structure of grass 
 and reeds with a lateral entrance, and built low down in a bush on 
 the bank of a stream. The eggs, four in number, are white, speckled 
 with rufous, and measure about -62 by *5. 
 
 367. Acrocephalus agricola. The Paddy -field Heed- Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia (Acrocephalus) agricola, Jerd, Madr.Joum. xiii, pt. ii, p. 131 
 
 '(1844). 
 
 Acrocephalus agricolus (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. p. 182 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 i, p. 334 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 156 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 pt. ii, p. 270 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 77 ; Oates, S. F. 
 
360 SYLVILDJE. 
 
 iii, p. 339; Hume $ Dav. 8. F. vi, p. 338; Hume, Cat. no. 517; 
 Butler, S. F. ix, p. 406 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 105 ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 95 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 390 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 p. 2] 1 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 201 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 i, p. 229. 
 
 Calainodyta agricola (Jerd.\ Hume, N. fy E. p. 328 ; id. S. F. i, 
 p. 190. 
 
 The Paddy-field Warbler, Jerd. ; Terra kumpajitta, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Whole upper plumage russet-brown, brightest on 
 the rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail of the same colour, and 
 margined brighter on the outer webs ; wings brown, margined 
 with russet on the outer webs ; lores dusky ; an indistinct super- 
 cilium from the bill to above the eye, and not extending much 
 beyond the latter ; ear-coverts and sides of neck like the upper 
 plumage; lower plumage pale buff, less bright on the abdomen, 
 and becoming almost white on the chin and throat. This is the 
 plumage after the autumn moult. In summer the buff of the 
 lower parts becomes very pale, and the upper parts are less ruddy, 
 being almost earthy brown. 
 
 Iris pale yellow ; eyelids plumbeous ; upper mandible dark 
 brown, the lower one fleshy yellow ; mouth orange-yellow ; legs 
 and claws pinkish brown. 
 
 Length 5'3; tail 2*4; wing 2-2; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape '7; 
 first primary '45 ; the second primary is intermediate between 
 the seventh and eighth, and occasionally equals the eighth. 
 
 Distribution. In winter the whole of India from the Himalayas 
 south to Coorg and the Wynaad on the west, and to Nellore on 
 the east, and from Sind to Assam ; thence down to Southern Pegu 
 and Northern Tenasserim. 
 
 In the summer some birds retire to the Himalayas, where they 
 breed from Kashmir to Nepal, but the majority appear to pass on 
 to Central Asia. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Very aquatic. Has been found breeding in Kashmir. 
 A nest found by Brooks on the 13th June was a deep cup of grass 
 carelessly put together and built in a rose-bush. It did not contain 
 eggs, and none have as yet been procured in India. 
 
 368. Acrocephalus macrorhynchus. The Large-billed Reed- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Phyllopneuste macrorhynchus, Hu?ne, Ibis, 18G9, p. 357. 
 Acrocephalus inacrorhyuchus (Hume}, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 31 ; id. 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 405 ; id, Cat. no. 517 bis ; Seebohm, Cat, B. M. v. 
 
 Add. p. 404. 
 
 Coloration. The upper plumage and visible portions of wings 
 and tail olive-brown ; the lower plumage pale ochraceous ; the 
 under wing-coverts and axillaries paler. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 2-4 ; tarsus -85; bill from gape -8; 
 the first primary measures *35 ; the second is intermediate between 
 
TRIBTJRA. 361 
 
 the ninth and tenth ; the closed tail is graduated to the extent 
 of -4. 
 
 The type specimen, the only one known, I believe, of this 
 species is now in the British Museum. It appears to me to re- 
 present an undoubtedly distinct species of Acrocephalus, which 
 may be recognized by its abnormally large bill. The bird procured 
 by Scully, and identified by him with the present species (S. F. iv, 
 p. 146), is also in the British Museum, and is without doubt a 
 specimen of Tribura major. 
 
 Distribution. The type was obtained in the Sutlej valley not far 
 from Bdmpur. 
 
 Genus TRIBURA, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 The genus Tribura contains five Indian species, of which four are 
 alpine and one an inhabitant of the plains. The former do not 
 appear to migrate beyond ascending the mountain-slopes in sum- 
 mer and descending them in winter ; but the latter is probably a 
 migrant from distant regions, spending the winter in Burma and 
 disappearing from that country in spring. 
 
 These Warblers are birds of plain plumage, and the feathers are 
 very soft and silky in texture. Some species are spotted on the 
 breast. The sexes are alike. The spring moult is complete or 
 nearly so, and there is generally a slight difference between the 
 summer and the winter plumages. The young birds are very 
 yellow. 
 
 The species of Tribura frequent grass and bushes, and are great 
 skulkers, and though fond of moisture they are not particularly 
 aquatic in their habits. 
 
 The five Indian species of this genus are not perfectly congeneric, 
 one differing from the other four in its extremely large bill, whilst 
 a second species is distinguished from the other three by the shape 
 of the wing. I keep all five together, however, but subsequent 
 workers will do well to investigate their claims to generic separation. 
 
 In T. major the bill is as long as the head ; in the other species 
 only half the length of the head ; in all cases slender and straight. 
 The rictal bristles are extremely minute and invisible without a 
 lens. The forehead is very smooth, and free from all hairs &c. 
 The wing is fairly long, the first primary varying from rather more 
 than a third to half the length of the second, which is long, but falls 
 short of the tip of the wing. The tail is very much rounded, and 
 the feathers are rather pointed. The tarsus is sufficiently long to 
 enable these birds to hop about freely. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. First primary much shorter than half the 
 second 
 
 a. Bill at gape -8 T. major, p. 362. 
 
 b'. Bill at gape '65 T. intermedia, p. 363. 
 
362 SYLVIUS. 
 
 b. First primary about half the length of the 
 
 second. 
 c'. Sides of the head and neck and the throat 
 
 ashy, the latter spotted T. thoracica, p. 363. 
 
 cT '. Sides of the head and neck rufous ; throat 
 
 whitish, unspotted. 
 ''. Breast whitish ; lower mandible yellow 
 
 throughout T. luteiventris, p. 364. 
 
 b". Breast grey ; lower mandible dusky, 
 
 almost black at base T. mandellii, p. 365. 
 
 369. Tribura major. The Large-billed Bush-Warbler. 
 
 Dumeticola major, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, p. 77 (1872) ; Stoliczka, 
 8. F. ii, p. 401 ; Hume, 8. F. iii, p. 242 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 
 p. C5j Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 448. 
 
 Acrocephalus macrorhynchus .(Hume), apud Scully, S. F. iv, p. 146. 
 
 Schoenicola major (Brooks), Hume, Cat. no. 519quat. 
 
 Lusciniola major (Brooks), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 124. 
 
 C/iighchi, Turki. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the whole upper plumage and the sides 
 of the neck are dull olive-brown, rather darker on the crown, and 
 with a fulvous tinge throughout; wing-coverts and tail brown, 
 edged with rufescent olive-brown ; tail concolorous with the back ; 
 lores whitish ; an indistinct cream-coloured supercilium ; ear- 
 coverts whitish with brown tips \ cheeks and sides of the throat 
 white, elegantly barred with brown ; chin white ; throat and upper 
 breast white, spotted with brown ; middle of abdomen white ; 
 remainder of the lower plumage ochraceous, the under tail-coverts 
 broadly margined with dull white; under wing-coverts and axil- 
 laries pale buff. The sexes are probably alike. 
 
 The nestling is tinged with green throughout, and the throat is 
 barred ; the upper breast is spotted with greenish brown. 
 
 The winter plumage of the adult is unknown, but does not pro- 
 bably differ from the summer plumage in any appreciable degree. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill black above, pale fleshy beneath ; mouth 
 and edges of gape yellow ; tarsus pale yellowish-waxy ; toes darkish 
 fleshy-brown ; claws brown horny (Scully). In the breeding- 
 season the whole bill is black. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-4 ; wing 2-3 ; tarsus -8 to -9 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. In summer this species is found throughout Kash- 
 mir ; I have examined specimens collected in Gilgit, at Gulmurg, 
 and at Kargil from June to August ; and Scully collected it at Kizil 
 Aghil, near Sanju, on his way to Yarkand in August. At this 
 season T. major occurs from 6000 to 10,000 feet of elevation. Its 
 winter-quarters are unknown, but it probably merely descends into 
 the warm valleys at this season. 
 
 Habits, $c. Brooks remarks that this Warbler in Kashmir fre- 
 quents exclusively places where the ground-cover is abundant ; and 
 Scully states that it occurs in long grass, is apparently very rest- 
 less, and continually flits in grass from blade to blade. 
 
TRIBFBA. 363 
 
 370. Tribura intermedia. TJie Burmese Busli-Warller. 
 
 Dumeticola intermedia, Oatcs, S. F. ix, p. 220. 
 
 Tribura intermedia (Dates), Brooks, S. F. xi, p. 445 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 
 p. 101. 
 Tribura taczanowskia (Sivinh.'), Oatcs, S. F. x, p. 218. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage russet-brown, the wings 
 plain brown, the outer webs edged with russet-brown ; tail russet- 
 brown, the shafts viewed from below being white, and the tips of 
 all the feathers paler ; an indistinct narrow supercilium whitish ; 
 lores tinged with brown ; ear-coverts hair-brown, with the shafts 
 paler ; cheeks white, the feathers generally tipped with brown ; 
 whole lower plumage white, tinged with buff, especially on the 
 breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts, the feathers of which are 
 broadly tipped with white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale 
 buffy white. 
 
 The young are strongly suffused on the lower plumage and cheeks 
 with deep yellowish buff, and the feathers of the throat are gene- 
 rally tipped with dusky brown. 
 
 Upper mandible and tip of the lower dark brown ; remainder of 
 bill white ; mouth white ; legs whity flesh-colour; claws pale horn ; 
 iris hazel-brown. 
 
 Length 5-5; tail 2*4; wing2'2; tarsus '8; bill from gape * 65. 
 
 This species resembles T. luteiventris more closely than it does 
 any of the others, but it may be separated at once from it by the 
 size of the first primary ; the colour of the plumage is also suffi- 
 ciently distinct. 
 
 T. taczanoiuskia is a Chinese species of which only a young spe- 
 cimen is known. The two birds will, I expect, prove to be quite 
 distinct when adults are hereafter compared. 
 
 Distribution. Known at present only from the immediate vicinity 
 of Kyeikpadein in Pegu, where this species occurs in the cold 
 weather from November to the middle of February. Seebohm 
 possesses a bird from the Bhutan Doars which appears to be refer- 
 able to this Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Frequents paddy-fields, stubble, and grass, and is a 
 great skulker, seldom showing itself. This bird seems to feed 
 on the ground a good deal. 
 
 371. Tribura thoracica. The Spotted Busli- Warbler. 
 
 Salicaria affinis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (J844, descr. nulla); 
 
 id. Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal, pp. 64, 151 (1846). 
 Dumeticola thoracica, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 584 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 183. 
 Horornis flaviventris, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 162 ; Brooks, S. F. x, p. 170. 
 Dumeticola affinis (Hodgs.}, Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 334; Jerd. B. I. 
 
 ii, p. 158 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 142 ; Brooks, 
 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 246; id. S. F. iii, p. 286. 
 Dumeticola brimneipectus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 19 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xli, pt. ii, p. 164; Hume, S. F. i, p. 494; id. N. $ E. p. 328; 
 
 Brooks, J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 246 ; id. S. F. viii, p. 475. 
 
364 
 
 Schcenicola affinis (Hodgs.), Hume, Cat no. 519 ; id. 8. F. xi, p. 205. 
 Schoenicola brimneipectus (Blyth). Hume, Cat. no. 519 bis. 
 Schcenicola flaviventris (Hodgs.), Hume, Cat. no. 524. 
 Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 124, pi. vi. 
 Lusciniola flaviventris (Hodgs.\ Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 131. 
 Tribura thoracica (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 229. 
 
 The Spotted Reed-Warbler the Yellow-bellied Hill- Warbler, .Terd. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the whole upper plumage, wings, and 
 tail are rufescent olive-brown ; lores and a rather distinct super- 
 cilium ashy white ; sides of the head and neck ashy brown ; chin 
 and abdomen pure white ; throat ashy brown, with numerous black 
 spots ; breast ashy; sides of body, vent, and under tail-coverts dull 
 rufous-brown, the last broadly tipped with dull white. The sexes 
 appear to be alike, judging from the specimens I have examined. 
 
 In winter a good deal of the ashy brown on the sides of the head 
 and neck and on the throat and breast becomes ochraceous, and the 
 spots on the throat are reduced in size and number. 
 
 The young bird has the chin, throat, and abdomen dull yellow 
 with a greenish tinge : and the remainder of the lower plumage is 
 dull ochracous brown ; there are a few brown mottlings or irregular 
 bars on the throat, and in this plumage the birds are Horornisflavi- 
 ventris, corresponding exactly with Hodgson's types. 
 
 In winter the bill is brown ; legs pale fleshy ; iris hazel (Cock- 
 burn); in summer the bill is deep black. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2'5 ; wing 2*1 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim, extending to the Bhutan Doars 
 and across the valley to Shillong. Godwin-Austen also records this 
 species from the Megna river in Sylhet. In the British Museum 
 there are specimens collected in the N.W. Himalayas by Pinwill, 
 and in Kashmir by Jerdon. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. This species appears to be resident wherever it is 
 found, or to migrate very locally. It occurs up to 9000 feet of 
 elevation. Its nest has been found in Nepal and Sikhim, a cup 
 loosely made of dry leaves and grass, and built in a low bush. The 
 eggs, three or four in number, are white with purplish-red spots 
 and specks, and measure *68 by '55. The breeding-season appears 
 to be June and July. 
 
 372. Tribura luteiventris. The Broivn , Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Tribura luteoventris, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. SO ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 i, p. 335 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 161 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. J329 ; Brooks, 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt, ii, p. 246 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 285 ; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 522 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 231. 
 
 Pseudoluscinia luteoventris (Hodc/s.), Blyth, Cat. p. 182. 
 
 Horornis erythrogenys, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 108 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 410. 
 
 Tribura erythrogenys (Hume), Hume, Cat. no. 522 bis. 
 
 Lusciniolaluteiventris (Hodgs.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 125. 
 
 The Plain-brown Reed- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
TRIBUBA. 365 
 
 Coloration. In suniiner the whole upper plumage, wings, and 
 tail are rufous-brown ; lores and a very short indistinct superciliuin 
 greyish white ; sides of the head rufous, the ear-coverts with pale 
 shafts ; chin, throat, middle of breast and of abdomen dull white ; 
 linger tail-coverts and sides of the body dull rufous-brown, the 
 former narrowly tipped with dull white. 
 
 Fig. 115. Wing of T. luteiventris. 
 
 In winter the plumage is much the same as in summer, but the 
 sides of the head are brighter rufous {T. erythrogenys), and the sides 
 of the neck, breast, body, and the under tail-coverts are a bright 
 ochraceous brown. 
 
 The young resemble the adults in winter plumage, but are suf- 
 fused with yellow beneath, and they are tinged with ochraceous on 
 the sides of the head and neck. 
 
 Iris hazel ; bill pale brown ; legs dark fleshy-brown (CoMurn} ; 
 in summer the upper mandible of the bill is almost black, in winter 
 nearly entirely yellow. 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2'6 ; wing 2'1 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 The type of T. enjthroyenys and another specimen labelled the 
 same in the Hume Collection are in my opinion nothing else than 
 T. luteiventris in fresh spring plumage of the first year. The type 
 was procured on the 20th May at Darjiling. This species was 
 described by Hume in 1872. Brooks has written on the label 
 of the type " luteiventris, I think ;" and there can be little question 
 he is right. Hume, however, so late as 1881 (S. P. xi, p. 206, note) 
 was still of the opinion that T. eryihroyenys was " very marked." 
 I regret that I cannot find any character by which to separate it 
 from T. luteiventris. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, the Bhutan Doars, and the Khasi 
 hills. In the Pinwill collection in the British Museum there are 
 some specimens from Simla, and others described as having been 
 procured in the X. W. Himalayas. This species does not appear to 
 be migratory beyond accommodating itself to climate by moving up 
 and down the slopes of the mountains. 
 
 373. Tribura mandellii. Mandela's Bash- Warbler. 
 
 Dumeticola maudelli, Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 284 (1875), viii, p. 475. 
 Tribura mandellii (Brooks), Brooks, S. P. ix, p. 240. 
 Schcenicola mandellii (Brooks), Hume, S. F. xi, p. 205. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles T. luteiventris. Differs in having the 
 
366 SYLVIUS. 
 
 breast ash-grey and in having a few spots or marks, sometimes 
 obsolete, sometimes more or less distinct, on the throat and breast, 
 in having the bill rather larger, the upper mandible always blackish 
 and the lower one dusky, not yellow throughout. 
 
 Of the same size as T. luteiventris. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim (February to May) ; Shillong (October). 
 
 Genus ORTHOTOMUS, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The genus Orthotomus contains three Indian species of rather 
 bright plumage, approaching in this respect Cryptoloplia, Abrornis, 
 Tickellia, and Phyller gates. Prom the first of these it differs by 
 the absence of all hairs on the forehead and over the nostrils, and 
 from the other three by the possession of twelve tail-feathers. 
 
 The Tailor-birds are remarkable for the skill they display in the 
 construction of their nests. Wherever they occur they are toler- 
 ably common, and in every case they are resident, without the 
 slightest tendency to migrate or even to move locally. The sexes 
 differ slightly in each species ; and the spring moult is apparently 
 only a partial one, resulting in no change of colour. One species, 
 however, is notable for the acquisition in the spring, by the male 
 alone, of a tail of extraordinary length : in the autumn the ordi- 
 nary short tail is resumed. The Tailor-birds are furnished with 
 certain long soft hairs springing from the nape. 
 
 In this genus the bill is as long as the head, broad and rather 
 flat. There are a few rictal bristles on each side, but no supple- 
 mentary hairs, and the forehead is very smooth and flat ; the 
 wing is very short and rounded, the first primary large and the 
 next two graduated; the tail has twelve feathers and is much 
 graduated ; the tarsus is long, and these birds move on the ground 
 with ease. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Upper body-plumage yellowish green. 
 
 a'. Axillaries, under wing-coverts, edge of 
 
 wing, and under tail-coverts white, 
 
 merely tinged with yellow O. sutorius, p. 366. 
 
 b'. The same parts brig-lit yellow O. atrigularis, p. 368. 
 
 b. Upper body-pluniage ashy O. ruficeps, p. 368. 
 
 374. Orthotomus sutorius. The Indian Tailor-bird. 
 
 Motacilla sutoria, Forst. Ind. Zool. p. 17 (1781). 
 
 Motacilla longicauda, Om. Syst. Nat. i, p. 954 (1788). 
 
 Orthotomus longicauda (Gm.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 144 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 317 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 165 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 331. 
 Orthotomus sutorius (Forst.}, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 109; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 642 ; Hume, Cat. no. 530 ', Scully, S. F. 
 
 viii, p. 305 ; Leyye, Birds Ceyl. p. 517 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 
 p. 214 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 231. 
 
ORTHOTOMUS. 367 
 
 Sutoria sutoria (Forst.), SJiarpgj Cat. B. M. vii, p. 215 ; Gates, B. B. 
 
 i, p. 107. 
 
 I'hutkifTL.; Tuntuni, Beng. ; Patia, Nep. ; Likku-jitta, Tel.; Tavik, 
 Cing. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and anterior half of crown rufous, shading 
 off into ashy on the remainder of the crown and nape ; lores 
 greyish white ; ear-coverts very pale rufescent ashy, with the shafts 
 white ; cheeks and lower plumage dull white, tinged with yellowish 
 and washed with olive-grey on the sides of the body ; back, rump, 
 scapulars, and upper tail-coverts yellowish green ; middle tail- 
 feathers coloured like the back ; the others greenish brown, each 
 feather narrowly tipped white and with a patch of brown in front 
 of the white tip ; wings and coverts brown, narrowly edged with 
 yellowish green ; thighs rufous. There is a concealed black spot 
 on each side of the neck. 
 
 Iris reddish yellow ; eyelids plumbeous, the edges reddish yel- 
 low; upper mandible dark horny, the lower pale flesh-colour; 
 legs reddish flesh-colour ; claws pale horn. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2 : wing 1-9 : tarsus -8 ; bill from 
 gape *6. 
 
 The above are the dimensions of the male and female in winter 
 plumage and of the female in summer plumage. In summer the 
 male acquires very elongated middle tail-feathers and the pair next 
 to them are also long. At this season the total length of the male 
 is 7*5 and the tail 4-5. 
 
 The female differs but slightly from the male, merely having the 
 rufous on the head paler. 
 
 Tenasserim birds are noticeably smaller, having the wing 1'5 to 
 1'7, and the nape is tinged with lilac. 
 
 0. maculicoUis, which occurs in the Malay peninsula, may be 
 recognized by the white streaks on the ear-coverts. 
 
 Distribution. A permanent resident throughout the Empire and 
 Ceylon, ascending the Himalayas and other hill-ranges up to 
 4000 feet of elevation. This species is no doubt rare in Sind and 
 portions of the Punjab, but it appears to be found in all parts 
 of those Provinces. In Burma its range ceases at Mergui accord- 
 ing to Davison, who failed to procure it south of that town. It 
 extends into Siam and China. 
 
 Habits, $c. Inhabits well-wooded tracts, low jungles, gardens, 
 and also grass-lands where interspersed with bushes. Breeds from 
 May to August, constructing its nest in a receptacle formed by 
 sewing the edges of a leaf, or sometimes two leaves, together. 
 The nest is composed of cotton-down, hair, and fine grass. The 
 eggs, three or four in number, are either reddish white or bluish 
 green, boldly marked with brownish red. They measure about 
 64 by -46. 
 
 This bird is generally found solitary or in pairs, and it has a 
 remarkably loud note for its size. When the bird utters this 
 note, the black marks on the sides of the neck become distinctly 
 visible. 
 
368 SYLYIIDJE. 
 
 375. Orthotomus atrigularis. The Black-necked Tailor-bird. 
 
 Orthotomus atrogularis, Temm. PL Col. livr. 101 (1836) ; Horsf. & 
 
 M. Cat. i, p. 316 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, pp. 16, 113 ; Hume Sf Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 345 ; Hume, Cat. no. 530 bis ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 219 ; 
 
 id. B. B. i, p. 109 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 220 ; Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i. p. 235. 
 Orthotomus flavoviridis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 79 ; Godw.-Aust. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 166 ; xlvii, pt. ii, p. 25. 
 Orthotomus nitidus, Hume, S. F. ii, pp. 478, 507 ; iii, p. 325. 
 
 Fig. 116. Bill of 0. atrigularis. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, crown, nape, and lores chest- 
 nut; ear-coverts, cheeks, and chin white, with the blackish 
 bases of the feathers showing through ; upper plumage and wing- 
 coverts yellowish green ; wings dark brown, edged with green ; 
 tail green, the edges lighter, the outer feathers tipped with yel- 
 lowish and subterminally dark brown ; a large patch on the throat 
 black ; lower part of the breast and sides of the body ashy ; abdo- 
 men white ; thighs rufous ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, edge of 
 wing, and under tail-coverts bright yellow. 
 
 Female. Differs in having no black patch on the throat. The 
 young resemble the female. 
 
 Iris orange-brown ; eyelids plumbeous ; upper mandible brown, 
 lower one and gape flesh-colour ; legs flesh-colour ; claws pale 
 horn -colour. 
 
 Distribution. The lower ranges of the Himalayas, from the 
 Kangit river in Sikhim to the Dhansiri valley, Assam ; the Garo 
 hills ; Cachar ; the southern portions of Pegu and the whole of 
 Tenasseriin. This species extends down the Malay peninsula. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Frequents forest country. Mandelli found the nest 
 near the great Eangit river on the 18th July. Both the nest and 
 eggs resemble those of 0. sutorius. 
 
 376. Orthotomus ruficeps. The lied-headed Tailor-bird. 
 
 Edela ruficeps, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 309 (1831, nee Less. Cent. Zool. 
 
 p. 212, pi. 71). 
 
 Orthotomus edela, Temm., Blyth, Cat. p. 144. 
 Orthotomus ruficeps (Less.), Horsf. <y M. Cat. i, p. 316 ; Sharpe, 
 
 Ibis, 1877, p. 114; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 346; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 530 ter ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 224 ; Oates, . B. i, p. 108. 
 
LUSCINIOLA. 3C9 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead, crown, and nape chestnut ; 
 back, scapulars, and rump ashy; upper tail-coverts ashy rufous ; 
 tail chestnut, the feathers blackish near the basal halves of the 
 shafts ; wings and coverts brown edged with ashy ; cheeks, lower 
 half of the ear-coverts, and entire lower plumage white, tinged 
 with ashy on the sides of the body; thighs ferruginous. 
 
 Female. Differs from the male merely in the tail-feathers being 
 blackish near the shafts throughout the whole length, with an 
 expansion of this colour near the tip. 
 
 lu females the lower mandibles are fleshy pink, upper mandibles 
 horny brown ; the legs and feet were fleshy pink in one, in another 
 the feet, claws, and back of tarsus were fleshy, front of tarsus 
 brown ; iris in one salmon, in the other deep brown (Hume <$f 
 Davisoii). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1-5 ; wing 1-9 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme southern point of Tenasseriin, extend- 
 ing down the Malay peninsula to the islands. 
 
 Genus LUSCINIOLA, Gray, 1841. 
 
 The genus Lusciniola, according to my views, contains but one 
 Indian species. Seebohra, on the contrary, in addition to the pre- 
 sent species, makes it include Tribura, Arundinax, Herbivocula, 
 and a portion of Phylloscopus. From the first of these, Lusciniola 
 differs in having fairly strong rictal bristles, and from the other 
 three in having no supplementary hairs in front of the rictal 
 bristles, and there are other differences in the shape of the wing 
 and tail. 
 
 In this genus there appears to be a complete spring moult, but 
 unaccompanied by any change of structure or by any noteworthy 
 alteration of colour. The sexes are alike. 
 
 The Sedge- Warbler is quite aquatic in its habits, being always 
 found iii reed-beds in or close to water, from which it is not easily 
 dislodged. It is very likely to be a resident species in India as it 
 is in Southern Europe. 
 
 L. melanopogon recalls to mind Acroceplialus bistrigiceps, from 
 which, however, it may be separated at once by its large first 
 primary. 
 
 Lusciniola has a slender bill about two thirds the length of the 
 head, two clearly visible rictal bristles but no supplementary hairs 
 in front of them, the forehead being smooth and sharply defined ; 
 the wing is fairly long, the first primary less than half the length 
 of the second, which reaches nearly to the tip of the wing ; the 
 tail is well graduated, and the tarsus of considerable length. 
 
 377. Lusciniola melanopogon. The Moustached Sedge-Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia melanopogon, Tenim. PL Col pi. 245, f. 2 (1823). 
 Lusciniola melanopogon (Temm.), Hume, S. F. i, p. 190; id. Cat, 
 
 VOL. I. 2 B 
 
370 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 no. 518 bis; Held, S. F. x, p. 44 ; Seebohm, Cat, B. M. v, p. 132; 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 211. 
 
 Fig. 117. Head of L. melanopogon. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape black, edged with rufous- 
 brown ; hind neck, back, arid scapulars rufous-brown, streaked with 
 dark brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts plain rufous-brown ; 
 wings and tail brown, edged with rufous-brown ; lores and under 
 the eye dark brown ; a white supercilium from the nostrils to the 
 nape ; ear-coverts mixed rufous and white ; chin, throat, and 
 abdomen white ; remainder of lower plumage very pale buff ; axil-, 
 laries and under wing-coverts white. 
 
 Bill deep greenish brown above, below lighter and fleshy at 
 base ; legs, feet, and claws greenish brown ; iris brown (Bingham). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-3 ; wing 2'5 ; tarsus *85 ; bill from 
 gape -65. 
 
 Distribution. Sind, and eastwards near Delhi, Etawah, and 
 Lucknow, in swamps and reed-beds on the margins of lakes and 
 rivers. This bird is probably a resident in all these places, although 
 no one appears to have procured it in the summer. It extends 
 westward into Europe. 
 
 Genus CISTICOLA, Kaup (1829). 
 
 The genus Cisticola contains four Indian species of small size, 
 which, on account of their complex plumage, have given much 
 trouble to the ornithologist. They are now much better under- 
 stood than they were a few years ago. The Indian species all have 
 two complete moults a year, in the case of one giving rise to no 
 alteration of colour worthy of note, but in the other three causing 
 a very decided change of colour between the summer and the 
 winter plumages, and accompanied in all four by a radical change 
 in the form and length of the tail. In three species the sexes are 
 alike in the winter only, but in the fourth the sexes are alike 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Sharpe has done excellent work in his Catalogue in bringing 
 these troublesome birds into some order, but he has united three 
 Indian species^ an error of which I was myself guilty a few years 
 ago. With the larger amount of material now available, however, 
 in the Hume and Tweeddale collections, it is possible to arrive at 
 safer conclusions. 
 
 The Fantail-Warblers are resident species in India, inhabiting 
 grass and corn, but are in no degree aquatic in their habits. They 
 
CISTICOLA. 371 
 
 feed a good deal on the ground, and are not shy or difficult to 
 observe. 
 
 I restrict the genus to those Warblers with a seasonal change 
 of length of tail, accompanied by a short first primary (less than 
 half the length of the second) and a very slender, sharp-pointed 
 bill. I'hese characters exclude FranJclinia, which has a large first 
 primary, a shorter and rounder wing, and a larger and blunt bill. 
 
 These Warblers have a moderate tail, almost short in summer, 
 evenly rounded, and forming a perfect fan, whence the English 
 name ; there are two short rictal bristles, no supplementary hairs, 
 and the forehead is smooth. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Upper plumage streaked ; the crown 
 
 plain. 
 
 a '. Crown chestnut C. erythrocephala tf sest., p. 371. 
 
 b'. Crown pale yellow C. tytleri J sest., p. 372. 
 
 c'. Crown golden yellow C. volitans $ sest., p. 373. 
 
 b. Upper plumage streaked, including 
 
 the crown. 
 
 d '. Tips to all the tail-feathers indis- 
 tinct, dull rufous-white. 
 a". Crown rufous with black streaks, 
 the rufous preponderating . . 
 a'". Back ashy, streaked with [hyem., p. 373. 
 
 black C. volitans $ sest. & ? <~? $ 
 
 b'". Back rufous, streaked with 
 
 black C. erythrocephala Q sest. & 
 
 b". Crown black, with narrow ful- [c? $ hyem., p. 371. 
 
 vous edges, the black prepon- 
 derating much ; a broad rufous [p. 372. 
 collar round the hind neck . . C. tytleri 5 aest. & <$ $ hyem., 
 e'. Tips to the lateral tail-feathers 
 
 very broad and pure white .... C. cursitans, p. 374. 
 
 378. Cisticola erythrocephala. The Red-headed Fantail- 
 Wctrbler. 
 
 Cisticola erythrocephala, Jerd., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 523 (1851) ; 
 
 Jerd. B. /. ii, p. 175 ; Hume, S. F. v, pp. 94, 351, 406 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 540 ; JDavison, S. F. x, p. 392 ; Terry, S. F. x, p. 476. 
 Cisticola exilis, Vig. $ Horsf., Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 269 (part.). 
 
 The Red-headed Grass- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. In summer the forehead, crown, and nape 
 are chestnut, shading off into dull rufous, which forms a collar on 
 the hind neck and sides of neck ; back rufous, streaked with black ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts rufous-brown ; tail black with white 
 tips ; wings and coverts dark brown, edged with rich fulvous ; sides 
 ot the head and the whole lower plumage bright ferruginous. 
 
 Female. In summer resembles the male in summer, but the fore- 
 head, crown, and upper tail-coverts are black, each feather edged 
 
372 
 
 with rufous ; the tail is broadly edged w,ifch olive-brown, tipped 
 with dull rufous-white, and subterminally black, these marks being 
 very clear when viewed from below. 
 
 The male and female in winter resemble each other and are like 
 the female in summer. 
 
 Iris burnt sienna ; lower mandible, legs, feet, and claws fleshy ; 
 upper mandible pale brown (Davison). 
 
 Wing 1*9 ; tarsus *75 ; bill from gape "55 ; in summer the 
 tail is 1'5, and the total length of the bird about 4; in winter the 
 tail is 2, and the total length about 4'5. 
 
 The bird described by Jerdon appears to have been a male in 
 summer plumage, with a tail of the length it usually is in winter. 
 
 The young are like the adults in winter, but differ in being rich 
 yellowish below. 
 
 Distribution. This bird has been found at Saugor in the Central 
 Provinces ; on the Brahmagiris in Coorg, and the Peria Forest hills ; 
 in the Karkur Pass leading from the Wynaad into Lower Malabar ; 
 and upon the Palni hills, at Mount Nebo, Kukal, and Kodaikanal ; 
 in all which places there is no doubt this is a resident species. It 
 frequents grass like the other Fantail- Warblers. 
 
 379. Cisticola tytleri. The Yellow-headed Fantail- Warbler. 
 
 Cisticola tytleri, Blyth, fide Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 176 (1863) ; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 199 ; Hume, S. F. v, pp. 94, 350 ; 
 id. Cat. no. 541; id. S. F. xi, p. 211. 
 
 Cisticola melanocephala, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 212 ; Godw.-Amt. 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 165, pi. x, fig. 1, xlv, pt. ii, p. 80; Hume, 
 S. F. v, pp. 93, 350 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 041 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 539 ter. 
 
 Cisticola ruticollis, Wold. A. M. N. H. (4) vii, p. 241 (1871) ; Hume, 
 S. F. iii, p. 283. 
 
 Cisticola exilis, Vig. $ Horsf., Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 269 (part.). 
 The Cream-coloured Grass- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Male. In summer the forehead and crown are clear 
 pale yellow ; nape, hind neck, and sides of neck dusky yellow ; sides 
 of the head and the whole lower plumage pale fulvous or yellowish 
 buff ; back ashy brown, streaked with black ; wing-coverts and 
 quills dark brown, edged with fulvous ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
 fulvous-yellow ; tail black, narrowly tipped white. 
 
 Female. In summer the forehead, crown, and upper tail-coverts 
 are streaked with black ; the hind neck and the sides of the neck 
 rufous-brown, forming a broad collar ; otherwise she resembles the 
 male. 
 
 Both sexes in winter have the forehead, crown, and nape deep 
 black, with narrow fulvous edges ; hind neck and sides of neck 
 rufous, forming a broad, immaculate collar ; back and upper tail- 
 coverts black, with fulvous edges ; rump plain fulvous ; tail dark 
 brown, very broadly edged with olive-brown and subterminally 
 darker, the middle pair of feathers being almost entirely olive- 
 brown ; all the feathers tipped with dull rufous-white ; wings and 
 
CISTICOLA. 373 
 
 coverts dark brown, edged with fulvous ; ear-coverts brown with 
 pale shafts ; sides of the head and the whole lower plumage pule 
 fulvous. 
 
 Bill fleshy brown ; legs fleshy yellow ; iris buff (Jerdon). 
 
 AVing 1*8 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape *5 ; in summer both sexes 
 measure about 4 in length, and the tail is 1*2; in winter the 
 length of both sexes is about 4-5, and that of the tail 1/9. 
 
 Distribution. The base of the Himalayas from the Bhutan Doars 
 to Dibrugarh and Sacliya ; the Khasi hills; Dacca; Manipur and 
 Bhamo. 
 
 380. Cisticola volitans. The Golden-headed Fantail- Warbler. 
 
 Calamanthella volitans, Switiji. Journ. N. China As. Soc. 1859, p. 226. 
 Cisticola volitans (Sivinh.), Oates, S. F. x, p. 219 ; Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 236. 
 Cisticola exilis, Vig. $ Horsf., Oates, B. B. i, p. 117 j Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 B. M. vii, p. 269 (part.). 
 
 Coloration. Male. In summer the forehead, crown, and nape are 
 golden yellow; the hind neck duller, tinged with brown, and sepa- 
 rated from the nape by a dusky band ; back ashy, streaked with black ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts fulvous-yellow ; tail black, tipped with 
 dull white ; wings and coverts dark brown, edged with fulvous ; 
 sides of the head and the whole lower plumage pale fulvous or 
 yellowish buff ; the abdomen whitish. 
 
 Female. In summer resembles the male in summer, but the 
 forehead and crown are dusky golden yellow streaked with dark 
 brown ; the hind neck and sides of the neck dull golden yellow, 
 without streaks, forming a more or less uniform collar ; tail black, 
 edged with olive-brown and tipped with dull rufous-white, and with 
 a subterminal black band when viewed from below. 
 
 The winter plumage of the Burmese bird is not known. It will 
 probably be blackish above, and similar in general to that of 
 C. tytleri. 
 
 Iris hazel-brown ; upper mandible dark brown ; lower mandible 
 and gape fleshy pink ; legs and claws flesh-colour. 
 
 In summer the length is about 4; the tail 1*25; wing 1*8; 
 tarsus -75 ; bill -5. The total length and the length of the tail in 
 winter are not known. 
 
 I provisionally identify the Burmese bird with Swinhoe's C. voli- 
 tans, but I am not satisfied that the two are absolutely identical, 
 nor that the Burmese and Chinese bird, or either of them, if dis- 
 tinct, extends down to Australia. The series from each country 
 is at present inadequate for a correct opinion to be arrived at. 
 
 Distribution. Southern Pegu, along the grassy jungles on both 
 sides of the Pegu Canal from one lock to the other, but most com- 
 mon where the soil is sandy and suitable for the growth of thatch- 
 grass. 
 
 llal>its, fyc. Similar to those of C. cursitans, but the present species 
 has a more musical and bell-like note. It breeds in May and June 
 
374 SYLVIID.E. 
 
 and probably throughout the rains, constructing a beautiful nest, 
 composed entirely of the flowering heads of grass, and attached to 
 several stalks of grass growing in a thick clump. The eggs are a 
 pale blue spotted with rusty brown, and measure *55 by *43. 
 
 381. Cisticola cursitans. The Rufous Fantail- Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia cisticola, Temm. Man. d'Om. 2 e ed. i, p. 228. pi. (1820) ; id. 
 
 PL Col. pi. 6, tig. 3 (1820). 
 Prinia cursitans, FranU. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118. 
 Cisticola schcenicola, Bp. Comp. List S. JEur. fy N. Amer. p. ]2 
 
 (1838) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 145 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 174 j Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 343; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, pi. x, fig. 2. 
 Cisticola omalura, Blyth, Cat. p. 145 ; id. J. A. 8. B. xx, p. 176 (1851 ). 
 Cisticola homalura, Hume, S. F. v, pp. 90, 350; id. Cat. no. 541 bis. 
 Cisticola cursitans (Frankl.), Blyth, Cat. p. 145; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 j, p. 324; Hume, S. F. v, p. 90; id. Cat. no. 539; Legge, Birds 
 
 Ceyl. p. 531 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 217 ; Gates in Hume's N. & 
 
 K 2nd ed. i, p. 236. 
 Cisticola manipurensis, Godw.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47; id. J. A. 
 
 S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 165, pi. ix, fig. 1 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 397, v, 
 
 p. 90 ; id. Cvt. no. 539 bis. 
 Cisticola cisticola (Temm.'), Oates, B. B. i, p. 115; Sharne, Cat. 
 
 ^.M.vii,p.259. 
 
 The Rufous Grass- Warbler, Jerd.; Ghas ka-phutki or Ghas ka-pit- 
 pitti, Hind. ; Yedru-jitta, Tel. ; Kher-yhusa, II. at Bhagulpore ; Tuntunia, 
 at Monghyr. 
 
 Fig. 118. Bill of C. cursitans. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the whole upper plumage is dark brown 
 or black, with rufous margins to all the feathers; rump plain 
 rufous ; wings and coverts dark brown, edged with fulvous ; tail 
 brown, edged with rufous, broadly tipped white, subterminally deep 
 black, and with a rufous patch in front of this black ; lores, super- 
 cilium, cheeks, and the whole lower plumage buffy white ; ear- 
 coverts brownish. 
 
 In winter the plumage is practically the same as in summer, but 
 the tail is without the rufous patches above the subterminal black 
 spots. 
 
 Iris light yellowish brown ; bill flesh-coloured, dark along the 
 culmeri ; legs and claws pinkish ; mouth black at the breeding- 
 season, dusky at other times. 
 
 In summer the length is about 4*5; tail 1-5; wing 2'1 ; tarsus 
 8 ; bill from gape '6 ; in winter the tail measures 1*75, and the 
 total length is correspondingly increased. 
 
 Distribution. Every portion of the Empire and Ceylon where the 
 country is suitable, but not on hills at any great elevation. Outside 
 
FRANKLINIA. 375 
 
 our limits this bird has an immense range in Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa. 
 
 Habits, $c. This species "frequents corn-fields and grass-laud, and 
 is everywhere abundant 1 in such surroundings. It has a sharp 
 clear note, mostly uttered while the bird is soaring in the air, 
 which it frequently does, rising from one clump of grass and de- 
 scending to another. It breeds from April to October, construct- 
 ing a deep tubular nest in a clump of grass, to the stems of which 
 the structure is attached. The nest is made of line grass chiefly, 
 to which are added cobwebs and vegetable down. The eggs, 
 usually live in number, are white, or tinged with green, speckled 
 with red and purple, and measure '59 by *46. 
 
 Genus FRANKLINIA, Blyth, 1863. 
 
 The genus Franklinia contains four Indian species, three of 
 which have hitherto been included in Prinia by all ornithologists 
 except Sharpe. Prinia was instituted by Horsfield for Prinia 
 familiaris of Java, a Wren- Warbler with ten tail-feathers; and 
 there can be no doubt that it is desirable to keep the Wren- 
 Warblers in two separate genera, Prinia being retained for the 
 birds with ten tail-feathers, and Franklinia for those with twelve. 
 I have already stated my reasons why the latter birds cannot be 
 included in Cisticola. 
 
 The history of one species of Franklinia is incomplete. The 
 other three have a complete double moult every year attended by 
 a change in the length of the tail, and two have a marked change 
 of colour as well. The sexes are always alike. 
 
 The Wren-Warblers are all resident species or merely partial 
 migrants on the hills only. They frequent grass and bushes, either 
 in the open or on the outskirts of forest, and are fairly abundant, 
 except one species, about which little is known. 
 
 In these birds the bill is about two thirds the length of the head, 
 slender, but not so finely pointed as in Cisticola. The rictal bristles 
 are strong and two in number. There are no supplementary hairs 
 in front of them, and the feathers of the forehead are compact 
 and smooth. The wing is very rounded and feeble, the first 
 primary more than half the length of the second, and the next three 
 graduated. The tail, even in summer, is very ample and well- 
 graduated. The tarsus is strong. 
 
 Key to the Species*. 
 a. Forehead and crown of same colour. 
 
 a. Tips of tail-feathers shorter than width 
 
 of feathers and dull white, 
 a". Crown and upper plumage of same 
 
 colour F. gratilis, p. 376. 
 
 * I cannot identify Prinia humilis, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 144, said to have 
 twelve tail-leathers. Hume apparently no longer considers it a good species, as 
 he enters it in his ' Catalogus' with a note of doubt. It appears from the de- 
 scription to be Franklinia gracilis. 
 
376 STLYIID^E. 
 
 b". Crown darker than upper plumage . . F. rufescens, p. 377. 
 b'. Tips of tail-feathers longer than width of 
 
 feathers and pure white F. buchanani, p. 378. 
 
 b. Forehead rufous; crown bluish ashy F. cinereicapilla, p. 379. 
 
 382. Franklinia gracilis. Franklin 9 s Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Prinia gracilis, Frankl. P. Z. S, 1831, p. 119 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 143 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 172 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 341 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 136 ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 641 ; Hume, Cat. no. 536 ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 476 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 216. 
 Prinia hodgsoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 376 (1844) ; Blt/th, Cat,. 
 
 p. 143 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 322 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 173 ; 
 
 Hume, N. fy E. p. 342 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 136; Legge, S. F. iii, 
 
 p. 203 ; Anders. Yunnan Expcd., Avas, p. 641 ; Hume Sf Dav. S. F. 
 
 vi, p. 348 ; Oates, S. F. vii, p. 48 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 523 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 538 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 217 ; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 
 p. 208. 
 Prinia rufula, Godiv.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47 ; id. J. A. S. B. xliii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 105, pi. ix, fig. 2 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 397 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 536 ter. 
 Cisticola gracilis (Frankl.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 253 j Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 119. 
 Franklinia gracilis (Frankl.), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 240. 
 
 Franklin's Wren- Warbler ; the Malabar Wren- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 119. Bill of F. gracilis. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the upper plumage, sides of the head, 
 wings, and tail are ashy grey, the wings edged with pale rufous, 
 the tail with a subterminal patch of brown on each feather and 
 tipped with whitish ; ear-coverts whitish in front, greyish behind ; 
 cheeks, chin, throat, abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white ; 
 breast ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. 
 
 In winter the upper plumage and tail are rufous-brown ; the 
 wings brown, broadly edged with rufous ; the tail with subterminal 
 dark patches and white tips ; under plumage white, tinged with 
 fulvous ; a whitish line over the lores reaching to the eye. 
 
 Iris hazel-red ; edges of eyelids orange ; legs yellowish orange ; 
 claws horn-colour ; bill dark brownish black ; mouth black. After 
 the breeding-season the mouth becomes flesh-coloured and the edges 
 of the eyelids change to plumbeous. 
 
 Length 4'5 ; tail 1/9 ; wing 1'8 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape "55 ; 
 in winter the tail is longer, measuring about 2*4 inches, and the 
 total length of the bird is correspondingly increased. 
 
FRANKLINIA. 377 
 
 Distribution. The whole of the Empire and Ceylon, except Sind 
 and the more desert portions of Rajputana. This species is also 
 absent apparently from Central and Southern Tenasserim. With 
 these exceptions it is generally spread over the whole country. 
 It aseends the Himalayas and other mountains to a considerable 
 elevation, for I have seen specimens collected in Kashmir, at 
 Murree, and Darjiling, in Native Sikkim, and at Shillong. It is 
 everywhere a constant resident except on the higher parts of the 
 hills, which it probably abandons on the approach of winter. 
 
 Habits, $c. F. yracilis frequents forests and wooded parts of the 
 country, as well as grass-lands. It breeds throughout the rains, 
 constructing a nest of grass in the cavity formed by a leaf, the 
 edges of which are skilfully stitched together. The eggs, three in 
 number, are pale blue, spotted with reddish brown, or sometimes 
 entirely unspotted, and measure "58 by *42. 
 
 383. Franklinia rufescens. Beavan's Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Prinia rufescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 456 (1847) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 143; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 16(3; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 640 ; Hume, Cat. no. 536 bis j id. S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 211. 
 Prinia beavani, Wold. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 551 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 136; 
 
 Gates, S. F. v, p. 158 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 349 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 538 bis; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 186; Gates, S. F. x, 
 
 p. 219. 
 Prinia poliocephala, A. Anders. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 370, pi xix ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. vii, p. 319 ; id. Cat. no. 535 bis ; id. S. F. ix, p. 286. 
 Cisticola beavani ( Wald.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 255 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 120. 
 
 Cisticola poliocephala (A. Anders.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 257. 
 Franklinia rufescens (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 242. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the lores are brown ; a streak from the 
 nostrils over the eye white ; forehead, crown, and nape ashy brown; 
 back, wing-coverts, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous- 
 brown; tail more rufous, tipped with white, and each feather with 
 a large subterminal spot of brown ; wings brown, edged with rufous- 
 brown, and the tertiaries wholly of this colour ; sides of the head 
 ashy; lower plumage white, washed with buff, brighter on the 
 flanks. 
 
 In winter the forehead, crown, and nape are a paler ashy, not 
 contrasting so much with the plumage of the remaining upper 
 parts. 
 
 Iris reddish brown ; bill horn-colour, pinkish at base ; legs and 
 claws pinkish ; month flesh-colour. 
 
 Wing 1-65 ; tarsus '75; bill from gape '6; in summer the total 
 length is about 4-5 and the tail 1'7; in winter the corresponding 
 dimensions are 5 and 2. 
 
 Apart from the dark head, this species may be distinguished 
 
378 SYLVIUS. 
 
 from F. gracilis by its much stronger bill, which, moreover, never 
 turns black in the summer. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the lower ranges of the Himalayas 
 from Kiunaun to Upper Assam, and southwards from the latter 
 Province through Burma to the extreme end of Tenasserim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Frequents the outskirts of forests or well-wooded 
 parts of the country. Breeds during the monsoon, commencing 
 in May. The nest, made of fine grass, is placed in the cavity 
 formed by stitching together the two edges of a soft leaf of a tree 
 or shrub. The eggs, three in number, are glossy pale blue, speckled 
 with reddish brown, and measure '61 by '45. 
 
 384. Franklinia buchanani. The Rufous-fronted Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Prinia buchanani, Blytli, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 376 (1844). 
 
 Drymoica buchanani, Blyth, Cat. p. 143. 
 
 Franklinia huchanani (Blytli), JercL B. I. ii, p. 186 ; Hume, N. 8f E. 
 p. 358 j Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 241 ; Hume, S. F. i, 
 p. 195 ; Adam, S. F. i, p. 382 ; Butler, S. F. iii, p. 486 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 551 ; Reid, S. F. x, p. 47 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 223 ; 
 id. Journ. Bom. N. H. Soc. 1886, p. 51 ; Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 
 2nd ed. i, p. 243. 
 
 Cisticola buchanani (BlytJi), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 246. 
 
 Coloration. At all seasons of the year the upper plumage and 
 the sides of the neck reddish brown, brightest on the forehead and 
 crown ; wings and coverts with broad edges of the same ; tail 
 brown, faintly cross-barred, all the feathers except the middle 
 pair broadly tipped white and subterminally darker ; lores and a 
 supercilium white; ear- coverts and under the eye whitish; lower 
 plumage white, the flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts tinged with 
 fulvous; thighs ferruginous. 
 
 Iris light brown to orange-red ; upper mandible dusky, lower 
 pale fleshy ; legs and feet pale fleshy brown. 
 
 Wing 2*1 ; tarsus '7 ; bill *6 ; total length in summer about 5, 
 tail 2'3 ; total length in winter 5*5, tail 2'7. 
 
 Although this bird has two complete moults a year there is no 
 change in the colour of the plumage in summer and winter, nor 
 does the bill become black in summer. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Sind, Rajputana, the lower part of the 
 Punjab, the North-western Provinces, Central India, and the 
 Central Provinces, extending to the east as far as Lohardugga. 
 Jerdon states that this bird is found throughout the Carnatic and 
 the tableland of Southern India, and there are three specimens 
 in the British Museum labelled Madras. I have seen no recently 
 collected specimens from any place south of the latitude of 
 Ahmednagar. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. Found commonly in small troops in open country. 
 Breeds from May to September, constructing a nest of grass and 
 vegetable fibre of various shapes, sometimes like a purse or a cup, 
 at other times globular. It is built in a low bush as a rule. The 
 
L.VTICILLA. 379 
 
 eggs, four or five in number, are whitish speckled with clingy red, 
 and measure '62 by '48. 
 
 38o. Franklinia cinereicapilla. Hodgson'* Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Prinia cinereocapilla, Hodys., Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 77 ; Horsf. $ 
 
 M. Cat. i, p. 322 ; Jerd, B. 1. ii, p. 172 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 341 ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. iii, p. 242 j Hume, S. F. vii, p. 320 ; id. Cat. no. 537 ; 
 
 id. S. F. ix, j>. 286. 
 
 Cisticola cinereicapilla (Moore}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 256. 
 Frankliuia ciuereicapilla (HoJys.), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 246. 
 
 Coloration. In winter the forehead and a supercilium are rufous ; 
 crown, nape, lores, and a band behind the eye dark bluish ashy, 
 narrowly cross-barred with blackish ; upper plumage and edges of 
 wing bright rufous ; tail rufous, tipped paler, and with a sub- 
 terminal dark band; cheeks, ear-coverts, and the whole lower 
 plumage pale fulvous. The summer plumage is not known. In 
 the dry state the bill is deep black and the legs fleshy brown. 
 
 Length in winter about 4' 7 ; tail in winter 2-4 ; wing 1'7 ; 
 tarsus *8 ; bill from gape '6. 
 
 Distribution. This rare species was procured by Hodgson in 
 some part of Nepal, and his birds are in the British Museum. I 
 have seen specimens that were procured by Mandelli in the 
 Bhutan Doars, and by Brooks at Dhunda on the Bhagiruthee river. 
 Blanford (J. A. S. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 165) notes this bird from Sikhim, 
 but his description does not in the least agree with this species, 
 but rather with F. rufescens. 
 
 Hume surmises (1. c.) that F. cinereicapilla may be an abnormal 
 variety of Prinia socialis, but the different number of tail-feathers 
 in the two species is quite sufficient to negative such an idea. 
 
 Genus LATICILLA, Blyth, 1845. 
 
 The genus Laticilla contains two Indian species characterized 
 by very large tails. It is not certain whether their spring moult 
 is complete, but the tail is certainly moulted and differs in length 
 at the two seasons. The upper plumage is streaked in both 
 species. 
 
 These birds frequent reeds and grass, and Hume describes the 
 Sind species as being the greatest skulker he knows of after Cettia 
 orientalis. 
 
 The bill is about half the length of the head, there are three 
 rictal bristles, and the members of this genus agree with all other 
 Reed-birds in having no supplementary hairs, and in having the 
 frontal feathers short and smooth. The wing is very short and 
 rounded, the first primary large, and the next three graduated ; 
 the tail is very long and greatly graduated. 
 
380 SYLYIID^E. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Under tail-coverts dark ferruginous L. burnesi, p. 380. 
 
 b. Under tail-coverts greyish white like abdomen. L. cinerascens, p. 381. 
 
 386. Laticilla burnesi. The Long-tailed Grass-Warbler. 
 
 Eurycercus burnesii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 374 (1844) ; Jerd. B. 
 
 L ii, p. 74. 
 
 Sphenreacus burnesii (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 140. 
 Laticilla burnesi (Blyth}, Hume, S. F. i, p. 180; Butler, S. F. vii, 
 
 pp. 182, 191 ; Hume, Cat. no. 443 j Doig, S. F. viii, p. 373 ; S/iarpe, 
 
 Cat B. M. vii, p. 119 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 184 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ F,. 2nd ed. i, p. 247. 
 The Long-tailed Reed-bird, Jerd. ; Hidela, Sind. 
 
 Fig. 120. Head of L. burnesi. 
 
 Coloration. Lores, a ring round the eye, and a narrow super- 
 ciliurn white ; sides of the head and cheeks white, or pale ru Fes- 
 cent streaked with black ; forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, sides 
 of the neck, and the whole back and scapulars rufous-brown 
 broadly streaked with black, and the rufous brighter on the mantle ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts olive-brown, with obsolete shaft- 
 streaks ; tail olive-brown, darker along the shafts, the laterals 
 tipped with fulvous ; wing-coverts olive-brown with darker centres ; 
 quills with the outer webs olive-brown ; chin, throat, middle of 
 breast and abdomen white ; sides of the breast and abdomen oliva- 
 ceous, streaked with brown ; under tail-coverts dark ferruginous. 
 
 Bill brown above, pale straw below ; legs, feet, and iris brown 
 (Butler). 
 
 Length up to 7'5 ; tail in winter up to 4*3, in summer 3*7 ; 
 wing 2'2 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape '65. 
 
 Distribution. Upper Sind from the junction of the Chenab and 
 Indus rivers to Larkha'na, and also on the Eastern Kara, where 
 Doig found this species breeding. Jerdon records it from Monghyr 
 on the Ganges in March. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to September, constructing a 
 nest in a tussock of grass. The nest, the shape of which is not 
 described by Doig, but which, judging from his dimensions, is cup- 
 shaped, is composed of coarse grass lined with finer materials. 
 The eggs, three in number, are pale green blotched with purplish 
 brown, and measure '72 by '54. 
 
GRAMINICOLA. 381 
 
 387. Laticilla cinerascens. Daifs Long-tailed Grass- Warbler. 
 
 Eurycercus cinerascens, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, p. 156 (1874) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. iii, p. 280 ; id. Cat. no. 443 bis. 
 Laticilla cinerascens (Wctld.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 119. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage ashy olive streaked with brown ; 
 upper wing-coverts and visible portions of quills plain ashy olive, 
 with the shafts and the portion near them very dark brown, and 
 probably with fulvous tips ; lores, a ring round the eye, cheeks, 
 chin, and throat pure white; remainder of lower plumage pale 
 greyish white; upper part of ear-coverts ashy olive, lower part 
 albescent. 
 
 Bill in the dry state dark brown, with the base of the lower 
 mandible pale ; legs dark brown. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3'2, and probably up to 4 ; wing 2 ; 
 tarsus '8 ; bill from gape *6. 
 
 The only two specimens of this bird known are in the British 
 Museum. They are poor skins, and it is difficult to draw up a 
 very accurate description from them, especially of the tail, which 
 is very much worn down in both examples. 
 
 Distribution. Dhubri, Lower Assam, where the types were pro- 
 cured by Dr. Day on the 27th November, 1873. 
 
 Genus GRAMINICOLA, Jerd., 1863. 
 
 The genus Graminicola contains but one species, and this is found 
 in India. It has only a partial moult in the spring, confined appa- 
 rently to the tail, which varies considerably in length at the two 
 seasons. The sexes are alike. The upper plumage is streaked, 
 and the tail is very ample. 
 
 This bird frequents grass-lands, and is very fond of concealment. 
 It is a resident species, probably never moving more than a few 
 yards from its selected home. 
 
 The bill of this genus is tolerably stout and about half the 
 length of the head, and there are four large rictal bristles, but no 
 supplementary hairs, and the feathers of the forehead are firm and 
 close. The wing is like that of Laticilla. The tail is very large 
 and greatly graduated. 
 
 388. Graminicola "bengalensis. The Large Grass- Warbler. 
 
 ? Megalurus verreauxi, Tytler, A. M. N. H. (2) xiv, p. 176 (18/54) 
 
 (descr. nulla). 
 Graminicola benjralensis, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 177 (1863) ; Godio.-Aust. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 167; xlv, pt. ii, p. 80; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 542 ; id. S. F. ix, p. 255 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 234 ; Gates 
 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 249. 
 Drymoica bengalensis (Jerd.), Hume. N. fy E. p. 345. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, back, and upper tail-coverts 
 black, each feather edged with tawny fulvous ; rump plain tawny 
 
382 
 
 fulvous ; tlie feathers of the hind neck black with white margins, 
 forming a collar different in appearance to the back ; wing-coverts 
 and quills dark brown, the former very broadly, the latter very 
 narrowly edged with tawny fulvous ; tail black, margined with 
 olivaceous, broadly tipped w r bite, and indistinctly cross-barred ; 
 lores, a supercilium, and round the eye greyish white ; ear-coverts 
 rufescent ; sides.of neck, breast and body, thighs, and under tail- 
 coverts ochraceous, the latter with black shaft- streaks. 
 
 Legs and feet pale fleshy brown ; bill brow r n, pale fleshy on 
 basal half of lower mandible; iris reddish brown (Hume}. 
 
 Wing 2-4 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape '7 ; length in summer about 
 6'5, of tail 2-8 ; length in winter about 7, of tail 3-5. 
 
 Pig. 121. Head of G. bengalensis. 
 
 The plumage of this bird is subject to considerable variation, as 
 is the case in all birds that live in reeds and get the margins of 
 their feathers worn away in various degrees regardless of season, 
 sex, or age. 
 
 Distribution. Jerdon first observed this bird on the banks of the 
 Ganges, and subsequently in Cachar. It occurs in the Bhutan and 
 Buxa Doars and up the Assam valley to Sadiya. It appears to be 
 common in Sylhet and Cachar, and both Hume and Godwin- 
 Austen procured it in Manipur. In the British Museum there is 
 a specimen from Siam. 
 
 Habits, #c. A nest, supposed to be of this species, is said by 
 Hume to be a massive and deep cup, fixed between three reeds, con- 
 structed of sedge and vegetable fibre firmly wound together and 
 round the reeds, and lined with fine grass-roots. The egg is said 
 to be a dull green, faintly speckled with dull purplish and reddish 
 brown. 
 
 Genus MEGALURUS, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The genus Megalurus contains one Indian species which occurs 
 in a somewhat erratic manner over a considerable portion of the 
 Empire. This bird appears to have little or nothing of a spring 
 moult ; its tail is not changed, and probably what little moult it 
 has at that season is confined to some of the body-feathers. The 
 young, however, are intensely and richly coloured, which shows the 
 affinity of this species for the Warblers. 
 
 Megalurus frequents plains of grass and the banks of rivers, 
 feeds on the ground a good deal, and is not so fond of hiding itself 
 
MEGALUHUS. 383 
 
 as some of its allies ; in fact, I have found it an easy bird to 
 observe. It has a fine song, loud and cheerful, uttered as the bird 
 flies up into the air and descends with motionless wings some 
 fifty yards from where it started. 
 
 In M t -</it f urns the sexes are alike; the bill is strong; the wing 
 is less rounded than in most of the sedentary Warblers, the third 
 primary reaching to the tip of the wing, and the first being of very 
 large size. The tail is very much longer than the wing, pointed 
 and much graduated. The rictal bristles are strong, there are no 
 supplementary hairs, and the feathers of the forehead are remark- 
 ably short and close. Hume has drawn attention to the curious 
 formation of the foot : it is deeply cleft between the middle and 
 inner toe, and this latter is partially reversible. This peculiarity 
 explains the rapidity and ease with which the bird climbs about 
 amongst reeds and reed-grass. 
 
 389. Megalurus palustris. The Striated Marsh- Warbler. 
 
 Megalurus palustris, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 159 (1820) ; 
 Bli/th, Cat. p. 139 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 330 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii, 
 p. 70 ; Hume, N. 8fE. p. 276 ; Sail, S. F. iv, p. 233 ; Hume $ Dav. 
 S. F. vi, p. 295 ; Hume, Cat. no. 440 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., 
 Aves, p. 639 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 209 ; id. B. B. i, p. 106; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 123 ; Hume, S. F. xi ; p. 175 ; Oates in Hume's 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 249. 
 
 The Striated Marsh-Babbler, Jerd. ; lal-oggin, H. ; Nul-claypee, 
 Assam. 
 
 Fig. 122. Head of M. palustris. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage fulvous-brown, the head rather 
 rufous, and each feather with a dark brown or blackish stripe down 
 the shaft, the feathers of the back and scapulars each with a broad 
 black stripe down the middle ; wing-coverts blackish brown, broadly 
 edged with fulvous-brown; quills blackish brown, the primaries 
 narrowly, and the other quills broadly, edged with rufous-brown ; 
 tail fulvous-brown, the shafts and the portions of feathers near them 
 dusky ; a broad supercilium, becoming indistinct near the nape, 
 greyish white ; chin and throat white ; sides of the neck and all 
 the lower plumage earthy brown, tinged with buff on the flanks, 
 vent, and under tail-coverts ; a few streaks of brown on the breast 
 and under tail-coverts. 
 
 The young are very similar to the adult, but they have the 
 supercilium and the whole lower plumage suffused with yellow ; 
 the adult plumage is assumed in February. 
 
384 
 
 Iris pale brown; eyelids plumbeous ; bill horny brown, dark on 
 the upper mandible, and rather pale on the lower; mouth dark 
 bluish brown ; legs pale pink ; claws pinkish horn-colour. 
 
 Length up to 10 ; tail 4'9 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 1*4 ; bill from gape 
 1 ; the female is considerably smaller. 
 
 Distribution. This bird has rather a remarkable area of distri- 
 bution so far as is known. Beginning on the west it is found at 
 Hoshungabad on the Nerbudda ; thence through Seoni to Sam- 
 balpur and in the valley of the Mahanadi in Orissa, where it has 
 been procured at Boad and Sonepur. Jerdon records it from the 
 banks of the Waiuganga and Indravati rivers. It is again found 
 in Dacca, and then in the Bhutan and Buxa Doars, extending up 
 to Sadiya. Southwards from Assam it occurs in all suitable 
 localities down to Central Tenasserim, being extremely common in 
 Manipur and many parts of Southern Pegu. It appears to be 
 absent from the Malay peninsula, but it is found again in Java. 
 
 Habits, tyc. Breeds from April to June, or later, making a deep 
 cup-shaped nest of grass-leaves in a tussock of grass and laying four 
 eggs, which are white speckled with blackish and purplish brown ; 
 they measure -9 by '63. 
 
 Genus SCHCENICOLA, Blyth, 1844. 
 
 The genus Schcenicola contains one Indian bird which has been 
 till lately remarkable for its extreme rarity and local distribution. 
 We owe it to Mr. Prank Bourdillon and Col. Butler that we are now 
 well acquainted with the species. 
 
 Schcenicola has two thorough and complete moults a year, chang- 
 ing the colour of its plumage and the length of its tail at each 
 nioulfc. The sexes are alike, and the young birds are tinged with 
 yellow. This genus resembles Meyalurus in many of its habits, 
 especially in its fondness for grass and reeds, and in its habit of 
 soaring in the air singing. 
 
 In Schcenicola the bill is rather short, being only half as long as 
 the head ; there are two strong rictal bristles, no supplementary 
 hairs, and the feathers of the forehead are short and compact. The 
 wing is fairly developed, the third primary reaching to the tip of 
 the wing, and the first two being of large size. The tail at both 
 seasons is very ample and well graduated. The tarsus is remark- 
 ably long, denoting a ground-feeding bird. 
 
 390. Schcenicola platyura. The Broad-tailed Grass- Warbler. 
 
 Thimalia platyura, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. 8. xiii, p. 170 (1844). 
 Schoenicola platyura (Jerd.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 73 ; flume, S. .F. vii, 
 
 p. 37 ; id. Cat. no. 442 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 532 ; Brooks, S. F. 
 
 ix, p. 209 ; Hume, 8. F. ix, pp. 211, 234; Butler, 8. F. ix, p. 401 ; 
 
 Damson, 8. F. x, p. 383 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 110 ; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 183 ; filacgregor, 8. F. x ; p. 438 ; Gates in Hume's 
 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 251. 
 The Broad-tailed Reed-bird, Jerd. 
 
ACANTHOPTILA. 385 
 
 Coloration. In summer, the lores and a short indistinct super- 
 cilium whitish ; chin, throat, and middle of abdomen pure white ; 
 remainder of the lower plumage rich ochraeeous brown ; the under 
 tail-coverts dark brown, tipped with dull white ; the whole upper 
 plumage, sides of the head, and neck rich brown tinged with rufous, 
 brighter on the edges of the quills and coverts ; the back, rump, 
 upper tail-coverts, and tertiaries indistinctly cross-rayed ; tail 
 brown, distinctly cross-barred, darker and obsoletely tipped pale. 
 
 In winter, the lores and a rather indistinct supercilium, cheeks, 
 and the whole lower plumage soft ochraeeous white, more pro- 
 nounced across the breast and on the flanks ; un'der tail-coverts 
 dark ochraeeous, tipped with dull white ; sides of the head and 
 neck and the whole upper plumage fulvous-brown, the edges of the 
 
 Fig. 123. Head of S. platyura. 
 
 quills and coverts brighter ; the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
 tertiaries cross-rayed when viewed in a good light ; tail brown, dis- 
 tinctly cross-barred darker, and all the feathers tipped with dull 
 white. 
 
 Iris olive-brown ; legs and feet brown in front, pale whitish 
 flesh-colour behind and on the soles ; bill black above, pale horny 
 blue below ; gape black. In the female the legs and feet are fleshy 
 brown and paler than in the male ; the bill is brown above, fleshy 
 below, and the mouth is not black inside (Butler, August and 
 September). 
 
 Iris pale clay-brown ; bill above plumbeous, below pale horny 
 white ; legs, feet, and claws pale brownish (Bourdillon, April). 
 
 In winter the length is about 7 ; tail 2*8 ; wing 2'7 ; tarsus '85 ; 
 bill from gape *65. In summer plumage the tail is slightly shorter 
 than in winter plumage, and measures about 2-5. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from Belgaum to Tra- 
 vancore, and Ceylon. This bird is a permanent resident, and in- 
 habits both the hills and the lower levels. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds near Belgaum in September. The nest, 
 which is a mere ball of grass with an entrance on one side, is built 
 in a tussock of grass close to the ground. The eggs, four in num- 
 ber, are white spotted with brownish red, and one egg measured 
 73 by -6. 
 
 Genus ACANTHOPTILA, Blyth, 1855. 
 
 The genus Acanthopttta was instituted by Blyth for a remarkable 
 bird discovered by Hodgson many years previously, and which is 
 VOL. i. 2 c 
 
386 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 still very rare. It is characterized by its large size, spinous plu- 
 mage, and very ample tail. 
 
 Hodgson figures two specimens, to each of which he assigns a 
 different name ; but an examination of his types, together with 
 some other specimens, leaves it little doubtful, I think, that both 
 drawings represent the same species, and that the differences 
 shown are due to season. Acanthoptila, like most Warblers, has 
 two moults a year, probably only a partial one in the spring, but 
 one which affects the colour of the throat very distinctly. The 
 sexes are probably alike. 
 
 This genus has a bill nearly as long as the head and gently 
 curved ; the rictal bristles are short, there are no supplemen- 
 tary hairs, and the forehead is flat and smooth as in other Grass- 
 Warblers. The wing is rounded, and the first four quills graduated. 
 The tail is much longer than the wing, broad and well rounded. 
 The tarsus is about one third the length of the wing and very 
 strong. 
 
 391. Acanthoptila nepalensis. The Spiny Warbler. 
 
 Timalia nipalensis, Hoclys. As. Res. xix, p. 182 (1836). 
 Timalia pellotis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 182 (1836). 
 Timalia leucotis, Hodgt. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
 Malacocercus nipalensis (Hodgs.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 140 j Horsf. $ M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 222. 
 Acanthoptila nipalensis (Hodgs.\ Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 57 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 vii, p. 459 ; id. Cat. no. 431 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 380 j 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. 8f JE. 2nd ed. i, p. 252. 
 Acanthoptila pellotis (Hodgs.), Hume, N. $ E. p. 269. 
 Malacocercus pellotis (Hodys.), Hume, Cat. no. 431 bis. 
 The Spiny Babbler, Jeid. 
 
 Fig. 124. Head of A. nepalensis. 
 
 Coloration. In winter, the whole upper plumage, tail, and 
 visible portions of the wings are rich olive-brown, the feathers of 
 the head and back with stiff black shafts ; tail distinctly darker 
 cross-rayed; lores and the feathers behind and below the eye 
 whitish ; ear-coverts brown, the central portion mixed with white ; 
 lower plumage rufescent, each feather with a dark brown shaft- 
 streak, the streaks increasing in size as they recede from the head ; 
 under tail-coverts and flanks plain rufescent brown. 
 
 In summer, the lores, the feathers round the eye, the ear-coverts, 
 
C1LETOHNIS. 387 
 
 cheeks, chin, and throat become white, the shafts of the throat- 
 feathers glistening; the lower plumage becomes whiter, especi- 
 ally on the abdomen. 
 
 Bill dusky horn ; legs dull fleshy brown : iris smoky brown 
 
 (//<></ /toil, J//S'.). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 5; wing 3'5 : tarsus 1-2; bill from 
 gape 1-1. 
 
 On examining Hodgson's specimens of this bird, also one pro- 
 cured by Captain Pinwill and one by Mandelli, there can be little 
 doubt that the Spiny Babbler has a summer and a winter plumage. 
 Two specimens are in the summer plumage, and one of these is 
 moulting and acquiring some rufous feathers on the throat. 
 
 Distribution. Appears to be fairly common in Xepal. The Pin- 
 will collection contains a summer-plumaged bird from the N.W. 
 Himalayas (probably Kuinaim), and the Hume collection one from 
 Dolaka procured by Mandelli. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Hodgson remarks of this bird that the sexes are 
 alike, that it is solitary, tenants low bushes, flies very ill and un- 
 willingly, and that it feeds entirely on the ground. He adds that 
 it is found by bushy rills, and that it hides itself instantly. It 
 makes a loose, shallow, grass nest in a fork of a tree. One nest 
 is stated to have measured nearly 5 inches in diameter and nearly 
 "2 in height externally. The eggs are verditer-blue, and measure 
 1-1 by -65. 
 
 On the label of the Pinwill specimen there is a remark that this 
 bird is a fine songster. 
 
 Genus CHJETORNIS, G. K. Gray, 1848. 
 
 The genus Chcetornis was instituted by Gray for the reception of 
 an Indian bird which is characterized by having the rictal bristles, 
 five in number, arranged in a vertical series in front of the eye 
 and by having the lores naked. It is doubtful whether the genus 
 has a spring moult, but if it has, the moult is probably confined 
 to the wings and a few of the body-feathers. The tail is not 
 changed in the spring, and the colour of the bird is not affected ; 
 but abrasion of the feathers, to which it is very subject, causes a 
 great variety of changes to be observed in this bird in the course 
 of the year. The sexes are alike, and the young are richly 
 coloured. 
 
 This bird, like Meyalurus (to which it is closely allied), has the 
 habit of rising singing into the air, and, like birds of that genus, 
 affects grass and reeds and feeds a good deal on the ground. It 
 i.s not a difficult bird to observe. 
 
 There are no supplementary hairs in front of the rictal bristles, 
 and the feathers of the forehead are short and smooth. With this 
 bird the series of Eeed- and Grass-AVarblers with twelve tail- 
 t'rathers, and characterized by the firm plumage of the forehead, 
 ends. The bird constituting the next genus, usually considered a 
 
 2c 2 
 
ass 
 
 NY liVI 1 1> i 
 
 UoO<l \\ ai Mri . i ,, n.>l u illr l.miliii" il;, hal'i!*:, more rloNoly II 1 1 in I lo 
 /////)('/,<,. .iii.l -<//li'iii III. in !o ,\<'i\K'<'fth<tlltH, /.in'itst, Ilii, ;uul /'n/nti'ti. 
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 nro NUimlomouliirv hain m honlof Iho nelal lirisllos; mill nil 
 O \YiirhlorN uro moro or IONS iirhoronl. 
 
 Ullllil Ku-.UHlolloitloM. /'//, lintflnl <lr,iM \VtiMr. 
 
 !>.. yni-iii !< " i.-ll..il,.s, AVr////. ./ I ^ // si, |> '" ! (I ll?) 
 M, . lUuru trlntu N / ' s ^iii, p i ( ' c| U ' ' > 
 
 i. //./.), lilt/fh, (\if. n. I.'IU. 
 
 i C-A'/v/.), //.-''. A '/. ('.//. i, |. :5:U) ; ./,/,/./'./ ... 
 
 .V. ,S /' P. "// ; /'////'/, -v /' v. p -'< )( .>; /'"//, - s '- /' 
 
 P. ,'.', //,-, .. , P. 
 
 \, l> lid - / 'MI, p. ',:>, lining ^^tt. H". in . /i'//-'.<, 
 
 /;,/, 
 
 ,!, -II. ..,!,- I/.V//M), .s7,/r/.,-, c/r / '/. M,. p 180) 
 
 '> A' A /' fiul , -I i, p 
 
 H',II'M<>)\ -Irul . (, 
 
 -s 
 
 lift M. -d,.l < '. AH Wr/Awfe 
 
 The no\\ l\ uioulloil bird in auhiinn has I ho lore 
 a Nuporoilinm while, iho \\holo uppor plumage fulvous brow n, 
 boldlx. .streaked \\ilh Ma. -k . \villgN and eovorls dark brow n, \ 01 \ 
 hroaoMv e.h-.ed \\ilh fulvous; lad ful\ ons brow n, each leather 
 Iwnvd with MaoK, (ho hars eonlluont at the. shall and not reaehin.", 
 to Iho od>;os ol Iho foathor . the lips luUons \\lule, proeoiled 1>\ a 
 hlaek pal. 1 -'I iho head moll led fnhoiis and hrov\ n ; ilnn. 
 
 throat, and middle <>l ahdouou \\hil ( ; remainder of the lower 
 plmnaj'.o pah* o.-hraeeous. 
 
 \ltei Max Iho phima-'.e I'.eoiur^ \er\ dull. o\\in^ to the \\eann:', 
 a\\a\ of thood-ys ol the leathers, ; nd tho low or plumage hoeomo.s 
 noV % lv nmlormlv whito. 
 
 I > . ami fret hrow n . iris ha el ; lull hlaek. tlu^ lowor mandihlo 
 tippod horny-hluo (lititt<r, SoptoiulnM'). 
 
 I.e..-,- llosh\ . iris li-\hi eliov-olalo hrow n ; hill lle>h\ at ha>o. tho 
 
 />/K\\ Mjuvh) 
 
 1 'iom \pnlto Septomhor tho hill is Maek. al ol hor t iinos pale 
 as ilos. n!s-.l h\ Cnpps. 
 
 length - ' . Wing Mj tarsus 1 % 15} lull from 
 
 .apo ','.'. I'lio s,\es are ol mneh iho same si.o. iOiilrar\ lo \\hat 
 
 ...!!\ asserted. 
 
 Di&tt*wutt\>n. This spooio.s appi\rs to K x spread over a i onsiilor- 
 ahlo portion of tho pomnsnla of India. Jordon proouroil it on tho 
 N :iv ami at Nelloiv, Hall nt Sjunhalpur and Kalahamli. In iho 
 
\i;i \m\v\. 898 
 
 I luinc collection there arc specimens from Doesa, Sangor, Seoni. 
 EUipur, and Samhalpnr. Further north this hircl oiviirs at Kta\\ah. 
 
 Jhinjhak (Cawnpore), Dinapup, and in Ondh. 1 ha\e seen a spe- 
 cimen \\ Inch is labelled Paroling. Jerdon slates that. (". locust, I- 
 /(/</<s is eommon all oxer Lo\\er Bengal, aiul (Yipps records it from 
 FniToedpore. Godwin-Austen inserts it in his list of Khasi-hill 
 birds, hut dots iu>t state the precise locality \\here lit 1 obtained it. 
 It is a permanent resilient in all parts of its range. 
 
 l/iil>ita. i\v. Hreeds from May to September, eonst met in<;- a n;h- 
 hnlar nest of grass, NV iih the ent ranee at the >ide. in a flump of 
 grass or in a hush or e\en on the ground. The eggs are white 
 spet-kletl \\ith |)iirplish hro\\ n and inky purple, and measnio 
 
 8 hv <;. 
 
 (ienns ARUNDINAX, Blvth. 1845. 
 
 The genus Anoxliini.r contains only one species, a common 
 \\inttr \isitor to the eastern parts of the Empire. It hns the 
 general aspect of Acrocephalus, out has really no close affinities for 
 thai genus, from \\hieh it ditTers in having a large iirst primary, :i 
 more graduated tail, and a rough forehead. Its affinities seem to 
 be more with ////yd/<n. and fy/rw. Although fond t>f \\ater and 
 generally found mar rivers and marshes, it is not a reed-bird to 
 the same extent as the Keed- Warblers. 1 ha\e frequently found 
 it among bnshos and trees, and Davison remarks that in Tenas- 
 serini it is found chiefly in gardens, along the edges of fields where 
 there is cover, on the outskirts of forests, and not unfrequently in 
 gran, 
 
 It appears to have two complete moulls a year, but the changes 
 of colour at thet\\o seasons ;ire very slight and not worthy of 
 separate description. The 86X68 are alike. 
 
 Fig. 126. Head of A. aSdon. 
 
 In this genus the bill is very strong and rather wide, and there 
 are three strong rictal bristles somewhat diagonally phuvd. There 
 are some supplementary hairs in front of these bristles, and the 
 feathers of the forehead are disintegrated, soft, and with the shafts 
 M>me\\hat produced. The third primary reaches to the tip of 
 the Ming. The tail is very mueh graduated, and the feathers 
 narro\\ . 
 
390 SYLVIIDJE. 
 
 393. Arundinax aedon. The Thick-billed Warbler. 
 
 Mascicapa aedon, Pall. Reise, iii ; p. 095 (1776). 
 
 Phragamaticola olivacea, Bli/th, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. xiii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 129 (1844). 
 Arundinax olivaceus (Blytli), Blytli, Cat. p. 181 ; Horsf. & M. Cat. 
 
 \, p. 331 ; Jerd. 21. I. ii, p. 157. 
 Arundinax sedon (Pall.), Hume, S. F. ii, p. 234 ; Hume $Dav. 8. F. 
 
 vi, p. 339 ; Hume, Cat. no. 518 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 98 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 202. 
 Lusciniola aedon (Pall.), Seebohm, Cat, B. M. v, p. 121. 
 
 The Thick-billed Reed- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage fulvous olive-brown, brightest on the 
 rump ; wing-coverts, quills, and tail brown, the first very broadly 
 and the two latter narrowly edged with the colour of the back : 
 lores whitish ; feathers round the eye pale fulvous ; ear-coverts and 
 sides of the head and neck like the back ; no eye-stripe : lower 
 plumage buffish white, lighter on the chin, throat, and abdomen, 
 and suffused with russet-brown on the flanks, vent, and under tail- 
 coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts buff. In summer the 
 lower parts are not so richly coloured. 
 
 The young have the russet-brown of the lower parts more pro- 
 nounced than even the winter adult. 
 
 Upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower one flesh-colour ; the 
 tips of both and the gape tinged with orange ; mouth bright salmon- 
 colour; iris umber-brown; eyelids bright plumbeous ; legs and feet 
 plumbeous ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 7'7 ; tail 3-5 ; wing 3'1 ; tarsus 1-1 ; bill from gape *88 ; 
 the first primary is very long, measuring nearly an inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the eastern portion of the 
 Empire, being found throughout Burma, the hill-ranges of Eastern 
 Bengal, Cachar, Tipperah, Manipur, Assam, the Bhutan Doars, 
 Sikhim, both British and Native, the Nepal Terai, and the greater 
 part of Bengal. To the west it appears to be rare. Jerdon re- 
 cords it from the Carnatic, and 1 have examined a specimen pro- 
 cured at Bangalore. 
 
 In winter it extends down the Malay peninsula and throughout 
 South-eastern Asia. It summers in North China and Siberia. 
 Nothing is known of its nidi fa* cation. 
 
 Genus HYPOLAIS, Brehm, 1828. 
 
 The genus Hypolais contains four Indian species so very like each 
 other, and so difficult to separate one from the other, that it would, 
 at first sight, seem preferable to unite them under one specific name. 
 The slight differences that exist between them appear, however, to 
 be correlated with geographical distribution, and so it is, on the 
 whole, better to recognize these differences. 
 
 Hypolais moults twice in the year, but the moults are not accom- 
 panied by any visible change of colour in the plumage. The sexes 
 
HYPOLA.IS. 391 
 
 are alike, and the young are less deeply coloured than is usual in 
 birds of this family. They are all migratory, but their migrations 
 are short and probably on the decline, as some few birds remain 
 in their winter-quarters all the year through. 
 
 Ilypolajis resembles Sylvia very closely, and might perhaps be 
 joined to it, but it has a sensibly larger bill, and on this account 
 it is desirable to keep the two genera distinct. 
 
 In Hypolais the bill from the gape to the tip is longer than the 
 middle toe and claw ; there are three weak rictal bristles, and the 
 supplementary hairs in front of them are obsolete, but still clearly 
 visible with a lens. The first primary is small but not minute, and 
 the third reaches to the tip of the wing. The tail is slightly rounded 
 only. The colour of the plumage is very dull, and there is not a 
 single bright spot or line to relieve it. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Primary-coverts reaching to about the middle 
 
 of the first primary ; upper plumage olive- 
 brown. 
 '. Tail 2-2 or more ; bill from gape to tip '6 or 
 
 more. 
 
 a". Distance from tip of secondaries to tip of 
 wing *4 ; from tip of first primary to tip 
 of wing 1-1 to 1-25 ; wing 23 to 2-5 . . H. rama, p. 391. 
 b" . Distance from tip of secondaries to tip of 
 wing '55 to '65 ; from tip of first primary 
 to tip of wing 1-3 to 1-5 j wing 2-5 to 
 
 27 H. pallida, p. 392. 
 
 b'. Tail under 2 ; bill from gape to tip "55, 
 
 seldom more H. caligata, p. 393. 
 
 b. Primary-coverts extending over two thirds the 
 
 length of the first primary ; upper plumage 
 
 sandy brown* H. obsoleta, p. 393. 
 
 394. Hypolais rama. SylceJs Tree- Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia rama, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 89. 
 
 Phyllopneuste rama (Sykes), Bhjth, Cat. p. 183 ; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 335 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 189 ; Butler | Hume, S. F. iii, p. 486. 
 Iduna caligata (Lichtj, apud Hume, N. fy E. p. 360. 
 Hippolais rama (Sykes), Brooks, S. F, iv, p. 275. 
 1 lypolais rama (Sykes), Hume, Cat. no. 553 ; Doig, S. F. ix, p. 279 ; 
 
 Seebohm, Cut. B. M. v, p. 84 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 224 ; Oates 
 
 in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 254. 
 
 Sykes's Warbler, Jerd. ; Koktalyhu, Turki. 
 
 * HYPOLAIS LANGUIDA, Hemp. $ Ehr., is said to occur in Sind, but I can find 
 no specific instance of its having done so. It differs from all the other Indian 
 species of Hypolais in having the primary-coverts and the bastard primary of 
 almost the same length, or, rather, reaching to the same point, and in its larger 
 size, the wing being about 3 in length. It has been obtained in Baluchistan, but 
 in that portion of it under Persian control, and at Chaman in Afghanistan. 
 
392 SYLYIID^E. 
 
 Coloration. After the autumn moult the upper plumage and the 
 margins of the wing and tail are olive-brown with a fuhous tinge, 
 the outer tail-feathers edged with whitish ; lores dusky ; a pale 
 whity-buff supercilium from the nostrils to just past the eye ; the 
 whole lower plumage very pale buff, the throat and middle of the 
 abdomen nearly white. 
 
 Iris brown ; legs and feet grey ; bill brown above, fleshy below 
 (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2'2 ; wing 2*3 to 2*5 ; tarsus '8 ; bill 
 from gape "6. The second primary terminates between the seventh 
 and ninth, the first primary is I'l to 1-25 short of the tip of the 
 wing and the secondaries '4 short. 
 
 There is no seasonal change of colour in the plumage beyond 
 what is caused by abrasion and wear and tear of the feathers. The 
 colour of the plumage is a very bad guide to identification. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the whole peninsula of India down to 
 the Nilgiris in the south, and to the longitude of Dinapore and 
 Lohardugga in the east. I have examined a large series of birds 
 from almost every portion of this area. It is in general a winter 
 visitor, but Doig found a large colony breeding from March to July 
 on the Eastern Nara, Siud. It breeds in Quetta and westwards 
 to Europe ; also in Turkestan ; and Seebohm states that it breeds 
 in Kashmir. India appears to be its main winter-quarters. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sind, constructing a small cup -shaped 
 nest of sedge and fine grass in the centre of a low bush. The eggs, 
 four in number, are white marked with brown and measure '61 
 by -49. 
 
 395. Hypolais pallida. The Olivaceous Tree-Warbler. 
 
 Curruca pallida, Hemp. $ Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. bb (1833). 
 Hypolais pallida (H. $ E.}, Hume, S. F. vii, pp. 398, 504 ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 553 ter ; id. S. F. ix, p. 231 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 82 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 225. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles H. rama in colour, but differs in being 
 larger, in the tip of the secondaries being -55 to -65 from the tip 
 of the wing, and the tip of the first primary 1'3 to 1-5 short of the 
 same. 
 
 Length nearly 6 ; tail 2'2 ; wing 2-5 to 2'7 ; tarsus -8 ; bill 
 from gape '75 ; the second primary is between the sixth and 
 eighth. 
 
 In H. pallida the difference between the length of the wing and 
 that of the tail is considerably greater than in H. rama, in which it 
 is frequently not more than -1. 
 
 Distribution. Hume received this bird from Sehwan, but subse- 
 quently doubted the identification of the specimen, thinking it to 
 be an abnormal H. rama. Dresser, however, distinctly states that 
 he has seen Sind specimens of //. pallida. It is a bird which is 
 most likely to be found in Sind, and so I admit it to my list. 
 Barnes states that this bird occurs in Sind as a cold-weather 
 
HYPOLAIS. 393 
 
 visitant, but on what authority I do not know, unless it be that of 
 Murray, who calls it a winter visitor to Sind. 
 
 Its summer-quarters extend to Turkestan, South-western Asia, 
 Europe, and North-eastern Africa. 
 
 396. Hypolais caligata. The Booted Tree- Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia caligata, Licht., Eversm. Eeise Buchara, p. 128 (1823). 
 Jerdonia agricolensis, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 182 ; Blanf. S. F. \\, 
 
 p. 330. 
 Hypolais caligata (Licht.), Hume, S. F. vii, p. 396; id. Cat. 
 
 'uo. o53bis; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. \, p. 85; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 
 p. 224. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles H. ramci, from which the present species 
 differs only in size, being smaller, and in having a longer second 
 primary, the tip of this primary being between the sixth and seventh. 
 The best character by which to separate this species from H. ranm 
 is the shorter tail, which never reaches a length of 2. 
 
 Lower mandible and edges of upper reddish fleshy ; rest of bill 
 dark brown ; legs, feet, and claws pale brown ; iris dark brown 
 (Davison). 
 
 Length about 5; tail 1 '9; wing 2'4; tarsus '75 ; bill from gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the whole of Northern and 
 Central India. I have traced it southwards to Eelgaum, and on 
 the east to Mudhupur on the E.I. Railway. It is found on the 
 west as far as Karachi and Hydrabad. It is doubtful, I think, 
 whether this bird remains to breed in any portion of the Hima- 
 layas, but Seebohm asserts that it does so in Kashmir. Biddulph, 
 however, found it in Gilgit only in August and September, when 
 it was probably migrating southwards. It is known to summer 
 in Turkestan and Southern Siberia. 
 
 397. Hypolais ofosoleta. The Desert Tree- Warbler. 
 
 Salicaria obsoleta, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 129 (1873) ; id. 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 426. 
 Hypolais obsoleta (Sev.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 86. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles //. rama, but the whole upper plumage is 
 a pale sandy brown. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-4 to 2-6 ; tarsus 75; bill from 
 gape '65. The eecond primary terminates between the sixth and 
 seventh ; the distance from the tip of the first primary to the tip 
 of the wing is 1-3 to 1*5; the secondaries fall short* of the tip 
 of the wing by *45 to '6. 
 
 Distribution. Seebohm possesses a skin which was obtained in 
 Sind, but this I have not been able to examine, owing to its having 
 been sent to Russia. We can, however, have no better authority 
 than Seebohm for the identification of this bird. It is a rare 
 species. It is supposed to summer in the desert portions of Tur- 
 kestan, and to winter in Sind. It has occurred at Fao in the 
 Persian Gulf. 
 
SYLYIID7E. 
 
 Genus SYLVIA, Scop., 1769. 
 
 The genus Sylvia contains six Indian species, three of which are 
 very closely allied to each other and to a European form, and a 
 fourth is merely a race of another bird common in Europe. Sylvia 
 and Hypolais are almost congeneric ; but the former has a smaller 
 bill and brighter colours, and in some of the species the sexes differ 
 in colour to some small extent, while in Hypolais the sexes are 
 always alike. 
 
 Sylvia has two moults a year ; but these do not cause any 
 important difference in the colour of the plumage at the two 
 seasons. All the species are migrants, but their migrations are of 
 very limited extent, consisting of a change from the plains to the 
 mountainous parts and back again, and there is reason to think 
 that one or more species may be resident in India. This is almost 
 a certainty in the case of S. nana. 
 
 The true Warblers frequent trees and bushes, have for the most 
 part a pleasant song, and build cup-shaped nests at no great height 
 above the ground, laying eggs which are usually marked with 
 yellowish brown. 
 
 In Sylvia the bill from the gape to the tip is shorter than the 
 middle toe and claw ; the three rictal bristles are weak, and the 
 supplementary hairs nearly obsolete ; the feathers of the forehead 
 are decomposed and rough. The first primary is small, and the 
 second is equal to the sixth or thereabouts. The tarsus is stout 
 and short, and the tail very slightly graduated. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. First primary minute, not reaching to tips 
 
 of primary-coverts S. cinerea, p. 395. 
 
 b. First primary large, extending considerably 
 
 beyond tips of primary- coverts. 
 a'. Crown of head black or brown j wing con- 
 siderably more than 3 S.jerdom, p. 395. 
 
 b' . Crown of head fawn-brown, concolorous 
 
 with back ; wing under 3 S. mma, p. 396. 
 
 c'. Crown of head grey ; wing under 3. 
 
 a". Upper plumage greyish brown, slightly 
 darker on crown ; wing 2'6 to 2'8 ; 
 second primary generally between sixth 
 and seventh, sometimes equal to seventh, 
 and rarely between seventh and eighth . S. althcna, p. 397. 
 b". Upper plumage earth - brown, crown 
 brownish grey ; wing 2-45 to 2-65 ; 
 second primary equal to sixth, rarely 
 
 between sixth and seventh S. affinis, p. 397. 
 
 c". Upper plumage sandy brown; crown 
 pale bluish grey ; wing 2'3 to 2'45 ; 
 second primary equal to seventh and 
 sometimes between seventh and eighth . S. minuscula, p. 398. 
 
SYLVIA. 
 
 393. Sylvia cinerea. The White-throated Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia cinerea, BecJmt..Orn. Taschenb. i, p. 170 (1802) ; Hume, & F. 
 
 ' iii, p. 488 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 8. 
 
 Sylvia nifa (Bodd.), Hume, Cat. no. 582 quat. ; Barnes. Birds Bom. 
 "> 233. 
 
 Coloration. After the autumn moult the whole upper plumage is 
 russet -brown, the margins of the quills and covetrs more rufous, 
 approaching chestnut on the tertiaries and greater coverts ; tail 
 brown, edged with russet, and the outermost feathers whity brown; 
 lores grey ; sides of the forehead mixed russet and grey ; chin, 
 throa% and middle of abdomen whitish ; the remainder of the lower 
 plumage pale buff. In summer both sexes have the upper plumage 
 greyish brown, and the male has the breast suffused with vinous. 
 
 Legs and feet yellowish brown ; bill dusky above, fleshy at base 
 of lower mandible ; iris yellowish brown (Butler} ; bill dark hornv, 
 whitish at base below; iris brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-5 ; wing 2-9 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from 
 gape *6. Second primary equal to fourth; first primary very 
 minute. 
 
 Distribution. This is a very rare species in India, and the 
 specimens I have seen have been killed, without exception, in 
 September. It is therefore impossible to say whether this is 
 a winter or a summer visitor, or whether it merely passes through 
 on migration. It has occurred at Grilgit and Astor, in Lower 
 Sind, on Mount Abu, and at Deesa. Hume gives it from Jodhpore 
 and Pali. 
 
 It breeds throughout Europe, and eastwards to Persia ; and it 
 winters in Africa. It is not unlikely, therefore, to be a summer 
 visitor to India, and to breed there. 
 
 399. Sylvia jerdoni. The Eastern Orphean Warbler. 
 
 Curruca jerdoni, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 439 (1847). 
 
 Sylvia jerdoni (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 187; Hume, Cat. no. 581; 
 
 Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 16; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 232. 
 Sylvia orphea (Ternm.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 208; Butler fy Hume, S. F. 
 'iii, p. 487. 
 
 The Large Black-capped Warbler *, Jerd. ; Pedda nulla kampa-jitta, 
 Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, and sides 
 of the head black; upper plumage slaty grey ; wings brown, 
 edged with slaty grey ; tail black, the outermost feathers with the 
 outer web white and the inner with the terminal third white ; the 
 next two pairs white at the tip of the inner web; cheeks and 
 
 * As this bird is not the Eastern representative of the Blackcap or Black- 
 capped Warbler of Europe, Jerdon's name seems to me inappropriate and 
 misleading. 
 
396 SYLVIIDvE. 
 
 lower plumage white, tinged with very pale buff, especially on the 
 sides of the body ; under tail-coverts slaty grey, broadly tipped 
 with white. 
 
 Figs. 127, 128. Head and foot of S.jerdoni. 
 
 Female. Crown, forehead, and nape brown, and the ear-coverts 
 blackish ; otherwise like the male. 
 
 Legs and feet slaty-grey ; bill blackish brown, slaty at base of 
 lower mandible ; iris pale straw or dirty white (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2' 9 ; wing 3-2 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape -85. The first primary is about '75 in length, and the 
 second is between the fifth and sixth. 
 
 This bird differs from its European representative, S. orphea, in 
 having a much larger bill and paler lower plumage. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to a great portion of India, from 
 September to April. It inhabits the whole peninsula as far 
 as Trichinopoly on the south and Manbhoom in Chutia Nagpur on 
 the east. It appears to be confined to the plains in winter. It 
 passes through Grilgit in the spring and autumn migrations, and 
 breeds in Turkestan. 
 
 400. Sylvia nana. The Desert Warbler. 
 
 Curruca nana, Hempr. 8f Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. cc (1833). 
 Sylvia delicatula, Hartl. Ibis, 1859, p. 340, pi. x, fig. 1 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 i, p. 199. 
 Sylvia nana (H, 8f E.\ Hume, Cat. no, 583 bis; Doia, 8. F. ix, 
 
 p. 280; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 26; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 234. 
 
 Coloration. Lores and round the eye white ; forehead, crown, 
 nape, back, and scapulars fawn-brown; rump and upper tail-coverts 
 rufous; middle tail-feathers rufous, with black shafts; the next 
 two pairs dark brown, margined with rufous ; the next pair 
 brown, margined with pale rufous and tipped white ; the next 
 white on the outer web, dark brown on the inner with a white 
 tip ; the outermost pair pure white ; wings brown, margined with 
 rufescent ; the whole lower plumage very pale huffish white. 
 
 Iris pale yellow ; bill dusky brown above, whitish flesh below ; 
 legs and feet straw-yellow (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 5; tail 2; wing 2-3; tarsus *75. The first 
 primary is *4 long; the second is equal to the sixth or seventh. 
 
 Distribution. The Desert portions of Sind, Bahawalpur, Eaj- 
 putana, and the southern parts of the Panjab. To the east this 
 Warbler extends as far as Sirsa, Hiesar, and Jodhpore. To the 
 
SILVtA. 397 
 
 north I have not been able to trace it above Baha\valpur. It 
 is probably a resident species in all this tract, for Doig found the 
 young just able to fly in November near the Runn of Cutch. 
 
 -101. Sylvia althaea. Hume's Lesser White-throated Warbler, 
 
 Sylvia affinis, Blyth apud Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 209. 
 
 Sylvia althaea, Hume, S. F. vii, p. 60 ; id. Cat. no. 582 ter ; Scully, 
 
 Ibis, 1881, p. 450 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 20; Barnes, Birds 
 
 Bom. p. 233. 
 
 The Allied Grey Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage greyish brown, slightly darker on 
 the crown and tinged with brown on the back ; tail dark brown, 
 the feathers narrowly margined and increasingly tipped with white 
 from the middle to the outside, the outermost feathers being 
 almost entirely white, only the basal portion of the inner web and 
 the shaft being brown ; wings dark brown, edged paler, the ter- 
 tiaries nearly the colour of the back ; lores, round the eye, and the . 
 ear-coverts dark brown ; the whole lower plumage pale cineraceous. 
 In summer, judging from a May specimen, the lower plumage is 
 duller. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and feet plumbeous black ; bill brownish 
 black, slaty-blue at base of lower mandible (Butler). 
 
 Length 'about 6; tail 2'5 ; wing 2-6 to 2-8; tarsus '85; bill 
 from gape '6. The first primary is -6 to '7 long ; second primary 
 generally between sixth and seventh, rarely longer than seventh. 
 
 Distribution. A rare winter visitor to the plains of India. It 
 has been obtained at Bahawalpur, Deesa, Jhansi, Ahmednagar, and 
 Belgaum, from all of which places I have examined specimens. It 
 also occurs at Byan Kheyl, in Afghanistan. It breeds in Kashmir 
 at an elevation of 9000 feet. 
 
 Legge is of opinion that the Ceylon Whitethroat may be this 
 species. I have had no opportunity of examining a bird from that 
 island. 
 
 It is no easy matter to identify Jerdon's two species of "White- 
 throat. His S. affinis, Bl., judging from its rarity and its larger 
 size, is, in my opinion, rightly identified by Seebohm with S. althcea. 
 Hume, however, identifies it with the true S. affinis. On the other 
 hand, he assigns Jerdon's S. curruca, which he (Jerdon) states is 
 common all over India, to the true S. curruca, a bird which is not 
 known to occur in India at all. 
 
 If the views of Seebohm and myself are correct, the range 
 of S. althcea extends to the Carnatic and Ceylon, from which 
 places Jerdon records it. 
 
 402. Sylvia affinis. The Indian Lesser White-throated Warbler. 
 
 Curruca affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 564 note (1845) : Brooks 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 272. 
 Sylvia affinis (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 187 ; Hume, S. F. i, p. 197, ii, 
 
398 SYLVILDJE. 
 
 p. 332 5 Butler, S. F. iii, p. 487 ; Hume, S. F. vii, pp. 59, 60 ; id. 
 
 Cat. no. 582 ; Legge, Birds Cei/l. p. 538; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, 
 
 p. 19 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 232 ; Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd 
 
 ed. i. p. 257. 
 Sylvia ctirruca (Gm.}, apud Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 344; Jerd. B. I. 
 
 "ii, p. 209. 
 Sterparola curruca (Lath.}, Hume, N. fy E. p. 373. 
 
 The Lesser White-throat, Jerd.; Chinna nalla Kumpajitta, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage earth-brown ; forehead, crown, and 
 nape brownish grey ; otherwise as in S. althcea. 
 
 Iris yellowish brown; legs and feet plumbeous; bill dusky, 
 slaty-horn at base of lower mandible (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2-2 wing 2-45 to 2-65 ; tarsus '75 ; bill 
 from gape '55. First primary about *55 ; the second primary is 
 about equal to the sixth. 
 
 The European ally of this species differs persistently in having 
 the second primary much shorter than the sixth. It has not been 
 found in India. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to nearly the whole of the plains 
 of India. Judging from the specimens I have examined its range 
 extends to the east as far as Mudhupur on the E.I. Railway, and 
 to the south as far as Coimbatore. 1 have not seen Ceylon speci- 
 mens, but it is said to occur in that island. Some birds spend the 
 summer and breed in Kashmir, but the majority apparently pass 
 on to Siberia. 
 
 Habits, $c. Brooks found this bird breeding in Kashmir at from 
 5500 to 6500 feet, amongst small bushes in May by the side of 
 rivers. The nest was cup-shaped and made of grasses, roots, 
 and fine fibres, and lined with horsehair. The eggs, four or five in 
 number, are white with a greenish tinge, marked with yellowish 
 brown, and measure '66 by '5. 
 
 403. Sylvia minuscula. Th* Small White-throated Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia minula, Hume, S. F. i, p. 198 (1873), vii, p. 58. 
 Sylvia imnuscula, Hume, Cat. no. 582 bis ; id. S. F. viii, pp. 388, 498 ; 
 Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 20, pi. i ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 232. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. althcea and S. affinis, but the upper 
 plumage is sandy brown, contrasting with the pale bluish grey of 
 the forehead, crown, and nape. 
 
 Legs and feet horny greenish grey ; bill horny, paler at the 
 base of the lower mandible; iris very pale yellow (Hume). 
 
 Length about 5-3 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2'3 to 2-45 ; tarsus '75 ; bill 
 from gape -5. The first primary is '5 long ; the second primary 
 is equal to the seventh, or between the seventh and eighth. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Sind, Bahawalpur, and Rajputana as 
 far east as Jodhpore as a winter visitor. This species is not un- 
 likely to be a resident throughout the year in some parts of its 
 winter range, but it is not yet known to be so. It is said to 
 summer in Afghanistan. 
 
HEEBIVOCULA. 399 
 
 Genus HERBIVOCULA, Swinhoe, 1871. 
 
 The genus Herbivoeula contains one species which, on account 
 of its thick bill, I consider desirable to separate from the Willow- 
 Warblers. Seebohm places it in his comprehensive genus Lusci- 
 niola, which embraces five of my genera wholly or in part. 
 
 Herbivoeula is migratory, visiting the southern half of Burma 
 in the winter, and being somewhat rare. It has two moults, but 
 the only difference in plumage at the two seasons is that it is less 
 richly coloured in summer. The young are very yellow. The 
 sexes are alike. 
 
 I found this Warbler, on the two occasions I met with it, in 
 bushes. It feeds a good deal on the ground, its strong tarsus 
 being suited to this mode of life. It has considerable affinities for 
 Anuidinav in structure and colour, but the tail is nearly square. 
 
 In this genus the bill is very stout and deep for a Warbler, and 
 about one third the length of the head. The three rictal bristles 
 are very strong, and so are the supplementary hairs, which, how- 
 ever, do not extend up to the culmen nor cover the nostrils as in 
 Phyllopneuste. The first primary is very large, and the second 
 falls short of the tip of the wing by a considerable distance, being 
 equal to the eighth. 
 
 404. Herbivoeula schwarzi. liadde's Bash- Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) schwarzi, Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 260, 
 
 t. ix, f. a] b, c (1863). 
 
 Phylloscopus brooksi, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 505 (1874), v, p. 134. 
 Neornis tiavolivacea, Hodys. apud Htime, 8. F. iii, p. 139 ; Oates, 
 
 S. F. x, p. 221. 
 Phylloscopus schwarzi (Radde}, Brooks, 8. F. iv, p. 277 ; Hume fy 
 
 Dav, S. F. vi, p. 353 ; Hume, Cat. no. 556 ter ; Binyham, 8. F. ix, 
 
 p. 186. 
 
 Lusciniola schwarzi (Radde}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 128. 
 Herbivoeula schwarzi (Radde}, Oates, B. B. i, p. 91. 
 
 Fig. 129. Head of H. schwa^i. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-brown tinged with tawny, 
 especially on the rump ; wings and tail brown, edged on the outer 
 webs with the colour of the back ; supercilium very distinct and 
 reaching to the nape, buff ; lores and feathers behind the eye dark 
 brown : ear-coverts buff and brown ; lower plumage rich tawny 
 buff, paling on the throat and abdomen ; axillaries and under wing- 
 coverts buff. In summer the lower parts are nearly white, merely 
 tinged with yellow or buff, more especially so on the vent and 
 under tail-coverts. 
 
400 SYLVIIDJE. 
 
 Bill horn-colour, the base fleshy white and the gape yellow ; iris 
 brown ; legs and feet fleshy yellow, claws fleshy brown. 
 
 Length about 5'6 ; tail 2-25 ; wing 2'45 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from 
 gape '65. The second primary is equal to the eighth, or inter- 
 mediate between the seventh and eighth ; the first primary is very 
 long, measuring '85 in length. 
 
 Distribution. Pegu and the northern and central portions of 
 Tenasseriin as a winter visitor. This bird also winters in South 
 China, and it summers in S.E. Siberia. 
 
 Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS, Boie, 1826. 
 
 The genus Phylloscopus contains fifteen Indian species, which are 
 for the most part winter visitors to the plains, retiring for the 
 summer either to the Himalayas or further into Central and 
 Northern Asia. They are all birds of very small size and delicate 
 structure. They closely resemble the birds of the next genus, 
 from which, however, it is desirable to keep them separate on 
 grounds of conveuieuce and structure. In this genus the bill is 
 of much the same shape as in Acanthopneuste, but narrower and 
 much smaller compared with the size of the bird. This would be 
 but an indifferent character were it not accompanied by another 
 which renders the separation of the genera quite easy if good 
 specimens are examined. This is that in Phylloscopus the supple- 
 mentary hairs stop short at the lower edge of the nostrils and do 
 not overhang them, whereas in Acanthopneuste these hairs grow 
 quite up to the culmen and over the nostrils, making this latter 
 genus quite Muscicapine and a connecting one between Phyllo- 
 scopus and Gryptolopha. 
 
 The Willow- Warblers frequent trees and bushes, among the 
 leaves of which they search for insects, frequently launching out 
 after the winged ones in the manner of a Flycatcher. They are 
 not aquatic, nor do they, as a rule, frequent grass and reeds. The 
 males probably of all have a pretty song in the breeding-season. 
 They make rather large soft nests either on the ground or on the 
 branches of trees, and the eggs are either pure white or else white 
 spotted with red. 
 
 In Phylloscopus the supplementary hairs in front of the rictal 
 bristles vary in strength, in some species being weak and in others 
 stronger ; but the rictal bristles themselves are always fairly 
 strong. The first primary is small but not minute, and the length 
 of the second varies in each species, generally furnishing a useful 
 character for identification. The tail is either square or slightly 
 forked. 
 
 The various species of Phylloscopus resemble each other so closely 
 as to render their identification no easy matter without actual 
 comparison with named specimens. The annexed key will, it is 
 hoped, enable all the species to be identified if the plumage is 
 fresh. If the plumage be worn it will, in most cases, be impossible 
 for any one but a practised ornithologist to name the species. If 
 
PHYLLOSCOPUS. 401 
 
 colour fail the next best guide will be dimensions and the pro- 
 portions of the primaries, but these are by no means constant. 
 
 In Phylloscopus there are two moults a year, the sexes are alike, 
 and the young are more brightly coloured than the adults. 
 
 Key to the Species*. 
 
 a. Upper plumage uniformly of one colour. 
 
 a'. Under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow. 
 
 a 1 '. Lower plumage deep yellow P. affinis, p. 401. 
 
 b". Lower plumage pale dull yellow .... P. tytleri, p. 402. 
 
 c". Lower plumage buff P. tristis, p. 403. 
 
 b'. Under wing-coverts and axillaries brown ; 
 
 lower plumage huffish yellow P. indicus, p. 404. 
 
 c'. Under wing-coverts, axillaries, and lower 
 
 plumage dusky oil-green P. fuliginwentris, p. 404. 
 
 d'. Under wing-coverts, axillaries, and lower 
 
 plumage rich buff P. fuscatus, p. 405. 
 
 e. Under wing-coverts and axillaries yel- 
 lowish white or white ; lower plumage 
 very pale buff. 
 
 d'. Smaller ; wiug 1 '85 to 2*1 P. neglectus, p. 406. 
 
 e". Larger ; wing 2'05 to 2'4 P. sindianus, p. 406. 
 
 b. Crown darker than back, and variegated with 
 
 coronal bands. 
 
 /'. Lower portion of rump bright yellow. 
 /". Inner webs of outer tail- feathers white. 
 
 a'". Throat and upper breast grey P. macuhpennis, p. 400. 
 
 b'". Throat and upper breast yellow. ... P. pulcher, p. 407. 
 (/''. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers not 
 
 white P. proregulusj p. 408. 
 
 g '. Lower portion of rump not yellow, but 
 
 coloured like upper portion. 
 /*". Lower plumage rather deep yellow 
 
 tinged with ochraceous P. subviridis, p. 409. 
 
 i'. Lower plumage very pale yellow or 
 
 yellowish white. 
 c'". Supercilium greenish yellow ; both 
 
 winof-bars distinct P. super ciliosus, p. 409. 
 
 d'". Supercilium pale buffer brown, very 
 distinct ; upper wing-bar less dis- 
 tinct than lower P. humii, p. 410. 
 
 e'". Supercilium brownish buff, distinct ; 
 
 upper wing-bar indistinct P. mandettii, p. 411. 
 
 405. Phylloscopus affinis. Tickets Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Motacilla affinis, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii, p. 576 (1833). 
 
 Phylloscopus affiuis (Tick.), Myth, Cat. p. 185 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 194 ; 
 Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 54 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 p. 81 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 025 ; Hume, Cat. no. 561 j 
 
 * P. trochiliis, L. (Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 192), is omitted from this work as its 
 occurrence iu India is more than doubtful. 
 
 VOL. I. 2 D 
 
402 SYLVIIDJE. 
 
 Scully, S. F. viii, p. 306 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 394 ; Seebohm, Birds 
 B. M. v. p. 65 j Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 229 ; Hume, S. F. xi. 
 p. 219. 
 
 Tickets Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage dull olive-brown ; wings and tail 
 dark brown, narrowly edged with bright olive-brown ; lores and 
 behind the eye dark brown ; a deep yellow supercilium from the 
 nostrils to the nape ; the whole lower .plumage deep yellow, suf- 
 fused with olivaceous on the sides of the neck, breast, and body ; 
 under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet greenish brown ; claws darker ; lower mandible 
 pale yellow, upper dark brown; iris brown (Cockburn). 
 
 Length about 4'5 ; tail 1/9 ; wing 2-2 to 2-5 ; tarsus *8 ; bill 
 from gape *5 ; the second primary is equal to the ninth or tenth. 
 
 Distribution. Breeds at high elevations along the Himalayas 
 from Kashmir to Sikhirn, and no doubt also in Bhutan and further 
 east. 
 
 This Warbler winters in the plains of India, extending down to 
 the Palni hills. It seems, however, to be unknown in the Punjab, 
 Bajputana, the North- West Provinces, and the greater part of 
 Central India. Its western limit in the peninsula, judging from 
 the specimens I have been able to examine, is a line drawn from 
 Kbandala to Eaipur, and from Raipur to Benares. The birds which 
 summer in the N.W. Himalayas apparently migrate in a south- 
 easterly direction along the hills, and evidently do not enter the 
 plains till they reach Bengal. To the east this bird has been found 
 up the Assam valley as far as Dibrugarh, in the Khasi hills, and in 
 Manipur, and Anderson records it from near Bhamo. 
 
 406. Phylloscopus tytleri. Tytler's Willow-Warbler. 
 
 Cat. B. M. v, p. 66 ; Gates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 258. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage and the margins of the wings and 
 tail green ; lores and a baud behind the eye blackish ; a super- 
 cilium from the nostrils to the nape pale yellow; lower plumage 
 dull yellow tinged with grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
 pure sulphur-yellow. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown, lower paler brown, yellowish along 
 the eclges ; iris dark brown ; legs and feet dark brownish green ; 
 claws darker ; soles yellowish green (Davison). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1'8; wing 2'4; tarsus 7; bill from gape 
 55 ; the second primary is between the seventh and eighth, or equal 
 to the eighth, sometimes slightly exceeding it. 
 
 Distribution. Summers in the higher elevations of the Himalayas 
 from Kashmir to Kumauu. Winters in the lower portions of the 
 same mountains, and also descends into the peninsula. Specimens 
 
PIIYLLOSCOPUS. 403 
 
 have been obtained at Etawah, Khandala, Sawant Wari, and 
 Ootacamund. 
 
 Habits, fyc. The nest of this species was found in Kashmir in 
 June by the late Capt. Cock. It was built at the end of a pine 
 bough, ajbout 40 feet from the ground, was constructed of grass- 
 fibres and lichens, and lined with hair and feathers. It was a solid 
 deep cup, and contained four white eggs, which measured about 
 58 by -48. 
 
 407. Phylloscopus tristis, The Brown Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 966 (1843) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 1 85 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 336 j Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 190 ; Hume $ 
 Renders. Lahore to York. p. 219; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 p. 242 ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 148 ; Hume, Cat. no. 554 ; Brooks, 
 S. F. viii, p. 476 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 448 ; Hume, S. F. x, p. 118 
 note ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 63 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 227. 
 
 The Brown Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage brown, with a tinge of green ; wings 
 and tail dark brown, edged with olive-yellow ; lores and behind 
 the eye blackish : a narrow but distinct supercilium from the 
 nostrils to the end of the ear-coverts buff ; sides of the head and 
 the whole lower plumage buff, paler on the chin, throat, and 
 abdomen ; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright sulphur- 
 yellow. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and feet brownish black, soles pale ; bill 
 dusky brown (Butler). 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 1-8 to 2-1 ; wing 2'2 to 2-5 ; tarsus '8 ; 
 bill from gape '5 ; the first primary *6 ; the second primary is 
 equal to the seventh, or sometimes rather shorter. 
 
 This species differs from the European Chiffchaff in not being 
 yellow beneath, except on the axillaries and under tail-coverts. 
 In faded plumage it may be confounded with P. sindianus ; but 
 Hume points out (1. c.) that these two birds may at all times 
 be separated by the shape of the first primary. I have been able 
 to examine only one specimen of P. sindianus, but I could not 
 detect in its first primary any difference of shape from that of 
 P. ti'istis. It is seldom, however, that P. tristis is so very faded as 
 not to exhibit some yellow on its axillaries and under wing -co verts, 
 and this character will suffice to separate it from P. sindianus, as 
 a rule. 
 
 Distribution. Summers in the higher portions of the Himalayas 
 in Kashmir. In winter this species is found over the whole of 
 India from Sind to Dacca, and south to about the latitude of 
 Bombay. Some birds remain in the Himalayas, at lower levels, 
 throughout the winter. The nest has not yet been found within 
 our limits, but has been obtained in Siberia. 
 
404 SYLYIIDJE. 
 
 408. Phylloscopus iudicus. The Olivaceous Willow -Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia indica, Jerd. Madras Journ. L. S. xi, p. 6 (1840). 
 
 Phyllopneuste indicus (Jerd.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 183. 
 
 Phylloscopus indicus (Jerd.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 194 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xxxviii, pt. ii, p. 181 ; Butler, S. F. iii, p. 486 ; Hume, Cat. no. 562 ; 
 
 id. S. F. xi, p. 220 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 229. 
 Lusciniola indica (Jerd.}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 126. 
 
 The Olivaceous Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage earthy brown, with a tinge of yel- 
 lowish on the rump ; wings and tail brown, very slightly margined 
 paler, the outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with white ; a dis- 
 tinct deep yellow supercilium from, the nostrils to the nape, shading 
 off into buff ; sides of the head brown mingled with buffi ; lower 
 plumage buffish yellow, slightly dusky on the breast and sides of 
 the body ; axillaries and under wing-coverts brown. 
 
 Legs, feet, and bill greenish yellow, the bill blackish on the 
 culineii ; iris brown (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length rather more than 5 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2-5 ; tarsus *75 ; 
 bill from gape '55 ; first primary '6 to '7 ; the second is about 
 equal to tenth or somewhat longer. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the plains and lower ranges of 
 the Himalayas, being found as far south as Jalna, in Hyderabad, 
 and Chanda. In the north-west it seems to be rare. I have seen 
 a specimen from Murree, but from nowhere else in the Punjab, 
 nor from Sind, nor from the northern parts of llajputana, above 
 Jodhpore. To the east P. indicus is fairly common in all parts of 
 Bengal, and has been observed in Assam at Dollah, in the Dibrugarh 
 district, and at the foot of the Gruro hills. 
 
 In summer this bird retires to the higher ranges of the Hima- 
 layas, and it breeds in Kashmir, although its nest does not appear 
 to have been found as yet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Blauford observes that this Warbler differs some- 
 what in habits from allied species, and is often seen running about 
 vertical stems of trees, to which it clings like a Nuthatch. 
 
 409. Phylloscopus fuliginiventris. The Smoky Willow-Warbler. 
 
 Horornis fuligini venter, Hodgs. P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 31 ; Horsf. $ M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 335 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 162; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 21. 
 Phylloscopus fuliginiventer (Hodgs.}, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 54; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 18; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 525. 
 Lusciniola fuliginiventris (Hodgs.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 129. 
 
 The Smoky Hill- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage very dark olive-brown ; wings and 
 tail dark brown, margined with olive-brown ; a narrow supercilium 
 and the whole lower plumage dusky oil-green ; sides of the head 
 dusky and buff mingled. Godwin-Austen speaks of a dull but 
 well-marked ring round the eye ; this is not apparent in the skins 
 I have seen. 
 
PHYLLOSCOPUS. 405 
 
 In the dry skin the upper mandible is black, the lower brown, 
 with the base flesh-coloured ; legs brown, Godwin- Austen states 
 that the iris is dull brown and the legs ochraceous green. 
 
 Length nearly 4-5; tail 1'75; wing 2-2; tarsus '8; bill from 
 gape *56 ; the first primary '8 ; the second equal to the tenth. 
 
 Distribution. This species was discovered by Hodgson in Nepal. 
 Mnndelli procured several specimens in Sikhim from February to 
 June, and Blanford met with it in Sikhim at 14,000 feet elevation. 
 It occurs in the Buxa Doars, and Godwin-Austen obtained it at 
 Sadiya, in Assam. It is evidently a resident species. 
 
 410. Phylloscopus fuscatus. The Dusky Willow-Warbler. 
 
 Phyllopneuste fuscata, Blytli, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 113 (1842). 
 Horornis fulviventi is, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 
 p. 162; Hume, N. $ E. p. 329; id. Cat. no. 523; Brooks, 8. F. 
 
 viii, p. 379. 
 Phylloscopus hrimneus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 591 (1845) ; id. 
 
 Cat. p. 185 ; Horsf. # M. Cat. i, p. 338. 
 Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth}, Blyth, Cat. p. 185 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, 
 
 p. 191 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 271 ; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Axes, p. 623; Hume, Cat. no. 555; id. S. F. xi ; 
 
 p. 217 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. L'nd ed. i, p. 259. 
 Lusciniola fuscata (Blyth), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 127. 
 Herbivocula fuscata (Blyth), Gates, B. B. i, p. 92. 
 
 The Dusky Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage brown ; tail and wings brown, edged 
 exteriorly with olive-brown : lores and feathers behind the eye dark 
 brown ; a distinct supercilium reaching to the nape buff ; cheeks 
 and ear-coverts mingled brown and buff ; chin, throat, and abdomen 
 buffy white ; breast, flanks, axillaries, vent, and under tail-coverts 
 rich buff. In summer the buff becomes less intense. Before the 
 two annual moults the plumage gets much abraded, and some birds 
 become a uniform dull brown. 
 
 Iris brown ; upper mandible dusky brown, the lower one dusky 
 yellow, brownish at the tip ; mouth yellow ; legs and feet dusky 
 flesh-colour; claws yellowish horn-colour. 
 
 Length 5'3; tail 2-3 ; wing 2-4; tarsus -9; bill from gape '52. 
 The second primary is intermediate in length between the ninth 
 and tenth ; the first primary is large, being about '8 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. "Winters in Bengal and the North-West Provinces 
 east of the longitude of Etawah ; extends up to the head of the 
 Assam valley, and thence southwards down to Tenasserim, where 
 it has been observed as far south as Tavoy. It has been found in 
 Nepal, probably in summer, and in Sikhim certainly at that 
 season, if we identify with this species the bird of which Jerdon 
 found the nest at Darjiling in July. Hodgson's Horornis fulvi- 
 ventris is undoubtedly this species, as proved by his types (no! 878) 
 in the British Museum ; and Jerdou identified his Darjiling spe- 
 cimen with H. fulviventris. 
 
 In winter this bird is found in Southern China, and at the 
 
406 SYLVIIDJE. 
 
 spring migration the majority of the birds repair to Northern and 
 Central Asia, some few apparently stopping in the Himalayas to 
 breed. 
 
 Habits , $c. Jerdon describes the nest of this bird as being cup- 
 shaped, composed of grass with a few fibres and built on a bank, 
 and the eggs as pinky white, with a few reddish spots. 
 
 411. Phylloscopus neglectus. The Plain Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus neglectus, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 143; id. Cat. no. 554 his ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 480; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 227. 
 Phyllopseuste neglectus (Hume), Hume, S.F. i, p. 195. 
 Lusciniola neglecta (Hume), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 181. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage earthy brown ; wings and tail brown, 
 narrowly margined paler ; a narrow eyebrow pale buff ; lores and 
 behind the eye dark brown ; ear-coverts pale buff; the whole 
 lower plumage very pale buff ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
 yellowish white to white. 
 
 Eye dark; bill, legs, and feet very dark brown (Brooks). 
 
 Length about 4; tail 1-5 to 1'65; wing 1-85 to 2-1; tarsus 
 7 to *75 ; bill from gape '4 ; first primary '6 ; second primary 
 equal to the eighth or ninth. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Upper Sind, along the banks of the 
 Indus. Hume states that in the cold weather this species is 
 common in the Punjab and in the Doab at least as low down as 
 Agra. It is not improbably a resident species in Sind. 
 
 412. Phylloscopus sindianus. The Sind Willow-Warbler. _ 
 
 Phylloscopus sindianus, Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 476 ; Hume, S. F. ix, 
 p. 99, x, p. 118 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 229. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. neglectus so closely as to require no 
 separate description, and only differs in being larger. 
 
 Bill dark brown, yellowish towards the base of the lower man- 
 dible ; legs and feet dark brown ; iris dark brown (Brooks). 
 
 Length about 4-5; tail 1'75 to 2-05; wing 2-05 to 2-4; tarsus 
 7 to *8 ; bill from gape *5 ; the first primary '6 ; the second is 
 equal to the ninth. 
 
 Distribution. Sukkur and Sehwan in Sind, and probably through- 
 out that province. It is doubtless a resident species. 
 
 413. Phylloscopus maculipennis*. The Grey -faced Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Ahrornis maculipennis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 27 ; Hume, S. F. vii, 
 p. 399. 
 
 * However indulgent ornithologists may wish to be to Hodgson, it is, in the 
 case of this bird, most undesirable to attach the name chloronotm to it. Seebohm 
 has fully stated the case, and so has Hume ; and after a personal investigation 
 into the matter I agree with the former and also, I may add, with Brooks in 
 their views of the question. 
 
PHTLLOSCOPUS. 407 
 
 Keguloides sp. ?, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, pp. 162, 163. 
 Alrornis chloronotus, Hoc'gs., Hume, S. F. i, p. 494 (1873) ; id. 
 
 N. $ E. p. 372 ; id. S. F. iv, p. 505. 
 Il iruloides chloronotus (Hodys.\ Hume, Cat. no. 566 ter. 
 IiViruloides maculipennis (Blyth), Brooks, J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 247 ; id. S. F. viii, pp. 392, 482. 
 Phylloscopus maculipennis (Blyth), Seelohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 70. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and hind neck dark olive- 
 brown, an ill-defined but rather broad coronal band pale buff; 
 upper plumage yellowish green ; lower part of the rum]) bright 
 sulphur-yellow ; wings dark brown, edged with yellowish green, 
 the greater wing-coverts broadly edged with bright yellow, the 
 median tipped more narrowly and less distinctly; the later quills 
 tipped with yellowish white ; the three outer pairs of tail-feathers 
 white, except on the terminal half of the outer webs, which 
 is brown ; the three middle pairs brown, edged with yellowish 
 green ; lores and behind the eye dark brown ; a distinct super- 
 cilium to the nape pale buff ; chin, throat, and upper breast grey ; 
 remainder of the lower plumage yellow. 
 
 Bill black ; legs dark fleshy brown. 
 
 Length nearly 4 ; tail 1-4 ; wing 1/9 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from 
 gape -4 ; first primary -5 ; the second is about equal to the 
 ninth or tenth. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas, from the Sutlej river to Bhutan. 
 This appears to be a resident species, merely moving vertically 
 according to season. 
 
 414. Phylloscopus pulcher. The Orange-barred Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis erochroa, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844, descr. 
 
 nulla) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, pp. 66, 152 (1846) ; Horsf. 
 
 # M. Cat. i,p. 340. 
 Abrornis pulchrala, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844, descr. 
 
 nulla). 
 Phylloscopus pulcher (Hodys.}, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 592 
 
 (1845). 
 Ahroruis pulchra (Hodys.}, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, pp. 66, 
 
 152 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 183. 
 Reguloides erochroa (Hodgs.~), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 199; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 358 ; Hume, Cat. no. 568 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 309 ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, pp. 392. 482 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 22:}. 
 PhylloscoDus pulcher (Hodys.'), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 73 ; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 90. 
 
 The Bar-winged Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Head very dark olive-brown ; coronal streak merely 
 indicated, being extremely indistinct; upper plumage olive-green, 
 the feathers of the rump very broadly tipped with yellowish green, 
 forming a band above the coverts of the tail ; wings and wing- 
 coverts dark brown edged with green, the median and greater 
 coverts broadly tipped with orange ; tail with the three middle 
 
408 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 pairs of feathers brown, edged on the outer webs with yellowish 
 green, the three outer pairs white on the inner webs and on the 
 basal halves of the outer webs, the remainder of the outer webs 
 being brown ; supercilium buffish green ; sides of the head mingled 
 brown and green : lower plumage greenish yellow. 
 
 Bill black ; base of lower mandible and gape yellow ; irides dark 
 brown ; feet dusky greenish, the soles greenish yellow ; claws 
 dusky (Scully). 
 
 Length 4-2; tail 1*75; wing 2-4; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape -5 ; 
 the second primary is about equal to the tenth ; the first primary 
 measures about -6 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas, from Chamba to Bhutan. This 
 species has also been found in the Khasi and Naga hills, in 
 Manipur, Karennee, and on Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim. It 
 has not been observed in the Peninsula of India. It is probably a 
 resident where it is found. It has been procured up to 13,000 ft. 
 elevation in Sikhim. 
 
 415. Phylloscopus proregulus. Pallas's Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Motacilla proregulus, Pall. Zooc/r. Rosso-Asiat. i, p. 499 (1811). 
 Abrorms chloronopus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
 Reguloides chloronotus (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 184 ; Horsf. $ M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 343 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 197. 
 Reguloides proregulus (Pall.}, Hume, N. 8f E. p. 368 ; id. fy Henders. 
 
 Lahore to Yarkand^. 220 ; Hume # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 358; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 566 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 309 ; Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 392 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 222. 
 Phylloscopus proregulus (Pall.}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. \, p. 71 ; 
 
 bates, B. B. i, p. 89 ; id. in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 260. 
 
 The Yellow-rumped Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. A broad well-defined coronal streak and a super- 
 cilium extending to the nape pale yellow ; the head dark olive- 
 brown; upper plumage olive-brown, lighter than the head ; rump 
 bright yellow ; wings and wing-coverts brown, the outer webs all 
 margined with greenish yellow, the median and greater coverts 
 broadly tipped with pale yellow, forming two wing-bars ; tail 
 olive-brown, edged with greenish yellow; sides of the head 
 mingled brown and yellow ; lower plumage white, suffused with 
 grey and yellow axillaries and under wing-coverts yellow. Before 
 the seasonal moults the plumage becomes much faded. 
 
 Upper mandible black; the lower mandible dusky, yellowish at 
 the base ; irides dark brown ; gape orange ; feet dingy greenish 
 brown ; claws dusky ; soles yellowish green (Scully}. 
 
 Length 3-5; tail 1-4; wing 2; tarsus '7; bill from gape '42; 
 the second primary is intermediate between the eighth and ninth ; 
 the first primary is nearly -6 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Haziira and 
 Kashmir to Bhutan. This Warbler also occurs, probably only as 
 a winter visitor, in the Khasi and Naga hills, in Manipur, and in 
 
PHYLLOSCOPUS. 409 
 
 the Salween district of Tenasserirn, among the pine-forests. It 
 occasionally descends to such low levels as the Dehra Doon. 
 
 It extends to N. China .and S.E. Siberia in the summer. 
 
 Habits, $c. This bird breeds, commonly in the Himalayas, at 
 considerable. altitudes. It builds its nest in May or June, con- 
 structing a domed structure of moss and lichen, lined with 
 feathers, low down on the bough of a pine. The eggs, five in 
 number, are white spotted with red, and measure *54 by *44. 
 
 416. Phylloscopus subviridis, Brooks' s Willow-Warbler. 
 
 Reguloides subviridis, Brooks, Proc. A. S. B. 1872, p. 148; Hume, 
 
 S. F. iv, p. 494 ; 11 rooks, S. F. vii, p. 477 ; Hume, Cat. no. 566 bis ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, pp. S92, 482; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 66; 
 
 Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 449. 
 Phylloscopus subviridis (Brooks), Seebohm, Cat. B.M. v, p. 74, pi. iv, 
 
 %. 2 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 262. 
 
 Coloration. Central coronal streak, supercilium, sides of the 
 head, and the whole lower plumage yellow suffused with an 
 ochraceous tinge ; lores and behind the eye dusky ; upper plumage 
 and margins of wings and tail clear greenish yellow ; tips to greater 
 wing-coverts pale yellow and distinct ; tips to median-coverts 
 greenish yellow and less distinct. 
 
 Iris black ; legs and feet greyish green ; bill greenish horny 
 (G. F. L. Marshall). 
 
 Length about 4'3 ; tail 1/8; wing 2-3; tarsus '7; bill from 
 gape '45 ; the first primary is about '55 long; the second primary 
 is between the seventh and tenth. 
 
 Distribution. This species is found in winter in the North-west- 
 Provinces and the Pan jab, apparently not ranging eastward of 
 Allahabad. It occurs at Simla on migration, and breeds in Kashmir 
 and Afghanistan, but the nest has not yet been found. 
 
 417. Phylloscopus superciliosus. TJie Crowned Willow- Warbler, 
 
 Motacilla superciliosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 975 (1788). 
 Reguloides modestus (Gould), Blytli, Cat. p. 184 (part.). 
 Reguloides proregtilus (Pali.}, Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 342 ; Jerd. B. 
 
 I. ii,p. 197. 
 Reguloides superciliosus (Gm.'), Brooks, S. F. vii, pp. 128, 236, 475, 
 
 viii, p. 392 ; Hume, Cat. no. 565 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 222 ; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 230. 
 Ph) lloscopus superciliosus (Gm.), Anders. Yunnan Exp., Aves, 
 
 p. 625 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 68 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 87. 
 
 The Crowned Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-green ; a very indistinct and 
 irregular coronal streak greenish grey ; a well-defined supercilium, 
 reaching to the nape, pale greenish yellow ; the crown of the head 
 darker than the other parts ; wings and wing-coverts dark brown, 
 edged with yellowish green, the median and greater coverts with 
 
410 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 conspicuous yellowish tips, forming two distinct wing-bars ; the 
 quills tipped conspicuously with whitish ; tail brown, edged with 
 yellowish green on the outer webs ; lores and ear-coverts mixed 
 brown and yellow ; lower plumage yellowish white ; axiilaries and 
 lower wing-coverts yellow. Before the seasonal moults, the plum- 
 age becomes very dull. 
 
 Upper mandible brown ; lower mandible yellowish white tipped 
 with brown ; legs brow r nish flesh-colour ; iris brown ; claws pale 
 brow^n. 
 
 Length 4; tail 1'8; wing 2*1; tarsus '7; bill from gape -5; 
 the second primary is generally intermediate in length between 
 the sixth and seventh ; the first primary measures about *5 inch in 
 length. 
 
 Distribution. A common winter visitor to the eastern portion of 
 the Empire, being found throughout Burma, Assam, and Bengal, 
 to about the longitude of Mudhupnr on the E.I. Railway, where 
 the next species commences to be observed. I have seen no speci- 
 men from the west of Mudhupur ; but Butler records P. superciliosus 
 from the Sahyadri range of hills in the Deccan, and terms it a cold 
 weather visitant, implying by this, I consider, that it is not rare or 
 exceptional. It is remarkable that it should occur in that part of 
 India. 
 
 418. Phylloscopus humii. Hume's Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis tenuiceps*, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844); 
 
 Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. 'Nepal, pp. 60, 152 (1846) ; Hodgs. J. A. 
 
 S. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1855). 
 Reguloides superciliosus (Gm.\ apud Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 81 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 364. 
 Reguloides humii, Brooks, S. F. vii, pp. 131, 236, 475 (1878); 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 565 bis ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 307 ; Brooks, S. F. 
 
 viii, pp. 385, 392, 481 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 231. 
 Phylloscopus humii (Brooks}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 67, pi. iv, 
 
 fig. 1 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 262. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. superciliosus but is lighter green above ; 
 the coronal band is still more indistinct and frequently absent 
 altogether ; the supercilium is buff fading to brownish white ; the 
 sides of the head and the lower plumage are suffused with buff ; 
 the lower wing-bar is pale yellowish and the upper one greenish, 
 indistinct or sometimes absent altogether. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brow r n : tip of lower pale brown ; rest of 
 the lower mandible and gape dirty yellow ; iris very dark brown ; 
 legs very dark greenish plumbeous ; feet and claws many shades 
 paler (Davison). 
 
 Of the same dimensions as P. superciliosus ; the first primary is 
 of the same length as in that species, and the second is generally 
 
 * Although this name was published three times over, yet on no occasion 
 was a description of the bird given. 
 
ACANTHOPNEUSTE. 411 
 
 between the eighth and ninth, but sometimes between the seventh 
 and eighth. 
 
 This and the preceding -species are very distinct when in fresh 
 or fairly good plumage. Birds in worn plumage are not easy to 
 separate. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the plains of India, ranging as far 
 east as about the longitude of Mudhupur on the E.I. Railway, 
 where it meets P. super ciliosus, and the two are found there together. 
 It extends south to about the latitude of Belgaum. It is found 
 throughout the Himalayas as far as Nepal, but it has not occurred 
 in Sikhim. I cannot find it recorded from Sind or from the drier 
 parts of Kajputaua, but elsewhere within the limits above indicated 
 it seems to be common. It is known to breed abundantly in 
 Kashmir, and probably ils migration does not extend beyond the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Habits, <${c. The breeding-season seems to commence in May in 
 Kashmir. The nest, a cup of coarse grass, lined with moss-roots, 
 is built on the ground on banks and sides of ravines. The eggs, 
 four or five in number, are white spotted with red, and measure 
 56 by -44. 
 
 419. Phylloscopus mandellii. Manddli's Willow-Warbler. 
 Reguloides mandellii, Brooks, S. F. viii, pp. 389, 481 (1879). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. saperciliosus very closely, but has the 
 upper plumage a darker green ; the coronal streak is equally ill- 
 detined, but the lateral bands are a dark blackish olive, very much 
 darker than the back ; the supercilium is buff; the wing-bars are 
 dull yellow, and the upper one is indistinct and tinged with green. 
 
 Upper mandible black; lower mandible yellow at base, blackish 
 at tip ; legs and feet pale yellowish (Broolcs). 
 
 Length about 4*1; tail 1'7 ; wing 2'2 ; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape -4 ; the second primary is about equal to the ninth. 
 
 I have seen very few specimens of this bird, but these few are 
 quite distinct from P. superciliosus and P. humii, neither of which 
 approaches its rich coloration. 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi hills and Sikhim, where this species is 
 probably a resident. 
 
 Genus ACANTHOPNEUSTE, Blasius, 1858. 
 
 The genus Aeanthopneuste, which contains eleven Indian species, 
 differs from Pliylloscopus, as already noted, in having a proportion- 
 ally larger bill and the nostrils overhung by frontal hairs growing 
 from the rictus or gape quite up to the culmen. In other respects 
 the two genera are alike. 
 
 The following descriptions of the plumage, as in Pliylloscopus, 
 are brief and applicable to the birds after the autumn moult on 
 first arrival in the plains. The differences between the winter and 
 
412 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 the summer plumages are too trivial to require separate notice. 
 These birds are among the most difficult to identify, and the 
 student will find the points set forth in the key and in the 
 short characters I have given of more service than long elaborate 
 descriptions. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. With no band on crown of head. 
 
 a'. Second primary about equal to sixth . . A. borealis, p. 412. 
 b'. Second primary between sixth and 
 
 eighth. 
 a". Upper plumage lively green ; lower 
 
 rather bright yellow A. nitidus, p. 413. 
 
 b". Upper plumage dull green ; lower 
 greyish yellow. 
 
 a". With one wing-bar A. viridanus, p. 414. 
 
 b'". With two wing-bars . A. plumbeitarsus, p. 414. 
 
 c". Upper plumage very dark green ; 
 
 lower greyish yellow A. magnirostris, p. 415. 
 
 d". Upper plumage tinged with ochra- 
 
 ceous; lower with buff A. tenettipes, p. 416. 
 
 c'. Second primary about equal to tenth . . A. lugubris, p. 417. 
 
 b. With a coronal band. 
 
 d'. Inner webs of two outer pairs of tail- 
 feathers brown like remainder of tail. 
 e". Lower plumage whitish, contrasting 
 with bright yellow of under tail- 
 coverts A. coronattis, p. 417. 
 
 f". Lower plumage uniform pale yellow, 
 c"'. Larger ; wing 2 '3 to 2-7 ; tail 
 
 about 2 A. occipitalis, p. 418. 
 
 d'". Smaller; wing 2'1 to 2-3; tail 
 
 about 1-8 A. trochiloides, p. 419. 
 
 e. Inner webs of two outer pairs of tail- 
 feathers entirely white A. davisoni, p. 419. 
 
 420. Acanthopneuste borealis. The Arctic Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Phyllopneuste borealis, Bias. Naum. 1858, p. 313 ; Hume, S. F. iv, 
 
 p. 290. 
 Phylloscopus borealis (Bias.), Hume fy Dan. 8. F. vi, p. 352 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 556 bis ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 222 ; id. B. B. i, p. 77 ; Seebohm, 
 
 Cat. B. M. v, p. 40 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 218. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-green, lighter on the rump ; 
 wings brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green ; wing-coverts 
 brown on the inner and olive-green on the outer webs ; the median 
 and greater coverts with yellowish -white tips, forming two bars ; 
 tail brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green ; a broad and 
 well-defined eye-streak, reaching to the nape, yellowish white ; 
 lores brown ; ear-coverts olive, mingled with yellowish ; under 
 plumage white, suffused with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axil- 
 Jaries pale yellow. 
 
ACANTHOPKEUSTE. 413 
 
 As the summer goes on the wing-bars get worn away and the 
 upper one is sometimes absent. The lower plumage gets whiter 
 aucl the upper plumage duller. After the autumn moult the wing- 
 bars are very conspicuous and the underparts become suffused with 
 deeper yellow. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown, the edges and tip yellow; gape and 
 basal half of the lower mandible orange-yellow, terminal half dusky; 
 mouth bright orange-yellow ; iris dark brown ; legs flesh-colour, 
 tinged with yellow ; claws yellowish horn-colour. 
 
 Length 4-8 ; tail 2 ; wing* 2-7 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape -68 ; the 
 second primary is intermediate in length between the fifth and 
 sixth, and is sometimes equal to the sixth ; the first primary is very 
 small, measuring from '3 to '45 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. A fairly common winter visitor to Southern Pegu 
 and Tenasserim, arriving about the middle of September. Hume 
 met with it at Aimole on the eastern hills of Manipur in the middle 
 of April. It has been procured in the South Andaman, from 
 which locality 1 have examined two specimens. 
 
 It has a wide range in winter through South-eastern Asia, and 
 it summers in Northern Asia. 
 
 421. Acanthopneuste nitidus. The Green Willow-Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 965 (1843) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 184 ; Jci'd. B. I. ii, p. 193 ; Hume, Cat. uo. 559 ; Leyge, Birds 
 CeyL p. 551 ; Reid, S. F. x, p. 47 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 448 ; 
 Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 4 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 228. 
 
 The Bright-green Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage and the sides of the neck bright 
 yellowish green; wing-coverts brown, edged with yellowish green; 
 the median coverts faintly, the greater coverts distinctly tipped 
 with pale yellow ; wings and tail brown, narrowly edged green, 
 the outer tail-feathers margined with white interiorly ; lores and 
 behind the eye olive ; a very distinct yellow supereilium from the 
 bill to the nape ; the whole lower plumage primrose-yellow ; the 
 axillaries and under wing- coverts brighter. 
 
 In summer the plumage is probably much the same as in winter. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and feet olive-grey ; bill brown above, 
 flesh-coloured below (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2'4 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape '6 ; 
 the length of the second primary is between the sixth and seventh, 
 or equal to the eighth ; the first measures *55. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the whole of India from the 
 Himalayas to Ceylon, and from Sind to about the longitude of 
 Calcutta. Its summer-quarters are not known with certainty, but 
 they are not unlikely to be in Kashmir and the higher levels of the 
 Himalayas. 
 
414 SYLYIIDjE. 
 
 422. Acanthopneuste viridanus. The GreenisJi Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus viridanus, Blyth,J. A. 8. B. xii, p. 967 (1843) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 185 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 388 ; Jcrd. B. I. ii, p. 193 ; Hume $ 
 Henders. Lahore to York. p. 220, pi. xix ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 148; 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. G24 ; Brooks, S. F. vii, p. 508; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 560 ; Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 385 ; Le(/r/e, Birds Cei/l. 
 p. 555 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 44 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 80 ; 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 229 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 219. 
 The Greenish Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage dull olive-green, lighter on the rump ; 
 wings and tail brown, with the outer webs edged with olive-green ; 
 wing-coverts brown, edged broadly with olive-green ; the greater 
 coverts tipped with the same colour, forming a wing-bar ; a well- 
 defined narrow eye-stripe reaching to the nape yellowish white ; 
 lores and feathers behind the eye brown; ear-coverts greenish 
 yellow; lower plumage pale greyish yellow; under wing-coverts 
 and axillaries pale yellow. 
 
 In summer the plumage becomes paler. Just before the seasonal 
 moult the wing-bar frequently disappears by abrasion. 
 
 Upper mandible dusky brown ; lower yellowish brown ; iris 
 dark brown ; legs and feet brownish grey ; claws brown horny 
 (Scully). 
 
 Length 4-2 ; tail 1/7; wing 2-2; tarsus '7; bill from gape '6 ; the 
 second primary is intermediate in length between the seventh 
 and the eighth, but occasionally equals the eighth ; the first pri- 
 mary is rather large, measuring from *5 to *7 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the whole length of the Himalayas 
 from the Hazara country to Sikhim, and over the whole peninsula 
 of India down to Ceylon, with the exception of Sind and the 
 western portion of Bajputana. To the east this species extends 
 commonly to Calcutta, and has been found in Northern Sylhet. I 
 formerly reported it from Burma on the authority of Blyth, but 
 there can be little doubt now that it does not occur in that Pro- 
 vince. Hume also at one time identified some Tenasscrim birds 
 with this species, but afterwards he declared them to be A.plumbei- 
 tarsus. The whole Hume and Tweeddale collections do not con- 
 tain a specimen from Burma. 
 
 In summer this species appears to retreat to the higher parts of 
 the Himalayan range, and probably breeds at these higher altitudes. 
 Its nest, however, has not yet been found by anyone. 
 
 423. Acanthopneuste plunibeitarsus. Middendorff's 
 Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus, Sioinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 330; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 355 ; Brooks, S. F. vii, p. 508 ; Hume, Cat. no. 558 bis ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 385 ; Binyham, S. F. ix, p. 187 ; Seebohm, Cat. 
 
 B. M. v, p. 45 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 222 ; id. B. B. i, p. 79. 
 Phylloscopus seebohmi, Hume, S. F. v, p. 335 (1877) ; HumefyDav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 356 ; Hume, Cat. no. 558 ter. 
 Phylloscopus viridanus, Blyth, apud Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 356 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 219. 
 
ACA.NTHOPNEUSTE 415 
 
 Coloration. So similar to P. viridanus, of which this is the 
 eastern form, as to require no separate description. P. -plumbei- 
 tarsus differs in having the median wing-coverts, as well as the 
 greater coverts, tipped wit h v yellowish white, thus having two wing- 
 bars. When the upper bar is abraded, it is difficult to separate 
 the two species. 
 
 Upper mandible brown, lower clear yellow ; iris brown ; mouth 
 yellow ; legs pale plumbeous-brown, the toes tinged with yellow ; 
 claws pale horn-colour. 
 
 Of the same dimensions as A. viridanus. 
 
 The Phylloscopus seebohmi of Hume would now appear to have 
 been this species in spring plumage, and not A. viridanus, which 
 does not occur in Burma. 
 
 Distribution. A common winter migrant to Southern Pegu, and 
 the northern portion of Tenasserim down to Mergui, from the 
 middle of September to the end of April. It appears to summer 
 in Turkestan aud southern Siberia. 
 
 424. Acanthopneuste magnirostris. The Large-billed Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus magnirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 966 (1843) ; 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat, i, p. 336 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 191 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. 
 xli, pt, ii, p. 70, xliii, pt. ii, p. 247 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 243 ; Hume $ 
 Ddi\ S. F. vi, p. 352 j Hume, Cat. no. 5/56; Legge, Birds Ceyl. 
 p. 553 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 47 ; Gates, 'B. B. i, p. 82 ; 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 228. 
 
 The Large-billed Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Figs. 130, 131. Bill and wing of A. magnirostris. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage very dark olive-green, darker on the 
 head; wing-coverts and wings brown, edged with olive-green; the 
 median coverts with small, and the greater coverts with large, 
 yellowish-white tips, forming two wing-bars ; tail brown, edged with 
 olive-green on the outer webs, and tipped paler beneath ; eye-streak, 
 well denned and reaching to the nape, yellowish white ; lores and 
 feathers behind the eye brown ; ear-coverts yellowish white, suffused 
 with brown ; lower plumage pale yellow, suffused with grey on 
 the breast and flanks ; axillaries and under wing-coverts greyish 
 yellow. 
 
 In summer the plumage becomes duller. 
 
 Irides earth-brown ; legs carneous ; claws and feet yellowish 
 white ; bill horny (Gripps). 
 
416 
 
 Length 5*4; tail 2-2; wing 2*7; tarsus '75; bill from gape 
 65; the second primary is intermediate in length between the 
 seventh and eighth ; the first primary is very large, being about 
 *7 inch long. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to India, not found in Sind, the 
 Punjab, Rajputana, or GKizerat, but ranging south to Ceylon, and 
 eastward to Shillong, whence I have seen a specimen killed in August. 
 This species also occurs very rarely in Burma. Blyth records it 
 from Arrakan. I have examined a specimen from Toungngoo, and 
 Hume states that it is a rare cold-weather visitant to the central 
 portions of Tenasserim *. In the summer it is found along the 
 whole range of the Himalayas, from Kashmir to as far at least as 
 Sikhim. Many birds probably remain in the lower ranges through- 
 out the winter. The nest has not yet been found, but this species 
 undoubtedly breeds in Kashmir. 
 
 425. Acanthopneuste tenellipes. The Pale-legged Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus tenellipes, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 53 ; Brooks, 8. F. iv, 
 p. 276 5 Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 354, 517 ; Hume Cat. no. 556 
 quat. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 46 j Oates, S. F. x. p. 222 : id. B. 
 B. i, p. 81. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-brown, suffused with ochraceous, 
 especially on the rump ; eye-streak narrow but well defined, ex- 
 tending to the nape, huffish white ; lores and feathers behind the 
 eye blackish ; ear-coverts mingled buff and brown ; wings brown, 
 edged with the colour of the back ; wing-coverts brown, very 
 broadly edged with the colour of the back, the median coverts paler 
 at the tips, forming an indistinct wing-bar ; greater coverts 
 broadly tipped with buff, forming a distinct lower bar ; lower 
 plumage white, suffused with buff, especially on the vent and 
 flanks. 
 
 Upper mandible brown, lower one pale fleshy, dusky at tip ; legs 
 and claws pale flesh-colour ; iris brown. 
 
 Length 5-15 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-7 ; tarsus 73 ; bill from gape -63 ; 
 the second primary is intermediate in length between the sixth 
 and seventh, or sometimes equal to the seventh ; the first primary 
 is about *55 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to Burma, but a comparatively 
 rare one. I procured it at Kyeikpadein on a few occasions in 
 January, February, and April. I did not meet with it in any 
 other part of Pegu. Mr. Davison obtained it at various points in 
 Tenasserim, from Kyouknyat down to Malawim, at which latter 
 place my men also got several specimens. Further south it has 
 been procured at Kussoom in the Malay peninsula. 
 
 It probably summers in China and Japan. 
 
 * I have not, however, been able to discover any Tenasserim examples of this 
 species in the Hume Collection. 
 
ACANTHOPNEUSTE. 417 
 
 426. Acanthopneuste lugubris. The Dull-<jreen Willow-Warbler. 
 
 Phyllopneuste lugubris, Blyth, A. M. N. H. xii, p. 93 (1843) id. 
 
 J. A. S. B. x.i\, -p. 968. * 
 Phylloscopus lugubris (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 185 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i', p. :|:I7; Jerd. B.I. ii, p. 192 j Blanf* J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 
 p. o.3 ; Armstrong, S. F. iv, p. 329 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. yi, p. 355 ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 024 ; Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 480 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 558 ; id. S. F. ix, p. 255 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 448 ; 
 
 Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 48 j Oates, B. B. i, p. 83 j Barnes, Birds 
 
 Bom. p. 228 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 219. 
 Phylloscopus burmanicus, Brooks, S. F. ix, p. 272 ; Oates, S. F. x, 
 
 p. 223 ; id. B. B.\,y. 80. 
 
 The Dull-yreen Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Very similar to A. magnirostris, but ratber darker 
 and smaller, and differing also in tbe proportions of the primaries. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown, lower one yellowish, somewhat 
 dusky on the terminal half ; iris brown ; mouth yellow ; legs 
 brown; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 5 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2-6 ; tarsus *75 ; bill from gape "62 ; 
 the second primary is intermediate in length between the ninth 
 and tenth, and sometimes equals the tenth ; the first primary 
 is very long, being sometimes '8 inch in length. 
 
 Distribution. Winters in Bengal, the Assam valley, and the 
 whole of the country south of this to the central portion of Tenas- 
 serim. Jerdon states that this bird is spread throughout India, and 
 that he procured it in the Kilgiris, the Wynaad, and also at Nellore. 
 More recent observers have recorded it from Ahmednagar, Nagar, 
 and the Punch Mahals. I have myself been unable to detect any 
 specimens of this species in the British Museum collection from 
 any locality west of Bengal and Sikhim, and I have doubts about 
 its being so widely spread as Jerdon asserts, and still more of its 
 being found so far to the west as the Panch Mahals and the Deccan. 
 In winter it occurs in the Andamans. 
 
 It summers in the higher parts of Sikhim, and probably in other 
 parts of the Himalayas east of this. Hodgson obtained this bird, 
 but his notes do not state whether his specimens were procured in 
 Nepal or Sikhim, and it was most likely in the latter, where he 
 collected very largely. Scully failed to meet with it in Nepal. 
 
 427. Acanthopneuste coronatus. TemmincTcs Crowned Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Ficedula coronata, Temm. $ Schleg. Fauna Jap., Aves, p. 48, 
 
 pi. xviii, (1847). 
 
 Phyllopneuste corcmata (T. $ &), Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 275. 
 Reguloides corouata (T. $ 8.), Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 356; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 563 bis ; id. S. F. xi, p. 220. 
 Phylloscopus coronatus (T. fy S.}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 49; 
 
 bates, >S'. F. x, p. 223 ; id. B. B. i, p. 84. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage olive-green, the head suffused with 
 VOL. i. 2E 
 
418 
 
 dusky ; an irregular greyish-yellow streak from the forehead to the 
 nape over the centre of the head ; a well-defined yellowish-white 
 supercilium reaching to the nape ; lores and feathers behind the eye 
 brown ; ear-coverts mixed yellowish and dusky ; wing-coverts and 
 wings brown, edged with yellowish green, the median coverts with 
 small, the greater coverts with larger, yellowish tips, forming two 
 wing-bars ; tail olive-brown, edged with yellowish green on the 
 outer webs ; lower plumage white, tinged with yellow on the breast 
 and flanks ; lower tail-coverts yellow. The summer plumage is 
 duller, owing to the feathers being abraded. 
 
 Upper mandible brown ; lower mandible yellowish ; mouth 
 yellow ; legs and feet plumbeous. 
 
 Length 5-2; tail 2-1; wing 2-4; tarsus -7 ; bill from gape '6; 
 the second primary is intermediate in length between the sixth and 
 seventh ; the first primary is about -5 inch long. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor from September to April in 
 Southern Pegu and Southern Tenasserim, and probably the inter- 
 vening tract. Hume obtained this bird in Manipur in February. 
 It extends to Java in the winter, and it summers in Japan and 
 South-eastern Siberia. 
 
 428. Acanthopneuste occipitalis. The Large Crowned Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Phyllopneuste occipitalis, Jerd., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 593 (1845) ; 
 
 id. Cat. p. 183. 
 Reguloides occipitalis (Jerd.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 196 ; Godw.-Aust. 
 
 J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 107 j Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 81 ; 
 
 Cock 8f Marsh. S. F. i, p. 355 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 362 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 563; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 66; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 449; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 230 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 220. 
 Phylloscopus occipitalis (Jerd.}, Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, 
 
 p. 626 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 50. 
 Acanthopneuste occipitalis (Jerd.), Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 267. 
 
 TJie Large Croivned Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles A. coronatus very closely. Differs in 
 having the whole lower plumage of one uniform tint, the under tail- 
 coverts not being of a deeper yellow than the other parts, and in 
 having the second primary usually intermediate between the seventh 
 and eighth. 
 
 Legs and feet pale brown, yellowish on feet ; soles yellow ; upper 
 mandible brown, lower one horny brown ; iris brown (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length about 5'3 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2'6 ; tarsus *7 ; bill from 
 gape *6 ; the first primary measures about '6. 
 
 Distribution. This "Warbler is found in winter throughout the 
 peninsula of India from the foot of the Himalayas to about the 
 latitude of Belgaum and Nellore, and from Sind to the longitude 
 of Calcutta. It is also found more sparingly to the east of Cal- 
 cutta up the valley of Assam to Dibrugarh, at Shillong, and in 
 North Cachar. 
 
Al'AN'niOl'NKrSTE. 419 
 
 In summer it retires to the higher parts of the Himalayas, win -re 
 it breeds commonly. 
 
 //!>its r cf-c. Breeds in Kashmir and the north-west Himalayas 
 from May to July, constructing a rude nest of moss and leaves in 
 a hole pt the root of a tree, and laying five pure white eggs, which 
 '65 by "5. 
 
 429. Acanthopneuste trochiloides. Blyth's Crowned Willow- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Acanthiza trochiloides, Sundev. Physiogr. Salhkapets Tidsk. \, (1838) 
 
 id. A. M. N. H. xviii, p. 252 (1846). 
 
 Phyllopneuste reguloides, Blyth, J. A. S. X. xi, p. 191 (1842). 
 Reguloides trochiloides (Simdev.), Blyth, Cat. p. 184; Horsf. $ M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 343 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 196 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 46 ; Hume, Cat. no. 564 ; Scully, 8. F. viii, p. 307 ; Brooks, 
 
 S. F. x, p. 169. 
 Phylloscopus viridipennis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 275 (1855) ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped. , Aves, p. 626. 
 Reguloides viridipennis (Blyth}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 198 ; Brookes, S. F. 
 
 iii, p. 245 ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 149. 
 
 Phylloscopus flavo-olivaceus, Hume, S. F. v, p. 504 (1877). 
 Reguloides flavo-olivaceus (Hume), Hume, Cat. no. 564 bis ; id. S. F. 
 
 ix, p. 291. 
 
 Phylloscopus trochiloides (Stmdev.), Oates, S. F. x, p. 223. 
 Phylloscopus reguloides (Blyth), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 61 j 
 
 bates, B. B. i, p. 85. 
 
 The Median Crowned Warbler ; the Green-winced Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Similar to A. ocdpitalis, from which this species 
 differs in being much darker green above, in having the hinder part 
 of the crown and nape darker, in being smaller, and in having the 
 second primary intermediate between the eighth and ninth or the 
 ninth and tenth, or even equal to the first secondary. 
 
 Upper mandible dark brown ; lower one with the gape, and the 
 edges of the upper yellow;, mouth orange-yellow; iris dark hazel- 
 brown ; legs yellowish brown ; claws light brown. 
 
 Length about 4*5; tail 1*8; wing 2'1 to 2'3; tarsus '7; bill 
 from gape *6 ; the first primary measures about -6. 
 
 Distribution. In winter this species appears to be found in 
 Bengal, the Assam valley up to Dibrugarh, and southwards through 
 the hill-tracts to Southern Pegu and the northern parts of Tenas- 
 serim. 
 
 In summer it has been observed in the Himalayas from Kashmir 
 to Sikhim, and probably it also winters in the lower valleys 
 of these parts. Stoliczka observes that in summer it is common 
 ah 1 through the valley of the Sutlej river from Kotgarh to Chini, 
 where it breeds from 9000 to 10,000 feet. Scully observed it 
 in Turkestan. Its nest has not yet been found. 
 
420 SYLVIID^G. 
 
 430. Acanthopneuste davisoni. The Tenasserim White-tailed 
 Willow- Warbler. 
 
 Reguloides viridipennis (? BlytK), apud Wald. in Blyth Birds Bunn. 
 
 p. 108. 
 Reguloides viridipennis (Blytli), apud Hume, S. F. \, p. 330 ; 
 
 Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 358; Hume, Cat. no. 567; id. S. F. 
 
 vii, p. 453, ix, p. 291, xi, p. 223. 
 
 Phylloscopus viridipennis, Blyth, apud Seebohm, Cat.B. M. v, p. 53. 
 Phylloscopus presby tis (S. Miill!), apud Oates, B. B. \, p. 86 ; Brooks, 
 
 Ibis, 1889, p. 576. 
 Acanthopneuste davisoni, Oates ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 269. 
 
 Coloration. Very similar to A. trochiloides, but differing in being 
 smaller and in having the inner webs of the two outside tail-feathers 
 white. 
 
 Legs and feet rather pale brown ; soles yellowish ; upper man- 
 dible dark brown ; lower wax-yellow ; iris brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 4'3; tail 17; wing 2-1; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape '55 ; the second primary is about equal to the tenth ; the 
 first primary is about '55 inch long. 
 
 After a careful reconsideration of the synonymy of this species 
 I am reluctantly compelled to give it a name and I have much 
 pleasure in naming it after Davison, its discoverer. 
 
 The history of the species is briefly this. In 1855 Blyth de- 
 scribed a Willow- War bier from Teuasserim under the name of 
 Phylloscopus viridipennis. He neglected to state what the colour of 
 the tail was ; an all-important matter. Davison, many years after, 
 procured a white-tailed Willow- Warbler in Tenasserim, and Hume 
 unhesitatingly identified it with P. viridipennis, Blyth. Against 
 this, we have Brooks's positive evidence that he examined Blyth's 
 types in Calcutta and found them to be the bird we know as 
 A. trochiloides. The opinion of Brooks on such a subject is in my 
 opinion conclusive. We also have Jerdon describing P. viridi- 
 pennis, Blyth, in the ' Birds of India,' as having an olive-green tail, 
 no mention being made of any white feathers, and he states that it 
 occurs at Darjiling. This locality coupled with the description 
 point to A. trochiloides ; for the Tenasserim white-tailed bird is 
 not know r n to occur in Sikhim. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that Blyth's P. viridipennis is just as 
 likely to have been A. trocliiloides as the present species discovered 
 by Davison, for both species were found by Davison in Tenasserim, 
 the former in the Salween district, the latter on Muleyit mountain, 
 no great distance apart. For all these reasons therefore I reject 
 Blyth's name as inadmissible for the present form. 
 
 In 1870 Blyth visited the Leyden Museum and there observed 
 a white- tailed Willow- Warbler which Miiller in 1835 had named 
 presbytis without a description. Leaving alone such a minor com- 
 plication as that of this bird being labelled " Timor," while Miiller's 
 bird came from Sumatra, it is to be noticed that this white-tailed 
 Acanthopneuste did not recall to Blyth any recollection of his Tenas- 
 
CRYPTO LOPHA. 421 
 
 serim bird. He describes Miiller's bird as something distinctly new. 
 I require no better evidence than this to convince me that Blyth 
 had never described a white-tailed Acanthopneuste of this type before. 
 He would, of course, not associate it with his Abrornis maculipennis, 
 which .is a totally different bird, and one to which no special 
 reference was necessary ; but it was to be expected that he would 
 mention his Phylloscopus viridipennis, if it had been a white-tailed 
 species, as one closely allied to A. presbytis. 
 
 This A. presbytis, judging from specimens in the British Museum 
 collected by AVallace in Timor, is not by any means identical with 
 the bird procured by Davison on Muleyit, having a browner head 
 and a much larger bill, and I should not have noticed it in this 
 work had not Seebohm united it with Phylloscopus viridipennis, 
 Blyth, apud Hume. I did not inquire very minutely into the 
 matter when writing the ' Birds of Burmah,' but I have now 
 devoted considerable time to the subject, and I think it far from 
 established that the Timor bird described by Blyth is identical 
 with the Tenasserim white-tailed Willow-Warbler. Looking to 
 this and to the very unsatisfactory history of the synonymy of 
 this species, I prefer to denote it by a new name. 
 
 Distribution. Discovered on Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim, 
 where it breeds and appears to be a permanent resident. I have 
 examined two specimens procured by Wardlaw Eamsay on the 
 Karen Hills and Karennee respectively, and Hume procured this 
 species in Manipur above Bishnupur on the 17th February, at an 
 elevation of about 3300 feet. 
 
 Habits, $c. Davison found the nest of this species on Muleyit, 
 at an elevation of over 6000 feet, placed in a mass of creepers 
 growing over the face of a rock. The nest was a globular structure 
 constructed of moss and leaves and lined with vegetable down. 
 It contained three pure white eggs which measured '59 by -49. 
 
 Genus CRYPTOLOPHA, Swains., 1837. 
 
 The genus Cryptoloplia contains nine Indian species of Warblers 
 of very bright plumage in which yellow or green is the predomi- 
 nant colour. They approach the Flycatchers in the enormous 
 development of the frontal hairs, but differ from them in the young 
 not being spotted and in having a partial spring moult. This 
 spring moult is confined to the wings and tail. Two specimens of 
 C. castaneiceps procured in Native Sikhim in April and now in the 
 British Museum show this moult in progress, otherwise I should 
 have entertained doubts about it. The plumage of the young is 
 exactly the same as that of the adult. All the species are 
 resident. 
 
 In Cryptoloplia the bill is about half the length of the head, very 
 broad and blunt ; the rictal bristles are greatly developed and the 
 frontal hairs extend quite up to the culm en and reach beyond the 
 nostrils, in some cases nearly up to the tip of the bill ; the wing is 
 somewhat rounded, the first primary being small and the second 
 
422 SYLYIID^!. 
 
 and third graduated ; the tail is moderate, square or slightly forked 
 in some cases. 
 
 The Flycatcher-Warblers resemble the Willow-Warblers in 
 their mode of life, frequenting trees and shrubs and feeding on the 
 insects which infest the leaves. They are not known to have any 
 song. They are most numerous on the hills and are somewhat 
 rare in the plains. So far as is known all the species lay pure 
 white eggs. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Entire lower plumage deep yellow. 
 
 a Lateral bands on crown black, median band 
 
 well-defined. 
 a". A white ring round eye ; sides of head 
 
 bluish grey $ C. affinis, p. 422. 
 
 b". A yellow ring round eye; sides of 
 
 head yellowish. 
 
 a'". Lateral black coronal bands not ex- 
 tending to forehead C. tephrocephala, p. 423. 
 
 b'". Lateral black coronal bands extend- 
 ing to base of bill C. burkii, p. 424. 
 
 b'. Lateral bands on crown ashy; median 
 
 band ill-defined, 
 c". Lateral bands pale ashy, concolorous 
 
 with back C. xanthoschista, p. 425. 
 
 d". Lateral bands dark blackish ashy, much 
 
 darker than back C. jerdoni, p. 425. 
 
 b. Lower plumage not entirely yellow. 
 
 c'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers white. 
 
 e". Chin grey ; crown blackish C. poliogenys, p. 426. 
 
 /". Chin, throat, and upper breast grey ; 
 
 crown chestnut C. castaneiceps, p. 427. 
 
 d'. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers not 
 
 white. 
 y". Chin, throat, and under tail-coverts 
 
 bright yellow ; abdomen white C. cantator, p. 427. 
 
 h". Whole lower plumage greyish white 
 except under tail-coverts, which are 
 bright yellow C.fulviventris, p. 428. 
 
 431. Cryptolopha affinis, The Allied Fly catcher- Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis affinis, Hodgs., Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 341 (1854) ; Jerd. B. 
 I. ii, p. 204 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 18 ; Hume. 
 Cat. no. 576 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 226. 
 
 Cryptolopha affinis (Hodas.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 398 (part.). 
 The Allied Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Sides of the crown broadly black, enclosing a broad 
 median band of bluish grey ; a very conspicuous white ring round 
 the eye, a short indistinct black line over it, between which and 
 the black coronal streak is a bluish-grey superciliurn reaching to 
 the nape ; entire sides of the head bluish grey ; lores yellowish 
 green ; entire lower plumage bright yellow ; the whole upper 
 
CBYPTOLOPHA. 423 
 
 plumage and the edges to the wings and tail olive-green ; the 
 greater coverts tipped with yellowish white, and the two outer 
 pairs of tail-feathers largely .>vhite on the inner webs. 
 
 Fig. 132. Bill of C. 
 
 Length rather more than 4; tail 1-8 ; wing 2-1 ; tarsus *7 ; bill 
 from gape '55. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs in Sikhim, and probably in Nepal, in the 
 Khasi and Naga hills, and in Manipur. 
 
 432. Cryptolopha tephrocephala. Anderson's Flycatcher- Warbler. 
 
 Culicipeta tephrocephalus, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 213 ; Hume, S. 
 
 F. iii, p. 140; Blyth # Wald. Birds Burm. p. 107; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped. y Aves, p. 626, pi. 50. 
 Cryptolopha tephrocephalus (Anders.}, Humefy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 358; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 569 bis ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 223 ; id. B. B. i, p. 271. 
 Cryptolopha affinis (Hodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 398 (part.). 
 
 Coloration. Sides of the crown broadly black, enclosing a 
 broad medi in band of bluish grey ; a very conspicuous ring 
 round the eye yellow ; lores, cheeks, and lower part of the ear- 
 coverts yellowish green sullied with brown ; the upper part of the 
 ear-coverts and a broad supercilium adjoining the black coronal 
 streak bluish grey; the whole lower plumage bright yellow; 
 the upper plumage olive, and the edges of all the wing-feathers 
 and tail olive-green, the greater coverts tipped yellowish white ; 
 the two outer pairs of tail-feathers largely white on the inner 
 webs. 
 
 Upper mandible brown, lower one yellow ; mouth yellow ; legs 
 yellow ; claws yellowish horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 4-3; tail 1-8; wing 2-2; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape *65. 
 
 This species differs from C. affinis in having a conspicuously 
 larger bill, a ring of yellow instead of white round the eye, and 
 the sides of the head yellowish instead of bluish grey. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Pegu, Karennee, and the northern and 
 central portions of Tenasserim, where it is probably a resident 
 species. Blyth records the allied C. burkii from Arrakan, but it 
 is more likely to be the present species which occurs there. It 
 extends into China. 
 
424 SYLYITD^. 
 
 433. Cryptolopha burkii. The Black -lr owed Flycatcher-Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia burkii, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 153. 
 
 Culicipeta burkii (Burton], Blyth, Cat. p. 183; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 341 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 199 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 47 ; McMaster, J.A.8. B. xl, pt, ii, p. 212 ; Blanford, J. A. S. 
 B. xli, pt. ii, p. 54. 
 Cryptolopha burkii (Burton), Hume, Cat. no. 569; Sharpe, Cat. B. 
 
 xli, pt. ii, p. 54. 
 tolopha burkii ( 
 M. iv, p. 395 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 224. 
 
 The Slack-browed Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Two broad black bands, one on either side of the 
 crown, reaching to the base of the bill, and enclosing an olive-green 
 stripe ; sides of the head up to the black coronal band yellow tinged 
 with olive ; a conspicuous yellow ring round the eye ; the whole 
 lower plumage bright yellow ; the whole upper plumage olive- 
 green ; wings, coverts, and tail brown, edged with olive-green, the 
 greater coverts also tipped with yellow ; the two outer pairs of 
 tail-feathers white on the inner webs, the third pair occasionally 
 with some white. 
 
 Upper mandible deep brown ; lower mandible pale yellowish 
 brown ; legs and feet pale brownish yellow ; iris hazel (Hume). 
 
 Length about 4'5; tail 1*8; wing 2*1; tarsus *75 ; bill from 
 gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from the valley of the 
 Sutlej river to Bhutan, and along the Assam valley to Dibrugarh. 
 This species also occurs in the Khasi hills, Sylhet, Cachar, and 
 Manipur. Blyth records it from Arrakan, but he may have 
 mistaken for it C. tephrocephala, which at that time had not been 
 discriminated. 
 
 I cannot find any specimen of this species from the plains of 
 India, but Blyth states that it is common near Calcutta in the 
 cold season, and McMaster records it from Kamptee in the Central 
 Provinces and Chikalda in Berar. 
 
 The next two species have been confounded by almost all writers 
 except Hume and Brooks. The larger and paler form is the species 
 to which Hodgson, judging by his types which are still in the 
 British Museum, gave the name of ccantlioscliistus. It is also the 
 species to which Blyth applied the name of albosuperciliaris. 
 
 The smaller ard darker form was without a distinctive term till 
 Brooks applied to it the name of jerdoni. It is also found in 
 Nepal, and is the bird referred to by Scully (I. c.) as Abrornis 
 vanthoschistus. Some of his specimens are in the British Museum, 
 and I have been able to examine them *. 
 
 There is an extraordinarily fine series of both species in the 
 
 * Scully may have procured both species in Nepal, and, judging from the 
 large average measurements of his seventeen specimens, he probably did. But 
 the birds which are now deposited in the British Museum as having been pro- 
 cured by him in Nepal are undoubtedly all C. jerdoni. He himself identifies 
 them with the lower figure in ' Lahore to Yarkand,' which is the small dark 
 form, C. jerdoni. 
 
CUYPTOLOPHA. 425 
 
 British Museum now, and the geographical distribution of each 
 can be traced with ease. 1 understand Brooks to say (I.e.} that 
 there are three species of this type of Cryptolopha, but I am unable 
 to distinguish more than two from the series I have examined. 
 
 Both species are figured in 'Lahore to Tarkand.' The upper 
 figure named A. xanthoschistus is rightly so called. The lower 
 figure named A. albosuperciliaris should be 0. jerdoni. 
 
 434. Cryptolopha xanthoschista. Hodf/son's Grey-headed 
 Flycatcher- Warbler. 
 
 Phyllopneuste xanthoschistos, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 
 
 (1844,descr. nulla) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal, p. 151 (1846). 
 Abrornis albosuperciliaris, Bh/th, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 202 (18C3) ; Hume, 
 
 N. # E. p. 371 ; Brooks, 8. F. Hi, p. 245 ; Hume, Cat. no. 573. 
 Abrornis xanthoschistus (Hodgs.\ Hume & Hemlcrs. Lah. to Yark. 
 
 p. 220, pi. xx, fig. 1. 
 Cryptolopha xanthoschista (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 398 
 
 (part.) ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 270. 
 
 The White-browed Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, mantle, and back pale ashy 
 brown, with merely a trace of a paler mesial coronal band ; scapu- 
 lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellowish green ; wings and tail 
 brown, with margins of yellowish green, the two outer pairs of 
 tail-feathers white on the inner web ; a white supercilium from 
 the nostrils to the nape: lores and behind the eye dark brown; 
 edges of the eyelids white ; sides of the head and of the neck ashy- 
 brown ; the whole lower plumage bright yellow. 
 
 Upper mandible brownish black ; lower one horny yellow ; iris 
 blackish brown ; tarsus plumbeous ; toes brownish ; soles yellow ; 
 claws dusky (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 4-3; tail 1/8: wing 2'3; tarsus 75; bill from 
 gape '55. 
 
 Distribution. Found throughout the Himalayas from Nepal to 
 Hazara and Kashmir. This bird is also found at the foot of the 
 hills, at Saharanpur for instance, and is probably a resident in 
 all parts of its range. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. The breeding-season is from March to May. C. 
 xanthoschista makes a large globular nest of moss, grass, hair, and 
 wool on a grassy bank at the foot of some small bush, and lays 
 four white eggs which measure '63 by '5. 
 
 435. Cryptolopha jerdoni. Brooks' s Grey-headed Flycatcher- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis xanthoschistos (Hodg*.}, apudJerd. B. I. ii, p. 202 ; Hume. 
 
 N. $ E. p. 370; Hume, Cat. no. 572 : Scully. S. F. viii, p. 309; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 225. 
 Abrornis jerdoni, Brooks, Proc. A. S. B. 1871, p. 248 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 572 bis. 
 
426 STLYIID^l. 
 
 to 
 398 
 
 Abrornis albosuperciliaris, Blyth, apud Hume fy Holders. Lali. 
 
 Yark. pi. xx, fig. 2. 
 Cryptolopha xanthoschista (Hodc/s^, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. ' 
 
 (part.) ; Oates, B. B..i, p. 272. 
 Cryptolopha jerdoni (Brooks'), Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 271. 
 
 Th c Grey-headed Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles C. xanthoschista. Differs in being much 
 smaller ; in having the forehead, crown, and nape dark blackish 
 ashy, with a fairly distinct mesial coronal band of a lighter colour, 
 and the mantle and back ashy brown. 
 
 Iris bright wood-brown, bill above horny brown ; below yellow ; 
 legs plumbeous (Cripps). 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1*6; wing 2; tarsus *7 ; bill from gape *5. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Nepal to the head 
 of the Assam valley. This Warbler has also been found in the 
 Kbasi hills and Manipur, and, according to Blyth, in Arrakan. 
 
 Habits, &fc. In Sikhim this species, according to Gammie, makes 
 a domed nest of moss, lined with thistle-do^ n, on the ground in 
 May. The nest he found contained four white eggs measuring 
 55 by -47. 
 
 436. Cryptolopha poliogenys. The Grey-clieeked Flycatclier- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Culicipeta poliogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 441 (1847). 
 Abrornis poliogenys (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 183 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 340; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 203 ; Godw.-Awst. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 107; Hume, Cat. no. 575; Hume fy Cripps, S. F. xi, 
 
 p. 226. 
 Cryptolopha poliogenys (BlytJi), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 403 ; 
 
 Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 272. 
 
 The Grey-cheeked Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark blackish slaty, with 
 only an obsolete indication of a paler median coronal band ; a con- 
 spicuous white ring round the eye ; sides of the head dark grey 
 mottled with blackish ashy; chin and cheeks pale grey; whole 
 lower plumage bright yellow ; back, scapulars, rump, and upper 
 tail-coverts olive-green ; wings, coverts, and tail brown edged with 
 olive-green ; the greater coverts tipped with yellowish white, the 
 three outer pairs of tail-feathers nearly entirely white on the inner 
 webs. 
 
 Length about 4'5 ; tail 1*9; wing 2-2; tarsus '7; bill from 
 gape '55. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim ; Dibrugarh in Assam, where this species is 
 pretty common, and Cherra Poonjee in the Khasi hills. Hodgson's 
 specimens in the British Museum were probably obtained in Sik- 
 him and not in Nepal. He does not figure this bird. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sikhim in May. 
 
CRTPTOLOPHA. 427 
 
 437. Cryptolopha castaneiceps. The Chestnut-headed 
 Flycatcher- Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis castaneoceps, Hodys. in Grays ZooL Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; 
 Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, pp. 06, 152 (1846) ; Jerd. B. I. ii, 
 ]>. --05 ; Blanf. J. A. S. 21. xli, pt. ii, p. 54 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 372 j 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. S. xliii, pt. ii, p. 168, xlv, pt. ii, p. 80 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 578; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 310 5 Hume, S. F. 
 xi,p.27. 
 
 Reg-uloic'es castaneiceps (Hod^s.), Horsf. Sf M. Cat. i, p. 344. 
 
 Cryptolopha castaneiceps (Hodys.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 404 ; 
 
 Oates in Humes N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 272. 
 The Chestnut-headed Warbler, J erd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown bright chestnut, terminated on 
 the nape by two black patches separated from each other by a white 
 patch ; a second patch of white outside each black one ; a white 
 ring round the eye ; lores, sides of head, neck, and mantle slaty 
 blue ; chin, throat, and upper breast pale grey ; middle of abdomen 
 white ; sides of body, vent, and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; 
 back and scapulars olive-green ; rump bright yellow ; wings, coverts, 
 and tail dark brown edged with olive-green, the median and 
 greater coverts broadly tipped yellow, the two outer pairs of tail- 
 feathers white on the inner webs. 
 
 The young bird has the crown paler chestnut. 
 
 Upper mandible brownish black ; lower mandible buff-horny or 
 orange ; iris dark brown ; feet dingy brownish, the soles greenish 
 yellow ; claws dusky (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 4; tail 17; wing 2; tarsus -65; bill from 
 gape *45. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim. Godwin- Austen also observed 
 this bird in the Daphla hills, in the Naga hills, and in Manipur, 
 and 1 have seen specimens which were procured at Shillong. 
 
 Habits, $c. According to Hodgson this species breeds in Nepal 
 from April to June, constructing a large oval nest of moss and 
 roots on the ground. He does not describe the eggs. 
 
 438. Cryptolopha cantator. TickeUs Flycatcher- Warbler. 
 
 Motacilla cantator, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii, p. 576 (1833). 
 Abrornis cantator (Tick.), Blyth, Cat. p. 183; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 338 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 370 ; id. Cat. no. 570 ; id. S. F. xi, 
 
 S. 225. 
 icipeta cantator ( Tick.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 200. 
 Abrornis chrysea, Wald. in Blyth, B. Bunn. p. 106 ; Hume, S. F. v, 
 
 p. 55 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 359 ; Hume, Cat. no. 576 bis. 
 Cryptolopha cantatrix, Tick., Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 397. 
 Cryptolopha cantator (Tick.), Gates, B. B. i, p. 270; id. in Hume's 
 N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 272. 
 
 The Lesser Black-browed Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Sides of the crown broadly black, enclosing an olive- 
 
428 SYLVIIDJE. 
 
 yellow median coronal band ; lores, a distinct supercilium, cheeks, 
 ear-coverts, sides of neck, throat, and breast bright yellow ; middle 
 of the abdomen white, sides of the body pale grey ; vent and under 
 tail-coverts bright yellow ; upper plumage olive-yellow ; wings 
 dark brown edged exteriorly with olive-yellow ; wing-coverts olive- 
 yellow, the greater series tipped with yellow ; tail brown, the 
 feathers edged with olive-yellow externally, and near the tip inter- 
 nally with pale yellow except on the two median pairs. 
 
 Maxilla brown ; mandible pale straw-colour ( Wardlaw Ramsay}; 
 legs fleshy-yellow ; iris hazel (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1 -8 ; wing 2*2 ; tarsus '65 ; bill from 
 gape *55. 
 
 Distribution. Found from Sikhim to Assam ; also in Manipur 
 and in the Karen hills to the east of Toungngoo. It is said to occur 
 in Central India, and to be rare in Lower Bengal, but I have seen 
 no specimen from the plains of India. 
 
 Habits, fyc. It is doubtful whether the nest and egg said to 
 belong to this species, and described in 'Nests and Eggs,' did really 
 belong to it, and consequently I shall not describe them. 
 
 439. Cryptolopha fulviventris. Austen's Flycatcher- Warbler. 
 
 Eeguloides fulvoventer, Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 167 ; 
 Hume, S. F. iii, p. 398 ; id. Cat no 4 564 ter. 
 
 Coloration. A broad supercilium and a still broader coronal band 
 greenish yellow; the interspaces blackish brown; lores yellowish: 
 nape greenish ashy ; back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts ashy 
 grey, the greater coverts tipped with white ; quills dark brown, 
 the basal half of the outer webs edged with ashy, the terminal half 
 with greenish yellow ; upper tail-coverts bright green ; tail greenish 
 yellow, the inner webs edged with bright yellow as seen from below ; 
 sides of the head ashy and yellow mingled; chin tinged with yel- 
 lowish ; lower plumage greyish white ; under tail-coverts very 
 bright yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts greyish white. 
 
 Bill above dark brown, below orange ; legs and feet grey 
 ( Godwin- Austen). 
 
 Length about 4; tail 1*4; wing 2-1; tarsus '7; bill from 
 gape -6.^ 
 
 Distribution. This well-marked and perfectly distinct species was 
 discovered by Godwin- Austen in the low country of the Dhansiri in 
 Assam. The description is taken from the type, which is a well- 
 carbolized specimen. 
 
 Genus ABRORNIS, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 It is convenient to retain Hodgson's generic name Abrornis for 
 the Flycatcher- Warblers with ten tail-feathers, inasmuch as he 
 included one of these birds in it, when first introducing the name. 
 Hodgson did not apparently fix on any type for the genus, but 
 
ABHOTINIS. 429 
 
 this course was not unusual in his day, and we may therefore, 1 
 think, retain the genus; and in so doing 1 shall make Abrorn is 
 scliisticeps the type. 
 
 Abrornis resembles Cryptoloplia in everything except the tail, 
 which has ten feathers instead of twelve. It contains four Indian 
 species. Abrornis lays spotted eggs, whereas Crypioloplm lays 
 pure white eggs, and it is very remarkable that a difference in 
 the number of tail-feathers should be accompanied by so marked a 
 difference in the colour of the eggs. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Back arid scapulars greenish or yellowish. 
 
 a'. Chin and throat white A. superciliaris, p. 429. 
 
 b'. Chin and throat bright yellow A. schisticeps, p. 430. 
 
 c. Chin and throat white, but with the bases 
 of the feathers black, both colours exhi- 
 bited in equal quantities A. albigularis, p. 430. 
 
 b. Back and scapulars ashy grey A.Jlaviyularis, p. 431. 
 
 440. Abrornis superciliaris. The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis superciliaris, Tick. J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 414 (1859) ; Blanf. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 164 : Hume, S. F. iii, p. 140 ; Hume $ Dav. 
 
 S. F. vi, p. 359 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 626 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 674 ; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 188 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 226 ; 
 
 Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 273. 
 Abrornis albio-ularis, Jerd. df Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 200. 
 Abrornis flaviventris, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 203 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xliii, pt. ii, p. 168. 
 
 Abrornis griseifrons, G. R. Gray, Hume, Cat. no. 577 bis. 
 Cryptolopha superciliaris (Tick.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 402; 
 
 Gates, B. B. i, p. 273. 
 
 The Yelloic-bellied Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown, as far back as the eyes, grey ; 
 remainder of the upper plumage oil-yellow ; a distinct white super- 
 cilium from the bill to the nape ; lores and behind the eye brown ; 
 cheeks and ear-coverts mingled grey and white ; chin, throat, and 
 upper breast white ; remainder of lower plumage bright yellow ; 
 wings black edged with olive-green ; coverts pale brown edged 
 with olive-green ; tail brown, edged exteriorly with olive-brown 
 and interiorly with pale rufous. 
 
 Bill horn- colour, plumbeous at the base of the lower mandible ; 
 mouth yellow ; eyelids grey ; iris dark brown ; legs and claws 
 yellow. 
 
 Length rather more than 4 ; tail 1-8 ; wing 2-1 ; tarsus -75 ; 
 bill from gape '55. 
 
 Specimens from the Salween in Burma have the whole crown grey. 
 
 Distribution. From Sikhiin down to Tenasserim, but nowhere 
 common. This bird has been recorded from the Graro hills ; 
 Tippuk in the Dibrugarh district ; the eastern hills of Manipur ; 
 
430 SYLTTID^E. 
 
 Bhtinio ; the Pegu bills ; the Toungngoo hills ; Karennce ; tlie 
 better-wooded portions of the plains of Pegu ; the Tonzaleen, 
 Salween, and Thoungyeen rivers, and Mergui. In the British 
 Museum there is a specimen from Singapore labelled Burnesia 
 flaviventris, to which bird the present species has a great resem- 
 blance in everything except the shape of the bill. 
 
 Habits, $-c. Bingham found the nest in Tenasserim in March in 
 a hole in a bamboo. The nest was made of fibres, and the eggs, 
 three in number, were white speckled with pinkish claret-colour. 
 They measured '58 by "43. Gammie found a similar nest in Sik- 
 him in June, also with three eggs. 
 
 441. Abrornis schisticeps. The Block-faced Flycatcher- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Oulipeta schisticeps, Hodgs., Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, pp. 67, 
 
 153 (1846). 
 Abrornis schisticeps (Hodgs.}, Bh/th, Cat. p. 183; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 339 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p . 201 ; Hume, Cat. no. 57'l ; Gates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 274. 
 
 Abrornis melanops, Jerd. $ Blytli, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 200. 
 Cryptolopha schisticeps (Hodgs.'), Sliarpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 400. 
 
 The Blackreared Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a broad supercilium bright yellow ; 
 crown, nape, upper back, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck slaty 
 blue ; lores, cheeks, and round the eye black ; chin, throat, breast, 
 and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; abdomen and vent white ; 
 upper plumage and edges of the wing- and tail-feathers olive-green ; 
 the two outer pairs of tail-feathers dull white on the inner webs ; 
 no spots on the greater coverts. 
 
 Length about 4; tail 1-7; wing 1*9; tarsus '65; bill from 
 gape -4. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Garhwal to Sikhiin at mode- 
 rate elevations. 
 
 Habits, tyc. Breeds in Sikhim at the end of May, making a small 
 nest of bamboo-leaves in a hole of a tree and laying five eggs. 
 They are pinkish white, mottled and streaked with red, with a 
 tendency to form a zone at the larger end. They measure *57 
 by -42. 
 
 442. Abrornis albigularis. The White-throated Flycatcher- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis albogularis, Hodgs., Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 106 ; Horsf. 
 
 & M. Cat. i, p. 340 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 204 ; Godiv.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 
 
 xxxix, pt. ii, p. 271 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 164 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 577 j id. S. F. xi, p. 226 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd 
 
 ed. i, p. 275. 
 
 Abrornis albiventris, Jerd. $ Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 199. 
 Cryptolopha albigularis, Hodgs., Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 405. 
 
 The White-throated Warbler, Jerd. 
 
TIOKELL1A. 4.^1 
 
 Coloration. Lores and the sides of the head pale chestnut; fore- 
 head, crown, and nape pale rufous ; a broad black superciliuin to 
 the nape; upper plumage xand wing-coverts olive-green; rump 
 yellowish white ; wings and tail dark brown edged with olive- 
 green : -chin and throat white, the feathers being black with white 
 margins, and the black showing up when the feathers are disar- 
 ranged ; a baud of bright yellow across the breast ; under tail- 
 coverts pale yellow : remainder of the lower plumage white. 
 
 Length about 3'5; tail 1'5; wing 1*75 ; tarsus '6; bill from 
 gape -4. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim, extending to the Graro hills and 
 to the Eastern hills of Maiiipur, where this bird has been found at 
 5000 feet elevation. 
 
 Habits, &fc. Breeds in Sikhim in July. Mandelli found in the 
 cavity of a truncated bamboo about 4 feet from the ground a nest 
 composed of bamboo-leaves and grass, and containing four eggs, 
 which were pinky white, freckled and mottled with deep red. They 
 measured -56 by -43. 
 
 443. Abrornis flavigularis. The Yellow -throated Flycatcher- 
 Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis flavigularis, Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlvi,pt. ii, p. 44 (1877), 
 xlvii, pt. ii, p. 19 (1878) ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 147 ; id. Cat. no. 572 
 ter. 
 
 Cryptolopha flavigularis (Godw.-Aust.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, Add. 
 p. 474. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark ashy brown ; lores 
 blackish ; a streak over the lores and eyes, continued to the nape, 
 white, but very indistinct behind the eye ; upper plumage ashy 
 grey ; wings dark brown edged with ashy olive ; sides of the head 
 mixed ashy and white ; chin and upper throat bright yellow ; re- 
 mainder of lower plumage greyish white ; edge of wing yellowish ; 
 the two outer tail-feathers brown on the outer web, white on the 
 inner ; the next pair brown, narrowly edged on the inner web with 
 white ; the other two pairs ashy brown. 
 
 Bill in the dry state dark brown above, yellow below; legs 
 brown. 
 
 Length about 4; tail 1-5; wing 1-9; tarsus '7; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. Known only from Sadiya in Upper Assam, where 
 the type was obtained by Mr. Ogle. 
 
 Genus TICKELLIA, Jerd. & Blyth, 1861. 
 
 This genus, containing only one species, differs from Abrornis in 
 having a much larger and blunter bill. 
 
432 SYLYIIDJE. 
 
 444. Tickellia hodgsoni, The Broad-billed Fly catcher- Warbler. 
 
 Abrornis hodgsoni, Moore in Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 412 (1854). 
 Tickellia hodgsoni (Moore), Jerd. fy Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 199 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 206 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 164 j Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 579. 
 Cryptolopha hodgsoni (Moore), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 406. 
 
 The Broad-billed Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 133. Bill of 2". hodgsoni. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown dark chestnut ; upper plumage 
 olive-green tinged with yellow on the rump ; wing-coverts, quills, 
 and tail dark brown edged with olive-green ; the two outer pairs 
 of tail-feathers white on the inner web ; a pale grey supercilium ; 
 lores and sides of the head dark ashy ; chin, throat, and breast 
 grey ; remainder of low r er plumage bright yellow. 
 
 Bill horny, yellowish at base beneath ; legs yellowish (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1/8 ; wing 1/8 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape 
 55. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim. Hodgson procured this species in Sikhitn 
 only, and not in Nepal, where there is no evidence of its occurrence. 
 
 Genus SCOTOCERCA, Sunder., 1872. 
 
 The genus Scotocerca contains two species resembling each other 
 closely, one of which is found in India and westward to Arabia, 
 and one in Africa. 
 
 The spring moult of S. inquieta, if any, is probably only a very 
 partial one ; at all events it is unaccompanied by any change of 
 colour or structure in the tail. The position of this genus among 
 the Warblers requires confirmation. 
 
 In Scotocerca the nostrils are overhung by long hairs, a feature 
 which separates it widely from Franldinia and Prinia, which 
 genera it resembles in habits and appearance. The tail is, how- 
 ever, but little longer than the wing, and moreover very slightly 
 graduated. 
 
 The birds of this genus inhabit desert regions, especially stony 
 hills, and they appear to be restless and active. 
 
 445. Scotocerca inquieta. The Streaked Scrub-Warbler. 
 
 Malurus inquietus, Cretzschm. in R'tipp. Atlas. Vogel, p. 55, tab. 36, 
 fig. 6 (1826). 
 
KEOKN1S. 433 
 
 Melizopliilus striatus, Brooks, Ibis, 1872, p. 180 ; Hume, S. F. i, 
 p. 200 ; Blanford, Ibis, 1874, p. 76. 
 
 Scotocerca iuquieta (Rupp.), Hume, N. fy E. p. 357 ; Blanf. East. 
 Pers. ii, p. 207, pi. xiii, fig. 2 ; Hume, Cat. no. 550 bis ; 'Barnes, 
 S. F. ix, pp. 217, 455 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 213 ; Barnes, 
 I finis Bom. p. 222 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 276. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage greyish brown ; the forehead, crown, 
 nape, and hind neck streaked with brown; wings brown, edged 
 with greyish brown ; tail very dark brown, nearly black, the outer 
 feathers narrowly tipped with white ; a long supercilium from the 
 nostrils to the nape, the ear-coverts and cheeks pinkish fulvous ; 
 lores and behind the eye blackish ; lower plumage whitish, the 
 throat and breast striated with brown, and the sides of the neck 
 and body suffused with pinkish fulvous. 
 
 Legs and feet pale yellow, dusky on joints and claws ; bill dark 
 brown, paler on the lower mandible (Hume). 
 
 Length rather more than 4-5 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2 ; tarsus '7 ; bill 
 from gape '5. 
 
 Distribution. A resident in the bare stony hills which run, in 
 various broken ranges, from the Khyber Pass to the sea, on the 
 west of the Indus river. The species extends westwards to 
 Arabia. 
 
 Habits, $c. Constructs a globular nest made of fibres and coarse 
 grasses, lined with finer grasses and feathers, in a bush near the 
 ground. The breeding- season appears to be from February to 
 April. The eggs, usually six in number, are white, spotted and 
 speckled with light red, and measure -62 by -43. 
 
 Genus NEORNIS, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 The genus 'Neornis, as restricted, contains but one species, 
 resembling Horornis in structure and Acanthopneuste in coloration. 
 From the latter it may be recognized by its tail of ten feathers, 
 and from the former by the hairs overhanging the nostrils. 
 
 Neornis inhabits bushes and grass, and is, generally speaking, a 
 mountain-bird. Like the majority of the Horornis-group, it lays 
 deep red eggs. 
 
 446. Neornis flavolivaceus. The Aberrant Warbler. 
 
 Neornis flavolivacea, Hodgs., Btyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 590 (1845) 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 144 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 324 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 188 
 Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt, ii, p. 46 ; Hume, S. F. \, p. 494 ; 
 Brooks, J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 246 ; Hume, Cat. no. 552 ; id. 
 S. F. xi, p. 216 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 277. 
 
 Neornis cacharensis, Hodys., Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 590 (1845). 
 
 Cettia flavolivacea (Hodys.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 138. 
 
 The Aberrant Tree- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage dull green; wings and tail dark 
 VOL. i. 2 F 
 
434 SYLVIIDvE. 
 
 brown edged with dull green ; lores and behind the eye dusky ; a 
 distinct yellow superciliura ; sides of the head mixed dusky and 
 yellow; the whole lower plumage dull fulvous-yellow, suffused 
 with brown on the sides of the body ; axillaries and under wing- 
 coverts pale yellow. 
 
 Upper mandible brown, lower yellow ; feet yellowish brown 
 ( Cockburn). 
 
 Length about 4-5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2-2 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Sikhim 
 at elevations of from 6000 to 10,000 feet. In Hume's list of the 
 birds of Pegu (S. F. iii, p. 139) this species was doubtfully re- 
 corded. The specimen I sent to Hume was a very bad one, but I 
 have since identified it with Herbivocula schwarzi. Hume records 
 the present species from the Khasi hills, and it is not yet known 
 to occur further south. 
 
 Habits, <Sfc. Breeds in Sikhim from May to July at elevations of 
 from 3500 to 6000 feet, constructing a globular nest, made of 
 bamboo-leaves and grass, in bushes, and laying three eggs ; these 
 measure *66 by *5 ; their colour is a deep chocolate-purple. 
 
 Genus HORORNIS, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 The genus Horornis contains seven Indian birds of dull colora- 
 tion, and which are for the most part very little known. With 
 one exception they are resident species on the higher hills. The 
 one exception is H. canturiens, which appears to be a winter 
 visitor from China, and the position of which is somewhat doubtful. 
 For the present I place it in this genus. 
 
 Horornis has a bill about half as long as the head ; the rictal 
 bristles are strong, and there are some .supplementary hairs in 
 front of them. There are, however, no long hairs over the 
 nostrils, the shafts of the frontal feathers being merely lengthened. 
 The wing is very blunt and short, the first primary being large, 
 and the second and third graduated, the fourth hardly reaching to 
 the tip of the wing. The tarsus in all is very strong, and the hind 
 toe and claw are especially so. The tail is about the length of the 
 wing and not greatly graduated, the outer feathers being about 
 four fifths the length of the tail. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Upper plumage entirely of one colour. 
 '. Upper plumage tinged with rufous. 
 ". Under wing -coverts and axillaries 
 
 distinctly yellow. 
 a'". Lower 'plumage yellowish; tail 
 
 about 1'8 H. brunnescens, p. 435. 
 
 b"'. Lower plumage buffish ; tail about 
 
 2-1 H.fortipes, p. 435. 
 
HOEO11N1S. 
 
 b". Under wing-coverts and axillaries 
 ochraceous brown like the lower plu- 
 mage v H. alliceHti'ix, p. 4.'ii>. 
 
 //. Upper plumage tinged with olivaceous. 
 
 r". Flanks and under tail-coverts fulvous. . H. pidlidus, p. 430. 
 d" . Hanks and under tail-coverts pale 
 
 brown H. pallidipes, p. 437. 
 
 b. Crown differently coloured from remainder 
 
 of upper plumage. 
 c. Crown of head bright chestnut-brown; 
 
 wing about 24 H. major, p. 438. 
 
 d'. Crown of head merely tinged with rufous ; 
 
 wing about 3 //. canturiens, p. 438. 
 
 447. Horornis brunnescens. Hume's Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Horeites brunnescens, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 109 ; id. S.F. iii, p. 410 
 
 iv, p. 497 ; id. Cat. no. 527 ter. 
 
 Horornis brunnescens {Hume), Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 380. 
 Cettia fortipes (Hodgs.}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 136 (part.). 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage bright rufous-brown ; the edges of 
 the wings and tail brighter ; lores and behind the eye dark brown ; 
 i very distinct pale buff supereilium ; lower plumage pale buff, 
 turning to yellow on the lower part of the abdomen and the sides 
 of the body ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale yellow. 
 
 In the dry skin the bill is dark brown, with the base of the 
 lower mandible pale; legs fleshy brown. 
 
 Length about 4 ; tail 1'8 ; wing 2 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape '5. 
 
 Among Hodgson's birds in the British Museum are three speci- 
 mens of this species, but bearing the same number as H. fortipes, 
 viz. 928. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim and probably Nepal. 
 
 448. Horornis fortipes. The Strong-footed Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Horornis fortipes, Hodgs. P. Z, S. 1845, p. 31 j Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 162 > 
 
 Brooks. S. F. viii, p. 475, x, p. 170 ; Oates in Hume's N. & E- 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 279. 
 
 Drymoica brevicaudata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 459 (1847). 
 Neornis (Horornis) assimilis, Gray, Cat. Matnm. etc. Nepal, ed. 2, 
 
 p. 30 (1863). 
 Neornis assimilis (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 22 ; Gddw.-Aust. 
 
 J.A.S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 167 ; Wald. in Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 105 ; 
 
 Hume 8? Dav. S. F. vi, p. 351 ; Hume, Cat. no. 552 bis ; id. S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 217. 
 
 Dumeticola fortipes (Hodgs.}, Hume, N. $ E. p. 329. 
 Neornis flavolivacea (Hodgs.}, Hume, N. $ E. p. 360. 
 Neornis brevicaudatus (Blyth), Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aces, 
 
 p. 623. 
 Schoenicola fortipes (Hodgs.), Hume, Cat. no. 526 ; id. S. F. xi. 
 
 p. 206. 
 
 < Vttia fortipes (Hodgs.}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 1:J<5. 
 Hoieites fortipes (Hodgs.}, Oates, B. B. i, p. 121. 
 
 The Strong-footed Hill- Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 2*2 
 
436 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage olive-brown tinged with 
 rufous; wings and tail dark brown, edged with rufous; an in- 
 distinct eye-streak brownish yellow ; lores and behind the eye dark 
 
 Figs. 134, 135. Head and wing of H. fortipes. 
 
 brown ; sides of the head and the lower plumage huffish brown, 
 paler along the middle of the latter ; axillaries and under wing- 
 coverts pale yellow. 
 
 Bill pale brown ; iris hazel ; legs wood-brown (Coekburn). 
 
 Length about 4-5 ; tail 2-1 ; wing 2-2 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, the Bhutan Doars, and Upper 
 Assam, extending across the valley to the Khasi and Naga hills, 
 and further south to the hills east of Bhamo and to Karennee. 
 
 Habits, #c. Breeds in Nepal and Sikhim from May to July, con- 
 structing a cup-shaped nest, composed of grass and lined with 
 feathers, in low brushwood. The eggs, four in number, are a 
 uniform chocolate-colour, and measure '67 by *51. 
 
 449. Horornis albiventris. The White-bellied Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Niornis albiventer, Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 199 (1876) ; 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 55 ; id. Cat. no. 552 ter ; id. S. F. xi, p. 217. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage uniform umber-brown 
 tinged with rufous, as are also the visible portions of the wings and 
 tail ; a short supercilium and the feathers round the eye grey ; 
 ear-coverts umber-brown ; chin dull white, each feather tipped with 
 brown ; throat purer white, with a subterminal dusky speck on 
 each feather ; middle of the abdomen whitish ; remainder of the 
 lower plumage, axillaries, and under wing-coverts rich ochraceous 
 brown. 
 
 Bill horny-brown above, pale beneath. 
 
 Length nearly 5 ; tail 2-2; wing 2'1; tarsus *85; middle toe 
 and claw *8. 
 
 Distribution. This well-marked form occurs in the Manipur 
 valley, where the type-specimen was procured at Sengmai by Mr. 
 W. Eobert. 
 
 450. Horornis pallidus. The Pale Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Horeites pallidus, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 78 (1872) ; Hume, 
 N. 8f E. p. 330; id. Cat. no. 527 bis; id. S. F. xi, p. 206. 
 
 Horornis pallidus (Brooks), Brooks, S. F. iii. p. 241 ; Oates in Hume's 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 280. 
 
HORORNIS. 437 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage dull olive-brown, brighter and 
 tinged with rufous on the margins of the wing- and tail-feathers ; 
 lores and behind the eye dark brown ; a distinct supercilium pale 
 buff ; sides of the head mixed brown and grey ; lower plumage 
 greyish wljite ; the sides of the body, vent, and under tail-coverts 
 fulvous. ' 
 
 Iris hazel -brown ; bill light brown ; lower mandible paler except 
 the tip ; legs, toes, and claws light fleshy-brown (Brooks). 
 
 Length rather more than 5 ; tail 2*2 ; wing 2-2 ; tarsus '9 ; 
 bill from gape *5. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout Kashmir and Hazcara, and extending 
 along the Himalayas as far as the Bhagirathi valley, Grarhwal. 
 Hume records this species from Shillong, but probably by an over- 
 sight, for this is a most unlikely locality, and the statement is not 
 supported by any specimen in the Hume Collection. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Brooks states that this bird's song is a strange pro- 
 longed whistle with a sudden turn at the end, the second strain con- 
 sisting of five or six notes in a different key ; after a short silence 
 the long whistle is begun again. He describes a nest which he 
 found in Kashmir in May as being globular and composed of coarse 
 dry grass, lined profusely with feathers ; it was placed on a 
 sloping bank. An egg it contained was a dull purple-brown, and 
 measured -64 bv "49. 
 
 451. Horornis pallidipes. Blanford's Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Phylloscopus pallidipes, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 162, pi. vii, 
 fig. 1 (1872) ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 246. 
 
 Horeites sericea, Wald. in Blyth, Birds Burm.^. 119 (1875) ; Tweedd. 
 Ibis, 1877, p. 487 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 57. 
 
 Horeites pallidipes (Blanf.), Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 344 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 527 quat. ; Oates, B. B.i.y. 122. 
 
 Cettia pallidipes (Blanf. \ Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 139. 
 
 Horornis pallidipes (Blanf.}, Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 281. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage olive-brown, tinged with 
 rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail dark 
 brown, edged with olive-brown ; lores and behind the eye dark 
 brown; a distinct greyish- white supercilium; lower plumage whitish, 
 suffused with brown on the sides of the neck, breast, body, and 
 under tail-coverts. 
 
 Iris dull brown ; bill yellow ; legs fleshy-white ( Wardlaw 
 Ramsay}. 
 
 Length about 4-5 ; tail 1-8 ; wing 2 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape -6. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim and the Bhutan Doars, extending to the 
 hill-ranges east of Toungngoo and to the Salween valley in Tenas- 
 serim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sikhim in May and June, laying four eggs 
 in a cup -shaped nest made of grass, and built on the ground. The 
 eggs do not appear to be known. 
 
438 STLTIID^!. 
 
 452. Horornis major, The Large Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Horeites major, Hodf/s., Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 105 ; Horsf. fy M. 
 Cat. i, p. 323; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 164; Blanf. J. A S. B. xli, pt. ii, 
 p. 161 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 331 ; id. Cat. no. 529. 
 
 Cettia major (Hodf/s.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 145, pi. vii. 
 
 Horornis major (Hodgs.}, Gates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 281. 
 
 The Large Hill-Warbler, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut-brown ; upper 
 plumage and visible portions of wings and tail olive-brown ; the 
 two latter parts tinged with rufous ; lores and behind the eye 
 blackish ; a pale rufous supercilium ; ear-coverts rufous-ashy ; 
 chin, throat, and breast greyish white ; centre of abdomen whitish ; 
 sides of the body, vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts dull ochra- 
 ceous-brown. 
 
 In the dry state, the upper mandible and tip of the lower are 
 dark brown, the remainder of the bill yellowish ; legs fleshy 
 brown. 
 
 Length about 5 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-4; tarsus *9 ; bill from gape *6. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal and Sikhim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds in Sikhim at high altitudes in July, con- 
 structing a cup-shaped nest, composed of fern-roots, hair, wool, 
 moss, &c.. in a low bush. 
 
 The eggs, which appear to be three in number, are, unlike those 
 of most species of Horornis, of a white colour, sprinkled over the 
 larger half of the egg with minute specks of brownish red. They 
 measure '7 by '54. 
 
 453. Horornis canturiens. The Chinese Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Arundinax canturians, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 52. 
 
 Cettia canturiens (Sunnh.)) Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 141. 
 
 Homochlamys canturiens (Swinh.), Hume, S. F. xi, p. 202. 
 
 Coloration. In winter the whole upper plumage and the visible 
 portions of the wings and tail are russet-brown, brightest on the 
 head ; sides of the neck browner ; lores and a band behind the eye 
 dusky ; a broad, but not very distinct, superciliurn huffish white ; 
 ear-coverts mixed rufous and whitish ; chin, throat, and middle of 
 abdomen white ; breast, sides of the body, and the under tail- 
 coverts buff; thighs greyish brown. In summer the upper plumage 
 is olive-brown, and the lower is paler ; but there is considerable 
 variation in these respects. 
 
 Bill wood-brown, with the edge of the upper and the whole of 
 the lower mandible pale flesh-colour; inside of mouth chrome- 
 yellow ; iris hazel ; legs pale brownish flesh-colour ; claws wood- 
 brown, paling on the soles (Swinhoe). 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 3 ; wing 3 ; tarsus M ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. A single specimen of this species, as recorded by 
 
PHYLLERGATES. 439 
 
 Hume, was obtained at Lakhipur in Cachar. This specimen, now 
 in the Hume Collection, is identical with Chinese birds. The 
 proper habitat of the species is China. 
 
 Genus PHYLLEEGATES, Sharpe, 1883. 
 
 The genus Phyller gates contains one species, which all Indian 
 writers have hitherto placed with Orthotomus. Sharpe has sepa- 
 rated the present genus from Orthotomus on account of its 
 differently-shaped tail and bill, but he has kept it in the section of 
 the Cisticolce with 12 tail-feathers. This is of course wrong, as 
 Phyllergates has only ten rectrices. 
 
 This genus differs from Orthotomus in so many characters that 
 there is some doubt whether it is as closely allied to that generic 
 type as it is to Abrornis and Tickellia, with which two genera it has 
 many characters in common, such as the broad blunt bill and the 
 slightly graduated tail of 10 feathers. It is, moreover, so similar 
 to T. hodysoni in coloration that at first sight they appear inseparable. 
 Jerdon's account of the nest of P. coronatus is very likely to be 
 wrong, as he did not find it himself nor did he pay any great 
 attention to nidification, and I should not be surprised to learn 
 hereafter that the Golden-headed Warbler, like Abrornis, con- 
 structed its nest in a hole of a tree. 
 
 In this genus the spring moult appears to have no effect on the 
 colour of the plumage, and certainly none on the shape and 
 length of the tail. 
 
 454. Phyllergates coronatus. The Golden-headed Warbler. 
 
 Orthotomus coronatus, Jerd. $ Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 200 ; Jerd. B. 
 I. ii, p. 168 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 107 ; Hume, 
 N.fyE. p. 334; Wald. in BlytKs Birds Burm. p. 121; Sharpe, 
 Ibis, 1877, p. 115; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 346; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 531 ; id. 8. F. xi, p. 207. 
 
 Phyllobates coronatus (Jerd. $ Blyth), Gates, B. B. i, p. 110. 
 
 Phyllergates coronatus (Jerd. # Bh/th), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 p. 230 ; Gates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 282. 
 
 The Golden-headed Tailor-bird, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 136. Bill of P. coronatus. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and crown chestnut ; a short supercilium 
 yellow, turning to pale grey over the ear-coverts ; lores and the 
 upper part of the ear-coverts dark ashy brown ; lower part of the 
 
440 STLVIIDJE. 
 
 ear-coverts silvery white ; nape, sides, and back of the neck ashy ; 
 back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wing-coverts yellowish green ; 
 wings brown, edged with yellowish green ; tail brown, the inner 
 webs of the two outer pairs of feathers white ; chin, throat, and 
 breast pale ashy white ; remainder of the lower plumage bright 
 yellow. 
 
 Legs and feet yellowish fleshy ; upper mandible, tips and edges 
 of lower mandible along commissure black ; rest of bill yellowish 
 fleshy ; iris brown (Hume fy Davison). 
 
 Length about 4*5; tail 1*7; wing 1*8; tarsus '75; bill from 
 gape -7. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim and Upper Assam, in which latter province 
 this species has been obtained at Dibrugarh. It has also been 
 procured at Cherra Poonjee and on the Limatol range of the western 
 hills of Manipur ; on the Tsankoo hills at 3000 feet near Karennee, 
 and on Muleyit mountain in Tenasserim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest brought to Jerdon as that of this bird was 
 similar to the ordinary nest of a Tailor-bird, but not so carefully 
 made, the leaves being loosely attached and with fewer stitches. 
 The eggs, two in number, were white with rusty spots. 
 
 Genus HOREITES, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 This genus, which contains but one species, differs from Horornis 
 in having a much more graduated tail, and the frontal feathers 
 short and smooth, with no supplementary bristles in front of the 
 rictus. 
 
 It inhabits the Himalayas at great altitudes. 
 
 455. Horeites brunneifrons. The Rufous-capped Bush-Warbler. 
 
 Orthotomus (Prinia) brunnifrons, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 29. 
 Orthotomus (Horeites) pollicaris, Hodys. P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 30. 
 Orthotomus (Horeites) schistilatus, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 30. 
 Horeites brunnifrons, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 585 (1845) ; 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 323 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 163 ; Blanf. J. A. 
 
 8. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 55 ; Hume Cat. no. 527 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ 
 
 E. 2nd ed. i, p. 282. 
 Horeites pollicaris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 585 (1845) ; Horsf. # 
 
 M. Cat. i, p. 322 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 103 ; Hume, Cat. no. 528. 
 Nivicola schistilata, Hodgs., Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 586 (1845). 
 Horeites schistilatus, Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 323. 
 Cettia hrunneifrons (Hodgs.}, Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 143. 
 
 The Rufous-capped Hill- Warbler, Jerd. ; The Strong-clawed Hill- 
 Warbler, Jerd. ; jLiklik-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape chestnut-brown ; remain- 
 der of upper plumage olive-brown tinged with rufous ; wings 
 and tail dark brown, edged with rufous ; lores and behind the 
 eye blackish ; a long distinct supercilium buffy yellow ; sides of 
 the head ashy brown ; chin, throat, middle of breast, and abdo- 
 men dull white ; sides of breast and abdomen ashy grey, shading 
 
CETTIA. 441 
 
 off into ochraceous on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; 
 under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white. 
 
 Young birds hare the crown concolorous with the back and 
 the lower plumage uniform deep ochraceous-brown, in which 
 state they are Hodgson's H. pollicaris. 
 
 Back and outsides of tarsi and toes dusky, insides and front 
 fleshy white ; claws white tinged dusky ; iris very dark brown ; 
 upper mandible dull black ; gape and lower mandible to angle of 
 the gonys fleshy yellow ; remainder of lower mandible dusky 
 brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 4'5 ; tail 1*8 ; wing 1'8 ; tarsus -7 ; bill from 
 gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas at considerable altitudes, from the 
 Pir Panjal in Kashmir to Sikhim. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Blanford observed this bird in Sikhim between 10,000 
 and 12,000 feet of elevation, and noticed that its habits were similar 
 to those of the Wrens ; it was seen hunting over mossy rocks and 
 diving into hollows between them. The nest does not appear to 
 be known, but the eggs are described as being stone-coloured, with 
 a broad dense zone of dull brownish purple at the large end ; they 
 measure -65 by '48. 
 
 Genus CETTIA, Bonap., 1838. 
 
 The genus Cettia contains one Indian species, which differs from 
 its European ally in characters sufficiently marked to constitute it 
 a distinct and easily recognizable species. 
 
 It is probably only a winter visitor to Sind, but the evidence oil 
 this point is imperfect. It is at the best a bird of very limited 
 migration. It frequents reeds and swampy vegetation and is a 
 very great skulker. 
 
 In this genus the bill is about half the length of the head, 
 slender and pointed ; the frontal feathers are short and smooth, 
 and there are no supplementary bristles or hairs in front of the 
 rictus. The wing is short and rounded. The tail is very mode- 
 rately graduated. 
 
 456. Cettia orientalis. The Eastern Bush- Warbler. 
 
 Cettia (Potamodus) orientalis, Tristram, Ibis, 1867, p. 79. 
 
 Cettia sericea (Natt.\ Hume. S. F. i, p. 192 (1873): Brooks. Ibis. 
 
 1884, p. 237. 
 
 Cettia cettioides, Hume, S. F. i, p. 194 (1873). 
 Cettia albiventris, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 131 (1873) ; id. 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 424. 
 Cettia scalenura, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 131 (1873) ; id. 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 424. 
 
 Cettia stoliczkce, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 520 (1874), iii, p. 415 (1875). 
 Cettia cetti, apud Hume, S. F. iv, p. 41. 
 Bradyptetus cetti (Marrn.), Hume, Cat. no. 518 ter. 
 Cettia cetti (Marm.), Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 135 (part.). 
 
442 SYLYIID.*:. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage reddish brown ; wings and tail 
 edged with the same; a short supercilium and round the eye 
 fulvous white ; lores dusky ; chin, throat, breast, and abdomen 
 white ; remainder of the lower plumage greyish brown ; the under 
 tail-coverts tipped with whitish. 
 
 Legs and feet brown, dark on the joints and tips of claws ; bill 
 dark horny brown, paler on the lower mandible ; iris brown 
 (Hume). 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2'5 to 2-9 ; wing 2-4 to 2'9 ; tarsus -85 ; 
 bill from gape '7. 
 
 This species differs from the Cettia cetti of Europe in being con- 
 spicuously paler above and in being much larger. 
 
 Distribution. Sind only, in India. Barnes states that Hume 
 obtained the bird in the mangrove-swamps of the Karachi har- 
 bour, but 1 cannot find that Hume ever noted it from this locality. 
 All the specimens that I have examined in his collection were 
 procured at or near Larkhana, as appears from the labels attached 
 to the birds. C. orientalis ranges northwards to Turkestan, and 
 westwards to Palestine. 
 
 Genus UROSPHENA, Swinhoe, 1877. 
 
 The genus Urosphena contains one Indian Warbler, instantly 
 recognizable by its short tail, which is only half as long as the 
 wing, and by the graduation of the tail-feathers, which causes the 
 tail, when expanded, to be fan-shaped, quite as much so as in 
 Cisticola. 
 
 This Beed- Warbler, about the habits of which very little is 
 known, is a very rare visitor to Burma. 
 
 457. Urosphena squamiceps. Swinhoes Reed-Warbler. 
 
 Tribura squameiceps, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 292. 
 
 Urosphena squamiceps (Swinh.), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 205, pi. iv ; 
 
 Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 343 ; Hume, Cat. no. 522 ter ; Oates, 
 
 B. . i, p. 100. 
 Cettia squamiceps (Swinh.'), Seebobm, Cat. B. M. v, p. 142. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage rich hair-brown tinged 
 with chocolate ; the feathers of the head rounded; the outer webs 
 of the quills brighter ; a distinct supercilium from, the nostril to 
 the nape buffy white ; lores and a streak between the supercilium 
 and the ear-coverts very dark brown ; ear-coverts and cheeks 
 buffy white, each feather tipped with brown ; the whole lower 
 plumage pale huffish white, turning to almost pure white on the 
 chin, throat, and middle of abdomen. 
 
 Legs, feet, and claws fleshy-white ; two thirds of lower mandible 
 fleshy-white; rest of lower mandible and the upper one horny- 
 brown ; iris dark brown (Hume $f Davison). 
 
 Length about 4 : tail 1*2 ; wing 2*1 : tarsus '7 ; bill from gape *65. 
 
SUYA. 443 
 
 Distribution. This rare Warbler has been once procured at Bank- 
 asun, in the south of Teuasserim, by Davison. It is probablv 
 only a winter visitor to Bucma. It is found in South China and 
 Formosa in the winter, and in North-eastern Asia in the summer. 
 Nothing is known of its habits. 
 
 Genus SUYA, Hodgs., 1836. 
 
 The genus Suya comprises four Indian species, which are chiefly 
 found on the hills and more rarely in the plains. They have 
 greatly developed tails, which are always twice the length 'of the 
 wing or even longer. The spring moult is very complete, attended 
 in the case of three species with a marked change of colour from 
 that of the winter, and in the case of one with a conspicuous alter- 
 ation in the length of the tail. One species undergoes no change 
 of colour at the moults. 
 
 The Hill- Warblers are poor fliers and are resident species. 
 They frequent low brushwood, but sometimes resort to the tops of 
 low trees. They are closely allied to Prinia both in appearance 
 and habits, but they have longer tails. They have two strong 
 rictal bristles on each side, but no hairs in front of them ; the whole 
 of the feathers of the forehead being very firm, short, and smooth. 
 The tail is greatly graduated, the outer feather either reaching to 
 the middle of the tail or falling short of it. 
 
 The Hill- Warblers construct globular nests of grass in bushes 
 near the ground, and lay spotted eggs. v 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Chin and throat white or fulvous white. 
 a'. Upper plumpge very distinctly streaked. 
 
 a". Sides of chin and throat and the whole [p. 444. 
 
 breast irregularly barred S. criniyera hiem., 
 
 b". Sides of chin and throat and the whole [p. 444. 
 
 breast unbarred S. ciinigera aestiv., 
 
 6'. Upper plumage plain or obsoletely streaked. 
 c". Crown of same colour as back. [p. 445. 
 
 a'". Upper plumage olive-brown S. atrigularis hiem,, 
 
 b'". Upper plumage ferruginous-brown . . S. khasiana hiem., 
 
 [p. 446. 
 
 d". Crown of a darker colour than the back . S. superciliaris, 
 
 b. Chin and throat deep black. [p. 447. 
 c'. Upper plumage dark olive-brown ; the head 
 
 tinged with ashy ; black of throat continued [p. 445. 
 
 over the breast and upper abdomen S. atrigidaris gestiv., 
 
 (f. Upper plumage ferruginous brown; black [p. 446. 
 
 confined to chin and throat S. khasiana *, aestiv., 
 
 I am unable to identify Suya gangetica, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23. 
 
444 SYLVIIDJ3. 
 
 458. Suya crinigera. The Brown Hill-Warbler. 
 
 Suya criniger, Hodgs. As. Res. xix, p. 183 (1836) ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 325 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 183 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 45 ; Oodw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xl, pt. ii, p. 142 ; Cock $ Marshall, 
 
 S. F. i, p. 355. 
 
 Decura (Suya) fuliginosa, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
 Suya fuliginosa, Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 326; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 183; 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 355; id. Cat. no. 548 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xliii, pt. ii, p. 167. 
 
 Drymoica criniger (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 142. 
 Blanfordius striatulus, Hume, S. F. i, pp. 195, 300 ; id. Cat. no. 549 
 
 quint. ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 221. 
 Suya crinigera (Hodgs.}, Hume, N. fy E. p. 353 ; id. S. F. jii, p. 138 ; 
 
 Brooks, 8. F. iii. p. 243 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 642 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. vii, p. 1 ; id. Cat. no. 547 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 305 ; 
 
 OatesjS. F. x, p. 221 ; id. B. B. i, p. 123 ; SJiarpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 
 p. 177; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 215 ; Gates in Hume's N. & E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 282. 
 Suya obscura, Hume, S. F. ii, p. 507 ; Ball, S. F. iii, p. 207 ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. vii, p. 2. 
 
 The Broivn Mountain Wren- Warbler ; The Dusky Hill- Warbler, Jerd. ; 
 Suya, Nepal ; Dang prim-pho, Lepch. ; Shik-Shillik, Bhot. 
 
 JL 
 
 t^.'f* - ^VA 
 
 Fig. 137. Bill of S. crinigera. 
 
 Coloration. In winter the upper plumage is fulvous-brown, 
 streaked with black, except on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; 
 wiug-coverts brown, edged with rufous ; quills margined with fer- 
 ruginous ; tail rufous-brown, faintly cross-rayed, with pale tips 
 and subterminal dark spots ; a ring round the eye rufescent ; lores 
 yellowish ; sides of the head mingled brown and fulvous ; middle 
 of chin and throat plain fulvous-white ; sides of the chin and throat 
 and the whole breast fulvous, irregularly and narrowly cross-barred 
 with black, the bars interrupted, and frequently being only a 
 series of arrowhead-shaped marks ; middle of abdomen whitish ; 
 remainder of lower plumage fulvous. 
 
 In summer the upper plumage and wing-coverts are dark brown, 
 the feathers edged with olivaceous ; lores and round the eye dark 
 brown or blackish ; cheeks and the whole lower plumage uniform 
 pale fulvous, the dark bases of the feathers showing through, more 
 or less, on the breast ; wings and tail as in winter. 
 
 The young have the upper plumage, the tail, and the margins 
 of the quills rich tawny brown, with some black streaks on the 
 head ; the lower plumage fulvous, tinged with yellow in places. 
 
 The bill in summer is black, in winter brown above, dark fleshy 
 below ; at all seasons the legs and feet are fleshy pink, claws brown, 
 iris orange. 
 
SUYA. 445 
 
 In winter the length is about 7'5 ; tail 4-3 ; wing 2'3 ; tarsus -9 ; 
 bill from gape '6. In summer the total length and the length of 
 the tail are reduced by nearly one inch. 
 
 The numerous specimens of Blanfordius striatulas that I have 
 examined from Sind are in my opinion inseparable from Suya 
 criniyera in winter plumage. It is true that Hume states that his 
 type specimen had twelve tail-feathers ; but there must be some 
 mistake about this, as all the undoubted specimens of Blanfordius 
 striatulus since obtained by Blanford have ten tail-feathers. Sharpe 
 has already made the same identification in his Catalogue. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the Himalayas from Bhutan to Kash- 
 mir and the borders of Afghanistan, and along the hill-ranges to 
 the west of the Indus down to Karachi ; Assam and the hill- 
 ranges of Eastern Bengal, through Burma down to Thayetmyo. 
 This bird occurs in the Himalayas up to about 6000 feet elevation, 
 and although essentially a hill-bird, it is also found in the plains. 
 It extends to China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to July, constructing a nest, 
 shaped like a deep cup, of grass-down, bound together by grass, in 
 a bush not far from the ground. The eggs, as many as seven 
 sometimes, are white, speckled with red, and measure -69 by '52. 
 
 459. Suya atrigularis. The Black-throated Hill- Warbler. 
 
 Suva atrogularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 77 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 326; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 184; Hume, N. $ E. p. 355; id. S. F. 
 vii, p. 3 ; id. Cat. no. 549 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 180 ; Oates 
 in Hume's N. Sf E. 2nd ed. i, p. 285. 
 
 Prim-pho, Lepch. ; Shik-shillik, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. In winter the upper plumage is dark olive-brown, all 
 the feathers with obscure darker centres or streaks ; wings and tail 
 brown, broadly edged with fulvous olive-brown, and the tail- 
 feathers with rufous tips ; a more or less distinct white supercilium 
 from the nostril to the end of the ear-coverts ; the lores and a band 
 behind the eye dark brown ; ear-coverts mixed fulvous and brown ; 
 cheeks and lower plumage pale fulvous, turning to ochraceous on 
 the sides of the body and the under tail-coverts ; the cheeks deli- 
 cately barred with black, and the breast indistinctly striped with 
 the same. 
 
 In summer the crown and nape are much darker, and contrast 
 with the upper plumage ; the supercilium is wanting ; the sides of 
 the head are ashy ; there is a distinct white cheek-stripe ; the chin, 
 throat, breast, and upper abdomen are deep black, the feathers of 
 the upper abdomen being centred and tipped with white; the 
 other parts of the plumage are the same as in winter. 
 
 The colour of the soft parts of this bird have not been recorded. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 4-5 ; wing 2-1 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape 
 65. There appears to be no marked difference in the length of 
 the tail in the two seasons, and probably it is not moulted in 
 spring. 
 
446 SYLYIID^J. 
 
 Distribution. Sikhim. Hodgson procured this bird, but probably 
 in Sikhim, and not in Nepal. Jerdon quotes it from the Khasi 
 hills ; but he, no doubt, did not distinguish it from S. khasiana. 
 Hume, in his * Rough Draft of Nests and Eggs,' states that it breeds 
 in Kumaun, and probably he is right, but there is not a single 
 specimen in his collection now from that province, and I have seen 
 no specimens from any part of India but Sikhim. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from 4000 to 6000 feet in May and June, 
 and probably also in April and July. The nest, an egg-shaped 
 structure made of grass and a little moss, is placed in a low bush 
 or clump of grass. The eggs, four or five in number, are greyish 
 green, marked with purple, and measure '68 by 5. 
 
 460. Suya khasiana. Austen's Hill- Warbler. 
 
 Suya atrogularis, Moore, apud Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 
 p. 107. 
 Suya khasiana, Godw.-Aust. A. M. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 412 (1876) ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. v, p. 59 ; id. S. F. vii, p. 3 ; id. Cat. no. 549 bis ; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 181 ; Hume, 8. F. xi, p. 216. 
 
 Coloration. In winter the whole upper plumage is a rich ferru- 
 ginous brown, brighter on the forehead and crown ; tail brown, 
 suffused with ferruginous, tipped pale, and with a subterminal 
 dark patch on each feather ; a streak from the nostril over the eye 
 to the end of the ear-coverts and the feathers on the eyelids ashy 
 white ; lores dusky ; cheeks white, delicately barred with brown ; 
 chin, middle of throat, of breast, and of abdomen pure white ; ear- 
 coverts, sides of the throat, neck, breast, and body, with the under 
 tail-coverts, ochraceous. 
 
 In summer the upper plumage, wings, and tail are the same as 
 in winter ; the lores and supercilium are blackish, with some 
 whitish specks ; ear-coverts and round the eye slaty ; a broad and 
 conspicuous cheek-stripe white ; chin and throat black ; the fea- 
 thers on the upper breast white, with black margins ; middle of 
 lower breast and abdomen white ; sides of the breast, of the body, 
 and the under tail-coverts ochraceous. 
 
 Legs and feet delicate fleshy pink ; claws brownish ; upper 
 mandible dark brown : lower mandible and edges of the upper 
 towards the point pale fleshy pink ; iris orange-buff (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 4'5 ; wing 2 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape 
 6. The tail appears to be constantly of the same length both in 
 winter and summer, and probably is not moulted in the spring. 
 
 Distribution. The Khasi and Naga hills. Also in Mauipur, 
 where Hume found this Suya on the Eastern hills. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Hume states that this bird frequents dense herba- 
 ceous undergrowth of balsams and the like in forest. On the llth 
 of May he found a nest containing four well- incubated eggs. The 
 nest was placed in a wild ginger-plant, about two feet from the 
 ground, in forest at the very summit of the Match i hill. 
 
PBINIA. 447 
 
 401. Suya superciliaris. Anderson's Hill- Warbler. 
 
 Suya superciliaris, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 212; id. Yunnan Exped., 
 
 Aves, p. 642, pi. li ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 350 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 vii, p. 3 ; id. Cat. no. 547 bis j Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 182 ; 
 
 Ogles, B. B. i, p. 124. 
 Su*a albogularis, Hume, S. F. \, p. 459 (1873) j id. S. F. ix, p. 227 ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 182. 
 Suya erythropleura, Wald. in BlytWs Birds Burm. p. 120 ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. v, p. 58 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 351 ; Hume, Cat. no. 
 
 549 quat. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, and nape dark brown ; upper 
 plumage and the edges of the wing-feathers fulvous-brown ; tail 
 fulvous-brown, with paler tips, fiut with no subterminal dark patches ; 
 a narrow white supercilium from tho nostril to the end of the ear- 
 coverts ; lores, behind and round the eye dusky slaty ; ear-coverts 
 ashy grey ; chin, cheeks, throat, breast, and abdomen fulvous-white, 
 the breast darker, with brown marks or streaks, more numerous at 
 the sides ; sides of the body and under tail-coverts ochraceous. 
 
 Upper mandible black ; lower mandible, legs, feet, and claws 
 fleshy-pink ; iris brownish yellow (Hume $ Davison). 
 
 Length about 6*5 ; tail 3'8 ; wing 2 ; tarsus *85 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 There appears to be no difference between the summer and winter 
 plumage of this bird, judging from the specimens I have been able 
 to examine. 
 
 Distribution. Anderson procured this species at Momein, on the 
 Chinese frontier ; Wardlaw Earn say at Toungngoo ; and Davison 
 on Muleyit mountain, in Tenasserim. It also occurs in Sumatra. 
 
 G-enus PBINIA, Horsf., 1821. 
 
 The genus Prinia comprises seven Indian species of birds, which 
 only differ from Franklinia in having ten tail-feathers instead of 
 twelve. 
 
 They all have a complete spring moult, accompanied in some 
 instances by such a change in colour and in the structure of the tail 
 as to have given rise to great confusion among authors regarding 
 the number of species. The ample materials now available suffice 
 to bring this difficult group of birds into order. In fact but little 
 remained to be done after iSharpe's masterly treatment of the group, 
 and my own observations have chiefly served to corroborate his. 
 To Hume and Brooks, however, is due the credit of having first 
 furnished the clue by which the present order has been arrived at. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Upper plumage streaked P. lepida, p. 448. 
 
 b. Upper plumage not streaked. 
 
 a'. Abdomen yellow P. Jlaviventris, p. 449. 
 
 b'. Abdomen fulvous or butt'. 
 ". Hill intensely black. 
 
 a". Upper plumage dark ashy P. socialis aest., p, 450. 
 
448 SYLVIID^E. 
 
 b'". Upper plumage rufous-brown. ... P. socialis hyem., p. 450. 
 c"'. Upper plumage earthy-brown. 
 a 4 . Outer tail-feathers white j wing 
 
 about 2'5 P. sylvatica Eest., p. 451. 
 
 b\ Outer tail-feathers pale brown ; 
 
 wing about 2. 
 a 5 . Subterminal spots on tail pale 
 
 and indistinct P. inornata sest., p. 452. 
 
 b 5 . Subterminal spots on tail dark 
 
 and distinct P.jerdoni sest., p. 453. 
 
 b". Bill brown, lower mandible very pale 
 
 or flesh-coloured. 
 
 d'". Upper plumage warm rufous- 
 brown; wing about 2-5 P. sylvatica hyem., p. 451. 
 
 e'". Upper plumage earth-brown tinged 
 
 with fulvous or green ; wing 2. 
 c 4 . Subterminal spots on tail obso- 
 lete or very indistinct P. inornata hyem., p. 452. 
 
 d l . Subterminal spots on tail black 
 
 and narrow P. jerdoni hyem., p. 453. 
 
 e 4 . Subterminal spots on tail black 
 
 and very broad, forming quite [p. 454. 
 
 half a circle P. blanfordi sest. et hyem., 
 
 462. Prinia lepida. The Streaked Wren-Warbler. 
 
 Prinia lepida, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 376 (1844) ; Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 287. 
 Drymoica lepida (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. p. 143. 
 Suya lepida (Blyth}', Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 327. 
 Burnesia lepida (Blyth\ Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 185 ; A. Anderson, Ibis, 1872, 
 
 p. 237 ; Brooks, S. F. v, p. 496, viii, p. 476 ; Hume, S. F. ix, p. 228 j 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 211. 
 Burnesia gracilis (JRiqtp.}, apud Hume, N. fy E. p. 356 ; id. S. F. i, 
 
 p. 195 j Adam, S. F.i, p. 382 ; Butler, S. F. iii, p. 485 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 550 ; Doig, S. F. viii, p. 378 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 221. 
 Drymoipus lepidus (Blyth}, Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 274. 
 
 Khur-phootki, Hind. ; Door, Sind. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage and wing-coverts fulvous-brown, 
 streaked with dark brown ; wings brown, edged with fulvous ; tail 
 brown, distinctly cross-barred, tipped with white, and each feather 
 with a subterminal dark patch ; lores and round the eye whitish ; 
 ear-coverts whitish mottled with brown ; the whole lower plumage 
 very pale fulvous. 
 
 Legs and feet fleshy white ; nails light brown ; iris yellow 
 (Bingham). 
 
 Length about 5-5 ; tail 2-5 to 3 ; wiog 1'75 ; tarsus -65 ; bill 
 from gape *55 ; the tail appears to be of the same length in summer 
 and winter. The bill is black in summer ; in the winter the upper 
 mandible is pale brownish horny, the lower yellowish horny. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout the greater part of the Punjab, Sind, 
 and Rajput-ana down to Cutch and Guzerat. This bird also extends 
 down the valley of the Gauges to its Delta and up the Assam 
 valley to the Dibong river, where Godwin- Austen procured it. 
 
PHINIA. 449 
 
 Habits, t$T. P. lepida frequents the sandy beds and banks of rivers, 
 where low bushes and clumps of grass grow. The breeding-season 
 extends from March till October. The nest is egg-shaped with the 
 entrance at the side, and is built of fine grass and seed-do\vn in 
 dense clumps of grass near the ground. The eggs, four in number, 
 are pale green, freckled and streaked with red or purplish grey, 
 and measure *53 by *44. 
 
 463. Prinia flaviventris. The Yellow-bellied Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Orthotonms flaviventris, Deless. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 101. 
 
 Prinia flaviventris (Deless.), Blyth, Cat. p. 144 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 p. 321 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 169 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, 
 p. 271 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 334 ; Blyth 8f Wald. Birds Bunn. p. 118 ; 
 Gates, S. F. iii, p. 340 ; id. S. F. v, p. 158 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
 xlv,pt. ii, pp. 79, 202 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 466 ; Hume 
 8f Dav. S. F. vi. p. 347 ; Hume, Cat. no. 532 ; Doig, S. F. viii, 
 p. 378 ; Butlei', S. F. viii, p. 386 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 219 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 215 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 207 ; Oates in Hume's N. 
 E. 2nd ed. i, p. 289. 
 
 Burnesia flaviventris (Dekss.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 204 ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 111. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the forehead and crown are dark ashy ; 
 upper plumage and wings olive-green ; a whitish ring round the eye ; 
 sides of the head ashy ; chin, throat, and upper breast white ; re- 
 mainder of the lower plumage bright yellow ; tail olive-green, tipped 
 whitish, and each feather with an obscure subterminal brown patch. 
 
 In winter the tail is longer, the feathers are obsoletely tipped 
 paler and have no subterminal brown patches, and there is also 
 a short white eyebrow. 
 
 The white eyebrow occurs somewhat irregularly in these birds, 
 but is apparently seasonal. 
 
 Birds obtained in the Malay peninsula from Klang to Singapore 
 are remarkable for the very large size of the bill. 
 
 The young resemble the adult in winter, but have the whole 
 lower plumage pale yellow. 
 
 Mouth black ; iris reddish yellow ; eyelids plumbeous ; bill black ; 
 legs orange-fleshy ; claws yellowish. In the non-breeding season 
 the mouth is flesh-coloured and the lower mandible is pale. 
 
 In winter the length is about 5'5 ; tail 3 ; wing 1'75 ; tarsus *8 ; 
 bill from gape '65 ; in summer the tail measures but slightly over 
 2 inches and the total length is reduced to about 47. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs in Sind along the Eastern Kara and at 
 Sukkur, and is found again in the Nepal Terai and the Bhutan 
 Doars, extending up the Assam Valley to Sadiya. Frcm the foot 
 of the Himalayas the range of this bird extends throughout Bengal 
 to Calcutta, and on the east to the extreme southern end of 
 Tenasserim and on to Singapore. 
 
 Habits, fyc. This species frequents swamps, the banks of rivers and 
 
 canals, and grassy plains which are low and liable to inundation. 
 
 It breeds from May to September, constructing an oval nest of grass 
 
 with an aperture near the top and lined with the finest grass-stems. 
 
 VOL. i. 2 G 
 
450 STLVIIILE. 
 
 The nest is built in low jungle, generally near water. The eggs, 
 usually four in number, are a bright mahogany-red and measure 
 50 by -46. 
 
 464. Prinia socialis. The Ashy Wren- Warbler. 
 
 J. A. 8. 11. xlv, pt. ii, p. 79 ; Legae, Birds Ceyl. p. 529 ; Hume, 
 
 Cat. no. 534 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 391 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 216 ; 
 
 Gates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 291. 
 Prinia stewarti, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 455 (1847) ; id. Cat. p. 144 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 171 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 338 ; id. Cat. no. 535 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 216. 
 
 Burnesia socialis (Sykes), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 208. 
 Prinia poliocephala, A. Anders. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 370, pi. xix ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. vii, p. 319 ; id. Cat. no. 535 bis. 
 Prinia brevicauda, Leyge, Birds Ceyl}>. 521 (1878). 
 Cisticola poliocephala (A. Anders.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii. p. 257. 
 
 The Dark-ashy Wren- Warbler, Stewart's Wren- Warbler, Jerd.; Phutki, 
 Kala-phutki, II. j Pit-pitta, H. in South India. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the forehead, crown, nape, back, and 
 rump are dark ashy; wings and tail rufous, the latter with whitish 
 tips and subterminal black patches ; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of 
 neck, and the whole lower plumage light buff, the thighs darker 
 and the centre of the abdomen whitish. 
 
 In winter the forehead, crown, and nape are ashy tinged with 
 rufous ; the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous-brown ; tail 
 rufous with white tips and subterminal black patches ; wings brown, 
 edged with rufous ; lores black ; above the lores a short white 
 evebrow : chin, throat, and middle of abdomen whitish ; remainder 
 of lower plumage buff, darker on the thighs. 
 
 In summer the iris is yellowish brown ; bill black ; legs and feet 
 fleshy (Butler}. In winter the bill appears to be black also. 
 
 Length in summer about 5 ; tail 2-2 ; wing 2 ; tarsus -75 ; bill 
 from gape *6 ; in winter the total length is about 6 and the tail 3. 
 
 The white eyebrow is a characteristic of the winter plumage, 
 but some birds appear to retain it throughout the summer. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout India from the Himalayas to Ceylon. 
 On the west this species does not occur in the Punjab beyond the 
 Chenab river nor in Sind, and it is rare or absent in Cutch and 
 Guzerat. It is found in the lower ranges of the Himalayas up to 
 4000 feet and in the hills of Southern India up to 7000.* On the 
 east it occurs as far as the Dapbla hills on the north and the Khasi 
 hills on the south. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds throughout the above area from March to Sep- 
 tember. The nest is of two types : one a leaf nest, like that of 
 the Tailor-bird formed of two or three leaves stitched together, and 
 the receptacle thus formed filled with cotton, grass, and wool ; and 
 the other a domed structure of grass, the nest in both cases being 
 not far from the ground. The eggs, three or four in number, are 
 deep red and measure '64 by '47. 
 
I'll I MA. 451 
 
 4<I5. Prinia sylvatica. The Junyle Wrn>- WarMer. 
 1'rinia sylvatica, Jerd. M<i<lr. Jnurn. L. 8. xi, p. 4 (1840); Shar/ <-. 
 
 Cat. B. M. vii, p. 191), pl^. vii, viii ; Oate* in Jlmnc'd JN r . $ E. 
 
 '2nd ed. i, p. 299. 
 
 I'riuia neglecta, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. 8. xiii, pt. 2, p. 130 (1844). 
 DrymofcH sylvatica (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat.u. 142; Hursf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 327. 
 
 I >rymoica neglecta (Jerd.),Biyth,Cat. p. 142 ; Horsf. $ M.Cat. i, p. 328. 
 Drymoica robusta, Blyth, J. A.. 8. B. xviii, p. 812 (1849) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 142. 
 1 >miioioa valida. Il/ytfi, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 180 (1851) ; Hortf. $ M.Cat. 
 
 p. 328 ; Hume, 8. F. vii, p. 395. 
 Drymoipus sylvaticus (Jerd,), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 181 ; Hume N. fy E. 
 
 p. 351 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 220. 
 Drymoipus neglectus (Jerd.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 182 ; Hume, N. fy E. 
 
 p. 352 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 220. 
 
 Drymoipus jerdoni (Blyth), apud Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 240. 
 Dry nice pus rufescens, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 110. 
 Drvmoipns rufesceus (Hume), Hume, N. fy E. p. 351 ; id. S F. ii, 
 
 p. 453, iii, p. 408 ; Butter, 8.F. iii, p. 484 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 219. 
 Drymoipus insiguis, Hume, 8. F. i, p. 10 (1873) ; id. N. $ E. p. 351 ; 
 
 Butler, 8. F. iii, p. 484. 
 
 Urymoica rufescens (Hume), Ball $ Hume, 8. F. vii, pp. 217, 218. 
 Drymceca rufescens (Hume), Hume, Cat. no. 544 bis. 
 Drymceca sylvatica (Jerd.), Hume, Cat. no. 545. 
 Drymceca insignis (Hume), Hume, Cat. no. 545 bis. 
 Drymceca valida (Blyth), Hume, Cat. no. 545 ter; Lcyye, Birds Ceijl 
 
 p. 525, pi. 25 ; Parker, 8. F. ix, p. 480. 
 Drynioeca neglecta (Jerd.), Hume, Cat. no. 546. 
 Drymceca jerdoni (Blyth), Lcyae, Birds Ceyl p. 527 ; Parker, 8. F. 
 
 ix, p. 480. 
 
 TheJunyle Wren-Warbler, The Allied Wren- Warbler. Jerd.; Komlt- 
 lotakun-jitta, Tel. ; Tot-rung i, H. in Central India. 
 
 Coloration. In the summer the upper plumage is earthy brown 
 tinged with rufous, and the head darker and suffused with ashy, 
 the edges of the wings more rufous; middle tail-feathers brown ; 
 the next pair brown, tipped white and with a subterminal brown 
 spo.t ; the others progressively paler and whiter, the outermost pair 
 becoming almost entirely white ; the whole tail cross-rayed; lores, 
 a short supercilium, and round the eye pale fulvous; ear-coverts 
 grey ; lower plumage very pale buff. 
 
 In winter the upper plumage is a warm rufous-brown, the mar- 
 gins of the wings and tail brighter; the tail cross-rayed, with 
 light fulvous tips and dusky subterminal bars ; lores and a super- 
 cilium to just past the eye whitish ; ear-coverts fulvous-brown with 
 white shafts; cheeks light fulvous barred with brown; entile 
 lower plumage ochraceous, whitish on the middle of the abdomen. 
 
 The young are like the adult in winter plumage, but more rufous 
 above and deep fulvous below. 
 
 In summer the legs and feet are fleshy ; iris hazel ; bill and gape 
 blurk ; in winter the bill is brown, yellowish at base. 
 
 Length in summer about 6 ; tail 2-6 to 2-9 ; wing 2*2 to 2'5 ; 
 tarsus -8; bill from gape '7; in winter the total length is about 
 )-.") and the tail 2-8 to 3-2. 
 
 2o2 
 
452 SYLVIID.E. 
 
 After examining several hundreds of these larger "Wren- Warblers 
 I can come to no other conclusion but that there is only one species 
 throughout India, in spite of variations of colour and size. Jerdon 
 described Drymoipus sylvaticus and D. neglectus very indifferently, 
 but as both names can only apply to the present species, I have 
 adopted the first of them for it. 
 
 Distribution. Throughout India from the Himalayas to Ceylon. 
 The western limit appears to be a line drawn from Cutch to 
 G-arhwal and the eastern the meridian of longitude passing 
 through Calcutta. 1 have seen specimens from Garhwal and 
 Kumaun, but from no other part of the Himalayas themselves. 
 
 Habits, c. Breeds from June to September, constructing a round- 
 ish nest of grass in a bush or a clump of grass close to the ground. 
 The eggs, three to five in number, are pale greenish speckled and 
 marked with pale reddish brown ; they measure *7 by -5. 
 
 466. Prinia inornata*. The Indian Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Prinia inornata, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, 
 
 p. 195 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 114 ; id. in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 301. 
 Sylvia longicaudata, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii, p. 576 (1833). 
 Prinia fusca, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 
 
 1845, p. 29. 
 Drymoipus inornatus (Sykes}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 178 ; Hume, N. fy E. 
 
 p. 346 ; id. fy Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 215, pi. xvii, fig. 1 ; Brooks, 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 295, iv, p. 274 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 640 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom,, p. 218. 
 Drymoipus longicaudatus (Tick.}, Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 180; Hume # 
 
 Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 215, pi. xvii, fig. 2 ; Butler 8f Hume, 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 483. 
 
 Drymoipus fuscus (Hodgs.\ Hume, N. $ E. p. 348. 
 Drymoipus terricolor, Hume, N. fy E. p. 349 ; Butler fy Hume, S. F. 
 
 iii, p. 481 ; Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 229 ; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 407. 
 Drymoipus longicaudus (Tick.}, Hume, N. 8f E. p. 350. 
 Drymceca inornata (Sykes), Hume, Cat. no. 543 ; Brooks, S. F. vii, 
 
 p. 468. 
 
 Drymceca fusca (Hodgs.}, Hume, S. F. vii, p. 395 ; id. Cat. no. 543 bis. 
 Drymceca longicaudata (Tick.), Hume, Cat. no. 544. 
 
 The Common Wren- Warbler ; The Long-tailed Wren- Warbler, Jerd. ; 
 Lota-kun-jitta, Tel. ; Niong-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. In summer the whole upper plumage is earthy brown, 
 each feather with a darker centre ; the wings and tail edged with 
 pale fulvous, the latter cross-rayed ; lores brown ; a supercilium 
 from the nostrils to just behind the eye, and a ring round the eye 
 pale fulvous-white ; ear-coverts and under the eye pale brown ; the 
 whole lower plumage pale buff, the thighs conspicuously darker 
 than the other parts ; lower aspect of tail whitish, with narrow, ill- 
 defined, and frequently obsolete subterminal brown spots. 
 
 In winter the upper plumage is fulvous-brown, the crown indis- 
 tinctly streaked with brown ; wings dark brown, edged with rufous ; 
 
 * I cannot identify Prinia adamsi, Jerdon (Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 170 ; Blanford, 
 Ibis, 1872, p. 84; Hume, N. $ E. p. 335 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 215). 
 
PRINIA. 453 
 
 tail rufous-brown, indistinctly cross-rayed and margined with 
 brighter rufous ; lores, a supercilium to just past the eye, the sides 
 of the head, and the whole lowef plumage pale buff, the thighs con- 
 spicuously darker ; lower aspect of tail pale rufous with paler tips 
 and very indistinct, or obsolete, subterminal brown patches. 
 
 The young resemble the adults in winter plumage, but are more 
 rufous above and of a brighter buff below ; the tail is faintly 
 tipped with rufous, but there are no traces of subtenniual bars. 
 
 Specimens from Manipur resemble P. inornata in having the 
 bills black in summer and brown in winter plumage, and in the 
 character of the tail-marks, but the whole tone of the winter plu- 
 mage is very tawny. A Bhamo specimen is nearer to P. inornata 
 than to P. blanfordi. 
 
 In summer the bill is black ; iris yellowish brown ; legs and feet 
 flesh-colour (Butler}. 
 
 In winter the bill is brown, pale horuy fleshy at the base of 
 the lower mandible ; legs and feet fleshy-pink, the ifeet tinged brown- 
 ish ; iris bright yellow (Hume). 
 
 In winter, length up to 6*5, tail up to 3'5 ; in summer, length up 
 to about 5-3, tail up to 2-3 ; wing 2 ; tarsus *8 : bill from gape '6. 
 
 Distribution. Distributed as a permanent resident throughout the 
 whole of India from the Himalayas to the Nilgiri hills. At Nadu- 
 vatam on the Xilgiris this and the next species are found together 
 and both are typical in coloration and length of tail. P. inornata 
 extends to the East as far as Manipur, and a Bhamo specimen is 
 very close to this species, but the exact range of this and P. blanfordi 
 can only be determined with absolute accuracy by summer-killed 
 specimens. Blyth records P. inornata from Arrakan. 
 
 Habits, 6fc. Breeds throughout the rains, constructing a deep purse- 
 like nest composed entirely of fine grass and attached to some 
 stems of grass. The eggs, generally four in number, are greenish 
 blue, spotted, speckled, and blotched with chocolate and red, in 
 addition to which marks there are usually some delicate interwoven 
 lines of the same colours. They measure '61 by '45. 
 
 467. Prinia jerdoni. The Southern Wren- Warbler, 
 
 Drymoica jerdoni, Zta/^, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 459 (1847) j id. Cat. p. 142 ; 
 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 180. 
 
 Drymoipus jerdoni (Blyth}, Hume, S. F. i, p. 437. 
 Drymoipus fuscus (Hodys.\ Hun.e, N. 8f E. p. 348. 
 Drymceca inornata (Sykes), apud Fairbank, S. F. v, p. 406. 
 Drymoeca insularis, Legye, Birds Ceyl p. 529, pi. xxv (1879) j Parker, 
 
 S. F. ix, p. 480. 
 
 Drymoeca jerdoni (Blyth), Hume, Cat. no. 544 ter. 
 Drymoeca inornata (Sykes), Davison, S. .F.x,p. 393. 
 Prinia jerdoni (Blyth), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 304. 
 
 Coloration. Eeserables P. inornata. Differs in having the sub- 
 terminal spots on the tail large, dark brown, and distinct, and the 
 whitish tips very sharply defined ; the tail in winter is shorter, not 
 exceeding the length of the tail of P. inornata in summer ; the 
 upper plumage is much darker and less rufous in the winter. 
 
454 SYLYIIDJE. 
 
 The young bird has the dark spots on the tail developed in an 
 extraordinary manner. 
 
 Of the same dimensions as P. inoniata, but the tail in winter 
 does not exceed 3, and in summer 2. 
 
 Distribution. Southern India from Mysore to Cape Coinorin ; 
 Ceylon. This bird occurs at considerable elevations as well as on 
 the plains, being found on the Palni hills up to 5000 feet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds from April to July, constructing a nest of the 
 same character as that of P. inornata and laying precisely similar 
 eggs. 
 
 468. Prinia blanfordi. The Burmese Wren- Warbler. 
 
 Drymoipus extensicauda, Swinli. apud Oates, S. F. iii, p. 340. 
 Drymoeca blanfordi, Wald. in Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 118; Hume, S. 
 
 F. v, p. 57 ; id. Cat. no. 543 ter. 
 Drymoeca extensicauda (Sivinh.), apud Oates, S. F. v, p. 159, x, 
 
 p. 221 ; Hume, Cat. no. 544 quat. ; id. S. F. xi, p. 215. 
 Drymoipus extensicaudata, Swin/i. apud Armstrong, S. F. iv, p. 328. 
 Drymoica blanfordi, Wald., Hume $ Dav. 8. F. vi, p. 349. 
 Drymoica extensicauda (Swinh.\ apud Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 350 ; 
 
 Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 186. 
 
 Prinia inornata, Sykes, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 195 (part.). 
 Prinia blanfordi ( Wald.}, Gates, B.B. i, p. 112 ; id. in Humes N. 8f E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 305. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. inornata, but at both seasons of the 
 year there is an appreciable tinge of green running through the 
 upper plumage ; the sides of the head and the supercilium are 
 distinctly fulvous ; the subterminal patches on the tail-feathers 
 are very large and distinct, nearly black and as broad as the feathers, 
 and the tips are pure white and very well denned. An important 
 difference is that the bill remains brown throughout the summer. 
 
 Iris orange-yellow ; eyelids plumbeous, the edges orange ; upper 
 mandible fleshy brown, lower pale fleshy, the tips dusky ; mouth 
 flesh-coloured ; legs reddish yellow ; claws pinkish horn. 
 
 Length in winter 6, in summer 5-2 ; tail in winter 3, in summor 
 2 to 2-2 ; wing 1*9 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape *6. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs abundantly in suitable localities throughout 
 Southern Pegu and the valley of the Sittoung river up to Toungngoo. 
 This bird is also found in Tenasserim as far south as Tavoy. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to August or even later, constructing 
 a deep purse-like nest of grass, attached to several stalks of elephant 
 grass or the small branches of a bush or weed not far from the 
 ground. The eggs, three or four in number, are white or pale 
 green or pale pink, spotted and blotched with dark purple and 
 reddish brown. They measure '58 by '44. 
 
 P. extensicauda, Swinh., from China, differs from P. inornata in 
 being much greener above and more yellow below ; and from 
 P. blanfordi in having the bill black in summer as well as in other 
 particulars. 
 
I. AMI D.K. 
 
 466 
 
 Fig. 138. Lanius lahtora. 
 
 Family LANIID^E. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth, or the 
 upper one simply notched or toothed, or both ; hinder aspect of 
 tarsus smooth, composed of two entire longitudinal laminae ; wing 
 with ten primaries ; tongue non-tubular ; nostrils clear of the line 
 of forehead, the lower edge of the nostril nearer to the commissure 
 than the upper edge is to the culmen ; plumage of the nestling 
 cross-barred : rectrices twelve ; nostrils more or less overhung by 
 bristles and hairs ; an autumn moult only *. 
 
 * Gadow states that some of the Shrikes have a seasonal change of plumage, 
 I think that he is in error on this point. 
 
456 LANIID.S. 
 
 The Laniidce or Shrikes are a group of birds in which the plumage 
 of the young is cross-barred, as a rule both above and below. As 
 thus defined, this group is of the same extent as the Laniidce of 
 Jerdon, with the exception that the Dicruridce are here separated 
 from the family. 
 
 In the Laniidce, and especially in Lanius, the bill is very strong, 
 being both hooked and notched. These birds live almost entirely 
 on insects, the true Shrikes occasionally seizing a small bird or 
 mammal. Some descend to the ground to seize their prey, a few 
 catch inserts entirely on the wing, and others, again, merely search 
 branches and leaves for their food. 
 
 Some of the genera of Laniidce are remarkable for the spinous 
 character of the shafts of the rump-feathers. These constitute the 
 subfamily Campophagince of Jerdon. The only other Indian bird 
 possessing this curious structure of the feathers is Pinarocichla 
 (p. 279) ; but whereas in Campopliaga and the allied genera it is 
 the feathers of the rump which are stiffened, in Pinarociclila it is 
 chiefly the feathers of the back. 
 
 All the Laniidce have rictal bristles, a scutellated tarsus, and 
 twelve tail-feathers. They have only one moult a year. The young 
 retain the barred plumage throughout their first winter, the bars 
 gradually becoming fewer and some disappearing entirely by a 
 change of colour in the feather. In some few genera the barred 
 plumage appears to be retained for two or more years, and traces 
 of bars may be detected on the breast of what are apparently aged 
 birds. 
 
 I shall divide the Laniidce into two subfamilies only, the Laniince 
 and the Artamince. 
 
 Wings when folded not reaching beyond middle 
 
 of tail; first primary not shorter than 
 
 tarsus ; second primary falling short of tip 
 
 of wing Laniince, p. 456. 
 
 Wings when folded reaching quite to tip of tail ; 
 
 first primary very minute, much shorter 
 
 than tarsus; second primary longest in 
 
 wing Artamince, p. 498. 
 
 Subfamily LANIIN.E. 
 
 This subfamily comprises the true Shrikes, the Pied-Shrikes, 
 the Wood-Shrikes, the Jay-Shrikes, the Minivets, and the Cuckoo- 
 Shrikes. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Shafts of rump-feathers soft. 
 a'. Head not crested. 
 
 a". Tail-feathers well graduated. 
 
 a'". Bill deep and laterally compressed ; 
 margin of upper mandible near tip 
 strongly notched and toothed. . . . LANIUS, p. 457. 
 
LANIUS. 457 
 
 b'". Bill flattened and broad ; margin 
 of upper niaudible near tip merely 
 
 notched HEMLPUS, p. 471. 
 
 b". Tail square i T TEPHRODORXIS, p. 473. 
 
 b'. Head with long crest PLATYLOPHUS, p. 476. 
 
 b. Shafts* of rump-feathers spiuous. 
 c'. Tail greatly graduated, outer feathers less 
 
 than half length of tail . . . ; PERICBOCOTUS, p. 477. 
 
 d'. Tail moderately graduated, outer feathers 
 
 more than three-quarters length of tail. 
 c". Secondaries falling short of tip of wing 
 
 by about length of tarsus CAMPOPHAGA, p. 491. 
 
 d". Secondaries falling short of tip of wing by 
 
 about twice length of tarsus GRAUCALUS, p. 496. 
 
 Genus LANIUS, Linn., 1766. 
 
 The genus Lanius comprises a very extensive group of birds 
 found over Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. Fifteen 
 species are found within our limits, some of which are resident, 
 others winter visitors, and a few locally migratory. With few 
 exceptions they occur abundantly over large tracts of country. 
 
 In Lanius the sexes are always alike, but the females appear to 
 retain traces of the barred plumage of the nestling longer than the 
 males. The bill is very strong and laterally compressed, with a 
 large tooth and a deep notch near the tip of the upper mandible, 
 which is bent down and hooked. The nostrils are roundish and 
 overhung by numerous hairs and bristles, but not completely 
 hidden. The wings are strong. The tail is generally longer than 
 the wing, but in a few instances about equal to it, and strongly 
 graduated. The plumage is firm. The head of a Shrike is rather 
 larger in proportion to the size of the body than is usual in the 
 other Passeres, and in life this character is very evident in the 
 majority of the species. 
 
 The Shrikes are solitary birds, frequenting spare jungle, gardens, 
 fields, and the outskirts of forests. They perch on some prominent 
 object such as a post or a bare branch and watch for insects, which 
 they capture on the ground and return to their perch to devour. 
 Some species have the habit of impaling their prey on a thorn and 
 then tearing it to pieces. Their notes are harsh and at times 
 frequently uttered. 
 
 The Shrikes make, in trees and bushes, large cup-shaped nests, 
 composed of fine twigs, grass, and dead leaves intermingled with 
 other substances. The number of eggs laid is usually four or five, 
 and they may be described in general terms as being greenish 
 white, blotched and spotted with various shades of brown and pale 
 purple. 
 
458 LANIIDJE. 
 
 Key to the S^^i'des. 
 
 a. Upper tail- coverts and middle pair of 
 
 tail-feathers of totally different colours, 
 a'. A white patch on primaries. 
 a". Tail entirely black and while, the 
 
 two colours abruptly defined. 
 '". Back grey. 
 
 a 4 . Two middle pairs of tail- 
 feathers entirely black. 
 a 5 . Lesser wing-coverts black 
 
 with grey tips L. Ittktora, p. 4oi). 
 
 b 5 . Lesser wing-coverts entirely 
 
 grey. 
 G . Inner webs of secondaries 
 
 chiefly white L. assimilis, p. 4GO. 
 
 b f> . Inner webs of secondaries 
 
 chiefly black L.fattax, p. 460. 
 
 6*. All the tail-feathers broadly 
 
 white at their base L. homey eri, p. 4(51 . 
 
 b'". Back chestnut. 
 
 c 4 . Upper tail-coverts whitish 
 
 grey L. vittatus, p. 462. 
 
 d 4 . Upper tail-coverts chestnut . . L. collurioides, p. 462. 
 b'\ Tail black or brown and rufous, 
 blending into each other. 
 
 c'". Crown of head black L. nigriccps. p. 463. 
 
 d'". Crown of head grey L. erythronotus, p. 464. 
 
 b'. No white patch on primaries. 
 
 c". Head and back grey L. tephronotus, p. 465. 
 
 d". Head grey, back chestnut L. collurio, p. 466. 
 
 b. Upper tail-coverts and middle pair of 
 
 tail-feathers of same colour. 
 c 1 . Crown of head and back nearly of the 
 
 same rufous or sandy colour. 
 e". Tail shorter than wing ; outer tail- 
 feathers falling short of tip of tail 
 by about half length of tarsus. 
 e'". An indistinct white supercilium ; 
 
 lores whitish _ L. isabellinus, p. 467. 
 
 /'". A very distinct white super- 
 cilium ; lores deep black L. phcemcuroides, p. 468. 
 
 /". Tail equal to or longer than wing ; 
 
 outer tail-feathers falling short of 
 
 tip of tail by about length of 
 
 tarsus. 
 
 y'". Whole crownrufous, darkerthan 
 
 back , . L. cristatus, p. 468. 
 
 h'". Anterior part of crown greyish 
 white ; posterior part greyish 
 
 brown like back L. lucionensis, p. 4C9. 
 
 d'. Crown grey ; back chestnut barred 
 
 with black L. tiyriims, p. 470. 
 
i. \\rus. 
 
 The Grey Shrikes, of which there are four representatives in India, 
 are very numerous and are not easily distinguished. The four 
 Indian species, however'^ are sufficiently distinct and may be 
 recognized without difficulty. 
 
 Tiio following species may hereafter be found to occur within our 
 limits : (1) L. minor, a small species with the lower plumage in the 
 adult tinged with pink, and with a very small first primary, less than 
 a t liird of the length of the second. Swinhoe obtained this species 
 at Kandahar. (2) L. yrimmi, a pale desert form, very light ashy 
 grey above, the lores whitish and the eye-band pale brown ; the 
 tail white at the base as in L. homeyeri ; the basal halves of the inner 
 webs of the secondaries white, the remainder of each feather brown, 
 not black. A specimen was obtained by Elan ford at Bahu Kelat 
 in Persian Baluchistan, in February. Other forms may not im- 
 probably be found in Sind and the Punjab, as the Shrikes are great 
 wanderers, but space will not allow of their being noticed here. 
 
 469. Lanius lahtora. The Indian Grey Shrike. 
 
 Collurio lahtora, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 86 ; Gray $ Hardw. Ill Ind. 
 
 Zool. ii, pi. 32 ; 'Hume, S. F. i, p. 174 ; id. N. $ E. p. 165. 
 Lanius lahtora (Sykes), Blytli, Cat. p. 151 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 10.3 ; 
 
 JenL B. I. i, p. 400; Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 235; 
 Butler, 8. F. iii, p. 402 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 209 ; Hume, Cat. no. 
 250 ; Barnes, S. F. ix, p. 216 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 252 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 143 j Gates in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i'. 
 p. 306. 
 
 Dudiya latora, Hind. ; Safcd latora, Hind, in the N.W.: Kacl\-l;nclin- 
 , Beng. : Chinka belUnchi, Pedda kiriti-yadu, Tel. 
 
 Fig. 139 Head of L. lahtora. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, and a broad band through the eye 
 and ear-coverts down the side of the neck black, th<3 frontal portion 
 indistinctly margined with white above; upper plumage bluish 
 grey, paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; scapulars white ; 
 the middle two pairs of tail-feathers black with narrow white tips ; 
 the next two pairs very narrowly white at base and broadly white 
 at tip ; the outer two pairs white, with the shafts and some small 
 portions of the webs near them black ; wing-coverts black, the 
 lesser scries tipped with grey; primaries with the basal half white, 
 
460 
 
 the terminal half black with narrow white tips ; secondaries with the 
 outer webs black, tipped white, the inner webs white except at the 
 base, where they are black ; tertiaries black with white tips ; the 
 whole lower plumage pure white. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs, feet, and bill black (Butler). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4-6 ; wing 4-3; tarsus 1*15; bill from 
 gape 1-05. 
 
 The amount of black on the forehead and white on the tail in- 
 creases with age. The amount of white on the wing appears to 
 be constant at all ages. 
 
 Distribution. A permanent resident in the plains of India from 
 Sind and the Punjab to the Rajmehal Hills, Manbhoom and 
 Lohardugga in Western Bengal ; to the south this species does not 
 appear to be found further than Belgaum, from which part Butler 
 records it, and Chanda in the Central Provinces, where Blanford 
 met with it. It is confined to the plains and does not ascend the 
 Himalayas nor any of the hill-ranges. It extends into Afghanistan. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds according to locality from January to 
 August, constructing a very massive nest of varied materials in trees 
 in open plains. The eggs, varying in number from three to six, 
 measure about 1'03 bv '79. 
 
 470. Lanius assimilis. The Allied Grey Shrike. 
 
 Lanius assimilis, Brehm, Journ. fur Orn. 1854, p. 146 ; Gadoiv, 
 Cat. B. M. viii, p. 249. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles L. lahtora in general appearance. Differs 
 in having only the hairs overhanging the nostrils black, not the 
 forehead ; the upper plumage pale grey ; the lesser wing-coverts 
 entirely grey ; the white on the inner webs of the secondaries less 
 pure and rather smaller in extent, and the lower plumage faintly 
 tinged with pink. 
 
 The colour of the iris &c. does not appear to have been recorded. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4-3 ; wing 4'2 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. No specimens of this species are contained in the 
 Hume Collection, but there are three in the British Museum which 
 were obtained within our limits one at Daulatpur in Sind, and 
 one at Karachi by Dr. Gould, and a third in the Punjab by Briga- 
 dier Hearsay. Dr. Aitchison procured this bird in Afghanistan, 
 and it occurs at Fao on the Persian Gulf and in Mesopotamia. 
 
 Gadow gives the range of this species as extending from Sennaar 
 and the White Nile through Turkestan to the Amoor. 
 
 471. Lanius fallax. Finsch's Grey Shrike. 
 
 Lanius fallax, Finsch, Trans. Z. Soc. vii. p. 249, pi. xxv (1870) j 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 247, pi. viii. ' 
 
 Coloration. Resembles L. lahtora in general appearance. Differs 
 in having the black on the frontal part of the head confined to the 
 
LANIUS. 461 
 
 bristles over the nostrils and to a very narrow band at the base of 
 the upper mandible ; in having the inner webs of the secondaries 
 blackish brown margined vvith white and the lower plumage tinged 
 with ashy ; in having the upper plumage paler grey ; and in having 
 the lesser wing-coverts entirely grey. 
 
 Of the same size as L. lahtora. 
 
 From L. assimilis this species differs in having the inner webs of 
 the secondaries almost entirely brown and in having the upper 
 plumage darker. 
 
 L. assimilis and L. fallax are very closely allied, but there is no 
 difficulty in separating the two, if the inner webs of the secondaries 
 be examined. Neither of them can possibly be confounded with 
 L. lahtora, the colour of the lesser wing-coverts being sufficient at 
 all ages to distinguish the latter from the other two. 
 
 Distribution. I have examined the four birds procured in Abyssinia 
 by Jesse and named L. fallax by Finsch. To the same species must 
 be referred a Shrike procured by Blanford at Gwadar in Baluchistan 
 in December, and another procured by Lieut. Burgess, probably in 
 the Dec-can. T have not been able to examine any other specimens 
 collected within our limits. 
 
 L. fallax occurs in Abyssinia and Nubia, Palestine, Mesopotamia, 
 Muscat, and Afghanistan. 
 
 472. Lanius homeyeri. Homeyer's Grey Shrike. 
 
 Lanius homeyeri, Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn. 1873, p. 75 ; Severtzoff, 
 S. F. iii, p. 430 ; Scully, S. jP.hr, p. 136 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 
 p. 51 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 432 j Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 242. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, nasal plumes, and a narrow supercilium 
 white ; anterior part of lores white, posterior part and a band to 
 the end of the ear-coverts black ; upper plumage pale grey ; scapu- 
 lars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; the middle pair of 
 tail-feathers white for one third of their length at the base, then 
 black with a narrow white tip ; the next two pairs with more 
 white at base and broader white tips ; the remaining feathers 
 nearly entirely white ; lesser wing-coverts grey ; the outer coverts 
 black ; primaries and secondaries broadly white at base on both 
 webs, then black with indistinct white tips ; tertiaries wholly black ; 
 lower plumage white with, in most cases, traces of wavy bars on 
 the breast. 
 
 Upper mandible black, the edge whitish at gape ; lower mandible 
 black at tip, whitish horny at base; legs, feet, and claws black 
 (Scully). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 4-7 ; wing 4'6 ; tarsus !! ; bill from 
 gape 1-05. 
 
 This species is closely allied to L. excubitor of Europe, from which 
 it differs in having more white on the lores, wings, and tail. 
 
 Distribution. Gilgit, on migration in spring and autumn. 
 
 This species is found in Turkestan in winter, and it extends 
 westwards to Russia and northwards to Siberia. 
 
473. Lanius vittatus. The Bay-backed Shrike. 
 
 Lanius vittatus, Valenciennes*, Diet. Sc. Nat. xl, p. 227 (1826); 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. p. 173 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 209 ; Hume, Cat. no. 260; 
 
 Damson, S. F. x, p. 365 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 280; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 144 ; Gates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 311. 
 Collurio bardwickii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 42 ; Gould, Cent.yl. 12, 
 
 fig". ]. 
 Lanius hardwiekii ( Vigors), Blyth, Cat. p. 152 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 165; Jerd. B. I. \, p. 405; Stoticzka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 26. 
 
 Pachanak, Hind. ; Chota kilotora, Beng. ; Chinna belincki, Venne-dega, 
 Tel. ; Kichang kuravi, Tarn. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, anterior part of crown, and a broad band 
 encircling the eye and reaching to the end of the ear-coverts deep 
 black ; the black of the crown succeeded by a more or less white 
 band shading off into grey on the nape and hind neck ; back and 
 scapulars deep chestnut-maroon ; rump white, shading into grey on 
 the upper tail-coverts ; wings entirely black, occasionally some of 
 the feathers narrowly margined with pale rufous or white ; a 
 broad white patch at the base of the primaries ; the middle pair of 
 tail-feathers entirely black ; the others partially white at base, then 
 black, and tipped with white, the outermost feather being nearly 
 entirely white ; chin, throat, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
 white ; breast and upper abdomen fulvous, becoming dark ferru- 
 ginous on the flanks. 
 
 The young are fulvous above barred with black, and white below 
 with wavy brown bars on the breast and sides. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and feet dusky plumbeous or black ; bill 
 black, paling at the base of the lower mandible (Butler) ; iris 
 reddish brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7'5 ; tail 3'4 ; wing 3-3 ; tarsus -85 ; bill from 
 gape *7. 
 
 Distribution. The whole peninsula of India to Mysore and the 
 foot of the Nilgiris in the south, and to Bhutan, the Rajmehal hills, 
 and Midnapore on the east. This species ascends the Himalayas 
 to 4000 or 5000 feet. It is resident, and extends into Afghanistan 
 and Baluchistan. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds from April to September, constructing a 
 nest in trees or hedgerows. The eggs, five or six in number, are 
 of the usual Shrike type and measure about '83 by '66. 
 
 474. Lanius collurioid.es. The Burmese Shrike. 
 
 Lanius collurioides, Lesson, Voy. Belang. p. 250 (1834) ; Godw.- 
 Aust. J. A. S. B. xliii, pt. ii, p. 157 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., 
 Aves, p. 646; Hume # Dav. S. F. vi, p. 203; Hume, Cat. 
 no. 260 ter ; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 171 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 250 ; 
 Gadoiv, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 289 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 92. 
 
 Lanius hypoleucos, Blyth, J.A.S.B.xvii, p. 249(1848); id. Cat. 
 
 p. 152 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 468 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 90. 
 Hnet-beloo, Burm. 
 
LAM US. 403 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, ear-coverts, and round tlie eyes 
 blackish : crown, nape, and sides of the neck ashy, paling poste- 
 riorly ; back, rump, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts chestnut : 
 wing- co verts brown, edged with ferruginous ; tertiaries the same ; 
 primaries and secondaries dark brown, narrowly edged on the outer 
 webs with whitish; the inner webs of all white at the base; the 
 fifth to tenth primaries also with a white spot on the outer web 
 near the base ; the outermost pair of tail-feathers white with black 
 shafts ; the next white, with a large black patch on the inner web ; 
 the others black, tipped with white ; under wing-coverts mixed 
 black and white ; lower plumage pale fulvous. 
 
 Iris pale reddish brown ; eyelids plumbeous ; bill black ; the gape 
 and the greater portion of the lower mandible flesh-colour; mouth 
 flesh-colour; legs plumbeous ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 8 ; tail 4 ; wing <3'5 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
 In this species the colour of the crown and nape varies from 
 dark to pale ashy. In many birds the base of the forehead and 
 the lores are white, a feature which is neither seasonal nor sexual 
 but probably due to age. The nestling has the head fulvous and 
 the back rufous, both parts cross-barred with dark brown ; the 
 lower plumage is barred with wavy brown lines. 
 
 Distribution. The Eastern portion of the Empire from Manipur 
 through Burma as far south as Amherst and the Thoungyeen 
 valley in Tenasseriin. Wardlaw Ramsay observed this species in 
 Karennee. It is in some measure a migrant, but its movements are 
 probably of limited extent. I have examined specimens of it killed 
 in Burma in every month in the year except May. It is, however, 
 very rare from March to June and very common at other times, 
 and it probably breeds in the mountainous and less-known parts of 
 Burma east of the Salween river. 
 
 475. Lanius nigriceps. The Black-headed Shrike. 
 
 Collurio nigriceps, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 117 ; Hume, N. fy E. 
 p. 172. 
 
 Laiiius nigriceps (FranH.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 151 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 p. 106 ; Jerd. 12. I. i, p. 404 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, 
 p. 644 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 202 : Cripps, S. F. vii, p. 268 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 259 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 264 ; Gadow, Cat. B. 
 M. viii, p. 268; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 144; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 89 ; Gates in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 315. 
 
 Lanius nasutus (Scop.), apud Oates, B. B. i, p. 248. 
 
 Sakrik-pho, Lepch. 
 > 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, lores, and sides of 
 the head and neck black ; upper part of the back ashy ; remainder 
 of back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars chestnut; wing- 
 coverts black ; quills dark brown, the tertiaries broadly, the other 
 quills narrowly, margined with rufous ; a white patch at the base 
 of the primaries ; tail-feathers black, more broadly tipped and mar- 
 gined with rufous from the middle pair to the outer pair, the two 
 
464 
 
 outer pairs frequently suffused with rufous and the outer webs 
 entirely of this colour ; cheeks, chin, and throat white, blending 
 softly into the pale rufous of the breast ; middle of the abdomen 
 albescent ; remainder of lower plumage rather bright rufous. 
 
 The young are barred both above and below with brown. 
 
 Iris dull reddish brown ; eyelids pinkish plumbeous ; bill dark 
 horny black ; the base of the lower mandible and the gape fleshy 
 plumbeous ; mouth flesh-colour ; legs dark brown ; claws black. 
 
 Length nearly 10; tail 5 ; wing 3'8 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 The plumage of this species is very variable, especially with 
 regard to the extent and depth of tint of the grey on the back. 
 The reader is referred to Hume's excellent summary of the plumage 
 of this Shrike for fall particulars. The name L. nasutus, Scop., 
 by which I designated this species in the ' Birds of Barman,' 
 appears to be applicable to the race from the Philippine Islands 
 only, in which the grey of the back is very fully developed. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Garhwal to Assam up to 
 about 5000 feet; the plains of India east of a line drawn from 
 Garhwal through Etawah, Eaipur, and Goomsur, from which latter 
 place Jerdon records this species ; Assam and the whole of the 
 tract south of this province down to Tenasserim, where Davison 
 procured specimens at various localities as far south as Kyikto near 
 Moulmein. 
 
 This species extends into Siam and Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to September, constructing a nest 
 in bushes, hedges, and trees. The eggs, usually four in number, 
 measure about -92 by '75. 
 
 476. Lanius erythronotus. The liufous-backed Shrike. 
 
 Collimo erythronotus, Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 42 ; Gould, Cent. 
 
 pi. 12, fig. 2 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 167. 
 Lanius caniceps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 302 (1846) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 151 j Horsf. 8f M. Cut. i, p. 164 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 374 ; 
 
 Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 383 ; Hume, Cat. no. 257 bis ; Damson, S. 
 
 F. x, p. 364 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 265. 
 Collyrio caniceps (BlytJi), Hume, N. 8f E. p. 1C9. 
 Lanius erythronotus ( Vigors), Blyth, Cat. p. 151 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 164 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 402 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
 pt. ii, p. 268 ; Hume 8? Headers. Lah. to Yark. pp. 166, 182 ; 
 
 Ball, S. F. vii, p. 209 ; Hume, Cat. no. 257 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 
 
 p. 51 j Scully 1 1bis, 1881, p. 433 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 263 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 143 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 318. 
 Lanius affinis, Legge, S. F. iv, p. 243 (1876). 
 
 Mattiya latora, Kajala latora, Hind. ; Yerra belinchi, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a broad band through the eye to the 
 ear-coverts deep black ; crown, nape, sides of neck, hind neck, and 
 upper back clear pale grey; scapulars, lower back, rump, and 
 upper tail-coverts ferruginous ; wing-coverts black, the larger 
 series tipped with pale rufous ; quills blackish, the primaries 
 
LANIUS. 465 
 
 narrowly, the others broadly, edged with pale rufous ; the middle 
 three pairs of tail-feathers black with rufous tips ; the others 
 brown with broader tips ; chin, throat, and upper breast white ; 
 remainder of lower plumage rufous, more or less albescent on the 
 middle of jbhe abdomen. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish black 
 (Butler). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 4*7; wing 3*6; tarsus 1*1; bill from 
 gape '9. 
 
 The amount of rufous on the back and scapulars varies very 
 much in this species, but not according to locality. Some Hima- 
 layan birds have the entire back and scapulars rufous. The 
 majority of the birds from Southern India have the upper back 
 grey and the scapulars merely tinged with rufous. Between these 
 t\vo extremes there is a connected series of specimens, and some 
 birds from Sind and Oudh are absolutely identical with others 
 from Ceylon. I am quite unable therefore to recognize two species 
 based on the colour of the back and scapulars, and I can discover 
 no other character by which the southern race L. canieeps may be 
 separated from L. erythronotiis. 
 
 L. schacli from China resembles L. erythronotus, but is much 
 larger, the black of the forehead extends back to the eyes and is 
 sharply defined from the grey. 
 
 L. bentet from Sumatra, Java, &c., is also an allied species in 
 which the black of the forehead is produced far back over the 
 crown and blends with the grey of the nape. 
 
 L. fuscatus from Southern China has the greater part of the 
 head, wings, and tail black and the remainder of the plumage dark 
 brown. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India proper from Kashmir to Cape 
 Comorin and from Sind to Bengal ; also Ceylon. The furthest 
 point east to which this species extends appears to be Mymensing, 
 where Grod win- Austen met with it. 
 
 This Shrike is apparently a permanent resident in most parts of 
 the plains and the lower ranges of the Himalayas, but in summer 
 it visits (rilgit and the higher ranges up to 6000 or 7000 feet. 
 It extends to Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and Turkistan, probably 
 as a summer visitor only to the latter country. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds throughout India from March to September. 
 The nest and eggs are similar to those of the preceding species 
 and the latter measure about -92 by '71. 
 
 477. Lanius tephronotus. The Grey-backed Shrike. 
 
 Collurio tephronotus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 43; Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 171. 
 
 Lanius tephronotus ( Vigors), Blyth, Cat. p. 151 ; Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 i, p. 166 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 403 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 47 ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 643 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 202 ; Cripps, S. F. vii, p. 267 ; Hume, S. F. vii, p. 374 ; id. Cat. 
 
 VOL. i. 2 E 
 
466 LANIIDJS. 
 
 no. 258 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 264 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 2CO ; 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 249 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 88 ; Oates in HumJs N. 
 $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 325. 
 
 Bhadraya, Nep. Hills; Bagaha tentha, Nep. plains; Sakrik-pho, 
 Lepch. ; Totem, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a broad band through the eye to the 
 ear-coverts deep black ; crown, nape, hind neck, back, scapulars, 
 and lesser wing-coverts dark bluish grey ; rump and upper tail- 
 coverts chestnut ; tail dark brown, obsoletely cross-rayed and the 
 feathers margined with rufous; median and greater coverts, 
 secondaries and tertiaries blackish, broadly margined with pale 
 rufous ; primary-coverts and primaries blackish, very narrowly 
 margined with rufous ; chin, throat, upper breast, and middle of 
 abdomen white ; remainder of lower plumage ferruginous. 
 
 Birds with signs of immaturity about them, such as bars, have 
 the whole upper plumage suffused with rufous. 
 
 Nestlings have the upper plumage rufous barred with black ; the 
 eye-band barely indicated ; throat whitish ; lower plumage rufous 
 barred with black. 
 
 Bill black ; base of lower mandible yellowish horny ; iris dark 
 brown ; feet and claws black (SeiiUy). 
 
 Length 9'5 ; tail 5 ; wing 4'2 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the Himalayas between the Sutlej 
 valley and Assam, to the plains of Bengal and Assam, the hill-tracts 
 south of the Brahmaputra, Mauipur, Cachai*, Tipperah, and Burma, 
 extending down to about Pahpoon on the Sal ween river. I failed to 
 meet with this species in Pegu, but Blyth records it from Arrakan. 
 In summer this Shrike appears to ascend the Himalayas, to 
 breed from 5000 to 9000 feet, or even higher, and to penetrate into 
 Tibet and Western China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest found at Bhim Tal in Kumaun, on the 28th 
 May, by Colonel Gr. F. L. Marshall contained five eggs, and was in 
 a 'bush about three feet from the ground. There is little that is 
 trustworthy on record about the nidih'cation of this Shrike. 
 
 478. Lanius collurio. The Red-backed Shrike. 
 
 Lanius collurio, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 136 (1766) ; Butler, S. F. iii, 
 p. 463; Hume, Cat. no. 260 bis; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 435; 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 286 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 145. 
 
 Enneoctonus collurio, Blyth, Cat. p. 153. 
 
 Coloration. Feathers at the base of the upper mandible and a 
 broad band through the eye to the end of the ear-coverts black ; 
 forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
 bluish grey ; back, scapulars, and the visible portions of the wing- 
 coverts dull chestnut ; quills and primary-coverts dark brown 
 margined with pale rufous ; the tertiaries almost entirely rufous 
 with pale margins ; the four middle tail-feathers black ; the others 
 two thirds white, then bla'ck and tipped white; lower plumage 
 white, tinged with pink on the breast and abdomen. 
 
LANIUS. 467 
 
 The iiestling is rufous above and pale fulvous below, tiuoly and 
 closely barred with black or dark brown. 
 
 Iris dark ; legs and feet black ; bill black, pale at base of lower 
 mandible (Butler). 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 3'2 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus '05 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. This Shrike was obtained by Colonel Butler at 
 Deesa in Northern Guzerat in September. Dr. Scully states that 
 it occurs in Gilgit during the autumn migration, and he observed 
 it in that district in September and November. It has not been 
 recorded from any other portion of the Empire. 
 
 In summer this Shrike is found in Turkestan, and westwards to 
 Europe. In winter it extends to South Africa *. 
 
 479. Lanius isabellinus. The Pale-brown Shrike. 
 
 Lanius isabellimis, Ehrenb. Syutb. Phys., Aces, fol. e, note (1828); 
 \Vuld. Ibis, 1807, p. 224, partiin. ; Hume, Cat. no. 262 ; Gado'tv, 
 Cat. B. M. viii, p. 277; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 433; Barnes, Birds 
 Bom. p. 146. 
 
 Lanius arenarius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 304 (1846) ; Jerd. B. I. 
 i, p. 407 ; Wold. Ibis, 1867, p. 223 ; Hume 8> Renders. Lah. to 
 York. p. 183, pi, iii; Hume, S. F. i, p. 174; Butler, S. F. iii, 
 p. 464 ; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 137. 
 
 Coloration. Crown, nape, hind neck, back, scapulars, upper rump, 
 and lesser wing-coverts ashy brown with a tinge of rufous ; fore- 
 head pale rufous ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts rather bright 
 rufous ; tail dull rufous ; feathers at base of upper mandible, lores, 
 and eyebrow fulvous-white ; a spot in front of the eye and the 
 ear-coverts black ; entire lower plumage pale fulvous, tinged with 
 rosy buff on the flanks in freshly moulted birds; wings brown 
 edged with fulvous, the primaries with a white spot at base barely 
 visible beyond the primary-coverts. 
 
 The young is pale fulvous, the upper plumage closely barred with 
 black and the lower with some wavy cross-bars. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill dark brown, horny flesh-colour below except 
 tip of lower mandible ; legs and feet slaty black (Butler}. 
 
 Length 7*5 ; tail 3'4; wing 3'6 ; tarsus *9 ; bill from gape '85. 
 
 * Lanius auriculatus, P. L. S. Miill., has been recorded from Daulatpur 
 in Sind by Mr. Murray, but under circumstances which render it somewhat 
 doubtful whether the specimen said to have been procured at that place was 
 really shot there. Hume (8. F. vii, p. 115) and Blanford (& F. vii, p. 520) 
 have discussed the question, and the reader is referred to their remarks. I 
 shall content myself with describing the specimen referred to as having been 
 procured in Sind. It is a fully adult bird, and is contained in the Hume 
 Collection. 
 
 Forehead and lores white ; anterior half of crown and a broad band through 
 the eye to the end of the ear-coverts black; remainder of crown and nape 
 chestnut; sides of neck and the back black; upper rump ashy; lower rump, 
 upper tail-coverls, and scapulars white ; wings black, with a large white patch 
 on the primaries ; tail white at base, then black and tipped white ; lower 
 plumage white. 
 
 Length about 75 ; tail 3'3 ; wing 4 ; tarsus '9 ; bill from gape '85. 
 
468 LANIID^E. 
 
 Some birds, apparently adult, have the ear-coverts brown. This 
 character does not, however, appear to be sexual. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the north-west portion of the 
 Empire, where it is found from August or September to March. 
 This species has been observed as far east as Mughal Sarai, near 
 Benares, and south to Cutch, Kattywar, Seoni, and Eaipur. 
 
 In winter it extends to Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, and portions 
 of north-east Africa. In summer it is found in Turkestan and 
 Kashghar, where it breeds. 
 
 480. Lanius phcenicuroid.es. The Rufous Shrike. 
 
 Lanius isabellinus (Hempr. fy JEhrenb.}, apud Walden, Ibis, 1867, 
 
 p. 224: partim, pi. v, fig. 1. 
 Lanius phcenicuroides, Severtz. Journ. fur Orn. 1873, p. 347 (deacr. 
 
 nulla) ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 434; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 278. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles L. isabettinus. Differs in having the 
 crown distinctly rufous and the back ashy brown, the two parts 
 contrasting ; the supercilium very distinctly denned and pure white ; 
 the lores entirely deep black and the band through the eye extending 
 to above the eye; the white patch on the primaries larger and 
 projecting distinctly bejoud the primary-coverts for about one fifth 
 of an inch. 
 
 Of the same size as L. isabellinus. 
 
 Distribution. A specimen of this species obtained by Dr. Gould 
 it Hyderabad, in Sind, is figured by Lord Walden (I. c.). Scully 
 informs us that he observed this species in Gilgit during the 
 autumn migration, and Biddulph procured it at the same place in 
 September and October. 
 
 Outside our limits this species appears to have much the same 
 distribution as L. isabellinus. 
 
 L. speculigerus has occurred at Kandahar and may be found here- 
 after in the Punjab or Sind. Prom L. isabellinus it differs in having 
 the whole of the lores deep black and from L. phcenicuroides in having 
 the white wing-patch extremely large and projecting quite one 
 third of an inch beyond the primary-coverts. These three species 
 of rufous-tailed Shrikes are very distinct, and it is not difficult to 
 separate them. 
 
 481. Lanius cristatus. The Brown Shrike. 
 
 Lanius cristatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 134; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 406; 
 
 Wald. Ibis, 1867, p. 212; Hume, N. # E. p. 175; id. $ Henders. 
 
 Lah. to Yark. p 182 : Butler, S. F. iii, p. 464 ; Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aves, p. 645 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 377 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 261 ; Gadoiv, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 271 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 252 ; 
 
 Barnes, Biros Bom. p. 145 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 92 ; Oates in Hume's 
 
 N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 326. 
 Lanius phoenicurus, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii, p. 693 (1776) ; 
 
 Wald. Ibis, 1867, p. 216, pi. v, fig. 2. 
 Enneoctonus cristatus (Linn.}, Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 167. 
 Kdkhdti. Beng. ; Kher Khetta, Hind. ; Batti yadu, Batti-kiriti-gadu, 
 Tel. ; Hnet-beloo, Burm. 
 
IAXIUS. 469 
 
 Coloration. Forehead and a well-defined supercilium white, 
 more or less pure according to age ; upper plumage and lesser 
 wing-coverts reddish brown, puffer and brighter red on the crown, 
 nape, and sides of the neck ; median and greater coverts and quills 
 dark brown' margined with rufous ; tail reddish brown with pale 
 tips ; cheeks, chin, and throat white ; remainder of lower plumage 
 fulvous. 
 
 Perfect adults have no bars on either the upper or the lower 
 plumage, but such unbarred birds are comparatively rare ; the 
 majority have traces of bars on the breast and flanks. Nestlings 
 are profusely barred with dark brown on every portion of the 
 plumage and the eye-baud is brown. It takes two or more years 
 for this bird to attain mature plumage. 
 
 The upper mandible in front of the nostrils and the tip of the 
 lower dark horn ; remainder of the bill pale bluish ; mouth flesh - 
 colour ; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs bluish brown ; 
 claws black. 
 
 Length about 7*5; tail 3-5; wing 3'4; tarsus 1: bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the whole of the Empire except 
 that portion lying to the west of a line roughly drawn from the 
 Sutlej valley to Mount Abu ; Ceylon ; the Andamans. 
 
 Although a winter visitor to India, there is evidence to show 
 that this Shrike in some cases remains in portions of the Empire 
 throughout the year. There are numerous specimens in the Hume 
 Collection killed in the Andamans throughout the summer months. 
 There is also in the British Museum a young bird killed at 
 Ahmednagar in the Bombay Presidency on the 19th August which 
 looks as if it had been bred in India. The nest of this species has 
 not yet been discovered within our limits, but it may not im- 
 probably be found on the higher ranges of the Himalayas, if not 
 in some portions of the plains. 
 
 In winter this Shrike is also found in Cochin China and Siam, 
 the Malay peninsula and Southern China. In summer it is spread 
 over Tibet, Mongolia, and portions of Siberia. 
 
 L. superciliosus is closely allied to the present species, but it has 
 the forehead and supercilium white, very plainly defined from the 
 other parts of the head, and the whole upper plumage a rich 
 chestnut. Hume is of opinion that this species is merely a stage 
 of L. cristatus, but it appears to me to be a very distinct species 
 confined to Japan, China, and the Malay peninsula and never 
 found even in Burma. 
 
 482. Lanius lucionensis. The Philippine Shrike. 
 
 Lanius lucionensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 135 (1766) ; Wald. Ibis, 
 1867, p. 215 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 199 ; Wald. Trans. Z. S. ix, p. 171, 
 pi. xxix, fig. 1; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 205; Legye, Birds 
 Ceyl. p. 378, note ; Hume, Cat. no. 261 bis ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 251 ; 
 Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 274. 
 
470 
 
 Coloration. The forehead and a distinct supercilium greyish 
 white ; the feathers immediately at the base of the upper mandible, 
 the lores, and a broad streak passing through the eyes and covering 
 the ear-coverts black ; the whole upper plumage and scapulars 
 greyish brown, tinged with rufous on the rump and upper tail- 
 coverts ; tail brown, tinged with rufous and tipped paler; chin, 
 throat, and sides of neck white ; remainder of lower plumage pale 
 buff; the coverts and the wing dark brown, each feather edged 
 with rufous, more broadly so on the tertiaries than elsewhere. 
 
 The young have the upper plumage brown closely barred with 
 black, and the lower plumage yellowish or buffy white; all the 
 feathers except those on the chin, throat, middle of breast, and 
 abdomen barred w 7 ith dark brown. 
 
 Legs and feet dull leaden blue; the upper mandible horny 
 brown, edged whitish near the gape ; the terminal third of the 
 lower mandible horny brown ; the basal two thirds bluish or 
 fleshy white ; irides brown (Davison). 
 
 Length 8 ; tail 3'6 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. The An damans and Nicobars ; the extreme southern 
 part of Tenasserim ; the Mergui Islands. In the Andamans this 
 Shrike appears to be a permanent resident, for in the Hume 
 Collection are specimens killed in these islands in almost every 
 month of the year. It is said to have occurred in Ceylon. 
 
 In winter this species is found in the Malay peninsula and the 
 Philippine Islands, and it passes the summer in Northern China. 
 
 483. Lanius tigrinus. The Thick-billed Shrike. 
 
 Lanius tigrinus, Drapiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii, p. 523 (1828) ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 152; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, p. 289. 
 
 Lanius magnirosms, Lesson, Voy. Belanqer, p. 251 (1834) ; Wald. 
 Ibis, 1867, p. 220, pi. vi, 1871, p. 173; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 203 ; Hume, Cat. no. 260quat. ; Gates, B. B. i. p. 253. 
 
 Enneoctonus tigrinus (Drap.}, Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 168. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head above, nape, sides of neck, and a 
 portion of the upper back grey ; the forehead, lores, and a broad 
 band covering the eye and ear-coverts black ; back, rump, and 
 upper tail-coverts, the scapulars, and the lesser arid median wing- 
 coverts chestnut, barred across with black; greater wing-coverts 
 and tertiaries dull chestnut, dusky interiorly and tipped pale ; pri- 
 maries and secondaries brown, edged narrowly with rufous ; tail 
 reddish brown, all but the middle pair of feathers tipped with 
 M ? hite ; the whole tail obsoletely barred across, and with a darker 
 bar in front of the white tips ; the entire lower plumage creamy 
 white, a small portion of the flanks near the thighs barred with 
 brown. 
 
 The young have the whole upper plumage, including the head, 
 reddish brown closely barred with black : and the whole lower 
 plumage, except the throat and the middle of the breast and abdo- 
 men, is barred with dark brown ; there is no black stripe on the 
 
HKMIPUS. 471 
 
 side of the head, the whole of that part being fulvous speckled and 
 mottled with brown ; the quills and tail are the same as in the 
 adult. 
 
 Birds in adult plumage are comparatively rare, but are met with 
 at all seasons of the year. The majority of birds of both sexes are 
 in various stages of immature plumage, showing that the adult 
 plumage is not assumed under two or three years. 
 
 Legs and feet pale plumbeous blue, lavender-blue, sometimes 
 almost smalt-blue ; irides brown ; edges of eyelids black ; more or 
 less of both mandibles pale plumbeous or pale dull blue (Hume $ 
 Davison). 
 
 Length 6-8 ; tail 3 ; wing 3'2 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme southern part of Tenasserim. 
 
 This species occurs in winter in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, 
 and Siam, and it breeds iu China. 
 
 Genus HEMIPUS, Hodgs., 1845. 
 
 The genus Hemipus contains three species, two of which are 
 found within our limits and one in the Malay peninsula. 
 
 These birds have the habits of Flycatchers, catching their insect 
 prey entirely in the air, and generally perching on the summits of 
 high trees. 
 
 In Hemipus the sexes differ in colour. The bill is about half 
 the length of the head, very much depressed and rather wide, the 
 nostrils nearly hidden by hairs. The wing is pointed and the tail 
 graduated. The plumage is a mixture of black or brown with white 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Head and back glossy black ............ H. picatus $ , p. 47-1. 
 
 I. Head glossy black, back brown .......... H. capitalis , p. 472. 
 
 , Head and back brown 
 
 484. Hernipus picatus. The Black-backed Pied Shrike. 
 
 Muscicapa picata, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1 832, p. 85. 
 
 Hemipus picatus (Sykes), Blyth, Cat. p. 154 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 136 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 412 ; Hume, N. $ E. p.' 178 ; id. S. F. i, 
 
 p. 435, iii, p. 93 ; Sharpe. Cat. B. M. iii, p. 307 ; Leyge, Birds 
 
 Ceyl. p. 375 j Hume $ Dav'. S. F. vi, p. 207 ; Ball, S. F. vi'i, p. 210 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 2G7 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 365 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 
 ]>. 258 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 148; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 93 ; Oates 
 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 327. 
 
 The Little Pied Shrike, Jerd. ; Viyum-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The upper plumage with the lores and ear- 
 
 coverts glossy brown ; the rump-feathers broadly tipped with 
 
 white ; chin, vent, and under tail-coverts pure white ; the remainder 
 
 of the lower plumage pale vinaceous ; cheeks and sides of the neck 
 
 white, produced so as to form an indistinct white collar round the 
 
 neck; lesser M ing-coverts black; median coverts black, broadly 
 
472 LANIID.E. 
 
 tipped with white ; the outer greater coverts black ; the inner ones 
 white on the outer and black on the inner webs ; primary-coverts 
 and all the quills black ; the later secondaries broadly edged with 
 white ; tail black, all but the middle feathers tipped with white, 
 the white on the outermost feathers extending over the whole 
 outer web. 
 
 Fig. 140. Head of H. picatus. 
 
 Female. Similar to the male, but the black is replaced by sooty 
 brown. 
 
 The young resemble the female, but have the upper plumage 
 barred with rufous and the wing-coverts mottled with brown. 
 
 Bill black ; inside of the mouth bluish black ; iris hazel ; eyelids 
 plumbeous ; legs plumbeous brown ; claws dark brown. 
 
 Length 5-4 ; tail 2*4 ; wing 2-5 ; tarsus '45 ; bill from gape *7. 
 
 Distribution. The Satpura hills and the whole of Western India 
 from Mahableshwar to Cape Comorin ; Mysore ; Ceylon ; the 
 Oudh and Sikhim terais ; Chutia Nagpur ; Tipperah ; Mauipur ; 
 Karennee; the whole of Burma to the extreme south of Tenas- 
 serim. This species extends to Siain and Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest found by Davison at Ootacamund in March 
 was a small shallow cup made of grass arid roots, and covered with 
 cobwebs and lichens. It was placed in the branch of a tree and 
 contained three eggs, which were pale green marked with umber- 
 brown, and measured *69 by "49. 
 
 485. Hemipus capitalis. The Brown-backed Pied Shrike. 
 
 Muscicapa capitalis, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 157. 
 
 Hemipus capitalis (McClelL), Blytli, Cat. p. 154 ; Godiv.-Aust. 
 
 J. A S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 99 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 306 ; 
 
 Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 208; Hume, Cat. no. 267 A ; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 647 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy JE. 2nd ed. i. 
 
 p. 328. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles H. picatus. The male differs from the 
 male of that species in having the back, scapulars, and rump 
 smoky brown. The females of the two species are undistinguishable. 
 
 Of the same size as H. picatus. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Garhwal to Assam ; the hill- 
 tracts of Assam down to Manipur ; the Kakhyen hills east of 
 Bhamo. 
 
 The difference in the colour of the back of H. picatus and H. cap- 
 italis is correlated with different areas of distribution, and the two 
 species appear to be perfectly distinct. 
 
 Habits, $*c. Breeds in Sikhim from May to August, constructing 
 
TEPHRODORNIS. 473 
 
 a shallow nest of fine grass coated with cobwebs and bits of leaves 
 in small trees. The eggs, apparently always two in number, are 
 greenish white marked witji brown and measure about -65 by '53.* 
 
 Genus TEPHRODORNIS, Swains., 1831. 
 
 The genus Tephrodornis contains a few arboreal Shrikes of a grey 
 colour. They are more or less gregarious, occurring in small 
 bands of from four to six individuals, more rarely in pairs, and 
 they never descend to the ground, nor do they catch insects on the 
 wing. These Wood-Shrikes search the leaves of trees and they 
 are only found in forests or in well-wooded localities. 
 
 In I epJirodornis the bill is very strong and about three quarters 
 the length of the head, strongly hooked and notched ; the nasal 
 bristles or hairs are very numerous and entirely conceal the nostrils; 
 the wing is blunt ; the tail short and square and the feet feeble. 
 The feathers of the rump are exceedingly ample and their shafts 
 are soft. In one Indian species the sexes are alike, in two others 
 slightly different. All three species are resident. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail almost entirely brown ; wing consider- 
 
 ably over 4 inches. 
 
 a'. Head grey; back ashy brown T. pelmcus, p. 473. 
 
 b '. Head and back uniform bluish ashy .... T. sylvicola, p. 474. 
 
 b. Outer tail-feathers white; wing considerably 
 
 under 4 inches T. pondlcerianus, p. 475. 
 
 486. Tephrodornis pelvicus. The Nepal Wood-Shrike. 
 
 Tentheca pelvica, Hodgs. 2nd. Eev. i, p. 447 (1837). 
 Tephrodornis pelvica (Hodgs.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 153 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 i, p. 171 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 409 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 156 ; 
 Hume, S. F. iii, p. 92 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 276 ; Hume Sf 
 Dai\ S. F. vi, p. 205 ; Hume, Cat. no. 263 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 256 ; 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 93 ; Oates, in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 330. 
 Ramnun-pho, Rabnun-pho, Lepch. 
 
 CoUration. Male. Forehead, crown, and nape ashy grey ; back, 
 scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; rump ashy brown, 
 tipped with white and obscurely barred with brown ; the shorter 
 
 * Blyth gives Hemiptis obscurus, Horsf., from Mergui (Birds Burm. p. 122). 
 He gives DO authority for the occurrence of this species in Tenasserim, and 
 probably accepted the statement on insufficient grounds. This Pied Shrike, so 
 far as is known, occurs no further north than Malacca, and it is unlikely to 
 occur in Tenasserim, where Davison failed to meet with it. I shall therefore 
 not include it in this work, but I give a short description of the bird in order 
 that it may be identified if met with. 
 
 Male. The wings, tail, and the whole upper plumage black, except the shorter 
 upper tail-coverts and the tips of the rump-feathers, which are white ; the 
 whole lower plumage and cheeks white, tinged with grey on the breast. 
 
 Female. Brown wherever the male is black. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 2 '2 ; wing 2'6 ; tarsus '45 ; bill from gape '8. 
 
474 LA.3THD.*:. 
 
 upper tail-coverts white, the longer ones ashy brown ; tail ashy 
 brown with a rufous tinge, all the feathers narrowly tipped with 
 whitish ; the shafts reddish brown ; greater wing-coverts ashy 
 brown, edged brighter ; quills ashy brown with rufous shafts, r all 
 edged and tipped brighter; nasal plim.es, lores, ear-coverts, and 
 feathers under the eye black ; under this black a broad white streak ; 
 lower plumage cinereous, tinged with buff on the breast and becoming 
 albescent on the abdomen ; vent and under tail-coverts pure white. 
 
 Fig. 141. Head of T. 
 
 Female. The forehead, crown, and nape of the same colour as 
 the back ; band through the eye pale brown ; otherwise not differing 
 from the male. 
 
 The young resemble the adult female, but have the margins of 
 all the feathers of the upper plumage whitish, forming cross bars. 
 
 In the male the bill is black; eyelids dark plumbeous: iris 
 yellowish brown ; legs plumbeous brown ; claws dark horn-colour. 
 In the female the bill is brown; the gape and the base of both 
 mandibles flesh-coloured. 
 
 Length 8'5; tail 3*5 ; wing 4-5; tarsus '85 ; bill from gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Nepal to Assam up to about 
 4000 feet ; the whole of the hill-tracts of Assam ranging south 
 throughout the whole of Burma and Karenuee. 
 
 This species probably extends down the Malay peninsula for 
 some distance, but the point where it meets the allied T. yularis 
 is not known. It is found in Siam and China. 
 
 T. yularis differs from T. pelvicus, so far as the adult males are 
 concerned, in having the crown and back of the same deep bluish 
 ashy and the tail nearly black. The former runs very close to 
 T. sylvicola. 
 
 Habits, fyc. A nest of this species found in Sikhim at 3000 feet 
 was a massive cup made of tendrils of creepers and stems of plants 
 and decorated with the flower-stems of grasses. It was obtained 
 in April and contained four eggs, white marked with yellowish 
 brown and measuring about -93 by *73. 
 
 487. Tephrodornis sylvicola. The Malabar Wood-Shrike. 
 Tephrodornis sylvicola, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. L. S. x, p. 236 (1839) ; 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 153 ; Jerd. B. L i, p. 409; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, 
 p. 277 ; Hume, Cat. no. 2(54 ; Vavison, S. F. x, p. 365 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 147; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i,p. 331. 
 Pliari latora, Hind. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Nasal plumes, lores, and a broad band round 
 the eye to the ear-coverts black ; forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, 
 
TEPHRODORNIS. 475 
 
 and back bluish ashy ; rump, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts 
 brown tinged with ashy ; a baud of white on the lower rump ; 
 upper tail-coverts dark brown ; wings, tail, median and greater 
 wing-coverts brown ; lower plumage pale vinaceous, turning to 
 pure white on the lower abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 
 
 Female. Differs from the male in having hardly any tinge of ashy 
 on the upper plumage and in having the eye-band brown. 
 
 Bill and claws black ; legs and feet dark plumbeous ; iris oil- or 
 greenish yellow (Davison}. 
 
 Length about 8'5 ; tail 3'3 : wing 4*4 ; tarsus *75 ; bill from 
 gape 1'2. 
 
 Distribution. The western coast of India from Belgaum to 
 Travancore. This species ascends the Nilgiris and other hill- 
 ranges up to about 5500 feet. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds in Mysore in April. A nest found in that 
 state was composed of roots and fibres woven into a shallow cup 
 and covered with cobwebs and lichens, and was placed in a tree. 
 The eggs, two in number, were white marked with blackish brown 
 and inky-purple and measured *98 by '73. 
 
 488. Tephrodornis pondicerianus. The Common Wood-Shrike. 
 
 Muscicapa pondiceriana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. \, p. 939 (1788). 
 
 Tephrodornis affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 473 (1847) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 153 ; Hume, S. F. i, p. 434 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 276. 
 
 Tephrodornis pondiceriana (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 153; Horsf. 8f M. 
 Cat. i, p. 169 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 410 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 176 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 275 ; Anders. Yunnan, Exped., Aves, p. 646 ; 
 Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 372 ; Hume, Cat. no. 265 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 p. 254 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 147 ; Oates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd 
 ed. i, p. 332. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage with the lesser wing- 
 coverts ashy brown, the rump-feathers tipped with white ; upper 
 tail-coverts dark brown ; a broad supercilium white, tinged with 
 rufous ; lores, cheeks, and feathers under the eye dark brown ; 
 lower plumage ashy, whiter on the throat and abdomen and darker 
 on the flanks ; under tail-coverts white ; wings, with the median 
 and greater coverts, ashy brow r n, each feather very narrowly edged 
 paler ; the two outer pairs of tail-feathers white, the bases brown 
 and with a brown patch near the tip ; the remaining feathers en- 
 tirely dark brown, the median feathers tinged with ashy. 
 
 The nestling is banded with rufous above and slightly mottled 
 with brown below. 
 
 Bill dark horn-colour ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; eyelids 
 plumbeous ; iris yellowish brown ; legs and feet dark plumbeous 
 brown ; claws dark horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 6'5 ; tail 2'7 ; wing 3'3 ; tarsus *75 ; bill from 
 gape *88. 
 
 The plumage of this species varies considerably in different parts 
 of its range, especially with reference to the depth of colour and 
 the extent and purity of the white of the supercilium. 
 
 Distribution. This species is found over nearly the whole Empire 
 
476 
 
 in suitable localities, but does not ascend the Himalayas to any 
 great height. It is also found in Ceylon. It appears to be absent 
 from the whole of Tenasserim, and the Sittoung river is probably 
 its eastern limit in Burma. 
 
 Habits, &fc. Breeds from February to June according to locality, 
 constructing a very beautiful nest ' of vegetable fibres and roots 
 thickly coated with cobwebs and bits of bark on a branch of a tree. 
 The eggs, usually three in number, are white marked with various 
 shades of purple and brown and measure about -75 by '61. 
 
 Fig. 142. Head of P. ardesiacus 
 
 Genus PLATYLOPHUS, Swains., 1831. 
 
 The genus Platylophvs contains a few species of birds which are 
 characterized by a remarkable crest of long broad feathers several 
 inches in length. One species is found within our limits and 
 others further south. 
 
PEEICEOCOTUS. 477 
 
 In Platyloplius the bill is very strong, about three quarters the 
 length of the head, strongly curved, notched, laterally compressed, 
 and deep ; the nostrils are concealed by numerous close-set hairs ; 
 the wing is very rounded and the tail ample and well graduated ; 
 the tarsus is short and stout. The sexes are alike. 
 
 489. Platylophus ardesiacus. The Jay-Shrike. 
 
 Lophocitta ardesiaca, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i, p. 219 (1850). 
 Platylophus galericulatus, partim, Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 54. 
 Platylophus ardesiacus ( Cab.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 317 ; Hume 
 
 &Dav. S. F. vi, p. 380; Hume, Cat. no. 6(38 ter ; Gates, B. B. \, 
 
 p. 410. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, crest, and neck very dark brown, 
 almost black ; a large white patch on each side of the neck, the 
 two nearly meeting behind ; a spot of whits on the upper eyelid 
 and another on the lower behind the centre of the eye ; upper 
 plumage and the exposed parts of the closed wings and tail rufescent 
 olive-brown ; lower plumage varying from dark slaty brown to 
 dark olive-brown. 
 
 The young have the lower plumage barred with black and white 
 and the feathers of the upper plumage tipped and margined with 
 rufous. 
 
 Legs, feet, claws and bill black ; eyelid dark brownish black ; 
 iris reddish brown, varying from rhubarb-brown to litharge-red 
 (Ilume Davison). 
 
 Length about 11 ; tail 5 ; wing 5'5 ; tarsus 1'3 ; bill from gape 
 1-35. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim. This species 
 extends down the Malay peninsula, but is replaced in Sumatra by 
 P. coronatus, a rufous-brown species, and in Java by P. yalericulatus, 
 a black species. 
 
 Habits, $c. Inhabits evergreen forest, restless, always on the 
 move and strictly arboreal. " Note, a sharp metallic rattle. Gene- 
 rally found in pairs. 
 
 Genus PERICROCOTUS, Boie, 1826. 
 
 The genus Pericrocotus contains an assemblage of species, the ma- 
 jority of which are of very brilliant plumage, scarlet and yellow 
 being the predominant colours. They are found only in India and 
 Eastern Asia. 
 
 The birds of this genus are remarkable for the stiffened shafts 
 of the feathers of the rump. This character is shared by the next 
 two genera. In the larger species these stiffened shafts can easilv 
 be felt by the fingers, but in the smaller species the rigidity of the 
 shafts is ascertained with difficulty although always present. 
 
 Some of the Minivets are migratory, but their migrations appear 
 to be of limited extent, with the exception of two or three species 
 which wander according to season from China, and even Japan, 
 down to Singapore and the Islands. 
 
478 
 
 In Pericrocotus the bill is half the length of the head, strong, 
 hooked and notched ; the nostrils are concealed by plumes ; the 
 wing is long and pointed, the tail greatly graduated, and the feet 
 weak. In all the species the sexes are very differently coloured 
 except in two, in which the colours are very dull and the difference 
 between the sexes comparatively trivial. 
 
 The young bird resembles the female in general distribution of 
 colours, but the whole upper plumage is barred with white, each 
 bar being preceded by a black or brown line. 
 
 The Minivets are strictly arboreal, going about in small flocks 
 and searching the leaves and branches of trees for insects. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail black and red ; upper tail-coverts red. 
 a' Crown and back glossy black. 
 
 a". Tertiaries with isolated red oval 
 
 drops. 
 '". First two primaries entirely black. 
 
 a 4 . Tail exceeding 4 inches P. speciosus <5 , p. 479. 
 
 6 4 . Tail not exceeding 3'5 inches. . P.fraterculus d 1 , p. 481. 
 b'". First three primaries entirely 
 
 black. 
 
 c 4 . Middle pair of tail-feathers en- 
 tirely, or nearly entirely, black. P. andamanensis c, p. 481. 
 d 1 . Middle pair of tail-feathers with 
 
 the outer webs red P.flammifer $ , p. 482. 
 
 c'" First four primaries entirely black. P.Jlamtneux <3 , p. 482. 
 b". Tertiaries with no isolated red oval 
 
 drops. 
 d'". Under wing-coverts and axillaries 
 
 crimson. 
 
 e 4 . Tail about 4 inches ; black of 
 throat and red of breast meet- 
 ing in a straight line P. brevirostris <3 , p. 483. 
 
 / 4 . Tail about 3'5 inches ; black of 
 throat encroaching on red of 
 
 breast in a rounded form .... P. neylectus $ , p. 484. 
 e'". Under wing-coverts and axillaries 
 
 yellow P. iyneus <$ , p. 484. 
 
 b'. Crown and back ashy or grey ; never 
 
 black. 
 c". Wing considerably over 3 inches. 
 
 /". Lower plumage bright scarlet . . P. solans <$ , p. 485. 
 
 g'". Lower plumage rosy red P. roseus c? , p. 486. 
 
 d". Wing not exceeding 3 inches. 
 h'". Lower plumage variegated ; 
 throat grey to black; breast 
 
 scarlet P. peregrinus $ , p. 487. 
 
 i'" Lower plumage entirely of one 
 
 colour. 
 
 </. Lower plumage pale yellow . . P. peregrinus 5 , p. 487. 
 A 4 . Lower plumage bright yellow. P. igneus , p. 484, 
 
 b. Tail black and yellow ; upper tail-coverts 
 
 yellow. 
 
PERICEOCOTUS. 479 
 
 c'. Tertiaries with isolated yellow oval 
 
 drops. 
 e". First three primaries plain. 
 
 A;'". Tail exceeding finches P. speciosus $ , p. 479. 
 
 /"'. Tail not exceeding 3'5 inches . . P. fraterculus $, p. 481. 
 fl'. First four primaries plain. 
 
 m"'. Forehead and lower plumage 
 orange-yellow. 
 
 i 4 . Tail about 3'6 inches P. andamanensis , p. 481. 
 
 k*. Tail about 3'1 inches P.flammifer $ , p. 482. 
 
 "'. Forehead and lower plumage 
 
 pure yellow P.Jlammeus $ > P' 482. 
 
 d' . Tertiaries with no isolated yellow oval 
 
 drops. 
 f/". Crown of head not concolorous with 
 
 lower back P. solans 5 , p. 4S5. 
 
 h". Crown of head concolorous with 
 
 back. 
 
 0'". Hump and upper tail-coverts 
 pure deep yellow. 
 
 I 4 . Tail about 4 inches P. brevirostris $ , p. 483. 
 
 ?>i 4 . Tail about 3'5 inches P. neglectus $> , p. 484. 
 
 p 1 ". Rump and upper tail-coverts 
 
 olive-yellow margined with yellow. P. roseus $, p. 486. 
 c. Tail black and white ; upper tail-coverts 
 
 grey, brown, or black. 
 e'. Rump red, or white marked with red. 
 *". Dark parts of upper plumage glossy 
 black. 
 
 q'". Forehead and chin black P. erythropyyius c? , p. 488. 
 
 /'". Forehead and chin white P. albifrons $ , p. 489. 
 
 k' '. Dark parts of upper plumage smoky 
 
 brown. 
 
 s"'. Rump uniformly orange-red . . P. erythropyyius 2, p. 488 
 t'". Rump white with a few red 
 
 streaks P. albifrons , p. 489. 
 
 f. Rump without a trace of red. 
 
 I". Back and rump the same colour. . P. cinereus, p. 489. 
 m". Rump conspicuously paler than 
 
 back P. cantotiensis, p. 490. 
 
 The males and females of the first five species are characterized 
 by the presence of oval drops on the terliaries. 
 
 490. Pericrocotus speciosus. The Indian Scarlet Minivet. 
 
 Turdus speciosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 363 (1790). 
 
 Pbcenicornis elegans, Mcdett. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 156. 
 
 Pericrocotus speciosus (Lath.), Blyth, Cat. p. 192 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 i, p. 143; Jerd. J3. I. i, p. 419 ; Hume, X. $ E. p. 182; Sharpe, 
 S. F. iv, p. 206 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 192 ; Ball, S. F. v, p. 414, vii, 
 p. 210 ; tiharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 71 ; Hume, Cat. no. 271 ; Scully, 
 S. F. viii, p. 268 ; Barnes, Birds Bum. p. 151 ; Oates in Hume's 
 N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 335. 
 
 Pericrocotus elegans (McClell.), apud Anders. Yunnan JELvped., Aves, 
 p. 648. 
 
 The Large Minivet, Jerd. ; Sahili, Sath suki kapi, Hind. 
 
480 LANIID^E. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, back, scapulars, and lesser 
 coverts glossy black ; lower surface from behind the throat, rump, 
 upper tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts scarlet ; greater coverts 
 black, very broadly tipped with scarlet; primaries black with a 
 band of scarlet across all but the first two ; secondaries scarlet at 
 the base and black elsewhere ; each of the later secondaries with 
 a scarlet oval drop near the extremity of the outer web ; tail scarlet, 
 except the middle pair of feathers and the bases of the others, which 
 are black. 
 
 Female. Forehead, paling posteriorly up to the crown of the 
 head, the sides of the head, and the whole lower plumage yellow ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts yellow tinged with green ; back of 
 the head, back, scapulars, and lesser coverts deep grey ; greater 
 coverts blackish tipped with grey ; primaries dark brown, with a 
 band of yellow across all but the first three ; secondaries dark 
 brown, the bases of all bright yellow ; the later secondaries with 
 an oval yellow spot near the tips of the outer webs ; tertiaries 
 plain dark brown : middle tail-feathers black ; the next pair black, 
 with the terminal half of the outer web yellow ; remaining feathers 
 yellow with the bases black. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris brown (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4'3 ; wing 4'15 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from 
 gape '95. 
 
 The third primary in this species is sometimes entirely black, 
 and in the same way the middle pair of tail-feathers are occasionally 
 slightly margined with scarlet. 
 
 Fig. 143. Head of P. speciosus. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to the extreme 
 eastern part of Assam up to elevations of 5000 or 6000 feet ; 
 the N. W. Provinces and Oudh ; Chutia Nagpur and the Central 
 Provinces as far south as Bastar and Jeypore ; Bengal ; Assam 
 and all the hill-ranges southwards to Manipur and extending to the 
 Kakhyen hills east of Bhamo. Eea recently procured this bird in 
 Karennee. 
 
 This species overlaps the range of the next in the hill-tracts of 
 Assam and Northern Burma, but there is no evidence to show that 
 the two species interbreed, nor have I seen any specimen which 
 could not be with certainty assigned to one or the other. 
 
 Habits, $c. According to Hodgson P. speciosus commences to 
 breed in April and constructs a beautiful cup-shaped nest of moss 
 and moss-roots coated with lichens and spiders' webs in a slender 
 
PERICROCOTUS. 481 
 
 branch of a tree. Some eggs of this bird found by Hutton are 
 described as being greyish white marked with yellowish brown and 
 inky purple and measuring *9 by '72. 
 
 The next species has usually been identified with McClelland's 
 Pericrocotus elegans from Assam. His type, however, which is 
 still preserved in the British Museum, is clearly referable to 
 P. speciosus. 
 
 41)1. Pericrocotus fraterculus. The Burmese Scarlet Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus rutilus, Gould, teste Gray, Hand-list, i, p. 335, " Pegu " 
 
 (1869, descr. nulla). 
 Pericrocotus elegans, McClell, apud Hume, S. F. iii, p. 95; Sharps, 
 
 S. F. iv, p. 206 ; Hume, S. F. v, p 194 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 211 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 73 ; Hume, Cat. no. 271 ter j 
 
 Gates, B. B. i, p. 236. 
 
 Pericrocotus fraterculus, Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 244. 
 Pericrocotus speciosus (Lath.), apud Blyth fy Wald. Birds Burm. 
 
 p. 123. 
 
 Hnet-mintha, Burm. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. speciosus. The male differs in having 
 both wing and tail constantly smaller, and in the outer webs of 
 the middle pair of tail-feathers being as a rule, but not always, 
 entirely red. The females merely differ in size. 
 
 Bill and legs black; inside of mouth flesh-colour; iris dark 
 brown ; eyelids grey ; claws dark horn. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3'4 ; wing 3'7 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from 
 gape -9. 
 
 Distribution. The most northern locality from which I have been 
 able to examine a specimen of this bird is Tippuk in Assam. I 
 have also seen specimens from the Khasi hills and Manipur. 
 Thence the present species is spread over the whole of Burma 
 to the extreme south of Tenasserim, and extends into Siam and 
 China. 
 
 492. Pericrocotus andamanensis. The Andamanese 
 Scarlet Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus andamanensis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 322 ; 
 Walden, Ilns, 1873, p. 309 : Hume, S. F. ii, p. 208 ; id. S. F. v, 
 p. 195 ; id. Cat. no. 271 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 73. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles P. speciosus. The male differs in having 
 the first three primaries entirely black. The female differs in 
 having the first four primaries entirely blackish and the forehead 
 and entire lower plumage orange-yellow, not pure yellow. This 
 species is also considerably smaller than P. speciosus. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black ( Wardlaw Ramsay). 
 
 Length nearly 8 ; tail 3'5 ; wing 3'6 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from 
 gape '9. 
 
 Distribution. The Andamans. 
 YOL. i. 2 1 
 
482 LANIID^E. 
 
 493. Pericrocotus flammifer. Davison's Scarlet Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus flamrnifer, Hume, S. F. iii, p. 321 note (1875) ; v, 
 p. 195 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, pp. 211, 508 ; Hume, Cat. no. 273 
 quat. -, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 74 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 237. 
 
 Coloration. Kesernbles P. speciosus. The male differs from the 
 male of that species in having the first three primaries entirely 
 black and the outer webs of the middle pair of tail-feathers red ; 
 also in being much smaller. Prom the male of P. andamanensis it 
 differs only in the colour of the tail and its smaller size. 
 
 The female differs from the female of P. speciosus in having the 
 first four primaries plain brown, and the forehead and lower 
 plumage orange-yellow. Erom the female of P. andamanensis 
 merely in size. 
 
 Length rather more than 7 ; tail 3'1 ; wing 3*4 ; tarsus *65 ; 
 bill from gape % 85. 
 
 Distribution. Tenasserim from Nwalabo mountain southwards, 
 extending into the Malay peninsula. 
 
 494. Pericrocotus nammeus. The Orange Minivet. 
 
 Muscicapa flammea, Forster, Ind. Zool. p. 25 (1781). 
 
 Pericrocotus flammeus (Font), Bhjth, Cat. p. 192 ; Horsf. $ M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 142 ; Jerd. B. 1. i, p. 420 ; Hume, N. $ K p. 182 ; 
 
 Sharpe, S. F. iv, p. 208 ; Hume, S. F. iv, p. 394, v, p. 197 ; 
 
 id. Cat. no. 272 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 363 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 
 
 iv, p. 75 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 366 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 151 ; 
 
 Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 336. 
 
 Phari balal-chasm, Hind. ; Suli sanyam ( $ ), Arsan buradi ( $ ) of the 
 Halapyks (Jerd.) ; Gene-kurula, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles P. speciosus. The male differs from the 
 male of that species in having the red parts of the plumage some- 
 what paler and flame-coloured ; also in having the first four 
 primaries unmarked with red except in rare instances, when a mere 
 line of red may be seen on the fourth primary. The female differs 
 from the female of P. speciosus in having the first four primaries 
 unmarked with yellow. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black ; iris dark brown (Hume Coll.). 
 
 Length nearly 8 : tail 3'7 ; wing 3-6 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The Western Ghats of India from Khandala to Cape 
 Comorin. This species is found both at the base of the Ghats and 
 at considerable elevations, Davison recording it even from Oota- 
 camund, where, however, it appears to be rare. It extends into 
 Ceylon. Godwin-Austen, probably by an oversight, records this 
 bird from the Khasi hills (J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 99). 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds on the Nilgiris from June to September, 
 constructing a cup-shaped nest in a branch at a considerable height 
 from the ground. The nest is composed of the finest little twigs 
 and coated over externally with lichens. The eggs are pale sea- 
 
PEBICROCOTU8. 483 
 
 green marked with pale yellowish brown and appear to measure 
 about -9 by -67. 
 
 P. xantJiogaster from Sumatra and Borneo and P. exsul from 
 Java belong to this section of the Mini vets. 
 
 495. Pericrocotus brevirostris. The Short-billed Minivet. 
 
 Muscipeta brevirostris, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 43. 
 
 Phcenicornis brevirostris ( Vigors), Gould, Cent. pi. 8. 
 
 Pericrocotus brevirostris ( Vigors), Blyth, Cat. p. 193 ; Horsf. 8f M. 
 Cat. i, p. 141 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 421 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, 
 pt. ii, p. 27; Henders. $ Hume, Lah. to Yark. p. 184; Hume, 
 N. $ E. p. 183 ; Sharps, S. F. iv, p. 209 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 187 ; 
 Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 211 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, 
 p. 648 ; Hume, Cat. no. 273 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 268 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. iv, p. 79; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 435; Oates, B. B. i, 
 p. 240 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 152 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 96; Oates 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 337. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, back, scapulars, lesser wing- 
 coverts, sides of the head, and throat glossy black ; entire lower 
 surface, rump, and upper tail-coverts crimson ; greater coverts 
 black, tipped with crimson ; primaries black, all except the first 
 four with a crimson patch upon them ; secondaries crimson on the 
 basal half and black on the terminal half : tertiaries wholly black ; 
 middle tail-feathers black ; the next pair black with the greater 
 portion of the outer web red ; the others all red, except at the 
 bases, where they are black. 
 
 temale. Forehead, rump, upper tail-coverts, and all the lower 
 plumage yellow ; ear-coverts greyish yellow ; crown of the head, 
 back, and scapulars ashy green ; lesser wing-coverts brown, edged 
 with green ; median and greater coverts brown, tipped with yellow; 
 wing brown, marked with yellow in the same manner as the male 
 is marked with red ; tail also as in the male, the red being replaced 
 by yellow. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; i rides dark brown (Jerdon). 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 4 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus *6 ; bill from 
 gape *75. 
 
 The intensity of the colouring of this species varies much ac- 
 cording to locality. Specimens from Sikhim and Assam and the 
 tract of country reaching down to Tenasserim are a deep crimson, 
 whereas skins from more western countries are a dull scarlet. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Murree and Gilgit to Assam, 
 up to 10,000 feet of elevation ; the plains of India from the foot 
 of the Himalayas to about the twentieth degree of north latitude, 
 with the exception apparently of Sind, Cutch, and Kattywar. From 
 Assam P. brevirostris ranges southwards through the hill-tracts as 
 far as Karennee on the one side and to Arrakan, according to Blyth, 
 on the other. I did not procure this species in Pegu, but a specimen 
 obtained by Davison in the pine-forests of the Salween river, and 
 now in the British Museum, is referable to it. 
 
 2i2 
 
484 LANIIDJE. 
 
 To the east of India this bird extends into China and on the west 
 to Afghanistan. 
 
 P. brevirostris is said by many writers to be migratory and to be 
 found in the Himalayas in summer and in the plains in winter. 
 Scully, however, distinctly states that this species is found in 
 Gilgit in the winter, and he also observes that it is common in the 
 valley of Nepal throughout the year. The alleged migratory habits 
 of the bird therefore require confirmation. 
 
 Habits, fyc* Breeds in the Himalayas in May and June, con- 
 structing a cup-shaped nest of fine twigs, grass, &c., covered with 
 cobwebs and lichens, on a tolerably high branch of some tree. The 
 eggs, three to five in number, are whitish marked with red and 
 purple and measure about '75 by '58. 
 
 P. miniatus from Java differs from P. brevirostris in having the 
 greater wing-coverts entirely black. 
 
 496. Pericrocotus neglectus. Hume's Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus neglectus, Hume, S. F. v, pp. 171, 189 (1877) ; Hume 
 8f Dav. S. F.\i, p. 211; Hume, Cat. no. 273 ter ; Sharpe, Cat. 
 B. M. iv, p. 80 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 241, note. 
 
 Pericrocotus pulcherrimus, Salvador*, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, 
 p. 515 (1887), p. 580 (1888). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles the deep, richly coloured, eastern form of 
 P. brevirostris. The tail of both sexes is, however, very much 
 shorter, and in the male of P. neglectus the black of the throat reaches 
 much further down the neck. 
 
 Length about 6*5 ; tail, <$ 3'5, $ 3'2 ; wing 3'3 ; tarsus *55 ; 
 bill from gape *75. 
 
 I would not recognize this species were it not for its isolated 
 habitat and for its very short tail, as compared with the tail of 
 P. brevirostris from all parts of India. Hume insists that the 
 female of P. neglectus is of a wholly different type from the female 
 of P. brevirostris ; but I cannot agree with him on this point, the 
 females of the two species appearing to me to be of precisely the 
 same colour. He also states (8. F. xi, p. 96) that P. neglectus is 
 very common in Manipur. I can discover no skins of this species 
 from that State in the series of Pericrocotus in the Hutne Collection 
 now in the British Museum. If P. neglectus does occur in Mairipur, 
 the main reason for separating it from P. brevirostris, viz. the 
 different areas of distribution of the two species, disappears. 
 
 I have compared the types of P. pulcherrimus with the types of 
 P. neglectus, and find them to be the same species. 
 
 Distribution. The slopes of Muleyit mountain, in Tenasserim, 
 where this species was procured by both Davison and Eea. 
 
 497. Pericrocotus igneus. The Fiery Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus igneus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 309 (1846) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 193 ; Sharpe, S. F. iv, p. 209 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 190; id. Cat. 
 

 PERICROCOTUS. 485 
 
 no. 273 bis ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 78 ; Hume 8f Dav. S. F. vi, 
 
 p. 211; Oates, S. B. i, p. 230. 
 
 Pericrocotus minutus, Strickland, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 94, pi. 32. 
 Pericrocotus flagrans, Boie, Bonap. Consp. Av. i, p. 357 (1850). 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, chin, throat, back, scapulars, 
 and lesser wing-coverts glossy black ; the remainder of the lower 
 plumage, the rump, and upper tail-coverts crimson ; greater coverts 
 black, tipped with crimson ; primaries black, all but the first four 
 with scarlet m.irks across them ; secondaries black, with orange 
 bases ; tertiaries wholly black : under wing-coverts and axillaries 
 yellow ; middle tail-feathers black ; the next pair black, with some 
 red at the tip ; the remaining feathers red, except the bases, which 
 are black. 
 
 Female. The forehead, feathers round the eye, the under wing- 
 coverts, and all the lower plumage bright yellow ; crown of the 
 head, back, wing-coverts, and scapulars ashy, tinged with green ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts bright scarlet ; wing as in the male, 
 the scarlet being replaced by orange-yellow ; tail as in the male, 
 but the red paler. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black (Hume Coll.}. 
 
 Length 6'5 ; tail 3 ; wing 3 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from gape *7. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending down 
 the Malay peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo, and Palawan; also 
 Western China. 
 
 P. croceus, Sharpe, recently described from Perak, differs from 
 P. icjneus in having the red in the male replaced by yellow. 
 
 P. wrayi, Sharpe, also from Perak, is of the P. icjneus type ; but 
 the male has a brown throat, and the female has the upper plumage 
 deep plumbeous, the throat white, and the ear-coverts deep grey. 
 
 498. Pericrocotus Solaris. The Yellcnv-throated Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus Solaris, BJyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 310 (1846) ; id. Cat. 
 
 p. 193 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 393 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 422 ; Blanf. 
 
 J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 47 ; Sharpe, S. F. iv, p. 210 ; Hume, S. I. 
 
 v, p. 186 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 212 : Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, 
 
 p. 82 ; Hume, Cat. no. 274 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 238 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 xi, p. 97. 
 Pericrocotus rubro-limbatus, Salvador i, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, 
 
 p. 515 (1887). p. 582 (1888). 
 
 Coloration. Male. The lores, the whole upper part of the head, 
 the neck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts leaden black ; 
 chin, cheeks, and ear-coverts grey; throat orange-yellow; remainder 
 of the lower plumage, with the rump and upper tail-coverts, scarlet ; 
 greater coverts black, tipped with scarlet ; primaries black, all but 
 the first four with a red patch ; secondaries and tertiaries black, 
 with scarlet bases ; middle tail-feathers black, the outer webs with 
 a narrow red margin near the tip ; the next pair black, the terminal 
 two thirds of the outer web red, as also the tip of the inner web ; 
 the remaining tail-feathers red, with black bases. 
 
 Female. Head, neck, and upper back ashy ; lower back tinged 
 
486 
 
 with green ; rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish green ; cheeks, 
 ear-coverts, and chin light grey ; the whole lower plumage bright 
 yellow ; lesser wing-coverts brown, edged with green ; greater 
 coverts brown, tipped with yellow ; wings dark brown, the marks 
 as in the male, but yellow instead of scarlet ; tail similar to that 
 of the male, but the scarlet replaced by yellow. 
 
 Bill, legs, feet, and claws black; iris deep brown (Davison). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 4 ; wing 3-4 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from gape -6. 
 
 P. rubro-limbatus of Salvador!, the type of which I have examined, 
 is P. Solaris with the middle tail-feathers narrowly margined with 
 red. This red margin is not unfrequently present in specimens of 
 P. Solaris from Sikhim and other parts. 
 
 P. griseigularis, Grould, from China, resembles P. Solaris, but has 
 the throat grey and the upper plumage darker in colour. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Sikhim ; the Buxa Doars ; the Khasi 
 hills ; Manipur ; Pegu ; the slopes of Muleyit mountain, in 
 Tenasserim. 
 
 Blanford observed this bird in Sikhim at an elevation of 
 10,000 feet. I procured it in Pegu at the level of the sea. 
 
 499. Pericrocotus roseus. The Rosy Minivet. 
 
 Muscicapa rosea, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 486 (1818). 
 
 Pericrocotus roseus ( Vieill.\ Blyth, Cat. p. 193 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 i, p. 141 ; Jerd. B. I. \, p. 422 ; Hume, N. fy E. p. 184 ; Sharpe, 
 8. F. iv, p. 210 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 184 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., 
 Aves, p. 649; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 81 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 210 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 275 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 247 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 97 ; 
 Oates in Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 338. 
 
 Pericrocotus intensior, Hume, S. F. v, p. 185 (1877). 
 
 Coloration. Male. Upper plumage ashy brown, darker on the 
 head ; the tips of the feathers on the rump and upper tail-coverts 
 rosy red, varying in extent ; wing-coverts dark brown, the greater 
 ones tipped with scarlet ; quills dark brown, all but the first four 
 primaries with a scarlet patch across them ; later secondaries and 
 tertiaries brown, the outer webs partially margined with scarlet ; 
 sides of the head ashy ; chin and throat whitish ; remainder of 
 lower plumage with axillaries and under wing-coverts rosy red ; 
 middle tail-feathers blackish, the others red with blackish bases. 
 
 Female. Dull brown above, and the rump olive-yellow margined 
 with yellow and without a trace of red ; the portions which are red 
 in the male are in the female everywhere replaced by pale yellow ; 
 chin and throat dull yellowish white. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black ; iris dark brown. 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 3-5 ; wing 3-4 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from gape 
 75. 
 
 This species varies much in intensity of colouring according to 
 locality. Birds from the north-west of India are the palest, and 
 those from Tenasserim the richest in colour. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Assam, up to 
 
PEEICROCOTUS. 487 
 
 about 5000 feet; the N.W. Provinces, Oudh, and Bengal; Assam 
 and its hill-ranges, extending down through Burma to Bassein, 
 Eangoon, and Mergui. 
 
 The distribution of this species over the peninsula of India has 
 not been ascertained with any degree of accuracy. Ball gives it, 
 apparently with certainty, from Goomsur, Jeypore, and the Godavari 
 valley. Jerdon records it from Malabar, and Lord A. Hay appears 
 to have procured it in the hills dividing Tinnevelly from Travancore, 
 as mentioned by Jerdon. I have seen no specimens collected in 
 the localities recorded by Ball and Jerdon. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds in May and June, constructing a cup- shaped 
 nest of very fine twigs and grass, coated with lichens and cobwebs, 
 on a branch of a tree. The eggs are described as being greenish 
 white, marked in various ways with brown and purple, and mea- 
 suring about '8 by -6. 
 
 500. Pericrocotus peregrinus. The Small Minivet. 
 
 Parus peregrinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 342 (1766). 
 
 Parus malabaricus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1012 (1788) ; Hume, S. F. \, 
 p. 182. 
 
 PLcenicornis peregrina (Linn.}, Gould, Cent. pi. 9. 
 
 Pericrocotus peregrinus (Linn}, Blyih, Cat. p. 193 ; Horsf. 8f M. Cat. 
 i, p. 140 ; Jerd. B. 1. i, p. 423 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 184 ; Hume, 
 S. F. i, p. 177, iii, p. 96 ; Sharpe, S. F. iv, p. 209 ; Hume, S. F. v, 
 p. 179; id. Cat. no. 276; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 366; Sharpe, Cat. 
 B. M. iv, p. 76; Gates, B. B. i, p. 245; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 p. 152 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 339. 
 
 Bulal-chasm, Hind. ; Sath-sayili, Chota sath saki kapi, Beng. ; Bunkum- 
 pu-jitta, Tel. ; Batuyene Kurula, Kos-kurula, Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, scapulars, 
 and lesser wing-coverts pale to dark grey according to locality ; 
 rump and upper tail-coverts pale to deep scarlet ; the two middle 
 pairs of tail-feathers blackish, the others blackish with a gradually 
 increasing red tip ; chin, throat, fore neck, and sides of the head 
 from dusky grey to black ; breast scarlet ; remainder of lower 
 plumage varying from saffron to orange ; wings brown to black, 
 the first four or five primaries plain, the others and the secondaries 
 with a median patch varying from pale red to scarlet. 
 
 Female. The grey of the upper parts is paler than in the male 
 from the same locality ; the sides of the head and the whole lower 
 plumage white, more or less tinged with pale yellow ; wing brown, 
 with the wing-spot varying from yellow to pale orange ; tail much 
 as in the male. 
 
 Bill black ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; legs, toes, and claws 
 black. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3 ; wing 2-65 ; tarsus '6 ; bill from 
 gape -6. 
 
 The variations of colour in this species are very great, but are 
 always a matter of degree and not of kind, and are correlated with 
 
488 LANIID^!. 
 
 he amount of rainfall. Specimens from the arid parts of Sind are 
 the palest, and those from Southern India and the humid parts of 
 Burma the darkest. 
 
 Distribution. Every part of India, except the extreme north- 
 western portion of the Punjab, from Sind to Bengal, and from the 
 foot of the Himalayas to Cape Comorin ; Ceylon ; the Andamans ; 
 Assam and the whole country to the east of the Bay of Bengal 
 down to Tenasserim, where this species becomes rare or entirely 
 disappears. It does not ascend the Himalayas nor any of the 
 higher hill-ranges of Southern India. 
 
 It extends into Siam and Cochin China, is not yet known 
 to occur in the Malay peninsula, but reappears in some of the 
 larger islands such as Java and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from June to October, constructing a very 
 similar nesfc to that of P. roseus, but very much smaller, on high 
 branches of trees, and laying, as a rule, three eggs, which are 
 greenish white marked with brownish red, and measure about -67 
 by -53. 
 
 501. Pericrocotus erythropygius. The White-bellied Minivet. 
 
 Muscicapa erythropygia, Jerd. Madr. Jburn. L. S. xi, p. 17 (1840). 
 Pericrocotus erythropygius (Jerd,), Blyth, Cat. p. 193 ; Jerd. B. I. i, 
 
 p. 424; Blanf. J. A. 8. B. xxxviii, pt. ii, p. 174; Stoliczka, 
 
 J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 236 ; Sharpe, S. F. iv, p. 21 1 ; Hume, 8. F. 
 
 v, p. 177 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 211 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 85 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 277 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 366 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 
 p. 153 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 344. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, chin, hind neck, back, 
 scapulars, lesser, median, and primary coverts, upper tail-coverts, 
 and the four middle tail-feathers black ; the other tail-feathers 
 black at base and white elsewhere, the amount of white increasing 
 towards the outer feathers ; throat and sides of neck white ; rump 
 and breast orange-red ; remainder of lower plumage white ; the 
 greater wing-coverts white; quills black, all but the first four 
 primaries with a white basal patch and some of the tertiaries 
 broadly margined with white. 
 
 Female. The upper plumage, lores, and ear-coverts smoky 
 brown ; the rump orange-red ; tail as in the male ; wing as in the 
 male, but the black replaced by dark brown ; forehead and the 
 whole lower plumage white. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris brownish yellow (Jerdon}. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3 ; wing 2-6 ; tarsus -55 ; bill from gape -5. 
 
 Distribution. This species has an extensive distribution over the 
 peninsula of India. It is found throughout Eajputana, Cutch, 
 and Guzerat ; and I have seen a specimen which was obtained at 
 Makrani, in Sind. On the north I have examined specimens 
 obtained at Umballa, Delhi, Agra, Etawah, and Lalganj in Tirhoot. 
 On the east, Ball records this bird from Lohardugga, Sirguja, and 
 Sambalpur. It appears to be spread over all the central parts of 
 
PEEICEOCOTUS. 489 
 
 India, and to be found as far south as the Sigur ghat in the Nilgiris, 
 from which locality Jerdon has recorded it, and where Davisou sub- 
 sequently obtained it. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds in July and August, building its nest, which 
 is very small, but of much the same character as those of the pre- 
 ceding species, in low bushes. The eggs, which are greenish white 
 marked with brown, measure about '7 by "55. 
 
 502. Pericrocotus albifrons. Jerdon's Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus albifrons, Jerd. Ibis, 1862, p. 20 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, 
 p. 468 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 124 ; Htime, S. F. iii, p. 96 ; Sharpe, 
 S. F. iv, p. 212 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 178 j Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, 
 p. 86 ; Hume, Cat. no. 277 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 244. 
 
 Coloration. E-esembles P. erythropyyius. The male differs from 
 the male of that species in having the forehead, a broad supercilium, 
 and the whole chin with the sides of the head white ; the rump is 
 white merely tinged with red, and the orange on the breast is of 
 smaller extent. The lores and a streak through the eye are black. 
 
 The female differs from the female of P. erythropyyius merely in 
 having a very slight trace of red on the rump, nothing more than 
 two or three faint streaks. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris dark brown ; eyelids grey ; inside of 
 mouth flesh-colour. 
 
 Length about 6 ; tail 3-4 ; wing 2-5 ; tarsus -6 ; bill from gape -55. 
 
 Distribution. The Thayetmyo district of Burma, extending north 
 as far as Pagcan. Colonel Lloyd is said to have obtained this 
 species at Toungngoo ; but this locality requires confirmation. 
 
 503. Pericrocotus cinereus. The Ashy Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. viii, p. 94 (1845) ; Sharpe, 
 S. I. iv, p. 211 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 175 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, 
 p. S3 ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 200 ; id. B. B. i, p. 241. 
 
 Pericrocotus modestus, StricU. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 102. 
 
 Pericrocotus motacilloides, Swinhoe, Ibis, I860, p. 58. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The feathers at the base of the lower man- 
 dible, lores, a band through the eye, ear-coverts, and the posterior 
 half of the crown and nape black; forehead, anterior part of 
 crown, chin, throat, cheeks, sides of neck, and the whole lower 
 plumage white, tinged with ashy on the breast and flanks ; upper 
 plumage dark ashy ; wing-coverts black edged with ashy ; primary- 
 coverts black ; quills ashy brown, the earlier primaries with an 
 inner white marginal band, the others and the secondaries with a 
 white patch at base ; the four middle tail-feathers blackish, the 
 others blackish at base and white elsewhere, the white increasing 
 in extent towards the outer feathers. 
 
 The female resembles the male, but has the white on the fore- 
 head much narrower and the black on the crown replaced by dark 
 
490 LANIID.S. 
 
 ashy of about the same shade as the back ; the greater wing-coverts 
 and tertiaries are narrowly tipped with white. 
 
 In females not quite adult the axillaries are pale yellow and the 
 white on the wings is tinged with yellow. 
 
 The colour of the iris &c. does not appear to have been recorded. 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3*8 ; wing 3 '8 ; tarsus *55 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. I procured this species at Kyeikpadein, near the 
 town of Pegu, in February. It has not been recorded from any 
 other part of the Empire. 
 
 It is found in China, and generally throughout Eastern Asia, 
 the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippine 
 Islands. It appears to be a migratory species. 
 
 504. Pericrocotus cantonensis. Swinhoe's Minivet. 
 
 Pericrocotus cantonensis, Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 42 ; Sharpe, 8. F. 
 
 iv, p. 211 ; Hume, 8. F. v, p. 177 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 84 ; 
 
 Oates, S. F. x, p. 200 ; id. B. B. i, p. 243. 
 Pericrocotus sordidus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 284. 
 Pericrocotus immodestus, Hume, S. F. v, p. 177 (1877) ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 277 ter ; Binyham, S. F. ix, p. 173. 
 Pericrocotus ? cinereus, Lafresn. apud Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 212. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The forehead and anterior half of crown 
 mingled white and brown ; lores black ; hinder part of crown and 
 nape, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dark ashy brown ; rump 
 and upper tail-coverts pale brown; greater wing-coverts tipped 
 with white ; wings dark brown, the secondaries with a whitish, 
 half-concealed patch at base very indistinct ; the two middle pairs 
 of tail-feathers dark brown, the others brown at base, white else- 
 where, the white increasing in extent towards the outer feathers ; 
 lower plumage pale earthy brown. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male closely, but has the crown and 
 back a paler ashy brown and the wing-spot clearly indicated, well 
 defined, and tinged with yellow. 
 
 Bill and legs black; inside of mouth flesh-colour; iris hazel 
 (Swinhoe). 
 
 Length about 8 ; tail 3-7 ; wing 3'5 ; tarsus *55 ; bill from 
 gape *75. 
 
 Distribution. Southern Pegu, where I procured this species in 
 the cold weather near the town of Pegu ; Tenasserim from Mergui 
 southwards. Although Davison observed this bird only in Southern 
 Teuasserim, there can be little doubt but that it occurs in the 
 northern portion of this Division as well. Bingharn obtained 
 it in the Thoungyeen valley. 
 
 It is found throughout China, and is probably to some extent a 
 migratory species. 
 
CAMPOPHA.GA. 491 
 
 Genus CAMPOPHAGA, VieilL, 1816. 
 
 The genus Campophaga comprises a number of species the pre- 
 dominating colour of which is grey. The shafts of the rump- 
 feathers are spinous as in Pericrocotus and the next genus. 
 
 In Gampopliaga the bill is comparatively weak, the tip being but 
 slightly bent down and notched ; the nostrils are nearly concealed 
 by plumes ; the wing is rather pointed, and the tail well graduated. 
 
 The Cuckoo-Shrikes of this genus are strictly arboreal, going 
 about in small flocks and feeding on insects which they pick off 
 leaves and branches. The sexes differ : in three species very 
 slightly, in two very markedly. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Of larger size ; wing exceeding 4'5 inches, 
 a'. Grey of plumage at all ages dark bluish ; 
 
 under tail-coverts in adults concolorous 
 
 with abdomen C. melanoschista, p. 491. 
 
 I'. Grey of plumage at all ages pale ; under 
 
 tail-coverts in adults white or albescent . C. meldnoptera, p. 492. 
 
 b. Of smaller size; wing barely exceeding 
 
 4 inches. 
 c'. Supercilium absent or faintly indicated; 
 
 wing about 4 inches. 
 a". Throat and abdomen in adult* uniform 
 
 Cy C. neglecta, p. 493. 
 oat in adult black, abdomen grey. . C. sykesi <5, p. 493. 
 c". Throat and abdomen white, cross-barred 
 
 with brown C. sykesi $ , p. 493. 
 
 d', A. conspicuous white supercilium at all 
 
 wing about 3'5 inches C. terat, p. 495. 
 
 The immature birds of the first three species here treated of 
 resemble each other closely and pass through the same phases of 
 plumage. In the nestling each feather of the upper plumage has 
 a white terminal transverse bar preceded by a narrow black bar ; 
 the quills and coverts are tipped with whitish, and the whole lower 
 plumage is closely barred with white ; most of the primaries have 
 each a white patch. The young are probably two or more years 
 in attaining the adult plumage. This is effected by a gradual loss 
 of the bars and of the spots on the primaries, perfectly plumaged 
 adults losing both of these entirely. The female is much longer 
 in passing through all the stages than the male, and perfectly adult 
 females are rare. 
 
 505. Campophaga melanoschista. The Dark-grey Cuckoo-Shrike. 
 
 >v. i, p. 328 ( 
 xlv, pt. ii, p. 
 LO ; Hume, G 
 Bom. p. 149. 
 
 Volvocivora melaschistus, Hodgs. IncL Eev. i, p. 328 (1837) ; Jerd. 
 B. I. i, p. 415 ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 202 ; Hume, 
 S. F. v, p. 205 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 210 ; Hume, Cat. no. 2C9 ; 
 Scully, S. F. viii, p. 266 ; Barnes, Birds Bo 
 
 * I find it impossible to introduce the young of C. neglecta and C. sykesi 
 into the Key. They vary so much. 
 
492 
 
 Ceblepyris lugubris, Sundev. Physiogr. Sallsk. Tidskr. vol. i (1837-38) ; 
 
 id. A. M. N. H. (1), xviii, p. 109 (1846). 
 Campophaga finibriata (Temm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 191 ; Horsf. fy M. 
 
 Cat. i, p. 176. 
 
 Volvocivora melanura, Hartl. J.f. O. 1865, p. 162. 
 Campephaga lugubris (Sundev. },'Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 65. 
 Campophaga melanoschista (Hodys.), Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd 
 
 ed. i, p. 345. 
 Kabasi, Beng. 
 
 Fig. 144. Head of C. melanoschista. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole plumage dark bluish grey ; wings 
 and tail black, the latter tipped with white. 
 
 Female. When fully adult similar to the male, but rather paler. 
 Fully adult females are, however, seldom met with, the lower 
 plumage generally showing traces of the cross bars of the young 
 stage, the ear-coverts being frequently streaked with white and the 
 edges of the eyelids more or less white. The under tail-coverts 
 of the female are often paler than the abdomen, and birds in which 
 this is the case might be confounded with C. melanoptera were it 
 not for the general dark colour of the plumage. 
 
 Legs and feet plumbeous ; bill black ; iris dark brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 4'5 ; wing 4*7 ; tarsus *8 ; bill from gape '9. 
 
 No great variation takes place in this species throughout its 
 extensive range, and it is unmistakably distinct at all ages from 
 C. melanoptera. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas, from Murree to Dibrugarh in Assam 
 up to 7000 feet ; the plains of India from the Himalayas to about 
 latitude 16, except apparently in the Punjab, Sind, R,ajputana, 
 and Gruzerat; the valley of Assam and the country south to about 
 the latitude of Manipur. This species is said to be a summer 
 visitor to the Himalayas and a winter visitor to the plains. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds in the Himalayas from April to July, con- 
 structing a small and shallow nest of fine twigs coated with cob- 
 webs and lichens in a branch of a tree. The eggs, two or three 
 in number, are greenish white marked with brown and purple, and 
 measure about 1 by 7. 
 
 506. Campophaga melanoptera, The Pale-grey Cuckoo-Shrike. 
 
 Ceblepyris melanoptera. Riipp. Mus. Senckenb. iii, p. 25, tab. ii, 
 
 fig. 1 (1839). 
 Campephaga melanoptera, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 307 (1846) ; id. 
 
 Cat. p. 191 ; Sharpe, Cat, B. M. iv, p. 67 ; Gates, B. B. i, p. 231. 
 
CAMPOPHAGA. 493 
 
 Campaphaga avensis, Blyth, Cat. p. 327 (1849). 
 
 Volvocivora saturata, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 242. 
 
 Volvocivora avensis (Blyth), Hume, S. F. iii, p. 93, v, p. 205 ; id. 
 
 Cat. no. 268 bis. 
 
 Volvocivora vidua (HartL), apud Hume, S. F. \, p. 206 ; Hume $ 
 Dav. S. F. vi, p. 508 ; Hume, Cat. no. 268 quint. 
 Volvocivora intermedia, Hume, S. F. v, p. 205 (1877) ; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 269 bis. 
 Canipophaga saturata (Stvinh.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 66; Oates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 230. 
 Carnpophaga innoininata, Oates, B. B. i, p. 233 (1883). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles C. melanoschista, but has the plumage pale 
 grey throughout, except the vent and under tail-coverts, which 
 are white or albescent. 
 
 The young, in all stages of plumage, have the grey portions of 
 the same pale tint as the adults. 
 
 Bill and legs black ; iris hazel- or reddish-brown ; eyelids plum- 
 beous ; inside of the mouth flesh-colour ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Of much the same size as C. melanoschista. 
 
 Some years ago I regarded C. melanoptera, C. saturata, and C. 
 innominata as fairly distinguishable species, but now with the large 
 series of these birds which is available for study I cannot separate 
 them. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of Arrakan, Pegu, Karennee, and Tenas- 
 serim, extending into China and Siarn. I have seen no specimen 
 of this species from any locality south of Malawun. 
 
 507. Campophaga neglecta. The Small Cuckoo-Shrike. 
 
 Volvocivora neglecta, Hume, S. F. v, p. 203 (1877) j id. Cat. no. 268 
 quat. ; Hume 4- Dav. S. F. vi, p. 210 ; Salvador i, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
 Gen. (2) v, p. 580. 
 
 Canipophaga ueglecta (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 68 ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 232. 
 
 Campophaga polioptera, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 69, pi. ii (1879). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles C. mdanopUra but is very much smaller. 
 
 The colour of the iris &c. does not appear to have been recorded. 
 
 Length about 8; tail 3'5 ; wing 4; tarsus -75 ; bill from gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. Teuasserirn south of Mergui, extending down the 
 Malay peninsula as far as Salanga or Junk Ceylon and eastward 
 into Cochin China. 
 
 An allied species found in the Malay peninsula is C. culminata, 
 A. Hay, which differs in having the vent and under tail-coverts 
 grey like the abdomen. 
 
 C. fonbriata, Ternrn., from Java differs from both the above in 
 being of a blackish colour. 
 
 508. Campophaga sykesi. The Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike. 
 
 Lalage sykesii, Strickland, A.M. N. H. (1) xiii, p. 36 (1844) ; Horsf. 
 8f M. Cat. i, p. 175 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 89 ; Legye, Birds 
 Ceyl. p. 369. 
 
494 LANIID.E. 
 
 Gates, B. B. i, 
 
 Hume, N. $ E. 
 
 p. 179; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 210; Hume,' Cat. no. 268; Davison, 
 8. F. x, p. 365 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 148*. 
 Jungli Kasya, Hind. ; Chinna akurayi, Tel. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The head, neck, upper back, chin, throat, and 
 upper breast black ; lower breast and sides of the body grey ; 
 abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts white ; back, scapulars, 
 lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey, the tail- 
 coverts paler margined ; median wing-coverts chiefly 'black, the 
 tips and the terminal halves of the outer webs grey ; greater 
 coverts black narrowly margined with grey ; primary-coverts all 
 black ; quills black, the primaries with a large patch of white on 
 the inner webs and narrowly margined with white on the outer ; 
 the secondaries more broadly margined with white and tipped with 
 the same ; middle tail-feathers grey, the others black broadly 
 tipped with white. 
 
 Female. The upper plumage, including the head, grey, becoming 
 lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts, which are cross-barred 
 with dusky ; cheeks, sides of neck, and the whole lower plumage 
 whitish, closely and narrowly barred with black, the bars becoming 
 obsolete on the abdomen ; vent and under tail-coverts pure white ; 
 wing-coverts and quills dark brown, each feather margined with 
 greyish white, and the inner web of each with a white patch as in 
 the male ; ear-coverts greyish mottled with brown and the shafts 
 white ; the middle pair of. tail-feathers grey narrowly tipped with 
 white, the others blackish brown broadly tipped with white. 
 
 In the young each feather of the upper plumage is tipped with 
 a white band preceded by a black band, and the lower plumage is 
 more closely barred than in the adult female. The young male 
 changes into adult plumage in the first spring. 
 
 Iris brownish red ; bill black ; legs and feet black with slaty 
 edges to the scales of the tarsi ; claws black (Legye). 
 
 Length about 7*5 ; tail 3-3 ; wing 4 ; tarsus -8 ; bill from gape 
 85. 
 
 Distribution. The greater part of the peninsula of India from 
 the foot of the Himalayas to Cape Comorin. The western limit 
 appears to be a line drawn through Deesa, Abu, and Sambhar. 
 To the east this species has been found as far as the Bhutan Doars 
 and Furreedpore in Eastern Bengal. In the British Museum 
 there is a specimen collected in Assam by McClelland, and Blyth 
 states that this species occurs in Upper Pegu. This statement 
 has received no confirmation by any other collector in Pegu and 
 must be accepted with reservation. This Cuckoo-Shrike occurs in 
 Ceylon. 
 
 * Lalage melaiwthorax, Sharpe (Cat. B. M. iv, p. 91), from Madras, has 
 since been discovered to be an artificially constructed bird (P. Z. S. 1886, 
 p. 354), the head and neck of a Dicrurus ater having been joined to the body 
 of a Campophaga sykesi. 
 
CAMPOPHAGA. 495 
 
 C. sykesi is said to be a migrant, but I cannot ascertain this to 
 be a fact from the specimens I have examined. It possibly 
 wanders about a good deal, and this may have led to the idea that 
 it is migratory. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from May to July, constructing a shallow 
 saucer-like nest of fine twigs, bound together with cobwebs, in a 
 fork of a tree. The eggs, usually three w number, are greenish 
 white marked with pale brown and measure about -83 by -65. 
 
 509. Campophaga terat. The Pied Cuckoo-Shrike. 
 
 Turdus terat, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 17 (pi. 273, fig. 2), (1783). 
 
 Turdus orieiitalis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i, p. 821 (1788). 
 
 Lalage orientalis (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 192; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 175. 
 Lalage terat (Bodd.), Hume, S. F. i, p. 454, ii, p. 202 ; Sharpe, Cat. 
 
 B, M. iv, p. 95 ; Hume, Cat. no. 269 ter*. 
 Carnpophaga terat (Bodd.), Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 Coloration. Male. The base of the forehead and a broad super- 
 cilium white ; crown, nape, hind neck, lores, the upper part of the 
 ear-coverts, the back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts glossy 
 black ; rump and upper tail-coverts grey, the latter with faint 
 white cross bars ; median and greater wing-coverts black broadly 
 edged with white ; quills black with a large white patch on the 
 inner web of each ; the secondaries and tertiaries edged with w r hite 
 on the outer web ; tail black, the two outer pairs of feathers with 
 broad white tips, the next pair more narrowly tipped with white ; 
 lower part of ear-coverts, sides of neck, and the whole lower 
 plumage white, tinged with ashy on the breast and flanks, on which 
 parts there are almost always faint traces of bars. 
 
 Female. The black portions of the plumage of the male are re- 
 placed by brown and the greater wing-coverts are merely tipped 
 with white the wings and tail are very dark brown ; the whole 
 lower plumage regularly barred with dark grey except the abdomen 
 and under tail-coverts. 
 
 The nestling resembles the adult female, but every portion of 
 the upper plumage is barred with pale grey, each bar preceded by 
 a darker one ; the lower plumage is densely streaked with brown, 
 the streaks soon giving way to bars of the same colour. 
 
 Legs and feet black or plumbeous ; soles yellowish horny ; bill 
 black ; iris brown (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2'8 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus '75 ; bill from 
 gape -8. 
 
 Distribution. The Nicobar Islands, where this species has been 
 found on Camorta and Nancowry. 
 
 * The name Turdus dominicus of P. L. S. Muller is doubtfully referable to 
 this species and is, in any case, singularly inappropriate. I follow Sharpe in 
 discarding this name in favour of Boddaert's. 
 
496 
 
 This species is also found in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and 
 other of the larger islands. 
 
 Habits, fyc. The eggs are described by Hume as being greenish 
 white marked with brown, olivaceous brown, and purplish grey, and 
 as measuring about *86 by '62. The nest has not been described. 
 
 Genus GRAUCALUS, Cuvier, 1817. 
 
 The genus Graucalus differs from Campopliaya in having a very 
 long pointed wing and a relatively more massive bill. The two 
 Indian species are birds of comparatively large size. The sexes 
 differ in colour. These birds are arboreal, frequenting only the 
 well- wooded portions of the country or forests. They feed on 
 insects which they pick off leaves and their notes are mellow and 
 pleasant. 
 
 Key to tlie Species. 
 
 a. Tail broadly tipped with white G. macii, p. 496. 
 
 b. Tail nearly entirely black G. dobsoni, p. 497. 
 
 510. Graucalus macii. The Large Cuckoo- Shrike. 
 Graucalus macei, Less. Traite, p. 349 (1831) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 190 ; 
 
 Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 360 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 34 ; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 270; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 267; Gates, B. B. i, p. 228; 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 150; Oates in Hume's N. Sf JE. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 348. 
 
 Graucalus layardi, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 368; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, 
 p. 117 ; Hume, Cat. no. 270 bis. 
 
 Kasya, Hind. ; Kabasi, Beng. ; Pedda dkurai, Tel. ; Talliny-pho, 
 Lepch. 
 
 Fig. 145. Head of G. macii. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Upper plumage grey, paler on the rump and 
 upper tail-coverts ; the region of the nostrils, the lores, and the 
 feathers about the gape black ; sides of the face and of the neck 
 similar to the upper plumage ; ear-coverts dusky ; chin, throat, 
 breast, and upper abdomen grey, rather lighter than the upper 
 
GRAUCALUS. 497 
 
 parts ; remainder of lower plumage greyish white ; wing-coverts 
 like the back ; bastard wing black ; primaries and primary-coverts 
 dark browu, very narrowly edged with grey; secondaries more 
 broadly edged with the same ; tertiaries grey on the whole outer 
 web and brown on the inner ; middle tail-feathers ashy, tipped 
 paler ;' the others blackish, all tipped with greyish white, increasing 
 in extent outwardly, with the bases grey, this colour decreasing in 
 extent outwardly and being absent on the outer ones. 
 
 Female. The black on the face is paler, and this part as well as 
 the ear-coverts are of much the same grey as the head; the 
 general tone of the plumage is lighter. The female is seldom 
 without a few indications of immaturity, these signs being visible 
 chiefly in the shape of obsolete bars. 
 
 The young have most of the upper plumage tipped and mar- 
 gined with pale ferruginous, and the lower parts nearly pure 
 white. 
 
 Iris hazel-brown to lake ; eyelids grey ; inside of mouth flesh- 
 colour ; bill, legs, and claws black. 
 
 This bird varies excessively in plumage and in size ; the plumage 
 varies according to age and sex, and the size according to locality. 
 The largest birds occur, as a rule, in Burma and Northern India, 
 and the smallest in Ceylon, where some birds have the wing less 
 than 6 inches in length. G. layardi appears to have been based 
 on one stage of the immature plumage. 
 
 Length 10 to 12 ; tail 4'3 to 5'8 ; wing 5-8 to 7 ; tarsus 1 to 
 I'l ; bill from gape 1*3 to 1*5. 
 
 Distribution. The whole Empire and Ceylon, except in the Him- 
 alayas west of the Sutlej river, and in portions of Sind, Rajputana, 
 and the Punjab. 
 
 Habits, <Sj'c. Breeds from May to October, constructing a shallow 
 nest of slender twigs in a lofty branch of a tree and laying three 
 eggs, which are pale green with brown and purple marks, and 
 measure about 1*26 by <( J. 
 
 511. Graucalus dobsoni. Dobsons Cuckoo-shrike. 
 
 Graucalus dobsoni, Ball, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 281 (1872) ; id. S. F. 
 
 i, p. 66; Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 312 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 206; id. Cat. 
 
 no. 270 ter. 
 Artamides dobsoni ( Ball), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iv, p. 20. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Lores, about the nostrils, and a broad band 
 through the eye to the ear-coverts black ; the whole upper plumage 
 and lesser wing-coverts iron-grey ; median and greater coverts and 
 quills very dark brown or black, very narrowly edged with pale 
 grey ; tail black, the outer feathers narrowly tipped white ; cheeks, 
 chin, throat, and breast pale iron-grey ; remainder of the lower 
 plumage, with the under wing-coverts and axillaries, white, nar- 
 rowly but distinctly barred with blackish brown. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male, but has the chin, throat, and breast 
 barred like the remainder of the lower plumage. 
 
 VOL. i. 2K 
 
498 
 
 The young have the upper plumage rufous barred with dark 
 brown, and the lower plumage whitish, barred on the throat, 
 breast, under tail-coverts, and axillaries with blackish. The young, 
 however, vary extremely, and no description will cover all the 
 changes they undergo from the nestling stage to the adult. 
 
 Bill, legs, and feet black ; iris crimson-lake, tinged with brown 
 in the young (Hume). 
 
 Length about 12 ; tail 5*5 ; wing 6'2 ; tarsus '95 ; bill from 
 gape 1*25. 
 
 Distribution. The Andaman Islands. 
 
 Other species of Graucalus are G. rex-pmeti from China, with 
 the under wing-coverts buff-coloured; and G. sumatrensis from 
 Sumatra and the Malay peninsula, smaller than G. macii, with an 
 extremely large bill, and no black on the face of the male. 
 
 Subfamily ARTAMIN^E. 
 
 The Artamince, or Swallow-Shrikes, are characterized by wings of 
 great length, which enable them to spend a considerable portion of 
 their time in the air. They catch their insect-food entirely on the 
 wing, either by darting upon it from a fixed perch, or by flying 
 about after the fashion of Swallows. 
 
 In these birds the bill is conical, slightly curved and pointed, and 
 the tip is neither hooked nor notched. The first primary is very 
 minute, and the second very large, reaching quite to the tip of the 
 wing. The tail is square and short. The tarsus is weak. The 
 plumage is firm, and the colours plain. The sexes are alike. 
 
 The true Artamince are confined to the Indian and Australian 
 regions. 
 
 Genus ARTAMUS, Vieill., 1816. 
 
 The characters of Artamus are the same as those of the sub- 
 family. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Rump of the same colour as the back A. fnscus, p. 498. 
 
 b. Rump white, different to the back A. leucogaster, p. 499. 
 
 512. Artamus fnscus. The Ashy Swallow-Shrike. 
 
 Artamus fuscus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xvii, p. 297 (1817) j 
 Blyth, Cat. p. 199; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 161; Jerd. B. I. \, 
 p. 441 ; Hume) N. $ JE. p. 194 ; Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. in, 
 p. 191 ; Leffffe, Birds Ceyl. p. 666 ; Hume, Cat. no. 287 ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 396 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 368 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 p. 157 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 103 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 i. p. 350 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii,p. 11*. 
 
 * Mr. Sharpe has kindly allowed me to see the proof-sheets of the ] 3th vol. of 
 the ' Catalogue,' about to be published. 
 
ARTAMTTS. 499 
 
 Tiu-i ababil, Hind. ; Tal-chatak, Beng. ; Tati-pittak, Tel. j Murasiny, 
 of Mussulmans in Beng. j Sittiangchi-pho, Lepch. 
 
 Fig. U6. Head otA.fuscus. 
 
 Coloration. Lores black; head and neck all round deep grey; 
 back, scapulars, rump, and the shorter upper tail-coverts brown 
 with a vinaceous tinge ; longer tail- coverts white ; tail dark grey, 
 tipped with whitish ; wings and coverts deep grey, darker at the 
 tips, and all the quills with excessively fine but distinct margins of 
 white near the tips and on portions of the inner webs ; lower 
 plumage from the throat downwards pale purplish brown ; lower 
 tail-coverts whitish, finely barred with ashy. 
 
 The young bird is barred with fulvous above, the white margins 
 to the quills are broader, and the wing-coverts are tipped with 
 rufous. 
 
 Bill clear pale blue, the tip and the anterior half of the margins 
 brownish ; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs slate-colour ; 
 claws dark horn ; mouth black in some, in others yellow, probably 
 varying according to season. 
 
 Length 7*3 ; tail 2-5 ; wing 5*2 ; tarsus '65 ; bill from gape "95. 
 
 Distribution. More or less abundant throughout the Empire, east 
 of a line drawn approximately from Godra in the Panch Mahals to 
 Naini Tal in Kuinaun, ascending the Himalayas up to 5000 feet in 
 the summer months, and resident in the plains. The limit of this 
 species in Southern Burma appears to be the latitude of Amherst. 
 It is found in Ceylon, but not in the Andamans nor Nicobars. It 
 extends into Siam and China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to July, constructing a flimsy 
 nest of grass and roots in holes of trees, or on the surface of large 
 horizontal branches or on the summit of lofty stumps. The eggs, 
 usually three in number, are white marked with brownish rusty, 
 and measure about -94 by -68. 
 
 513. Artamus leucogaster. The White-rumped Swallow-Shrike. 
 
 ? Lanius leucorhynchus, Linn. Mantissa, p. 524 (1771). 
 
 Ocypterus leucogaster, Valenc. Mem. Mus. dHist. Nat. vi, p. 21, 
 
 pi. vii, fig. 2 (1820). 
 Artamus leucopygialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 17 ; Blyth, Cat. 
 
 p. 109; Wald. P. Z. S. 18(56, p. 555 ; Batt, S. F. i, p. 67. 
 Artamus leucogaster ( Valenc.\ Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, p. 161 ; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. % E. 2nd ed. i, p. 353 j Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 3. 
 Artamus leucorhynchus (Lmn.\ Hume, S. F. ii, p. 214 j id. N. fy E. 
 
 p. 195 ; id. Cat. no. 287 bis. 
 
 2x2 
 
500 OKIOLLCLE. 
 
 Coloration. Head and neck all round and a portion of the upper 
 breast slaty grey, the lores and the feathers at the base of the bill 
 darker ; back, scapulars, and rump chocolate-brown ; lower rump 
 and upper tail-coverts white ; tail and wings ashy black ; breast, 
 abdomen, sides of body, lower tail- and wing-coverts white. 
 
 The young have the upper plumage barred with fulvous^ and 
 the wing-coverts and quills are also tipped with the same colour. 
 
 Legs and feet in some dusky plumbeous, in some dull black ; 
 bill pale blue, tipped blackish; iris deep brown, occasionally slaty 
 blue (Hume). 
 
 Length about 7 ; tail 2'5 ; wing 5-1 ; tarsus -65 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The Andaman Islands. This species extends through 
 the islands to Australia. 
 
 Habits, $c. The nest of this species was found in the Andamans 
 by Davison in a hollow at the top of a stump in May, but it did 
 not contain eggs. 
 
 Family ORIOLIDJE. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semirings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth, the upper 
 one simply notched ; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, composed of 
 two entire longitudinal laminae ; wing with ten primaries ; tongue 
 non-tubular ; nostrils clear of the line of forehead, the lower edge 
 of the nostril nearer to the commissure than the upper edge is to 
 the culmen ; plumage of the nestling streaked ; rictal bristles 
 present ; rectrices twelve ; sexes generally different ; an autumn 
 moult only. 
 
 The Orioles comprise a number of birds which are found over 
 the tropical and temperate regions of the Old World. They are 
 mostly birds of bright plumage. They have rich flute-like notes, 
 and in habits are strictly arboreal, never descending to the ground. 
 Only one genus is found in India. 
 
 Genus ORIOLUS, Linn., 1766. 
 
 The genus Oriolus contains nine Indian species of birds, several 
 of which are well-known in India under the name of "Mango- 
 bird." The prevailing colour of these birds is yellow, one species 
 only being red. The young are densely streaked below, and they 
 retain traces of streaks in their plumage probably for two years. 
 
 The Orioles frequent forests and well-wooded tracts of country, 
 confining themselves entirely to trees, on the fruit of which, to- 
 gether with insects found on the leaves, they subsist. Many species 
 
ORIOLUS. 501 
 
 are sedentary, others are migratory to a small extent, and one is 
 absent from India entirely during the summer months. The 
 Orioles make cup-shaped nests, which are suspended by the rim 
 from the fork of a branch, and they lay spotted eggs. Their notes 
 are very Ifquid and rich. 
 
 In Oriolus the bill is as long as the head, the culmen gently 
 curved, and the tip notched and bent ; the nostrils are lengthened 
 and exposed ; the rictal bristles are fairly strong ; the head is never 
 crested ; the wing is long :iiid sharp, the first primary longer than 
 half the second ; the tail is much shorter than the wing and slightly 
 rounded ; the tarsus is short and sciitollatod. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Tail black and yellow or green. 
 a'. Nape black, crown yellow. 
 
 a". Outer webs of secondaries and ter- 
 tiaries conspicuously greenish yel- 
 low j all quills tipped yellow. 
 a'". Nape-band much more than half 
 
 inch broad 6. indicus, p. 502. 
 
 b'". Nape-band much less than half 
 
 inch broad O. temtu-ostris, p. 503. 
 
 b". Outer webs of secondaries and ter- 
 
 tiaries black in male, brown in 
 
 female, with hardly a tinge of green; 
 
 tips to quills absent or obsolete. 
 
 c'". Nape- band more than half inch 
 
 broad ; wing about 6 O. macrunis, p. 503. 
 
 d". Nape-band less than half inch 
 
 broad j wing about 5 O. andamanensis, p. 504. 
 
 //. Nape and crown yellow or greenish 
 
 yellow. 
 c". Wing much more than 5. 
 
 e'". Lores black, continued back be- 
 hind the eye O. kundoo, p. 504. 
 
 /'". Lores only black O. galbula, p. 505. 
 
 (/". Wing much less than 5 O. xanthonotus 5 , p. 505, 
 
 c'. Nape and crown black. 
 
 e". Abdomen white streaked with black . 0. .xanthonotus $ , p. 505. 
 f". Abdomen plain yellow O. melanocephalus^. 506. 
 
 b. Tail red O. traittii, p. 508. 
 
 The first eight Orioles on our list may be termed Yellow Orioles. 
 The young of these resemble each other very closely for the first 
 few months, and subsequently pass through similar stages. 
 
 In the nestling, the feathers of the upper plumage are greenish 
 tipped with yellow, and those of the lower white streaked with 
 brown. 
 
 Soon after the young are fully fledged, the yellow tips to the 
 upper plumage drop off, the streaks below become firmer and 
 blackish, and the whole plumage yellower. About the first autumn 
 the black marks on the head which characterize the different species 
 become apparent, as also the yellow marks on the wings and tail. 
 
502 OEIOLIDJE. 
 
 Between the first and second autumns a continual change, tending 
 to the complete adult plumage, takes place, the streaks gradually 
 disappearing, the yellow becoming more intense, and the black 
 marks on the head more pronounced. The young of the different 
 species may generally be identified by the same characters which 
 differentiate the adults. 
 
 514. Oriolus indicus. The Black-naped Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus indicus, Jerd. III. 2nd. Orn. pi. 15 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 216 ; 
 
 Horsf. 8f M. Cat. i, p. 270 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 109 ; Ball, S. F. vii, 
 
 p. 215. 
 Oriolus diffusus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 197 (1877) ; Legye, Birds 
 
 Ceyl. p. 355. 
 Oriolus indicus (Jerdon), Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 329 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 471 ; Oates, B. B. i,p. 211 ; Barnes. Birds Bom. p. 195 ; Hume, 
 
 S. F. xi, p. 186. 
 
 The Black-naped Indian Oriole, Jerd. 
 
 Fig. 147. Head of 0. indicus. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Lores and a streak through the eye, widening 
 to a band three quarters of an inch wide across the nape, black ; the 
 whole remaining plumage bright yellow ; median pair of tail- 
 feathers black with narrow yellow tips ; the others progressively 
 more tipped with yellow towards the outer pair, which is tipped to 
 the extent of an inch and a half ; primaries black, tipped and edged 
 narrowly with yellowish white, the secondaries more broadly edged 
 with the same; tertiaries with the whole outer webs and a portion 
 of the inner webs next the shaft yellow ; winglet black ; primary- 
 coverts black, tipped with yellow to the extent of about -4 inch ; 
 upper wing-coverts bright yellow, the inner webs of the greater 
 coverts being black. 
 
 Female. Eesembles the male, except that the back is tinged with 
 green. 
 
 In the adult the iris is pink, eyelids pinkish ; bill pink, more or 
 less livid in places ; inside of the mouth flesh-colour; legs and toes 
 deep plumbeous ; the claws dark brown ; young birds have the bill 
 brown or black. 
 
 Length 10-7 ; tail 4; wing 6-1 ; tarsus 1-05 ; bill from gape 1-4. 
 
 Distribution. Occurs over a considerable portion of the Indian 
 peninsula, but is rare. The British Museum contains specimens 
 from various parts of the western coast from Eatnagiri down to 
 
ORIOLUS. 503 
 
 Travancore. This species also occurs in Ceylon. Jerdon records it 
 from Dharwar and near Calcutta ; Swinhoe from Manpur, Central 
 India; and Ball from the Rajmehal hills. Further east, Hume met 
 with it in Manipur, Blyth received it from Arrakan, and I found 
 it abundant in Southern Pegu. Davison observed this Oriole in 
 Tenasserim from Moulmein down to Malawun. It is a winter 
 visitor only to the above localities, being found from October to 
 March. It summers in China and Mongolia. 
 
 515. Oriolus tenuirostris. The Burmese Black-naped Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus tenuirostris, Blyth, J.A.S.B.xv, p. 48 (1846); id. Cat. 
 p. 216 ; Hume, S. F. iii, p. 131 ; Godw.-Atist. J. A. S. B. xliii, 
 pt. ii, p. 166 ; Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 140 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, 
 p. 198 ; Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 329; Hume, Cat. no. 471 ter ; 
 Scully, S. F. viii, p. 298 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 212 ; Hume, S. F. 
 xi, p. 187. 
 
 Coloration. In general appearance similar to 0. indicus. Differs 
 in having a more slender bill ; in the wing-spot or yellow on the 
 primary-coverts being larger, the length of the yellow marks being 
 about three quarters of an inch ; in the amount of yellow on the 
 tail extending to nearly 2 inches on the outer feathers, and to 
 1 inch on those next the middle pair, against 1'5 and *4 inch respec- 
 tively in 0. indicus ; in the narrower width of the band on the 
 nape, which is never more than *4 inch as against '7 in 0. indicus ; 
 and in the back of the male being tinged with green. 
 
 Young birds are difficult to separate. If very young, weight 
 must be attached to the smaller bill and to the smaller amount 
 of yellow on the tail. When the nape-band becomes indicated, 
 however feebly, there can be no doubt to which species the bird 
 examined belongs. 
 
 In the adult the iris is red ; bill pale pink ; inside of the mouth 
 flesh-colour; legs plumbeous; claws dark horn-colour; in the 
 young the bill is black. 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 3-7 ; wing 5-9 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape 1*35. 
 
 Distribution. Nepal ; Darjiling terai ; Bhutan and Buxa Doars ; 
 Cachar ; Manipur ; Karennee ; Arrakan ; Pegu ; Tenasserim to 
 the extreme south. Rare, but apparently a permanent resident. 
 
 516. Oriolus macrurus. The Nicolar Black-naped Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus macrourus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, pp. 46, 370 (1846) ; id. 
 Cat. p. 216; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 270: Ball, S. F. i, p. 71; 
 Hume, S. F. ii, p. 228, iii, p. 132 ; id. Cat. no. 471 quat. ; Sharpe, 
 Cat. B. M. iii, p. 202. 
 
 Coloration. Male. Lores and a band through the eye and across 
 the nape, where it becomes about three quarters of an inch broad, 
 black ; forehead, crown, the whole upper plumage, lesser and 
 median coverts, and outer webs of the greater wing-coverts deep 
 
504 OBTOLID^E. 
 
 golden yellow ; remainder of the wing black : the primary-coverts 
 tipped yellow ; some of the primaries very narrowly margined with 
 yellowish white about the middle of the outer web ; the secondaries 
 obsoletely tipped with yellowish white ; edge of the wing and the 
 whole lower plumage deep yellow ; the two middle tail-feathers 
 black tipped with yellow, the others progressively more tipped 
 with yellow, the extent of yellow on the outermost feather being 
 about two inches. 
 
 Female. Differs from the male in having the yellow parts less 
 bright, and the back and wing-coverts tinged with green ; black of 
 wing less intense, the primaries more broadly margined with yel- 
 lowish, and the outer webs of the secondaries and tertiaries tinged 
 with green. 
 
 Legs and feet plumbeous ; claws dark horny ; bill earn eons ; iris 
 carmine in the adult, dull red- brown in the young (Hume). 
 
 Length about 11; tail 4'7; wing 6:' tarsus 1; bill from 
 gape 1-6. 
 
 Distribution. The Nicobar Islands, throughout the group. 
 
 517. Oriolus andamanensis. The Andaman Black-naped Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus andamanensis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 326 ; Ball, S. F. 
 
 i, p. 72; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 226, iii, p. 132 ; id. Cat. no. 471 bis ; 
 
 8harpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 200. 
 Broderipus andamanensis, Tytler, Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 305. 
 
 Coloration. Differs from 0. macnirus in being much smaller and 
 in having the nape-band narrower, not exceeding half an inch in 
 breadth. 
 
 Legs and feet plumbeous, sometimes tinged with green ; soles 
 dirty grey : bill carneous or delicate pink ; ridge of culmen in some 
 specimens brown on the terminal half ; iris carmine ; eyelids 
 brownish red (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10: tail 4; wing 5*3: tarsus *9 ; bill from gape 
 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. The Andaman Islands, where this species has been 
 procured on the South Andaman and Macpherson's Straits. 
 
 518. Oriolus kimdoo, The Indian Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus kimdoo, 8ykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 87 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 216 ; 
 Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 271 ; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 107 ; Hume $ 
 Henders. Lah. to Yarl. p. 200, pi, xi ; Hume, N. E. p. 299 ; 
 Scidly, S. F. iv, p. 140 ; Ball, 8. F. vii, p. 215 ; Hume, Cat. no. 
 470 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 194 ; Scully, 8. F. viii, p. 297 : id. 
 Ibis, 1881, p. 440 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 193 ; Gates in Hume's 
 N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 354. 
 
 Pilak, Hind. ; Vanga-pandu, Tel. ; Pawseh, Mahr. ; Pashnool, Kashm. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, body, and under wing- 
 coverts rich yellow ; lores and a space round and behind the eye 
 black ; middle tail-feathers black with narrow yellow tips, the 
 
ORIOLUS. 505 
 
 others progressively less black and more yellow, the outermost 
 feather almost entirely yellow, the black being confined to the base 
 of the outer web ; wings black, all the quills tipped and partially 
 margined with yellow ; basal third of primary-coverts black, 
 remainder yellow. 
 
 Fi male. Differs from the male in having the back and scapulars 
 tinged with green. 
 
 Iris maroon-red ; bill brownish flesh-colour ; legs and feet 
 bluish-slate (Butler}. 
 
 Length about JK"> ; tail 3'6 ; wing 5-5 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from 
 gape 1'4. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India, from Kashmir and the Hima- 
 layas (up to 9000 feet) to Cape Comorin, and from Sind to 
 Western Bengal, the furthest point to the east from which this 
 species is recorded being Manbhoom. 
 
 This Oriole is a permanent resident in the plains and lower 
 ranges of the Himalayas, and a summer visitor to Kashmir and the 
 higher ranges. It extends into Afghanistan and Turkestan, but 
 visits the latter country only in summer. 
 
 Habits, tyc. Breeds from May to August, constructing a cradle- 
 like nest of grass and strips of bark, which is suspended by the 
 sides from the fork of a leafy branch of a large tree. The eggs, 
 three or four in number, are white, spotted with black or reddish 
 brown, and measure about I'll by '81. 
 
 519. Oriolus galbula. The European Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus galbula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 160 (1766) ; Hume, 8. F. i, 
 p. 182 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 191 ; Hume, 8. F. vii, p. 387 ; 
 id. Cat. no. 470 bis ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 130 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 194. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles 0. kundoo. Differs in having the black 
 on the head confined to the lores only and in having more black 
 on the tail, the outermost feather being black on fully its basal 
 half. 0. f/albula has also a longer wing. 
 
 Bill dull reddish ; iris blood-red ; legs lead-grey (Dresser). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 3*7 ; wing 6 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from gape 
 1-3. 
 
 Dresser states that the adult female differs considerably in plu- 
 mage from the male, but there is nothing in the British-Museum 
 series of this bird which lends support to this statement. The 
 male and female appear to differ in exactly the same particulars 
 as do the sexes of 0. kundoo. 
 
 Distribution. A rare visitor to Sind in the autumn and winter. 
 This Oriole is largely spread over Europe and Africa and portions 
 of Western Asia. 
 
 520. Oriolus xanthonotus. The Malay Black-headed Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus xanthonotus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 152 (1821) j 
 id. Zool. Ees. Java, pi. ; Blyth, Cat. p. 215 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. 
 
506 ORIOLID^E. 
 
 i, p. 268 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. ii, p. 317 ; Sharpe, Cat. 
 B. M. iii, p. 213 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, p. 330 j Hume, Cat. 
 no. 473 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 215. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, neck, chin, throat, and 
 breast black ; abdomen and flanks white, streaked with black ; 
 under tail-coverts yellow ; sides of the breast tinged with yellow ; 
 axillaries grey ; under wing-coverts black, margined with yellow ; 
 back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
 yellow ; median wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with yellow ; 
 the remaining coverts and all the quills black, most of them very 
 narrowly edged with yellow ; tail black, tipped with yellow, very 
 narrowly on the median pair of feathers, and to an increasing 
 extent outwardly. 
 
 Female. The whole upper plumage, with the lesser wing-coverts 
 and tertiaries, olive-yellow, and the feathers of the head with dusky 
 striations ; lores grey ; feathers round the edges of the eyelids 
 yellow ; the ear-coverts olive-yellow, with paler shafts ; chin and 
 throat whitish ; breast, abdomen, and flanks white, streaked with 
 black ; under tail-coverts yellow ; median and greater wing-coverts 
 brown, edged with olive-yellow ; primaries dark brown, very nar- 
 rowly edged with pale yellow ; secondaries dark brown, broadly 
 edged with olive-yellow ; tertiaries wholly olive-yellow ; tail olive- 
 yellow, all the feathers tipped with bright yellow, as in the male, 
 and all but the middle feathers with the portion near the shaft 
 more or less dark brown. 
 
 Owing to the adult female in this species being streaked, the 
 young resemble her closely, but the wing-coverts of the latter are 
 always edged with ferruginous. The young male in passing to the 
 adult stage undergoes the same changes as the young of the other 
 Yellow Orioles. Occasionally an apparently adult male is found 
 with black spots on the back and black margins to the rump- 
 feathers. 
 
 The legs and feet are plumbeous blue or very dark plumbeous, 
 the bill very dark fleshy or pale fleshy brown ; the irides crimson 
 (Hume <$f Damson). 
 
 Length 8 ; tail 2*8 ; wing 4'4 ; tarsus '8 ; bill from gape 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending down 
 the Malay peninsula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 
 
 521. Oriolus melanocephalus. The Indian Black-headed Oriole. 
 
 Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 160 (1766) ; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 215; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 269; Jerd. B. L ii, p. 110 j Sto- 
 liczka, J. A.' S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 39; Hume, N. $ E. p. 301 ; 
 Butler, S. F. iii, p. 474 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 215 ; Anders. 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 660 ; Hume, Cat. no. 472 ; Leyge, Birds 
 
 Oriolus 
 ii, p. Ill; Hume, J. A. S. B. xxxix,' pt. ii, p. 118; id. S. F. 
 
OEIOLUS. 507 
 
 i, p. 439 ; id. Cat. no. 473 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 216 ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 196. 
 Oriolus himalayamiSjsZ^f/e, Birds Ceyl. p. 358 (1879). 
 
 The Bengal Black-headed Oriole, The Southern Black-headed Oriole, 
 Jerd. ; Pilak, Zardak, Hind. ; Pirola at Goruckpore ; Konda-vanya pandu, 
 Tel. ; Ka-karulla, Cing. ; Mamkoel, Mambala kuruvi, Tarn, in Ceyl. 
 
 Coloration. Male. The whole head, chin and throat, and the 
 upper breast black. With this exception the whole of the body- 
 plumage is bright yellow ; coverts to primaries black, with yellow 
 tips forming a wing-spot ; winglet black ; the upper wing-coverts 
 yellow ; the first primary wholly black, the others black tipped 
 with yellow and obsoletely margined with yellowish white on the 
 outer web ; secondaries and tertiaries black, with broad diagonal 
 tippings of yellow on the outer webs, gradually extending also to 
 the inner web; the last tertiary or two wholly yellow on the 
 outer web ; tail yellow, the middle pair of feathers black on 
 their terminal half, with a yellow tipping, the next pair with less 
 black and a greater yellow tipping, and the third pair with merely 
 a small patch of black on the outer web (absent in very old birds). 
 The shafts of all the rectrices black. 
 
 Female. Resembles the male, but has the yellow of the back and 
 breast less bright with sometimes a tinge of green. 
 
 In the adult the iris is crimson, the eyelids plumbeous, the inside 
 of the mouth flesh-colour, the bill pinkish, the legs plumbeous, and 
 the claws dark horn-colour ; the young have the iris brown and 
 the bill varying from black, when quite young, to pink varied with 
 dusky, when older. 
 
 Length 9*5 ; tail 3'4 ; wing 5'4 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape 1/3. 
 
 The majority of the members of this species in Ceylon and Southern 
 India are smaller and have less yellow on the wing than birds from 
 other parts, but as some Ceylon specimens can be matched by others 
 from Northern India, I do not propose to keep the two races 
 distinct. 
 
 Birds of this species vary in the greater or less amount of 
 yellow on the tertiaries, these being entirely yellow on the outer 
 webs in some birds and black tipped with yellow in others. The 
 primary-coverts are tipped with yellow in varying quantity, the 
 yellow tips ranging from one third to one half of an inch. The 
 length of wing varies from about 4*8 to 5*5. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India east of a line drawn roughly 
 from the Sutlej valley through Mount Abu to Kattiwar, not 
 on the Himalayas, however, to any great height, probably not 
 above 4000 feet ; the whole of Assam and the tracts to the south 
 through Burma to Tenasserim, where this species occurs as far 
 south as Mergui ; Ceylon ; the Andamans. This Oriole is every- 
 where a permanent resident in the well-wooded parts of the 
 country. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from April to August. The nest and eggs 
 are similar to those of 0. kundoo. The eggs measure about 1*14 
 by '82. 
 
508 OEIOLID^E. 
 
 522. Oriolus traillii. The Maroon Oriole. 
 
 Pastor traillii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 175 ; Gould, Cent. pi. 35. 
 Analcipus traillii ( Vig.}, Wardlaw Ramsai/, Ibis, 1877, p. 467. 
 Psaropholus traillii ( Vig.), Jard. $ Selb. 111. Orn. iv, pi. 26 ; Blyth % 
 
 Wald. Birds Burm. p. 139. 
 Oriolus traillii (Vig.), Blyth, Cat. p. 215; Horsf. fy M. Cat. i, 
 
 p. 272; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 112; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 222; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 474 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 299 ; Oates, B. B. i, 
 
 p. 216 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 188 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. 
 
 i, p. 362. 
 
 Melambok, Lepch. ; Tania-pia, Bhut. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, neck, chin, and throat black ; the 
 wings and under wing- coverts, with the tips of some of the 
 scapulars, glossy black ; remainder of plumage, with the tail, 
 bright shining maroon-red, the tail not so bright as the other 
 parts. 
 
 The young have the crown and nape dark brown ; back, rump, 
 scapulars, and wing-coverts dark brown, each feather edged with 
 rufous; upper tail-coverts maroon-red, with black shafts; tail 
 maroon-red ; the greater part of the middle pair of feathers and 
 the edges of the outer webs of the others brown ; lower plumage 
 white, streaked with brown ; under tail-coverts pale maroon ; 
 wings brown. As the bird grows older the head becomes black, 
 the upper plumage loses the rufous fringes and turns gradually to 
 maroon, the under plumage becomes tinged with red, the streaks 
 disappear, and the adult plumage is assumed by a series of slow 
 changes. 
 
 Bill pale bluish grey ; irides pale buffy yellow ; feet plumbeous ; 
 c aws blue at base, pale horny at tip (Scully). 
 
 Length 11 ; tail 4*5 ; wing 6 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape 1'45. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from the Sutlej valley to Dibru- 
 garh in Assam ; the Khasi hills ; Manipur ; Karennee ; Northern 
 Tenasserim ; Pegu ; Arrakan. This species is rare and very 
 locally distributed. It ascends the Himalayas to 7000 or 8000 
 feet, 
 
 Habits, $c. The nest of this Oriole has been found in Sikhim in 
 April. It is of the usual Oriole type. The eggs resemble those 
 of 0. Icundoo, and measure about 1'13 by '82. 
 
EULABETIDjE. 509 
 
 Family EULABETID^. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of the mandible smooth or the 
 upper one simply notched ; hinder aspect of tarsus lougitudially 
 bilaminated, the laminae entirely smooth ; wing with ten primaries ; 
 tongue non-tubular; nostrils always clear of the line of forehead, 
 the space between the nostrils and the edge of the mandible less 
 than the distance between the nostril and the culmen ; plumage of 
 the nestling streaked ; rictal bristles present ; sexes alike ; rectrices 
 twelve ; first primary small ; one moult in the year. 
 
 The family Eulabetidte, so far as India is concerned, contains 
 only two genera, Eulabes and Calornis. These genera are usually 
 placed among the Sturmdce, but there are such important dif- 
 ferences between the two families, that I deem it necessary to 
 separate them. 
 
 The Eulabetidce are strictly arboreal, have rictal bristles, and 
 lay spotted eggs. The Stumidat, on the other hand, procure a great 
 portion of their food on the ground, have no trace of rictal bristles, 
 and lay spotless eggs. 
 
 In Calornis the young bird is very greatly streaked, but in 
 Eulabes the plumage of the young, so far as specimens of the 
 young at my disposal have enabled me to determine the point, are 
 plain. But I have seen no really young nestling. Probably 
 Eulabes should not be associated with Calornis^ but rather with 
 the subfamily Sibiince of the Crater opodida, 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Fleshy wattles on the head , . . EULABES, p. 500. 
 
 b. No wattles on the head CALORNIS, p. 514. 
 
 Genus EULABES, Cuvier, 1817. 
 
 The genus Eulabes contains the Grackles or Talking-Myuas, four 
 of which are Indian species and well-known familiar cage-birds. 
 
 The Grackles chiefly frequent forests on hills, but are at times 
 found in the plains. They feed entirely on fruit, never descending 
 to the ground. Their natural notes are varied, and they are easily 
 taught to repeat words and sounds. They live on the highest 
 trees, laying their eggs in natural hollows of trees which are 
 merely lined with a few leaves or a little grass. The eggs are 
 generally only two in number, and they are a pale green or blue, 
 spotted and splashed with purple and chocolate-brown. 
 
510 EULABETID^E. 
 
 In Eulabes the plumage is very glossy ; the head is furnished 
 with fleshy wattles, and there are frequently some bare patches of 
 skin on the side of the head ; the bill is thick, high, and curved, 
 shorter than the head ; the rictal bristles are weak ; the feathers 
 of the crown are very short and curled inwards, with a sort of 
 parting down the middle of the crown ; the wing is rather blunt, 
 and the tail short and nearly square ; the feet are strong. 
 
 All the Grackles are resident species or very locally migratory. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Some bare skin on sides of head. 
 
 a. Two elongate bare patches of skin on the 
 
 nape E. religiosa, p. 510. 
 
 b'. No bare patches of skin on the nape. 
 
 a". Bare patch under eye joined to patch 
 
 over ear-coverts E. intermedia, p. 511. 
 
 b' '. Bare patch under eye not connected with 
 
 patch over ear-coverts E.javanensis, p. 512. 
 
 b. No bare skin on sides of head E. ptilogenys, p. 513. 
 
 523. Eulabes religiosa. The Southern Grackle. 
 
 Gracula religiosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 164 (1766) ; Blyth, Cat. 
 p. 108. 
 
 Eulabes religiosa (Linn.}, Horsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 522; Jerd. B. I. 
 ii, p. 337 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 435 ; id. S. F. iv, p. 402 ; Fairbank, 
 S. F. v, p. 407 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 221 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 682 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 692 ; Damson, S. F. x, p. 401 ; Barnes, Birds 
 Bom. p. 258 ; Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 363. 
 
 Mainatus religiosa (Linn.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 99. 
 
 The Southern Hill Myna, Jerd. : Kohni maina Hind. ; Konda aorinka, 
 Tel. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage glossy black, most of the pri- 
 maries with a patch of white at their base ; portions of the head 
 bare as shown (fig. 148) ; the coronal and auricular nude patches 
 joined posteriorly and produced into wattles. 
 
 The young are dull black and have no wattles. 
 
 Iris brown, the outer edge white, darkly mottled ; bill orange- 
 yellow ; legs and feet citron-yellow ; lappets and cheek-spot rich 
 yellow, the latter tinged with blue at the upper edge (Legge). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 2*8; wing 5*8; tarsus 1*2; bill from 
 gape 1'4. 
 
 Distribution. The hilly and well- wooded portions of the southern 
 part of India ; Ceylon. This species is rather local, and confined 
 chiefly to the large forests of the western coast of India as far 
 north as Coorg. It is, however, found on the east as far north as 
 Gi-oomsur and the Northern Oircars, according to Ball. On the 
 Palni hills it is found between 4000 and 5000 feet, and on the 
 Nilgiris from 4000 feet downwards. In Ceylon, according to 
 
EULABES. 511 
 
 Legge, it is not found above 1500 feet. The distribution of this 
 species is not well shown by the series in. the British Museum, and 
 its northern limits are difficult to determine. 
 
 ^Fig. 148. Head of E. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to October. The eggs measure 
 about 1*3 by '88, and are generally two in number. 
 
 524. Eulabes intermedia. The Indian Graclde. 
 
 Gracula intermedia, A. Hay, Madr. Journ. L. S. xiii, pt. ii, p. 157 
 
 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat. p. 107 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 391. 
 Eulabes intermedia (A. Hat/), Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 523 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 339; Ball, S. F. i, p. 77; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
 
 1877, p. 460; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 222; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 365. 
 Eulabes andamanensis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 331 ; Wold. 
 
 Ibis, 1871, p. 177. 
 Eulabes javanensis (Osb.), Hume, N. Sf E. p. 436; id. S. F. ii, 
 
 p. 254, v, p. 86; id. 8f Dae. S. F. vi, p. 396; Hume, Cat. no. 693 
 
 (part.). 
 
 Mainatus interniedius (A. Hay}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 104. 
 Mainatus andamanensis (Tytler}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 107. 
 
 The Nepal Hill Myna, Jerd. ; Paharia-maina, Hind. ; Thaleegah, 
 Burm. 
 
 Fig. 149. Head of E. intermedia. 
 
 Coloration. The whole plumage black, the edges of the feathers 
 broadly edged with metallic lilac and green ; wings and tail dull 
 black, most of the primaries with a patch of white at their base. 
 
 The young bird is dull black and has no wattles. These begin 
 to grow in the first October after birth. 
 
 Bill coral-red, yellow at the tip ; mouth flesh-colour ; iris brown ; 
 
512 EULABETID.E. 
 
 wattles and naked skin of head yellow, tinged with orange on the 
 sides of the head ; the corner near the eye faintly tinged with 
 blue ; legs yellow ; claws yellowish horn-colour. 
 
 Length about 11-5; tail 3*3; wing 6'4 ; tarsus 1/4; bill from 
 gape 1*5. 
 
 A race of this species from the Andamans and Nicobars has 
 been separated under the name of E. andamanensis. Typical 
 examples have a longer wing and more white on the wing than 
 E. intermedia. I do not consider it advisable to retain this race 
 separate. 
 
 Distribution. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Assam, and thence 
 through Burma to the southernmost portion of Tenasserim, and 
 down the Malay peninsula ; south-eastern Central Provinces and 
 neighbouring tracts, where this species has been recorded from 
 Grangpur and Sarunda, Kalahandi, Jaipur, Bastar, and Sambalpur. 
 This species does not ascend the Himalayas to any great height, 
 but keeps chiefly to the lower ranges and valleys. It is found in 
 the Audamaus arid Nicobars. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from March to May, laying two or three 
 eggs, which measure about 1*13 by *8. 
 
 525. Eulabes javanensis. The Malay Grackle. 
 
 Corvus javanensis, Osbeck, Voy. to China, \, p. 157 (1771). 
 Eulabes javanus, Cuv. Regne Anim. 2nd ed. i, p. 377 (1829). 
 Gracula javanensis (Osb.), Blyth, Cat. p. 107 (part.) ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 693 (part.) ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 393. 
 Eulabes javaneusis (Osb.), Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 524 (part.) ; 
 
 Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 176. 
 Mainatus iavanensis (Osb.}, Sharpc, 
 
 Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 102. 
 
 Fig. 150. Head of E. javanensis. 
 
 Coloration. Eesembles E. intermedia, but is much larger, with 
 very much more massive bill and legs. The chief difference 
 between the two species, however, consists in the shape and dis- 
 position of the naked patches on the side of the head. In E. in- 
 termedia the patch under the eye and the one over the ear-coverts 
 are joined together. In E. javanensis the patches are in most 
 
El'LABKS. 513 
 
 oases quite separated by a feathered tract, as shown in the cut 
 (fig. 150). For this cut I have selected a bird in which this 
 feature is marked in an extraordinary degree, but it is more or 
 h'ss the same in other specimens. Some birds, however, have the 
 patches joined by a narrow line not broader than an ordinary pin. 
 But under no circumstances can the two species be confounded, if 
 well-prepared specimens of each be examined. 
 
 Bill orange- vermilion, yellow at the tip ; legs and wattles sulphur- 
 yellow ( \Vardlaw liamsay}. 
 
 Length about 12'5 ; tail 3'5 ; wing 6'8; tarsus 1*5; bill from 
 gape 1-6. 
 
 Distribution. The extreme south of Tenasserim, probably ranging 
 into the Thoungyeen valley. The Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, 
 and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, $c. A nest of a Grackle found by Bingham in Tenasserim, 
 judging by the size of the eggs, belonged to this species. It was 
 found in March, and the two eggs it contained measured 1 3 by 
 ( J5, and 1-27 by -93. 
 
 526. Eulabes ptilogenys. The Ceylon Grackle. 
 
 Gracula ptilogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 285 (1846) j id. Cat. 
 
 p. 108. 
 Kulabes ptilogenys (Blyth}, Hume, S. F. vii, p. 410; Legge, Birds 
 
 Ceyl. p. 685, pi. '2$, fisr. 2; Hume, Cat. no. 693 bis; Oafes in 
 
 Hume's N. # E. 2nd ed. i, p. 366. 
 Mainatus ptilogenys (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 109. 
 
 Md.'-Kawada, Selalaheniyfi, Cing. 
 
 Fig. 151. Head of E. ptilogenys. 
 
 Coloration. Xo naked skin on side of head ; the whole plumage 
 brilliant glossy black, the first six or seven primaries with a patch 
 of white at their bases. 
 
 Iris (male) greyish white, dappled with brown, (female) white 
 or yellowish white ; bill orange-red, with the upper mandible 
 black from gape to nostril, the lower black for half its length ; 
 legs and feet gamboge-yellow ; claws blackish ; lappets rich yellow 
 (Legge). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 6 ; tarsus 1'35 ; bill from 
 gape 1'4. 
 
 VOL. i. 2 L 
 
514 EULABETLDJE. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Breeds in June, July, and August. The eggs, two 
 in number, measure about 1-3 by '97. 
 
 Genus CALORNIS, Gray, 1841. 
 
 The genus Calornis comprises some birds which are frequently 
 termed Glossy Starlings or Tree-Stares. They are largely repre- 
 sented in South-eastern Asia and range to Australia. I do not 
 know how far the Glossy Starlings of Africa are related to the 
 Glossy Starlings of Asia, but there seem to be important differences 
 between some of them. 
 
 In Calornis the plumage is highly glossy ; the bill is stout with 
 the culmen curved ; the nostrils small and round ; the wing sharp 
 and long ; the tail moderate in length and considerably graduated, 
 and the foot strong. 
 
 Fig. 152. Head of C. chalybeius. 
 
 Only one species of Calornis occurs in India, and of this species 
 the insular race from the islands of the Bay of Bengal is subject to 
 some variation in colour. 
 
 527. Calornis chalybeius. The Glossy Calornis. 
 
 Turdus chalybeus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 148 (1821). 
 Turdus strigatus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. ]48 (1821). 
 Lanius insioiator, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 307 (1821). 
 Calornis cantor (Gm.), apud Blyth, Cat. p. 111. 
 Calornis affinis, A. Hay, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, pp. 36, 369 (1846) ; 
 
 Blyth, Cat. p. Ill ; Wold. Ibis, 1875, p. 461. 
 Calornis chalybeus (Horsf.}, Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 543 ; Hume # 
 
 Dav. S. F. vi, p. 394; Hume, Cat. no. 690 bis; Oates,B.B.\, 
 
 p. 390 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 143 ; Gates in Hume's N. fy E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 367. 
 Calornis tytleri, Hume. S. F. i, p. 480 (1873) ; id. N. $ E. p. 434 ; 
 
 id. S. F. ii, p. 253 ; id. Cat. no. 690 ter. 
 Calornis irwini, Hume, S. F. i, p. 481 (1873). 
 
 Coloration. The lores and feathers at the base of the upper 
 mandible black without gloss ; with this exception, the whole plu- 
 mage black with a brilliant green gloss ; wings and tail black with 
 only a faint bluish gloss. 
 
 The young have the upper plumage brown overlaid with green ; 
 the wings brown, edged paler ; the lower plumage buflfy white, 
 streaked with greenish brown. 
 
CALOENIS. 515 
 
 In all adults the legs, feet, and bill are black, the irides crimson 
 scarlet. In younger birds the legs and feet are brownish or 
 bluish black, the irides yellowish white ; at a later stage the irides 
 are pale yellow with a reddish-brown tinge ; then they become 
 orange-yermilion, and finally scarlet-crimson (Hume fy Davison). 
 
 Length 8'5 ; tail 3-2 ; wi'ng 4-1 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Making small allowances, the plumage and size of this species 
 are very constant throughout its great range. Birds from the 
 Andamans are somewhat larger on the whole, but some birds from 
 Tipperah run very close to them in this respect. Singapore speci- 
 mens are the smallest. The Andaman race, in addition to being 
 somewhat larger, is of a much darker green, almost a black in some 
 lights. I do not, however, propose to separate this insular form, 
 as I have had a difficulty in separating some of the Andaman birds 
 from others from Tipperah and Burma. 
 
 Distribution. Tipperah ; Dacca ; Cachar ; the Khasi hills ; Arra- 
 kan : the southern half of Tenasserim from Tay to Malevvun ; the 
 Andamans and Nicobars ; extending down the Malay peninsula 
 to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 
 
 Habits, $*c. This Cdlornis associates in large flocks and frequents 
 trees, never descending to the ground. It breeds in holes of trees, 
 in the recesses of old bridges and buildings, in holes in the banks 
 of rivers, and in the tops of palm-trees. The eggs, which appear 
 to be three in number, are pale greenish blue spotted and blotched 
 with reddish and purple. They measure about 1 by '74. 
 
 2L2 
 
516 
 
 STURNIDJE. 
 
 
 Fig. 153. Acridotlieres trisfis. 
 
 Family STURNID^. 
 
 The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 
 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth, or the 
 upper one simply notched ; hinder aspect of tarsus bilamiuated, 
 the laminso entire and smooth ; wing with ten primaries ; tongue 
 non-tubular ; nostrils always clear of the line of forehead, the space 
 between the nostril and the edge of the mandible less than the 
 space between the nostril and the culmen ; plumage of the nestling 
 typically streaked ; no rictal bristles nor vestige of any ; sexes 
 alike or very nearly so ; rectrices twelve ; first primary minute ; 
 one moult in the year. 
 
 The tSturnidce or the Starlings and Myuas, as restricted in this 
 
STUEX1D 1 :. 517 
 
 work, form one of the best-defined families of the Passeres. I 
 exclude from this family the Grackles (Eulabes) and the Glossy 
 Starlings (CaZornt*), which have hitherto been associated with the 
 true Starlings by nearly all writers. These two genera differ in 
 so man/ important matters, as has been already pointed out, that 
 I cannot look upon them as in any way closely allied to the 
 Stiirmdce. 
 
 The Sturnidce are spread over a considerable portion of the Old 
 World. A few species are migratory, but the majority, especially 
 of the Indian species, are resident. They are almost without 
 exception gregarious. They frequent trees, but the main portion 
 of their food is obtained on the ground. They breed in holes of 
 trees and buildings, a very few only making nests of straw in 
 branches, and they all lay unspotted eggs of various tints of blue. 
 
 The plumage of the young of the Sturnidce is in most cases 
 streaked below. This is most evident and most developed in 
 tSturnus ; but many other genera show indications of streaking 
 in various degrees. On the other hand, some genera appear to 
 have the young quite plain. The series of nestlings in the British 
 Museum is necessarily very imperfect, since little attention is paid 
 by collectors to the acquisition of young specimens in down. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 a. Wing pointed, secondaries falling short of 
 
 tip by more than length of tarsus. 
 a'. Crest extremely long, much exceeding 
 tarsus in length and reaching to upper 
 
 back PASTOR, p. 518. 
 
 b'. Crest moderate or obsolete, always shorter 
 
 than tarsus. 
 
 ". Feathers of forehead short, lying flat 
 and directed backwards ; entire head 
 feathered. 
 '". Bill stout, as long as head, broad 
 
 and bluntly tipped. 
 l . Covering membrane of nostril 
 plumed only on posterior half; 
 
 plumage glossy, speckled STURNL T S, p. 519. 
 
 I 4 . Covering membrane of nostril 
 plumed throughout ; plumage 
 
 neither glossy nor speckled .... SPODIOPSAR, p. 524. 
 b'". Bill slender, shorter than head, nar- 
 rowing regularly to a sharp point. 
 c 4 . Middle rectrices longer than the 
 
 outermost. STURNIA, p. 525. 
 
 rf 4 . Middle rectrices shorter than the 
 
 outermost AGROPSAR, p. 530. 
 
 b". Feathers of forehead lengthened, pro- 
 jecting forward; region of eye naked. AMPELICEPS, p. 531. 
 
 b. AN 'ing blunt, secondaries falling short of tip 
 
 by less than length of tarsus. 
 c. Crest much longer than tarsus, reaching 
 
 to upper back TEMEXUCHUS, p. 532. 
 
518 STURNIDJE. 
 
 d'. Crest shorter than tarsus. 
 c". Bare skin on side of head. 
 
 c'". Frontal feathers short and inclined 
 
 backwards. 
 e*. Bare skin of face restricted to a 
 
 patch behind eye STURNORNIS, p. 533. 
 
 / 4 . Bare skin of face extending both 
 
 below and behind eye GRACULIPICA, p. 5.34. 
 
 d'". Frontal feathers lengthened and erect ACRIDOTHERES, p. 537. 
 d". No bare skin on side of head. 
 e'". Bill shorter than head, culm en 
 curved ; frontal feathers lengthened, 
 
 curly, erect ^ETHIOPSAR, p. 539. 
 
 f". Bill as long as head, culmen straight ; 
 frontal feathers short and inclined 
 backwards STURNOPASTOR, p. 542. 
 
 Genus PASTOR, Temra., 1815. 
 
 The genus Pastor contains one well-known Starling which is 
 found over the greater part of India proper for nine months of the 
 year, absenting itself during the other three for the purpose of 
 breeding in Western Asia and Europe. 
 
 In Pastor the sexes are very closely alike, but the young bird is 
 brown, and streaked on the fore neck, and it takes nearly two years 
 to assume the adult plumage. The bill is rather shorter than the 
 head, slender and curved ; the nasal membrane is plumed ; the 
 head is fully crested with pointed feathers of great length ; the 
 wing is extremely long and pointed ; the tail short and square. 
 The plumage is very handsome and differs in colour in the summer 
 and winter, the tips which adorn the feathers in the latter season 
 dropping off in the former. 
 
 528. Pastor roseus. The Hose-coloured Starling. 
 
 Turdus roseus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 294 (1766). 
 
 Pastor roseus (LwnJ, Blyth, Cat. p. Ill ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, p. 539 ; 
 Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 333 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 331 ; Hume, S. F. i, 
 p. 208; Ball, S. F. Hi, p. 208; Scully, S. F. iv, p. 164; Hume, 
 Cat. no. 690 ; Doig, S. F. viii, p. 374 ; Legge, Birds Ceyl p. 673 ; 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 257 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 63 ; Oatcs 
 in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 368. 
 
 GolaU maina, Hind, in the North ; Tilyer, Hind, in the South ; 
 Pariki-pitta, Palisa, Tel. ; Sura kuravi, Tarn. ; By a in Sind. 
 
 Coloration. The adult in summer has the whole head, crest, neck, 
 chin, throat and upper breast, wings and tail glossy black; under 
 wing-coverts and axillaries black, edged with white ; thighs, a patch 
 on each flank, and the under tail-coverts black tipped with white ; 
 remainder of the plumage rose-colour. 
 
 After the autumn moult and throughout the winter the black 
 feathers of the head, throat, and neck are tipped with buff. These 
 tips are cast at the end of winter, or get worn off. 
 
 The sexes are very similar, but the female is perhaps slightly 
 paler, with a shorter crest. 
 
STURNUS. 519 
 
 The nestling has the whole plumage sandy brown, the feathers 
 of the crown with darker centres, the lower plumage paler and 
 more inclined to white ; the whole fore neck streaked with brown ; 
 wings and tail dark brown, each feather edged with pale buff. 
 
 Fig. 154. Head of P. roseus. 
 
 At the first autumn moult the rose-colour is assumed in a faint 
 form, some black feathers make their appearance on the upper 
 breast, and the wings and tail become black. The fully adult 
 plumage is probably not assumed till the second autumn, and is 
 acquired by a gradual change of colour, not of feather. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; legs and feet yellowish brown ; bill pinkish- 
 flesh, brown on the culmen (Butler). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 2*5; wing 5-2; tarsus 1-25; bill from gape 1*3. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India as far east as Western Bengal, 
 Ball recording this species from Manbhoom. It is found on the 
 lower ranges of the Himalayas as far east as Sikhim. It extends 
 to Ceylon, and is said to have occurred in the Andamans. It is 
 absent from India from about the middle of May to the beginning of 
 July, but is abundant at other times. It occurs over a considerable 
 portion of Europe and Western and Central Asia. 
 
 Habits, $c. Occurs in large flocks, feeding chiefly on or near the 
 ground on grain, fruit, and insects. This Starling has not been 
 found breeding in any part of India. It breeds in large societies 
 in Asia Minor and other parts in June, on rocky hill-sides, con- 
 structing its nest, which is merely a small pad of grass, on the 
 ground, under stones, or even in the open. The eggs, varying from 
 two to five, are white or bluish white, and measure about I'l by -8. 
 
 Genus STURNUS, Linn., 1766. 
 
 The genus Sturnus contains the true Starlings, birds which have 
 a wide distribution, and are more or less familiar and well-known 
 wherever they occur. 
 
 The Starlings may be recognized by their bright plumage, which 
 
520 STUfiNIDJE. 
 
 is glossed with red, purple,. and blue, and by the hackled feathers of 
 the head, throat, and breast. They have a winter and a summer 
 plumage, the change from the winter to the summer garb being 
 caused by the casting of the buff tips of the feathers, and the colour 
 of the bill changes according to season. The young are much 
 streaked below, and do not resemble the adult till the lirst autumn. 
 The sexes are closely, if not absolutely, alike. 
 
 The Starlings are gregarious. They feed chiefly on the ground, 
 on insects and worms, but they are fond of fruit and berries, which 
 they pick off trees. They breed in holes of trees, walls, and 
 buildings, making a slovenly nest of straw and feathers. 
 
 In Sturnus the bill is as long as the head, broad, blunt, and 
 straight. The nostrils are covered by a membrane which is 
 feathered on the posterior half. The wing is very sharp, but the 
 tail short and square. 
 
 Most of the true Starlings are migratory in a greater or less 
 degree. 
 
 The six species which occur in India are closely allied, but they 
 may be separated by the colour of the gloss on the feathers. 
 This gloss varies in each species, and is in each instance correlated 
 with a certain geographical distribution, so that we may look on 
 these Starlings as constituting well-defined species. I have had 
 no difficulty in separating the various species treated of here, both 
 the colours and the dimensions being very constant in each 
 species. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Head green or blue ; interecapulary region 
 
 red. 
 
 '. Rump bronze-green AS', humii, p. 520. 
 
 b'. Rump red like the back. 
 
 a". Wing coppery-bronze, over 5 #. porpkyronotua, p. 521. 
 
 b". Wing bronze-green, about 4'5 S. minor, p. ">22. 
 
 b. Head purplish red ; interscapulary region 
 
 green. 
 
 c . Scapulars, wings, and back uniformly 
 green ; under wing-coverts edged with 
 
 buff S. menzbieri, p. 522. 
 
 (1! . Scapulars, wings, and bick not of one 
 colour ; under wing-coverts edged with 
 white. 
 
 c". Back green; scapulars bine; wings red S. poltaratzsldi, p. 523. 
 d". Back green ; scapulars and wings red ti. purpurast-ens, p. 524. 
 
 529. Sturnus humii. The Himalayan Starling. 
 
 Sturnus indicus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844, descr. 
 
 nulla) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 35 (1889). 
 Sturnus splendens, Bonap. Consp. Av. i, p. 421 (1850, e.t Temm. 
 
 MS., descr. nulla). 
 
 Sturuus unicolor, M armor a, apnd. Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 322. 
 Sturnus nitens, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 410 (rtec Brelwi) ; Hume $ 
 
 Henders. Lali. to Yarlt. p. 250, pi. xxiv ; Hume, N. ty E. p. 425 ; 
 
 id. S. F. iii, p. 409; id. Cut. no. 682; id. S. F. viii, p. 174. 
 
sir KM 8. 521 
 
 Sturnus huinii, Brooks, Ibis, Oct. 1876, p. 500; id. S. F. viii,p.487 ; 
 
 Gould, B. Asia, v (descr., nee tig. 43 = S. menzbieri) ; Oates in 
 
 Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p 369. 
 Sturnus ambigims, Hume, S. F. iv, p. 512 (Dec. 1876), v, p. 238. 
 
 The u Glossy Slack Starling, Jerd. 
 
 Coloration. Summer. Black with a few fulvous specks, which 
 are sometimes absent on the flanks ; wings and tail brown, edged 
 with velvety black ; under wing-coverts dark brown, edged with 
 white. 
 
 Winter. All the feathers of the upper plumage and wing-coverts 
 tipped with buff, the head alone in some old birds being spotless or 
 nearly so ; sides of head and lower plumage black, with large 
 whitish tips to the feathers of the flanks, lower abdomen, and 
 under tail-coverts. 
 
 Gloss. Forehead, crown, nape, and sides of head purplish blue, 
 ear-coverts greenish ; throat, neck, upper breast, and back coppery 
 red ; rump, scapulars, wings, and abdomen bronze-green. 
 
 The nestling is pale brown above and on the sides of the head 
 and neck ; lower plumage whitish streaked with brown ; sides of 
 the body uniformly brown. 
 
 At the first autumn the colours and gloss of the adult are 
 assumed, but the terminal spots on the feathers remain very large and 
 numerous over the entire upper plumage, and the spots on the lower 
 plumage are also large, round, and pure white. In the first spring 
 these tips are in great measure cast off, but some few remain 
 throughout the first summer. 
 
 Bill yellow; legs and feet reddish brown (Hume). 
 Length about 7*5; tail 2-2; wing 4-6; tarsus 1*15; bill from 
 gape 1'25. 
 
 Distribution. Kashmir and the Himalayas to ^Sepal, occasionally 
 descending in winter to the plains, specimens having been procured 
 at Dinapore and Etawah, and in Sind. This species also occurs in 
 the extreme north-west of the Punjab, where it breeds. It extends 
 to Kandahar. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds in the Punjab and in Kashmir in April and 
 May, in holes of willow-trees, &c. The eggs measure about 1/13 
 by : 83. 
 
 530. Sturnus porphyronotus. The Central-Asian Starliny. 
 
 Sturnus purpurascens, Gould, apud Hume, S. F. viii, p. 174 ; 
 
 Brooks, S. F. viii, p. 488; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79; Scully, 
 
 Ibis, 1881, p. 573. 
 
 Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., apud Scully, S. F. iv, p. 162. 
 Sturnus porphyronotus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 438 ; id. Cat. B. M. 
 
 xiii, p. 38, pi. 2. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. liumii. 
 
 Glo ; s. Head, throat, and fore neck bronzy green; whole upper 
 plumage and scapulars rich purple or purplish red ; wings coppery 
 bronze ; breast reddish violet ; abdomen coppery bronze. 
 
522 
 
 Legs and feet dark reddish brown ; bill blackish brown in winter ; 
 iris dark brown (flume)-, bill in summer yellow, dusky at tip 
 (Scully}. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 5-2 ; tarsus 1-2 ; bill from 
 gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to India. In the British Museum 
 there are specimens of this Starling from Kashmir, various parts of 
 the Punjab, Dehra, Saharanpur, Aligarh, and Etawah. 
 
 This species summers in Turkestan, and is also found in Afghani- 
 stan, but probably only in winter. 
 
 Habits, c. Breeds in Turkestan in May and June. According 
 to Scully the eggs measure 1-19 by '83. 
 
 531. Sturnus minor. The Small Indian Starling. 
 
 Sturnus minor, Hume, S. F. i, p. 207 (1873) ; Blanf. S. F. v, p. 246 ; 
 Hume, Cat. no. 681 bis; id. S. F. viii, p. 174; Doiy, S. F. viii, 
 p. 374 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 254 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 440 ; 
 id. Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 39 j Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 370. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. humii. 
 
 Gloss. Head, throat, and fore neck bronzy green ; back, rump, 
 upper tail-coverts, and scapulars very rich purplish red ; wings 
 bronze-green ; breast reddish violet ; abdomen coppery bronze. 
 
 Iris in male brown, in female pale whitish ; bill yellow, dusky at 
 tip; legs and feet claret-brown (Doig); the bill appears to be 
 brown in winter. 
 
 Length about 8; tail 2*3; wing 4*5; tarsus 1-1; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Permanently resident in Sind, and occurring as far 
 east as Etawah. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Mr. Doig found this Starling breeding on the banks 
 of the Eastern Nara in Sind, from March to May, in holes of trees. 
 The eggs, frequently five in number, measure about 1*03 by *79. 
 
 532. Sturnus menzbieri. The Common Indian Starling. 
 
 Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., apud. Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 321 ; Hume, S. F. 
 
 i, p. 206 ; Ball, S. F. vii, p. 221 j Hume, Cat. no. 681 ; id. S. F. 
 
 viii, p. 175 ; Scully, S. F. viii, p. 329 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 253 ; 
 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 260. 
 
 Sturnus humii, Gould, B. Asia, v, pi. 43 (nee descr.). 
 Sturnus menzoieri, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 438 ; id. Cat. B. M. xiii. 
 
 p. 33, pi. i. 
 
 The Common Starling, Jerd. ; Telia-mama^ Hind. ; TiJora, at Ghazipur ; 
 Nakshi-telia, at Agra ; Tilgiri, Kaslim. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. humii. Under wing-coverts brown, 
 broadly edged with buff. 
 
 Gloss. Head, neck, and throat purplish red ; upper plumage and 
 wings bronze-green ; lower plumage greenish blue. 
 
STTJBNUS. 523 
 
 Bill blackish horn in winter, lower mandible narrowly edged 
 white ; legs and feet dark hazel ; iris deep brown (Butler). 
 
 Length about 9; tail 2'6 ; wing 5; tarsus 1'15 ; bill from 
 gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. A winter visitor to the Himalayas as far east as 
 Dibrugarh in Assam, and to the plains of India as far south as the 
 
 Fig. 155. Head of menzlrieri. 
 
 atitude of Baroda. In the British Museum there is, however, a 
 specimen procured by Burgess in the Deccan, and another from 
 the Tvveeddale collection marked Madras; 
 
 Hume states that this species breeds in Kashmir. Scully on the 
 other hand informs us that it passes through G-ilgit at the spring 
 and autumn migration, and that a few remain during the winter in 
 that place. He does not appear to have noticed it in summer. 
 This Starling retires in summer to Siberia and portions of Central 
 Asia. 
 
 533. Sturims poltaratzskii. Finscfi's Starling. 
 
 Sturnus poltaratzskii, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 712 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 
 1888, p. 439; Scully, J. A. S. B. Ivi, pt. ii, p. 86: Sharne. Cut. 
 B. M. xiii, p. 36. 
 
 Sturnus nobilior, Hume, S. F. viii, p. 175 (1879). 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. humii. 
 
 Gloss. Head, throat, neck, tail, and wings purplish red ; hind 
 neck, back, and breast bronze-green ; scapulars and rump purplish 
 blue ; abdomen purplish red. 
 
 Bill yellow in summer, the base of the lower mandible horn- 
 grey ; feet reddish brown ; iris brown (Finsch). 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; tail 2'6 ; wing 4-8 to 5-2 ; tarsus 1-2 ; bill 
 from gape 1*3. 
 
 Distribution. The only specimens that I have seen of this Star- 
 ling from India are, one from Mardan in the Punjab on the 
 borders of Cabul, another from N".\V. India, and one from Siud. 
 The first is in the Hume collection, the second in the Gould col- 
 lection, the third was collected by Blanford on the Manchhar. 
 
 This Starling occurs westwards as far as Europe in winter, and 
 in Siberia and Central Asia in summer. Finsch found it breeding 
 on lake Marka-Kul in the Chinese High Altai at 5000 feet in 
 June. 
 
524 STURXID^E. 
 
 534. Sturnus purpurascens. Gould's Starling, 
 
 Sturnus purpurascens, Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 219; id. B. Asia, v, 
 pi. 44 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 440 ; id. Cat. B. M. x'm, p. 37. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. humii. 
 
 Gloss. As in S. poltaratzskii, but the green of the back confined 
 to a small median portion only ; the other parts of the back suf- 
 fused with purplish red ; scapulars brilliant purplish red, not blue. 
 
 The colours of the bill, &c. are not recorded. 
 
 Length about 9; tail 2'8 ; wing 5'4; tarsus 1-2; bill from 
 gape 1'3. 
 
 Distribution. A rare visitor to India. I have examined a speci- 
 men procured by Col. Biddulph at Rawalpindi, and another from 
 the G-urgaon district, Punjab, procured by Mr. W. N. Chill in 
 February. 
 
 This species appears to be a permanent resident in the south- 
 east portion of Europe and in Asia from Asia Minor to Kandahar. 
 
 Genus SPODIOPSAR *, Sharpe, 1889. 
 
 The genus Spodiopsar differs from Sturnus in having the cover- 
 ing membrane of the nostril entirely plumed, and in the plumage 
 being without gloss. There is, moreover, no difference in Spodi- 
 opsar between the summer and the winter plumage. The culmen 
 of the bill is slightly curved and not perfectly straight as in 
 Sturnus. The sexes are alike. 
 
 The head of Spodiopsar cineraceus resembles so closely that of 
 Sturnus menzbieri in structure, except in the particulars above 
 noted, that it is not necessary to figure it. 
 
 535. Spodiopsar cineraceus. The Grey Starling. 
 
 Sturnus cineraceus, Temm. PL Col. ii, pi. 556 (1835) ; id. $ Schleg. 
 
 Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 85, pi. 45 ; David fy Oustalet, Ois. Chine, 
 
 p. 361. 
 Poliopsar cineraceus (Temm.}, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476; id. Cat. 
 
 B. M. xiii, p. 41. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, and sides of neck black, the 
 forehead streaked with white; lores, ear-coverts, and round the 
 eye white streaked with black ; chin and throat dark ashy brown 
 with paler and indistinct shaft-streaks ; breast ashy, slightly paler 
 than throat ; sides of the body and thighs rufous ashy ; abdomen 
 and under tail-coverts white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper 
 tail-coverts drab-brown, with a broad white bar across the rump ; 
 tail drab-brown, with broad white tips to all the inner webs of the 
 feathers except the middle pair ; wing-coverts and tertiaries bronzy 
 brown ; remainder of wing blackish, the primaries narrowly, the 
 
 * Sharpe (Ibis, 1889, p. 580) has proposed this name for the genus recently 
 named by him Poliopsar, a term which had already been given by Cassin to some 
 American birds. 
 
STTJRNIA.. 525 
 
 secondaries more broadly, margined with white on the outer webs ; 
 under wing-coverts and axillaries white, a few feathers of the 
 former partially margined with brown. 
 
 The youngest bird I have seen has the whole plumage russet- 
 1) row n, the inner webs of the tail-feathers tipped white, the quills 
 of the wing edged with paler brown ; the ear-coverts whitish ; the 
 chin nearly pure white. 
 
 Between this young bird and the adult above described there is 
 every possible gradation of plumage. The nestling is probably 
 streaked below. 
 
 Iris brown surrounded by white ; bill orange, the tip horny ; the 
 base of the lower mandible and the angle of the mouth brownish 
 green ; legs yellow (David <$f Oustalet). 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 2-8; wing 5'2 ; tarsus 1'25; bill from 
 gape 1*3. 
 
 Distribution. A collector I employed at Bhaino in Upper Burma 
 in 1880 procured one specimen of this bird about November. I 
 omitted to notice this species in my list of the Birds of Bhamo 
 (Ibis, 1888, p. 70). 
 
 The Grey Starling is a common winter visitor to Southern China. 
 It passes the summer in Eastern Siberia, Japan, and Northern China. 
 
 S. colletti is an allied form without the white rump-band and 
 wanting the white tips to the tail-feathers. The habitat of this 
 species is unknown. 
 
 Genus STURNIA, Lesson, 1837. 
 
 The genus Sturnia contains six Indian species with soft silky 
 plumage. They are more arboreal than the true Starlings, being 
 found constantly on trees, feeding on insects and the nectar con- 
 tained in flowers ; but they also feed on the ground a good deal. 
 They go in flocks and have chattering notes. 
 
 In Sturnia the sexes are alike, and the young are brown till the 
 first autumn. The bill is shorter than the head, slender, with the 
 cultnen slightly curved ; the nasal membrane is plumed ; the tail 
 is wedge-shaped, the middle pair of feathers being longer than 
 the others. 
 
 Five of the species which I include in this genus are placed by 
 Sharpe in the genus Spodiopsar, but they appear to me to be abso- 
 lutely congeneric with the sixth species, S. sinensis, which is the type 
 of the genus Sturnia. 
 
 The Mynas of this genus make their nests in holes of trees, and 
 one species also in the roofs of houses. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Lower plumage more or less rufous. 
 
 a'. Upper wing-coverts and scapulars white 
 
 tinged rosy, contrasting with grey back. S. sinensis, p. 526. 
 I 1 . Upper wing-coverts and scapulars not 
 white but closely resembling back. 
 
526 STUBM'IDJE. 
 
 a". Whole head white S. blythii, p. 526. 
 
 b". Whole head grey or grey tinged 
 
 rufous. 
 "'. Winglet and primary - coverts 
 
 black S. malabarica, p. 527. 
 
 b'". Winglet and primary-coverts en- 
 tirely or in part white " S. nemoricola, p. 528. 
 
 b. Lower plumage pure white. 
 
 c'. Under tail-coverts white 8. andamanensis, p. 529. 
 
 d' . Under tail-coverts deep chestnut S. erythropyyia, p. 529. 
 
 536. Sturnia sineusis. The Chinese Myna. 
 
 Oriolus sinensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 394 (1788). 
 
 Pastor elegans, Lesson, Voy. Belanger, p. 266, pi. 6 (1834). 
 
 Sturnia cana, Blyth, J. A. 8. S. xiii, p. 365 (1844) ; id. Cat. p. 110. 
 
 Sturnia sinensis (Gm.}, Hume, S. F. vii, p. 514; id. Cat. no. 688 
 ter; id. S. F. ix, p. 118; Oates, S. F. x, p. 229; id. B. B. i, 
 p. 384 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 267 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 68. 
 
 Coloration. The forehead, crown, lores, round the eye, the chin, 
 rump, and upper tail-coverts rosy ferruginous ; the nape and the 
 whole back deep grey ; sides of neck, throat, breast, and abdomen 
 grey, lighter than the back ; flanks, under tail-coverts, axillaries, 
 and under wing-coverts rosy ferruginous ; ear-coverts grey tinged 
 with ferruginous ; wings, primary-coverts, and winglet black, the 
 tertiaries suffused with metallic blue, the other feathers edged with 
 the same ; wing-coverts and scapulars white, suffused with rosy 
 ferruginous; tail black, the middle pair of feathers narrowly, 
 the others broadly, tipped with ferruginous. 
 
 Some time after the moult the beautiful rose-colour fades to 
 white, or is present in only a very slight degree. 
 
 Bill blue ; the mouth darker blue ; iris white ; legs plumbeous ; 
 claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 8 ; tail 2'6 ; wing 4; tarsus 1-1 ; bill from gape 1-05. 
 
 Distribution. I procured this species in Lower Pegu in the 
 winter season on several occasions. Hume observed it in Manipur 
 on one occasion, but failed to secure a specimen. It occurs at 
 Singapore and in Cochin China and breeds in Southern China. 
 
 Habits, tifc. Pere David states that this species breeds in holes on 
 the roofs of houses. The few specimens I procured in Pegu were 
 feeding on the ground in company with others. 
 
 537. Sturnia blythii. Blyth' s Myna. 
 
 Pastor blythii, Jerd. Madr. Journ. L. S. xiii, p. 133 (1844) ; id. III. 
 
 Ind. Orn. pi. 22. 
 Sturnia blythii (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. p. 110; Hume, Cat. no. 689; id. 
 
 S. F. ix, p. 228 ; Butler, S. F. ix, p. 237 ; Davison, S. F. x, p. 401 ; 
 
 Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 257 ; Oates in Hume's N. & E. 2nd ed. i, 
 
 p. 371. 
 Temenuchus blythii (Jerd.}, Horsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 531 ; Jerd. B. I. 
 
 ii, p. 331. 
 Poliopsar blythii (Jerd.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 54. 
 
 The White-headed Myna, Jerd. 
 
STURM A. 527 
 
 Coloration. Head, neck, and upper breast pure white ; back and 
 scapulars grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts rufous grey ; wing- 
 coverts brown, edged with grey ; primaries black, tipped with grey ; 
 remaining quills black, broadly edged with grey; middle pair of 
 tail-feathers hoary grey, narrowly tipped with chestnut, the others 
 more and more tipped with chestnut, the outermost feather being 
 chestnut on fully the terminal half; lower plumage cinnamon- 
 rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy white. 
 
 The young bird is plain brown above and paler brown beneath ; 
 tail marked with chestnut as in the adult. 
 
 Iris greyish white ; legs and feet brownish olive ; bill blue at 
 base, greenish in the middle, yellow at tip (Batter). 
 
 Length about 8*5 ; tail 2'7 ; wing 4 ; tarsus '95 ; bill from 
 gape 1. 
 
 Butler is of opinion that the female of this species differs from 
 the male. The only sexed females in the British-Museum series 
 certainly have brown heads, and so far differ from the males, but 
 one of these female specimens is acquiring pure white feathers on 
 the forehead ; and I am consequently of opinion that the sexes 
 are alike when fully adult, and that Butler failed to secure any adult 
 females. I know of no instance amongst the Starlings of the sexes 
 being strikingly different. 
 
 Distribution. Southern India, and apparently a local migrant. 
 Butler obtained this species near Belgaum from June to October, 
 Davison in the Wyuaacl in May, and Bourdillon in Travancore in 
 March. It does not appear to be found above about 2000 feet of 
 elevation. It extends east as far as Manjarabad in Mysore. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds in Mysore in April. The eggs measure 
 about 1 by '71. 
 
 538. Sturnia malabarica. The Grey-headed Myna. 
 
 Turdus malabaricus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 816 (1788). 
 
 Sturnia malabarica (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 110; Hume, Cat. no. 688; 
 
 Oates, B. B. i, p. 387; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 256; Oates in 
 
 Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 372. 
 Temenuchus malabaricus (Gm.), Horsf. 8f M. Cat. ii, p. 530; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 330 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 433 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., 
 
 Aves, p. 596. 
 Poliopsar malabaricus (Gm.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 48. 
 
 Pawl, Hind. ; Desi-pawi, Beng. ; Pali-palisa, Tel. ; Kat-halik, Assam. 
 
 Fig. 156. Head of S. malabarica. 
 Coloration. Forehead and the feathers over the eye whitisli ; 
 
528 
 
 the whole upper plumage dark grey, tinged with ferruginous on 
 the ruinp aud upper tail-coverts ; the shafts of the feathers of the 
 head and neck whitish ; winglet, primary-coverts, and all the 
 primaries black, the latter tipped with grey ; remainder of the 
 wing blackish ; all the feathers tipped and edged on the outer web 
 with grey, this edging becoming broader as the feathers approach 
 the body ; the middle pair of tail-feathers grey, the others brown 
 at the base and tipped with dark ferruginous, the tippiugs increasing 
 in extent exteriorly ; cheeks aud ear-coverts pale rufous grey ; 
 chin, throat, and upper breast rufous grey, the feathers with white 
 shafts ; remainder of the lower plumage deep ferruginous, darkest 
 on the under tail-coverts. 
 
 The above description applies to the bird when in new plumage ; 
 some time after the moult the feathers get worn down and the 
 colours fade, the grey of the upper parts becoming brownish, and 
 the deep rufous of the lower plumage fading to pale rufous. 
 
 Bill blue at base, green in the middle, and yellow at the tip ; 
 legs brownish yellow, claws greenish ; iris light blue. 
 
 Length 8 ; tail 2*7 ; wing 4-1 ; tarsus -9 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The whole Indian Empire east of a line drawn 
 approximately from Dehra to Mount Abu. This species does not 
 appear to be found universally distributed over the country, but 
 to be local and confined to certain favourable tracts. It ascends the 
 Himalayas in summer up to 4000 or 5000 feet. It is absent from 
 Ceylon and the Audamans and Nicobars. It extends into Cochin 
 China. 
 
 Habits, $*c. Breeds in May and June in holes of forest trees. 
 The eggs, from three to five, measure about '93 by '7. 
 
 539. Sturnia nemoricola. The White-winy ed My no. 
 
 Sturnia nemoricola, Jerd. Ibis, 1862, p. 22 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. .390 ; Ootes, S. F. vii, p. 48 ; Hume, Cat. no. 688 bis ; Gates, 
 B. B. i, p. 389 ; id. in Humes N. $ E. 2nd ed. i. p. 373. 
 
 Temenuchus iiemorieolus (Jerd.}, Hume, S. F. iii, p. 151. 
 
 Poliopsar nemoricolus (Jerd.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 52. 
 
 Coloration. Very similar to S. malabarica in general appearance, 
 but after the moult, when the plumage is fresh, the forehead and 
 the crown as far back as the eyes, the chin, throat, and breast are a 
 clear pearly grey ; the remainder of the lower plumage a beautiful 
 rosy buff. In adults the winglet, primary-coverts, and the first 
 or bastard-primary are white. 
 
 When the plumage gets worn, the feathers of the head and neck 
 become reduced in many cases to mere shafts, and the beautiful 
 rosy tinge of the lower parts gives place to a dull dirty buff. Not- 
 withstanding the similarity which then exists between S. nemoricola 
 and S. malabarica, the former may always be recognized by the 
 presence of some white on the wing. 
 
 Birds which are not adult have only parts of the wiuglet and 
 primary-coverts white ; but, from the very first, one or more 
 
STURNIA. 529 
 
 white feathers are present on these parts, and these, coupled with 
 the white bastard-primary, will suffice to indicate the species. 
 
 The dimensions and cblours of the bill &c. are the same as in 
 S. malabarica. 
 
 Distribution. Pegu and Tenasseriin down to about the latitude 
 of Muleyit mountain. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds at the same time as S. malabarica and lays 
 similar eggs. 
 
 540. Sturnia andamanensis. The Andaman Myna. 
 
 Temenuchus andamanensis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 329 ; Ball, 
 
 S. F. \, p. 75 ; Hume, S. F. ii, p. 248. 
 Sturnia andamanensis (Tytler), Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 313, pi. xii, 
 
 fig. 2 ; Hume, Cat. no. 689 ter. 
 Poliopsar andamanensis, Sharps, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 47. 
 
 Coloration. Head, neck all round, and entire lower plumage 
 white, the flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts tinged with buff ; 
 back and scapulars pale grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts paler 
 grey, faintly tinged with fulvous ; wings and tail glossy black, the 
 latter tipped with white, the four middle feathers narrowly, the 
 others more broadly ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. 
 
 Legs and feet usually pale yellow, rather a lemon-yellow, but 
 sometimes tinged fleshy ; claws horny ; bill greenish yellow, the 
 upper mandible from the posterior margin of the nostrils to the 
 gape, and the lower mandible from the gape nearly to the angle 
 of the gonys, smalt-blue ; iris from opalescent white to very pale 
 blue (Hume}. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 3'3 : wing 4; tarsus 1 ; bill from gape 1*15.. 
 
 Distribution. The Andamans and Nicobars. 
 
 541. Sturnia erythropygia. The Nicobar Myna. 
 
 Sturnia erythropygia, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, pp. 34, 369 (1846) j id. 
 
 Cat. p. 110; Hume, Cat. no. 689 quat. 
 
 Temenuchus (Sturnia) erythropygia (Blyth), Ball, S. F. i, p. 76. 
 Temenuchus erythropygius (Blyth), Hume, S. F. ii, p. 247. 
 Poliopsar erythropygius (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii ; p. 48. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles S. andamanensis and only differs in having 
 the rump, upper tail-coverts, vent, under tail-coverts, and the tips 
 of the tail-feathers deep chestnut. 
 
 Legs and feet pale fleshy yellow; bill gamboge-yellow, smalt- 
 blue at base ; iris opalescent-white (Hume}. 
 
 Length 9'25 ; tail 3'25; wing 4'4 ; tarsus 1; bill from gape 1*2. 
 
 Distribution. Car Nicobar Island, where one specimen, now in 
 the British Museum, was shot by Mr. V. Ball in March. No 
 other specimen of this bird appears to have been procured by any 
 naturalist since Blyth's type was described. 
 
 VOL. i. 2 M 
 
530 STURNIDJE. 
 
 Genus AGROPSAR, n. gen. 
 
 I institute this genus for the reception of A. sturninus, which 
 differs from Sturnia sinensis in having portions of the plumage 
 glossy, a shorter and more massive bill, a more pointed wing, and 
 a tail which is much shorter and forked. The nasal membrane is 
 moreover nearly bare, being plumed merely at the posterior corner. 
 The sexes are alike. 
 
 A. sturninus appears to resemble the Mynas of the genus Sturnia 
 in habits, feeding both on the ground and on trees. 
 
 542. Agropsar sturninus. The Daurian Myna. 
 
 Gracula sturnina, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii, p. 695 (1776). 
 
 Sturnus dauricus, Pall. Acta Holm. 1778, p. 197, t. vii. 
 
 Sturnia daurica (Pall.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 111. 
 
 Calornis d auric us (Pall.), Blyth, Cat. App. p. xx : Horsf. fy M. Cat. 
 
 ii, p. 544; Blyth $ Wald. Birds Burin, p. 91. 
 Temenuchus dauricus (Pall.), Hume, S. F. ii, p. 249. 
 Sturnia sturnina (Pall.), Hume fy 2)av. 8. F. vi, p. 893 ; Hume, Cat. 
 
 no. 689 sex ; Bingham, S. F. ix, p. 192 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 383 j 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 71. 
 
 Fig. 157. Head of A. sturninus. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, neck, under wing-coverts, and 
 axillaries, and the whole lower plumage except the vent and under 
 tail-coverts grey, paler beneath and darkest on the crown ; chin 
 and throat tinged with fawn ; vent and under tail-coverts buff ; 
 back, rump, and lesser wing-coverts, with a large spot on the 
 crown of the head, metallic purple ; a band of buff across the 
 rump ; tail metallic green, the outer webs of the outer pair of 
 feathers buff; median wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with 
 white tinged with buff ; greater coverts black, edged with metallic 
 green and tipped with buffy white; primary-coverts black edged with 
 metallic green ; the scapulars with most of their outer webs buff, 
 and the inner webs black at base and buffy brown at the ends ; 
 primaries brown edged and tipped with metallic green, and the 
 first few primaries further edged mesially with buffish brown ; 
 secondaries brown, edged with metallic green; tertiaries almost 
 wholly metallic green ; the secondaries have a patch of buffish 
 brown near the base of the outer webs. 
 
 In some birds the grey of the head and neck is produced on to 
 the upper back and is streaked with brown. 
 
AJJPELICEPS. 531 
 
 Young birds have those parts which are metallic in the adult 
 plain brown, the patch on the crown being indicated at an early 
 age. The marks on the wings and the buff baud across the rump 
 are always as in the adult. Birds of every intermediate form of 
 colouring are to be found. 
 
 Legs and feet dull earthy green ; the bill varies from black to 
 brown, and is greenish blue or whitish at the base of the lower 
 mandible (Davison). Irides dark brown, claws horn-colour (Bincj- 
 Jiatn). 
 
 Length 7'5 ; tail 2 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 1-1 ; bill from gape 1. 
 
 Distribution. The Nicobars ; Lower Pegu ; Tenasserim from 
 Moulmein to Mergui and the Thoungyeen valley. This species is 
 probably much more widely distributed than the above noted loca- 
 lities indicate, and in winter it may be looked for over the whole 
 of Burma. At this period of the year it is found in the Malay 
 peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Cochin China. In summer it retires 
 to Eastern Siberia and Northern China. 
 
 Genus AMPELICEPS, Blyth, 1842. 
 
 The genus Ampeliceps contains a remarkable Myna which may 
 be recognized by its bright black and yellow plumage and nude 
 orbits. 
 
 In this genus the bill is shorter than the head, wide at the base, 
 and the culm en well curved ; the frontal feathers are curly, 
 growing both upwards and inwards and inclining over the base of 
 the bill; a large space round the eye is quite bare. The wing is 
 very long and pointed, and the tail short and square. 
 
 The sexes of this species appear to me to be alike. Sharpe is of 
 opinion that they differ ; but the series of this bird in the British 
 Museum is not sufficient to enable the question to be settled con- 
 clusively either one way or the other. Analogy points to the 
 identity of the sexes, and Hume many years ago stated that they 
 were identical. 
 
 543. Ampeliceps coronatus. The Gold-crest Myna. 
 
 Ampeliceps coronatus, Blytli, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 194 (1842) ; id. Cat. 
 p. 108 ; Horsf. Sf M. Cat. ii, p. 525 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 436; 
 Armstrong $ Hume, S. F. iv, p. 335 ; Hume fy Dav. S. F. vi, 
 p. 398 ; Hume, Cat. no. 693 ter ; Inalis, S. F. ix, p. 256 ; Oates, 
 B. B. i, p. 395 ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v, p. 615 ; 
 Hume, S. F. xi, p. 269 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 116 ; Oates in 
 Hume's N. 8? E. 2nd ed. i, p. 374. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, chin, and throat bright yellow ; 
 with this exception, the whole plumage is glossy black ; the first 
 six primaries with a patch of white on the inner webs, and the 
 second to the seventh primaries with a yellow patch on the outer 
 webs ; in counting these, the first or bastard primary, which is 
 very minute, is not taken into consideration. 
 
 The young appear to have the head entirely black. 
 
 2M2 
 
532 STURNIDJE. 
 
 Bill pale orange, turning to blue at the gape ; mouth livid ; iris 
 dark brown ; ophthalmic skin yellow tinged with orange ; legs dull 
 orange ; claws dark horn. 
 
 Length 8-5 ; tail 2-4 ; wing 5 : tarsus 1 ; bill from gape 1-1. 
 
 Fig. 158. Head of A. coronatus. 
 
 Many birds of this species are met with having the lores and 
 a portion of the cheeks black. These, according to Sharpe, are 
 females. I find, however, that birds exhibiting this character have 
 also black streaks on the throat and crown, and the conclusion I 
 draw is that these birds are immature and in a state of transition 
 from the plumage of the young to that of the adult. 
 
 Distribution. Cachar ; Manipur ; Toungngoo ; Lower Pegu ; 
 Tenasserim from Moulmein to Tavoy. This species extends into 
 Cochin China. 
 
 Habits, $c. Davison found the nest of this bird containing three 
 young near Tavoy in April in a deep hole of a tree. 
 
 Genus TEMENUCHUS, Cabanis, 1851. 
 
 With the genus Temenuchus we come to a group of Mynas with 
 blunt wings and of more terrestrial habits than the preceding 
 birds. 
 
 Fig. 159. Head of T. pagodarum. 
 
 This genus contains one Myna which is a familiar bird all 
 over India. It is characterized by a very long crest ; the bill is 
 about half the length of the head, with the culmen curved ; the 
 nasal membrane is plumed and there is no nude skin on the 
 
STUBNOBNIS. 533 
 
 side of the head ; the wing is blunt and the tail is slightly 
 graduated ; the sexes are alike and the young are brown. 
 
 544. Temenuchus pagodarum. The Black-headed Myn<i. 
 
 Turdus pagodarum, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 816 (1788). 
 
 Sturnia pagodarum (Gm.), Blyih, Cat. p. 110; Hume, Cat. no. 687; 
 
 Leyye, Birds Ceyl. p. 677 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 382 ; Barnes, Birds 
 
 Bom. p. 256. 
 Temenuchus pagodarum (Gm.), Horsf. fy M. Cat. ii, p. 528; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 329; Hume, N. $ E. p. 432 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, 
 
 p. 73 ; Oates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 374. 
 
 Popoya maina, Bamuni maina, Puhaia, Hind. ; Monghyr pawi, Beng. ; 
 Pabiya pawi at Muttra ; Papatn yorinki, Tel. ; Popata pariki, Rawanati, 
 Tarn. ; Martintro, Port, in Ceylon. 
 
 Coloration. Head from forehead to nape with crest black ; sides 
 of the head, sides and back of the neck, and the whole lower 
 plumage as far as the vent rich buff, the feathers of the back of 
 the neck, throat, and breast much elongated and with the shafts 
 pale ; vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; whole upper 
 plumage (except the parts already described), the wing-coverts, 
 tertiaries, and secondaries grey, a few of the feathers of the back 
 with buff shaft-streaks ; primaries and primnry-co verts black, the 
 former tipped with grey ; tail brown, broadly tipped with white ; 
 the middle pair of feathers wholly greyish brown with black shafts. 
 
 The young are buffy brown, somewhat rufous beneath and on 
 the sides of the head ; crown of head dark brown. 
 
 Bill blue at the base, then greenish, yellow at the tip ; irides 
 greenish white ; legs bright yellow (Jerdon). 
 
 Length 8'5 ; tail 3 ; wing 4'3 ; tarsus 1*15 ; bill from gape 1*05. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of India proper as far east as the longi- 
 tude of Calcutta ; Ceylon. This species is found throughout the 
 Himalayas ordinarily up to 4000 feet, but it occasionally occurs in 
 summer, as at Gilgit, at 8000 feet. It extends into Afghanistan. 
 
 Blyth, probably by some mistake, records this bird from Arrakan, 
 and Jerdon from Assam. 
 
 Habits, $*c. Chiefly a ground feeder. Breeds from May to 
 August, constructing a flimsy nest of grass and feathers in a hole 
 of a tree or a building, and laying from three to five eggs, which 
 measure about -97 by '75. 
 
 Genus STURNORNIS, Legge, 1879. 
 
 The sole member of the genus Sturnornis resembles in many 
 respects the Mynas of the genus Sturnia, but has a stouter bill, a 
 very blunt wing, and a triangular patch of bare skin behind the 
 eye. 
 
 The sexes are quite alike. The habits are said by Legge to be 
 exclusively arboreal, but I imagine that this bird will be found to 
 be in some measure a ground feeder, like other arboreal Mynas. 
 
534 STUENIDJ3. 
 
 545. Stumor nis senex. The White-headed Myna. 
 
 Heterornis senex, Temm., Bonap. Consp. Av. i, p. 419 (1850). 
 Hetcerornis albofrontata, Layard, A. M. N. H. (2) xiii, p. 217 (1854). 
 Sturnia senex (Temm.}, Hume, S. F. vii, p. 409; id. Cat. no. 689 
 
 quint. 
 Sturnornis senex (Bonap.}, Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 680, pi. 28; Sharpe, 
 
 Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 55. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head, chin, and upper throat white ; the 
 whole upper plumage and sides of neck dull black, the feathers of 
 the nape and neck with white shafts ; wings and tail glossy black ; 
 the whole lower plumage from the throat downwards lavender- 
 grey, the shafts of all the feathers white ; under wing-coverts 
 black. 
 
 Birds not quite adult have the crown black. The nestling, 
 according to Legge, has the head and hind neck of a dull brown 
 colour with a whitish supercilium and the white shafts on the 
 lower plumage absent. 
 
 Iris dull whitish, with a narrow brown inner circle ; orbital 
 skin and eyelid dull bluish ; gape and base of bill plumbeous blue, 
 the apical half pale bluish brown ; legs and feet bluish plumbeous ; 
 claws bluish (Legge). 
 
 Length about 8-5 ; tail 3-2 ; wing 4'3 ; tarsus 1 ; bill from 
 gape 1*1. 
 
 Distribution. The mountain forests of Ceylon. 
 
 Genus GRACULIPICA, Lesson, 1831. 
 
 The Mynas of the genus Graculipica may be recognized by the 
 large extent of bare skin on the side of the head, extending from 
 the lores to the ear-coverts. The bill is long and stout, with the 
 culmen slightly curved. The feathers of the forehead are short 
 and inclined backwards. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Bill black ; lower plumage white G. niyricollis, p. 534. 
 
 b. Bill red ; lower plumage vinous. 
 
 '. Lower part of rump ashy brown, like back. G. burmanica, p. 535. 
 b'. Lower part of rump buff, different to back. G. kucocephala, p. 536, 
 
 546. Graculipica nigricollis. The Black-necked Myna. 
 
 Gracula nigricollis, Payk. Stockholm Acad. Handl. xxviii, p. 291 
 
 t. ix (1807). 
 Sturnopastor nigricollis (Payk.}, Blyth, Birds Burm. p. 90 ; Anders. 
 
 Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 595. 
 Gracupica nigricollis (Payk.}, Hume, S. F. ix, p. 288 ; Gates, B. B. 
 
 i, p. 377 ; Salvador!, Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen. (2) iv, p. 602. 
 Graculipica nigricollis (Payk}, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 77; 
 
 Oat es in Humes N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 377. 
 
 Coloration. The whole head above and below white, encircled by 
 
GEACULIPICA. 535 
 
 a black collar about an inch deep, but varying in extent in different 
 individuals ; below this collar a band, confined to the back, of 
 black feathers broadly margined with white ; back, scapulars, upper 
 rump, and the longer tail-coverts dark brown, each feather edged 
 paler -5 lower rump and the shorter tail-coverts white; tail dark 
 bro\\n, very broadly tipped vuth white; lower plumage, with the 
 exception of the collar, white ; under wing-coverts black, tipped 
 
 Fig. 160. Head of G. nigricollis. 
 
 with white ; primary-coverts pure white ; wings and coverts dark 
 brown, each feather conspicuously tipped with white, except the 
 primaries, the tippings to which are minute. 
 
 The young have the whole head, and the part occupied by the 
 black collar in the adult, light brown. 
 
 Naked skin round the eye bright yellow (Tiraud). 
 
 Length 11 ; tail 4 ; wing 6-3 ; tarsus 1-6 ; bill from forehead 1/4. 
 
 Distribution. Abundant at Bhamo, in Upper Burma; occurs in 
 Tenasserim, according to Hume, who received several specimens 
 from this locality, through the late Mr. Mandelli. This species is 
 found in Cochin China, Siam, and Southern China. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Dr. John Anderson found this species breeding in 
 May to the east of Bhamo, at Muangla, in a clump of trees. He 
 does not, however, describe the nest nor does he state whether this 
 bird constructs a nest or merely lays its eggs in a hole of a tree. 
 
 547. Graculipica burmanica. Jerdon's Myna. 
 
 Sturnia burmanniea, Jerd. Ibis, 1862, p. 21 ; Blyth $ Wald. Birds 
 
 Burm. p. 90 ; Hume, Cat. no. 689 bis ; Oates, S. F. x, p. 230 ; id. 
 
 B. B. i, p. 385. 
 Temenuchus burmanicus (Jerd.), Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 469; Hume, 
 
 S. F. iii, p. 149 ; Armstrong, S. F. 'iv, p. 332 ; Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Aves, p. 596. 
 Acridotheres burmanicus (Jerd.), Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
 
 (2) iv, p. 605. 
 Poliupsar burmanicus (Jerd.), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 45, pi. iv, 
 
 fig. 1. 
 Zayet, Buriii. 
 
 Cokration. The whole head and upper breast dull white ; back 
 and scapulars ashy brown; rump and upper tail-coverts paler; 
 median pair of tail-feathers dark ashy brown, the others blackish, 
 all broadly tipped with white ; breast and abdomen vinous ; vent 
 and under tail-coverts fulvous white; under wing-coverts and 
 
536 
 
 axillaries white ; primaries dark brown, tipped paler, arid the bases 
 of all pure white ; primary-coverts white, with a little black near 
 the bases of the outer feathers ; secondaries, tertiaries, and wing- 
 coverts bronze, each feather very narrowly margined with black on 
 the outer web ; first primary black. 
 
 Iris dark brown ; eyelids and naked skin of the head slaty brown ; 
 the gape, the basal half of the lower mandible and the base of the 
 upper mandible black ; the remainder of the bill red ; mouth dark 
 blue ; legs and claws dusky orange-yellow. 
 
 Length 9 ; tail 3*1 ; wing 4'6 ; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from gape 1'2. 
 
 Distribution. Burma from Bhiimo down to Rangoon, and eastward 
 to Toungngoo and Karennee *. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Common as this Myna is in many parts of Burma, I 
 failed to secure its nest and eggs, or to notice any indications of 
 its breeding. Jerdon observes that it breeds in holes in old trees. 
 
 548. Graculipica leucocephala. Humes Myna. 
 
 Acridotheres leucocephalus, Gigl. 8f Salv. Atti R. Ace, So. di Tor. v, 
 
 p. 273 (1870) ; iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 185. 
 
 Sturnia incognita, Hume, S. F. viii, p. 396 (1879) ; ix, p. 295. 
 Sturiiia leucocephala (O. # S.), Oates, B. B. i, p. 386. 
 Poliopsar leucocephalus ( G. $r &), Sharps, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 46, 
 
 pi. iv, fig. 2. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles G. burmanica, but has the forehead and 
 crown brownish ; back, scapulars, and upper rump ashy black ; 
 lower rump buff; hind neck and sides of neck vinous, forming a 
 collar which joins the breast ; wings darker, and the primary- 
 coverts entirely white ; first primary white. In freshly-moulted 
 birds the forehead and crown are paler than at other times, almost 
 white. 
 
 Bill and legs yellow ; the former reddish orange at the base ; iris 
 brown (Giylioli and Salv ado ri). 
 
 Length about 10; tail 3'2; wing 5-2; tarsus 1*35; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Said by Hume to have been obtained on the hills 
 between Tavoy and Siam, and there are numerous specimens in his 
 collection from this locality. This species occurs in Siam, and 
 was first found at Thu Due near Saigon, in Cochin China. 
 
 * Poliopsar fuscogularis, Salvador! (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vii, p. 3(U, 1889), 
 does not appear to be separable from the present species. Thanks to the 
 courtesy of Count Salvador!, I have been able to examine the type, the only 
 specimen known, procured by Mr. Fea in Karennee. This has "the chin and 
 throat dark brown and the head and neck brownish, instead of white. These 
 parts are subject to variation in this Myna, and before I can admit P. fusco- 
 yularis to be a distinct species or even race I should wish to examine more 
 specimens in the same plumage. It must be remembered that Wardlaw Eamsay 
 procured typical G. burmanica in Karennee. (See also Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, 
 p. 580.) 
 
ACRIDOTHEKES. ">.'* 7 
 
 Genus ACRIDOTHERES, Yieillot, 1816. 
 
 The genus Acridotheres contains the typical Mynas, one of the 
 species being universally distributed over the Empire, and a most 
 familiar bird. 
 
 In 'Acridotheres the nasal and frontal plumes are lengthened and 
 erect, or slightly curled backwards. There is a large patch of 
 bare skin beneath and behind the eye. The feathers of the crown 
 are elongated and pointed. The bill is shorter than the head, 
 with the culmeu curved, the wing very blunt, and the tail con- 
 siderably rounded. The sexes are quite alike. 
 
 The Mynas of this genus are mostly ground-birds ; they have a 
 variety of notes, some harsh and some very pleasing, and they 
 breed in holes of trees, houses, and earthen banks, one species 
 occasionally constructing a massive roundish nest in a tree. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. Under wing-coverts and axillaries white. 
 
 a'. Primary-coverts entirely white ........ A. tristis, p. 537. 
 
 ' 
 
 b'. Primary- co verts half black and half 
 
 white ............................ A. melanosternus 
 
 b. Under wing-coverts and axillaries buff .... A. ginginianus, p 
 
 549. Acridotheres tristis. The Common Mynci. 
 
 Paradisea tristis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 167 (1766). 
 
 Acridotheres tristis (Z.), Blyth, Cat. p. 108 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. ii, 
 
 p. 532 ; Jerd. B. 1. ii, p. 325 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 428 ; Hume % 
 
 Dav. S. F. vi, p. 388 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, p. 593 ; 
 
 Hume, Cat. no. 684 ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 379 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. 
 
 p. 254 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 80 ; Oates in Hume's N. % E. 
 
 2nd ed. i, p. 377. 
 
 Maina, Desi-maina, Hind. ; Salik, Bhat-salik, Beng. ; Bemni, Saloo, 
 Ohutia Nagpur ; Salonka, Mahr. ; Gonvantera, Can. ; Goranka, Gorinka, 
 Tel. ; Zayet, Burni. 
 
 Coloration. Whole head, neck, and upper breast black ; lower 
 breast, flanks, sides of abdomen, and thighs rich vinous brown ; 
 upper plumage, with wing-coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries 
 brown, tinged with vinous ; primaries dark brown, with the bases 
 white ; primary-coverts white ; tail blackish, all but the median 
 pair of feathers broadly tipped with white. 
 
 The young resemble the adult very closely. 
 
 Eyelids, the bill, and skin about the eyes yellow ; edges of the 
 eyelids black ; mouth bluish black ; iris reddish brown, mottled 
 with white ; legs yellow ; claws horn-colour. 
 
 Length 10 ; tail 3-3 ; wing 5'2 ; tarsus 1*55 ; bill from gape 1*3. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of the Indian Empire except the northern 
 parts of Kashmir and Tenasserim south of Mergui. This species 
 ascends the Himalayas up to about 8000 feet. It has been intro- 
 duced into the Andamans, but does not extend to the Nicobars. 
 It is found in Afghanistan. 
 
538 STURNID^E. 
 
 Habits, fyc. Breeds from March to August, constructing its nest 
 in houses or in holes of trees. The nest is an accumulation of 
 straw, feathers, and other materials, either without shape or slightly 
 cup-shaped. At times this Myna constructs a nest in the branch 
 of a tree. The eggs, frequently five in number, measure about 
 1-19 by -86. 
 
 550. Acridotheres melanosternus. The Common Ceylon Myna. 
 
 Acridotheres melanosternus, Leyge, A. M. N. H. (5) in, p. 168 (1879) ; 
 id, Birds Ceyl. p. 670, pi. 29 ; Hume, 8. F. viii, p. 72 ; id. Cat. 
 no. 684 bis ; id. S. F. ix, p. 295 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. S3 ; 
 Gates in Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 380. 
 
 Gon kawada, Gon kowdichya, Cing. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles A. tristis. Differs in being darker, the 
 sides of the body especially being dark vinous ; in having the black 
 of the breast produced down on to the abdomen ; and in having 
 the outer webs of the earlier primary-coverts black. 
 
 Iris variable, pink, brown, and pinkish grey in some, in others 
 whitish mottled with fine specks of dark colour; bill yellow, 
 blackish at the sides near base of lower mandible ; legs and feet 
 sickly yellow ; orbital skin yellow, extending round the eye, but 
 very narrow above, and hidden by the superciliary feathers (Leqge). 
 
 Of the same size as A. tristis. 
 
 Specimens of A. tristis from Southern India are darker than 
 those from Northern India, and approach the present species in 
 coloration, but no peninsular birds have any black on the primary- 
 coverts. 
 
 Distribution. Ceylon. 
 
 Habits, Sfc. Breeds in Ceylon from February to May. The nest 
 and eggs of this species resemble those of A. tristis. The latter 
 measure about 1*13 by *88. 
 
 551. Acridotheres ginginianus. The Bank Myna. 
 
 Turdus ginginianus. Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 362 (1790), 
 
 Acridotheres ginginianus (Lath.}, Blyth, Cat. p. 108 ; Horsf. 8f 
 
 M. Cat. ii, p. 535 : Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 326 ; Hume, N. $ E. p. 429 ; 
 
 Blyth fy Wald. Birds Burm. p. 89 : Hume, Cat. no. 685 ; Barnes, 
 
 Birds Bom. p. 255 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 84 ; Gates in 
 
 Hume's N. 8f E. 2nd ed. i, p. 381. 
 
 Ganga maina, Hind. ; Gang sah'k, Ram salik, Beng. ; Bardi-maina, 
 Nep. ; Lali, Sind ; Gilyila, Upper Provinces ; Daryta maina, Lucknow. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts 
 black ; the whole upper plumage, neck all round, chin, throat, 
 breast, and sides of the body slaty grey ; lesser wing-coverts 
 darker ; edge of wing, primary-coverts, and the base of the pri- 
 maries pinkish buff ; remainder of wing black ; tail black tipped 
 with buff ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, middle of the abdomen, 
 vent, and under tail-coverts pinkish buff. 
 
JETHIOPSAK. 539 
 
 The young have the head and wings fulvous brown, but do not 
 otherwise differ from the adult. 
 
 Bill gamboge; naked skin round eye brick-red; iris deep 
 maroon-red ; legs and feet yellow (Butler}. 
 
 Length about 9; tail 3; wing 5; tarsus 1-4; bill from gape 
 1-1. 
 
 Distribution. The whole of the northern half of India from the 
 Himalayas to the Nerbudda and Mahanadi rivers, and from Sind 
 to Eastern Bengal, in which latter province this Myna occurs as 
 far east as Furreedpore. It is found in the lower ranges of the 
 Himalayas, and there are several specimens in the British Museum 
 from Mussooree and other parts of these mountains. It is spoken 
 of as migratory in the plains by several writers, but probably by 
 some misapprehension. Blyth recorded this bird from Tenas- 
 serim; but he must have been mistaken, as no well-authenticated 
 instance of this species occurring east of the Bay of Bengal is 
 known. 
 
 Habits, Sec. Breeds from April to July, excavating a nest- 
 chamber in the vertical banks of rivers and in the sides of wells. 
 The eggs, four or five in number, measure about T05 by -82. 
 
 Genus JETHIOPSAR, Sharpe, 1889. 
 
 The genus ^Ethiopsar differs from Acridotheres in one important 
 particular. The birds of the latter gen us have a considerable space 
 on the side of the head bare of feathers ; those of the former have 
 the whole side of the head and even the eyelids closely feathered. 
 
 JEthiopsar contains three species of Myna found in India, one 
 of which is very common and widely distributed, and two are little 
 known and found only on the eastern borders of the Empire. In 
 habits they resemble Acridotheres^ but the commoner species, 
 jE. fuscus, is confined to forest country as a rule, and is seldom 
 seen near houses. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 <t. With no collar on the sides of the neck. 
 
 a'. Body-plumage brown ; frontal plumes 
 
 short &. fuscus, p. 539. 
 
 k'. Body-plumage black ; frontal plumes long . *E. grandis, p. 541. 
 f>. With a collar on the sides of the neck &. albicinctus, p. 541. 
 
 552. JEthiopsar fuscus. The Junyle Myna. 
 
 Pastor fuscus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 6 (1827). 
 Pastor mahrattensis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95. 
 Acridotheres griseus (Daud.}, apud Blyth, Cat. p. 108. 
 Acridotheres fuscus ( Wagl.\ Horsf. Sf M. Cat. ii, p. 537 ; Jerd. 
 
 B. I. ii, p. 327 ; Hume, N. $ E. p! 431 ; id. 8f Dav. S. F. vi, p. 338 ; 
 
 Anders. Yunnan Exped.,Aves, p. 594; Hume, Cat. no. 686; Gates, 
 
 B. B. i, p. 380 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 86. 
 
540 STURNIDJE. 
 
 Acridotheres malirattensis (Sykes), Hume, Cat. no. 686 bis ; Barnes, 
 Birds Bom. p. 2-55 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 89. 
 
 ^Ethiopsar fuscus (Wagl.}, Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, 
 p. 383. 
 
 Pahari maina, Hind. ; Jhonti maina, Hind, in Bengal ; Jhont salik, 
 Beng. ; Tau zayet, Burm. 
 
 Fig. 161. Head of JE.fmsc-us. 
 
 Coloration. Forehead, lores, nasal plumes, ear-coverts, top of the 
 head, and nape black ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars 
 cinereous brown tinged with ruddy; winglet glossy black ; pri- 
 mary-coverts white ; primaries black tipped with bronze, each 
 feather with a large white spot at the base ; secondaries black, 
 broadly edged with bronze on the outer webs ; tertiaries and upper 
 wing-coverts wholly bronze-colour ; tail brownish black, the 
 middle pair of feathers slightly, the others broadly tipped with 
 white; chin, throat, and breast dark ashy brown, becoming albes- 
 cent on the middle of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts fulvescent 
 white ; under wing-coverts black. 
 
 Iris bright yellow in Northern India and Burma, grey or pale 
 blue in Southern India ; basal half of bill bluish black, terminal 
 half orange-yellow ; mouth bluish ; legs orange-yellow ; claws 
 greenish horn-colour. 
 
 Length 9'5; tail 3; wing 4-7; tarsus 1-45; bill from gape 1'25. 
 
 Distribution. The hilly and well-wooded parts of the whole 
 Empire except the western portion including Sind, Eajputana, 
 and Guzerat. There are also certain tracts in Upper and Central 
 India which appear unsuited to the habits of this species. With 
 these exceptions this Myna is found from the Himalayas to Cape 
 Comorin and throughout the whole region east of the Bay of Bengal, 
 extending some way down the Malay peninsula. It ascends the 
 Himalayas up to about 8000 feet, and is everywhere a resident. 
 
 Some ornithologists have sought to separate this species into 
 two races, assigning Wagler's name to the bird with yellow irides, 
 found throughout Northern India and Burma, and Sykes's to the 
 bird with pale blue irides, which is confined to Southern India. I 
 can discover no other differences between these so-called races and 
 consequently I have united them. Sharpe states that ^2?. maliratt- 
 ensis is a much larger bird, but as he gives the wing of JE. fuscus 
 as measuring only 4-45 inches, whereas the wing of this bird is not 
 unusually 5 inches and seldom less than 4*7, this character cannot 
 be considered of any value. 
 
 Habits, $c. Affects forest country, feeding on the ground and 
 
^THIOPSAK. 541 
 
 
 
 having the habits of Acridotheres tristis. Breeds from March to 
 July, depositing its eggs in the hole of a tree. The eggs measure 
 about 1-19 by -83. 
 
 553. JEthiopsar grandis. The Siamese Myna. 
 
 Acridotheres grandis, Moore, Horsf. 8f M. Cat. ii, p. 537 (1856-58) ; 
 
 Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 91. 
 Acridotheres siamensis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 303; Wold, in 
 
 BlytKs Birds Burm. p. 90 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 460 ; 
 
 Hume $ Dav. S. F. vi, p. 388 ; Anders. Yunnan Exped., Aves, 
 
 p. 594 ; Hume, Cat. no. 686 quat. ; id. S. F. ix, p. 235 ; Gates, B. B. 
 
 i, p. 381 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 264; Salvador!, Ajm. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
 
 (2) iv, p. 603. 
 
 Coloration. Upper plumage black ; lower plumage blackish 
 brown; under tail-coverts pure white, the bases blackish ; tail 
 black broadly tipped with white ; wings black glossed with bronze; 
 the primaries with a large patch of white near their bases and the 
 primary-coverts white with black bases. The feathers of the head 
 are very narrow and pointed, and the frontal plumes are about 
 three quarters of an inch long or more. 
 
 Iris pale chocolate; bill orange-yellow; legs dusky yellow 
 ( Wardlaiu Ramsay}. Iris light reddish to orange-brown or hazel 
 (Hume}. 
 
 Length 10 ; tail 3-5; wing 5-2 ; tarsus 1-5 ; bill from gape 1-3. 
 
 Distribution. Manipur; the neighbourhood of Bhamo ; Karennee; 
 Tenasserim river. Found also in Siam and Cochin China. Moore's 
 types of this bird are labelled as having come from Sumatra, but 
 this locality is probably wrong. 
 
 The length of the frontal crest varies considerably. Tenasserim 
 and Karennee birds have the crest of great length, but in Manipur 
 specimens it is much reduced. 
 
 &. cristatellus from China is closely allied, but differs in having 
 the frontal crest of a somewhat different character, the under tail- 
 coverts black with white tips and narrower tips to the tail-feathers. 
 
 Halits, 6fc. Hume describes this bird as feeding with A. tristis 
 and other Mynas on trees. It apparently breeds in Manipur. 
 
 554. JEthiopsar albicinctus. The Collared Myna. 
 
 Acridotheres albocinetus, Godiv.-Aust. fy Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 251 ; 
 Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. ii, p. 200, pi. v ; Hume, S. F. 
 iv, p. 217 ; id. Cat. no. 686 ter ; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
 (2) iv, p. 604 ; Gates, Ibis, 1888, p. 72, pi. i ; Hume, S. F. xi, 
 p. 262; Sharp, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 94. 
 
 Coloration. The whole upper plumage, wings, and tail black, 
 with a slight gloss ; the base of the primaries and the tips of the 
 primary-coverts white ; the tail tipped with white ; a pale buff 
 collar from side to side of neck, interrupted on the hind neck, 
 which is merely streaked with buff ; lower plumage greyish black, 
 
542 STURNID.E. 
 
 the feathers of the vent and under tail-coverts tipped with white ; 
 under wing-coverts and axillaries black, the latter very narrowly 
 tipped with white. 
 
 Fig. 1G2. Head of JE. albicinctus. 
 
 Legs and feet full, sometimes rather deep, wax-yellow ; claws 
 a paler or darker brown, whitish horny at tips ; bill pale wax- 
 yellow, with a touch of red or orange on the sides of the lower 
 mandible just at its base ; iris yellowish or bluish white to pale 
 caerulean blue (Hume). 
 
 Length about 10 ; tail 3*2 ; wing 5-2 ; tarsus 1'4 ; bill from 
 gape 1-2. 
 
 Distribution. Manipur ; Bhamo and neighbourhood. 
 
 Habits, $c. Hume e tates that this species is found in pairs or in 
 parties up to 80 in number, feeding on the ground or on the insects 
 and nectar in the huge flowers of the cotton-tree. It is said to be 
 locally migratory in Manipur. 
 
 Genus STURNOPASTOR, Hodgs., 1844. 
 
 The genus Sturnopastor contains two very common Mynas, one 
 of which is found in India proper and the other in the Burmese 
 countries. They are almost entirely ground feeders, and they 
 differ from the majority of Starlings in constructing nests on trees 
 and not depositing their eggs in holes in buildings and tree-trunks. 
 
 In Sturnopastor the sexes are quite alike. The bill is as long as 
 the head, straight, broad, and blunt; the nasal membrane is com- 
 pletely feathered ; the feathers of the crown are lengthened and 
 pointed, and the eyelids are perfectly bare. The wing is very 
 blunt, the secondaries reaching nearly to the tip. 
 
 Key to the Species. 
 
 a. No supercilium ; feathers of forehead and 
 
 crown not streaked S. contra, p. 542. 
 
 b. A supercilium ; feathers of forehead and 
 
 crown streaked S. supercilmris, p. 543. 
 
 555. Sturnopastor contra. The Pied Myna. 
 
 Sturnus contra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 290 (17C6) ; Myth, Cat. p. 1C9. 
 
 Stmnopastor contra (Linn.}, Horsf. $ M. Cat, ii, p. 520 ; Jerri. B. I. 
 
 ii, p. 323 ; Hume, N. Sf E. p. 426 ; Guclw.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 
 
STURNOPASTOR. 543 
 
 pt. ii, p. 110; Hume, Cat. no. 083 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 261 ; Sharpe, 
 Cat, B. M. xiii, p. 57, pi. v, fig. 1 ; Oates, in Humes N. E. 2nd 
 ed. i, p. 386. 
 
 The Pied Starling, Jerd. ; Ablak malna, Hind. ; Ablaka yosalik, Guia- 
 leyyra, Beng. ; Venda yorinka, Tel. 
 
 Fig. 163. Head of 8. contra. 
 
 Coloration. Feathers over the nostrils, lores, round the eye, and 
 the ear-coverts white ; a few white streaks above the lores ; fore- 
 head, crown, nape, neck all round, chin, and throat glossy black ; 
 back and upper rump dark chocolate-brown, nearly black ; scapu- 
 lars broadly edged with white ; lower rump white ; upper tail- 
 coverts and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts and the inner median 
 coverts white ; remainder of wing glossy black ; sides of neck and 
 shoulders streaked with vinaceous ; lower plumage from the throat 
 downwards pale viuaceous grey ; under wing-coverts white. 
 
 The young bird has the crown brown, the lower plumage pale 
 vinaceous, the throat and fore neck streaked with brown, and the 
 parts which are pure white in the adult sullied. 
 
 Iris yellowish white ; orbital skin orange ; legs yellowish white ; 
 claws light horny ; bill, basal half deep orange, rest white ; inside 
 of mouth black (Cripps}. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 2'7 ; wing 4'6 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape 
 1-4. 
 
 Distribution. India proper east of a line drawn from Urnballa to 
 Hyderabad, in the Deccan, and Masulipatam, ranging to the 
 extreme east of Assam ; throughout Bengal, Sylhet, Cachar, and 
 the Khasi hills. A specimen from Arrakan in the British Museum 
 is a typical S. contra. 
 
 Habits, $c. Breeds from May to August, constructing a massive 
 shapeless nest of straw, leaves, and feathers on the branch of a 
 tree, generally at no great height from the ground. The eggs, 
 frequently five in number, measure about I'll by "82. 
 
 n.56. Sturnopastor superciliaris. The Burmese Pied Myna. 
 
 Sturnopastor superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii, p. 77 (1863) ; 
 Hume, N. Sf E. p. 427 ; id. S. F. iii, p. 149; Hume # Dw. S. F. 
 vi, p. 3S7 ; Hume, Cat. no. 683 bis ; Oates, B. B. i, p. 378 ; Hume, 
 S. F. xi, p. 261 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiii, p. 59, pi. v, fig. 2 ; Oates 
 in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 388. 
 
544 
 
 Sturnopastor contra, var. superciliaris, Blyth, Anders. Yunnan 
 
 Exped., Ave8 f p. 594. 
 Zayet, Burm. 
 
 Coloration. Resembles 8. contra. Differs in having the forehead 
 and the anterior half of the crown closely streaked with white, 
 the streaks on the sides of the neck and on the shoulders absent 
 or obsolete ; in having a well-defined white supercilium joining 
 the ear-coverts ; and in the back and rump being paler. 
 
 Gape and basal half of bill orange, remainder of bill yellowish 
 white; mouth black; orbital skin orange-yellow ; iris pale yellow ; 
 legs and claws brown. 
 
 Length about 9 ; tail 2'6 ; wing 4'5 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape 
 1-45. 
 
 Distribution. The eastern portion of the Empire from Cachar 
 and Manipur down to Mergui in Tenasserim. 
 
 Habits, <$fc. Breeds in Burma from April to June, constructing 
 a similar nest to that of S. contra. The eggs measure about 1-04 
 by '77. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 abbotti (Turdinus), 154. 
 Abrornis, 4'28. 
 Acanthopneuste, 411. 
 Acanthoptila, 385. 
 Acredula, 50. 
 Acridotheres, 537. 
 Acrocephalus, 355. 
 Acromyodi, 5. 
 Actinodura, 201. 
 adamsi (Prinia), 452. 
 Aedon, 350. 
 
 aedon (Arundinax), 390. 
 JSgithaliscus, 50. 
 JEgithina, 229. 
 semodiuni (Conostoma), 
 
 61. 
 asmodius (Lophophanes), 
 
 58. 
 
 aenea (Chaptia), 318. 
 senobarbus (Allotrius), 
 
 226. 
 ffiralatus (Pteruthius), 
 
 225. 
 
 ^Ethiopsar, 539. 
 Aethorhynclius, 228. 
 affine (Trochalopterurn), 
 
 94. 
 
 aflinis (Calornis), 514. 
 affinis (Cryptolopha), 422. 
 aflinis (Dissemurus), 325. 
 affinis (Dumeticola), 363. 
 affinis (Edolius), 312. 
 affinis (Lanius), 464. 
 affinis (Phylloscopus), 
 
 401. 
 
 affinis (Sylvia), 397. 
 affinis (Tephrodornis), 
 
 475. 
 Bffrioola (Acrocephalus), 
 
 359. 
 agricolensis (Jerdonia), 
 
 393. 
 Agropsar, 530. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 albicinctus (^thiopsar), 
 541. 
 
 albicollis (Pomatorhinus), 
 126. 
 
 albifrons (Garrulus), 108. 
 
 albifrons (Pericrocotus), 
 489. 
 
 albigularis (Abrornis), 
 430. 
 
 albigularis (Dumetia), 
 134. 
 
 albigularis (Garrulax), 
 82. 
 
 albigularis (Pomatorhi- 
 nus), 121. 
 
 albigularis (Buchanga), 
 313. 
 
 albiventris (Abrornis), 
 430. 
 
 albiventris (Brachy- 
 pteryx), 185. 
 
 albiventris (Callene), 185. 
 
 albiventris (Cettia), 441. 
 
 albiventris (Horornis), 
 436. 
 
 albiventris (Pnoepyga), 
 342. 
 
 albofrontata (Hetaeror- 
 nis), 534. 
 
 albogularis (Suya), 447. 
 
 albosuperciliaris (Ab- 
 rornis), 425. 
 
 albosuperciliaris (Gar- 
 rulax), 76. 
 
 Alcippe, 156. 
 
 Alcurus, 266. 
 
 Allotrius, 226. 
 
 Alophoixus, 259. 
 
 alpinus (Pyrrhocorax), 
 44. 
 
 althaea (Sylvia), 397. 
 
 altirostris (Crypsirhina), 
 33. 
 
 altirostris (Pyctorhis), 
 
 139. 
 amaurotis (Hypsi petes), 
 
 262. 
 ambiguus (Sturnus), 
 
 521. 
 
 Ampeliceps, 531. 
 ampelinus (Hypocolius), 
 
 f)^c\ 
 
 ^HJ\J, 
 
 analis (Pycnonotus), 
 287. 
 
 andamanensis (Corvus), 
 17. 
 
 andamanensis (Dissemur- 
 oides), 321. 
 
 andamanensis (Eulabes), 
 512. 
 
 andamanensis (Oriolus), 
 504. 
 
 andamanensis (Pericro- 
 cotus), 481. 
 
 andamanensis (Sturnia), 
 529. 
 
 annectens (Dicrurus), 
 312 
 
 annectens (Lioptila), 199. 
 
 annectens (Pycnonotus), 
 288. 
 
 annul osus (Zosterops), 
 215. 
 
 Anorthura, 337. 
 
 aplonotus (Parus), 56. 
 
 ardesiacus (Platylophus), 
 477. 
 
 areuarius (Lanius), 467. 
 
 argentauris (Mesia), 244. 
 
 Argya, 105. 
 
 Arrenga, 183. 
 
 Artamince, 498. 
 
 Artamus, 498. 
 
 arundinaceus (Acroce- 
 phalus), 356. 
 
 Arundiuax, 389. 
 2N 
 
546 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 assamensis (Drymocata- 
 
 phus), 147. 
 assimilis (Dendrocitta), 
 
 32. 
 
 assimilis (Lanius), 460. 
 assimilis (Neornis), 435. 
 assimilis (Stachyrhis), 
 
 loo. 
 
 ater (Dicrurus), 312. 
 atkinsoni (Paras), 59. 
 atricapillus (Molpastes), 
 
 270. 
 atricapillus (Pycnonotus), 
 
 288. 
 
 atriceps (Alcippe), 160. 
 atriceps (Parus), 46. 
 atriceps (Rhopocichla), 
 
 160. 
 atrifrons (Temnoris), 
 
 65. 
 atrigularis (Orthotomus), 
 
 368. 
 
 atrigularis (Suya), 445. 
 atrisuperciliaris (Su- 
 
 thora), 67. 
 aureiventris (Zosterops), 
 
 215. 
 
 auriceps (Tesia), 192. 
 auriculatus (Lanius), 
 
 467. 
 aurifrons (Chloropsis), 
 
 234. 
 austeni (Grammatoptila). 
 
 104. 
 austeni (lanthocincla), 
 
 87. 
 austeni (Paradoxornis), 
 
 63. 
 austeni (Pomatorhinus), 
 
 123. 
 
 austeni (Zosterops), 216, 
 avensis (Campephaga), 
 
 493. 
 
 Babblers, 105, 129. 
 bactriana (Pica), 24. 
 balicassius (Dicrurus), 
 
 312. 
 
 Bar-wings, 201. 
 bayleyi (Dendrocitta), 
 
 34. 
 beavani (Lophophanes), 
 
 59. 
 
 beavani (Prinia), 377. 
 belangeri (Garrulax), 79. 
 bengalensis (Gramini- 
 
 cola), 381. 
 bengalensis (Malacocer- 
 
 cus), 110. 
 bengalensis (Molpastes), 
 
 bengalensis (Timelia), 
 
 132. 
 
 bentet (Lanius), 465. 
 Bhringa, 323. 
 bicolor (Erythrocichla), 
 
 152. 
 
 bicolor (Timalia), 137. 
 bispecularis (Garrulus), 
 
 39. 
 bistrigiceps (Acrocepha- 
 
 lus), 358. 
 
 blanfordi (Prinia), 454. 
 blanfordi (Pycnonotus), 
 
 291. 
 
 Blanfbrdius, 444. 
 blighi (Arrenga), 183. 
 Blue-bird, Fairy, 240. 
 Blue Chats, 181. 
 blythii (Sturnia), 526. 
 bocagei (Stachyris), 163. 
 boccharensis (Parus), 48. 
 borealis (Acantho- 
 
 pneuste), 412. 
 bottanensis (Pica), 25. 
 bourdilloni (Alcippe), 161. 
 bourdilloni (Rhopo- 
 
 cichla), 161. 
 Brachypodina;, 252. 
 Brachypodius, 294. 
 Brachypteryginge, 177. 
 Brachypteryx, 184. 
 brevicauda (Prinia), 450. 
 brevicauda (Turdinus), 
 
 148. 
 brevicaudata (Corytho- 
 
 cichla), 148. 
 brevicaudata (Drymoica), 
 
 435. 
 brevirostris (Bathyrhyn- 
 
 chus), 62. 
 brevirostris (Pericroco- 
 
 tus), 483. 
 brooksi (Pbylloscopus), 
 
 399. 
 
 brucei (Alcippe), 158. 
 brunnea(Larvivora), 182. 
 brunnea (Suthora), 68. 
 brunneicauda (Minla), 
 
 172. 
 brunneifrons (Horeites), 
 
 440. 
 brunneipectus (Dumeti- 
 
 cola), 363. 
 brimnescens (Acroce- 
 
 phalus), 356. 
 brunnescens (Horornis), 
 
 435. 
 brunneus (Phylloscopus), 
 
 405. 
 brunneus (Pycnonotus), 
 
 292. 
 
 buchanani (Franklinia), 
 378. 
 
 Buchanga, 310. 
 
 Bulbuls, 252. 
 
 burkii (Cryptolopha),424. 
 
 burmanica (Graculipica), 
 535. 
 
 burmanicus (Criniger), 
 256. 
 
 burmanicus (Molpastes), 
 269. 
 
 burmanicus (Phyllosco- 
 pus), 417. 
 
 burnesi (Laticilla), 380. 
 
 Burnesia, 448. 
 
 buxtoni (Brachypteryx), 
 153. 
 
 buxtoni (Zosterops), 215. 
 
 cacharensis(Neornis),433. 
 cachinnans (Trochalo- 
 
 pterum), 97. 
 cserulatus (Dryonastes), 
 
 75. 
 
 cserulatus (Garrulax), 75. 
 cserulescens (Dicrurus), 
 
 316. 
 
 caeruleus (Dicrurus), 316. 
 caeruleus (Myiophonus), 
 
 178. 
 
 csesius (Parus), 47. 
 cafer (Ixos), 271. 
 Calamodyta, 356. 
 caligata (Hypolais), 393. 
 caligata (Id'una), 391. 
 Oallene, 184. 
 callipyga (Leiothrix), 221. 
 Calornis, 514. 
 Campophaga, 491. 
 cana (Sturnia), 526. 
 caniceps (Lanius), 464. 
 caniceps (Paradoxornis), 
 
 69. 
 
 canifrons (Spizixus), 280. 
 canorus (Crateropus), 
 
 110. 
 cantator (Cryptolopha), 
 
 427. 
 cantonensis (Pericroco- 
 
 tus), 490. 
 
 cantor (Calornis), 514. 
 cantori (Criniger), 259. 
 can tori (Microtarsus),279. 
 canturiens (Horornis), 
 
 438. 
 
 capellanus (Corvus), 20. 
 capistrata (Lioptila), 196. 
 capitalis (Hemipus), 472. 
 Carinatse, 1. 
 Carrion -Crow, 16. 
 cashmirensis (Sitta), 303. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 547 
 
 castaneicaucla (Siva) 209. 
 castnneieeps (Cryptolo- 
 
 pha), 427. 
 
 castaneiceps (Minla), 172. 
 castaneiceps (Sittiparus), 
 
 castnneioeps (Staphidia), 
 
 205. 
 castaneicoronata (Oli- 
 
 gura), 198. 
 castaneiventris (Sitta), 
 
 304. 
 castanoptera (Lioptila), 
 
 199. 
 
 cathcecus (Dicrurus). 3 13. 
 caudata (Argya), 106. 
 caudata (Pica), 24. 
 caudata (Pnoepyga), 176. 
 caudata (Uroeichla), 341. 
 Cephalopyrus, 247. 
 Certhia, 328. 
 Certhiidse, 327. 
 certhiola (Locustella), 
 
 352. 
 
 cetti (Cettia), 441. 
 Cettia, 441. 
 cettioides (Cettia), 441. 
 ceylonensis (Oriolus), 
 
 506. 
 ceylonensis (Zosterops), 
 
 215. 
 
 Chtetornis, 387. 
 chalybeius (Calornis), 
 
 514. 
 
 Chaptia, 318. 
 Clmtarrhoea, 105. 
 Chatorhea, 106. 
 Chats, Blue, 181. 
 Chibia, 320. 
 chinensis (Cissa), 28. 
 chinensis (Dryonastes), 
 
 74. 
 
 chinensis (Garrulax), 74. 
 Chleuasicus, 63. 
 chloris (Mixornis), 167. 
 chlorocephala (Chlorop- 
 
 sis), 237. 
 chloronopus (Abrornis), 
 
 408. 
 chloronotus ( Abrornis) , 
 
 406. 
 
 Chloropsis, 234. 
 chocolatina (Pnoepyga), 
 
 340. 
 
 Choughs, 42, 44. 
 chrysa;a(Stachyrhis), 163. 
 chrysseus(Lioparus), 174. 
 chrysosus (Proparus), 174. 
 Chrysomina, 137. 
 chrysopterura (Trocha- 
 
 lopterum), 90. 
 
 chrysorrhoides (Pycuo- 
 
 notus), 268, 270. 
 chrysotis (Proparus), 
 
 cineracea (lanthocincla), 
 85. 
 
 cineraceus (Dicrurus), 
 318. 
 
 cineraceus (Spodiopsar), 
 524. 
 
 cinerascens (Dicrurus), 
 314. 
 
 cinerascens (Laticilla), 
 381. 
 
 cinerea (Minla), 171. 
 
 cinerea (Sylvia), 395. 
 
 cinereicapilla (Frank- 
 linia), 379. 
 
 cinereiceps (lanthocin- 
 cla), 86. 
 
 cinereifrons (Cratero- 
 pus), 114. 
 
 cinereiventris (Micro- 
 pus), 295. 
 
 cinereura (Malacopter- 
 um), 152. 
 
 cinereus (Parus), 46. 
 
 cinereus (Pericrocotus), 
 489. 
 
 cinereus (Sittiparus), 
 
 cinnarnomeiventris (Sit- 
 ta), 301. 
 cinnamomeum (Trocha- 
 
 lopterum), 98. 
 cinnamoventris (Sitta), 
 
 301. 
 
 Cissa, 28. 
 Cisticola, 370. 
 cisticola (Sylvia), 374. 
 cochinchinensis (Phyl- 
 
 lornis), 237. 
 Colajus, 22. 
 
 collaris (Alcippe), 170. 
 collaris (Corvus), 22. 
 Collurio, 459. 
 collurio (Lanius), 466. 
 collurioides (Lanius), 
 
 462. 
 commixtus (Parus), 47, 
 
 48. 
 con color (Hypsipetes), 
 
 261. 
 
 Conostoma, 60. 
 contra (Sturnopastor), 
 
 542. 
 
 corallina (Sitta), 307. 
 corax (Corvus), 14. 
 cornix (Corvus), 19. 
 coronatus (Acantho- 
 
 pneuste), 417. 
 
 coronatus (Auipeliceps), 
 
 531. 
 coronatus (Phyllergates), 
 
 439. 
 coronatus (Platylophus), 
 
 477. 
 
 corone (Corvus), 16. 
 Corvidae, 10. 
 Corvinae, 11. 
 Corvus, 12. 
 Corythocichla, 148. 
 Crateropodidse, 70. 
 Crateropodinse, 71. 
 Crateropus, 110. 
 Creepers, 327. 
 Criniger, 254. 
 criniger (Tricholestes), 
 
 f)KQ 
 
 ^Oo. 
 
 crinigera (Suya), 444. 
 crispifrons (Gypsophila), 
 
 149. 
 cristatellus (^Ethiopsar), 
 
 541. 
 
 cristatus (Lanius), 468. 
 cristatus (Kegulus), 344. 
 croceus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 485. 
 
 Crows, 12. 
 Crow-Tits, 60. 
 cruralis (Drymochares), 
 
 188. 
 
 Crypsirhina, 34. 
 Cryptolopha, 421. 
 cucullata (Crypsirhina), 
 
 35. 
 
 cucullata (L T rocissa), 27. 
 Culicipeta, 423. 
 culuiinatus (Corvus), 17. 
 curruca (Sylvia), 398. 
 cursitans (Cisticola), 374. 
 Cutia, 222. 
 cyanea (Irena), 241. 
 cyanea (Larvivora), 181. 
 cyaniventris (Pycnono- 
 
 tus), 290. 
 
 cyaniventris (Tesia), 192. 
 cyanocarpa (Dumeticola), 
 
 190. 
 
 Cyanoderma, 166. 
 cyanopogon (Chloropsis), 
 
 239. 
 
 cyanuroptera (Siva), 209. 
 cyanus (Parus), 46. 
 
 daflaensis (Ixops), 204. 
 daflaensis (Suthora), 66. 
 dauricus (Calornis), 530. 
 davisoni (Acantho- 
 
 pneuste), 420. 
 davisoni (Hemixus), 264. 
 davisoni (Lioptila), 200. 
 
548 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 davisoni (Pycnonotus), 
 
 288. 
 
 delesserti (Garrulax), 82. 
 delicatula (Sylvia), 396. 
 Dendrocitta, 30. 
 Dendrophila, 307. 
 diardi (Garrulax), 79. 
 dichrous (Lophophanes), 
 
 Dicruridge, 308. 
 dicruriformis (Dissemu- 
 
 roides), 322. 
 Dicrurus, 310. 
 diffusus (Oriolus), 502. 
 discolor (Certhia), 331. 
 Disserauroides, 321. 
 Dissemurulus, 322. 
 Dissemurus, 325. 
 dobsoni (Graucalus ), 497. 
 dominicus (Turdus), 495. 
 Drongos, 308. 
 Drymocataphus, 144. 
 Drymochares, 186. 
 Drymoica, 378, 448. 
 Drymoipus, 448. 
 Dryonastes, 72. 
 dubius (Schoeniparus), 
 
 168. 
 
 Dumetia, 133. 
 Dumeticola, 362. 
 dumetorum (Acrocepha- 
 
 lus), 359. 
 
 earlii (Argya), 105. 
 eclipes (Cbatorhea), 106. 
 edela (Orthotomus), 368. 
 edoliformis (Dicrurus), 
 
 322. 
 
 Edolius, 311. 
 egertoni (Actinodura), 
 
 201. 
 
 Elachura, 339. 
 Elaphrornis, 190. 
 elegans (Pastor), 526. 
 elegans (Pericrocotus), 
 
 479. 
 
 emeria (Otocompsa), 276. 
 enca (Corvus), 17. 
 entilotus (Bracbypus), 
 
 279. 
 
 eremita (Graculus), 43. 
 erocbroa (Eeguloides), 
 
 407. 
 
 Erpornis, 219. 
 erythrocephala (Cisti- 
 
 cola), 371. 
 erythrocepbalum (Tro- 
 
 chalopterum), 89. 
 erythrocephalus (Mgi- 
 
 thaliscus), 50. 
 Erytbrocichla, 152. 
 
 erythrogenys (Horornis), 
 
 364. 
 erythrogenys (Poinato- 
 
 rhinus), 124. 
 erythrolasrna (Trochalo- 
 
 pteruin), 90. 
 erytbronotus (Lanius), 
 
 464. 
 
 erythropleura(Suya), 447. 
 erytbropterum (Cyano- 
 
 derma), 166. 
 erythropterus (Pteru- 
 
 thiiis), 224. 
 erytbropygia (Sturnia), 
 
 529. * 
 erythropygius (Pericroco" 
 
 tus), 488. 
 eugenii (Myiopboneus), 
 
 179. 
 
 Eulabes, 509. 
 Eulabetidae, 509. 
 eupfilosa (Pinarocicbla), 
 
 279. 
 eutilotus (Bracbypus), 
 
 279. 
 exilis (Cisticola),371,372, 
 
 373. 
 
 extensicauda (Drymoi- 
 pus), 454. 
 
 fairbanki (Trocbalopte- 
 
 rum), 99. 
 
 fallax (Lanius), 460. 
 familiaris (Aedon), 351. 
 familiaris (Certhia), 330. 
 familiaris (Pycnonotus), 
 
 291. 
 
 Fantail- Warblers, 370. 
 feae (Sutbora), 66. 
 ferrugilatus (Pomato- 
 
 rbinus), 124. 
 ferruginosum (Malaco- 
 
 pteron), 152. 
 ferruginosus (Pomato- 
 
 rhinus), 120. 
 fimbriata (Campophaga), 
 
 492. 
 finlaysoni (Pycnonotus), 
 
 287. 
 
 Fire-cap, 247. 
 flagrans (Pericrocotus), 
 
 485. 
 flammeus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 482. 
 flammiceps (Cepbalopy- 
 
 rus), 247. 
 flamrnifer (Pericrocotus), 
 
 482. 
 
 flavala (Hemixus), 263. 
 flaveolus (Criniger), 255. 
 flavescens (Ixus), 275. 
 
 flavescens (Xantbixus), 
 
 275. 
 
 flayicollis (Ixulus), 218. 
 flavigularis (Abrornis), 
 
 431. 
 
 flavipectus (Parus), 46. 
 flavirictus (Pycnonotus), 
 
 290. 
 flavirostris (Paradoxor- 
 
 nis), 62. 
 
 flavirostris (Urocissa), 27. 
 flaviventer (Tesia), 193. 
 flaviventris (Abrornis), 
 
 429. 
 flaviventris (Horornis), 
 
 363. 
 flaviventris (Otocompsa), 
 
 278. 
 
 flaviventris (Prinia), 449. 
 flavocristatus (Parus), 
 
 241. 
 flavolivacea (Neornis), 
 
 433. 
 flavo-olivaceus (Phyllo- 
 
 scopus), 419. 
 fla vo viridis (Orthotomus), 
 
 368. 
 
 fopficatus (Edolius), 313. 
 formosa (Anortbura), 
 
 339. 
 
 formosa (Sitta), 306. 
 forsythi (Pyrrbocorax), 
 
 44. 
 
 fortipes (Horornis), 435. 
 Franklinia, 375. 
 fraterculus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 481. 
 
 Fregilus, 43. 
 fronlalis (Dendrocitta), 
 
 33. 
 
 frontalis (Sitta), 307. 
 frugilegus (Corvus), 18. 
 fuliginiventris (Pbyllo- 
 
 scopus), 404. 
 fuliginosa (Decura), 444. 
 fulvifrons (Sutbora), 66. 
 fulviventris (Cryptolo- 
 
 pha), 428. 
 fulviventris (Horornis), 
 
 405. 
 fulvus (Drymocatapbus), * 
 
 146. 
 
 fusca (Alcippe), 158. 
 fusca (Prinia), 452. 
 fuscatus (Lanius), 465. 
 fuscatus (Pbylloscopus), 
 
 405. 
 fuscicapillum (Pellorne- 
 
 um), 143. 
 
 fuscicaudata (Otocomp- 
 sa), 277. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 549 
 
 fusciflavescens (Micro- 
 pus), 295. 
 
 fuscogularis (Poliopsar), 
 536. 
 
 fuscus (.Ethiopsar), 539. 
 
 fuscus (Artamus), 498. 
 
 galbanus (Dryonastes), 
 
 76. 
 
 galbula (Oriolus), 505. 
 galericulatus (Platylo- 
 
 phus), 477. 
 
 Gampsorhynchus, 134. 
 ganeesa (Hypsi petes), 
 
 262. 
 
 gangetica (Suya), 443. 
 garoensis (Turdinus),l46. 
 Garrulax, 77. 
 Garrulus, 37. 
 ginginianus (Acridothe- 
 
 res), 538. 
 
 Glossy Starlings, 514. 
 goiavier (Pycnonotus), 
 
 287. 
 
 Goldcrests, 344. 
 gracei (Caulodromus), 
 
 175. 
 
 gracilis (Burnesia), 448. 
 gracilis ( Frankliuia), 376. 
 gracilis (Larvivora), 181. 
 gracilis (Lioptila), 197. 
 Grackles, 509. 
 Gracula, 510. 
 Graculipica, 534. 
 Graculus, 42. 
 graculus (Corvus), 43. 
 graculus (Fregilus), 43. 
 Grarninicola, 381. 
 Grammatoptila, 102. 
 grandis (vEthiopsar), 541. 
 grandis (Dissemurus), 
 
 325. 
 Grasshopper- Warblers. 
 
 351. 
 
 Grass- Warblers, 380, 384. 
 Graucalus, 496. 
 gravivox (Poinatorhinus), 
 
 125. 
 
 griffithii (Parus), 56. 
 griinmi (Lanius), 459. 
 griseiceps (Criuiger), 257. 
 griseiceps (Turdus), 82. 
 griseifrons (Abrornis), 
 
 429. 
 griseigularis (Pericroco- 
 
 tus), 486. 
 griseigularis (Pyctorhis), 
 
 139. 
 griseus (Acridotheres), 
 
 539. 
 grisdus (Crateropus), 112. 
 
 gularis (Argya), 107. 
 gularis (Criniger), 2.")',). 
 gularis (Garrulax), 81. 
 gularis (Garrulus), 38. 
 gularis (Alixornis), 168. 
 gularis (Pycnonotus), 289. 
 gulai-is (Sceeorhyuchus), 
 
 69. 
 gularis (Tephrodornis), 
 
 474. 
 
 gularis (Yubina), 211. 
 guttata (Stachyrbis), 155. 
 guttata (Thringorbina), 
 
 155. 
 guttaticollis (Paradoxor- 
 
 nis), 62. 
 
 guttatus (Turdinus), 155. 
 gutturalis (Criniger), 256. 
 Gypsopbila, 149. 
 
 hamiorrhous (Molpastes), 
 
 268. 
 haplonotus (Machlolo- 
 
 pbus), 56. 
 hardwickii (Cbloropsis), 
 
 236. 
 
 bardwickii (Lanius), 462. 
 Hemipus, 471. 
 hemispila (Nucifraga),41. 
 Hemixus, 263. 
 hendersonii (Lusciniop- 
 
 sis), 354. 
 
 Herbivocula, 399. 
 Herpornis, 219. 
 Heteromorpha, 63. 
 Heterorbyncbus, 336. 
 Hilarocichla, 243. 
 hildebrandi (Hemixus), 
 
 264. 
 biuialayana (Certbia), 
 
 329. 
 bimalayanus (Dicrurus), 
 
 314. 
 bimalayanus (Fregilus), 
 
 43. 
 himalayanus (Oriolus), 
 
 507. 
 himalayensis (Dendro- 
 
 citta), 32. 
 himalayensis (Regulus), 
 
 345. 
 
 himalayensis (Sitta), 300. 
 hodgsoni (CaUene), 190. 
 hodgsoni (Certhia), 329. 
 hodgsoni (Pbyllornis), 
 
 234. 
 
 hodgsoni (Prinia), 376. 
 hodgsoni (Tickellia), 432. 
 Hodgsonius, 189. 
 homalura(Cisticola), 374. 
 homeyeri (Lanius), 461. 
 
 Horeites, 440. 
 Horornis, 43 i. 
 horsfieldi (Myiophoneus), 
 
 180. 
 horsfieldii (Pomato- 
 
 rbinus), 119. 
 horsfieldii (Timalia), 137. 
 hottentotta (Cbibia), 320. 
 humii (Lophopbanes), 58. 
 humii (Molpastes), 274. 
 humii (Pbylloscopus), 
 
 410. 
 humii (Sphenocicbla), 
 
 336. 
 
 hurnii (Sturnus), 520. 
 humii (Sutbora), 64. 
 humilis (Ixulus), 218. 
 humilis (Prinia), 375. 
 huttoni (Malacocercus), 
 
 106. 
 
 hyperythra (Argya), 109. 
 hyperythra (Erachy- 
 
 pteryx), 188. 
 hyperythra (Dunaetia), 
 
 133. 
 hyperythrus (Drymo- 
 
 chares), 187. 
 Hypocolius, 250. 
 Hypolais, 390. 
 hypoleuca (Timalia), 137. 
 hypoleucos (Lanius), 462. 
 hypoleucus (Pomato- 
 
 rbinus), 126. 
 Hypsipetes, 259. 
 
 lanthocincla, 84. 
 icterica (lole), 283. 
 icterocepbala (Chlor- 
 
 opsis), 237. 
 Iduna, 391. 
 
 igneitincta (Miula), 245. 
 igneus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 484. 
 
 ignotincta (Miiila), 245. 
 ignotum (Pellorneum), 
 
 IT. 
 
 imberbis (Pomato- 
 rhinus), 125. 
 
 imbricatum (Trochalo- 
 pterum), 102. 
 
 immaculata (Nucifraga), 
 41. 
 
 immodestus (Pericro- 
 cotus), 490. 
 
 impudicus (Anomalo- 
 corax), 20. 
 
 impudiens (Corvus), 20. 
 
 incognita (Sturnia), 536. 
 
 indicus (Oriolus), 502. 
 
 indicus (Phylloscopus), 
 404. 
 
550 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 indicus (Sturnus), 520. 
 inglisi (Pomatorhinus), 
 
 127. 
 innominata (Campo- 
 
 phaga), 493. 
 innotata (lora), 228. 
 inornata (Prinia), 452. 
 inquieta (Scotocerca), 
 
 432. 
 
 insidiator (Lanius), 514. 
 insignis (Drymoipus), 
 
 451. 
 
 insolens (Corvus), 21. 
 insularis (Buchanga), 316. 
 intensior (Pericrocotus), 
 
 486. 
 intermedia (Eulabes), 
 
 511. 
 intermedia (Tribura), 
 
 363. 
 intermedia (Volvocivora), 
 
 493. 
 intermedium (Pellor- 
 
 neum), 141. 
 
 intermedius (Corvus), 17. 
 intermedius (Dicrurus), 
 
 310. 
 intermedius (Molpastes), 
 
 272. 
 intermedius (Pteruthius), 
 
 227. 
 
 lole, 282. 
 lora, 228. 
 iora (Phoenicomanes), 
 
 228. 
 ioschistus (JEgithaliscus), 
 
 52. 
 
 Irena, 239. 
 
 irwini (Calornis), 514. 
 isabellina (Ceblepyris), 
 
 250. 
 
 isabellinus (Lanius), 467. 
 Ixops, 203. 
 Ixos, 289, 291. 
 Ixulus, 216. 
 
 Jackdaw, 22. 
 javanensis (Eulabes), 512. 
 javensis (Phyllornis),238. 
 Jays, 37. 
 
 jerdoni (Chloropsis), 238. 
 jerdoni (Cryptolopha), 
 
 425. 
 
 jerdoni (Parus), 56. 
 jerdoui (Prinia), 453. 
 jerdoni (Sylvia), 395. 
 jerdoni (Timelia), 132. 
 jerdoni (Trochalo- 
 
 pterum), 99. 
 jerdonii (Merva), 175. 
 jocosa (Olocompsa), 276. 
 
 kashmirensis (Sitta), 303. 
 Kelaartia, 296. 
 khasiana (Suya), 446. 
 kundoo (Oriolus), 504. 
 
 lafresmiyii (Aetho- 
 
 rhynchus), 228. 
 lahtora (Lanius), 459. 
 lanceolata (Locustella), 
 
 353. 
 lanceolatus (Garrulus), 
 
 38. 
 
 languida (Hypolais), 391. 
 Laniidae, 455. 
 Laniime, 456. 
 Lanius, 457. 
 Larvivora, 181. 
 lateralis (Zosterops), 215. 
 Laticilla, 379. 
 Laughing-Thrushes, 71. 
 lawrencii (Corvus), 14. 
 layardi (Graucalus), 496. 
 Layardia, 109. 
 lazulina (Chloropsis), 237. 
 Leiothrix, 221. 
 lepida (Prinia), 448. 
 Leptopcecile, 246. 
 leucocephala ( G r aculi- 
 
 pica), 536. 
 leucocephalus (Hypsi- 
 
 petes), 262. 
 leucogaster (Artamus), 
 
 499. 
 leucogaster (Garrulax), 
 
 79. 
 
 leucogaster (Pomato- 
 rhinus), 116. 
 leucogastra (Dendro- 
 
 citta), 31. 
 leucogenys (.ZEgitha- 
 
 liscus), 51. 
 leucogenys (Dicrurus), 
 
 317. 
 leucogenys (Molpastes), 
 
 leucolophus (Garrulax), 
 77. 
 
 leucophaeus (Dicrurus), 
 317. 
 
 leucopsis (Sitta), 306. 
 
 leucoptera (Pica), 24. 
 
 leucopterus (Platys- 
 murus), 37. 
 
 leucopygialis (Artamus), 
 499. 
 
 leucopygialis (Dicrurus), 
 316. 
 
 leucorhynchus (Arta- 
 mus), 499. 
 
 leucotis (Garrulus), 39. 
 
 leucotis (Molpastes), 273. 
 
 levaillantii (Corvus), 17. 
 lineatum (Trochalo- 
 
 pterum), 101. 
 Lioparus, 174. 
 Lioptila, 195. 
 Liothrix, 221. 
 Liotrichinae, 220. 
 Locustella, 351. 
 locustelloides (Chaet- 
 
 ornis), 388. 
 longicauda (Orthotomus), 
 
 longicaudata (TJrocichla), 
 340. 
 
 longicaudatus (Dicru- 
 rus), 314. 
 
 longicaudatus (Drymoi- 
 pus), 152. 
 
 longirostris (Argya), 109. 
 
 longus (Picrourus), 313. 
 
 Lophophanes, 57. 
 
 lophorhinus (Dissemu- 
 rulus), 322. 
 
 lucionensis (Lanius), 469. 
 
 lugubris (Acantho- 
 pneuste), 417. 
 
 lugubris (Campephaga), 
 492. 
 
 Lusciniola, 369. 
 
 lutea (Liothrix), 221. 
 
 luteiventris (Tribura), 
 364. 
 
 luteolus (Pycnonotus), 
 290. 
 
 macclellandi (Garrulax), 
 
 81. 
 macclellandi (Hemixus), 
 
 265. 
 
 macclellandi (Pomato- 
 rhinus), 125. 
 Machlolophus, 54. 
 macii (Graucalus), 496. 
 macrocercus (Dicrurus), 
 
 312. 
 macroptera (Brachy- 
 
 pteryx), 153. 
 macro rhyncha (Corone), 
 
 17. 
 macrorhynchus (Acro- 
 
 cephalus), 360. 
 macrorhynchus (Corvus), 
 
 macrurus (Oriolus), 503. 
 
 maculicollis (Orthoto- 
 mus), 367. 
 
 maculipennis (Phyllo- 
 scopus), 406. 
 
 magna (Sitta), 303. 
 
 magnirostre (Malaco- 
 pterum), 151. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 551 
 
 magnirostris (Acantho- 
 
 pneusle), 415. 
 magnirostris (Alcippe), 
 
 158. 
 raagnirostris (Lanius), 
 
 470. 
 magnirostris (Psilo- 
 
 rhinus), 26. 
 magnirostris (Urocissa), 
 
 26. 
 magnum (Malaco- 
 
 pterum), 151. 
 Magpies, 23. 
 mahrattensis (Pastor), 
 
 539. 
 
 Mainatus, 510. 
 major (Horornis) 438. 
 major (Pboenicura), 185. 
 major (Tribura), 362. 
 majus (Malacopteron), 
 
 151. 
 malabarica (Chloropsis), 
 
 235. 
 
 malabarica (Sturnia),527. 
 inalabaricus (Disserau- 
 
 rus), 325. 
 malabaricus (Malacocer- 
 
 cus), 110. 
 
 malabaricus (Parus), 487. 
 inalabaroicles (Dissemu- 
 
 rus), 325. 
 
 malaccensis (lole), 283. 
 Malacias, 196. 
 Malacocercus, 105, 110. 
 Malacopterum, 150. 
 malacoptilus (Rimator), 
 
 175. 
 malayensis (Chaptia), 
 
 318. 
 
 malcolmi (Argya), 108. 
 mandellii (Certhia), 330. 
 mandellii (Pellorneum), 
 
 140. 
 mandellii (Phylloscopus), 
 
 411. 
 mandellii (Schoeniparus), 
 
 169. 
 
 mandellii (Tribura), 365. 
 Mango-birds, 500. 
 manipurensis 
 
 liscus), 51. 
 manipurensis (Certhia), 
 
 331. 
 manipurensis (Cisticola), 
 
 374. 
 marise (Pomatorhinus), 
 
 121. 
 
 Marsh-Warbler, 383. 
 media (Pica), 24. 
 megaloptera (Pica), 25. 
 Megalurus, 382. 
 
 melanicterus (Pycno- 
 
 notus), 288. 
 melanocepbala (Cisti- 
 
 cola), ,-172. 
 
 melanocephalus (Micro- 
 pus), 294. 
 melanocephalus(Oriolus), 
 
 506. 
 melanocephalus (Pycno- 
 
 notus), 278. 
 Melanochlora, 241. 
 melanoleuca (Lioptila), 
 
 198. 
 melauolophus (Lopho- 
 
 phanes), 57. 
 melanopogon (Luscin- 
 
 iola), 369. 
 melanops (Abrornis), 
 
 430. 
 melanoptera (Campo- 
 
 phaga), 492. 
 melanoschista (Campo- 
 
 phaga), 491. 
 nielanosternus (Acrido- 
 
 theres), 538. 
 melanostigma (Trocha- 
 
 lopterum), 92. 
 melanothorax (Lalage), 
 
 494. 
 
 melanotis (Grarrulax), 80. 
 melanotis (Pteruthius), 
 
 226. 
 melanura (Campophaga), 
 
 492. 
 melanura (Cinclosoma), 
 
 96. 
 melanurum (Trochal- 
 
 opterum), 97. 
 melanurus (Pomato- 
 rhinus), 118. 
 melaschistus (Volvoci- 
 
 vora), 491. 
 
 menzbieri (Sturnus), 522. 
 meridionale (Trochalo- 
 
 pterum), 100. 
 meridionals (Calamo- 
 
 dyta), 356. 
 merulina (Stactocichla), 
 
 104. 
 
 Mesia, 244. 
 Mesomyodi, 5. 
 Micropus, 294. 
 miniatus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 484. 
 
 Minivets, 477. 
 Minla, 245. 
 
 minor (Dicrurus), 313. 
 minor (Lanius), 459. 
 minor (Parus), 48. 
 minor (Sturnus), 522. 
 minor (Trichastoma), 146. 
 
 minula (Sylvia), 398. 
 minus (Pellorneum), 
 
 141. 
 
 minuscula (Sylvia), 398. 
 minutus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 485. 
 minutus (Trichophorus), 
 
 258. 
 
 Mixornis, 166. 
 modestus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 489. 
 modestus (Reguloides), 
 
 409. 
 modestus (Sylviparus), 
 
 53. 
 
 Molpastes, 267. 
 monedula (Corvus), 22. 
 moniliger (Grarrulax), 
 
 81. 
 monticola (Otocompsa), 
 
 276. 
 
 monticola (Parus), 49. 
 motacilloides (Pericro- 
 cotus), 489. 
 mouhoti (Buchanga), 
 
 318. 
 multimaculata (Nucifra- 
 
 ga), 41. 
 multipunctata (Nucifra- 
 
 ga), 41. 
 munipurensis (Suthora), 
 
 66. 
 muraria (Tichodroma), 
 
 334. 
 murina (Myiothera), 
 
 176. 
 
 Myiophoneus, 178. 
 Mynas, 516. 
 Myzornis, 233. 
 
 nagaensis (Pellorneum), 
 
 144. 
 
 nagaensis (Sitta), 302. 
 nana (Sylvia), 396. 
 nan us (Pycnonotus), 
 
 206. 
 
 nasalis (Pyctorhis), 138. 
 nasutus (Lanius), 464. 
 neglecta (Anorthura), 
 
 neglecta (Campophaga), 
 
 neglecta (Prinia), 451. 
 neglecta (Sitta), 301. 
 neglectus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 484. 
 neglectus (Phylloscopus), 
 
 406. 
 nemoricola (Sturnia), 
 
 528. 
 Neornis, 433. 
 
552 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 nepalensis (Acantho- 
 
 ptila), 386. 
 
 nepalensis (Alcippe), 157. 
 nepalensis ( Anorthura), 
 
 337. 
 nepalensis (Certhia), 
 
 330. 
 
 nepalensis (Cutia), 222. 
 nepalensis (Drymo- 
 
 chares), 188. 
 nepalensis (Ixops), 203. 
 riepalensia (Suthora), 
 
 65. 
 
 neumayeri (Sitta), 304. 
 nicobaricus (Zosterops), 
 
 214. 
 nicobariensis (lole), 
 
 285. 
 nigerrimus (Hypsipetes), 
 
 262. 
 nigrescens (Dicrurus), 
 
 315. 
 nigricapitatus (Drymo- 
 
 cataphus), 145. 
 nigriceps (Lanius), 463. 
 nigriceps (Sibia), 196. 
 nigriceps (Stachyrhis), 
 
 162. 
 nigricollis (Graculipica), 
 
 nigrifrons (Alcippe), 160. 
 nigrifrons (Rhopocichla), 
 
 160. 
 nigrilutea (^Egithina), 
 
 232. 
 nigrimentum (Trocha- 
 
 lopterum), 91. 
 nigrimentum (Yuhina), 
 
 212. 
 nigripileus (Molpastes), 
 
 270. 
 
 nigrolutea (lora), 232. 
 nilgherriensis (Hypsi- 
 
 petes), 262. 
 nipalense (Pellorneum), 
 
 140. 
 nipalensis (Alcurus), 
 
 266. 
 
 nipalensis (Parus), 47. 
 nipalensis (Sitta), 300. 
 nipalensis (Suthora), 65. 
 nitens (Sturnus), 520. 
 nitidus (Acanthopneuste), 
 
 413. 
 nitidus (Orthotomus), 
 
 368. 
 niveigularis (./Egithalis- 
 
 cus), 52. 
 
 nobilior (Sturnus), 523. 
 nuchalis (Dryonastes), 
 
 74. 
 
 nuchalis (Garrulax), 74. 
 nucbalis (Parus), 49. 
 nuchalis (Poraatorhinus), 
 
 117. 
 
 Nucifraga, 40. 
 Nutcrackers, 40. 
 Nuthatches, 298. 
 
 obscura (Suya), 444. 
 obscurus (Hemipus),473. 
 obscurus(Pomatorhinus), 
 
 120. 
 
 obsoleta (Hypolais), 393. 
 occipitalis (Acantho- 
 pneuste). 418. 
 occipitalis (Ixulus), 217. 
 occipitalis (Urocissa), 26. 
 occipitalis (Yuhina), 212. 
 ocellata (lanthocincla), 
 
 84. 
 ochraceiceps (Pomatorhi- 
 
 nus), 123. 
 
 ochraceus (Criniger), 256. 
 ochrocephalus (Trachy- 
 
 comus), 281. 
 oglei (Actinodura), 156. 
 oglei (Actinura), 156. 
 oglii (Thringorhina), 156. 
 Oligura, 193. 
 olivacea (lole), 284. 
 olivaceum (Malacopte- 
 
 ron), 154. 
 olivaceus (Arundinax), 
 
 390. 
 olivaceus (Microtarsus), 
 
 293. 
 olivaceus(Pomatorhinus), 
 
 118. 
 
 olivaceus (Mixornis), 146. 
 omalura (Cisticola), 374. 
 orientalis (Acrocephalus), 
 
 357. 
 
 orientalis (Cettia), 441. 
 orientalis (Lalage), 495. 
 orientalis (Malacocer- 
 
 cus), 110. 
 Orioles, 500. 
 Oriolidce, 500. 
 Oriolus, 500. 
 Orites, 50. 
 ornata (Cissa), 29. 
 orphea (Sylvia), 395. 
 Orthorhinus, 126. 
 Orthotomus, 366. 
 Otocompsa, 275. 
 
 pagodarum (Temenu- 
 
 chtis), 533. 
 
 pallida (Crypsirhina), 30. 
 pallida (Hypolais), 392. 
 pallidipes(Horornis),437. 
 
 pallid us (Horornis), 436, 
 palliseri (Elaphrornis), 
 
 191. 
 palpebrosa (Zosterops), 
 
 214. 
 palustre (Pellorneum), 
 
 143. 
 palustris (Acrocephalus), 
 
 356. 
 palustris (Megalurus), 
 
 3S3. 
 paradiseus (Dissemurus), 
 
 325. 
 
 Paradoxornis, 61. 
 Paradoxorni thinae, 60. 
 Paring, 45. 
 Parus, 46. 
 Passeres, 2. 
 Pastor, 518. 
 
 pectoralis (Garrulax), 80. 
 pectoralis (Pellorneum), 
 
 140. 
 
 Pellorneum, 139. 
 pellotis (Acanthoptila), 
 
 386. 
 pelvicus (Tephrodornis), 
 
 473. 
 penicillata (Kelaartia), 
 
 297. 
 peregrinus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 487. 
 
 Pericrocotus, 477. 
 perniger (Hypsipetes), 
 
 262. 
 
 persicus (Parus), 46. 
 personata (Otocompsa), 
 
 phseocephala (Alcippe), 
 
 158. 
 phaeocephalus (Alopho- 
 
 ixus), 259. 
 phseocephalus (Criniger), 
 
 259. 
 
 pha3ocephalus (Micro- 
 pus), 296. 
 
 phayrii (Alcippe), 158. 
 phayrii (Poinatorhinus), 
 
 121. 
 phceniceum (Trochalopte- 
 
 rura), 93. 
 phoenicuroides (Hodgso- 
 
 nius), 190. 
 phoenicuroides (Lanius), 
 
 468. 
 
 phoenicurus(Lanius),468. 
 Phyllergates, 439. 
 Phyllopneuete, 391, 404, 
 
 412. 
 
 Phyllornis, 234. 
 Phylloscopus, 400. 
 Pica, 23. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 553 
 
 pica (Oorvus), 24. 
 picaoides (Sibia), 195. 
 picata (Sibia), 198. 
 picatus (Heinipus), 471. 
 picatus (Thanmocata- 
 
 phus), 135. 
 picticollis (Garrulax), 
 
 81. 
 
 pileata (Timelia), 132. 
 Pinarocichla, 279. 
 pinwilli (Poniatorhinus), 
 
 117. 
 
 Platylophus, 476. 
 Platysmurus, 36. 
 >latyura (Schcenicola), 
 
 384. 
 plumbeicepa (Staphidia), 
 
 plumbeitarsus (Acantho- 
 
 pneuste), 414. 
 plumosus (Pycnonotus), 
 
 292. 
 
 Pnoepyga, 342. 
 Podoces, 40. 
 poiocephala (Alcippe), 
 
 158. 
 poiocephalus (Brachypo- 
 
 dius), 296. 
 poioicephala (Thimalia), 
 
 158. 
 poliocephala (Prinia), 
 
 377, 450. 
 poliogaster (Stachyrhis), 
 
 161. 
 poliogenys(Cryptolopha), 
 
 426. 
 
 Poliopsar, 524. 
 polioptera (Campo- 
 
 phaga), 493. 
 poliotis (Suthora), 65. 
 pollicaris (Horeites), 
 
 441. 
 poltaratzskii (Sturnus), 
 
 523. 
 
 Pomatorhinus, 115. 
 pondiceriarius (Tephro- 
 
 dornis), 475. 
 porphyronotus (Sturnus), 
 
 521. 
 praecognitus (Stachyris), 
 
 164. 
 presbytis (Phylloscopus), 
 
 420. 
 
 Prinia, 447. 
 Proparus, 173. 
 proregulus (Phyllosco- 
 pus), 408. 
 Psaroglossa, 248. 
 psaroides (Hypsipetes), 
 
 260. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 pseudocorone (Corvus), 
 
 16. 
 
 Psilorhinus, 26. 
 Pterutfaius, 223. 
 jptilogenys (Eulabes), 
 
 puella (Cissa), 29. 
 puella (Irena), 240. 
 pulchella (Lioptila), 200. 
 pulcher (Phylloscopus), 
 
 407. 
 pulcherrimus (Pericro- 
 
 cotus), 484. 
 pulchrala (Abrornis), 
 
 407. 
 
 punctata (Elachura), 339. 
 punctatus (Troglodytes), 
 
 339. 
 purpurascens (Sturnus), 
 
 524. 
 
 pusilla (Pnoepyga), 343. 
 pusillus (Hsematoruis), 
 
 268. 
 pusillus (Pycnonotus), 
 
 293. 
 
 Pycnonotus, 285. 
 Pyctorhis, 137. 
 pygasus (Pycnonotus), 
 
 269, 271, 272. 
 pygmasus (Molpastes), 
 
 Pyrrhocorax, 44. 
 pyrrhocorax (Fregilus), 
 
 44. 
 
 pyrrhocyanea (Cissa), 29. 
 pyrrhops (Dicrurus), 
 
 314. 
 pyrrhops (Stachyrhidop- 
 
 sis), 165. 
 
 pyrrhotis (Ixos), 276. 
 pyrrhura (Myzornis), 
 
 233. 
 
 raraa (Hypolais), 391. 
 ramsayi (Actinodura), 
 
 202. 
 
 Ratita3, 1. 
 Eaven, 14. 
 Reed-Warblers, 355. 
 Eegulidffi, 344. 
 Reguloides, 407. 
 reguloides (Phyllo- 
 
 pneuste), 419. 
 Regulus, 344. 
 regulus (Motacilla), 344. 
 religiosa (Eulabes), 510. 
 remifer (Bhringa), 324. 
 rex-pineti (Graucalus), 
 
 498. 
 Rhopocichla, 159. 
 
 Rimator, 175. 
 
 roberti (Sphenocichla). 
 
 336. 
 
 roberti (Turdinulus), 176. 
 robusta (Drynioica), 451. 
 Rook, 18. 
 
 roseus (Pastor), 518. 
 roseus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 486. 
 rostratura (Trichostotna), 
 
 153. 
 rubescens (Locustella), 
 
 352. 
 rubicapillus (Mixornis), 
 
 167. 
 rubidiventris (Lopho- 
 
 phanes), 58. 
 rubiginosus (Drymocata- 
 
 phus), 145. 
 rubiginosus (Malacocer- 
 
 cus), 109. 
 
 rubiginosus (Pomatorhi- 
 nus), 120. 
 Rubigula, 278. 
 rubineus (Brachypus), 
 
 289. 
 rubricapillus (Mixornis), 
 
 167. 
 
 rubro-limbatus (Pericro- 
 cotus), 485. 
 rufa (Dendrocitta), 30. 
 rufa (Sylvia), 395. 
 rufescens (Crateropus), 
 
 114. 
 rufescens (Drymoipus), 
 
 451. 
 rufescens (Franklinia), 
 
 377. 
 ruficapillum (Trochalo- 
 
 pteron), 90. 
 ruflceps (Orthotomus), 
 
 368. 
 ruficeps (Pellorneum), 
 
 141. 
 ruficeps (Scaeorhynchus), 
 
 68. 
 ruficeps (Stachyrhidop- 
 
 sis), 164. 
 
 ruficeps (Suthora), 67. 
 ruficollis (Cisticola), 372. 
 ruficollis (Dryonastes), 
 
 73. 
 
 ruficollis (Garrulax), 73. 
 ruficollis (Pomatorhinus), 
 
 122. 
 rufifrons (Brachypteryx), 
 
 188. 
 rufifrons (Stachyrhidop- 
 
 sis), 165. 
 rufigenis (Staphidia), 206. 
 
 2o 
 
554 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 rufigularis (lanthocin- 
 
 cla), 86. 
 rufigularis (Schoenipa- 
 
 rus), 170. 
 rufimenta (Cinclosoma), 
 
 86. 
 rufinuchalis (Lopho- 
 
 phanes), 58. 
 runventer (Pteruthius), 
 
 243. 
 rufiventris (Brachypte- 
 
 ryx), 185. 
 ifiv< 
 
 rufiventris (Callene), 185. 
 rufiventris (Hilarocicbla), 
 
 243. 
 rufogulare (Trochalopte- 
 
 ron), 36. 
 
 rufiTla (Prinia), 376. 
 rufulus (Gampsorhyn- 
 
 chus), 135. 
 rupicola (Sitta), 305. 
 rustica (Pica), 24. 
 rutilus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 481. 
 
 Salpornis, 332. 
 salvadorii (Pycnonotus), 
 
 293. 
 sanguinifrons (Dicasum), 
 
 247. 
 
 sannio (Dryonastes), 76. 
 sannio (Garrulax), 76. 
 Saroglossa, 248. 
 saturata (Campophaga), 
 
 493. 
 
 saturata (Lioptila), 200. 
 Scseorhynchus, 68. 
 scalenura (Oettia), 441. 
 scapularis (lora), 231. 
 schach (Lanius), 465. 
 schisticeps (Abrornis), 
 
 430. 
 scbisticeps (Pomatorhi- 
 
 nus), 116. 
 scbistilatus (Horeites), 
 
 440. 
 
 Schcenicola, 384. 
 schoenicola (Cisticola), 
 
 374. 
 
 Sehoeniparus, 168. 
 schcenobaeniis (Acroce- 
 
 phalus), 356. 
 schwarzi (Herbivocula), 
 
 399. 
 
 Scimitar Babblers, 115. 
 Scotocerca, 432. 
 Sedge-Warbler, 369. 
 Beebohrai (Phylloscopus), 
 
 415. 
 senex (Sturnornis), 534. 
 
 sericea (Cettia), 441. 
 sericea (Horeites), 437. 
 seriophrys (Parus), 53. 
 setifer (Trocbalopteron), 
 
 102. 
 setifera (Cinclosoma), 
 
 101. 
 
 sharpii (Corvus), 20. 
 Sbort-wings, 184. 
 Shrike-Babblers, 124. 
 Shrikes, 455. 
 Shrike-Tits, 223. 
 siamensis (Acridotheres), 
 
 541. 
 siamensis (Zosterops), 
 
 216. 
 
 Sibia, 195. 
 Sibiinas, 194. 
 simile (Trochalopterum), 
 
 96. 
 simplex (Pycnonotus), 
 
 292. 
 
 simplex (Zosterops), 215. 
 sindianus (Phylloscopus), 
 
 406. 
 
 sinensis (Cissa), 28. 
 sinensis (Dendrocitta), 
 
 33. 
 
 sinensis (Pyctorhis), 137. 
 sinensis (Sturnia), 526. 
 sinensis (Urocissa), 26. 
 Sitta, 299. 
 Sittidse, 298. 
 Sittiparus, 171. 
 Siva, 207. 
 
 socialts (Prinia), 379. 
 socialis (Prinia), 450. ' v 
 Solaris (Pericrocotus), 
 
 485. 
 somervillii (Crateropus), 
 
 113. 
 sonneratii (Phyllornis), 
 
 238. 
 sophiae (Leptopoecile), 
 
 246. 
 
 sordida (Siva), 210. 
 sordidus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 490. 
 
 speciosus (Corvus), 28. 
 speciosus (Pericrocotus), 
 
 479. 
 speculigerus (Lanius), 
 
 468. 
 
 Sphenocichla, 335. 
 spilonota (Salpornis), 
 
 333. 
 spilonotus (Machlo- 
 
 lophus), 54. 
 spiloptera (Psaroglossa), 
 
 249. 
 
 Spizixus, 280. 
 splendens (Corvus), 20. 
 splendens (Sturnus). 
 
 520. 
 
 Spodiopsar, 524. 
 Spotted-wing, 249. 
 squamata (Pnoepyga), 
 
 342. 
 
 squamatum (Trocha- 
 lopterum), 96. 
 squamiceps (Urosphena), 
 
 442. 
 
 Stachyrhidopsis, 164. 
 Stachyrhis, 161. 
 Stactocichla, 104. 
 Staphidia, 205. 
 Starlings, 516. 
 Starlings, Glossy, 514. 
 stellatus (Drymochares), 
 
 187. 
 stenorhynchus (Pomato- 
 
 rhinus), 124. 
 stentoreus (Acrocepha- 
 
 lus), 356. 
 
 stewarti (Prinia), 450. 
 stigmatops (Dicrurus), 
 
 318. 
 
 stoliczka; (Certhia), 332. 
 stoliczkae (Cettia), 441. 
 stoliczkae (Stoliczkana), 
 
 246. 
 straminea (Locustella), 
 
 354. 
 streperus (Acrocephalus), 
 
 356. 
 
 strepitans (Garrulax), 83. 
 striata (Corythociclila), 
 
 148. 
 striata (Grammatoptila). 
 
 103. 
 
 striata (Staphidia), 206. 
 striatulus (Blanfordius), 
 
 445. 
 
 striatus (Alcurus), 266. 
 striatus (Chsetornis), 
 
 388. 
 striatus (Crateropus), 
 
 112. 
 striatus (Melizophilus) 
 
 433. 
 stridulus (Pomato- 
 
 rhinus), 122. 
 strigatus (Turdus), 514. 
 strigula (Siva), 208. 
 Sturnia, 525. 
 Sturnidae, 576. 
 sturnina (Sturnia), 530. 
 sturninus (Agropsar), 
 
 530. 
 Sturnopastor, 542. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 555 
 
 Sturnornis, 533. 
 Sturnus, 519. 
 subcrerulatus (Dryo- 
 
 nastes), 76. 
 subcserulatus (Grarrulax), 
 
 76. 
 subniger (Hypsipetes), 
 
 261. 
 subochraceum (Pellor- 
 
 neura), 142. 
 subrufa (Argya), 109. 
 subsignata (Locustella), 
 
 353. 
 subunicolor (Trochalo- 
 
 pteruiu), 94. 
 subviridis (Parus), 54. 
 subviridis (Phylloscopus), 
 
 409. 
 
 Sultan-bird, 241. 
 sultanea (Melanochlora). 
 
 241. 
 suinatranus (Criniger), 
 
 257. 
 sumatrensis (Qraucalus), 
 
 498. 
 superciliaris (Abrornis), 
 
 429. 
 superciliaris (Larvivora), 
 
 182. 
 superciliaris (Sturno- 
 
 pastor), 543. 
 superciliaris (Suya), 447. 
 superciliaris (Xipho- 
 
 rhamphus), 128. 
 superciliosus (Lanius), 
 
 469. 
 
 superciliosus (Phyllo- 
 scopus), 409. 
 Suthora, 63. 
 sutorius (Orthotomus), 
 
 366. 
 
 Suya, 443. 
 
 Swallow-Shrikes, 498. 
 sykesi(0ampophfiga),493. 
 sykesii (Maiacocercus), 
 
 113. 
 
 sylvatica (Prinia), 451. 
 Sylvia, 394. 
 sylvicola (Tephrodornis), 
 
 474. 
 
 Sylviidse, 346. 
 Sylviparus, 53. 
 syriaca (Sitta), 304. 
 
 taczanowskia (Tribura), 
 
 363. 
 
 tneniura (Certhia), 329. 
 Tailor-birds, 366. 
 Talking-Mynas, 509. 
 
 tectirostris (Bhringa), 
 
 324. 
 
 Teinenuchus, 532. 
 temmincki (Myiopho- 
 
 neus), 178. 
 Temnoris, 66. 
 Temnurus, 37. 
 tempo ralis (Locustella), 
 
 352. 
 tenellipes (Acantho- 
 
 pneuste), 416. 
 tenuiceps (Abrornis), 410. 
 teuuirostris (Corvus), 17. 
 tenuirostris (Oriolus), 
 
 503. 
 tephrocephala (Crypto- 
 
 lopha), 423. 
 Tephrodornis, 473. 
 tephronota (Sitta), 305. 
 tephronotus (Lanius), 
 
 465. 
 terat (Oarapophaga), 
 
 495. 
 terricolor (Crateropus), 
 
 111. 
 terricolor (Drymoipus), 
 
 452. 
 
 terricolor (Pastor), 110. 
 Tesia, 191. 
 
 thibetanus (Corvus), 14. 
 thoracica (Tribura), 363. 
 Thringorhina, 155. 
 tibetana (Pica), 24, 25. 
 Tichodroma, 334. 
 tickelli (Drymocataphus), 
 
 146. 
 
 tickelli (Hemixus), 265. 
 tickelli (Pomatorhinus), 
 
 127. 
 
 Tickellia, 431. 
 tigrinus (Lanius), 470. 
 Timelia, 131. 
 Timeliinre, 129. 
 tiphia ( JEgithina), 230. 
 Tit-Babblers, 168. 
 Tits, 45. 
 torquatus (Gampsorhyn- 
 
 chus), 136. 
 Trachycomus, 281. 
 traillii (Oriolus), 508. 
 Tree-pies, 30. 
 Tribura, 361. 
 Tricholestes, 257. 
 Trichostoma, 153. 
 tristis (Acridotheres), 
 
 537. 
 
 tristis (Criniger), 279. 
 tristis (Phylloscopus), 
 
 403. 
 Trochalopterum, 87. 
 
 trochiloides (Acanthiza), 
 
 419. 
 trochiloides (Acantho- 
 
 pneuste), 419. 
 trochiloides (Reguloides), 
 
 419. 
 
 Trypanocorax, 18. 
 turdina orientalis (Sali- 
 
 caria), 357. 
 Turdinulus, 176. 
 Turdinus, 153. 
 typhia (lora), 230. 
 tytleri (Calornis), 514. 
 tytleri (Cisticola), 372. 
 tytleri (Phylloscopus), 
 
 402. 
 
 umbratilis (Napothera), 
 
 153. 
 
 umbrinus (Corvus), 15. 
 unicolor (Pnoepyga), 
 
 342. 
 
 unicolor (Sturnus), 520. 
 unicolor (Suthora), 64. 
 Urocichla, 340. 
 Urocissa, 25. 
 uropygialis (Garrulax), 
 
 80. 
 TJrosphena, 442. 
 
 vagabunda (Coracias), 30. 
 
 valida (Drymoica), 451. 
 
 varians (Crypsirhina), 
 35. 
 
 variegatum (Trochalo- 
 pterutu), 95. 
 
 venatoria (Cissa), 28. 
 
 verreauxi (Megalurus), 
 381. 
 
 vidua (Volvocivora), 493. 
 
 vigorsii (Garrulus), 38. 
 
 viuipectus (Proparus), 
 173. 
 
 virescens (lole), 284. 
 
 virgatum (Trochalo- 
 pterum), 100. 
 
 viridanus (Acantho- 
 pneuste), 414. 
 
 viridescens (lole), 284. 
 
 viridipennis (Phyllosco- 
 pus), 419. 
 
 viridis (Chloropsis), 238. 
 
 viridissima (^githina), 
 231. 
 
 vittatus (Lanius), 462. 
 
 volitans (Cisticola), 373. 
 
 Volvocivora, 491. 
 
 vulgaris (Sturnus), 521. 
 
 waldeni (Buchanga), 314. 
 
556 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 waldeni (Ixops), 204. Xanthixus, 274. xanthoschista (Cryptolo- 
 
 Wall-creeper, 334. xantbochlora (Erpornis), pha), 425. 
 
 wallacei (Buchanga), 219. xauthotis (Aethorhyn- 
 
 318. xanthochloris (Pteru-^ chus), 229. 
 
 Warblers, 346. thius), 227. Xiphorhamphus, 128. 
 
 Warbler- Tit, 246. xantbogenys (Macblo- 
 
 Whistliiig-Thrusbes, lopbus), 55. Yubina, 211. 
 
 178. xantholrcinus (Pycnono- yimnanensis(Hypsipetes), 
 
 White-eyes, 213. tus), 289. 261. 
 
 williamsoni (Turdinus), xantholeuca (Herpornis), 
 
 149. 219. zeylonica (Motacilla), 
 
 wrayi (Pericrocotus), xanthonotus (Oriolus), 230. 
 
 485. 505. Zosterops, 213. 
 
 Wrens, 327. xantborrbous (Pycnono- zosterops (Cbloropsis), 
 
 Wren-Warblers, 375. tus), 286. 238. 
 
 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRAKCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
Oates.K.W. Bird3. v.l 
 
 358258 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY