IC-NRLF 
 
 R L U C L H 
 
 P 
 
 221 
 B28 
 1897 
 
 MAIN 
 
 t 
 
 of 
 
ot 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 'erH 
 
 Received 
 Accession No. 
 
 GW^r** 
 Class No. 
 
T H 
 
 SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEXANDER MELVILLE BELL, 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE PHONETIC SECTION OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE 
 ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. 
 
 THE VOLTA BUREAU, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 1897. 
 
Copyright by 
 
 THE VOLTA BUREAU. 
 
 1897. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Introduction, ..... 5 
 
 Vowels, ...... 9 
 
 Glides, 25 
 
 Consonants, . 27 
 
 Aspirate, 40 
 
 r o*- 
 
 Whisper, .... 40 
 
 Trills, . 41 
 
 Clicks, 41 
 
 Teaching the Deaf, " . ... 42 
 
 Fluency, . . . . . .43 
 
 Impediments of Speech, ... 44 
 
 Articulative Defects, . . . .45 
 
 Management of the Breath, . . 46 
 
 Articulative Impulse, . . .47 
 
 Expulsive Clicks, .... 48 
 
 Articulation in Singing, . . .48 
 
 Pharyngeal Exercise, ... 49 
 
 English Elements, . . . .50 
 
 Index, ...... 53 
 
INTKODUCTION. 
 
 In the present work an explanation is of- 
 fered of all the actions of the mouth and the 
 vocal organs which produce speech. 
 
 In the System of Visible Speech, the ele- 
 ments of languages are exhibited in symbols, 
 which, to the initiated, are self-explanatory. 
 That system may therefore be considered as 
 a species of SHORTHAND FOR THE MECHANISM 
 OF UTTERANCE,. The present work describes 
 the same elements, WITHOUT SYMBOLS; the 
 formation of the sounds being fully ex- 
 pressed in their NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 Some beginners are apt to be repelled at 
 sight of unknown symbols^ under the im- 
 pression that the latter must be difficult to 
 learn. But this idea soon gives way, before 
 the lucidity and simplicity of the exponent 
 symbols of Visible Speech. 
 
 For the purpose of REPRESENTING language 
 the symbols cannot be dispensed with 
 
() INTRODUCTION. 
 
 forming, as they do, a Universal Alphabet ; 
 but, for communicating a knowledge of the 
 elements of languages, description may take 
 the place of symbolism. Such is, at least, the 
 hope of the author, in preparing this work. 
 At present, a great part of the knowledge of 
 linguistic science is locked up in the symbols 
 of Visible Speech. This knowledge is now 
 made accessible to all readers. 
 
 There is, undoubtedly, an advantage in be- 
 ing able to enter at once on a study without 
 the necessity of first mastering a new medium 
 of instruction. No such necessity exists in 
 connection with the study of the Science of 
 Speech, as here presented. The whole sub- 
 ject, from first to last, is expounded in ordinary 
 language. This book may therefore be put 
 into the hands of pupils in schools and col- 
 leges, without explanatory preparation. Some 
 ready means of studying the Science of 
 Speech has long been wanted. This little 
 book is specially designed to furnish the 
 means, and supply the want. 
 
INTRODUCTION. I 
 
 This work will also prove useful as an in- 
 troduction to Visible Speech. Few teachers 
 of Modern Languages have as yet taken the 
 trouble to study that system, and apply it in 
 their classes ; although it would be found to 
 be of unique assistance, in removing all diffi- 
 culty from the mastery of foreign pronunci- 
 ations. Nor have teachers in the Public 
 Schools availed themselves, to any great ex- 
 tent, of the manifest advantages of the system 
 for native learners. Only among teachers of 
 the DEAF have the benefits of a training in 
 Visible Speech been duly appreciated. 
 
 This backwardness to accept the help of 
 such a phonetic instrument is, no doubt, to 
 be largely attributed to the imaginary diffi- 
 culty of learning the symbols. Here, only 
 the meaning of the symbols is taught. Repre- 
 sentation of sounds is everything in " Visible 
 Speech." In the " Science of Speech " DIS- 
 CRIMINATION is all, and representation is 
 nothing. 
 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH, 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 The question has been often asked : " How 
 many vowels are there ? " It might as well 
 have been : " How many colors are there ? " 
 We have shades of red, and green, and vio- 
 let ; and compounds of each, with any, or all, 
 of the others; and every tint may be, to a 
 greater or less extent, diluted with white or 
 with black; so that the total number of 
 recognizable varieties is practically beyond 
 computation. So with vowels. 
 
 Back, Top, and Front Vowels. 
 
 Certain vowels receive their color, or 
 characteristic quality, from the back of the 
 tongue, directed to the back of the mouth ; 
 certain others from the top of the tongue 
 directed towards the roof of the mouth; and 
 
10 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 a third set from the front surface of the 
 tongue directed to the front of the mouth, 
 or the alveolar arch. 
 
 Each of these three sets is subject to fur- 
 ther modification by contraction of the aper- 
 ture of the mouth the lips. We have thus 
 four varieties of vowel "color," produced by 
 the back, the top, and the front of the 
 tongue, and by the lips. 
 
 The lips have 110 independent action in 
 vowel formation. They merely modify the 
 effect of lingual action. In forming Back, 
 Top, and Front vowels the lips should be 
 kept out of the way; so as to preserve the 
 series of unlabialized vowels distinct from 
 the series of labialized vowels. For labial- { 
 ized vowels, the lips cover the teeth to a 
 greater or less extent. For unlabializedi 
 vowels the teeth are visible. This criterion 
 should be a convenience to the learner. 
 Labialized Vowels. 
 
 Any lingual vowel may be labialized, and 
 any labialized vowel may be delabialized, by 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 11 
 
 spreading the lips apart, while the tongue 
 maintains its position unchanged. In this 
 way, a learner gains perfect command over 
 the whole gamut of vowels ; and even pro- 
 duces, with certainty, sounds which he may 
 never have heard before he utters them. 
 
 High, Mid, and Loiv Vowels. 
 
 Now bear in mind the three radically dif- 
 ferent vowel colors produced by the back, 
 the top, and the front of the tongue, and we 
 shall be prepared for another step in vowel 
 classification. 
 
 The vowel Ee is a Front vowel ; and it 
 has the tongue RAISED within the palatal 
 arch, in the highest possible degree, consist- 
 ent with the maintenance of a free channel 
 for the sound. But the TOP of the tongue 
 may be equally raised, toward the roof of 
 the mouth, forming, as it were, an ee at the 
 middle of the tongue. And the BACK of 
 the tongue may be equally raised, towards 
 the back of the mouth, forming, as it were, 
 
12 THE SCIENCE OF SPPIECH. 
 
 an ee at the back of the tongue. We have 
 thus, clearly discriminated, three HIGH vow- 
 els, High Back, High Top, and High 
 
 Front. 
 
 Deldbializing Vowels. 
 
 To show the directive effect of these rela- 
 tions of sound to sound, take an example : 
 
 The High Back vowel is a Gaelic sound, 
 which has probably never been heard by 
 nine-tenths of those who may read these 
 words ; yet, this unheard sound will be pro- 
 duced, with uniformity, by every person, at 
 the first effort. Proceed thus : Sound the 
 vowel oo, and, while doing so, separate the 
 lips with finger and thumb ; and, instead of 
 oo, the High Back vowel will be heard. 
 
 The technical name of the vowel oo High 
 Back Round explains the mechanism of the 
 sound. The tongue is in the High Back posi- 
 tion, and the sound is labialized. Separating 
 the lips delabializes the sound, and thus the 
 pure High Back vowel is involuntarily pro- 
 duced. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 13 
 
 Nine Vowels. 
 
 The tongue may maintain its back, top, or 
 front presentation at any degre of elevatiom 
 within the mouth. Perfectly definite vowel 
 "colors" are obtained at the three eleva- 
 tions: High, Mid, and Low. High vowels 
 have the tongue nearest to the palate ; and 
 therefore the cavity of the mouth is of mini- 
 mum size : LOW vowels have the tongue 
 most depressed from the palate; and the 
 cavity of the mouth is therefore of maximum 
 size : MID vowels have the tongue, about 
 midway between High and Low. Our three 
 organic vowels Back, Top, and Front have 
 now become nine ; each of them individual- 
 ized to the mind, and absolutely located in 
 the mouth ; namely : 
 
 High Back, High Top, ; High Front 
 Mid Back, Mid Top, | Mid Front 
 Low Back, Low Top, Low Front 
 
 . 
 
14 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Primary and Wide Vowels. 
 
 There are two phonetic varieties of each of 
 these nine vowels: (1) the primary, or most 
 definite in quality; and (2) the Wide, or com- 
 paratively indefinite. The High Front vowel 
 is ee(l) ; and the High Front Wide vowel 
 is i(ll). To continue the color analogy : 
 Suppose the High Front vowel to be a pure 
 red, then the High Front Wide vowel will 
 be red dulled with a neutral tint. The na- 
 ture of this neutral quality, which changes 
 Primary vowels into their Wide counterparts, 
 may be understood from the explanation, that, 
 behind the aperture of the primary vowel, 
 the cavity of the mouth is expanded for Wide 
 vowels, so as to weaken the organic quality 
 of the sound, whether Back, Top, or Front. 
 
 Eighteen Vowels. 
 
 Every Primary vowel has its Wide con- 
 gener ; therefore the nine vowels already in- 
 troduced, at once become eighteen, nine 
 Primary and nine Wide. The nomenclature 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 15 
 
 of these sounds will give a clear conception of 
 the mechanical cause of each variety. Thus : 
 
 High Back 
 
 High Back Wide 
 
 Mid Back 
 
 Mid Back Wide 
 
 Low Back 
 
 Low Back Wide 
 
 High Top 
 
 High Top Wide 
 
 Mid Top 
 
 Mid Top Wide 
 
 Low Top 
 
 Low Top Wide 
 
 High Front 
 
 High Front Wide 
 
 Mid Front 
 
 Mid Front Wide 
 
 Low Front 
 
 Low Front Wide 
 
 A Vowel Discover ij. 
 
 The distinction between Primary and Wide 
 vowels is one of the discoveries of Visible 
 
16 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Speech. I had been haunted, for years, by a 
 sound, which I was constantly hearing from 
 Scotch speakers, but which would not fit into 
 any of my experimental Tables. It was 
 like the Mid Front, and also like the Low 
 Front ; but was not exactly either ; nor was 
 it an intermediate sound. The difference 
 was ultimately discovered to lie in the en- 
 largement of the cavity behind the aperture 
 of the Mid Front vowel. This became the 
 key to the entire vowel scheme. In fact, but 
 for this discovery, the System of Visible 
 Speech could not have been invented. The 
 erratic vowel, thus at last fixed in its true 
 location, is the Mid Front Wide vowel a 
 common Scotch sound, heard in ill, yes, her. 
 The general characteristic of Wide vowels 
 has been stated to be, comparative weakness 
 of organic quality that is, of Back, Front, 
 or Top " color." This will be manifest by 
 comparing the Primary and the Wide sounds 
 in the following Front vowels. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 17 
 
 Sounds of Front Vowels. 
 
 High Front eel 
 
 Mid Front ale 
 
 Low Front ell 
 
 High Front Wide ill 
 
 Mid Front Wide ill (Scotch) 
 
 Low Front Wide an 
 
 Back Wide Vowels. 
 
 Back Wide vowels have a clearer sound 
 than their primaries, because the guttural 
 quality of the latter is necessarily lessened 
 by the widening of the resonance cavity. 
 Thus the Low Back Wide vowel, aA, is dis- 
 tinctively the purest in tonality of all vowels, 
 because freest from friction. The vowel aw 
 depresses the root of the tongue a little 
 more, so as to direct the sound against the 
 lips ; but, keep off labial quality, and, stretch 
 the organs how you will, you cannot get a 
 lower tongue-attitude than that for ah. 
 
18 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Sounds of Back Vowels. 
 
 High Back laocLh (Gaelic) 
 
 Mid Back up 
 
 Low Back up (Scotch) 
 
 High Back Wide . . -tion 
 Mid Back Wide. .. ask 
 Low Back Wide . . ah 
 
 Uncovering Lingual Vowels. 
 Just as the High Back vowel is uncovered 
 by the delabializing of oo (seepage 12) so the 
 Mid Back vowel is obtained by delabializing 
 o ; and the Low Back vowel by delabializing 
 aw. 
 
 The student should repeat all these ex- 
 periments in order to satisfy himself of the 
 reality of the relations. 
 
 Sounds of Top Voivels. 
 
 High Top er, ir, ur (Amer.) 
 
 Mid Top (ohn)e (German) 
 
 Low Top zur (Prov. Eng. ) 
 
 High Top Wide. . er, ir, ur (Amer.) 
 Mid Top Wide... (sof)a 
 Low Top Wide. . . err, her, sir 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 19 
 
 The Top vowels are phonetically associated 
 with the letter R The High Top and High 
 Top Wide are heard in the American pro- 
 nunciation of er, ir, ur ; the Low Top is a 
 Provincial English variety ; and Low Top 
 Wide is the ordinary English pronunciation 
 of ei\ ir, yr. Mid Top and Mid Top Wide 
 are the sounds, respectively, of unaccented 
 e, in German, and a, in English. 
 
 The Natural Vowel. 
 
 The Mid Top vowel has been called not 
 inaptly the natural vowel, because the 
 tongue is central in the mouth, with neither 
 Back, Front, High, nor Low modification. 
 
 Round Vowels. 
 
 The formation of eighteen vowels has now 
 been explained, and their verbal usage illus- 
 trated. Each of these sounds is susceptible 
 of being " Rounded " or labialized. And 
 here a principle of symmetry prevails. In 
 proportion to the height of the tongue within 
 
20 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 the mouth, is the narrowness of the aperture 
 between the lips. Thus High Round vowels 
 have the smallest lip aperture ; Mid Round 
 vowels have a medium lip aperture ; and 
 Low Round vowels merely have the corners 
 of the lips rounded off. The three degrees 
 of labial aperture are exemplified in the 
 
 vowels 
 
 oo, o, aw. 
 
 Thirty-six Vowels. 
 
 By adding symmetrical labial modification 
 to each of the eighteen vowels already de- 
 scribed, the number of vowel elements is in- 
 creased to thirty-six. For all practical pur- 
 poses, this number has proved to be ample ; 
 but, theoretically, the gamut of vowels might 
 be extended, if desirable for any purpose, 
 by recognizing more than three divisions be- 
 tween High and Low, and between Back 
 and Front. Labialized vowels might also be 
 further increased by recognizing non-sym- 
 metrical labialization such as narrow lip 
 aperture with Low vowels, and broad^ lip 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 21 
 
 aperture with Higli vowels. These specula- 
 tive classifications are merely indicated here, 
 as possibilities. Their use would require an 
 auricular perception, and an oral precision of 
 utterance, far beyond the capability of aver- 
 age speakers or students. 
 
 Guttural .Rounding. 
 
 tt 
 
 Round vowels will now be understood to 
 be symmetrically labialized lingual vowels. 
 It is possible to imitate the effect of labial 
 modification by guttural contraction. This 
 expedient is employed by ventriloquists, who 
 speak without visible use of the lips ; but 
 we may dismiss non-labial rounding with 
 mere mention, as beyond ordinary require- 
 ments. Labial modification is, normally, 
 something that may be added to a lingual 
 vowel without affecting its formation; or 
 that may be removed from a round vowel 
 without altering the position of the tongue. 
 
 The labializing of vowels may be experi- 
 mentally illustrated by means of the hand 
 
22 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 on the mouth. Put the fingers of the right 
 hand on the left cheek, or of the left hand 
 on the right cheek, and gradually cover the 
 mouth with the hand while you soiled ah. 
 The quality of the vow^el will be changed by 
 every movement of the hand; becoming, in 
 succession, aw o oo. This experiment proves 
 that merely a diminished labial aperture is 
 required, to form from ah, the sounds of aw, 
 o, oo ; and that, consequently, there is no 
 iieerf for the pouting of the lips which is so 
 ungracefully common. 
 
 Sounds of Back Round Vowels. 
 
 High Back Round pool 
 
 3^id Back Round soul 
 
 Low Hack Round >. . all , 
 
 High Back Wide Round .... pull 
 
 Mid Back Wide Round soar 
 
 Low Back Wide Round or 
 
 The Back Round vowels are all English 
 sounds, and they are perfectly discriminated 
 in general usage. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 23 
 
 y Sounds of Top Round Vowels. 
 
 High Top Round . . u (N. Ir.) 
 
 Mid Top Round homme (French) 
 
 Low Top Round ii (Ir.) 
 
 High Top Wide Round. 
 Mid Top Wide Round.. 
 Low Top Wide Round. . out (London) 
 
 The Top Round vowels are, for the most 
 part, dialectic sounds, sonae of which are not, j 
 as yet, definitely a^dwated with linguistic 
 key-words. ^ ^ 
 
 Soiind^f Front Round Vowels. 
 
 High ^rpn^t Round ii (Ger.) 
 
 Mjd Front Round u (French.) 
 
 Low Front Round 6 (Ger.) 
 
 High Front Wide* Round, gude (Scotch.) 
 Mid Front ^Vide Round ... 
 
 Low Front Wide Round . . 
 
 The 'Front Round vowels are all foreign 
 sounds, but their Primary forms are, in gen- 
 eral, well discriminated, and fixed in usage. 
 
24 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Thus the High Front Round vowel has the 
 tongue in the position for ee and the lips in 
 the position for oo. The Mid Front Round 
 vowel has the tongue as for a and the lips as 
 for <?; and the Low Front Round vowel has 
 the tongue as for a (Ger.) and the lips as 
 for aw. 
 
 The student should exemplify these facts, 
 by delabializing $, ?/, b. In this way lie will 
 uncover the High, Mid, and Low Front 
 vowels. 
 
 The High Front Wide Round vowel has 
 the tongue as for I and the lips as for oo. 
 This sound is heard in the pronunciation of 
 the word gude (Scotch). Representative 
 words in French or German will, no doubt, 
 be found for the other Front Wide Round 
 vowels, when native orthoepists undertake 
 the investigation. Meantime the student 
 should remember that the SOUNDS ARE 
 REALITIES ; and he should be able to produce 
 them, irrespective of keywords, from the data 
 furnished in these pages. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 25 
 
 Good Pronunciation. 
 
 All who aim at a good pronunciation will 
 be careful to preserve the minor differences 
 in vowel sound. Nothing can be more 
 pleasing to the ear than a clear phonetic 
 syllabication, in which every element is per- 
 fectly individualized. This quality of beauti- 
 ful speech is a rare and distinguishing mark 
 of refinement. But with this distinctiveness 
 must go correctness; which can only be at- 
 tained by training, study, and observation. A 
 Table of English elements will be found at 
 page 50. These should all be practised until 
 the ear can recognize, and the operating 
 organs can satisfactorily reproduce, every 
 
 variety. 
 
 GLIDES. 
 
 Vowels are syllabic sounds ; that is to say, 
 every vowel makes a syllable ; but the vowel 
 may be changed in quality without making a 
 new syllable ; the radical sound may slide 
 towards another position at the close of the 
 same syllable. 
 
26 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 English Glides. 
 
 Thus we have a series of GLIDES, or 
 non-syllabic vowel-like sounds, which play a 
 very important part in pronunciation. The 
 diphthongs /, Oi, Ow, unite an open radical 
 vowel with a gliding" approximation to the 
 closest vowel positions, ee and oo ; and the syl- 
 lables air, ear, ire, ore, unite their respective 
 radical sounds with the vowel-like quality of 
 r. Any radical vowel may be united with 
 any other terminal quality, as a Glide ; but 
 the English Glides are only three in number, 
 namely, approximations to the sound of Y, 
 (ee,) W, (oo,) and R, (er). 
 
 The reader will distinguish between these 
 articulative Glides and vocal inflections. The 
 latter are slides of the voice from one pitch 
 to another. The Glides here described are 
 transitions from one position to another of the 
 oral organs. 
 
 The name-sounds of the letters A and O 
 are, in Anglican usage, pronounced with 
 glides : Thus, A ee, oo. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 2( 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 To feel, and to make manifest, the differ- 
 ence between a vowel and a consonant, let 
 the student perform the following experi- 
 ments : 
 
 1. Prolong the sound of the vowel ee, 
 and, while doing so, strike the tongue mo- 
 mentarily upwards with the point of a. fin- 
 ger, from below the chin, and the sound 
 
 ee ee ee ee ee 
 will be changed to 
 
 ye ye ye ye ye, 
 at every impact of the finger. 
 
 2. Prolong the sound of the vowel oo, 
 and, while doing so, gently strike the lower 
 lip upwards with the point of a finger, and 
 the sound 
 
 00 00 00 00 00 
 
 will be changed into 
 
 woo woo woo woo woo, 
 at every impact of the finger. 
 
 From these experiments we learn that the 
 oral channel of a vowel has a fixed configu- 
 
28 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 ration, through which the voice issues unob- 
 structedly from the throat to the oral aper- 
 ture ; while the oral channel of a consonant 
 is constricted or obstructed at some part, so 
 as to produce an organic flap in passing 
 from one position to another, or to cause a 
 degree of friction on the passing breath. 
 Vowels, then, are throat-sounds which are 
 merely moulded, by the shape and direction 
 of their oral channel, into Back, Top, or 
 Front formations; but Consonants have a 
 superadded effect, originating in the mouth. 
 The organic identity of the sounds Ee and 
 Yj and Oo and W, accounts for the confu- 
 sion into which orthoepists have been led in 
 classifying these elements. Y is ee, and W 
 is oo, with organic compression added. Re- 
 move compression from Y and W and these 
 elements are vowelized into ee and oo ; add 
 * compression to ee and oo, and these elements 
 are consonantized into Y and W. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 29 
 
 Sounds 'of It. 
 
 Other vowels may be consonantized, and 
 other consonants may be vowelized. The 
 sounds of R illustrate both these conditions. 
 Before a vowel R is consonantized, and be- 
 fore a consonant R is vowelized. The 
 
 sounds of 
 
 V, Dh, Z, Zh, L 
 
 may all be vowelized, by pronouncing them 
 without friction. And this is a common 
 source of indistinctness. Consonants depend 
 on their fricative or their flapping quality 
 for clearness of utterance. 
 
 Experimental Exercise. 
 
 We have seen that the High Front posi- 
 tion of the tongue yields the consonant Y, 
 and that the High Back position, labialized, 
 yields the consonant W. But the same 
 Back position, unlabialized, will yield 
 another consonant. The student will form 
 the latter by delabializing oo, and conso- 
 nantizing the resulting vowel. 
 
30 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 The three Back positions which, when 
 labialized, yield the vowels Oo and Aw 
 will also yield three unlabialized consonants, 
 formed at the High Back, Mid Back, and 
 Low Back positions. The student should 
 exemplify each of these elements. Al- 
 though they do not all occur in English 
 speech, they should be formed experiment- 
 ally, to give control over the organs, and to 
 qualify the speaker for the mastery of the 
 mouth. 
 
 Sounds of German cli. 
 
 The sound of ch in nacli (German) is a 
 Back consonant, formed by squeezing the 
 breath between the Back of the tongue and the 
 soft palate ; and the sound of ch in ich (Ger- 
 man) is a Front consonant, formed by squeez- 
 ing the breath between the front surface of 
 the tongue and the upper gum. Sometimes 
 the latter sound is formed farther back, or 
 nearly at the Top of the tongue. The neces- 
 sities of assimilation between proximate ele- 
 ments as well as the habits of individual 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 31 
 
 speakers will often thus vary the precise 
 point of an articulation. 
 
 Voice Consonants. 
 
 Each of the organic positions hitherto de- 
 scribed, yields a second consonant when the 
 formative breath is vocalized. Thus, pass 
 VOICE fricatively over the back of the 
 tongue, and you hear the Back Voice conso- 
 nant Gh or smooth guttural R. Pass voice 
 fricatively over the point of the tongue, and 
 you hear the Point Voice consonant R. 
 
 Mixed Consonants. 
 
 Consonants called MIXED have the breath 
 or the voice modified simultaneously at two 
 parts of the mouth. Thus the Top Mixed 
 consonant (Sh-Zh) has the Top of the tongue 
 raised, while the Point is also raised subordi- 
 riately; so that the fricative quality is de- 
 veloped over the Top of the tongue. The 
 Point Mixed consonant (S-Z) has the Point 
 raised, while the Top is also raised subordi- 
 
32 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 nately ; so that the fricative quality is de- 
 veloped over the Point of the tongue. The 
 sound of Wh-W is Lip Mixed (with Back), 
 with the fricative quality on Lip. A gut- 
 tural sound, heard in sough (Scotch), is Back 
 Mixed (with Lip) with the fricative quality 
 on Back. 
 
 Divided Consonants. 
 
 The principle will now be understood 
 which forms either a vowel or a consonant 
 from any given position of the tongue. All 
 the elements hitherto introduced have a 
 centre-aperture for the emission of the 
 breath or voice ; but there are other frica- 
 tive consonants which issue through side- 
 apertures, while the central passage is 
 stopped. These are called Divided conso- 
 nants. 
 
 Sounds of Divided Consonants. 
 
 Back Divided is a Gaelic sound, not easily 
 formed by unaccustomed organs. The 
 centre of the back of the tongue touches the 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 33 
 
 soft palate, while the voice issues over the 
 sides of the tongue. Top Divided has the 
 convex tongue raised within the palatal arch, 
 while the sound passes through high side- 
 apertures, as in gli (Ital.). Point Divided 
 (L) has the flattened point of the tongue laid 
 .on the upper gum, while the breath passes 
 over the free sides of the tongue. 
 
 The apertures for L are so large that the 
 voice passes through them without friction. 
 This consonant, therefore, has a vowel-purity 
 of vocality. Hence it is often used to form 
 a syllable without a vowel, as in 
 
 little^ middle, etc. 
 
 By contracting these large side-apertures 
 of Point Divided (L) a lateral hissing or 
 buzzing effect is produced, as heard in LI 
 (Welsh) and in the vocalized form of the same 
 articulation a Zulu sound of L. 
 
 Point Mixed Divided (Th-Dh) has the 
 tip of the tongue touching the teeth (or the 
 gum), leaving interstitial apertures ovei the 
 
34 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 sides of the tip, while the middle of the 
 tongue is spread out, to prevent issue over 
 any other part of the tongue. 
 
 Point Mixed (S) and Point Mixed Divided 
 (Th) have in all respects the same attitude of 
 the tongue, save for the contact of the tip for 
 the latter. Divided formation may take 
 place at any part of the mouth. We have 
 already seen 
 
 Back Divided (Guttural L) 
 
 Top Divided (gl) 
 
 Point Divided (L) 
 
 Point Mixed Divided (Th-Dh) 
 
 and now we have to include 
 
 Lip Divided (F-V) 
 
 For this latter articulation the lower lip 
 touches the edges of the upper teeth, while 
 the breath or voice passes through lateral in- 
 terstices between the lip and the teeth. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 35 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 The student should make himself perfectly 
 familiar with the difference between centre- 
 emission and side-emission, by alternating the 
 following sounds without vowels : 
 
 s th 
 
 s th 
 
 s th 
 
 s th 
 
 zdh 
 
 zdh 
 
 zdh 
 
 zdh 
 
 wh f 
 
 wh f 
 
 whf 
 
 whf 
 
 W V 
 
 W V 
 
 W V 
 
 W V 
 
 rl 
 
 rl 
 
 rl 
 
 rl 
 
 Shut Consonants. 
 
 Another series of consonants results from 
 {complete stoppage of the mouth-passage. 
 Thus : Back Shut means closure of the back 
 of the tongue on the soft palate (K-G-) ; Top 
 Shut means closure of the top of the tongue 
 on the roof of the mouth (Palatal T-D); 
 Point Shut means closure of the forepart of 
 the tongue on the alveolar arch (T-D) ; and 
 Lip Shut means closure of the lips (P-B). 
 
 The sounds of these shut consonants are, 
 
36 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 of course, incapable of prolongation. Their 
 vocalized forms (G D B) are, therefore, heard 
 only as momentary murmurs ; and their non- 
 vocal forms (K T P) receive their only audi- 
 bility from the act of removing the organic 
 contact. Thus the pronunciation of the word 
 " stop " does not end with the closing of the 
 lips, but with their separation after contact. 
 This separation is generally further audible 
 in the little puff which results from previous 
 compression of the breath. 
 
 A Principle of Organic Action. 
 
 This principle of organic separation, as a 
 part of consonant action, applies to fricative 
 as well as to shut consonants. The rule may 
 be laid down thus : A consonant consists of 
 two parts a position and an action; the 
 position, one of conjunction the action one 
 of separation : and both are necessary to 
 perfect articulation. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 37 
 
 Nasal Consonants. 
 
 Each of the shut positions yields a Nasal 
 consonant. The oral channel being entirely 
 closed, the top of the soft palate is depressed 
 and the breath or voice flows freely behind 
 it, into the nose. 
 
 In their non- vocal forms the nasal conso- 
 nants have but little audibility because of 
 the absence of compression, and consequently 
 of fricative quality ; but in their vocal forms 
 the nasals are, from the same cause, as purely 
 sonorous as vowels. Thus the sound of n is 
 often used to form a syllable without a 
 vowel ; as in 
 
 given, dozen, eaten, cfec. 
 The Nasal consonants are : 
 
 Back Nasal n in ink 
 
 Top Nasal 
 
 Point Nasal n in front 
 
 Lip Nasal m in tempt 
 
 Back Nasal Voice . - ng 
 
 Top Nasal Voice. . gn (French) 
 
 Point Nasal Voice . n 
 
 Lip Nasal Voice. . . m 
 
38 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Nasalized Vowels. 
 
 Vowels immediately before or after nasal 
 consonants are very apt to be nasalized ; and 
 the nasalizing habit is not infrequently ex- 
 tended to vowels in all positions. To cure 
 this tendency, the ear must first be made 
 conscious of the difference between a purely 
 oral and a partially nasal sound. Then, the 
 learner should make a slight break between 
 nasal consonants and adjoining vowels, until 
 the requisite power of fluent sequence is 
 attained. 
 
 English Nasals are purely nasal, but all 
 English vowels should be purely oral. The 
 French elements e?i, in, on, etc., are semi- 
 nasal vowels, the sound being emitted partly 
 through the mouth, and partly through the 
 nose. 
 
 Test for Nasality. 
 
 The student can easily test himself, and 
 find out whether his vowels are nasalized, by 
 repeatedly pressing his nostrils while he 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 39 
 
 prolongs a vowel sound. If the voice is 
 purely oral, pressure on the nostrils will 
 have no effect; if the voice is in any degree 
 nasalized, a pulsation of the sound will in- 
 form him of the fact. 
 
 Throat Consonants. 
 
 Contraction of the throat-passage above 
 the glottis, creates a friction on the breath 
 which is heard as an element of speech 
 (vocalized) in Ghain (Arabic). The name of 
 this element is Throat ; when vocalized, 
 Throat Voice ; when nasalized, Throat Nasal, 
 and Throat Nasal Voice. 
 
 Pseudo Voice. 
 
 The throat sound is also heard as a pseudo 
 voice, in growling, and in strong stage 
 whisper. These effects are produced by 
 vibration of the epiglottis. Another semi- 
 vocal crackling sound is formed in the glottis 
 as a pseudo voice ; that is, a sound on which 
 articulation may be based. This has a chok- 
 ing effect. 
 
40 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Throat Shut. 
 
 Closure of the throat-passage creates an 
 element which is used in some dialects as a 
 substitute for k. This is the same effect 
 which is heard at the commencement of a 
 cough. French phoneticians call it coup de 
 la glotte. The name of this element is 
 Throat Shut. Of course this sound cannot 
 be vocalized, because it has no issue of 
 breath. 
 
 Aspirate H. 
 
 A frictionless emission of breath through 
 the open throat is the effect of the Aspirate 
 H. H may be considered as a non- vocal 
 form of all vowels, because the position of 
 the mouth is assimilated to that for the 
 vowel that follows the h. Thus h before e 
 may be called a formative e, before o a 
 formative o, etc. 
 
 Whisper. 
 
 Such formative vowels are silent, because 
 the throat passage is too open to give fric- 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 41 
 
 tional audibility to the breath. True non- 
 vocal vowels receive a degree of compression 
 in the throat which renders them distinctly 
 audible. This effect is called Whisper. 
 
 Trills. 
 
 When the organ acted on by the breath is 
 lax and free to vibrate, it is made to 
 shake and rattle. Thus the throat yields a 
 trill of the epiglottis; the soft palate 
 yields a trill of the uvula; the forepart of 
 the tongue yields a trill ; and the lips yield 
 a trill. These are called Throat Trill, Back 
 Trill, Point Trill, and Lip Trill. 
 
 Clicks. 
 
 In ordinary utterance the breath is in con- 
 tinuous outward flow, with momentary in- 
 terruptions from shut positions of the mouth ; 
 but the elements called Clicks are suctions. 
 The breath is held in, either at the throat, or 
 by a Back position of the tongue, while the 
 anterior organs the forepart of the tongue 
 and the lips move suctively from shut po- 
 
42 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 sitions. The resulting sounds are elements 
 of speech, in Zulu and other African 
 tongues. 
 
 Inter jectional Clicks. 
 
 The Clicks are also used by ourselves, as 
 Interjections. Thus the Top Click and the 
 Point Click are common expressions of im- 
 patience or annoyance ; the Side Click is 
 used to incite a horse to motion : and the 
 Lip Click is used as a call to a dog. The 
 latter is also familiarly heard in the act of 
 osculation. In linguistic use the Clicks offer 
 no more interruption to the flow of voice 
 than do our p's and t's and k's. 
 
 Teaching the Deaf. 
 
 Students of Articulation, and especially 
 the Deaf, are very apt to give undue promi- 
 nence to the different organic actions. 
 Speech is thus made heavy and labored; 
 and fluency is the last quality acquired. 
 The opposite order should be the aim of 
 instruction, namely, to give fluency first, 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 43 
 
 and leave accuracy to the last. A prattling 
 infant may be taken as the best model for a 
 beginner, in the Art of Speaking. The in- 
 fant makes a continuous sound, and moves 
 his lips and tongue at random. This babble 
 is fundamental speech. It only needs to be 
 regulated, and conventionized to become in- 
 telligent language. 
 
 Fluency. 
 
 So, a deaf learner should first be taught to 
 make a continuous sound, of any vowel 
 quality, and, with lip and tongue in random 
 motion, make all possible changes, until the 
 relation, and the difference, between voice 
 and oral action is felt and understood. Then 
 wall be the proper time to begin a discrimi- 
 nation of the elementary actions, and to 
 teach them as parts of speech. 
 
 But, remembering that the formation of 
 Shut consonants, and even of Suction Clicks, 
 does not interfere with the continuity of 
 voice, let the student ever keep this con- 
 
44 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 tinuity in view, in his efforts to master any 
 of the details of articulation. In practising 
 on a new element, for example, let him first 
 " babble " it on a stream of vocal sound, and 
 so secure fluency as the primary requisite. 
 
 Impediments of Speech. 
 
 The babbling exercise described in the 
 preceding section is one of the most useful 
 in removing impediments of speech. These 
 impediments called Stuttering and Stam- 
 mering are interruptions of vocal con- 
 tinuity, accompanied by stoppages of breath, 
 pressures, and suctions, such as are legiti- 
 mately used in speech, but which become 
 faults, when they are obtruded obstruc- 
 tively, on the pathway of vocal sound. 
 
 The action of the oral organs in speech 
 should be from close to open positions that 
 is, from consonant to vowel ; so that the 
 vowel sounds are practically continuous, and 
 the consonant sounds are only momentary 
 transitional interruptions. 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 45 
 
 In stammering and stuttering, the action 
 of the organs is from open to close positions 
 that is, from vowel to consonant ; and the 
 organs thus brought into contact are pressed 
 together, so that voice can find no egress ; or 
 they start off, jerkingly, and repeat the act 
 of contact again and again, before a steady 
 channel for the voice can be obtained. 
 
 These faults of speech are mainly habits^ 
 which can be corrected by training. A 
 knowledge of the Science of Speech is the 
 best director of efforts to remove the impedi- 
 ments. 
 
 Articulative Defects. 
 
 Other defects of speech such as Lisping, 
 Burring, Lallation, <fec. consist merely in 
 the substitution of one organ for another, or 
 one mode of organic action for another. The 
 most common of these defects are : Guttural 
 instead of Lingual vibration for R ; Divided, 
 instead of Centre, emission, for hissing 
 sounds as tli for s ; Point, instead of Back,. 
 
46 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 Shut positions as t for k ; Non-vocal instead 
 of Vocal formations, or vice versa; Nasal 
 instead of oral emission ; Obstructed nasality, 
 <fec All these errors, save in the rare cases 
 of congenital malformation, are susceptible of 
 perfect correction. 
 
 Management of the Breath. 
 
 Breath being the material of speech, the 
 management of the breath is a matter of first 
 importance, to the health, comfort, and vocal 
 power of the speaker. There is no suction 
 needed to fill the chest with air. The bony 
 framework has only to be raised, and atmos- 
 pheric pressure will immediately fill up the 
 cavity so created within the chest. 
 
 Students, both of speaking and singing, 
 have been bewildered and misled by erro- 
 neous teaching in regard to vocal respiration. 
 Raise the chest, and keep it raised, and you 
 need not think of the breath at all. It will 
 attend to itself. 
 
 The chest may be considered as a curtain- 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 47 
 
 rod, from which the abdomen hangs as a 
 curtain. Keep the rod high, and the curtain 
 entirely passive, so that it may be free to 
 move, inward or outward, independently of 
 the chest : Or, consider the chest as a frame 
 of cast-iron, incapable of motion, whose 
 whote function is to support the soft organs 
 pendent below it ; and, if the throat-passage 
 to the lungs be but open, the breathing will 
 be easy, regular, silent, and full, without 
 effort. Speaking and singing, so conducted, 
 are among the most healthful of exercises. 
 
 Articulative Impulse. 
 
 Speech uses very little breath. The 
 throat-passage in the glottis is contracted to 
 a mere fissure in the formation of voice ; and 
 there is so little waste, that the speaker's 
 pauses are as much to let off superfluous 
 breath, as to replenish the lungs. Then, 
 consonants are often mere motions, which 
 involve scarcely any expenditure of breath. 
 And, besides, the impulse of articulation 
 
48 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 does not come from the chest, but from the 
 pharynx ; and affects only the breath within 
 the mouth. Any amount of compression 
 and percussion may be given by the pharynx 
 to the confined breath ; so that emission 
 from the lungs is not necessary to the audi- 
 bility of consonant actions. 
 
 This last fact is one on which the reader 
 may well ponder. The firm extrusive im- 
 pulse of the pharynx, which it implies, is a 
 power that may be new to him in theory, but 
 which will prove its reality by cultivation. 
 
 Expulsive Clicks. 
 
 The consonant actions, p, t, &, may be 
 formed with strong explosiveness, without 
 emission from the lungs; thus producing a 
 series of what may be called expulsive clicks, 
 in contradistinction to suctive clicks. 
 
 Articulation in Singing. 
 
 All that has been said here, in reference 
 to the articulation of speech, applies equally 
 to the articulation of song. We ought to 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 49 
 
 hear the singer's every syllable ; and that 
 without the slightest detriment to his vocali- 
 zation. One who does not articulate his 
 words is a mere Instrumentalist upon the 
 Larynx, and 
 
 NOT A SINGER, 
 
 An exercise for the development of pharyn- 
 geal power will form a fitting conclusion to 
 this treatise. 
 
 Pharyngeal Exercise. 
 
 Hold in the breath at the throat, and read, 
 without issue of either voice or whisper. All 
 the actions of articulation including even 
 the organic separations of m, n, I, f, th, s, 
 cfec. should be audible, without throat-sound 
 of any kind. After a little practice, this voice- 
 less mouth-reading should be fairly intelli- 
 gible to a near-by listener ; although words 
 containing only h and vowels will yield no 
 audible effect. The next and culminating 
 step will be, to unite this crisp articulation 
 with vocality, and so, form that rare speci- 
 men of scholastic art, 
 
 A GOOD SPEAKER. 
 
50 THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 
 
 ENGLISH ELEMENTS, 
 
 WITH THE TERMINOLOGY OF VISIBLE SPEECH 
 AND KEY- WORDS. 
 
 Vowels and Glides. Key- Words. 
 
 High Front eel 
 
 High Front Wide ill 
 
 Mid Front with Y glide ale 
 
 Mid Front Wide with K glide air 
 
 Low Front ell 
 
 Low Front Wide an 
 
 Mid Top Wide a (article) 
 
 Mid Back Wide ask 
 
 Low Back Wide ah 
 
 Low Top Wide with R glide en- 
 Mid Back : up 
 
 Low Back W T ide Round doll 
 
 Low Back Round all 
 
 Mid Back Wide Round with R glide ore 
 
 Mid Back Round with W glide old 
 
 High Back Wide Round pull 
 
 High Back Round pool 
 
 Mid Back Wide with Y glide isle 
 
 Mid Back Wide with W glide owl 
 
 Low Back Wide Round with Y glide oil 
 
 Y and High Back Wide Round with R glide cure 
 
 Y and High Back Round cue 
 
THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH. 51 
 
 Consonants. -Key- Words. 
 
 Back Shut ......................... speak, keep 
 
 Back Shut Voice .................. beg, get 
 
 Back Shut Nasal Voice .............. song 
 
 Front ...... ...................... hew 
 
 Front Voice ........................ yew 
 
 Top Mixed ......................... ash, she 
 
 Top Mixed Voice ................... rouge, giraffe 
 
 Point Voice .... ........ ............ errand, run 
 
 Point Divided Voice ................ all, law 
 
 Point Shut ........................ eat, tea 
 
 Point Shut Voice .................. add, day 
 
 Point Shut Nasal Voice ............. own, no 
 
 Point Mixed ....................... ace, say 
 
 Point Mixed Voice .................. ease, zeal 
 
 Point Mixed Divided ................ oath, thin 
 
 Point Mixed Divided Voice .......... with, then 
 
 Lip Divided ....................... safe, fail 
 
 Lip Divided Voice .................. save, veil 
 
 Lip Mixed ........................ wheel 
 
 Lip Mixed Voice ................... weal 
 
 Lip Shut ..... ............... ...... ape, pay 
 
 Lip Shut Voice ..................... ebb, bed 
 
 Lip Shut Nasal Voice ................ aim, may 
 
 Aspirates ........ hay, he, high, hoe, who, how, hoy 
 
 Point Shut and Top Mixed .......... each, cheek 
 
 Point Shut and Top Mixed Voice ..... edge, gem 
 
 Back Shut and Point Mixed ......... expect 
 
 Back Shut and Point Mixed Voice. . . exalt 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The following Index will be useful in furnishing a 
 basis for questions in the examination of learners. 
 For example : 
 
 What is the organic cause of vowel quality ? 
 What is a Back vowel ? 
 What is a Top vowel? 
 What is a Front vowel ? 
 What is meant by delabializing a vowel ? 
 &c., &c., &c. 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Organic Cause of vowel quality 9 
 
 Back, Top, and Front vowels 9 
 
 Effect of the lips on vowels 10 
 
 Labialized vowels , 10 
 
 Elevation of the Tongue in forming vowels 11 
 
 High, Mid, and "Low vowels 11 
 
 The delabializing of vowels 12 
 
 Nine vowels individualized and located 13 
 
 Primary and Wide vowels 14 
 
 Cause of Wide quality 14 
 
54 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Eighteen vowels tabulated 15 
 
 Wide vowels a discovery of Visible Speech 15 
 
 Sounds of the Front vowels '., .. 17 
 
 Back Wide vowels clearer than their Primaries. . 17 
 
 Sounds of the Back vowels 18 
 
 Sounds uncovered by delabializing Round vowels 18 
 
 Sounds of the Top vowels 18 
 
 The letter R associated with Top vowels 19 
 
 The Natural vowel 19 
 
 Rounding of vowels 19 
 
 Symmetry between tongue elevation and labial 
 
 aperture 20 
 
 Gamut of Thirty-six vowels 20 
 
 Possibilities of theoretical increase 21 
 
 Guttural imitation of Rounding. 21 
 
 Illustration of Rounding by the hand 22 
 
 Sounds of Back Round vowels 22 
 
 Sounds of Top Round vowels 23 
 
 Sounds of Front Round vowels 23 
 
 Delabializing Front Round vowels 24 
 
 Sounds are realities 24 
 
 Good pronunciation 25 
 
 Glides. 
 
 Non-syllabic, vowel-like sounds 25 
 
 The English Glides 26 
 
INDEX. 55 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Difference between vowels and consonants 27 
 
 Consonantizing vowels and vowelizing consonants, 28 
 
 Sounds of R illustrate both classes 29 
 
 Back consonants at different elevations 30 
 
 German sounds of ch 30 
 
 Vocalized consonants 31 
 
 Mixed consonants 31 
 
 Centre-aperture consonants 32 
 
 Divided aperture consonants 32 
 
 Sounds of Divided consonants 32 
 
 L a syllable 33 
 
 Exercise on centre emission and side emission. . . 35 
 
 Shut consonants 35 
 
 Organic separation as a part of consonants 36 
 
 Nasal consonants 37 
 
 N a syllable 37 
 
 Sounds of the Nasal consonants ... 37 
 
 Nasalizing vowels 38 
 
 Test for nasality 38 
 
 Throat consonants 39 
 
 Pseudo voice 39 
 
 Throat shut 40 
 
 The aspirate, H 40 
 
 Formative vowels 40 
 
 Whisper 40 
 
 Trills.. 41 
 
56 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Clicks 41 
 
 Interjectional use of clicks 42 
 
 Teaching the Deaf 42 
 
 An infant model 43 
 
 Fluency 43 
 
 Impediments of Speech 44 
 
 Oral action from close to open positions 44 
 
 Articulative Defects ... 45 
 
 Management of the Breath 46 
 
 The Chest 46 
 
 Articulative impulse from the pharynx 47 
 
 Expulsive Clicks 48 
 
 Articulation in singing 48 
 
 Pharyngeal Exercise 49 
 
 English Elements 50 
 
 Index., 53 
 
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